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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

New England Zoological Club

EDITED BY

CHARLES FostER BATCHELDER

VOLUME VIII

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS :

1922-1923

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JANUARY 25, 1922 Vou. VIII, pr. 1-23
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE

BY BENJAMIN PRESTON CLARK

THE sphingid forms described in the following pages comprise
thirteen new species and twelve new subspecies. They are from
widely scattered localities. Seven are from South America,
five from China, five from Polynesia, two from the Philip-
pines, and one each from the Caucasus, North America, the
West Indies, Africa, Australia and the Fiji Islands.

My collection now has reached a total of eleven hundred and
twenty-five species and subspecies, represented by some seventy-
two hundred specimens. As the total number of species and
subspecies of Sphingidae known to science is about thirteen
hundred, it is my hope and ambition eventually to gather to-
gether a complete collection of this remarkable family, con-
taining every known form. So far as I have been able to learn,
such a task never has been accomplished in any large family of
living creatures. Yet I have good reason to believe that, though
by my own efforts I never could attain this goal, I shall be en-
abled to do so by the active codperation of men of science the
world over, which has already brought me so far along the road.
For this assistance I wish to give my hearty thanks to men too
numerous to mention, but whose help I deeply appreciate.

2 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE ["N-22.0.

Two corrections I wish to make in my own past work, and
one note on the work of another.

Orecta fruhstorferi Clark was described in these Proceedings,
Vol. VI, p. 45, pl. V, fig. 4. On page 99 of the same volume I
expressed a doubt as to its validity. Now, with a full series of
O. lycidas eos before me, and a male and a female of O. lycidas
lycidas, I feel confident that O. fruhstorferi is a valid species.

Poliodes senegalensis Clark was described in Volume VII,
page 69, of the Proceedings. My friend Mr. Andrey N. Avinoff
has called to my attention the fact that this species should be
placed in the genus Polyptychus. It should stand as Polyptychus
senegalensis Clark.

Having recently received in exchange from the Berlin Museum
a cotype of Polyptychus inconspicuus Strand, a female, I have
compared it with a female of Polyptychus hollandi R. & J., so
designated by Dr. Karl Jordan. It is my belief that the two
forms are identical, and that P. inconspicuus should be con-
sidered a synonym of P. hollandi.

Herse convolvuli peitaihoensis subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o', 36 mm.; 9, 37 mm. __s Aid. ant. lat., o’, 14 mm.; 9,
15mm. Marg. ext., 7,19 mm.; 9, 20 mm.

Habitat. — Pei-tai-ho, northern China. One male and one female in coll.
B. Preston Clark, received from Dr. O. Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas.

This form differs from all the specimens of H. convolvuli
which I have had the opportunity of examining, in that it does
not show the tendency to dimorphism so general in H. convolvult,
in which the markings ofthe male are distinct, while the female
tends to a more uniform gray tone.

In peitaihoensis both sexes uniformly have throughout a
brightly white appearance in their ground tone, and because of
this fact both have a highly variegated appearance. This
uniformity of coloration in the two sexes and the highly varie-

ig CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE 3

gated character of the coloration seem to be of sufficient im-
portance to deserve a subspecific description.

Herse convolvuli marshallensis subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o', 32 mm.; 9, 31mm. _ Al. ant. lat., #, 12 mm.; 9,
11.5 mm. Marg. ext., 7,17 mm.; 9, 16 mm.

Habitat. — Taluit, Marshall Islands. One male and one female in coll.
B. Preston Clark, received in exchange from the Berlin Museum, where
there remains a series.

This form was mentioned by Dr. Karl Jordan in 1903, in
the ‘Revision of the Sphingidae’ (pp. 14, 15), but he did not at
that time feel it wise to give it a name. On comparison with a
long series of H. convolvuli, from many localities, insular and
continental, it appears to stand as a distinct race, and to merit
a name.

Male: Head, thorax, and abdomen above and below, yellow irrorated
with brown. Abdominal tergites faintly pink. Fore wing above, ground
tone yellow, against which the black markings stand out sharply. Hind
wing above, uniformly light yellow, with the transverse bands, and the
sub-basal band faintly indicated. Fore wing below, yellowish brown, uni-
colorous, with no markings. Hind wing below, light yellow, with one dark
median transverse band; submarginal band lacking.

Female: Head, thorax, and abdomen above and below, light gray irro-
rated with white. Abdominal tergites faintly pink. Fore wing above,
white irrorated with yellow, and with faint black markings. Hind wing
above, white irrorated with light brown, and with the transverse bands and
the sub-basal line faintly indicated. Fore wing below, unicolorous, faintly
pink, irrorated with brown. Hind wing below, of same color as the under
side of the fore wing, save for a distal marginal band of slightly darker tint,
the brown irroration being heavier.

This form is nearer to a form from Aksu, Chinese Turkestan,
than to any other specimens of H. convolvuli to which I have
had access, but in marshallensis the male is much yellower, and
the female far whiter than in the Aksu form.

4 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE [AV EZ0-

Cocytius macasensis sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o&', 67 mm. _ Al. ant. lat., o*, 26 mm. Marg. ext., 7,
33 mm.

Habitat. — Macas, Ecuador. One male in coll. B. Preston Clark, re-
ceived from Dr. O. Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas.

In general appearance distinct from any other known Cocy-
tius. Most nearly allied to C. duponchel and C. lucifer. Its
general coloration is seal-brown, with lighter markings.

Antennae brown above, white beneath. Palpus light yellow at base.
Second and third segments rich reddish brown. Head, thorax and abdo--
men above, seal-brown. Mesothoracic tegulae rich reddish brown, tipped
with lighter brown. Legs seal-brown, with light markings. Side tufts at
base of abdomen prominent, white; abdomen with three yellow side spots,
light yellow beneath, except anal tip, which is seal-brown. Hind wing with
transparent discal interspaces; transparent areas not indented between the
veins.

Fore wing above, seal-brown, unicolorous. The usual generic markings
all indistinct, due to the dark color of the wing. Black streaks R3—M2 not
prominent, but clearly defined. Postmedially and costally of veins SC5 to
M2 inclusive, are long vinaceous brown markings extending to the distal
margin; these are the most prominent characteristic of the species. A
prominent yellow dumb-bell-shaped stigma at apex of cell, with an incon-
spicuous stigma of the same color distant from it 4 mm. apically and cost-
ally. Hinder angle produced as in C. lucifer. Fringe yellow, dark at the
veins. Hind wing above, dark seal-brown, yellow basally as in C. lucifer;
transparent discal interspaces small; fringe yellow, dark at the veins.

Fore wing below, natal brown; a yellow streak extends along the costal
margin sub-basally some distance toward the wing apex; a yellow patch in
the fork between M1 and M2, and another between M2 and the inner mar-
gin, basally of the first patch; fringe as on upper side. Hind wing below,
natal brown with yellow basal area similar to that on the upper side of the
wing.

Protoparce viola-alba sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 9,39 mm. Al. ant. lat., 9,15 mm. Marg. ext., 9,
21 mm.

Habitat. — Corumba, Matto Grosso, western Brazil. One female in
coll. B. Preston Clark, received from Dr. O. Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas.

oe CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE 5

The two outstanding characteristics of this species are that
the fore wing is of almost exactly: the shade of dull violet that
marks Jsognathus caricae, while the hind wing has the pure
white color of P. manducotides, to which latter this species is
most closely allied.

