PROCEEDINGS

OP THE

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

OF GLASGOW

VOL. III.

1875-1878.

GLASGOW: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY
AT THEIR ROOMS IN ANDERSON'S COLLEGE BUILDINGS

1878.

CONTENTS.

Vol. III.— Sept. 1875 to May 1878.

Paqb

Accounts, Abstract Statement of, 1875-6, 1876-7, . . . 216, 360

Address, President's. By Prof. John Young, M.D., .... 123

Albino Varieties of several species of Birds, Mr David Robertson, jun., on, 330
Algae, Marine, Mounting slides of, for the Microscope, Mr David

Eobertson, F.L.S., F.G.S., on, 85

Annelids, Notes on a few of the Tube-building. By Mr David Robertson, 31

Apiarian Notes for 1877. By Mr R. J. Bennett, 256

Archaeology of Donegal, On the. By Mr James A. Mahony, . . 152
Ardnamurchan, Argyllshire, List of the Birds which have been observed

in the district of. By Mr John J. Dalgleish, M.B.O.U., . . 259

Asphondyliae, On the, of the Glasgow district. By Mr F. G-. Binnie, . Ill

Athalia, Notes on the Old World species of. By Mr P. Cameron, . 128
Avi-fauna of the Ural (The), translated from the Russian, of Leonida

Sabanaeff, by Mr F. C. Craemers, and communicated by Mr

John A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., 282

Bee, On the Honey. By Mr R. J. Bennett, ... 75, 192, 256

Biscacha (Lagostonius trichodactylus), a South American Rodent, On

the. By Mr Ernest Gibson, Buenos Ayres, ..... 136

Biscacha, Mr John M. Campbell on the, 197

Birds which are found on the Fern Islands, On the. By Mr J. H.

Gumey, jun., F.Z.S., 268

Birds which have been observed in the district of Ardnamurchan, Argyll-
shire, List of the, by Mr John J. Dalgleish, M.B.O.U., . . 259
Birds found breeding in Sutherland, Supplementary Notes on the.

By Mr John A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U 226

Birds of Loch Lomond and neighbourhood, Sketch paper on the. By

Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., 58

Bittern, American {Botaurus lentiginosus), Note regarding the occurrence

of the, in Islay. By Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., ... 43

Blackcap Warbler (Sylvia atricapilla), On the occurrence of the, in

Scotland during winter. By Mr Robert Gray, F.R.S.E., . . 349

39785

IV

CONTENTS.

Blennocampa, On a new species af [B. alchemillae), with remarks on the

species allied thereto. By Mr Peter Cameron,

Bos longifrons, Mr John Kirsop on,

Boulder of Carbonif eroiis Limestone Shale, its probable G-eological horizon

and contained Fossils, On a weathered. By Mr John Young, F.G.S
Brazil, various Natural History specimens from, Mr D. C. Glen on,
British Association Meeting in Glasgow in September, 1876, Mr

John Young, F.G.S., on,

Buzzard, Honey [Pernis ajnvorus), in Scotland, Mr R, Gray on.
Buzzard, the Eough-legged (Archibuteo lagopus). Note on the recent

occiu-rence of, in various parts of Scotland. By Mr James Lums

den, F.Z.S.j ..........

PAcfas

107
168

224
197

101
31

29

Calamary or Squid {Loligo vulgaHs), Dr Francis P. Flemyng, F.R.G.S., on, 1
Canada, a collection of Plants from, Mr Robert Mason on, . . .321
Capercailhe (Tetrao urogallus) in Scotland, On the, with special reference

to damage done to Pine Forests. By Mr J. A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., 348
Capercailhe, Hybrid between the Black Grouse and the, ]\ir James

Lumsden, F.Z.S., on, 127

Cecidomyia trifolii and its Gall, Notes on. By Mr F. G. Binnie, . . 114
Cecidomyidae, Further Notes on the, with description of three New

Species. By Mr F. G. Binnie, 178

Cetoniae from the West Coast of Africa, Mr Thomas Chapman on, . 196

Challenger Expedition, the Geological Bearings of the. Prof. J. Young on, 123

Chitonellus, recent and fossil. On. By Mr John Young, F.G.S., . . 322
Cirropsilus, On a peculiarity in the habits of a species of. By Mr P.

Cameron, ........... 99

Cladius, A Monograph of the British species of. By Mr P. Cameron, . 15

Copahte, a Fossil resin from Zanzibar, Mr James Coutts on, . . 318
Coral, Brain, {Meandrina labyrinthica), from Belize, Mr John

Kirsop on, ........... 319

Corals, small turbinated, from Cunningham-Baidland, Mr John Young on, 169
Crake, Spotted, from Auchinleck, Ayrshire, On the. By Mr James

Lumsden, F.Z.S., 196

Crinoids, specimens of, from Fifeshire, Mr Arthur Pratt on, . . . 279

Crinoids, Notes and observations on Injured or Diseased, . . 91, 333

Cuttle-fish (Sepia octopodla) at Dunoon, Dr F. P. Flemyng, F.R.G.S., on, 85
Cynipidae, On some points in the Natural History of the. By Mr P.

Cameron (Title only), ..... .... 84

Disco Island, a collection of plants from, forwarded by Capt. Feilden,

C.M.Z.S., Mr Robert Mason on, 280

Dewar, Dr Donald, Note on the Death of, 80

Diver, Black-throated (Colymbus arcticus), from Loch Awe, Mr David

Robertson, jun., on, ......... 279

Donegal, On the Natural History of, with some account of its

Archaeology. By Mr James A. Mahony, 152

/"

CONTENTS. V

Page
Duck, Long-tailed {Harelda glacialls), Notes on the food of the. By

Mr David Robertson, jun., ........ 332

Eagle, White-tailed {Haliaetus albicilla), from Skye, Mr David

Robertson, jun., on, ......... 330

Entomostraca and Foraminifera, from Yokohama, Japan, Mr David

Robertson, F.L.S., F.G.S., on, 84

Falcon, Iceland {Falco islandicus), On the occurrence in Islay of the.

By Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., ....... 86

Fenestella, and other Polyzoa, from Gillfoot, Lanarkshire, Mr John

Young, F.G.S., on, 82

Fern Islands, Notes on the, and some of the Birds which are found

there. By Mr J. H. Gurney, jun., F.Z.S., 268

Fossils from the Calciferous Sandstone series near the Heads of

Ayr, forwarded by Mr E. Denholm Young, M.A., Mr John

Young, F.G.S., on, 328

Fossils, Short Notes on, 833

Gall-Fly, the American (Cynipa spongifica), Mr P, Cameron on, . . 110
Gall, on a remarkable Lepidopterous, from South America. By Mr P.

Cameron, ........... 201

Gar-fish [Esox belone), from Dunoon, Dr F. P. Flemyng on, . , . 318
Geology of Donegal, On the. By Mr James A. Mahony, . . .152
Grant, Mr A. J., of New Zealand, Wreck of, Mr J. A. Harvie-Brown on, 317

Honey Bee, On the. By Mr R. J. Bennett, .... 75, 192, 256

Hoopoe ( Upupa epops), Note on the recent occurrence of the, in Arran.

By Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., ......

Hutcheson, Mr Thomas S., Notice of the Death of, . . .
Hybrid between the Black Grouse and the Capercaillie, Mr James

Lumsden, F.Z.S., on a, .
Hymenoptera, British, New or Kttle known, Mr P. Cameron on,
Hymenoptera, Notes on Clydesdale, By Mr P. Cameron,
Hymenoptera of Kingussie, On the. By Mr P. Cameron,
Hymenoptera of Sutherlandshire, A contribution to the. By Mr P,

Cameron, ..........

Hymenoptera, Phytophagous, Observations on the study of the. By Mr

P. Cameron, ..........

Hymenoptera, Phytophagous, On the British. By Mr P. Cameron,

255
331

127
104
202

86

248

141
320

Keddie, Mr William, Note on the Death of, 223

Leaves of various Trees and Shrubs, On the results of some experiments

on the. By Mr James Napier, . . . . . . .105

Lepidodendron obovatum from Robroyston, Mr D. C. Glen, F.G.S., on, . 56
Leptoceridae of the Glasgow District, On the. By Mr Francis G. Binnie, 57

VI CONTENTS.

Page
Leptothorax acervorum from Ben Lawers, Mr P. Cameron on, . . 105

Library, additions to, 1875-6, 1876-7, 1877-8, .... 217, 357
Loch Lomond and Neighbourhood, Sketch Paper on the Birds of. By

Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., ........ 58

Loch Lomond, The Mammals of the Neighbourhood of. By Mr James

Lumsden, F.Z.S., .......... 186

Malloch, Mr Charles, Notice of the Death of, 317

Mammals of the Neighbourhood of Loch Lomond, The. By Mr James

Lumsden, F.Z.S., .......... 186

Mantis, The Praying (Mantis religiosa), Mr Thomas Chapman on, . . 56

Members, List of, 1876-7, 211

Merlin (Falco aesalon), nesting in a Tree, Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., on, 255

Meteorological Record kept at Queen's Park for 1875-6-7, . . . 326

Migration of Birds in N.E. Russia. By Mr J. A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., 46

Millerite, a sulphide of Nickel, from Dockra, Beith, Mr James Coutts on, 178

Natural History, Miscellaneous Notes in. By Mr James Napier, . 194

Nutria {Myoptomus coy pus), a South American species of Rodent, On

the. By Mr Ernest Gibson, Buenos Ayres, Cor. Mem., . , 344

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., on, . . 3

Otter {Lutra vulgaris) captured in the Botanic Gardens, Dr John

Young, M.D., on an, 327

Partridge, Common (Perdix cinerea), On some varieties of the, with

remarks on the Causes of Variation in Species. By Mr John A.

Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., 132

Pearson, Mr James, Notice of the Death of, ..... 35

Petchora, Sketch of the Ornithology of the Lower, with some account of

a Journey to the Delta of that river and to the Tundras of N.E.

Russia; with remarks on the migratory movements of the species

observed. By Mr John A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., . 44
Phaenusa, A Monograph of the British species of. By Mr P. Cameron, 5, 95
Phi'yganea, the species of, found in the district, Mr Francis G. Binnie on, 27
Pigeon, Cro^vned {Goura alhertissi), from New Guinea, Mr John

Young, F.G.S., on, 289

Pisidium fontinale and Planorhis complanatus, two freshwater shells new

to Scotland, and Helix villosa, a land shell new to Britain. By Mr

David Robertson, F.L.S., F.G.S., 172

Plants from Canada, a Collection of, Mr Robert Mason on, . . .321
Plants from Western Africa, Mr James Coutts on some, ... 81
Plants from Disco Island, forwarded by Capt. Feilden, C.M.Z.S.,

Mr R. Mason on 280

Plants rare in the West of Scotland, observed during last summer. On

some. By Mr James Ramsay, V.P., 41

Polyzoa, Carboniferous, from High Blantyre, Mr John Young, F.G.S., on, 2

CONTENTS. Vii

Pagb
Polyzoa, Carboniferous, Three new species of, Dr John Young on, . 253

Polyzoa, Carboniferous, On two new species of. By Prof. John Young

and Mr John Young, F.G.S., 353

Polyzoa, Notes on a new method of fixing Carboniferous, on a layer of

Asphalt, to show the celluliferous face. By Mr John Young, F.G-.S., 207

Productus, Notes on an adherent form of. By Mr John Young, F.G.S., 175

Proteus anguinus, from Adelsberg, Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., on, . 327

Rail, Little, {Ortygometra affinis), from New Zealand, Mr John A.

Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., on, 126

Rissoa striata, On Injured Specimens of. By Mr David Robertson,

F.L.S., F.G.S., .......... 278

Sand, Coloiired, from raised beach near Rutherglen, Mr D. C. Glen,

F.G.S., on, 320

Sandpiper, Green {Helodromas ochropus), Mr George E. Paterson on, . 224
Saxicava rugosa, a bivalve mollusc: showing an unusual mode of re-
pair. On. By Mr D. Robertson, F.L.S., F.G.S., .... 198
Sea-urchin, the Test of a large flexible, Mr John Young, F.G.S., on, . 253
Shrike, Great Grey {Lanius excuhitor), from Sutherlandshire, Mr John

A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., on, 43

Societies to which copies of the Proceedings are sent, . . . 219, 359
Spiders collected in the West of Scotland in 1876, Notes on some. By

Mr Henry C. Young, 170

Spiders, with some additions to the Scottish lists. On. By Mr Henry C.

Young, 351

Spider, Trap-door, the nest of the, Mr George Donaldson on, . . 4, 37
Sjpirifera trigonalis and its varieties in the Limestone strata of the Coal-
fields of the West of Scotland, Notes on the occurrence and distribu-
tion of. By Mr John Young, F.G.S., 37

Sponge, Glass-rope [Hyalonema Sieholdi), from Japan, Mr John

Young, F.G.S., on, 177

Sponge, reticulated, remains of a, from Cunningham-Baidland, Mr John

Young, F.G.S., on, 125

Sponge Spicules from Cunningham-Baidland, Mr John Young, F.G.S., on, 102
Sponges, etc., from the Firth of Tay, Rev. James Sommerville on some, 178
Sting-ray (Raia pastinaca), Mr George Donaldson on the, ... 4

Sulcoretepora, A new species of. By Dr Young and Mr J. Young, F.G.S.,

(with a plate), 166

Sutherlandshire, A contribution to the Hymenoptera of. By Mr P.

Cameron, ........... 248

Sutherland, Supplementary Notes on the Birds found breeding in.

By Mr John A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., . . .226

Tenthredinidae new to the British Fauna, Mr P. Cameron on, . . 198
Tenthredinidae, On the larvae of the, with special reference to Protective

Resemblance. By Mr P. Cameron, ...,,. 352

Vm CONTENTS.

Page
Thomson, Mr James, Curator of the City Industrial Museum, Notice of

the Death of, 36

Tern, Black (Sterna fissipcs), from Fossil Marsh, Mr James Lumsden,

F.Z.S., on, ........... 104

Trees and Shrubs, On the results of some Experiments on the Leaves of

various. By Mr James Napier, 105

Trichoptera, Scottish species of. By Mr Francis G. Binnie, 28, 42, 57, 141, 258

Uniformity of Method in recording Natural History observations,
especially as regards Distribution and Migration, with specimen
Tables of a plan proposed, On. By Mr J. A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., 115

Ural, The Avi-fauna of the, translated from the Russian, of Leonida

Sabanaeff, 282

Variation in species (of birds), Kemarks on the causes of. By Mr John

A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., . • 132

Vegetation in the PubUc Parks, Notes on the state of. By Mr

Duncan M'Lellan, Superintendent of Parks, . . 79, 100, 176, 324

Vegetation, Notes on the effect of smoke on, with a list of Trees and
Shrubs specially adapted for planting in the neighbourhood of
large towns. By Mr Duncan M'Lellan, 340

Weaver Bird, Nest of the, Mr James Coutts on, ..... 82
Wild Cat {Felis catus), Living Specimens of, exhibited by Dr Dewar, . 43

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

MTURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW.

SESSIOIsT 1875-76,

THE TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL (GENERAL MEETING, ANDER-
SON'S UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS, SEPTEMBER 26th, 1875.

. Professor John Young, M.D., F.E.S.E., President, in the chair.

The Treasurer submitted his Annual Financial Statement, which
showed a balance in favour of the Society of £104 17s. Id. The
Secretary read the report of the Council on the business of last
session, and the Librarian reported on the state of the Library.
The reports were considered satisfactory.

The following gentlemen were elected office-bearers for the
session : — Professor John Young M.D., F.RS.E., President;
James Stirton, M.D., F.L.S., James Eamsay, and Thomas Chap-
man, Vice-Presidents; Eobert Mason, Secretary; Thomas S.
Hutcheson, Treasurer; Peter Cameron, Librarian; J. Barclay
Murdoch, D. Corse Glen, F.G.S., Archibald Gilchrist, James
Coutts, Hugh M'Bean, John Kirsop, Donald Dewar, M.D., James
Lumsden, and Duncan M'Lellan, Members of Council.

Messrs Stephen Cooke and Joseph Eobertson were elected
ordinary members of the Society.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Dr F. P. Flemyng, F.E.G.S., exhibited a fine specimen of the
Calamary or Squid {Loligo vulgaris), which had been thrown up on
the beach at Dunoon in March last. Dr Flemyng stated that this
species belongs to the family of cuttle-fishes, and is believed to be
the food of the porpoise, and remarked that it is not often met
with on the western, although frequently seen on the eastern

VOL. III. A

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

coasts. He shortly described the appearance it presented when
found, and contrasted its small size with the huge examples of
the same family he had often seen at St Vincent and the Canary
Isles. Professor Young then made a few remarks descriptive of
the habits and structure of the cuttle-fish family. The specimen,
which was in fine condition and had been well preserved, was
presented by Dr Flemyng to the Hunterian Museum.

Mr John Young, F.G.S., exhibited some portions of the edible
. bird's-nest, and prepared fins of sharks, both of which are used by
the Chinese in the preparation of certain soups, the specimens
being sent for exhibition by Mr Alexander M'Gregor of the
Clydesdale Bank, Glasgow. Mr Young stated that the edible
bird's-nests are formed by a species of swallow belonging to the
family Cypselidae, which have the power of secreting in their salivary
glands the glutinous material of which the nests are composed.
The sharks' fins, he stated, are prepared for the market by being
subjected to a process of maceration in water.

Mr Young also exhibited some specimens of finely-preserved
Carboniferous Polyzoa from Dykehead pit, High Blantyre. Two
of the species belong to the genus Ceriopora, viz., C. similis and C.
interporosa. Shrub-like fronds of the latter occur in the shale, from
three to four inches in length, and show their habit of growth
more clearly than any that have hitherto been met with in our
limestone strata. One of the other Polyzoons belongs to a newly
described species, Hyphasmopora Baskii. This beautiful form is
rather rare. Specimens from the Blantyre shale show that it
grew in little plant like fronds, the branches bifurcating from the
main stem at intervals. It has hitherto been only met with in
fragments in the washings of the limestone shale.

Mr Peter Cameron exhibited a number of insects captured
during the excursions of the Society this season. The collection
comprised examples of Naucoris ciinicoides, a water-bug new to the
Scottish list, taken in the Clyde, opposite Carmyle ; two species
of Nematus, new to the British fauna, viz., N. apicalis, Hartig.,
taken on 5th May in Cadder Wilderness, and N. dorsatus, Cam.,
bred from a l)irch-feeding larva got last July at Bishopton ;
Cladius Brullaei, Dahlbom, bred from larvae found feeding on the
raspberry at Cadder ; Femisa albipes, Cam., beaten out of a rose-
bush at Cadder; and Hemichroa rufa. The last-named specimen
was very small, and was bred from a larva got at Bishopton. It

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 3

had been completely neglected, and not supplied witli food, but
managed to retain sufficient vitality to bore into the cork of the
bottle in which it was kept, and there passed into the perfect
state. Lophyrus 2}ini, a very distinct variety of the larva of this
species, was also taken at Bishopton, where it fed in company with
the typical form. It had the upper part of the body deep black,
and was considerably smaller than is usual with the larvae of this
species. It was not so active and lively as the normal type, so
that probably the difference in colour might be owing to
disease. Mr Cameron then made a few remarks on some of the
parasites of Humble Bees, and showed some living larvae of
Antherophagus glaher, feeding on the cells of a nest of Bombus
muscorum, discovered last week near Cambuslang.

October 26th, 1875.

Mr Thomas Chapman, Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr James Marshall was elected a life member of the Society.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., exhibited a living specimen of
the Osprey (Pandion haliaehis), captured on the 16th of this
month on board the s.s. Ethiopia, about 200 miles from the coast
of Ireland. It had alighted on one of the yards of the ship
during a gale from the S.E., and was taken by one of the sailors
at night when it was asleep. Mr Lumsden also drew the atten-
tion of the meeting to a notice in the Field of the previous week,
which stated that a bird of this species had been shot near the
village of Drumore, County Waterford, in the end of September.
The specimen exhibited had since its capture been forcibly fed
upon fish, which it refused to take voluntarily. The Osprey at
one time bred on the islets of Lochlomond and the lake of Men-
teith, but it has long since deserted these localities, and, like most
of our large Raptores, is now rare, and seldom met with in this
country, except in instances like the present, when driven
by storms from its usual haunts. A conversation ensued, in
which Dr F. P. Flemyng, F.R.G.S., Mr John Young, F.G.S., and
others took part.

Mr John Kirsop exhibited two cases of insects from Berbice,

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

which had been sent by Mr Eobert Hill, resident there. The
collection, which was much admired for its variety, consisted of
butterflies, beetles, spiders, and dragonflies, and contained several
rare species, which were pointed out and described by the
chairman.

Mr George Donaldson described the beautifidly-formed nest,
with its ingenious entrance, of the Tarantula or Trap-door SjDider,
which he had often seen in the State of Kentucky; and Dr
riemyng gave some interesting particulars regarding it and some
of the species which he had frequently observed in South Africa.

The chairman exhibited a case of fine butterflies from Western
Africa. Several of the specimens were of rare species, among
which were Papilio hespenis, P. latreillianus, Charaxes ameliae, and
C. eupale — two of these Mr Chapman liad not seen before.

Mr George Donaldson exhibited several objects of interest which
he had obtained during a residence in the United States of
America, and in visits to the Polynesian Islands. Among these
were — I. A series of specimens of the remarkable stony operculum
of the Rebton shell-fish, Twho petholatus, from the Samoa Islands.
II. The skin of a Turkey Snake, about four feet in length. This
snake, which is common in the central States, is quite harmless,
and receives its name from the habit of feeding on the eggs of
the Wild Turkey. The specimen exhibited was obtained in the
nest of a Turkey, where it had swallowed three of the four eggs
which the nest contained; the fourth was found at the bottom of
the nest, covered with saliva, and ready for swallowing, which it
no doubt would have been had the reptile not been disturbed
during its repast. III. A spine of the Sting-ray (Raia pastinacci),
the serrated booklets of which are very dangerous, a wound from
them often proving fatal. Mr Donaldson had himself experience
of the serious eff'ects they produce, having received from one of
them a slight wound on the hand. It had produced excessive
sickness, with severe spasms, which continued for some time. Mr
John Young stated that spines nearly identical with that now
shown were from time to time found in the Carboniferous strata
of the district, from which it would seem that fishes similar to the
Sting-ray had existed during that period, although the species had
not been determined.

Mr Peter Cameron exhibited a number of insects from diff'erent
localities in Scotland, amongst which there were, of Tenthredinidae,

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW, :")

two new species of Nematus, — N. flavipennis and N. baccarum,
Cam, ; the latter probably the smallest species of this genus, and
bred from hairy pea-shaped galls sent from Dunkeld by Dr
Buchanan White ; an Eriocampa, reared from yellow larvae,
feeding on the upper surface of rose leaves, which is either a new
species or the true Tenthredo aethiops of Fabricius, and appears to
be quite unknown on the Continent. Of Ichneumonidae, a
new species of Bassus, bred from the larvae of Nematus cad-
derensis, Cam.; a species of Ichneutes, bred from the larvae of
Nematus viminalis; a specimen of Ichneutes reunitor, reared from
the larvae of Cladius padi, and the male of the rare Eumeslus
crassicornis, from Kingussie. This is the first indication of the
life history of Ichneutes, and as there are only four species, it is
probable that they are all attached as parasites to the Tenthre-
dinidae. Both the species of Ichneutes, as well as the Bassus,
were found in Cadder Wilderness. Mr Cameron also enumerated
several other interesting species from stations in the neighbour-
hood, and showed the cast-off skins of the larvae of Phaenusa
pygmaea, retaining completely their forms and markings, a very
unusual occurrence with larvae of saw-flies, and perhaps in this
instance owing to disease, as the larvae died shortly after
moultinsr.

PAPERS READ.

I. — A Monograjjh of the British species of Phaenusa. By Mr

Peter Cameron.

In continuation of my paper on the British leaf-mining saw-
flies. Vol. ii., pp. 315-321, I propose here to monograph the more
obscure and perplexing species of Phaenusa. The species belong-
ing to this genus are amongst the smallest of the family ; they
have short thick bodies, generally of a deep black colour, with the
feet more or less relieved with testaceous or white. The antennae
are 9-jointed (in P. hortulana according to Hartig they are
apparently 10-jointed); the maxillary palpi 7-jointed; the eyes
touch the base of the mandibles; the wines have 2 marginal and
3 sub-marginal cellules, the first and second of the latter receiving
each a recurrent nervure : the lanceolate cellule is petiolate; the
posterior wings have no middle cellule; and the feet have no
patellae. The larvae resemble those of Phyllotoma, and the
^description given at pages 315, 31 G {I.e.) will appb^ here, the only

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

difference being a slight one in the markings and in the manner
of pupation : as already remarked, they do not pupate in the mine.
I have had great trouble in differentiating the species. Un-
fortunately the descriptions of Klug and Hartig are not very
explicit, as these authors relied mainly on colour for their
specific distinctions, and colour alone will not serve to properly
elucidate such obscure forms. The excellent work of Thomson,
depending as that author does upon structural as well as colour
distinctions, is a great step in advance upon that of the German
authorities, and I have derived much assistance from the
" Hymenoptera Scandinaviae." I have to acknowledge my
indebtedness to Mr C. Healy for types of the species described by
him in " Newman's Entomologist," or otherwise I would not
have been able to satisfactorily determine them — or at any rate
some of them — from the descriptions alone. Prof. Zaddach of
Konigsberg has given me types of P. immila and pygmaea.

A. Frontal sutures distinct ; head pilose; marginal nervnre received a
good piece beyond the second sub-marginal. Antennae short, pilose.
Feet more or less black.

Antennae not thickened towards the apex, 3d joint more than double the
length of the 4th — melanopoda.

Antennae perceptibly thickened towards the apex, 3d joint not more
than double the length of the 4th — pumila.

1. Phaenusa melanopoda, Cameron.

Fenusa^ nigricans, Thoms., Hymen. Scand., i., 184, 1.

Glossy-black ; antennae shortly pilose, a little curved, as long,
if not longer than the thorax; the 1st joint large, globose, with a
pedicle at the base; the 2d nearly as long as the 1st, not so
globose; 3d more than double the length of the 4th; the rest to
the 8th getting a little shorter ; 9th conical, thinner and longer
than the 8th. Head scarcely narrower than the thorax, smooth,
covered with a fuscous black pubescence; sutures distinct,
moderately deep; labrum and mandibles piceous ; palpi fuscous.
Thorax shining, smooth, scarcely pubescent ; sutures very distinct;
cenchri obscure. Breast smooth, shining. Feet : all the knees,
and four anterior tibiae and tarsi obscure yellowish-white, verging
to testaceous ; tarsi sliglitly darker; spurs short. Abdomen short;
apex truncated obliquely ; sheaths of saw glabrous, a little

* forrectly, J^hacnusa.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. /

projecting; blotch broad. Wings blackish, with deep black costa,
stigma, and nervures; costa dilated towards the stigma; 1st
marginal cellule much broader and longer than the 2nd ; 1st sub-
marginal longer than the second, which is twice wider at the apex
than at the base, and angled where it receives the 2nd recurrent
nervure. Marginal nervure curved, received a good piece past the
2d sub-maruinal ; 1st recurrent received in the middle of the 1st
sub-marginal cellule ; the 2d about a fourth of the length of the
cellule from the 1st sub marginal nervure. Length If lines.

The male I have not been able to distinguish.

The distinct frontal sutures, deep smoky black wings, pilose
antennae with the 3d joint more than double the length of the
4th, will serve to distinguish this species.

Apparently not common. Taken near Glasgow, and in the
London district (J. G. Marsh). June.

The larva is not known with certainty. Zaddach (Besch. neuer
oder wenig bekant. Blattw., f. 12, p. 29) states that the larva of
P. immila mines the leaves of the alder; but as immila in this
country is a birch miner, it seems probable that Zaddach's
observations refer to melanopoda rather than to jj'w^m'/rt. The alder
miner, as figured by Zaddach, does not differ apparently from that
of the true pumila.

The P. nigricans of Klug and Hartig seems to be a different
species from the above, as will be seen from King's description
(Blattw., No. 188), which is as follows: — "Brownish-black: antennae
as long as the abdomen; labrum and tips of the mandibles
testaceous ; legs pale testaceous, with dusky trochanters ; wing
scales yellowish; wings hyaline, with the nervures and stigma
brownish." Length 2 lines (Hab., Sweden).

No one has yet re-discovered it, and Thomson thinks that the
original type may have been a Blennocampa, with 3 sub marginal
cellules, and he adopts King's name for melanopoda; but we have
no evidence that the original nigricans was not a true Phaemisa,
and in default of this information, it seems to me better to regard
it as belonging to that genus, and to rename the species first
described by Thomson, which I have accordingly done.

2. Phaenusa pumila.

Tenthredo pumila, Klug, Blattw., 120, 190. Tenthredo pygmaea,
Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., 340, 11. Fenusa pv.mila, Stephens, 111.,

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

vii., 41, 1; Hartig, Blattw. u., Holzw. 259, 3; (1) Zaddach, Besclir.
neuer oder wenig, &c., Blattw., 29, f. 12 ; Thomson, Opus. Ent,
272,2; Hymen. Scand., 186, 2. Feuiisa fuliginosa, Healy, Ent.,
iii., 225.

Black, shining ; knees, tibiae, and tarsi pale testaceous.
Antennae short, slightly thickened towards the apex.

Male similar, but with thicker antennae, sometimes a little paler
underneath, with the posterior tibiae suffused with black.

Length 1 J lines.

Smaller than the preceding; the head scarcely so pilose; the
wings of a lighter tint ; posterior tibiae rarely black ; tarsi paler ;
antennae shorter, thickened towards the apex ; the 3d joint not
more than double the length of the 4:th; the joints rather more
globose, not so sharply cut off from one another; and the frontal
sutures scarcely so deep.

Common in birch woods in May and June, and again in the
autumn.

The larva, when young, has the body white, with a greenish
tinge on the back, caused by the contents of the food canal shining
through; the head pale brown. On the ventral surface of the
2d segment is a black dumb-bell shaped mark, and in the centre
of the 3d and 4th is a round black dot. The feet are encircled
with brown ; the abdominal feet white. Before the third moult
the head is darker coloured ; on the dorsal surface of the 2d
segment is an oblong black mark, usually divided in two by a
pale band in the centre ; on the ventral surface of the 2d
segment is an irregular black plate, and on the 3d, 4th, 5th, and
6th there is in the centre a black dot, these dots being, however,
frequently absent from the two last-mentioned segments. At the
last moLdt the body loses the markings, and becomes of a yellowish-
white colour, with a pale-brown head.

Length about 5 lines.

It mines the leaves of the birch, preferring, as IVIr Healy has
remarked, a variety with woolly leaves. There are usually from
four to eight or ten in a single leaf, each mine being at first separate,
but in course of time becoming united. There are two broods;
the first in June and July, the second in August and the other
autumn months. The pupa state is passed in the earth without
the protection of a cocoon.

The pupa is white.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 9

A A. Body form of A, but marginal nervure received immediately
before the apex of 2d sub-marginal cellule, almost touching the 2d sub-
marginal nervure.

3. Phaenusa ulmi.

Fenusa ulmi, Sundivall, Forliandl. red de Skandin. Naturforsk.
in Christiania (1847), 240, 241; Healy, Eiit. v., 297; Kalten-
bach, Pflanzenfeinde, 539. F. intermedia, Thoms. (I.e.), 18G, 3.

Black, shining. Antennae short, stout, covered with a stiff
pile; two first joints together equal in length to the third,
which is twice longer than the fourth, the remaining joints to
the eighth shorter, 9th joint conical, longer than the preceding.
Head a little narrower than the thorax, scarcely pubescent,
shining, smooth, sutures moderately distinct: labrum and man-
dibles piceous; palpi dark testaceous. Tliorax shining, smooth,
not pubescent; tegulae black. Abdomen short, thick, smooth,
semi- truncate at apex; blotch large, sheaths of saw exserted.
Feet: femora, with coxae and trochanters, black; apical half of
the two anterior femora, knees, tibiae and tarsi, dark testaceous.
Wings faintly smoky ; first marginal cellule a little smaller than
the second ; second sub-marginal cellule more than double the
width of the base at the apex, angled where it receives the
recurrent nervure.

Male similar, but with thicker and longer antennae, the joints
from the fourth being perceptibly thicker than the basal ones.
Length 1^ lines.

Var. Four posterior tibiae and tarsi black.

Ulmi is not unlike the two preceding species, but has the
frontal sutures less distinct, the wings a good deal clearer, and
otherwise is easily separated by the alar cell-structure.

Common in England and Scotland.

The larva is white, with the head pale brown, darker at the
sides ; mouth reddish brown ; feet encircled with brown. Be-
neath, on the second segment, is a black oblong plate, sometimes
with a dot on each side ; there is a small black central dot on
each of the following segments, but the dots are often absent
on the posterior segments. When full-fed it is yellowish-white.
Length 5 lines.

It mines the leaves of Ulmus campestris and U. montana, and
several larvae live in one leaf. According to Mr Healy there is
but one brood in the year, viz., in May and June ; but I have

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

captured the flies in August, so it is possible that there may be
sometimes two broods.

Brischke (Sch. Phys. oko Ges. zu Konig, xi., p. 71), records
having hred Perilissus j^ict His, Holmgr.,from larvae of Fhaenusa, on
elm leaves.

B. Frontal sutures invisible ; marginal uervure received not far from
the middle of the second sub-marginal cellule. Antennae longish.
Tegulae white ; tibiae and tarsi -white— jjyf/maea.
Tegulae black ; feet entirely white— alhipes.
Feet testaceous ; wings hyaline at the apex — pumilio.

4. Phaenusa pygmaea.

Tenthredo ptjgmaea, Klug, I.e., 121; Zetterstedt, /.c.,340, 11 (male).
Fenusa 'pygmaea, Stephens, I.e., 41, 3; Hartig, I.e., 259, 4; Thomson,
Opus. Ent., 272, 3 ; Hymen. Scand., i., 186, 4.

Black. Antennae nearly as long as the abdomen ; the two first
joints large, the third scarcely double the length of the fourth,
the remainder gradually, but slightly, decreasing in length ;
covered with a stiff" microscopic down. Head very smooth,
shining ; face covered with a sparse scattered pubescence, frontal
sutures invisible ; eyes greenish. Thorax smooth, shining, with
a faint scattered down ; tegulae white. Abdomen a little longer
than the head and thorax, apex rounded, saw considerably
exserted. Feet : coxae, trochanters and the greater part of the
femora black; knees, tibiae and tarsi, clear white. Wings half
smoky, clearer at the apex ; first marginal cellule a little shorter
than second ; first sub marginal shorter than second ; second
double the width at the apex that it is at the base ; angled
where the recurrent nervure is received. Marginal nervure
received about a fourth of the length of the second cellule in
front of the second sub-marginal nervure. Length 1^ lines.

The male is unknown to me.

Pygmaea closely resembles albijjes, but is distinguished from it
by the black femora, white tegulae, shorter antennae, and longer
2d sub-marginal cellule.

Apparently not common. " Forest Hill " (Stephens); Darenth
(Rev. T. A. Marshall) ; London District (Healy) ; Dairy (Dr
Sharp).

Larva white. Head liglit brown, darker at the sides, eyespots
black, moutli reddish brown. On the ventral side there is on

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF' GLASGOW. 1 1

the 2d segment a large black plate, occupying the whole segment,
except a small portion at the edges and apex ; on the 3d segment
there is across the centre a large black band, and on the 4th there
is a small band, somewhat spindle-shaped. On the back the 2d
segment is black, with the exception of the edges; sometimes
the black portion is divided down the centre by a faint white
line. Length about 4 lines.

It blotches the leaves of the oak in the autumn. The larvae
(for which I am indebted to their discoverer, Mr C. Healy),
with me cast off their skins so compact, that they retained the
shape and all the markings which were on them when enclosing
the larvae.

Gi-ijpocentrus incisulus, Ruthe, is a parasite on an oak-leaf-mining
Phaenusa, ^voh^ihly ijygmoMi {cf. Brischke, I.e., 89).

5. Phaenusa albipes.

Phaenusa albipes, Cameron, Ent. M. M., xii., 131 (1875).

Black, shining, covered sparsely with a very short pile, only
visible in certain lights. Antennae a little shorter than the body,
slightly pilose; the 3d joint longer than the 4th. Feet entirely
white ; posterior tarsi and tips of anterior faintly fuscous. Wings
smoky ; costa, nervures, and stigma black ; marginal nervure
received a little past the middle of the 2d sub-marginal cellule.
Sheaths of saw and saw itself largely exserted. Length scarcely
IJ lines.

Easily known by the almost entirely white legs.

One specimen taken in Gadder Wilderness, near Glasgow, on
20th August, 1875. The larva is unknown.

6. Phaenusa pumilio.

Fenusa immilio, Hartig, I.e., 259, 5; Thomson, I.e., 187, 5.
Femisa pumila, Wailes, Zoologist (1856), 5074; Westwood, Ent.,
Annual (1862), 129; Healy, Ent., v., 211-212. F. rubi, Boie,
Ent. Zeit. Stett. (1848), 340.

Black, shining, scarcely pubescent. Antennae longer than the
abdomen, moderately thick, and covered with a short pile; pale
fuscous underneath. Head narrower than the thorax, very smooth,
shining and glabrous ; labrum piceous ; palpi testaceous. Thorax
smooth, shining, covered with a microscopic pile seen only side-
ways. Tegulae black. Abdomen about the length of head and

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

thorax, apex more or less truncate, slightly pointed ; sheaths of
saw hairy, exserted ; blotch very large. Feet whitish testaceous ;
base of coxae black ; aj)ex of coxae, trochanters, and basal half of
femora more or less obscured with black or fuscous ; apex of tarsi
fuscous. Wings smoky, apex hyaline ; nervures deep black,
stigma large; 1st marginal cellule triangular, smaller than the 2d;
marginal nervure received a little past the middle of 2d sub-
marginal cellule; 1st sub-marginal cellule nearly double the
length of 2d, and near its apex there is a conspicuous round black
horny point; 2d sub-marginal cellule not much longer than broad,
anded where the recurrent nervure is received.

The male is similar as regards coloration ; the antennae are a
good deal thicker, slightly compressed; the 3d joint scarcely
longer than the 4th (in the female it is perceptibly longer), and
the femora have usually more black on them.

Length If lines.

Pumilio can only be confounded with hetidae, and from that
species it can easily be known by its shorter antennae, perfectly
smooth head, the position of the marginal nervure, and the smoky
wings with hyaline apex. From the descriptions of Hartig and
Thomson it seems to vary considerably in the coloration of the
body. The former author describes it as having the mouth,
antennae, abdomen, and feet dark brown, with the knees, tibiae,
and tarsi pale brownish-yellow; while Thomson states that the
antennae are fuscous beneath, and the palpi, knees, tibiae, and tarsi
whitish-testaceous. A British specimen in my collection has a
dark brown splash across the mesonotum.

Common, and generally distributed.

The larva is sordid white ; the head pale brown, darker at the
sides; mouth dark brown; eyespots black. The thoracic feet are
banded with brown, the abdominal are marked posteriorly Avith a
semi-circular black mark, and the anal pair are surrounded with
black. On the back the 2d segment is black or brownish-black,
and sometimes on the 3d and 4th there is a narrow band ; beneath
the 2d segment is dark brown ; there is an irregular band on the
3d and 4th, and on the 5th and Gth a round dot, but these are
frequently absent. When full-fed the markings are cast off.
Length from 9 to 10 lines.

They mine the leaves of lluhus frucUcosus and IL idaeus, and
to the raspberry they often do so much damage that, according

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 13

to Prof. Westwood, the bushes, after having been devastated by
these larvae, do not produce a proper supply of fruit for two or
three years. There is a brood in July and August, and a second
is met with from September to tlie end of October. Zaddach
mentions that they mine the leaves of Geum urhanum, and Kalten-
bach (Pflanzenfeinde, p. 582) that " the larva lives in the green,
hard, projecting leaf-galls on Salix capreo^,'^ where it passes the
winter, emerging as a fly in July. There is surely some mistake
about this last observation.

C Frontal sutures deep. Antennae long; marginal nervure almost
joined to 2d sub-marginal. Terebra exserted. Feet yellowish-testaceous.

7. Phaenusa betulae.

Fenusa hetulae, Zaddach, Besclir. neuer oder wenig bekannter
Blattwespen, 29 (1859). Phyllotoma mellita, Newman, Healy,
Ent., v., 1-7.

Black, shining, covered with a fuscous pile, especially on the head
and thorax. Antennae longer than the head and thorax, covered
with a microscopic down ; the joints thicker at the apex than at
the base; distinctly separated from one another; the 1st with a
conspicuous petiole at the base, globular, considerably larger than
the 2d, which is thin at the base, truncated at the apex; 3d
longer than the 4th; the rest shorter; the 9th conical, thinner and
longer than 8th. Head scarcely narrower than the thorax ; face
densely covered with fuscous pubescence ; sutures on the vertex
distinct ; frontal foveae large, and moderately deep ; the central
round, the lateral longer and thinner ; labrum testaceous ; palpi
pale testaceous. Thorax black, shining; tegulae testaceous. Abdo-
men shining, as long as the head and thorax, covered with a fuscous
pile, shorter than that on the head and thorax; apex truncate; the
blotch invisible ; saw projecting, sheath very hairy. Wings faintly
fulvous-coloured, if anything clearer at the apex; 1st marginal
cellule longer than 2d ; marginal nervure nearly, if not quite,
interstitial, i.e., joined to 2d sub-marginal; 2d sub-marginal cellule
not much shorter than the 1st, the sides above straight, not
curved, in length much longer than broad ; at the lower end of
the 1st sub-marginal cellule is a small black dot. Legs yellowish-
testaceous ; coxae, trochanters, and base of femora black; posterior
tarsi fuscous.

Length 2 lines.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The male has the antennae longer, otherwise it does not differ
from the female.

This is the largest of the European species. It is easily-
recognised by the colour of the feet and wings, alar cell-structure,
and deep frontal sutures.

A common species, occurring from the London district to
Strath Glass in Inverness-shire.

Larva white ; the head pale-brown, darker at the sides ; mouth
reddish-brown ; eyespots black. The 2d segment above bears a
shield-like black plate ; beneath there is a large black plate on
the same segment, and on each of the 3d, 4th, 5th, and 6th, a
smaller dot ; along the sides are arranged a number of black dots,
a large one on the 2d, three on the 3d, and four on the others, the
latter being smaller than those in front. The thoracic feet are
banded with black ; the abdominal ones have, above, a small black
band ; and the anal pair are broadly marked with the same colour.
The penultimate segment sometimes bears in the centre two small
black dots. The number of dots varies a good deal ; they are often
absent from the 5th, 6th, and penultimate, and along the sides
some individuals have more and others less than usual. When
full fed the markings are cast off. Length 9 to 11 lines.

The pupa is yellowish-white.

The larvae live gregariously — often to the number of seven or
eight in a single leaf —in the leaves of the birch, appearing in
May and June, and again in the autumn. Brischke {I.e., 71)
mentions as parasites of this species, Perilissus macrojjijgus, Holmgr.,
P. soleatus, Holmgr., and P. verticalis, Brischke.

These are all the species that I can record with certainty as
British. Leach formed his genus Messa on an insect which he
referred to hortulana, Klug. He, however, stated that it had one
marginal and four sub-marginal cellules, while Hartig says that
the true hortulana is a true Fhaenusa. I suspect, then, that Messa
was formed on some small species of Nematus. Stephens also
describes (111. Brit. Ent., vii., 40) Messa hortulana, but Mr F.
Smith has examined for me his types; and, from the account
which Mr Smith sends, it is clear that Stephens' hortulana is
neither a Messa nor a Fhaenusa, it having two marginal and four
sub-marginal cellules : it is probably a Blennoeamjm. In the
meantime, therefore, hortulana must be deleted from our lists ;

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 15

but to render this paper more complete, I subjoin Hartig's
diagnosis : —

Black; m.outh, sides of the breast and feet, reddish-yellow.
Length 1 J lines ; alar exp., 4 lines (German). In gardens— rare.

The very dubious P. nigricans is described by Stephens as an
Eviphytiis (111. vii., 93), but no such species exists in his collection,
as Mr Smith informs me. It had better be relegated to the Hst
of uncertain synonyms.

With regard to Fenella, it seems to me that two different
species are confounded under the name of F. nigrita ; at any rate,
it is difficult to see how the two following descriptions can refer
to the same species : —

F. nigrita. West. (Int. ii., App., F. nigrita. Thorns., Hymen,
p. 54). l»Jigra, femorumapiee, tibiis Scand., i. Nigra, nitida, glabricula;
tarsisque obscure hiteis; alls nigri- antennis moniliformibus, 12-articu-
cantibus. (Antennis 11 -articulatis). latis ; subtus fuscis pilosulis ;

genubus, tibiis tarsisque albidis ; alis

subhyalinis.

If my views are correct, the synonymy will then stand thus : —

Fenella nigrita, Westwood, I.e., supra (non Thomson).

Fenella tormentillae, Healy, Ent. iv., 140, 141. Fenusa jpygmaea,
Healy {non King), Ent. v., 300 ; Kaltenbach, Pflanzenfeinde,
225 and 227. Fenella nigrita, Thomson {non West.), Opus. Ent.,
270, 2 ; Hymen. Scand., i., 180, 1.

P. tormentillae mines the leaves of Tormentilla reptans and
Agrimonia riijMtoria. I know nothing about Fenella nigrita. I
have a species that I got among birch at Bishopton, which agrees
in colour with Phaenusa melanopoda, but it is larger, and has the
antennae 10-jointed. It may be truly melanopoda, or it may be a
new species of Fenella. If I had males I should probably be
able to decide this.

II. — A Monograph of the British species of Cladius, Illiger.
By Mr Peter Cameron.

The genera belonging to the sub-family Nematides may be
separated as follows : —

Section i. Lanceolate cellule contracted.
A. Anterior wing with one marginal cellule,

a. 2d sub-marginal cellule receiving one recurrent nervure — Cladius.

1 G PROCEEDINGS OF THE

b. 2d sub-marginal cellule receiving two recurrent nervures —
Camponisciis.^

B. Anterior wings with two marginal cellules — Ilemichroa.

Section ii. Lanceolate cellule petiolate.

a. Anterior wings with two marginal cellules — Dineura (partim.)
h. Anterior wdngs with 1 marginal, and three or four sub-marginal
cellules; if three, the first receiving two recurrent nervures — Nematus.

c. As in h, but with three sub marginal cellules, the second receiv-
ing two recurrent nervures. — Cryptocampus.

Genus Cladius, Illiger.

Wings with one marginal and four sub-marginal cellules; the first
sub-marginal is very small, and its dividing nervure is, in all the
species, often absent, and when present is usually A^'ery faint ; the
second rather broad and long, forming a large angle at the
bottom, and receiving one recurrent nervure near the centre, at
the apex of the angle ; the third a little longer than the half of
the second, longer than broad, angled beneath, and receiving one
recurrent nervure in the middle ; the fourth is the largest, very
broad at the apex, and bounded by the margin of the wing. The
lanceolate cellule is contracted ; the costal is divided by a nervure
near its apex. In some species the nervures run parallel or nearly
so. In the second sub-marginal cellule, in most of the species,
there is a well-marked horny point. Antennae nine-jointed : in
the female filiform, attenuate at the apex, nearly bare or with
only a short pile ; the first joint small, the second of the same size
as the first; the third and fourth are the longest and -^qual, the
third being often curved underneath ; the remaining joints become
gradually shorter and thinner. The apices of the joints are well
developed. In the male, with one section, there are longish pro-
jections from the base of the third, fourth, and fifth joints; in
another there is a small projection from the base of the third ;
and with the third section the joints are plain. With all they
are more or less pilose.

* In the recently issued fourth part of Brischke and Zaddach's " Beobach-
tungen ueber die Arten der Blatt-u. Holzwespen," the authors have adopted
Hartig's sections Leptocercus and Leptopus as distinct genera. I have already
pointed out (Ent. M. Mag. x., 84), that Leptocercus (1837) = Ilemichroa (1835),
and the latter name having the priority, must, of course, be used ; while, as
regards Leptopus, that name cannot be used either, as it is long pre-occupied
in Hemiptera, if not in other orders. There being no other name available,
that of CamponiscuSy given to it by Mr Newman (Ent. 18G9, p. 215), must,
I suppose, be adopted.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 17

The head is broader than long by about a half: the ocelli
are moderately large and usually dull brown coloured ; the front
projecting ; a little below the antennae there are two small
depressions. The clypeus is small, emarginated in front, and in
one species (C. viminalis) minutely toothed ; the labrum is small,
usually semi-circular, and hairy at the apex. In the male the
clypeus is considerably more of an angustate form ; and the
labrum is smaller. The mandibles are armed with a projecting,
somewhat bluntly pointed, apical tooth, and on the lateral
surface of the anterior part there are a number of minute
teeth. In C. viminalis, instead of these minute teeth there are
two slightly larger, at the base of the large terminal one. The
labial palpi are 4-jointed ; the first is about \ shorter than the 2d,
which is the longest ; the 3d is about the size of the 1st ; the
4th is a little shorter than the 2d, and bluntly pointed. The
ligula has its middle division short, a very little longer than
broad ; the lateral portions are small and similarly shaped. In
the maxillary palpus the 1st joint is stumpy and minute, almost as
broad as long; the second is a little longer and considerably
thinner; the third about three and a half times longer than the
2d, it being especially thick in the centre, tapering towards the
base and apex ; the 4th thin at the base, thicker at the apex, and
a very little shorter than the 2d ; the 5th, somewhat longer than
the 3d, increasing in thickness towards the top ; the terminal
joint is not so thick at the apex as the 5th, and is about the same
length. The inner lobe of the maxilla ends in a blunt, slightly-
curved point, the outer in a roundish, flat, disc-like projection.

In the body form Cladius does not differ essentially from
Hylotoma and Lophyrus ; the abdomen is more cylindrical, more
elongated, with the apex more sharply pointed. The scutellum is
flat ; the cerci are longish. In the male the abdomen is longer,
thinner, and more acute ; the blotch is usually conspicuous. The
saw is well developed, nearly a line long, and of considerable
breadth and elevation, with the sides beset with seven or more
rows of jagged, irregular teeth.

The feet are slim, with the calcaria moderately long, the inner
one beino; one fourth lono;er than the outer. The middle tooth of
the claw is bifid ; the tarsal laminae large.

The egg is oval, white, and as a rule is deposited in the leaf-
stalk.

VOL. III. B

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Larva twenty-footed, the 5th and 12th segments footless,
cylindrical, with roundish head ; the skin beset all over with
tubercles, which are usually arranged in a definite order, each
ending in a long sharp-pointed hair. The head is distinctly
separated from the body, roundish, always covered with short stiff
hairs. The clypeus large and, usually, irregularly heart-shaped.
The mandibles are strongly developed, of a horny consistence, and
double-toothed at the point. The maxillae have 5-jointed conical
palpi. The inner lobe of the maxilla has on its side seven to
twelve bristle-like teeth, the whole having the appearance of a
brush, the two at the apex being separated by a space from the
others ; the outer lobe is stumpy and crooked. The spinning
vessels are situated close to the labium, which is provided with
3-jointed palpi. The feet are slightly haired ; the claws are sharp,
horny, and crooked ; the second last joint, at its apex, projects
outwards and forwards over the preceding joint into an oval ball-
like mass. The claspers do not differ from those of the other
genera.

The usual colour of the larvae is green, or some modification of
it, and without markings, except in the case of one species which
has the body orange, with black dots. They always frequent the
under surface of the leaves of the food-plants (usually species of
Eosaceae: with one species, poplar, and with another, Salix pentan-
dra). They eat out the parenchyma at first, and then proceed to
make holes in the leaves.

The larvae are attacked parasitically by various species of
Iclmeumonidae, and I have also found Gordiidae in them.

The pupa offers no striking peculiarity. The cocoon is thin,
double, irregular, and almost transparent, and is spun in the earth.

So far as is known, the species of this genus are confined to
temperate climates.

A. In the male the two basal joints are short and thick, the 2u being a
little smaller than the first; on the underside of the 3d, at the base, there
is a small knob-like projection; at the apex, on the upper side of the same
joint, there is a branch-like prolongation, nearly as long as the segment
itself; on the 4th, 5th, and 6th joints there are similar processes, each
gradually decreasing in length ; the 7th is a little pointed upwards at the
apex; the terminal joint is almost awl-shaped. In the female the basal
joint is nearly globose, and about double the size of the 2d, which is very
small; the following joints become gradually shorter and thinner; the 3d
is arched beneath ; it and the 4th, 5th, and 6th have their apices obliquely

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOAV. 19

truncated, and the superior edges produced into sharp spine-hke projec-
tions. In the male the joints and processes are densely covered with hairs;
in the female the antennae are only slightly hairy, Cerci long; posterior
calcaria a little shorter. Head densely covered with a fuscous pile —
Cladius

1. Cladius difformis.

Tenthredo difformis, Panz. F. G-. 62, 10. Lophyrus difformis, Spinola,
Ins. Lig. fasc. iii., T. 2. 153; Fallen Acta Holm. 1808, 41, 5-6;
Mon. Tenth. 18, 9. Cladius difformis. Leach, Zool. Mis. iii., 130;
Lepelletier, Mon. Tenth. bS, 165; Fauna Fr., pi. 12, f. 4; Brulle
An. Soc. Ent. Fr. i., 308, pi. xi. f. 10-12 (lar.); Dahlbom, Consp.,
Tenth., 34; Prod. Hymen., 100, 35, pi. 2. f. 81-85; Hart.,
Blatt. 11. IIolzw. 175, 1, Taf. ii. f. 20; Stephens, 111. Brit.
Ent., vii., 23, 1. Thomson, Hymen. Scand., i., 71, 1; v. Vollen-
hoven, Tidjr. Ent., iii., 202-205, pi. 9; Ent. No. 139, 26-29;
Kaltenbach, Pflanzenfeinde, 222; Brischke, Beschr. 10, Taf. ii. f. 3.
Cladius Geoff royi, Lep. Mon. Tenth. 58, 166.

Black, shining, covered with scattered grey pubescence ; knees,
tibiae and tarsi yellowish white ; last two or three joints of tarsi
(especially the posterior) pale brown ; cerci long ; epistoma slightly
convex. Wings faintly smoky, apex clearer, nervures at base and
costa brownish white, or pale reddish ; nervures at apex blackish,
stigma obscure black. Tegulae grey or white. Length 4 to 5
lines.

The male is easily known by the form of the antennae ; smaller
and thinner than the female.

Beyond slight colour aberrations, I have not noted any varieties
of this species in Britain. Hartig mentions a very small form
with the sheaths of the saw and the last abdominal segment
milk-white — G. ladeus, sibi. C. Geoffroyi differs merely in having
the prolongation of the 3d antennal joint white, a peculiarity
probably owing — as van Vollenhoven has suggested — to want of
development.

The larva lives on the underside of the leaves of various roses,
both cultivated and wild, in which it devours irregular holes ; at
first these are small, but by degrees they become larger, and
occasionally the edge of the leaf is eaten. The mid-rib is never
touched and the other nerves rarely, if ever. Two generations
occur in a year, the first in May and the early part of June, the
second in August and September. From the summer brood the

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

imago appears two or three weeks after pupation ; from the
autumnal one the larvae remain unchanged during the winter
till the following spring. The cocoon in confinement is spun
between the leaves ; in a state of nature, in the earth. It is
double ; the outer covering, which is transparent and thin, is
separated by a small space from the inner one, which is much
finer and of a more compact texture. Both coverings are of a
dull grey colour. According to Brischke (loc. cit. supra) the
cocoon is simple, but certainly as a rule it is double.

The larva is flat, moderately narrow at the 2d segment, and
from that increasing in breadth until past the middle, from Avhich
it again slightly decreases towards the anus. The head is small,
shining, covered sparingly with longish hairs ; the ground colour
is green, but obscured with numerous small brown dots, closely
packed together ; across the face there is a semi-circular brown
mark of a deeper colour than the other dots on the vertex ; the
eyes deep black, the mouth brown. The body is entirely deep
green, sometimes having a yellowish tinge. On each segment
there are three rows of tubercles, from each of which projects a
long black hair; the feet are glassy green with brown claws.
The colour of the head varies ; when the creature is young, it is
browner than when full fed, at which time the whole body
assumes a much brighter green colour. Length 7-8 lines.

The pupa I have not noticed when very young; when I did see
one, it was of a grey colour. The egg-laying I have not observed,
nor have I bred any parasites from the larvae.

This species is tolerably common in Britain, appearing often in
gardens. It has occurred from the south of England to Strath-
glass, in Inverness-shire. Its distribution extends all over the
continent.

B Male with the antennae as long as the body, covered with a longish pile ;
the 3d joint at the base produced into a knob; the 4th, 5th, and 6th joints
not produced into a spine above. Cerci short — {Trichiocampus).

a. Labrum, apice emarginated. Ejnstoma keeled. 3d antennal joint
in the female scarcely curved. Patellae of tarsi large. Abdomen
ochreous.

2. C. VIMINALIS.

Tenthredo viminalis, Fallen, Acta Holm., 1808, 117, 59. Nematus
grandis, Lep. Mon., 61, 179; F. Fr., pi. 10, f. 1. Cladius luteiventris,
Dahlb. Consp., 69 ; Prod., 103, 3. C. luteicornis, Ste., 111., vii.,

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 21

24, 7, pi. 38, f. 1. C. eucera, Hart., Blattw., 177, 4. C. viminalis,
V. Voll., Tidjr., i., p. 176, pi. 10; Zool., 7721; Boiich6, Natur.
Ins., 100; Ratz., Forst., iii., p. 129, Taf., 9; Brischke, Beschr.,
9, pi. ii., f. 1 ; Thorns., Hym. Scand., i., 74, 5.

Luteous ; head, middle of the breast, pronotum in front above,
meso- and meta-notum for the greater part shining black.
Antennae longish, black above, beneath deep ochreous. Apice
of tarsi fnscous-black. Palpi and tegulae pale luteous. Wings
j'-ellowish-hyaline, slightly clearer at the apex ; nervures and
costa dark reddish-brown ; stigma at base dark fuscous. The
1st sub-marginal nervure is sometimes present, as often absent.
Length 3 to 3^ lines.

The male has longer antennae, of a dark luteous colour, except
the two basal joints, which are black.

The luteous colour of this insect serves at once to distinguish
it from the other species.

The larva has the head compressed in front, shining black ;
mouth pale yellow ; mandibles black. Feet white ; claws brown,
with a black line over them ; claspers white. The 2d, 3d, and
the two last body segments, orange, the rest of the body green,
sometimes with a faint orange tinge. On each side, close to the
top, are twelve large oval or roundish black marks; directly
over each clasper is a small black mark ; over these, and close to
the large dots, are two small ones, also black ; over the anal
segment is a large oval black mark. When full-fed, the body is
entirely orange, with the exception of the legs and the above-
mentioned black marks. The body is cylindrical, rather flat,
broader anteriorly than posteriorly ; the skin beset with tubercles,
from each of which proceeds a longish hair ; the segments are
well marked. Length nearly 12 lines.

The eggs, according to van Vollenhoven, are deposited in the
leaf-stalk of the poplar, the petiole thereby being swollen on both
sides, bending over, and to a certain extent, covering the eggs.
In one case ten eggs were laid on one, and eight on the other side
of the stalk. When young the larvae are green, with black heads,
and it is not till the second moult that the orange colour begins
to show itself.

They feed in company, on the underside of the leaves of the
poplar, in a row of three to five on a leaf, each larva touching its
neighbour. They eat only the epidermis, according to my

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

experience, never eating holes in the leaf like the other species.
Apparently there is only one brood in a year, and it is met with
during August and September. The cocoon is double, thin, and
yellow, and in confinement is spun between the leaves, or outside
in the earth, or between loose scales of bark.

I am not sure but that the larvae go down to the earth during
the heat of the day ; at any rate, I have only found them during
the evening, never during the day, and once or twice at dusk I
have seen them marching up the trunks.

The pupa is orange.

C. viminalis is distributed all over Britain, the imago appearing
in June. I have met with it as far north as Kingussie. Its
distribution extends over all Europe.

As parasites, Brischke (Ges. Konig., xi.) records Mesolius rufus,
Gr., Polyhlastus sanguinctornis, Eatz., and Acrotomus lucidulus, Gr.

h. Apice of labrum rounded. 3d antennal joint in female curved ; beneath
slightly produced. Epistoma not keeled. Colour of abdomen black.

Feet yellowish-red — rnjipes.

Femora totally black — eradiatus.

Femora nearly all white; wings not clearer at the apex than at the
base — Drewseni.

3. Cladius rufipes.

Cladlus mfipes, Lep., Mon., 58, 167 ; F. Fr., pi. 12, f. 5 ; Dahlb.,
Consp., 35; Prod., 102, 36, pi. 2, f. 86-87; Ste. Ilk, vii., 23, 2;
Thoms., Hym. Scand., i., 72, 2. Cladius uncinatus, Hart., Blattw.,
176; Voll Tidjr., 4, 84-87, pk 4; Zook, 9833-35; Kalt.,
PH., 539.

Antennae about the length of the body, pilose, deep black, the
joints distinctly separated; the two basal joints large, the 3d and
4th equal ; the 3d curved underneath ; the remaining joints
decreasing gradually in length, and very noticeably in thickness
towards the apex. Head very broad, projecting in front between
the antennae, shining, seen in certain lights to be covered witli a
fuscous down ; labrum and mandibles pale ; palpi pale-fuscous.
Thorax black ; sutures distinct, shining, smooth, covered with a
fuscous pubescence ; cenchri large, pale-white. Abdomen short,
thick, black ; anus piceous ; cerci short. Feet reddish-yellow ;
coxae, trochanters, and anterior femora at base black ; apex of
tarsi fuscous. Wings smoky, the apical third almost hyaline ;

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 23

tegulae testaceous ; costa and stigma dark-fuscous. Near the base
of the second sub-marginal cellule is a small dark spot.

Length 2J to 3 lines.

The male is similarly coloured, but with the antennae deeply
pilose, and with the usual process on the 3d joint.

Larva green, thinly haired, with the sides raggedly indented.
Head yellow, with the eyes and a spot on the vertex black.
Young individuals bear a brown cross-band on the front. Length
8 to 9 lines (Kaltenbach).

It lives on high elms, eating smaller and larger holes in the
leaves, and resting usually on their under surface. It spins a clear,
transparent cocoon, which is either fastened to a leaf or a branch.
There are two generations in a year. Brischke records MesoliiLS
impressiis, Brischke, as its parasite.

C. riifipes is common in the midland and southern counties of
England, but I have not yet found it in Scotland. It is met with
all over Europe.

4. Cladius eradiatus.

Cladius eradiatus, Hart., Blattw., 176, 2; Thoms., Hym. Scand.,
i., 72, 3; Kalt., Pfl., 288.

Antennae moderately long, densely pilose, black, the third joint
curved. Head black, covered with a fuscous pile ; clypeus some-
what emarginated, labrum and palpi piceous. Thorax black,
shining, covered with a fuscous pile ; tegulae black ; abdomen
black, also covered with a fuscous pile ; membrane at the base
large; cenchri white; cerci short. Wings almost hyaline, stigma
fuscous. Feet : femora, coxae, and trochanters black ; knees,
tibiae, and tarsi fuscous-white, paler in front, and covered with a
pale pile. Length 2 J lines.

The male does not differ in colour from the female, and is
easily known by the form of the antennae.

Hartig describes the wings of eradiatus as " dunkel-rauch-grau ;"
and Thomson, as " hyalinis ;" and hence there may be two species
described under this name. British specimens have the wings
almost hyaline, slightly suffused with grey.

From the female of dlfformis, eradiatus is known by its more
attenuate antennae, uniformly coloured wings, and fuscous-white
tibiae and tarsi ; from BriUlaei, the colour of the wings will serve
to distinguish it.

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

This species is not very common. In Scotland I have taken
it in Eannoch, and I have seen English specimens taken by Mr
K. M'Lachlan and the Eev. T. A. Marshall. The larva has not
been described. It is stated by Kaltenbach to have been reared
from the stem of Anthriscus sylvestris, by Herr Boie of Kiel, and
from it was bred an ichneumon, Remiteles trichocampi^ Boie.

5. Cladius Drewseni.

Cladius Drewseni, Thorns., Hym. Scand,, i., 73-4.

Black ; antennae a little longer than the body, very slightly
pilose ; the third joint a very little shorter than the fourth, and a
little curved beneath, the other joints getting gradually shorter
and thinner. Head covered with a grey pubescence, smooth,
shining; epistoma somewhat convex; on the front, directly above
the antennae, is a very distinct round depression, and below the
antennae are two comparatively large pits ; mandibles and apex
of labrum reddish; palpi pale. Thorax shining, pronotum minutely
punctured; tegulae black; cenchri oval, white. Abdomen broadest
in the middle, greyish pilose, apex especially; cerci short. AYings
sub-hyaline, costa pale, stigma fuscous ; second sub-marginal cellule
without a distinct horny point. Feet white, femora inclining to
yellow, marked with black in the middle, anterior coxae almost
wholly, posterior at base, and posterior tarsi at the apex, fuscous ;
claws and calcaria short. Length 2 J lines.

Male with long pilose antennae, the knob at the base of the
third joint small. Femora with more black than in the female ;
anus testaceous!

The colour of the feet separates this species from the rest of
the section. It is very like the white-footed variety of j^cidi, but
may be known from that species by the epistoma being convex,
instead of keeled, and by the shorter cerci and calcaria. In 2)(idi,
also, there is a distinct black dot in the second sub-marginal cellule,
which is absent in Drewseni.

The larva is unknown. In Britain it has been found in
England and Scotland, but not very abundantly. On the Con-
tinent it is only known as a native of Sweden.

C. Antennae in the male simple, compi'essed, without any process
on the thii'd joint. Cerci longish. Epistoma almost keeled. {Priophorus).
Apex of coxae and trochanters white — padi.
Coxae and trochanters black — Bridlaei.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 25

6. Cladius PADI.

Tenthredo ]J0.di, Linn6, Fauna Sv., No. 1544; Fallen, Acta
Holm, 1808, 110, 47. PriopJwrus alhipes, Dahlb. Prod., 104, 38,
pi. 2, f. 88, 89. Cladius paUijMS, Lep. Mon., 59, 169; F. Fr., pi. 12,
f. 6. Ste. Ill, vii., 23, 3. C. immunis, Ste., I.e., 24, 5. C. pili-
cornis, Curtis, Brit. Ent., pi. 457; Ste., I.e., 24-6. Cladius alhipes,
Hart. Blattw., 175-8, pi. 2, f. 3, 10, 16, 17, 19, 25, 26, 29 ;
Voll. Ticljr, 6, 72-75, pi. 5; Brischke, I.e., 10, pi. 2, f. 2 ; Kalt.
Pfi., 174. Cladius padi. Thorns., Hym. Scand., i., 75, 5.

Black ; antennae longish, pilose, setaceous, nearly as long as the
body. Head covered with a fuscous down, frontal tubercle very
distinct, epistoma keeled, mandibles reddish, palpi pale testaceous.
Thorax shining, covered with a scattered greyish down ; cenchri
large, dull white ; tegulae piceous, rarely pale. Abdomen covered
with a scattered pubescence ; cerci longish. Wings sub-hyaline,
having a smoky tinge (varying in different individuals); costa
pale, stigma fuscous. Feet white, the base of the coxae, femora in
the middle, and often the posterior tarsi, with the apex of the
tibiae, black. Calcaria long.

Length 2 to 2 J lines.

The male has the antennae strongly compressed and pilose,
and a little shorter than the body.

G. padi is easily recognised, by having always the trochanters
white, the keeled epistoma, and longish cerci and calcaria, and
pilose antennae. In the coloration of the legs four aberrations
occur : —

a. femora quite white;

h. femora with a fuscous splash in the middle;

c. femora nearly all black ;

d. posterior tarsi, and apex of tibiae, black;

also, in many individuals the colour is testaceous, and even
inclined to yellow. The wings vary in the amount of smoky
colour with which they are suffused ; and the tegulae and palpi
vary from black through testaceous to white.

Larva : head covered with longish hairs, light orange-brown,
spotted over with small orange dots ; eyespots black, with a black,
roundish mark on the vertex, extending to the extreme back of
the head; mouth reddish-brown, with black mandibles. Feet
white, claws brown. The ground-colour of the body is usually
green, varying to grey ; the sides are clearer, almost white, and

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the last two segments are also white. The skin is beset all over
with tubercles, each ending in a long hair.

When young the larva has not the colour so deep, and the
body often has a reddish tinge. With old larvae the colour of the
head varies very much : sometimes it is quite orange, at other
times almost black, and often the black mark on the vertex
is absent.

The eggs are laid about the beginning of May, on the under
surface of the leaves of the wild rose, bramble, mountain ash,
pear, plum, and birch. When very young the larvae merely
devour the epidermis ; but, as they get older, eat large holes all
over the leaves, and frequently do very considerable damage to pear
and plum trees. From the spring brood the imagos come forth
in about five weeks after the laying of the eggs, the pupal state
lasting nine to ten days ; the second brood occurs in the autumn,
often as late as October.'^ Its manner of pupation does not differ
from the other species. When not feeding the larvae remain rolled
up into a ball on the under side of the leaf, and if touched they
drop at once to the ground.

The pupa is greyish-white.

Tryphon lucidulus and Ichneuies reunitor, Nees, are parasites on
the larvae. I have also found them infested with a Gord'ms.

This is the most common of the British species of Cladius. It
occurs from the south of England to Sutherland. Northern speci-
mens are darker coloured than those from the south. I have
very rarely captured the aberration with white legs in Scotland.
In mountainous districts I have taken the species at an elevation
of about 2300 feet. Its distribution extends all over the European
Continent.

7. Cladius brullaei.

Cladius Brullei, Dahlb. Consp., 39 ; Thomson, Hym. Scand.,
i., 75-7; Cameron, Ent. M. M., xii., 42. Friorpliorus gcniculatus,
Dahlb. Consp., 38. Cladius tristis, Zadd., Beschr., 11.

Black; antennae a little longer than the abdomen, slightly
compressed, diminishing very noticeably in thickness towards the
apex, scarcely pilose, the third joint a little longer than the
fourth. Head shining, clothed with a fuscous pile ; epistoma

* According to van VoUenhovoii there are f<jur generations in a year in
Holland.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 27

compressed, pits below the antennae shallow, apex of labrum
hairy, mandibles black. Thorax black, shining, with a fuscous
pile ; sutures of mesonotum deep ; breast smooth and shining,
wdth the pubescence less dense, more scattered ; cenchri pale, con-
spicuous; tegulae piceous. Abdomen a little shorter than the
head and thorax, apex angustate, densely pilose; saw projecting,
sheaths hairy ; cerci short. Wings with the basal half smoky ;
apex hyaline ; costa and stigma dark fuscous. Feet : coxae,
trochanters, and femora, black ; knees, tibiae, and tarsi, white ;
posterior tarsi a little darker ; apex of tibiae brownish ; posterior
tarsi shorter than the tibiae ; calcaria short. Length 2 lines.

The male has the antennae short, slightly pilose.

The black coxae, trochanters, and femora, less pilose antennae,
shorter cerci and calcaria, will readily separate Brullaei from the
preceding species. From eradiatus, it is distinguished by having
the basal half of the wings smoky, and the antennae separate it
from difformis.

Larva : head deep shining black ; feet and claspers white.
Upper half of the body deep-brownish, rather glistening black ;
the lower half glistening white. The base of the second and the
anal segment white ; head and body covered with tubercles, from
which proceed long hairs. Length 9 to 10 lines.

It feeds on Ruhkis idaeus and frudicosus; and in its habits and
mode of pupation does not differ from its congeners.

This seems to be the rarest of the British species. I have only
found it in Cadder Wilderness, near Glasgow. On the Continent
it has been recorded from Sweden and Prussia.

November 30th, 1875.

Mr Thomas Chapman, Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr Robert Wylie Hill, Berbice, British Guiana, was elected a
corresponding member, and Messrs Henry Grieve and Sigismund
Schuman ordinary members of the Society.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr Francis G. Binnie exhibited the species of Phryganea found
in this district, viz.: — P. striata, Lin., from Possil Marsh, and the
Lily Loch in the Kilpatrick Hills; P. varia (Fab.), from Possil

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Marsh ; and P. obsoleta, M'L., from the Lily Loch. P. striata is
a large insect, its nearest ally being the equally common P. grandis,
Lin., a species which has not yet been found in the district.
P. striata is a smaller and darker insect; and an examination of
the abdominal appendices will at once distinguish it. The two
species are generally mixed in collections. P. varia and P. obsoleta
are exceedingly alike. A good distinction is the darker piceous
abdomen of the latter, that portion being more ochreous in
varia. P. obsoleta is found in the north of Scotland and England,
and is also of northern distribution on the Continent. P. minor,
the remaining British species, is found in England, where it is
local, but seemingly abundant.

Mr Binnie also exhibited Stenophylax coenosus, Curtis, from
Bishopton, found very rarely in the north of England, and recorded
by Curtis for Scotland, It is a very aberrant species, the dis-
tinctly truncate wings being suggestive of affinity with the genus
Limnophilus, from which the equality of the second and fourth
apical cells of the posterior wings separates it. Occasionally,
however, according to M'Lachlan, the fourth is narrower than the
second. The British exponents of the species are remarkable for
their small size as compared with Swiss examples. Stenophylax
stellatus, Curtis, from Cambuslang, and S. latiyennis, from Miln-
gavie, are two species usually mixed in collections ; the former is
generally distributed through Britain, the latter is chie% found
in the south-west of England, and has not been previously
recorded for Scotland. Plectrocnemia conspersa, Curtis, from Spout
of Ballagan, and P. cjeniculata, M'Lachlan, from Braemar. When
the "Trichoptera Britannica" was published in 18G5, only one
species was known in Europe. In 1871 M'Lachlan published a
paper in the Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, in which he
characterised two new species, one of which was British. P. con-
spersa is probably generally distributed. M'Lachlan mentions
only four examples of P. geniculata, three of which are British
(localities not known), and one from Switzerland. It may at once be
distinguished from its common ally, conspersa, by the. geniculate pro-
cess of the inferior appendices of the male ; the female is unknown.

The Chairman exhibited specimens of Morpho gordartie (Guerin),
and M. aurora (Westwood), two fine butterflies from Bolivia,
which he believed were the first which had been brought to this
country ; also Morpho cypris (Westwood), and M. sidkowshji (Kolf),

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 29

from New Granada, and Thanmantis camadeva, from the Himalayan
district in India.

PAPERS READ.

T. — Note on the recent occurrence in various parts of Scotland of the

FiOugh-l egged Buzzard (Archihuteo lagopus).^

By Ja^ies Lumsden, F.Z.S.

The recent N.E. gales, although destructive to life and pro-
perty, have given all interested in the migration of birds some-
thing to speculate on, in the almost unprecedented number of
Rough-legged Buzzards which have been driven to this country.

About the 22d of October, Mr M'Culloch, bird-stufFer, showed me
a specimen of the Rough-legged Buzzard (Archihdeo lagopus), which
had been sent him from the neighbourhood of Castlecary, Stirling-
shire. The bird, Avhen first observed, was in the act of eating a
grouse, but flew away on the approach of the gamekeeper who
saw it. In about ten minutes, however, it returned to its feast,
and was shot by the man, who was waiting for it near the place.

A few days afterwards I received a letter from Mr Robert Gray,
stating that four Rough-legged Buzzards had been sent that week
to the bird-stufi'ers in Edinburgh. Those proved to be but the
first of a long list of specimens which have come in from almost
every part of Scotland. Even now, it is impossible to say how
many have been procured, or how many may have visited this
country during the past few months ; but I fear that few of the
birds which landed in Scotland will ever return to their native
haunts. Large hawks are now, unfortunately, so uncommon in
the lowland counties, that when one does appear, it is almost
sure to fall to the gun or trap of some watchful gamekeeper.
The present flight has extended from the north-east to the south-
west ; and the following is a list of some of the captures of which
we have authentic information : —

1 Specimen from Castlecary, Stirlingshire.

8 „ Duntreath, do.

1 „ Aucheneden, do.

1 „ Dumbartonshire.

5 „ near Dundee: other 7 observed.

* This Paper was read in Nov. 1875, but has since been rewritten, and
brought up to the present date, May, 1876. — J. L.

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

1 Specimen from near Largo, Fifeshire.
3 „ south of the Pentlands: other 2 observed.

1 „ near Haddington, Haddingtonshire.

1 ,, Coldingham, Berwickshire.

1 „ Stow, Mid-Lothian.

2 „ near Stow, do.

1 „ Bahnaghi, Kirkcudbrightshire.

2 „ near Newton-Stewart, Wigtonshire.
1 „ Langholm, Dumfriesshire.

1 „ Balthayock, Perthshire.

1 „ Newtyle, Forfarshire.

2 „ Strathmore, do.

1 „ near Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire.

1 „ near Kelso, Roxburghshire.

2 „ Selkirkshire.

Many more are reported ; but we give only those which, without
doubt, are specimens of the Rough-legged species, as some mistakes
have occurred by persons confusing this bird with the Common
Buzzard (Buteo vulgaris), of which specimens have also been more
numerous than usual this season. The bird-stuffers in Glasgow
have received several during the last few weeks. No fewer than
six were sent in from one gamekeeper in Mull, in the beginning
of February. Those birds were all fine dark specimens, with
the darker feathers under the wings of a bright chestnut. On the
Dumbartonshire hills, too, there were an unusual number of
Buzzards seen, although, fortunately, there are not many captures
recorded from this district.

The Rough-legged Buzzard may, when on the wing, be dis-
tinguished from the common species, by the dark band below the
wings, which is more marked in immature than in adult birds.
But the latter are very rare in this country. All the specimens
which have come under my notice during the present flight have
been immature birds, some of them having the dark band very
distinctly marked.

The food of the Rough-legged Buzzards in this country seems
to have been almost entirely rabbits. The stomachs of nearly all
the specimens preserved in Glasgow contained rabbit fur and
small bones, sometimes mixed with bits of grass, picked up most
likely when tearing their prey on the ground.

The Rough-legged Buzzard is a native of the northern parts of

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 31

the European and Asiatic continents. "In Norway and Sweden,"
says Professor Newton,* " it breeds in the higher sub-alpine dis-
tricts, and in Lapland, even to the North Cape, is the most common
bird of prey." Mr Wheelwright + says, that in one district of
Lapland more than fifty nests were destroyed during the spring of
1862. It was obtained this year by Messrs Seebohm and Harvie-
BrownJ on the banks of the Petchora. It is known in Turkey
and Greece, and has been observed in Italy and Sardinia. Its
nest has been taken in England, and rarely in Scotland, where
it is an autumn migrant. Specimens have been obtained nearly
every year, but seldom if ever in the same numbers as during the
past winter.

Obs. When on the subject of Buzzards, I may read the follow-
ing notice which has been kindly sent me by Mr Gray: "A very
fine Honey Buzzard {Pernis apivorus) was shot at Kilberry, Argyll-
shire, in the end of September, by Mr Campbell of Kilberry. The
specimen is a young male, and the first bird in this plumage I
have ever seen." This species is uncommon on the west coast of
Scotland, although it has several times been obtained, and has
even bred, on the east coast.

In illustration of his paper, Mr Lumsden exhibited a series of
specimens of the Eough-legged Buzzard, both mounted and in
the flesh, and expressed his indebtedness to Mr Alexander Martin,
Exchange Square, and to Messrs M'Culloch & Sons, Sauchiehall
Street, who had lent some of them for exhibition.

II. — Notes on a feio of the Tube-huilding Annelids.
By Mr David Eobertson, F.L.S., F.G.S.

The few annelid tubes that I now bring under your notice may
be considered fair specimens of "Homes without Hands." It is not,
however, to the suitability of these "homes," or to the various wants
of their occupants, that I wish to draw your attention, but to the
style of architecture maintained by each species. Omitting those
that secrete calcareous, chitonous, and leathery tubes, I will
confine the remarks that I have to make to those which build with

* Yarrell's History of Brit. Birds, 4tli ed., vol. i., p. 117.
f Spring and Summer in Lapland.
t " Ibis," Third Series, vol. vi., p. 110.

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

grains of sand, pieces of shells, and masses of clay, held together
by means of a secreted mucus.

The specimen which I now hand round, marked No. 1, probably
belonging to Maldane, is chiefly or wholly composed of clay. This
example is very poor, but it is the only one at present at my com-
mand. They are frequently met with, about an inch in diameter,
and twice that length, on mud bottoms in the Firth of Clyde; and,
although plastic, they are sufficiently firm and tough to bear con-
siderable strain without injury. The walls of this tube are hardest
next the annelid, and they increase in thickness by the action of the
exudation of the animal on the clay, becoming softer and softer
as they extend outwardly, until the line between the tube and
the soft mud in which it lies becomes imperceptible. In the
construction of this tube there is no display of ingenuity on the
part of the animal : a mass of stiffened clay, with an oblong cell
for the occupant, closed at one end, open at the other, and destitute
of all architectural design or beauty.

No. 2, Terebella, is also a clay tube — a compact, long, smooth
cylinder, well defined, alike hard within and without, and which we
may therefore suppose was built from bottom to top, according to
the demands of the animal. This view is strengthened by observ-
ing a ring or joint near the top ; as this is not seen on other
parts of the tube, we may take for granted that this addition
had been in progress of completion at the time the animal was
captured, differing in this respect from No, 1, where the addition
appears to go on laterally. As extraneous matter enters into
the composition of the tubes, these animals may be fairly
looked upon as builders; and not without interest, when we
consider the nature of the thin, soft material out of which the
fabric has been consolidated.

In Professor Thomson's report on the work of the "Challenger,"
which appears in "Nature" of 23d Nov., 1875, he says: "We
sounded in 1,875 fathoms, with a bottom of bluish-grey clay, and
a bottom temperature of 1° 7c., forty miles to the south-east of
No Sima lighthouse. The trawl was put over, and it brought
up a large quantity of the bottom, which showed the clay was in
a peculiar concretionary state, run together in coherent lumps,
which were bored in all directions by an annelid of the Aphrodi-
tacean group. In many cases the annelids were still in the
burrows." May it not be possible that the cohesion of those

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 33

lumps of which Professor Thomson speaks, was caused by the
annehd, as in the previous instance.

The examples No. 3, also Terebella, have added to their clay
tubes a few chips of shells and other hard materials, as if to
give support to the structure, but they do not belong to the same
species.

The specimen ISTo. 4 is too fragmentary to be determined. It
is less remarkable for the order in w^hich the materials are builtj
than for the selection it makes of the particular materials used*
The sand, amongst which the tubes are found at a depth of 60
fathoms, is of a yellowish-green tint, and is intermixed with a fcAV
grains of garnets and black sand. The specimens of the tubes
shown are placed on the sand in their natural condition; and a
decided contrast between the native sand and that of the tubes is
seen. This difference of shade will be found on close examination
to arise from the animal having selected from the general material
chiefly those grains most brilliant and conspicuous in colour, to
adorn its subaqueous habitation.

No. 5, Pettco imsilla, is made up of grains of sand of various
sizes, which are fitted one into another with extreme neatness,
and are securely held together by clean lines of white cement,
anticipating our finest specimens of rubble work.

No. 6, Pedmaria belgica (Pallas). In this the building materials
are much finer, and of a more uniform size, than in the previous
cases. Nothing can exceed the manner in which these grains
are put together, far surpassing the finest mosaic work. In this
case the interbinding cement adds greatly to the beauty and
delicacy of the structure. The cement has also the priority over
all art compositions, inasmuch as it sets or hardens and remains
insoluble under water.

No. 7, Owcnia filiformis (D'Chiagii). The tube of this animal
in its entirety tapers towards both ends. The taper is longest
posteriorly, and is beautifully imbricated along its whole length,
each piece being selected and arranged to suit the swell and
decline of the taper. There are other species that follow the
same style, but differ considerably in the execution of the work ;
as in No. 8, a doubtful species, which is much more coarse and
rugged, and has a more abrupt taper.

No. 9, probably Terebella. The style and purpose of the
-woTkicormshi-p of the tube in this case are not easily understoodj

VOL. III. c

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

all the pieces of shells with which it is overlaid being j^laced along
the inner frame of the tube in pentangular rows.

No 10, Nothria conchjlega (Sars), is less symmetrical, the tube
being greatly depressed and rugged at the edges, with a coarse
and irregular aspect; but when we examine it with care we see
a strict application of means towards an end. It will be observed
that all the building materials (fragments of shells) have been
laid down in the under row with the concave side up, and in
the upper row with the concave side down, thereby forming a
flat tube for the lodgement of the animal. It will be noticed that
the pieces with which it is built are mostly of a considerable size,
and so laid as to secure the greatest possible strength, which is
accomplished by laying one piece over the other in such a way
that an upper piece will cover the joining of two under pieces, a
process familiarly known to builders by the name of "breaking
band." This again anticipates one of the universal principles
both of ancient and modern architecture.

There are many tube builders v/hose materials are laid less
orderly, and where the cement is more gelatinous and yielding in
character than in the cases we have noted, as in Nos. 11, Lanice
conchilcga (Pallas), and 12, Thehims circiniiatus (Fabricius). There
are others, as No. 13, also Lanice, where the fine sand forming the
tube is held together by a very thin mucous secretion of the animal.
These tubes are often very long; some that have come under
my own observation being formed in the following way: — The
animal gathered a ring of sand round its neck, where it was
supplied with the requisite amount of mucus to secure cohesion;
from thence the ring was carried down to the posterior end of the
body. Other rings were formed, and followed each other in the
same way till the tube was completed.

Some species of these annelids are solitary, while others arc
gregarious. On the south-east side of Luce Bay the interstices of
the shingle between tide-marks are closely filled up with the
arenaceous cases of a colony of Sabellaria alveolata, in some places
fringing the sides of pools, and at other points covering the
flat rocks with a solid crust. It may be remarked that this
annelid is not always gregarious, nor in all cases confined to the
tidal belt, as I have often brought it up in the dredge at Cumbrae
in twos and throes adhering to the valves of Pcdcn oj^crcidaris,
from a depth of twenty-five fatlioms.

KATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 35

It is found that each sjiecies selects that kmd of material which
accords with its own particular habits ; but the departure from
the common rule is often considerable, where the supply of proper
materials are not within reach. In such cases they avail them-
selves of the next best, and failing such, some of the species fall
back on the resource of constructing a tube solely from their own
secretion. These shifts often give the structure a very different
aspect from its common appearance, and one that is ready to
mislead as to the true character of the occupant.

But whatever straits or shifts they may be driven to, or what-
ever kind of materials they may use, whether the consolidation of
soft mud into tubes, the picking out of fancy stones to cover the
walls of their habitation, the laying of each piece so as to " break
band," the overlapping the materials of the walls like the slates
on a house, the construction of the edifice with fine mosaic work
or with plain rubble, the same line of structure of each species is
rigidly adhered to.

Mr John Young, F.G.S., stated that probably never had such
an interesting series of tube-building annelids been exhibited
before any Society in this country as those laid before the
meeting on this occasion, and they were the more interesting from
the fact that they had all been obtained by Mr Robertson's own
dredging, chiefly from the Frith of Clyde. The group had
hitherto been little studied, and probably many other species
await further exploration in the seas around the Scottish coasts.
Mr Young hoped that Mr Eobertson would still continue his
researches among the less known marine fauna, as only from
the investigations of able naturalists important information like
that embodied in Mr Eobertson's paper is to be obtained.

December 2Sth, 1875.

Mr James liamsay, Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr Arthur Pratt was elected an ordinary member of the
Society.

Mr J. B. Murdoch called the attention of the meeting to the
death, after a long illness, of Mr James H. Pearson, who had for
many years been a member of the Society. He had for a

36 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

lengthened period been in delicate health, and consequently-
unable to take such a prominent part in the proceedings as his
interest in Natural History subjects prompted him to do. He
was an industrious and zealous worker in entomology, and gave
promise, had his life been prolonged and health granted him, of
becoming distinguished in that branch of science.

Eeference was also made to the death of Mr James Thomson,
Curator of the City Industrial ]\Iuseum, Kelvingrove Park, who
had been an active and valuable member of the Society since his
first appointment to the office which he held. He was ever ready
to promote the interest of the meetings, by the exhibition of
specimens, or by taking part in any discussion that might arise,
and his opinion was often of value, especially on any point
connected with ornithology, which was his favourite study,
although he took a lively interest in all branches of Natural
History. By his urbanity and obliging disposition, he gained the
esteem of all with whom he came in contact, and in the occasional
meetings of the Society held in the rooms of the Kelvingrove
Museum, he always endeavoured, even at much trouble to himself,
to i^romote the comfort and convenience of the members.

The Secretary was instructed to record in the minutes the
feeling of regret Avith which the meeting had heard of the death
of these two esteemed members, and to furnish an extract of the
minute to the nearest surviving relatives of the deceased, with an
expression of sincere sympathy in their bereavement.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr John Kirsop exhibited a collection of ferns from the province
of Auckland, New Zealand. The specimens, which were mounted
with great taste and care, numbered over seventy, and embraced
examples of nearly all the genera of Filices.

The Chairman, in a few remarks, pointed out the peculiar
character of the New Zealand flora, Avhich comprised a larger
variety of ferns than was known in any other country, many
of the species being confined to those islands. Mr George J.
Combe also made some general observations on the collection.

Mr Peter Cameron exhibited a large collection of insects,
embracing — of Ichneumonidae — specimens of the female of
Eumesius crassicornis, Grav., from Kingussie, and from the same
locality, an undescribed species, proposed to be named Limneria

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 37

croceipes, and distinguished by having a black body, with bright
yellow coxae, tibae, and tarsi, and black femora; also Bassiis flavo-
Uneatus, Gr., found in Cadder Wilderness. Of Tenthredinidae
Mr Cameron showed Nematiis horfensis, Hartig, from the London
district, the larva feeding on the acacia ; also Cladius Drewseni,
Thorns., from England and Scotland, the latter species being an
addition to our list.

Mr George Donaldson exhibited the nest of the Trap-door
Spider from California, which country he considered to be the
head-quarters of the species, as it is there met with in large
numbers. He described the mode in which these nests are
constructed. A well of five or more inches in depth is sunk in
the ground, and inside of this the nest is formed of red clay, and
lined with a fine silk-like material obtained from the secretions of
the s^Dider. The door or trap is a marvel of ingenuity; it
cannot be opened from the outside, and serves not only for
catching the prey of the animal, but aff'ords a secure refuge from
the attacks of more powerful enemies.

Mr Donaldson also exhibited a piece of a clay-like substance
which is largely eaten by the Indians, and of which they are so
fond that a supply is invariably carried with them when journey-
ing. It appears to be a fresh-water deposit, and to be largely
composed of diatoms. He also showed a number of objects of
interest from Figi, among which w^as a necklace worn by the
natives, and made up of the teeth of the sperm whale, which they
obtain from the whaling vessels in exchange for palm oil and
other native produce.

PAPERS READ.

I. — Notes on the occurrence and distribution of Sjnrifera trigonalis,
and its varieties in the Limestone Strata of the Coal-fields of the
West of Scotland. By Mr JoHX Young, F.G.S.

During the very long period represented by the Old Eed Sand-
stone series of Scotland, no evidence of purely marine conditions
has yet been discovered over the area of country now covered by
rocks of that formation. Throughout a thickness of several
thousand feet of strata, the characteristic organisms met with
are fishes, of which the greater number belong to the ganoid
order, a group finding its nearest living representatives in
the rivers and fresh-water lakes of the 2;lobe. Besides fishes, the

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

only other organisms met with in the Scottisli Okl Eed are
crustacean and plant remains. Of the Crustacea, the genus
JEstheria affords evidence of fresh-water conditions. We find no
remains of corals, crinoids, or molluscs, such as characterize the
marine strata of the Devonian forma,tions of other countries, and
which are believed to be the marine equivalents in time of the Old
Eed of Scotland. The evidence afforded by the organisms, and by
the prevailing red colour of the formation, favours the assumption
that the whole series of beds were accumulated in a great fresh-
water lake or lakes, but in which the waters may have been at
times slightly brackish.

In the east of Scotland, in the calciferous sandstone series that
overlies the Old Eed Sandstone, we meet with, at intervals in the
strata, evidence of the return of the sea, as indicated by the
occurrence of certain characteristic marine fossils of the Car-
boniferous limestone period, which there make their appearance
for the first time, so far as known to us.

In the west of Scotland, the calciferous sandstone series forming
the lowest division of our Carboniferous system, is represented by
a series of fresh-water strata, known as the Ballagan group, in
which no characteristic marine fossils have yet been found.
Overlying this group, we have a great thickness of trappean or
volcanic rocks, which build up the Campsie, Kilpatrick, Eenfrew,
and Ayrshire hills ; these in their turn are succeeded by strata
belonging to the lower Carboniferous limestone period, in which
we have abundant evidence of those alternate changes of conditions
— from lakes, with fresh-water strata, to land surfaces, with
forests of vegetation, as represented by our coal-seams; and from
these to deep sea bottoms, with their growths of corals, crinoids,
shells, shark-like fishes, and other characteristic marine forms.

Having stated this much regarding the ])alaeontological character
of the Old Eed Sandstone and Carboniferous strata, as indicated
by their fossils, I come noAv to call your attention shortly to a
group of the Sjnrifera, found in the marine limestone strata,
belonging to the well-known and common species, Sjnrifera
trifjonalis, Martin, and the variety, S. Usidcata, Phil. These two
forms present us with several variations in shape, which in some
cases seem to be peculiar to certain localities, and to the strata of
different geological horizons j and as the species ranges from the
lower beds of tlic limestone series, in the west of Scotland, up to

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 39

the millstone grit, the whole representing a group of strata some
3000 feet in vertical thickness, it is possible that some of the ^
varieties may have been evolved from earlier types, during the
very long period of the accumulation of these strata. Although
Sjnrifera trigonalis, with its var., S. hisulcata, are not known from
any strata earlier than the Carboniferous period, yet it probably
existed over some tract of the sea-bottom during pre-Carboniferous
times.

I have already stated that in the Old Eed Sandstone period,
and in that of the calciferous sandstone series of the west of
Scotland, we have no evidence from the contained fossils that the
sea occupied the tracts where these strata were being deposited;
but after the outpouring of the volcanic rocks forming our
trappean hills, there appears to have been some change in the
physical features of the country, the sea having apparently had
ready access over the area as often as the land was depressed under
its level. Mr Robert Craig of Beith, in his interesting paper " On
the first appearance of certain fossils in the Carboniferous strata
around Beith and Dairy,"* points out that, in the strata overlying
the lowest of the volcanic series of that district, and which belong
to the calciferous sandstone period, there is a bed of coal represent-
ing an old land surface, and that over it, in a bed of argillaceous
shale, the first of the group of marine organisms make their
appearance. These appear in such force, and are represented by
so many genera and species, as to lead me to believe that they must
have migrated from some other tract of the sea bottom outside
the area of the west of Scotland, where they had been flourishing,
either in pre-Carboniferous times, or in the period represented by
the fresh- water strata of the calciferous sandstone group. In this
bed, Mr Craig has noted sixty species of molluscs, besides corals
and crinoids; while amongst the Brachiopoda Sjnrifera trigonalis,
and some of its varieties, make their first appearance. I have
found the shell, on nearly equally low horizons of strata, in other
portions of the coal-field around Glasgow, and it has also been
obtained from strata of the same age in other districts of Scotland,
as well as in England, Ireland, and other European countries
where marine Carboniferous strata prevail.

What was the ancestor, in pre-Carboniferous periods, of S]jmfera
trif/onalis and its varieties we do not know. Mr Davidson, the
* Trans. Geo!. Soc, Glas., VoL v., p. 36.

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

eminent palaeontologist, states that the variety, ;S'. Vmilcata, has
been by some assimilated with the Devonian S. aperturata, to
which it approaches somewhat closely in form. I think that not
only this species, but many others, may have been derived from
Devonian forms by descent. Thus, amongst others, our abundant
Spirifera Urii is believed to be identical with the Devonian
S. unguiculus, and it has also been shown that it survived along
with some other Carboniferous species until Permian times, in
which formation it is known as Sjnrifera Clannyanus. In the lower
limestone shales of the Beith district, Spirifera trigonalis on its first
appearance presents us, as will be seen by the specimens exhibited,
with at least three or four well-marked varieties, one of which
has the mesial fold more produced than any yet described. This
variety I have found in the upper cement limestone at Arden,
near Thornliebank. One of the other varieties approaches closely
to Sjnrifera acuta, which has not yet been identified from Scotland;
the others agree with the typical varieties, S. trigonalis and
S. hisulcata, although some of the latter are more transverse than
are usually found. In the shales at Newfield, High Blantyre, a
variety of S. trigonalis is found, which, in the extension of its
hinge-area and elongated mesial fold, almost rivals that of S.
triangtilaris, from which species it is known by its more numerous
ribs. This wide variety is there the only form of the species that
has yet been found. I also exhibit specimens of the ordinary
varieties of >S'. trlgo7ialis and S. Usulcata, frou;i both the lower and
upper limestone series of the west of Scotland; the species, as I
formerly stated, ranging upwards into the millstone grit, being-
found in the sandstone and shales of that group to the north-east
of Glasgow.

One of the largest and finest varieties of Sjnrifera hisulcata
obtained in the west of Scotland, is that found in the shales
overlying the cement limestone at Orchard, near GifFnock, on the
Busby railway. The strata belong to the upper limestone series,
and this form, so far as yet known, seems to be peculiar to that
horizon. It is very deep between the valves, and comes very near
to Spirifera onosqiiensis, a species not hitherto recognised from
Scotland, being only distinguislied from it by its fewer ribs. It
is very probable that all these varieties of Spirifera trigonalis are
only varieties produced by descent from one original type, which
seems to have been very variable, the variations probably being

/■

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 41

caused by the conditions of the sea bottom on which it lived.
Mr Davidson states, that at the time when he commenced his
investigations amongst the British Carboniferous Sjnrifera, there
were about one hundred and seventeen described species. After
a long and searching investigation, he came to the conchision that
eiglity-six of these so-called species were mere synonyms and
varieties, and out of the thirty-one species admitted to his lists,
only some twenty-three have been satisfactorily determined. All
this variation, therefore, favours the view that many of the closely-
allied forms once ranked as species, are only varieties of one
original type.

One point in connection with the distribution of Sinrifera
trigonaUs and its varieties in our strata I wish to refer to before I
have done, and that is its disappearance throughout a consider-
able thickness of strata, represented by the fresh-water beds of our
middle coals and ironstones of the Possil and Govan group. The
absence of decidedly marine remains from this group of strata,
points to physical conditions that once more shut out the sea from
the space occupied by their area, and during which the strata
accumulated w^ere such as had either grown upon land, or had
been deposited in lake bottoms of fresh water origin. Witli the
return of the sea, during the upper limestone period, returned also
Sjmifera trigonaUs, and some of its varieties, as well as many other
of the older forms of Carboniferous marine life. These maintained
for a period a sort of shifting existence, until they finally
disappeared, by the shutting out of the sea during nearly the
whole time of the deposition of the upper Carboniferous coal
measures. Evidences of these physical changes are derived from
the study of the groups of fossils found in the various strata, these
affording the only true key to the history and conditions of the
fossiliferous sedimentary deposits of every geological period.

II. — On some Plants rare in the West of Scotland, ohserved during
last Summer. By Mr Jaimes Eamsay, Vice-President.
Mr Eamsay stated that on 3d July, 1875, along with Prof. A.
Dickson, he had visited the island of Cumbrae, and while passing
along the margin of a field of oats, just coming into ear, they
discovered among the corn a great many plants of the Night-
flowering Catch-fly (Silene noctiflora), an annual species, confined
in Scotland entirely to the eastern counties. This was the only

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

time lie liad ever seen the plant growing, and he had no doubt it
had been introduced with seed corn, and would likely establish
itself in Cumbrae, for in a neighbouring field they found the
Penny cress (Thlasjn arvensis), also a denizen of the east, but
which is seldom seen in the west, excepting occasionally on ballast
or rubbish heaps.