Antennae and palpus dark brown. Occiput, thorax and abdomen above,
dark brown irrorated with dull violet. Four prominent rectangular yellow
side patches on abdominal tergites, on segments one to four inclusive.
White side patch on fifth abdominal tergite. Breast dark brown. Ab-
domen beneath, white irrorated with yellow. Side tufts yellow.

Fore wing above: Dull violet, of same tint as fore wing of J. caricae, but
slightly darker. Unicolorous, save for the following markings. Four trans-
verse dark brown lines — line one, sub-basal, extends from a point 7 mm.
from the wing base on costal margin sharply toward the hinder angle a
distance of 4.5 mm., from this point sharply angled basad it extends to the
inner margin, which it reaches at a point 5 mm. from the base; line two,
antemedian, extends from a point on costal margin 12 mm. from the wing
base to a point on inner margin 10 mm. from the base, curving distad until
it reaches M1, thence basad; line three, postmedian, extends from a point
16 mm. from the apex distad to R3, thence basad to inner margin, which it
reaches 10 mm. from hinder angle (a dark dash 5 mm. in length crosses this
line between R2 and M1); line four, submarginal, extends from a point
on costal margin 10 mm. from apex distad until at R3 it is within 4 mm. of
distal margin, whence it runs parallel to this margin, reaching the inner
margin 5 mm. from hinder angle; all four lines are irregular in their out-
line, and angled on the veins. Dark brown submarginal patches on veins
R2, R3, M1 and M2, about 2 mm. distant from distal margin. A dark
brown apical line so characteristic of the genus Protoparce extends from
the wing apex a distance of 10 mm., angled on SC5, and ending on R1,
where it bisects transverse line four.

Hind wing above: Pure white, tinged with pink along anal margin, and
with a dark brown distal marginal band, 4 mm. in width, which extends
basad along the anal fold, and also is produced basad 1.5 mm. at the veins.

Fore wing below: Brown irrorated with dull violet. Unicolorous, save
for a basal whitish area. Veins prominent.

Hind wing below: White basally and along anal margin, thence irro-
rated more and more heavily with brown to the distal and the inner margin.
Veins prominent.

This is a beautiful and unusual form, and unlike any Pro-
toparce with which I am familiar.

N.E.Z.C.
6 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE [AAV 4.20

Neogene corumbensis sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., co, 23 mm.; 9, 25 mm. Al. ant. lat., o, 9 mm.;
9, 9.5 mm. Marg. ext., oc’, 12 mm.; 9, 12.5 mm.

Habitat. —Corumba, Matto Grosso, western Brazil. Two males and
two females in coll. B. Preston Clark, received from Dr. O. Staudinger
and A. Bang-Haas.

This form has the white occipital band of N. dynaeus, but
it is cream-colored, not brilliant white. The ground tone of
both wings, above and beneath, is brown, where N. dynaeus is
gray. The abdomen also is brown, where N. dynaeus is black. -
The hind wing of the male is not white, as in N. dynaeus, but
is uniform brown above and beneath. The white markings of
the fore wing above, so distinct in N. dynaeus, are in this form
almost entirely lacking. It is a singularly unicolorous insect
throughout.

Coenotes maximus sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 9,38 mm. Al. ant. lat.. 9,17 mm. Marg. ext., 9
21 mm.

Habitat. — Ceram. One female in coll. B. Preston Clark, received from
Dr. O. Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas.

The entire insect is unicolorous and uniformly gray above and beneath
except as follows. The abdomen above has a heavy black median line, and
heavy black roughly triangular side patches on each segment, the points
downward. On the fore wing above is an irregular apical line, 11 mm. in
length, angled between SC4 and SC5, and between SC5 and R1. A broad
gray postmedian band, darker in color than the general tone of the wing,
extends across the wing, roughly parallel to the distal margin, and turns
basad as it approaches the costal margin. A second similar band runs par-
allel to the first about midway between it and the distal margin. Cilia are
dark at the veins on both wings above. There are no markings whatever
on the under side of either wing, except an apical line 3 mm. in length and
the darkened cilia at the veins. A very quiet-looking insect.

73502 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE 7

Sphinx dolli australis subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o', 27 mm. _ Al. ant. lat. 7, 8 mm. Marg. ext., o’,
13.5 mm.

Habitat. — Washington Mts., Arizona, thirty miles southeast of Nogales.
Two males in coll. B. Preston Clark, collected by Mr. J. A. Kusche, July 17,
1919.

This subspecies is closely allied to S. d. coloradus and S. d. dolli, but is
distinct from them both. It is nearest to coloradus. The entire insect
is, however, darker in color than coloradus. The head and mesothorax
are dark gray. Mesothoracic tegulae are dark brown with no white margins.

Fore wing above is gray in ground tone, with dark brown markings, in
general similar to those of S. d. coloradus. A heavy dark brown line between
SM2 and the inner margin, extends from a point 3 mm. from the base of
the wing, parallel to the inner margin, and reaches a length of fully 6 mm.
Hind wing above is unicolorous, and distinctly darker in tone than in
coloradus. Fore wing and hind wing below are distinctly darker in tone
than in coloradus.

Genitalian slides show the clasper more acuminate than in S. d. dolli
and S. d. coloradus. The harpe is dentate only on the inner margin.

Oxyambulyx subocellata chinensis subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 7, 37 mm.; 92, 48 mm. Al. ant. lat., #7, 15 mm.;
9,19mm. Marg. ext., 7,22 mm.; 2, 28 mm.

Habitat. — Canton, China. Two males and two females in coll. B. Pres-
ton Clark, received from Dr. O. Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas.

While in all essential respects they agree with typical subo-
cellata, when these specimens are placed beside a typical series
of the latter certain points of contrast come out sharply; these
are especially noticeable in the male.

Fore wing above: Both sexes lack almost entirely the dark markings
of O.s. subocellata. The various spots and bands are indicated by slightly
darkened areas, but all carrying the same ground tone. The stigma, the
apical line, and the line at the hinder angle alone are really dark-colored.
The stigma is irrorated with white. Hind wing above: Similar in its mark-
ings to subocellata, but they are lighter in color.

N.EZC.
8 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE [AV 820

Fore wing beneath: The postmedian markings are lacking, except the
marginal distal band, and this approaches more nearly the color of the rest
of the wing than in the typical form. Hind wing beneath: All markings
are much lighter in color than in subocellata, and fainter.

Smerinthus planus alticola subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., co’, 23 mm.; 9, 26 mm. Al. ant. lat., o, 9.5 mm.,;
9,10.5mm. Marg. ext., 7,12 mm.; 9, 13.5 mm.

Habitat. — Mount Pao-Hwa, near Lungtan, China. One male and one
female in coll. B. Preston Clark, received from Dr. O. Staudinger and
A. Bang-Haas.

This is a dwarf form, with pronounced characteristics.

Fore wing above, cinnamon-drab, the darker markings being wood-
brown; the ground tone is lighter than in S. p. planus, and the markings are
less distinct, giving a more unicolorous appearance. Hind wing above,
cinnamon-drab, shading to wood-brown on distal margin; pink area more
restricted than in the typical form, and less vivid in color.

Fore wing beneath, colored similarly to the upper side; pink basal area
lighter in tone and more restricted in area than in planus. Hind wing be-
neath, markings faint, and ground tone lighter than in planus.

Isognathus rimosa wolcotti subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o’, 38 mm. Al. ant. lat., oo, 14mm. Marg. ext., o’,
21 mm.

Habitat. — Rio Piedras, Porto Rico, West Indies. Two males in coll. B.
Preston Clark, received from Mr. George N. Wolcott, and named after
him.