On the 10th of the month they visited Benlomond, but
neither in ascending nor descending the mountain was anything
met with that they had not seen there before. One of the
party, however, who in coming down had taken a different
route from the others, succeeded in picking up specimens of three
plants worthy of notice. The Holly fern (Polystichum loncldtis), is
chiefly found on the highest mountains of Scotland and Wales.
It was last summer reported as having been got on Benvoirlich,
but it has not hitherto been recorded as found on Benlomond.
The next to be noticed, Potentllla aljiestris, is a very attractive
species, with deep rich, golden yellow flowers, and the only stations
given for it in the " British Flora " are the Clova and Breadalbane
mountains. The third noticeable species was Arenaria veriia,
which is quite common in the east, growing plentifully on Arthur's
Seat and the Corstorphine hills, but not recorded hitherto as
found in the west. It is noticeable that neither of these plants,
nor Sihhaldia inocumhcns, which grows abundantly on the mountain,
are mentioned in Kennedy's ^' Clydesdale Flora," although Ben-
lomond comes within the range of its stations.

January 25tii, 187G.

Professor John Young, ]\I.D., F.P.S.E., President, in the chair.
Messrs Alexander Hill, Daniel Wilson, George Rennie, and
William Baxter, were elected ordinary members of the Society.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr Francis G. Binnie exhibited two specimens of Trichoptera,
united by authors under the llalesiis digitatiis of Schrank, and
remarked that three species arc confused under this name, two of
which — viz., those exhibited — seem to be British. The first,
H. radiaius, Curt., is not uncommon by the Clyde at Carmyle, and
by the Allander, also in the vicinity of the Cloch. The second,

•/■

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 43

11. digitatus, Sclir., is a larger insect, more yellow in colour, and
has the longitudinal grey streaks in the apical cells of anterior
wings more or less broken up, giving a freckled appearance to that
portion of the wings. The inferior abdominal appendices of the
male are widely furcate ; these parts in //. radiatus being simj^le,
with the apex excised. It occurs along with the last, by the
Clyde and the Allander. Both species are mixed under digitatus
in Stephen's collection. For the nomenclature I am indebted to
Mr E. M'Lachlan, the first living authority on the group, who is
at present engaged upon a monographic revision of the European
Trichoptera.

31r John A. Harvie-Brown, M.B.O.U., corresponding member,
exhibited a fine specimen of the Great Grey Shrike, Lanius
excuhitor, which had been killed at Tongue, Sutherlandshire, on 7th
Dec, 1875, and was sent to him in the flesh by Mr John Crawford.

Mr Peter Cameron exhibited specimens oiMacropliya albijmnctata,
Fallen, from Perthshire and Aberdeenshire. It is a species new
to the British fauna, and has been recorded hitherto only froni
Scandinavia, but he had also specimens of it from eastern Germany,
where it is in all probability confounded with M. alUcinda.

Dr Dewar exhibited a pair of live "Wild Cats, Felis catus, Linn.,
which had been obligingly lent by Mr Henry Martin, Buchanan
Street, and remarked that this species was frecjuently met with in
Inverness-shire. He said he knew of one gamekeeper who had
obtained a dozen specimens in a short time. He had no doubt
that the pair exhibited were the real Wild Cat, and not merely
specimens of the Domestic Cat run wild.

Mr Harvie-Brown corroborated Dr Dewar's remarks. He had
seen Wild Cats among the bircli woods of Sutherlandshire, where
they are not uncommon, and considered that the markings of the
fur and the conformation of the head and tail were sufficient to
distinguish them from the domestic animal.

PAPERS READ.

I. — Note regarding the occurrcncG of the American Bittern, Botaurus
lentiginosu.% in May. By I\Ir Jai\ies Lui\isden, F.Z.S.

At the November meeting of the Society Mr Lumsden placed
upon the table a Bittern, which had been killed in Islay in the
previous month. At that time he could not confidently state to
which species the bird belonged, not having had an opportunity

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

before the meeting of comparing it with other specimens, or of
consulting any work on the subject. Since tlien, however, he had
carefully examined the bird, and he could now state that it is a
specimen of the American Bittern. Mr Harvie-Brown and Dr
Dewar also identified the sjoecimen. It was killed about the last
week of October on the shore at Islay, and is the fifth or sixth
specimen recorded from Scotland.

II. — Shtch of the Ornithology of the Loicer Petchora, tclth some account
of a Journey to the Delta of that river, and to the Tundras of N. E.
liussia ; with remarks on the migratory movements of the species
olserved. By Mr John A. Hara^ie-Brown, M.B.O.U., corre-
sponding member.

This journey was undertaken by Mr Henry Seebohm, F.Z.S.,
and Mr Harvie-Brown, during the spring and summer of 1875.
After describing shortly their route from London to Archangel, —
2d to 19th March, — and sojourn at the latter place, the writer
entered into details regarding the incidents of travel and scenery
along their way through the less known' country between Arch-
angel and Ust Zylma on the great river Petchora, — Gth to IStli
April, — specially noting the scenery of the Kuloi Eiver, a tributary
of the Mezen, and referring his hearers to a fuller description in
Eae's " Land of the North Wind." He also casually made
mention of the migrating bands of Samoyedes who inhabit in
summer the dreary tundras northward and eastward of the town
of Mezen, and with whom the travellers, later on their journey,
had abundant opportunity of becoming acquainted. They passed
to the eastward of Mezen through almost uninterrupted forests
for GOO miles, travelling day and night, and only stopping at the
stations, which are from 14 to 33 A^ersts apart (3 versts are equal
to 2 English miles), for the purposes of changing horses or taking
a hurried meal. A great stretch of this forest country, containing
about 14,000,000 acres, and about 400 miles in length, is held by
Mr KusanofF, of Mezen, in grant from the Crown, for the purpose
of felling and exporting the timber. The vastness of this great
country more and more impressed the travellers as they passed
onwards on their journey through the deep pine woods, the wild
cries of the yemstschik or driver, and the constant crunching and
thumping of the hard frozen snow against the sides of the sledge,
being the only sounds to disturb the otherwise silent forests. The

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 45

curiosity of the inhabitants at the villages or stations was also
more noticeable from day to day; and, as they reached farther to
the eastward, the native love of rude ornamentation and carving
on the road-side crosses was also observed. After six days and
nights of sledge-travel, they arrived at Ust Zylma on the loth
April. Here they remained until the 10th June, waiting for the
summer, and for the breaking up and clearing away of the ice on
the great river, which took place on the 22d May and ten
succeeding days. During this time much interesting information
regarding the Samoyedes was gathered, and a collection of imple-
ments, dresses, and harness for deer formed, which is destined
for the Christy Ethnological Museum in London.

After describing Ust Zylma, a long straggling town of about
2000 inhabitants, on the east bank of the great river Petchora,
which rises far to the southward, in the government of Perm, and
after a course of over 1000 miles, flows into the Arctic Ocean, in
about 68 Jo north latitude; and having described in general terms
the willow-covered banks and islands between Ust Zylma and a
place called Alexievka, the port of the timber-trading company,
situated near the river, Mr Harvie-Brown enumerated the species
of birds which they met with, a hundred in number, between the
two places named. At Alexievka the travellers remained from the
19th June, the day of their arrival, till the 2d August, during
which time they added about another dozen of birds to their list.
They then embarked on their voyage home, round the North
Cape, in a small schooner, 149 tons register, the "Triad" of
Campbeltown, Captain Charles Taylor ; and, after a five weeks'
voyage, landed at Elsinore, reaching England on the 10th
September, having been absent six months.

They met with and identified in all 113 species of birds, and
brought home over 1000 skins and 1000 eggs. An examination
of these specimens, and of the travellers' journals, resulted in the
following papers, which it is recommended should be read in
connection with the present : —

" ]N"otes on the Birds of the Lower Petchora " (" The Ibis " for
January, April, July, and October, 187G),byHenry Seebohm, F.Z.S.,
and John A. Harvie-Brown.

" Notes of a Journey to, and Ornithological Observations on,
the Lower Petchora in 1875," by J. A. Harvie-Brown; part of
which is printed in Proc. Eoy. Phys. Soc, Edin., 18 70, p. 8L

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Various articles on the rarer and more interesting species, in
Mr Dresser's "Birds of Europe," Parts xlii., et seqq.

" On tlie migration of Birds in IST. E. Russia," by H. Seebohm,
in Eowley's "Ornithological Miscellany," Part iv., May, 1876,
p. 239.

BemarJcs on Migration.

In the introductory portion of the first of the papers above
noted, Mr Seebohm and I have indicated, in a general waj?", the
duration of the migratory season of 1875 for birds in the district
in which our observations were made, and have taken notice of
the numbers of species added to our list from day to day.
Further, under each species we have recorded our first recognition
of it, along with other particulars, including distribution, habits,
and nidification, which matters will also be found treated of at
greater length in Seebohm's articles in the "Birds of Europe."
In the second of the papers above noted, I have given a list of
fifteen of the rarer and more interesting species met with, along
with references ; and in the last, Seebohm has already treated of
the subject of migration.

In preparing the following list of species and table of migratory
movements, I have desired to confine myself to remarks upon the
latter subject. I am aware of the difficulties of the subject and
of the imperfection of this table, an imperfection which can only
be partially rectified by further and repeated observations in
diff'erent localities, in diff*erent years, and by a large staff of
observant naturalists, who will tabulate their records so that they
can be used for comparison. My desire now is to supply a link,
necessarily incomplete though it be, in this long chain of facts and
comparisons ; and I hope that some interest may be found to
attach to it, and some results, however small, be gleaned from it.

Our head-quarters for observations during the time of migration
in 1875, were at Ust Zylma, 300 miles from the mouth of the
Petchora (G5° 2G' N. lat.), and at Ilabariki, a few versts further
north, or lower down the river, and the time was between the
15th April and the lltli June.

"We believe that we were stationed rather too far to the west-
Ward to meet the main body or direct tide of migrants, and that
a large proportion of the species which we afterwards met with, at
their more northerly breeding stations, in summer, must have
reached these breeding stations by some more direct route, and

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 47

■without passing our points of observation. There can be little
doubt, we think, that the valley of the great Petchora river, in
conjunction with that of the Volga, forms one of the great
channels along which the vernal migrants pour in a great wave
from south-west to north-east,* but that many species, when they
reach Ust Ussa, — at the junction of the rivers Ussa and Petchora,
GOO miles from the junction of the latter with the sea, — do not
go out of their course by following down the river past Ust Zylma,
]Dut continue their journey to the northward, spreading, like the
rays of a fan, over the northern tundras and forests, or flying
direct to their breeding haunts on the shores of the Arctic sea.

In some seasons, no doubt, this movement may be ruled by
prevailing winds on their arrival at Ust Ussa, in conjunction with
cold or heat or want of food, lateness or earliness of the Arctic
summer ; and therefore, while in some seasons they thus pursue
their northerly course, as in 1875, in others they may be compelled
to pass Ust Zylma. In illustration of a parallel case, I may
instance what the authors of a Eussian work, treating of the birds
of the Volga, say. They tell us that the Grey Plover is seen
both in May and in September, i.e., on their vernal and autumnal
migrations, in small flocks, at Kasan, hut not every year. (Fide
" Ibis," April, 1876).

It is also possible that we missed some of the other migrants by
leaving as early as the 11th of June. Thus, at Ust Zylma, before
that date, we only saw two Wigeons, which we afterwards found
to be the most abundant species of duck down the river and on
the delta ; and we were told by the sportsmen at Ust Zylma, that
they generally arrive en masse, some time after the Pintail ducks
put in an appearance. On the other hand, however, we found
these two species breeding at Ilabariki at the same date, — the
beginning of June, — and only a few days after the arrival of the
latter, which was first noticed by us on the 18th May. I do not
think, however, that we can have missed many species in this way.

I now proceed to tabulate the species met with. Under the
heading " Eemarks " in the following columns, C. stands for
common ; R, rare ; A., abundant.

* Vide "Encyclopedia Brltannica," Ninth Edition, Vol. ii., 1S76, p. 75S,
where Professor Newton, in his article " Birds," quotes Von Middendorff*s
*' Die isepiptesen Ensslands, Grundlagen zur Erfoschung der Zugzeiten und
Zugrichtungen der Vogel Ensslands. St. Petersburg, 1855."

48

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An examination of tlie above table gives the following re-
sults, 60 far as we are able to judge from the data at
command.

Of the 113 species mentioned (PhyUoscopiis neglectus (Hume),
true to its name, having been inadvertently left out in the num-
bering), we find only 16 species which are undoubtedly resident,
and two others — the Bullfinch and Yellow-hammer, to which I
have attached queries (?) — though I believe they may be con-
sidered as very early migrants, along with the Snow Bunting,
Lesser and Mealy Eedpoles.

Of these 1 6 Residents, however, the Hooded Crow, though resi-
dent at Ust Zylma, is said by the natives to be migratory
between that and Gorodok (or Pustozersk), arriving at Gorodok
about the lOth May and quitting it in the dead of winter.
On the other hand, the Magpie is said to remain there
all winter, appearing, therefore, to be more hardy than its
convener.

Of the remainder, which, for convenience, we may class under
Migrants — 95 in number— the Snow Bunting, Lesser and Mealy
Redpoles, would appear to be the earliest to arrive, if we put
aside the two species I have marked as doubtful, viz., the Bull-
finch and the Yellow-hammer. The House-sparrow appeared to
gain additions to its numbers in May; but I feel also some-
what doubtful about its being really a migrant, as suspicions
of its presence as early as the 15th April — the day after our
arrival at Ust Zylma — w^ere so strong as almost to amount to a
certainty, although we did not succeed in procuring specimens
until the 18th May, after which time they rapidly became more
plentiful.

Of the other undoubted Migrants, 25 species were not observed
to pass or visit Ust Zylma or Habariki up to the time we left,
viz., the 11th June. These were Nos. 4, 39, 53, 54^, 57, 6G, G7,
71, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 95, 96, 98, 99, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109,
110, and 111 of the above list. Of these 20 species we may, I
think, reasonably suppose that the following really did not pass
Ust Zylma or Habariki, but reached their breeding grounds by
a more direct route or routes : some probably striking north from
Ust Ussa, as before suggested; others reaching their breeding
stations by following the coast line — as, for instance, Lams

54

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

glaucus^ and L. marhmis. I say reasonably suppose, because it was
not until very long afterwards that we met with these species.
They are Nos. 66, 67, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 90, 107, 108, 109, 110,
111, and also 39, 71, 75, 95, 96, 98, 103, 104. The first 13 of
these we afterwards met with only on the tundra and the far-out
islands of the Petchora Gulf; and the other 8 were found on the
river and its islands, but considerably to the north. Of each of
Nos. 4, 53, 54^, we got only one specimen; and they may or
may not have passed Ust Zylma.

If we consider, however, that Phylloscopiis tristis, an eastern
species and of the same group as 53 and 54^, was not uncommon
at Ust Zylma, then there is a probability that these latter also would
find their way north by a not very different route. No. 57 we did
not see on migration, because we had no opportunity of visiting
suitable ground at the right time ; but very soon after leaving
Habariki, we found it in full song amongst the willow thickets.
No doubt, could we have reached the west shore of the Petchora,
opposite Ust Zylma, between the 22d May and the 10th June, we
would also have been able to add it sooner to our list. We were
prevented from doing this by the flooding of the river and the
stream of ice.

For convenience of comparison of the dates of arrival of
migratory species at Ust Zylma and in Egypt, I append the
following table : —

A comparative Tahle of the arrivals of Birds in Egypt, and in the
district around Ust Zylma and Habarild, in N.E. Ilussia.

Name of SrEciEs.

Egypt.
Say 30° N. Lat.

U. Zylma.
05' 30' N. Lat.

Time.

Rand Martin

Feb. 21st
IMarch 8th
„ 14th
„ 31st
April 5 th
„ Tth
„ 23d

June 10th
May 21st

„ ■2(;th

12th
June 12th
3d

]\Iay 22d

112 days.
84 „
53 „
42 „
()8 „
58 „
30 „

Wlipatcar

Swallow

Redstart

Sedf>e Warbku'

Cuckoo

Tree Pipit

* Upon an examination of such papers as I have access to upon the Birds
of the countries bordcrini,^ the coasts of the east of tlie Mediterranean, I can
find no record of the occurrence of Lams rjlaucns, and very few records of
its occurrence in the Mediterranean at all. Salvador! sa^s that L. fjlaucus

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 55

The dates of arrival in Egypt are copied from my friend Mr J. H.
Gurney's " Eambles of a Naturalist in Egypt," 187G, p. 112. The
comparison, I believe, will be found in some degree useful, as there is
an extreme probability that many even of the individual birds, not
to mention species, which pass down the Nile, continue their flight
northward through the plains and valleys of Southern Eussia and
descend the valley of the Petcliora. Corresponding with me on
the subject of migration, J\lr J. H. Gurney writes as follows :
"The comparison of your dates and my Egyptian ones on the one
hand, and of my Algerian ones with English ones on the other,
must in a measure show the rates at which they travel ; and, if
they take longer in travelling in the East than in the West, the
greater number of observers in England must be taken into
consideration." An additional cause for greater time spent in
migration in the East, appears to me to be found in the longer
continuance of winter, and consequent scarcity of food, deterring
the birds from reaching their far northern breeding limits. I
might here quote at greater length from Mr Gurney's interesting
correspondence, but I refrain for two reasons — first, because by
doing so, I would get beyond the bounds of this connection;
and, secondly, because I understand that Mr Gurney intends
treating of the subject in a future paper.

Of course the foregoing table must be ofi"ered for the present in
its incompleteness, as there is a great want of tabulated records
between Egypt and Ust Zylma, and the time cannot be considered
to have arrived in which to generalize more fully, until these
records are supplied, or at least until the chain more nearly
approaches completion. Those who desire to pursue the subject
further — and a very interesting, if intricate one, it is— would do
well to consult the following papers : —

" Die isepiptesen Eusslands. Grundlagen zur Erforschung der
Zugzeiten und Zugrichtungen der Vogel Eusslands," by Dr von
Middendorff, St Petersburg, 1855 ; and Professor Newton's

is an occasional visitant in Liguria and Venice; and two specimens are in the
Genoa Museum, said to have been killed in Liguria. Lieut.-Col. Irby notices
it as having occurred once on the coast of Tangiers ("Ornithology of the
Straits of Gibraltar," p. 215). Its absence there would seem a good reason
for excluding it from the list of such as would migrate down the Petchora; and
I believe that the large gulls seen passing over Ust Zylma (' Ibis,' Jan., 1876),
must have belonged to some other species.

5G rPvOCEEDINCrS OF THE

remarks on the same, in the ninth edition of The Encyclopedia
Britannica, under the article 'Birds/ p. 768.

For a complete list also of the principal works treating of
migration of Birds, see the Foot Note No. 3, on the same page.

The Chairman proposed a vote of thanks to ^Ir Harvie-Brown
for his interesting paper, which he was sure the meeting had
highly appreciated, and made a few remarks on the large and fine
collection of specimens with which it had been illustrated, many
of the species being very rare and little known.

The motion was cordially responded to ; and several donations
to the library having been announced, the Society adjourned till
the last Tuesday of February.

February 29th, 187G.
Professor John Young, M.D., F.R.S.E., President, in the chair.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr D. C. Glen, F.G.S., exhibited a specimen of Lepidodendron
ohovatiim in clay-band ironstone, from the Possil ironstone series
near Robroyston, which Avas remarkable for the large size and
bold sculpturing of the leaf scars. Mr John Young made some
remarks on the specimen, and stated that few would believe tliat
Lejndodendron was ornamented in the bold manner indicated in
this specimen, except those who were acquainted with the plants
in their uncrushed condition, the great majority of the specimens
found in our coal-fields having their leaf scars much flattened by
pressure. Mr Glen presented the specimen to the Hunterian
Museum plant collection.

Mr Thomas Chapman exhibited a living specimen of the
Praying jMantis, Mantis religiosa, in the pupa state, the wings
being undeveloped, and stated it had been brought from the
banks of the Nile in January of this year. The insect excited
considerable interest amongst the members, from its singular
attitude. The long body is rested on tlie four hinder legs, witli
the head and neck thrown back, and the two fore legs raised
upwards and crossed over each other. To this strange posture,

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 57

which it assumes when watching for the insects which are its prey,
it is indebted for its name ; and during the Middle Ages it was
regarded with very superstitious feelings. It is very ferocious ;
and if a number are placed together in a box a free fight imme-
diately commences ; in a short time the weakest have to succumb,
and are frequently devoured by the survivors.

PAPERS READ.

L — On the LejJioceridae of the Glasgow District

By Mr Francis G. Binnie.

The writer stated that he had been engaged for the last two
years in collecting and studying the Trichoptera or Caddis flies of
Scotland, his attention being chiefly directed to those occurring in
this district. Having no observations of former workers to form
a basis, he had to a large extent to work single-handed j but he
begged to acknowledge his obligations to students of other
branches of entomology, and more especially to Messrs Cameron
and King, who had kindly secured for him any specimens that
came in their way. There was yet much to be done before
anything like a complete list for this district could be given ; but
what had been obtained probably fairly represented the species
likely to occur in this vicinity. The Leptoceridae is the third
largest in the group, which is divided into seven families.
M'Lachlan, in his monograph of the British Caddis flies, pub-
lished in 1868, describes twenty-four species distributed among
six genera, and to this nothing has been added in the more
recent catalogue published by the Entomological Society of
London in 1870. Mr Binnie then enumerated the British species
seriatim, described the local species as they occurred, with brief
notices of the absent ones, and pointed out such as are yet likely
to be found. Excluding Setodes, of which genus he had not seen
any representatives in this district,''' there remained seventeen
species, of which eleven had been identified as occurring in this
quarter, and of the remaining six, four seemed scarce and
local, but he hoped that the other two would yet be found in
the Hogganfield and Frankfield districts, which had not been
thoroughly explored.

* Since the date of the paper, Setodes testacca (Curtis) has been captured near
Mihigavie. — F. G. B,

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

IL — Sketch Palmer on the Birds of Loch Lomond and Neighbourhood.
By Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S.

Those parts of the counties of Dumbarton and Stirling which
are drained by the streams flowing into Loch Lomond, are rivalled
by few places in Scotland as a varied ornithological field. There
are not many districts of the same extent which can boast of such
a long list of species, some of which have been met with in no
other part of Scotland. Yet, with the exception of a list of the
birds of the parish of Luss in the " Statistical Account of Scotland,"
1790, and Mr Eobert Gray's excellent list of the more interesting
birds of Loch Lomond,* little or nothing has been written on the
bird life of the district.

The Golden Eagle may still, although rarely, be seen in the
district, and in 1872 it nested within ten miles of the loch. Not
very many years since the Osprey used to nest in tlie old castle of
Inch Galbraith, and the Kite in Kenmore Wood. The high rocks
of Inch Tavannach are now the nesting place of Kestrels and
Jackdaws, and often a pair of Barn Owls j while in the woods on
the border of the loch and neighbouring hills, the Sparrow-hawk
builds in considerable numbers, their old nests being often
occupied the second year by the Long-eared Owl.

All the streams and mountain burns are enlivened by the
Dipper — or " Water Craw," as it is called in the district — that
bird of perpetual motion.

The wooding round the loch is a favourite resort of many of
the warblers. The Grasshopper Warbler has been taken in
Kenmore Wood ; and the Sedge Warbler, AVhitc-throat, Wood
Warbler, and Willow Warbler, are not uncommon. The common
Jay is met with here also ; the banks of Loch Lomond being one
of the few places wdicre the species can still be called plentiful in
Scotland, t

Among the heather and ferns on some of the hills, the Night-jar,
Goat-sucker, or Fern Owl — by any of which names it is known —
is sometimes observed ; but its nest is not easily found, the eggs
being laid on the ground without any proper nest.

* Zoology of the Banks of Loch Lomond .and its vicinity, by Eobert Gray,
contained in Maclure and Macdonald's " Guide to the Trossachs and Loch
Lomond." Glasgow, 1864.

t " Scottish Naturalist." Vol. iii., p. 236.

NATURAL IIISTOllY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 59

On the higher hills Snow Buntings are got in severe weather
during winter ; and Ptarmigan breed on Ben Lomond every year
in limited numbers.

The flat shore at the mouth of the Endrick has proved a rich
field for all kinds of waders. Here have been killed the Green-
shank, Wood Sandpiper, Little Stint, and the Black-tailed God-
wit in breeding plumage. In this "district the Common and Jack
Snipe are abundant, and the Freshwater Sandpiper and Dunlin
are far from rare.

In winter the loch is a harbour for many kinds of ducks, and
occasionally geese and wild swans. The Shoveller has been
obtained, and also the Pin-tail and Long-tailed Duck. The Smew
has once or twice been shot, and the Goosander is included in Mr
Gray's list of Loch Lomond birds. Bernicle, Brent, Canada, and
Egyptian Geese have all been shot on the loch -, and both Bewick's
Swan and the Whooper have been obtained in severe winters.

But there is perhaps no spot in the district so full of interest to
the naturalist as Inch Moan, or the Peat Island, which is the
breeding place of many gulls, terns, and ducks. The island is a
long flat piece of ground, covered in some places with bog myrtle
and rank grass mixed with heather. At the west end of the
island is a clump of small Scotch fir trees, in the middle of which
stands an old cottage, in the ruined chimneys of which Jackdaws
breed every year. The nests of the Wild Duck, Teal, and Eed-
breasted Merganser, are got amongst the undergrowth and below
furze bushes, on the drier parts of the ground.

Of the Gulls, the Black-headed is the first to arrive and take up
its abode in the most marshy places; some of the nests being
built on tussocks of grass or rushes, in the midst of pools and bogs.
The Lesser Black-backed Gull is the next to come, and along with
it a few pairs of the Great Black-backed. The Black-backs choose
drier grass than the former species, and place their nests among
the heather or other cover, and sometimes among the stones on
the shore ; the larger species especially choosing this position, and
often building their clumsy nests close to the water's edge. After
the gulls are all settled, the terns arrive, and usually breed on a
part of the island where the ground is harder and the under
growth not so rank.

I do not know a finer sight than the low island on a summer
day. The Great Black-backed Gulls, with their hoarse, loud croak,

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

flying overhead; while the terns, with their sharper cry, dash
backwards and forwards in their swallow-Hke flight; and from
the beach is heard the trilling v/histle of the Freshwater Sand-
piper, or the single note of the Dunlin ; the whole forming a scene
which gladdens the heart of the lover of bird life. And the
pleasure is increased from the knowledge that on Inch Moan the
birds can rear their young in safety, as the owner preserves it
strictly during the breeding season.

The following is a list of the species which have occurred in the
Loch Lomond district.*

Order i, HAP TOMES. Fam. FALCON IDA E.

Golden Eagle, Aqiiila clmjsathis (Linnaeus).
Rare; but sometimes seen in the vicinity.

White-tailed Eagle, IlaUactns alUcilla (Linnaeus).
Has been observed.

OSPREY, Pandion halia'diis (Linnaeus).

Used to breed on Inch Galbraith,t but none have been seen for
some years.

Peregrine Falcon, Falco j^eregrinus. Gmelin.
Not very common, but breeds in the neighbourhood.

HoLF.Y, Fako siibhuteo, Linnaeus.

Once an inhabitant of the district, but never met with now.
It is included in the Ptcv. John Stewart's list of the birds of the
parish of Luss.J

JNIerlin, Fako acsaloii. Gmelin.

Not uncommon, but more rare than the Sparrow-ha^vk or
Kestrel.

* The nomenclature and arrangement followed is that of Harting's " Hand-
book of British Birds," London, 1872.

t " Sporting Days," by John Colquhoun, p. 105.
X " Statistical Account of Scotland," vol. xvii , p. 247.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 61

Kestrel, Falco tinnnnculus. Linnaeus.
Common; breeds on some of the islands.

Sparrow-hawk, Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus).
Very common, and breeds in all the woods.

Kite, Milmis ictinus. Savigny.
Used to breed in Kenmore Wood, near Tarbert.*

Common Buzzard, Bideo vulgaris. Leach.
Not uncommon ; breeds in the neighbourhood.

EouGH-LEGGED BuzzARD, Buteo Icigojms (Gmelin.).
Has occurred in the district.

Marsh Harrier, Circiis aeruginosiis (Linnaeus.)
Licluded in Mr Stewart's list of the birds of Luss.

Hen Harrier, Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus).
Rare, but has bred in the neighbourhood.

Fam. STRIGIDAE.
White Owl, Strlc flammea. Linnaeus.
Not uncommon ; breeds on some of the islands.

Tawny Owl, Syrnimn aluco (Linnaeus).
Common. Nests early in March.

Long-eared Owl, Otus vulgaris. Fleming.
Very common in many of the woods on the loch side.

Short-eared Owl, Otus hrachyotus (Forster).
Rare.

Order a, INSESSORES. Fam. LAN I ID AE.

Great Grey Shrike, Lanitis cxcubUov. Linnaeus.
Has been obtained once or twice on the borders of the lake.

* "Birds of the West of Scotland," by Robert Gray, 1871, p. 42.

G2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Fam. MUSCICAPIDAE.

Spotted Fly-catcher, MnsckaiKt grisola. Linnaeus.

A very common summer migrant. A favourite place for the
nest of this species is on fruit trees on garden walls.

Fam. CINCLIDAE.
Dipper, Cinchis aqimticus. Beclistein.
Common on all the streams, where it breeds early in spring.

Fam. TURD I DAE.

MissELTOE Thrush, Tnrdiis viscivoms. Linnaeus.
Very common.

Song Thrush, Ttinlus miismis. Linnaeus.
Exceedingly plentiful throughout the district.

Field-fare, Tiirdns inhris. Linnaeus.
Common in autumn and winter.

Kedwing, Ttinlus iliacus. Linnaeus.
Like the last, a winter visitant.

Blackbird, Turdus menda. Linnaeus.
Very common.

Ring Ovzel, Turdtis forqiKdus. Linnaeus.
Breeds on most of the hills in the neighbourhood.

Fam. SYLVIIDAE.

Hedge Sparrow, Accentor modularis (Linnaeus).
Very common.

Eedbreast, Enjlltaca nilccida (Linnaeus),
Very common.

Redstart, BidicUla ]?hoeniciim (Linnaeus).
A few arc met with every yean

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. G^

Stonechat, Saxicola nibkola (Liniicaeus).
Rather an uncommon species.

Whixchat, Saxicola ruheira (Linnaeus).
Like the preceding, not very common.

"Wheatear, Saxicola oenanihe (Linnaeus).
Not nearly so common as in many other parts of Scotland.

Grasshopper Warbler, Salicaria locustella (Latham).
Has been obtained.

Sedge Warbler, Salicaria phragmitis (Bechstein).
Not uncommon.

Blackcap, Sijhia atricainlla (Linnaeus).
Very rare.

White-throat, Sylvia cinerea. Latham.
Common.

Lesser Wiiite-tiiroat, Sylvia sykicUa, Latham.
Very rare.

Wood Wren, Phylhimeusie sihilatrix (Bechstein),

Common.* X^^^-'^^/^

/■■
Willow Wren, Phyllopneuste trochihi^.
Common. - k'^' r x/-

CiiiFJ Chafe, Phyllopneusie nifa (Latham). y

Rare. V. <S

Golden-crested Wren, Rcguhs cristatus. Koch.
Very common.

RtJEY-CR0V\*NED Wren, Recjulus calendula (Linnaeus).-
One shot in the summer of 1852.t

*"Scottisli Naturalist." Vol. i., p. 2<39.
t " Birds of Vv'est of Scotland," p. 100.

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Fam. TROGLODYTIDAE.

Common Wren, Troglodytes imrvuhs. Koch.
Very common.

Fam. CEFTinWAE.

Tree CreepeR; Certhia familiaris. Linnaeus.
Very common.

Fam. PARI DAE.

Great Titmouse, Parus major. Linnaeus.
Common.

Blue Titmouse, Panis caeruUus. Linnaeus.
Very common.

Crested Titmouse, Parus crisiatus. Linnaeus.
Has been obtained near Dumbarton.*

Coal Titmouse, Parus ater. Linnaeus.
Very abundant.

Marsh Titmouse, Parns iKdiistris. Linnaeus.
Rare, but occasionally met with.

Long-tailed Titmouse, AomMa rosea (Blyth).
Not uncommon.

Fam. AMFELIDAF.

WaXWiNG, AmiJcUs fjamihs, Linnaeus.
Has been obtained.

Fam. MOTACILLIDAE.
i^iED-WAG'iAiL, Motacilla yarrdli. Gould.
Common.

Grey Wagtail, Motacilla hoarnla. Latham.
Common.

* « Birds of Wcat of Scotland," i^. 104.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 65

Ray's Wagtail, Motacilla rayi. Bonaparte,

Rare.

Fam. ANTHIDAE.

Tree Pipit, Anthiis arhm-eus. Bechstein.
Not common.

Meadow Pipit, Antlms ])ratensis (Linnaeus).
Exceedingly numerous.

Rock Pipit, Antlms ohscurus (Latham).
Not often met with near the Loch.

Fam. ALAUDIDAE.

Sky Lark, Alauda arvensis. Linnaeus.
Common.

Fam. EMBERIZIDAE.
Snow Bunting, Emheriza nivalis. Linnaeus.
A winter visitant. Some years more common than in others.

Common Bunting, Emheriza miliaria. Linnaeus.
Not common.

Reed Bunting, Emheriza schoeniclus. Linnaeus.
Not uncommon.

Yellow Bunting, Emheriza citrinella. Linnaeus.
Very common.

Fam. FRINGILLIDA'E.
Chaffinch, Fringilla coelehs. Linnaeus.
Very common. Gathering in large flocks in winter.

Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla. Linnaeus.
Sometimes met with in winter.

Goldfinch, Fringilla carduelis. Linnaeus.

A winter visitant. Not common.
VOL. III. E

6G PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Siskin, Fringilla sjnims. Linnaeus.
Eare.

Linnet, Linota cannaUna (Linnaeus).
Less common than in many parts of Scotland.

Twite, Linota fiavirostris (Linnaeus).
Not common.

Lesser Eed pole, Linota rufescens (Vieillot).
Uncommon.

House Sparrow, Passer domesticus. Linnaeus.
Common.

Greenfinch, Coccothmustes chloris. (Linnaeus).
Common.

Bullfinch, Pijrrhula vulgaris. Temminck.
Not uncommon.

Fam. LOXIIDAE.

Crossbill, Loom cnrvirostra. Linnaeus.

Very rare.

Fam. STURNIDAE.

Starling, Sturniis vulgaris. Linnaeus.
Very common, and increasing every year.

Fam. CORVIDAE.

Ohs. Chough, P/jrrJwcorax graculus (Linnaeus),
lias been obtained near Bowlimr.

'O'

Eaven, Corvus corax. Linnaeus.
Always a few pairs going about the hills.

Carrion Crow, Corvus corone. Linnaeus.
Common.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 67

Hooded Crow, Corvus comix. Linnaeus.

Common. This species is often found breeding with the
preceding. Sometimes the male is a Hooded Crow and the
female a Carrion Crow, and as often the reverse is the case.

Rook, Conns frugilerjiis. Linnaeus.
Very common. There are several Rookeries in the district.

Jackdaw, Corvus monedula. Linnaeus.
Common.

Magpie, Pica cauclata. Fleming.
Not nearly so common as it used to be.

Jay, Garrulus glcmdarius (Linnaeus).

More common than the Magpie, but like it being much reduced
in numbers every year.

Fam. PICIDAE.

Greater Spotted Woodpecker, Picus major. Linnaeus.
One shot at Arden, November, 187L*

Fam. CUCULIDAE.
Cuckoo, Ciiculus canorus. Linnaeus.
A well known bird in the district.

Fam. ALCEDINIDAE.

KiNG-FiSHER, Alcedo ispida. Linnaeus.
Not very common.

Fam. HIRUNDINIDAE.
Swallow, Rirundo nistica. Linnaeus.
Common; arriving about the 15th of April.

Martin, Rinmdo urhica. Linnaeus.
Common ; comes about the same time as the swallow.

* Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii., p. 176.

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

. Sand ]\Iartin, Hirundo nimria. Linnaeus.
Less common than the last.

Fam. CYPSELIDAE,

Swift, Cypselus apiis (Linnaeus).
Some years much more common than in others.

Fam. CAPRIMULGIDAE.
Night- JAR, Caprimulgiis europaeus. Linnaeus.

Not very common, but breeds on the hills. I have seen a nest
with the bird sitting as late as 14th August.

Order Hi., RASORES. ' Fam. COLUMBIDAE.

EiNG-DovE, Columba palumlus, Linnaeus.
Very numerous.

TuRTLE-DovE, TurtuT auritus. Gray.
Has been met with in the district.

Fam. PHASIANIDAE.
Pheasant, Phasianus colchicus. Linnaeus.

Very common. Large numbers are reared and turned out
every year.

Fam. TETRAONIDAE.
Capercaillie, Tetrao urogalhis. (Linnaeus).
Has been once or twice shot in the district.

Black Grouse, Tetrao tetrix. Linnaeus.
Common.

Eed Grouse, Tetrao scoticus. Latham.
Very common.

Ptarmigan, Tetrao lagojms. Linnaeus.
A few breed on the higher hills.

Partridge, Perclix cinerea. Latham.
Common.

/'

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 69

Order iv. , GRA LLA TORES. Fam. Oil A R A DRIIDA E.

Golden Plover, Chamdrius j^luviaUs. Linnaeus.
Not very common.

Lapwing, Vanellus cristatus. J\leyer.
Very abundant.

Dotterel, Eiidromias morincllus. (Linnaeus).

This species is included in Mr Stewart's list of the birds of the
parish of Luss.

EiNGED Plover, Aegialitis hiaticula (Linnaeus).
Common; breeds on the shores of the loch.

Turnstone, Strepsilas interiwes. Linnaeus.
Very rare.

Oyster- CATCHER, Haematopus ostralegus (Linnaeus).
Not very common.

Fam. SCOLOPACIDAE.

Greenshank, Totanus glottis (Pallas).
Has been obtained, but very seldom.

CoiMMON Eedshank, Totaiius calidris (Linnaeus).
A well known species.

Wood Sandpiper, Totanus glareola (Linnaeus).

One shot at Eoss, by Sir George H. Leith, on 8th August,

1872.-^

Common Sandpiper, Tringokles hypokumis (Linnaeus).
Common on the shores of the loch and on the rivers.

Dunlin, Tringa alpina. Linnaeus.
Common ; breeds on the shores and islands.

* Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc, Glasgow, vol. ii., p. 193.

70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Little Stint, Tringa minuta. Leisler.
One shot in September, 1873, by Sir George H. Leith.

Sanderling, Calidris arenaria (Linnaeus).
Rare.

Woodcock, Scolopax rusticola. Linnaeus.
Common. A few pairs breed every year.

Common Snipe, GalUnago media. Leach.
Common, and breeds in the neighbourhood.

Jack Snipe, GalUnago gall'inula (Linnaeus).
Not uncommon.

Black-tailed Godwit, Limosa aegocephala (Linnaeus).
Once obtained by Sir George H. Leith, May, 185L

Curlew, Numenius arqiiaius. (Linnaeus).
Very common.

Fam. ARDEIDAE.

Common Heron, Ardea ckerea. Linnaeus.
Common.

Common Bittern, Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus).
Has not been met with for many years.

Fam. RALLIDAE.
Water Rail, Eallus aquaticus. Linnaeus.
Rare.

Land Rail, Crex p-atensis. Bechstein.
A well known species.

Spotted Crake, Crexijorzana (Linnaeus).
Has been obtained once or twice by Sir George H. Leith.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 71

Moor Hen, Gallinula chlorojms (Linnaeus).
Very common all round the loch.

Coot, Fulica atra. Linnaeus.
Not uncommon in winter.

Order v., NA TA TORES. Fam. A NA TIDAE.

Wild Swan, Cygnus musicus. Bechstein.
Rare ; but sometimes met with in winter.

Bewick's Swan, Cygnus minor. Keys and Blasius.
Like the last, rare.

Grey Lag Goose, Anser ferus (Gmelin.).
Verv rare.

Bean Goose, Anser segetum (Gmelin.).
Not common.

Pink-footed Goose, Anser hrachyrhynchus. Baillon.
Has been shot on the Loch. (1)

Bernicle Goose, A7iser leucqpsis. Bechstein.
Rare.

Brent Goose, Anser bernida (Linnaeus).
Has been obtained.

Canada Goose, Anser canadensis (Linnaeus).

Mr R. Gray, in his list of Loch Lomond birds, states that " a
single specimen was shot on Loch Lomond some years ago, and is
now in the College Museum, Glasgow."

Egyptian Goose, Anser aegyj^tiacus (Linnaeus).

A flock of five were observed on the Loch in 1861, three of
which were shot.*

* " Birds of the West of Scotland," p. 353.

72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Wild Duck, A7ias hoschas. Linnaeus.
Very common.

Shoveller, Anas clypeata. Linnaeus.
Has once or twice been shot on the Loch, and has bred.'^

Pintail, Anas acuta. Linnaeus.
Once obtained.

WiGEON, Anas imieloiK. Linnaeus.
A common winter visitant.

Teal, Querquedula crecca (Linnaeus).
Common, and breeds on some of the islands.

Pochard, Fuligula ferina (Linnaeus).
Not uncommon in winter.

Scaup, Fuligula marila (Linnaeus).
Not common.

Tufted Duck, Fuligula cristata (Leach).
A few pairs on the Loch every winter.

Golden Eye, Clangula glaucion (Linnaeus).
Very common in winter, but the proportion of old males
observed is small.

Long-tailed Duck, Harelda glacialis (Linnaeus).
A female was shot by Sir George H. Leith, some years ago.

Smew, Mergus albellus. Linnaeus.
Has once or twice been shot on the loch.

Eed-breasted Merganser, Mergus sermtm\ Linnaeus.
Not uncommon ; breeds in the district.

Goosander, Mergus merganser. Linnaeus.
Included in Mr E. Gray's list of the birds of Loch Lomond.

* "Zoologist," 1852. Vol. X., p. 3503.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 73

Fam. COLYMBIDAE.

Great Northern Diver, Colymbus glacialis. Linnaeus.
Included in Mr Stewart's list of the birds of the parish of Luss.

Black-throated Diver, Colymhus arcHcus, Linnaeus.
Has been obtained on the loch both in summer and winter
plumage.

Red-throated Diver, Colymhus sepientrmialis. Linnaeus.
Very rare.

Fam. PODICIPIDAE.

Great-crested Grebe, Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus).
Included in Mr Stewart's list of the birds of the parish of Luss.

SCLAVONiAN Grebe, Podiceps comutus (Gmelin.).
Has been shot on the loch.

Little Grebe, Podiceps minor (Gmelin.).
Not uncommon.

Fam. A LCI DAE.
PuFEiN, Fratercula artica (Linnaeus).
In Mr Stewart's list.

Razor-Bill, a lea torda. Linnaeus,
Has been obtained.

Fam. PELECANIDAE.

Cormorant, Graculus carbo (Linnaeus).
Not uncommon ; sometimes breeds in the district.

Fam. LARIDAE.
CoMisiON Iewn, Sterna fluviatilis. Naumann. ^^^XTn^^^^
Very common. /^oO^^<

ArtIC Tern, Sterna hirundo. Linnaeus. jctS'-^ ^%^©-^ ^
Common. u.! LIBRARY

<;

^4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Roseate Tern, Sterna dougallii. Montague.

Once bred on Inch Moan, but has not been identified there
for several years.

Sandwich Tern, Sterna cantiaca. Gmelin.
Has been shot on the loch.

Lesser Tern, Sterna minuta. Linnaeus.
Rare.

Black Tern, Sterna fissipes. Linnaeus.
Observed on Loch Lomond by Mr R. Gray.*

Little Gull, Larus minutus. Pallas.

This bird has also been observed by Mr R. Gray on Loch
Lomond, f

Black Headed Gull, Larus ridibundus. Linnaeus.
Very common.

Kitthvake, Larus tridactijlus. Linnaeus.
Very rare.

Bonaparte's Gull, Larus Philadelphia. Ord.
One shot on Loch Lomond by Sir Geo. H. Leith. April, 1850. J

Common Gull, Larus canus. Linnaeus.
Rare.

Herring Gull, Larus argentatus. Gmelin.
Not very common.

Glaucous Gull, Larus glaums. Gmelin.
Has once been obtained. ||

* " Birds of the West of Scotland," p. 472. t Jhicl, p. 474.

+ "Zoologist," 1851, p. 3117, and 1867, p. 9C6.

II " History of Lritisli Birds," by F. 0. Morris, 2d cd., vol. vi., p. 1G4.

•/■

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 75

Greater Black-backed Gull, Larus marinus. Linnaeus.
Not uncommon.

Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus. Linnaeus.
An abundant species.

In the foregoing list are included 168 species; but of those
several must be struck off if we confine ourselves to a list of the
birds which may now be met with. Many species which were at
one time common are now never seen, and are quite unknown in
the district.

Hawks of nearly all kinds are on the decrease. The Osprey,
Hobby, and Kite we can scarcely again expect to see on the
banks of Loch Lomond. On the other hand, some of the smaller
birds are increasing in numbers as plantations get up. Blackbirds
and Thrushes are decidedly more common than they were at one
time, and all the species of warblers are gaining ground.

The above notes have been put together only as an outline of
what I hope may some day be made a more complete paper.
Local lists are always of interest, especially from such places as
the present, which, from its position, includes both highland and
lowland species, and although an inland district, has its full
complement of sea birds and wild fowl.

III.— On the Honey Bee. By Mr R. J. Bennett.

It is well known that throughout Britain thousands of stocks
of Honey Bees perish every winter from starvation, or if they
survive the early months, it is only to succumb during March
or April. To the natural question as to the reason of this, the
answer is simply that our bee-keepers lack knowledge, and
there can be no success where there is not a proper understand-
ing of the natural history and habits of the Bees, and a
knowledge of the unmistakable laws by which they are governed.

I propose, then, to ask your attention, while, with the
specimens before you, I try to explain the best method of
cultivating and protecting this useful and industrious insect.

It is a singular fact that the best forms of government exist
among the lower orders of the animal creation. Amongst the

76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

latter, Ants and Bees have been long notable; Solomon points
the sluggard to the Ant, while John the Baptist fed upon the
excellent produce of the Bee, The many lessons Bees teach us
in their mode of attack and defence, in their government, order,
sanitary arrangements and economy, are in themselves a perfect
school of instruction. I need not take up your time in de-
scribing the different modes of cultivation now in use, because
there is but one opinion amongst advanced bee-keepers as to
the proper way, which is by means of the bar -frame hive.
The Lanarkshire one now before you may be compared to a
large city and its workings, where every thing is carried on
separately, yet combined; where one part may be withdrawn
and yet not affect its neighbour; where each member works
for his own good and for that of the community ; and where
the treasures are stored within the walls. With the aid of
the " dividing board," this hive may be enlarged or decreased
to suit the change of seasons. There can be no doubt the
beeJiive was first invented by " Blind Huber," who was the first
inventor of moveable combs; but to Dr Dzierzon of Germany,
and the Rev. H. Langstroth of America, the j^resent generation
of bee-keepers should be, and I trust are, truly thankful, as
through their invention we now have complete command over
the Bees and comb in every part of the hive. Thus bee-keep-
ing has been reduced to a sure, pleasant, and profitable business,
and with the aid of a hive such as the one now before us,
Bees, comb, and honey may be transferred from one hive to
another in a few minutes. Worms may be readily destroyed
before they make havoc of a weak stock, and weak stocks may
at once be strengthened by giving them a bar of brood from a strong
hive. Useless drone comb may be cut out, and the bee-master
may satisfy himself that there is enough of worker comb at
all times in the hive, as it sometimes happens that there is too
much honey in the brood nest, and that the queen has no place
to deposit her eggs, to the great injury of the hive. Bees in
a state of nature usually build in a serpentine form, using small
pillar-like attachments to connect the sides of the combs, and
which serve the double purpose of steadying them and act-
ing as suspension bridges by which the Bees may easily travel
from one comb to another. But the bee-keeper who uses straw
hives has none of these advantages, and has no means of easily

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 77

rectifying an evil, even if he discovers it. " Guide combs," as
artificially prepared plates of wax are called, infallibly ensure
straight comb. They may be fastened to the bars with sprigs, or
by waxing the under side of the bar while hot, and pressing
them together until united.

When we consider the enormous amount of honey required to
produce one pound of wax, say fifteen to twenty pounds, one
ounce of comb holding over one pound of honey, it shows the
necessity of the bee-master saving such a valuable commodity. Wax
is secreted on the underside of the Bee, and oozes out in scales,
but both the weather and the warmth of the hive have a great
influence in the building of combs.

The queen, or mother Bee, is the only perfect female, and
her sole business or occupation seems to be to lay eggs, and
this in the height of summer is often carried on to such an
extent, that she produces from 2500 to 3000 eggs per day. Dur-
ing all this time her faithful attendants follow and feed her. She
can also, when laying, deposit an egg alternately in a worker cell,
or in a drone cell, and this probably has given rise to the theory
which some apiarians have advanced, that the queen's body in
passing into the worker's cell is slightly compressed, and causes
the egg of a worker in passing from the ovary to touch the sper-
matheca sac, and thus become a worker or undeveloped female.
A queen, when hatched, is generally of a whitish colour, and
somewhat weakly looking. Her first action is to stretch herself,
and get rid of any encumbrance about her wings or body.
This done, she immediately begins to eat honey, which she
devours greedily. In a hive that is preparing to swarm, the
queens are not allowed to leave their cells for perhaps twenty-
four hours, and they have been known to be detained as long as
eight days ; the Bees all this time feeding them through an
opening under the seal of the cell, so that although kept prisoners
they are treated as royal blood. Huber discovered the bitter
animosity of the queens towards each other. He observed the
first hatched queen emerge from her cell, traverse the comb until
she found a royal cell, then tear it open in apparent fury, and
sting the helpless pupa to death. This she repeats until she has
destroyed every possible rival. If, however, two queens emerge
simultaneously, the worker Bees clear a space and stand back to
watch the inevitable conflict which must end fatally to one or

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

other. Should they during the fight happen to find themselves
in such a position that by closing each would kill the other, they
withdraw and begin the combat afresh. Should either secure
such an advantage of position that she can sting without being
stung, the fatal thrust is immediately given.

The queen is easily recognised among the other Bees by her
shape and movements. Her body is more wasp-like than that of
the common Bee, and her back of a much brighter colour. Her
legs are longer, and she seldom uses her sting except when fighting
with a rival.

Impregnation takes place on the wing, and as in the case of
many other insects, one occasion lasts for life. Queens may live
three to four years.

The drone is the male Bee, whose sole end seems to be to
fertilize the virgin queens, and keep up the temperature of the
hive. They are larger and more bulky than either queen or
worker Bees, but having no sting to defend themselves, they fall
an easy prey to the workers when the swarming season is
over.

The worker, or undeveloped female, is the smallest Bee, and is
by far the most industrious member of the hive, as its name
implies. Nothing in the entire range of the history of Bees excites
so much astonishment as the power which they possess of replacing
the loss of their queen, in other words, of being able to develop
a worker egg into a queen, by placing it in a suitable cell, and
feeding it with royal jelly. How this comes about has puzzled
the apiarian in all times, but the bee-keeper can easily verify the
fact by removing the queen in midsummer. So soon as the Bees
discover their loss they are in a state of great excitement for
twenty-four hours, after which they select one of the worker
eggs, make a queen cell, feed it with royal jelly, and raise a fully
developed female in sixteen days. The workers may be divided
into nurses, builders, wax secretors, honey gatherers, scavengers,
sentinels, but it would fill a volume were I to enter into their
various duties. The tear and wear of body to which they are
exposed accounts for the very short life the worker Bees enjoy —
from three to, at most, about nine months.

A Honey Bee filled with honey will not sting of its own accord,
and herein lies the art of taming. When frightened, Bees
generally eat honey, so that the operator by blowing a little

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 79

smoke into the hive, and waiting a minute or so till the Bees are
filled, may do almost anything he pleases with them.

Honey is not really made by Bees, but simply gathered from
flowers ; thus almost any one can tell by its taste and appearance
from what class of plants the honey has come. Bees also obtain
large quantities of honey from what is known as " honey dew,"
which is often found in abundance on the leaves of the lime,
the oak, the plane, the hazel, and the bramble.

Of course the test of a successful bee-keeper is his honey
harvest, and truly in Ayrshire we have the men who can in-
duce Bees to build their combs so beautifully straight, so sym-
metrical, so even on both sides, and so perfectly finished, that
one could believe they were cast in a mould to pattern. These
bee-keepers took their immense harvest over 400 miles of
railway, without breaking a single comb, to the Crystal Palace
Show in SejDtember, 1874, which was the finest display ever ex-
hibited in Britain ; and again to the City Hall, Glasgow, in
September, 1875, under the auspices of the Caledonian Apiarian
Society. This Society is making strenuous endeavours to waken
up the people to the vast stores of honey that are every year
wasted on our heather hills and in our clover fields.

[During the meeting of the British Association, it placed in
the Kibble Crystal Palace an " Observatory Hive," where every
visitor had an opportunity of seeing the interior economy of
a hive and its inhabitants. Sept., 1876.]

Mr Bennett placed on the table, in illustration of his remarks,
a series of specimens of honey, combs, wax, etc., with an example
of the Lanarkshire bar-frame hive and its various appliances.

IV. — Notes on the state of Vegetation in the Public Parks in January,
1876, as compared with the corresponding month in previous years.
By Mr Duncan M'Lellan, Superintendent of Parks.

In the course of his remarks, Mr M'Lellan enumerated seventeen
species and nine varieties of plants, which were seen in flower
during the month in the Queen's Park, while in Kelvingrove,
where the situation is damper and the park much shaded by large
trees, only a few of those named were in flower, and that towards
the middle and end of the month, and at the beginning of the
year not a blossom could be seen. In the Alexandra Park, which

80

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

is in a more open situation, a larger proportion was observed than
was noticed at Kelvingrove, but in the Green the daisy was the
only plant in flower, and the specimens were very few in number.
The spring of 1874 was a very early one, and the number of plants
in flower in January of that year was 42 species, while in the
same month of 1875 the number observed was only 5. The mean
temperature of January, 1875, was — maximum, 44 ; minimum, 35 ;
while this year the thermometer showed a lower range — the
maximum, 42, and the minimum, 30. This statement may seem to
be at variance with the reported progress of vegetation ; but the
December of 1874 was rigorous, with cold, dry, east winds,
and although last December there were several days of severe
frost, yet the covering of snow prevented plants from sufl'ering to
any extent. Vegetation is therefore much in advance of what it
was last year, and should there be no return of frost, a moderately
early spring may be expected. The subjoined table shows the
rainfall and mean temperature of each month of 1875 : —

1875.

Rainfall.

Max.

Temperature.
Min. Wet.

Dry.

January, -

5-60

44

35 45

47

February,

1-42

41

32 43

45

March, -

1-75

46

35 40

45

April,

1-28

55

36 47

49

May,

1-57

61

44 53

56

June,

2-54

62

45 54

57

July,

1-40

70

48 59

61

August, -

2-62

67

51 59

61

September,

4-08

62

47 57

59

October, -

6-19

51

41 50

52

November,

3-83

44

33 45

47

December,

3-37

42

29 44

45

March 28th, 1876.

Mr Thomas Chapman, Vice-President, in the chair.

Messrs James Bruce, Thomas Barclay, and Daniel ^I. Nelson,
were elected ordinary members.

Before the ordinary business of the evening was entered on, Mr
J. B. Murdoch said that the death had occurred, since last meeting,
of Dr Donald Dewar, one of the earliest members of the Society.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 81

He had arranged to be present this evening to exhibit a number
of specimens which he had lately acquired, but died suddenly on
Saturday, 18th inst. Dr Dewar was enrolled as a member in
1853, and shortly afterwards proceeded with the British army to
the Crimea; while passing through Turkey he transmitted to
the Society his observations on the birds of that country, his
attention being particularly directed to the eagles, a family in
which he took a special interest. He was always ready to aid in
promoting the interest of the meetings by the exhibition of
specimens from his own collection, or by observations on those
brought forward by others, and from his extensive knowledge of
natural history, especially of ornithology, his remarks were always
greatly appreciated. He had been so long identified with the
Society, and had become so much esteemed by the members for
his genial and cheerful bearing, and the willingness he always
showed to be of service to others engaged in similar pursuits,
that the blank occasioned by his death will not be readily filled
up. The meeting cordially sympathised with the sentiments
expressed by Mr Murdoch, and resolved to record the deep regret
of the Society for the loss of such an esteemed member, and of
sincere sympathy with the bereaved relatives. The Secretary was
instructed to furnish an extract from the minutes to Mrs Dewar.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr James Coutts exhibited a collection of ferns, and several
large pods from a plant belonging to the natural order Leguminosae,
which had been brought from Western Africa by Mr George
Thomson, a corresponding member of the Society. One of the
pods had a singular and curiously twisted appearance, seeming
to belong to the genus Pithecolohmm, the species uncertain, but
probably lohatum; it is not known to be put to any use. Another
specimen, about three feet long, appeared to belong to Entacla, a
genus which is remarkable for the great length of its pods, one
species, E. scanclens, having them of the length of six to eight feet.
Its large seeds are sometimes carried by the winds and waves from
the West Indies to the shores of the Outer Hebrides, and the
natives of the countries where they grow convert them into snuff-
boxes, scent bottles, and spoons ; in the Indian bazaars they are
used for weights, and in London they ate offered for sale in the
streets as Indian filberts, though they are not eatable.

VOL. III. F

82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr Coutts also exhibited several objects of interest from Old
Calabar, amongst which were a number of articles formed of
the rinds of gourds, and used by the natives for various domestic
purposes. They were of different sizes, some being two feet in
diameter, and were beautifully ornamented on the outer surface
with various devices, burnt into the woody fibre with heated tools.
There were also shown by Mr Coutts specimens of the nest of
the weaver bird, the construction of which displays remarkable
ingenuity. They are about a yard in length, and are composed
of dried grass, very similar to Esparto. In appearance they
resemble fine basket work, and in shape are not unlike a large
glass retort. The bulbous, closed end is suspended to the
under side of the leaf of the palm tree, while the narrow open
end hangs downwards. The object of this contrivance is to guard
against the depredations of serpents, which are great plunderers
of nests for the sake of the eggs. The position of this nest re-
moves it out of the probable reach of the reptiles, but even should
they succeed in getting to it, they contract the opening so much
by winding round the nest, that it is not possible for them to get
into the interior.

Mr John Young, F.G.S., exhibited some Carboniferous fossils
from the limestone shale at Gillfoot, Carluke, Lanarkshire. He
stated that the specimens had been sent to him by Dr Eankin,
Carluke, who had examined the bed of shale very carefully,
and had obtained from it nearly 150 species of various marine
organisms, several of which were new to science. Two of those
which he exhibited belong to the genus Fenestella, being,
apparently, undescribed species. One of them has the interstices
strongly carinated, and tuberculated on both faces of the frond of
the polyzoon. These tubercules are seen in the best preserved
specimens, which show the poriferous face of the frond to be the
bases of short spines that are often broken off" in the matrix in
which the organism lies. When found in this condition these
spines present the deceptive appearance of perforated tubercules,
which, however, is not their true character. The other species of
Fenestella exhibited is found in fronds of about one inch in
diameter. It is characterised by the numerous and strongly
tuberculated nature of its non-poriferous face. The tubercules
occur in an irregular, alternating double row, and, like those
noticed in the former species, present, when broken or worn, the

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 83

deceptive appearance of being perforated. These two species of
Fenestella, along with some others, Mr Young hoped would be
figured and more fully described by Dr Young and himself in the
next part of the Society's Proceedings.

Mr Young also stated that on the fronds of the various species
of Fenestella from the Gillfoot shales numerous polyzoan processes
— the so-called Palceocoryne of Messrs Duncan & Jenkins — are
to be found. These authors say that Palceocoryne "sat upon,
covered, and destroyed numerous cells of the polyzoon," but after a
careful examination of his specimens, he was prepared to show
that this statement of Messrs Duncan & Jenkins is incorrect.
These polyzoan processes are found to proceed as often from the
non-poriferous as from the poriferous face of the Fenestella. This
being the case, it must be self-evident that the processes which
proceed from the non-poriferous face, could not sit upon or cover
any of the cell openings, and he found, as a rule, that they in no
way interfered with the regular arrangement of the pores on the
other side of the frond. When the processes proceed from the
poriferous face, well-preserved specimens in his collection also
show that the cell openings are not closed up nor interfered with ;
the series of pores being continued as usual alongside of the
processes. Such being the case, and the above remarks applying
only to those processes that proceed at right angles from the faces
of the fronds, and not to the marginal processes, there is no
evidence, as seen in the best preserved specimens, for the assertion
that the so-called Palceocoryne was an organism independently
attached to the fronds of Fenestella.

Mr D. C. Glen, F.G.S., exhibited a weathered specimen of a
Silurian coral, from Lake Huron, Canada, belonging to the genus
Favosites, showing in a very clear manner the tabulate structure
of the coral. Mr Glen stated that most of the corals from the
above region are filled to a certain extent with silica, which has
penetrated the structure, thus enabling the coral, while weathering,
to resist the action of the atmosphere more thoroughly than when
it is composed of calcite.

Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., exhibited an example of malforma-
tion in the bill of the Rook, Corviis frugilegus, and remarked that in
this specimen the lower mandible was imperfect at the point, and
the upper one had grown down in such a way that it projected
more than an inch beyond the other. It was also worthy of

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

notice that the feathers at the base of the upper mandible showed
no marks of the abrasion usual in the Kook, while those at the
base of the lower mandible were partly destroyed, although not to
the same extent as is found in specimens where the bill is jproperly
developed.

Mr Peter Cameron stated that he had found, in a gall of Nematus
viminalis. a very young larva of Pimijla graminellae, without there
being any trace of the saw-fly larva. The young PimiJla larva
continued to grow, and arrived at maturity by feeding on the
juices of the gall, this being a deviation from the usual habits of
the Ichneumons, which are, as a rule, animal feeders. Mr
Cameron's observations confirmed those of Dr Giraud, who dis-
covered the larvae of Pimyla graminellae feeding in a gall on
Trificum repens.

PAPER READ.

On some imnts in the Natural History of the Cyiiipidae.

By Mr Peter Caivieron.

The paper was illustrated by specimens of the insects, their galls,
and parasites, and by a series of enlarged drawings, and will
appear in extenso in a future part of the Proceedings.

April 25th, 1876.

Mr Thomas Chapman, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Messrs Alexander Macdonald, and J. H. Gurney, jun., were
elected ordinary members.

Mr David Kobertson, F.L.S., F.G.S., exhibited specimens of
entomostraca and foraminifera, taken from mud brought up on
the fluke of an anchor, in the Bay of Yokohama, Japan, and which
he had received from Mr John Kirsop. A number of the species
of ostracoda are new to science, and are of importance as afl'ording
confirmation to other inquiries of the day. It is of considerable
interest to find along with these specimens a valve of Telllna
calcaria (Chemnitz), a highly northern species, and one of the test
Arctic shells of our Scottish glacial clays, but which is not now
living in our seas. According to Jefl'reys it still survives on tlie
Danish coast of the Baltic, northward of Spitzbergen, and in

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 85

America from Behring's Straits to Massachussetts, as well as on
the shores of Asia.

The climate of Japan seems to be extremely various, being
intensely cold in the north, and in the south as warm as the
highest temperature of France, while it is milder than its latitude
would indicate, owing chiefly to the influence of the surrounding
ocean. In the south the thermometer ranges between 29 deg. and
104 deg. Fahrenheit, 80 deg. being the average in summer, and
35 deg. in the coldest months of winter. Yokohama is about
latitude 35°, and at 36° the lakes are covered with ice, which at
38° to 40° becomes thick enough to allow of rivers being crossed
upon it. It would appear, therefore, that at Yokohama the cold
does not reach that of Scotland, or at least does not exceed it, and
yet this mollusc lives and thrives, if we may judge by the portly
dimensions of its shell, in a temperature higher than that which
is supposed to have driven it away from the shores of the British
isles.

Mr Robertson mentioned, for the benefit of any of the members
who might be mounting marine algae for the microscope, that
there appears to be less need for being troubled about the prepara-
tion of preservative fluids than has generally been thought neces-
sary. He showed a slide which had been mounted for nineteen
years and one month, in nothing more than sea water, and which
was still in a fine state of preservation; the colour was in a great
measure gone, but the structure was clear and distinct. Few of
those mounted v*dth glycerine and distilled water (a preparation
highly recommended at the time they were prepared) are so well
preserved, either in colour or structure. Another mounted in sea
water, glycerine, and spirit, was also in good condition, but the
latter interferes with the adhesion of the cement of the cover,
unless used very sparingly. Another mounted in sea water and
spirits had the colour perfectly preserved, but this might be
accounted for in a great measure by the more robust character
of the plant.

Dr Francis P. Flemyng, F.RG.S,, exhibited a specimen of a
species of cuttle-fish, Sei)'ia odopodia, which had been captured at
Dunoon in November last. He had managed to get it confined in
a pool from which it could not escape, and had an opportunity of
observing its movements, and the manner in which it seizes hold
of anything coming within reach of its arms, holding it firmly

86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

by the cups or suckers with which they are furnished. He showed
drawings of this species, and of the Calamary, Soligo vulgaris, and
pointed out the differences that exist in their structure. He had
kept the specimen alive for some hours, during which it showed
no signs of alarm, but when he was about to transfer it to his
tank, it emptied its ink bag, completely saturating with the black
fluid the handkerchief in which he had placed it, and died
shortly afterwards. Dr Flemyng presented the specimen to the
Hunterian Museum.

PAPERS READ.

I. — On the occurrence in Islay of the Iceland Falcon, Falco islanclicus.

By Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S.

This species is rare in any part of this country, only three
specimens being recorded by Mr Harting in his " Handbook of
British Birds," as having been got in England, while not many
more than that number have been found in Scotland. This is,
however, the second specimen that has been taken in Islay. The
older writers included both the Iceland and Greenland Falcon
under the common name of Gyr Falcon, but of late years three
distinct species have been recognised, and we have now the Green-
land Falcon, Falco canclicans (Gmelin.); the Iceland Falcon, F.
islanclicus (Gmelin.); and the Jer Falcon, F. gyrfalco (Linnaeus). The
latter, however, is not known in this country, being a native of
Northern Scandinavia and Russia, Northern Asia, and Arctic
America. Further particulars regarding these interesting species
will be found in the new edition of " YarrelFs History of British
Birds," edited by Prof. A. Newton of Cambridge.

II. — On the Hymenoptera of Kingussie. By Mr Peter Cameron.

During last June I spent ten days at the pleasant village
of Kingussie, and I propose to give some account of the
Hymenoptera obtained there, as a further contribution to the
Hymenoptera of the North of Scotland (cf. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Glas. ii. 290-294). The country around Kingussie is very
beautiful; its physical features are very varied, and its vegetation
is equally so. These two conditions being present, it need
hardly be said that as a hunting ground for insects no better
could be had. I collected principally in the vicinity of the
village in the evenings, the day time having been devoted to

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 87

more distant excursions — to Glen Tromie, where the principal
tree is alder, and which is being rapidly cut down to be
converted into clog soles; to Glen Feshie, where the Scotch
pine is in fine condition; to the Grampians; to Avie More,
where there are interminable fir woods — but somehow or other
these more distant excursions generally were failures, so far as
captures of insects were concerned, for the weather was usually
wet or otherwise unfavourable for insect capture, so that most
of the species mentioned here were taken within a mile or
two of the village. It is probably owing to the area being
thus restricted that the list — at any rate of Tenthredinidae,
is less than that given last year for Western Inverness-shire ;
but Kingussie, on the other hand, yielded more parasitic
Hymenoptera, or possibly I paid more attention to these at
Kingussie than in the other places.

On comparing the list given here with that of Western
Inverness-shire, there will be noticed a considerable resemblance
between the two, nor is there much difference between it and
that of Rannoch, nor even from that of Clydesdale; indeed, the
variations are so slight, as to suggest that the species of
Tenthredinidae are very generally distributed, that the local
species are very few, or that the local and rare species have
yet to be discovered. The latter is a very likely supposition,
considering how very ephemeral saw-ilies are in their lives as
imagines, for in the perfect state they live only a few days,
and there being few double-brooded species in Scotland, the
difficulty of thoroughly investigating a district is much increased.

In a future paper I intend to treat of the parasitic Hymenoptera
of Kingussie and Western Inverness-shire, so I need not say
anything regarding them here.

Tenthredinidae.

Cimhex sylvarum rare on birch ; Trichiosojna lucorum very
common on birch. It is remarked by Landois, in his very interest-
ing work on " Die Ton- und Stimmapparate der Insecten," that
he has never heard saw-flies producing any sound. If he had
ever watched the males of the species just mentioned, on a warm
sunny day in June, he would have had ample evidence that some
" Blattwespen " at least can produce a very decided humming
noise. I have often watched them in the sunshine flying in short

88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

circles around the tops of birches, making as they did so a loud
buzzing noise somewhat like the humming of a humble bee. They
do not fly far, but generally, as has just been remarked, in short
circles, there being usually several individuals together, and after
flying for a short time they return to the tree top from whence
they started. The males are rather pugnacious with each other,
(any one who has ever collected these insects need scarcely be told
that they can use their powerful mandibles to some purpose
should they be able to get hold of the hand of the collector).
I Avas once a witness of a battle between two males v/hich lasted
for nearly ten minutes, or perhaps longer, for they flew away, and
may have continued the fight after I lost sight of them. Their
manner of fighting was simply to fly at each other in the air, a
concussion of the two bodies being the result ; and they must
have come together with some force, for the sound made thereby
could be distinctly heard. I could not observe w^iether they
tried to use the mandibles or not, but Westwood mentions having
caught two males with their mandibles interlocked. As a general
rule, however, they are very sluggish insects. T. vltellinae rare on
willows j AUa nitens common; Hylotomct uskdata abundant in
birch woods ; Cladius viminalis common on aspen ; C. jjadi
common; Hemichroa ntfa probably common; this species feeds
on alder as well as birch. Camyoniscus luridiventris very common ;
Dineura degeeri very common ; D. testaceipes not rare ; Croseus
seiJtentrionalis and C. varus rare ; N. fulvipes, Fall., rare ; N.
rumicis, Fall., in a mossy place near Loch Gynach ; iV. appendicu-
latus not uncommon ; N. querais, Htg., one specimen below Craig
Dhu ; the larva, which is red, with black dorsal marks, feeds on
the blaeberry. N. ohduchis, H., and N. conductus, Kutlie, not rare;
N. ccqyreae, Pz. (Kirhji, Thoms.), very common. Although I believe
the regular food plant of the larva of this species is various
Carices, yet it will also eat grasses; indeed, all the specimens that
1 have reared were fed on Foa annua, or any other grass that
might be had conveniently, and the larvae fed en them readily
enough. I captured what I consider to be N. wiperfechis,
Zaddach, Ijelow Craig Dhu ; it has been described this year by
Prof. Zaddach; and is very like N'. cajjreae, from which it is perhaps
not distinct." N. imnchdatus rare ; N. crassiis, Fall., Thoms., one
example on aspen ; N. lutms abundant on alder ; N. hilineatus not
so common on the same plant ; N. dorsahis, Cam., common on

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 80

birch, and very variable; N. ahdominalis, Pz., {N. ventralis, Htg. — the
ventralis, Pz., is a Selandria); N. rihesii (?), a couple of insects that
appear to be this species, were taken in a birch wood not far from
the top of Craig Dhn, there being no Bibes near at hand; they
may, however, belong to another species. N. myosotidis, Fab.,
common ; Thomson considers that this species is the same as N.
jyapillosus, Retz., De Geer, a willow feeder, but this is certainly not
the case, for the true iV. myosotidis feeds on clover. iV. cadderensis.
Cam., not uncommon on birch ; N. miliaris very frequent ; N.
crassulus not infrequent on sallow ; iV. cinereae abundant ; N'.
viminalis — perhaps only the same species — not so common ; N".
gallicola abundant ; Cryptocampus saliceti very common ; Athalia
rosae abundant ; Pliyllotoma nemorata common ; Phaenusa ]jumila
and P. hetulae both not rare on birch ; of BUnnocampa there
occurred hqmndata one specimen; nana several on birch ; hiteiven-
tris not rare in marshy places : and pusilla on rose. The larva of
the last species may be found in July inside rose leaves, rolled
together into a cylinder. Eriocampa annidipes common ; Poecilo-
soma pulveratum common as larvae, and in the perfect state on the
alder; P. excisum, Thoms., occasionally met with; Selandria serva,
stramineipes, and morio all more or less common. The last
mentioned Selandria is reported to feed during the larval state on
Bibes, but certainly with me the images have always occurred on
birch, and that too in places where no gooseberry was near at
hand. Stronglogaster cingulatus and deUcatulus were both in plenty.
The former feeds as a larva on the Pieris aquilina, and the latter
on Lastrea. P achy protasis rapae abundant ; P. simulans not so
common ; while about a dozen were taken of veriegata; Allantus
nothus as usual very numerous ; Perineura instabilis met with
everywhere, especially the variety or (?) species nassata; Tenthredo
dispar, Klug, common. I have hitherto considered T. dispar
to be merely a variety of T. atra, L., but this I now find is
not the case, for dispar and atra differ in their larval states.
According to Endow (Stett. Ent. Zeits. xxxiii. p. 386), atra is an
alder feeder, while I find that the larva of disj)ar is attached to
Scabiosa succisa. It has the head black, except the face in front
and at the sides, where the colour is green, the eyes being situated
in the black portion. The body is dark green ; the folds of the
skin are marked mtli black, and the back is marked with dark
green stripes, each proceeding from the sides and drawing

90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

near to each other at the centre, but still remaining apart.
Across the body there are also — two rows to a segment — some
whitish raised dots, while below the spiracles the sides are of
a lighter green colour than the upper part. The head bears a
few scattered hairs, and the feet are light green. When
disturbed it ejects a brownish liquid from the mouth, and rolls
itself up into a ball. I find the larva in July. When full fed it
becomes of a uniform green colour, and proceeds to pupate in the
earth. Its length is 13 lines. T. mesomela, L., (viricUs, Kl.)
not uncommon. As the larva of this common species has not
been described, I give a diagnosis of it here. Head deep black,
mouth pale, upper part of the body deep brownish black, marked
on the back with paler markings and .covered with tubercles.
The head and body bear also short hairs. The lower half of
the sides are pale white, spotted with brown; the feet white,
with brown claws. At the third moult it becomes of a uniform
shining olive green colour. It feeds on Heradeum, PiCinunculus,
etc., during the autumn. T. scalaris, imndulata, olivacea, Uvida,
velox, halteata, and rufiventris all common. Dolerus represented
by praiensis, iKilustris, gonager, haematocUs, niger, gibhosus, and
aeneus. A specimen of Lyda j^ratensis, captured in Glen Feshie,
and L. dejnxssa not rare among birch.

Cynipidae.

The only gallmakers noticed were Dryokms terminaU, SpatJio-
gaster baccarum, and Bhodites eglanteriae. Of parasitic species:
Allotria aperta, A. minuia; Sarothrus canalicidatus ; Melanipis
opacus, Pentacrita genicidata; TryUiographa dlaphana, T. scutel-
laris; Aegilips nitidulus, A. dalmanni, A. armatus; Megapelmus
eiicharoides, and M. ensi/er.

Aculeata.

The aculeate Ilymenoptera met with were ver}'- few. They
are Bomhus muscorum, fragans, lucorum, yratorum, scnmshirauus,
hortorum, lajjponkus, and Icqndarus; Nomada jlavoguttata; Andrena
nana; Formica fusca, F. nigra; Myrmica ruginodis; Leptothorax,
acervorum; Pomjnlus ajjinis, P. niger; Crahro ivesmaeli; Odynerus
parietum.'^

* At p. 292, vol. ii., delete Blcnnocampa hetuleti and add Phaenusa hctidac.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 91

III. — Notes and Observations on injured or diseased Crinoids.'^

Any observer who has explored the limestones and accom-
panying shales of the Carboniferous period, could not have
failed, amongst tlie myriads of fragments of Crinoids, to have
been attracted by the occasional occurrence of tumid or partially
enlarged columns.

Ure, in stating the characteristics of Crinoids obtained by
him, remarks that "Some appear to have been wounded in a
recent state; this is indicated by an unusual swelling, which in
every case exhibits a large and deep puncture, probably the
cause of the swelling." (History of Rutherglen and East Kilbride,
1793, page 324).

Miller, in his work on the Crinoidea, is more elaborate in
his remarks on the tumid condition of these stems. Speaking
of the Poteriocrinus crassus, he states: "Its column has some-
times numerous joints swelling gradually out, and thus giving
it a barrel-shaped appearance, generally pressed in on one of
its sides, and becoming there concave, with a central perforation
evidently leading to the alimentary canal. This has all the
appearance of a cicatrized wound; and as the alimentary canal
is not increased in the column, the swelling can only arise
from a more rapid secretion from these joints, probably to
strengthen it, and to compensate thus for the injury probably
sustained in one of its auxiliary side-arms. The cavity before
mentioned was probably produced by the loss or separation of
the stump or side-arm from the column, and the subsequent
cicatrizing of the wound." (Natural History of the Crinoidea,
1821, page 69).

A paper "On the cause and nature of the enlargement on
some crinoidal columns," by Mr Rofe, F.G.S., appeared in the
Geological Magazine for August, 1869, accounting apparently for
the cause of the appearances observed by Ure, Miller, and
others; but it does not seem that the facts described by Mr
Eofe have any such bearing. Encircling coralloids had no part
in the one, and there is no depression or perforation on one
side in the other.

In the remarks which follow, therefore, the encrinal columns

* Head by Mr John Young, F.G.S. (communicated).

92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

observed by Ure, Miller, etc., will alone be considered, while
the facts and observations faithfully detailed by Mr Eofe cannot
be dealt with as at all similar or analogous. Probably no
observer of Scottish Carboniferous strata has ever seen
specimens such as Mr Eofe describes.

It may seem uncalled for, at this time of day, to offer any
detailed observations as to the general character and structure
of the Crinoidea; but a few remarks may be sanctioned, in order
to secure a basis for entering on the facts about to be offered.

Crinoids, as seen in the fossil state, consist of a calcareous
foot or base, well fused to some fixed foreign body, having no
positive defined form, and depending very much, in that respect,
on the nature of the body to which it is fixed, and on the
age of the animal; but in the majority of instances it is con-
structed on the principle of a sand hill or embankment; and
where room is awanting further to extend the base when
needed, it passes over the edge of the substance, or over to the
other side, forming what may be called a brace. This mass of
matter has a cavity in its thickest and commonly central part,
of inverted conical form (V-like), half as deep as wide, which
presents around its inner edge radiating striae, while the deeper
sides of the cavity seem smooth, and towards the bottom it
becomes expanded, giving space, it may be, for a ligament to
fix the extreme end of the column. These calcareous cup-shaped
structures are all formed on one principle, and often occur
single; but in many instances several ai'e clustered together,
some of which are still occupied with the terminal joint of the
column. In one instance, as many as eighteen of these cups
had been formed on a strong piece of shell not exceeding an
inch square, six of which are occupied with the terminal joint;
and curiously, the piece of shell having evidently been fixed
vertically, or on edge, both sides are clustered over with cups
not placed at right angles to the surface in the usual manner,
but at an angle so small as to admit of the column having
free action in an upright position. This foot or basement is
no doubt an integral part of the organism, nurtured, matured, and
modified according to the requirements of the animal, in
confoimity with the laws of vital economy.

The joints of the columns and side-arms would, in a recent
state, be very flexible through the intervention of elastic tissue,

/

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 93

and the column so connected and so placed would have ample
play, without jar or arrest, and would apparently be the chief
source of defence or protection from injury from without.

For the purpose in view no other part of the animal need be
noticed.

Impressions are frequently stamped on the columns, made in
all likelihood after deposition; and fragments depressed irregularly,
without fracture, are often collected, showing that the parts of
the column were, so far, soft and ductile. " Wounds " or
''punctures" were consequently possible. But judging from
analogy, the system would, in the event of a wound or puncture,
direct the restorative matter to, or towards the injured part, not
away from it, as observed in these tumid parts of columns. The
same remark applies to a side-arm broken off. An arm has joints,
and a central canal, as in the primary column; but junction of the
column and side-arm is only by a peculiar articulation to the
outside of a column without weakening it, the canal being carried
on to the central one by a transverse passage through the body of
the column till it joins the main central cavity. If, then, a side-
arm were loped off at the articulation or elsewhere, the restorative
process would be directed to the injured, and not to any unin-
jured part ; in all instances, nevertheless, the protecting fortifica-
tion is not direct.

Now, what little remains to be stated would perhaps be better
done if strictly demonstrative.

Any description of these swelled columns of Crinoidea — not
confined to Poteriocrinus crassus alone, by the way, but extending
to several species, points only to one marked feature, a cylindrical
tumidity or swelling, one side of which is depressed and perforated
in a column which above and below the swelling is in a normal
condition. But there are many varieties or stages of this morbid
or diseased condition. Among 28 specimens specially examined,
some have been selected as modifications of each other, from the
stage of active diseased action to something like restoration of
parts — all teaching one lesson.

Two specimens, something like Avhat Miller describes, namely,
several joints bulging out on three sides, the other depressed with
an irregular circular hole with inverted edges in the centre of the
depression, the column above and below being in a normal state.
Bulging as long as wide.

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Three specimens presenting evidence of serious injury, tending
towards repair. Bulging longer than wide.

Two specimens more advanced in the restorative process.
Bulging in a less degree — longer than wide.

Two specimens presenting evidence of greater progress in repair.
Bulging longer than wide.

One specimen all but sound after supposed injury.

Two specimens without depression on any side, or any evidence
of disease except the swelling of the column.

One specimen with two flattened sides, each perforated.
Swelling of column consequently peculiar.

One specimen with little if any swelling, having a slightly
depressed side, and deep, oblong, clean, straight-edged hole, with
everted edges.

One specimen with little swelling or depression, bearing strong
evidence of active local action towards healing.

This seems to be an example, and the only one, of separation
of a side-arm.

Two specimens ground down, one on the depressed side, the
other on the tumid side, to expose the central cavity, which, on
examination, does not seem to be involved.

In these examples three additional features are presented
worthy of attention :

1. The joints or ossicles of the column concerned in the en-
larged or swelled portion, are almost always thickened, which
necessarily produces elongation of the stem, and the surface
ornamentation, in several instances, is in larger characters and
more distinct than on the normal parts.

2. Around the perforation, and on the depressed side, some
specimens seem stained, as if by colouring material (discharge?).

3. An irregular or contorted state of the restored ossicles of
the column is observable where repair of injury is advanced,
or, indeed, in some instances throughout the entire process.

These details may have been not a little tiresome; but the facts
being fairly presented, the deduction need not be tedious.

liecalling to mind the phenomena attending necrosis, or
caries, or even fracture when defensive action is active, as well
as the more rare instances of adventitious structure, formed to
defend or support certain organs of animals against threatened

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 95

destruction, and dismissing the idea of wound or puncture,
how does the question rest 1

Assuming that disease and destruction of j)aTts had taken
place, arising from an overstrain caused by forced flexion, or
from idiopathic causes; nature would adopt the fittest and
safest means to avoid, if possible, a fatal result; and that seems,
by the study of these specimens, to have been gradual and
partial enlargement or increased size of the walls of the column
(a process of time), by local and special deposition of con-
structive materials — providing thus a safeguard to sustain the
column while under active disease, till the morbid parts were
eliminated and restoration effected. By direct and instantaneous
injury of an organism so flexible, such as puncture or laceration,
to the extent indicated, the column would have been hopelessly
destroyed.

Something strictly analogous takes place in the vegetable world.
A larch is observed to dwine, a dark spot appears, which seems as
if caused by puncture, from which, in time, issues abundantly a
resinous substance. The tree swells or increases in size for a space
above and below the injured part, except on the side of the
aperture, and after a struggle the tree dies, or may regain new
powers, and grow vigorously. Trees are found with the remains
of two or sometimes three such efforts at destruction by disease.
In a plantation of any considerable extent where there are the
usual proportion of larch trees, hundreds of examples of this
morbid process may be seen. This disease is considered to be
constitutional or hereditary.

The deduction adopted seems to be a fair and reasonable
inference from the phenomena presented, in the examples given
of partial or local enlargement, and relative conditions of the
Crinoidea.

Addendum to Monograph on Phaeniisa. By Mr Peter Cameron.

{See page 5 of y resent Volume).

Since my paper on Phaenusct was written, I have seen two
British examples of P. hortulana — one in Stephens' collection in the
British Museum, and another in the collection of the Eev. T. A.
Marshall, F.L.S., this last specimen having probably been taken
by that gentleman's father. I do not know the locality where
either of them was taken.

96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The following description will then have to be interpolated
betv/een P. ulmi and P. ijygmaea, at page 10.

3^- Phaenusa hortulana.

Tenthredo hortulana, Klug, I.e., 187 ; Fenusa hortulana, Hartig,
I.e., 26S, 1; (1) Messa hortulana, Stephens, I.e., 40, 1.

Antennae a little longer than head and thorax, black above,
pale testaceous beneath ; the joints distinctly separated, slightly
projecting at the apex underneath; pilose; the 3d joint more
than double the length of 4th. Head smooth, shining, covered
with a short pile ; the sutures distinct, the antennal fovea largo,
but shallow, apex of clypeus semi-truncated; labrum large,
rounded ; clypeus and labrum white, mandibles brownish at the
tips ; eyes lead coloured. Thorax : tegulae, pronotum, and
pleurae broadly whitish testaceous, the pronotum being whiter
than the sides of the breast ; sternum and the lower fourth of the
sides black. Abdomen short and broad ; the ventral segments a
little whitish at their junction ; sheath of saw projecting, hairy
and curved. Legs whitish testaceous, the base of coxae black.
Wings almost hyaline, costa and stigma pale testaceous ; 2d sub-
marginal cellule not much longer than 1st, and a very little longer
than 3d, but much narrower at the apex than the last cellule ;
marginal nervure nearly interstitiate ; 2d recurrent received a
little in front of middle of 2d cellule. The cenchri are obscure,
and the blotch very small. Length 1 J lines.

From jpygmaea (which it resembles in size, and in having the
tegulae white), hortulana is distinguished by having the pronotum
and pleurae white, and the legs of one colour; with alUpes it
agrees closely in the coloration of the legs, but otherwise differs
in the colour of antennae and thorax, and lastly, from immilio it is
to be known by the shorter and thicker antennae, the distinct
frontal sutures, the coloration of the thorax, clearer wings, nearly
interstitiate marginal nervure, and very much longer 2d sub-
marginal cellule, this being longer than in any of the other
species.

Hortulana does not appear to be a common species either here
or on the Continent. There it has only been recorded from
Germany and France, and nothing is known concerning its larval

life.

With regard to the other species, I may add that I found the

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 97

larvae of ]?ygmaea commonly at Tarbert, Loch Lomond, and more
rarely on the banks of the Allander, above Milngavie ; and
another specimen has been taken of alhipes in Cadder Wilderness,
curiously enough on the same day of the year and on the same
rose-bush on which the first was captured.

VOL. III. G

98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

SIESSIOn^" 1876-7 7.

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, ANDERSON'S
UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS, SEPTEMBER 26th, 1876.

Mr James Ramsay, Vice-President, in the cliair.

The Treasurer submitted his annual Financial Statement for
the past year, which showed a balance in favour of the Society of
£30 Is. 4:d. It was explained that the smallness of this
balance as compared with that with which the session com-
menced, arose from the cost of printing, two parts of the
Proceedings having been charged in the accounts of the year.

The Secretary read the Report of the Council on the business
of last session. Durinf>- its course sixteen members had been
admitted. Five had died during the same period, several of
whom had been active and useful associates. Notwithstanding
the losses by death, removals, etc., some progress had been made
during the year, the roll standing at present at 135 as against
131 reported last year. Eight meetings had been held during the
session, and these had been generally well attended. The
business was of the usual varied character. The exhibition
of specimens embraced all departments of natural science ; and
the papers read were of an interesting character. These are in
course of publication, and will shortly be in the hands of members.
A number of excursions to places of interest in the neighbourhood
had been arranged for the summer months, but from various
causes, were not so largely taken advantage of as had been
expected. The Council hopes that an effort will be made to
carry out during the session now commencing, what is one of the
primary objects of the Society, and one so well calculated to
promote its interest and usefulness.

The Lil)rarian reported tliat the boohs were all in excellent
order, and the use of them largely taken advantage of by the
members. The exchange of pul^lications with kindred Societies

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 99

had been considerably increased, and was still capable of larger
extension.

The following gentlemen were elected office-bearers for the
session : — Professor John Young, M.D., F.G.S.,F.E.S.E., President;
James Eamsay, Thomas Chapman, and James Barclay Murdoch,
Vice-Presidents ; Kobert Mason, Secretary ; R J. Bennett,
Treasurer ; Peter Cameron, Librarian ; Hugh M'Bean, John
Kirsop, James Coutts, James Lumsden, F.Z.S,, Duncan M'Lellan,
Henry C. Young, David Corse Glen, C.E., F.G.S., John Young,
F.G.S., and Francis G. Binnie, Members of Council.

Messrs John Eobertson, James Paton, Joseph Somerville,
and James T. M'Callum, were elected ordinary members of the
Society.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr Thomas Chapman exhibited specimens of Papilio antlmacJms
from Western Africa, the largest butterfly, and one of the rarest
species, known ; also, from Cape Coast Castle, specimens of the
large beetle GoUathus clrurii, on which he made a few remarks.

PAPERS READ.

I. — On a iMCuliarity in the habits of a species of Cinopsilus.

By Mr Peter Cameron.

Mr Cameron said — The Chalcididae exhibit in their manner
of pupation two forms. In the one case the i)upa has each limb
enveloped in a separate thin, transparent white pellicle, which
does not enfold the organ in a very compact fashion, and when
these skins are cast off they do not retain the shape of the creature
whose body they covered. In the other type the skin of the pupa
is hard and thick, and remains of the same shape after the insect
has left it, as it did before. It, moreover, closely envelopes the
limbs of the pupa, so as to give it the appearance of the obtected
pupa of the lepidoptera, and in no other hymenopterous family
do we find pupae of this nature. It seems to be the case also
that these two forms are correlated with differences in the habits
of the insects, for those of the first class are parasites on gall flies,
or on wood boring insects, and they pass the pupa state enclosed
in the galls, etc., in which they lived ; while the other tribe are
attached to free feeding larvae, and they pass the period of
quiescence in a position more or less exposed. The Euloj^hides

100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

belong to this latter class, and many of them have been recorded
as parasites of lepidopterous larvae, as also the fact that their
pupae are attached by silk threads to the undersides of the leaves
upon which their hosts had fed. I now wish to direct attention
to the peculiar way in which the pupae of a species of Cirropsihis
arrange themselves after leaving the body of the larvae which
they had eaten. As a rule, ten to twelve of the chalcids are
found in a larva, which they devour almost entirely, the head,
forefeet, and a portion of the skin being all that is left, and
around these the parasites arrange themselves in a definite circular
order, lying on their backs, the head directed to the edges of the
leaf, with the other end of the body pointing to the remains of
the larva in the centre ; in a word, they are arranged like the
spokes of a carriage wheel, the axis being represented by the
exuviae in the centre. When they emerge from the caterpillar
they are quite soft and white, but in a day or two they become
black and hard. As I have seen nine different batches of larvae
arranged in this regular way, I think it may be concluded that
this is their normal custom. On the other hand, the species of
Eulophus pupate without distributing themselves in any definite
manner. So far as I can make out, the species is C. lamius,
Walk., Mon. Chalc. i., 327, 152 ; but I must confess my utter
inability to make anything of Walker's descriptions.

IT. — Observations on the progress of Vegetation in the Public Parks,
(luring the spring and summer months of 1876. By Mr Duncan
M'Lellan, Superintendent of Parks.

Mr M'Lellan stated that during the month of January the
weather was exceptionally mild, the mean temperature being 361°.
The following months of February, March, and April were un-
usually cold, wet, and changeable. The lowest point the
thermometer reached was on 11th February, when it reached 16°
of frost, and 6.77 inches of rain fell during these three months,
the mean temperature being 35°. On the 1st of May vegetation
was three weeks later than usual, and on the 2d the thermometer
indicated 2° of frost, but owing to the extreme lateness of the
season no material injury was done to the growth of trees or
shrubs, and by the middle of the month they were all proceeding
favourably. The oak was in full leaf about the 18th and the ash
about the 30th. The ash is generally the earliest of these trees,

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 101

but this year the reverse was the case ; and this is usually believed
to be indicative of a fine summer, as really turned out to be the
case. The early part of June was cold and dry, but towards the
middle of the month summer fairly set in, and on the 20th the
thermometer stood at 84° in the shade. The weather from this
date up to the end of August was all that could be desired for
growing and maturing the crops and fruit. The highest tempera-
ture reached during the season was on 16th July, when 85° was
registered in the shade ; and the lowest during the last three months
was on 25th August, when the thermometer stood at 34°, being two
degrees above the freezing point. The foliage of the trees and
shrubs in all the parks was in great perfection this season ; and
the finer sorts of flowers, such as geraniums, calceolarias, etc.,
were in better bloom than usual. The following table shows the
maximum and minimum temperature, and the rainfall during
seven months of this and last year : —

1875. 1876.

Max. Min. Rain Max. Min. Rain.

February,

41

32

1.42 inches

32

29

3.11 inches

March,

46

35

1.75

35

29

5.00 „

April,

55

36

1.28

52

36

1.66 „

May,

61

44

1.57

61

38

.44 „

June,

62

45

2.54

66

45

2.35 „

July,

70

48

1.40

75

49

2.58 „

August,

67

57

2.62

69

49

2.68 „

The snow-fall was— February 15th, 2 inches; 24th and 25th, 9 ;
March 9th and 11th, IJ; 12th and 13th, 2 ; 16th, 3i ; 17th, IJ :
21st and 22d, i ; April 10th and 11th, 2. Total, 22f inches.

Mr John Young, F.G.S., made some remarks upon the meeting
of the British Association in Glasgow, and said that it must be
gratifying to the members of the societies who had taken a part
in contributing to the various exhibitions which were then opened,
to learn that their efforts had been eminently successful, and had
been much appreciated by the visitors. The illustrations of
the fauna and flora of the West of Scotland in the Queen's
Rooms and in the Kelvingrove Museum, the display of rock
specimens, minerals, and of fossils in the Corporation Galleries,
and the natural history collection and magnificent suite of
minerals in the Hunterian Museum, wliich also contained several

102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

cabinets of Silurian, Carboniferous, and Post-tertiary fossils,
had been examined by a large number of visitors, who had
expressed the great pleasure these exhibitions had afforded them.
He had been assured by many of the distinguished foreigners
who had been present that they had never seen collections
in which the specimens were so perfect, and where the
mountings, whether for the microscope or cabinet, were so well
executed, and the arrangement so admirable. He trusted that
the workers would not rest contented with what they had
accomplished, but that, as every day was bringing to light some
new discoveries, either in living or extinct forms, they would
continue their investigations and collections, so that, when
another opportunity offered, they might be found to surpass any
former exhibition.

3 1st October, 1876.

Mr Thomas Chapman, Vice-President, in the chair.
Mr James Grahame was elected an ordinary member of the
Society.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr John Young, F.G.S., exhibited a series of slides of mounted
specimens of Carboniferous silicious sponge spicules found in the
fissures of the limestone strata at Cunningham Bedland, near
Dairy, Ayrshire. The discovery of the sponge spicules in this
deposit is due to the researches of Mr John Smith of Eglinton
Iron Works, Kilwinning, he having submitted specimens of the
organisms to Mr Young for determination during the course of
last summer. Previous to this discovery by Mr Smith, no remains
of silicious sponges had been noted from the Carboniferous strata
of the British Isles, so that their abundant occurrence in the
limestone of the above district is a point of great interest. The
bed of limestone in which they are found lies in the lower division
of the Carboniferous series of Western Scotland, and crops out
on the west bank of the glen at Cunningham Bedland, where it
has been worked in former years. The limestone is traversed at
intervals by thin bands of silica, and many of the organisms it
contains are found in a silicified condition. A narrow trap dyke

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 103

runs through the limestone strata at this place, the direction being
from N.N.W. to S.S.E. This dyke has not caused much displace-
ment of the strata ; but the faces of the vertical joints of the
limestone in the quarry are seen to be beautifully marked with
slickensides, the striae of the polished surfaces running in
horizontal directions. By the percolation of water impregnated
with carbonic acid along the faces of these joints, the limestone has
been curiously eroded into narrow gutters or fissures of a few
inches in depth, and it is from the decomposed material filling these
fissures that the sponge spicules are to be obtained in excellent
preservation. Besides these, other organisms which the limestone
contains are to be found in the deposit, many of the species of
Productus having their spines still attached to the shell, and
weathered quite free from the matrix. The sponge spicules,
which are of various sizes, from one-twelfth to three-eighths of
an inch, are of tri-radiate and quadri-radiate forms, a few being
stellate, while more rarely others are fluke — or anchor-shaped. The
rays of the various spicules generally terminate in points, but
certain of them terminate in rounded knobs. They agree in
general form with many of the silicious spicules found in sponges
which still live in our present seas. ]\Ir Young stated that
the Carboniferous spicules from Dairy are being investigated by
Professor Young and himself. They had provisionally placed
them in the genus AcantJwsjiongia of M'Coy, naming the species
after the discoverer, Mr Smith. In the same deposit is found an
abundance of another organism termed Serjnila parallela of M'Coy.
These consistof bundles of tubular silicious rods, varjdng in diameter
from the size of fine hairs to one-sixteenth of an inch. This
organism, which is not uncommon in other localities in the lower
limestone strata of Scotland, is now believed not to be a species of
Serimla, but to be somewhat closely, if not generically, related to
the recent Hyalonema, one of the glass rod sponges. In strata,
where all the other organisms exist in a calcareous condition,
Serpula imrallela is always made up of brush-like silicious bundles.
This being the case, Dr Young and himself had provisionally
placed it in the genus Hyalonema, naming it H. imrallelum. It
has been thought probable that this glass rod sponge and the
spicules of the Acanthospongia may belong to the same organism,
but they had failed as yet in finding any specimens that showed
the organic connection of the two forms.

104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., exhibited a specimen of the Black
Tern, Sterna fissipes, Linn., which had been obtained in Possil
Marsh in the beginning of October, and remarked that it was an
immature specimen, being evidently a bird of this year. The
Black Tern is rare in the West of Scotland ; and although more
frequently observed in the east, it cannot be called common in
any part of the country, while, so far as is known, no authentic
instance of its breeding in Scotland is on record. In England it
still breeds in some of the eastern counties, but not in such
numbers as it did at one time. In Ireland it is now and then
observed, but only as a straggler, and, as in other places where it
occurs in the same way, most of the specimens obtained have
been in immature plumage. Mr H. Saunders, in his recent paper
read before the Zoological Society of London (P.Z.S., 1876, p. 643),
gives the distribution of this species as "found throughout Europe,
Palestine, and North Africa to the Nile; to South Africa it
appears to go only as a winter and somewhat rare visitant."

Mr Peter Cameron exhibited a number of new or little known
British Hymenoptera, these being — 1. Nematus ivestermanni,
Thorns., a species very like, and perhaps only a variety of, N. vesicator,
found among osiers on the banks of the Severn, below Gloucester.
It is stated to be a gall maker by Thomson, but no precise details
of its habits have been published. 2. Nematus vesicator, Bremi.,
which had been bred from large bladder- shaped galls found in
Rannoch last year. 3. Nematus longiserra, Thoms., a species very
like N'. histrio, St. Farg., but differing in having the last abdominal
segment considerably produced. It was bred from larvae found
in Inverness-shire, which had been collected in the belief that
they were those of N. histrio, so that the larva of longiserra cannot
differ much from tliat of the other. 4. Blennocamim hipimctata,
Klug, from Kingussie. This species has been recorded by
Stephens as British, but in error, so that the capture of the
species in Scotland enables it to be re-introduced as a native of
Britain. 5. Blennocamjja Uneolata, Klug ; like the last, this species
was erroneously introduced as British by Stephens. It has, how-
ever, been bred by Mr J. E. Fletcher of Worcester, so that it is
truly British. 6. Pentacrita nigra, Thorns., found at Dairy during
the excursion of the Society to that place in August last. 7. Tori/-
mi(s hihernans, Mayr, bred from the galls of Neuroter^is lenticidaris,
from Cadder Wilderness. There were also shown the undescribed

/

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 105

male of Neniahis imllescens, Hartig, and the chalcid, Calypso com-
pressiis, Foerster, from Milngavie.