This form is one of unusual interest. It is distinct from the
Cuban form, J. rimosa rimosa, from the Haitian form, I. rimosa
molitor, from the Jamaican form, I. rimosa jamaicensis, and
from the continental form, I. rimosa papayae, while showing
points of resemblance to each of them.

ioe CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE 9

The strongest point of difference between this form and those
from Cuba, Haiti and Jamaica, is the marginal band of the
hind wing, which is about half as wide as in the other West
Indian forms, and but slightly wider than in papayae. The
ground tone of the fore wing is brown, as in jamaicensis and
rimosa, differing in this regard sharply from the white of molitor
and papayae. The broad light gray distal marginal band on
the under side of both the fore and the hind wing, so marked in
molitor, less so in rimosa, and lacking in jamaicensis and
papayae, is very prominent in wolcottt.

The salient characteristic of wolcctti is its close approxima-
tion to molitor, rimosa, jamaicensis and papayae, in one particu-
lar in the case of each form. It is a link connecting the other
subspecies, geographically and racially; and with them it makes
a total of eight subspecies of Isognathus rimosa. Each is well
marked, and the whole forms a remarkable group.

Haemorrhagia fuciformis affinis f. nigra forma nov.

Al. ant. long., o,25mm. Al. ant.lat., 7,8mm. Marg. ext., 7, 15mm.
Habitat. — Mokanshan near Hangchow, China. Two males in coll. B.
Preston Clark, received from Dr. O. Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas.

While the maculation of the body and wings of this form show
it to be close to f. alternata, there are the following differences.
Fore and hind wings both above and beneath are dead black,
instead of the dark red of f. alternata. Thorax and posterior
sternites are a deep orange instead of yellow. The black margi-
nal distal band of the fore wing is much narrower in this form,
being only 4 mm. in width at SC 5, and tapering to a width of
1 mm. at the hinder angle. The distal marginal band of the
hind wing also is very narrow. There are no yellow hairs along
the costal margin of fore wing, and they are sparse at the base
of both fore and hind wing, contrasting in this respect with the
large number in f. alternata.

.N.E.Z.C.
10 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE [RN42:6

Pholus macasensis sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o’, 58 mm. Al. ant. lat., @, 23 mm. Marg. ext., 3,
31 mm.

Habitat. — Macas, Ecuador. One male in coll. B. Preston Clark, re-
ceived from Dr. O. Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas.

Closely resembling P. satellitia licaon Cr., but a darker-colored
insect, in both its ground tone and its markings.

The fore wing above lacks entirely the white or pink color along veins
M1 and M2, so characteristic of P. s.licaon. The ground tone of the wing is
isabella color, and the markings are bister. The dark rhomboidal area
midway of the inner margin in licaon, is in this species narrow and nearly
rectangular. The general appearance of the wing is highly variegated. The
hind wing above shows no material difference from licaon, except an entire
absence of any pink tinge at the anal angle.

It is on the under side of this insect that the strongest differences from
P. s. licaon come out. The fore wing below has the basal half brown. The
two light postmedian transverse lines of licaon are in this species heavy,
with the posterior one deeply lunulate between the veins and the basal
one fading away at SM2. The area between these two lines, which in
licaon is nearly the same color as the rest of the wing, contains in this species
three irregular dark lines, so close together as to give the appearance of a
broad postmedian band 8 mm. in width and extending from the costal
margin nearly to the inner margin. The distal marginal band of licaon
widens to R3, where it attains a width of 9 mm.; it then narrows abruptly
on R3, and continues still narrowed, and lunulate between the veins, to the
hinder angle, where it is 5 mm. wide. The marginal band in this species
widens from the wing apex to R2, where it is 10 mm. in width, and it retains
very nearly this width to the hinder angle, where it is still 8 mm. broad.
It is only slightly lunulate between the veins.

The hind wing below is brown in the basal half. The two postmedian
transverse lines are heavy, as on the fore wing, containing between them
the three irregular dark lines, the whole forming the same sort of dark band
as on the fore wing, 9 mm. wide on the inner margin, and narrowing to
6 mm. anally. The basal line fades out anally, and the posterior line is
strongly lunulate. The veins are dark between this broad band and the
distal margin.

7752 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE 11

Chromis erotus cramptoni subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 1, 34 mm.; 9, 39 mm. Al. ant. lat., o, 12 mm.;
9,15 mm. Marg. ext., o', 20mm.; 9, 23 mm.

Habitat. — Agana, Guam. Twelve males and ten females in coll. B.
Preston Clark, collected in July, 1920, by my friend Dr. Henry E. Cramp-
ton, and presented to me by him. The form bears his name.

I have hesitated to separate this form in a species so widely
distributed and so uniform in its characteristics, but the locality
is so isolated, the characters of the race are so marked, and the
series is so long and so unvarying, that such treatment seems
advisable.

Fore wing above: Sub-basal line, 3 mm. in length, from costal margin
toward inner margin. Antemedian line, concave basad, extends from a
point 11 mm. from the base on costal margin to a black spot at the base on
the inner margin. There are postmedian geminate transverse lines; the area
between the lines is dark, on costal margin, and from inner margin to a point
half-way to costal margin. A postmedian line parallel to the geminate one
extends from a point 5 mm. distant from hinder angle to a point 10 mm.
from wing apex on costal margin, curving basad as it approaches this mar-
gin. Dark shade posteriorly to this line, between it and distal margin,
extends from R1 to R38. All these markings are sharp, and uniform through-
out the whole series. Hind wing above shows no marked difference from
the typical form.

Fore wing below: A heavy dark brown distal marginal band extends
from the wing tip, broadening until between R2 and R3 it is 6 mm. in
width, then narrowing irregularly to the hinder angle, where it is 2 mm.
wide. This band is heavier in the male. The hind wing below has a similar
distal marginal band, 2 mm. wide at the inner angle, and tapering to the
anal angle.

Acosmeryx miskini brooksi subsp. nov.

Measurements identical with those of A. miskini miskint Murray.

Habitat. — Lebong-Tandai, Benkoelen District, Sumatra. One male in
coll. B. Preston Clark, collected by my friend Mr. Cecil J. Brooks, and pre-
sented to me by him. I take pleasure in naming the form for him.

12 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW sPHINGIDAR ["VR29-

This subspecies follows closely the general coloration and
maculation of typical A. miskini. There are certain differences
which deserve subspecific recognition, and which indicate that
this is the western form of A. miskini.

The stigma on the fore wing, instead of being light yellow and prominent,
as is the case with typical miskini, is dark and inconspicuous, with but a
tiny ocellus of dark yellow. The angle of the fore wing at SC5 is less prom-
inent and less sharply angled than in miskini. The lunar apical area be-
tween the wing apex and SC is lighter in color and more prominent than
in the typical form; so is the submarginal line extending diagonally from
a point on SC5, 4 mm. from the distal margin, and reaching that margin
between R3 and M1, and filling the entire space between these two veins.
The dark broadly lunar shade, which in miskini extends along the distal
margin from SC5 to a point between R2 and R3, in this form extends slightly
but clearly beyond R3.

Temnora nephele sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o, 21 mm.; 9, 23 mm. Al. ant. lat., o, 9 mm.;
9, 10 mm. Marg. ext., co’, 11mm.; 92, 13 mm.

Habitat. — Efulan, Cameroons. One male and one female (type) in coll.
B. Preston Clark, received in exchange from Dr. William J. Holland, and
collected by Dr. H. L. Weber.. One female also from Benito, Spanish
Guinea, collected by Dr. Good.

Closely allied to T. subapicalis R. & J. Dr. Karl Jordan says
“More gray, tip of fore wing less pointed.”

Head, thorax and abdomen above, wood-brown. Abdomen beneath dull
pink irrorated with brown.

Fore wing above, wood-brown, with the following markings of Prout’s
brown. A sub-basal band 1 mm. in width extending from inner to costal
margin; a triangular patch with its base 5 mm. in width on costal margin,
its posterior point 9 mm. distant from wing apex, and its apex on M2
2.5 mm. distant from hinder angle; a rectangular subapical patch on costal
margin; and a series of vein dots extending posteriorly from this patch to
hinder angle. Fringe white, dark at veins. Hind wing above, unicolorous,
Prout’s brown; fringe white, dark at the veins.

tence CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE 13

Fore wing below, basal half brownish black; discal area dull pink; a
regular distal marginal brownish black band 2 mm. in width, and broaden-
ing to 4 mm. on R2.

Hind wing below, dull pink with three irregular faint lines, one median,
and two postmedian, and all three parallel to distal margin; irregular
brownish black distal marginal band 2 mm. wide at inner angle, and nar-
rowing posteriorly until it fades away before reaching the anal angle.

Gurelca chaochauensis sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 7, 19mm. __— Ai. ant. lat., 7’, 8.5mm. Marg. ext., 0,
10 mm.

Habitat. — Chao-chau, eastern China. One male in coll. B. Preston
Clark, received from Dr. R. Luck and B. Gehlen.

Most nearly resembling G. masuriensis sangaica Butler, but
easily distinguished by yellow. stigma on fore wing, and bluish
white irroration on various parts of the body and upper surface
of the wings.

Antennae, brown, upper quarter light gray but black apically. Palpi,
head, thorax and abdomen above, reddish brown. The hairs tipped with
bluish white, give an irrorated effect to the head and prothorax. Meso-
thoracic tegulae edged with bluish white. Abdomen above sparsely irro-
rated with this same color. Legs and abdomen beneath warm reddish
brown with bright yellow prominent lateral dots.

Fore wing above: Variegated, ground tone dark brown; a small light
yellow stigma; a semicircular basal area, with its base 4 mm. in length on
costal margin, lighter in tone because irrorated with bluish white; a median
band extends narrowly and faintly from near the costal margin to the
hinder margin, narrowing at M2; an area extending from a point on costal
margin 8 mm. from wing apex to R3 on distal margin, is irrorated with bluish
white, with oblique bands. A roughly rectangular area about 4 mm. square,
lying between R3 and inner margin, is irrorated with reddish brown. Hind
wing above, light yellow with dark distal border narrowing anteriorly to a
width of 8 mm. and to a blunt point at anal angle.

Fore wing beneath: Basal half brown, this color extending costally to
the irregular distal margin, and heavily along all the veins to this distal
margin; inner margin light yellow; postmedian area between the veins
yellow irrorated with rusty red to the distal margin; prominent bluish

14 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW sPHINGIDAE [AARC

white costal patch, 1.5 mm. in width, commencing at a point 4 mm. from
wing tip; a similar faint shade 7 mm. from wing tip on costal margin;
irregular distal margin brown irrorated with bluish white scales. Hind
wing beneath, yellow irrorated with rusty red scales; two bluish white
patches similar to those of fore wing, but fainter; distal margin brown,
irrorated with bluish white.

Macroglossum doddi sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 9,22mm. Al. ant. lat.,?,9mm. Marg. ext., 9, 13mm.
Habitat. — Kuranda, northern Queensland. One female in coll. B. Preston
Clark, collected by Mr. F. P. Dodd, and named after him.

A beautiful and highly variegated species, allied to M. dohertyi
Roth. (1894).

Antennae dark brown. Palpus, first segment white, continuing to a point
through the second segment; the rest of second segment dark mummy-
brown; third segment lighter brown. Head and thorax wood-brown,
with mesial stripe; mesothoracic and side tegulae rich dark mummy-
brown, both bordered with wood-brown. Abdomen above, dark mummy-
brown; yellow side spot on third segment, traces of yellow on second
segment; mesial and lateral wood-brown spots on each segment, bordered
with light pinkish cinnamon. Breast white, dark mummy-brown laterally.
Abdomen beneath, dark mummy-brown, with a broad mesial white band
extending to third segment, where it narrows abruptly, and continues
narrow to the anus; segments bordered with white; side tufts white.
Cilia of both wings, above and beneath, mummy-brown.

Fore wing above. Rich dark mummy-brown; a small white basal dot;
a faint narrow sub-basal pale pinkish cinnamon line extends from a point
3 mm. distant from the base of the wing, on costal margin, obliquely basad
toward inner margin, which it does not quite reach. The two narrow
sharply defined bands peculiar to M. dohertyi are present, the median one
is pale pinkish buff, while the postmedian one is light pinkish cinna-
mon; the postmedian line consists of a series of lunules, convex basally,
while the line as a whole is evenly curved, and convex distally. In
both these respects it differs markedly from the similar band of M.
dohertyi, which (‘ Novitates Zodlogicae,’ Vol. I, Pl. V, fig. 2) is continuous in
outline, and slightly S-shaped in form. Another drawing, made for me, of
the type, confirms this figure in the ‘ Novitates.’ Posteriorly of this line is a
mummy-brown band 2 mm. wide at the hinder angle, and filling the area

7a5D2 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE 15

to it. This band narrows costally to a width of 1 mm. on R1, where it
broadens abruptly, and continues to the apex, narrowing again on SC5.
The triangular area between this line, R1, and the distal margin, is irro-
rated with pinkish white scales, while the area between R1 and the costal
margin is similarly irrorated, and contains within itself a subapical pink-
ish patch. Hind wing above dark mummy-brown at base and postmedially.
The clearly defined bright yellow band is similar in width and shape to
that of M. dohertyi.

Fore wing beneath, dull brown with pink scaling along the edge of the
irregular distal marginal band, which is broadest on R2, where it attains
a width of 4 mm., and is irrorated with white. Hind wing beneath, dull
brown irrorated with gray. Abdominal area yellow, sharply cut off at
anal angle. Three indistinct bands, one antemedian, one postmedian, and
one submarginal, are of a darker brown tone.

Macroglossum haslami sp. nov.

Al. ant. long, 2,27 mm. Al. ant.lat.. 9,11 mm. Marg. ext., 9,
15 mm.

Habitat. — Manila, Philippine Islands. One female in coll. B. Preston
Clark, taken by my friend Mr. Greville Haslam, and named after him.

Most nearly resembling M. passalus rectifascia, but differing
from it in the following respects.

The median thoracic stripe is broader in this form, and the area between
it and the mesothoracic tegulae is light in color, causing a sharp contrast.
The abdominal tufts all are yellow, none white.

Fore wing above: The portion basad of the antemedian band is so nearly
of the same dark tint as to give the impression of a solid basal area. This
antemedian band is distinctly convex distally. The area which in M. p.
rectifascia extends from the apex along the costal margin 10 mm., is much
less marked in this form. A gray distal marginal border, 2 mm. wide at the
wing apex, broadens to 3.5 mm. on R2, and then narrows to a point at the
hinder angle.

Hind wing above: The yellow median band is slightly narrower than
in M. p. rectifascia.