Mr Cameron also exhibited some male individuals of an ant
(Leptoihorax acervonnn), which he had found on the top of Ben
Lawers during the Society's excursion to that place last July, this
being a strange habitat for the species, which is generally found
making its nest under the bark of pine stumps. No females or
workers were found, nor any indication of a nest on the mountain,
where there were certainly no tree stumps, and it was suggested
that they had been blown up to the situation in which they were
found by a gust of wind. He at the same time mentioned having
caught a hive bee on the top of Ben Lawers, and on a neighbour-
ing mountain in Eannoch under a stone in June, two specimens of
Zicrona coendea, at an elevation of 1500 feet — this being also an
agrestal species. ("Taken flying in woods in the spring," "in
moss in winter," " among heather in April, May, and October."
Douglas and Scott, Brit. Hemip., I., p. 88).

Mr Robert Hill, corresponding member, exhibited a number of
objects of interest from Berbice, British Guiana, including several
species of fungi, specimens of a very large frog, and of the great
beetle, Scamhaeus herciiles, which has a proboscis of nearly three
inches in length. Mr John Young made a few remarks on the
specimens.

Mr Archibald Robertson showed a specimen of limestone from
Odessa, containing a large number of small organisms, which Mr
Young stated was of Eocene age, and corresponded with the
nummulitic limestone so widely distributed over the East.

Mr T. S. Hutcheson brought forward the nest of a species of
pipet from Calcutta, which was of a large size, being composed of
dry grass, and substantially put together. They are found
hanging from trees, with an opening in the bottom, through
which the bird enters to reach the interior.

PAPERS READ.

I. — On the results of some Experiments on the Leaves of various Trees
and Shrubs. By Mr James Napier.

A few years ago, when examining some newly-developed leaves
of trees, I was much impressed with the fine soft velvety feel
they had compared with leaves in autumn. Thinking it probable
the cause was in some difference in their composition at these two

106

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

periods of their growth, I gathered a number of leaves from
different trees and shrubs upon the 1st of June, keeping them
in a water bath at a heat of 212° Fah,, until they ceased to lose
weight, and I set down the loss by this means as moisture. T then
burned off the dry solid organic matter, and obtained the ash.
On the 1st of September I took leaves from the same trees,
before the leaves had began to change their colour, and submitted
them to the same operation ; the results are given in the follow-
ing table, reduced to 100 parts for comparison. And although
taken from a chemical standpoint, the results may not be without
interest to the Natural History Society.

1st June.

1st September.

KIND OF TREE OR SHRUB.

Solid

Solid

Moist-

Carbon.

Ash.

Moist-

Carbon.

Ash

ure.

matter.

ure.

matter.

Plane, ....

73.54

24.40

2.06

66.50

29.68

3.83

Apple,

61.33

37.31

1.36

54.80

41.20

3.00

Pear,

61.30

36.70

2.00

32.50

64.78

3.72

Lilac,

83.00

15.64

1.35

66.90

30.27

2.83

Laburnum,

73.30

24.50

2.20

59.44

37.31

3.25

Rowan, .

61.15

36.14

2.71

51.65

44.20

4.15

Horse Chestnut,

76.61

21.05

2.34

66.90

30.26

2.84

Willow, .

72.50

26.16

1.34

64.82

31.57

3.61

Hawthorn,

62.85

35.15

2.00

51.63

43.39

5.00

Bay Laurel,

74.00

25.29

0.71

56.80

41.51

1.69

Holly, . .

73.84

25.21

0.95

58.93

38.18

2.89

Gooseberry,

63.35

34.15

2.50

63.06

32.41

4.53

Currant,

16.80

27.80

2.40

60.10

36.10

3.80

It would be unwise to draw conclusions from one course of
experiments under the same circumstances, but they are sugges-
tive. One thing is evident, that, independent of the important
functions which leaves play in the life of the plant, they also
accumulate and remove from it a large c^uantity of earthy matter,
that might otherwise clog up its life system. And they show
the necessity, when experiments are made for determining the
quantity of ash which different plants absorb and fix in their
system, of paying particular attention to the age of the jDlant, for
if, like the leaves, a young plant contains much less earthy matter
than an old plant, it may lead vegetable physiologists astray in
making their deductions.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 107

11. — On a new species of Blennoccmfa (B. alchemillae), with remarhs
on the species allied thereto. By Mr Peter Cameron.

Blennocampa alchemillae, sp. n. Antennae filiform, longer than
the abdomen, the first joint globular, much longer than the 2d,
the 3d and 4th nearly equal, the remaining joints a little shorter.
Head a little narrower than the thorax, smooth, shining, covered
with a fine grey pile. Frontal sutures distinct. Tegulae and
basal edge of pronotum white ; scutellum flattish on the top, very
smooth and shining; cenchri small, dull white. Abdomen a
very little longer than the head and thorax, the apex projecting
above, narrow, the sheath of the saws largely projecting and hairy
at the apex; sides of abdomen covered sparsely with a white
pile. Legs : base of coxae, femora for the greater part, and
the extreme apex of posterior tibiae and apical joints of tarsi
black ; trochanters, apex of coxae and femora, knees, tibiae and
base of tarsi testaceous white. Wings clear hyaline, costa at base
and base of stigma whitish testaceous, rest of costa, stigma and
nervures black. Marginal nervure joined to 3d submarginal or
received in the 4th submarginal cellule ; 2d recurrent nervure
received a very little in front of submarginal cellule ; 2d sub-
marginal cellule longer and thinner than 3d, angled where it
receives the re-current nervure ; 3d submarginal cellule expanded
at the apex ; 2d submarginal nervure straight and bent slightly
downwards in the direction of the base of the wing ; 2d runs
nearly parallel with the 1st ; 3d curved in the middle and running
in the direction of the apex of the wing, i.e., in a contrary direction
to the other two.

The male has the antennae a little longer than the body,
covered with a short stiff" pile, the joints thicker and more
flattened than in the female, their general form being as in
Priophorus; the anal lobes pale testaceous. Length 2-J-2J lines.

The species of Blennocampa with the tegulae and pronotum
wdiite are diidsible into three groups, arranged according
to the neuration of the posterior wings ; in one group there is a
middle cellule in both sexes ; it belongs, therefore, to the section
Monophadnus of Hartig, e.g., B. hipunctata ; in the 2d, there is a
middle cellule in the female, but none in the male (and this
circumstance renders impossible the raising of Monophadnus to
generic rank, as has been done by some authors, for if so, the
sexes would be separated into diff'erent divisions), e.g., B. lineolata,

108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

alU]}ennis, etc.; in the 3d case in both sexes there is no middle
cellule, so that this division belongs to Blennocarripa proper, and
to it the species here described belongs.

It comes near to B. uncta, Klug, a species not known to me,
but described by Thomson (Hymen. Scand., i. 219) as having the
antennae " longis, abdomine fere longioribus " in both sexes, and
by Hartig, (Blatt. u. Holzwespen, p. 269) as having the same
organ in the male " etwas Kiirzerals der Hinterleib") but differs
in having the antennae much longer than the abdomen in both
sexes (in the male they are nearly as long as the body); from
B. jnihescens, Zaddach, it is also distinguished by the length of the
antennae (and it may be also mentioned that imhescens belongs to
the 2d group described above) by the position of the marginal
nervure, which in Zaddach's species is received near the middle of
the 3d submarginal cellule ; from B. alUpennis^ Zaddach, it is at
once distinguished by that species having the 3d antennal joint
double the length of the 4th (to say nothing of the length and
the different neuration in posterior wing); lineolata is also easily
separated by the same peculiarity.

B. alchemillae has been taken in the Glasgow districts and in
Rannoch, and I found some specimens in Stephens' collection
in the British Museum under the name of B. uncta. I have like-
wise bred it from a green spiny larva (which did not differ from
that of B. lineolata) found on Alchemilla vulgaris in Cadder Wilder-
ness. This larva was full fed when I got it; it cast off the skin,
with the spines, and became of a pale green colour, without any
spines or other projections, immediately after I brought it home.
and before a detailed description of it could be taken. There
can, however, be no reasonable doubt that it is the same larva
as that described by Eeaumur (Mem. Tom. v., pp. 94, 95, pi. 12,
fig. 13, 14), and by De Geer (Mem., p. 969, No. 9, pi. 35, fig.
19-23); but these authors had not been able to rear the fly, nor
am I aware of any one else having done so.

Mr J. E. Fletcher of Worcester has sent me a Blennocampa, which
appears to be B. suhserrata, Thomson, Opus. Ent., 285, 22 ;
Hymen. Scand., i., 220, 25. It is very like the above species,
but the legs are quite black at the base, the pronotum has
scarcely any white, the antennae are not much longer than the
abdomen, the 3rd joint being distinctly longer than 4th, and
the submarginal cellules are much broader, but otherwise the

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 109

neuration agrees closely enough. Thomson quotes lineolata
doubtfully as a synonym, but this is certainly not the case, for
suhsermta has no middle cellule in posterior wings, the marginal
nervure is joined to the submarginal ; the pronotum is differently
coloured; the head is narrower and smaller; the antennae are,
if anything, longer, and have a longer pubescence; the joints
are more distinctly separated, and project at the apices under-
neath; the marginal nervure is joined to 3d submarginal; the
1st submarginal cellule is nearly square (in lineolata it is nearly a
parallelogram); the 2d is broader and very little shorter, con-
siderably angled where it receives the recurrent nervure (near
the middle of the cellule), while in lineolata it is received near
the base, and is scarcely angled ; the apex of abdomen is more
rounded ; the sheath of saw is longer and more projecting, and
the cerci are distinctly visible ; the base of the tarsi are more
broadly banded with white; finally, the wings are clearer, and
altogether it is a more slender and longer insect.

In some observations on the spinose larvae of the oak-feeding
BUnnocampae (Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), i., pp. 380-386), Giraud
says that B. lineolata is in all probability only a synonym of
B. hipundata. Such, however, is not the fact; the latter species
is larger; the antennae are shorter and thicker; the 3d joint
is longer in proportion to the length of the 4th ; the 3d sub-
marginal cell is shorter, and the 3d submarginal nervure does not
slope so much ; while there are the punctures behind the eyes, and
both sexes have a middle cellule in posterior wings. The male
of hipunctata has the antennae shorter, thicker, and more com-
pressed than mlineolata,?a\^ the femora are reddish, lined with black.
The British species of Blennocannpa with the tegulae and pro-
notum more or less white may then be diagnosed as follows : —

A. Posterior wings %vith a middle cellule in both sexes, and a deep
puncture behind the eye. bipunctata, Klug.

B. Posterior wings with a middle cellule in the female, none in male;
no puncture behind the eye. lineolata, Klug.

C. Posterior wings without middle cellide in both sexes.

3d and 4th joints of antennae almost equal; edge of pronotum broadly
white, base of legs white, abdomen as long as body in male; in female
longer than abdomen. akhemillae, n. sp.

3d joint of antennae distinctly longer than 4th; edge of pronotum
scarcely white, legs black at base, antennae shorter than abdomen.

suhserrata, Thoms.

110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

I do not know anything definite about the early life history of
B. hipundata. It is clear that the larva described by Giraud
(Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4) viii., p. 55), refers to B. lineolata, while
according to Dours (Cat. Syn. des Hymen, de France, p. 18) "la
larve vit sur les rosiers a basse tige," but this requires confirma-
tion. I have taken it on the alder several times.

Mr D. C. Glen, F.G.S., in name of the Local Executive Com-
mittee of the British Association, presented to the Library copies
of the several guide-books issued during the recent meeting in
Glasgow. Mr Glen w^as requested to convey to the Committee
the best thanks of the Society for this donation. It was also
resolved to render the thanks of the Society to those of its
members who had provided the collections of birds, insects, and
sea-weeds, for the exhibition in the Queen's Eooms, which had
been organised by the Zoological and Botanical sub-section of the
Museum Committee of the British Association.

28th November, 1876.

Mr James Barclay Murdoch, Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr William Hamilton, Yokohama, Japan, was elected a
corresponding member, and Messrs Eowley Jex Long, John F.
Millar, and David Robertson, jun., ordinary members of the
Society.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr Peter Cameron exhibited specimens (1) of Ceroptres cerri,
Mayr, an inquiline gall insect, new to the British fauna, from
the banks of the Clyde, near Newton. The occurrence of this
species in this country is of interest, as on the Continent it
frequents galls which have not been found here, these galls being
attached to Qnercus cerrus, which is not a British plant. (2)
Mesoleius marginahis, Brischke, an ichneumon hitherto unrecorded
as British. It was bred from larvae of Lophjrus pini, got in a
wood at Lambhill. The ichneumon was first described from the
neighbourhood of Konigsberg. (3) There was also shown a
specimen of the American gall-fly, Cynips spongifica, a species
remarkable (as has been stated by Walsh), from its possessing

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. Ill

two very distinct forms, differing very considerably from each
other; one form being met with in the spring, this brood
occasionally producing males, although in the proportion of one
or two males to hundreds of females ; the second form occurring
in the autumn, and exclusively composed of females. Without
offering any opinion as to the other dimorphic form, Mr Cameron
remarked that the specimen which he exhibited could not be
placed in any of the modern genera, and that a new genus would
require to be formed for its reception — this, indeed, having been
already done by Reinhard, without that naturalist having seen
the insect. He likewise stated his conviction that it was ex-
tremely doubtful if the two so-called dimorphic forms described
by Walsh pertained to the same species.

PAPERS READ.

I. — On the AsjjJiondyliae of the Glasgow district. By Mr

Francis G-. Binnie.

Those abnormal swellings and outgrowths found upon plants of
all orders, and familiarly known as " galls," present one of the
most interesting fields for study that it is possible to select. The
majority of these diseased growths are the work of insects,
among which two families stand pre-eminent as gall-makers — viz.,
the Cynipidae among the Hymenoptera, and the Cecidomyidae
among the Diptera.

The productions and habits of the latter family — the Ceci-
domyidae, or Gall-midges — I have made it my object to
investigate, and have already got together a considerable amount
of material, which I trust may furnish matter for various papers
before this Society, and which will probably embrace several new
species.

I have selected the genus AsjyJioiidi/lia, not because I have
much that is new to advance, but from the very interesting habits
of the species composing it, and from the well-marked characters
which distinguish it from the other genera of the family — ^'iz.,
the absence of distinct whorls of hairs on the pubescent, cylindric,
and sessile joints of the antennae. Some of the largest species of
the group are to be found in this genus. The pupa is provided
with two projecting tooth-like processes at its anterior end, to
assist it in forcing its way through the tissues of the enclosing
cell when about to assume the perfect state.

112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

In the Glasgow district I have observed the following species : —
A, sarothamni, Lw. — This species is characterised by its size,

and by having 15-jointed antennae in the male, 14-jointed in the

female, with the terminal joint markedly shorter than the

preceding one.

This species forms galls on the common broom {Cytisus scoparius,

Link) of three well-defined kinds.

1. Axillary, and having the appearance of a large swollen bud.
The gall is smooth, with indications of ribs, pointed at the apex,
one-celled and thin-walled, length, 3-3J lines. It makes its ap-
pearance in early spring, each gall containing a single larva, which
goes through its transformations within the gall, emerging by a
somewhat ragged hole near the apex. The perfect insect begins
to appear towards the end of May. This seems to be the form of
gall described by Winnertz (Linnaea Entom., viii., 283), and
Kaltenbach (Die Pflanzenfeinde, p. 107).

2. Also axillary, but usually crowded together in some
numbers on the apical portions of the twigs. It is elongate and
cylindric, length, 3-G lines ; open at the apex, which is usually
two-lipped, from which a passage, filled with dense interlocking
white hairs, leads into the thin-walled cell at the base, containing
a single larva, one line and a qucirter long, bright orange or
reddish orange, and minutely tubercled. The gall makes its
appearance at the end of summer, and continues through the
autumn. The larva leaves the gall to pupate in the earth, the
perfect insect emerging probably the following spring. I have
never bred the imago from this gall, and feel somewhat doubtful
whether it may be referred to A. sarothamni.

3. A galled pod. The part affected becomes inflated, is oval or
round in shape, circular in transverse section, and projecting
equally on both sides of pod. It is thin-walled, forming an
internal cavity which contains a single larva, and the galled
portion retains its green colour after the rest of the pod has
become black. The perfect insect emerges by a hole in the side.
The gall is found during the summer, and the present species has
been bred from it by Mr Traill.

Gall No. 1 is pretty common, No. 2 is abundant, and both are
generally distributed in the district. No. 3 I have seen only in
one locality, near Milngavie, and have failed to find it elsewhere
where No. 2 is abundant.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 113

A. uUcis, Vcrr. — This species was first recorded and named
by Mr J. W. H. Traill, M.A., F.L.S. ('Scottish Naturalist,'
ii., 172), and Mr Verrall afterwards gave a full description
of the perfect insect from dried specimens (Ent. Mo. Mag., xi.,
224).

It is readily distinguished from its congeners, by its
13-jointed antennae in both sexes, with the two apical joints
globular and abruptly shorter than the preceding joint, which
equals the two taken together. It is also a large species, having
an alar expanse of 5 lines. According to Mr Verrall, the small
transverse veinlet near the base of the wing is seemingly absent.
I cannot see any indication of it in my specimens, but I might
observe that Winnertz describes this veinlet in saroihamni as being
very pale. In his description Mr Yerrall omits to mention the
two longitudinal furrows on the thorax. The species does not
seem to be known on the Continent, being probably overlooked.

The gall is found on the furze (Ulex eiiropaeus, L.), and consists
of the two sepals of the flower, the inner whorls having entirely
disappeared. It is somewhat inflated, but is not very noticeable
until the flower is past, when, from retaining the form of an
unopened flower-bud, it is very conspicuous. The larva goes
through its transformations within the gall, and the perfect insect
emerges in July and August by a hole near the apex, leaving the
empty pupa case in the opening.

The pupa is at first uniform reddish-brown, paler beneath;
afterwards, middle dorsal region of abdomen becomes darker, then
head and thorax darker brown, dorsal portion of abdomen
assuming a blackish shade ; antennae, wing, and leg-cases appear
almost jet-black. The thorax is glossy, with the exception of a
medial dorsal line. There is no cocoon.

It seems generally distributed in the district, as I have taken it
on the moors near Milngavie, on the Kilpatrick hills, and in
Kilsyth glen.

A. ^;imjMW/6<g, Lw. — I have observed inflated seeds in the
umbels of Angelica sylvestris, L., at Mugdock Wood, which I have
little doubt may be referred to this species. Mr Traill (Scot. Nat.,
i., 125) has recorded the ordinary gall of this species, which occurs
on Fimpinella saxifraga, L.

A. genistae, Lw., which forms galls on Genista germanica, is a

British species, but from its habitat need not be looked for in our
VOL. III. H

114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

district. Schiner (Fauna Austr. Dipt, ii., 396) suggests the
probability of it being only a variety of A. sarothamni.

In these notes I have altogether disregarded five species given
by Walker as British.

II. — Notes on Cecidomyia irifolii, Fr. Lw., and its Gcdl.
By Mr Francis G. Binnie.

The species was only described in 1874, by Dr Franz Loew
(Verb, der K.K. Zool-bot Gesell. xxiv.), but the gall had previously
been recorded for Britain by Mr J. W. H. Traill, M.A., F.L.S.
(Scot. Nat. L, 195).

This species belongs to the genus Cecidomyia, as restricted by
Loew; and the character of the antennae, stalked in the male and
sessile in the female, places it in a sub-division of the genus whose
members are extremely difficult to distinguish from one another.
The habit of the larva, however, offers a ready means of distinction
when correlated with other differences; and usually a good
specific character is to be found in the number of the antennal
joints. In the present species these are 14-15 in both sexes.

The gall is found on Trifolium repens, L., during the summer.
It consists of a folded leaflet, a pseudo-cell being formed in the
vicinity of the mid-rib, the walls of which become inflated and
more or less fleshy, often tinged with red externally, and one,
two, or all the leaflets of the triplet may be affected. Each
leaflet is inhabited by 1-2 larvae; on one occasion 4 were found.
They are white when young, and gradually change to orange at
maturity, when they attain a length of three-fourths of a line.
The insect generally goes through its changes within the gall, the
larva spinning a white cocoon. About this time, however,
numbers of the cells are to be found empty, from which, in the
absence of any indications of the ravages of an enemy, it may be
inferred that a certain number of the larvae descend to the earth
to pupate.

The perfect insect begins to emerge towards the end of August,
and at intervals for some time afterwards, and larvae, pupae, and
imagos may all be found during that period. Tlie galls occur
commonly in the Possil district and near New Kilpatrick, and are
probably generally distributed. I have never found this species
affecting Trifolium pratense, for which Dr Loew records it. My
observations on the economy of the species differ in some minor

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 115

points from those of the above writer. The gall, according to
him, is found in spring, the perfect insect appearing towards the
end of June. This may be an earlier brood. The habit of the
larva, as observed by him — social, 2-4 in a cell — is probably an
effect of the larger size of the leaflets of T. inatense as compared
with those of T. repens. It will be observed that on one occasion
I found four inhabiting a single cell ; this, however, seems very
exceptional here.

III. — On Uniformity of Method in recording Natural History
Observations, especially as regards Distribution and Migrcdion; icith
specimen tables of a plan ptroposed. By Mr John A. Harvie-
Brown, F.Z.S., corresponding member.

The want of some definite and generally adopted method for
registering in tabular form observations on Natural History, more
particularly as applied to the subjects of distribution and migra-
tion, has long been felt. We have no higher authority for this
statement than the author of the most important Zoo-geographical
publication that has ever been published : I mean '' The
Geographical Distribution of Animals." Mr Wallace, the author,
complains of the heavy task of collecting, and sifting the in-
numerable records of authors in various publications, in no two
of which, perhaps, are they arranged upon the same plan. In
summing up this part of his work, Mr Wallace says : — '' Till every
well-marked district, every archipelago and every important island,
has all its known species of the more important groups of animals
catalogued on an uniform plan, and with an uniform nomenclature,
a thoroughly satisfactory account of the geographical distribution
of animals will not be possible."

Whilst acting on the hint conveyed in this passage, and
endeavouring to bring the matter more prominently forward, I do
not do so in the belief that the plan about to be proposed, and
which has lately been adopted by me in one or two papers
treating of the distribution of the birds of North Russia (Annals
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877), even approaches perfection, nor do I
put it before you necessarily for imitation, but simply for the
purpose of giving the subject ventilation, and of starting it for
discussion. No one, I am sure, could suggest, with more certainty
of being attended to, some final uniform method to be adopted,
than the author just quoted, and I have not hesitated in some

116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

measure to avail myself of the hints conveyed in the pages of his
grand work, which may now be considered the common property
of all workers in tliis branch. My object now is to agitate for an
uniform method in treating of the distribution of species in minor
areas, and not to consider the more general and wider aspect of
the subject in relation to the great primary regions of the earth.
This part of the subject stands already on a secure basis,
thanks to the work of some of our leading naturalists, foremost
amongst whom are the lanrels due to Dr P. L. Sclater, who
was the first to grasp the varied facts at his command, and mould
them into the one great plan of the Zoological regions, as at
present adopted by Mr AVallace, and followed by nearly all
workers in Distribution;* a plan which has stood the test of
discussion and criticism since its inauguration by Dr Sclater in
185G, and which appears again, with scarcely any alteration, in Mr
Wallace's work.

]\luch may be learned by a study of Mr Wallace's methods,
as shown in the tables appended to the sections treating of the
different great regions ; however, I humbly consider that method
is even more necessary in the genesis of such work than in its
final results, and that in smaller areas there are more minutiae
available for record than are perhaps necessary in wider general-
izations.

What we require, then, to consider may be stated thus : —

" An uniform method to be estabUshed for the registration of
facts connected with the distribution and migration of species m
limited areas, which can be made available by field naturalists, and
afterwards by cabinet naturalists, for wider generalization."

It is not my intention here to review or criticise the methods
of previous authors at length, but I may be permitted shortly
to speak of a few by name, referring you to personal study
of their methods, for comparison and adoption, or for rejection in
part or in whole.

Beginning at home, I will first instance a most excellent paper,
by Mr A. G. More, " On the Distribution of Birds in Great
Britain during the nesting season" ('Ibis,' I8G0, p. 1). As
applied to a Zoologically-known area, it has much to recommend
it, but it can scarcely be applied to a partially or wholly unknown

• Vkle Sclater (Jour. Proc. Linn. Soc, vol. ii., Zoology, p. 130); Gunther
(Proc Zool. Soc, 1858); Huxley (Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G8).

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW.

117

area, as the divisions are extremely ai'l^itrary, and however suitable
to the district under treatment, are not of sufficiently general
scope to be applicable to other countries. Therefore we must
look at Mr More's j^iiper rather in the light of a practically finished
work, than as a model to workers in less known areas.

The same may almost be said of another work, that by Dr
Salvadori, or rather of the tables contained in it — " Fauna d'ltalia,
Uccelli ; Introduzione." In these the author introduces a much
larger set of observations than Mr More does, and records the
faunal value of each species in each of three zones, viz.. Zona setten-
■ trionale, Zona centrale, and Zona ineridionale, and also the insular
groups, or Italia insulare; and in each of the columns allotted to these
zones he indicates the species which are — stationary, s; summer
residents, me; winter residents, mi; of regular passage, ])t; of
irregular passage, jji; of occasional or accidental occurrence, a; etc.
As will be seen by the specimen given below, any of the above
particulars relating to the species can easily be found by the aid
of the perpendicular columns opposite the names of the species.
This plan of Salvadori's has more jjoioer of applicalility than Mr
More's, but the symbols or contractions admit, I think, of
improvement still in that respect.

Specimen of Salvadoki's Table I.

Zona Settentrionale.

ZoxA Centrale.

z.

Mer.

Italia

ixsclark.

Species.

6

o

S

s

d

c

o

e3

.a
1

d

r— »

o
u

d

a
«

d
1

3

G

o
m

O

o

i

d
c

eS
o
o

.2

1
1

59

21. Accipter nisus,

86. Panurus biarmicus, . . .

95. Lophophorus cristatus

96. Sitta caesia,

pr

s

s?
s
?

pi
mi

s

pr

s

s?
s
t

a
mi

s

s me
me

s
s
s

pi

•

mi

s

prme
a

s
s
?

mi

s

pr
me?

s
s
?

pi
mi

s

pr
me

s

pi
mi

s

s?
a

s
s

a
mi

s

me
me

s
s

pi
mi

s

pr

s

s

pi
m

pr

pr

s

s

a
mi

s

pr

s

s

mi

s

pr s

s

s

pi
mi

s

mi

mi

s

pr

98. Certhia familiaris,

174. Anthus ricardi,

a

406. Colymbus septen- )

trionalis, \

411, Podiceps minor,

pi
pr

Again, M. Severtzoff, in his " Fauna of Turkestan," '^ may be

* li

Vertikalnoe e Gorozontalnoe Raspredalenie, Turkestanie Javotnie,"
Moscow, 1873. (Translation in the ' Ibis/ 1875, p. 96, by Mr H. E. Dresser).

118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

taken as the type of another class of writers, who introduce yet
another useful element into their tables of distribution. He gives
tables of both horizontal and vertical distribution, which are
matters of the utmost importance, and which should never be lost
sight of.

These, and many other examples of modes of registration by
different authors, which I might give you, do not, however, appear
to me to supply the desideratum of general applicahility throughout.
At the same time, I am inclined to consider Mr Severtzoff' s
divisions to be the most easily applicable to all countries, whatever
their physical aspects or contours may be, but with certain
modifications. Thus, while the four horizontal divisions of
Turkestan adopted by Mr Severtzoff may be most suitable to that
country — viz., north-west, north-east, south-west, and south-east, —
it might be desirable to introduce others in countries of greater
magnitude or different contour, or more varied physical aspects, as
Salvadori has done with his " Italia insidare," or, as will be seen
later, I have done in my treatment of the Distribution of
Birds in North Russia. Generally speaking, however, I am
inclined to adopt this method of division, and therefore I would
suggest : —

1st, That the horizontal divisions of a limited area or country,
Zoologically-known or Zoologically-unknown, be determined by
their relative positions according to the compass, with such
additional districts as may be considered convenient, such as
central or insular.

2d, That vertical divisions be determined in each country by
their altitudes above the sea; and that they be further individualized
by having appropriate names bestowed upon them, according
to the physical aspects peculiar to each.

Examples. — In Norway I would, for instance, propose four
vertical districts (or five, if we include the adjoining fjords and
seas), viz. : — (1) Littoral, or sea and shore; (2) Pine tract, or sea-
level up to upper limit of pine growth ; (3) Birch tract, or to
upper limit of birch growth; (4) Fjeld tract, or Mountain tract,
to summits of about 8000 feet; and (5) Insular, or outlying
islands. But this last, in the case of Norway, is perhaps un-
necessary.

Transylvania, again, I would divide as follows : — (1) Field lands,
or plains and valleys ; (2) Foot hills, or oak tracts, say to an

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 119

elevation of 2000 feet, or about 800 feet above the high level of
the Field lands; (3) Beech tracts, or lower mountain slopes, say to
an elevation of about 3000 feet; (4) Pine tracts, or central
mountain slopes, 4000 to 5000 feet; and (5) Lichen tracts, or
upper mountain slopes and summits, 5000 feet to about 8000
feet.

So much, then, for the division of an area into districts.

As regards migratory movements, I think, as far as possible, all
records connected with this subject should be kept separate from
those of distribution. I am aware that it is not possible altogether
to ignore migration in a treatment of distribution, but we can, to
a certain extent, give such records a secondary importance, by
recording simply the occurrence of such species and no more,
leaving for a separate table of migratory movements the entry of
more detail.

We now come to the use of symbols as a means of expressing
the faunal value of the species in the columns.

Professor Newton of Cambridge, in a Paper in the " Transac-
tions of the Norfolk and Norwich Natural History Society,"
(1870-1, p. 24), has explained a method of registering Natural
History observations, which his brother and himself followed out
during a period of ten years' residence at Elv^den, in Norfolk.
By those who are desirous of keeping exact daily records of
migratory movements, I believe no better plan can be followed,
and I would recommend to such a careful study of his article.
Professor Newton tells us : — " However good an out-door naturalist
any man may be, let him adopt the plan here described, and he
will become a better one " (p. 29), as the keeping of such records
" ensured continuously our careful attention, forcing us to take
notice of everything that caught the eye." I will only further say
here that Professor Newton recommends what I may call a
inogressive system of symbols, having its chief recommendation
in its " variability, combined with simplicity," and " a capability
of expressing various meanings, especially in combination,
and its freedom from complication." Bearing this advice in
view, I would then suggest for approval the following code of
symbols for recording observations on Distribution, and which
can be used either in the field for daily work, or in the
study for bringing into workable order the records of previous
authors.

120

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Symbols.

Insufficient data (or absence),

Probable presence, ...

Actual presence, or first actual record,

Xvdl \i» X cil v>X « ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

Once, twice, or thrice — seen, shot, identified ; or

occurred, recorded, added to the fauna.
Common,
Very common.
Very abundant,
Locally distributed.
Generally distributed.

a blank space

•

• • •

1

...

•It

\

^ ^

II

tf

0

O

Besides the above, there must be an additional symbol for
absence, for using in combination, thus : —

Once absent, now present, ... . . , ... .... I <^^ ' I

Vies versa, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... |. orj-

If it be desired to record the breeding of the species, add the
following symbols or letters : —

J— 'X \rv/V,Lo« ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• O

Did breed, but does not now, ... ... ... ... ^

Additional symbols may be made use of to express the following
meanings in connection with vertical distribution, but they are
not likely to be so generally useful as the others : —

In the mountains, or high up, ... ... ... ... A or A

In the valleys, or low down, ... ... ... ... V or V

Directions of the compass can be indicated, of course, by
unfeathered arrows : —

In the North, I In the South, 4'

,j xijasu, ... ... ' y ,, i\ est, ... ... K '

J>

North-East, .

• /"

>)

North-West, ...

\

J)

South-East,

• "S*.

>>

South- West, ..

j^

The Seasons — Spring, ... Sp. Summer, ... Su.
Autumn, ... A. Winter, ... W.

Spec: MEN Table (Nq.i 2)

iH.

a proposed

new List of (European) Birds. iDesigined ajlike fpr use in t

Field land in the Study— as printed on this cross-ruled paper.

.16

Vultur monachus

Otog )rps nujjjcus.

4.

Gyps fulvus^

Neoiihron piercnopterus.

Explanatory,

02:)posite each species there ought to
be one or two rows of squares — 31 in
each row— for daily records for one or
two months, or for full scope for other
tabulated records.

Gypaetus barbatus,

No black lines ruled, but simply
red cross-ruling, with wide margins at
top and bottom of list of Sj ecies for
headings of tables and foot notes, and
also at left side for references.

Aquila chrysaetua.

Aquila impprialis,

]^.B. — llie Squares might "je a degree smaller,

Proc.

Nat. Hist, ^oc, G

km.^

Vol, IIU V. .121. :

■

Sprcj

ATEN

Tabt.p

(^0.

n.

T)iRf

rilMiti

rm of tbft Eirds

of Nr

rf-,b T?nssia,.

Tiortb of 64° 30

' N. 1

at.

1
■

W.

C.

E.

Aquila chrys

aetus,

N

1

^

-

S

Aquila albicilla.

N

II II

R

\

Pandion halijietus.

N

1

\

i

S

1

Buteq

vulgai

■is,

N

r

'

S

EXPLA]

^ATORY

•

Bute(

desert

orum,

N

\l

Th
but ;
corde

B black lines
U'e added af
i: as required.

kre no^
;erwarc

; to be

Is by

ruled,
;he re-

S

Ha

Distr

(N-),
Divis

ving ab yet ■!
.bution, of th

vorked
e Nori

out 01
hern 1

ily the
) if is ion

Butec

1

lao^opi

IS.

N

1

1

s

I leav(
\on (S.)

! the sp
blank

aces fo

r the S

outhern

S

Butec

1 ferox

. N

S

•

Milvi

IS migijans,

N

R

f

■*

/

1

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 121

MigTcant passing north in spring (by a feathered arrow),

„ south in autumn, „ ... W

We now come to consider the question : — How are we to
apply the above proposed method practically 1

Lately I have had occasion to work up the Distribution of the
Birds of North Russia, and I have found note books on the
following plan of the greatest service.

A quarto note-book, faintly cross-ruled with red ink, having
squares about the size shown in the specimens, (see Tables 1 and 2).
The paper should be ruled thus throughout, and additional
necessary ruling may be done in black as required. Such a
note-book may be made available for many useful purposes where
tabular arrangement is required; as, for instance, tabulating
measurements of a number of specimens, records of thermometric
and barometric readings, tides, indexes, records of successive
authors in any given country. It might even be useful in drawing
a map to scale, or indicating the course of a river or positions of
the islands of an archipelago. Tt has an infinite number of
advantages over a plain or simply ruled note-book.

Further, I would suggest that a new List of Birds — say those
of Europe — be printed upon this cross-ruled paper (Table 2),
leaving a wide margin on the left and at top for headings, and at
bottom for foot notes. I am convinced that such would, when
fully known, be invaluable either for daily records in the field, by
a system of symbols, or in the cabinet for working out the records
of previous authors. I can speak so far from personal experience
of it, that, though not having the lists actually printed, I have
found the method to answer admirably and prove a very great
saving of time. Almost any form of tabular arrangement can be
applied in such cross-ruled note-books, of which the specimen
sheets, above referred to, illustrate some of the uses to which they
can be put.

Specimen Table 1 shows the Distribution of Birds in North
Eussia, divided into two primary Divisions — northern and
southern; and each of these Divisions into three Districts — north-
west, north-central, and north-east, — and south-west, south-central,
and south-east. For further particulars of this I would refer you
to a paper I have for some time past been engaged upon, viz.,

122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

" The Distribution of the Birds of North Russia/' Parts L, IL, and
III. (Annals and Mag. Nat. History, 1877); Part I., "The latitudinal
Distribution of Birds of North-east Russia, north of 64° 30' N. lat."
Specimen Table 2 is intended to show the plan of a " New list
of European Birds," upon the principle explained above.

Such, then, is my method as it at present stands ; and should
any member of this Society, or other naturalist, have any sugges-
tions to give for its improvement, modification or elaboration, I
would be glad if they would bring them forward for discussion.

I have just received, through the courtesy of H.H. Dr
E. Rey and Hellwig of Leipzig, a new list of European Birds,"^
by Dr E. Rey, bearing date, 1875. , Upon opening it, I
found with pleasure that it was arranged upon almost the exact
plan which I have proposed above as regards the ruling; the
horizontal lines, however, being dotted lines, and the perpendicular
only, continuous lines. Ten columns are placed opposite the
names of the species, f Might I suggest to Dr Rey that, in the
next edition of his most useful list, he should increase the number
of columns, to admit of the list being used as a daily register in
the field, for say one month (31 columns), and also that the
horizontal lines and the names of the species be printed a good
deal wider (quite double as wide as at present), to admit of more
daily notes being entered by symbols. If this be done, the 8vo
form can still be retained, the linear arrangement being made
continuous across two pages, and the list of species being printed
only on the left hand side.

It is not my intention here to enter into any criticism of Dr
Rey's list, beyond the single remark, that I think the rules of
nomenclature of the British Association do not appear to have
been strictly adhered to, especially as regards the insertion and
use of brackets with the names of authorities, and the " rule of
priority " appears also to have been disregarded. Thus, " Passer
domesticus, Koch," should stand as Passer domestictts (L.)

* *' Verzeichniss der Europilischen Briitvogel und Gliste, nach den neuesten
Ermittelungen, Zusammengestellt von Dr E. Rey." Leipzig, 1875.

+ It is only due to myself to state that this is the first I have seen of Dr
Ilej^'s list, and I cannot be charged with not having sooner acknowledged it, as
the idea of the cross-ruling occurred to me quite independently of any other
person's suggestions.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 123

A discussion took place on various results of recent explorations,
when some interesting statements were made by several members
on points bearing on natural history which had been established
by the Arctic and Antarctic expeditions. Mr Harvie-Brown
mentioned that the nesting-place of the Knot — Tringa canuhis — had
now been discovered, and although its latitudinal range is restricted,
its longitudinal range may be widely extended. The Knot is
perhaps more generally distributed than any other species, but
hitherto its breeding haunts could not be fixed with any certainty.
He also stated in evidence of the rise of the land in the Arctic
zone, at a comparatively recent date, that in Northern Russia — the
shores of the Petchora Gulf being thickly strewn with piles of
drift wood carried down by the great rivers — he had observed
that where the tundras approached the margin of the Arctic sea,
and formed banks of a considerable height, they were strewn for
some distance inland with drift wood, which must have lain
there for a very long period, and which must have been deposited
when the tundras were almost on a level with the water.

SPECIAL MEETING.
NATURAL HISTORY CLASS ROOM, GLASGOW UNIVERSITY.

December 2 1st, 1876.

Professor John Young, M.D., F.G.S., F.RS.E., President, in
the chair.

ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT.

Professor Young proceeded to discuss the geological bearings of
some of the results arrived at by the Challenger and other
exploratory expeditions. He showed an enlargement of the map
prepared by Mr John Murray of the Challenger staff, and on it
pointed out the distribution of the various deposits referred to in
Mr Murray's paper, read in section D of the Glasgow meeting of
the British Association. The red clay suggested reference to
Professor Ramsay's theory as to the origin of the red rocks in
the stratigraphical series. Professor Ramsay founded on the
improbability of peroxide of iron tinging deposits in the open sea,
whereas peroxide of iron and manganese were found to be the

124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

colouring nucleus of the red clays. But while this part of
the theory did not admit of general application, the conclusions
arrived at regarding the conditions under which the old red
sandstone and pernio-triasic strata were laid down remained
untouched, since these latter were sandy deposits, shale being
very subordinate.

The occurrence of a non-calcareous accumulation in the deepest
waters was next discussed, as bearing on Professor Hull's views
regarding calcareous rocks. After stating the still debated issue
as to the decalcification of the Globigerina ooze and the conversion
of the non-calcareous part into red ooze, Dr Young suggested
that perhaps we have not yet recognised the deepest water
accumulations, which, if the events .of the remote past are
identical with those of the present, must have corresponded to
the mountain limestone or the chalk. Again, the area over
which the calcareous material might be spread was shown by the
distribution of the coral mud at the present to be far greater than
that occupied by the animals whose skeletons went to make up
the deposit. Moreover, oscillations of the ocean floor might bring
into seeming succession to each other accumulations which were
in reality contemporaneous, and Dr Young dwelt on this as
helping to bear out the suggestions contained in his British
Association address, to the extent, that the thickness of the
stratified deposits, and, as a consequence, the time required for
their deposition, might be over-rated. The uniformity of aspect
presented by the deep sea fauna has an important bearing on the
views of Salter and others, who regard the wide distribution of
mountain limestone fossils as evidence of the greater uniformity
and consequently smaller number of types of animals in the
earlier period. If we have to do with the inhabitants of deep
waters in these limestone fossils, there might have been, and
probably was, at these early times, as great a diversity as now.

After glancing at the controversy regarding ocean circulation,
and pointing out wherein the data were as yet incomplete, on
Avhich a satisfactory judgment could be based, Dr Young referred
to the question of the possible increased salinity of the existing
seas, and asked if Mr Buchanan's results, when fully wrought out,
might not support, by the constancy of high specific gravity below
certain depths, the notion that the ocean might be, as has been
suspected on theoretical ground, Salter than it once was; in f\ict, that

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 125

the ocean might prove to be on a large scale what the Dead Sea
was on a small one. Dr Young next referred to the occurrence of
coal of cretaceous age in the far north, and the bearing of this fact
on the possible change of the earth's axis of rotation. He spoke
of Nordenskiold's and Judd's objections to the current doctrine of
a glacial epoch and polar ice-caps, and of Professor Ramsay's
caution against exaggerating the importance of glacial deposits
and treating them as of equal value with the Silurian or Carboni-
ferous strata ; lastly, he referred to the distribution of the man-
ganiferous deposits as sliown by Mr Murray, but left it to Mr
Young to discuss this point in reference to the limestone at
Cunningham Bedland, which Mr Young had got analyzed.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Dr Young exhibited the type specimens of Ellis and Solander's
corals, which, to the number of nineteen, he had identified in the
Hunterian Museum ; also a case of Bohemian trilobites received
from Dr A. Fritsch.

Mr John Young, F.G.S., exhibited specimens of a small re-
ticulated sponge found by Mr James Armstrong, of the Glasgow
Geological Society, in the same deposit of rotted Carboniferous
limestone at Cunningham Bedland, near Dairy, in which the
sponge spicules, Acanfhosjyongia Smithii, exhibited at a former
meeting, were obtained. Mr Young stated that it was of interest
to know that, besides the occurrence of siliceous sponges in this
deposit, there was the evidence of the presence of sponges belong-
ing to other groups in the same family. Mr Young also exhibited
a sample of the peculiar reddish-brown mud in which the sponges
and other organisms are found. This mud is the inorganic residue
of the limestone left in the eroded fissures of the rock through the
action of water charged with carbonic acid. From its resemblance
in colour to the manganiferous mud found by the Challenger
expedition over certain of the deeper parts of the sea bottom, it
had occurred to Mr Young that this residue of the rotted limestone
might also contain manganese, and he therefore had a small
quantity tested at the laboratory of Glasgow University, when it
was found that the mud, when fused with carbonate of soda, gave
a decided greenish tinge, forming a manganite of soda. No
quantitive analysis of the amount of manganese in the mud had
been made, but it was thought that there could not be less than

126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

2 to 3 per cent, present. Mr Young stated that it would be
interesting to determine whether the manganese had entered into
organic combination with any of the numerous organisms found in
this bed of limestone, or had been chemically precipitated as a
deposit from the sea water. From what he had read of the man-
ganiferous mud found by the Challenger, he was inclined to hold
to the opinion already exj^ressed, that it was the result of decalci-
fication of the Globigerina ooze, the manganese having been
extracted from the sea water and entering into the composition of
the animal shell structure of these minute organisms. He there-
fore did not agree with the other expressed view that it had been
floated to these dee]) tracts of the sea bottom in company with
other inorganic elements. If the former view should prove to be
the correct one, we might naturally expect that manganese would
be present to a small extent in many of the limestones of organic
origin in all the formations. In the Carboniferous limestones of
the West of Scotland he knew of limestones that yielded a reddish
mud on erosion by carbonic acid. It would therefore be interest-
ing, as bearing on the red mud found by the Challenger, to prove
to what extent they also are manganiferous.

ANDERSON'S UNIVEESITY BUILDINGS.

January 9th, 1877.

Mr James Eamsay, V.P., in the chair.

Messrs. Alexander B, Stewart and Charles Malloch were elected
life members; and the Eev. H. B. Tristram, LL.D,, F.R.S.,
C.M.Z.S., Canon of Durham ; Messrs. Andrew Malloch Bayne,
Peter Marshall, A. D. Newlands, James Lyle, Eobert Marshall,
and Thomas Scott Forrest, ordinary members.

SPECIMENS EXHIBiTED.

Mr John A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., exhibited a rare Little Rail,
Orti/gometra affinis, Grey, from New Zealand, and remarked that
Buller (" Birds of New Zealand," page 183) describes, but does
not figure this bird. He tells us that it " closely resembles the
Australian 0. palustris, but is distinguishable by its somewhat
larger size, and the absence of white markings on the primaries."

y

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 127

He tells us, also, that " This handsome little crake is found in
both islands ; but it is everywhere extremely rare and difficult to
obtain. It frequents the sedgy banks of creeks and rivers, and

the reed- covered lagoons near the coast Very little

is at present known of its breeding habits."

This specimen was shot by Mr J. E. Cook, in Canterbury
province. New Zealand. Mr Cook stated that it was the only
one he had shot during a residence in New Zealand of twelve
years. As this bird is so rare, Mr Harvie-Brown said that he
thought it well to give a description of this specimen, which is
appended.

Oriijgometza affinis, Grey. ''Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,"
14. Buller, 'page 183.

Measurements — Bill at front, yj inch ; middle toe and claw,
If inches; wing, from carpal joint, 3^%^ inches; length GJ inches.
Buller gives as total length, 7 '5 inches. The difference may result
from the specimen described by him having been measured in the
flesh.

Description — Bill bluish-black, faded apparently from dark
green or olive. Crown, and neck above, dark yellowish-brown,
with blackish centres to the feathers. Back, scapulars and wing
coverts, yellowish-brown, tinged with faint olive, many feathers
being laterally marked with blackish, and some having one or two
irregular white spots on the outer webs. Cheeks, and breast
down the centre and under parts, bluish-grey. Throat greyish-
white. The yellowish-brown of the upper parts extends down
the sides of the breast and flanks. Sides of the abdomen blackish-
brown, broadly but irregularly barred with white, as are also the
under tail coverts. Tail feathers same as longer bastard wing
feathers, but without the white spots. Primaries smoky brown.

Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., exhibited a specimen of a hybrid
between the Black Grouse, Tetrao tetrix, and the Capercailie,
Tetrao urogalliis, and on the table had placed examples in
illustration of these two species. He said that at the November
meeting of the Society in 1872, he had the pleasure of exhibiting
a very fine female of this kind. The one he now showed was a
male, and he had little to add to the remarks which were made on
the occasion referred to. These hybrids have been long known in
Sweden, but some years ago Russian and German naturalists,
thinking they had made a discovery, elevated the bird into a

128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

separate species, calling it at first Tetrao intermedius, and afterwards
Tetrao medius. Further particulars will be found in Mr Lloyd's
" Game Birds and Wild Fowl of Sweden and Norway."

Mr Lumsden also exhibited a Hare, hybrid between Lepus
timidus and Lepus variabilis, w^hich was shot last month near
Dumbarton moor, where blue hares were turned out a few years
ago. It is somewhat curious that the editors of the new edition
of ''Bell's British Quadrupeds " do not seem to have been at all
sure of hares of this description occurring in this country, and
say that hybrids are reported to be known in Switzerland, but
that the statement requires further confirmation. It is reported
that they are not uncommon in some places in Perthshire.

Mr James Coutts exhibited examples of ancient pottery from
Peru, of which he gave a full description. They were formed of
fine clay, and in appearance resembled bronze. Of various patterns,
they were highly ornamented, the designs being ingenious and
sometimes grotesque. They are supposed to belong to the period
of the Incas, and after the Spanish Conquest were found in large
numbers in the burying places. They are still found in ancient
graves along Avith human remains, and various implements, such
as chisels, and hatchets, formed of highly tempered copper.

PAPERS READ.

I. — Notes on the Old World sjyecies of Athalia. By Mr

Peter Ca]meron.

On examining lately my specimens of Athalia, I have become
aware of the existence of a species new to the British fauna ; and
an examination of Stephens' collection has shown me that one of
the reputed British species must, for the present at least, be
deleted from our lists. It may then be of advantage to say a few
words regarding our native species, as well as the other old world
forms.

Athalia is rather a peculiar genus, and its systematic position
has been by no means decided, none of the authors who have
studied the Tenthredinidae having placed it in the same position.
For instance, it is placed by Hartig between Selandria, sensu str.,
and Allantus, sensu str.; by Stephens between Femisa and
Selandria; by Dahlbom between Amasis and Eylotoma; by
West wood between Schizocenis and Scio})teryx; and by Thomson
between Cryptocam^Jus and Phyllotoma. There can be no doubt

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 129

that it has likenesses and affinities with various widely separated
genera, and the authors above named have apparently been
guided in their conclusions by relying upon the relative importance
of one organ more than another, or it may be through mere
superficial resemblances. It is, indeed, highly probable that it is
a very ancient genus. The general resemblance, in form and
coloration, of the species to such very different forms as Hylotoma
rosae, etc., is very curious. Another interesting fact is the very
wide distribution of the species over the old world. Looking at
the matter in all its aspects, and taking also into account the form
and habits of the larva, I cannot help thinking that Hartig has
put the genus in a more natural position than the other
authorities.

The species may be separated as follows : —

A. Mesonotum smooth, shining, glabrous; breast rufous, glahricollis.

B. Mesonotum densely pubescent.

a. Mesonotum more or less luteous.

Apex of tibiae and tarsi annulated with black. spinarum.

Tibiae partly, and tarsi totally black. tibialis.

h. Mesonotum black.

1. Tarsi annulated with black.

a. Mouth white.

Pronotum and tegulae luteous. rosae.

Pronotum and tegulae black. haematopus.

b. Mouth luteous. anmdata.

2. Tarsi not annulated.

Tibiae partly, and tarsi quite black, higens,

1. Glabricollis, Thomson.*

This species differs from sjnnarum, by the black, smooth, almost
glabrous mesonotum ; from rosae, by the non-pubescent mesonotum,
larger size, and by the breast being always luteous. I have
hitherto confounded it with rosae, and it was its larva, and not
that of rosae, which I described under the last mentioned name in
the " Scottish Naturalist," vol. ii., p. 197-199. The larva does
not differ from that of sjnnarum, and like it feeds on cruciferous
plants, but does not, so far as I know, frequent the turnip. It
has occurred in Clydesdale, Berwickshire (Hardy), and Aberdeen
(Trail). From England I have seen a specimen, taken by Mr
J. G. Marsh (captured in the London districts, I believe), and this
specimen offers the peculiarity of having the scutellum luteous.

* Hymen. Scand. i., 171.
VOL. IIL I

130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

With glahicollis the antennae are generally pale luteoiis on the
under side. According to Thomson, it is met with as far north
as Lapland.

2. Spinarum, Fab.

This is the insect formerly too well known under the name of
"nigger," "black Jack," "black canker," or the saw-fly of the
turnip, and whose anatomy has been so well described by
Newport in his classical prize essay. Its ravages on the turnip
appear to have been first noticed in Britain about 1788, and
between that and 1840 it committed very great damage, but of
late years scarcely anything has been heard of it; indeed, it now
seems to be very rare, and I have never seen a recently captured
specimen. I know not if it was ever injurious to the turnip in
Scotland, or if it has been met with in Scotland at all. Mr James
Hardy tells me that he recollects seeing the larvae in Berwickshire,
but they may possibly have been those of glahricollis.

Sjnnarum has a very wide distribution. It extends very far
north, and eastwards to Japan and India, the Oriental specimens
differing from the European in having less black on the
mesonotum.

3. Tibialis, Cameron.

A common East Indian species, easily recongised by the more
or less luteous mesonotum and blackish tibiae and tarsi.

4. RosAE, Linn.,

is the commonest form, and is very prone to vary, especially in
the coloration of the breast and pleurae, and to a less extent in
the markings on the tarsi. Dours says that the larva feeds on
roses, but this is doubtful. It is fond of frequenting various
flowers. Mr James Hardy writes me that he has noticed that it
has a great partiality for the flowers of Ajuga reptans. In the
British Museum there is a specimen from the west coast of Africa ;
which has the breast and pleurae quite black, and the wings rather
yellower than is usual, but otherwise is scarcely to be dis-
tinguished.

5. Haematopus, Klug.

This is a Soutli African species. It is easily separated from
rosne by the totally black thorax and tegulae, and is also consider-

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 131

ably larger. Klug does not mention the colour of the mouth, but
in some specimens in my collection (agreeing otherwise with the
description) that is white. In an example in my collection there
are still, firmly attached to one of the fore tarsi, two pollinia of an
orchid ; they point straight out, and afford clear evidence that
this Athalia aids in the fertilization of these curious plants.

6. LUGENS, Klug,

is a commonly distributed species. I have taken it near
Gloucester, Manchester, and in our neighbourhood at Kilsyth Glen,
and Mr Morris Young has captured it on the Gleniffer braes.
Under the name of Athalia ahdo?ninalis, Fab. (which is a synonym
of higens), Kaltenbach (quoting Bouche, Stett. Ent. Zeits. xii.,
p. 290), describes a larva which may refer to higens. He states
that the female bores into the young branches and leaf-buds of
Clematis erecta, and deposits her eggs therein ; and in course of
time a bladder-like swelling is formed, wherein the brown-headed
larvae live until they are about half-fed, a period extending from
14 to 20 days ; after this they become external feeders, assume a
brownish-green colour, and devour the edges of the leaves for 14
to 20 days more, when they drop down to the earth, where they
pass the winter. Supposing this to refer to Ingens, it is certain
that it must have some other food-plant besides Clematis, since it
is found in places where no Clematis is native, or grows at all — in
Clydesdale, for example. There is probably some confusion about
the matter.

7. Annulata, Fab.,

is apparently the rarest of the species. It is described as British
by Stephens, but there are no specimens of it in his collection in
the British Museum, those under the name of annulata being
rosae. I think the species is certain to be British, but it must at
present be erased from our lists. Kaltenbach says that he found
the larva in July, and again in September and October, on
Veronica beccahinga, whose leaves it eats on the under side. The
larva is dull black, whitish on the sides, and spins a cocoon in the
earth. According to the same author, the fly appears in the
Spring and during the Summer on flowers, especially those of
Heracleum.

I may add that I have found a similar larva on Veronica, but

132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

did not rear the insect. Dalilbom figures a larva, wliich he got
from Drewsen in spirit, as that of annulata ; it was of a glaucous
colour, and covered with distinct tubercles, which are well shown
in the figure (Prod. Hymen. Scand., pi. ii., fig. 44).

Dours (Cat. Syn. Hymen, de France, p. 19), records Athalia
graelsii, Dufour, as feeding on Fastinaca saliva, one of the Umbelli-
ferae, but I have not been able to find out where this species is
described, if described at all. It inhabits the south of France.

■

Postscript. — Since writing the above, I have seen an English
specimen of annulata, taken by the Eev. T. A. Marshall, F.L.S.,
so that this species may again be included in our catalogues. ]\Ir
Marshall's specimen differs from a Continental one I possess, in
the four posterior tarsi being distinctly annulated with black, and
the clypeus luteous, while in the European example the tarsal
joints are scarcely annulated and the clypeus only very faintly
luteous. There is a form of rosae which resembles annulata in
having the pleurae and sternum black, but it is easily to be dis-
tinguished by the mouth being white. Other distinguishing points
are that annulata has the first abdominal segment black, the
coxae black at the base, and the anterior tarsi scarcely annulated.

II. — On some Varielies of the Common Fa7iridge (Perdix cinerea),
ivith remarls on the Causes of Variation in Species. By Mr
John A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S.

I have brought for exhibition this evening two extremely
handsome birds, varieties of the Common Partridge, which have
been obligingly forwarded by Mr George Sim, Naturalist, Aber-
deen; also tliree others of a commoner variety, which were given to
me by my friend Mr A. Burn Murdoch.

The two former — the stuffed specimens — were shot by General
Shaw on the estate of Glasshaugh, near Portsoy, along with four
others. One of this fine variety, wliich was killed about the end
of November, was sent to the Banff Museum, and other four,
which were shot in the beginning of October, were sent to Mr
Sim, to be preserved for the owner. Mr Sim writes me that they
had been seen in different coveys for some weeks before being
shot. Since these have been killed, the peoi)le in the neighbour-
hood have reported to General Shaw that similar birds have
been seen in previous years about the same place. Mr Sim also

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 133

informs me that the females, of which there were four, are all
alike in plumage, being brown on the breast, while the upper
parts are beautifully marked with transverse bars of light brown
over a ground colour of drab, the brown being of greater density
in some individuals than in others. The males differ markedly
from the females, having a preponderance of the rich grouse-like
chestnut-brown on the back as well as on the breast. Mr Sim
had previously compared these birds with Sir William Jardine's
description and plate of his Perdix cinerea, var. montana (Nat. Lib.,
Ornith., vol. iv., plate 2), and found them to agree with that
variety.^ Mr Robert Gray mentions ('Birds of the West of
Scotland,' p. 242), a pair of birds which he tells us "agreed
precisely " with Sir William Jardine's bird, and which he saw in
Dundee. These had been killed on the higher grounds of Forfar-
shire, and the keeper distinguished them by name as hill par-
tridges. As I have heard the term applied in various districts, hill
partridges are simply smaller and darker birds, living generally on
the higher ground bordering the moors, and often found amongst
the heather itself. Still, in the present instance, it would almost
appear as if this variety had been induced b}^ food and locality, if
we look at the almost perfect grouse-colour, especially of the male.
Actual melanism is, as we know, caused in some species in
confinement by an over-diet — or an exclusive diet — of oily hemp-
seed, and I believe this will also be found to cause melanism in
wild species, as for instance in this Yellow-hammer; or, as I am
inclined to imagine, may be the cause in this North Russian Sand
Martin. Is it not possible also that some peculiar food may have
in like manner affected these and other partridges, (obtained, be
it remarked, in the same locality) '? Might not a continuous diet
of this food, whatever it may have been, influence the colour,
reaching through the pores of the skin, extending down the
feathers, or affecting the growth and colour of the new feathers
during the moulting season? Or again, if in course of time the
blood became impregnated by some subtle poison or property of
the food, might not these birds in breeding perpetuate the new
stock? I believe the causes of variation in wild species are not
fully worked out, and that there is room for inquiry and careful

* The Editorial criticism in this connection (Zool. 1877, p. 229), applies to
the incomplete newspaper report of this paper. I have explained the inaccu-
racy in a note to the June No. of the Zoologist. — J. A. H. B., May 19th, 1877.

134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

investigation here. As all particulars connected with such varie-
ties are, I beheve, worth recording; and as naturalists are, I
think, rather apt to attach too little importance to what are
considered "mere varieties," without attempting to account for
the cause, I w^ould suggest to members of this Society that, always,
particularly careful notes be taken by them of all varieties of our
common species which may come under their notice, such as,
contents of stomach, weight, measurements, nature of locality where
found, especially if the bird or other animal has been known to
frequent it for any length of time. Mr Sim, with his usual care in
all matters of importance, has done this as regards these partridges,
and sends me full notes. These two birds weighed 13J and 15
ounces respectively. Extent of wings 19 J inches, and length
from bill to the point of tail 12| inches, in each specimen.

I now come to mention the other birds, of which specimens are
before you. Two are males and one is a female. This variety —
having the white horse-shoe on the breast — does not appear to
maintain distinctions with regard to sex as the other variety
appears to do, as here we have a male and a female precisely the
same, and another male, while it attains the white horse-shoe,
differs from the others in having the neck and chin buff, the
others having these parts white.

These three partridges were shot out of the same covey by Mr
A. Burn Murdoch at Gartencaber, in the south of Perthshire, in
October, 1875. They are all young, well-grown birds; but, as
Mr Burn Murdoch remarks, must have been late hatched, and
would have been too small to shoot in the beginning
of September. He writes concerning them as follows : — " I also
killed one old bird of ordinary plumage, which I believe belonged
to the same covey, hut as it was a driven bird, and as there
were others in the vicinity, it is not a certainty that it really
belonged to the original lot. There were, I think, eight birds
in all. I have had a good many thousand birds off that district
through my hands in the last twenty years, and never had one
with such peculiarity of plumage as to attract notice, except in
the case of one covey many years ago, the birds of which were
distinctly lighter in general colour than ordinary, but retained
the usual chestnut of the head and breast."

It is not so easy in the case of albinism to suggest a
cause for the departure from the type, but possibly it might

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 135

be found in the absence of a proper supply of the usual food,
and a consequent constitutional change; a want of the usual
colouring principle, or from sickness, or wounds ; in such instances,
it would increase with age, and become hereditary, as it un-
doubtedly is.

Since the above was written, I have heard of another covey of
these birds showing the same variety, with the horse-shoe white.
Mr Arthur Dundas told me that this winter he shot three of
these birds on Carronhall estate, near Falkirk, one of which was an
old bird. All, both old and young, had brown or buff chins and
throats, and white horse -shoes on the breasts, like specimen
No. 3.

AVhen on the subject of variation in species, I may make a few
remarks upon this unusually dark form of our common sand
martin, which I believe has every bit as much right to be con-
sidered a good species as dozens of other constant varieties have.
This bird was shot by me on the Petchora River, in north-east
Russia, in 1875. All the sand martins observed by us either at
Archangel or eastward have this dark phase of plumage, and at
Archangel there are legions of them nesting in every suitable
situation. Now what is remarkable about these sand martins is,
that in them the reverse of the following general rule is
exemplified: ''Continental forms of birds are usually brighter
and lighter coloured than insular ones, and eastern European
forms are almost invariably lighter than their western representa-
tives." I may here instance one or two of many cases which
occur to me of the above rule, so as to put the case of the sand
martins of North Russia from a stronger point of view.

Our English marsh tit, Parus ixdustris, when compared with
the more northern Norwegian form, Parus borealis, will be found
to be very much darker. When compared again with the Siberian
marsh tit, Parus kamschatkensis, which we found in the Pet-
chora, the difference becomes marked indeed, the latter being
very much lighter — mealier — than our bird.

Parus cinctus — the Lap tit — of northern Scandinavia is darker
than Parus griscescens of Dresser from Siberia, while the form we
procured on the Petchora shows an intermediate phase. PraUncola
rubicola, our stonechat, has the rump spotted. The eastern
brighter form, PraUncola inclica, has the rump unspotted j we found
this also on the Petchora.

136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

These examples will illustrate the general rule, and make the
case of the striking exception in the sand martin more patent.

I do not pretend to be able to account for this curious
departure from the rule, but again merely suggest, that possibly
food may have something to do with it. Nor can I say what this
food actually is, but I cannot divest myself of the idea that the
poisonous and innumerable mosquitoes form a large part of their-
food supply. Unfortunately our friend Piothich did not examine
the contents of this bird's stomach, and so put this question of its
food beyond doubt; but what are all these pests created for if it
is not to supply food for the legions of birds that haunt the
tundras and river banks in summer 1 Is it not possible that if the
sand martins feed mainly upon mosquitoes^— I wont say entirely—
that the effects of the quantity of the poison which they swallow
may affect their colour 1 In other words, is it not possible that
there is a property in the said poison capable of affecting the
blood without injury to the bird, and yet, through the blood,
causing this marked variety of plumage"?

Professor Thomson of London once asked me to catch and
bottle as many Persian bugs as I could (at that time I con
templated a visit to Persia), these bugs being so venomous that
their bites are sometimes almost fatal. He wished to express the
poison afterwards, and discover its properties and composition, if
possible. If mosquito poison could be treated in a similar way,
possibly it might be proved to contain some property which
might have the effects I suggested, and if it could be analyzed,
no doubt an antidote to the poison might also be discovered,
which to poor humanity exposed to its tortures would be an
unspeakable relief. But there is no need to go further into what
after all is mere hypothesis, and what may just as likely as not
prove to be altogether wrong. Still I think the subject is worthy
of some attention from this point of view.

III. — 071 the Biscacha ( Larjostoiims trichodadijhis, Brookes), a South
American Rodent. By Mr Ernest Gibson, Buenos Ayres.
Communicated by Mr IIarvie-Brown, F.Z.S.

The biscacha cannot be regarded merely as an interesting
subject for observation by the naturalist, or as affording some
moonlight sport for gun and revolver; for, in the province of
Buenos Ayres, it ranks with the thistle and the " Tuco-tuco "

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 137

{Ctenomijs hrasiliensis ?) in its wide distribution and abundance,
and is equally detested by all camp (country) people. The
landowner reckons up his loss in pasturage, and the common
Gaucho gets a " cropper " as he is running some animal, so poor
biscacha is pretty equally anathematized by all parties. What the
rabbit has proved in Tasmania the biscacha is in the provinces of
Cordoba, Santa Fe, and Buenos Ayres, with the sole difference
that Lagostomus trkliodadylus is indigenous. In the Sierra of
Cordoba or Tandel, or in the great plains of Buenos Ayres, down
as far south as Bahia Blanca, it is equally at home; and, except
where vigorous means are taken to put it down, always increasing.
The damage it does consists in the ground occupied by each
" Biscachero " or biscacha warren, the destruction of all pasture
for a radius of several yards, and the invariability of nothing but
weeds, thistles, etc., ever growing on the site of an old biscachero.
In some places, where the biscacheros are particularly numerous and
close together, three or four acres of ground would not afford
sustenance for a single sheep; to use a Spanish phrase, the ground
is " pelado " — bare, naked. Five biscachas are reckoned to one
sheep, in the consumption of pasture, and it is astonishing to find
how much pasturage is lost on any " estancia " (stock farm) where
biscachas are abundant. As a case in point, I may cite one
of some 64,000 acres, where the lowest estimation of the biscachas
is 60,000, — or rather less than one to each acre; and they occupy
the room of 12,000 sheep ! All these are of course rough estimates,
and based upon observations in one district alone, but I believe
they are applicable to nearly the whole province. Various are the
means used to extirpate this pest, but only two may be said to be
both practicable and thorough. Among the ineffectual methods
may be classed shooting, drowning out, and smoking out ; — the
latter operation being performed Avith a machine which forces the
fumes of burning sulphur, Chili pepper, old boots, etc., etc.,
through the burrows. But where their thorough eradication is
desired, digging out is the plan resorted to. Gangs of Basque or
Italian labourers are engaged, the biscacheros counted, and the
price per biscachero agreed upon; the payment not to be made
until a fixed time after the work is finished, to guard against any
reappearance of biscachas. In one estancia where they were thus
exterminated, furrows had to be run with a plough across the land,
in order to get the biscacheros properly counted; and the total

138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

cost of the work was about <£1000. What also have been tried —
with perfect success — on this estancia, are traps, similar to the
fox-traps used at home, tliough not quite so large or strong.
These are inspected once or twice every night and once again in
the morning. At first, some nights will give a biscacha for every
trap, but as they diminish all except two or three of the runs are
closed, and the superfluous traps carried on to the next biscachero.

The number of burrows in a biscachero rarely exceeds forty or
fifty, and one of that size occupies about three or four hundred
square yards; but their usual dimensions are about one-third of
that area. On averaging twenty biscacheros in one locality, I
found they contained thirty -five denizens each; and yet of these
twenty only four were large ones, while some two or three
consisted of only one or two burrows each. But as for giving an
idea of the ramifications of an old biscachero, it can only be done
by comparing it to a labyrinth, — such are the number and extent
of its excavations. Where the ground permits of it (i.e., where
the elevation of the land above the sea exceeds six feet), there are
sometimes three tiers of burrows in the subterranean colony.
It is said they always dig down to water, but as yet I have failed
to verify the statement. Where three or four passages meet, there
is generally a large excavation, known as a "sala" (Spanish hall),
and in these " salas " the biscachas congregate in event of any
drowning or digging out.

Their most curious habit is the collection of sticks, bones, dry
thistle stalks, bois de vaclie, etc., etc.; which debris is scattered over
the biscachero, never taken into the burrows. Naturally, there
are many stories extant of lost watches, pocket-books, and other
valuable articles having been recovered by examining all the
biscacheros in the vicinity; but practically speaking, such cases
can but be unusual, for it is only when the loss occurs in the
immediate neighbourhood of a biscachero that it is worth while
looking for it there. An old native who had watched their method
of collecting all this rubbish, described it as being done in a very
desultory manner. A biscacha would find a stick or a bone at
some yards distance, and after dragging it a short way towards
the biscachero would tire of it and leave it, till another repeated
the operation — gambolling and jumping about with it; so
sometimes two or three nights would elapse before the article
reached its destination.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 139

The biscacha breeds twice in the year, in Marcli or April, and
in August or September, — corresponding to autumn and spring, —
and the litter is two or three in number. The young do not
seem to leave the burrows till they are about six weeks old ; at
least I premise so from never having shot or trapped them under
that age.

Their cry is almost indescribable, consisting of the most
extraordinary combination of squealing, grunting, and braying
conceivable, and is uttered in a most ludicrous tone of vehement
indignation and execration. I have known of natives belonging
to the upper provinces, who, in travelling south, had passed a
night in the vicinity of a biscachero, and consequently were kept
on the alert by these diabolical sounds. Jaguars they knew, and
pumas also, but from what unknown wild animals proceeded such
portentous sounds as these !

All biscachas will bite savagely when laid hold of, but an old
buck will also attack any one who impedes its road, following him
up in quick jumps ; and from the size of its incisors and muscular
configuration of its head, its bite is bad to contemplate and worse
to receive. I have also noticed that — in common with most
rodents — the wound is slow to heal, the teeth probably not being
clean.

Their appearance through the day is of very rare occurrence.
Where they are seldom disturbed, they emerge shortly before sun-
down, but in other cases not till dark. They see well at night,
but have not much power of vision through the day.

They swim pretty well, taking readily to the water if
pursued.

Notwithstanding the disproportionate length of its fore and
hind legs, a full-sized biscacha will run very rapidly for two or
three hundred yards, but after that it gives in all at once.

Their sense of smell is very small.

They are very tenacious of life, and it requires no light blow to
fracture the thick cranium they possess. In this respect they
present a strong contrast to the "Nutria," {Lutra brasiliensis,
Linn.?), for the skull of the latter is as fragile as that of the
former is massive.

Taking them on the whole, biscachas may be regarded as
rather stupid animals. No amount of trapping puts them on
their guard against the traps. When drowned out, it is true.

140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

they will bolt for the nearest biscachero, but if foiled there, they
either run about at random, or stop and look stupidly at their
pursuer till he hits them over the head.

Their flesh, unless when old, is excellent, closely resembling
that of the rabbit. But most people have a repugnance to
try it, probably prejudiced by the forbidding aspect of the
animal.

Their skins are almost worthless, and very difficult to separate
from the body ; so that their marketable value is no incentive to
their destruction.

Associated with the biscacha, we find the Brazilian or rabbit
owl (Pholeoptynx cimicularia), while the burrowing ground
woodpecker {Geositta cimicularia?) confidently digs its habitation
in the brow of one of the burrows. Foxes and wild dogs
frequently take up their abode in a biscachero, enlarging one of
the burrows for that purpose. I have also found tiger cats
(Fells tigrina, Linn.?), ''peludos" or armadilloes {Dasijpus villosus?),
two species of "comadrejas" or opossums {Didelphi?), polecats
{Viverra me})hitis, Linn.?), and various species of rats and mice,
but never yet a snake, under any circumstances.

Li some parts of the province a species of small wild melon,
pretty indeed, but bitter to the taste, is common, growing
frequently upon the biscacheros, but the biscachas do not seem to
eat it, nor yet is there any association to be found between them,
as that half inferred by Proctor. Their staple food indeed con-
sists of succulent grasses and a trefoil called '' carretilla," but
when they can get at maize or wheat, they commit great
devastation among it.

In conclusion, though the biscacha is a very interesting rodent,
no landowner seems to appreciate it properly ; and I am afraid
that even the naturalist, whose horse has come down with a
sudden crash and shot the unwary rider over its head, sums up
his observations on it in a manner more emphatic and concise
than instructive !

30th January, 1877.

Mr James Barclay Murdoch, Vice-President, in the chair.
Mr James Smith was elected an ordinary member.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 141

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr Francis G. Biiinie exlnbited specimens of Chaetopteryxvillosaj
Fab., from the river Allander, near Milngavie. This is an
addition to the list of Trichoptera- given in the "Fauna and
Flora of the West of Scotland," Glasgow, 1876. It seems
to be the only British representative of the genus, which
numbers eight species in Europe, according to the recent mono-
graphic revision of M'Lachlan. This species is strictly autumnal
in its habits, but individuals have been captured as late as
November.

PAPERS READ.

I. — Observations on the Study of the Phytophagous Hymenoi^tera.

By Mr Peter Cameron.

Having often been asked privately for information regarding
the methods of studying the plant-feeding Hymenoptera, I have
thought that it might not be entirely useless to describe to the
members the instruments for capturing, manner of preserving
and rearing, as well as the books required for the study of
these tribes. I may, however, add, that I do not intend
to go very minutely into the general methods of collecting, etc,
for information on this subject is to be had in such works as
Knaggs' " Lepidopterist's Guide," but only to give some
practical hints that will be of use to the commencing
Hymenopterist.

First, then, with regard to their capture. The instruments
required for this purpose, consist of (1) a sweeping net, such as is
used by Coleopterists, with which the herbage, etc., is swept back-
wards and forwards, and in this way those species which are more
particularly attached to herbaceous plants may be obtained; (2) a
good stout alpaca umbrella of the " Sarah Gamp " order, to hold
inverted beneath trees and bushes, which are beaten over it, a
good sharp rap on a branch being sufficient. The insects are
thus collected in the open umbrella, the contents of which are
examined after a sufficient number of trees have been gone over,
and desirable specimens caught and placed in a collecting bottle.
(3) A light muslin net, such as is used by butterfly collectors,
may sometimes — and especially in very sunny weather — be
advantageously carried, but as a rule, the two articles just
mentioned will be found sufficient, for, generally speaking, any

142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

species seen flying (and it is very seldom that individual species
can be recognised on the wing) may be caught with the sweeping
net, unless it be made too heavy, or even with the hand or hat,
for the insects do not fly fast nor very far ; they usually alight
after a flight of 10 or 12 feet, and their movements can be followed
without much trouble. Many species frequent flowers, especially
Umbelliferae, Compositae, and Eanunculaceae, this being more
particularly the case with the species of Tenthredo, Allantus, and
Cephus, as well as with the parasitic Cynipidae (the latter
attaching themselves to Umbelliferae) but the Tenthredos and
AUanti do not frequent the flowers for the purpose of eating
pollen (although I believe they do eat it), but rather to prey on
other insects, some of them, e.g., Allantus notlms, Tenthredo
mesomela, being very carniverous, so that the collector must be
careful not to place them alive in a non-killing bottle or box
along with other insects.

Beating is most productive in the evening or during a dull day,
for if the weather is very bright, the creatures are continually on
the alert, never resting long in one place, and fly at once out of
the umbrella, unless the collector is very sharp. In the sunshine,
therefore, there is more chance of their capture with the sweep-
ing net, because it can be used with greater freedom, and the
flies cannot so readily make their escape. Many of the smaller
species — Blennocamjm, Phaenusa, among the sawflies, and most of
the Cynipidae, have a habit of tucking the wings, antennae, and
legs close to the body when disturbed, and of fallhig to the
ground as if dead, in which position they are very difficult
to see.

The best time for collecting sawflies in Scotland is during May,
June, and the early part of July. For the Cynipidae autumn
is most productive for the parasitic and inquiline species. Some
of the gall-makers appear very early, thus I have found species
of AphilotUrix in January, others in June and July, e.g.,
Trigonaspis megaptera, SpcUkogaster haccaruni. It may be added
that the species of both families live but a very short time in the
perfect state, and hence the collector has always to be upon the
move should he aspire to have a good collection.

The best collecting places are around the edges of woods where
brushwood is plentiful ; or in open clearings in woods ; along the
sides of fields and hedges, and in marshes among rushes and horse-

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 143

tails, where the species of Dolervs are mainly to be found. The
mountains yield a few species, but unless one happens to
be on them on a very calm day, and when the insects
have just emerged, there is not much chance of anything
being found.

Having caught the specimens, the next business is to have
them killed and brought home, and it is obvious that if these,
two processes can be combined, some trouble will be saved. This
I contrive to do in the following manner : — when caught, I place
at once the flies in a " killing bottle " formed of a wide-mouthed
bottle of strong glass, into which is placed half an ounce of
cyanide of potassium, over this is sprinkled some dry plaster of
Paris, and over that again a layer of wet plaster of Paris ;
whenever this has dried, and all superfluous moisture has been
wiped away, the bottle is ready for use. When properly prepared,
it will last for a couple of years, and this mode of killing will, I
think, be found one of the most convenient to use. But care
must be taken to keep it in the dark as much as possible, never in
the direct rays of the sun, or moisture will accumulate, and then
the insects will get spoiled. If kept quite dry it will not require
anything else inside, but if moist, small pieces of blotting paper,
or sawdust from which all fine dust has been removed, may be
placed in it. Furthermore, the insects must never be left beyond
a few hours in this bottle, or otherwise their colours are apt to
alter, yellow being changed to vermilion. I have never seen this
take place with wasps or sawflies, but it occurs very readily
with ichneumons, e.g., Bassus, more especially if they have only
recently been disclosed. And of course care must be taken that
the bottle will not fall into the hands of any ignorant person who
might injure himself with this deadly poison, although it is
difficult to see how this could be done unless it were used as a
drinking cup ! It will also be found of advantage to have a small
muslin bag attached to the cork of the bottle, for the purpose of
containing small Cynipidae, Chalcididae, etc., which are introduced
into the bag by means of a glass tube, or a quill inserted into the
cork, the quill or tube being also provided with a separate stopper.
By this method small insects are not so readily lost (by becoming
attached to the hairy bodies of bees, or otherwise damaged), nor
do they get wetted should the bottle contain moisture; while the
larger and commoner species are put into the bottle itself. By

144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

following this plan we get all the advantages of two bottles out of
one. In addition to carrying this bottle it will be as well to have
a few pill boxes or glass tubes for the purpose of holding any-
choice or rare specimens.

Besides having a tendency to discolour yellows if the specimens
are kept too long in it, cyanide tends to stiffen the limbs, and
this makes the " setting " of the insects a little troublesome, but
I avoid this by removing them at once into a damping dish (I use
a wide-mouthed glass) containing moistened sand, the specimens
being put upon this in a smaller glass or shell (a mussel will do),
and the whole covered in with a cork or damp cloth; by next
morning all the limbs, etc., are relaxed, and the insects are in
beautiful condition for setting.

Some prefer to bring home all their captures in tubes or
pill boxes, (and I admit that this is best in the case of bees),
or in a bottle with bruised laurel leaves, though small insects
are very apt to get lost among the pieces of laurel; or in
a box saturated wdth ammonia. Each of these methods has
its advocates, and the tyro must just find out by experience
which is the best ; after all, it is a matter of little moment
which plan is followed, provided that the specimens are
obtained in a state fit for examination. It must, however, be
stated that cyanide is not a good medium for killing aculeate
Hymenoptcra, as it renders them too stiff; they are best killed
with sulphur.

Having at length got the specimens killed and relaxed, the
next process is to prepare them for the cabinet. For this purpose
two methods may be followed : the flies may be pinned or set out
with gum tragacanth on card-board. Each of these plans has its
advantages and disadvantages; but there is this peculiarity
between them, that so far as the mere question of facility of
studying the specimens is concerned, it is a matter of little con-
sequence with the pinning process whether the specimens are
*'set" or not, i.e., whether the wings and legs are stretched out
by means of braces on a setting board, and allowed to remain
there until they have thoroughly dried in that position, or
whether the limbs are allowed to hang any way, there being
merely a pin stuck through the thorax, and nothing further
attempted. With either way all the parts can be examined ;
and it is obvious that if they are not set much time will be

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 145

saved the student, but on the other hand they do not look very
well ; there is no uniformity among them — they have in many
cases an unnatural appearance, and the peculiar fades of the
individual species is not so readily seized by the eye, so that if it
were only from an aesthetic point of view, proper setting is to be
recommended ; indeed, it is almost universally followed in this
country, and it may be added as universally neglected on the
Continent. But if the flies are to be carded, it is absolutely
necessary that the antennae, legs, wings, etc., be properly dis-
played, or the species in many cases cannot be identified. Besides,
it is not always easy to display on cardboard all the specific
characters, especially those on the underside ; but if they be set
a little on their sides, with only one wing gummed down — if care
be taken to show the mouth so that its colour, form of the cly-
peus, etc., may be visible; if one of the antennae be left loose (in
some species the underside differs in colour from the upper); if
one of the tarsi be left loose, so that the form of the claws can be
noted; and lastly, if properly prepared gum be used, and if it be
not too lavishly employed, there can be no difficulty experienced
in scrutinizing the species, while if these matters are neglected,
proportionate trouble will be met with. Carding possesses
advantages over pinning in so far that the specimens are not so
readily damaged ; they can be handled with greater freedom and
security; they do not become troubled with verdigris (and pinned
specimens are much aff'ected with it, and if so, can hardly be
cleaned); should they become dirty it is a simple matter to re-
card them, while it is almost impossible to repin a pinned
specimen without leaving an ugly hole in the thorax. As regards
speed there is not much diff'erence to choose between carding and
pinning ; with practice, forty or fifty may be set in an hour either
way; but in one respect carding has the advantage, viz. : — that
the specimens are ready for the cabinet in a day or two after being
arranged, while with the other method the specimens must remain
on the setting board from four to six weeks, according to the
species and state of the atmosphere.

It is obvious that if the smaller Braconidae, Chalcididae, Oxyura,
and Cynipidae are to be pinned, it is utterly impossible that the
limbs can be stretched out, and with some of the groups, unless
great care be taken, the structure and form of the thorax (an im-
portant part with Oxyura and Cynipidae) will be distorted, if not

VOL. III. K

146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

obliterated entirely. These, then, must be pinned with fine wire
from beneath (not above), and if it can be avoided, the point
should not project above the mesonotum at all. The wire is
then stuck into a piece of pith (that from the stalk of Jerusalem
artichokes will do), and through this pith an ordinary pin is driven,
by means of which it is placed in the cabinet. I possess a collection
of Continental Chalcididae and Cynipidae set on this plan, and I
am not quite sure but that for general study it is better for the
Micro-Hymenoptera than carding; it also saves time, for it is not
easy to spread out the organs of insects less than a line in length,
while if not properly carded the specimens are worthless. For
want of tliis care the type collections of Chalcididae, etc., made
and described by the late Francis Walker are an eyesore, and
scarcely of any value.

Should the student prefer to use pins, he ought to get long
ones, and place the specimens well up, as by this they are rendered
safe from the attacks of Psocidae, while also they can be better
examined. There can be no doubt that a collection of insects
set on long pins will last three times as long as one set on
short ones.

It may be added that the plan, advocated by the Rev. T. A.
Marshall, of washing over the card-board with a weak solution of
carbolic acid, is an effectual preventive from mites, etc., attacking
the insects mounted on the cards treated in this way; and it is
also a wise plan to wash over the cabinet and store boxes with
the same fluid.

Having said so much on the preparation of the perfect insects,
let us now say something regarding the larvae, a branch which,
notwithstanding its great interest, has been too much neglected.
It ought never to be forgotten that the mere naming of species
and the formation of a collection are but the A B C of entomology
leading on to the development and anatomy, without a knowledge
of which the student may truly be said to know nothing, no
matter how many species he may be able to name. The study of
the larvae of the Phytophagous Hymenoi)tera is, however, by no
means easy, for it is not at all a simple matter to rear them, this
being a good deal owing to the fact that they hibernate over the
winter. It is true that this does not apply to those species which
are double brooded, but still the first brood is, as a rule, much
smaller than the autumnal one, and in Scotland at least, there are

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 147

very few double brooded species. It seems, however, to be the
universal opinion that the larvae of Tenthredinidae and Cynipidae
are much more troublesome to rear than those of Lepidoptera ;
and it need scarcely be said that when their rearing is carried on
•in a large city, the difficulties of the investigation are enormously
increased. For instance, look how hard it is to get fresh food for
the larvae.

Tree or bush-feeding larvae may be obtained by beating the
foliage ove;* an umbrella. For those feeding on ground plants a
sweeping net is requisite, but it must be handled cautiously, for
they do not bear much rough handling, and more success will be
had with larvae picked off the plants by the hand than with those
obtained by the net. Of course, before this can be done success-
fully, a knowledge must be gained, in the first place, of the food
plant; and in the second place, of the peculiar habits of the
larvae, which can only be acquired through observation and
experience. For example, some larvae, can only be found during
the night, never during the day time ; others have a peculiar
habit of resting curled up in a ring on the underside of the leaf,
scarcely visible at all from above; and whenever any thing comes
near, down they drop at once to the ground, where they are lost
among the herbage. With such species the only plan is to place
the open hand cautiously beneath the leaf and gently tap it, when
the creature will at once drop down. Searching by hand is not
always tedious work, for most larvae are more or less gregarious,
and wherever one is discovered more will without doubt be
found.

Inter alia it may be noted that sawfly larvae devour the leaves
differently from those of Lepidoptera. They eat in a cleaner
manner, either making an oval or oblong cut in the edge, or in
the centre, and they cut through most of the nerves, while cater-
pillars eat the leaves in a ragged, irregular fashion, generally
leaving the nerves standing. By watching for these indications
of their presence, I have often been enabled to detect larvae
hitherto unknown to me.

In attempting to rear larvae at home, the methods recommended
in such works as that of Knaggs, already referred to, will do.
The great secret is to keep the creatures in as natural conditions
as possible, but of course this is not always easy. Whether they
be kept in flower pots, jam pots, or bottles, they should not be

U8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

kept too dry nor too moist ; if the former, they do not eat
readily, and appear not to be able to secrete sufficient silk to
make the cocoons ; if the latter, they suffer from diarrhoea. If
the right conditions are obtained, it is generally possible to get
them to spin up, so here it is that a knowledge of their habits
becomes of use, and fortunately the various divisions follow more
or less the same manner of pupation.

To commence with the larger species, the Cimhicides, whose
larvae are readily known by their large size (generally over one
inch), the colour greenish, with or without green or bluish stripes,
and dusted over with a white powdery substance. They fasten
their cocoons to the bark of the trees which they frequent, and
hence no mould is required in their breeding cages ; they spin
them readily enough to the sides, or to the cocoons already formed.
Abia, however, pupates in the earth. So also with the Hylotomides,
which will spin on the sides of the cages or in moss.

The Nematides are the easiest of all to rear. They are easily
recognised by having only fourteen ventral legs, slender forms,
and generally they feed more or less gregariously along the edge
of a leaf. They will spin in mould, moss, or cocoa-nut fibre, the
last to be preferred as the cleanest, and not so liable to mould.
To the larger species (Croesus, etc.) it is desirable to give
roomy cages, as they have a habit of throwing the after part of
the body about in all directions, and often as many as eight to
ten feed on a single leaf. Willow, birch, gooseberry, hawthoru,
grasses, are the commonest food j^lants. To this group belong
most of the gallmakers, which are not difficult to rear if the galls
be kept fresh as long as the inhabitants are feeding. Some of the
Nematides change colour at the last moult, throwing oft' all mark-
ings, hairs, tubercles, and becoming of a uniform colour.

The Blennocamjndes are very small, mostly slimy and slug-
like, or covered with spines. They aftect willows, oaks, roses,
and fruit trees. They spin in the ground.

The larvae of Emphjius, Taxonus, Poecilosoma, etc., have long
slender bodies, 2 2 -footed, and when at rest {Emj^hytus at least)
remain sitting rolled up on the under surface of the leaf, with the
tail turned up from the centre of the ball. They feed on rosaceous
plants as a rule, and it is to be noted that they do not spin cocoons
nor go down to the earth to spin, but bore into the jjith of the
plant which they frequent, as with EnijjhT/fus cindiis, or if they be

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 149

feeders on herbaceous plants they bore into various other plants
with stems thick enough to contain them. If nothing else is
supplied they will form a neatly rolled cell in the earth, but it is
better to provide them with cut bramble stems, or what will do
equally well, with corks into which they will bore.

Those of Tenthredo, AUantus, and Dokrus, require mould. They
feed on willows, birches, or herbaceous plants (ScrojjJmlaria,
Umbelliferae, etc.) They are very difficult to rear, and com-
paratively few of their histories are known.

The Lydides either live solitarily in rolled up leaves, or spin
leaves together in company. They are not easy to breed, and
pupate in the earth.

The best time for larvae is during the autumn, from August to
October. Some species occur early (e.g., Blennocampa Uneolata in
June), more particularly those which are double brooded, and
these should be especially sought after, for they are easily reared,
the whole j)eriod of their transformations only lasting five or six
weeks, while the autumnal broods remain as larvae over the
winter till the spring, and it is during this time that havoc is
made in their numbers ; it may be owing to too much dryness,
too much moisture, mould, or want of vitality in the creatures
themselves.

If possible, a collection of the larvae should be made, and this
is not difficult, as the only method available is to preserve them
in spirit or some other fluid, for they cannot be inflated and dried
like some of the Lepidoptera. I have tried various fluids, and
have no hesitation in recommending Goadby's fluid as one of the
best and least expensive. If this be used, care must be taken to
put good corks in the bottles or tubes employed, or otherwise the
salt will evaporate and accumulate in a crust round the cork ;
should this happen the fluid of course gets deteriorated. A
mixture of glycerine and alcohol will also do, but I have not
much experience of it.

We pass now to the gallmaking Cynipidae. In order to rear
these with any success, it is absolutely necessary that the galls
should only be gathered after they have become fully developed,
when most of the moisture and sap has disappeared, and the
enclosed larvae have ceased feeding. It is to be remarked that
the gallmaking Cynipidae feed only on the juice (which seems to
contain a good deal of starch) while the sawfly gallmakers feed on

150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the cellular substance. If this rule be neglected, there is no
chance of any of the tenants being reared. The galls may be
kept either in wide-mouthed glass bottles, or in jam-pots covered
with glass (the top of the pot having been ground down so as to
allow the glass to fit closely) ; great care must be taken to see,
before placing the galls in the pots, that all superfluous moisture
has evaporated, or otherwise they will turn mouldy; but, on the
other hand, if they be kept too dry the creatures will perish, so
that between the one extreme and the other it is not easy to hit
the happy medium. With very succulent galls, it is necessary
to expose them to the air of a room before placing them in the
breeding jar, or otherwise they are sure to turn mouldy, and
even after they have been put into the receptacle it is as well to
take off its lid now and again.

In rearing gallflies I have succeeded well by following the plan
here described : I take a pickle bottle, put the galls at the bottom,
securing them there by some contrivance, cover the mouth with
a piece of muslin, and then place the bottle mouth downwards in
earth, which is moistened regularly; by this method I reared
Neurotenis lenticularis from galls plucked in July long before
they were developed. Or this plan may be reversed by placing
mould at the bottom and the galls at the top, the mould being
moistened occasionally. It may be added, however, that the
galls of Neurotenis are found in abundance developed beneath
oaks in the spring, and they need not be collected till then.

In breeding from galls one word of caution is required; it is
that the greatest care must be taken that every gall is kept in a
distinct bottle, and that all unnecessary leaves, twigs, etc., be re-
moved, or confusion is certain to arise, not only among the gall-
makers themselves, but erroneous observations may be made on
the innumerable parasites and inquilines ; for, fortunately or un-
fortunately, all galls are infested with them to an astonishing
degree, and they form one of the most interesting chapters in the
history of the gallmakers.

The dried galls are best mounted on stiff cardboard, or they
may be kept separately in pill boxes.

There is little to be said about the parasitic Cynipidae, for the
very good reason that very little is known about them, and they
offer a wide field for the observing naturalist. They seem to be
attached mostly to Diptera and Aphidae.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW.

151

To guide the student, I have drawn up the following list of the
food plants of the Tenthredinidae and Cynipidae. In this list,
those having gallmakers are marked* leaf miners*^, and those
frequented by unknown species t: —

Clematis Vitalba

erecta

Ranunculus bulbosus

0-

t-

*

:^

repens

Ficaria

Aquilegia vulgaris
Berberis vulgaris
Papaver Ehaeas
dubium

Daucus Carota

Brassica campestris, var.

Napus and Rapa
Sinapis arvensis
Sisymbrium officinale
t Cardamine pratensis

Hypericum perforatum
t Viola palustris
0 Tilia parvifolia and
Europaea
Geranium Robertianum
Impatiens Noli-me-tangere
* o Acer pseudo-platanus

o campestre

t Sarothamnus scoparius
t Trifolium pratense and

t repens
t Lotus corniculatus
Robinia pseudo-acacia
Prunus communis, etc.

— padus

o Rubus idaeus

— fruticosus, etc.
Pyrus Aucuparia, communis,

etc.
Crataegus Oxyacantha

if o -

Cotoneaster vulgaris
fComarum palustre
* t Rosa canina, etc.

*

— Eglanteria

— centifolia

* spinosissima

0 Agrimonia Eupatoria
'^ Potentilla reptans
t Fragaria vesca

Geum urbanum

Spiraea Ulmaria
t Alchemilla vulgaris

Circaea lutetiana

Ribes Grossularia

montana

Pastinaca sativum

Aegopodium Podagraria

Bupleurum falcatum

Heracleum Sphondylium

Anthriscus sylvestris

Sambucus nigra and racemosa

Viburnum Opulus

Lonicera Xylosteum

Symphoricarpus racemosus
t Valeriana officinalis

Scabiosa succisa
tPetasites vulgaris
t Solidago Virgaurea

* Centaurea Scabiosa and Jacea
Achillea Millefolium

* Hieracium sylvaticum

* Campanula Trachelium

* Rhododendron

* Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea
t Myrtillus

152

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Lysimachia vulgaris
Fraxinus exelsior
Syringa vulgaris
Ligustrum vulgare
Jasmin um *

* Vinca minor

'^ Verbascum nigrum

* Scorzonera humilis
Scrophularia nodosa

t Veronica Beccabunga, offici-
nalis and chamaedrys

* t Nepeta Glechoma

Stachys erecta
fPlantago major, media, etc.
t Chenopodium album
t Polygonum Bistorta, Avicu-

lare, etc.
t Rumex Acetosella, acutus, etc.
t Euphorbia
tUrtica dioica
o Ulmus campestris and mon-

tana

* 0 Populus trcmula and nigra

* 0 Salix — most of the species

Betula alba

Alnus glutinosa and alba

t Myrica Gale

Fagus sylvatica

Corylus Avellana

Carpinus Betulus
1 0 Quercus — most of the species
+ Juniperus communis
+ Pinus sylvestris

Abies communis
t Taxus baccata
t Iris Pseud-acorus
t Agraphis nutans
t Asparagus officinalis

Convallaria multiflora
t Narthecium ossifragum

Carex — various species
t Triticum repens, etc.
tFestuca pratensis, etc.
t Poa — various species

Bromus — various species

Phragmites communis
t Aspidium Filix mas
t Asplenium Filix-foemina
^ Pteris aquilina
t Equisetum limosum

Eucalyptus

II. — On the Natural History of Donegal, tvlth some account of its
Archaeology. By Mr James A. Mahony, Corresponding
Member.

A glance at a map of Donegal will show that it is a county of
considerable extent, generally very hilly, and with a coast line of
the most irregular character.

Lough Swilly, Mulroy bay, and Sheephaven, are arms of the
sea penetrating southwards from the Atlantic for 12 to 16 miles,
and which modify the climate so much that when snow falls,
as it does only rarely, it never lies, but disappears in a very
short time.

These deep fiords with their marine fauna and flora ; the coast
outside beaten by the Atlantic surge ; the numerous fresh water

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 153

loughs, many of them of considerable size ; the bogs, mountains,
woods, marshes, sands, and cultivated ground, all together
present a variety of conditions most favourable to the student of
natural history. ,

I propose now briefly to describe the general Natural History
of the county, giving some account of the Geology, Botany,
Zoology, and Archaeology of the districts, but reserving more
special references to points of interest for some future occasion.

Geology. — The distribution of the primary and metamorphic
rocks composing the "back-bone" of county Donegal, calls for
no special remark. In very local patches and in very small
quantities the more valuable minerals and metals occur, but
although companies have been formed to develop the so-called
mineral wealth, smokeless chimneys and unsightly ruins are all
the results which mark the site of conspicuous failure.

Lead, copper, and silver have been at various times sought for,
but though found to exist, they were not in such quantities as
would pay.

Occasional specimens of gold are found in the quartz, and
Mr Harte, county surveyor, has obtained numerous garnets from
Gweedore district.

The post-tertiary deposits are everywhere met with, and are often
full of interest. The boulder clay is general over the county, but,
unlike its equivalent near Glasgow, is usually an agglomeration of
sand and hunch-backed pebbles and large stones ; tough, stony clay,
like the " till " of the West of Scotland, does not exist, so far as I
know. It is largely developed on the northern coast at Bloody
Foreland, where it forms the sea-cliff 100 feet in height, the matrix
being a drab-coloured clay. Overlying the boulder-clay in many
places can be seen a coarse gravel, highly charged with peroxide of
iron, and, where this is overlaid by turf, the stratum of gravel in
contact with the turf is seen to be white instead of a reddish
colour like the rest. This appears to be caused by the
deoxidation of the iron by the organic matter of the turf. I
may here mention that bog iron ore is to be found wherever the
land is most bleak and barren. Hundreds of tons of this bos
ore are shipped annually from Donegal, mostly to Liverpool and
London, where it is used for the purification of gas instead of
lime, than which it is reported to be more effectual in removing
ammonia and sulphur.

154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Along the shores of Lough Swilly a light blue clay is found about
forty feet above the present sea level. It contains numerous
fragments of shells, mostly recent species, and seems to mark the
old sea-beach. In one bed, a mile from Ramelton, where the clay
is used for brickmaking, I got a part of a deer's horn, which is
very completely fossilized, and from the evidence the specimen
itself presents, I have no doubt it was used at one time as a small
pick These post-glacial and recent clays require working up in
the north of Ireland.

Bog is the surface deposit over a large portion of the county. In
some places I have found it as much as twenty feet deep, and trees
occur abundantly, the fir being more frequent than the oak. I
was surprised on visiting, some time ago, Inniskeragh (an island
in the Eosses district, west of Torry), to find the sea beating
against a seven-feet cliff of bog. I could trace patches of it, too,
below the water, and each wave had a peaty fringe — the debris
torn from shore and sea bottom. In different places round
these Eosses islands the stumps of trees can be seen sub-
merged, and further west, the structures known as "smelting
pots," and which were used some centuries ago for reducing
iron, have been seen from a boat on a calm day in three fathoms
of water.

There can be no doubt that these facts point to a comparatively
recent depression of the land, and from all I have observed, the
depression is still going on, although at no place have I found the
phenomena so marked as in the Eosses district.