16 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE ["j\%7:0-

The fore and hind wings beneath are similar to those of M. p. rectifas-
cia, but the lines are slightly fainter.

Xylophanes germen brevis subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o*, 27 mm. __— Al. ant. lat., o, 13.5 mm. Marg. ext.,
o’, 18 mm.
Habitat unknown. Two males in coll. B. Preston Clark, received from

Dr. O. Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas. Unfortunately I cannot ascertain ~

the locality whence they came.

The genitalia of these specimens are identical with those of
X.g.germen. In general coloration and maculation this form is
close to germen. It is, however, a shorter-winged insect, and
the width of the fore wing is greater in proportion to the length
than in the typical form, producing the impression of a really
different wing form.

The dark markings of the fore wing stand out in sharper con-
trast to the ground tone than in germen. The median geminate
lunulate line which occurs in germen with greater or less
distinctness, is sharply marked in brevis, and starting from a
point 1 mm. distant from the hinder angle on the inner margin
there runs a similar geminate lunulate line diverging from the
distal margin and joining the median line midway between the
inner and the costal margins. There is thus formed a triangle
with its base on the inner margin. This occurs uniformly on
both specimens of brevis, and I do not find it on any of my
considerable series of germen. <A faint trace of a line on one
specimen of germen runs parallel to the distal margin, and not
at an angle to it as in brevis.

The shortened fore wing, its sharp markings, and the angled
geminate line, are the three outstanding characteristics of this
subspecies, of which at some time I hope to know the locality.

wae’ | CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE 17

Xylophanes macasensis sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o', 40 mm. _—_— Ald. ant. lat., 7, 16 mm. Marg. ext.,
o', 23 mm.

Habitat. — Macas, Ecuador. One male in coll. B. Preston Clark, re-
ceived from Dr. O. Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas.

Allied to X. ockendeni Roth.

Antennae brown above, white beneath. Palpi light yellow, shading
darker at the tips. Head, thorax, and abdomen above, yellowish olive.
Abdominal tergites with two mesial rows of dark dots. Abdomen light
yellow beneath.

Fore wing above: Yellowish olive like thorax, with the three black
patches of X. ockendeni, 3 to 5 mm. in diameter, one sub-basal, the second
just beyond apex of cell, and the third at hinder margin proximally of
angle. A small black stigma. A thin black line from outer side of sub-basal
patch to costal edge, curved and irregular. An indistinct black bar in mid-
dle of cell. Two faint dentate lines, both dark yellowish green, distally of
second patch, extend from midway of the inner margin to SC5, where they
merge into two black lines extending from SC5 to costal margin. These
black lines, angled basad at SC5, reach the costal margin 12 mm. and 9 mm.
from the wing tip. A black dot on costal margin 7 mm. from wing tip. A
dark green line extends from the inner margin, at a point 10 mm. from the
hinder angle, to the wing tip, curving distally and becoming heavier as it
approaches that point. A series of dark vein dots 2 to 3 mm. distant from
distal margin. The distal margin evenly convex, except for a slight con-
cavity posterior to the wing tip, resulting in a sharper point than in X.
ockendent. Fringe yellowish olive, dark at veins.

Hind wing above: Brownish black. An ill-defined pinkish band on disc,
ending posteriorly in a patch of the same color. Distal edge narrowly bor-
dered with yellowish olive. Fringe white, with a dark dot at the end of
each vein.

The under side is similar in pattern to X. zurcherit Druce.

Fore wing below: Basal third brownish black; the rest of wing yellow,
blotched with orange, and irrorated with longitudinal transverse black dots.
An irregular clay-colored distal band, broadest between R1 and R2, where
it is 8 mm. in width, extends from wing tip to hinder angle. An irregular
dark brown line extends from the median point of the inner margin, cury-
ing basad at SC5 to the costal margin, which it reaches 12 mm. from the
wing apex. A similar faint line extends from a point on costal margin 9 mm.
from apex to SC5, and then faintly to R2. A dark brown line extends from

18 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE [ya Wiit’

a point 7 mm. from the apex half-way to SC5. A series of vein dots follows
the postmedian line on the upper side of the wing.

Hind wing below: Yellow, faintly tinged with orange, and irrorated with
black transverse dots as on fore wing. Irregular clay-colored distal mar-
ginal band, as in X. zurcheri, broadest between R2 and R3, where it at-
tains a width of 4 mm.; it is bordered with black basally. A dark brown
S-shaped median line extends from anal angle to inner margin, curving
first basad, then distally, and lastly basad. Midway between this line and
the distal margin is a series of dark vein dots formed by a thickening of the
transverse irrorations.

Xylophanes crotonis zikani subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o’, 35 mm.; 9, 36, mm. Al. ant. lat., o’, 12 mm.;
9,13 mm. Marg. ext., o’, 20 mm.; 9, 21 mm.

Habitat. — Passo Quatro, Minas Geraes, southern Brazil. Two males
and one female in coll. B. Preston Clark, one male and one female in coll.
Z. J. Zikan. Received from Mr. J. F. Zikan, and named after him.

This southern form of X. crotonis is smaller than either X.
crotonis crotonis or X.crotonis aristor. Its ground tone is brighter
green than in the latter, which in other respects it resembles
more closely than it does crotonis. The transverse lines of the
fore wing are well defined, as in aristor, the first and the
fourth lines being heavier and broader than the rest. All these
lines are straighter than in aristor. The thoracic patagiae are
whiter than in aristor, the pink tinge being less marked.

There is a marked difference in the black basal area on the
under side of the fore wing. In aristor this area extends
heavily two thirds the distance to the wing tip along the costal
margin, and to a point but 6 mm. distant from the hinder angle
on the inner margin. In zikani this area becomes faint on the
costal margin half-way to the wing tip, and on the inner margin
extends barely half-way to the hinder angle. The posterior
margin of this black basal area in zikanz is straight from costal
to inner margin, while in aristor the posterior margin is convex,
turning sharply toward the hinder angle as it approaches the
inner margin.

se CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE 19

Celerio hippophaés caucasica subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o”?, 32mm. Al. ant. lat., #, 13 mm. Marg. ext., o’,
18 mm.

Habitat. — Aresch, Caucasus. Two males in coll. B. Preston Clark, re-
ceived from Dr. O. Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas.

This form is intermediate between the European C. hippo-
phaés hippophaés and the Far-Eastern C. hippophaés bienert.
I have been unable to find it described, and am therefore re-
cording it.

In both coloration and maculation, throughout, the inter-
mediate character of this form impresses one. In length of
wing it is closer to bienerti. The portion of the fore wing
above, basad of the dark brown postmedian transverse band,
is light yellow, as in bienerti, though less markedly so. The
abdomen above is nearly as dark as in hippophaés. The black
distal submarginal band on upper side of the hind wing is
heavier than in bienerti, being closer to hippophaés. The
coloration of both wings below is between that of hippophaés
and bienerti, but closer to the latter form.

Hippotion beddoesii sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 9, 35 mm. Al. ant. lat., 9, 13 mm. Marg. ext., 9,
19 mm.

Habitat. — Suva, Fiji. One female in coll. B. Preston Clark, collected
by Mr. Percy Beddoes.

A beautiful and clearly marked species, resembling most
nearly H. velox ab. lifuensis Roth. The silvery lines present
in so many species of Hippotion are entirely lacking.

Antennae gray. First and second segments of the palpi white, third
segment grayish green. Head gray, with light pink lateral lines, extending
only back of the eye. Thorax and abdomen above, gray. Mesothoracic

20 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE = [58,20

tegulae tipped with pink. No white side tufts as in H. velox Fabr. Fourth,
fifth and sixth segments of abdominal tergites with small pink lateral dots.
Legs and abdomen beneath light gray.