Botany. — The influence of plant life in modifying geological
conditions is not so often referred to nor so well understood as
its influence in modifying climate. An instance of the former
came under my notice last summer, in Fannctt, thirteen miles
north of Eamelton. The shores of that district are very sandy,
and no part of them more so than Glassagh, so that the kelp
made from the seaweed cast in there brought only a low price.
However, some years ago the Earl of Leitrim planted all the
bare sand above high water mark with "bent," and ever since
then the sand of the shore has been gradually disappearing, till
now it consists of clean stretches of granite rock and beautiful
pebbly strands, enabling the cottars to secure the weed free from
sand, and get the highest price for their produce. The rationale
of the change is this : — The small river which flows into , the

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 155

Atlantic there was constantly detaching the sand from its banks
and carrying it, as also the clouds of sand blown into it by every
breeze, down to the sea. The sea, thus perennially fed, cast up
the sand all along the shore. The bent now holds the sand
together, and already has provided enough vegetable soil by its
decay to permit of the growth of a sort of sward composed of
Viola tricolor, Anthyllis vulneraria, Erqdium cicutariurriy some coarse
grasses, and some of the arenaceous mosses. The consequence
is that the stream, even in winter, comes down uncontaminated,
and the sea — no longer fed as of yore — has washed the Glassagh
shore down to its rocky base.

On this same Fannett coast the marine algae may be studied
"without much effort, as every tide washes in very perfect speci-
mens of many of the deep sea species ; while the rock pools are
brilliant with CladopJwrae, Chyloclacliae, and PohjsipJioniae. I never
saw anywhere such an abundance of Coclium tomentosum ; and
Laurencia pinnaUfida is also to be found in every pool. The
economic uses of the algae, decried as useless by old Virgil, is
well illustrated here in early summer. In May the old frond of
Laminaria digitata becomes constricted, and is pushed off by the
new frond, and the first storm drives in masses of this weed,
forming often a bank four or five feet in depth. The natives call
this, in Erse, the scie weagli, meaning the "May fleece," and
when it is coming in, the scene along shore is an animated one.
In one bay I have counted seventy carts, the horses up to the
girths in the sea, and men and girls round about forking up the
precious crop, which is then spread out above high water mark
and dried, and thereafter burned into kelp. About 400 tons of
kelp are made in this Fannett district, which has a coast line of
only six miles; and these 400 tons imply the gathering and
saving of 8,500 tons of wet seaweed. 2,000 tons more are
secured for manure — the farmers coming seven or eight miles
for it when the scie iveagh is in.

There is another busy time when the " harvest weed " comes
ashore. This may arrive any time from the beginning of
August till the end of September, but the weed then consists
of the variety stenophylla of Laminaria digitata. I think this
variety should be elevated to the rank of a species, for, apart
from its structural differences, it ripens at a different season ; it
sheds not only its frond but also a portion of the stipes in-

156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

variably ; and its chemical constitution is entirely different from
the true L. digitata.

Many tons of Chondrus crisjnis and Gigartina mammillosa are also
collected on this shore. After being bleached and dried they form
the article of commerce called " Carrageen moss," used largely in
stiffening cloth, and as an article of food. It is sometimes the
principal ingredient in so called " calves'-foot jelly."

Leaving the shore, and going further west to Cloghaneely and
Rosses, one cannot but be struck by the abundance of the Eoyal
Fern, Osmunda regalis. Instead of being the nearly extirpated rarity
it is in the Clyde valley, it is here a common weed, fringing with
its beautiful fronds the wayside ditches, and in marshy grounds
growing in clumps, like a little forest. It is not beloved of
farmers, for in their system it is classed with rushes, "fog"
(mosses), and Marsh Marygold, which are all to be banished by
drainage " when the times mend." Ferns, generally, are not so
sjpecifically numerous as in Scotland. One looks in vain for
Allosorus crispus, Polyj^odium dryopteris, Aspidium loncliitis, Opliio-
glossum vidgatum, etc., but within fifteen minutes' walk of Ramelton
can be seen Ceterach qfficinarum, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Osmunda
regalis, Scolopendrium vulgare, Hymenophyllum wilsoni, and H.
tanhridgense, while Polypodium phegopteris and Aspidkmi oreopteris
occur near Mulroy bay. Asplenium marinum is found here and
there near the shore, but is not common.

The Holly (Ilex aguifolium) is in remarkable profusion all about
Ramelton, and this, with the luxuriant clothing of ivy over the
trunks of old oaks, makes bits of fresh colour which the eye
delights to rest on all the year round. All this holly, I am
convinced, is natural, growing, as it does, on nearly every spot of
rough land, on the rocky river-banks, and in all the woods; but it
is noticeable that only the plants growing in the open bear berries,
those in the woods being, mth a very rare exception, infertile.

In the vicinity of this village is a good example of a natural
wood, called " Drumonaghan planting," though the substantive
is a misnomer. None but truly indigenous trees are to be found,
and many of the oaks and elms are evidently very old. In another
natural wood at Ballyconly, three miles northwards, grows that
rare orchid, the Aceras antliropopliora or Green Man-orchis. In all
the rivers and lochs one cannot fail to meet the yellow and white
water-lilies, and the splendid spikes of the cat's-tail {Typlia latifolia)

/•

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 157

adorn the marshy shallows. The mosses would well repay
working np, but I have not looked into them yet. Meantime I
append a list of the rarer flowering plants and ferns occurring near
Ramelton.

Zoology. — A sail to Torry island on a calm day in summer
would delight the heart of the student of marine zoology. On
leaving the shore, the boat glides over a stretch of laminaria-
covered bottom, only a few fathoms deep, and through the clear
water can be seen the large sea-urchin, Echinus sphaera, prowling
over the brown seaweed in the society of numerous star-fishes.
Further on you may pass through a shoal of thousands of
Medusae, and out in the deep water of the vSound of Torry
you are almost sure to meet a shoal of Dog-fish (Spinax acanthias) if
the weather is fine. On one occasion we were able to strike them
with oars, so numerously were they swimming on the surface,
with half of the back out of the water as they sported in hundreds
round about. On that same trip, when near the Torry shore, I saw
for the first time the beautiful zoophyte, Cyclippe inleus. As
these little creatures extended and drew up their long tendril-
like tentacles, glowing all the while in bright colours in the
evening sunlight, they seemed far more beautiful in the great
ocean aquarium than when within the limits of a glass case.

The estuarine shores of Lough Swilly yield numerous species
of mollusca, and which have been well wrought out by the
Rev. Mr Falconer of Rathmullan. In some places, as at
Fort-Stewart and Ballgreen, the whole littoral zone is covered
with the shells of Anomia epMpinum and Fecten striatus, locally
called '' Leitrigans," while thousands of valves of the oyster,
Ostrea eduUs, recall the days when that succulent bivalve could
be bought here for threepence per hundred !

In the river Leannan, which flows into Lough Swilly, the
salmon-fishing is prolific enough to justify a local merchant
in papng <£500 a year for the privilege of netting. The fishing
lasts from February till August, this being what is called an
early river. I took the temperature of the water for a season,
and found it to be a few degrees higher, on an average, than
that of some other Irish rivers where the salmon is later.

As for Mammalia, the Otter (Lutra milgaris) is too common
in the river Leannan, preying on the salmon, of which it eats only
a mouthful or two from the back. The Squirrel (Sciuriis

158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

vulgaris) is not recorded as occurring in the North of Ireland,
but I saw it twice in Drumonaghan wood in 1875. I have heard
that Lord George Hill of Ballyarr kept some in confinement
some time ago, and it may be that those I saw were " escapes"
from his place, but I have not been able to confirm the truth
of this.

We have the Stoat {Mustela ermmea), and also a smaller
member of the genus, lighter in colour, and with no black tuft
on the end of the tail. A specimen of the latter will be
submitted to the Society shortly, to determine whether it is the
M. vulgaris or not.

The Pine Marten (Maries abietum) is sometimes spoken of as the
"Ferret," and is seen now and again. Mr Samuel Stewart of the
Eooghan followed one for a considerable distance not long ago,
but had no means of capturing it. He says they are in the habit
of taking possession of nests abandoned by the Magpie. He saw,
he informs me, a pair of Badgers (Meles taxus) in the gap of
Barnes — a rocky pass, ten miles from this — and one at Lough
Salt, about the same distance in a more easterly direction.

It seems to be true, so far as my experience goes, that there are
no moles, toads, nor snakes in Ireland.

Captain Pepper, now of Castlebar, informs me that he got
specimens of the old British or Black Rat {Mus rattus) in an
island in Mulroy bay, about four miles from Eamelton. I
purpose endeavouring to confirm this during the summer.

Donegal can give a good account of birds, from the lordly
Eagle downwards. The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetus) has been
shot often; one was captured alive near Dunfanagby, and is now
in the possession of Mr Alford of Falcaragh. Mr Hill of Eamel-
ton has had a Peregrine Falcon (Falco i)eregrinus) in a cage for
many months, and it seems hearty and contented; the Merlin
(Falco aesalon) I have been able to keep living for four months in
confinement, feeding it on raw beef, and some of my neighbours
have succeeded in making tolerable j^cts of the Barn Owl
{Strix flammea), and of another species which agreed best with
the description of the Tawny Owl (Sgrnium aluco) ; it was neither
the Barn Owl nor the Long-eared Owl. The Eaven (Corvus corax)
builds near Malinhcad, and an occasional pair of these birds are
seen at Innistrahull and the coast round about. Some years ago
they were frequent visitors here, and Mr Eobert Greer of Aughnish

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 159

shot one after he had seen it, he says, lift an egg in its bill
which had been dropped by a duck, and hide it some distance
off in a " cow-track," — that is, a depression in the ground caused
by the cow's feet. This bird used to be seen about Ramelton,
but not since 1858, when one was well known for its capturing
stray fowls, but always escaped the gun.

As for the birds near at hand, there is a sufficient variety to
maintain one's interest in these charming neighbours. The Song
Thrush {Turdus musicus) makes musical the dawn and the gloam-
ing, from February on till the middle of April. One particularly
fine performer sings from a horse-chesnut in the garden, and with
such effect that the village folk will come over sometimes,
specially to hear what they call " the Irish nightingale," though
in other parts of Ireland that title is given only to the Sedge
Warbler {Salicaria ]jhmcjinitis). The Magpie {Pica caiidata) is
constantly with us, and a colony of Jackdaws (Corviis monedida)
builds in some of the old chimneys. The Wren (Troglodytes vul-
garis), Bullfinch (Pyrrhula vulgaris), and Swallow {Rirundo nistica)
build about the place, and we are infested with Blackbirds {Turdus
menda). In the winter you may see any day on the river behind
my house the Common Heron (Ardea cinerea), the Water-hen
{Gallinula chloropus), and the Cormorant {Phalocrocorax carlo) ;
while in early summer, or sometimes even on a winter's day,
one may mark the gleam of the Kingfisher (Alcedo isjnda) in his
swift flight up the stream. Widgeon (Anas penelope), Teal (Anas
crecca), and Bernicle geese (under which name are known both
Anser torquatus and A. leucopsis) frequent the muddy flats of the
Swilly in winter, and are shot in numbers by those enthusiastic
enough to lie out all night in a flat-bottomed boat.

Archaeology. — By the student of antiquity this county of
Donegal is held in reverence, as the birthplace of Saint Columb,
and numerous are the legends connecting him with every hill
and island and lough.

The island of Torry is said to have been the scene of his mis-
sionary labours and miraculous exploits ; but be that as it may,
it is full of interest to the antiquary.

Besides two old crosses — one of them of limestone, which must
have been brought from a great distance — and the ruins of a
preaching station, it contains a round tower in fair preservation.
This round tower is of small dimensions — the height not exceed-

IGO PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ing 51 feet, while the diameter is 17 feet 2 inches. It is built
of red granite boulders, seemingly untouched by chisel or hammer,
and every little crevice is most carefully built in with smaller
stones and chips, so that even without the shelly lime, which
has been used only in small quantity, the structure would be
most substantial and firm. Irish round towers are all, indeed, so
carefully built, and resist so effectually climatic influences, that
the poet speaks of them as "the conquerors of time; " and when
one was blown down a few years ago, it lay unbroken at length
and entire on the ground like a huge cannon.

In the districts of Fannett and EossguU shell-mounds can be
counted by the score ; the most typical being in the latter
quarter. To reach them you start from' the village of Carrigart,
the journey then being over a sandy waste about two miles
broad, on which the landlord has considerately placed finger posts
to guide the traveller. After other two miles of rocky land are
got over you arrive at Dundoan, and here the shell mounds are
frequent. They are invariably near the shore and above high
water mark, being readily recognisable even some distance away
by their rising in rounded outline eight or nine feet above the
level of the sandy shore. They all contain heaps of rough stones,
which may be the remains of the hut, but the bulk of the mound
is composed of the shells of such edible molluscs as Littorina
littorea, Patella vulgaris, Buccimmi undatum, Ca,rdium edule, and
Cardium echinatum. Bones also of horse, cow, sheep, and pig are
common, and almost always split up, an entire bone being rare.
Fragments of stone bearing the marks of fire are the only other
remains indicative of man's presence. These shell mounds are
less rich in remains than those of the Hebrides, some of
which I described in a paper read before the Society on March
29th, 1870.

As to the age of these Donegal kitchen-middens, I would not
be disposed to claim for them a high antiquity. That they are
not of yesterday, however, is clear from the fact that on the shore
adjacent neither periwinkles nor limpets can now be ^ot, and the
oldest inhabitant has no tradition even of the origin of the mounds.

They probably mark the site of the summer residence of
Donegal folk of the fifteenth or sixteenth century, who annually
left their mountain pastures to eke out their scanty food supply
by laying under contribution the shell-fish of Mulroy water.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. IGl

Of greater age, generally, are the lake dwellings or " cranno-
ges," of which there are a few examples in this neighbourhood.
Owing to the extensive drainage which has being going on during
the last few years in Ireland, the level of the lakes has been
lowered, and thus have been revealed some of these old dwellings
long lost to sight. These crannoges are small islands, built upon
piles, entirel}^ in the water, and surrounded by a stockade driven
into the bed of the lake, and bound together by horizontal beams
of oak, which were morticed to the piles, and on them seem to
have been erected the dwellings and other buildings of the
inhabitants. One such has recently been exposed in Portlough,
on the other side of Fort-Stewart, four miles from Eamelton. The
island in the centre of this lough rests on piles, and several objects
connecting it with man have been discovered. In the crannoges
there are generally found a few large slabs of stone, which seem
to have been used as hearth-stones. They would indicate that
there was only one kitchen for the island, for here are found the
bones of sheep, oxen, deer, and fish. In Lough Columbkille, near
Milford, there is a small island which may be an example of the
lake dwelling, as there are apparent signs of a causeway out to the
island, and the stones which are heaped on it have evidently been
placed there by man.

The Swiss lake dwellings are certainly much more ancient than
these Irish crannoges, for flint arrow heads and stone celts form a
notable proportion of the remains found in them, but the imple-
ments associated with the Irish lake dwellings are mostly of iron.
Moreover, there is documentary evidence of the occupation of
lake fortresses in the time of Elizabeth, and of some at an even
later date. The following passage is from a letter, dated 1567, in
answer to an enquiry from the English Government as to what
castles or forts O'Neill had, and " of what strength they be " : —

"For castles I think it be not unknown to y"^ honours he

trusteth no point thereunto for his safety, as appeareth by the

raising of the strongest castles of all his countreys, and that

fortifications he only dependeth upon is in sartin fresh icater loghes

in his countrey, which from the sea there cometh neither shippe

nor boat to approache them. It is thought then in the said

fortified islands lyeth all his plate, which is much, and many

prisoners. The islands hath in war before been attemptid, and
VOL. IIL L

1G2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

now of late again by the L*' deputy Sir Harry Sydney, which
for want of means for safe conduct upon the water it hath not
prevailed."

This district is rich in paleolithic remains. Three miles hence,
near to Milford, are two cromlechs; on a hill in the townland
of Gortnavern, overlooking Kerrykeel, is an excellent example,
spoken of by the country people as "the giant stones;" near
Cranford, six miles away, there are three cromlechs ; half a mile
from Gortahork is another, which I stumbled on quite by accident.
Their general character is the same throughout. On two, or
sometimes three, large boulders rests a massive slab, often four
or five tons in weight, but generally of the same geological
character as the smaller supporting stones, whether grey granite
or gneiss. It is difficult to conceive how these early people
lifted and placed such ponderous stones, and difficult, too, to
determine the purpose to which they were devoted. In some
cases fragments of what appeared to be a funeral urn was found
in the soil adjacent, which would indicate that the cromlechs
were intended to mark the last resting place for the ashes of
some hero, but they probably were also used for sacrifice as
altar stones. I hope to return to the more minute discussion
of some of the subjects referred to in this general sketch at
some future time.

I. — The Birds of County Donegal.*

(Some on the authority of Mr Hill of Ramelton),

Golden Eagle, . . . Aquila chrysaetus (Linnaeus). Captured near

Dunfanaghy.
Peregrine Falcon, . . Falco peregrinus, Gmelin. Captured near

Creeslough.
Kestrel, .... Falco tinnunculus, Lin. Woods at Eamelton.
Merlin, .... Falco acsalon, Gmelin. Chiragh.
Sparrow Hawk, . . Accipter nisus (Linnaeus). Moyle Hill.
White or Barn Owl, . Strix flammea, Linnaeus.
Tawny Owl, . . . Syrinum aluco (Linnaeus).
Pied Flycatcher, . . Muscicapa atricapilla, Linnaeus.
Dipper, .... Cinclus aqiiaticuSj Bechstein. Common on

river Leannan.

* The nomenclature followed is that of Harting's Handbook of British Birds,
London, 1872.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW.

163

O".

Songthrush, .

Fieldfare,

Blackbird,

Eing Ouzel,

Hedge Sparrow,

Redbreast,

Stonechat,

Wheatear,

Garden Warbler,

Chiff Chaff, .

Common Wren,

Blue Titmouse,

Long-tailed Titmouse

Pied Wagtail,

Grey Wagtail,

Ray's Wagtail

Tree Pipit,

Sky Lark,

Shore Lark,

Yellow Buntin

Chaffinch,

Goldfinch,

Linnet, .

Twite,

House Sparrow

Greenfinch,

Bullfinch,

Starling, .

Raven, .

Carrion Crow,

Rook,

Jackdaw,

Magpie, .

Jay,

Green Woodpecker,

Cuckoo, .

Kingfisher,

Swallow, .

Martin, .

Sand Martin,

Swift, .

Ringdove or Woodpigeon,

Turdiis musicus, Linnaeus.

Turdus pilaris, Linnaeus. Very common.

Turdus merula, Linnaeus.

Turdus torquatus, Linnaeus. On river Leannan.

Accentor modularis (Linnaeus).

Erythaca rubecula (Linnaeus).

Saxicola ruhicola (Linnaeus).

Saxicola aenanthe (Linnaeus).

Sylvia- hortensis (Gmelin).

Phyllopneuste rufa (Latham).

Troglodytes parvulus, Koch.

Parus meruleus, Linnaeus.

Acredula rosea (Blyth).

Motacilla yarelli, Gould.

Motacilla hoarula, Latham.

Motacilla rayi, Bonaparte^

Anthus arboreus, Bechstein.

Alauda arvensis, Linnaeus.

Alauda alpestris, Linnaeus.

Emheriza citrinella, Linnaeus.

Fringilla coelehs, Linnaeus.

Fringilla carduelis, Linnaeus.

Linota cannahina (Linnaeus).

Linota fiavirostris (Linnaeus).

Passer domesticus (Linnaeus),

Coccothraustes chloris (Linnaeus).

Pyrrhula vulgaris, Temminck.

Sturnus vulgaris, Linnaeus.

Corvus corax, Linnaeus.

Corvus corone, Linnaeus.

Corvus frugilegus, Linnaeus.

Corvus monedula, Linnaeus.

Pica caudata, Fleming.

Garrulus glandarius (Linnaeus). Seen twice

at Kilmacrenan.
Picus viridis, Linnaeus.
Cuculus canorus, Linnaeus.
Alcedo ispida, Linnaeus.
Hirundo rustica, Linnaeus.
Eirundo urhica, Linnaeus.
Hirundo riparia, Linnaeus.
Cyselus apus, Linnaeus.
Columha yalumhus, Linnaeus.

164

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Pheasant,

Red Grouse, .

Grey Partridge,

Quail,

Golden Plover,

Lapwing,

Common Eedshank,

Common Sandpiper,

Sanderling,

Woodcock,

Great Snipe, .

Common Snipe,

Jack Snipe,

Curlew, .

Whimbrel,

Common Heron,

Common Bittern,

Water Rail,

Land Rail or Corn Craik

Moorhen,

Coot,

Wild Swan or Whooper,"*

Grey Lag Goose,

Bernicle Goose,

Sheldrake,

Wild Duck,

Wigeon, .

Teal,

Golden Eye,

Eider Duck,

Goosander,

Great Northern Diver,

Black-throated Diver,

Great-crested Grebe,

Red-necked Grebe,

Guillemot,

Little Grebe,

Cormorant,

Shag,

Gannet, .

Arctic Tern,

Little Gull,

Phasianus colchicus, Linnaeus,

Tetrao scoticus, Latham.

Perdix cinerea, Latham.

Coturnix vulgaris, Fleming.

Charadrius pluvialis, Linnaeus,

Vanellus cristatus, Meyer.

TotoMUS calidris (Linnaeus).

Tringoides hypoleucus (Linnaeus).

Calidris arenaria (Linnaeus).

Scolopax rusticola, Linnaeus.

Gallinago major (Gmelin).

Gallinago media, Leach.

Gallinago gallinula (Linnaeus).

Numenius arquatus (Linnaeus).

Nurtienius phaeopus (Linnaeus).

Ardea cinerea, Linnaeus.

Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus).

Rallus aquaticus, Linnaeus.

Crex pratensis, Bechstein.

Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus).

Fulica atra, Linnaeus.

Cygnus musicus, Bechstein.

Anser ferns (Gmelin).

Anser leucopsis, Bechstein.

Tadorna vulpanser^ Fleming.

Anas boschas, Linnaeus.

Anas penelope, Linnaeus.

Querquedula crecca (Linnaeus).

Clangula glaucion (Linnaeus).

Somateria mollissima (Lin.). Seen in Mulroy.

Mergus merganser, Linnaeus.

Colymhus glacialis, Linnaeus.

Colymbus arcticus, Linnaeus.

Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus).

Podiccps rid)icollis (Gmelin).

Uria troille (Linnaeus).

Podiceps minor (Gmelin).

Graculus carho (Linnaeus),

Graculus cristatus (Faber).

Sula bassana (Linnaeus).

Sterna hirundo, Linnaeus.

Lams minutus, Pallas.

* The Black Swan, Cygnus atratus, Latham, has been seen three times on
Loch Fern since 18G8.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW.

165

Black-headed Gull, .

Kittiwake,

Common Gull,

Great black-backed Gull,

Storm Petrel, .

Larus ridibunchis, Linnaeus.
Larus tridactylus, Linnaeus.
Larus canus, Linnaeus.
Lams maririus, Linnaeus.
Procellaria pelagica, Linnaeus.

IL— Some of the Earer Phanerogamous Plants and Ferns

FOUND IN County Donegal.
Phanerogams.

Celery leaved Crowfoot,
Globe flower,
Hairy Rock-cress,
Common Whitlow-grass,
Thyme-leaved Flax-seed,
Tutsan,

St. Marsh John's Wort,
Meadow Crane's-bill,
Musky Stork's-bill,
Common Agrimony,
Mare's-tail,
Water Purslane, .
Rose-root, .
Biting Stonecrop,
London-Pride,
Starry-Saxifrage,
Sea-Holly, .
Wild Celery,
Lamb's Lettuce .
Nodding Bur-Marigold
Water Lobelia, .
Cow-berry, .
Black Bear-berry,
Intermediate Winter-green
Common Gromwell,
Common Comfrey,
Mountain Speedwell,
Marsh Speedwell,
Water Fig-wort, .
Gipsy-wort, .
Variegated Hemp-Nettle,
Pale Butter-wort,
Sea-blite, .
Pale-flowered Polygonum
Water Pepper, .

Ranunculus sceleratus.
Trollius Europaeus.
Arabis hirsuta.
Drdba verna.
Radiola millegrana.
Hypericum A ndrosaemum,

elodes.

Geranium prateuse.
Erodiuni moschatum.
Agrimonia Eupatoria.
Hippuris vulgaris.
Feplis Portula.
Sedum Bhodiola.

acre.

Saxifraga umbrosa.

stellaris.

Eryngium maritimum.
Apium graveolens.
Fedia olitoria.
Bidens cernua.
Lobelia Dortmanna.
Vaccinum Vitis-Idaea.
Arctostapliylos Uva-Ursi.
Pyrola media.
Lithospernium offi,cinale.
Symphytum officinale.
Veronica montana.
- scutellata.
Scrophularia aquatica,
Lycopus Europaeus.
Oaleopsis versicolor.
Pinguicula Lusitanica.
Suaeda maritima.
Polygonum lapathifoliiLm.
Hydropiper,

166

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Crowberry, .
Dwarf-Spurge,
Wall-Pellitory, .
Least-Willow,
Common Juniper, .
Common Yew,
Common T way-blade,
Heart-leaved Tway-blade,
Green Man-orchis,
Broad-leaved Garlic,
Lesser Water-Plantain,
Great Eeed-mace, .
Floating Bur- weed,
Grassy Pond-weed,
Spreading Millet-grass,
Water Whorl-grass,
Common Quaking-grass,

Common Ceterach,
Pale Mountain Polypody,
Heath Shield-fern,
Sea Spleen-wort, .
Scottish Filmy-fern,
Tunbridge Filmy-fern,
Common Osmond royal,
Common Moon-wort,
Lesser Alpine Club moss,
European Quill- wort, .

Fer

ns, etc.

Empetrum nigrum.
Euphorbia exigua.
Parietaria officinalis.
Salix herhacea.
Juniperus communis.
Taxus baccata.
Listera ovata.

cordata.

Aceras anthropophora.
Allium ursinum.
Alisma ranunculoides.
Typha latifolia.
Sparganium natans.
Potamogeton gramineus.
Milium effusum.
Catabrosa aquatica.
Brim media.

Ceterach officinarum,
Polypodium Phegoi^teris.
Aspidium Oreopteris.
Asplenium marinum.
Hymenophyllum Wilsoni.

Tunbridgense.

Osmunda regalis.
Botrychium Lunaria.
Lycopodium selaginoides.
Isoetes lacustris.

in. — A New Sj^ecies of Sulcoretejjora. By Dr Young and
Mr John Young, F.G.S. With a Plate.

Stilcoretepora Eobertsoni, Y. & Y.

Polyzoary erect, cylindrical, branching dichotomously ; branches
J to J of an inch apart, nearly circular in section ; diameter about
^ a line, the greater thickness at the points of bifurcation ; the
angle of divergence about 45°. Cells oval, dej^ressed, usually
arranged round the stems in 8 to 10 parallel rows, each row
containing 18 cells in J of an inch, the cells being about their own
length apart. Irregular tuberculated ridges sej^arate the rows of
cells, giving the stem and branches an angular cross section.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 167

Between each pair of cells, in a longitudinal series, 1 to 3 pores
occur, normally above each cell aperture, and in well preserved
specimens tubercules surround each cell-area more or less
completely.

The genus Sidcoretepora was founded by D'Orbigny in 1847,
with the following definition : — " Cells in series in furrows on one
side of simple depressed branches." In the genus thus defined
have been included, since 1847, species having the cells dispersed
all round the stems.

To this genus are referred the following species found in the
Glasgow district, viz. : — S. parallela, Phil., S. raricosta, M'Coy.
The species above described differs from all those previously
recorded, by its small size, circular section, dichotomy, and surface
ornamentation. We have pleasure in naming it after Mr David
Eobertson, F.L.S., F.G.S., to whom we owe the loan of some of
the specimens figured.

The cells are not always equally distributed round the stem ;
thus stems, usually the thicker ones, may have the cells on one
face fewer and smaller, and even reduced, as in fig. 1, to orifices
not larger than those already referred to as pores. Again, as
in fig. 8, the cells may be of unequal size, the pores remaining
equal. This is most frequent near the points of bifurcation where
new rows become intercalated between those of the stem. We have
already described and figured Carboniferous Polyzoa ^ in which
pores occur in the longitudinal series, as in Glaucoiiome stellijjora and
Actinostoma fenestratum. The present species seems to render more
probable the avicularian character of these orifices, every gradation
of aperture being seen, from the cell slightly smaller than usual,
down to pore-like openings. Further, the tubercular ridges which
bound the cells are, as in figs. 3, 5, and 11, seen to surround
small cell apertures and also the intercellular pores. No ovicells
are to be recognised.

S. Bohertsoni is moderately common in a thin bed of light-grey
shale (Lower Limestone series) at Trearne, near Beitb, but the
specimens are somewhat worn. Fragments have been found in
shale at Brockley near Lesmahagow, and at Auchenskeoch near
Dairy, but at both these localities the species seems to be rare.

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol. xxx., p. 681.

168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Explanation of the Plate.
All the Fifjures were drawn idth the Camera lucida.

Fig. 1. — Stem showing (obverse ?) face with cells of various sizes, some no
larger than pores. X 40.

Fig. 2. — Portion of stem showing cell without pores; groups of pores without
cells; and an intercalated row of cells. X 40.

Fig. 3. — Well preserved fragment showing tubercular ridges surrounding
cells, pores, and (aborted ?) cells. At one point in the left hand row a space is
enclosed between two transverse tubercular ridges, but no cell nor pore is
visible in it. X 120.

Fig. 4. — Transverse division of cell aperture, the upper chamber seeming to
replace pores.

Fig. 5 shows cells of various sizes, and pores, surrounded by tubercular
ridges. In the middle row one cell is transversely divided, while immediately
below it two cells are associated with one group of pores.

Fig. 6 shov/s numerous tubercular ridges, some without intervening cells.

Fig. 7. — Single cell, from worn specimen, with two pairs of pores.

Fig. 8. — Bifurcating stem, showing confluence of intercalated rows, irregular
arrangement of pores, and abortion (?) of cells at angle of bifurcation. X 60.

Fig. 9. — Branch '028 in diameter, showing, in left hand row, transverse
division of a cell, while in each of the two upper cells of the same row, the
lowest of the three pores is included by a A shaped ridge within the same area
as the cell aperture.

Figs. 10 and 11. — Fragments showing irregularity in number, size, and
position of pores.

February 27th, 1877.
Mr James Ramsay, Vice-President, in the chair.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr John Kirsop exhibited a horn and portion of the skull of
the extinct ox Bos longifrons, found at Pollokshaws Road in
sandy clay six feet below the surface. It had been forwarded
by Mr Gillespie, inspector to the Water Commissioners, and is
the second recorded specimen found in the West of Scotland.
Mr Kirsop also showed a collection of fishes from the river
Amazon, and from Rio Grande do Sul, South America. The
collection embraced examples of a flying fish of the gurnard
family Frionotus; a trunk fish, Ostracion; a skate or ray, Eaia; a
spinous globe fish, Diodon; a sucking fish, Echineis, 21 inches in
length; a speat fish, Loricaria; and two species of lobsters.
These had been forwarded by Mr James Albert Smith, and with

Trans. ]<Lat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow 1876.

Yol.IH.PlJ.

V^;v 4%

1i -

ill %i ;-^, T^ -^

:m^.Ny.

f '

10

J. Young, M 0. Auto Lith

Maclure it Macdonald, imo

Suicoretepora. Robertsoni, Y&Y.

/"

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 169

his permission were presented by Mr Kirsop to the Hunterian
Museum.

Mr John Young, F.G.S., showed a series of small turbinated
corals from the weathered limestone, found at Cunningham Bed-
land, near Dairy, varying in size from a quarter to half an inch in
length. These corals apparently belong to the genus Cyathaxonia,
and are characterized by their deep cup or calice, prominent
central columella, and by having the septa well marked, and
continuous from the outer edge to the bottom of the calice.
One species of this genus, Cyathaxonia cornu, Michelin, has al-
ready been noted in the catalogue of the Western Scottish
Fossils, Glasgow, 1876, as being found in the limestone
shales at Brockley, near Lesmahagow, but it probably differs
from the species found at Dairy in not being adherent. Prof.
Milne Edwards and Prof. De Koninck describe the genus
Cyathaxonia as being adherent by its base in some species and
being free in others; C. cornu being free, C. KonincU being
adherent. Mr Young said he was therefore inclined to identify
his specimens with this latter form. Those exhibited from
Cunningham Bedland seemed to have become adherent in
nearly every instance to the spines of Froducti, the groove of
attachment to the spines being well seen in most specimens.
In a few specimens, Mr Young had found the outer theca of the
corallum completely encircling the spine of the Productus, which
had since been dissolved away, leaving an open tube through
which he had passed strong hair bristles to represent the spines.
The carbonate of lime in these corals had since their entomb-
ment been replaced by silica, which had resisted the weathering
influences of the air ; hence the specimens show their deep cup
and internal structure very clearly. The only other adherent
turbinated corals he had yet seen from our Scottish Carbonifer-
ous strata were two specimens found by Mr David Eobertson
at Shiells quarry, near East Kilbride, but they, from their
difference in size and broad base of attachment, evidently belong
to a different genus from Cyathaxonia.

Mr Young exhibited two other groups of small turbinated
corals belonging to the genera Lophophyllum and Zajyhrentis,
which showed no attachment by their theca, even in the most
perfect specimens. He therefore concluded that not only these

170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

genera, as well as many of the larger turbinated corals found
in our limestone strata, had been free organisms, and had
grown in the sediments in which they are now entombed without
any visible mode of attachment, being possibly supported by
the surrounding mud in an upright position. Only in a few
rare instances have any of the larger turbinated corals been
found with marks of attachment, and these were seen to have
been in the younger state ; these, therefore, differ from the
adherent form of Cyathaxonia now exhibited, in this respect,
that the latter is not known to have had a free existence in
any later stage of its history.

PAPERS READ.

I. — Notes on some Spiders collected in the West of Scotland in 1876.

By Mr Henry C. Young.

Very little has yet been done in collecting, or forming a
catalogue, of Scottish spiders, the only published local lists I know
of being those of Messrs Hardy in Berwickshire and Traill in
Aberdeenshire, while up to the present time there is no general
list of Scottish spiders published. The specimens I exhibit to-
night comprise 20 genera and 39 species, which form but a very
small proportion of the known British spiders. I hope, however,
to make considerable additions to this number from time to time,
as I am convinced that the district will produce a much greater
variety of species than those I have already taken, there being
many spiders common in other parts of Scotland which I have
not yet seen in the vicinity of Glasgow.

The principal authority on the order in this country, the Rev.
O. P. Cambridge, has examined my specimens, and I have fol-
lowed the arrangement published by him in the Transactions of
the Linnaean Society.

Harimctes Homhergii, Scopoli. — Of this species I took several
specimens at Arthur's Seat in May, but have not yet found it near
Glasgow. It is common in the North of England.

Segestria senoculata, Linnaeus. — This species is very common in
the district, and seems to be generally distributed in Great Britain.
It is longer lived than most spiders, not attaining maturity for
two years. It passes the winter in a kind of silken tube under
stones, where it may be found at all times.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 171

Cheiracanthium mitrix, Westriiig. — This is an extremely rare
spicier; the specimen I exhibit was taken near Milngavie. When
Blackwall's large work was first published, only one British
specimen was known. It has since been met with, but is still
exceedingly rare.

AmauroUiis fenestrcdis, Stroem. — This is one of the commonest
spiders we have, and may be found at any time under stones,
beneath the bark of trees, and in other similar situations.

Tegenaria DerJmmii, Scopoli. — This seems to be the usual spider
found in houses in this district.

. Erigone Douglasii, Cambridge. — This spider is known to science
by only two specimens: the first was taken by Mr Douglas in
Kirkcudbrightshire, in 1875, and the other specimen, which I
exhibit to-night, was taken by myself in Cumbernauld Glen in
April, 1876. Both these specimens are females: the male is not
yet known, and until more specimens are found it is impossible
to say anjrthing regarding its distribution.

The foUo-yying is a complete list of the species exhibited, "with
the localities where they were found: —

Harpades Homhergiiy Scopoli. — Several specimens taken at
Arthur's Seat in May.

Segesiria senoculata, Linn. — Common everywhere.

Clubiona reclusa, Cambridge. — Is not uncommon in various
localities in the district; I have taken it at Milngavie and
Kenmuir.

Cheiracanthium nutrix, Westr. — 1 specimen taken near Miln-
gavie.

Amaurohius fenestralis, Stroem. — Common every^vhere.

Tegenaria Derhamii, Scopoli. — Common in buildings.

Textrix denticulata, Oliv. — Taken near Milngavie.

Theridion sisijphium, Clerck. — Common in the district.

Theridion imllens, Blackwall. — 1 specimen taken by the Al-
lander.

Nesticus cellulanus, Clerck. — 1 specimen taken in Cumbernauld
Glen.

Phyllonethis lineata, Clerck. — Common.

Erigone ruhens, Blackwall. — 1 specimen taken by the AUander.

Erigone Douglasii, Cambridge. — 1 specimen taken in Cumber-
nauld Glen in April.

172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Erigone acuminata, Blackwall. — Not uncommon: taken at
Strathblane, Cumbernauld Glen, etc.

Pachygnatha ClercJcii, Sundevall. — 1 specimen from the Allander.
Fachygnatha Degeerii, Sund. — 1 specimen from the Allander.
Linyphia tenebricolaf Reuss- Wider. — Taken at Kelvinside,
Kenmuir, etc.

L. variegata, Blackwall. — Taken at Cadder and Kenmuir.
L. socialis, Sund. — Taken at Loup of Fintry and Cadder.
L. concolor, Reuss-Wider. — 1 specimen taken at Cadder.
L. triangularis, Clerck. — Taken at Moffat, Milngavie, and
Bearsden.

L. peltaia, Reuss-Wider. — Taken at Cumbernauld and Cadder.
L. imsilla, Sund. — 1 specimen taken at Blairmore.
Meta segmentata, Clerck. — Common.

M. Merianae, Scop. — Not common: taken at Baldernock and
by the Allander.

Zilla-x-notata, Clerck. — Not common.

Z. atrica, Koch. — Common.

E^eira cucurUtina, Clerck.-—! specimen taken at Cadder.

E. diademata, Clerck. — Common.

E. cornuta, Clerck. — 1 specimen taken by Allander.

E. quadrata, Clerck. — Taken at Ben Voirlich, Clober, etc.

Xysticus cristat'us, Clerck. — Common.

Trochosa ruricola, De Geer. — Taken in several localities.

T. terricola, Thorell. — Common.

Lycosa amenfata, Clerck. — Common.

L. imllata, Clerck. — Common.

L. monticola, Clerck. — 1 specimen from Innellan.

Tarenttda imlverulenta, Clerck. — Taken at Ben Voirlich.

T. andreniora, Walckenaer. — 1 specimen taken at Loup of Fintry.

II. — On Pisidium fontinale and PlanorUs complanatus, two fresh-
water shells new to Scotland, and Helix villosa, a land shell new
to Britain. By Mr David Robertson, F.L.S., F.G.S.

I may mention that the two shells new to Scotland and the
one new to Britain, which I now bring before you, have been
in my possession for a considerable time. Although I have not
made land and freshwater shells a study, yet I have at all times
picked up any that came in my way, generally without further

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 173

notice at the time than consigning them to a pill-box, with the
name of the locaHty and the conditions under which they were
found, till an opportunity might occur for closer inspection and
arrangement.

The first shell is the little bivalve Pisidium fontinale, var.
Hensloivana, taken in the Glasgow and Paisley canal. It is the
Pisidium Hensloivana of Shepard. It was first discovered by Prof.
Henslow in the River Cam, near Cambridge, and occurs in many
of the northern, eastern, and south-western counties of England,
as well as in South Wales and in Cork, but it has not hitherto
been discovered in Scotland. It is not an uncommon thing for
such small shells to be overlooked by being mistaken for closely
allied species, but in this case the most cursory inspection would
discover the remarkable little elevated plate on each valve near
the umbo, which at once distinguishes it from all its congeners.

The second shell is Planorhis comjjlanakis; it is found moderately
common in Lochend Loch, Edinburgh. Jeffreys says: "It inhabits
marshes, ponds, canals, ditches, and standing water everywhere
in England, Wales, and Ireland, but I am not aware of any Scotch
locality."

This shell is readily distinguished from its nearest ally Planorhis
carinatus, by the keel being placed below instead of in, or towards
the middle of, the periphery. It is somewhat singular that while
this shell is so plentiful all over England, Wales, and Ireland,
the small patch of water near Edinburgh, known as Lochend
Loch, is its only known locality in Scotland. There is another
remarkable circumstance connected with this loch. Some few
years ago Mr James Bennie of the Geological Survey of Scotland
sent me some mud from it, for the purpose of examination for
Ostracoda. Amongst others, a few valves were found of a species,
Gonioctjpris mitra, which Prof. G. S. Brady and I discovered in
the fens of Norfolk, which are rather of a brackish character, and
we could detect it nowhere else, leading us to think that the
species was peculiar to that flat district; we were therefore surprised
to find it in this distant isolated fresh-water loch. Further search
was made for living examples, but although dead valves were com-
mon, the li\dng animal was not met with. The same may be said of
of Planorhis comj^lanatus, which probably arises from the fact that
the loch is being filled up through the emptying of the town

174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

refuse into it. I fear that before this time all that lived in that
once pure water may be poisoned by, or buried under the debris
of, the streets.

I find that lochs and ponds in ihe neighbourhood of towns are
in general more rich in mollusca, ostracoda, and other microzoa,
than those in more secluded localities, where water-fowl, which
feed greedily on molluscs and other aquatic animals, congregate
in greater abundance.

However, this suburban immunity of aquatic animals is only
partial, for what they gain in one way they may lose in another.
Where relieved from the presence of water-fowl, they may be
attacked by the deleterious products of sewage, but even when so
exposed, it is astonishing how some animals survive and thrive
abundantly, while others of the same class succumb. This explains
in a great measure why some species often prevail and are differ-
ently associated in different localities. At the Glasgow terminus
of the Paisley Canal in Eglinton Street, where the water is
strongly charged with the sewage from neighbouring factories,
the little ostracod Cypris compressa, swarms in the most filthy
mud at the bottom, and is plump and sleek as if quite at home,
while scarcely any of its usual associates are to be found. The
same may be said of the estuary of the Clyde. Over the muddy
flats near Langbank,* the small invertebrate fauna is unusually
sparse, with the exception of one or two forms, which are in
great abundance.

Of the third shell I have to bring before you. Helix villosa, four
living specimens were taken on the flat ground or moors near
Cardiff, by Mrs Robertson.

As I was not able to refer them to any British species, they
were submitted to Mr Jeffreys, who pronounced them to be
Helix villosa (Draparnaud), and has recorded the species in Annals
and Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1877, as an addition to the British
mollusca. H. villosa inhabits Germany, France, and Switzerland,
and it often occurs at a considerable height above the level of the
sea. Mr Jeffreys refers to //. alpcstris, a British variety of
H. arhustorum, as having similar habits. It is met with on the
Swiss Alps, in the region of perpetual snow, as well as in the

* Transactions of the Geol. Soc. of Glasgow, Vol. V., Part I,, p. 112.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 175

marshes and on the banks of English rivers, being an example of
the great elasticity such animals seem to possess in accommodating
themselves to different conditions of habitat and temperature.

Since writing the above notes I have learned that Planorhis
complanatus has been before recorded as occurring in Scotland
by Mr William Haddin in his paper on the Distribution of the
Helicidae* but what adds to the interest is that his specimens,
which he names P. marginatus, were also taken in Lochend Loch,
which appears still, so far as known, to be its only Scottish
habitat.

III. — Notes on an adherent form of Productus.
By Mr John Young, F.G.S.

Mr Young remarked that the recent discovery by Mr James
Bennie, of the Geological Survey of Scotland, of a small adherent
form of Productus was a point of considerable interest, when taken
in connection with what are supposed to have been the uses of
the long tubular spines which are fixed chiefly upon the auricular
expansions of the ventral valves of many species of Produdi.
Various opinions have been given as to the uses of these spines,
but that entertained by some Palaeontologists is, that they were
used to moor the shells in the mud in which they lived, some
species, such as Productus semireticulatus, having the spines as
long as from four to six inches. In the interesting little form of
Productus discovered by Mr Bennie, and which has been figured
and described by Mr Robert Etheridge, jun., F.G.S., in the
" Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London," Vol.
xxxii., p. 454, under the provisional name of Productus complectenSy
we have the interesting fact revealed, that here there is a small
form of Productus in which the tubular spines are adherent to
foreign bodies, such as the small stems of crinoids, which they
have often circled or embraced while the crinoid was yet in the
living state, the crinoid in some instances having afterwards
completely enfolded the Productus. Specimens of this Productus^
in various stages of envelopment by the crinoid, are figured by
Mr Etheridge, the complete enfolding being indicated by a
swelling on the stem of the crinoid. It has been conjectured

* Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas., Vol. I., p. 247.

176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

that this form of Produdus may only be the young fry of some of
our well known species, such as Frodudus longispiniis, the shell
becoming free after a certain stage of development. Mr Young
said that he was, however, inclined to regard the adherent form as
distinct. Mr Bennie's specimens were collected from Carboniferous
limestone strata in the East of Scotland. In the West of
Scotland this small adherent form has not yet been satisfactorily
identified, but an example of an apparently much larger adherent
form of Frodudus attached to a thick crinoid stem, has been
found at Auchenmade limestone quarry, near Dairy, by Mr John
Smith of Eglinton Iron Works. Unfortunately nothing but the
adherent spines remain attached in this specimen. It was, there-
fore, with the view of calling the attention of the members to
these adherent forms of Frodudi that Mr Young no^v brought
the subject before the meeting, in the hope that other discoveries
will show whether they are to be considered as distinct species
or not.

lY. — Notes on the State of Vegetation in the Fuhlic Parhs in January,
1877, and of the temperature and rainfall in 1876, as comjKtred
with the previous year. By Mr Duncan M'Lellan, Superin-
tendent of Parks.
Mr M'Lellan stated that in January 1876 there were found
in flower at the various Public Parks of Glasgow, 17 species and
9 varieties of plants, while in the same month of 1877 there were
only 8 species and 4 varieties; and that the difference might be
accounted for by taking into account the great amount of rainfall
during the last three months of 1876. Taking December as an
example, there were only six days without rain, while during the
corresponding month of 1875 there were 18 dry days. AYith
excessive moisture, therefore, and a consequently low temperature,
vegetation was almost at a standstill during January 1877, and a
number of plants of delicate foliage sufi'ered severely. Wet
weather seems to retard vegetation to a greater extent than severe
frost, the effects being longer felt. After a hard frost in December
vegetation starts rapidly, but after a continued drenching the
improvement is very slow. In the remarks submitted by Mr
M'Lellan in September 1876, on the extremes of heat and cold
during the spring and summer months, it was shown that the

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 177

weather on the whole had been favourable to flowers and trees.
The first part of the year was rather backward, but with a
brilliant summer and autumn there was a display of flowers in
the Parks beyond expectation. In August and September last
trees ripened their wood well, and they promise fair for this
season. In January 1877 there were only 4 dry days, 9*39 inches
of rain fell, the greatest amount in twenty-four hours being on
the 30th.

The register in the Queen's Park showed as the result for 1876,
compared with 1875 —

1876. 1875.

Eainf all in inches, 37'31 35"85

Highest temperature, (Aug. 15) 85° (July 7) 82°

Lowest temperature, ... ... (Feb. 11) 16° (Dec. 8) 12°

Average for the year, , 45*6° 46"S'*

Dry clays, 195 198

March 27th, 1877.

Mr James B. Murdoch, Vice-President, in the chair.
Mr H. B. Bailey, Newton, Mass., U.S., was elected a
corresponding member.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr John Young, F.G.S., exhibited a specimen of the beautiful

Glass-rope Sponge, Hyalonema SiebokU, from the seas of Japan,

recently presented to the Hunterian Museum by Mr J. P. Bisset.

This sponge illustrates the fossil species, Hyalonema iJaraUelum,

found in the Carboniferous limestone strata near Dairy, Ayrshire,

in having the stem made up of a twisted bundle of fine siliceous

rods, and in the form of the siliceous spicula found in the body of

the sponge. Mr Young stated that Dr Young and himself

recently measured a bundle of the rods of Hyalonema jKirallehim,

on a block of limestone at Trearne Quarry, near Beith, and found

the length to be nearly 12 inches. The most interesting point

which they had discovered in connection with these siliceous rods

in the fossil species was, that many of the rods terminated with

anchor-shaped processes.

The Eev. James E. Somerville, B.D., forwarded for exhibition a
VOL. III. M

178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

number of sponges, hydrozoons, and polyzoons, cast up on the
shore of the Firth of Tay, near Broughty Ferry. They belonged
to several genera and species common to British waters, as the
subjoined list shows : Spongidae — Chalina oculata, HaUchondria
panacea; Hydrozoa — Thuiaria thuia, Plumularia falcata, Sertularia
ojjerculata, Sertularia Jilicula ; Polyzoa — Gemellaria loriculata,
Flustra truncata, Flustra foliacea, Flustra memhranacea.

Mr John Kirsop exhibited an interesting series of specimens
from the Cygnet Kiver, Kangaroo Island, South Australia,
forwarded for exhibition by Mr George Brown of Eothesay.
These consisted of a series of fine large horny sponges, remarkable
for their shapes and for the beauty of the interwoven horny
texture of their skeletons ; a number of shells belonging to the
genera Haliotis, Cassis, Patella, ^larginella, and Fusus ; also a fine
mass of a large tubicolar annelide belonging to the genus Serpula.
There were also shewn an interesting species of Cidaris, in which
the large club-like spines terminated at their upper ends in hollow
cup-shaped cavities ; and a portion of the bony palate of a fish,
Myliohates, one of the Eays, in which the large crushing teeth are
arranged on the same plan as that seen in the genus Psammodus,
found in our Carboniferous limestone strata. Mr Young, who
made some remarks on the collection, stated that many of the
specimens, from their rarity, would form very interesting additions
to the natural history collection of any of the Glasgow museums,
donations of well-preserved objects being always gratefully
received.

Mr James Coutts exhibited a specimen of Millerite, a sulphide
of nickel, which is a rare mineral, found in the form of golden-
coloured hair-like tufts of crystals in the cavities of shells, and in
fissures of the limestone at Dockra, near Beith. It was first
discovered at this place about three years ago, and tliere is as yet
no other known Scottish locality.

PAPERS READ.

I. — Further Notes on the Cecidompidae, with descriptions of three
New Species. By Mr Francis G. Binnie.

In continuation of my former remarks on this grou}), I now
bring forward some new species, together with various observa-
tions on the economy of some known species, and on their
occurrence in this district.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGO^V. 179

Cecidomyia pilosellae, sp, n.

Male : yellow, with a slightly ochreous tinge, paler beneath ;
pubescence pale. Vertex and upper portion of hind-head fuscous ;
eyes black ; antennae 12-jointed, two basal joints swollen and pale
yellow, the rest dusky yellow, joints sessile. Thorax with three
short brown dorsal stripes ; halteres uniform yellow. Abdomen
with large anal forceps, the size of the head, oval in shape, with a
prominent projecting tooth on lower margin. Legs pale whitish
yellow, shining white beneath. Wings flavescent, root yellow,
somewhat iridescent ; costal and first longitudinal nervures pale
yellowish brown, second nervure darker and more fuscous, third
very pale ; second longitudinal nervure joins margin befo7'e apex.

Length, a little over half a line.

After death the yellow assumes a deeper ochreous tinge.

This species is abundantly distinct from the C. hieracii of Fr.
Loew (Verb. d. k. k., zool.-bot. Gesell. in Wien, 1874, pp. 145
and 321).

The larva is scarcely 1 J line long, yellow or orange yellow, and
minutely tubercled. It enters the earth to undergo its transfor-
mations, spinning a white cocoon. The pupa-case, after the
perfect insect has emerged, is white.

It affects the leaves of Hieracium pilosella, Lin., the margin of
the leaf being involutely rolled, and on its inner face the ordinary
long hairs are generally modified into a more or less dense pale
white pubescence, about one-sixteenth of an inch long.

From leaves collected in Kilsyth Glen on the 6th August, I
reared a single male on the 29th of the following month : the
above description is taken from it. I have also gathered leaves
inhabited by larvae, near Milngavie, towards the end of
September.

Cecidomyia quercus, sp. n.

Female : head blackish fuscous ; epistoma and palpi dusky
reddish orange ; eyes black, margin behind shining white, with a
fringe of long hairs ; there is a tuft of long, pale or white hairs
over the mouth, and the palpi are pale-haired ; the third joint of
palpus is twice as long as the second, and the last is equal to the
two preceding taken together; antennae very short, only one-
fourth the length of body, 12-jointed, fuscous, except the two
basal joints, which are dusky yellow, joints sessile, cylindric, as

180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

"broad as long, with medial constriction scarcely perceptible.
Thorax reddish orange, with three dorsal blackish fuscous stripes
which have in certain lights a whitish appearance, the side stripes
extend to scutellum ; between these stripes, seated on a somewhat
dusky ground, are two rows of dark hairs, shining white in
certain aspects, and outside the stripes are two more similar rows,
four altogether ; scutellum yellow; breast greyish fuscous; halteres
pale yellow or very pale yellowish white, club dusky at base, and
in certain aspects glistening white. Abdomen orange-red or flesh-
red, paler beneath, with the usual broad dorsal black bands of
scale-hairs, and the hind margins of segments above with scattered
fringe of long, partly black hairs, especially the two apical
segments ; ovipositor long, pale ochreous yellow, basal joint
greyish fuscous at base above, no lamellae. Legs proportionately
short and stout, fuscous, paler beneath, and somewhat shining
white. Wings dark grey (roots yellow), iridescent ; costa deep
fuscous, first and second longitudinal nervures paler fuscous, third
very pale ; second longitudinal nervure curves slightly upwards at
the transverse nervure, and slightly convex to hind margin at the
middle, proceeds thence straight to margin, which it joins before
apex of wing ; third longitudinal nervure has the stem straight,
the lower branch of fork is a continuation of the stem, proceeding
with a moderately sharp but gradual curve downwards to margin,
which it joins at an oblique angle, the upper branch leaves at a
sharp angle with immediately another abrupt bend in the opposite
direction, and thence proceeds straight to margin.

Length (ovipositor retracted), half a line.

The male also has the antennae 12-jointed, joints sessile. I
succeeded in rearing only a single example amongst the large
number of females.

After death all the yellowish parts of thorax and abdomen
assume, more or less, a fuscous tinge, and the dorsal stripes of
thorax become undistinguishable ; scutellum and halteres become
dusky yellow, and basal joint of ovipositor changes to dark
fuscous ; the remaining joints are a little more ochreous than
in life.

The 12 sessile joints of the antennae in both sexes, and the
thoracic stripes, distinguish tins species readily from its allies.
G. saliceti, ^Yinn., wliich produces similar deformations on the
willow, is larger, and differs in colour and in the antennae.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 181

Of the species affecting the oak, G. cerris, Kollar, is about the
same size, and has the antennae also with 12 sessile joints in both
sexes; but is markedly distinct, having no dorsal stripes on
the thorax, the scutellum not being yellow, and the legs being
dusky yellow.

The larva varies from three-quarters of a line to one line
in length, is white when young, but on attaining full growth,
ochreous yellow, often bright orange yellow ; body-margins paler.
The larvae live gregariously, during summer, among the leaves of
slightly arrested and twisted terminal shoots of the oak, Quercus
robur, Lin., which they leave to pass their transformations in the
earth, spinning each a white cocoon.

The perfect insect makes its appearance in September.

The deformation when fresh is not very noticeable, but after
the departure of the larvae it withers rapidly, assumes a blasted
appearance, and is then very conspicuous.

Mr Cameron discovered this gall near Cambuslang, and brought
me specimens, and he tells me that he has observed similar larvae
inhabiting the diseased cup of the acorn. I afterwards found it
very abundant in Mugdock Wood, and have also observed the
withered shoots in Cadder Wilderness. It would seem, therefore,
to be a common and generally distributed species in this district.

Cecidomyia cerastii, sp. n,

Male:*" antennae fuscous, 15-jointed, joints stalked. Thorax
fuscous, sides at wing-roots testaceous ; dorsum with two rows of
hairs, and probably (in life) with three fuscous stripes ; scutellum
dusky testaceous. Abdomen dark fusco-testaceous. Legs fuscous.
Wings with pale grey pubescence; costa deep fuscous; second
longitudinal nervure pale brown, straight, reaching margin before
apex of wing ; third, very pale.

Length, nearly three-quarters of a line.

The larva, one line long, is brilliant orange or reddish-orange.
It is gregarious, and undergoes its transformations within the
gall. Two males emerged in the autumn, but escaped my notice
until after they were dead.

The gall is found on Cerastium viscosum, Lin., is terminal, and
owing to the internodes not being developed, consists of a cluster

* Described from dried specimens.

182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

of leaves more or less fleshy at the base. It is common in the
Possil district during the summer and autumn months.

Mr J. W. H. Traill, M.A., F.L.S., describes similar galls on
C. glomeratum (Scot. Nat., ii., p. 31).

Cecidomyia betulae, Kaltenhach.

During last autumn I found the catkins of birches, in Mugdock
Wood and at Bishopton, inhabited by larvae of a Cecidomyia,
which I have no doubt is this species. I hope, however, to settle
the i)oint by rearing the perfect insect this spring.

The larvae were short, dumpy, and flattened, orange in colour,
and very sluggish in their movements.. All were enclosed in
compact, egg-shaped, white cocoons, either inside a seed (a common
position), or in the interstices between the scales.

Cecidomyia galii, Winnertz.

Mr Traill (Scot. Nat., i., p. 156) recorded the galls of an
unknown species found upon Galium palustre, Lin.

Similar galls, on the same plant, occur in this district, at Possil
Marsh and in Mugdock Wood, from which I have reared the
perfect insect, and find it to agree in every respect with Winnertz 's
description of the above species (Linnaea Ent., viii., p. 235).

The larvae are orange, usually a number in each gall, and go
through their changes within it, each spinning a wdiite cocoon.

The perfect insect emerges in August and September.

The gall is terminal, occasionally axillary, and is a compact
globular mass of altered leaves, not unlike, in external appearance,
the fruit of a Stellaria or other Caryophyllaceous plant. It is
found during the summer months. This forms another addition
to the list of species of the genus Galium aff*ected by C. galii.

Cecidomyia pruni, Kaltenhach.

In the January number of the '^ Scottish Naturalist " for the
present year, Mr Traill records (iv., p. 14) for Britain, and
describes the purse-like galls of this species on Frunus communis,
Huds., var. spinosa, Lin.

I found the galls moderately common in September last year in
Mugdock Wood, but was too late for many larvae, only seeing
one solitary straggler, from which the subjoined description was
made.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 183

Larva: length barely two lines, elongated, flattened, deeply
incised between segments, anal segment with six prominent
tubercular points or teeth, arranged in two groups of three each ;
central two-thirds of larva of uniform width, sharply tapering to
head ; posterior segments narrower and abruptly truncate ; colour
brilliant orange.

Kaltenbach states in his " Pflanzen-Feinde " (p. 175), that the
yellow larvae are found in May, and that they leave the gall in
June to pupate in the earth. According to Dr Franz Loew
(Verb. d. k. k., zool.-bot. Gesellsch. in Wien, 1875, p. 30), each
gall is inhabited by from 2-10 orange-yellow larvae, 3-5 mm. long,
and that they go to the earth towards the end of June. Dr Loew
gives a good figure of the gall (1. c, Taf. ii., fig. 3), as found on
Prunus domestica, Lin. : it appears somewhat more elongate than
those I have seen here on P. communis, var. spinosa. Several of
the empty galls had a small round perforation in the side, the
work of an inquiline probably, as such galls I found to have traces
of frass inside. The rightful inmate would emerge by the slit on
the upper face of the gall.

The perfect insect is, so far, unknown.

Cecidomyia pustularis, Bremi^

Oak-leaves having one or more lobes of the margin folded to
underside, are very common in Mugdock Wood, occurring also
in Gadder Wilderness. Similar productions are described by
Bremi under the above name. I have never found larvae
inside, being probably too late in the year in my searches.
Kaltenbach (1. c, p. 676) and Miiller (E. M. M., vii., p. 88)
have done so, and the latter describes the adult larva as one line
long, and white, and that 2 or 3 larvae live in a fold.

HORMOMYIA MILLEFOLII, LoeW.

Last autumn I was fortunate enough to breed two specimens
of the male of this species, of which I made a careful description
at the time, supposing the male to be undescribed. Whilst
engaged, however, in the preparation of the present paper, I

* During the progress of this paper through the press, Dr !F. Loew has
described the perfect insect in the Verh. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesell. of Vienna for
1877 (p. 14), under the name Diplosis dryobia, giving a figure of the leaf with
its folded lobes (1. c, Taf. i., fig. t>).

184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

found that among the more recent contributions of Dr F. Loew
is a detailed description of it (1. c, 1875, p. 26). Upon
collating his description with my own, I find an exact
agreement in all except the following points : — He states the
number of antennal joints as 19; in my description I note
18, which a careful re-examination of my dried specimens bears
out. There may, as in some other species, be a slight variability
in the number. In my notes I describe the apical tarsi of the
legs as yellow ;* Dr Loew is silent on this point, simply stating,
" Beine . . . fahlbraun."

The rearing of the male places this species definitely into the
genus Hormomyia, where it was doubtfully collocated by Schiner
(Fauna aust. Dipt. ii.,p. 380). The compressed and sunken head,
arched and laterally compressed thorax, and the long abdomen,
taken in connection with the characters of the wings and
antennae, leave no room for doubt ; these characters, as Dr Loew
states, being not nearly so marked in the female. For a minute
account of these points, I would refer you to Dr Loew's article
(1. c, supra). In the same Transactions (1874, Taf. ii., fig. 3)
is an excellent figure of the gall in its mature form.

Galls of Unknown Species.

r

I conclude this paper with descriptions of two galls, whose
makers, so far, I have not succeeded in rearing to the perfect
state.

Lychnis diurna, Sibth. — The gall consists in the calyx becoming
more or less inflated at the base. Sometimes the calyx never
opens, at others the petals project more or less. It becomes more
or less tinged, especially towards the apex, with pink, and the
calyx-ribs are usually picked out with darker pink.

A number of larvae inhabit the inflation between calyx and
petal. They are barely a line and a half long, shining, and vary
in colour from white to bright orange-yellow.

This malformation is not uncommon at Kenmuir Bank and near
Milngavie during the autumn months.

Mr C. G. Barrett (Ent. Mo. Mag. viii., p. 205), in a note on the
earlier stages of a hactle, Ilyperaj^olygoni, — the larvae of which occur
in the shoots of Lychnis vespertina, which are prevented from

* In the dried insect tliey are conspicuously pale yello\vish-wliite.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 185

growing, and form into pseudo-galls, resembling great buds,
three or four inches long, — states, that happening to open one of
these galls, he saw plenty of the minute orange-coloured larvae of
a Cecidomyia.

The larvae of a Continental species, C. lycJinidis, Heyd., live
gregariously in deformed, woolly, leaf and terminal buds oi Lychnis
dioica, and we may possibly find the above two forms are to be
referred to it.

Angelica sylvestris, Lin. — About the middle of September, I
observed, among the umbels of this plant in Mugdock Wood,
numerous flowers conspicuously larger than the rest. Closer
inspection showed that the carpels were swollen and pinkish in
colour j the petals were somewhat fleshy, and had not unfolded ;
stamens were present, but the styles of the pistil seemed aborted.
The length of the galled flower was scarcely two lines.

In each galled flower was a single larva, colour bright orange-
yellow, length three-quarters of a line to nearly one line, last seg-
ment emarginate, on each projection a number of bristles seated
on tubercles, similarly to others on different parts of the body.

The larva inhabits the cup of the flower, and not the carpel, as
I ascertained by very careful examination.

I made a slight reference to this gall in a previous paper on the
genus Aspliondylia ; and as I stated, it will probably turn out to
be the work of A. imnijinellae, Fr. Lw., which forms galls
resembling these on Fimpinella saxifraga, Lin., and the galls of
which species Mr Traill (Scot. Nat., i, p. 125) has recorded for
Scotland.

Similar malformations of the flower have been observed in
various other umbelliferous plants, as Pastinaca sativa, Lin.,
Daucus carota, Lin., and others, all most likely to be referred to
the same insect. But in all these forms, so far as known, the
larva seems to inhabit the carpel and not the flower-cup.

Having this fact before me, I was careful to assure myself of
its true position in the examples I have met with on Angelica.

In the discussion which followed the reading of this Paper, Mr
Peter Cameron stated that he had first found the larvae of
Cecidomyia quercik on the banks of the Clyde, near Newton, in
abortive acorns, in wliich several lived in company, and their
presence caused the cup to become split and twisted. It seems

186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

very probable that it is the same species which inhabits the leaf
buds and the acorns, for they occur on the same tree. Although
he had bred specimens in the autumn, he was inclined to believe
that this was owing to their having been reared in a room, for at
present he had a considerable number collected in autumn which
have not yet become mature. He had sent specimens to Dr
Franz Loew, who stated that they were undoubtedly a new form.
The acorns in which they were found were only about the size of
a small pea.

II. — The Mammals of the Neighbourhood of Loch Lomond,
By Mr Jajmes Lumsden, F.Z.S.

In the country which borders on Loch Lomond there has been
found a large proportion of the land mammals of Britain j but as
in other districts, several species which were at one time common
are now rarely or never met with, the advance of agriculture and
the greater attention paid to the preservation of game having
been most destructive to many of our wild animals, as well as to
our rapacious birds.

Within late years a great change has taken place in the mam-
malian fauna of this district. At one time Wild Cats were well
known, and Martens, if not often seen, betrayed their presence by
their thieving habits ; Polecats were not uncommon : Eats,
except a few of the harmless Mus Llattus, Rabbits, and Squirrels
were unknown, and mountain Hares seldom met with. How
changed is it now ! The Wild Cat, Marten, and Polecat extinct,
the Brown Rat swarming in and around all farm steadings,
Rabbits plentiful on hill and low country alike, and the Mountain
Hare numerous on all the higher ranges. Squirrels are also
common in all the plantations, and are extending their
distribution.

The nature of the ground round Loch Lomond renders the
district peculiarly suited for all kind of mammals. In the
agricultural land at the southern end of the loch are found Moles,
Shrews, Mice, and Voles, while the more rugged ground at the
northern end gives shelter to the wilder animals and Mountain
Hares.

So far as we know, no complete list of the mammals found
throughout the Loch Lomond district has ever been drawn up,
although the subject has not been neglected by naturalists and

NATURAL HISTOllY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 187

others. The Eev. ]\Ir Stewart published a list of the mammals
of the parish of Luss in the " Statistical Account of Scotland,"
1790. The works of ]\Ir John Colquhoun are full of most
interesting notes on the habits and natural history of the wild
animals of the Dumbartonshire woods and moors ; and Mr Robert
Gray has given information about some of the more interesting
mammals of the district, in his sketch of the Zoology of Loch
Lomond, in Messrs. Maclure and Macdonald's " Guide to the
Trossachs and Loch Lomond." In the " Fauna and Flora of the
West of Scotland," Glasgow, 1876, Mr E. R. Alston has given, in
detail, a sketch of the mammals, which of course includes those
of the Loch Lomond district.

In the notes to the following list I have not therefore attempted
fully to describe the habits of any of the existing species, as that
has already been ably done by other pens, but have only
endeavoured to record the present as compared with the past
state of the mammalian fauna of the neighbourhood of Loch
Lomond.

CHEIROPTERA. ' VESPERTILIONIDAE.

Common Bat, Vesperugo jnjyistrellus (Schreb.).
Very common.

Long-eared Bat, Plecotus auritus (Linn.).
Not uncommon, but not so numerous as the last named species.

INSECTIVORA. ERINACEIDAE.

Hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus. Linn.

Common, and in many places would be numerous were it not
killed clown by gamekeepers, who all wage war against it. I have
found young ones, with their eyes not yet open, as late as 28th of
September, which I think is almost a proof of the hedgehog
occasionally breeding twice in the year.

INSECTIVORA. TALPIDAE.

Mole, Talpa europaea. Linn.

Very common. Although trapped on all the arable land in the
district, this species still holds its own, as the numerous woods
and plantations offer it a secure retreat.

188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

INSECTIVORA . SORICIDA E.

Common Shrew, Sorex tetragonurus (Herm.).

Not uncommon; often found lying dead on roads and foot-
paths.

CARNIVORA. MUSTELIDAE.

Badger, Meles taxus (Schreb.).

The " Brock " is still a native of some parts of our district, and
is, I am glad to say, strictly preserved on some of the estates in
the neighbourhood.

Common Otter, Lutra vulgaris. Erx.

Although much reduced in numbers since Mr Stewart included
it in his list of the quadrupeds of the parish of Luss, the Otter is
still found on a few of the streams which flow into the loch.

Common Weasel, Mustela vulgaris. Linn.
Common ; the variation in size of this species is very marked.

Ermine Weasel or Stoat, Mustela erminea. Linn.

Found on all the hills in the neighbourhood of the loch. The
time of changing from winter to summer fur seems to be very
variable. I have obtained specimens in winter dress on the 8th
of February, and on the 11th of the same month have found
others in full summer fur, except a slight ring of white on the
tail, just above the black tip.

Polecat, Mustela putorius. Linn.

At one time common, the " Foumart " is now quite unknown,
except by name, on the hills round Loch Lomond.

Pine Martin, Maries dbietum, Eay.

This species has also been banished from our district. I have
not heard of one being seen or trapped for many years. It was,
however, at one time well known in the neighbourhood, but has
been killed down, as in most other parts of Scotland. It is very
doubtful if the Beech Martin, M. foina, has ever occurred in
Scotland. Mr E. R. Alston states that all the specimens shown

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 189

him as Beech Martins have proved to be only light coloured
specimens of the present species.

CARNIVORA. ' FELIDAE.

Wild Cat, Felis catus. Linn.

The " British Tiger," as Pennant calls it, is now also a thing
of the past on the banks of Loch Lomond. At one time it was
well known, and specimens have at no very distant date been
taken, both on the Luss estates on the west side of the loch, and
on the Duke of Montrose's property on the east. A fine pair
from the latter district are now in the Hunterian Museum,
Glasgow, presented by the late Duke.

CA RNI VORA. CA NIDAE.

Common Fox, Canis vulpes. Linn.

A few are sometimes killed on Ben Lomond and some of the
other hills, but their numbers have been much reduced witliin
the last twenty or thirty years.

RODENTIA. SCIURIDAE,

Common Squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris. Linn.

Very common in all the woods round the loch. According to
Mr John Colquhoun,* the first squirrel ever seen in the district
was "in the autumn of 1830," when the " strange beast" paid for
its enterprise with its life, after being chased from tree to tree by
the boys of the neighbourhood. The species is gradually extending
its range over Scotland. In some places an occasional raid is
made against them, on account of the damage they do to larch and
spruce plantations by nipping off the tops of the young shoots.
Squirrels seem to be fond of a variety of food, — young shoots of
trees, acorns, beech and hazel nuts, and I have observed them
eating fungi, and can vouch for their liking for cherries.

RODENTIA. MURIDAE.

Long-tailed Field Mouse, Mas sylvaticus. Linn.
A very common species ; often caught in considerable numbers

* " Lecture on the Ferae Naturae of the British Isles," by John Colquhoun,
Edin., 1873.

190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

in gardens, where they do much damage to newly sown peaa
and to bulbous roots.

Common Mouse, Mus musculus. Linn.

A pest in nearly every house ; troublesome while they live, but
more so when they die below the floors, where the decay of their
fat little bodies causes a most objectionable smell.

Black Eat, Mus raitus. Linn.

This, the only species of rat at one time known in Britain, is
now nearly, if not entirely, extinct all over the country. In our
district it was common, but is now quite unknown, the Brown
Eat having proved too strong for it. Mr William Colquhoun
informs me that the Black Eat kept entirely to houses or
buildings, and seldom, if ever, was found in the fields.

Brown Eat, Mus decumanus. Pall.

This species (by a strange mistake called the Norway Eat, for
when the name was given it was not known in Norway), is
now the common rat of this country. Mr William Colquhoun
says it was first introduced into the Loch Lomond district by
"Gabbarts,"* from sixty to sixty-five years ago; and in a very
short time it over-ran the whole district, fields and houses
alike, completely driving out its less pugnacious relation the
Black Eat.

Water Vole, Arvicola amphibius (Linn.).

Both the Brown and Black varieties of this species are common
on the banks of the streams and rivers of our neighbourhood, and
on some of the islands of the Loch.

Common Field Vole, Arvicola agrestis. De Selys.

This species, known as the Short-tailed Field Mouse, is common,
although it has never increased to the same extent as in some
other counties of Scotland.

* Gabbarts : boats of from 30 to 40 tons, wliich, before the railway was
opened to Balloch, carried coals, etc., from the Clyde, up the Leven, to
various places on the banks of the Loch, taldng back return cargoes of slates
or timber.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 191

Eed Field Yole or Bank Vole, Arvicola glareolus (Schreb.).

I cannot speak of this species from personal observation, never
having identified a specimen with certainty ; but as I am informed
by Mr E. R. Alston that the late Dr Dewar obtained it on the
shores of Loch Katrine, I think it may be safely included as
occurring within the district.

RODENTIA. LEPORIDAE.

Common Hare, Leims europaeus. Pall.
Very common.

Mountain Hare, Lepus variaUUs. Pall.

Common on all the higher hills. Mr John Colquhoun states *
that when he was a boy there were no Mountain Hares in the
district. The first he ever saw was on Ben Voirla in 1822.
Hybrids between this species and L. timidus have been got in the
district.

Eabbit, Lejms cuniculus. Linn.

Very numerous all round the loch. Fifty or sixty years ago it
was quite unknown in the district, and has increased very much
in numbers within recent years.

RUMINANTIA. CERVIDAE.

Red Deer, Cervus elaphus. Linn.
An occasional straggler sometimes ajDpears on the hills.

Roe Deer, Capreolus cajjrea. Gray.

Common in all the woods, but not so numerous as at one time.
An albino was some years ago taken near Luss.

Ohs. — Reindeer, Cervus tarandus. Linn.

Dr J. A. Smith (Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., 1871) states that bones
of this species have been found underlying boulder-clay at
Croftamie, in the Endrick valley.

* «

Ferae Naturae of the British Isles," p. 28.

192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

TIT. — On Bees : the origin, treatment, and cure of Foul Brood.

By Mr R. J. Bennett.

About three years ago I was made acquainted with this dire
calamity in the manner that it most affects a beekeej^er, viz., an
attack upon my own apiary, and in the space of three months I
lost four strong hives. Fearing the death of my whole stock, I
immediately began a correspondence on the subject with my fellow-
beekeepers. A former member of this Society, now a Doctor
of Medicine in England, wrote : — " Have not made its acquaint-
ance, and don't want to " j and a Stirlingshire beekeeper said,
" Give them a glass of whisky, mixed with 2 lbs. of sugar
and 1 pint of water, and take my word for it, you will stimulate
your bees to double work, and have stronger colonies than ever."
That advice I thought at the time to be a good practical joke, and
did not follow it ; but in the " Journal of Horticulture " of the
15th March, I find an English apiarian recommending for spring
stimulating feeding a continual administration of syrup with a
dash of brandy in it.

The origin of foul brood may be said to be threefold : —

First : From fermented honey or food.

Second : From exposure of the hive to cold.

Third : From infection.

First : From fermented honey or food. — As nothing will more
readily induce foul brood in a hive having unsealed honey than
overheating, combs in this state should never be kept over the
winter, as moisture or vapour is deposited on the comb and mixes
with the unsealed honey, which thereby ferments. Fungi are
then propagated, and are spread when this honey is used by the
nurses for feeding the larvae, in which stage of the life of a bee
the infection and destruction begins. After the cell is sealed or
capped over, the bees have no means of knowing that decay and
rottenness are going on within. If we take a piece of comb thus
infected and withdraw the dead pupae, tliere appears in the
bottom of the cells a small white fungoid substance, which is the
germ of the disease, and in course of time turns the larvae first
into a milky-like substance, and later into a dark brown glutinous
jelly, which emits a very offensive smell. If you stir it with a
pin at this stage, it can be drawn out in long elastic threads,
almost like India-rubber.

Second : From exposure. — Frequent examination of the hive

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 193

during the spring months is apt to lower the temperature, and
thus compel the bees to cluster together in order to raise the
necessary warmth. As at this season they are by no means so
active as in the heat of summer, it sometimes happens that the
larvae perish before the warm weather sets in. This is termed
chilled brood ; for although the bees very often succeed in clearing
out the dead larvae, yet the spores having been deposited at the
bottom of the cells get scattered through the hive, cause decom-
position to set in, and the foundation for future unhealthy colonies
is thereby laid.

Third : From infection. — I find this by far the most frequent
cause of disease, as an infected hive soon becomes an easy prey to
robber bees. They in turn, while stealing the honey, take with
them the seeds of infection, and thus innoculate their own hives.
Many beekeepers say that foul brood is not infectious, because
sometimes a natural swarm from an infected hive does not carry
it with them when put into a clean hive ; but it is well known
that bees, when leaving, carry two or three days' consumption
with them, and when a swarm is housed in a clean empty hive, by
far the greatest amount of the honey they bring with them goes
to the production of wax for the new combs. By the time the
queen lays eggs and the larvae require to be fed, there can be no
doubt that they are supplied by fresh stores brought from the
fields. But as a proof of infection, it may be stated that foul
brood has been known to rage for years in certain districts, and
while some beekeepers used every means to get rid of it, they
found that, so long as their neighbours' hives were infected, it was
almost impossible. The deduction from this seems clearly to be,
that strong stocks should be kept ; and that the only safe cure
for all infected comb is to cut out, bury, or destroy it, but on no
account to allow the bees to get the honey from infected
stocks ; also to avoid importing any bees from a distance, as
through excitement and confinement the germs of disease are
sown.

Many beekeepers may take a difi'erent view of this subject from
that I have stated, but if my remarks lead to investigation being
thoroughly and honestly made, and turn the train of thought
to an unoccupied field, it may in course of time bring forth an
abundant harvest of practical knowledge.

VOL. III. N

194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

lY. — Miscellaneous Notes in Natural History. By-
Mr James Napier.

Spiders.

A few years ago I found that at the corner of our veranda a
garden spider, Ejfeira diadema, had spread out its net, and was
posted in the centre of it earnestly watching for prey. I took a
fragment of a leaf and dropped it upon the lower edge of the web,
when the insect made a sudden rush to it, but when half-way
stopped and fled to a dark corner out of sight. After a few
minutes it approached cautiously, and having gone round the leaf
several times, carefully lifted it by passing under and getting the
leaf on its back, and having travelled, with it to the top, pitched it
over. This operation was repeated several times with the same
result. I then treated it to a fly, which was killed and consumed
on the spot in a few minutes. I next put an ant, to which the
spider ran with great force till within an inch, when it suddenly
stopped, and then made several circles round ; the ant wriggled
round so as to face the spider, with its mandibles open and
snapping, but the spider refused to go nearer, and retired to its
watch-tower. On examination, I found that the ant was tied to
the web by threads thrown over it. A Bluebottle fly was next
given, which the spider attacked without fear, and consumed. A
wasp was then entangled in the web, on seeing which it set off to
its dark corner with great speed, and nearly half-an-hour elapsed
before it ventured out, and then cautiously making two or three
circuits. I found that the wasp was also tied down. I supplied
more flies, which were killed but not eaten. Next morning the
web was clean and mended, and the spider in the centre. On
examining the den, I found the wasp, ant, and flies carefully
bagged and laid up, possibly for future use.

It appeared, however, that all spiders are not so cautious, for I
tried another sometime afterwards with a wasp. The spider
rushed at it without a pause, but evidently got a sting, for it fled
with great precipitation to its den, then swung itself to tlie ground
and disappeared, and the web stood for days without a tenant.

To show the strength of the thread of tlie spider's web, I may
state that one morning in August a spider's thread, made visible
by vapour condensed upon it, might have been seen stretching
from the corner of Union Street to the corner of Jamaica Street,

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 195

thus crossing Argyll Street. The weight of the condensed dew
upon this line must have been considerable.

Dogs.

Fraud. — In a public work west of Glasgow, two dogs, a New-
foundland and a Terrier, were kept. The latter was a famed
ratter, and when he killed a rat, he carried it into the house to
show his mistress, who ordered him out, but always followed with
a large piece of oat-cake, which Tartar first ate, then taking the
rat and burying it in the garden. One day he and the Newfound-
land were playing together in a field, when Tartar was observed
to proceed into the garden accompanied by his friend, unearth the
last rat he had buried, and carry it into the house. When the
usual reward was given to him, he shared it with his companion,
and then took away the rat and reburied it.

Conspiracy. — A dog in the village, near the works in question,
was a nuisance to the inhabitants, and with it Tartar had often
fought, but had always been driven off" by the dog's master. One
day the Newfoundland, Tartar, and another little dog were playing
together, when Tartar's enemy appeared in the distance. The
three at once separated. Tartar lay down on one side of the
road, and the Newfoundland at the root of a tree on the other side,
while the small dog ran to meet the enemy, and sportingly
led him on to the place where the two others were in waiting.
Whenever they came up, Tartar and the Newfoundland sprang
out, the three fastened upon the one, and before aid arrived the
poor dog was killed.

"A Shower of Frogs."

At the end of August, a few years ago, after a long drought, a
copious shower fell during the night. On going out about seven
next morning the road was literally swarming with young frogs ;
also in a neighbouring field, so numerous were they that only with
great care could I walk without treading upon them. Nothing
could better account for this swarm than a "shower" of them.
My house and garden were surrounded by a high wall ; I thought
that, if the frogs had fallen from the clouds, they would be in
the garden as well as outside, but upon examination, not one
was there to be seen. A large pond in a clayfield at about 200
yards distance, was undoubtedly the place whence came the so-
called " shower of frogs."

196 proceedings of the

April 24th, 1877.

Mr Thomas Chapman, Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr James Thomson, LA., was elected a life member; and
Messrs. John Buchanan, Walter Burns, Scipio M. Kennedy, and
Robert Smith, ordinary members.

Mr Peter Cameron submitted a report from the Committee
appointed last Session to prepare Catalogues of the Fauna of the
West of Scotland, and more particularly the Fauna of the
Clyde Valley. The report stated that arrangements had been
made with several Zoologists, who had undertaken to frame lists
of species in various departments of Natural History, so that the
first part might appear during this year. The Catalogues would
be paged separately from the Proceedings, so that when completed
they would form a separate volume. The report was approved of,
and the Committee instructed to proceed with the issue of the lists.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

The Chairman exhibited specimens of several species of Cetoniae,
including examples, in both sexes, of Goliathus iJolypliemus, from
the west coast of Africa, and remarked that this family of lanielli-
corn beetles forms an extensive and brilliant group of insects. In
a perfect state they frequent flowers, upon the juices of which they
feed, the structure of the maxillary lobes enabling them to lap up
the sweets. Some species are found on the trunks of trees, where
they feed on the sap, especially of such as are wounded. Dr
Savage, who has collected these large Cetonias at the Gold Coast,
states that they are roasted and eaten by the natives, who find
them to be fat and sweet. G. pohjphemus, he says, feeds upon a
vine climbing up very lofty trees, and full of a fluid as tasteless
and limpid as water, and so plentiful that the natives, in travelling
through the woods, tap it and drink the juice, when water cannot
be easily found. The Rosechafer, Cetonia aurata, is common in
the south of England on roses, and on the flowers of the privet.
In the larval state they are found in rotten timber. The larvae
and pupae are often found in ants' nests, where it is probable the
larvae feed on the fragments of wood of which the nests are often
largely formed.

Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., exhibited a specimen of the Spotted
Crake, Crex jporzana, which was shot at Aird's Moss, Cronberry
Farm, in the parish of Auchinleck, Ayrshire, on 3d November,

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 197

1875. He stated that this species is one of our least observed
migrants, and is seldom met with in Scotland. Like many other
marsh birds, it is decreasing, as its haunts — the fenny and marshy
lands — are being gradually drained. At one time it bred
regularly in some parts of England, in considerable numbers, but
now rarely, and in Scotland its nest has been taken only on one
or two occasions. According to Jerdon, in his " Birds of India,"
it is found over all India in the cold season, frequenting marshes,
rice fields, and moist meadows, near rivers and tanks. It is also
found throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa, breeding in temperate
regions. Jerdon also states that it is said to make a floating nest
of rushes ; but this seems to be very doubtful, and is not mentiond
by some of the other authorities.

Mr John M. Campbell exhibited a specimen of the Biscacha,
(Lagostomus trkhodadylus, Brookes), from South America, and made
some remarks on its distribution in the Argentine Provinces, which
it has overrun to a large extent, penetrating to a considerable
distance southwards. It has not, however, been found in the
Banda Oriental or in Paraguay, although, being a good swimmer
and taking readily to the water, the Parana need not have been
an obstacle to its progress. In a paper read before the Society at
the December meeting, a full account was given of the habits and
depredations of this rodent, which has become a thorough pest in
the countries where it prevails. Mr Campbell mentioned that its
skin is now imported as an article of commerce, and is taking the
place of more expensive furs.

Mr D. C. Glen, F.G-.S., exhibited a number of specimens
from Brazil, recently brought to this country by Mr A. Smith,
C.E.,. Glasgow. In the collection were — the carapace of an
Armadillo ; the bony palate of a species of Cat-fish, the mouth of
which is paved, in a sort of tesselated manner, with a series of
roundish-shaped crushing teeth ; the legs and wings of the Horned
Screamer, Palamedea cornuta, a bird about the size of a goose,
whose wings are each armed with a pair of strong bony spurs,
which it uses for defensive purposes ; a Blue Crow, Corvus azureus,
and a Red-breasted Eoller, Coracias scutata ; a specimen of one of
the Lace Lizards, about four feet in length ; also several other
objects of interest. On these he made a few verbal remarks,
concluding by presenting the Blue Crow and Red-breasted Roller
to the Hunterian Museum.

198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr Peter Cameron exhibited various specimens of Tenth re-
dinidae, new to the British Fauna, taken by Mr Joseph Chappell
in the Manchester district. (1) A new species of Dolerus, dis-
tinguished from all the other black and red species by having the
abdomen entirely red, otherwise nearly approaching D. lateritkis,
Klug; (2) Blennocampa micans, Klugj (3) Lyda fulvipenniSy
Zaddach, a species described in 1863, when only two specimens
were known in the Berlin Museum, Mr Chappell's example being
thus the third. Mr Cameron also showed Athalia annulata, Fab.,
taken in England by the Rev. T. A. Marshall. This species
was erroneously inserted in our lists, but as we have now this
authentic specimen, it may again be included in the British fauna.

PAPERS READ.

I. — On Saxicava rugosa, a Bivalve Mollusc; showing an unusual mode
of repair. By Mr David Robertson, F.L.S., F.Gr.S.

It is a common occurrence to see shells which have been repaired
by the animal after accidental injuries of various kinds. These
repairs, it is well known, are accomplished by a calcareous
secretion applied to the points of injury, whether a fracture, a
bruise, or displacement of parts, which are often mended even
when the fractured edges do not come into proper contact ; and
in such cases, the shell frequently assumes a more or less contorted
appearance. This calcareous secretion is also used by the animal
to cover any irritating substance which happens to get inside the
valves of the shell ; and when this occurs with any of the pearl-
bearing molluscs, the foreign objects get covered, layer after layer,
with nacreous or pearly matter, and in this way pearls are formed.
This property is said to be taken advantage of by the Chinese,
who place little figures of their gods within tlie valves of such
shells, where they allow them to remain a sufficient time to be
coated over with a pearly covering.

Here is an injury to the shell of a mollusc, Saxicava rugosa, — an
injury of a different kind, — not accidental, but purposely inflicted
by a carnivorous univalve mollusc, which has the power of drilling
through the covering of hard shell to reach the animal -wdthin, and
with much skill, if we may so call it, in selecting the most
vulnerable point of attack. It will be seen by the perforations of
these boring molluscs, in the numerous examples before us, that
they have been done by no random aim, but so directed as to

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 199

reach the most vital part of the animal, and at a point from which
escape is hopeless. It will also be noticed that the holes are never
made on a thick part of the shell if a thinner part affords the same
advantage. On this group of Trophons may be seen how the
punctures are made in almost every case on the body whorl, and at
one particular point, and with scarcely an exception they are on the
ventral side, which evidently implies a vantage gained by getting
to this part beneath the shell.

On looking at this valve, we find three holes pierced a little
apart, near the umbo, and which are covered over on the inner side
by a thin layer of calcareous matter. Each patch, it will be noticed,
is just a little larger than the hole it covers, and there can be no
doubt that these repairs were made by the occupant of the shell.
But what I wish to draw attention to is, that although repairs of
accidental injuries are common, as before mentioned, yet, with this
exception, I have never seen a trace of the least attempt having
been made to close up one of these bored holes ; they are always
open, and it is all the more unlikely that any attempt at resistance
could be made, when we consider the character of the shell
borers. They appear to pierce the shell with ease, and it is not
to be supposed that they have the least difficulty in making their
assault without giving either time or opportunity for resistance
when they have once pierced the shell.

This singular case of an apparent efi'ort to shut out an invincible
enemy cannot be easily accounted for, except by supposing some
untoward accident happening to the aggressor or aggressors just
at the moment they had pierced the shell and touched the prey,
the damage having been repaired afterwards, in the same manner
as if caused by accident.

I may further call your attention to a little sand procured from
the root of a sponge, kindly sent me by Mr John Kirsop ; as also
some given by Mr John Young, from the tubes of a beautiful
group of annelids, also presented to the Hunterian Museum by Mr
Kirsop. Both the annelids and sponge came from Australia ; the
former from the shores of Kangaroo Island, and the latter from
the banks of the river Cygnet, where they had been thrown up by
storms and tides, together with many other beautiful specimens of
various kinds which were exhibited by Mr Kirsop at our last
meeting. Here are also the contents of a little mud from the
Bay of Gibraltar, and those of a small parcel from off St Helena,

200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

for wliich I am indebted to the kindness of Professor Young ; and
those of another, from my friend Mr Dugald Bell, procured from
soundings taken by Captain White off Mocha, in 22 fathoms water,
on their way to India ; and the contents of another parcel, from
Mr D. 0. Glen, from the Brazilian coast. In all these cases the
quantity of material is small, yet they all reveal the remains of
abundant life, which not only represent Microzoa, but the remains
of larger forms, as plates and spines of Echinoderms, otolites of
fish, spicules of sponges, etc., and give unmistakable proof of the
presence of such forms in these localities, and often of the
particular species to which they belong. Although in these
instances only a small number of species of those that inhabit a
particular region may have been secured, yet we may be sure that
we have a portion of the prevailing forms which at all times give
character to the locality.

In most cases Foraminifera predominate over Ostracoda, and
more so in the greater depths of water. But in the sample from
the Brazilian coast, sent by Mr Glen, one species of an Ostracod is
in great abundance, while scarcely another organism is seen.
Such facts come to be of great importance, when the results from
different parts of the sea bottom, at the same or different depths,
can be compared ; and although small gatherings seldom fail to
be of interest, and often of much scientific value, it will be
understood that larger gatherings will be of more than propor-
tionate value when they can be had.

There has at all times been no lack of voyagers bringing home
novelties from distant countries, and often at great trouble to them-
selves. There are many who, doubtless, would have a pleasure in
helping science, were it better known what particular kind of objects
or material are wanted. There is generally a tendency in those
collecting for others to give most attention to things that please
the eye. In a scientific point of view, this is not at all times
necessary, as every group of animal life is invested with a history
brimful of interest, and the chances of a prize, in most cases, are
greater among the obscure forms than among those that are more
conspicuous. In regard to material for the microscope, beauty or
pleasant appearance does not come into account. It may be the
black slimy mud from the sea-shore, or margin of a lagoon, or
from the bottom of the sea, attached to the grease of the sounding-
lead, or brought up on the fluke of an anchor. All of these may

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 201

be at times easily procurable, and require no further preservation
than to be secured in a parcel or bag, with the indispensable
precaution of being accurately labelled with the locality and
conditions under which they were found, whether in fresh,
brackish, or salt water, and at what depth. Such gatherings
seldom fail to be of great interest, and I need not say how proud
I am when I happen to be the fortunate recipient.

II. — On a remarkable Lepidopteroiis Gall from South America.

By Mr Peter Cameron.

Mr J. M. Campbell has shown me some galls which he found
on a thorny plant near Watchman's Cape, Patagonia, and which
merit notice. Outwardly, in form and colour, these galls are
almost identical with the common oak-gall of Cynips Jcollari, but
are slightly smaller, have no tubercles, but have the outer skin
quite smooth, and, like our species, are formed on the leaf-buds.
Internally, however, the structure is very different, there being no
spongy mass as in C. kollari, the central cavity being very large,
occupying the greater part of the gall, and the outer rim is only
about a line thick, while its substance is of a firmer consistency,
not spongy as in our species. But the most curious thing in
connection with this gall is in the way by which the insect
escapes. In the Hymenopterous galls the flies simply eat out a
round hole in the side for their passage, and the substance eaten
out falls away in fine dust ; while the South American species
takes out of one side a circular piece of the same diameter as the
outer rim, this piece being thinner on the inner than on the outer
side, and it remains intact, so that it can be fitted accurately into
the hole again. These pieces are not all of the same shape,
some being oval, others oblong, while, more or less in all,
the outer edge has small indentations. It is further to be
noted that the holes are not all in the same position, some being
on the side, others in the apex. Internally, the surface is
smooth.

Mr Campbell, unfortunately, has only pupae of the maker
of these galls, and they prove to be Lepidopterous. Several
moths have been reported as gall makers ; but the galls which
they raise are mere swellings, scarcely comparable to that
just described, which is as well formed as those of any of the
Cynipidae.

202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

III. — Notes on Clydesdale Hymenoptera. By Mr P. Cai^ieron.

In the following paper I purpose detailing a number of additions
to the Clydesdale Hymenoptera, and giving additional localities
for species already recorded in the "Fauna and Flora of the
West of Scotland," Glasgow, 1876.

Tenthredinidae.

Lophyrus virens, Klug. Kannoch.

Lophyrus rufiis, Kl., is possibly Scotch (Oban), as the specimens
in Stephen's collection in the British Museum are L. rufus, and
not L. iKtllidus. Mr C. W. Dale, of Glanville's Wooton, tells me
that he has Scotch specimens of L. imlUdus from the late John
Curtis.

Croesus lati'pes, Vill., perhaps occurs in the district. In Septem-
ber, I found in Clober Wood a larva on birch, that appeared to
belong to this species ; it was, however, very young.

Nematus longiserra, Thomson. Kintail. June. Larva on
sallows.

Nematus xanthogaster, Foerster.

In giving an account of the life history of Nematus crassulus
(Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas., Vol. ii., p. 313), I expressed some
doubt as to the identity of that insect with N. xanthogaster, Foer.,
and N. leucostictus, H. In that doubt I now find I was quite
justified. Brischke and Zaddach have figured the larvae (Schr.
Phys.-okon. Ges. zu Konig. ix. ; the letterpress has not yet
appeared) of both species, and it is certain that they are distinct
from A^. crassulus. I am glad to be able to record N. xanthogaster
as British, Prof. Zaddach having identified for me an insect taken
at Possil Marsh as Foerster's species, it having stood previously in
my collection as N. ])iliserra, Thomson, which name must now
sink as a synonym. N. leucostictus is stated to roll down the
leaves of Salix aurita. Possibly it is also British, as similar
larvae on that plant are not uncommon in Scotland and England.

Nematus rumicis, Fall. Houston. August.

Athalia glahricollis, Thoms. Generally distributed. (See antea,
p. 129).

Athalia lugens, Kl. Kilsyth; Gleniffer Braes. (Mr Morris
Young).

Emphytus tibialis, Kl. Clober (Mr King). Cadder.

Emphytus serotinus, Kl. Clober. Imago in September.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 203

Hoplocampa iHctoralis, Tlioms. Cannisburn.
Allantus S-cinctus, Fab. Clober.

Macrophya alUcincta, Schr. Eannoch ; Clober. June.
Lyda arbustomm, Fab. Rannoch. June.

Cynipidae. ^

Dryophanta scutellaris, 01. Common near Tarbert, Loch
Lomond.

D. longiventris, H. Common in the same place, and at Clober.

Aijhilotlirix callidoma, H. One gall at Clober. August.

Cynips marginalis, Schl. Galls agreeing with the descriptions of
Von Schlechtendal and Mayr are not uncommon in many places
in the West of Scotland. Like Mayr, I could find no radical
distinction between these galls and the catkin galls of Andricus
^-lineatus ; and further evidence of the identity of the two forms
is found in their having the same inquilines and parasites, and
their being found on the same tree, although I have observed the
leaf gall on a tree which had no catkins. But it now appears,
from the observations of Dr F. Endow (Die Pflanzen gallen ISTord-
deutschland's und ihre Erzeuger, p. 35 and p. 59), that the true
niargincdis is an Aphilothrix, and not an Andricus. It remains then
to be proved whether the leaf galls found in this country pertain
to A. J/.-lineatus or to Aph. marginalis, and it is to be hoped that
those interested in the subject will endeavour to elucidate this
point. Appended is Rudow's description of the gall maker.

Colour black, head and thorax distinctly shining, finely
punctured, slightly pubescent; scutellum slightly raised, black,
smooth, covered with grey hairs. Abdomen short, quite black,
strongly shining. Antennae 14-jointed, brownish at base. Legs
brownish-red, femora black, knees very clear. Wings hyaline,
nervures yellowish, not much thickened. Length 2 lines. Bred
in August.

Ceroptres cerri, Mayr. Cambuslang.

MekmijJS loiigitarsis, H. Cadder.

Cleditoma nigra, Thorns. Dairy.

Eucoela ciliaris, Dahl. Clyde, near Newton.

FycJiotrichia urticarum has been met with at Bishopton, and at
the Clyde near Newton.

Fsilodora Boienii, H. Bishopton.

Psilodora maculata, H. Bishopton.

204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Allotria cursor, H. Possil ; Clober; Baldernock,
Pezophyda hrachijiotera, H. Dairy.

Microstilha heterogena, Gir. One specimen at Milngavie on 7th
August.

Various Notes.

In the " Fauna and Flora " I have indicated an " Eiicoela
aljnna," this being a totally black species, which I got on the top
of " Gyrvel," Eannoch, under a stone, near some Tipula larvae.
It belongs to Giraud's 3d Horde, having the 4th joint of the
antennae longer or thicker than the following ; or, as the species
are now restricted by Foerster, to that author's genus Rhoptromeris,
which is thus defined : — Malar furrow slight, facial grooves broad
but not deep; antennae — male 15-jointed, the 2d joint of funiculus
more or less (sometimes strongly) thickened and elongate, always
longer than 1st; female 13-jointed, with distinct 7-jointed club,
scutellar cup small ; 2d abdominal segment crowned with hairs
at base ; wings hairy, rounded at apex, and hair fringed ; radial
cell closed at fore margin, narrow, the 1st and 2d sections of the
radius almost equal in length, the inner angle with a straight or
oblique continuation.

When I first examined the above specimen, I could not identify
it with any of the described species ; but since then I have taken
further specimens of Bhoptromeris, and more especially a male or
two from the hills above Dairy, an examination of which has
convinced me that the Eannoch insect was only a melanic variety
of the male of Eucoela parvula, Thoms., and that E. biscarims and
nodosa, Gir., and E. eucera, H., are also synonyms : the last name
should be adopted.

Trichiosoma lucorurri; L. In all the manuals this species is
described as having the abdomen quite black, while vitellinae is
stated to have the same part, either at the sides or on the ventral
surface, or both combined, testaceous. But when I commenced
to draw up the descriptions of these insects for my monograph for
the Ray Society, I soon found that the coloration of the abdomen
could not be depended upon as a mark of specific distinction
between T. lucorum and vitellinae, since in the former the abdomen
has the sides, and occasionally the belly, testaceous. In the
excellent monograph of Brischke and Zaddach, lucorum is stated
to feed on birch ; the larva is both figured and described, and

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 205

both agree perfectly with the larva of luconim, so common every-
where in our birch woods ; but these authors make no mention of
the imago varying in the manner I have indicated.

Van Vollenhoven has described a birch-feeding larva as that of
lateralis, Leach, and this larva seems to be the same as that of
lucorum ; or if it is not, then there must be two species attached
to birch, with similar larvae, namely, lateralis and lucorum. But
lateralis has always been regarded as synonymous with vitellinaey
and that is, so far as we know, confined to willows. It was
well described by De Geer (Mem. ii., 232, pi. xxxiii., f. 17-22),
and there are excellent figures of the larva in Brischke and
Zaddach's work, their observations and descriptions being quite
in accordance with mine ; that is to say, that vitellinae is purely a
willow-feeder. Van Vollenhoven, again, has described the true
lucorum as a birch-feeder. We must, then, either suppose that
the Dutch Hymenopterologist has described the same larva under
two different names (in his plate he does not give an original
figure of lateralis, but copies that of Curtis), or that vitellinae feeds
both on birch and willow, and that the birch-feeder, as a larva,
difters considerably from that attached to Salix. The latter seems
to be Van Vollenhoven's own opinion, for he quotes De Geer's
descriptions as referring to vitellinae. The matter, however,
requires confirmation; at any rate, I am certain that, in the
perfect state, lucorum has frequently (more especially in bred
specimens) the abdomen more or less coloured as in vitellinae, and
our descriptions of it must be modified accordingly. The subject
being thus a little confused, I give descriptions of the larvae of
our four species of Trichiosoma : —

Sorbi, Htg. — Head small, ochreous-yellow, with two dark
reddish marks on the vertex, which are frequently almost, if not
quite, joined together; mouth brownish, mandibles blackish.
Body yellowish-green; the skin beset with numerous tubercles,
which are white with a yellowish tinge, and are much larger over
the legs and along the dorsal vessel than over the rest of the
body ; there are none on the anal segment. Legs white, with
dark brown claws, abdominal legs glassy green. Spiracles eliptical,
pinkish-red. The clypeus and the part immediately above it is
whitish, without the ochreous colour.

"When young it is whitish green, with white tubercles ; the skin
deeply powdered. The head is pale ochreous-yellow.

206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Found during August and September, rolled up on the under
surface of the leaves of Pynis aucuparia.

Vitellinae. — Head white, with a fuscous cloud on the vertex,
not touching the eye spots, which are black ; the lower part of
clypeus black in the centre. The body is light green, with the
folds of the skin whitish; along each side of the dorsal vessel
is a row of Vv'hite tubercles, and another row is over the legs.
The dorsal vessel is pale green. The spiracles dark reddish, and
above each is one or more small red marks. Legs clear white,
claws blackish. The anal segment bears no tubercles.

The above description is from some larvae taken in July at
Eannoch. Brischke bred the species from two different larvae.
The one was found on Salix caprea, in August and September.
It was clear yellowish-green, with numerous white tubercles ; the
head shining, granular, yellowish, and black eye spots. The
spiracles eliptical, reddish; the claws brown. The other larva
was found in July, on Salix viminalis and ^S'. caprea. It was
smaller than the autumnal form, the ground colour was bluish-
green, the dorsal line (which was free from the white warts) was
of a darker green, and the whole body (except the last segment)
was beset with raised, often confluent, tubercles and dots. The
spiracles were reddish-brown, and over each (except the first and
last) stood a small dot of the same colour, which was not present
with the other larva. The claws are brown, and upon the yellow
shining head is, between the eyes, a brownish spot.

LiLConim. — Head light brownish-yellow, the mouth part brown-
ish, eye spots black. Across the vertex is a large dark brownish
mark, occupying the greater part of the vertex, and extending
down to the front of the head. The legs are white, the claws
black, the clasps light glassy-green. The eliptical spiracles are
dark brownish-black. The body is bright, rarely bluish, green,
the skin wrinkled and beset with white tubercles over the lees
and along the back, in the former part consisting of a large with
a smaller one beneath it ; they are absent from the anal segment.
There can scarcely be said to be a dorsal stripe, but when the
food canal is filled, it is noticable as a slightly darker green line
enclosed by the white dorsal tubercles.

AYhcn young the body is greyish- white, tlie head blackish, and
obscured by a whitish exudation ; the body is dusted all over with
a white powder, which varies in quantity.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 207

Betuleti, Kl. (crataegi, Zadd.). — After the last moult, the larva of
this species is bright greenish-yellow, with a darker green line
running down the back. On the vertex is a large brownish-
orange spot, the legs pale whitish-green, with brown claws ; the
spiracles are reddish. The skin is covered with minute tubercles,
and sparsely covered over with a white powder.

When young it is green, but dusted over with a white powder ;
the head is black, obscured mth a white exudation ; the region of
the mouth is white.

So far as is definitely^ known, heiuleti is confined to the haw-
thorn for its food.

Taschenberg, in his Entomologie fiir Garten, describes the larvae
of BlennocamiJa biimnctata, and of Athalia rosae ; so to make my
remarks {antea, p. 110 and p. 130) on these insects complete, I
give here his observations : —

The 22-footed larva of B. hipunctata is whitish, yellowish on the
head, except the mouth and eye spots, which are darker. It lives,
boring into the pith of the rose branches, during the second half
of May, June, and sometimes on to the first half of July. Towards
the middle of April, or the commencement of May, the fly appears,
and lays her eggs singly in the point of the young branch. The
larva soon bores into the pith, whereby the leaves become
withered. It eats about an inch and a half into the branch, and
when it reaches maturity, bores a round hole in the side of its
habitation and drops to the ground, where it pupates.

Of the larva of A. rosae he says that it is dark green above, at
the sides and belly clearer, and the head is reddish-yellow. There
are two generations in the year, the first appearing at the end of
June and beginning of July, the second is found in September and
October. The fly lays her eggs in the mid-rib of the rose leaves,
and when the larvae emerge they proceed to devour the upper
epidermis, so that the Ipwer becomes as transparent as gauze.
They spin a cocoon in the earth. The larvae are stated by J.
Schefiier to feed also on Sedum album.

lY. — Notes on a new method of fixing fronds of Carhoniferous Polyzoa
on a layer of Asphalt, to show the celUdiferous face. By Mr
John Young, F.G.S.

Those who like myself have collected the Polyzoa of our Car-
boniferous limestone shales, may have often expressed regret that

208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the fronds of the fenestrated species should be found, in almost
every instance, with the celluliferous face adherent to the stone in
which they are embedded. The reason for the fronds being so
persistently adherent by this face, is that the pores on the celluli-
ferous face have often raised margins, and are more or less slightly
projecting beyond the surface of the frond, giving it a rougher
aspect, while the non-celluliferous face is comparatively smooth,
being only faintly striated or granulated in most instances. This
smoother face is consequently much less adherent to the matrix
than the celluliferous face, and is therefore that which is most
constantly exposed. In some of the harder limestone shales, such
as those of Hairmyres, East Kilbride, and of the Beith and Dairy
districts in Ayrshire, we sometimes find the fronds of the Polyzoa
showing the celluliferous face, but this is owing to the circumstance
that there the fronds have been fixed down by one or other face
upon a layer of harder shale or limestone, and have been covered
by a layer of softer shale, so that when the rock comes to be split
up, the parting is in the line of the soft shale; so those specimens
that chance to have their celluliferous faces next to the soft layer
are now and again exposed. On the other hand, where the
Polyzoa are embedded in soft shales that yield readily to the
influence of the weather, like those of Dikehead, High Blantyre,
or Gillfoot, Carluke, the tendency in them is for the celluliferous
face to adhere to the matrix. However beautiful fronds of
Polyzoa showing only the reverse face may be, they are much
more beautiful, and become more valuable to palaeontologists as
specimens, when the celluliferous face can be examined, for it is
only by the number and form of the cells in the fenestrules that the
several species belonging to the various fenestrated genera can be
correctly determined.

Recently Dr Eankin of Carluke, when examining the Polyzoa
of the Gillfoot shale, was led to try the experiment of fixing small
portions of the fronds of Polyzoa by their non-celluliferous face to
a bit of melted black sealing-wax, which adhered firmly to the
frond. On the shale being placed in water, the wax brought away
the bit of Polyzoa w4th its celluliferous face exposed, which on
being cleaned, by washing with a brush in w\ater, allowed the cells
to be clearly examined. To Dr Rankin, therefore, am I indebted
for the hint that first led me to try the same experiment on large
fronds of Polyzoa, but using instead of the black sealing-wax, a

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 209

melted layer of common asphalt, free from sand, such as is used

for street pavements. By this method, as you will see from the

series of specimens exhibited, I have been successful, beyond my

expectation, in transferring to the layer of melted asphalt the

largest fronds of Polyzoa preserved in our shales, in all their

entirety, and showing the celluliferous face in a manner which is

hardly excelled in recent sj^ecimens.

The method adopted may be briefly explained as follows : —

After selecting the specimens, — it being only those preserved in

soft shales that can be successfully treated by the asphalt process,

as those fronds embedded in hard shale or limestone cannot be

lifted by this method, — let them be well dried at the fire, or in

the sun's rays, to free them from moisture ; and before applying

the layer of asphalt, heat the specimens at the fire, this making

the asphalt adhere much more firmly than when they are cold and

damp. The asphalt may be melted and spread over the face of

the frond by a piece of iron, or a kitchen poker, heated nearly to

redness, having at the same time a bit of tough brown paper

lying ready to cover the layer of asphalt while it is still warm.

The paper must be pressed on the asphalt with the fingers,

and spread smoothly over the surface j and in order that the

frond may adhere firmly to the asphalt, see that no gum or

other mucilage is allowed to touch the specimen. The layer of

paper strengthens the asphalt, and forms a better surface for

afterwards fixing the specimens to the tablets on which they are

mounted. For large fronds of Polyzoa, it is better to use two or

three alternate layers of asj)halt and paper ; which make a

thin firm cake, not liable to break or crack across when

being cleaned. Having applied the asphalt, j)lace the shale in

water, letting it lie for a time. Some shales part from the fronds

of the Polyzoa in a few minutes, while others will take an hour or

two, or even a day ; the process may be hastened, however, by

placing the shale in a saucer filled with water, and as it softens,

picking it away with the point of a knife, until the face of the

frond appears. Then w^ash the face of the frond in clean water,

until the whole of the cell-pores appear quite clean, using a hard

nail-brush or tooth-brush for the purpose. If the frond has been

well fixed to the asphalt, it may be washed without fear of

its removal. When the frond is properly cleaned, the surplus

asphalt and paper can be cut away from around it by a pair
VOL. IIL o

210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

of sharp scissors; and when this is done, the specimen may
be considered finished. The fronds of the Polyzoa being
generally of a greyish-white colour, they contrast very favourably
with the black ground of the asphalt ; and the manner in which
the surface of the celluliferous faces of the fronds can be examined
over their whole extent, renders this method of treating them
very satisfactory. The genera from our soft shales that I have
had an opportunity of operating upon, are the several species of
FenesteUa, Actinostoma, Synodadia, and Glaziconome, and these have
all turned out well. I have also used this method for exposing
the outer surface of some of the Aviculopectens, and other shells
which were adherent by their rough faces to the stone, and I find
it answers very well.

Before the discovery of treating the larger fronds of the
Polyzoa by the asphalt process, when we wanted to examine the
celluliferous faces of the various species, we were content with the
fragments of the broken up fronds from the soft weathered shales.
When these fragments were collected, they were found to be often
coated by a thin layer of clay. In order to remove this, I have
adopted the following plan : — I pick out of the shale all the
fragments to be examined ; I then take a glass slide, and coat
it with a layer of thin gum ; next, with the forceps, lifting the
fragments of the Polyzoa and placing them on the gum, with the
celluliferous face uppermost. When this is finished, I allow the
gum on the slide to dry slowly for a day or two, until it is quite
hard ; I then place the slide in a saucer filled with water, brushing
the specimens gently and quickly with a tooth-brush until they
are quite clean, the gum holding the specimens securely, while the
washing improves the appearance of the cells. The slide may then
be left in the water until the fragments are melted ofi", when
they can be easily collected with a soft hair pencil, and dried
on blotting paper, after which they are ready for mounting on
slides for microscopic examination. I have found this to be a
good method for cleaning fragments of Polyzoa only to be had
as weathered specimens in the shales, and they form beautiful and
interesting cabinet objects for microscopic investigation.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 211

fifet0iM ^mktn $t €t&pw.

w

SESSION 1876-77.

President —
Professor John Young, M.D., F.G.S., F.R.S.E., Glasgow University.

Fice-Presidents —
James Kamsay, 159 Eglinton Street.
Thomas Chapman, 56 Buchanan Street.
James B. Murdoch, Hamilton Place, Langside.

Secretary —
KoBERT Mason, 6 Albion Crescent, Dowanhill.

Treasurer —
R. J. Bennett, 50 Gordon Street.

Librarian —
Peter Cameron, 23 Exchange Square.

Members of Council —

Hugh M'Bean.
John Kirsop.
James Coutts.
James Lumsden, F.Z.S.
Duncan M'Lellan.

Henry C. Young.
D. Corse Glen, C.E., F.G.S.
John Young, F.G.S.
Francis G. Binnie.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

HONORARY.

1851 Hugh Colquhoun, M.D., Anchorage, Bothwell.
1851 William Ferguson, F.L.S., F.G.S., &c., of Kiumundy, Aberdeen-
shire.
1856 Robert Hislop, Blair Lodge, Polmont.
1866 Dr. W. P. Schimper, Professor of Geology, University of Strasbourg.

CORRESPONDING.

1851 Robert Gray, F.R.S.E., 13 luverleith Row, Edinburgh.

1852 T. B. Griersou, M.D., Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.

1861 John Shaw, Ph.D., Principal of the Gymnasium, Colesbur, South

Africa.
1863 Rev. James Dewar, Arrochar.

212 PIIOCEEDINGS OF THE

1863 Rev. H. W. Crosskey, F.G.S., Birminghara.

1863 Edward R. Alston, F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Arts Club, Hanover

Square, London.
1866 Right Hon. The Earl of Haddington, Tyninghame, Prestonkirk.
1866 James A. Mahony, Ramelton, Donegal, Ireland.
1866 Robert Macdowal, Surgeon, Panama Steam Navigation Company,

Panama.

1866 Rev. James E. Somerville, B.D., Broughty-Ferry.

1867 Thomas Edward, A.L.S., Banff.

1867 John Buchanan, of the Government Survey, Wellington, N.Z.
1867 Thomas Anderson, Girvan.

1867 George Thomson, Victoria, Africa.

1868 Rev. Dr. Gloag, Galashiels.

1869 George S. Brady, C.M.Z.S., Sunderland.

1869 Capt. H. W. Feilden, C.M.Z.S., Junior United Service Club, London.

1869 Rev. John Ferguson, New Pitsligo.

1870 James Hardy, Old Cambus, Berwickshire.

1871 Alexander Gray, Chartered Bank of India, Batavia.

1871 Edwin Lees, F.L.S., F.G.S., Greenhill Summit, Worcester.

1873 Sir George Hector Leith, Bart., Ross Priory, Dumbartonshire.

1875 Robert Hill, Berbice, British Guiana.

1876 William Hamilton, Yokohama, Japan.

1877 H. B. Bailey, Newton, Mass., U.S.

ORDINARY.

Those marked * are Life Members.

1872 Aitken, David, 14 Robertson Street.

1863 Alexander, John, Menstriebank, Dowanhill Gardens.

1868 Angus, William Craibe, 159 Queen Street.
1872 Arrol, Archibald T., Millgrove House, Alloa.

1862 Bain, James, F.R.S.E., 3 Park Terrace.

1863 Balloch, Robert, 88 Union Street.

1876 Barclay, Thomas, 121 West Regent Street.

1875 Baxter, William, 16 Gibson Street, Hillhead.

1876 Bayne, Andrew Malloch, 32 India Street.
1872 Beckett, John, 11 Windsor Terrace, West.

1869 Bell, John, 12 Jamaica Street.

1869 Bennett, Robert J., 50 Gordon Street.

1874 Biunie, Francis G., 83 Bath Street.
1872 Blackie, Alfred, Lilybank, Hillhead.
1868 Bott, Frank, 93 Renfield Street.
1863 Brodie, Robert, 16 Kew Terrace.
1876 Bruce, James, 26 West Nile Street.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 213

1877 Buchanan, John, 230 Duke Street.

1873 Buchanan, Thomas D., M.D., 24 Westminster Terrace.

1877 Burns, Walter, 17 Garden Street.

1871 Cameron, Peter, 23 Exchange Square.
1870 Campbell, John M., Kelvingrove Museum.

1873 Chalmers, John, 25 St. George's Eoad.
1852 Chapman, Thomas, 56 Buchanan Street.

1870 Clark, Henry E., 9 Elmbauk Street.

1863 Clark, Peter, 3 Northumberland Street, Crosshill.
1866 Combe, George J., 59 Cathedral Street.

1851 Connal, Michael, 43 Virginia Street.

1875 Cooke, Stephen, F.C.S., Veterinary College, Buccleuch Street.
1866 Coutts, James, 44 Dorset Street.

1874 Crosby, John, 106 North Frederick Street.

1865 Dairon, James, 4 Garden Street.

1864 Dennistoun, Alexander, Roselea, Helensburgh.

1871 Dickson, Donald W., Victoria Place, Maryhill.
1868 Dixon, James S., 19 Elmbank Crescent.

1866 Donaldson, Alexander^ 27 Blythswood Square.

1868 Dougall, James D., 39 Gordon Street.

1869 Drew, Alexander, jun., Lower House, near Burnley, Lancashire.

1874 Duncan, James, 65 Hamilton Drive.

*1873 Fleming, James Nicol, Keile, by Campbelton.

1872 Fleming, John, 83 Jamaica Street.

*1875 Flemyng, Francis P., LL.D., F.R.G.S., Sgor Bheann, Dunoon.

1876 Forrest, Thomas S., Holmwood, Langside.

1864 Gait, Walter, 498 St. Vincent Street.
1858 Gardner, Robert, 38 Queen Street.
1872 Gibson, Walter, Glendaruel, Cove.
1872 Gilchrist, Archibald, 11 Sandyford Place.

1871 Girvan, James Graham, 186 West George Street.

1870 Glen, David C, C.E., F.G.S., 14 Annfield Place.
1876 Grahame, James, 12 St. Vincent Place.

1875 Grieve, Henry, 10 Willowbank Crescent.

1856 Grieve, John, M.D., W. L. Buchanan's, 48 Gordon Street.

1876 Gurney, J. A., jun., F.Z.S,, Northrepps Hall, Norwich.

1872 Hadaway, Thomas S., 122 Wellington Street.

1867 Hamilton, James, 111 West Regent Street.

1866 Harvie-Brown, John A., F.Z.S., Dunipace House, Larbert.

1875 Hill, Alexander, Queen's Park.

1858 Hutcheson, Thomas S., 10 Great Wellington Street.

214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

1877 Kennedy, Scipio M., 2 Carnarvon Street.
1872 Kidston, David, 233 St. Vincent Street.

1871 Kirsop, John, 6 Queen's Crescent.

1872 Knox, David N., M.A., M.B., 8 Bellgrave Terrace.

1858 Knox, John, 5 Park Quadrant.

1872 Leek, Henry, Woodend, Partick Hilh
1876 Long, Eowley Jex, 727 Duke Street.

1870 Lumsden, James, jun., F.Z.S., 20 Queen Street.
1876 Lyle, James, 39 Scott Street, Garnethill,

1872 Lyle, John, 7 Broompark Terrace, Denuistoun.

1876 Macdonald, Alexander, 150 Nile Street.

*1876 Malloch, Charles, 7 Blythswood Square.

1860 Manford, John, 27 West George Street.

1859 Manford, Stuart, 5 Dixon Street.
*1875 Marshall, James, 8 Somerset Place.

1876 Marshall, Peter, 6 Park Grove Terrace.

1874 Marshall, Eichard A., 170 Hope Street.
1876 Marshall, Robert, 214 Kent Road.

1872 Martin, Donald T., 142 St. Vincent Street.
1863 Mason, Robert, 6 Albion Crescent, Dowanhill.

1858 Miller, Gavin, 10 Windsor Terrace, West.

1866 Millar, James, Strathclyde Print Works, Dalmarnock.
1876 Miller, John F., 1 Wellesley Place, Sandyford.

1859 Morton, James, M.D., 199 Bath Street.
1863 Mossman, John, 21 Elmbank Crescent.

1851 Murdoch, James Barclay, Hamilton Place, Langside.

1873 M'Bean, Hugh, 24 Woodside Place.
1876 M'Callum, James T., 66 Buchanan Street.
1869 M'Ewan, William, M.D., CM., 5 Ure Place.

1875 M'Farlane, John H., Auchenfroe House, Dumbartonshire.
1868 M'Kay, John, 10 Great Hamilton Street.

1871 M'Kerrow, James, 461 St. Vincent Street.

1854 M'Kinlay, David, 6 Great Western Terrace, Western Road.

1872 McLaren, John, M.D., CM., 21 Canning Place.

1875 M'Lean, John A., Union Bank, Doune.
1863 M'Lellan, Duncan, 42 Kelvingrove Street.

1874 M'Lellan, David D., 42 Kelvingrove Street.
1863 M'Pherson, James, M.D., 115 Bath Street.

1860 Napier, Alexander, Albert Cottage, Langside Road.
1851 Napier, James, F.CS., Mary field, Both well.

1876 Nelson, Daniel M., 48 Gordon Street.

1876 Nevvlands, A. D., 7 Camden Place, Govan Road.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 215

1871 Okell, Arthur, 115 St. Vincent Street.

1871 Park, James, 115 St. Vincent Street.

1872 Paterson, George E., 82 St. Vincent Street.
1869 Paterson, William S., 226 West George Street.
1876 Paton, James, F.L.S., 35 Kelvingrove Street.
1875 Pratt, Arthur, 225a West George Street.

1866 Eae, John, 106 Union Street.

1863 Eainy, George W., 12 St. Vincent Place.

1861 Eamsay, James, 159 Eglinton Street.

1853 Eannie, Henry Alexander, 103 St. Vincent Street.

1858 Eeid, John Eaton, 10 Newton Terrace.

1875 Eennie, George, 11 Nelson Terrace, Hillhead.

1871 Eobertson, Archibald, 33 Granville Street, Newton Terrace.
1852 Eobertson, David, F.G.S., F.L.S., 42 Kelvingrove Street. '

1876 Eobertson, David, jun., 329 Sauchiehall Street.

1865 Eobertson, James, 91 St. Vincent Street.

1876 Eobertson, John, Normal Seminary, New City Eoad.
1875 Eobertson, Joseph, 110 High John Street.

1875 Eobb, John, 74 Gordon Street.

1859 Eussell, Thomas, 14 India Street.

1875 Schuman, Sigismund, 7 Eoyal Bank Place.

1872 Scott, James, 6 Wilton Crescent.

1872 Scott, John G., Fairyknowe, Bothwell.
1861 Sinclair, William, City of Glasgow Bank.

1867 Small, Eev. Eobert, Caddonfoot Manse, Galashiels.

1877 Smith, James, Copeland Villa, Kelviuside Gardens.

1873 Smith, Eobert, Ay ton Villa, Langside.
1877 Smith, Eobert, 230 Duke Street.

1876 Somerville, Joseph, 343 St. George's Eoad.

1866 Stevenson, Eobert, 40 Abbotsford Place.

■^1864 Stewart, Alexander B., EawclifFe Lodge, Langside.

1868 Stewart, James, Williamwood, Cathcart.

1865 Stirton, James, M.D., F.L.S., 15 Newton Street.

1859 Sutherland, Alexander, 97 Buchanan Street.

1860 Thomson, James, F.G.S., 3 Abbotsford Place.
•^1877 Thomson, James, I.A., 88 Bath Street.

1869 Thomson, William, Annfield House, Dennistoun.

1876 Tristram, H. B., LL.D., F.E.S., C.M.Z.S., Canon of Durham.
1868 Turnbull, John, 50 West Eegent Street.

1866 Walker, Theodore C, Eoseneath, St. James' Eoad, Leicester.

216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

1871 Watson, Alexander James, 10 Kew Terrace.
1868 Watson, James, 2 Florentine Gardens, Hillhead.

1874 Watson, James R, 22 West Nile Street.

1875 Wilson, Daniel, 85 Wellington Street.
1863 Wilson, W. T., 88 St. Vincent Street.

1863 Wingate, James, 4 Koyal Exchange Buildings.
1863 Wingate, John B., 7 Crown Terrace, Dowanhill.
1863 Wiinsch, Edward A., F.G.S., 88 St. Vincent Street.

1872 Yoimg, Henry C, Forth Street, Port-Dundas.
*1852 Young, John, F.G.S., Hunterian Museum.

1866 Young, John, M.D,, F.G.S., F.E.S.E., Glasgow University.
186^ Young, Thomas Charles, M.A., 4 Great Kelvin Terrace.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW.

Abstract Statement of Accounts — Session 1875-76.

To Balance per last Account-
Cash in Bank, £104 8 4
„ in hand, 0 8 9

£104 17 1

, , 110 Annual Members' Subscrip-
tions at 5/, - - - - 27 10 0
„ IG New Members' Entry-Money

at 10/, 8 0 0

„ 1 Life Member, - - - 5 5 0
„ 8 Members' Arrears, - - 2 0 0
,, "Proceedings" sold, - - 2 2 4
„ Interest from Bank, - - 2 9 0

£152 3 11
To Balance— Cash in Bank at this date as per Book,

By

)>

>>
))

)>

Anderson's University, for
Rent and Attendance, -

Printing " Proceedings," Two
Parts, Circulars, &c., -

Postages of Circulars, &c. ,

Magazines, Books, and Bind-
ing for Library, - - -

Two Tin Boxes,

Balance, carried down, -

per Book, - - £39 1

£3 0

99 10
4 18

8 19

1 14

39 1

0

0

9
2

8
0
4

as

£152
4

3 11

Glasgow, ^Oth Sept., 2S7C.— Compared with Vouchers, and found correct.

(Signed) ' ARCHIBALD ROBERTSON.
JOHN MANFORD.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 217

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

SESSIONS 1875-76, 1876-77.

FEOM SOCIETIES.

Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Proceedings.

Vol. III. Parts II. to IV. 1876-77. 8vo.
Belfast Naturalists' Field Club. Proceedings. 1874-75, 1875-76.
Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. Proceedings. Vol. VII. Part III.

1875-76. Vol. VIII. Part I. 1877. 8vo.
Boston (U.S.) Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. XVIII.

Parts I. to IV. 1877. Memoirs. Vol. II. Part IV. No. 5. 4to.
Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society. Annual Reports. 1874-75,

1875-76. 8vo.
Bristol Naturalists' Society. Proceedings. Vol. I. Part III.
Brussels. Societe Malacologique de Belgique. Proces Verbal. January

to June, 1876.
Chester Society of Natural Science. Annual Reports. 1875-76 and

1876-77. 8vo.
Christiania. J. W. MuUer (Prof.) Transfusion und Plethora, eine

Physiologische Studie. 1875. 8vo. From the Royal Norwegian

University of Christiania.

C. P. Caspari. — Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols und

der Glaubensregel. 8vo. lb.
J. Lieblein. — Die Aegyptischen Denkmaler. 8vo. lb.
J. Collett. — Norvpge Carte zoo-geographique. 4to. lb.
Eastbourne Natural History Society. Papers. 1872-77. 4to.
Edinburgh. Transactions of the Scottish Arboricultural Society. Vol.

XIII. Part II. 1877. 8vo.
Edinburgh. Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society. Vol. II.

and Vol. III. Part I.
^c^wiSitr^/i Botanical Society. Transactions. Vols. XI. and XII. 1870-76.
Glasgow. Proceedings of the Glasgow Philosophical Society. Vol. X.

Parts I. and II. 1876-77.
Glasgow. British Association Guides. 3 Parts. From the Local

Committee.
VOL. III. P

218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Leeds Naturalists' Club and Scientific Association. Sixth Annual

Report. 1875-76.
London. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XLV., 1875.

Vol. XLVL, 1876.

Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. Quarterly.
Ibid. — Charter and Regulations. 1877.
London. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. Nos. 1 to 33.

1876-77. 8vo.
London Geologists' Association. Transactions. Vols. I.-IV.
London (Ontario). The Canadian Entomologist. Monthly. From the

Entomological Society of the Province of Ontario.
Lyons. Bulletin de la Societe d'Etudes Scientifiques de Lyon. No. 1,

1874. No. 2, 1877. 8vo.
Manchester Geological Society. Transactions. Vols. XIII. and XIV.

Parts I.-XIII. 8vo.
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. Proceedings. 1875 and

1876.
Manchester Scientific Students' Association. Annual Report. 1874-75.
Norfolk and Norivich Naturalists' Society. Transactions. Vols. I. and II.

Parts I.-III. 8vo.
North Staffordshire Naturalists' Field Club and Archaeological Society.

Annual Reports. 1875-77. 8vo.
Paris. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France. Parts I. to VI.,

1876; and Parts I. to III., 1877. 8vo.
Toronto (Ontario). Annual Report of the Entomological Society of the

Province of Ontario. 1877. 4to.
United States Geological Survey, per F. V. Hayden. Preliminary

Report of the U.S. Geological Survey of Wyoming and portions of

contiguous Territories. 8vo. 1871.

First, Second, and Third Annual Reports of the U.S. Geological
Survey of the Territories, for the years 1867, 1868, and
1869. 1 Vol. 8vo. 1873.
Watford Natural History Society. Transactions. Vol. I. Parts I.-V.

BY PURCHASE.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Monthly.

Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Monthly.

Grevillea. Quarterly.

Ibis. Quarterly.

Scottish Naturalist. Quarterly.

Zoological Record. Yearly.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 219

LIST or SOCIETIES, ETC., TO WHICH THE
PROCEEDINGS ARE SENT.

GEEAT BEITAIN AND IRELAND.

Aberdeen Natural History Society.

Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Society.

Belfast Naturalists' Field Club.

Berwickshire Naturalists' Field Club.

Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society.

Bristol Naturalists' Society.

British Museum.

Chester Society of Natural Science.

Eastbourne Natural History Society.

Edinburgh Botanical Society.

Edinburgh Geological Society.

Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Editors.

Glasgow Geological Society.

Glasgow Philosophical Society.

London Geologists' Association.

London Quekett Miscroscopical Club.

London Royal Geographical Society.

Manchester Geological Society.

Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.

Manchester Scientific Students' Association.

Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society.

North Staffordshire Naturalists' Field Club.

Paisley Free Library.

Scottish Naturalist. Editor.

Watford Natural History Society.

CONTINENT OF EUROPE.

Brussels. — Soci^te Malacologique de Belgique.
Christiania. — Royal Norwegian University.
Liege. — Societe Royal des Sciences.
Lyons. — Societe d'Etudes Scientifiques.
Paris.— Societe Zoologique de France.

220 PROCEEDINGS OF NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

AMEEICA.

Boston Natural History Society.

Buffalo Society of Natural Science.

Portland Natural History Society.

Saint Louis Academy of Science.

Salem. — Essex Institute.

Toronto. — Entomological Society of the Province of Ontario.

Washington. — Smithsonian Institution.

Washington. — U.S. Survey of the Territories, per Prof. Hay den.

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW.

SESSIOIsr 1877-78.

THE TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING,
ANDERSON'S UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS,

September 25th, 1877.

Mr James Barclay Murdoch, Vice-President, in the chair.

The Treasurer submitted his Annual Financial Statement, which
showed a balance in favour of the Society of £4=2 17s. Id.

The Secretary read the report of the Council on the business of
last session. During its progress 18 new entrants had been
admitted, 3 of whom were life members. The roll now numbered
150, as against 135 reported at last annual meeting; being an
increase of 15. Nine meetings were held during the session,
extending from September to April, eight being ordinary
monthly meetings, and one — a special meeting — in the Natural
History class-room of the University, when the Society was
addressed by the President, on the geological bearings of some of
the results of the Challenger and other exploratory expeditions.
The meetings were generally well attended, the interest of the
proceedings having been maintained up to the close of the session.
The exhibition of specimens, which tends to promote discussion,
and is the means of conveying valuable information, was varied
and interesting, while many of the papers read were of an
important character.

The printing of the Proceedings of last session was continued
during the recess, and is now on the eve of completion, so that
they will be in the hands of members by next meeting. The

VOL, III. Q

222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Society will thus be in a position not previously attained — that of
having its work published up to date ; and the Council trusts that
the system of a yearly issue will now be maintained, as tending
greatly to promote the prosperity of the Society, while rendering
the printed Proceedings of more value.

The excursions arranged before the close of the session have not
been very successful. The early months of the year proved very
ungenial, Spring being several weeks later than usual, so that
the fields consequently had few attractions for students of Natural
History, while the Summer months were cold and stormy through-
out. Owing to this cause, some of the excursions did not take
place; and when the day fixed proved at all favourable, the
attendance was small and the results disappointing.

The formation of lists of the Fauna and Flora of a district is
generally considered to be one of the chief objects of a Natural
History Society, and in many parts of Great Britain this design
has been successfully carried out. Soon after the starting of this
Society this object engaged its attention, and from time to time
lists were prepared, and arrangements were made for carrying out
the work ; but, from one cause or another, the result has never
been attained. At the close of last session a resolution was come
to by the Council, that the compilation of lists of the Faruna of
the Clyde valley should be taken up without further delay, the
Flora of the district having been efficiently catalogued by Mr R.
Hennedy and other botanists. The Council hope the matter will
now be carried forward to completion, several members having
engaged to give help, and some of the lists being already in a
state of forwardness.

The Librarian reported that during the session the Library was
taken advantage of by 17 members, who borrowed 61 volumes.
The Proceedings were distributed to 24 British, 5 Continental,
and 8 American Societies. In exchange there have been received
27 diff*erent publications, some of them of considerable value.
The sale of the Society's Proceedings is decidedly on the increase,
several sets having been disposed of during tlie session ; the
amount realised from this source being nearly sufficient to meet
the outlay for books purchased and for binding.

The above reports were all approved of and adopted.
The following gentlemen were elected office-bearers for the
session : — Professor John Yuuu^', M.D., F.li.S.E., etc., President;

l^ATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 223

Thomas Chapman, James Barclay Murdoch, and John Young,
F.G.S,, Vice-Presidents; Eobert Mason, Secretary; Kobert J.
Bennett, Treasurer ; Henry C. Young, Librarian ; James Lumsden,
F.Z.S., Duncan M'Lellan, George E. Paterson, David Corse Glen,
C.E., F.G.S., George J. Combe, Francis G. Binnie, John A. Harvie-
Brown, F.Z.S., Archibald Robertson, and David Robertson, jun.,
Members of Council.

Mr Robert Gray, F.R.S.E., Edinburgh, was elected an honorary
member; Mr Robert Etheridge, jun., F.G.S., etc., Edinburgh, a
corresponding member ; and Messrs. James Bayne, jun., George
Bell, jun., James Armstrong, Thomas N. Hill, Thomas M. Camp-
bell, and Thomas M. Campbell, jun., ordinary members of the
Society.

Before proceeding with the remaining business, the Chairman
called the attention of the meeting to the sudden death at Oban,
on 25th July last, of Mr William Keddie, Lecturer on Natural
Science, and Secretary to the Philosophical Society of Glasgow.
Mr Keddie was one of the original promoters of this Society,
having attended the first meeting, on 9th July 1851 ; and for a
time he continued to take a part in the proceedings, his name
frequently appearing on the record as engaged in promoting the
interests of the Society, and his connection with it only ceasing when
his engagements as Secretary to the Philosophical Society occupied
all the leisure time at his disposal ; but to the end he continued
to take an interest in the Society's progress, and was pleased to
hear of its success.

Mr Keddie at an early period imbibed a taste for natural history
pursuits, and did much, by his example and instructions, to
promote among all classes the prosecution of those studies to which
he was attached. He was extensively known and highly esteemed
by all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance, being ever ready
to communicate to others the information and knowledge which
he possessed, and to assist by his advice all engaged in the same
pursuits. He commended himself to his friends by his genial
disposition and engaging qualities, and all who knew him will
long continue to cherish his memory.

The meeting cordially sympathized with the sentiments expressed
by the Chairman, and instructed the Secretary to enter a notice
in accordance with them in the record, and to furnish an extract
from the minutes to the relatives of the deceased, with an expression

224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

of the sincere sympathy of the members in the bereavement which
they have sustained.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr Thomas Chapman, V.P., exhibited specimens of Papilio
adamastor and P. agamedes (West.), two species of rare butterflies
from Cape Coast Castle, Western Africa, and stated that although
these had been figured and described by Westwood as distinct
species, the variation was so slight that he thought they might
properly be combined in one.

Mr George E. Paterson exhibited a specimen of the Green
Sandpiper, Helodromas ochropus (L.) He said that the Green
Sandpiper has a very wide range, being found from the Arctic
circle to Africa, and in Asia, as far east as China. Like most
other waders it breeds in the north, and only migrates south to
pass the winter in warmer countries. It is not uncommon in
England, especially in the Southern counties. In Scotland it is
more rare, but has occurred oftener on the east coast than on the
west. This seems to be the case with many of our rarer waders ;
the east coast is more in the line of their spring and autumn
migrations, which makes it only natural that more stragglers
should turn up there than on the west. This species has now
occurred three times on the Carron, in Stirlingshire. Mr Harvie-
Brown procured a specimen in August 1870, and in the autumn
of the following year again identified the species. This bird is
sometimes confused with the very closely allied species, the Wood
Sandpiper, by those who have not carefully examined the two
birds. They are, however, very easily distinguished by remember-
ing the very simple fact, that the Green Sandpiper has the shaft
of the first quill feather in the wing black, while in the Wood
Sandpiper it is white.

PAPERS READ.

I. — On a weathered Boulder of Carboniferous Limestone Shale: its
probable Geological horizon and contained Fossils. By Mr John
Young, F.GS., Vice-President.

Mr Young stated, that on the recent excursion of members of the
Society to the Houston clay-field near Paisley, which contains the
remains of Arctic shells, he found embedded in the clay in its upper
portion, under the surface soil, a boulder of limestone shale, which,

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 225

from the long percolation of water charged with carbonic acid, had
been softened, so that it could be crushed with the hand.
As it was apparently filled with organisms, he had selected a
small portion for examination. After washing this, he was
interested to find that the material contained several rare fossils
characteristic of the horizon of the Campsie Craigenglen beds, in
the lower Carboniferous limestone series of the valley of the
Clyde, and these occurred in it in greater abundance than
he had yet met with in any other locality. One of them was
a Foraminifer, forming the type of a new genus, which Dr H. B.
Brady has named Archcedisciis Karreii, and which he (Mr Young)
first discovered in the shales of Craigenglen and afterwards at
Brockley, near Lesmahagow. It is rather rare in most localities,
but in this particular boulder it may be counted by hundreds,
and of a larger size and in finer preservation than previously
known. Another notable fossil which the boulder contained was
the plates of an American genus of Echinoderms, named MeloniteSj
of which two species have been recognised in British Carboniferous
strata — M. Etheridgeii and M. Youngii (Keeping), the plates of the
latter species having first been detected in Craigenglen, and after-
wards in one or two other localities, though rare in all. In the
material of the rotted boulder, however, they are abundant and
well preserved. Two other characteristic Craigenglen fossils were
also found in the material, viz., Kirkhija Eichwaldiana, an Ento-
mostracan, and Trochus hiserratiis, a small univalve. In the very
small quantity of the shale Mr Young had examined, and which
represented a layer of the Carboniferous old sea bottom only a few
inches in extent, he had found 26 species of fossils, all of which
he knew to occur in the Craigenglen beds.

Mr Young then pointed out the value of Palaeontology as a
guide to the proper determination of the geological horizon of
strata, and stated, that although this boulder could not be said to
represent all the varied forms of life that existed over the tract of
the sea bottom of which it had formed a part, yet it clearly indicated
what was the general character of the organisms that there
prevailed, and the horizon of strata to which it belonged, the
boulder having been drifted by ice, probably, from the Campsie
district, or from some other tract in the valley of the Clyde where
strata of the Craigenglen series occur.

226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

II. — Supplementary Notes on the Birds fouiul breeding in Sutherland.^
By Mr John A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., Member of the
British Ornithologists' Union.

Since I wrote and read my original notes on this subject in
1871, and since they were revised in 1874, and printed in the
Society's Proceedings in 1875, it can hardly be expected that any
very marked changes have taken place in the summer avi-fauna of
the county ; still it is not uninteresting to trace the gradual
progress of the changes, such as they are, the increase of certain
species and the decrease of others, brought about, in the one case,
generally by the extension of agricultural land improvements and
the planting and growth of wood in certain districts, and in the
other by the influence of game-preservers or by the backwardness
of the seasons of late years. Since the date of my last personal
observations in the county (1869) eight years have elapsed, but
during that time I have obtained much interesting information
from my kind and obliging correspondents, especially Mr Thomas
Mackenzie of Dornoch, Mr J. Crawford of Tongue, and from Dr
James M. Joass of Golspie,t which has enabled me not altogether
to lose sight of the subject, and which has helped me to form some
idea of the present fauna of the north and east. The results,
however, of a visit made during the past summer to many of the
old localities in the west, besides giving me a personal insight into
such little changes as have occurred, enable me at this time to
bring the subject more fully up to date than I could otherwise
have done. As change in distribution, and increase or decrease
in numbers of certain species, however slight, and within however
small an area — if such can be traced with a fair amount of

* Vide Proc. Nat, Hist. Soc. of Glasgow, Vol. ii., p. 69.
t When this paper was read in September 1877, I said that I hoped to be
able to add a list of the species in the Dunrobin Museum. I have now received
a catalogue of the species at present represented in the collection, along with
particulars of date and eapture, localities, etc., of the specimens. It is, how-
ever, only intended for private use, not beiug as yet considered complete
enough to warrant publication. We may hope, however, that before long
the collection will attain more complete proportions, as becomes the representa-
tive museum of one of our most interesting counties. As it stands at present,
it is far from being really incomplete, there being 181 specimens, representing
138 species of birds ; and 89, out of a total of 115 species which are found
breeding in the county, have their eggs represented in the collection.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 227

accuracy — are always subjects of interest to naturalists, I offer no
apology for reading to the Society the following brief notes, which
it is hoped will serve in some measure as a comparison of the
fauna of the present time with that of eight years ago.

Before giving a list of the species upon which I have made fresh
observations, it may not be out of place generally to indicate some
of the changes brought about by the influences of the seasons,
land improvements, or other causes.

Thus, as I have indicated in my original paper, certain species
have extended their breeding range, notably amongst which may
be mentioned the following : — The Missel Thrush, Song Thrush,
Starling, Chaffinch. These, and many other species, are now
found, where formerly they were scarce or altogether absent.
Other species again have in like manner attempted to occupy fresh
stations, the Rook being the most striking example; offshoots
from the Cama Loch rookery in the west, having endeavoured to
establish a new colony at Loch Beannoch, in Stoir, as I ventured
to predict they would in my former communication. Thanks,
however, to the blackness of their character as well as habit, they
were easily detected in the first instance, and shot down by the
keepers, so that this, their first attempt to extend their habitations
to the northward along the west of Sutherland, was promptly
checked. This was in the spring of the present year (1877).
When on a visit to Loch Beannoch in June, I observed a very
great difference in the numbers of the Herons upon the birch-clad
islands of the loch, only a few pairs being visible, where, in 1869
and years previous, I used to find from 20 to 30 pairs breeding
at the same tim.e of year. Whether the short visits made by the
" black invaders " in spring can have had any influence I cannot
say, but the fact of their apparent decrease is at least worth
noting in this connection.

Some of the summer migrants are decidedly scarcer, such as
the Common Swallow and House Martin. This change can, I
think, only have been brought about by the inclemency of
the springs and lateness of the summers of recent years j at least it
seems difficult to account for it otherwise. The same reason will
undoubtedly, in part, account for the great falling off" in the
numbers of the grouse, the late frosts and backward, wet springs
and summers killing many young birds, and inducing tape-worm
and disease, where in former years such were scarcely known.

228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Many birds of prey are on the decrease, such as the Buzzard,
Hen Harrier, and even the bold little Merlin, while the Sparrow-
Hawkj as I am informed by Mr Crawford, is holding its own, if
not increasing, in the northern districts. The decrease is owing
entirely to the direct intervention of man in most cases, and the
increase of the latter species, to the growth and extension
of woods and plantations. I am glad to say that Eagles
and Peregrines still appear to hold their own in some of
the wilder districts, and even to have increased in numbers. It
is not perhaps difficult to find the cause in the great tracts of
country devoted to deer forests, where their lives are usually
respected, and where they generally find a sanctuary undisturbed
by all who take a proper view of their usefulness.^

In other species again, there appears to be little alteration in
numbers, and in some cases it was interesting to me to mark
how persistently some old remembered spot has been frequented
by this pair of Dippers, or that pair of Ring-Ouzels or Grey Wag-
tails, probably the same that frequented it eight years ago.

It is, I think, unnecessary to say more in this place concerning
these changes. Under each species in the following list, such
changes as I have myself noticed, or which have been reported to
me upon what I consider good authority and sufficiently authentic,
as well as other matters, will be found duly recorded.

Before proceeding with a list of the species of birds upon which
I have made fresh observations, it may not be considered out of
place to say a few words regarding the mammals. There is not
sufficient new material at hand to make it worth while to treat
of them separately, and indeed they can be dismissed in very few
words. The Otter and Polecat are both rare now in the interior
of the county, as compared with a few years back, but they are
still found not uncommonly on the Stoir peninsula, near the
shores. The "Wild Cat is also much rarer now, if not indeed
extinct, in Assynt ; so also is the Marten (Martes ahiehcm, Flem.).
In the Reay country, however, as we are informed by Mr H. M.
Wallis (Zool., 1877, p. 292), one of the keepers had 15 skins
awaiting the annual visit of the furrier's traveller in 1876.

Mr Thomas Mackenzie of Dornoch Castle tells me that Fallow

* Possibly the decrease of the Peregrine Falcon in certain districts may,
however, in some degree be caused by the decrease of its favourite food — the
grouse, thus forming an exception to the above rule (vide further on page 231).

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 229

Deer, for some years back, have been frequenting the woods about
Dornoch in a wild state. Mr Tennant of Eosehall has formed a
park for them at Eosehall, and it holds at present about 270 head.

Squirrels are becoming more abundant in the wooded
parts of the east, and are rapidly extending and increasing
towards the north, but have not as yet penetrated westward.
That squirrels boldly swim across rivers is well known to
naturalists ; nevertheless, I have the statements of several
people in Sutherland, that it was not until some little time after
the railway bridge spanned the Kyle between Koss-shire and
Sutherland, near Invershin, that the numbers of this animal
appeared markedly on the increase. Squirrels are always fond of
running along roads or rides in forests, and even in comparatively
open country, and I think the iron road spanning the Kyle is one
very probable agent in, and reason of, their increase in the east
and north of Sutherland.*

The black variety of the Water- Vole frequents the rapid burns
running through the limestone district of Assynt, where this year
I saw a specimen, and nearly secured it with my trout-flies, as it
sat trimming its whiskers at the side of a stream. On being
disturbed it dived into the water, and I shortly afterwards saw it
make good its retreat into a hole in the limestone debris on the
river bank.

Eabbits are perhaps a little commoner in some localities in the
west where they were formerly comparatively scarce, but these
are only in sheltered and wooded parts, as, for instance, around Loch
Inver ; or upon certain islands, such as Handa ; in which latter
locality, however, they were always tolerably abundant. The
hard rocky nature of the ground in the interior of Assynt seems
efi'ectually to bar their progress, and, combined with the severity
of the winters, to prevent their increase to any appreciable extent.
Blue and Brown Hares continue to be scarce. This year I only
saw a few of the former in one or two localities.

Concerning the other species of mammals mentioned in the
former list (Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas., Vol. ii., p. 138) I have
nothing of fresh interest to relate.

I beg here to thank those who have assisted me with their

* As stated in my former communication and elsewhere (Scot. Nat., Vol.
i., p. 82), the Squirrel first appeared in Sutherland in 1869.

230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

frank and kind correspondence, as well as others who have con-
tributed many interesting scraps of information during my visit
to my old quarters in the west. It was no small pleasure to me
to find that tiie changes there — in other matters besides distribu-
tion of birds — were few, and that these few were only what might
have been expected in the ordinary course of things. I found
the same hospitable roof and well-remembered faces ready to
welcome me, and I at once felt assured of the continuance of the
old regime.

In the following list, the numbers affixed to the names of the
species indicate the pages of my former communication, and are
intended to facilitate a comparison of the observations made at
the different periods.

THE GOLDEN EAGLE.

AQUILA OHRYSAETUS {L.) 72.

The Golden Eagle is still common, and is said to be even com-
moner in the west than formerly. The old eyries are still occupied,
and one new locality has been taken up, where young were reared
this year. But Mr Crawford, Tongue, seems to consider that
they have decreased in numbers in the north, and thinks that the
cause must be found in the extravagant prices offered for specimens
by collectors. I heard, however, that in the Eeay forest, orders
had lately been given to kill down the Eagles, owing to damage
done, or supposed to be done, of late, to the fawns of the roe-deer.
The probability is, that if damage be done in this way, the blame
should lie with some one particular pair of Eagles, and not with
the whole tribe. There will be, doubtless, fawn-stealing Eagles,
as there are occasionally lamb-stealing Eagles, and when these are
discovered, no doubt they should be destroyed, but it seems hard
to punish the whole race for the misdemeanours of perhaps a
single pair. Let us hope that, if such an order has been issued,
it may §re long be withdrawn. The good that Eagles do in
a deer forest can, I think, scarcely be counterbalanced by the evil
they do ; and the harm they do, as a tribe, to either the interests
of the game-preserver or sheep-farmer, is more imaginary than real^
though I do not deny that sometimes a certain pair of Eagles will
do considerable damage to the latter's flocks, just as a man-eating
tiger will spread terror and death in an Indian village.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 231

WHITE-TAILED EAGLE.
IIALIAETUS ALBICILLA, L. 73.

I have not much of fresh interest to give concerning ^lis species.
It does not appear to increase in numbers, nor to equal those of
the Golden Eagle.

PEREGRINE FALCON.

FALCO PEREQRINUS, Gmel. 74.

The Peregrine is said to be scarcely so numerous as formerly,
having been shot down. The true cause, however, I believe will
be found in the diminution in the numbers of the grouse, its
favourite food. The grouse have not become scarce owing in any
way to the abundance of the Peregrine, but the Peregrine has
become scarcer because its supply of food has become scarcer.* I
found one old haunt still frequented, and from another eyrie, Mr
H. E, Dresser, who was with me this year in Sutherland, procured
a single young bird. This eyrie used to be frequented at intervals
by the same birds which held another crag about two miles off,
but which was untenanted this year. On the other hand, in
certain districts the Peregrine appears to hold its own remarkably
well. (See introductory remarks, page 228).

MERLIN.

HTPOTRIORCHIS AESALON [Gmel.) 76.

The Merlin is certainly not nearly so common in the west as
formerly, either because it has been shot down, or on account of
diminution of food ; but the former cause I consider in this case
the more likely, as they have undoubtedly been killed to a
considerable extent. Mr Crawford reports them as also scarcer in
the north, along with other species of Raptors.

* I wish sportsmen would begin to hail the Peregrine as a bird of good omen
on their moors, as a herald of good sport, an indicator of a well stocked hill, a
sanitary commissioner appointed by nature looking out for weakly members of
the community, and removing them to where alone they can do any good.
Where the grouse are, there shall the Peregrines be gathered together, but
lohere the grouse are not, dont blame the Peregrine.

232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

KESTEEL.
TINNUNCULVS ALAUDARIUS [L.) 11.

The handsome Kestrel, I am glad to say, has been spared, and
is almost, if not quite, as numerous as ever.

SPAEROW HAWK.

ACCIPITER NISUS (L.) 78.

Has not as yet appeared in the west. Mr Crawford writes to
me that Hawks of nearly every description are getting scarce in
his district except the Sparrow Hawk, which is doubtless increasing
owing to the plantations growing higher, and affording additional
shelter to the smaller species — the favourite food of this bird.

COMMON BUZZAED.

BUTEO VULGARIS [Leach). 79.

Much scarcer; many old breeding places, known to me in
former years, having been untenanted for some years back. One
hatch of young birds was seen not far from Inchnadamph, and
another pair bred about ten miles distant. In 1869, I knew of
some six nests not far removed from one another. Mr Crawford
reports the same decrease in the north.

HEN HAEEIEE.

CIRCUS CYANEUS (L.) 81.

Before not uncommon; now almost completely shot down.
Three breeding places in the west have remained untenanted for
several years. I did not see a single example this year. Mr
Thomas Mackenzie writes me concerning this species : — " I have
seen a Hen Harrier in pursuit of a Partridge, which it put into
a whin-bush. The Hawk continued to swoop down until the
Partridge again took to flight, and when hard pressed it again
took refuge in a bush. There being snow on the ground, I easily
saw where the Partridge entered the bush, and putting in my
hand, I took it out uninjured, the Harrier meantime hovering
about."

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 233

THE TAWNY OWL.

STBIX A LUGO, L. 83.

Mr Mackenzie writes : — " The Tawny Owl breeds regularly in
a hollow tree in Dunrobin Gardens, and rears at least two broods.
On 6th April, 1872, there were three eggs in this nest almost
hatched out." There is one egg of this species in the Dunrobin
Museum.

LONG-EAEED OWL.

ASIO OTUS (L.)*

Mr T. Mackenzie notes that he has received the young of this
species from Tongue. The keeper called it "The Woodcock
Owl," a name more generally appHed to the next species. The
Dunrobin Museum possesses the egg of the present species, as I
am informed by Dr Joass.

SHORT-EAEED OWL.

ASIO ACOIPITRINUS {Pall.) 84.

In 1873, as Mr Mackenzie informs me, a nest was taken by Dr
Maynard near Dornoch. This year a bird was seen on an island
of Loch Awe in the west, but no eggs were found j and on the
night of 13th-14th June one of this species flew past our camp by
the side of a loch in Stoir. In the Museum at Dunrobin the
eggs are represented, along with the parent birds shot in the east
of the county.

EUROPEAN GOATSUCKER.

CAPRIMULGUS EUROPAEUS, L. 85.

Mr Thomas Mackenzie has received eggs from Balblair wood,
near Golspie, and has shot young birds at Migdale in July, and
there are eggs in the collection at Dunrobin.

* In my former communication is an error, which has remained unchallenged;
the specific names of this and of the next species having been accidentally
transposed.

234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

CHIMNEY SWALLOW.

HIRUNDO RUSTICA, L. 87.

Apparently still continuing to decrease, at least at one locality
in the west. Cold, backward springs may account for this.

HOUSE MARTIN.

HIRUNDO URBICA, L. 87.

Mr Mackenzie writes : — " Not a House Martin is to be seen
about Dornoch, but there is a numerous colony in the quarry or
pit near the railway bridge over the Golspie Burn." In the west
it has, for some years back, been becoming rarer and rarer; indeed,
in 1876, only one pair was known to frequent the houses at
Inchnadamph, while the rock-colony has entirely disappeared.

SAND MARTIN.

HIRUNDO RIP ARIA, L. 88.

It is perhaps worthy of remark, in connection with the evident
decrease of some migrants in the west, that at the localities
indicated in my former paper, where I had met with a few pairs
of this species, I did not see a single bird this year, although I
visited, or was fishing in the neighbourhood, on four different
occasions. Actual decrease or disappearance, however, I do not
hold as lormed by such imperfect negative evidence.

COMMON WREN.

TROGLODYTES PARVULUS, Koch. 88.

Common about the wooded slopes of the river Inver, and
noticed also close to the falls on the Kirkaifi: river.

"O

SEDGE WARBLER.

A CROCEPHA L US SCHOENOBA ENUS, L. 88.

Mr Mackenzie says not above two or three pairs are usually
seen near Dornoch, where, however, he has taken the eggs. In
the west I observed a pair on the islands of Loch Awe, where I
have also met with them on former occasions. They are decidedly
local.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 235

COMMON WHITETHROAT.

SYLVIA RUFA [Bodd.) 88.

Only one nest has been obtained at Dornoch by Mr T.
Mackenzie. There are eggs in the Museum at Dunrobin.

WILLOW WARBLER.

PHYLLOSCOPUS TROCHILUS {L.) 89.

Abundant in the west. It is difficult, I fancy, to judge of the
increase or decrease of this species ; but the latter I would deem
unlikely, although Mr Crawford seems to consider that they are
scarcer in his district. Possibly, as woods increase in height and
acreage, and in these late cold ungenial springs, the tiny warblers
may desert the more exposed situations on the liill-sides, and seek
the better shelter to be found in the plantations. This year I
certainly did not notice this species as common in the situations
where I used to find them — on the bare hill-side, " where only a
single stunted willow or alder, or birch-bush grows " ; but I found
them quite as abundantly as formerly in the larger birch-woods,
and in the plantations along the river Inver, etc.

GOLDEN-CRESTED REGULUS.

REG VL US CRISTA T US, Koch. 89.

Mr Crawford reports a decrease in the numbers of this species
in the Tongue district. In many other localities, I have noticed,
or fancied I have noticed, a fluctuation in the Gold-crest population,
many more birds frequenting their breeding haunts in one year
than in another.

Obs. A Wood Warbler (Ph. s'lbilairix, Bechst.) is reported to
have been heard at Kildonan in May 1876 (aiict. Lord Clifton —
" Zoologist," 1876, p. 5122), but, as an addition to our list, should
be taken with reservation, although again recorded as occurring
even further to the north (Caithness — " Zoologist," 1876, p. 5164).
It certainly does not occur commonly in the inland glens of West
Sutherland; indeed, as far as my experience goes, it does not occur
there at all. If to be found anywhere in the west, it may be looked
for in the sheltered glens near the coast, in such localities, for instance,

236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

as the banks of the river Inver, or Kirkaig, although I have never
actually met with the bird there myself.*

WHEATEAE.

SAXICOLA OENANTHE [L.) 90.

If anything, decreased in numbers, even in the limestone
districts, as far as I could observe whilst on a fishing tour. Their
abundance did not, as formerly, strike me as so remarkable as
their apparent comparative scarcity. It is also the opinion of the
natives that they have decreased in numbers.

WHINCHAT.

SAXICOLA RUBETRA (L.) 90.

Apparently as common as formerly at the locality alluded to in
my former communication. Occurs also, amongst other localities,
at Kintradwell, in the parish of Loth, whence there are specimens
in the Dunrobin Museum.

STONECHAT.

SAXICOLA RUBICOLA (L.) 90.

Also again observed, commonly, at the same locality as the last
— near Unapool and Kylesku. Occurs also, amongst other
localities, at Loch Brora, parish of Clyne, whence there are two
specimens (dated May 30, 1834) in the Dunrobin Museum.

EEDSTART.
RUTICILLA PHOENICURUS (Z.) 90.

Mr Thomas Mackenzie writes of this species, that it is becoming
commoner every year on the line of country between Dornoch and
Golspie. He gets two or three nests every year. But Mr
Crawford, on the other hand, considers them to be scarcer in the
north than formerly. Mr E. R Alston observed the species at
Rosehall, in passing in the mail-gig, this June, and I saw one
specimen in the Loch Inver plantations in the west.

* It would well repay the trouble of minute investigation to work out the
exact distribution of this species in Scotland.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF tlLASCJOW. 237

EEDBKEAST.

ERYTIIACUS RUBECULA (L.) 91.

Seen also, not uncommonly, around Loch Invcr, and on the
wooded slopes of the river Inver.

HEDGE ACCENTOR.

ACCENTOR MODULARIS (,L.) 91.

A pair of these birds was seen by our party in a very bleak
wild part of the country, far from wood, on the north-east side of Ben
More, Assynt, in June this year. They were evidently carrying
food to their young. I observed them commonly around Loch
Inver.

GREAT TIT.

PARUS MAJOR, L. 91.

Mr Mackenzie writes that he has never seen this species in
Sutherland. I only once met with it in the west, at Loch
Inver. There are, however, eggs of this bird in the collection
at Dunrobin, as I am informed by Dr Joass.

LONG-TAILED TIT.

ACRE DU LA ROSEA {Bhjth). 92.

Very common about Lairg and Dornoch {aid. Mr Thomas
Mackenzie). Mr Crawford of late years has remarked the scarcity
of some of our smaller species, such as the Titmice, and especially
this species, in the north.

GREY WAGTAIL.

MOTACILLA SULPHUREA, Beclist. 92.

On the same burn-side where I used to find two pairs of the

Grey Wagtails in 1869, I again found two pairs this year,

frequenting exactly the same spots. I also observed a pair below

the fall on the Kirkaig river. They do not appear to increase,

but they hold to their old nesting sites with tenacity.
VOL. III. R

238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

DIPPER.

CINCLUS Ai^UATICUS, Bechst. 94.

Still apparently, to my eye, as abundant as formerly, though
said not to be so by the natives. They are not shot down, and it
would, I fancy, be difficult to assign a reason for their diminution,
if such is the case. On one burn, near Inchnadamph, I was quite
struck by their abundance this year, though certainly upon
another, they did seem somewhat scarcer than in 1869.

MISSEL THRUSH.
TURDUS VISCIVORUS, L. 94.

Mr Mackenzie, in 1875, notes this species as very common
about Dornoch. Passing Rosehall, on the 21st May, 1877, in the
post-gig, I saw several. I never observed them there, nor indeed
in Sutherland, before. Near Loch Inver, in the west, I saw an old
nest, evidently of this species. The advance of this species north-
ward and westward has been very rapid. In the Dunrobin
Museum are specimens of the eggs, with the birds, obtained as
long ago as 1869 ; but at that time they were undoubtedly far
from common.

SONG THRUSH.
TURDUS MUSICUS, L. 94.

This year I observed the Song Thrush at Inchnadamph, where I
have no recollection of seeing it before, and it is decidedly common
now, near and around Loch Inver, and at some places on the
shores of Loch Assynt. Formerly I found them common further
north, at Badcall and Scowrie, and also at Loch Inver. They are
now becoming more generally distributed.

BLACKBIRD.

TURDUS MERULA, L. 95.

Common around Loch Inver. I cannot positively assert that
it was less so nine years ago, but my impression is that it was not
so plentiful then. It has not as yet reached Inchnadamph.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 239

SPOTTED FLYCATCHER

MUSCICAPA QRISOLA,L. 95.

Nests all the way up between Dornoch and Tongue (cmct. Mr
Thomas Mackenzie).

EAVEN.

CORVUS CORAX, L. 96.

Still common, though perhaps scarcely so common as eight or
ten years ago. This year (1877) I saw seven Eavens, doubtless
attracted by some dead sheep or lamb, circling round a low hill
near Aultnagealagach, in company with about a dozen Hooded
Crows.

HOODED CEOW.

CORVUS CORNIX, L. 96.

Have been considerably reduced in numbers in the west, accord-
ing to report, though, to my eye, they were almost as plentiful as
formerly.

Obs. Two eggs of the Carrion Crow are included in the list of
the collections in the Dunrobin Museum furnished to me by Dr
Joass, and also a specimen of the bird, shot near Dornoch on
June 12, 1848. Concerning the eggs, however, considerable
doubt must attach to them, owing to want of authentication.

THE EOOK.

COR VUS FR UGILEQ US, L. 97.

In corroboration of my previous surmise, Eooks endeavoured to
establish themselves at Loch Beannoch, in Stoir, but had been
promptly shot down by the keeper who informed me of the fact.
During my stay at Inchnadamph, a flock of Eooks several times
made their appearance, doubtless from Cama Loch, and settled in
the trees surrounding the manse.

Obs. The Chough is represented in the Dunrobin Museum
by an example obtained in the county. It has no date
attached, but the locality given is Dunrobin.

240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

COMMON STARLING.

STURNUS VULQARIS, L. 98.

A pair has aj^peared at Inchnaclaniph, where none were ever
observed before; and they nested in the church this year, for the
first time.

CHAFFINCH.

FRINGILLA COELEBS, L. 99.

Has become common at Inchnadamph and Loch Inver. At the
former place I only knew of one pair in 1869. Now several pairs
nest round the house and in the garden, and amongst the trees
along the Trailigill burn.

GOLDFINCH.

CARDUELIS ELEGANS, Steph. 99.

Mr Mackenzie writes that the Goldfinch is known to breed at
Dornoch, and birds are occasionally seen in his neighbourhood.
There is an egg in the Dunrobin Museum.

SISKIN.

CARDUELIS SPINUS [L.) 100.

Mr Mackenzie obtained a young bird from a nest on May 21,
1875, which he reared, and which made an interesting pet. Mr
E. R. Alston observed several birds at Rosehall, when passing
south, in June.

COMMON LINNET.

LI NOT A CANNABINA,L. 100.
Seen again at Inchnadamph this year.

TWITE.
LINOTA FLA VIROSTRIS, L. 100.

Still frequents the same locality close to Inchnadamph. On
Sunday, May 28th, I saw a party of five birds sitting on the ash
tree close to the house, or perching on the top bar of a gate.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 241

YELLOW HAMMER.

EMBERIZA CITRINELLA,L. 102.
Apparently somewhat commoner around Inchnadamph than
formerly.

SKY LARK.

A LAUD A ARVENSIS, L. 102.

In my former communication I reported its habitat as "restricted
to cultivated districts"; but this year I observed specimens upon
the open moor between Oykel and Loch Clashmore, and again on
the damp moor between Lochs Borrolan and Unigill.'^

CROSSBILL.

LOXIA CURVIROSTRA (L.) 102.

In a list of the species in the Dunrobin Museum there is a
specimen from Kintradwell, dated 18th February, 1871.

CUCKOO.

CUCULUS CANORUS, L. 103.

Heard at Inchnadamph, for the first time this year, on the 23d
May. Season cold and backward. The observation was made by
a native, my former gillie and collector, the day before I arrived
in Sutherland. Apparently as plentiful as formerly.

WOOD PIGEON.

COLUMBA P ALUM BUS, L. 103.

Not uncommon now near Loch Inver, but only rarely seen at
Inchnadamph.

ROCK DOVE.

COLUMBA LIVIA, Team. 104.

A pair of apparently perfectly pure-bred Rock Doves have
lately frequented the house-tops at Inchnadamph Inn, where I
saw them during my stay in May, June, and July. On my

* Always distinctly pronounced OoniyUl by natives ; not Ur'ujilL

242 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

remarking on the purity of their breed, the landlord informed me
that they arrived there and took up their quarters this year,
associating with the Dove-cote Pigeons. On their first arrival
they were shy and easily alarmed, but since then they have become
much tamer.

PHEASANT.
PHASIANUS COLCHICUS, L. 104.

The numbers at Loch Inver have again dwindled down, and the
lessee of the shootings, I am informed, has not considered it worth
while to persevere in rearing them. An old batchelor cock for a
long time has wandered about ; the last- of his race at present in

Assynt.

PARTPJDGE.

PERDIX CINEREA, Lath. 105.

Not increasing at Inchnadamph; but still every year there is a
nest, and sometimes two. The arable land has not been increased
since 1869. A gentleman who had the shooting over the Glebe
in 1876 (the Glebe extends to over 2000 acres, and is the second
largest in Scotland), shot about 16 brace. The cultivated land
does not exceed some 20 acres altogether.

RED GROUSE.

LAGOPUS SQOTICUS, Lath. 106.

Since I was last in Sutherland (1869) Red Grouse have become
very scarce in the west. On Inchnadamj^h shootings, during two
seasons since 1869, they were very numerous, more so than
formerly. 700 brace were shot one year, and I think 600 the
next; but the ground was shot too hard. Tape-worm set in in 1875,
and late cold springs and wet weather at hatching time, in 1876
and 1877, have brought them almost to the verge of extinction.
I did not see a single bird on the 23d May, all the way between
Lairg and Inchnadamph — a 32-mile drive ; and during my whole
stay in the west, I did not see more than 3 or 4 covies of young
birds. On some shootings in the interior and east, however, good
bags have been made this year.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 243

PTARMIGAN.

LAGOPUS MUTUS, Leach. 106.

Said to be less plentiful than formerly, but I had few oppor-
tunities of judging. Any times I was "up amongst the stones," I
certainly neither saw nor heard a bird.

Ohs. The Dotterell {C. morinelhis) in the Dunrobin Museum was
obtained on Ben Clibrich on 18th June, 1846.'

*

KINGED PLOVER.

AEGIA LITIS HIATIGULA (L.) 109.
Mr Mackenzie informs me that hundreds of eggs are annually
laid upon the sandy links at Dornoch. In the west they have,
apparently, slightly increased in numbers at the locality alluded
to in my previous communication.

LAPWING.

VANELLUS GRIST ATUS, Meyer. 109.

Appears to me to be somewhat commoner close below Inchna-
damph, where I do not remember seeing them in 1869, or years
previous.

OYSTER CATCHER.

HAEMATOPUS OSTRALEGUS (L.) 109.

Has only occasionally been seen inland, quite seldom enough to
merit remark by the natives when they are observed.

HERON.

ARDEA CINEREA, L. 110.

The numbers upon Loch Beannoch appear to me to be fewer.
(See introductory remarks, page 227).

Mr T. Mackenzie writes : — " I have seen eggs hatched out 22d
March, and have received fresh eggs (under-sized) in the end of

* I cannot obtain a scrap of reliable information regarding its breeding in
the county.

244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

June. By way of accounting for this difference, an intelligent
keeper gave me as his opinion, that the old or mature birds were
the early breeders, and that these frequently reared two broods;
and that the birds of the previous year laid in May and June,
and for the first year reared only one brood."

CURLEW.

NUMENIUS ARQUATA (Z.) 111.

Mr Mackenzie writes : — " I have never found more than 3 eggs
in some 3 or 4 nests taken by me. In one nest the eggs were just
at hatching, so the number was complete!"

In the west the Curlew appears to me to be somewhat more
plentiful than formerly around Loch Awe.

GREENSHANK.

TOT ANUS GLOTTIS {Pall) 113.

Said to be somewhat scarcer, but I hardly think so. I miss
them, certainly, in one or two localities which used to hold a pair;
and their loud " Twu-whu," though often heard, is not so general
perhaps as formerly. About Loch Inver, and along the Inver
river, they are, however, apparently even more plentiful than
formerly. As I remarked before, the eggs are sometimes difficult to
find, and often the old birds have to be watched to the nest,
when a great deal of " Twu-whu," " twu-whu," is generally heard,
repeated quickly, as if scolding. I obtained one set of eggs, for
Mr Dresser. The nest was in a very exposed situation, on the top of
a mound of burnt heather. The spot was pointed out to me by
my old collector, who was always a good hand at finding them.

DUNLIN.

T RING A A LP IN A, L. 114.

Mr Mackenzie has taken eggs annually in the east, and has
found the species breeding near Lairg. They do not appear to
have increased in the west at the locality before indicated.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 245

WOODCOCK.

SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA, L. 116.

•

The Woodcock rears two broods in Sutherland, as Mr Mackenzie
informs me. He has taken eggs and seen the young in April,
and again taken eggs and seen young in August of the same year.
It is generally supposed that they have considerably increased in
numbers in the west, in the breeding season.

COOT.
FULICA A TEA, L. 118.

Mr Crawford informs me that he shot a Bald Coot on the 7th
March, 1877, and adds : " It must have come in from the sea, I
think, as it was feeding in the small burn which runs through the
policy here, and near to the sea." He formerly observed the
species on a small lochan in the parish of Farr j but for some
years they have not reappeared there.

GEEY-LAG GOOSE.

ANSER FERUS (Gmel.) 118.

According to all accounts, not less plentiful than formerly.
This year Mr John Sutherland and the keejDer got six young, and
two of tliese have been reared successfully. They were caught on
20th May. At this locality, as before, there are still always a
number of geese not breeding, but feeding in a flock of from
20 to 30, about the same number I used to find there in 1869
and the years previous. The non-breeding birds are out of all
proportion to the breeding birds — some three or four pairs of the
latter being about all. They have not of late years bred on
Loch Assynt, where I once found a nest.

The tamed Wild Geese (referred to indirectly in my former paper.
Vol. iii., page 119,) some years ago left Inchnadamph. They
flew away one day, and never returned. It is supposed they were
shot, as on previous occasions they had always returned ; but I
think the possibility exists that they took right away, induced to
leave by some migrating band of their own species.

It is considered by some of the natives here that the non-

246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

breeding birds flocking at certain localities are young birds of the
previous season. The grassy knolls and pastoral country round
one loch in particular, present extremely favourable feeding
grounds, perhaps better than any others in Assynt.

The growth of the young birds taken this year was very rapid.
They were quite small when taken; by the 16th July few
remains of down were visible, while by the end of the month they
were beginning to fly, and the white patches on the shoulders
were quite conspicuous.

BLACK SCOTER.

OEDEMIA NIGRA (L.), 121.

Dr Joass of the Dunrobin Museum informs me that this
species does breed, or at least did breed this year, within the
boundaries of Sutherland. In this instance, the eggs were taken
and both old birds shot.

Let us here entreat that such rarities be most carefully preserved,
alike by proprietors and lessees of shootings. Only in very
exceptional cases is there any need of shooting any Scotch species
from its nest, in order to establish it as a breeding species in the
country.

Obs. Pochard — Fuligidaferina, (L.) — Although eggs of a Duck in
the Dunrobin Museum are supposed to belong to this species,
there is want of minute and careful authentication in connection
with the specimens.

BLACK-THROATED DIVER.

COLYMBUS ARTIOUS, L. 122.

I am glad to say that almost all the old localities still hold their
pair of birds, although the eggs have been taken pretty often.
Few, if any, are shot, and in many localities they are seldom or
never disturbed. Even close to the public road they breed every
year as formerly.

RED-THROATED DIVER.

COLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS, Lath. 124.

The same cannot be said of this species as of the last. Although
never plentiful in the Assynt district, they are even scarcer now.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 247

according to all reports. It is difficult to account for this, as
they are, I understand, equally preserved and unmolested — at least
by the keepers and those who carry guns. Possibly the situation
of their nests may lay them open to more molestation from foxes
and vermin than the other species.

Obs. Great Northern Diver (Colymbus glacialis, L.) — I may add
I have additional evidence regarding the breeding of this species
at the same inland locality where I saw them in 1868. The
actual proof is, however, still awanting. A report also was
circulated that they had bred at another locality, and that the eggs
had been taken, but I obtained no corroborative evidence ; and in
this instance, written evidence or ocular proof is all that I could
pay attention to.

LITTLE GREBE.

PODICEPS MINOR (Gmel.) 126.

Mr Mackenzie notes tliis species as common in the neighbour-
hood of Dornoch, and also at certain small lochs near Durness.
In the Assynt district one was shot, a year or two ago, on Muloch
Corrie Loch, at the base of Ben More. It was the first seen in
th€se parts by the keeper, or by the shepherds.

EICHARDSON'S SKUA.

STERCORARIUS CREPIDATUS, Gmel. 130.

Mr Mackenzie informs me that Mr Houstoun's gamekeeper on
Kintradale (Kintra4well f) got a nest with eggs.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL.

LARUS MARINUS, L, 130.

Some 40 pairs of this species breed on an island on Loch Lee.
Their nests are robbed twice, sometimes thrice, in a season, and
70 to 80 eggs taken each time. Yet the species shows no symp-
toms of diminishing. The last sets of eggs want much of the
colouring matter on the shells. A far-inland locality for this
species is on a loch near Oykel, where I saw one pair this year.

248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

COMMON TEEN.

STERNA FLUVIATILIS, Naum. 133.

AND

AECTIC TERN.

STERNA MACRURA, Naum. 133.

My former statement, that the Arctic Tern is of more frequent
occurrence in Sutherland than the Common, is queried by Mr
Mackenzie ; and he adds that, in his experience, the reverse is the
case.

LITTLE TERN.

STERNA Ml NUT A, L. 133.

This can now be definitely added to the list of birds breeding
in Sutherland, as the collection at Dunrobin contains eggs taken
in the east of the county.

IIL — A contribution to the HymenojJtera of . Sutherlandshire.

By Mr Peter Cameron.

I have again the pleasure of bringing before the Society the
results of my exploration of the Hymenoptera of the Highlands,
in continuation of my two former papers, published in the last two
Parts of our Proceedings, This time I proceeded further north,
viz., into Sutherlandshire. Knowing from experience that a well
wooded district would yield the best results, I chose Bonar Bridge,
on tlie Dornoch Firth, as my head-quarters, not only because the
country around there is better cultivated and wooded than elsewhere,
but also from the facilities it afforded of making excursions north-
ward, as well as southward into the neighbouring county of Ross.
I reached the village on the 1 5th June, but that for the late season was
rather too early; for even then insects whose normal time of
appearing is May, were just beginning to put in an appear-
ance, and the more common species, which can usually be had
everywhere in abundance, were remarkably scarce. This, how-
ever, was not the fault of the country, but of the extremely bad
season. It is many years since we have had such an unfLXVourable
season for Entomology; for not only were insects scarce when one

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 249

could get out after them, but the opportunities of collecting them
were very few, as scarcely a day passed without rain. In
Sutherlandshire a good many of the species occurred only
in the male sex (which appear about a week in advance of
the females); while as for larvae, scarcely any were to be seen.
Although then, as regards quantity, my journey did not yield
much, yet several things were found that well repaid the visit,
and indeed showed how much better I would have done if the
season had been more favourable. Around Bonar Bridge the
most interesting species met with was Cyphona geminata, Dbm.,
of which one specimen turned up by sweeping on the banks of
the Carron; this insect is rare everywhere, and hitherto only
found in the South of England. At the same place I bagged
three males of Taxomis agrorum, Fall, {nitlda, KL), an insect which
I was well pleased to see, as I was doubtful of its British nativity,
which was thus placed beyond question. The male differs from the
female in having the neuration of the posterior wings formed as
in Perineural a difference which led Eversmann to describe it as a
new species under the name of Taxonus anomala. Near Lairg
I captured among the birch woods a Nemakis, which I have no
doubt is the N. canalmilatus of Hartig, not hitherto recorded
for Britain. Near the Falls of the Shin I fortunately came
across several larvae of Neraakis letulae, Eetz., this also being
new to the British fauna. Of known British species the most
noteworthy met with was Fenusa melanopoda, Cam., on Alder, a
circumstance which seems to show that it was its larvae and not
that of loumila which Zaddach and Goureau described under that
name. Neraatus faJlax occurred on Salix fusca, thus considerably
extending the northern range of this species in Scotland. N.
dorsatus, Cam., was captured not rarely; Athalia gldbricollu at the
mouth of the Dornoch Firth; and Nemakos apj^endiculcUus on the
banks of the Shin at Invershin, this form having only hitherto been
found in Braemar in Scotland.

Towards the end of my stay I paid a visit to the interior, and
stayed at Altnaharra, where my best captures were made. On the
first day it poured, but the next was very fine, and an ascent was
made of Ben Clibrich, the second highest mountain in the county.
In ascending I found a dipterous gall (formed of thickened terminal
leaves), on Vaccinium vitis-idaea, which had been found previously by
Prof. Trail at Braemar, but the maker has never been bred. At an

250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

elevation of about 2000 feet, what turned up but the Blennocam^pa
alchemillae, which I described before the Society last session, and
published in Part II. of the Proceedings. It was found among
AlcliemUla alp'ina. At the same place I found several interesting
Oxyura, which I have not yet succeeded in naming, and they are
probably undescribed. When the top was gained, I sat down to
enjoy the glorious view. I had not been seated five minutes, when
lo ! a Saw-fly landed on my trousers. He was instantly
pounced upon and safely bottled, when he soon paid the
debt of nature. An hour and a half was spent searching for
more, but not one was discovered. On coming home this speci-
men was found to be undescribed, although closely allied to
Nematus hyperhoreus, Thoms. I purpose calling it Clibr'icliellus.
During the search for this insect several interesting ichneumons
were found. Afterwards a descent was made to a loch in a corry at
the foot of the mountain, but nothing of importance was discovered
there. Botanically, Ben Clibrich is very poor; scarcely a plant of
any rarity was found, and even the common alpine saxifrages,
etc., were conspicuous by their absence, or very sparingly re-
presented. After the bootless journey to the loch, some time was
spent beating the birch and alder bushes along the banks of the
Clibrich burn (very much to the astonishment of some natives who
happened to be passing at the time), and here another new and
very distinct species of Nematus was found. This last discovery
is of some interest, as it is the second new species of the luteus
group that has been found in Scotland. In the *' Entomologists'
Monthly Magazine " for August, 1877, 1 have described it under the
name of N. antennatns. An attack was then made on the birches on
the banks of Loch Navar, but this turned out to be no easy matter,
for all the trees were infested with thousands of a Geometer larva.
It literally swarmed on them, especially on the old and scraggy
trees, so much so that after only two or three taps of the beating
stick I had hundreds not only in my umbrella, but all over my
clothes, and as when cast off they hang by a thread, the sub-
sequent process of clearing them, and making myself, to say
nothing of the umbrella, fit to enter a hotel, was a work of some
trouble. Many of the birches had been completely stripped of
their leaves by these wretches, and the whole plantation had quite
a withered and forlorn appearance. However, the wood yielded
some interesting ichneumons, as also Iloplocampa crataegi. Desist-

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 251

ing from beating, the sweeping net was used, and it produced
among others Nematus rumicis. Next day an assault was made on
the beautiful and singularly shaped Ben Laoghal, but the rain
coming on, it proved fruitless. Altogether, I think that this
district, as well as the northern coast, would yield, under favourable
circumstances, many new and interesting Hymenoptera, and I
shall look forward with pleasure to revisiting it.

Of Cynipidae no new species were met with among the gall
makers. The white woolly gall of Andricus ramuli was a con-
spicuous object on the oak everywhere. A, amentl was also
noticed, and Trigonaspis megaptera was abundant. At Bonar an
addition to our fauna was found in Hexacola hexaioma, H., a parasitic
form. Pezophjcta hrachytera was the only other noteworthy capture
among the parasitics. Aculeata were extremely rare, as I don't
think I saw a dozen species altogether.

After these introductory remarks, I will now proceed to
enumerate seriatim all the species found among the Tenthredinidae,
Cynipidae, and Aculeata, leaving the other families to be treated
in a subsequent paper.

Tenthredinidae.

Tenthredo Uvula, T. velox, Altnaharra; T. dispar, T. rnfiventris,
rare ; T. balteata, T. mesomela, T. scalans, T. punctulata, T. olivacea,
T. viridis, L. (incta, Kl.), Lairg.

Perineum nassata, Lin., sec. Th. ; P. brevispina, Th. ; P. sordida,
KL, sec. Th.

Allantus nothus.

Athalia glabricoUis, Th., Dornoch ; A. rosae.

Macrophya albicincta.

P achy protasis antennata, P. rapae.

Dolerus vestlgialis, D. gibbosus, D. aeneus, D. pratensis, L.

PJmphytus serotinus, larva common on oaks ; E. rufo-cinctus, Bonar
Bridge.

Taxonus glabratiis, T. agrorum, Fall., Strath-Carron.

Strongylogaster cingulatus.

Poecilosoma pulveratum, P. submutimm, P. excisiim.

PhyUotoma nemorata, Lairg.

Fenusa melanopoda, Cam., on alder.

Selandria serva, S. morio.

Blennocampa bipunctata, Bonar Bridge; B. albipes, B. luteiventris,

252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

B. cinereijpeSf B. piisilla, B, alchemillae, Cam., Ben Clibrich {vide
supra).

HoplocamixL crataegi^ Altnaharra, on hawthorn.

Hemichroa rufa.

Dlneurcb degeeri.

Camponiscus hridiventris.

Cladius p)adi.

Nematus appendicidafus, var. with black femora, Bonar Bridge ;
N. nificornis, N. clihrichelkis, Cam. ; N. oldudus, N. ccifpreae, N,
canalicidatus, Htg., Falls of the Shin, on birch ; N. imnctulahis,
Dbm., Altnaharra; N. nimicis, Altnaharra; N. fallax, Strath-
Carron on Salix fiisca ; N. Ulineatus, N. luteus, N. antennatus, Cam.,
foot of Ben Clibrich; N. dorsatus, N. abdominalis, N. ribesii,
common in gardens, Golspie, etc. ; JV. myosotidis, N. miliaris,
N. crassidiis; ? N.pedunciUij Htg.; N. herbaceae, Cam., Ben Laoghal.

Cnjptocamjms salicetif Fall.

Hylotoma iistulata.

Cyp>liona geminata, Strath-Carron.

Abia sericea.

Trichiosoma lucorum.

Cimhex sylvarum.

Cynipidae.

Aphilothrix albopundata.

Andricus curvator, A. ^-^ineahis^ A. amenti, Invershin; A. ramuU,
abundant, easily noticed from the train going from Invershin to
Lairg.

Dryoteras terminale.

Neuroterus leutimlaris.

Spathogaster baccarumf S. tricolw.

Trigonajms megcqjtera, abundant.

Allotria minuta.

Pezophyda bmchjptera.

Saroihnis canalicidatus.

Kledltoma alUpennis ; K. genlculata; K. nigra,

Ilexacola hcxatoma, Htg.

FJwptrameris encerus, Htg.

Aegilips nltididus.

ACULEATA.

Bombus lopponicus ; B.vestigialls; B. schrimshiramis; B. lucorum;
B. lapdarlns.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 253

Andrena furcata; A. coinhhiata; A.parvula; A. nana. (In
swarms nesting at Creich close to the sea).

HaUctus albijjes; H. svhfasciakis ; H. nitklusculus ; H. minuhis.

Nomada ruficornis.

Vespa germanica; V. norvegka.

October 30th, 1877.

Professor John Young, M.D., F.G.S., President, in the chair.

Mr John J. Dalgleish, Edinburgh, was elected a life member ;
and Messrs. Kobert Morton, Samuel M'Culloch Morrison, James
White, and William Ferguson, ordinary members.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

The President exhibited drawings and specimens of three new
species of Carboniferous Polyzoa, one of them being a new species
of Synodadia, from the limestone shales at High Blantyre, the
other two being species of Glanconome, from the Gillfoot shales at
Carluke. One of the forms of Glanconome belons-ed to a sub-senus,
Diplopora, which had been established by Dr Young and Mr John
Young, F.G-.S., for the reception of certain forms of Glanconome,
which have a second small pore below each cell aperture, a feature
which they were the first to notice in connection with Carboniferous
Polyzoa. Dr Young pointed out the probable use of this second
small pore, as allowing of the passage of processes in connection
with the Polyzoa, and also the affinity of this group with the
Brachiopoda, a subject which was of interest, and to which he
hoped more fully to direct the attention of the Society on a
future evening.

Mr John Young, F.G.S., exhibited the test or shell of a large
flexible Sea Urchin, of an apparently un described species, and
which formed part of the large and valuable collection of natural
history objects recently presented to the Hunterian Museum by
Dr Allen Thomson. Mr Young stated that it was only of recent
years that sea urchins with flexible tests were known to be living
in our recent seas. During the cruise of H.M.S. Porcupine in the
North Atlantic in 1869, two specimens of flexible Echini,
belonging to difl'erent genera, were obtained, and were described

VOL. III. S

254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

by Professor Sir Wyville Thomson, in the " Depths of the Sea,"
under the names of Calveria hystrix and Phormosoma i)lacenta.
The specimen from Dr Thomson's collection was probably
obtained at an earlier date than the Porcupine's cruise, and
appears to belong to a different genus from the above. Its
locality is not known, and from its appearance it seems to have
been lying past for many years, having lost its spines and
dental apparatus, though otherwise the test is quite perfect. In
its depressed form and flexible test it presents a strong contrast
to the rigid shelled species of Echinus found on our coast, but in
other respects clearly belonging to the same family group of the
Echinodermata. The specimen measured 18| inches in circum-
ference by 2J inches in height. The test' is thin and flexible in
all its parts, but its upper surface is much more elastic than the
lower. As in other members of the same group, the test is
composed of five double rows of ambulacral and interambulacral
plates, all of which bear perforated tubercules, to which the
spines were attached. The plates, so far as yet examined, appear
to be arranged in an over-lajiping series, as in Calveria and
PJiormosoma, but it is in the character of its interambulacral plates
on the upper surface of the test that Dr Thomson's specimen is
seen to diff'er from the above genera. These plates are divided
into three areas, the middle space being flat, and free of tubercules.
This peculiar character commences at the periphery of the test,
where the middle area of the plate is seen to widen in each
successive row, by the reduction or loss of the side tubercules
towards the summit, where the genital disc is placed. At this
point the primary tubercules disappear, leaving a wide flat space
in each of the ambulacral rows, which, being of a sj^ongy,
membraneous texture, gives great flexibility to those plates. The
interambulacral plates on the lower surface of the test have no
intermediate flat spaces, the tubercules being continuous across.
The ambulacral plates are perforated each by three pairs of pores,
two pairs on the lower edge of the plates, and one pair on the
upper edge, intermediate in position between the other two ; tliey
are likewise continuous in their rows, from the mouth to the
summit of the test. Mr Young stated that he had already
pointed out in the Transactions of the Society that Archaeocidaris
Urii, one of the oldest of our fossil sea urchins, found in the
limestone strata of the Glasgow district, had also a flexible test

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 255

formed of overlapping plates. This evening 1iq exhibited plates
of another species of the same genus, from the Ayrshire Carboni-
ferous limestone, in which the overlapping character of the plates
was very clearly seen.

Mr G. E. Paterson exhibited a dated series of specimens of the
Black Guillemot, Uria grijlle, showing the various changes of
plumage from December to June, on which he made some
remarks. He stated that he would endeavour to bring forward
at a future meeting a series showing the variations from the
plumage of the breeding season down to that of winter.

Mr James Coutts showed a collection of mounted specimens of
small organisms, which had been in his possession for some years,
and which he had obtained from the limestone strata at Dockra,
Waterland, and other localities. In the collection were numerous
specimens of sj)onge spicules similar to those obtained at Cunning-
ham-Bedland, which were exhibited before the Society in October
last, when it was stated that the remains of silicious sponges had
not before been noted as being found in the Carboniferous strata
of the West of Scotland. Mr Coutts' remarks on the specimens
were supplemented by the President.

Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., exhibited a pair of Merlins, Falco
aesalon (male and female), shot in July last, from the nest in a
tree, on the banks of Locli Lomond. Mr Lumsden remarked that
he exhibited these birds in order that the somewhat unusual
position of the nest might be recorded. The MerKn in this country
is usually found to nest on the ground or in rocks. What
rendered the present case of greater interest, was the fact that
the ground all round the situation of the tree was just of such
a character as is usually chosen by the Merlin to nest in ; sho wing-
that the tree could not have been fixed on for want of another
suitable place. The nest occupied appeared to be a deserted one
of Corvus corone or Corvus comix. Although rare in this country,
tree nests of the Merlin are not uncommon in Lapland.

PAPERS READ.

l.—Note on the recent occurrence of the Hoopoe (Ujmpa epops)
in Arran. By Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S.

On the 23d of May, 1877, a Hoopoe, U])uija ejjops, was shot at
Dougrie, in Arran. It had been observed for several days
frequenting a sand-l)ank where some starlings had their nests, or

256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

running about among the rushes in a marshy field close by. The
bird appeared strong on the wing, and was very wild. The
gamekeeper who shot it (a man of unusual intelligence), assured
me that he thought it had a nest about the sand-bank ; but
this statement must be taken with considerable reservation.
As no nest was found, and no other Hoopoe seen in the district,
it is very improbable. The sex of the bird was unfortunately not
noted. Specimens of the Hoopoe have at various times been
recorded from Scotland, but the usual time of their occurrence
has been autumn. In England it has been known to breed, but
very rarely. The species is common all over the south of Europe,
and specimens have been obtained as far north as Spitzbergen.
In Africa and India it is met with as a winter visitor, and in
China it is found all the year round.

Records like the above may appear to some to be of but small
value, and, from the sameness of their character, of little interest,
but so much attention is now being paid to the migration of birds,
and so much light has of late been thrown on the directions taken
by them in their periodical migrations, that every scrap of
information about rare visitants is of the utmost importance,
and the fuller the notes on the occurrence of rare species
the better. The date of the first observation, the state of
the weather and direction of wind, the condition of the
bird — whether strong and in good condition, or weak and
thin — are all facts to which the greatest attention should
be paid.

II. — Apiarian Notes for 1877. By Mr Egbert J. Bennett.

In his paper, Mr Bennett gave a detailed statement of his
observations on, and treatment of, his apiary in Argyllshire during
the present year. In January and February, notwithstanding the
heavy rains which prevailed, the temperature was mild, and the
bees were stimulated to activity when they should have been in a
torpid state, which caused great destruction to the workers, and
depopulated many hives. March, which is always a trying month
to the beekeeper, was this year attended with considerable
difficulty, and during its continuance, as well as in April, liberal
and stimulating feeding liad to be adopted to keep the stocks in
existence. May opened well, and gave hopes that the season was
yet to be a good one, but the cold east winds, wliich set in early,

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 257

and continued to the end of the month, dispersed all these hopes.
June, which is the great swarming month, began with fine
weather, and again excited the hopes of beekeepers that the
season was to be a productive one; but as July came in, the
days were dull, cold, and rainy, and man}'- of the stocks would
have suffered had they not been fed, a procedure contrary to all
former experience. August, which it was trusted would redeem
the disasters of the past months, and enable the bees to make up
for lost time, proved no better than July, and honey shows, both
here and in England, were abandoned, the usual supply of food
having miserably failed, and honey being consequently almost
absent. In September, the usual Scottish honey harvest
month, half of the bees in the country were in a starving
condition ; and instead of the usual cry, — What are we to do
with our honey 1 it was, How are we to preserve our bees 1
During this month and October, artificial feeding had again to be
resorted to, and the result was that 1877 proved to be the most
disastrous season for beekeepers since 1862.

At the close of his paper, Mr Bennett presented to the library
of the Society a beautifully written letter he had received from
Miss Clementina Stirling Graham of Duntrune, the last re-
presentative of the Grahams of Claverhouse, written in bed,
shortly before her death, in her ninety-sixth year. Miss Graham
was probably the oldest beekeeper known, having taken an
interest in the culture of honey for three quarters of a century ;
and this document, amongst the last of her correspondence, he
thought well worthy of preservation.

November 27th, 1877.

Mr John Young, F.G.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

Messrs. David Eiddell, Robert Marshall, David Marshall, and
Alexander Buchanan Dick Cleland, were elected ordinary mem-
bers. Mr Gavin Miller was elected a life member, and in addition
to paying the life composition, he stated his willingness to give
a donation of five guineas to the funds of the Society. It
was resolved to record a vote of thanks to Mr Miller for his
liberality.

258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

SPECIMENS EXIHIBITED.

Mr F. G. Binnie exhibited some additions to the Trichoptera of
the Clyde Valley, stating that for the collection he was indebted
to Mr E. J. Morton of Carluke, who had sent them to him to
be named. The specimens were all taken in that district during
the past season. The collection comprised over thirty species,
and illustrated very clearly what has yet to be done in the
investigation of this group, for on looking it over he found at
least five species which did not find a place in his list of
Trichoptera in the British Association Guide. Two of these
belong to the family Limnophilidae, two to the Sericostomatidae,
and the fifth to the Rhyacophilidae. The species are as follows : —

LimnopJiilus griseus, L. This species he had obtained from the
Scotch firs at Eannoch, and in the Braemar district. M'Lachlan
states that it particularly aftects uncultivated districts with fir
forests.

Halesus auricoUis, Pict. This species has been added to
the British list since the publication of the " Trichoptera
Britannica " ; and so far, it is known only from Scotland and the
north of England. M'Lachlan found it in countless myriads by
the river Wharf at Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire, The only specimen
in the present collection is a female.

Sericostoma personatum, Spence. This species is remarkable for
the extraordinary development of the maxillary palpi of the male,
which form a mask over the face, whence its trivial name. It
is the only species found in our islands, occurring in England,
Scotland, and Ireland.

Goera iJilosa, Fab. This is the first example Mr Binnie had
seen from the Clyde district; but he had captured it during
the present season at Aberlady. It is the flavipes of Curtis.

Rhyacophila ohUteraia, M'L. Its ally dorsalis, may be considered
one of the commonest and most generally distributed species of
the group in our district, occurring by every burn and rapid stream.
The present species is distinguished in the male by the short broad
lobe of the upper margin of the last abdominal segment, and the
character of the terminal joint of the inferior appendices. The
only localities given for it by M'Lachlan in his " Trichoptera
Britannica" are North Wales, North Devon, Stafi'ordshire, and
Scarborough, being common in the first-named district along all
the mountain torrents at considerable elevations.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 259

The Chairman showed a specimen of one of the crowned pigeons,
Goura albertissi, recently presented to the Hunterian ^Museum,
along with skins of birds and other animals, brought home last
year from Port Moresby, New Guinea, by the Kev. W. Y. Turner,
M.D. This fine pigeon, one of the largest of its class, belongs to
a recently-described species, discovered by the traveller D'Alberti
in New Guinea. It measures nearly 30 inches in length, being
about the size of a small turkey. The colours vary on different
parts of the bird from a slate-coloured blue to a rich chestnut
purple, the wings being barred with white. The crest that adorns
the head measures eight inches in length, and is composed of
thinly barbed feathers of a silky texture and of a greyish blue
colour. This handsome bird approaches closely in its character to
the Goura coronata found in the same island, but differs from it
in the form of its crest, and in the disposition of the colours over
its body.

PAPERS READ.

I. — List of the Birds which have heen observed in the district of
Ardnamurchan, Argyllshire. By Mr John J. Dalgleish,
M.B.O.U.

The following notes are the result of observations made at
intervals during the last twenty-one years ; and although perhaps
it may be necessary to add to the list from time to time, still it
may be taken as a nearly complete one of the birds of the district.

Before, however, proceeding to give the list in detail, it may be
interesting to describe the physical features of the district.

The peninsula of Ardnamurchan, while interesting as being the
most westerly portion of the mainland of Great Britain, forms
otherwise a remarkably well-defined district for ornithological
observations, being bounded on the north and west by the open
Atlantic, and on the south partly by the Sound of Mull and
partly by Loch Sunart — one of the most beautiful of our western
fiords ; the eastern or landward boundary being very short, and
formed partly by the river Sheil and loch of the same name,
which separate it from Inverness-shire, and partly by the public
road leading from the latter at Ardshealach — a distance of only
a mile and a half — to Salen on Loch Sunart.

The extreme length of the district is about twenty-five miles,
and the average breadth about six miles. It consists of a range

260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

of comparatively low hills, having their longer slopes to the
north, with glens running from the central ridge in both
directions. The two principal heights are Ben Hiant, opposite
the north end of the Sound of Mull, and Ben Laga, lying more to
the east; the former being, according to the Ordnance Survey,
1728 feet, and the latter 1678 feet, above sea level.

The geological formation of the eastern half of the district is
gneiss, while the western end is composed of trap rocks. A band
of limestone runs across from Swordle in the north to Mingary on
the southern shore, which seems to be part of a continuous band
or vein which passes down the west coast of Scotland, through
Skye, Eigg, Morven, and Lismore, appearing at intervals, and
again disappearing below the superincumbent rocks.

The shores are generally rocky, sometimes rising to fine cliffs,
as near the Point of Ardnamurchan, and consequently they are
not favourable for wading birds ; there are, however, one or two
more favoured localities, which are frequented by a few. One of
these spots is the mouth of the river Sheil, where there is a small
spit of sand, uncovered at low water; another is the Bay of
Kentra, which is about a mile and a half square, and is entirely
uncovered at low water. This large area of foreshore abounds in
various varieties of shell-fish and minute crustaceans, and conse-
quently is resorted to by a goodly number of ducks and waders,
to whose habits it is well suited. Both of these localities are
upon the northern shore. The only other is the Bay of Kilchoan,
and rocks lying between it and the old castle of Mingary on the
southern shore, opposite the Island of Mull ; but the extent of
suitable shore is in this case much more limited than at Kentra.
Besides these there are a few smaller inlets and sandy bays, in
which occasionally a stray wader may be found.

The few isolated rocks off the coast, belonging to Ardnamurchan,
which are frequented by birds, are in Loch Moidart, between
Kentra Bay and the mouth of the Sheil, and in Loch Sunart.

There are numerous fresh-water lochs scattered through the
district, although none are of any great size, except Loch Sheil,
which, however, only touches it for about a mile.

As in most parts of the Western Highlands, the extent of
cultivated ground is very small, and confined to a few spots,
mostly on the sea- coast.