Fore wing above: Uniformly gray. Small distinct black stigma. A wavy
S-shaped postmedian line, accentuated with vein dots, extends from a point
on SC5, 7.5 mm. distant from the distal margin, to a point on SM2 mid-
way between the base and the hinder angle. Three faint lines run posteriorly
of the postmedian one, and roughly parallel to it, from SC5 to the inner
margin, but diverging from it as they approach the inner margin. A heavy
dark brown line extends from wing apex to R2, growing lighter in color as
it approaches that point. A fifth and a sixth faint line, the fifth accentu-
ated by vein dots, extend from the two sides of the heavy apical line from
R2 to M2, where they merge into a dark brown triangular area extending
from the inner angle 8 mm. toward the base. A seventh faint submarginal
line, accentuated by vein dots, extends from the wing tip to SM2.

Hind wing above: Light brown. A heavy dark brown submarginal line,
lunulate between the veins, extends from anal angle to the inner angle,
growing fainter costally. Basad of this line is a diffuse pink band, 2 mm.
in width. The area between the submarginal line and the distal margin is
lighter brown in tone than the rest of the wing. The wing as a whole is
very similar to that of H. velox ab. rosea Roth.

Fore. wing beneath: Basal half dark brown, as is the irregular distal
marginal border. This latter, starting at the wing tip, widens irregularly
to R2, where it attains a width of 6 mm; thence it narrows gradually to
the inner margin, where it is 2.5 mm. in width. Basad of the distal marginal
border the wing is pink, irrorated with dark transverse dots, sharply con-
trasting with the border. This pink area fades away basally at about the
median portion of the wing.

Hind wing beneath: Dull pink irrorated with dark transverse dots
postmedially. A dark brown distal marginal border is 2.5 mm. in width at
the inner angle, and narrows irregularly to the anal angle, where it dis-
appears.

Hippotion joiceyi sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o*, 30mm. AI. ant. lat., o, 11.65mm. Marg. ext., 7,
16.5 mm.

Habitat. — Nomnagihe, twenty-five miles south of Wangaar, Dutch
New Guinea, 2000 ft. altitude. Two males, one of them the type, in coll.
B. Preston Clark, taken by C. F. and J. Pratt, January and February, 1921,
presented to me by my friend Mr. J. J. Joicey, of the Hill Museum, Eng-
land. One male, a cotype, in the Hill Museum.

7a902° CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE 21

This form is allied to H. brennus, but is darker-colored and
more uniformly colored.

The antennae, palpi, head and thorax are of the identical dark brown
color of H. brennus. There are the same light side stripes and the same light
mesial thoracic line. The abdomen above is of the same light brown color,
but is unicolorous, lacking the white side tufts so prominent in H. brennus.
The legs and abdomen beneath follow closely the coloration of H. brennus.

Fore wing above: A light brown basal area extends to the median point
of the costal margin, and to a point on the inner margin 6 mm. distant from
the base, or one third the distance toward the hinder angle. Within this
light area are two faint lines, curved distad and extending from points on
the costal margin 5 mm. and 8 mm. distant from the base to M2, where
they disappear. The entire remaining area of the wing is dark brown; the
line separating the light basal area from this darker distal portion runs
straight from inner to costal margin, slightly extended basad between R3
and M1, and curving slightly basad as it approaches the costal margin.
The dark brown color of the postmedian area becomes gradually lighter
toward the distal margin. Within this dark area is a faint geminate line
extending from the median point of the inner margin toward a point 8 mm.
distant from the wing apex on the costal margin; it fades away, however,
at SC5. This line is faintly curved, first distad and then basad. Distally
from this line, parallel to it, and distant 1.5 mm., a line extends from
the inner to the costal margin, which it reaches at a point 5 mm. from the
apex, curving basad before reaching it. This line is sagittate at the veins,
the points being distad. Posteriorly of this sagittate line is a darker band
extending narrowly from the wing apex, and broadening as it approaches
the inner margin, until it fills the full space between the sagittate line and
the hinder angle, to which it broadens sharply between M2 and SM2. The
submarginal area between this band and the distal margin again is lighter
in color, and within this area a submarginal row of vein dots occurs, ac-
centuating a line lunulate between the veins, the lunules being convex basad.

Fore wing beneath: Reddish ferruginous, irrorated with black. A dark
postmedian line extends from a point on the costal margin 11 mm. distant
from the apex to the median point of the inner margin, curving first slightly
distad and then basad; it is similar to the line of H. brennus, but curves
less basad as it approaches the costal margin. A faint angled line, 2 mm.
distant distad from this postdiscal line, extends from the costal margin to
R3. There is 2 series of vein dots on veins SC5 to M1, inclusive, midway
between the postmedian line and the distal margin. A brown marginal
band, similar to that of H. brennus, is broadest on R2, where it attains a
width of 4 mm.; the contrast in color between this band and the remaining
portion of the wing is less marked than in H. brennus.

22 CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE [Ayo air’

Hind wing above: A dark brown distal marginal band, 1 mm. in width
at the anal angle, broadens evenly until at the apex of wing it is 3 mm.
broad. Basad of this area the wing is crossed by a narrow dull pink band,
the veins however being darkly extended through this area as well as
through the marginal band. This dull pink band fades away basad to the
dark brown tone of the fore wing above.

Hind wing beneath: Reddish ferruginous, irrorated with black. A dark
median line extends from the median point of the inner margin toward
the anal margin, but fades away before reaching it. Midway between this
line and the distal margin are a series of vein dots. Another faint series
of vein dots lies midway between the median line and the heavier series.
A brown marginal band follows the line of the hind wing above.

Theretra manilae sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 9, 35 mm. Al. ant. lat., 9, 14 mm. Marg. ext., 9,
19 mm.

Habitat. — Manila, Philippine Islands. One female in coll. B. Preston
Clark, received from Mr. E. Le Moult.

Allied to 7. rhesus Boisd., but much smaller and brighter
green.

Antennae brown. Palpus light gray, with sparse black-tipped hairs;
second and third segments dull green. Head, thorax and abdomen above,
olive green, the latter shading to pink posteriorly (probably discolored!).
A light pink side stripe, bordered with green, extends along the eye and
back to the base of the abdomen. Mesothoracic tegulae tipped with light
yellow. A dark median stripe and two lateral stripes on the abdomen
above. Legs green. Breast and abdomen below light pinkish, thinly irro-
rated with black scales.

Fore wing above: Olive green. Minute black stigma, smaller than in 7.
rhesus Boisd. The six dark olive green lines are placed identically with
those of 7. rhesus, except that the first antemedian line is straighter,
and approaches the inner margin more abruptly. The first and fourth
lines are heavier than the rest, while the sixth, the posterior one, is ac-
centuated by vein dots.

Hind wing above: Burnt umber, unicolorous, save for a faint and ill-
defined dull pink submarginal band extending from anal angle toward the
costal margin but fading away before reaching it.