As a rule, the district is bare of wood, especially towards the

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 261

western part. There are, however, about 600 acres of fir woods,
lying along the shores of Loch Sunart, between Salen and Glen-
borrodale, chiefly of larch of different ages, being all, however,
wdth the exception of a few acres along the roadside north of
Salen, planted during the last twenty years. These have all
replaced natural coppice woods, and this change may yet, as the
trees grow up, exercise a considerable influence on the distribution
of the local fauna. There are still a few patches of greater or less
extent of coppice woods — of oak, alder, birch, ash, and hazel — at
other points, although mostly confined, as above mentioned, to
the eastern and more sheltered end of the district.

List.

1. Halia'eius cdbicilla (L.) White-tailed Eagle. A regular visitant

to the district ; probably from the adjacent island of Rum,
where it breeds.

2. Buteo vulgaris, Leach. Common Buzzard. Formerly common,

and breeding in the district, but now rarely met with.
Last nest found in 1868.

3. Falco peregrimis, Tunstall. Peregrine Falcon. Two or three

pairs frequent the district, and often succeed in rearing
their young.

4. Falco aesalon, Tunstall. Merlin. Becoming very scarce,

although one or two pairs are to be found.

5. Falco tinnunculiLS, L. Kestrel. Common.

6. Accqoiter nisus (L.) Sparrow Hawk. By no means rare, but

not so common as the preceding.

7. Circus cyaneus (L.) Hen Harrier. Like the Buzzard, was

formerly common, but is now nearly extinct ; no nests have
been seen for eight or nine years. Still breeds in Morven.

8. Strix stridula, L. Tawny Owl. Appears to be common, if

one can judge by the ear, its hooting being often heard in
the night.

9. Aluco flammeus ih.) Barn Owl. A pair occasionally frequent

the ruins of Mingary Castle, and from information which
I have received, 1 have no doubt that it also haunts certain
rocky places.
10. Cajmmulgus europaeiis, L. Nightjar. Plentiful in the
summer, when it is interesting to watch them hawking for
moths, among the haycocks, on a fine evening.

262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

11. Cypselus apiis (L.) Swift. About a dozen pairs frequent

Mingary Castle, in holes, in whose ruins they breed.

12. Hirundo nistica, L. Swallow. Plentiful. Both this species

and the following have increased in numbers very much
since the erection of a number of farm-houses and other
buildings in the district, with projecting roofs, under the
eaves of which they build their nests.

13. Chelidon urbica (L.) House Martin. Not so common as the

preceding, the remarks on which, however, apply to this
species also.
U. Certhia familiarls, L. Creeper. Pretty common in the
wooded district.

15. Troglodytes ])arvulus, Koch. Wren. Common.

16. Calamodyta naevia (Bodd.) Grasshopper AVarbler. This

species I believe to be more common than appears, owing
to its very retiring habits. I found a nest at Glenborro-
dale in 1868.

17. Sijlvia rufa (Bodd.) Whitethroat. Common.

18. Phyllojmeuste i/rochilus (L.) Willow Warbler. Common.

19. Eegidus cristakis, Koch. Golden-crested Wren. Common in

the wooded district.

20. Etiticilla ijlioenicurus (L.) Eedstart. More common than I

have observed in lowland districts, and building their nests
frequently in the breastworks of the public roads, regardless
of the noise made by passing vehicles overhead.

21. Erythacus nd)ccida (L.) Robin. Common.

22. Saxlcola aenanthe (L.) Wheatear. Common, but very local

in its distribution.

23. Fratincola rubetra (L.) Whinchat. Sparingly distributed.

24. Praiincola rubicola (L.) Stonechat. Not very common.

25. Accentor modidaris (L.) Hedge Accentor. Common.

26. Parus major, L. Great Titmouse. ) p - .-,

27. Panis caendeus, L. Blue Titmouse. > ^ ri f

28. Parus ater, L. Cole Titmouse. )

29. Acredula rosea, Blyth.* Long-tailed Titmouse. Occasionally

common ; at other times none are to be seen.

* Though following generally the nomenclature of Mr Wharton's " List of
British Birds," Van Voorst, 1877, I have in this instance departed from it, as
Acredula caudata (L.) is generally understood to be the White-headed
Continental form originally discovered by Linnaeus.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 263

30. Motacilla lugubris, Temm. Pied Wagtail. A few pairs

scattered over the district.

31. Motacilla sulpJmrea, Beclist. Grey Wagtail. More rare than

the preceding.

32. Motacilla myi (Bona]).) Eay's Wagtail. An occasional visitor.

33. Anthus olscurus (Lath.) Eock Pipit. Common all along the

coast. I have more than once seen one of this species
come on board the Highland steamers, and pick up crumbs
or other morsels of food, close to passengers and others,
without showing the least fear.

34. Anthus loratensis (L.) Meadow Pipit. Very common.

35. Anthus trivialis (L.) Tree Pipit. One seen by me in 1876,
■ . and doubtless not very rare.

36. Turclus viscivorus, L. Missel Thrush. Common.

37. Turclus pilaris, L. Fieldfare. Common in winter and spring.

A white specimen was observed all the winter of 1876-77.

38. Turdus musicus, L. Thrush. Common.

39. Turdus iliacus, L. Redwing. A few in winter.

40. Turdus merula, L. Blackbird. Common.

41. Turdus torquatus, L. Ring ouzel. A few pairs on the hills.

42. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechst. Dipper. Very local and not

common, feeds occasionally on the sea-shore, at the mouth
of streams.

43. Muscicajm grisola, L. Spotted Flycatcher. Common in

wooded parts.

44. Picoy rustica (Scop.) Magpie. A pair frequented the manse

orchard in the western part of the district, for 4 or 5 years
after 1856, having probably crossed from Mull, the nearest
trees in any other direction being 12 miles off; they
bred for a season or two, their young being destroyed
regularly by gamekeepers, who ultimately killed the old
birds also.

45. Corvus corax, L. Raven. Not so common as formerly, but

still far from rare ; more common in spring and autumn.

46. Corvus comix, L. Hooded Crow. Too common.

47. Corvus frugilegus, L. Rook. There is no rookery in the

district, but detachments from Mull, Morven, and Sunart,
are regular visitants. Occasionally these take up their
evening quarters for weeks together on the trees of the
manse garden.

264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

48. Sturnns vulgaris, L. Starling. Plentiful, especially about the

ruins of Mingary castle.

49. FringiUa coelebs, L. Chaffinch. Common.

50. Passer domesticus, L. House Sparrow. Not very common,

and distribution very local.

51. Ligurinus chloris (L.) Greenfinch. Not uncommon.

52. Pijrrhula eurojmea, Vieill. Bullfinch. Common along Loch

Sunart side, in the larch woods.

53. Linota cannaUna (L.) Linnet. Found sparingly.

54. Linota fiavirostris (L.) Twite. Not very common.

55. Emheriza miliaria, L. Common Bunting. Not common, and

very local.

56. Emheriza citrinella, L. Yellow Bunting. Common.

57. Emheriza schoenida, L. Reed Bunting. Not rare, but local.

58. Pledrophanes nivalis (L.) Snow Bunting. Not seen by

myself, but I believe to be a winter visitant.

59. Alauda arvensis, L. Skylark. Found in suitable localities.

60. Ciiculus canorus, L. Cuckoo. As in other parts of the West

Highlands, very numerous.
Gl. Columha livia, L. Rockdove. Breeds numerously in the ruins
of Mingary Castle, and in caves on the north coast.

62. Columha loalumha, L. Ringdove. Not common.

63. Phasianus colcMciis, L. Pheasant. Was introduced by the

late proprietor.

64. Perdix dnerea, Charleton. Common Partridge. Generally

distributed near cultivated ground.

65. Teirao tetrix, L. Black Grouse. Numerous in suitable

localities.

66. Tetrao mutus, Leach. Ptarmigan. A covey frequented Ben

Laga for some months, during a severe winter about ten
years ago, but left on the return of spring, for the higher
hills adjoining, and none have since been seen within the
limits of the district.

67. Tetrao scoticus (Lath.) Red Grouse. Generally distributed.

There have no symptoms of disease ever been observed
here.

68. Vanellus cristatus, Meyer. Lapwing. A few pairs breed.

Very local.

69. Charadrius pluvialis, L. Golden Plover. A few pairs breed

on the hill tops.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 265

70. AEgialites Idatkula (L.) Einged Plover. Each of the few

sandy beaches on the coast is enlivened with a pair or
more of these interesting birds.

71. Haematopiis ostralegus, L. Oyster-Catcher. Common, and

not decreasing, notwithstanding the robbing of their
nests.

72. Strepsilas inteiyres, L. Turnstone. Two or three pairs

observed more than once on Slignach, a small low rock or
island in Loch Sunart, nearly opposite Tobermory, in
May, 1876, and as late as the 27th of that month.

73. ArcUa cinerea, L. Heron. Common. Full particulars of

this species, and its breeding, will be found in Mr Gray's
'• Birds of the West of Scotland," which is quoted in
Dresser's " Birds of Europe," with additional notes.

74. Numenms arguata (L.) Curlew. The only breeding place of

this bird is near the mouth of the Shell ; in autumn and
winter, however, it is common all along the shores.

75. Numenius iihae(ypus (L.) Whimbrel. I observed one on the

shore of Loch Sunart in May, 1876.

76. Totanus glottis (Pall.) Greenshank. I have heard this species

at night, corroborated by Mr Harvie-Brown, who was with
me, but I have not seen it.

77. Totanus calidris (L.) Kedshank. Common, but not breeding.

78. Actitis hypoleucus, L. Common Sandpiper. Very common.

79. Tringa maritima, Briinn. Purple Sandpiper. A specimen

shot by Mr Harvie-Brown, November, 1877; doubtless
not uncommon in winter.

80. Tringa alpina, L. Dunlin. A few frequent Kilchoan Bay in

winter, but they do not breed in the district.

81. Tringa subarcuata. (Giild.) Curlew Sandpiper. One seen

by Mr Harvie-Brown, in November, 1877, at Kentra
Bay.

82. GalUnago gaUinaria, 0. F. Miiller. Common Snipe. Common

in suitable localities.

83. GalUnago gallimda (L.) Jack Snipe. Common in suitable

localities.
8-1. Scolopax rusticola, L. Woodcock. Very common in severe
weather in winter; an increasing number breed. I have
observed, more than once, the interesting process of the
old bird carrying her young here.

266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

85. Crex pratensis, Beclist. Landrail. A few pairs are to be

found in summer.

86. Anser clnereus, Meyer. Greylag Goose. I have seen small

flocks of this goose flying over, but have not heard of their
alighting.

87. Cygnus musims, Bechst. Hooper. A pair, which I conclude

were of this species, frequented a hill loch for two months
every spring for some years, until a late tenant of
shootings killed one of them, in 1871 or 1872, since which
occasion none were again seen until the spring of 1877,
when a flock of five alighted for a short time at Swordle,
on the north coast.

88. Mareca ijenelope (L.) Wigeon. A regular winter visitant.

89. A lias boschas, L. Mallard. Common, but not plentiful ; breeds.

90. Querqiiedula crecca (L.) Teal. A few pairs found; also

breeds.

91. Clangula glaucion (L.) Golden-eyed Duck. A few pairs in

winter occasionally on a hill loch.

92. Mergus merganser, L. Goosander. A winter visitant, in

small numbers.

93. Mergus serratorylj. Eed-breasted Meganser. Pretty common ;

breeds.

94. Colymhus glacialis, Ij. Great-northern Diver. Not uncommon

in winter round the coast.

95. Colymhus arcfdcus, L. Black-throated Diver. I once observed

one of this species, or G. SeptentrionaUs, on a hill loch in
summer, but frequent and careful subsequent searches have
failed to discover any trace of its breeding, or even of the
bird itself.

96. Podiceps cristatus (L.) Great-crested Grebe. I have observed

either this, or the red-necked Grebe, on Loch Moidart in
winter, but was unable to identify it.

97. Podiceps minor (Gm.) Little Grebe. Found on Loch Sunart

in winter; breeds on a hill loch.

98. Alca torda, L. Eazorbill.

99. Alca troile (L.) Guillemot.

100. Uria tro'de, var. rhynvia, Briinn. Einged Guillemot. The
three last species are always found on Locli Sunart in
varying numbers, even at the breeding season, at which
period, of course, they are less numerous.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 267

101. Fraferciila arctica (L.) Puffin. I have observed this bird

at the Point of Ardnamurchan ; breeds in the isle of
Eum.

102. Uria grylle (L.) Black Guillemot. Seen occasionally all

round the coast ; but does not breed nearer than the isle
of Rum, or Roshven, on the Inverness-shire coast.

103. Pnffiims anglorum, Temm. Manx Shearwater. I have

observed this bird off the lighthouse.

104. Stercomiius, sp. ? A bird which, from the description given

by my informant, must have been a Skua, was observed
three years ago by my late gamekeeper in Loch Sunart, in
the act of chasing some gulls.

105. Lams canus, L. Common Gull. A colony breed on an

island in a hill loch.

106. Lams marinus, L. Great black-backed Gull. A few pairs

occasionally breed in detached pairs ; there is a considerable
breeding colony in the adjacent district of Moidart.

107. Larus fuscus, L. Lesser Black-backed Gull. Common on

the shores ; breeding on an island in Loch Sunart, belong-
ing to the adjacent estate of that name.

108. Lams argentatus, Gm. Herring Gull. Frequents the

shores.

109. ChroicocejjJudus ricUhmdus (L.) Black-headed Gull. A few

seen occasionally about Kentra Bay.

110. Bissa tridadyla (L.) Kittiwake. Seen on the coast occasion-

ally ; probably visitors from the adjacent colonies at Rum
or Tyree.

}Both species visit
Loch Sunart, but
in sadly dimin-
ished numbers.

113. Stda bassana (L.) Gannet. Frequently seen in summer, off

the coast.

114. Phalacrocorax carbo (L.) Cormorant. Plentiful on the

coast, coming up Loch Sunart in winter.

115. Phalacrocorax cristatus (Fab.) Green Cormorant. Also

plentiful, but confined more to the open waters near the
lighthouse.

268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

II. — Notes on the Fern Islands, and some of the Birds lohich are
found there. By Mr J. H. Gurney, jun.

The Fern * islands, off the coast of Northumberland, belong to
Mrs Thorpe of Durham, and there is no property in the three
kingdoms, public or private, better worth a visit. Here are no
tremendous precipices, as at Flamborough, but the number of
species of birds is much greater. The gay ornament of the
islands is the Eider Duck, which breeds in large numbers, and
there are also three or four exquisitely graceful species of Terns,
which are annual visitors ; but what chance either the race of
Eiders or the Terns have of lasting, if the present state of things
goes on, I cannot tell, for summer after summer the birds are
shamefully misused, and their eggs poached, and this in spite of a
paid keeper who resides on the islands. Rascals have been known
to land from steamers, and steal everything they could lay their
hands on; and worse than that happened on one occasion. A
party of them having collected all the young Sandwich Terns,
etc., that they could find, piled them together, and heaped a
number of " peats " over them, and then, with a refinement of
cruelty scarcely to be surpassed, they set fire to the peats, and
consumed the pile — the whole pile — living and dead ! It was a
deed worthy of the Druids, who burnt men in wicker-baskets at
Stonehenge ! But the birds will not stand such treatment. They
will find out that if they are not protected in this country, they
are in Norway. They are beginning to quit the Fern islands. A
few more seasons may see them gone, not from there only, but
from every other place where the law of England is set at nought,
and an indefensible and senseless persecution is carried on for the
gratification of the few who can find a pleasure in shooting down
the birds of our rocky headlands, at the expense of the many, —
not naturalists alone, but lovers of scenery, of the wild rocks and
of the deep ocean, — who derive their greatest pleasure, each
summer visit, from those places.

There are two villages from which to visit the Fern islands, and
no order is required if it is not intended to take eggs ; but if that
be the object of the visit, I believe an application to the Rev.
Charles Thorpe, Durham, will obtain permission for any naturalist
to take a limited number. There is the dirty redolent fishing-

* Sometimes written Feme, and sometimes Fame.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 269

village of North Sunderland, with plenty of boats, and there is
the charming clean village of Bamborough, with only one boat,
which belongs to a man named Dixon. There is no decent inn at
the former, but at the latter there is a comfortable house, kept by
Mrs Henry.

For those who are not so exclusively ornithological that they
cannot bear to look at anything which has not wings, there is the
grand old castle, and the tomb of Grace Darling, at Bamborough,
in the churchyard, where all should pause to pay a tribute of
respect to the noble daring which made her, in a boisterous sea,
impel her father to launch the boat which was to succour the crew
of the ill-fated Forfarshire. Wordsworth has immortalized her in
thrilling lines, which are not too long for any one interested in
the Fern islands to read, though they are too long to quote in an
ornithological paper. But Grace Darling has an immortality
conferred upon her by her own heroism which is greater than any
poetry can give her.

Books say that no castle in England has had so definite a
connection as the hoary old castle of Bamborough, with History
before the Conquest. Its aged walls, which frown down upon us,
have stood where they now stand — impervious to war, and time,
and weather — since very early times. Kings and rulers, belted
knights, and learned men, have passed beneath its massive portals,
and Willughby, whose name must awaken emotion in the heart
of every naturalist, visited Bamborough, though in what year is
not known, except that it was at the time when Sir William
Forster was living at the castle. ( Vide the account of the Eider
Duck, "Wniughby's Ornithology," p. 362). We can picture
this eager searcher after truths in natural history at the old
castle. Perhaps the hand of death was already on him, but it is
more pleasant to think of him as not knowing that in a few
more years his lease of life would be run out ; to think of him
pondering on the great ornithological work — great now, how
much greater then — which he was going to give to the world,
and which, how little men can tell of the future, he was never
destined to see published.

Perhaps it was evening, and tired with the day's journey, he
has mounted the castle battlements. The crimson rays of the
setting sun are shedding an unparalleled splendour across the
waters. With their rich coppery glare, they tinge each wavelet

VOL. IIL T

270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

as it breaks upon the shore. A gleam falls upon the grey, ivy-
mantled walls, and lights up the figure of the man as he is
standing there. It gives an Eider drake, which chances to be
in-shore, the appearance of quicksilver; it throws a halo of
roseate round a party of gulls which are busy over yon stranded
garbage. Like molten silver is a large seal which, human-like,
pops its head above the water. It bathes the distant cluster
where he is to go on the morrow. It is a matchless scene,
and with wistful eyes he gazes upon it, as his eager mind takes
in the rich harvest of ornithological booty and knowledge is in
store for him. The morrow comes, and he does not go ; for
strange as it may appear, Willughby never went on to the
islands. He knew a good deal about the treasures which were
there, as his list proves ("Ornithology," p. 19); but he never
went on to the islands. His information was obtained at second-
hand, either from Sir William Forster or some of his people ; and
Willughby returned home with the very moderate satisfaction of
leaving his work half done. In the account of the Eider Duck,
we find him unable any longer to speak from what he had seen
alive, obliged to say, " I saw only the Cases of the Cock and
Hen [Eider Duck] stuft, hanging up in Sir William Fosters Hall
at Bambergh in Northumberlancir (" Ornithology," I.e.) And
again, as regards the Black Guillemot breeding there, he
leaves us no certain facts, but only the vague data which was to
be gathered from oral information. Whether it was that time
pressed, or the sea was rough, or the men harvesting, it is much
to be regretted that this accomplished author left his work half
done; and yet, if we consider all the facts, English and foreign,
which Eay has handed down to us as the result of the short span
of his pupil's life, we can only marvel, not that Willughby
did not effect more, but that he did so much.

But it is time to leave speculations about the past, and turn to
our present knowledge of the islands. Since Willughby's time
many distinguished naturalists have visited Bamborough Castle,
and some have gone on to the islands, and some have turned
back. None of those who have seen the beautiful birds there
have, I will dare to say, returned disappointed ; and to any who
read this paper there will come back, as there does to me, a vivid
recollection of a happy, a successful, and an instructive day.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 271

Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carlo (L.)

The nearest island to the mainland is the home of the
Cormorants. Their old island * was further away, and near the
Gulls, but these predaceous neighbours stole their eggs, and drove
them all away. The boatman told me that, as soon as the old
Cormorants were put up, the Gulls would be down on the eggs,
and he has known a complete clearance of them to be made by
these robbers in a few minutes, and in spite of his presence.
Where we put the Cormorants off on my last visit, there was one
Gull who was evidently on the look-out, and in an instant
was sailing above the nests. Though our boat was within a
few strokes of the rock, I gave up all hope, and the men were
certain, if there was an egg, the Gull would have it first ; but for
once they were wrong, for, as it happened, there were two eggs,
and we bagged them both under the very nose of the robber-
Gull. It was decidedly early, April 5th, but Cormorants are the
first fowl to lay. Nothing else had come to the rocks so early.
The next to begin are the Gulls, probably. Guillemots, Eider
Ducks, and Terns, are very late breeders. It needs not the nose
of a pointer to discover the whereabouts of a Cormorant's nest.
I have come across some of the worst odours that the nose
of man can conceive in my rambles, but never, in England or
Africa, did I smell anything so foetid as a Cormorant's nest.
Well might Milton call them the representatives of the
fiend of darkness, though he drew the simile from their
gaunt black forms. I do not know how long incubation
lasts, but it must be a long time, for Mr E. Smith, who
was at the same place nearly two months after me, does not
mention that any of the eggs were hatched. (ZooL, ss. 49,
34). The nests were only six inches high on my visit,
and built for the most part of seaweed; but in one I
found a piece of rope, and in others large pieces of wood,
apparently fragments of wreckage. Cormorants have, like so
many other birds, the power of throwing up the indigestible
parts of their food in pellets. Two, which we picked up on
landing, were friable, and of a very pink colour. They were
composed of crabs. My boatman said their eggs would never

* Alluded to by Hewitson (" Eggs of British Birds," ii., p. 471),

272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

boil hard like any other bird's eggs,* but always remain
a jelly, and that the old lighthouse-keeper, Darling, used to aver
that they were the richest eggs laid on the rocks. I would rather
he eat them than I.

In 1875 I was told two white nestlings were seen; for a wonder,
they grew up, and got away without being shot.

Puffin, Fratercula arctica (L.)

The Puffin is getting up its numbers, according to the boatmen.
At certain times of the year they may be seen dotted all round
about the islands, on which they breed very freely. They some-
times go by the name of " Tommy Noddies,"f but the fishermen
in the neighbourhood of the islands use local names but little.
In reply to my questions, they said that they came about the 5th
of April, and left about the 5th of September. Perhaps this
hardly puts the date of their coming early enough. In 1876 I
was in the vicinity of the islands on the 5th of April, and saw
about a score of single birds, and a flock of ten. On the other
hand, Selby, who was as well acquainted with the Fern islands
as any naturalist could be, speaks of them as coming " about the
middle of April" (Brit. Orn., ii., p. 440); but I imagine that he
is alluding here to the mass, and not to the forerunners of the
army. The young of the preceding year are sometimes met with
as late as the April following their birth, for on the 26th of that
month, 1866, I shot a young one between the islands and the
mainland. I suspect it was diseased. Its legs were very white,
and it weighed only 11 oz., having but little flesh on its bones.
This would account for its never having developed into an adult
Puffin. The occurrence of young Puffins on the English coasts in
the early spring is frequent enough to have attracted a good deal
of attention. They have been commonly termed " Winter
Puffins," and several ornithologists have been led to suspect that
they were a distinct species. Some interesting articles will be
found on the subject in the *' Zoologist." Several have passed
under my hands, and I have examined them internally and
externally, at diff'erent times, without ever finding any reason to

• This I believe to be quite the case ; at least on an occasion when I
tried in Sutherland, I utterly failed to boil two or three eggs of the
Cormorant to the same consistency as those of a Plover, which I tried at
the same time. — J. A. H.-BuowN.

t In Scotland, "Tammy Nories."— J. A. H.-B.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 273

think that they were anything more than common English Puffins,
which, from having been hatched late, or perhaps from disease,
had not attained their growth when the next breeding season
came round.

I wish to make some remarks on the Puffin's osteology. I have
before me ten Puffins' breastbones, nine of which were from
birds killed near these islands. I find they differ from the
breastbones of Guillemots and Razorbills, in having two pos-
terior emarginatious, — one being an indentation, the other a
hole. In this, as in many other respects, they resemble the breast-
bone of the Black Guillemot, which sometimes, but not always,
has two emarginations. It is generally believed that the holes
ossify with age, and that in a very old bird they are closed up.
There is, however, much variation, as I have skinned a Puffin
in which one emargination (the hole), on the left side, was
completely changed to bone, and on the other side it was nearly
so. Much may be learned as to the affinity of birds to one
another by an examination of *their osteology.

Guillemot, Alca troile, L.

The Guillemots live on some rocks called the Pinnacles, and I
have seen such a stream of them go swarming off those aforesaid
rocks, that I can only liken it to a busy ant-hill, or bees on a
sunny day in summer time. I really think that, for their size,
there are more Guillemots on the Pinnacles than on any similar
rock anywhere, and I do not forget the multitudes at Flamborough
and Ailsa Craig, and other places which I have only read of If
the whole Guillemot population were numbered, the Fern islands
would fall very far below most places ; but compare the Pinnacles
with a similar area anywhere else, and I think they will stand
first. They are not very high, and the eggs are easily taken.
The egg-gatherer, who lives on one of the islands, employs a
ladder for the purpose. Either he or one of the boatmen informed
me that blood was sometimes seen upon the rocks, which I
thought showed that, as in human beings, so in birds, when the
density of the population exceeds the area, fights ensue.

Razorbill, Alca torda, L.

I have twice obtained the Razorbill at the islands, but it is far
from common. On my last visit I did not see one.

274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Gannet, Sulci bassana (L.)

There are generally a few Gannets to be seen, as one would
naturally expect. They are not easy to be shot; but there is
a fatal way to catch them — by tying a herring to a board. I do
not know how long ago it was that a Gannet was found washed
up ashore with a gurnet wedged into its mouth so hard that it
had killed it — a punishment for its gluttony. I believe that it is
not an uncommon death among Gannets, though a highly curious
one. Mr Gray mentions having found several dead at Ailsa Craig
from this cause. (Birds of Scot., p. 4=62).

Eider Duck, Somateria moUissima (L.)

The two great attractions of the islands are the Eider Ducks
and the Sandmch Terns. The former are much the earliest to
arrive ; indeed, I was assured that a pair or two in female plumage
were to be seen all the year round. By the 5th of April they seem
to have all j)aired, though not to have got up on to the rocks. At
that season you may see an equal proportion of ducks and drakes;
but go there in the beginning of August, and perhaps you will not
see a single bird in the masculine attire. Some writers think that
the full colouring of the drake is not assumed until the fourth
moult, and that once got, it is shed no more. My opinion is that it
gets it the second year, and that it annually moults again into the
female attire ; and I ground this opinion on a example in the
Zoological Gardens, and on others which I have shot myself, or
seen in Leadenhall market. The value of this bird, in an
economic point of view, is very small, compared to what it is on
some of the Norwegian groups of islands, where, as is well known,
the down is collected in large quantities, and is highly valued for
making quilts, etc. At the Fern islands only a small quantity of
it is annually collected. A certain number of eggs are also
gathered for eating, and sold in Bamborough.

King Duck, Somateria spedaUlis (L.)

An adult male occurred at the Fern islands on the 14th of
November, 1 873, as recorded by Mr Hancock (Birds of Northumb.
and D'"-, p. 158). From enquiries made on the spot, I beUeve it had
remained about there many weeks. When first observed, it was
partly in female plumage. Various persons saw it, and occasion-
ally it was seen walking about on the island where the Eiders

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 275

nest. Of course there can be no longer any doubt as to the
propriety of admitting this fine species into the British list. The
females of the Eider Duck and King Duck are very hard to keep
apart; but the female Eider never gets so red or rufous as the
female King Duck often does, though some King Ducks — known
to be so — are quite as brown as any female Eiders.

Velvet Scoter, Oidemia fusca (L.)

Of Ducks I have, on my different visits, seen various species —
Merganser, Sheld Duck, Wild Duck, Teal, Golden-Eye, Long-
tailed Duck, Scoter, and Velvet Scoter. Dixon, the boatman,
told me that a few Velvet Scoters might be seen all the year
round. In August, 18G4, I shot a splendid old drake, with my
second barrel, after missing him with the first ; and the same day
I remember being nearly within shot of a Long-tailed Duck. I
dare say such opportunities may be of every-day occurrence to
Scotch naturalists, but to us Southerners they are rare.'

*

Common Gull, Larus canus, L. -

Of all the funny things which have happened at the Fern
islands, the following is one of the most curious. It was told to
me as true by one old seaman, and corroborated by another.
These " old salts " were pursuing their calling one fine day when
their attention was drawn to a prodigious commotion among the
Gull community, which were clamouring over the fate of one of
their kin, which was fast held by one wing by an angler or devil-
fish. The whole affair was incontinently hauled on board, when
the Gull was discovered to be dead. Strange story as this was,
it was not altogether novel, as I have heard of Great Northern
Divers more than once having fallen victims in this same way.
The chapter of accidents to which birds are subject is much larger
than we think, f

* Scarcely of 'every-day occurrence as regards the latter birds. They
usually keep far out from land, on the east coast of Scotland. In Shetland
they are perhaps most commonly procured. — J. A. H.-B.

t I once saw a struggle between a Swan and a large Pike which had
seized the bird's foot. The commotion was great, but the bird succeeded in
flapping along the surface, and half lifted the Pike out of the water before
it loosed its hold. This was on a mill-dam belonging to the Carron Co. in
Stirlingshire. — J. A. H.-B.

276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Common Tern, Sterna fluviatilis, Naumann.
In July, 1865, I shot three.

Arctic Tern, Sterna macrura, Naumann.

The Arctic Tern is very late in coming. According to the
boatmen, it does not arrive until May 12th, and leaves about
September 18th. I think, however, that I have seen them before
May. I shall never forget the spectacle of a vast drove, resting
upon a spit of sand, at Holy Island. This island is not one of
the Ferns : it is a few miles farther north, and a separate day
must be given up for it. It was the first time I had seen any
Terns not upon the wing. This very large flock quite whitened
the surface they were resting upon, and when they all flew up,
the effect was beautiful. I dare not venture to make even a
guess at their numbers.

Sandwich Tern, Sterna cantiaca, Gm.

Selby says the time of their arrival is about the middle of May
(Brit. Orn., ii., p. 4:66), but I saw plenty on the 26th of April. No
one can forget them who has once seen their exquisite forms.
They are very tame, and it is a great shame to shoot them.

Roseate Tern, Sterna dougalli, Montagu.

The Roseate Tern may exist at the Fern islands still in small
numbers, but it is a moribund species as far as English stations
are concerned. One — possibly the last — was shot at the islands
a few years ago, and has found a place in the Dyke Road Museum
at Brighton. I saw it when I was there a short time ago. I
have also seen another, which in all probability had been a native
of the Fern islands, in Mr Newby's collection at Stockton. It
was shot a good many years ago, at the mouth of the Tees. I
have also examined a nestling and some adult birds, at the late
Mr Selby's, which were obtained by that naturalist himself on the
islands. Selby's remark, that in his time the Roseate Tern
increased, is curious (Zool. Journ., ii., p. 462). His house was an
easy drive from the islands, and he availed himself of their
vicinity to study their avi-fauna well, as is very evident from the
references to them in his work. This makes his testimony of all
the more value. It is observations by men upon the spot wliich
are always so valuable. In the case of the Roseate Tern, it seems

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 277

that they came and flourished, and sprang up for a time, and then
died out. We have no one who can tell us why. We can
only hope that, with protection, they may again come to the fore ;
but then that protection must be given more fully than it is now.

Oyster-Catcher, Haematojms ostralegus, L.

I find that these birds clean the limpets out completely, except-
ing a small portion of the ligament which attaches the creature to
its shell. The boatmen told me they could tackle a limpet as big
as a crown-piece ; those which I examined, which had been cleaned
out by them, were about the size of a shilling. There was only
one broken. In general they get out the contents without any
need of breaking the shell. It was for some time a mystery to me
how their blunt bills were inserted between the shell and the
rock, until I read in the " Birds of Scotland," (p. 270), that they
only detach those which are already raised a little.

Purple Sandpiper, Tringa striata^ L.

This favourite Sandpiper of mine is far commoner at the Fern
islands and the opposite shore, than at any other place I ever
was at. I have seen, I may say, as many as a hundred in one
flock, and they were so tame that they passed and repassed
within shot of me several times. I have one which was shot at
the islands by Selby, in the year 1831.*

Turnstone, Strepsilas inferpres, L.

Another common and ornamental bird of the islands is the
Turnstone. On one of my visits I killed three at a shot. It
would be easy to kill four times that number, as they fly across
the narrow channels which divide some of the islands. It was on
the 27th of April, and one of them by that time was in beautiful
summer plumage. I have seen them on the coast of Durham as
late as the 6th of July. Sandpipers killed in May are, as a rule,
finer in plumage than any killed at their breeding places in June
and July.

It is scarcely necessary for me to say that the above makes
no pretence to being a complete list of the species which inhabit

* In the Outer Hebrides Captain Feilden and I shot two Purple Sand-
pipers, on 27th May, 1870, and saw others. — J. A. H,-B.

278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the Fern islands or pass by them at certain seasons of the year.
I have only enumerated those birds about which I found in my
notes matter that seemed to me worth recording in the Society's
Proceedings.

III. — On Injured S])ecimens of Elssoa striata. By Mr
David Eobertson, F.L.S., F.G.S.

These injured specimens of Rissoa striata that I bring before
you were met with in post-tertiary clay taken from an excava-
tion for Paisley Gas Tank. The larger one has been injured
about the time of the growth of the fifth whorl, and the body
whorl that succeeds takes a bend and swells to an abnormal
extent. The most interesting point is that this abnormal whorl
is devoid of striation. The process of striation seems to have
ceased at the time of the injury, from which we are led to
believe that when the animal is in possession of all its faculties
it is furnished with a special appliance for the formation of these
striae, and when that appliance is destroyed, the striae con-
sequently cease to be formed. Nevertheless, the growth of the
shell goes on; but in the case before us it has, from the point
of injury, grown out of proportion to the first formed whorls.
Now, the question arises, whether the loss of this faculty of
striating is the cause of the increase of growth of the shell 1

Another shell of the same species from the same locality
tends to strengthen this view. It has sustained a similar injury,
but to all appearance of less extent, and at an earlier stage of
growth. It is also curved at the point of injury in the same
manner as the other, and from that point the striations are
greatly weakened, although not altogether wanting, and the
whorls succeeding the injury have also grown out of proportion.
This animal, not having sustained so much injury as the first
example, has been still able to continue the striations, although
in a weak degree, and you will observe that the striae almost
disappear as they approach the outer lip, which we may con-
sider as proving that after the injury the power of striating has
rather been declining than recovering.

The great difficulty in this case is the want of a sufiicient
number of examples to prove satisfactorily that the destruction
of the one organ affects the function of the other. In a palaeon-
tological point of view it should be remembered that such cases

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 279

may at times fall into our hands, and there can be little doubt
that even with recent forms individuals may have frequently
been raised to tlie rank of species, which were nothing more than
functionally imperfect animals. This must be all the more likely
to happen with fossils where the diagnosis has often to be made
from a crushed individual, or a fragmentary portion of a shell. If
a body whorl was met with in some of our Carboniferous shales
which, under similar circumstances to one of these shells before
us, was devoid of its characteristic striae, and enlarged beyond
its normal size, it is almost certain that it would be referred to a
different species, or described as new.

A discussion followed the reading of this paper regarding the
functions of the mantle in molluscs, in which the Chairman, Mr
D. 0. Glen, F.G.S., and others took part.

December 18th, 1877.

Mr James Barclay Murdoch, Vice-President, in the chair.
Messrs. AYilliam Horn, Edinburgh, Eobert Bennett Browne, and
John M. Martin, were elected ordinary members.

SPECIMENS exhibited.

Mr David Eobertson, jun., exhibited a pair of Black-throated
Divers, Colymhus ardiciis, Linn., got on a small islet in Loch Awe
in May, 1876. Mr Eobertson remarked that these birds were
in full summer plumage, a condition in which they are seldom
found, especially so far south as Loch Awe. The sj)ecies
frequents principally the lakes of Norway and Sweden, and
Hudson's Bay, North America ; and in Scotland is chiefly found
in the north, where it breeds in the lochs of Eoss and Sutherland,
and in the Hebrides. In 1850 it was obtained in several parts
of England, but so far as is known, in all cases the specimens
were in winter plumage. In Ireland it is very rare, having only
occurred two or three times. Mr Harvie-Brown, who has often
met with this bird in the northern counties of Scotland, made
some remarks on the specimens.

Mr Arthur Pratt exhibited a fine series of the heads and stems
of various species of Crinoids, from the limestone strata at
Invertiel, near Kirkcaldy, and other districts in Fifeshire, amongst

280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

which he had found the two following species, Hydreionocrinus
Scoticus, De Kon., and Poieriocrinus nuciformis, M'Coy; and in
illustration of his remarks he had prepared enlarged drawings of
the different parts, and full sized restorations of four of the many-
genera comprising this family of Echinoderms. Mr Pratt said the
Crinoidea first appeared in the time of the upper Cambrian rocks,
and they have continued up to recent times. They flourished in
greatest abundance during the Carboniferous period, covering
tracts of sea-bottom many miles in extent, and forming strata
hundreds of feet in thickness. The drawings of restored forms re-
presented Cyathocrinus, which commenced life in the upper Silurian,
and continued through the Carboniferous period; Woodocrimis,
which came into existence and perished in Carboniferous times ;
Apiocrimcs, which is found only in the Oolite, having begun and
ended in that formation ; and Pentacrinus, a Liasic form, which,
along with several other recently discovered genera, is still living on
the West Indian and Atlantic sea bottoms. Altogether, between
70 and 80 genera, and upwards of 300 species, are catalogued,
two-thirds of which are found in Palaeozoic rocks. In the Beith
district large tracts of strata many feet in thickness are comj)Osed
of little else than the remains of Crinoids, but very few heads
have been discovered there, only an isolated one turning up now
and then on the weathered surfaces. At Trearne quarry the stems
are large and robust, the limestone being one of the finest known
for building or fluxing purposes. Mr Pratt then described the
way in which the bodies of Crinoids are built up, and stated that
in the collection he exhibited there were eight different species of
heads, and double that number of stems, all differently sculptured
on the external surfaces. He had found in an old working near
Cupar, about 20 miles from Kirkcaldy, several of these heads and
the remains of an Echinoderm, Archaeocidaris Urii, a species
which has a wide range in the limestone strata of Scotland, having
been first described from the Lanarkshire coalfield.

Mr John Young, F.G.S., and Mr James Thomson, F.G.S., made
some remarks on the collection, the former expressing a hope that
Mr Pratt, who had already done good work in illustrating this
group of fossils, would continue to prosecute what he had so
well begun.

The Secretary exhibited a collection of plants from Disco Island,
forwarded by Captain H. W. Feilden, C.M.Z.S., naturalist to the

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 281

late Arctic Expedition, and a corresponding member of the Society.
Disco is an island about sixty miles in length, lying to the west of
Mid Greenland, on the 70th parallel of north latitude. The centre
of the island is covered with a sheet of ice like the opposite coast,
but the belt of cleared land of varying width lying all round its
margin has been pretty well explored. The rocks are chiefly
trappean, of later age, overlying the primary and metamorphic
strata. On the east there are considerable tracts of tertiary strata,
which have yielded, along with those of the opposite shores, a large
number of fossil plants of Miocene age. Coal has been found in
many places in the shape of a lignite giving off little heat, but
burning well when mixed with a more bituminous variety.
Graphite is also found in som.e abundance. The collection of
plants is of considerable interest, containing, as it does, a good
number of species common in our own neighbourhood, such as
AlchemiUa vulgaris, Eqiiisetum arvense, Veronica hederifolia, etc.;
while the grasses are represented by Poa j^ratensis, Airaflexuosa,
Festuca ovina, and AIe^omr2is pratensis. Plants, whose habitats are
the moors and mosses, are also present, examples occurring of
Eriophorum, Botrychlum, Carex, and Juncus; and as indicating more
upland stations there are specimens of Antennaria dioica,
Gnaphalmm sylvaticum, Lycopodium Selago, etc. Two species of
willow occur, one of which seems to be Salix penfandra, which
often becomes a tree of considerable size, and not of a shrubby
character like many of our willows. Sub-alpine species occur,
such as Cerastium alpinum, a plant found on Goatfell, and Sihbaldia
procumbens, v/hich grows plentifully on the top of Benlomond.
A large number are duplicates of our true Alpine plants found on
the lofty Highland mountains, such as Azalia procumlens, Thalic-
trum aIpinum,Epilohinm alpimim^ToffieldAapalustris, Woodsia Ilvensis,
and Veronica alpina. There are specimens also of other boreal
plants not found in this country but common in Norway, as
Pedicularis lapponica, Andromeda tetragonum, and many others well
known on the Dovre fjeld. The collection was made by Captain
Feilden on the outward voyage of the Alert and Discovery, on
13th July, 1876, and consists of upwards of seventy species. As
this represents the result of only one day's botanising, we may
consider that a complete list of the plants of the island would
show that Disco can give a good representation of the flora of
northern countries.

282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

PAPER READ.

^^ The Avi-fauna of the Ural," translated from the Russian* of
Leonida Sabandeff, by Mr F. C. Craemers, and communicated
by Mr John A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

The follomng translation from the Russian was prepared for
the private use of Mr H. E. Dresser, for quotation in his work on
the " Birds of Europe " ; and for Mr Henry Seebohm. To these
gentlemen the members of the Society are indebted for liberally
placing the MS. at their disposal. As it is the only full and
connected account we have of the birds of the district, it cannot
fail to have considerable interest to students of Geographical
Distribution. — J. A. H.-B.

Gyps fulvus, (G-m.) Is a breeding " species as far as the
Kaslinsky Ural, and migrates sometimes as far north as 59° N.
lat. — Pavdinskaya Dacha. Russian, Bolshoy helogolovey hertuk.

Falco subhuteo, L. Common everywhere, but is particularly
numerous in the birch woods on the western slopes of the
Ekaterinburg Ural. Bashkire, Belogorlek; Meschersky, Igalhai ;
Zirian, Kania-varish.

Falco ijeregrinus, Tunstall. Inhabits only the mountains and
their valleys. Russ., Socol; Bashk, Etelge; (Pallas calls the female
by that name, but the male Shouhar. Voyages, T.S., fol. 25).

Falco lanarius, L.t I found this species in the Ural as well as
in the steppes, but it is not so numerous as the preceding species.
In the Kamishloff and Shadrinsk districts, only this species
occurs. Bashk., Losson.

Falco gyrfalco, L, Is not so common as the two preceding
species, being most numerous on the western slopes of the Ural
mountains, about Uffa and Chusova, and in the northern parts
of the Perm Ural. Russ., Kretchet, Beley Socol; Bashk. and
Ziridn, Pelk-varish.

Falco aesaloriy Tunstall. Is rarer than F. suhhideo, and I never
observed it north of 57° K lat. J

* " Preavaritelnoi Oscherk Faunoi Posvonoschnoech Slednyago OOrala," by
Leonida Sabaniieff (Bull. Mosc. xlii., 1870, pp. 185-197).

1 1 believe this to be Falco sacer, not F. lanarms. — H. E. D.

X It is very difficult to decide the question of how far north and south the
range of this species extends. It is not common in Central Riissia, although
it occasionallj'^ breeds in the Governments of Jaroslav and Moscow. Tej^lou-
hoff found it about b1}/ N. lat. Mejakoff (Bull. Mosc, 185G, No. iv., p. C27),

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 283

Falco vespertimis, L. Is very common in the birch woods and
groves in the south-eastern parts of the Ekaterinburg and
Shadrinsk districts, and does not appear to occur here north of
the first-named town. Bashk,, Si.

The Ural Expedition did not find it on the western decHvity
liigher tlian 58° N. lat. ("Das nordliche Ural," etc. Supplement,
p. 61). TeplouhofF informs me that this species is abundant in
58° N". lat,, and probably breeds there. According to MejakofF
it is not scarce in the south-west of the Government of Vologda,
and Lilljeborg (' Naumannia,' Band II., Theil ii.) states that he
observed it in large woods on the Dwina, and that it is very
plentiful about Kargopol.'^

Falco tinnunculus, L. Is found throughout the Perm Govern-
ment as high as 59° or 60° N. lat. To the southwards it
increases in numbers, and becomes numerous in the birch woods
of the Black-earth tract. Russ., TriasiichJca; Bashk., Kingunah;
Ziricin, Teuseau-varish.

Ob&. Falco cenchris, Naum., is probably to be met with in the
Shadrinsk steppes and about Cheliabiansk, and Eversmann's
opinion that it does not occur in the northern parts of Orenburg,
is very much to be doubted. (Eversm. Nat. Hist, of the Oren-
burg Province, T.S., p. 65). MiddendorfF met with it on the
Boganida. (Sibirische Eeise, Band IL, Theil ii., p. 28).

Pandion hcdiaetus, (L.) Occurs throughout the Province, but
usually keeps about the lakes, which abound with fish in the
Ekaterinburg and Shadrinsk districts; in the latter place breed-
ing in almost woodless localities. Russ., Scojm; Bashk., Kalmergau;
Zirian, Chare-varish.

Fernis apivorus, (L.) Occurs up to 58° N. lat. (Tagill), but is rare,
although it breeds there.

Obs. It is a breeding species in the Jaroslav and Moscow
Governments, and therefore it is rather surprising that it does not
occur about Kasan. (Eversm., op. cit. 46, and Bogdanoff— Birds
and Animals of the Volga, p. 42). According to Erman (Reise,

affirms that it is not rare in the south-west parts of the Government of
Vologda. A ccording to Middendorff (Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Russ. Reiches,
Part VIII., p. 201) it is not rare in Lapland. (Seebohm and I found it as far
north as 65° 26' N. lat., at Ust Zylma.— J. A. H.-B.)

* (Alston and I found them numerous at Kargopol, in June, 1872, sitting
on the telegraph wires along the road. — J. A. H.-B.)

284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

p. 30) it inhabits Shadrinsk ; and Nordmann states (Bull. Mosc,
1860, No. 1, p. 6) that it is not rare in Finland. Lilljeborg (I.e.)
found it at Ladienopole and on the northern Dwina.

Buteo vulgaris, Leach. Very common in the Western Ural as
far as 59° N. lat. In the birch woods of the eastern slopes of the
Ekaterinburg Ural it is scarce, and does not occur about
Shadrinsk. Russ., Dikey Jastreb; Bashk., Sar.

Buteo lagopus, (Gm.) Most likely it breeds on the steppes
of Shadrinsk, and from that occasionally visits the south-eastern
parts of the Ekaterinburg district. Russ., Bolshmj-misheloff.

Ohs. Further north it again appears in the Ural mountains;
Hoffmann, Brandt (I.e.) *

Aquila pennata, Gm. From the Severtsk Ural, 59° N. lat.,
its range extends through Kaslinskaya and Keshtemskaya Dacha
to the birch woods of the western slopes of the Ural. In none of
the above localities is it common. Russ., Teternik.

Aquila elanga, (Pall.) Common everywhere as far north as 58°
N. lat. Then, however, it becomes scarce, and does not occur
further north than Bogoslaffsk. It is also common in the birch
woods of the western slope of the Ekaterinburg Ural, but is
scarce further east. Russ., Podorlik; Bashk., Karagush; Ziridn,
Koudosmer-varish.

Aquila nobilis, Pall.t Is common on all the wooded parts of the
Perm Ural, and perhaps it occurs even at Bogoslaffsk. Russ.,
Berkut; Bashk., Burkut

Aquila ehrysaetus, (L.) This species appears to inhabit the south
and south-eastern parts of the Perm Ural, but I cannot make this
statement with certainty, as I rely only on the sportsmen, who call
it either red, brown, or long-tailed. In Uffa they name Aquila
Bonellii (1), the smaller bird with a long tail. According to N. A.
Severtzoff, Aquila jjennata occurs also in the Tver Province.

Aquila imjjerialis, Bechst. Inhabits the southern parts of Perm,
with the exception of the steppes, in which latter it occurs only
in spring and autumn. It does not occur far beyond Ekaterin-
burg, where it occasionally breeds, according to Martin.

llalia'etus alhicilla, (L.) Has a wide distribution, and occurs

* (SeeboLm and I found it as far north as 66° 13' N. lat., on the Petchora. —
J.A. H.-B.)

f (I'or remarks on this form, see "Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist.," 1877, p.
201.— J. A. H.-B.)

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 285

throughout the Government of Perm, except in the woodless
localities. Euss., Belochvost (everywhere Orel); Bashk., Kusagan,
Sulgash (?); Ziridn, Varesh.

Ohs. According to Pallas (Zoog. Eosso. Asiat., vol. i., p. 341),
Solgosh is Aquila chrysaetus.

Milvus regalis, Briss. I can positively state that I have seen
several Eed Kites amongst hundreds of Milvus ater, flying towards
some dead animals in the Kaslinsky Ural.

Milvus ater, (Gm.) Is common throughout the Government of
Perm. Euss., Korslien; in some parts Tsepliatnic; Bashk., Tiulugan;
Zirian, Tsipan-varesh.

Milvus glaucopiis, Eversm. This is most likely only a variety
of the preceding species. I met with it in the Kaslinsky Ural,
where it is commoner than Milvus regalis, but not so common as
Milvus ater.

Astur palumharius, (L.) Occurs throughout Perm wherever
woods are to be found. Euss., Jastreb ; Bashk. and Mestshersk,
Karsaga ; Ziridn, Tufpiur.

Astur nisus, (L.) Occurs throughout Perm, but is not so numerous
as the preceding species. Euss., Jastrebok; Bashk., Kuger; Zirian,
Chungun,

Circus cyaneus, (L.) Everywhere, but more abundant in open
places. Euss., Mishelavka; Bashk., Bieliala ; Zirian, Vesiasche?-
varesh.

Circus cineraceus, (Montagu). Not known how far north
it ranges, but it certainly occurs about Ekaterinburg. In the
Ural it is found usually in plains close to rivers. Very common
in the Perm steppes.

Ohs. Eversmann {pp. cit, p. 8) says that it does not occur in Kasan
Province, but according to Bogdanoff it has been obtained there
{op. cit., p. 51). Eversmann does not mention C. ;pallidus, but
Bogdanoff found the latter in the Belasheff district.

Circus pallidus, Sykes. I think I saw this species in the Bash-
kir district, at the boundary of the Shadrinsk and Ekaterinburg
districts.

Circus aeruginosus, (L.) Is very common on the lakes of the

eastern slope of the Ural, but is very scarce about Ekaterinburg.

Teplouhoff, however, found it plentifully on the river Obva (Perm

Government), about 57^° N. lat. Euss., KameshnicJc ; Bashk.,

Kameshkara.
VOL. in. u

286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Obs. Pallas (op. cit., p. 356) is mistaken in calling it in Bashkir
£ak targe, as this name belongs to Nydale. According to a
Zirian from Ijma, Circus aeruginosus occurs on the Volga, and
is called there Outka-varesh*

if Ma barbata, Pall. I never saw this bird here, but according to
Martin it was found by him about 30 versts from the Poleff works.
According to Mejakoff (I.e.) it breeds in the Vologda Govern-
ment, and according to Nordmann {I.e.) it occurs in the southern
parts of Finland.

Ulula uralensis, (Pall.) Is very common in all the fir woods
throughout the Perm Government, and does not appear to breed
in any other forests. In Perm it is called Baba ; in Ekaterin-
burg, Maleyfilui; Bashk., Tall-uhu; Ziridn, Eud-pelui.

Ulula ahico, (L.) Is not so common as U. uralensis, and is rather
rarer on the eastern declivity than in Central Russia. It does not,
I think, occur in the northern parts of the Perm Government.
Ziridn, Serapelui

AEgolius ohis, (L). Is extremely abundant on the eastern slope
of the Ural mountains, and probably ranges as far north as 59°
N. lat. Russ., Seek.

AEgolius brachyotus, (Forster). Is met with in the more open
plains, consequently mostly in the southern parts of the Govern-
ment of Perm. I never saw it north of 58° N. lat. (Tagill),
although Middendorff found it much further north on the
Boganida (Sib. Reise, B. 2, Th. 2, p. 130), and at Udsky Ostrog,
and Nordmann {he.) traced it as far as the White Sea.

Nydale tengmalmi, (Gmel.) Has not been found further north
than the Pavdinskay Dacha, 59° N. lat. Thence southwards it
becomes more common, but is nowhere so numerous as AEgolius
otus. Russ., Sechik; Bashk., BuUarge; Meschersk, Baigosh; Ziridn,
Vorobay-varesh.

Surnia passerina, (L.)t Is found, but is scarcer than the preceding
species, and its limits of distribution are not known exactly.

Surnia funerea, Auct. Is very common, but has not been traced
very far north. It appears to be most numerous on the eastern
slope of the Ekaterinburg Ural.

Surnia nydea, (L.) Throughout the Perm Government, being

* {Outka-varish, i.e., " Duck-Hawk."— J. A. H.-B.)

+ (This species appears to be rare everywhere in Northern Kussia, judging
from the paucity of records. (Annals, 1877, p. 187.) — J. A. H.-B.)

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 287

commonest in the north. It breeds in the plains of Shadrinsk.
Russ., Beloy film ; Bashk., Ak-uku ; Ziridn, Edshea pelui.

Eversmann (I.e.) says that it breeds in the Orenburg
Province, but according to BogdanofF (I.e.) it occurs there
only in winter, but I incline to the former opinion, and do not
consider that it is impossible that S. nydea is to be seen on the
southern steppes, Lagopus alhus and Buteo lagojms, its usual com-
panions, being found there. According to some sportsmen, Strix
flammea is found in the southern parts of the Perm Ural, but I
have never observed it. Most likely Surnia noctua does not occur
here, although Bogdanoff traced it as far as the district of
Sizransk.

Bubo maximus, Fleming. This owl is found in the Perm Govern-
ment, but is commoner further south, and is still more numerous
in the birch woods on the slopes of the Ural mountains, but it
does not occur on the plains of Shadrinsk. Russ., Filui ; Bashk.,
Uku or Clotke-uku ; Ziridn, Pelui. The variety B. sibiricus is often
met with, but Eversmann does not mention it at all.

EphiaUes scops, (L.) On both the western and eastern slopes it
is distributed nearly as high as 57° N. lat., but occurs only in
coniferous forests, and not in birch woods. The Bashkirs call
the male Siop, and the female Gak. It has never been found in
the Governments of Kasan or Simbirsk. It is very remarkable
that it does not occur in the northern parts of the Kasan Province.

Cypselus ayus, (L.) This species occurs only in the Ural moun-
tains, and goes along the eastern slope as far as Bogoslaflfsk, but
does not inhabit the plains of Shadrinsk. Russ., Strish ; Bashk.,
Carcagase ; Ziridn, on the Ishma, Vorchekish.

Cypselus alpinus, Scop. Occasionally it is met with in Kashtin,
Uffa, and Uraim districts, and sometimes even in the Kaslinsky
Ural, and probably also it inhabits the Zlatoustovska Dacha.
Russ., Belobruchey strish.

Gaprimulgus europeus, (L.) Is to be met with everywhere, and
has been observed at Yerhoturie, but does not occur, however,
in the woodless plains. Russ., Churila ; Bashk., Sabalak.

Cuculus canorus, L. Is common in all the forests and groves.
Russ., Kukushka; Bashk., Kakuk ; Ziridn, Kek. A species of
Cuckoo is met with sometimes in the fir woods of the south-east,
and sometimes also on the south-west slopes of the mountains,
which distinguishes itself by its rough and harsh voice, and is

288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

called by the sportsmen Fircmkoo. It did not, however, come
under my observation.

Jynx torquilla, L. Is very common, particularly about the birch
woods of the Ekaterinburg district, and has been found by us in
the Pavdinsky Dacha.

Ficus ccmiis, Gm. Has not been found on the eastern declivity
north of Ekaterinburg. On the western slope it is rather
common, but does not breed in the birch woods of the eastern
slope. Euss., Selenoy-diatel ; Baslik., Yaschel-tumurtka ; Ziridn,
Sez-sez.

Ohs. Picus viridis has never been found by me, but it most likely
occurs on the south-west parts of the Perm Government, although
Bogdanoff (I.e.) states, in opposition to Eversmann's opinion
(op. city p. 100), that it is of rare occurrence in the Kasan Govern-
ment.

Ficus martius, L. Throughout Perm, except in the woodless
parts. It is also common in the birch woods of the Province of
Ekaterinburg. Euss., Shelna ; Bashk., Kara tumurtka ; Zirian, Ker.

Ficus leuconotus, Bechst. Its distribution is similar to that
of F. martins, but it is more numerous, especially in the birch
woods.

Ficus major, L. Is met with everywhere, and is more abundant
than the White-backed Woodpecker (P. leuconotus) in the Ural
mountains. In the birch woods, however, it is remarkably
scarce.

Ficus medius, L. We only obtained one specimen of this species,
which was got at the Pavdinsky works.

Obs. Bogdanoff did not meet with it along the Volga, but I saw
it in the Government of Jaroslav. Mejakoff records it from the
Government of Vologda {ojj. cit.,ip. 629). Nordmann does not include
it in his " Birds of Finland." Lilljeborg {op. cit., p. 107) has found
Ficus minor in the Archangel Government, near 63h° N. lat.

Ficus minor, L. Is not so common as F. major and F. leuconotus,
and apparently does not go so far north.* Mesch., Kesel-alla-tuhur-
tina. All coloured woodpeckers are usually called in Bashk.,
Sabar-tumurtka ; Mesch., Sera-tukurtina ; Zirian, Sera-sez.

Ficus tridactylus, L. Is not very numerous, but is widely
distributed.

* (Seebohm and I met with it (Picus minor) beyond the Arctic circle, up to
67° 15' N. lat. on the Petchora.- J. A. H.-B.)

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 289

. Alcedo ispida, L. Is not scarce in the south-east parts of the
Perm Ural, along the tributaries of the Uffa, in the Ukrainsky
and Poleffsky Dacha. On the eastern declivity it is occasionally
seen in the Kaslinsky Ural, but I do not think it breeds there.

Ohs. BogdauofF {I.e.) met with it about Kasan.

U'pupa epops, L. The distribution of this species is very
curious. I obtained one specimen from Pavda, where it is not
supposed to appear every year. When they do, they make their
appearance in the Esety valley, in the Shadrinsk. (I think I
have noticed them east of Ekaterinburg, at the BeresofFsky works).
According to Falk, (" Travels," viii., p. 328) they occur in the
Province of Esety. In Pavda it is called Folevsky-petushak.
Eversmann traces it to the Kasan district (I.e.), and
Bogdanoff to Christopol. According to Nordmann (Bull. Mosc,
1860, No. 1, p. 13), it is not uncommon in Central Finland.
Mejakoflf does not mention it in his catalogue {I.e.) of the southern
parts of the Government of Vologda, but I found it in the Govern-
ment of Jaroslav (Bull. Mosc, 1869). Falk, ("Travels," viii.,
p. 336) says that it inhabits the Esety Province. Georgi {v. Mid-
dendorff's "Isepiptesen Russlands," p. 21) has watched it on
the eastern slopes, near 56^° N. lat.

Coracias garrula, L. I have never seen this species in the
Perm Government, but according to sportsmen, it is met with at
the boundary of the Ekaterinburg and Shadrinsk districts.
Teplouhoff met with it about Iliensk (Perm Government), in
58J° N. lat., in June and July, and A. Pastuhoff has seen several
of them near Solikamsk, in 59J° N. lat.

Ohs. According to Mejakoff {op. cit., p. 629) it occasionally
migrates to the Griesovetsk district. Bogdanoff (/.c.) traced it
to Gliristopol. According to my own observations, it sometimes
occurs in the Governments of Jaroslav and Moscow, and probably
breeds on the western parts of the latter, being very common
about Smolensk, in the Viazemsky district. According to Lillje-
borg (I.e.), it is met with — as also is Coccothraustes vulgaris — now
and then near Ladoga and Ladienapole.

Alauda arvensis, L. Is distributed throughout the localities
where there are ploughed fields, and goes from thence
northwards as far as Verhoturie. It is not so common here,
however, as in Central and Southern Russia. Russ., Shavoronock;
on the eastern declivity called mostly " Stolhik "; Me^jch., Sabau-

290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

turgai; Bashk., Bos-tmgai; Ziridn, on the Ijma, where they have
only lately appeared, SavoranJca (bad Euss.).

Alauda arborea, L. I did not come across it, but it certainly
occurs on the western slopes.

Obs. According to Eversmann (I.e.), it breeds in the Govern-
ments of Kasan and Viatka. MejakofF states (I.e.) that it is rare
in Vologda Government, and Nordmann {I.e.) informs us that it
is to be met with in some parts of Finland.

Alauda brachydactyla, Leisl. Seen only once at the boundary
of the Ekaterinburg and Shadrinsk districts, although it
occasionally breeds there. Further south eastwards it becomes
commoner. This is contrary to Eversmann's opinion {I.e.), who
supposes that it is not met with beyond the Ural.

Alauda alpestris, L. In the valleys of the eastern slope of the
Ural mountains it is numerous during migration, and it breeds
also in the Perm Government, but not numerously. According
to Eversmann {I.e.), it does not occur beyond 53° N. lat.
However, Bogdanoff {I.e.) observed it near Kasan during
migration, and I saw it in the Moscow and Jaroslav Provinces.

Alauda alpestris belongs probably to the number of birds like
Surnia nyctea, Lagojms albus, and others, building only on the
eastern slope of the Ural mountains, in the southern and northern
steppes.

Alauda ealandra (slbirka?), Gm. It is not certain which of
these two species does occasionally breed at the boundary of the
Ekaterinburg and Shadrinsk districts. I never met with it here,
but traced it early in spring, 1869 (7th March), near to Sunder,
which does not agree with Eversmann's statement (op. cit.f
p. 273).

I once had in my hands a specimen of Alauda ealandra which
was killed early in spring near Moscow. The stuffed bird is
now in the Jaroslav Museum.

Alauda tatarica has also been found by Middendorff in February
in the Barabin steppes (Reise, B. ii., Th. 2, p. 133). According to
Martin, it inhabits the district of Shadrinsk.

Flectrophanes nivalis, (L). In autumn and early in spring it passes
the open plains in thousands, and some native sportsmen say that
some remain to breed on the eastern slopes near certain lakes.
I can, however, only state that on the Gth May, 1869, I killed a
female near Lake Karaguz, in summer plumage, which was

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 291

probably nesting there. The migration lasts till the early part of
April. Euss., Sne-shurka; Bashk., Ak-yak; Ziridn, Budsheukai.

Pledrophams lapponicus, (L). Passes during the vernal and
autumn migration in great numbers, principally on the eastern
slope of the Ural. It probably breeds here, as I obtained several
specimens in May.

Emheriza aureola^ Pall. Is very common throughout the
Government of Perm.

Emheriza hortulana, L. This bird, which slightly differs from
west European specimens, is very abundant in the thinly-wooded
western parts of the districts of Ekaterinburg, Shadrinsk, and
Cheliabiansk. It is not found in the Ural, and the northern limit
of its distribution coalesces with that of Black-earth {pQ\° N. lat.,
and west, 57° N. lat.), and is probably met with in some parts of
the Krasnoufim and Osin districts.

Ohs. According to Eversmann, E. aureola occurs in the southern
parts of the Ural {pp. ciL, p. 280). Hoffmann has found it near
62° N. lat. (op. ciL, p. 63). Bogdanofif traced it along the Volga to
near 53° N. lat., but he is not right in saying that the Volga is
its western boundary, as I have also observed it in Tamboff,
Nijni gorod, Eiazan, Moscow, Jaroslav, and Smolensk.

It is strange that Eversmann says that E. hortulana is commoner
in the Ural than in the Governments of Kasan and Simbirsk. It
is still more curious that Nordmann affirms it to be common in
Karelen,* and rare in South Finland. (Eversm., op. cit, p. 281,
Nordmann, op>. cit, p. 14). According to Lilljeborg, E. aureola is
met with from Kargopol to Archangel.

Emheriza citrinella, L. Common everywhere. Mesch., Sara-
turgai.

Emheriza schoenichis, L. Common everywhere, especially on the
lakes and rivers of the eastern slopes.

Emheriza pyrrhuloides, Pall. Ekaterinburg (Eversmann, op. cit,
p. 288). This large variety of the preceding species occurs only
on the rivers Ural and Volga.

Emheriza rustica, Pall. On the eastern slope, as far as
Ekaterinburg, it is very rare. Further north, however, and on
the western slope of the Ural, it is very common. According to

* (I find no record whatever of E. hortulana in north of Kussia proper — north
of 58° N. lat.— J. A. H.-B.)

292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

TeplouhofF, it breeds along the river Obva in the Perm Govern-
ment, on the left bank of the River Kama.

Ohs. According to Bogdanoff (I.e.), it migrates as far as
Kasan. MejakofF {I.e.) does not mention it, nor did I find it
in the Government of Jaroslav. According to Nordmann (/.c),
it inhabits Lapland, and reaches Kuopio. Eversmann (I.e.)
says that it does occur in the Orenburg district, but it is probably-
met with now and then in the Zlatoustoff Ural, and in the
northern districts of Ufim.

Emheriza piisilla, Pall. It never came under my observation,
but probably it is met with throughout the northern parts of the
Perm Government. Hoffmann found it from 61^° N. lat. in the
Cherdin district (op. ciL, p. 63); Eversman (/.c.) found it on the
eastern mountain slopes ; Middendorff came across it at Stanovoi
and Boganida (Reise, I.e.) According to Nordmann (op. city
p. 15), it is common on the northern Dwina, and Lilljeborg
reports it as very numerous about Archangel.*

Emheriza pithi/mmis, Pall. Neither was this species seen by me,
but it is found in the fir woods east of the Ural mountains
(Government of Orenburg). Pallas observed it near Cheliabai, and
Lepechin and JMartin near Ekaterinburg (Eversm., op. ciL, p. 286 ;
Pallas, ''Voyages,"- iv., p. 21; Lepechin, "Travels," vol. ii.)
During migration, Bogdanofi" observed it near Kasan (op. cit.f
p. 104).

Passer montanus, (L.) The Tree Sparrow is met with through-
out the Province, except in the most northern parts.f Russ.,
Lesnoy-vm'ohey ; Bashk., Ttirgai.

Passer domesticus, (L.) Has about the same distribution as the
preceding, and has been traced as far as Bogoslafi'sk. According
to Hoffmann {op. cit., p. 64), it is found everywhere near inhabited
places as high as 66° N. lat. J

Pyrrhula rubicilla, Pall. According to Falk {" Travels," viii.,

* (It was met with by Seebohm and myself as far north as Alexievka on the
Petchora, in 68° N. lat.— J. A. H.-B.)

+ (The curious scattered distribution of this species is here again noted.
Sabanaeflf excepts the northern parts (of Perm), but Seebohm and I found it
common at Kuya, 67° 45' N. lat., and present even at Stanavoya-Lachta, about
68' N. lat. See also Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877, p. 204. The same
sporadical distribution of this species is noticeable in other countries, as
Scotland, Faroe, etc. — J. A. H.-B.)

::: (And as far as 68° N. lat., on the Petchora.— J. A. H.-B.)

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 293

p. 396), it is met with in the district of Issetsk (Perm Govern-
ment).

It is met with in almost all the coniferous woods of Perm, but
they only visit the Black-earth plains and the birch woods during
migration. It keeps exclusively in fir and pine forests on the
eastern slope at other seasons. They are rare at Kaslinsky
and Keschtem Dacha. Russ., Shidan or Podorojnick ; Bashk.,
Sandugai or Kezel-tushtuet ; Zirian, Sheu-kai.

Pyrrhida enudeator, (L.) On the south-east slopes it is not
frequent during migration. However, according to statements
by sportsmen, it builds in the southern parts of the Perm Ural
(Kaslinsky and Uffa Ural).

Pyrrhida rosea, Pall. According to Eversmann {I.e.), it
visits the eastern parts of the Ural mountains, and migrates as
far as Kasan, and therefore it might also occur here, although it
has never been seen by me.

Pyrrhida erythrina, Pall. Occurs throughout the Government of
Perm, and is common everywhere. Euss., Cheremoshink.

Fr'mgdla spinus, L. The distribution of this species corresponds
with that of the preceding. Zirian, Tog-teu-kai.

Fringilla carduelis, L. Inhabits the birch woods of the eastern
slope of the Ekaterinburg Ural, and occurs as far north as
Bogosloffsk.

FringUla linar'ia, L. Is very common during migration, but
breeds only in the north of the Province. Bashk., Kukoniash-hus-
targai; Mesch., Bzet.

Fringilla borealis, Vieill. Is not uncommon during migration,
but goes further north.

Fringilla cannaUna, L. Is commoner on the western declivity,
but I cannot with certainty state whether it breeds there or not
(i.e., in the Shadrinsk district). It most likely does not occur
in the northern parts of the Perm Government, but on the
right bank of the river Kama, Teplouhoff found it numerous
about 58^° N. lat. According to Falk {op. cit, vol. iii., p. 400),
it occurs on the Ob, and Eversmann states that it is common
in the northern parts of Orenburg, which will also refer to the
Ufim Province.

Fringilla chloris, L. On the eastern slope it is rare, and
probably does not breed there. In the mountains themselves,
however, and on the western slope, it is commoner, and most

294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

likely goes further north than the preceding species. Russ., .
SelenoiisJcha ; in Perm, Sever.

Fringilla petronia, L. Martin found it only upon a single
occasion in the Kaslinsky Ural, but I never met with it there.
In the Catalogue of the Birds of the Government of Vologda,
Mejakoff (oj). cit., p. 632) mentions it as breeding there.

Fringilla coelebs, L. Inhabits all the wooded parts of the
Government of Perm, although it is not so common there as in
Central Russia.

Fringilla montifringilla, L. Occurs all along the Ural
and in the fir woods of the Government of Perm, and is
as numerous there as the preceding species. In all the above
localities, as also in the northern parts of the province of Oren-
burg and Ufim, it is found breeding. Russ., Ziablik; in Ekaterin-
burg, Coahari.

Coccothraustes vulgaris, (Pall). It does not range very far north,
but is also rare in the south of Perm, at least on the eastern
slope. Here it was observed by Martin near Issetsk, but accord-
ing to some reports it is not uncommon in the western parts of
the Government. According to Falk, {op. cit., p. 396), it occurs
in Issetsk Government, and Middendorff met with it near Irkutsk
(Sib. Reise, Band ii., Th. 2, p. 154), and Nordmann met with it
occasionally in Finland (I.e.).*

Loxia curvirostra, (L.) Its distribution is similar to that of the
Bullfinch, but is rare even during migration in the pine woods
of the Kaslinsky and Keshtemsky Ural. In the forests on the
western slope and north of Ekaterinburg it is not scarce. Zirian,
Ur-hay.

Most likely also Loxia bifasciata, which I observed about
Moscow and Jaroslav, will be found here. According to
Nordmann, it builds in Finland, and Lilljeborg states it is very
common about Archangel (I.e.)

A^githalus iiendulinus, L. Is very common in the southern
parts of the Ekaterinburg and Shadrinsk districts. On the
western slope it is rather rare, but occurs occasionally as far as
56J° N. lat. Russ., Rennes ; Bashk., Kurulday.

Although BogdanofF never came across it in the Government of
Kasan, still I think that Eversmann {op. cit., p. 147) is right in
stating that it occurs as far as the mouth of the Kama.

* (Also once shot at Archangel. Vide Annals, 1877, p. 11. — J. A. H.-B.)

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 295

Parus caudatus, L. Is tolerably conimon throughout the Perm
Government, except in the woodless parts.

Farus cyaneus, Pall. Is very common throughout Perm,
especially on the banks of rivers and lakes. Its northern
boundary was not defined by me. Bashk. and Mesch., Temirternak:
all Tits are called " Maigas." Kuss. — in some parts — Slepushky ;
Zirian, Sirchih

Eversmann mentions {I.e.) P. cijaneus as visiting the Volga
and Kama, but Bogdanoff {I.e.') did not find it there in
summer. I can, however, positively state that it breeds near
Moscow and in the Government of Jaroslav.

Parus major, L. Is common everywhere. Mesch., Josheb-maigas ;
in Perm, Kusveschnik.

Parus caeruleus, L. In contradistinction to Parus cyaneus, this
species belongs only to Western Europe, but on the Eastern slope
it has been observed in spring.

Parus cristatus, L. Most likely it occurs only on the western
slope, and has only once been seen on the eastern declivity.

Parus cristatus and Parus coeruleus are rather rare on the upper
Volga, but they are rather common in the Governments of Moscow
and Jaroslav.

Parus ater, L. Occurs in the fir woods of the Perm Government,
where it is not uncommon. It seldom breeds, however, in the
pine forests, and on the western slope it is scarce, and occurs
only during migration in the birch woods.

Pai'us sibiricus, Gm. This species is included in the present
list on Martin's authority, who observed it on the eastern slope of
the Ekaterinburg Ural, about 56° N. lat. Hoffmann {I.e.) met
with it at 62° N. lat., and according to Nordmann, it breeds
in Lapland {I.e.)

Parus palustris, L. Common everywhere.
Sitta uralensis, Licht. Inhabits all the coniferous forests of the
Government of Perm, but cannot be called common in the
Kaslinsky and Keshtemsky forests.

Bomhicilla garrula (L.) On the south-eastern slope of the Perm
Ural it is not very numerous during migration, but in the
Pavdinsky Dacha it certainly breeds. On the 26th May, 1868,
I met with an example in a wood between the Viatka and Perm
Governments, which evidently tried to mislead my dog from its
nest. Russ., SiveeristeL

296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Garrulus ■mfattstus, (L.) Is common in all the fir and pine forests
of the Perm Government. In the latter, however, it does not
breed, but often builds in birch woods. Euss., Kuhsha.

Garrulus glandarius, (L.) Its distribution is very wide, and it
is rather commoner than the next species, being very abundant in
the oak forests of the Government of UfFa, and in the pine forests
of Keshtemsky and the Kaslinsky Ural. Russ., Sozka, hohrovaza-
sorochhc; Bashk., Umrari'Soiskan ; Zirian, Kenia.

Nucifraga carijocatades, (L.) Is extremely numerous in the
northern parts of the Perm Government, but south of 57° N. lat. it
soon becomes rare. It is more common on the western slope than
on the eastern. Russ., Kedrovka; in Kaslinsky, where it is very
little known, Botrovaya-sorochka.

According to Lehman (" Travels "), it" occurs in the forests of
Orenburg, but this has probably reference only to the Ural, and I
hardly think it breeds as far as the river Sackmara.

Corvus monedula, L. Does not go far north, and is not
numerous about the Pavdinsky Dacha, and does not even remain
there to winter.* In the south, and particularly in the Bashkir
birch woods, it is very abundant, and breeds there in hollow trees,
and only occasionally in stone buildings. Russ., Galka ; Bashk.,
Saidka; Zirian, Chauken.

Corvus dauricus, Pall. I observed it in the Pavdinsky and
Kaslinsky Ural (56° N. lat.), and Hoffmann (op. city p. 65) found
it at Cherdin.

Corvus corone, Lath. I only once noticed it in the Pavdinsky
Dacha, but it certainly occurs throughout the Government of
Perm. Teplouhoff shot it twice in the Perm Ural, near the
village Iliensk.

Eversmann says that it occasionally occurs in the Province of
Kasan (op. cit, p. 163). Lehman found it in Orenburg (op. cit,
p. 316). According to Nordmann, it is scarce in Finland (op. cit,
p. 22). Lilljeborg found it at Ladienopole. I (" Materials for the
Fauna of the Jaroslav Government ") met with it about Jaroslav.
Falk (op. cit, vol. iii., p. 335) found it in Issetsk Province.

Corvus comix, L. Is very common everywhere, especially in
the cultivated districts, but in the Ural it is rather rare. Russ.,
Verona; Bashk., Karga.

* (But in the We.st it even winters as far north aa Mez^n. — J. A. H.-B.)

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 297

Corviis corax, L. Is rather common in the Ural mountains, but
is rare on the eastern slope in the birch woods. Hoffmann met with
it at the sources of the Petchora, in the most northern parts of
the Perm Government, 62° N. lat. {op. tit, p. QQ). Euss., Veron ;
Bashk. and Mesch., Kuzgun ; Zirian, Kirnish.

Corvus frugllegiis, L. Does not occur very far north, and on the
western slope not beyond 59° N. lat.; on the eastern slope, not
beyond 57° N. lat. It does not inhabit the mountains, but is
commonest in the birch woods of the Ekaterinburg and Shadrinsk
districts, where it lives in large colonies. Euss., Gratch ; Bashk.,
Kara-harga.

According to the statement of a native it occurs at Ijma (64°
N. lat.), and is called there SedraJca. Lilljeborg (I.e.) and
Hoffmann (I.e.) states that it visits even Archangel and breeds
there.*

Fregilus graculus (L.) It inhabits all the Ural range,
beginning at Tagill. About the Ekaterinburg and Uffa Ural it
is not scarce, and is known to the Eussian sportsmen and the
beekeepers under the name of Chernay-diatel or Bortevsliika. Bashk. ,
Bal'tumurkta. Neither Eversmann nor Hoffmann mention this
species.

Sturnus vtdgaris, L. Is extremely common in the southern parts
of the Government of Perm in the Ural mountains, as also on the
slopes north of 57° N. lat. On the eastern slope it becomes
rare, and does not appear to occur north of the Pavdinsky Dacha.
Euss., Skvoretz; Bashk. and Mesch., Segersik. It does not occur at
Ijma, and according to Middendorff ("Isepiptesen", p. 39), occurs
on the Kama up to 60J° N. lat.

Troglodytes yarvulus, Koch. Is rather rare in the Kaslinsky
Ural, but becomes rather commoner on the western slopes of the
Ural mountains. Euss., Kropevenik.

Neither Bogdanoff nor Eversmann mentions it. It is common
in the Governments of Moscow and Jaroslav. It occurs in Ijma,
where it is called Pista^ and according to Middendorff (Eeise in
Lapland, p. 234), it is probably found in Lapland.

Certhia famUiaris, L. We met with it as far as Pavda, but it
evidently does not breed in the south-eastern slope of the Ural,

* (Seebolim and I obtained a specimen at Ust Zylma, on the Petchora,
65° 26' N. lat. I consider it doubtful that it breeds at Archangel. —
J. A. H.-B.)

298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

but is common in the fir woods of the western declivity of the
Ekaterinburg Ural.

Cindus aquaticus, Briss.' Occurs throughout the Ural,
occasionally also breeding on the shores of lakes on the boundary
of the Ekaterinburg and Shadrinsk districts. Common on the
south-western slope. Russ., Vodlanay-vorohey ; Bashk., Kara-turgai;
Zirian, Vasez.

Hoffmann met with it in 62° N. lat. {I.e.) I must also state
here that it winters with us, though Bogdanoff doubts it {I.e.)

Anthus aquaticus, Bechst. I often met with it in July and August
in the Pavdinsky Dacha, and several times observed it during
migration in the southern parts of the Ekaterinburg Province, and
in the Shadrinsk district. It probably breeds in the Keshtemsky
and Kaslinsky Ural.

Hoffmann met with it between 61° and GSf** K lat. {op. cif., p. 66).
According to Eversmann, it occurs in the southern Ural and the
hilly woods of the Khirgis steppes {op. ciL, p. 260).

Anthus pratensis, (L.) Occurs everywhere, but is most numerous
during migration.

Anthus cervinus, Pall. This species or variety of the preceding
is tolerably common on the marshy plains of the Ekaterinburg
and Shadrinsk districts. Eversmann says {op. ciL, p. 261) that
this bird is commoner than the preceding species in the
Orenburg Government; but this is certainly wrong, at least as
regards migrating birds, which latter is also Bogdanoff 's opinion
{op. cit., p. 98).

Anthus arboreus, Bechst. Is extremely abundant throughout
the Province where woods or groves exist. Hoffmann found it in
the most northern parts of the Government of Perm, 62° N. lat.
{op. cit., p. 66).

Anthus campestris, (Lin.) This species did not come under my
own observation, and is mentioned here only on Falk's authority,
which may be wrong {op. cit, p. 391). It occurs, according to
Nordmann, in Central Finland {op. cit.y p. 24).

Motacilla alba, L. Is veiy common everywhere. Russ. , SinitchJca ;
Mesch., Taltius; Bashk., Kukmursik.

Motacilla boarula, (Penn.) It is extremely strange that it is
commoner in the north than in the south. It is very common in
the Pavdinsky Dacha, and according to Teplouhoff it breeds on the
left bank of the Kama, 58J° N. lat. South of Ekaterinburg it

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 299

becomes rarer. Neither Eversmann nor BogdanofF mention this
species. It occurs about Moscow.

Motacilla citreola, Pall. In Ekaterinburg district it occurs up
to 56^° N. lat. It does not occur in the Ural, but further south
and east it becomes common. According to Lepechin, it occurs at
Tumen (Petesh., vol. ii., p. 384), and Bogdanoff (I.e.) says it
is common in Kasan Province, and therefore I think it goes even
further west. In the Shadrinsk district M. campestris. Pall., is
probably to be found.

Motacilla flava, L. Occurs everywhere, and has been met with
as far as BogoslafFsk.

Oriolus galbula, L. Does not go very far north, at least on the
eastern slopes, and I do not believe beyond 58° N. lat. It is
common in the birch woods south of Ekaterinburg. Bashk.,
Harigush. According to Middendorff (" Isepiptesen," p. 44), it
occurs on the Kama to 61|^*' N. lat.

Turclus iliacus, L. Is scarcer than the other common thrushes,
but breeds throughout the Perm Government, except in the
Black-earth forests.

Turchis musicus, L. Is very common, and its distribution is
similar to that of the preceding species. Bashk. (like all thrushes),
Barkaldah

Turclus atrigularis, Natt. I found it very numerously in the
Pavdinsky Dacha, but according to statements of some sportsmen,
it occurs also further south, in the Kaslinsky Ural. According to
Eversmann, it visits the Government of Orenburg, from the
southern Altai (o^. cit, p. 185). Hoffmann came across it between
62° and 65° N. lat. (op. cit., p. 67). Turdus merula certainly does not
occur in the Ural, and this is confirmed also by Eversmann
{op. cit., p. 185), but occasionally it visits the south-west parts of the
Province. According to Bogdanoff, it is very common in the
south of Kasan and Simbirsk (op. cit., p. 87).

Turdus torquatus, L. Occurs only in the Ural mountains, and
there only rarely. Martin obtained a specimen once at the
Issetsk Dacha, 56^° N. lat. Some native sportsmen inform me
that it is occasionally seen near mountain brooks in the Kaslinsky
Ural. They call it Kuznechick.

According to Nordmann (I.e.), it breeds in the north of
Lapland and Finland. In the same localities the natives say that
Turdus saxaiitis is found, but this is doubtful.

300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Turdiis inlaris, L. Is common everywhere, even in the Bashkir
birch woods, but not so numerous as, for instance, in the Jaroslav
Government.

Turdus mscivoms, L. Is very common in the conifer woods, but
does not breed in the birch groves. In Perm, Vershennez-drosd,
Vershennick.

Accentor montanellus, Pall. Only once, at the Pavdinsky Dacha.

Accentor modularise (L.) Is tolerably common throughout the
Government of Perm, and appears to breed in the south-east parts
of the Ural.

Salicaria fluviatUis, Meyer. I found it only in the Kaslinsky
Ural, and it does not appear to go far north. In the Moscow
district it is rarer than any of the other Salicariae.

Salicaria turdoides, Meyer. Is extremely abundant in the reeds
of the lakes of the Ekaterinburg and Shadrinsk districts,
occasionally also breeding on the lakes of the Ural mountains. It
occurs as far north as 65 J° N. lat., on the eastern slope.

Scdicaria arundinacea, (Briss.) On the rivulets and lakes of the
Ekaterinburg Ural it is not uncommon, but it does not occur far
north, probably not beyond 57J° N. lat.

Salicaria palustris, Bechst, Is commoner than the two preced-
ing species, and has been obtained at the Pavdinsky Dacha. Breeds
in the bushes on the plains, where S. arundinacea does not occur.

Salicaria locustella, (Penn.) Is even commoner than S. imliistris,
and occurs as far north as Pavda, and inhabits mostly the birch
groves near rivers and lakes.

Salicaria turdoides has been traced by Bogdanoff only as far north
as Sarepta {op. cit., p. 81). I have found it in the Governments
of Jamkoff and Jaroslav. It is very strange that Nordmann
mentions only one species of Salicaria — phragmitis — as occurring in
Finland; also Lilljeborg {op. cit., p. 95). Sal. j^alustris, var.
magnirostris (Lillj.), occurs as far as Cholmogory.

Salicaria ])hragmitis, (Bechst). Is extremely numerous as far as
BogoslafFsk, but principally in the reeds of lakes in the Ekaterin-
burg and Shadrinsk districts.

Regulus cristatus, Koch. I^The distribution of this species is
similar to that of Parus ater, Pyrrhida rubicilla, etc., but it is still
rarer in the south-east slopes of the Perm Ural and the pine
forests of the Kaslinsky and Keshtemsky districts. In the latter
it does not breed at all, but is common further south.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 301

Begulus proregidns, Pall. I met with this species from Orenburg
Province as far as BogoslafFsk, and even in the birch woods of the
eastern slopes.

Ficedula hijpolais, (Bechst.) Is distributed through the Govern-
ment as far as BogoslafFsk, and is commoner in the Ural than in
the Bashkir woods.

FicecMa rtifa, (Lath.) Its distribution is similar to that of the
preceding species, and it also appears to be commoner on the
western slope than on the eastern. According to Nordmann
(op. cit., p. 27), Ficedula hypolais becomes commoner in Finland
every year. Lilljeborg {op. cit., p. 95) met with it about as far
north as Cholmogory. It is strange that MejakofF should call it a
rare and late visitor {op. cit, p. 630).

Ficedida trochilus, (L.) Is very common everywhere, although
not so numerous as in Central Russia.

Sylvia curruca, Lath. We met with it in all the localities visited
by us.

Sylvia atricapilla, (L.) In the Ural and in the conifer woods
it is commoner than in the birch woods of the Bashkir country.
We did not observe it north of Ekaterinburg. According to
Nordmann, the present species (and Sylvia nisoria) occasionally
visit the southern parts of Finland ; and Lilljeborg says that
S. hortensis, cinerea, and curruca occur near Archangel (op. cit.)

Sylvia cinerea, Briss. Its range extends probably as far north
as Bogoslaffsk. Teplouhoff found it at the river Obva, in
58 J° N. lat. It is commoner than ^S'. curruca, but not so numerous
as that bird is in Central Russia.

Sylvia Jiortensis, Bechst, It has been observed as high as
59*^ N. lat., and is tolerably common.

Sylvia cyanura, Pall. We came across this species in the
thickest forests of Tagila and the Pavdinsky Dacha, and found it
there rather common, so that it probably goes further south in
the Ural, and even visits the western slope.

Sijlvia nisoria, Bechst. I did not see it myself, but Martin ob-
served it at the Keshtemsky works, and it is very likely that it goes
north as far as 57" N. lat. ; but as these birds inhabit the thick
bushes, and lead a very retired life, they are not easily detected.

Lusciola iMlomela, (Bechst.) Scarce on the south-east slope of
the Ural, but occurs also in the mountains themselves.
Occasionally it appears in the neighbourhood of Ekaterinburg, and

VOL. III. V

302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

lately it has been seen in the Tagil Dacha, where it never
was seen before. It i^ common in the western slope up to
59" K lat. (TeplouhofF). Mejakoff found it in the southern
parts of the Vologda Province. Lilljeborg traced it as far as
Wuitegra, and it is strange that Eversmann should have found it
common throughout Perm. The latter observation can only have
reference to the south-west parts of that Government.

Lusciola caligata, (Licht.) Inhabits all the Ural, and especially
its northern parts. We did not observe it on the banks of rivers.

Lusciola calliope, Pall. I did not observe it, but Martin obtained
3 or 4 specimens in the Polevsky Dacha. He states, however,
that it is very rare. Further east, however, viz., at the boundary
of Tobolsk Government, it is tolerably common.

Lusciola suecica, (L.) (var. caerulecula). Is very common every-
where. Mesch., Shakardak turgai.

Lusciola rubecula, (L.) Is rather common on the western slope,
but has occurred also at the Pavdinsky Dacha. It is rare in the
forests of the Ekaterinburg Ural, but in the Bashkir birch woods
it does not occur even during migration.

Lusciola plioenlcura, (L.) Occurs in all the localities explored by
us as far as BogoslafFsk, and is commonest on the western slope.
Some, however, remain to breed in the groves of the Shadrinsk
district.

Saxicola ruhetra, (L.) Is common throughout the Province.

Saxicola oenanthe, (L.) Inhabits also the whole Government of
Perm, but is not so common as the preceding species. Mesch.,
Taltuis.

Saxicola ruhicola, (L.) Throughout the Government of Perm;
and I met with it from Bogoslaffsk to the boundary of the
Orenburg Government. It is also tolerably common in the
Bashkir country, but not so abundant as S. ruhetra.

Lanius excubitor, L. Inhabits all the localities visited by us, and
breeds in them, but is not very numerous anywhere.

Lanius collurio, L. Does not go north beyond 58" N. lat.
Southwards from that place, however, it becomes common,
especially in the Shadrinsk district, although not so abundant as in
Central Russia.

Muscicapa grisola, L. Has not been observed very far north,
and breeds exclusively in pine forests, and does not inhabit the
birch woods of the Bashkir country. Lilljeborg met with it at

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 303

Archangel {op. cit.), and Schracler (Middendorff — Reise in Lap-
land : Appx. by Von Baer) in Central Russia.

MuscicajM atricajnlla, L. Its range extends at least to 57° N. lat.
on the eastern slope, and it occurs also in the birch woods of the
Bashkir country. In Central Russia it is commoner than in the
Province of Perm.

Hinmdo urhica, h., and Hirundo rustica, L. Both these species
have been observed as far as Bogoslaffsk, the second being the
more abundant one. Bashk. and Mesch., Kmieygas; Zirian,
Checkish.

Hirundo riparia, L. Occurs in certain localities up to 58° N. lat.,
and goes even further north on the Kama. It is scarce in the
south-eastern slope of the Ural, because of the want of suitable
localities. It breeds in the Kaslinsky and Keshtemsky Ural.

Columba iKilumhis, L. Inhabits all the woods of the Perm
Government, but is most numerous in the southern parts. Russ.,
Lesnay-golub ; in Kaslinsk, MeUtan; Bashk., Ala-dugu; Zirian,
Vir-goliib.

Columba Iwia (var. doraestica), Briss. Very common in all the
inhabited places and the manufacturing localities of the Perm
Government, especially in the southern parts.

Columba oenas, L. Is also very numerous up to 56J° N. lat. in
the eastern slope, but as yet has not occurred at Ekaterinburg.
Russ., Dekey-golub; Bashk., Kiigarsin ; Mesch., Karhugarseney.

Columba turtur, L. Is very scarce on the eastern slope, but has
been found breeding in the Keshtemsky and Kaslinsky Ural. In
the south-east parts, however, it is abundant. Russ., Krasnay-
goluh; Bashk., Jabersin.

Lepechin found C. palumbus at the boundary between the
Verhoturie and Turinsk districts. Occasionally also it occurs at
Archangel (Lilljeborg, op. cit, p. 107). Probably also C. liv'ia breeds
on the south-west slope of the Perm Ural, as Eversmann states
that they breed abundantly in the rocks of Belaya and Uffa.
According to BogdanofF, C. oenas is common in the Government
of Kasan. It breeds in the southern parts of the Moscow Govern-
ment, but I do not think it occurs in the Olonetz Government.
Eversmann says {pp. cit, p. 325) that C. turtur is very common in the
Government of Perm. Mejakoff {op. cit., p. 632) found it as far as
60° N. lat. According to Nordmann {op. cit., p. 31), it does not
occur in Finland, but occasionally it visits the south of Lapland.

304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Lagopus albus, Gm. In the northern parts of the Government
of Perm it is very common, according to Hoffmann, and occurs as
far north as 70° N. lat. It is very abundant in the plains of the
Shadrinsk and Ekaterinburg districts, but is scarce in the Central
Ural. Euss., Kourojmtka; Bashk. and Mesch., Aguna; Ziridn,
Baycleh.

Lagopus alpimis, Nills. I met with it in the Pavdinsky Ural,
where it is tolerably common. Southwards it occurs only locally,
and it occurs in the Kaslinsky and Uffa Ural, though only occasion-
ally. Hoffmann met with it in 61°-62° N. lat. According to
Nordmann, it is common in Lapland (op. cit.)

Tetrao urogallus, L, Inhabits all the conifer forests of the
Government of Perm, especially its northern parts. Euss., male,
Ghhar, female, Kopolutcha ; Bashk., male, Suer, female, Bos-suer;
Zirian, female, Kou-dosmer, male, Chudxhey.

Tetrao urogalloides, Midd. {T. medius). Occurs throughout
the Perm Government in the same localities as T. urogallus, but
is much scarcer. I observed it oftenest in the Kaslinsky Ural.
Taking this as a hybrid, it is easily explained, as a great number
of the male T. urogallus are killed in spring, and therefore there
exists a great predominance of females. Euss., Maley-gluhar or
Dlenney-gluhar ; Zirian in Ijma, Koytoutik. A native of Ijma
assured me that in every hundred T. urogallus that are killed there
they find up to five small specimens. According to Mejakoff,
T. medius occurs in the south-east parts of the Government of
Vologda (op. cit, p. 632).

Tetrao tetrix, L. Inhabits the whole Province, and is very
numerous in the birch woods of the south-east slope of the Ural.
Euss., male, Teterev; Cosach, or Poliash, female, Eiahushka; Bashk.,
Zou; Zirian, male, Tar, female, Ken-tar.

Tetrao bonasia, L. Its distribution is similar to that of T.
urogallus. Euss., Borovay-raibchick or Eaibchick; Zirian, Sela.

Starna cinerea, Briss. Occurs in the cultivated districts of the
southern parts of the Ural slopes, but does not occur in the
mountains themselves. Lately it has several times occurred at
Tagila. According to Teplouhoff, it occasionally breeds on the
Obva (58J° N. lat.) It is commonest in the Kamishlolf, Shadrinsk,
and the western parts of the Krasnouffa and Ossinsk districts.
Euss., Polevay, Polskay, or Ovuniay-raibchick, Golenashka ; in Tagila,
Slobodskay-riaback; Bashk., Bejir; in Perm, Kouropatka.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 305

Ortygion cohirnix, (L.) It is common in the cultivated southern
parts of the Province of Perm, but their range extends further
northwards every year. I found it in the vicinity of Verhoturie,
and according to the statement of an Ijma peasant, it occurs about
Ijma {6i° N. lat.) ; but this is rather doubtful. Russ., Perepel;
in the Kama it is called Podpalushka; Bashk. and Mesch., Budena;
Tartar, Pitj^ildiclc; Ziridu, Kvaitpalich

Glareola mela7ioptera, Nordm. Occurs during migration, up to
66^° N. lat., on the eastern slope, and apparently breeds in the
Shadrinsk district.

Otis tarda, L. Breeds throughout the Shadrinsk district (up to
56"* N. lat.), and further west, in Tobolsk Government (probably
up to 57° N. lat.) Sometimes, also, it breeds in the south-east
parts of the Ekaterinburg district. The Kaslinsky sportsmen
vrho visit the Bashkir country call it Bolshoy-kourojmtka. The
Bashkirs call it Dudach

Crex ijratensis, Bechst. Inhabits the whole Province, but is not
very common in the Ural. Russ., Korostel; Bashk., Tartay ;
Zirian, Eyulesh.

Ortygometra jjorzana, (L.) Occurs only in the southern parts of
the Government of Perm. It does not inhabit the eastern parts.
Westwards from the Ural, Teplouhoff met with it in 58 J° N". lat.

Rallus aquaticus, Briss. Is evidently a more northern bird than
the preceding species. Russ., Faharek svistanok.

Fulica atra, L. Occurs almost all over the Province, but is rare
in the Ural. On the lakes of the Ekaterinburg and Shadrinsk
districts (from 56J° N. lat. to 57" N. lat) it is very common.
Russ., Lesaya-chernaya-gagara, Lesushka; Bashk., Kashkalak or
Urlan.

Ch'us cinerea, Bechst. Is distributed throughout the Province,
and is not scarce in the marshes of the south-east Ural. Russ.,
Luraol; Bashk. and Mesch., Turna; Zirian, Turey.

Vanellus cristatus, L. Does not go far north, but it apparently
breeds in the Pavdinsky Dacha, although it is not known from Ijma
(64° N. lat.) In the southern district it is very common. Russ.,
Pegalka; in Perm it is called Vshmtza; Bashk., Zircant; Mesch.,
Pivec.

Vanellus gregarius, Pall. On the eastern slope it goes as far
north as 56^° N. lat., and it breeds in the Shadrinsk district.

Squatarola helvetica^ Briss. Has been observed everywhere in

306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the Province, but I never saw its nest here. Eversmann says
that it is occasionally met with near Ekaterinburg in summer
(op. city p. 374), and some sportsmen assure me that it breeds in
the Pavdinsky Dacha and the Kaslinsky Ural. In Pavda it is
called Kakashnie; in Perm district, Bolotuaya-seevka.

Charadrius ]pluviaUs, L. As far as I know, it breeds in the
Pavdinsky Dacha, but according to some sportsmen, it occurs
also in the Kaslinsky Ural. During migration, however, it is
scarce. Euss., Sevtsey; in Pavda, Vergantsey; Zirian, Kachiss.

Eudromias morinellus, (L.) Occurs at Ekaterinburg during migra-
tion, as also further south, and probably breeds at the Pavdinsky
Dacha. Russ. in Pavda, KokoshinJcey; at Ekaterinburg, PetushocL

Aegialites curonicits, Beseke. Is distributed everywhere, but
is numerous only on the Kama, and on the larger rivers and lakes
of the south-east slope. In the Ural mountains it is scarce.
Russ., Zuck-jjesochnick; Mesch., Saiisan; Ziridn, Istan; in Pavda
it is called Biello-sheyka.

Aegialites hiatlcula, (L.) I met with it only during the vernal
migration, in the Ekaterinburg district.

Haematojms ostralegus, L. Is very common on the Kama.
They were also observed at Pavda, and in the vicinity of Ekaterin-
burg, and, according to some sportsmen, they breed in the
Kaslinsky Ural (where they occasionally have sjJots on the head :
Naum., pi. 184). Russ., Bolshay-jyetuschock ; Zirian at Ijma, Tevda.

Recurvirostra avocetta, L. According to some sportsmen, it breeds
in the Kaslinsky Ural, in the marshes.

Eypsihates hima^itojms, (L*.) I did not observe this species any-
where, but Falk mentions it as occurring in the Government of
Issetsk {op. cit.)

Totanus glottis, (L.) Occurs in the whole of the Perm Govern-
ment, but in the steppes only during migration. Russ., Borovay-
kidick, Borovay-evdoshka, Sememtcha.

Totanus stagnatilis, Bechst. Occurs also everywhere, but is
commonest in the marshes east of the Ural. In Pavda it is called
Biellobrushka.

Totanus fusciis, Briss. Was observed at Pavda, as well as in
the southern parts of the Ekaterinburg Government, being, how-
ever, scarcer than any other Sandpipers, and only rarely breeding.
In Pavda it is called Folevskay-j^etuschock.

Totanus calidr'is, (L.) Very common on the eastern slope, as far

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 307

as 56J° N. lat,, and breeds as far as Pavda. TeplouhofF found it
also breeding under 58|° N. lat. In Ekaterinburg it is called
Zuch ; in Pavda, Polenskaya semenucha.

Totanus glareola, (L.) Is tolerably common in spring on the
south-east slope, and is very numerous during migration. In
Pavda it breeds, and is the commonest species of the genus. In
Pavda it is called Semy-hdick.

Totanus ochrojous, (L.) From Pavda southwards throughout the
Ural, but not so common there as in Central Eussia. In the
birch woods of the Ekaterinburg and Shadrinsk districts it does
not breed, and appears there only during migration. Russ.,
Lesnay-kulick. In Ekaterinburg it is called Biellohvostick ; in
Pavda, Kechenska. According to Bogdanoff, Totanus fuscus breeds
in Boganida. Totanus calidris, at all events, does not belong to
the fauna of the Black-earth steppes. Mejakoff says that it
breeds in Vologda {op. cit,) According to Nordmann (op. cit.),
it is not rare in Finland and Lapland. Eversmann and Bogdanoff
state that Totanus glareola breeds in the south of Kasan, Simbirsk,
Saratoff, and Orenburg, and therefore Aksakoff's opinion that it is
round about Uffa only during migration is incorrect.

A otitis hjpoleuca, (L.) Is com.moner than the preceding species,
and breeds on the rivers of the eastern slope. In Pavda it is
called Piskun.

Phalarqms cinereus, Briss. Breeds throughout the Government
of Perm, but is common only during migration. Teplouhoff also
found it in summer at 58J° N. lat. Russ., Plavenechick.

Limosa cinerea, Guld. Inhabits the whole Perm Province, and
breeds at Pavda and on the western slope of the Ural. Teplou-
hoff found it breeding at Shinsk. Russ. in Pavda, Sivojelesaya-
semenucha.

Limosa aegocephala^ (L.) Does not occur on the eastern slope
below Ekaterinburg (perhaps sometimes during migration), but on
the western slopes it breeds up to 58J° N. lat.

It is very common in the south-east plains of the Government
of Perm up to 56|° N. lat., and breeds perhaps in the Kaminshlovsk
district up to 57° N. lat. Russ., Evdoshka; Bashk., Kiseget.

Limosa rufa, Briss. During migration it came several times
under my observation in the district of Ekaterinburg. It may
even breed in the northern portions of the Province of Perm.

Machetes j^ugnax, L. It is very common in the marshes of the

308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

south-eastern slopes; has not been remarked by us north of 57°,
but on the western slope Teplouhoff found it building near
58^° ]Sr. lat. Probably it breeds throughout the Government of
Perm, Petoushok, near Ekaterinburg, and in the districts of Perm.
Euss., Tiirutan; Bashk., Setermen. Meshakoff has seen it only dur-
ing migration {pp. cit., p. 633). However, in the Government of
Jaroslav it is very common in the summer, and Nordmann
found it everywhere {oj?. cit, p. 40), Bogdanoff {op. cit, p. 135).

Tringa canidus, L. Has been remarked by me in the Pavdinsky
Dacha, where it also breeds, and during migration in the districts
of Ekaterinburg. In Pavda it is called Kerkun.

Tringa suharquata, Giild. I have not remarked it, although it
is met with in the south-eastern parts of the Ekaterinburg districts.
Teplouhoff found it on the Obva on 1st of July, so that very
possibly it breeds there. Eversmann traces it to Central Volga,
Kama, and Government of Orenburg {op. cit., p. 432), which
Bogdanoff doubts {op. cit, p. 136). According to Nordmann it is
rare in Finland {op. cit, p. 409).

Tringa alpina, L. I think it breeds throughout the Government
of Perm, because I found it during the summer in the districts of
Ekaterinburg. According to Teplouhoff it breeds on the Obva
River.

Tringa minuta, Leisl. Positively breeds in the Pavdinsky Dacha,
in the neighbourhood of Ekaterinburg, and I think in the southern
parts of the district of Ekaterinburg also. Teplouhoff has also
met with it during the summer in the neighbourhood of the
Thiensk village, the Pavda Zueck. Bogdanoff is against Evers-
mann's opinion, who says that they do not breed in the
Government of Kazan {op. cit, p. 136); however, they breed in
the Government of Jaroslav, and even in Moscow Government.

Tringa tcmmincJdi, Leisl. Is met with more seldom, and only
during migration. In Pavda it is called Mujincch, i.e., the male
of the preceding species.

Scolopax gallinula, L. I have never seen it on the eastern slope
in the summer. According to Hoffmann, it builds in the northern
limits of the Government of Perm at the efflux of the Petchora. In
Tagila, according to Beckmann, it has never been met with ; its
spring migration is very insignificant. I traced it in the south-
eastern parts of the Ekaterinburg district. See Hoffman {op. cit,
p. 70). According to Eversmann, it is very common (during

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 309

migrcation) in the Ural mountains and the adjacent woods; in
the Government of Kazan, and the north parts of the Orenburg
Government {oij. cit., p. 449). AksakofF — in the Government of
Ufim (Sportsmen's extracts, p. 74), and Bogdanoff — in the Govern-
ment of Kazan {op. cit., p. 140), have never met with it in the
summer. In the Government of Jaroslav it nests sometimes
(in the north-eastern part). According to Meshakoflf, it breeds in
the Government of Vologda {op. cit., p. 633); according to Nord-
mann in Central Finland {op. cit., p. 41).

Scolopax major, L. Is common throughout the Government
of Perm.

Scolopax gallinago, L. Is much more numerous than the last.
Euss., Barashik; Bashk., Gankaza-haraljin.

ScolojMX rusticola, L. Is also met with in great numbers, but
very seldom breeds in the birch-woods of Bashkiria and in Tagila.
Russ., ShahashJca; in the district of Ekaterinburg, Pahar (meaning
ploughman, because it flies there and back all the time); at the
Polevsky works, Hurkun (by the voice); Bsbslik., Fkir-pasek.

Numenius lohaeoiyus, L. Is met with as high as 60° N. lat. (as
far as Pavda); it is very common in the Black-earth plain of
Bashkiria; also breeds on the high elevated flat surfaces in the Ural
(Kaslinsky, Mazepetroosk, Beloe steppes, White steppes). Kulick,
in the Perm district; Fend, in Pavda ; also Bashk., Kinilda.

Numenius arqiiata, L. On the eastern slope it does not go
further to the north than 57° N. lat., and it is rare near
Ekaterinburg ; it is very common in the steppes of the Shadrinsk
district.

Ardea cinerea, L. It is not met with north of Ekaterinburg
(on the east side). In the end of the summer and all the autumn
it is very common on the lakes of the Black-earth plain, but here
it does not build at all, or very seldom. It must be supposed that
it breeds somewhere in the Ural (most likely in the Mazepetroosk
or Polevsky, i.e., on the western slope) in great colonies. In the
Kaslinsky and Keshtemsky Ural it breeds but seldom (according
to sportsmen's information). Euss., Zaplia chepura ; Bashk.,
Selian, or Kuck-selian.

Ardea alba, L. According to the information of the Bash-
kirians and the Russian sportsmen, it breeds in the reeds of the
lakes in the district of Shadrinsk. Bashk., Ack-turna (white
crane), Belaja-zaplia. Is very likely the Grus ancogeramus, Pall.

310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

According to Eversmann, it breeds in the southern steppes of
Kirkiz {op. cit, p. 464). Very likely in the southern boundary of
our fauna Ardea minuta is also to be found, which, according to
Eversmann, is met with in the slopes of the southern Ural
mountains (op. cit., p. 469), and Bogdanoff {op. cit, p. 142) traced
it as far as the district of Spask, Government of Kazan. Accord-
ing to my observation, it breeds in the Government of Moscow,
and probably in that of Jaroslav also.

Ardea stellaris, L. It is very common in the reeds on the lakes
of Bashkiria, and sometimes builds on the lakes of the Kaslinsky
and Keshtemsky Ural. It is not met with north of 57° N. lat.
Euss., JFepp; Bashk., Kul-huga (water-bull); Metch., Su-ukze.

Ciconia nigra, L. Positively builds in the Polevsky and Mazepe-
troosk Ural ; sometimes it is met with on eastern slopes, and it
is seen every year in the districts of Ekaterinburg. Talk
(Beitrage, vol. iii., p. 365) found it on the Kama. Meshakoff
has seen it now and then in the Government of Vologda, and A.
Nordmann in Finland.

Platalea leucorodia, L. Builds on the boundaries of the
Shadrinsk and Cheliabiansk districts, and sometimes migrates to
Sesertsk works (as high as 56J° N. lat.) ; according to Evers-
mann, only as high as 53° N. lat. {op. cit., p. 487). According to Bog-
danoff {op. cit., p. 143), in the spring it migrates as far as Sezran.

Cygnus musicus, Bechst. Builds almost all through the Govern-
ment, but on the lakes (in the steppes) is seen during migration
only. It is very numerous on the lakes of the Sesertsk Ural (not
far from the Sosnovo village). Euss., Lebed; Bashk., Akhosli ;
Ziridn, Sed-nerance.

Cygnus olor, Gmel. According to sportsmen it sometimes builds
in the Kaslinsky Ural, and in the Polevsky Ural it is commoner
than the Cygnus musicus. Ziridn, gerd-nerance (red-beaked).

Cygnus minor, Pall. It is not exactly known whether it builds
in the south-eastern Ural (Kaslinsky Ural), but nearer to the
boundary of the Tobolsk Government it must be frequent enough
(in the districts of Irbitsk and Verhoturie). On the lakes of the
Black-earth plain I followed it only during migration.

Anser cygnoides, L. C^) It is sometimes seen in the south-eastern
Ural during the autumn migration, but it has never been remarked
by me.

Anser hy^erboreus, Pall. According to Pallas (Voyages, Vol.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. 311

iv., p. 21) it is met with while on migration near Cheliuba.
According to sportsmen it is also seen in the Kaslinsky Ural during
migration.

Anser albifrons, Perm. On the lakes of the south-eastern slope
it is very numerous during migration. In the Ural, north of
Ekaterinburg, its migration is insignificant, and it flies the same
as the others from the mouth of the Ob, through the districts. On
the eastern part of the Government of Perm they go along
the Kama, and on the Ekaterinburg and Shadrinsk districts.
Euss., Srediiija, Kazarka helolohaja (white forehead), also LesushJca
and Fleshivka ; Bashk., Mesch., Kara-koz.

■ Anser segeium, Gmel. H^' not been remarked, as Pallas
followed it during migration on the Ufa near 55° N. lat,, so of
course it migrates through the Government of Perm; however,
the sportsmen do not distinguish it from the following species.
See Middendorff's Isepiptesen, p. 75.

Anser arvensis, Brehm. During migration it is less numerous
than the Anser albifrons. Euss., Nemoi gus nemaja (dumb);
Kazarka hrushkaja (great); also, Nemock; Bashk., Koha-koz.

Anser lev.copsis, Bechst. Is more numerous than the Anser
albifrons, and its migration on the lakes is very considerable.
Euss., Nemter-nemaja kazarka ; Bashk., Sangaldak-koz.

Anser mimitu.^, Naum. Is very numerous, and migrates
especially through the district of Shadrinsk by tens of thousands.
Generally their migration is not in the Ural and on the western
slope. Anser cinereus is the only goose not met with during
migration. Euss., Malaija kazarka ^jesculka. I think the Anser
brenfa, Pall., is also seen during migration, and perhaps the
Anser ruficoUis; however, the latter one has been acknowledged
by sportsmen on Nauman's painting.

Anser cinereus, Meyer. The Common Goose builds in great
numbers on the south-eastern parts of the Ekaterinburg and
Shadrinsk districts; in the former as high as 56° N. lat. Near
Ekaterinburg it does not breed, but according to information, it
builds again in the district of Irbitsk. On the western slope
it builds but seldom, perhaps nearer to Kama. Euss., Gus.; Bashk.,
Kaz; Zirian, Djozeg.

VuIjKinser tadorna, (L.) In the spring, migrates to the Ekaterin-
burg district as high as 56° N. lat. I think it builds on the
boundaries of the Shadrinsk and Cheliabiansk districts. The

312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Cheliabiansk Cossacks call it Pegash. Eversmann is not right in
saying that it is met with only as far as the latitude of Orenburg
(oj). ciL, p. 509). Some time ago Pallas (Voyages, vol. ii^ p. 421)
had seen it in great numbers on the lakes of Kulatowa, in the
district of Cheliabiansk, and says that it builds there, together
with Anas rutila (which, according to this, must migrate here).
According to Bogdanoff, A. tadorna goes as far as the Promzino
village in the Government of Simbirsk {oy. cit, p. 148).

Anas penelope, L. Near Ekaterinburg it builds, but rather
seldom ; however, it is very common in the south-eastern district
of the Government, and also in the Government of Shadrinsk,
but it seems to be more numerous on the Ural lakes than on the
steppe lakes. Euss,, Swestun-sivez ; Bashk., £le; Zirian, Voz (on the
Tinsha). Eversmann says that it is mostly met with in the
southern parts {op. cit, p. 527), but Hoffmann found it (op. cit,
p. 70) near 62** N. lat., together with Anas crecca.

Anas querqiiedida, L. Is numerous everywhere, especially on
the lakes ; however, it is rarer on the Ural lakes and in Cherock,
near Ekaterinburg. Euss., Sesick; Bashk., Suragai-urdeck ; Zirian,
Jeedatch.

Anas crecca, L. Is met with more seldom than the preceding
species, especially in the southern parts. It is very numerous in
the north (Pavda) vide Hoffmann, {pp. cit., p. 70). Cherushka,
near Ekaterinburg; Ziridn, Gerd-nerr -jeedatch.

Anas strepera, L. In the districts of Ekaterinburg it is rare, and
is not found in Pavda; on the lakes it is very numerous, espe-
cially in the districts of Shadrinsk and Cheliabiansk. Euss.,
Criaknshka.

Anas acuta, L. Everywhere, according to localities, more or
less common. Euss., Astrohevost; Mesch, Ala-urdeck ; Bashk.,
Kalkins rock; Zirian, Jeydjeed-golia-kerag (white necked).

Alias boschas, L. Is spread all over, especially on the lakes of
the Black-earth plain Seruha. In the Polevsky woiks, Selezen;
Bashk., Mesch., Kugal urdeck; Zirian, Kimg.

Anas, sp., Z. The size of this duck is not larger than that of a
Starling. I have never had it in my hands, but I have seen it
several times in the districts of Ekaterinburg (Berezowsky works).
According to sportsmen it is common in the Pavdinsky and
Bogoslovsky Dacha; it also breeds along the Eiver Arduja north
of Ekaterinburg, and sometimes in the Kaslinsky Ural. Builds

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 313

always along the rocky shores of the rivers. In Pavda,
Smettannick, Kamennaja utka (stone duck), Skreben; near Ekater-
enburg, Malenhj-cherock.

Rhynchaspis clypeata, L. Is very common on the lakes to the
north from 50° N. lat.; it is rather rare, but I think it is met
with in Pavdinsky Dacha (Tagila also). Euss., SheroJconoska,
Saddun, Sochun-hogater. In the district of Perm, Plutonos (Tep-
louhoff) ; Bashk., Hog-hog (by the voice).

Oidemla fusca, L. It is very numerous on the lakes, and builds
in small numbers throughout the Government of Perm. Euss.,
TiirjKm chernimshka chermiha; Bashk,, Kara-urdeck.

Oidemia nigra, L. Is met with on the lakes during migration
only, and it is also seen in the summer. Probably builds on the
Ural and north part of the Perm Government. Euss., Maletj-
turpan-chernimshka ; Bashk., Suktabasli. Eversmann has never
traced it even during migration {op. ciL, p. 540). According to
Nordraann, it builds in Lapland (oj). clL, p. 46); according to
sportsmen in Kaslinsky, 0. p)erspiciUata (?) is sometimes seen and
breeds there.

Und'ina mersa, Pall. Breeds on the lakes of the Shadrinsk dis-
trict (lake Uvelky), and sometimes on the lakes of the Kasha Ural.
Bashk., Aumhach (?). According to Eversmann, it is met with in
the northern parts of the Orenburg Government (oj). cit., p. 542),
which was also remarked by Pallas (Voyages, vol. iii., p. 61) in
the district of Cheliabiansk.

Glaucion dangida, L. Breeds throughout the Government of
Perm, especially on the northern half; on the steppe lakes only
during migration. Euss., Gogol; Bashk., Alasahar.

Harelda gladalis, L. Is very common in the Ural, and
probably breeds on the lakes of the Shadrinsk district ; during
migration it is very numerous there. In the district of Ekaterin-
burg, Kaveka (by the voice), and sometimes Lilneek; in Pavda,
Savka; Bashk., Shaitan-cash.

Harelda histrionica, (L.) Is met with more seldom than the
first species, but according to the Bashkires it builds in
the district of Shadrinsk. Of course, H gladalis also breeds
in the Government of Orenburg, as was remarked by Eversmann
(op. dt, p. 545), which Bogdanoff doubts (op. dt, p. 150). According
to our observation, it breeds in the Government of Jaroslav
(Danilov district); according to Nordmann it also nests in

314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Finland {oy. cit., p. 47); according to Eversmann, H. histrionica
is also met with on the lakes of the eastern slope {op. cit, p. 546).
Probably nests in Finland, as it was seen there in the month of
July {op. cit., p. 47). According to Kaslinsky sportsmen, R.
stelleri, Pall., is also met with during migration.

Fuligula marila, L. Has been seen only during migration,
and then seldom. If it builds, then only in the northern parts
of the Perm Government Seziak. According to Nordmann,
it builds in the north of Lapland {op. cit., p. 47). Falk found
it in the Tsetsk Province, very likely during migration {op. cit,
p. 312).

Fuligula cristata, Eaj. Builds throughout the Government of
Perm, but on the steppe lakes only, during migration; in the
north, and also in the south-western slope, it is very common.
Russ., HohlushJca goluhaja chernet; Bashk., Karasa-urdecJc, and some-
times Alasahar; Zirian, (the same as the other tufted duck),
Sed-utka (])

Fuligula ferina, (L.) Is very common on the lakes, perhaps even
more numerous than the Anas boschas. In the Ural it breeds but
seldom ; it also builds in small numbers north of Ekaterinburg.
Russ., Krasnogolovich, sometimes Sezon.

Fidigula nyroca, Giild. According to sportsmen it is met with
in the spring, and sometimes builds on the Kaslinsky lakes. It is
also known in Tagila. This species has been remarked in the
spring, in the Governments of Moscow and Jaroslav.

Mergiis castor, L. Is met with and builds throughout the
Government of Perm, except the lakes of the Black-earth plain.
On the south-western slope of the Ural it is common. Russ.,
Krolial; Bashk., Balaksia.

Mergus serrator, L. It is also met with in the same districts
as M. castor, but more seldom.

Mergus alhellus, L. It is very common, and also nests on the
lakes of the Black-earth plains. Russ., Lutiich; Bashk,, Keskai;
Balaksia, sometimes Aumhach. According to Nordmann, it
builds in the northern Karelia and Lapland ; according to
Eversmann and Bogdanoff, it is common in the Governments of
Kazan, Orenburg, Saratoff, and Simbirsk (see Bogdanoff, op. cit.,
p. 152).

Pelecanus crispus, Bruch. The Pelican was killed a few years
ago on the Itkul lake in the Kaslinsky Ural; in 1856 one was killed

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 315

near Ekaterinburg; in 1867 some were seen near Tagila; and in
1868, I think, near Ekaterinburg.

Podiceps auritus, Briss. Is very numerous on the lakes of the
south-eastern slope. Kuss., Gagara; Bashk., SejjJcai,

Podkeps cormitus, Lath. More common, and sometimes builds
in whole colonies. It is not distinguished from the preceding
species. Hoffmann found it near Berezoff (op. cit, p. 70).

Podkeps cristatus, L. Is very numerous, and breeds by
hundreds, so that the nests are very near one to the other.
Bashk., Urlan; Zirian, Gerd-dura-gogara.

Podkeps subciistatus, Tacq. Has not been remarked by me,
but Middendorff followed its migration near Ekaterinburg (see
Isepiptesen, p. 79). Probably it is also met with on the lakes of
the Black-earth plain. According to Nordmann, it also builds in
Finland {op. cit, p. 49).

Col'ijmhus ardicus, L. Is distributed all over the Government
of Perm, but is especially numerous on the lakes. Euss.,
Bolshaja, Setzevaja gagara; Bashk., Mesch., Kukey.

Cohjmbiis septenirionalis, L. Is more seldom met with, but it
seems its distribution is about the same as that of the preceding
species. Russ., Bolshaja Setzevaja gagara, sometimes Krasnozohaja.
Bogdanoff doubts that both Cohjmhi, as Eversmann says, build
in the Government of Kazan. However, they build in the
Governments of Jaroslav, Vladimir and Twer (Bogdanoff, op.
cit, p. 158). They also build in Finland (Nordmann, op), cit.,
p. 50).

Lestris pomarimis, Temm. (1) It is uncertain whether it is this or
another species of Skua. According to sportsmen, sometimes nests
on the lakes of the Kaslinsky Ural ; and in the spring and autumn
it is met with very often there. Russ., Chernaja-Musha.

Lams minutiis, Pall. Contrary to Eversmann's opinion, it breeds
on the lakes in great colonies, and it is more numerous than any
other species of gull. Russ., Maley-rebalow ; Bashk., Mesch.,
Ak-sardack.

Larus ridihundus, L. Is met with everywhere, and is also very
common, especially on the lakes Charka. Zirian, Lez-kalia.

Larus canus, L. More seldom than the preceding species ;
builds in the bogs (marshes), also in colonies. Russ., Klusha,
Baklusha (Teplouhoff ); Bashk., Mesch., Ak-bash, Ak-sardack (mean-
ing white, white-headed) ; Zirian, Teycljid-kalia.

316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Lams cachinnans, Pall. Is met with here and there on the
lakes ; a great number have been remarked on one of the islands
of Irtiash. Euss., Bolshaja-Musha.

Larus argentatiis, L. According to Bogdanoff, it is rather
common on the Kama {op. cit., p. 153), but I have not seen it
once. Lestris pomarinus and L. imrasiticus, according to Nordmann,
build in the Gulf of Finland {op. cit., p. 52) ; Larus minutus (see
Eversmann, op. cit, p. 574), according to Lilljeborg, is numer-
ous near Novaya Ladoga {op. cit., p. 110), but in Finland it was
killed only once, near Uleaborg (ISTordmann, p. 52). I have
followed it as far as Pavda. Very strange that Bogdanoff has
never met with the Larus canus (op. cit., p. 153), as it is very
common in Central Russia. Larus cachinnans, according to Evers-
mann, is met with on the large lakes of the Kirkiz steppes
{op. cit., p. 569). Bogdanoff traced it as far as Samarska Luka
{op. cit., p. 153). Lar^is argentatus migrates sometimes as far as
the Government of Jaroslav, and according to Meshakoff {op. cit.,
p. 635), even builds in the Government of Vologda.

Sterna hirundo, L. Is met with everywhere ; has been also
remarked in Pavda, but not common; it is on the lakes. Bashk.,
Karahash-ak-sardak ; Zirian, Voja-haUa.

Sterna nigra, L. It does not go far to the north, and it is not
met with higher than 57° N. lat. (on the eastern slope). On the
lakes it is more numerous than the Larus minutus. Russ.,
Clierney-rebalow (black-fisherman).

Sterna minuta, L. Much more seldom than the preceding, and
does not build on the lakes in colonies. Bashkire, Koha-cash-ak-
sardak. Sterna nigra is very common in the Government of
Moscow, and in parts of the Government of Jaroslav. According
to Nordmann, it has been only once killed near Abo {op. cit., p.
53). Sterna minuta, according to Nordmann, is distributed as far
as the White Sea (op. cit., p. 54). It is not certain whether Sterna
leucoptera is met with on the Ural lakes of the eastern slope ; it
is common on the lakes of the plains in the Governments
of Riazan and Tambow, and according to Bogdanoff {op. cit., p.
156), it is met with rather seldom in the Kazan Government.
Perhaps Fhalocrocorax carho is also met with on the lakes of the
eastern slope.

Note. — Owing to the absence of the translator, Mr Craemers, in Russia,
this paper may contain some errors in the local names. — Ed.

/

natural history society of glasgow. 317

January 29th, 1878.

Mr Thomas Chapman, V.P., in the chair.

Captain John William Powlett-Orde, F.Z.S. ; Messrs. William
Dick Cleland, and AYilliam M'Culloch, jun., were elected ordinary-
members.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr John A. Harvie-Brown,
relating to the total wreck of the Union S.S. Co.'s steamer
" European " on the Ushant rocks, off the coast of France, in
which disaster the vessel foundered with her entire cargo, the
passengers alone being saved. Among them was Mr A. J. Grant
of New Zealand, who on more than one occasion had sent to the
Society interesting papers on the birds of that country, and who
had with him two papers intended to form part of the Proceedings
of this session. Mr Harvie-Brown in his note gave an extract
from a letter received from Mr Grant in reference to his loss, as fol-
lows : — " Suffice it to say that I have lost everything. Amongst my
luggage are things of value I shall never be able to replace : a large
box of most valuable books, rare copies, also some very valuable
medical books, and a very large collection of beautiful photographs
of the scenery of New Zealand, the Sandwich Islands, and Madeira.
These things represent only a very small proportion of my loss.
Among the things I much regret is a really fine collection of
Madeira birds I had made. I had about 130 splendid skins for
you, besides a fine collection of plants, etc. All my work for the
last six months has gone for nothing. Besides all this, I had
worked up a great many of my notes on the birds of New
Zealand, and had prepared a number of them ready for printing.
I had also numerous notes on the birds of Madeira. It is
somewhat disheartening. All Ijas gone ! but I am thankful my
life has been saved."

Several members expressed their regret at the loss of the
valuable papers which Mr Grant intended to have sent to the
Society, and the Secretary was instructed to convey an expression
of sincere sympathy with him in the misfortune which had caused
the destruction of so much valuable property, and by which he
was deprived of the results of many years' labour.

It was resolved to enter in the minutes a notice of the death of

Mr Charles Malloch, one of the life members of the Society, who,

although only lately joining, had previously taken an interest
VOL. III. W

318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

in the proceedings of the Society, by sending specimens for
exhibition. During a recent tour in the United States, he had
visited the mammoth caves of Kentucky, and had there obtained
specimens of their blind fauna. These were shown by Mr Archibald
Robertson, who read a paper descriptive of the caves and their
various inhabitants. Mr Malloch was well known in Glasgow,
having been prominently connected with several of the benevolent
and charitable institutions of the city.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr James Coutts exhibited a number of fine specimens of
copalite, a fossil resin from Zanzibar, in which were enclosed
insects of various forms, along with bits of wood, leaves of plants,
etc. Mr Coutts gave some information regarding the uses to
which copalite is applied; and Mr D. C. Glen, F.G.S., also
showed a number of examples from the same locality, taken from
the collection of Mr James Albert Smith, C.E., one of which
enclosed a small and perfect specimen of a scorpion. Mr John
Young, F.G.S., made some remarks upon copalite, stating that
it was first discovered in the London Clay divisions of the tertiary
formation, at Highgate Hill, near London, and named from the
locality, Highgate resin. It was afterwards found more abundantly
in India. Zanzibar is a third locality for the mineral, where it is
found by probing the ground with an iron rod. Mr Young
stated that copalite was very closely allied to amber or succinite
in its chemical composition and colour, both being resins which
had been exuded from various kinds of trees in a semi-fluid
condition, and it was while in this viscous state, that insects and
impurities got entangled in it. It would be interesting to the
members to know that amongst the oxygenated hydro-carbon
minerals found in the earth's crust, Bathvillite, named from the
Torbanehill cannel, near Bathgate, and even the coal of that
locality, approached more closely to copalite and amber in their
chemical composition than any other known mineral substance,
although the colour and general appearance of the two were
very dissimilar.

Dr Francis P. Flemyng, F.R.G.S., exhibited a very fine
specimen of the Gar-fish or Sea-pike, Usox helone, which was taken
off Dunoon, in the Firth of Clyde, on the 25th of last May. The
head and bones were in good preservation. When alive it

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 319

measured 28 inches in length and 5 inches in girth. On the back
and sides it resembled a very brilliant coloured mackerel, the belly-
being of a silvery white. The nose ran out to a fine point, measuring
6 J inches from the eyes to its needle-like extremity. He likewise
showed a very perfect but small specimen of the Spider crab, Naia
sqidnado, tonnd by one of his sons amongst the rocksbetween Dunoon
andlnnellan, and the shell of a larger variety, which he had obtained
from a fisherman, who had captured it in Lochlong. These were
of local interest, especially the Gar-fish, which was one of the
largest ever taken in the Clyde. Dr Flemyng also exhibited
specimens of the Box-crab, Griphia ; the Sponge-crab, Dromia;
and the Hermit-crab, Pagurus, from Mauritius; and a very fine
skull and tusks of the Babyrussa, Sus bahyrussa, from Java; a
skull and teeth of a hyaena, the tusks of a wild boar, the tooth
and part of the skin of a hippopotamus, the head and horns of a
small antelope, and a very fine stufi'ed specimen of the deadly
puflf-adder. These, together with a pipe made of assagai wood,
and inlaid with lead, and a Kaffir snuff-box of native manufacture,
were also from south-eastern Africa. In describing the various
objects, Dr Flemyng gave interesting accounts of the incidents
connected with the capture of each.

Mr Eobert Hill, corresponding member, exhibited a series of
finely preserved skins of birds, from Berbice, British Guiana.
The collection embraced examples of the Horned owl. Crested
eagle. Jay, Climbing bird. Humming bird, etc. With these Mr
Hill showed a number of various objects of interest from the same
country, Mr John Kirsop and Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., making
some explanatory remarks on them.

Mr John Kirsop exhibited a fine specimen of a recent brain-coral,
Meandrina labyrinthka, from Belize, British Honduras, which
measured 18 inches in diameter by 9 inches in height. Mr John
Young, F.G.S., spoke of the growth of such corals in the tropical
seas in which they are found. Some species of corals grow more
rapidly than others. According to Professor Dana, a specimen of
Meandrina labyr'mthica attained a size of 12 inches in diameter by
4 inches in height in the course of 20 years, while another species
only attained a radius of 6 inches in 12 years. The estimated
growth upwards of a living coral-reef is apparently very slow,
being only one-sixteenth of an inch in the year, or 5 feet in 1000
years.

320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr D. C. Glen, F.G.S., exhibited a number of varieties of coloured
sand, which were obtained by Mr James Albert Smith, C.E.,
during the progress of some engineering operations near Ruther-
glen, in the old raised sea-beach beds that fringe the shores of
the Firth of Clyde at the height of 40 feet above the present sea-
level. The sands, which were of varying colours, from yellowish-
white to orange-brown and black, the latter yielding magnetic
iron ore in small grains, had evidently been deposited while the
sea stood at this former level, as is testified by the occurrence of
marine shells in the deposit, such as the common whelk, Littorina
littorea and Turntella communis. The beds have also yielded the
hinder portions of the skull of a horse, and fragments of ancient
pottery.

Mr Peter Cameron exhibited some new or little-known British
Hymenoptera, which he described in detail. The collection
contained specimens of Nemahis diihius, Cam., a new species of the
gall-making group, having close affinity with N. j^edtmculi, but
readily distinguishable from it ; N. strongylog aster, Cam., a very
distinct form, not readily referable to any of the groups into
which the genus has been split up; N. crassiventris, Cam.; JV.
turgidus, Zad. ; N. arcticus, Thom.;; iV". flacidus, Cam. ; Tenthredo
lachlaniana, etc.

PAPER READ.

On the British Phytophagus Hymenoptera. By Mr

Peter Cameron.

In this paper were enumerated all the British species of the
Linnean genera of Tenthredo, Sirex, and Cynics. About 460
species were included in the list, this being more than the number
recorded in previous catalogues, in which more than half the
species are wrongly identified. As the number stands at present,
it compares favourably with that recorded for Continental
countries.

February 26th, 1878.

Professor John Young, M.D., F.G.S., F.RS.E., President, in
the chair.

Messrs. Archibald Campbell and James Archibald Ferguson

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 321

were elected ordinary members, and Mr John Eaton Keid a life
member, of the Society.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr John M. Campbell exhibited specimens of the Penguin,
Spheniscus demersiis, Linn., with its eggs, and the Crested Penguin,
Eudijptes catarades (Gmelin), from Patagonia. Mr Campbell gave
some interesting notes on the history and liabits of these aquatic
fowls, as he had observed them in South America, in many parts
of which they are found in immense numbers. During the breeding
season they frequent the land, where they may be seen in large
flocks, running with great rapidity in an erect position. They
burrow like rabbits, and swim very quickly, their webbed feet,
assisted by their fin-like short wings, enabling them to go through
the water with great speed.

Mr Peter Cameron exhibited Slrex melanocerus, Thoms., a species
not hitherto found in Britain. It was taken at Crewe, where it
had probably been introduced in railway sleepers or pit timber.
Also, Taxonus fletcheri, Cam., a new species discovered last year by
Mr J. E. Fletcher of Worcester, near that place. It comes near
to Taxonus glahratis, but is much smaller, and is readily recognised
by having the collar white.

The Secretary exhibited a small collection of plants received
from Canada, which contained a number of species widely
prevalent there, but comparatively rare here. Amongst these were
specimens of Linnaea borealis, from Quebec and Lake Superior, in
which districts it seems to be generally diffused, while in this
country it is chiefly found in the northern counties. This plant
must always be regarded with interest, having been selected by
the great naturalist to bear his name, and corresponding as it does
in its humble and unpretentious growth with the character of the
" Immortal Swede." Aconitum NapeUus, although found generally
in gardens here, is not considered naturalized. It is quite common
in Canada everywhere, the woods and fields being brilliant with
its handsome blue flowers. Although yielding a valuable medicine,
the roots are a deadly poison, and are sometimes mistaken for
those of a culinary plant, which they closely resemble, the
partaking of them being often followed by fatal eff'ects. Folystichum
Lonchitis, a strictly northern fern, seems to be common also.
Potentilla iridentataf of the British flora, stated to have been found

322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

by Don, in Clova, though this has not been confirmed. Oxalis
corniculata finds a place in the Clydesdale flora, the authority
being Hopkirk, who gives Barncluith as its station, but it has not
been found by any one else. There were other species in the
collection which, although not so noteworthy as the foregoing,
are by no means common here, such as MeUlotiis officinalis,
Sagittaria sagiUifoUa, Lonicera ccqjrifolium, Cynoglossum officinale,
Lycopodium annotinum, etc. There were also a number of speci-
mens belonging to orders which are unknown here, and others
of genera corresponding to ours, but of species of which we
have no representative, and which have no recognised place
in our lists. Among these were fine specimens of AcVmntum
peclatum, belonging to a genus only found in warm or sub-tropical
countries. Adiantum Cainllus- Veneris is the only one out of 62
species that is found in Britain, and that only in the southern
counties. Canada, which is in a lower latitude than the British
islands, has a more rigid winter, but in summer the heat is almost
tropical, and Adiantum pedatum is as common in the woods and
fields as the grasses are with us.

PAPERS READ.

I. — Ou CUtonellus, recent and fossil. By Mr John Young, F.G.S.

Mr Youna; stated that in the valuable collection of natural
history objects recently presented by Dr Allen Thomson to the
Hunterian Museum, he was much gratified to find a fine specimen
of a recent Chitonellus j^reserved in spirit^, which showed in a
very satisfactory manner the arrangement of the eight plates which
are inserted in the mantle of the animal. Chitonellus forms a sub-
genus of the Chitonidae, a family of molluscs, in which the shell
is composed of eight imbricating plates, inserted in an overlapping
series in the coriaceous mantle by means of projecting processes
on the plates termed apophyses. The plates in the various species
of Chitons diff'er considerably in form, as well as in their external
sculpturing, and these differences constitute the distinctions
between the several sub-genera and species. Of the true Chitons
more than two hundred and fifty living species are known, and
they are found in all seas throughout the world, ranging from the
rocks at low water to depths of from 10 to 25 fathoms; but,
according to Professor E. Forbes, some of the British species are
found at a depth of 100 fathoms. The fiimily of the Chitonidae

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 323

is found in a fossil state so far back as the Silurian period, thirty-
seven species being known. Until the discovery of the specimens
now exhibited, which he (Mr Young) had found in the lower
limestone shales at Craigenglen, Campsie, no fossil specimens of
the sub-genus Chitonelliis had been recorded for Scotland. The
recent living representatives of this sub-genus, of which ten
species are known, are said to be found in the fissures of coral
rock, and their present distribution is in the seas of the West
Indies, Western Africa, the Philippines, Australia, the Pacific,
and Panama. It is interesting, therefore, to find that they
have lived so far back in time as in the Carboniferous seas of
Scotland, and so far away from their present habitats ; although
it does appear to be somewhat strange that remains of true
Ch'itoneUi have not yet been detected in any strata of the several
formations that intervene between the Carboniferous and the
recent period. This organism seems never to have been abun-
dant, and the conditions under which it lived, in most cases in the
midst of coral reefs, may have been unfavourable to its after
preservation. The beds in Craigenglen in which these fossils are
found are shales alternating with a bed of Lithodendron jimceum
and L. faskulatum, corals which were the representatives of reef-
building forms during the Carboniferous limestone period, and in
the fissures of which the Chitonellus may have found a suitable
habitat in this early stage of its existence. Chitonellus difi'ers from
the true Chitons in the much smaller size of the plates, and in the
small portion of the plate exposed. This is well seen in Dr Thom-
son's specimen, which is about 3 inches in length and J of an inch
in diameter. The animal is slug-like, and has the small plates
inserted in the mantle at increasingly wider intervals as they
extend from the anterior to the posterior end, where they are
widest apart. The exposed portion of the plate is seen to be
rather less than \ of an inch in length, the inserted portion being
narrow, and having the apophyses close together. In these
characters the recent and fossil species agree very closely. For
the sake of comparison, Mr Young had mounted the plates of
another species, Chitonellus striatus. These were obtained from a
dried and much-shrivelled specimen in the Hunterian Museum,
and they likewise show how closely the recent and fossil species
are related to one another. Two species of Chitonellus have been
obtained from the shales of Craigenglen, which still continues,

324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

notwithstanding the close examination of other limestone shales,
to be the only locality which has yielded these interesting
remains. Mr J. W. Kirkby has identified and described the
species, naming them ChifoneUus Youngianus and C. suhquadratus
respectively (Geol. Mag., 1867). Of the latter, only one plate has
been found, but it is perfect and in fine preservation. The
exposed portion of the plate has been small, showing a heart-
shaped ornament, which terminates in two prong-like ridges. Of
C. Youngianus, four plates have been obtained ; two are perfect
and in fine preservation, the other two have parts of the inserted
ends broken away. The exposed portion of the plates in this
species is of an oval form, slightly raised, and surrounded by a
narrow tuberculated border and radiating striae. Mr Kirkby, in
the description referred to, says : — " There are other palaeozoic
Chitons which have been referred to the genus ChitoneUus, such as
C. Barrandeanus (De Kyckholt), of the Carboniferous rocks of
Belgium ; C. antiquus (Howse), and C. Hancockianus (Kirkby), of
the Permian strata of Durham ; but I do not know of any that
appear to so nearly approach tlie recent Chitonelli as the species
under notice." In the second edition of Dr S. P. Woodward's
" Manual of Recent and Fossil Shells," only the species found in
the Carboniferous rocks of Scotland are admitted as being true
Chitonelli by the editor. Plates of other species referred to the
true Chitonidae have been found in the limestone shales of one or
two localities in the West of Scotland, but are, however, very rare
organisms. The species which have been noted are Chiton gemmatus
(De Koninck), Gallowhill, Strathaven ; C. humilis (Kirkby),
Robroyston, Lanarkshire; C. Burrowianus (Kirkby), Orchard,
Renfrewshire ; and a few undetermined plates, probably of otlier
species.

II. — Notes on the state of Vegetation in the PnUic Parks, and
Observations regarding the TFeather, etc., during last year (1S77).
By Mr Duncan M'Lellan, Superintendent of Parks.

The writer stated that, on reviewing the changeable character
of the previous year, it would be at once perceived that it was a
remarkable one in many respects. During the months of January
and February there were only 9 dry days, as compared with 25
in the corresponding months of 187G. Tliis was a very
unsatisfactory beginning, and presented anything but a bright

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 325

aspect. The weather, however, underwent a favourable change
during March, April, and May, so that vegetation looked brighter;
but it required a strong reaction to make up the leeway of the
previous month. June was dry and warm, hence plants and
flowers made rapid growth ; but all expectations were blighted in
July and August, which were tw^o of the wettest summer months
that have been experienced for many years. During these months
there were only 13 dry days, as compared with 38 in the same
months of 1876. The blooms which had been formed during a
favourable fortnight in June never had an opportunity of
expanding, and owing to the absence of sunshine and the
prevalence of damp weather, the majority of them wasted away.
Violas were the only flowers which seemed to thrive with the wet,
geraniums, calceolarias, etc., making no show whatever. In
September there was a continuance of good harvest weather, but
it came too late in the season. Not only in the flower garden,
but in the fields, this was severely felt, the farmers having a late
and a poor harvest, and in many cases the crops were not worth
the trouble of gathering. The closing months were like too many
of their predecessors, and tlie year ended as it had begun, there
being only 10 dry days during November and December, against
30 in the corresponding period of 1876. The total rainfall for
1877 amounted to 48-03, against 37-31 in the previous year,
showing the marked increase of nearly a foot of water. The
mean temperature was much the same as in 1876, viz., 40-50, as
against 40. The lowest point to which the thermometer fell was
13 degrees, on the 27th February; the highest point it reached
was on the 14th and 16th of June, when it stood at 79 degrees in
the shade. The number of dry days last year was 131, the
number in the previous year was 195, showing a diff'erence of 64
days. Snow fell on three days during January, on the 12th, 28th,
and 29th, to the extent of fully four inches. During February it
snowed only on one day, but the quantity that fell was equal to
the whole fall in January. In March snow fell on three days, to
the extent of fully five inches, but there was none in April, or in
any of the succeeding months, until the 25th November, when
there was a slight shower, and on 26th December there was a
fall of fully two and a half inches. Upon the whole, the weather
up to the close of the year was remarkably open and mild, the
Christmas rose of last winter being a Christmas rose indeed.

326

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The following plants were in flower in the parks during
December : — Bellis 'perennis, with all its cultivated varieties ;
Helehorus niger, H. purpuresce7is, Foa annua, Chemmthus Cheiri,
Primula vulgaris, both single and double, in all its various colours,
and Samhucus racemosa. The mildness of the close of the year is
indicated by the fact that the common marygold, Calendula
officinalis continued in flower to the latter end of December, when
it was killed by frost between Christmas and New Year's day.
Geraniums and fuschias remained in good foliage in the open air,
in all the parks except the Green, until about 20th December.
From the absence of sunshine during the spring months, flowering
trees and shrubs were fully three weeks later than usual, and
during summer the show of flowers was exceedingly meagre.
The grasses, however, never lost their luxuriant verdure, and the
foliage on the trees during summer was well maintained, and
remained in good condition longer than usual ; but the flower-
buds never became properly matured, and the present scarcity
of them on the rhododendron may be attributed to the dampness
of autumn and the want of sunshine. It is to be hoped, however,
that the case of the rhododendrons may be an exception ; and as
last year was "long foul," we may expect, according to the
Scotch proverb, that this year it may be " long fair."

Co'py of Meteorological Record kept at Queen^s Park, Glasgow, for

the last three years.

MONTH.

January, ....
February, ...

March,

April,

May,

June,

July,

August,

September, .
October, ....
November,..
December, .

1877.

1876.

187

5.

THKRMO-

Thermo-

Thermo-

Rain-

METBR.

Dry

Rain-

meter.

Dry

Rain-

meter.

fall.
9-39

Days

fall.
3-35

Days

fall.

Max.
41

Min.

Max.

Min.

Max.

4.4

Min.
35

31

4

42

31

15

5-60

4-45

48

33

5

3-11

32

29

10

1-42

41

32

2-33

45

30

12

5-00

35

29

13

1-75

46

35

2-26

47

34

18

1-66

52

36

17

1-28

55

36

1-57

54

37

22

•44

61

38

27

1-57

61

44

2-86

68

47

14

2-35

66

45

17

2-54

62

45

3-07

64

49

4

2-58

75

49

17

1-40

70

48

6-20

63

48

9

2-68

69

48

21

2-62

67

51

1-50

60

41

22

2-97

61

43

14

4-08

62

47

4-71

54

39

11

5-52

55

44

16

6-19

51

41

5-22

52

40

2

2-84

43

33

22

3-83

44

33

4-47

44

33

38

8
131

4-81

42

34
38

6

3-37

42
53

29
39

48-03

53

37-31

52

195

35-65

Dry
Days

9
18
23
22
16
13
23
12
16
12
16
18

198.

It will be observed from the above Record that the Rainfall for 1877 has
been about \ in excess of the two previous years, the dry days being ^ less,
while the mean temperature is nearly equal.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 327

March 26th, 1878.
Professor John Young, M.D., F.G.S., President, in the chair.
Messrs. William D. Gordon and James Burns were elected
ordinary members.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr James Coutts exhibited a number of specimens of sclerobasic
corals of different species, land and marine shells, pods and seeds
of leguminous plants, sponges, and other objects of interest from
Victoria, Western Africa, which had been forwarded by Mr
George Thomson, corresponding member. The Chairman, in
making some remarks on the collection, pointed out the
distinction between the sclerobasic corals and the sclerodermic or
calcareous-reef-building group.

Mr James Lumsden, F.Z.S., exhibited two living specimens of
Proteus anguinus, from the stalactite caverns at Adelsberg, near
Trieste. These had been kindly forwarded by Mr G. A. Burns,
who had also sent some interesting notes by the Rev. Canon
Miles, containing observations on the habits of a specimen in his
possession. He found that it remained quiet or asleep during the
day, and only moved about during the night. Although supposed
to be blind, the eyes being but imperfectly developed, it was
very sensitive to light, and he thought that the great difficulty
found in keeping them alive in confinement was owing to proper
care not being taken to keep them in the dark and to prevent
them from being disturbed during the day, which is their natural
period of rest, together with the further difficulty of finding them
proper food. The Chairman pointed out, from diagrams and
preserved specimens of the salamander and newt, the place which
this genus holds in the class Amphibia. He also explained its
affinity to the Labyrinthodon of Triassic times, and to the
Batrachia, and illustrated the transition of the tadpole of the frog
into the perfect form by a series of models, which showed the
tufted gills with great distinctness.

Professor Young exhibited an Otter, Lidra vulgaris, Erx., found
in the Botanic Gardens on the 11th of this month. This animal,
which proved to be a female, had been seen frequently in the
river opposite the Gardens for about a week, and was observed in
the water about two hours before it was found on the land dead.

328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

It was in very poor condition, and had a rabbit trap on its right
fore leg, which must have prevented it from procuring its proper
food. A discussion took place as to the probable quarter from
which this specimen had come, in which several members took
part. Mr Lumsden read a letter he had received from Mr George
E. Paterson, New Kilpatrick, stating that he had been making
inquiry as to the occurrence of otters in the Kelvin, and ex^^ress-
ing indebtedness to Mr Hendry, head keeper at Garscube, for
much interesting information on the subject. Mr Hendry
informed him that they were sometimes seen in the river at
Killermont and Garscube, feeding no doubt on the trout, pike,
and perch, which were still to be found there.

Mr Harvie-Brown stated that otters were very common in the
Carron, and they had been found to come from a considerable
distance overland, their footmarks having been traced in the snow
for nearly five miles.

Other members thought that this animal might have come from
the Endrick, where otters are often met with, and that some
evidence as to the locality from which it had migrated might
yet be forthcoming.

Dr Young stated that the specimen was a very fine one, the fur
being in excellent condition, and that its body had been of
considerable use to one of his colleagues, in clearing up some
obscure points in the anatomy of the species.

Mr John M. Campbell mentioned, as showing that fish still
frequented the Kelvin even in its lower reaches, that in the
Aquarium at Kelvingrove they had three specimens of perch
which were taken out of the river opposite the Museum.

Mr John Young, F.G.S., exhibited a number of specimens
of Carboniferous shale enclosing various organisms from the
calciferous or cement-stone series lying at the base of the
Carboniferous system in Ayrshire, and which had been sent him
by Mr E. Denholm Young, M.A,, Green Lodge, Ayr, for examina-
tion. The strata from which they were obtained are found
cropping out on the sliore, between the heads of Ayr and the
" Deil's Dyke," an intrusive mass of dolerite which cuts through
the strata. Mr Young stated that the lower calciferous strata
of the West of Scotland are usually singularly barren of fossils.
They underlie the bedded traps of lower Carboniferous age
forming the range of hills which extend from near the town of

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 329

Stirling to Ardrossan. Good sections of these rocks are to be
seen in the several glens that traverse these hills in the Campsie,
Strathblane, and Fintry districts, as well as in the valley of the
Leven, and amongst the hills above Greenock, in the district
around Loch Thorn; but the only organisms yet found in any of
these localities are a few plant remains, and fragmentary scales
of fishes, both of which, however, are very rare. The tract of
country from which the specimens under notice were obtained
lies beyond the range of bedded traps referred to, and it is very
probable that this fossiliferous group of the calciferous series is of
newer age than that which underlies the trap of the hills. The
shales are of a dark-grey colour, and are more or less arenaceous
in their composition. They resemble very closely in this respect
those found in the calciferous series of Fifeshire, which also
contains similar groups of fossils. The following are the
organisms which Mr Young had been able to identify — sphenoid
bone of fish resembling that of Ctenodus, scales of a fish like those
of Rhizodus, or Strepsodus, small tooth of fish, bivalve shells like
those of Anthracomya or Modiola, impressions of the limb of a
crustacean, entomostraca of various species with the valves often
crushed. Amongst these he had found Beyrichia suharcuata,
Leperditia Scotohurdigalensis, and a large species of Cythere.
Spirorbis carbonarius is seen attached to the shells, and a layer of
the shale is almost composed of the crushed shells of Spirorbis
helideres. In washing a portion of the shale containing this
annelide he had noticed the interesting fact that in many of the
specimens where the tube was filled with calcite, these tubes
when broken across showed that they were often traversed by
thin septa of a concave form like those seen in cephalopod shells,
but not perforated with a siphuncle, as in these shells. These
septa appear to occur in the tubes at irregular distances, one
specimen showing two septa at about a line apart. This septate
character had not, so far as he was aware, been noticed in
connection with this annelide before, and he could find no
specimens or descriptions of tubicolar annelides, recent or fossil,
in which similar septa were found, although it was probable such
did occur.* Spirorbis helideres is found abundantly in one of the
musselband ironstones in the upper coal measures of Lanarkshire,

* Since this date Mr Young has discovered concave septa in two specimens
of recent Serpula in the Hunterian Museum.

330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

but in these he had not been yet able to trace the septa. Probably
this is owing to the different state of fossilisation of the organisms
in the two deposits, those found in Ayrshire being preserved in a
soft shale, in which the tubes are often found fractured in the
line of the septa, as was seen in the specimens mounted for
examination. Mr Young concluded his remarks by observing
that the fossils were all apparently of a freshwater or estuarine
character, and in this feature they agreed with what was already
known of the cement-stone series of the West of Scotland. It
was probable, however, that alternations of marine and freshwater
strata might yet be found in this group on the Ayrshire coast,
as is the case in the calciferous series of the East of Scotland.
He also hoped that his friend Mr Den holm Young would be
able more fully to explore this interesting group of strata, so
that a fuller list of the fossils might be obtained.

Mr David Eobertson, jun., exhibited a fine specimen of the
Whitetailed Eagle, Haliaetus alUcilla, got in Skye in the beginning
of January this year. He stated that he was indebted to Mr
M'Culloch, Sauchiehall Street, for sending the specimen for
exhibition. It was a young bird, probably in the second year.
This species is not so rare as the golden eagle, its eyries being
found in the Hebrides and other parts of the western coast of
Scotland pretty frequently, but like all the large birds of prey it
is getting scarcer every year. It is the largest of the British
rapacious birds, measuring about three inches longer than the
Golden Eagle.

Mr Eobertson also exhibited albino varieties of several species
of birds, including the Blackbird, Turdus merida, the Eook, Corviis
frugilegus, the Bullfinch, PyrrJmla etirojmea, and a pair of white
Sand-martins, Hinindo riparia, got at Hungryside on the Forth
and Clyde Canal in August, 1876, by Mr Martin, residing there.
White varieties of this species are rather uncommon. Mac-
gillivray says he had heard of them, but had never seen them,
and Mr Stevenson mentions a light cream-coloured variety got
at Eaton in July, 1861, and another at Weasenham in the
following September. A discussion regarding albinism followed,
in which the Chairman, Mr Harvie-Brown, and others, took
part. Mr James Lumsden remarked that there seemed to be
two kinds of albinism common to birds and animals, in illustra-
tion of which he exhibited two specimens of the common Hare,

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 331

Lepus europaeus. Both were partial albinos, the one having
patches of white, the rest of the fur being of the normal colour.
In the other the whole of the fur was of a uniform shade, giving
the animal a bleached appearance. The Rook shown by Mr
Eobertson was peculiarly interesting from the fact that there was
combined on it the two forms, some of the feathers being patched
with white, while the others were of an abnormally light shade.
Mr Lumsden expressed himself indebted to Mr Martin, Exchange
Square, and Mr J. D. Dougall, Gordon Street, for forwarding
these specimens for exhibition.

Mr John A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., read to the meeting a
circular regarding the " New Falconry Club," which he had been
asked by Mr J. E. Harting to bring before the notice of Scottish
Naturalists.

April 30th, 1878.

Mr John Young, F.G.S,, Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr Ernest Gibson, Buenos Ayres, was elected a corresponding
member, and Messrs. George A. Burns and Alan Cornwall Black-
stone, M.A., ordinary members, of the Society.

The Chairman said that since last meeting had occurred the
death of Mr Thomas S. Hutcheson, for many years an active and
useful member of the Society ; and he proposed that a notice of
the event should be entered in the record, and a copy of that
portion of the minute sent to the brother of the deceased. This
proposal having met with the unanimous agreement of the
meeting, the Secretary was instructed accordingly.

Mr Hutcheson became a member in 1858, and during his con-
nection with the Society did much to promote its interests and
further its usefulness. When in 1860 a library was established,
it owed its origin mainly to the exertions of Mr Hutcheson,
under whose charge it was at first placed, and he did much to
develop it, devoting much time and attention to its management.
Of late years he acted as Treasurer to the Society, and besides
attending to the duties of that office, he was always ready
to give assistance in any other department where his aid might
be required. He took a lively and intelligent interest in all that
related to his native town, Paisley, being well versed in its history

332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

and literature. He specially directed his attention to everything
pertaining to the life and writings of his celebrated townsman,
Alexander Wilson, the poet and ornithologist; and he took an
active part in promoting the monument to the memory of that
distingiuished naturalist which was recently inaugurated in Paisley,
besides editing an edition of his poems and letters. From failing
health, Mr Hutcheson was incapacitated from attending the
meetings of the Society for the last two years, and his illness
terminated fatally, at Govan, on the 2d of this month.

PAPERS READ.

I. — Notes on the Food of the Long-tailed Duck, Harelda glacialis.
By Mr David Robertson, Jun.

The food of birds and fishes often affords much information

regarding their habits, and many interesting specimens of natural

history have been obtained from their stomachs. The well-known

Banff naturalist, Mr Thomas Edwards, and many others, have

procured the greater number of their rarest specimens from such

sources. Water birds have many opportunities on their feeding

grounds of picking up shells not procurable by any ordinary

means, — the Long-tailed Duck more especially, as it feeds almost

exclusively on shell-fish. We have an interesting example of the

fact that these ducks are good collectors, in the shells which are

now before us, which were taken from the crop of one shot in

Skye. It is well known that the Long-tailed Duck is purely a

sea-bird, gathering its food wholly beyond tide-mark, and never

seen on shore except at the breeding time. It finds most of

its food by diving to a depth of from 20 to 80 feet, and remains

under the water for a considerable time, picking up the small

shell fish attached to the algae and stones on the sea-bottom. I

have in my collection several small boxes containing shells taken

from the crops of various ducks, and all carefully labelled. When

my father was looking over the shells taken from the duck got in

Skye, he found two which seemed new to him. He submitted

them for examination to Dr Jeffreys, who identified them as

belonging to a Mediterranean species, CycJope neritea, not known

to Britain. What makes the fact more interesting is, that

owing to one being a young one, he was able to determine them

as both belonging to the same species, although formerly

considered as two distinct species. As the shells had not

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 333

undergone any trituration in the gizzard, it remains for us to
suppose either that the duck, after picking up the shells in the
Mediterranean, had flown direct to Skye, and was then immedi-
ately shot, or else that the shells must have been picked up by
the bird near the spot where it was killed. The Long-tailed
Duck has very rarely been met with in the Mediterranean, its
principal habitat being the northern shores; and taking all the
circumstances into account, I think we may allow this bird the
undoubted credit of being the means of bringing to light the
fact that this shell, hitherto known only as Mediterranean, be-
longs to the fauna of the British seas.

II. — Notes and Observations on Injured or Diseased Crinoids, also some
Short Notes on Fossils. Communicated by Mr John Young, F.G.S.

[ Second Paper. ]

In a short article (read 25th April, 1876, Vol. Ill, p. 91),
descriptions of a series of tumid or barrel-shaped crinoidea,
essentially bearing on the various aspects presented during repair
of injury and relative phenomena, were given. In prosecuting
this subject further, many confirmations of the previous observa-
tions were seen, and a few varieties were noted which, perhaps,
may be usefully recorded.

Of the specimens referred to, short descriptions follow :

1. A well-preserved specimen of half an inch long, — 3 lines
diameter at one end, and 4 lines at the other, — attracted notice,
as it seemed to have been disturbed in its natural growth. There
was, however, no thickening of the apparently involved ossicula,
no enlargement of surface ornamentation, no staining of stem, —
indications, which, when present, may be pronounced pathog-
nomonic of injured and healing stems. On this account it was
about to be thrown aside, when a small neat patch on the stem
was observed. This patch was of one piece — not traversed by the
separation lines of the individual ossicles, although bearing the
same granular character of surface markings.

On examination it appeared to be a specimen of a completely
healed-up scar of a broken off branch, — not by attempted re-
production, but by a simple filling up of the gap and its angles,
presenting a small elevation on the stem.

2. The above observations brought to memory a little detached

specimen, rounded on one side, and flat, bearing joint radiations,
VOL. III. X

334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

on the other, a specimen that had been often looked at, without
suggesting any satisfactory purpose in use. No doubt this is a
detached patch similar to that above noticed. Little acquainted
with the observations of others, or with the special literature
regarding crinoids, one may possibly be dealing thus, innocently,
with well known facts; but what is seen among thousands of
fragments only once in fifty years, gives a kind of guarantee for
claiming such facts to be new or rare.

3. A markedly tumid specimen, depressed and incurved on one
side, seemed a good example of an injured or diseased stem,
the depression being filled up Avith a sort of plug of mineral
matter. There is no decided thickening of the tumid ossicles,
nor any decided enlargement of surface ornamentation, but
staining of the stem around and under the depression is distinct.
The plug, doubtless, has nothing to do in the production of the
observed tumidity.

4. This specimen distinctly, though slightly, tumid, with little
depression on one side, is also a diseased production. The slight
swelling seems to have been less gradual than common. Two
ossicles curve rather abruptly outward, including three others
somewhat raised and slightly thickened, but little rounded or
bulged. The under part of one of the union scars of a now
detached branch indicates that it had been connected to the
living animal, and so far involved in the diseased and healing
process, — the process of union of the branch bearing the marks
of altered form, or of repair, if not of symmetrical restoration.
It is evident that destruction and healing of parts existed j^artially
under the branch when attached, which is exceptional. In this
instance, the surface markings are enlarged near the injury, and
the characteristic staining of the stem also exists, with notable
restoration of ossicles and lines of separation.

These instances, with those formerly given, present all the
features that the specimens collected and preserved afford of the
varieties of the "tumid," "swelled out," or "barrel-shaped"
crinoidea.

In the former paper the sockets, cup-shaped cavities, or
variously formed fixed foot, or supporting base of the crinoidea,
were incidentally alluded to. A few words now may be added.
During long years of observation by the writer, these sockets,
with various other adventitious structures, were always seen to

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGO^V. 335

be numerous on broken stems, but bore little evidence to explain
their nature to one ignorant of marine organisms other than
fossil ; and it may be said to be a comparatively recent revelation
that determined positively these sockets of crinoids.

A. Is a type specimen of a socket of a crinoid, one may suppose,
from its rarity. It is an inverted cone, in a mass of calcareous
matter, wider than deep, with ratch-like work inside of the rim,
smooth sides, expanding at the bottom somewhat. Suppose a
pivot adapted to work in this socket attached to the bottom by
a ligament, and the fixture and movements may be thoroughly
comprehended. The pivot supposed above needed little farther
illustration, but since the reading of the former paper, that, too,
has absolutely been found.

B. In this confused-looking specimen, covered almost with the
numerous basement portions of crinoids, there is one easily
observed to be dislocated, the socket and pivot being appositely
seen. Another shows the pivot, in situ, Avith ratch-work
corresponding to the socket. The demonstration, therefore, may
be pronounced satisfactory.

Adventitious structures on crinoidal fragments.

The stems of crinoids, in countless numbers, are often peopled
strangely, constituting, in a sense, a little world for study. A few
observations relating to these, restricted at present to Stenopora
Diastojjora, and Archaeopora, so plentifully found on the stems of
crinoidea in limestone strata of the Carboniferous epoch, may be
made, with the view of pointing out certain characteristic habits.

1. Stenopora tumida. — Observing for long years this coralloid,
and carefully re-examining thirty specimens attached in clusters
to varieties of marine exuviae, but commonly to one side
of the larger and much worn or abraded stems of Poteriocrinus
crassus (specimen A), facts were noted which merit record.
Fifteen of that number present not only these clustered specimens,
but specimens with clusters which extend more or less to both
ends (specimen b). The clusters, in some instances, appear to
spring from several centres, which coalesce (specimen c). The
site of the clusters, their extent and behaviour, indicate that the
crinoids had evidently been dead, and partially buried, before the
little active colony took possession. Nine of thirty specimens
occupy only one side of the crinoid. Three specimens are

336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

clustered on Actinocrinus — which is rare — neither worn nor eroded,
and otherwise specially marked. One has first accommodated a
Crania^ subsequently the clustered coralloid under consideration ;
another was first the resting-place of a Crania^ then of the coralloid,
and afterward of the basement portion or foot of a young crinoid
(specimen d). What a throng of life ! More remarkable still,
the third is an example of a cluster of great rarity, and appears to
have been constructed on a living crinoid ! This specimen is
most instructive ; the stem had evidently continued to grow,
while the spot occupied by the coral patch seems to have been
arrested in growth (specimen e). This specimen, glanced at and
put aside for examination during the past sixty years, is the only
example noted as bearing evidence that the polypi engaged in the
process of construction adopted a living encrinite as the field on
which to labour. Two other specimens are notable, because
rare. On short stems of Poteriocrinus, the cluster on each covers
the entire joint-disc or end of ossiculi, passes over the edge on to
the stem, encircling what may be supposed to have been the only
exposed part, the other end having been fixed in the mud
(specimen f). Hence it is certain that Stenopora tumida did
encircle stems when placed favourably for the operation. How
this coralloid clung so closely to old worn stems of Poteriocrinus
crassus as a building station may be a question difficult to solve.

2. Archaeopoi^a nexilis. — Of this polyzoon thirty specimens were
likewise examined, all — with rare exceptions — attached to small
and short well-preserved or unworn crinoid stems. . Fifteen of
that number encircle, but do not in any instance pass on or over,
the ends of the stems (specimens A, B, c). Twelve are on
Poteriocrinus, two on PJioclocrinus, and one on Actinocrinus.
Fifteen others do not entirely complete the encircling process, nor
do they pass over or on the ends of the stems ; of which number
eleven are on Poteriocrinus, three on Actinocrinus, and one on
Bhodocrinus. The fabric of this species is thin, comparatively
equal or smooth, not exceeding in thickness a calling card on an
average, and in every instance that structure, when the crinoid on
which it is constructed has been broken, or at severed joints, is
found irregularly fractured. Encircling of the stems, and their
freshness, implies that the crinoids had been erect during the
operations of the special polypi ; and it may be farther implied
that the crinoids lived while the construction proceeded.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 337

3. Diastopora megastoma. — Thirty specimens were examined.
The fabricators of this structure follow those of ArchaeojJora in their
style and manner of work, although less deftly finished, and like-
wise in selecting small stems, not worn or tarnished, on which to
squat. They seem, too, to have constructed their characteristic
fabric when the crinoid was in the erect position, — including in
the web short broken branches, which are seen or indicated by
irregularity of surface, — and also of encircling the crinoids without
passing on or over the ends of the stems — hence, probably, when
alive. The substance or mass of the organism is from two to six
times thicker than the more delicate and ornate Archaeojpora. Of
the thirty specimens examined it has been found that twenty
encircle the stems, thus: eleven on Rhoclocrinus, seven on
Poteriocrimis, and two on AcUnocrinus. Nine, which do not
encircle completely, consist of seven of Poteriocrinus, and two
of a species of Bhodocrinus.

It would thus appear that Stenopora tumida had been constructed
in clusters, almost exclusively on large and dead stems, and their
form and limits suggest the idea that these stems must have been
partially sunk in the mud. It is equally apparent that Archaeopora
had been constructed on small, erect, perhaps living stems and
branches, conditions which equally apply to Diastopora.

Now the primary object of this examination was a search for
evidence of a repelling agency, or of a defensive or protective force
exercised by crinoids infested by irritating parasites. One would
naturally conclude in the case of the two last-mentioned species,
that if any resistance had been made in any form to the
progressive course of the aggressive action, it would have been
found in connection with these encircling polyzoa. Nothing of
the kind has been observed. But, where least expected, it has
been found that a fragment of Adinocrinus has attached to it a
fine specimen of Stenopora tumida, which, after construction, seems
to have repressed or hindered the growth of the crinoid, so far
as the cluster extended, while beyond the edges of that cluster the
stem is enlarged, giving the specimen the appearance of being
slightly sunk in the stem, or what amounts to the same thing, the
stem is raised or bulged above the level of the invading body, and
presents throughout a corresponding general enlarged and healthy
condition. Such an operation is undoubtedly the result of life-
action; but there is no evidence that this action was, in the

338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

smallest degree, either protective or defensive in design or
character.

That the fragments of crinoids were more suitable than other
marine exuviae for parasitic constructions is unlikely; but they
may, probably, have been more abundant in the oceans of the
Carboniferous eras. These structures are apt to puzzle young
palaeontologists, for long observation is often necessary to interpret
what is oftenest seen. Nothing is more common, for example,
than the basement portion of crinoids, but it may be long before
connection of parts establish their nature.

The same thing may take place with regard to the basement
or root portions of the polyzoa, often found on crinoids without
stem or frond. A few specimens of this order may be described
to exemplify the fact :

1. A fragment of encrinite, fully half an inch long and 2 lines
diameter, has evidently an adventitious structure on one side, of
calcareous matter, and irregularly rounded in form; thin, but
with strong strengthening bands, on which appear fine striations
and several raised small round apertures. The construction, in
this instance, may be mistaken for the work of Seijoula.

2. Another fragment, similar in most respects, but less perfectly
marked.

3. A fragment of encrinite, with the tumid or diseased aspect,
has on one end a very distinct structure, identical in character
with the two previous specimens; but, in addition, the frond of a
FenesteUa is in connection, bearing strong evidence of having been
based and supported on and by the structure. Thus a puzzle of
long duration was solved. This specimen has the characteristic
perforation on one side, with other characteristics common in
injured crinoids; but somewhat strangely, the hole in the side
is occupied with the root and part of the stem of another polyzoon.
This is a most interesting and instructive specimen.

4. Is a small bit of encrinite, with a comparatively large
tubercle of adventitious calcareous substance, which seems set in,
rather than on, the fragment, it being contorted somewhat, and
interrupted in development. This is seen distinctly in the lower
ossicle, as well as in the depression of the stem. This structure
must have been made during the life of the animal. The tubercle,
although without characteristic striations, seems, in structure, to
be the same as those described as roots of polyzoa. The genius

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 339

of life, put in play to form a basement for a polyzoon, had to
depart from the well-established mode, in order to produce a
projection beyond the surface line of a living encrinite. A little
light is shed on the phenomenon by observing that on the upper
side of the tubercle, and there only, a part of the stem exists, as
seen in the other examples.

Petalodus Rastingsiae, Owen.

In forming a polished cross-section of the tooth of Petalodus
Hastingsiae, characters were observed of much interest, tending to
give edge and strength, — much in the manner of the blacksmith
inserting a piece of steel between plies of iron in the axe to admit
of a fine edge, which the iron incasement tends to prevent from
petty fractures or destruction. This tooth, in section, is conical,
half as broad at the base of the crown as the entire length. The
whole crown is covered with enamel not thicker than the eda-e of
a sheet of note paper, and apparently this delicate covering meets
so as to form the cutting edge. But a mid-bar, apparently of
enamel, forms the true cutting edge, which passes centrically
between them for nearly half the length of the crown. About
one-third of the length of the tooth from the cutting edge is white
(bone-like, with the mid-bar distinct), the rest dark within the
enamel. The white part has, on each side of the mid-bar, delicate
lines passing between it and the outer enamel. The cutting edge
is produced, technically, by a short cannel or abrupt finish.

These remarks probably comprehend all the particulars of
structure as seen in section, and inferences. But a few words
more may be said in reference to M'Coy's description of this tooth
(Brit. Pal. Fossils, page 635). He states that " the cutting edge
alone being marked with a row of punctures (twelve in one line) ;
when worn, however, a fine line extends from each of these
punctures half way down the crown, producing a structure scarcely
visible to the naked eye." Now this description, true to the facts
observed by him, admits of explanation. Between the external
enamel and the mid-bar described above, which forms the cutting
edge, numerous partitions of bone, with equally numerous inter-
spaces, are easily discerned on each side of the cutting edge, and
these extend as far down the tooth as the mid-bar reaches. An
interpreter is needed at this point. This fish sharpened its own
teeth, and it was easier and more fit to grind a partitioned

340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

structure than more solid bone. The " twelve punctures in one
line " of M'Coy are not distinctive. Strictly, there are two lines
of puncture-like spaces, one on each side of the cutting edge,
amounting in specimens under examination to 12 per ^o inch,
or 144 in each, in a tooth measuring fully an inch broad at the
widest part of the crown, or laterally, and three-fourths of an
inch long.

III. — Kotes on the effects of Smohe on Vegetation, luith a list of Trees
and Shrubs specially adapted for planting in the neighbourhood of
large towns. By Mr Duncan M'Lellan, Superintendent of
Public Parks.

It is almost unnecessary to say that smoke is injurious to
vegetation. In the neighbourhood of large towns and of chemical
works, for instance, where great quantities of smoke are daily
emitted, vegetation as a rule does not nearly come up to the usual
standard of nature. Tlie moisture which is so prevalent in our
northern climate does not help to alleviate this evil, but only
renders it worse, soot beino- much more liable to adhere to a wet
surface than to a dry one. Evergreens are more susceptible to
injury from this cause than deciduous trees and shrubs, which is
to be accounted for by the fact that their pores are constantly
exposed over the whole year to the sulphureous gases and smoke.
Deciduous trees, on the other hand, have the advantage of
throwing off their faded summer foliage, and of enjoying a rest of
several months, so that during that period, the worst of the year
for vegetation, they escape most of the injurious effects of smoke,
little or no sap circulating through the bark. In spring, as we
see at present, nature renews their suits of foliage, to be cast
aside when they have served their purpose.

The varieties of deciduous trees and shrubs which are late of
bursting into leaf are those best suited for planting in towns.
The earlier sorts are liable to injury from the cutting east winds
which are prevalent in spring, and the foliage then being tender
cannot withstand the bad effects of smoke. The constitution of
the plants is thus impaired year by year, and they very soon
sicken off and die. Amongst evergreens the Coniferae or fir
tribe are the first to suffer from smoke, owing to the resinous
nature of their bark and spines, which retain almost every particle
of soot that falls upon them. Portugal laurels, Laurestinas, and

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 341

all tliin-leaved plants, very soon lose their foliage and die. The
evergreen shrubs which stand best in towns are such as have
thick smooth leaves, Hollies, Aucubas, and hybrid Ehododen-
drons, for example, which should be planted in a compost of, say,
two parts peat, one part horse or cow manure, and one part
turfy loam.

Sulphureous smoke and large quantities of soot are also very
injurious to grass and cereal and green crops. In the central part
of Glasgow, grass thrives very well during the summer and
autumn months, but in winter and spring, owing to the large
amount of soot and moisture then falling, it damps away and
disappears to a greater or less extent. In such a case it is better
to turn over the ground and re-sow it every year during the
months of April or May.

In mining districts, where the calcining of ironstone goes on, the
crops suffer very much from the sulphureous fumes which are
emitted in the process. In several instances heavy damages have
been paid to the farmers, and sometimes the ground itself has had
to be taken over by the owners of the pits. The bad effects of
the sulphureous smoke may to a certain extent be alleviated when
the calcining takes place only in the winter time, as then
vegetation being practically at rest, does not suffer to the same
extent. In Lancashire, around Euncorn and Widnes, where
there are very extensive chemical works, the effects of gaseous
fumes may be seen for miles around upon all sorts of vegetation.
In our own neighbourhood, near St. Rollox, though not to the
same extent, many skeletons of trees and shrubs are to be seen
standing naked and bare, though once clothed in all the beauty
and luxuriance of summer pride. A few years ago, when
Blochairn iron-works were in full blast, the calcining of the
debris heaps was going on night and day. The sulphureous
fumes from these heaps, along with dense quantities of smoke
from the chimneys, scorched all vegetation in the neighbourhood
within a radius of half a mile. Since these works stopped their
operations three years ago, the young trees and shrubs planted at
the Alexandra Park have made amazing progress, almost equal to
those at the Queen's Park, thereby affording a striking proof of
the effects of gaseous smoke.

The planting of trees and shrubs in the centre of, and around
large manufacturing towns, should be done in the most careful

342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

manner as regards soil and situation, and in selecting them it is
much better to have varieties which will grow, however common
they may be, than to plant such as will die off in the course of a
year or two. In the following list of trees and shrubs which have
been found to succeed pretty well in towns and smoky neighbour-
hoods, my aim has been to arrange the names in the order of the
suitableness of the plants for such purposes ; those of each group
which possess the greatest power of endurance being placed first,
with the others following in relative order.

Salix cap'ea, goat willow ; >S'. rubra, seaside or scarlet willow ;
S. Busseliana, Bedford willow; S. alba, white or Huntingdon
willow j S. Americana, weeping willow.

Populiis nigra, black poplar; P. canescens, gray poplar; P.
tremula, aspen ; P. alba, abele ; P. monilifera, black Italian poplar.

Crataegus oxyacantha, common hawthorn, with its varieties;
C. punicea flore-pleno, the double crimson ; C. multiplex, the double
white ; and C. aurea, the yellow fruited hawthorn ; C. Crus-galU,
cockspur thorn ; and others.

Laburnum alpinum, Scotch laburnum; L. vulgare, common
laburnum.

Eobinia Pseudacacia, locust tree or false acacia.

Ulmus montana, wych elm; U. camjpestris, English or common
elm.

Fraxlnus excelsior, common ash; F. leniiscifolia ; F. ornus,
flowering ash.

Betiila alba, common birch.

Prunus Padus, bird cherry.

Cerasus flore-jyleno, double flowered cherry.

Pyrus Sorbus, service tree ; P. Malus pnmifolia, Siberian crab ;
P. spectabilis, Chinese crab ; P. Auciiparia, mountain ash.

Amelanchier Botryapium, snowy mespilus.

Euonymous Europaeus, spindle tree ; E, angustifolius, E. latifolius.

Garagana arborescens, pea tree.

Alnus glutinosa, common alder; A. g. lutlnora asplenifolia, fern-
leaved alder ; A. americana, American alder.

Bhus typhina, stag's-horn sumach ; B. Cotinus, Venetian sumach
or wig tree.

Quercus Cerris, Turkey oak ; Q. coccinea, scarlet oak.

Salisburia adiantifolia. Ginkgo or maiden-hair tree.

Sambucus nigra, common alder; S. racemosa, scarlet alder.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 343

This tree will grow and flourish where most shrubs would
perish. It may be kept in good order by frequent pruning.

Syringa vulgaris, common lilac; S. j^ersica, Persian lilac.

Eibes sanguinetim, flowering currant ; E. aureiim.

SympJwricarpiis racemosus, snowberry.

Artemisia Ahrotanum, southernwood.

Coi'nus sanguinea, common dogwood.

Hippophiie rhamnoides, sea buckthorn.

Berberis vulgaris, common berberry.

Viburnum Opulus sterile, guelder rose; V. Lanfana, wayfaring-
tree.

PhiladelpJms coronarius, mock orange.

Weigela rosea.

Genista (Cytisus) alba, white or Portuguese broom ; G. tinctoria
fiore-pleno, dyer's broom.

Daphne Mezereum, mezereon.

Spiraea callosa ; S. Douglasii ; S. trilobata ; S. Lindleyana
and others.

Forsythia viridissina.

Leycesteria formosa.

Kerria japonica.

Yucca recurva.

Potentilla fruticosa.

Ligustrum vulgare, common privet.

Hypericum Androsaemum, St. John's Wort; H. calycinum,
Aaron's beard.

Jasminum officinale, white Jasmine ; /. nudiflorum.

Buddlea globosa.

Ampelopsis hederacea, Virginian creeper.

Aucuba japonica and its varieties. By far the best evergreen
shrub for planting in towns.

Rhododendron Cunninghami, Empress Eugenie; R. Catawbiense
and its varieties ; R. ferrugineum ; R. hirsutum-.

Ilex Aqidfolium Hodginsii, Hodgins' holly; /. Aquifolium
crassifolia, leather-leaved holly; /. Aquifolium balearica (Maderien-
sis); I. Aquifolium laurifolia.

Hedera Helix, common ivy; H. Algeriensis; H. Roegneriana-sjn
colchica ; H, canariensis. The tree ivies do well.

Cerasus Laurocerasus colchica, Colchican cherry-laurel.

Ligustrum vulgare sem,pervirens, evergreen privet.

344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Cotoneaster Simonsii ; C. microphylla.
Vinca major, periwinkle of sorts.

Berberis Jamiesoni ; B. Darwinii; B. dulcis ; B. empetrefolia ;
B. (Mahonia) aquifoUum.
Pernetkja mucronata.
Erica carnea; E. muUiflora.
GauUheria Shallon.

IV. — On the Nutria (Mijoptomus coyinis), a South American
species of Rodent. By Mr Ernest Gibson, Buenos Ayres,
Corresponding Member.

This Brobdignagian water rat — for such it much resembles — is
of so very shy and retiring a disposition, that any observations
offered on its habits can only be the result of lengthened study.
It is true that wherever there are swamps or water courses it
abounds; but, sheltered by high reeds and rushes, and gifted
with an acute sense of sight, hearing, and scent, in addition to its
natatory powers, an occasional glimpse of one is all that can be
had, and that only occasionally. Fortunately, in the locality from
which I write, the " caiiadas " (swamps) form in some places a
regular network of fen, the home of an innumerable number of
water-fowl, from Cycjnus nigricollis down to Regtdus omnicolor, and
from having passed many a pleasant hour in my canoe ensconced
amongst the reeds, I have naturally had frequent opportunities of
watching the Nutria also. But while referring to swamps and
water courses as its general habitat, the apparent anomaly of its
often being found among the sand-dunes of the coast — sometimes
half a league from fresh water — deserves also to be noted, as
exemplifying its powers of sustaining life under a total absence of
water, and confined entirely to pampas and esparto grass for
sustenance — certainly not a very succulent diet. That to a
considerable extent it can put up with brackish water is shown
by its being also found in a certain district where not only the
water courses are salt, being indeed creeks of the sea, but the soil
and herbage also. However, as the true fresh-water swamps are
its favourite and natural abode, I had best treat of it there, and
detail its history at length.

Born one of a family of four or five, on some deserted water-
fowl's nest among the reeds, in the spring months (September
and October), it passes the first few days of its existence pretty

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 345

tranquilly, only scuttling into the water when alarmed, where it
submerges itself completely, the tip of the black nose being alone
visible. Grown older, it accompanies the mother on all its
excursions, swimming alongside of her, and being suckled in the
water, for which the arrangement of the teats is admirably
adapted, namely, along the side, indeed, almost on the back.
Finally, when arrived at days of discretion, in about three
months, it enters the Nutria world on its own account, pulling
up the " bunco " stalks, chewing the blanched ends, and forming
them into small piles or nests ; stealing out of the swamps at
night along regularly beaten tracks, to feed on the grass or other
plants on the dry ground, and facing all the dangers of droughts,
dogs, and skin-hunting native boys.

As the droughts draw on, the Nutrias travel gradually away
from here, follo\ving the larger water courses to their mergence
into the more permanent swamps and lagunas ; but frequently a
large number will remain isolated in some particular swamp, their
runs through it in every direction being strictly defined, and
showing always a few more inches of water than in the surround-
ing fen. Then, and when they are driven to lurk among the
reeds and rushes (for most of these "canadas" never contain
more than five feet of water, and are dry, or nearly so, every
summer), they are easily found, and are killed in great numbers.
In the first case, the hunter looks for a slight bulging-up of the
" camalote," a thick floating duckweed or vegetable scum, clears it
gently away with the end of his stick, and gives the cause — Don
Nutria's head — a smart tap, which is always sufficient to kill him.
When there is no water at all, dogs are used to find and bring
them to bay, when club law is again the rule. On one occasion,
while beating up a favourite ornithological haunt, a swamp
some four or five acres in extent, I found two piles of their
carcases (skinned), amounting to at least three hundred in number.
The skins sell in the native stores for about 4s. per dozen, but at
the time when beaver skins were much in request for hats, they
were worth far more. Native peons could hardly be got during
the summer months, — they were all Nutria hunting. One
" pulpero " told me that he dated his rise in life from the summer
following the great flood of 1857, when he made about ^£300 clear
profit from his purchases of Nutria skins. They are quoted pretty
regularly in the produce market, generally following the sales of

346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ostrich feathers. Though rather tender till dried, they strip off
very quickly and easily ; their colour is a dark blue-black.

To the fragile formation of the cranium I have already
alluded — a mere tap being sufficient to fracture it. But the
muscles of the jaws resemble those of the Biscacho (Littra
trichodadylus) in respect of power, while the teeth are even
sharper. At bay, the Nutria adopts the same posture as the
Kangeroo, upright, and with the forepaws dangling on the breast,
while it faces round and snaps on all sides. If it gets a fair bite at
its antagonist, it generally manages to take the piece out, and many
a plucky young terrier comes to an untimely end by closing with
one as it would do with other "vermin." It possesses the senses
of scent and hearing to an acute degree, examining everything
by scent rather than sight, and attentive to the slightest strange
sound. The cry of the adult resembles a child's wailing, but
when young it possesses great variety and power of expression.

Its food, as I have already mentioned, consists of the blanched
ends of certain water-plants, and various field- grasses, which
latter it leaves the swamps at night to obtain. I have also seen
lucerne used as a bait to entice them to prove the retentive power
of fox-traps, and so keen was their appreciation of the one and
disregard of the other, that half-a-dozen would be found in the
morning, all trapped within a few feet of each other. I have
heard, on good authority, that Nutrias had multiplied so much
after the flood of 1845, as greatly to injure certain low-lying
lands, digging up even the very roots of the grasses. It remains
to be seen whether last year's flood — 1 877 — will increase them
greatly, but as yet the bulk of the fens are too full to enable
one to judge.

On certain arroyos that have a pretension to banks, and
occasionally among the sandhills of the coast, I have found them
in burrows, but these are never of any great depth, and are
apparently exceptional cases.

When taken young, the Nutria forms, without exception,
the tamest, most amusing, harmless, and cleanly pet I have ever
seen, and accordingly I cannot do better than conclude these
remarks with some notes upon the one or two I have had in my
own possession. The first one brought me was so young that I
had to feed it on milk alone, using for that purpose an oological
blow-pipe, and on the second day it was intelligent enough to grasp

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 347

the tube with one of its rat-like forepaws and satisfy itself. It was
then barely the size of a rat, but grew rapidly during the
ensuing four or five months, — the time I retained it. Biscuit,
soaked in milk, was its next food, after which it shortly took to
lucerne, "malva" (mallow), cabbage leaves, etc., etc. While
feeding it sat upright, supported by the long heavy tail, and held
the food in its forepaws. A stalk of lucerne was stripped of its
leaflets in an incredibly short time, and thrown aside ; but with
any large leaf, or with a piece of biscuit or knot of sugar (a
favourite delicacy) it had to raise the object above its nose — pre-
paratory to each bite — in order to ascertain where was the next
convenient corner for that purpose ; each time the delicate little
forehands would twirl the morsel round and round, until a
satisfactory angle was found, when " Cobbie " (as I called him)
would give a contented grunt and guide it to his mouth. After
feeding, it had a most comical habit of complacently stroking its
stomach and combing out its whiskers. Thinking I would give it
a bath, I dropped it into a tub of water, to its intense horror
and dismay at first, but after a few days there was no keeping
it from the water. After washing itself, it combed out all its
fur, and wound up by seizing its long tail and smoothing that
down also, Xever at rest, its mishaps were without number ; it
was always falling off" some elevation. If seated in my easy chair,
it was not satisfied till it had scrambled on to my shoulder, and
only waived its right to sit on the top of my head after various
vain attempts to maintain its equilibrium there. When writing,
it would cry and whimper till it was placed on the table, putting
its nose into the ink-bottle, and tasting everything, coughing, and
rubbing mouth and nose energetically when it had picked up the
end of a cigarette or inspected a hot lamp glass too closely. If
alarmed by the approach of a stranger, it vanished into some
hiding-place, only to return when I called it. At the sight of a
dog there was no attempt at flight, but the back was drawn up
like that of a cat, the fur erected, and the tail stretched rigidly
out, with the tip almost touching the ground, while it gave
utterance to a low moan, peculiar to such occasions. If its
antagonist then showed any hostile demonstrations, it at once sat
up and faced it. There was nothing it disliked so much as to
have liberties taken with its caudal appendage, and a sudden nip
there would make it jump its own height and assume a warlike

348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

attitude. But on no occasion, thougli often much provoked, did
it ever endeavour to bite me, nor show any active hostilities to
strangers. " Cobbie " was the name it answered to, giving a
little grunt of acknowledgment each time I called it, just as in a
similar case a dog wags its tail. If I walked up and down my
room, it followed my boots, getting always in their way when I
turned, and being awfully put out if I quietly stepped on to a
chair and it could not find them. When neglected, it passed
through three stages of resentment; first endeavouring to ascertain
my whereabouts by a loud guttural call, then whimpering
plaintively, and finally losing its temper and dashing frantically
about, giving vent to violent screams, with a droll nasal intonation,
like an enraged Yankee baby. After a heavy fall it would gather
itself slowly together, indulge in a moment's reflection, and then
utter a long and most portentous groan. But indeed I have never
yet met with any quadruped whose power of expressing its
emotions so closely resembled that of a human being, articulation
excepted.

In conclusion, I may mention that about the years 1845, 1846,
and 1847, the Nutria was the indirect cause of great loss to the
stock-breeders, in this district at least. Peons could not be got
to attend to the cattle as long as they could find Nutrias, and the
former consequently turned wild and unmanageable, which "meant
ruination," as the owner of 10,000 head emphatically said to me.
Then all these men kept packs of eight and ten dogs, which,
when the Nutria hunting was prohibited by Rosas (the governor),
or their owners taken for army service by that tyrant, were driven
away, strayed, and caused the wild-dog plague. Sheep and young
calves were killed by thousands, and only vigorous persecution
gradually reduced the evil. It is many years since this establish-
ment dropped paying head-money for the dogs, but the account
then registered over 2,200. We have a few still existing, but
they only kill a few sheep, comparatively speaking, perhaps fifty
per annum.

V. — On the Cajjercaillie in Scotland {Tetrao urogallus, L.), with
special reference to damage done to Pine forests. By Mr John
A. Harvie-Brown, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

The writer stated that the present paper was preliminary to
an extended one, for which he was collecting information, which

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 349

would extend to a considerable length, and would take some
time for its preparation. His object at present was more
to solicit than to impart information; and he invited the co-
operation of all who took an interest in the subject, and would
be obliged by their sending him the results of their observations
on any examples of this bird that might come under their notice
during the summer and autumn months.

He treated the subject under several heads.

(First). Whether the Capercaillie does damage to trees, by
picking out the leading buds, thus dwarfing the tree and render-
ing it unfit for timber 1 «
. (Second). Whether the importation of impure seed may not
cause an inferior growth of less healthy wood, not so able
to stand the rigour of late frosts as the native and undegenerate
Scotch fir which is still to be found in some parts of the
country ?

(Third). Whether the damage to pines may not be attributed
to the ravages of insects, especially beetles, which attack the
cores of the buds and young shoots, piping the latter, and
causing the former to drop off, with the result of stunting the
growth of the trees and making them bushy and twisted, while
some species bore into the wood and bark, many of them besides
feeding upon the leaves?

(Fourth). Whether it is not a fact that the Capercaillie feeds
largely upon insects, and that young birds especially destroy
large numbers of the larvae of Tenthredinidae and other insects
which live upon or are destructive to pines ?

Mr Harvie-Brown dwelt upon these points at some length,
and concluded with directions to gentlemen willing to co-operate
with him in endeavouring to solve these and other minor ques-
tions. He gave the names of several naturalists who are taking
an interest in the subject, and who would be willing to impart
further information to any inquiries.

VI. — On the occurrence of the Blackcap JVarhler (Sylvia atricapilla)
in Scotland during winter. By Mr Egbert Gray, F.RS.E.,
Honorary Member.

In 1862 Mr Osborne recorded in the Proceedings of the Eoyal

Physical Society of Edinburgh, that he had shot two specimens of

this warbler in Caithness ; one in the beginning of October, the
VOL. III. Y

350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

other at the close of the same month. The announcement gave
rise at the time to an expression of considerable doubt on the
part of one of the London critics who, indeed, did not hesitate to
say that Mr Osborne had made a mistake. Not long afterwards,
however, other specimens having been met with even later in the
season and in the same county, his suspicions were allayed by
the production of the birds themselves, and the fact was thereafter
made known through one of the London Magazines, that Black-
cap warblers could not only survive the rigours of our Scottish
climate in Caithness, but that they could keep themselves in good
condition by feeding entirely upon fruits. Here, tlien, were two
novelties proved ; first, that a bird previously regarded as a
strictly migratory species was found located during the winter
months in the extreme north of the Scottish mainland ; and
second, that it subsisted at that season upon fruits after its usual
insect food had failed. In this country we have been so long
accustomed to regard all our warblers as summer migrants, whose
movements were regulated by the scarcity or abundance of insect
life, that we must look upon this discovery of Mr Osborne as a
point of some interest. Since his observations were published
I have taken every favourable opportunity of watching the habits
of what may now with propriety be called our fruit-eating
warblers (for there are others beside the Blackcap), and I find
that towards the close of autumn, as insects become scarce, or
perhaps indeed through preference, these birds betake themselves
to the glens and gullies of many of our mountains and hills of
moderate elevation, where they flit silently from tree to tree, and
greedily devour quantities of the berries of the mountain ash,
and other fruits which are then hanging in luxuriant clusters in
sheltered places. Later in the season, as these haunts are more
exposed to the earlier winter blasts, the birds come nearer towns
and villages, and are then seen frequenting gardens and orchards
picking up what they can find, especially in those places where
the smaller fruits and berries have not been carefully gathered.

The specimen which I now exhibit was observed by one of
the boys at Merchiston School, near Edinburgh, on the 5th
January, and brought down by a stone from a catapult, in the
use of which these boys are certainly proficient, however much
they may be behind in other attainments.

I have no doubt that in many parts of Scotland the Blackcap

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 351

will be found to remain throughout the year, if carefully looked
for. I do not say that the warblers which are reared in any one
locality remain there permanently; but if they really leave in
September, as they are said to do, their places are taken by others
whose flight has extended perhaps beyond Scotland altogether,
and whose return journey has been cut short by the temptations
of what we now know to be their winter diet.

VII. — On SpiderSj with some additions to the Scottish lists.
By Mr Henry C. Young.

Having recently captured several species of spiders which are
not noted in any published Scottish list, I have brought them
forward this evening in order that they may be recorded, as I
find it will be some time yet before the list which I am
preparing of the spiders of Clydesdale for publication by this
Society is ready.

Argyroneta aqitatica, Clerck. This species, the well-known
" Water spider," has not, I believe, been previously recorded for
Scotland, although it was known to occur. Its peculiar habit of
constructing its habitation beneath the surface of the water makes
it conspicuous among all the members of the class, for although
there are several spiders which, when in pursuit of prey, have no
hesitation in descending beneath the surface, there are none
which habitually remain there. The specimen before us was
obtained from Possil Marsh, and I have not succeeded in finding
it in any other locality here. It occurs in England as far north
as Durham, and is found in nearly every country on the Continent
of Europe.

Linyphia frenata^ Reuss- Wider. I have several examples of this
species from the neighbourhood of Glasgow. By Blackwall it
was considered rare in England ; and Dr Thorell notes it as rare
in Russia and Sweden. Menge, however, says it is common in
the vicinity of Danzig.

Linyphia montana, Clerck. This spider is more common than
the preceding spider, and is generally distributed in Europe.
The specimens before us are from Dunoon and Rannoch.

Linyphia nebulosa, Sundevall. I have obtained a number of speci-
mens of this species from a building in Glasgow. It is very rare in
England ; and is not a common species on the Continent ; having
been met with sparingly in Germany. I have examined 30 or 40

352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

specimens, and find considerable diversity in the colour, but after
a little practice there is no difficulty in their identification. The
web is of considerable size, and consists of an irregular network
of fine lines, usually horizontal. Not uncommonly it is placed
close beside the snare of the house spider {Tegenaria Derhamii,
Scop.), and each insect seems to respect the prey which falls on
the other's web, but I have noticed on more than one occasion
that when Linyphia nehulosa trespassed on the web of its larger
neighbour, it was promptly seized and devoured.

The other spiders I exhibit, although not new to Scotland,
are yet of interest.

Chiraccmthmm carnifex, C. Koch, I found in abundance on
Craigmaddie Moor last autumn. The cocoons were of consider-
able size, and being of white silk, and fastened to the tops of
the ling heather (Calluna vulgaris) y they could be seen from a
considerable distance; and at one place the moor was dotted
all over with them, looking not unlike the heads of the cotton
grass {Eriophorum), I had previously noticed the same appear-
ance in Glen Rosa, Arran; but then it was the cocoons of Epeira
cornuta, Clerck, which were attached to the rushes. In Arran I
also got a specimen of Chiracanthium nutr'ix, West., and found a
few females of Drassus lapidicolens, Walck., by the side of the road
from Brodick to Lamlash : these latter were under stones beside
their large lenticular egg-bags.

Under the name of Fhilodromus lineatipes, Cam., a new species
was described in the "Annals and Magazine of Natural History"
for February last. This description was made from an immature
specimen in the possession of Mr Cambridge ; but. in a small
collection of spiders made for me in Perthshire by Mr J. J. King,
I found several adult females of this species ; and it will conse-
quently require to be figured and described anew from the adult
specimen.

VIII. — Oil the larvae of the TenthrecUnidae, with special reference to
Protective Resemblance. By Mr P. Cameron.

In this paper the author discussed the question of the colours
of Caterpillars, with special reference to protective resemblance.
Protective resemblance, he pointed out, was of three kinds. In
one case the larvae were protected by the resemblance of their

■/•

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 353

bodies to the food plants, so that in this way they were not
easily noticed, while it was found that larvae of this class were
readily eaten by birds and other animals. On the other hand,
larvae which possessed noxious properties were so coloured and
marked as to be readily seen ; and these, too, fed openly. A
third class again escaped destruction by their curious and grotesque
shapes, although otherwise they were harmless. Proceeding to
apply this theory (which had been only hitherto done to the
caterpillars of lepidoptera) to the larvae of sawfiies, Mr Cameron
said that the flat larvae which fed on the upper side of the leaf
were green, but as they ate only the upper epidermis, the leaf in
this way became quite white, which rendered them visible, while
they gave out either a foul smell, or were covered with a resinous
exudation. The flat larvae which fed on the lower side of the
leaf ate the leaf through and through, and possessed no bad
qualities. Again, with the margin feeders innocuous larvae were
green, and if they had any markings these took the form of white
or pink continuous lateral or dorsal lines, which, no doubt,
represented shadow lines. They also in feeding followed the
outline of the leaf or the portion eaten out with their bodies
which were closely pressed to the edge. Noxious larvae, on the
other hand, were marked with contrasting colours and marked
with various irregular markings or lines, while they fed with the
after part of the body extended in the air. Alluding to the habit
these larvae have of keeping their bodies in a state of agitation,
Mr Cameron suggested that this was for the purpose of keeping
away ichneumons, a view confirmed by his having seen an
ichneumon driven away by the larvae of Croesus sej^tentrionalisj
by actively whipping their bodies. Various individual cases of
protective resemblance were mentioned in the paper, and allusion
was made to some of the active and passive means of de-
fence possessed by difterent larvae.

X. — On two new sjiecies of Carboniferous Pohjzoa. By Professor
John Young, M.D., and Mr John Young, F.G.S.

[ Read October 30th, 1877. ]

In a former Part of the Transactions of this Society, Vol. II.,
p. 325, we described seven species of what we considered to be
new forms of Glauconome, from the Carboniferous limestone

354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

strata of Western Scotland, leaving at that time two other forms
for further determination. One of these was a stout form of
Glaiiconome, closely allied to the species which we have named
G. retroflexa, but differing from it in the number of cell pores
between a given number of branchlets, and in one or two other
points of external structure. The other form, from the frag-
ments then found, we also believed to be a species of Glcmconome,
allied by its double cell pores to our sub genus Diplopora. Of
both species better preserved specimens have since turned up,
and of the latter a small frond has been found which shows that
it was fenestrated in its upper portion, and agreeing in general
characters with the Carboniferous forms of Stjnodadia, in which
genus we now provisionally leave it; not being, however, quite
satisfied that the characters of the Carboniferous and Permian
Synodadia are exactly the same.

Glauconome robusta, n. sp.

Polyzoary erect, slightly flexuous, bipinnately branching at
irregular intervals. Branchlets opposite, or slightly sub -alternate,
bent towards obverse face, seven in one quarter inch. Cells oval,
alternate, about their own length apart, sixteen in one quarter
inch, bounded on main branches and branchlets by a prominent,
rounded, tuberculated keel, which gives to the cells a buried
appearance. Tubercules on keel large, irregularly placed, seven
to eight in one quarter inch. Obverse face finely striato-granu-
late, ornamentated with numerous irregularly scattered small
tubercles.

Of the several species of Glauconome found in the Carboniferous
limestone strata of the West of Scotland, this form is the most
robust in its manner of growth. In size it corresponds with
G. grandis, M'Coy, but is easily distinguished from that species
by the smaller • number of cells between the branchlets, and by
its strongly tuberculated keel. From G. retroflexa it is dis-
tinguished by its stouter branches, the wider position of the
tubercules on the keel, and the more numerous cells in proportion
to the branchlets.

Localities: Lower limestone shales of the Beith and Dairy
districts in Ayrshire, in fragments of fronds from one to three
inches in length. Brockley, near Lesmahagow, in fragments in
the lower limestone shale. Upper limestone series, Gillfoot,

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 355

Carluke, fragments in the shale. Rather a rare species in most
of the localities.

Synocladia (?) ScoTiCA, n. sp,

Polyzoary erect, consisting of a main stem with rounded raised
keel, slightly tuberculated, and with secondary branchlets that
in the upper portion of the frond unite and become fenestrated.
Branchlets sub-alternate, five in one quarter inch on lower portion
of frond. On upper portion, where the branchlets unite, they
form irregularly shaped fenestrules. Cells on the main stem and
branchlets slightly oval, more than their own diameter apart,
with the margins slightly raised j one cell at the base of each
branchlet, and three between; twenty in one quarter inch.
Secondary cell pores small, about one fourth the diameter of
main cells; one, very rarely two, above and in line with each
main cell, and about its own diameter apart, the margins slightly
raised; there are also a few scattered small pores on the obverse
face. Both faces striated longitudinally.