Jan. |
1922

CLARK — TWENTY-FIVE NEW SPHINGIDAE 23

Fore wing below: Basal half dull brown, this color narrowing posteri-
orly, and continuing along the inner margin to the hinder angle, being con-
tinuous with the distal marginal band. This latter band, starting at the
wing tip, widens regularly to a point between R2 and R38, where it is 4.5 mm.
in width; it then narrows abruptly to 3 mm. on R3, and continues to the
hinder angle, where it is 2.5 mm. in width. From the wing tip to its widest
portion this band is dull gray, bordered basally by a brown line; posteri-
orly of this point it is dull pink red. The area between the distal marginal
band and the dark basal area is dull pink red, irrorated with black dots.
There are two subapical costal dots 4 mm. and 6 mm. from the wing tip.
A narrow dark median line extends from a point slightly basad of the centre
of the inner margin, obliquely, faintly, and somewhat interruptedly, to the
basal one of the two costal subapical dots. A second narrow line, accentu-
ated at the veins, extends roughly parallel to the median one, from a
point on the costal margin 2 mm. distant from the wing apex to a point on
the inner margin 7 mm. distant from the hinder angle.

Hind wing below: Dull pinkish red, irrorated with black dots, clothed with
long gray hairs along the anal margin. A dark median S-shaped line ex-
tends from the costal to the anal margin. A broader postmedian dark
line, heavily accentuated at the veins, extends from the hinder angle to the
costal margin, turning basad as it approaches the latter. A dark distal
marginal band, 2.5 mm. in width at the wing apex, tapers to a point at the
hinder angle.

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May 1, 1922 Vou. VIII, pp. 25-26
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

A NEW FORM OF EDOLIUS FORFICATUS (LINNE)

BY OUTRAM BANGS AND THOMAS EDWARD PENARD

AN interesting form of Edolius forficatus, differing from that
inhabiting the main island of Madagascar, is found on the
island of Anjouan, one of the Comoro Islands northwest of
Madagascar. We propose to name it

Edolius forficatus potior subsp. nov.

Type, Museum of Comparative ZoGlogy, no. 232,371, adult; Anjouan
Island, Comoro Islands; collected by Humblot.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Edolius forficatus forficatus (Linné)
of Madagascar, but larger throughout; bill heavier and longer; coloration
about the same.

MEASUREMENTS (in millimeters)

E. f. potior.—Type, adult: wing, 134.5; tail to fork, 101.0; tail to end,
135.5; tarsus, 23.0; culmen to base of forehead, 29.0.

Topotype, M.C.Z., no. 86,803, adult: wing, 137.0; tail to fork, 100.0;
tail to end, 134.5; tarsus, 24.5; culmen to base of forehead, 28.0.

E. f. forficatus.— Five males: wing, 127.5 (123.0-130.5); tail to fork, 89.6
(87.5-91.0); tail to end, 126.4 (119.0-132.0); tarsus, 21.7 (21.0-22.0);
culmen to base of forehead, 25.0 (24.0-26.0).

Five females: wing, 123.4 (120.0-126.0); tail to fork, 86.6 (84.5-90.5);
tail to end, 122.1 (119.0-131.0); tarsus, 20.1 (19.0-21.0); culmen to
base of forehead, 25.1 (24.0-26.0).

26 BANGS AND PENARD—A NEW pRoNGO — [PAVRAY

SPECIMENS EXAMINED

E. f. potior, two from Anjouan Island.

BE. f. forficatus, thirty-three from southern and western Madagascar:
Tullear, Beheloka, Morondava River, Berevo, Lake Tsimanampetsotsi,
and Upper Siribihina River.

Linné (Syst. Nat., Ed. 12, 1766, i, p. 134) based his Lanius
forficatus on Brisson’s Muscicapa madagascariensis nigra major
cristata, which was without doubt a bird from the main island
of Madagascar. In separating the Anjouan form we accept”
Linné’s original designation of Madagascar as type locality of
his Lanius forficatus.

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May 1, 1922 Vou. VIII, pp. 27-28
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

A NEW HUMMINGBIRD FROM SURINAM

BY THOMAS EDWARD PENARD

Amone the birds collected on my recent visit to Surinam
I have found a new hummingbird which I propose to name

Heteroglaucis philippinae spec. nov.

Type. — Collection of T. E. Penard, no. 2020 (now Museum of Com-
parative Zoélogy, no. 86,893), adult; Surinam: Lelydorp, 13 September,
1921; collected by Alex Pichot.

Specific characters. — Similar in coloration to Glaucis hirsuta hirsuta
(Gmelin), but head almost wholly greenish bronze and under parts much
darker. Bill conspicuously different from that of Glaucis, being heavier
and less strongly decurved, with a yellow border on each side of the culmen.

Description of the type. — Upper parts, including head, metallic greenish
bronze passing into dusky on forehead. Upper tail-coverts broadly mar-
gined with buffy white to whitish, the central portions of the feathers
bronzy green. Middle pair of rectrices bronzy green, less metallic than the
back, narrowly tipped with white, dusky subterminally, with narrow
chestnut shaft lines. Remaining rectrices chestnut with a broad, black
subterminal band (purplish black in lower aspect), tipped narrowly with
white; outer web of lateral rectrices margined with black. Remiges dusky,
glossed with violet. Feathers of edge of wing with narrow buffy margins.

P.N.E.Z.C.
28 PENARD — A NEW HUMMINGBIRD Vol. VIII

Loral and suborbital region dusky. Under parts hazel to cinnamon-brown
of Ridgway, darker on chest and throat, paler on abdomen and flanks.
Chin buffy to white. Under tail-coverts pale brown with paler, nearly
white, margins, the central portions olive grayish. Under wing-coverts |
greenish and blackish. Bill heavy and slightly but distinctly decurved.
Mandible yellow, except the tip which is dusky. Culmen blackish, yellow-
ish in middle portion, with yellow lateral grooves in basal two thirds of
maxilla. Inter-ramal space yellow like the rami. Feet yellowish.

Measurements (in millimeters). — Type, adult: wing, 63.0; tail, 40.0;
culmen, 29.6.

In coloration this species bears a remarkable resemblance
to Glaucis hirsuta, but the head is metallic greenish bronze
like the back, and not entirely dusky as in Glaucis hirsuta. It
may, moreover, be readily distinguished from any member of
the genus Glaucis by its heavy, depressed, less strongly de-
curved bill, which is characteristic of the genera Heteroglaucis
and Threnetes. From Threnetes it differs in having yellow
grooves on each side of the culmen, and in the absence of inter-
ramal feathers.

I have dedicated this new hummingbird to my mother.

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Mary 8, 1922 Vo.. VIII, pp. 29-30
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

THE NORTHERN FORM OF LEPTOTILA
FULVIVENTRIS LAWRENCE

BY OUTRAM BANGS AND THOMAS EDWARD PENARD

Tue name Leptotila brachyptera, given by Salvadori (Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., X XI, 1893, p. 545) to Sennett’s dove, was
based on Peristera brachyptera G. R. Gray (List Birds Brit.
Mus., Columbae, 1856, — ‘‘ Mexico,” nomen nudum), the types
of which are in the British Museum. These types agree with
specimens from localities ranging from Tampico to Yucatan,
and not with birds within the range of the northern form. Thus
the name Leptotila brachyptera applies to the buff-bellied form,
and is a pure synonym of Leptotila fulviventris Lawrence (Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p. 287, — Yucatan).

The northern bird, which differs decidedly from the south-
ern, should therefore have another name; and none being
available for it in the synonymy of this form, we propose to
call it

Leptotila fulviventris angelica subsp. nov.

Type, Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, no. 41,839, adult ¢ ; Browns-
ville, Texas, 16 March, 1889; collected by F. B. Armstrong.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Leptotila fulviventris fulviventris
Lawrence, but under parts less buffy, the under tail-coverts almost pure
white; forehead more grayish, less vinaceous; neck and chest less vinaceous.