This species was first known to us from fragments found by
Dr Rankin in the Gillfoot limestone shale, Carluke. At that
time, as already stated, the fenestrated character of the frond
was not known, and we were inclined to place it with Glauconome
in our sub-genus Dijjiojjora, but since that time we have found a
small frond amongst some shale sent us by Mr John Smith,
Eglinton Iron Works, Kilwinning, from the Garple Burn, Muir-
kirkj which shows that while the polyzoary commences with a
central stem and secondary branchlets, as in Glauconome, yet
towards the upper portion of the frond these unite and form a
fenestrated frond like that seen in Synocladia carhonccricc, Etheridge,
jun. Our species differs from it, however, in the regular number
of cells between the branchlets on the main stems, in its distinctly
striated celluliferous and reverse faces, and in having the small
secondary cell pores more in line with the main cells. In
S. carbonaria these small cell pores are seldom in line with the
main cells, being sometimes below or above, sometimes on the
keel or dissepiments, or irregularly scattered about.

Localities: Upper limestone shales, GiUfoot, Carluke; Garple
Burn, Muirkirk; in both localities it is very rare.

356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Explanation of Plate II.

(Figures drawn with Camera lucida).

Figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6. — Synocladia ( ? J Scotica n. sp.

Fig. la. — Natural size of small frond.

Fig. lb. — Portion of la enlarged to show fenestration.

Figs. 2, 3, show small secondary pores on celluliferous face.

Figs. 5, 6, show the longitudinal striation of non-ceUuliferous surface.

Figs. 4, 7, 8, 9, 10. — Glauconome robusta, n. sp.

Fig. 4. — Worn specimen showing celluliferous face.

Fig. 7 shows granulation of surface of celluliferous face, and position of
tubercles on keel.

Pig, 8. — Well preserved specimen, showing prominent tubercles on keel,
cells of main stem, and secondary branchlets.

Fig. 9. — Mesial-vertical section, polished to show the internal form and
arrangement of the cells (placed upside down on the Plate).

Fig. 10. — Showing tubercles — granulate ornament of non-ceUuliferous face.

^^ote. — AU the figures are much enlarged, with the exception of Fig. 1,

which is drawn natural size.

Trans. Nat. Hist.Soc. Glasgow, 1878.

Vol

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CARBONIFEROUS POLYZOA.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 357

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEARY.

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358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

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(Signed) A. ROBERTSON.

J. MANFORD.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND,

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CLYDESDALE AND
THE WESTERN DISTRICT.

HYMENOPTERA.— Pakt L

In the preparation of the present Catalogue, I have had to rely-
mostly on my own exertions for the material, as the family of
which it treats is one which has not as yet become a favourite
with the now numerous band of insect collectors. Of previous
local lists there are none, beyond some papers published by
myself,* and some notes by Mr James Hardy, in the Berwickshire
Club Proceedings. The references to Scotch species by Stephens
in the seventh volume of his Illustrations of British Entomology,
are scarcely to be relied on, and in most cases I have ignored them
entirely. The sources of information being thus limited, my
indebtedness is the greater to those who have assisted me with
specimens, and in this respect my thanks are especially due to
Dr Sharp of Thornhill, Dr Buchanan White, and Prof. J. W. H.
Trail, for the loan of collections made by them in districts which
I had not an opportunity of investigating personally, t

The nomenclature adopted is that which properly belongs to
each species, that is to say, the oldest name which can be fixed
with certainty. This is, however, a matter which can scarcely
be settled to every one's satisfaction for some time yet,
especially with some of the intricate and variable groups like the
Nematides.

In the synonymy I have only given references to the names in

* On Tenthredinidae in the Glenelg Valley, Inverness-shire (Scot. Nat.
ii., 61-62); Tenthredinidae ia Eannoch {I.e. 358-359); Notes on Hymenoptera
observed in Inverness-shire (Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Glasgow ii., 290-294); On
the Hymenoptera of Kingussie {I.e. iii., p. 86-90); A contribution to the
Hymenoptera of Siitherlandshire {I.e. iii., p. 248) ; Tenthredinidae in Braemar
(Scot. Nat. iv., 10-11), and the lists in the "Faima and Flora of the West
of Scotland," Glasgow, 1876.

t I have included the whole of Scotland, and for the sake of comparison,
have placed the westerly and easterly localities in separate lines.

A

Fauna of Scot.— Hymen. 1.

2 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

the monographs of the Swedish and German authors, and then
only when the name adopted happens to differ from one in general
use. I have also mentioned the food plants of the larvae, so far
as they are known to me. As the species of Nemahis are so very
puzzling to a beginner, I have given descriptions of all the known
larvae.

For information regarding the collecting and preserving of
these insects, I must refer the reader to a paper in the Proc. Nat.
Hist. Soc. of Glasgow, Vol. iii., p. 141.

The classification which I have followed requires a word or
two of explanation, since it differs very considerably from any-
thing hitherto in use. My views may be best explained by the
following table, which shows what I take to be the natural
relations of the tribes : — ■

Tenthredina.

CiMBlCIDINA. HyLOTOMINA.

Nematina.

{Cephalocera. Syzygonia).

LoPHYRiDiisrA. Pterygophorina.

Lydina.

Xyelina.
Cephina.

SIRICIDAE.

It will be observed from this table that on the one hand we
have a number of small, sharply defined specialised groups con-
taining few species, and on the other two large homogenous
tribes, witli few closely allied genera differing but little
(comparatively), from each other, and embracing a large number
of species, which are mainly found in the Palaearctic and Nearctic
regions. Our ideas of the classification of the family will depend
largely upon our views as to the systematic position of Lojjhyrus.
In my opinion, its natural situation is close to Lyda, with
which it agrees in its multe-articulate antennae; it seems to
me to have no affinity whatever with the Tenthredina. If
this be granted, then I think furtlier that the Cimhicina and
Ilylotoma must be located near it, for these two groups show con-
siderable relationship with Lophyrus. Westwood, in his Classical

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 3

Introduction, formed Loi)hyrus and Lyda into a sub-tribe, but
he placed the Tentliredina between them and Cimhex and
Hylotoma ; though these are so nearly related to Lophyrus that
I cannot see how they can be separated in this way without
violating many affinities. No doubt, if we regard only the
European genera, the evidence in favour of my classification
will appear rather weak, and it must be recollected that the
Tenthredinidae have only been properly classified according to
the Palaearctic forms ; but I say that if we take into considera-
tion all the genera of the world, we find then many evidences
tending to prove the correctness of my views. Cimhex, Hylotoma,
and LojyJiynis, are so sharply cut off from each other by the
structure of the antennae, that we must rely on other points to
show their relation to the lower groups and to each other. This,
I think, is found in the possession of a small appendicular cellule
in both the wings, and the presence of spines (none of which are
found in Tenthredina), on the tibiae as in Lyda; they seem indeed
to indicate that Cimhex, etc., branched off early from some common
ancestor, while the Tenthredina and Nematina branched off later
from some form allied to Lophyrus.*

Hylotoma is connected with the Cimbicides through Syzygonia,
while Pterygophorus unites it with Lophyrus. Whatever views we
may hold regarding the position of Cimhex and Hylotoma, it seems
to me very unnatural to place Tenthredo next to Lyda, with which
it has no affinity whatever, as is usually done. I regard Tenthredo
as more highly organised than Cimhex, which is probably only a
remnant of a once extensive family. Size in the Hymenoptera is
of no value as indicating the higher systematic position of a
genus; rather the reverse. I may here remark that seemingly
unimportant structures like spines on the tibiae, appendicular
cellules, etc., are of greater value in indicating affinity in this
group, because less liable to vary, than other organs of more
importance to the animal. And 1 would also point out that it
is only (except in Cladius) among the Cimhicina, Hylotomina, and
Lophyrina that we find secondary sexual characters developed to
any extent, these being in the two last groups very conspicuous.
In the Tenthredinidae the possession of numerous joints in the
antennae must be regarded as evidence of low development, and
consequently of greater antiquity.

* In this respect Cladomacra and Monoctenus are suggestive.

4 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

But the converse of this, namely, that the possession of the
fewest number of joints marks the most recent origin, does not
necessarily follow. For, as has just been remarked, it is precisely
in those groups which now have the greatest and fewest number
of joints that sexual selection has played the greatest rule in
causing tlie greatest difference between the sexes ; and there can,
I think, be no hesitation in affirming, that the peculiar antennae
of Hylotoma have been produced by that agency, since everything
tends to show that the original ancestor of the family must have
had multe-articulate antennae, while in • the other Hymenoptera,
as well as among insects generally, it is among the lower tribes
that secondary sexual characters are most marked.

So far as the division into tribes and sub-tribes goes, my
arrangement does not differ much from that of Thomson, whose
work (except in so far that nothing or next to nothing is said
about the larvae), is one of the best and most suggestive that
has yet appeared on the family. We differ in so much that
I form Lo2)hyriis and its allies into a distinct tribe, instead of
regarding them as only a sub-tribe of the Tcnthredina. The
Nematides again are so sharply cut off from the rest of the family,
not only by the structure of the perfect insects, but also by the
larvae having 20 legs, that I follow Prof. Zaddach in forming them
into a tribe. They are naturally united to the Tenthredina by the
strong affinities Dineura has with Ilojjiocampa. The last mentioned
genus too has gall-making species, while in the alar neuration it
is almost identical with Dineura. AVith the sub-tribes again I
form the Phyllotoma section into a sub-tribe (as was done by
Newman under the name of Druidae, without his having a very
clear idea of the group), which their peculiar habits and structure
appear quite to warrant. Strongijlogaster, Poecilosoma, Taxonus, and
Emijhjtus, I form also into a sub-tribe. These genera appear
to me to have been most unnaturally separated in our books,
notwithstanding that they are very closely related in many
respects, while the larvae are very similar, and all agree in
pupating in stems (either of their food plants or others), without
spinning any cocoons.

To this union it may be objected that the four genera exhibit con-
siderable diversity in their alar neuration. It is true that EinpJujtus
has only three marginal cellules, while Poecilosoma has one, and
StrongyJogaster two medial cellules in the posterior wing. But

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

Tenthredinides . . .

Dolerides

Emphy tides

Phyllotomides ....

Selandriades

Nematides

Cimbicides

Abiides

Plagiocera

Perga , .

Syzyyonia

Ceplialocera

Hylotomides

Scliizocerides

Pteryyophorina . .

LoiDhyrides

Lydina

Cephina

1 1

North
Europe.

>
>
>

O

3
p

III 1 1 1 Mediter-

1 ' ' ranean.

1 1 1

Siberia.

1

1

Manchuria.

East Africa.

H
O

Si

•

O

so

1

West Africa.

South
Africa.

Madagascar.

Central
India.

1

Ceylon.

Indo-
china,

1

Indo-
Malaya.

1

•CO

Austro-
Malaya.

>

i

Australia.

Polynesia.

New
Zealand.

1

Chili.

§

1-3
O

o

>

1

Brazil.

1 !

Mexico.

1

Antilles.

1 1 1

California.

n
o
9

1 1 I

Rocky
Mountains.

i 1 1

Alleghanies.

1

Canada.

O
»^

a

o
o

Ed

w

I— (

>

so

w

l-H

a

1—1
o

o

a

Ui

a

td

■

w

H-l

w

6 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

when we bear in mind that Poecilosoma contains species that have
only three marginal cellules, and no medial cellule in the posterior
wing, this can scarcely be regarded as a serious objection against
uniting these genera into a sub-tribe. In the form of the lanceolate
cellule, they all coincide more or less, there being a nervure
(generally oblique) in all of them except Strongylogaster. I am
not sure, however, but that the proper position of the last named
genus may be among the Selandriades.

The Dolerides are most nearly related to Tenthredo, and have
no relationship with Emj^hytus, near which they are placed by
the German authors. I place them between Allantus and
Strongylogaster, as perhaps the best position, but they are very
distinct from any of the other sub-tribes. In seeking to place
such anomalous tribes in a series in our Catalogues, we must bear
in mind that a natural classification is one which represents the
different forms branching out in various directions from a common
stem, and that of the once numerous branches we only now know a
few disjointed twigs — not one which shows them in a straight row.

A word or two may also be said regarding the formation of the
genera in this family. For my own part, I consider that if any
group is distinct enough to have a name attached to it, it should
be called a genus ; sub-genera I consider to be more apt to lead
to confusion than anything else. In this respect, the named sub-
suh-suh-siih -sections of Hartig are cases in point. No doubt if the
above view is followed it may lead to mere artificial sections
being formed into genera, but I hold that, in the present state of
the Hymenoptera, this is a less evil than to have large genera
containing a number of well marked sections. Take, for example,
the loose way in which the terms " Selandria " and " Allantus "
are used. I could point out numerous descriptions of new species
described under these names where there is nothing to show in
what limit the genus is defined; i.e.y whether the species is a
Selandria in the restricted sense, or a Blennocampa, or perhaps it
may be a Poecilosoma. And this loose definition is especially
troublesome in investigating foreign insects.

The parts most useful in defining genera are (a) the antennae ;
the number and position of the joints, (when the number exceeds
9 they are variable, and consequently mere number then is not
of much use); their covering; and the relative lengths of the joints ;
(h) the neuration of the wings, more especially the number of

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 7

marginal and sub-marginal cellules; the number and position
of the recurrent nervures ; the form of the " lanceolate " cellule,
(the importance of which is too little known); and the form of the
neuration in the posterior wings, and the number of cellules in
them. It will depend, however, very much on the group as to
what value will be placed on any particular nervures or cellules.
Thus among the Nematides the first sub-marginal nervure is often
absent, either constantly in particular species or groups, or
variable in particular species, and the genus Pristoplwra is
founded mainly i^^r^his character, but the absence of this nervure
occurs in so many different groups of Nematus, that it loses all
generic value. In the same way in some groups, e.g., EmpJiytldes,
Selandriades, the fact of there being one or more medial cellules in
the posterior wings is not of itself of value, since the dividing
nervure is as frequently absent as present in particular species,
and again with others the females have a medial cell, while
the males have none, (c) The structure of the legs, i.e., whether
they are provided with spurs or spines; the formation of the tarsi
and trochanters, etc. These are the characters which I consider to
be of most importance, and they, moreover, can be seen without
dissection. But there are other characters which, in connection
with the above, are of great value in defining genera. For
instance, the form and position of the eyes, of the clypeus and
mouth organs, (the form of the palpi appears to be of little value),
of the scutellum and of the thorax generally ; so also the form of
the abdomen, and especially the form of the ovipositor. It is
difficult to say what value is to be placed on the form and habits
of the larvae in respect to the question we are discussing. In
some genera the larvae are very useful in this way. Thus, in
Dineura {sensu str.), all the larvae are very similar in form and
markings, and all feed on the flat surface of the leaf, and hence I
hold that this genus should be restricted to the Degeeii group,
and the small species at present placed in it transferred to
Blennocampa, or to whatever genus they are most nearly related.

Now in other genera, the larvae vary almost with each species.
In Eriocampa, for instance, we have slimeless larvae, slimy larvae,
and larvae covered with a white flaky substance. In Nematus
again, we have round and flat larvae, elaborately coloured and
marked larvae, and others which can scarcely be distinguished
from the leaf on which they rest. So also all the larvae of

8 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

Blennocampa are not spiny. Those of EmjyJujtus, and other genera
of the group, are very similarly formed, and all bore into stems
to pass the pupa state. The larvae of Do! ems, Allantus,
Macropliya, and Tenthredo cannot be defined from eacli other. It
is thus perfectly clear that the forms of the larvae are far too
much of an adaptive nature to play an important role in the
definition of genera.

We know too little of the embryology of the family to say
whether it is of any use; but judging from what is known about
the embryology of insects generally, I should say it will be of
little value, and indeed it appears to be of little importance in
defining and classifying the orders of insects.

There is another character which has been employed in the
making of genera that requires to be considered. I allude to
secondary sexual characters. For example, in Cladius we have
three groups which are distinguished by the males having
differently formed antennae, the difference in the case of Cladius
difformis and C. padi being considerable, while the females of the
three divisions cannot be defined. In a case like this, I should
certainly say that genera ought not to be founded on structures
that are confined solely to one sex, no matter how conspicuous
such structures may be.

There are other points, not perhaps of generic value, which are
nevertheless of use in indicating the affinities of particular species
or genera, — such as the manner of oviposition, of pupation, the
general habits of the larvae and imago, and their geographical
distribution.

In connection with the classification it may be of interest to
consider for a moment the geographical distribution of the sub-
tribes. This will be best shown by the Table, in which the regions
and sub-regions are given after the masterly work of A. E. Wallace
on the geographical distribution of animals (see Table, page 5).

From this table it will be seen that the Tenthredlna are nearly
confined to the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions, and when they
extend beyond them, e.g., into the Oriental, they are either
represented by Palaearctic genera, or by genera differing but
little from them, and which fall naturally into Palaearctic sub-
tribes. The true Cinibic'ides are also Palaearctic and Nearctic,
penetrating no further south than the Alleghanian sub-region of
the latter. In the Neotropical region there are three peculiar

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 9

sub-tribes, and in Australia the singular genus Perga. The
Lophyrides proper are attached to Coniferae. They are mostly Palae ■
arctic and Nearctic, occurring rarely in the Oriental and Central
Indian sub-regions. Sub-tribes of it are found in the Neotropical
and Australian regions (Austro-Malayan). The Hylotomlna are
numerously represented in the Palaearctic, more rarely in the
Oriental, while they are exceedingly common in the Neotropical ;
but these belong mostly to different groups from the European.
Lyda is only found in the Palaearctic (where it extends into
China), and the Nearctic regions. The Ethiopian region appears
to be singularly poor in Tenthredinidae. Two species of Athcdia
are known from it (one being apparently our A. rosae), and on
the west coast a species is found with the neuration of Dineura,
but more of the form of BlennocamjM (Dlneura? africana,
Cam.) A few species of Hylotoma are found in the southern
sub-region. Dolerus is spread over the Nearctic, Palaearctic, and
Oriental regions. Of wide distribution of British species, may
be mentioned Hylotoma pagana in the Nearctic (?), Palaearctic
and Oriental regions, Athalia spinancm represented in the Oriental
by a distinct variety, and in the Manchurian sub-region of the
Palaearctic by another form, while A. rosae is found on the west
coast of Africa. Some of our species of Cimhex extend into North
America, and apparently some of the American species of Nematus
are merely climatic varieties of European species. Tenthredo
scalaris is a native of Japan. Besides Perga Australia has another
peculiar genus, Pterygopliorus. Another genus belonging to the
Australian region is Didynna, which has the alar neuration of
Nematus, and the ten-jointed sub-clavate antennae of Athalia.
Generally exotics differ from European species through having
the wings more or less banded with, or entirely, blue or bluish-
black, and the body metallic blue, green, or purple. Thus
Indian species of Tenthredo are more or less metallic, so are
Malayan species of the Selandriades.

The Nematides are more confined to the northern regions than
almost any other sub-tribe, and also they appear to extend into a
higher latitude, five or six species being known from
Spitzbergen and Iceland. Mr Smith has ascribed a Cryptocampus
from the Malay Archipelago; but possibly it may not really
belong to this division, but rather to the Lophyrides.

With regard to the Scottish Tenthredinidae, their general

10

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

character may be best seen by comparing the following table,
where the number of our species is contrasted with that of
Sweden and France.

From this table it is observed that our strong points lie in the
Nematides and the other smaller species, while we are very poor
in species of Allantus, MacrojjJiya, and Hylotoma. We want also
the genera Clavellaria, Amasis, ScJikocera, 3Ionocfenus, Fenella, and
Haijniolwrus, which are found in Sweden and France (except
Fenella in the latter country).

Genera.

Scotland.

Sweden.

France.

Tenthredo - - -

19

15

21

Perineura - - -

4

6

7?

Synaerema _ - -^

1

1

1

Macrophya -

3

11

14

Pachyprotasis

3

4

4

Allantus - . _

2

8

12

Sciopteryx

1

2

Athalia _ _ -

4

5

6

Dolerus - _ -

11

29

16

Strongylogaster

4

6

2

Poecilosoma - - -

4

8

4

Taxonus . _ -

4

4

4

Emphytus - . -

8

15

17

Phyllotoma - - -

3

4

2

Fenusa - - - -

7

5

4

Coenoneura - - -

1

1

Selandria _ - -

5

10

"i

Eriocampa - - -

4

7

4

Blennocampa

15

28

18

Hoplocampa -

3

8

4

Diiieura

4

4

3

Hemichroa -

2

3

1

Camponisciis -

1

1

• • •

Cryptocampus

3

3

4

Nematus - - .

60

93

41

Croesus -

3

2

3

Cladius - - - -

6

/

4

Cimbex - _ -

2

3

8?

Trichiosoma -

4

4

4

Abia - - - -

1

3

2

Zaraea - - - -

1

1

1

Hylotoma - - -

3

11

13

Cyphona

1

2

1

Lophyrus

5

12

6

Lyda - - . .

5

23

18

Xyela - - - -

1

3

1

Cephus - - - -

1

8

9

209

360

268

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 11

Class: INSECTA.

Oedee: HYMENOPTERA.

Family: T E N T ERE D I N I D A E.

Tribe: TENTHREDRIN A.

Sub-Tribc: TENTHBEDINIDES.

Genus: TENTHREDO (Lin.), Cam.

1. T. LIVID A, Lin.

Very common. Imago in June. Larva in September and October, on
Lonicera.

Gadder, Milngavie, Kenmuir, Glenelg.

Rannoch, Braemar, Kingussie, Bonar Bridge, Berwickshire.

A very variable species. One form occurs not uncommonly with the
legs and abdomen black; and this aberration I have received two or three
times, bearing the name of hiimndataf Klug, which may or may not be
really a variety of livicla,

2. T. COLON, Klug.

Rare. Imago in May. Larva in summer, on Circaca and Epilobium.
Thornhill (Dr Sharp).

3. T. VELOX, Fabr.

Common. Imago in June. Larva unknown.
Paisley (Mr ISIorris Young), Kintail.

Rannoch, Braemar, Kingussie, Bonar Bridge, Polraont (INIr Binnie).
The aberration nigro-Uneata, Cam., with the legs in both sexes lined
with black, is not uncommon.

4. T. BALTEATA, KUig.

Very common. Imago on birch, in June and July. Larva unknown.
Cadder, Clober, Kilsyth, Ardlui, Bishopton, Glenelg.
Rannoch, Braemar, Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Bonar Bridge, Altnaharra,
Berwickshire.

5. T. RUEIVENTRIS, Fab.

Common. Imago in June and July. Larva unknown.

Cadder, Milngavie, Kilsyth, Bishopton, Kintail.

Rannoch, Braemar, Strath-Glass, Bonar Bridge, Berwickshire.

12 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

6. T. LACHLANiANA, Cam., sp. n.

T. nigra, ore, orbitis oculorum, linea pronoti, maculisquc 2 supra coxas
j)Osticas, albis; ahdomine medio rufo, pedihus rufis, femoribus anticis basi,
posticis fere totis nigris; alis hyalinis, casta et stigmate paMide fuscis.

Long 5-6 lin.; alar exp. 11-12 lin.

Black, mandibles, labium, clypeus, inner orbits of the eyes, a triangular
spot between the antennae; tegulae, the edge of the pronotum, and two
spots over the posterior coxae, white; the middle abdominal segments
broadly banded with red, the apices of the four anterior femora, and the
tibiae and tarsi pale red; the thorax opaque, the head and abdomen
shining; the wings hyaline, the costa and stigma pale fuscous.

Length, 5-6 lines, alar exp. 11-12 lines.

Very similar to T. moniliata, Kl. (with which it is no doubt confounded),
but it may be readily known from that species by having the inner orbits
of the eyes, and a spot between the antennae, white, the posterior femora
quite black. The markings on the head and thorax are white — not yellow,
and the posterior tarsi and the apex of the tibae are not marked with
black. It has also two marks over posterior coxae, while King's species
has only one.

In one of my Scotch specimens the red abdominal band is very obscure,
and two others have only one side of the pronotum white. Generally the
3d, 4th, and 5th abdominal segments are red.

This species was captured by myself in June at Eannoch, Perthshire,
and I have also seen in the collection of Mr R. M'Lachlan, F.R.S. (after
whom I have named it), a German specimen taken by Prof. Zeller.

7. T. MONILIATA, Klug.

Not common. Imago in June. Larva unknown,
Aberlady (Mr R, M'Lachlan, F.R.S.)

8. T. DISPAR, Klug.

Common. Imago in June. Larva in the autumn, on Scabiosa succisa.
( Vide Proc. Nat, Hist. Soc. Glas. iii,, p, 89).
Cadder, Milngavie, Bishopton, Kilsyth, Kintail.

Rannoch, Braemar, Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Bonar Bridge, Altnaharra,
Berwickshire, Orkney (Renter).

9. T. ATRA, Lin.

Rare. Imago in June. Larva in the autumn, on alder, according to
Rudow.
Kilsyth.
Braemar, Altnaharra.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 13

10. T. ZONATA, Fz.

Rare. Imago in May, on oak. Larva unknown.
Kenmuir Bank, Cadder.

11. T. BiciNCTA, Lin.

Not rare, but seemingly local. Imago in May, Larva unknown.

Kenmuir Bank.

Berwickshire.

12. T. OBSOLETA, King.

Very rare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.

Cadder Wilderness.

This species is no doubt passed over for Mesomela, from which it differs in
having the pleurae and sternum black, except one or two green splashes on
the former; the antennae much shorter, and thicker at the apex, the last
joint being much shorter in proportion to the eighth. The wings are clearer,
aud scarcely darker at the apex than at the base; it is also shorter and
more slim.

13. T. MESOMELA, Lin.

= T. viridis, Klug. : nee L.

Very common. Imago in June. Larva in August and September, on
Ranunculus, Heracleum, Veronica.

Kelvinside, Cadder, Milngavie, Kenmuir, Kilsyth, Touch Hills, Paisley,
Bishopton, Bute, Kintail.

Ranuoch, Braemar, Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Bonar Bridge, Altnaharra.

Berwickshire.

14. T. OLIVACEA, Klug.

Abundant. Imago in June, especially in birch woods. Larva unknown.

Cadder, Milngavie, Kilsyth, Glenelg.

Rannoch, Braemar, Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Bonar Bridge, Altnaharra.

Orkney (Renter).

A variety occurs without the usual black dorsal stripe on abdomen.

15. T. PUNCTULATA, Kl.

Very common. Imago in June and July. Larva on birch in the
autumn.

Cadder, Clober, Strathblane, Bishopton.
Rannoch, Braemar, Bonar Bridge, Altnaharra.

16. T. scALARis, Klug.

Abundant. Imago in June. Larva unknown.

Fossil, Milngavie, Touch Hills, Kilsyth, Glenelg, Skye, etc.

Rannoch, Kingussie, Braemar, Sutherlandshire, Berwickshire.

14 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

17. T. viRiDis, Lin.

nee T. viridis, Klug = ^;icto, Kl.
Eare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.
Possil, Touch Hills.
Braemar, Bonar Bridge.

18. T. GiBBOSA, Fall.

= aucupariae, Kl. = solitaria, Fall., Th.; nee Scop.
Common. Imago in May. Larva unknown.
Kelvinside, Cadder, Clober.
Berwickshire.

19. T. LATERALIS, Fob.

Common. Imago in May. Larva unknown.
Kelvinside, Cadder, Milngavie, Paisley, Bishopton.
Braemar, Berwickshire.

PERINEURA, Htg.
Obs. Hartig formed his genus Perineura for Tenthreclo rubi, Pz.,
female, while he made another genus (Synaerema) for the male of that
insect. Thomson retains Synaerema for rubi, and Perineura for the
T. instabilis group of Klug, as well as for T. lateralis and T. gibbosa, and
also T. viridis, scalaris, and imnctulata; making, as it seems to me, a
more unnatural genus of it. I retain Perineura for the "instabilis'^
group, the others I place in Tenthredo. In the nomenclature of the species
I follow Thomson, as it seems impossible to know what species are meant
by employing the older names. Costa formed a genus, Tenthredopsis
for instabilis.

1. P. NASSATA, Lin. (male), sec. Thorns.

= dimidiata, Fab., Klug.

Very common. Imago in June and July. Larva unknown.

Cadder, Strathblane, Kenmuir, Glenelg.

Rannoch, Braemar, Kingussie, Bonar Bridge, Altnaharra.

2. P. BREVispiNA, Thorns.

= scutellaris, Fab. ; ambigua, Klug.

Very common. Imago in June and July. Larva unknown.

Cadder, Bishopton, Kenmuir, Glenelg, etc.

Rannoch, Kingussie, Braemar, Bonar Bridge, Berwickshire.

3. P. SORDIDA, Thorns. (? Klug.)
Abundant everywhere. June and July.

/-

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 15

4. P. EXCISA,

Thorns.

Not common.

In June and July.

Strathblane.

SYNAEREMA, Htg.

1. S. RUBI,

P%.

dclicatula,

Htg.

Very rare. Imago at end of June. Larva unknown.
Gadder Wilderness.

MACROPHYA, Dahlbom.

1. M. ALBiciNCTA, Sclirmik.

= rihis, Thorns. ; nee Schr.

Not common. Imago in June. Larva on Samhucus nigra and racemosa,

Milngavie, Dairy.

Rannoch, Kingussie, Braemar, Bonar Bridge, Berwickshire.

2. M. ALBIPUNCTATA, Fall.

Rare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.
Rannoch, Muchalls, Aberdeenshire (Prof. Trail).

3. M. PUNCTUM ALBUM, Lin.

Very rare. Imago in June. Larva on Fraxinus and Ligustrum.
It is quite green, according to Kaltenbach.
Thornhill (Dr Sharp).

PACHYPROTASIS, Hartig.

1. P. RAPAE, Lin.

Very common. Imago in June and July. Larva unknown.
Gadder, Milngavie, Gannisburn, Kenmuir, Paisley, Bishoptou, Bute, etc.
Rannoch, Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Sutherlandshire, Braemar, Berwick-
shire.

Orkney (Renter).

2. P. VARIEGATA, Klug.

Not very common. Imago in June. Larva unknown.

Glen INToriston, Glenelg.

Kingussie.

3. P. ANTENNATA, Klug.

Gommon. Imago in June and July. Larva unknown.

Gadder, Kintail.

Rannoch, Kingussie, Braemar, Sutherlandshire.

16 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

ALLANTUS, Jurine.

1. A. TRiciNCTUS, Fah.

Not common. Local. Imago in July. Larva in August and Septem-
ber, on Viburnum, Lonicera, Jasminum, Syringa, SymphoricaiyuSy
Fraxinus, and Alnus, according to Endow.

Clober.

2. A. NOTHUS, Khig.

Most abundant on flowers of Eanunculaceae, Compositae, and Um-
belliferae, in June and July. The larva feeds on alder, according to
Endow.

Generally distributed. The imago is very carnivorous.

In Orkney and Shetland (Eeuter).

SCIOPTEEYX, Stephens.
= Eniscia, Thomson.

1. S. cosTALis, Fah.

Seemingly rare. Imago in May. Larva unknown.
Braemar (Dr White).

ATHALIA, Leach.

L A. GLABRicoLLis, TJioms.

Not uncommon. Imago in June and (?) August. Larva in July and
August, on Cruciferous plants. It is scarcely to be known from that of
A. spinarum.

Clydesdale,

Berwickshire, Aberdeen, Dornoch.

2. A. SPINARUM, i^a&.

Eare. Imago in early summer. Larva on turnip.

Mr Hardy states that this destructive insect destroyed in 1859, at
Old Cambus, some acres of turnips.

It also occurred at some other places, and its ravages were becoming
luirtful when its progress was arrested by i^pplying lime.

3. A. ROSAE, Lin.

Abundant everywhere in June and July. Larva on the Rosa canina,
in autumn.

4. A. LUGENS, Klug.

Not common. Imago in July. Larva on (?) Clematis.
Gleniffer Braes, Kilsyth Glen.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 17

DOLE RIDES.
DOLERUS, Jur.

1. D. PRATENSis, Lin.

= Eglanteriae, Kl.

Common. Imago in May and June, among horsetails in marshy grounds.
Larva unknown.
Possil Marsh, Cadder, Clober, Craigmaddie, Kintail.
Rannoch, Braemar, Kingussie, Sutherlandshire.

2. D. LATERITIUS, KlUQ.

Rare. Imago in June.
Possil Marsh, Paisley.

3. D. PALUSTRis, Klug.

Common. Imago in June, in marshy grounds.
Possil Marsh, Paisley, Bishopton, Kintail.
Rannoch, Braemar, Kingussie, Bonar Bridge.

4. D. FULiGiNOSUS, Klug.

^fuscipennis, Stephens.

Not common. Imago in May and June.

Possil Marsh, Paisley Dams.

5. D. GONAGER, Kl.

Common. Imago in May and June. Larva in June, on grasses,

Kenmuir.

Braemar.

6. D. VESTIGIALIS, Kl.

Common in early summer.

Kenmuir, Cambuslang, Cadder, Milngavie.

7. D. HAEMATODIS, Kl.

Seemingly rare. Imago at end of May. Larva in July on grasses.

Kenmuir.

Aberdeen.

8. D. NIGER, Lin.

Common. Imago in early summer.
Kenmuir.

Braemar, Kingussie.

B

Fauna of Scot.— Hymen. 2.

18 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

9. D. QiBBOSUS, Htg.

Common. Imago in May and June, among grasses.
Kenmuir, Gadder, Milngavie, Western Inverness-sliire.
Braemar, Kingussie.
Ascends to near 3000 feet.

10. D. AENEUS, Htg.

Common in early summer.

Saint Germain's Loch, Gadder, Glober, Paisley, Bishopton, Western
Inverness-shire.
Kingussie.

11. D. VARispiNus, Htg.
Rare. Locality uncertain (Dr Sharp). Berwickshire (Hardy).

EMPHYTIDES, Gam.
STEONGYLOGASTEE, Hartig.

1. S. CINGULATUS, Fcih.

Very common. Imago in May and June. Larva abundantly on Pteris
aquilina, in July and August. It feeds also on Polystichum filix mas.
Moors near Milngavie, Kilpatrick Hills, Hawick, Kintail, Glenelg.
Rannoch, Kingussie, Braemar, Sutherlandshire.

2. S. MIXTUS, Kl.

Not common. Imago on ferns, in May and beginning of June.

Gadder Wilderness, Glenelg.

Berwickshire.

3. S. FEMORALis, Cam.

Ent. Monthly Mag. xi., 250.

Not common. Imago in May and June, on]]ferns.

Gadder, Kilpatrick Hills, Gleniffer Braes.

4. S. DELICATULUS, Fall.

Acta. Holm., 1808 = ehorimis, Klug. =phlhisica, Voll.

Very common. Imago in May, June, and July. Larva in July to
September, on Polystichum.

Gadder, Milngavie, near Cambuslang, Glenelg.

Eannoch, Kingussie, Braemar, Strath-Glass, near Edinburgh, Berwick-
shire.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 19

TAXONUS, Megerle.

1. T. AGRORUM, Fall.

Acta. Holm., 1808, 59, 18 = nitida, Klug = anomala, Eversraann.
Rare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.
Stratli-Carron, near the Dornoch Frith.

2. T. EQUisETi, Fall.

Acta. Hohii., 1808, 60, 20 = hicolor, Klug.

Common. Imago in June. Larva in the autumn. Food plants —
Veronica, Rumex.

Fossil Marsh, Cadder, Kelvinside, Clober, Bishopton, Paisley, Dairy
(var. coxalis, Kl.)

Eannoch (var. coxalis, KL), Kingussie, Glenelg, Bonar Bridge, Berwick-
shire,

The commonest variety in Scotland has only a triangular blotch on the
3d abdominal segment. A form with 4 of the abdominal segments red is
also met with.

3. T. GLABRATUS, Fall.

Acta. Holm., 1808, 108, 43 = agilis, Klug.

Very common. Imago in May and June. Larva in the autumn. Food
plant — Polygonum bistorta.

Fossil Marsh, Cadder, Clober Moor, Cambuslang, Bishopton.
Altnaharra.

4. T. GLOTTiANUS, Cam.

Ent. M. M. X., 220.

Extremely rare. Kenmuir Bank, end of May. Larva unknown.

POECILOSOMA, Dahlbom.

1. P. PULVERATUM, RetZ.

= ohesa, Klug = leucozonias, Htg.*

Very common. Imago in May and early in June. Larva end of June
and July. Food plant — alder.

Clober, Balloch, Glen Fruin, Ardlui, Western Inverness-shire, Loch
Alsh.

Blair-Athole, Rannoch, Kingussie, Bonar Bridge, Altnaharra, Strath-
Carron, Braemar, Berwickshire.

* Rudow, in his revision of the German species of AUanfus, sensu str.,
includes in it leucozonias, although it is well known to be only pulveratum.

20 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

2. P. FLETCHERi, Camerou,

= oUusa, Thomson, Hymen. Scand. i., 231; nee Klug and Hartig.

Rare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.

Rannoch, Braemar.

This species is distinguished from the ivne ohtusum by its longer antennae
(they are as long, if not longer, than the abdomen; in ohtusum they are
only as long as the thorax) ; bhick mouth (in ohtusum the clypeus is white) ;
there is a distinct white line on the pronotum; the legs are more or less
luteous, with a black line on the femora, and the base of the tibiae white;
the anus is distinctly luteous; and lastly, ohtusum is larger than pulveratum,
while the present insect is smaller. Ohtusum was originally taken in
Hungary, and I can find no record of its having been captured since it was
first described.

I have great pleasure in naming it after Mr J. E. Fletcher of Worcester,
the discoverer of many novelties in the neglected orders of insects, and to
whom I am much indebted in many ways.

3. P. suBMUTicuM, Thorns.

= imi^ressum, Klug (part).

Common. Imago in May and June. Larva (?).

Possil Marsh, Clober, Strathblane, Craigmaddie, Kintail.

Rannoch, Braemar, Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Bonar Bridge.

I bred this species from among Emphytus calceatus, and hence suspect
that it is attached to Spiraea, upon which I have found a larva like that of
calceatus, but with black marks along the sides.

4. P. EXCisuM, Thoms.

Not common. Imago in June. Larva unknown.

Western Inverness-shire.

Rannochj Kingussie, Braemar, Strath-Glass, Bonar Bridge.

EMPHYTUS, Klug.

1. E. ciNCTUs, Lin.

Not uncommon. Imago in June and early in July. Larva in the
autumn. Food plant — Rosacanina.

Gadder, Clober, Campsie, Strathblane, Kilsyth Glen, Kenmuir, Kintail.
Bluir-Athole, Rannoch, Braemar.

2. E. RUFO-CINCTDS, Kl.

Common. Imago in June. Larva in August and September. Food
plant — rose.

Cadder, Kenmuir, Paisley.
Rannoch, Braemar, Bonar Bridge.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 21

3. E. CALCEATUS, Kl.

Probably common. Imago in June. Larva from end of July to
September. Food pldnt — Spiraea ulmaria.

Cadder, Clober, Kilmalcolm.

Eannoch.

The larva has the head deep black, with the mouth paler. The upper
part of the body to the spiracles is slaty-black, often with a greenish tint;
the rest of the body, with the legs as well as the claws, white. The skin
is wrinkled and in furrows, and bears a few hairs; the spiracles are
blackish. When full fed, the upper portion of the body becomes of a
shining dull slate.

An aberration of the imago occurs without a red abdominal band
(Rannoch).

4. E. TIBIALIS, Panz.

Seemingly not common. Imago in September. Larva in June and July.
Food plant — oak.
Cadder, Clober (Mr King).

5. E. SEROTINUS, Klug,

Very common. Imago in September. Larva in June and July. Food
plant — oak. [Does the^imago hibernate ?].
Cadder, Clober, Kenmuir.
Rannoch, Glen Lyon, Bonar Bridge, Lairg, Berwickshire.

6. E. CARPiNi, Htg.

Not uncommon. Imago in June and July. Larva on Geranium
robertianum.

Kenmuir, Cannisburn, Cadder.
Braemar.

7. E. TENER, Fall.

Acta. Holm., 1808 = patellatus, Klug,
Common. Imago in June. Larva unknown.

Fossil Marsh, Cadder, Cannisburn, Kenmuir, Bishoptou, Western
Inverness-shire.
Rannoch, Berwickshire.

8. E. PERLA, Klug.

Very rare. Imago end of June. Larva in the autumn, on Bubus.
Bannocb.

22 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

PHYLLOTOMIDES, Cameron.
COENONEURA, Thomson.

C. DAHLBOMi, Thorns.

Not common. Imago in May, June, July, and August. Larva
unknown.
At the Clyde near Newton. Cadder.

FENUSA, Leach.

1. F. MELANOPODA, Cam.

Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas. ii., 6 = F. nigricans, Thomson; ncc Klug.

Not common. Imago in June. Larva probably mines the leaves of the
alder. See Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas. iii., p. 7.

Cadder, Clober, Bishopton (a specimen somewhat larger than usual, and
with 10-jointed antennae. A distinct species?).

Bonar Bridge.

2. F. PUMILA, Klug.

Very common. Imago in May and June, and August. Larva mines
the leaves of birch, in early summer and autumn. Double brooded.
Cadder, Clober.
Rannoch, Kingussie, Braemar.

3. F. uLMi, SundivalL

Forh. Skandin. Naturf. in Christ. (1847), 240 = intermedia, Thoms.
Larva mines leaves of the elm.
Not common. Kenmuir.

4. F. PYGMAEA, Kl.

Not common. Imago in June. Larva mines the leaves of the oak, in
the autumn.
Dairy (Dr Sharp), Clober, Tarbert, Loch Lomond.

5. F. ALBiPES, Cam.

Ent. M. M. xii., 131; Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas. iii., p. 11.

Very rare. Imago on rose, on 20th August.

Cadder.

6. F. PUMiLio, Htg.

Common, but rather local. Imago in May and June. Larva mines the
leaves of Euhus fruticosus and B. idaeus, in autumn.
Cadder, St Germain's Loch.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 23

7. F. BETULAE, Zadclach.

Beschr., p. 29 = Phyllotoma mellita, Newman, Ent, v., 1-7.
Very common. Imago in May. Larva in May and June, and again in
the autumn in the leaves of birch.
Cadder, Clober, Bishopton, Houston.
Eannoch, Kingussie.

PHYLLOTOMA, Fallen.

1. P. NEMORATA, Fallen.

Acta. Holm., 1808, 47, 23 = Druida 'parviceps, Newman = Phyllotoma
tenella, Zaddach.

Common. Imago in June and early in August. The larva mines the
leaves of the birch, in early summer and late in autumn.

Cadder, Clober.

Eannoch, Kingussie, Lairg, Sutherlandshire.

2. P. VAGANS, Fall.

Acta. Holm., 1808, 47, 24 = Phyllotoma melanopyga, Klug.
Common. Imago in May and June, and in August. Larva mines the
leaves of the alder, in early summer and in autumn.
Banks of Kelvin, Allander, Clyde, and Cart.
Rannoch, Berwickshire.

3. P. MICROCEPHALA, KluQ.

Common. Imago in early summer and in August. Larva mines the
leaves of various willows.

Possil Marsh, Cadder, Clober.
Kenmuir, Bishopton.

SELANDBIADES.

SELANDRIA, Sensu str.

1. S. SERVA, Fab.
Very common. Imago in June. Larva unknown.
Possil, Cadder, Clober, Ardlui, Touch Hills, Western Inverness-shire.
Rannoch, Kingussie, Braemar, Altnaharra.

2. S. GRANDis, Zaddach.

Beschr., p. 36 = inter stitialis, Thorns.

Not common. Imago end of June. Larva unknown.

Glenij0fer Braes, Kintail.

Altnaharra.

24 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

3. S. FLAVESCENS, Klug.

Not common. Imago in June and July. Larva unknown.
Possil, Tollcross sandhills.
Braemar, Berwickshire.

4. S. STRAMINEIPES, XlUQ.

Not uncommon. Imago in May and June. Larva (?).

Kenmuir, Gadder, Kintail.

Rannoch, Kingussie, Strath- Glass, Braemar.

The form with yellow coxae (probably identical with (S. analis, Thorns.,
Hymen. Scand. i., 239, 1871 = S. cereipes, VoUenhoven, Tdj. Ent., 1873,
p. 13 certe) has occurred at Kenmuir Bank and Strath-Glass. Analis,
according to VoUenhoven, feeds on Polystichum filix mas.

5. S. MORio, Fab.

Not uncommon. Imago in June. The larva is stated to feed on goose-
berry.

Gadder, Kenmuir, Kintail.
Eannoch, Kingussie, Braemar.

ERIOCAMPA, Htg.
1. E. OVATA, L.

Occasionally common. Imago early in June. The white flaky larva
feeds on alder, in August.
Glober, Ardlui, Balloch, Glen Fruin.
Rannoch, Strath -Glass.

2. E. ADUMBRATA, Kl.

Seemingly not common. Imago in May and June. The slimy slug-like
larva feeds during the summer and autumn on fruit trees.

Of this destructive insect (commonly called " cerasi/^ but wrongly), I
only know of it from Berwickshire, where it occurs, according to Mr Hardy.

3. E. ANNULiPES, Klug.

Gommon. Imago in June. Larva in the autumn, on willows, oaks,
limes.

Possil Marsh, Gadder, Kenmuir.
Rannoch, Kingussie, Kintail.

4. E. TESTACEiPEs, Cam.

Ent. M. M. xi., 128.

Very rare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.

Kilmorack, near Beauly.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 25

BLENNOCAMPA, Htg.

1. B. ASSiMiLis, Fall.

Acta. Holm., 1807 = hyalina, Klug.

Very rare. Imago end of May. Larva unknown.

St Germain's Loch.

2. B. NANA, Klug.

Not common. Imago on birch, in June. Larva unknown.

St Germain's Loch.

Kingussie.

3. B. pusiLLA, Klug.

Not uncommon. Imago early in June. Larva in July, in rolled up
leaves of the common rose.

Gadder, Clober, Strathblane, Kenmuir, Western Inverness-shire.
Rannoch, Kingussie, Braemar, Bonar Bridge, Berwickshire.

4. B. SUBCANA, Zaddach.

Beschr. neuer oder wenig. bekant. Blattw., p. 34; Cameron, Ent. M.
M. xiv., 56.

Not uncommon. Imago in May and early in June. Larva unknown.

Possil Marsh, Gadder, Paisley.

Kannoch.

5. B. ciNEREiPES, Klug.

Not very common. Imago early in May and June. Larva unknown.
Kenmuir, Western Inverness-shire.
Rannoch, Braemar, Bonar Bridge.

6. B. FULiGiNOSA, Schr.

Seemingly uncommon. Imago in May. Larva unknown.
Paisley (Mr Morris Young).

7. B. FUSCiPENNis, Fall

Acta. Holm., 1808 = luteiventris, Kl.

Common. Imago in marshy places in June. Larva unknown.

Paisley Dams.

Rannoch, Berwickshire.

8. B. MELANOCEPHALA, Klug.

Rare. Imago in May. The green spiny larva feeds on oak, in June.
Exact locality unknown (Dr Sharp).

26 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

9. B. LINEOLATA, Kl.

Not common. Imago in May. The green spiny larva in June, on oak.
Perth (Dr White).

10. B. BiPUNCTATA, Klug.

Not common. Imago in June. The larva lives in early summer in the
young branches of the rose.
Rannoch, Kingussie, Bonar Bridge.

11. B. ALCHEMILLAE, Cam.

Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas. iii., p. 107.

Seemingly common. Imago in June. The green spiny larva feeds in
autumn on Alchemilla vulgaris and (?) A. alpina.

Cadder, Clober.

Rannoch, Bonar Bridge, Ben Clibrich (at an elevation of about 1500 feet,
among Alchemilla alpina).

12. B. ALBiPES, Gmel.

Not uncommon. Imago in June. Larva on Ranunculus.
Possil, Cadder, Touch Hills, Paisley.
Rannoch, Kingussie, Braemar, Bonar Bridge.

13. B. QENICULATA, Htg.

= longicornis, Htg. Male.

Not uncommon. Imago in May and June. Larva in July and August,
on Spiraea ulmaria. It is green and spiny.
Possil, Paisley.
Braemar.

14. B. MicANS, Klug.

Very rare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.
Dairy (Dr Sharp).

15. B. FUSCULA, Klug.

Very rare. Imago in May. Larva unknown.
Cadder Wilderness.

HOPLOCAMPA, Htg.

1. H. CRATAEGI, Klug.

Not very common. Imago early in June, on Pyrus aucuparia. Larva
unknown.

Cadder, Clober.
Braemar, Altnaharra.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 27

2. H. RUTILICORNIS, Kl.

Kare. Imago in June (early). Larva unknown.
Dairy (Dr Sharp).

3. H. TECTORALIS, ThoVflS.

Not common. Imago in June. Larva unknown.
Cannisburn.

NEMATIDINA.
DINEUEA, Dbm.

1. D. DEGEERI, Klug.

Very common. Imago in June. Larva, August to beginning of
October. Food plant — birch.

didder, Clober, Paisley, Bishopton, Kintail.

Rannoch, Braemar, Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Altnaharra, Berwickshire.

The flat pale-green larva feeds on the upper surface of the leaf. A very
variable species.

2. D. STiLATA, Klug.

Not common. Imago in June. Larva in August. Food plant — Fyrus
aucuparia.

Cadder Wilderness.
Berwickshire.

3. D. TESTACEiPEs, Klug.

Common. Imago in June and July. Larva in July, August, and
September, Food plants — Pyrus aucuparia and Crataegus oxyacantha.
Cadder, Fossil Road, Cannisburn, Kintail.
Rannoch, Kingussie, Braemar, Berwickshire.
Var. ventralis, Zad. Not uncommon.

4. D. VERNA, Klug.
= opaca, Htg. ; nee Fab.

Rare. Imago in May. Larva in early summer. Food plant — oak.
Cadder, Strathblane, Aberdeen (Prof. Trail).

The green larva feeds, according to Giraud, on the upper surface of the
leaf.

HEMICHROA, Ste. (1835).
= Leptocerus, Htg. (1837).

1. H. ALNI, L.

Common. Imago in June. Larva in August. Food plants — birch and
alder, (?) willows.
Cadder, Clober, Kenmuir, Oambuslang.
Beauly, Berwickshire.

28 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

2. H. RUFA, Pz.

Commonly distributed. Imago in June. Larva in August. Food
plants — birch and alder.

Bishopton, Clober, Kingussie.

Beauly, Bonar Bridge.

I bred a very small specimen of this species from birch, at the end of
August, the larva having been obtained at Bishopton in June. The colour
of it is a deep, very shining black, the usual red being scarcely visible; the
wings are intensely black, except at the apex, where the colour is lighter;
the costal nervure is absent. This specimen pupated in a cork.

The male of this species is quite unknown.

CAMPONISCUS, Newman.
= Leptopus, Htg.

1. C. LURIDIVENTRIS, Fall.

= hypogastricuSf Htg. = healaei, Newm.

Common. Imago in June. The flat onisciform larva on alder in
autumn.

Clober, Loch Lomond, Dairy, Glen Moriston, Kintail.
Berwickshire, Kannoch, Glen Lyon, Braemar, Sutherlandshire.

CLADIUS, linger.

1. C. DiFFORMis, Pam.

Common. Imago in May and June. Larva in May and early part of
June; a second brood in August and September. Food plant — rose.
Cadder, Cannisburn, Bishopton, Dairy, Kintail.
Braemar, Kannoch, Strath-Glass, Sutherlandshire, Berwickshire.

2. C. VIMINALIS, Fall.

= eucera^ Htg.

Local. Imago in June. Larva in August and September. Food plant —
poplar.
Cadder.
Kingussie.
The larvae feed in a row on the under surface of the leaf.

3. C. ERADIATUS, Htg.

Not common. Imago in June. Larva unknown, beyond that it was
reared from the stem of Anthriscus sylvestris.
Kannoch.

4. C. DREWSENi, Thorns.

Rare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.
Kannoch.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 2d

5. C. PADi, L,

= alhipes, Htg.

Very common. Imago in May, June, and July. Larva in early
summer; a second brood in autumn. Food plants — rose, hawthorn,
bramble, rowan, pear, plum, and birch.

Kintail, Glenelg, Skye, Lambhill, Kelvindale, Possil, Gadder, Milugavie,
Strathblane, Fiutry, Kilsyth, Kenmuir, Oambuslang, Paisley, Bishopton,
Dairy, Moffat.

Rannoch, Braemar, Aberdeen, Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Beauly, Bonar
Bridge, Berwickshire.

6. C. BRULLAEI, Bhm.

Very rare. Imago in June. Larva in August. Food plants — Ruhus
fruticosus and B. idaeus.
Gadder.

CEOESUS, Leach.

1. G. SEPTENTRIONALIS, L.

Gommonly distributed. Imago appears in June. Larva from July to
end of September. Food plants — alder, birch, poplar.

Gadder Wilderness, Banks of AUander, Bishopton, Kintail.
Eannoch, Kingussie, Braemar, Berwickshire.

2. G. VARUS, Vill.

Not uncommon. Imago in June and August. Larva in August and
early part of September. Double brooded ? Food plant— alder.
Banks of Allander, Kintail.
Eannoch, Kingussie, Glen Feshie.

3. G. LATIPES, Fill.

I found what appeared to be the larva of this species at Glober Wood, in
September, but did not rear it. Food plant — birch.

N E M A T U S, Jurine.

1. N. QUERCus, Htg.
Not common. Imago in June and July. Larva in August. Food
plant — Vaccinium myrtillus.
Gadder Wilderness.
Graig Dhu, Kingussie.
The larva is pale ochreous red, with black dorsal marks.

2. N. PALLIDIVENTRIS, Fall.

Gommon. Imago June and July. Larva unknown. Imago generally
taken with the sweeping net. It is rather variable in coloration. The
abdomen often wants the black dorsal stripes.

30 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

3. N. LUCIDUS, Pz.

Seemingly not common. Imago end of May. Larva July. Food
plant — hawthorn.

Touch Hills, near Stirling.

The larva, according to Brischke and Zaddach, is 9 to 10 lines long,
cylindrical, shining, deep green, darkest on the back. The spiracles are
elliptical, brownish-red, and through them goes a white line. The 2d
segment behind the head bears a black shining spot, and there is another
of the same colour at the base of each foot. Over the claspers are a
number of round, shining, black tubercles; the side folds are beset with
small, black, hairy points, standing together in a straight row. The anal
segment bears two stumpy, deep-brownish-red cerci, which become black
at the last moult; between the cerci stand two black points. The head is
pubescent, deep brown; the face and vertex, along with the eye-spots,
darker; the mouth is dark-brown.

4. N. HisTRio, Lep.

= rufescenSj Htg.

Eare. Imago in May. Larva in June and July. Food plants — Salix
fragilis and S. aurita.

Larva shining, pale green, often with a slight bluish tinge; the skin
(except at the thoracic and anal segments) beset with small black dots; on
the back is a darker green dorsal stripe, enclosed between two lines which,
when the larva is feeding, are white. The head is of a paler green than
the body, and bears a few fuscous dots; the mouth brown. The legs are
glassy-green, with brown claws. When full-fed it becomes of a uniform
green colour. The pupa is pale green.

Kenmuir, Glenelg.

Berwickshire.

5. N. LONGisERRA, Thoms.

Eare. Imago in May ? Larva end of June. Food plant — Salix aurita.
Glenelg.

I bred this species from larvae which at the time I took for those of
histrio, and suspect therefore that they are similar.

6. N. FALLAX, Lcp.

= striatus, Htg.

Common. Imago in June. Larva in July. Food plant — Salix fusca.

Larva: head glassy-green, dotted at the top with minute brownish dots,
and on each side is a longish brown mark, in which arc the eyes; another
brown lino is on the centre of the vertex. All these marks, however,
become frequently united, so that the head becomes of a brown colour.
The mouth is deep brown. A few hairs are scattered over the head.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 31

Legs yellowish- green, claws brown. The body dark-grayish or whitish-
green, with a faint white line along the sides, and marked also with some
darker-green spots.

Possil Marsh.

Eannoch, Strath-Carron, above Ardgay.

Specimens from Possil are rather dark coloured ; the abdomen is quite
black, except at the extreme tip; the mesonotum bears three black marks.
The mesonotum is quite black.

. 7. N. APicALis, Htg.

Eare. Imago in May. Larva unknown.

Cadder, Bishopton.

A black species, with more or less pale legs, mouth, anus, and alar
nervures; seems to be the apicalis of Hartig, but there is a possibility that
Hartig's insect may have been a black variety of fallax ( = humeralis,
Zett.), which our insect is certainly not.

8. N. CAPREAE, P%.

= kirbyi, Dbm., Thorns. .

Abundant. Imago in May and June, and again in July. Larva in
July and the autumn months. Food plants — carices and grasses.

The larva has the head of the size of the 2d segment; the ground colour
is yellowish-green or gray; the vertex covered with small brown dots; eye-
spots black, and above them is a small dark stripe, in the centre of the
face a clear light green triangular space; the mouth brown. The body is
cylindrical, rather thin, 'narrowed behind; the skin beset with small dots,
each ending in a hair; the colour is dark-green to the spiracles, where
there is a narrow white line, below which the colour assumes a lighter tint.
The dorsal vessel is observed as a thin black line, bordered on each side
by a white one of the same breadth. These are not visible on the 2d and
last segments. The junction of the segments is marked by a white line.
Over the legs the skin is raised in folds, like blisters; when full-fed the
body becomes entirely green. A rather rare variety of the larva is of a
crimson-red colour, with the usual white lines.

Loch Lomond, Troon, Kilsyth, Dunoon, Possil Marsh, Cadder, Miln-
gavie. Paisley, etc.. Touch Hills, Blair- Athole, Kintail, Loch Alsh, Loch
Hourn, Skye, Oban.

Berwickshire, Eannoch, Aberdeen, Braemar, Sutherlandshire.

An extremely variable species, varying from almost all black to pale
yellow, in both sexes. Ascends to nearly 2,800 feet.

9. N. IMPERFECTUS, Zadd.

Eare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.

Cambuslang.

Craig Dhu, at a height of 1,200 feet.

32 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

10. N. CANALICULATUS, Htg.

= stenogasteVf Foer. = pleuralis, Thorns.

Very rare. Imago in June. It was bred by Brischke from a larva
indistinguishable from that of Nematus umbripennis, Evers., from aspen.
The larva of umhripennis is stated to be slender, narrowed posteriorly, of
a clear bluish-green colour, with shining head, black eye-spots, and dark
mouth. The dark dorsal canal is bordered on each side by a thin white
line, and another very thin white line is on the sides, at the spiracles.
The segmental divisions are white. Sometimes the skin-folds over the
legs bear two rows of fine black tubercles. At the last moult it becomes
clear shining grass-green.

One specimen near Lairg, Sutherlandshire, on birch.

11. N. PROBLEMATicus, Cameron.

Very rare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.
Braemar (Dr White).

12. N. HYPERBOREUS, Thoms.

Very rare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.
Braemar (Dr Sharp).

My specimens scarcely agree in toto with Thomson's description, but do
not differ to such a great extent as to consider our species distinct.

13. N. CLiBRiCHELLUS, Camewn, sp. n.

Male. — Antennae black, as long as the body, almost bare, slightly
flattened, each joint drawn out to a truncated bead-like point at the apex,
which is thicker than the base of the succeeding joint; the 4th joint is
distinctly longer than the 3d, the rest become gradually shorter and
thinner. Head black, sparsely covered with longish black hair; the
vertex finely punctured; frontal area distinct; palpi black. Thorax
smooth, shining, sparsely covered with long black hair; pleurae scarcely
so shining as the mesonotum, punctured, and covered with long black
hair; the cenchri are very pale white. Abdomen slightly punctured at
base, the last segment, and the gaping anal lobes, sordid testaceous. Legs
black; the coxae and base of tibiae sordid testaceous; the posterior tibiae
totally black; the four anterior tarsi are longer than the tibiae; the
posterior are also longer, but not so long in proportion as the anterior;
spurs very short. Wings hyaline, nervures black, the costa and stigma
sordid white; the 1st sabmarginal cellule is small, its nervure very pale;
the second is almost double the length of 3d, and forms a very sharp angle
where it receives the 1st recurrent nervure; the 3d is a very little
widened at the apex. Tegulae black.

Length, a little more than 3 lines.

At the first examination I took this to be the iindescribed male of

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 33

hyperhoreus, but a closer examination showed so many points of distinction
as scarcely to warrant such a conclusion. The pubescence, for instance, is
shorter, blacker, and thinner; the tegulae are quite black, the legs much
more darkly coloured, the costa and stigma are not so clearly white, the
vertex has the puncturing more rugged, the labrum black.

Very rare. Imago end of June. Larva unknown.

One specimen on the top (at the cairn) of Ben Clibrich, Sutherlandshire
(3,180 feet).

14. N. UMBRiNUS, Zaddach.

Eare. Imago June. Larva unknown.
Rannoch.

15. N. FURVESCENS, Cameron."^

Not uncommon on spruce. Imago in May.
Near Strathblane.

16. N. LEUCOSTIGMUS, Cam.f

Rare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.
Rannoch.

17. N. ALNivoRus, Cam. %

Common. Imago in May, June, and August. Larva unknown.
Possil Marsh, Cadder, St Germain's Loch, Kintail.
Rannoch, Braemar, Sutherlandshire.

18. N. FULViPES, Fallen.
= hrevis, Htg.

Rare. Imago in June. Larva (?) July. Food plant — Salix aurita.

Kintail.

According to Brischke and Zaddach's fig. 18, o^^. cit. pi. iii., the larva is
pale-green, with the segmental divisions darker; the head marked with
fuscous-black on the vertex at the sides, and a spot in the centre, while
the anal segment is red. Apparently, also, the dorsal stripe is darker.
Their description has not yet appeared.

19. N. iNTERSTiTiALis, Cam.

Very rare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.
Probably Braemar.

20. N. APPENDICULATUS, Htg.

Not common. Imago in June. The green, slender larva in -June and
July. Food plants — Bihes ruhrum and B. grossularia.
Braemar, Bonar Bridge.

* Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas. ii., p. 309. f I. c, p. 308.

t Ent. M. M. xi., 107.
C

Fauna of Scot.— Hymen. 3.

34 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

The specimen from Bonar Bridge has the femora nearly all black,
instead of only the usual fuscous tinge in the middle. The slender, green,
almost unicolorous larva is injurious to the currant and gooseberry bushes,
according to the observations of Gimmerthal and Van Vollenhoven.

21. N. FRAXiNi, Stg., sec. Thorns.

Very common. The imago in May, and again in August. The larva in
July and the autumn months. Double brooded. Food plants — birch,
Salix aurita, and other willows.

Fossil Marsh, Cadder, Kenmuir, Paisley Moss, Kilsyth, Touch Hills,
Kintail.

Eannoch, Strath-Glass, Braemar, Bonar Bridge, Altnaharra.

The larva is green; the body long. The head is paler than the body,
and has a line on each side, touching the eyes, but not uniting on the top,
and another line goes down the centre of the face. The mouth is brownish.
There are two blackish marks over the thorax, and another small one in
front of the first pair of legs. The cocoon is spun in the earth; the pupa
green. In some specimens the head is dotted all over with minute
fuscous dots.

22. N. PUNCTicEPS, Thorns.

Rare. Imago in June. Larva unknown.

A specimen taken by Dr Sharp in Braemar seems to belong to this
species. I have another specimen (a male) from Milngavie, which is
probably the same.

23. N. ABBREVIATUS, Htg.

Very rare. Imago in June. Larva (?) July (May in Holland).

Van Vollenhoven says that it feeds on the apple, in the leaves of which
it devours, when young, round holes in the centre, feeding in a curved
position on the edge of the hole; when it becomes older, it feeds
indifferently, on the edge of the leaf, or in any other part. Its colour is
green, which has a yellowish tinge when the creature is young; when
older, it becomes of a grayish-green along the back, the belly and legs
being paler, and of a tint approaching to yellow. The head is of a faint
brown tint, or very pale feuiUe-morte. The body is somewhat slender,
smooth, hairless, a little narrowed posteriorly. On each segment are two
rather thick folds, reaching to the spiracles; of these, that on the 1st
segment only is conspicuous, being comparatively large, and bordered with
black ; the others are much smaller, and have white borders. The
mandibles are brownish, eye-spots black. There are no abdominal legs on
the anal segment.

Kaltenbach states that the larvae feed likewise on the pear, on which,
in Switzerland, they appear in great numbers, and do considerable damage.

Braemar (Dr Sharp).

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 35

24. N. RUMicis, Fall.

= caiweae, Htg.; flavifcnnis, Cam.

Not common. Imago in June and August. Larva on JRumex obtusi-
folius. It is dark-green, paler on the lower half of the body; the head
pale-yellow. (?) Double brooded.

Bishopton.

Rannoch, Kingussie, Altnaharra, Berwickshire.

25. N. OBDUCTUS, Htg.

Not very common. Imago in May and June. Larva unknown.
Cadder, Possil, St Germain's Loch, Bishopton, Kintail.
Schiehaliion, Braemar, Kingussie, Sutherlandshire, Berwickshire.

26. N. coNDUCTUs, Buthe.

= graminis. Cam.

Common. Imago in June and August. Larva in July, August, and
September. Double brooded. Food plant — grasses.

Cadder, Milngavie, Kilsyth, Ardlui, Cambuslaug, Touch Hills, Arran.

Rannoch, Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Bonar Bridge, Dornoch, Glen
Moriston, Kintail, Aberdeen, Braemar.

The larva has the head green, a little smaller than the second segment,
flat in front, with a fuscous tinge, and a darker stripe down the centre;
the eye-spots black, mouth brownish-black, the legs glassy-white; body
cylindrical, grass-green, and covered with long hairs. A pale line runs
down the sides. Pupates in the earth.

27. N. LEUCOTROCHUS, Htg.

= pimctulatus (Dbm.) Thoms.

Not uncommon. Imago in June and July, among sallows. Larva
unknown.

Possil Marsh, Cannisburn, Bishopton, Kintail.
Rannoch, Braemar, Bonar Bridge.

28. N. PALLiPES, Fall.

Not common. Imago in June. Larva unknown.

Braemar, Rannoch; on mountain tops, at an elevation of upwards of
3,000 feet. At Rannoch, where I first discovered this species, I found on
the mountain, on the spot where I caught it, a number of Nematus-
cocoons, in moss and grass, which may have been spun by ijallipes.

29. N. WHiTEi, Cam., sp. n.
Rare.

Braemar (Dr White).

I only know the male of this species, but it is very distinct from any-
thing described. It closely resembles pallipes, but the head is scarcelv so

36 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

rugose; the labrum, clypeus, and palpi are quite black; the mandibles
scarcely piceous; the pleurae not so much punctured, a little smoother,
more pubescent; mesonotum shining; coxae, trochanters, and femora
(except at the extreme apex) quite black, and posterior tarsi fuscous.
Wings clear hyaline, costa and stigma fuscous, and the 3d submarginal
cellule longer, more dilated at apex. The frontal sutures are not distinct,
the apex of abdomen testaceous. In size they are nearly the same.

30. N. MOLLIS, Htg.

Not common. Imago in June. The larva, according to Saxesen, feeds
on the pine.

Kannoch, Braemar.

31. N. CRAssus, Fall.

Local. Imago in June. Larva uncertain.
Braemar, Kingussie (on aspen).

Thomson has split off from Crassus a species which he names brachya-
canthus. They may be distinguished as follows : —
Coxae, trochanters, and spurs, black — crassus.
Coxae, trochanters at base, and spurs, red — hrachyacanthus.
The larva of hrachyacanthus is well known, but that of crassus remains
to be discovered.

32. N. MiNiATus, Htg.

= zetterstedti (Dbm.) Thorns.
Kare. June.
Braemar (Dr White).

33. N. MYOSOTiDES, Fah.

= papillosus, Thorns. ; nee Ketz.

Very common. Imago in June and July. Larva August. Food plant
— red clover.

Fossil Marsh, Cadder, Kilsyth, Cambuslang, Paisley, Ardlui, Killin,
Kintail, Lochalsh.

Blair-Athole, Perth, Kannoch, Kingussie, Aberdeen, Braemar, Bonar
Bridge, Lairg, Golspie, Altnaharra, Dornoch, Berwickshire.

The larva is pale-green, with a paler dorsal line.

34. N. ABDOMINALIS, Fah.

= ventralis, Htg., Thorns. ; nee Pz.

Not uncommon. Imago in .June. Larva July and August. Food
plant — alder.

Clober, Bishopton, Glen Moriston.

Braemar, Altnaharra, Rannoch, Kingussie, Berwickshire.

The larva has the head brownish-yellow, with black eye-spots, and dark

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 37"

mouth organs. The hody flat, the segments sharply separated, yellowish-
green, the back being darker, and on each segment are four rows of white
tubercles.

35, N, LUTEUS, Pz.

Very common. Imago early in June. Larva from July to September.
Food plant — alder.

Banks of Kelvin, Cart, Clyde, Carron, and Loch Lomond (nearly every-
where). Glen Moriston, Glenelg, Caledonian Canal (in several places).

Perth, Blair- Athole, Rannoch, Loch Tummel, Kingussie, Glen Feshie,
Aberdeen, Braemar, Bonar Bridge, Berwickshire.

The larva has the head obscure greenish-yellow, with a brown mouth,
blackish eye-spots, and two brown marks on the vertex; it is covered with
short hairs. The legs are light-green, almost hidden by the overhanging
folds of the body; the claws are brown. The body is flat, tapering
towards the end, its colour green, like the green of the alder leaf; the skin
marked with tubercles; the dorsal surface is of a darker bluish-green, and
the anus greyish.

36. N. BiLiNEATUs, Klug.

Not uncommon. Imago in June. Larva in July and August. Food
plant — alder,

Clober, banks of AUander.

Rannoch, Glen Feshie, Braemar, Strath-Glass.

The larva, according to Brischke and Zaddach, is of similar form to that
of luteus, but is slightly larger and broader. The head is yellowish, with
two round brown spots on the vertex, the eye-spots shining black, and
brownish mouth. The colour of the body is grass-green throughout, and
each segment carries three cross rows of white tubercles, each of which
ends in a whitish hair, and these are found also on the overhanging sides.

37. N. DORSATUS, Cam*

Not uncommon. Imago in June. Larva in June, July, and August.
Double brooded (?) Food plant — birch.

Bishopton, Kintail.

Rannoch, Braemar, Strath-Glass, Kingussie, Bonar Bridge, Altnaharra.

Description of full-fed larva. — Head brownish-red: mouth black; eyes
situated in a longish black splash, which extends from the vertex. Body,
to the middle of the sides, brownish-red, obscured with black, the black
tint being deeper on the sides than on the back; the lower part of the
sides and anal segment reddish-brown, without any black markings; the
last segment hairy. The skin is smooth and shining; the legs reddish-
white.

* Ent. M. M. xii., 129.

38 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

38. N. RiBESii, Scop.

= ventricosus, Kl.

Too common everywhere. Imago in April and May, and again in July.
Larva in May, June, August, and September. Food plants— gooseberry
and red currant; also Bibes a^nnum (at Stonelaw).

All over Scotland, and very destructive. The best remedy is careful
and systematic hand picking, the larvae being burned or destroyed with
boiling water.

39. N, ALBIPENNIS, Htg.

Not common. Imago in June. Larva unknown.
Dairy (Dr Sharp).

40. N. BETULAE, Betz.

Seemingly rare. Imago in May. Larva in June. Food plant — birch.

I have not yet seen a British specimen of the imagine, but the larva I
found in June on the Shin, Sutherlandshire, above the falls. It has a
shining black head, with a sea-green body; below the spiracles, on the
sides, are orange-yellow marks, almost touching each other, the anal segments
being free from them. The body is likewise dotted over with little black
marks.

41. N. PAViDUS, Lep.

= Wttewaalli, Voll.

Not uncommon. Imago in May and June. Larva July, August, and
September. Food plant — various willows.

Gadder Wilderness, Bishopton, Houston.

Rannoch.

The larva has the head deep black, the mandibles brownish. Legs
yellowish- white, with a black spot at the commencement of the tarsi;
claws black; claspers glassy-green. Body green, except the second and last
segments, which are orange-yellow. A black line runs down the centre of
the back; on each side are two black lines, slightly broader than the central
one; below these again, there is another line of dots, arranged thus: in
front is a large roundish dot, then two smaller ones, and then a larger one,
while directly over the legs are two dots, placed one above the other, one
longish, the other roundish. The orange segments bear no markings.

There are, I think, two broods in a year— one in the summer, and
another in the autumn. The larvae are most destructive creatures, and
often strip willows and osiers almost completely of their leaves. When
they do occur, two or three dozen at least will be found on a bush, and not
unfrequently I have noticed seven or eight feeding in a row on a leaf of
Salix caprea. Possibly the larvae of pavidus are referred to under the
name of N. caprea, in some of the Natural History periodicals, as having
done great damage to osiers.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 39

42. N. MELANOCEPHALUS, Htg.

= salicis, Thorns.; nee L.

Seemingly rare. Imaj^o in May and June. Larva in autumn. Food
plant — willows.

Berwickshire (Mr James Hardy).

Larva: head deep black, narrower than the 2d segment. Legs shining
green; claws a little blackish. Body bluish sea-green. On the back,
commencing at the 2d segment, is a row of small black dots going across,
and on each side of the following segraei^ts are four small dots: on the
edge of the back is a row of large and small black dots; below these are
four large square orange spots, close to the spiracles; going through these
orange spots is a row of black dots, two on each orange mark; immediately
beneath the orange marks, and touching them, is another line of larger
black marks; in front of the first leg is a y-shaped mark, and on each foot
is a black side-mark on the femur, with a larger one between; over each of
the abdominal legs are two black dots. In all, there are four rows of black
marks.

43. N. CROCEUs, Fall.

= fulvus, H. = trimaculatus, Voll.

Not uncommon. Imago in May, June, July. Larva July to Septem-
ber. Food plant — Salix caprea, and other willows.

Cadder Wilderness, Clober, Kintail.

Rannoch, Aberdeenshire, Sutherlandshire (an immaculate specimen).

The larva has the head black, the mouth paler. The three thoracic and
the three anal segments are reddish-orange, the rest of the body pale-green.
On this green part are three rows of black dots, the 1st row almost
continuous, the 2d more widely separated, there being only four on each
segment; the 3d is composed of a smaller dot in front, placed a little
higher up, and two long ones following each other in a line. There is also
a black line over the legs. These black marks are irregularly placed, and
much fewer on the orange-coloured segments, there being, however, a line
across the back, while there is a large oval mark over the anus, joined to
the black cerci.

When young they are dark-green, and the markings are not distinctly
placed. *

44. N. cADDERENSis, Cam.'^

Apparently common. Imago in June. Larva June, July, August, and
September. Food plants — birch and willows {iSalix cinerea).
Cadder, Devol's Glen (Port-Glasgow).
Kingussie, Rannoch.
Larva: head smaller than the second segment, the colour intensely

♦ Ent. M. M. xii., p. 127.

40: THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

black, the surface covered with a slight microscopic down, and slightly
punctured, the sides of the mouth somewhat greenish. Legs glassy-
greenish- white, with black claws; the abdominal legs light green. The
body, above, is of a beautiful dark sea-green colour, the lower half being
whitish. On the sides are ten large oval orange spots, each divided by the
folds of the skin into two parts, which are, however, closely continuous.
Below the orange marks is a row of roundish, irregular dots, and below
these again, and directly over the legs, is a row of oblong longish black
spots. Over the orange marks is a line of close, continuous black dots, of
irregular shape, but somewhat oval. These marks proceed from the 2d to
the 12th segment. On the back, at the termination of the segments, are
two rather roundish black dots. Directly over the anal segment is a large
black spot, much larger than any of the others, and this segment is also
beset with a few longish hairs. The cerci are black, white at the base.

The flies which I bred from the willow were much smaller and darker
coloured, and the willow larvae had also a much brighter green colour.
This is a very peculiar species. In the perfect state, the female cannot be
separated from N. croceus ; while the male (as Prof. Zaddach informs me)
agrees perfectly with that of N. miniatus, a very different insect as
regards the female. The larva again very closely resembles that of
N. mdanocejphalus.

45. N. PALLESCENS, Htg.

Not uncommon. Imago end of June. Larva August. Food plant —
Salix cinerea.

Gadder, Kintail,

Braemar.

Larva: head roundish, of a translucent whitish-gray colour, and covered
with longish white hairs; the eye-spots black; the mouth brown; the tips
of the mandibles black. Legs white, with the claws faintly brownish,
claspers white; there is a line of black dots over the legs. Upper part of
the body whitish, assuming a greenish tinge when the food canal is filled;
the lower half is whiter than the upper, and the skin is covered with
tubercles, each ending in a hair. The body is rather flattish.

46. N. MILIARIS, Pz.

= viridis, Ste. ; virescens, Htg.

Abundant everywhere. Imago in May, June, July, and August.
Larva end of June and July, and August and September. Double
brooded. Food plants — birch, alder, and various willows.

The larva is cylindrical, about 9 to 10 lines long. The head is shining,
grass-green, thinly covered with hairs; the eyes are situated in a black
line, which extends to the top and a little below them. The vertex is
sparingly covered with minute dots; the mouth brownish; mandibles
brown, black at the tips. Legs glassy yellowish-green, slightly hairy;

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 41

claws brown; over the legs is a curved black line. The body is grass-
green, with a black line on each side at the top, and directly over the legs
the folds of the skin are marked with black lines. The upper lines end, or
become very faint, at the 10th segment. The anal segment is hairy, the
tip often reddish, and bears two small cerci.

A variety is also found with a white side stripe, and another with a faint
reddish dorsal line, and one is found on birch, with a double row (one on
each side of the food canal) of red square marks.

A saw-fly, not distinguishable from N. miliaris, I have bred from a
differently marked larva to the above, which agrees more or less with Van
Vollenhoven's description. This larva had the head green, with a yellowish
line; there was a blackish stripe on each side, at the end of which were
the eyes; another line went down from the vertex to the middle of the
face, and the upper part was covered with small brown dots; the mouth
was brown. Legs grassy-green, with brownish claws. The body green.
Over the legs was a black line; the skin much wrinkled, and marked with
irregular black lines; at the sides the wrinkles are rather raised, and
edged with black. The back is also marked with black, the centre being
much lighter. Found during August and September (especially the latter),
feeding on Salix caprea, in Gadder Wilderness.

47. N. PALLiATUS, Tliomson.

Not uncommon. Imago in June. Larva August. Food plants — Salix
vitellina and iS. cinerea.

Gadder, Possil Marsh, Bishopton, Loch Ranza, Arran,

Kingussie.

The larva has the head pale orange, which is palest at the sides, and
there is a pale ring in the centre of the face; eye-spots black, surrounded
by a dark brown ring. Legs pale green; the claws of a paler green colour
than the legs. Upper half of the body dark green, the lower half is paler;
and directly over the legs is a dark line of scarcely continuous dots, or in
most cases there is one large mark on each segment.

Another larva had the head light brown, the eyes situated in a black
spot; there is a broad black spot on the vertex, touching the body; the
mouth is dark brown. Legs white, the claws brown; at the base the legs
are marked with black, and there is a black stripe in front of the 1st
abdominal pair. The body is pale green, with a white line on the sides;
below this white line the body is much paler.

48. N. LACTEUS, Thorns.

Not common. Imago in June, August. Larva ? Food

plant — sallow {teste J. E. Fletcher).

Possil, Lambhill, Gadder.

Possibly N. palliatus and N. lacteus (as is certainly the case with N.
hergmanni, N. hrevivalvis, N. microcerus, N. curtispinus, and iV". virescens

42 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

of Thomson) are only varieties of N. miliaris. The subject, however, requires
further elucidation before a definite opinion can be given. The extreme
variability of the larvae of miliaris is curious. The two varieties I have
described appear to be mainly autumnal forms, although possibly they may
also occur in the summer.

49. N. XANTHOGASTER, Foevster.

= piliserra, Thorns.

Eare. Imago on 7th July. Larva in the autumn. Food plants —
ISalix cinerea, aurita, viminalis.
Possil Marsh (one specimen).
The larva rolls down the edges of the willow leaves.

50. N. SHARPi, Cam.*

Rare. Imago in June. Larva unknown;

Taken in Scotland by Dr Sharp. Exact locality unknown.

51. N. CRAssuLUS, Dhm., Thorns.

Common, Imago in June. Larva July to September. Food plants —
Salix vitellina, etc.

Possil, Cadder, Milngavie, Kintail, Strath-Glass.

Braemar, Aberdeen, Sutherlandshire, Eannoch.

Like the last, this species is a leaf-roller in the larval state (see Proc.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas. ii., 313).

52. N. STRONGYLOGASTER, SJp. 11.

Antennae longer than the body, black, bare, tapering towards the apex,
the 3d joint longer than the 4th. Head narrower than the mesothorax,
black, the eyes surrounded with a pale brown band; clypeus and labrum
white; the tips of the mandibles piceous; vertex shining, coarsely
punctured; the frontal area distinct; front broad; antenna! fovea large,
deep; antennae widely separated; clypeus deeply and broadly emarginated;
palpi long, fuscous. Thorax black, shining; mesonotum wdth a few fine
punctures; pronotum broadly edged with white; pleurae half-shining,
punctured; the tegulae white. Wings ample, longer than the body,
iridescent, hyaline, with a fuscous tinge ; the costa and stigma
testaceous; the 1st submarginal nervure is somewhat faint in the middle;
the 2d recurrent nervure is received about the length of the 2d sub-
marginal nervure in front of the same; the 3d submarginal cellule is
longer than broad, widened at the apex. Legs long, testaceous; the coxae,
trochanters, and base of femora white; apex of posterior tibiae and all the
tarsi fuscous-black. The hinder tarsi are longer than the tibiae, which are
deeply grooved. Abdomen not much longer than the head and thorax,

* E. M. M. xu. 191.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 43

broad, broadly rounded at the apex; cerci long, pale; the dorsum of the
abdomen is black, the extreme apex, sides, and belly are testaceous; saw
broad, the sheath black at apex, hairy, projecting.

Length 2| lines.

In its general coloration N. strongylogaster closely resembles leucotrochus;
but the antennae are longer in proportion to the length of the body; the
eyes are broadly surrounded with brown; the clypeus white; the stigma
and costa are of the same colour, the costa not being paler than the
stigma, as in Hartig's species; the 2d recurrent nervure is received much
farther from the 2d submarginal, while the abdomen is much shorter. It
is also not unlike, at a first glance, some of the darker forms of umbrinus,
but the abdomen is shorter, and not keeled, neither is it so sharply pointed
at the apex; the costa and stigma are paler, and the incision in the clypeus
is deeper and broader.

I forwarded this insect to Prof. Zaddach, who returned it with the
remark, " Nahe an viminalis und Einersbergeusis."

Seemingly rare. I have taken one specimen in Kilsyth Glen, and
another near Cannisburn.

53. N. VESICATOR, Bremi.

Not common. Very local. Imago in May. Larva in July. Food plant
— Salix laurina.

Rannoch.

Forms large, oval, bladder-like galls, with a spacious internal cavity.
Generally they are nearly of the same colour as the willow leaf, but
occasionally specimens more or less marked with red are met with.

54. N. voLLENHovENi, Cam.*

Common. Imago in May. Larva June to October. Forms smooth,
green (with rosy cheeks) pea-shaped galls on Salix purpurea.

Banks of Clyde, Allander, Kelvin (upper reaches), and Cart, Bishopton,
Loch Lomond.

Rannoch, Aberdeenshire.

I sent specimens of this species to Prof. Zaddach, without remark,
beyond mentioning the form of the gall, asking if they were the species
known on the Continent as N. viminalis. He has kindly replied that
they differed much from typical specimens, and he could scarcely regard
them as viminalis.

55. N. PEDUNCULI, Ht(J. (?)

Common. Imago in June. Larva, in pale green hairy galls, on Salix
aurita, from July to September.

* a

Scottish NaturaHst," ii. 296.

44 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

Cannisburn, Cadder, Clober, Strathblane, Kilsyth, Carron Valley,
Gleniffer, Dairy.

Glen Lyon, Eannoch, Braemar, Sutherlandshire.

In forming hairy pea-shaped galls, this species agrees with N. pedunculi,
Htg., but does not agree quite with the description of that insect in the
perfect state. Possibly it is a new species. Prof. Zaddach was unable to
give me any definite information about it, beyond stating that it neither
agreed with the description of Hartig's pedunculi, nor with Thomson's
cinereae.

56. N. FEMORALis, Zad.

Local. Imago in May. Larva in long, roundish, oblong, or oval galls,
of a dark purple or pink above, and pale green colour beneath, placed in
pairs on the leaves of Salix laurina. According to the plate in Brischke
and Zaddach's work (pi. iii., f. 10), this is the same as N. icJmocerus,
Thoms., but I am by no means sure about this.

Rannoch, Braemar.

57. N. GALLicoLA, West.
= vallisnieri, Htg.

Abundant everywhere. Imago in May. Larva in reddish bean-shaped
galls, on Salix fragilisj S. alba, and S. caprea, from the end of June to
October.

58. N. BACCARUM, Cam.'*'

Very rare. Imago in May. Larva in pale hairy galls, on Salix aurita,
in the autumn.
Dunkeld.

59. N. HERBACEAE, Cam.f

Local. On mountain tops, from 2,000 to 3,800 feet elevation. Imago
in June. Larva in roundish, oval, or oblong berry-shaped galls, of a green
colour, often more or less marked with red, from the end of June to the
middle of August, on Salix herbacea.

Ben Ledi, Ben Lawers, " Garyvel," Rannoch, Braemar, Ben Laoghal,
Sutherlandshire, (?) Orkney (Reuter),

60. N. VAcciNiELLUs, Cam. X

Rare and local. Imago in May. Larva in July, in pale green berry-
shaped galls, on Vaccinium vitis-idaea.
Rannoch.

* Ent. M. M. xii. 189. f Proc. Nat. Hist. See. Glas. ii., p. 307, et scq.

X Ent. M. M. xii. 190.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 45

The gall-making saw-flics stand much in need of a thorough revision.
In the present conflicting state of the descriptions and nomenclature, it is
almost impossible to identify our species with any certainty. And a
revision, to be of much use, must embrace all the North European species;
not only a comparison of the various descriptions, but also an examination
of large series of bred specimens from all parts of the Continent.

CRYPTOCAMPUS, Hartig.

1. C. PENTANDRAE, Retz.

= medullarius and foindi, Htg.

Common, but rather local. Imago in May. Larva in large, irregular,
more or less globular galls, on the twigs of various willows.
Kilpatrick hills, Dairy, Dumfries (Dr Sharp).

2. C. sALicETi, Fall.; sec. Thorns.

= mucronatus, Htg.

Very common. Imago in May. Larva in the young twigs of various
willows.

Cannisburn, Milngavie, Gleniffer, Dairy, Glen Moriston, Kintail.

Rannoch, Glen Lyon, Braemar, Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Sutherlandshire
(Altnaharra and Bonar Bridge).

This species varies very much in the coloration of the legs, and also in
the antennae and mouth. The form with the legs entirely pale, i.e., without
any black markings, is the rarest.

3. C. ANGUSTUS, Htg.

Not so common, but of similar habits to saliceti.
Rannoch.

CIMBICINA.

CIMBICIDES.

CIMBEX, OUver.

1. 0. SYLVARUM, Fab.
= hetulae, Zaddach.

Common in June. Larva from end of July to September, on birch.
Clober, Bishopton, Paisley.

Rannoch, Glen Lyon, Braemar, Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Lairg, Suther-
landshire.

2. C. FEMORATA, Fah.

Rare. Imago in June. Larva in the autumn, on Salix.
Rannoch.

46 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

TEICHIOSOMA, Leach.

1. T. LucoRUM, Lin.

Very common. Imago in June. Larva from July to October, on birch.
Cadder, Clober, Paisley, Bishopton, Kilsyth, Glenelg.
Rannoch, Braemar, Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Bonar Bridge, Altnaharra.
This species varies in having the sides of the abdomen and the belly
more or less of a testaceous colour.

2. T. VITELLINAE, Lin.

= lateralis, Leach.

Not common. Imago early in June. Larva at end of July and in
August, on Salix aurita, S. caprea, etc.
Clober.
Rannoch.

3. T. BETULETI, Kl.

= crataegi, Zad.

Not very common, and rather local. Imago in June. Larva in August,
on Crataegus.

Cannisburn, Paisley.
Perth, Rannoch.

4. T. soRBi, Htg.

Rare. Imago in June. Larva in August and beginning of July, on
Pyrus aucuparia.
Strath-Glass, Rannoch, Braemar.

ABIIDES.

ABIA, Leach.
1. A. SERICEA, L.

Very common. Imago in June. Larva in August and September, on
Scahiosa succisa.

Possil Marsh, Clober, Paisley, Bishopton, Glenelg.

Rannoch, Braemar, Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Bonar Bridge.

Obs. Thomson (Hymen. Scand. i., 27) has adopted the name of niteiis
for this insect, which, according to him, is the male of L. sericea. Zad-
dach, on the other hand, retains the name of sericea for it, and applies
nitens to another species — A. sjjlcndida, Kl. = hrevicornis, Leach. Liune's
description is ambiguous; but I scarcely think that he had splcndida in
view, because that insect is very rare, and is not, so for as I can ascertain
(beyond the doubtful description of Linne's), a native of Sweden ; is
certainly a southern insect.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 47

2. A. FASCIATA, Li7l.

Eare. Imago in July. Larva in the autumn on Lonicera, Viburnum.
Clober Wood.

HYLOTOMINA.

HYLOTOMIDES.
HYLOTOMA, Lat.

1. H. ENODIS, L.

= atrata, Kl. = nee enodis, Kl.

Rare. Imago end of May. Larva end of July, on Bubus idaeus.

Cadder.

2. H. USTULATA, L.

Common. Imago in June. Larva in August, on birch.

Cadder.

Rannoch, Braemar^ Kingussie, Strath-Glass, Lairg, Berwickshire,

3. H. ciLiARis, Lin.

= cacrulea, Kl.

Imago in June. Larva unknown.

Dairy.

SCHIZOCEBIDES.
CYPHONa, Dahlbom.

1. S. GEMINATA, Gmcl.

Very rare. Imago in June, among Rumex. Larva unknown.
Strath-Carron, about 4 miles from Bonar Bridge Station.

LOPHYRINA.

LOPHYBIDES.

LOPHYRUS, Latr.

1. L. VIRENS, Kl.

Rare. Imago in June. Larva in the autumn, on Scots fir.
Rannoch, Braemar.

2. L. PALLIDUS, Kl.
This species is said by Stephens (111. Brit. Ent.vii., p. 21) to have been bred
by Dr Leach from larvae obtained at Oban; but the specimens in Stephens'

48 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

collection in the British Museum appear to rae to be rufus. Possibly,
however, these may not have been Leach's specimens, for Stephens records
the insect from an English locality, and Mr C. W. Dale of Glanville's
Wooton, tells me that he has specimens of pallidus, taken by Curtis in
Scotland.

3. L. FRUTETORUM, Kl.

Rare. Imago in June. Larva on Scots fir.
Rannoch[(Mr Hislop).

4. L. piNi, Lin.

Abundant. Imago early in June. Larva from end of July to end of
September, on Scots fir.
Cadder, Lambhill, Paisley, Bishopton, Houston.
Perth, Rannoch, Braemar.

5. L. PALLiPES, Fall.

Acta Holm., 1808, 41, 4-5 == elongatulus, Kl.
Eare. Imago in June, Larva on Scots fir.
Rannoch, Braemar.

LYDINA.
LYDA, Fab.

1. L. ERYTHROCEPHALA, Livh.

Rare. Imago in June. Larva in autumn, on Scots fir.
Rannoch.

2. L. NEMORALIS, Lin.

Syst. Nat. Ed. x., 558, 29 = pratensis, Fab.

Common. Imago in June. Larva in autumn, on Scots fir.

Paisley Moss.

Rannoch, Braemar, Glen Feshie.

3. L. SYLVATiCA, Lin.

Rare. Imago in July. Larva on poplar and Salix caprea.
Cadder.

4. L. ARBUSTORUM, Fah.

Rare. Imago in June, on rose. Larva unknown.
Rannoch, at Camachgouran (one individual).

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 49

5. L. DEPRESSA, Schr.

Common. Imago in June and July. Larva on alder and birch.

Cadder, Clober, Kilsyth Glen.

Loch Kanza, Arran, Eannoch, Braemar.

XYELINA.
X Y E L A, Dalman.

1. X. pusiLLA, Dal. ■

Seemingly very rare. Imago in July. Larva in old willows.
" South of Scotland." Stephens, 111. vii. 109.

CEP HINA.
CEPHUS, Latr.

1. C. PALLIPES, KL

= cultrarius Htg. = immaculata, Ste.
Eare. Imago in summer. Larva unknown.
Berwickshire (Mr James Hardy).

ADDENDA.

At page 17, add —

6^- D. PALMATUS, Kl

Very rare. Imago in June.
Dairy (Dr Sharp).

At page 18, add —

8^- D. CENCHRis, Htg.

Common. Imago in June. Larva on grasses, in July.
Kenmuir, Cadder, Kintail.
Eannoch, Braemar.

8^- D. CARBONARIUS, Zad.

Very rare. Imago in June.
Braemar (Dr Sharp).

Errata.

At page 2, in table, for Lophyridina, read Lophyrina.
At page 11, for TENTHEEDEINA, read TENTHEEDINA.
At page 17, for D. fuliginosus, read D. uliginosus.
At page 18, for D. gibbosus, read D. elongatus. Thorns.
At page 27, for NEMATIDINA, read NEMATINA.

D

Fauna of Scot.— Hjinen. i.

50

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

Comparative Table of the Distribution of the Scotch

Tenthredinidab."*

Number

Number

Number

of
Clydes-

Number

Number

Number

of

of

of

GENERA.

of
Western

of
Eastern

Species
peculiar

Species
peculiar

Specie3
common

Species.

Species.

to the

to the

Species.

to East

West.

East.

and West.

Tenthredo - - -

17

16

3

2

16

14

Perineura - - -

4

3

1

« • •

4

3

Synaerema - - -

1

> • •

1

• • >.

1

• • •

Macrophya - - -

2

2

1

1

1

1

Pachyprotasis - -

3

3

2

3

Allantus _ - - -

2

1

1

• • •

2

1

Sciopteryx - - -

• • •

1

1

• • •

• • •

Athalia - - - -

3

3

1

1

3

2

Dolerus - - - -

12

10

4

2

11

7

Strougylogaster - -

4

3

1

• • •

4

3

Poecilosoma - - -

3

4

• • •

1

2

3

Taxonus - - - -

3

3

1

1

3

2

Emphytus - - -

7

7

1

1

7

6

Phyllotoma - - -

3

3

• • •

■ • •

3

3

Fenusa - - - -

7

3

4

■ • •

7

3

Coenoneura - - -

1

• * •

1

• • •

1

• • •

Selandria - - - -

5

5

• • •

• • •

5

5

Eriocanipa - - -

2

4

• • •

2

2

2

Blennocampa - -

12

?11

4

3

12

8

Hoplocampa - - -

3

1

2

• • •

3

1

Diueura - - - -

4

4

• • •

• • •

4

4

Hemichroa - - -

2

2

• • •

• • •

2

2

Cainponiscus - - -

1

1

* • •

• • •

1

1

Cryptocampus - -

2

2

1

1

2

1

Nematus - - - -

39

50

10

21

27

29

Croesus - - - -

3

2

1

• • ■

3

2

Cladius - - - -

4

5

1

2

4

3

Cimbex - - - -

1

2

• • *

1

1

1

Trichiosoma - - -

3

4

• • •

1

3

3

Abia -----

1

1

• • •

...

1

1

Zaraea- - - - -

1

• ■ •

1

• • •

1

• • •

Hylotoma - - - -

3

1

2

■ • •

3

1

Cyphona - - - -

• • •

1

. . .

1

• • •

. . •

Lophyrus - - - -

2

4

1

3

1

1

Lyda - - - - -

3

4

1

2

3

2

Xyela -----

?1

• • •

?1

• • •

• • •

Cephus - - - -

...

1

...

1

• • •

• • •

163

168

44

49

146

119

* Compare also the table on p. 10. Of course it only shows our present
knowledge. Further investigation will, without doubt, lead to numerous
discoveries of new localities, or of species new to Scotland. The watershed is
made the basis of the separation of the east and west.

THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND. 51

Postscript. — Since the part of this Catalogue relating to Perineura,
p. 14, has been put in type, I have looked into the nomenclature of this
group, with the result that my conclusions do not coincide with those of
Thomson, not indeed as to the distinctness of the species, but simply as
to what names they should bear. According to my views the nomencla-
ture should be as follows, taking the species as arranged at p. 14.

1. P. dimidiata, Fab., female = coquehertii, Klug; varia, Gmel.; analis
Ste., calig'mosa, Ste., microcepJiala, Ste.; nassata, Thoms.; nee Lin,

2. P. scutellaris, Fab. = stigma, Fab.; ambigua, Kl.; ncgleda, Lep.,
spreta, Lep.; iMvida, Fab.; brevisjnna, Thoms.

3. P. nassata, Lin. = mdanochroea, Gmel.; sordida,!^., (forte) Thoms.

4. P. excisa, Thoms. = ornata, Lep.

What Thomson regards as the male of P. dimidiata is, as I take it, in
reality, the male of T. nassata Lin. (female), the real male of dimidiata
being T. coqueberti, Kl. This seems to be also the opinion of St.
Fargeau, Stephens, and others.

P. nassata is a puzzling form, and its synonymy is not easily traced
with certainty, from the vagueness of most of the descriptions. The
probability is, that there is more than one species of a yellowish colour.
The form with a black stripe on the abdomen has generally the inner
orbits of the eye only very faintly white and sometimes not at all,
while the 2d recurrent nervure is received behind the 2d submarginal.
Another variety occurs without any black on the body, with the 3d
submarginal cellule shorter, the 2d recurrent interstitiate, the orbits of
the eyes, too, having a broad white rim. A similarly marked aberration
is met with having the neuration as in the type.

I have taken a large form (nearly 7 lines in length), with the colour of
a deeper red, no white round the eyes, the base of the antennae marked with
black, and the apex of the 1st, nearly the whole of the 2d and the 3d
abdominal segments black on the dorsal surface, the pleurae, too, being
more punctured and opaque than in the smaller form; the 2d recurrent
nervure is interstitiate. This is the rarest variety (if variety it be), and
what I take to be its male, has a large semi-circular emargination on the
last abdominal segment; the antennae are yellowish except the two basal
joints, underside of the body yellowish, mesonotum black, with yellowish
spots, while the head is yellow, except a large black mark on the vertex.
The pleurae are whitish, as are also the apical joints of the posterior
tarsi. Length 6j lines. This appears to be what Thomson describes as
the male of dimidiata, whose true male he does not seem to have noticed.
His male sordida is, I think, only a light coloured aberration of scutellaris,
whose male is very inconstant in coloration,

Klug-^s sordida has the stigma brown. This does not agree with the
small form (length 5-6 lines) of nassata, which has it half fuscous, half
white. As the Fabrician description is perfectly recognisable, I see no
reason why Thomson's new name of brevispina should be adopted; to

52 THE FAUNA OF SCOTLAND.

do so would only further increase the confusion in which the species
are placed already. If I mistake not, Thomson's excisa is the same as
ornata, Lep. (Mon. 77, 228). I will conclude this note by giving a
synopsis of our species : —

A. Clypeus truncated at the apex.

1. Body yellowish-brown without any red on abdomen and legs.

nassata.

2. Body black with red on abdomen and legs.

Apex of abdomen red (rarely black), calcaria long, male with
abdomen red from the 2d segment; hind tibiae and femora
black. dimidiata.

Abdomen with a broad red band in the middle; calcaria short.
Male with the last abdominal segment not emarginated.

scutellaris.

B. Clypeus with the apex incised, pleurae somewhat punctured;

abdomen with the 2d to 7th segment red. excisa.

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I i

VOL. III.— PART III.

^x

rii m h^

'y>

GLASGOW: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY
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NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW,

Vol. I. Part 1. 2f^8 pp. 3 Plates. 1859-68. Price 4/(

„ „ 2. 156 pp. 4 „ 1868-69. „ 4/.

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Title Page and Contents for Vol. III.

The Fauna of Scotland, with special reference to Clydesdale ai
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Hymenoptera — Part I. By Mr P. Cameron, 1878, price 1/
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A Catalogue of the British Tenthredinidae (printed on one side of tl
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