Measurements (in millimeters). — Type, adult male: wing, 160.0; tail,
105.0; tarsus, 29.0; culmen, 15.0.

30 BANGS AND PENARD—SENNETT’S DOVE = [ARC

SPECIMENS EXAMINED

Leptotila fulviventris angelica, thirty-eight males and females. — Texas:
Brownsville, 4; Hidalgo, 1; Rio Grande, 1; Lomita Ranch (Hidalgo
Co.),3; Webber’s Ranch,3. Mexico: Alamos (Sonora), 17; El Carmen
(Chihuahua), 1; Hacienda de Rafael (Chihuahua), 4; Durasho (Chi-
huahua), 1; Rio Cruz (Tamaulipas), 1; San Luis Potosi, 1; Tonola
(Chiapas), 1.

Leptotila fulviventris fulviventris, nine males and females. — Mexico:
Pasa Nueva (Vera Cruz), 3; Orizaba (Vera Cruz), 3; Chinchen-Itza
(Yucatan), 3.

We are indebted to Mr. Charles Chubb for information in
regard to the types of L. brachyptera, which he investigated at
our request, and also to Dr. Frank M. Chapman who happened
to be in England at the time and who examined the types with
Mr. Chubb.

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SEPTEMBER 2, 1922 Vou. VIII, pp. 31-34

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

FURTHER REMARKS ON THE CHINESE ALLIGATOR

BY THOMAS BARBOUR

In 1910 I published ‘A Note Regarding the Chinese Alliga-
tor’ in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia (1910, pp. 464-467) which summarized our previous
knowledge of the animal. At that time the specimen in the
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy was the only one in an Ameri-
can museum. There is now another beautiful mounted example
on exhibition in New York in the Museum of Natural History.
Since 1910 the creature has not been conspicuous in the litera-
ture. In fact I cannot recall that it has been mentioned at all.

When over a year ago the Wulsin expedition to explore China
took the field under the auspices of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Mr. F. R. Wulsin was specially besought to secure alli-
gators. This he did. Working quietly, very economically and
with no publicity, he accomplished fine results.

One Ho Ting-Sho, a Chinese assistant, was sent to Wuhu on
the Yangtze, and by dint of skilful collecting he secured a beau-
tiful suite of individuals, both young and old.

The most striking feature is the juvenal coloration. Boulen-
ger’s figure (P. Z. S., 1890, pl. 51) gives no idea of the brilliant
markings of the head of the very young, really extremely similar

32 BARBOUR — CHINESE ALLIGATOR ot

to Florida alligators of the same size. The body bands are quite
similar, the yellow stripes being, in the Chinese, somewhat wider
on the tail and fewer in number, eight as against ten or eleven,
while on the body there are usually only five bands instead of
six. The head is more yellow, with somewhat bolder, dark mark-
ings, but the principal color blotches may be similarly identified
in both forms. The sides of the head and lips in the oriental
species are also rather more boldly clouded than in our familiar
form.

In external features the Wulsin series exhibits very little vari-
ation. The six large nuchal scutes are very constant, the first
pair heavily developed. The long reversed crescentic series of
post-occipital plates is present in every individual, and our series
shows no such variability as is mentioned by Boulenger (I. c.,
pp.619-620). The markings are gradually lost with age, until the
creatures become dull, muddy brown, probably blackish in life,
like our alligators. Boulenger was the first to point out the
Jacaré-like character of the bony ossicle in the eyelid and the
ossification present in the ventral shields. These characters,
taken in connection with the conspicuous divergence in squama-
tion, make the species A. sinensis Farvel markedly distinct.
The important point to be remembered, however, is that, not-
withstanding these structural differences, obviously fundamental
and betokening a considerable period of isolation of the stocks,
the style of coloration is almost the same. The color pattern is
vastly more conservative and immutable than many other so-
matic features. It is more and more evident that the bony struc-
tures are more directly affected by the creatures’ habits and
environment, and by some evolutionary process or other are
subject to radical change in relatively short geological periods of
time. The change of form of skull and its relation to feeding
habits, pointed out by H. Lang for African squirrels, is a case in
point. What may be the evolutionary process which activates
these changes, or accentuates them, is hardly worth guessing.
Alexander Agassiz never spoke more truly than when he said

Sept. 2
to22 | BARBOUR — CHINESE ALLIGATOR 33

that natural selection might explain the survival but never the
arrival of acharacter, and thatsome cumulative and more mechan-
ical or physical process passed on by inheritance must be invoked.
The important feature here is the conservative coloration con-
trasted with the various differences in structure which have
arisen since the two alligators parted company. In these crea-
tures color plays little part in their welfare. Their enemies are
few, and as long as they are not so markedly conspicuous that
their prey becomes more difficult to capture, color and pattern
are probably in no wise brought into desirable variability. The
Chinese species, at present at any rate smaller in size, has de-
veloped somewhat better armor and somewhat more powerful
jaws than its American congener.

Mr. Wulsin’s notes, based on Mr. Ho’s experiences, show that .
all the ’gators were caught in their dens in the mud. We are
told, with true Chinese precision, that each den has three holes,
one for breathing (noisily), one for eating and one for sleeping!
We are further told that tortoises climb upon the alligators’
heads, thinking that they have found some inanimate support,
whereupon the ’gator opens his mouth, raising his head slowly
the while. The turtle foolishly keeps creeping upward and finally
having scrambled to the tip of the snout, a quick movement
causes it to lose its balance and fall within the hungry jaws.
Wulsin says that Mr. Ho swears this to be true, not that he has
ever seen it take place but because of the confirmatory accounts
of many credible witnesses.

More interesting is the news that now, owing to persecution,
they do not crawl abroad to take the sun but emerge only at
night to hunt ashore for chickens or small dogs.

The Chinese names are Yow lung and Tou lung, both combi-
nations signifying a dragon.

In response to attempts to see whether perhaps the animal did
not survive elsewhere than just in the densely populated lower
Yangtze Valley, Wulsin gleaned the following. It may perhaps
be considered somewhat apocryphal.

34 BARBOUR — CHINESE ALLIGATOR Pe.

‘An old man told Mr. Ho, long ago, that many years before
alligators had existed by hundreds in an inlet from the sea, near
Kwangzefu in Kwangtung. The alligators suddenly appearing
in hordes they were called upon by the local mandarin in full
official ceremonial robes. He asked for their passports and
whether they understood him, adding that if they did not leave
he would call upon his garrison to shoot at them the next day.
All had departed by the following dawn.”

The largest specimen secured is about five feet in length.

Fresruary 6, 1923 Vou. VIII, pp. 35-36

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

TWO NEW FORMS OF SURINAM BIRDS

BY THOMAS EDWARD PENARD

VERREAUX’S DOVE and the yellow-headed caracara are both
represented in Surinam by distinct forms which I here propose
to separate subspecifically.

Leptotila verreauxi tenella subsp. nov.

Type. — Collection of T. E. Penard, no. 2022 (now Museum of Com-
parative Zodlogy, no. 89,294), adult; Surinam: Schotelweg, Lelydorp,
26 April, 1922; collected by Alex Pichot.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Leptotila verreauxi verreauzi Bona-
parte of Colombia, but very much darker. Upper parts, including upper
tail coverts and rectrices, much darker and greener, less brownish; white
tips of rectrices narrower; exposed parts of remiges blackish; forehead more
vinaceous, less whitish. Under parts darker, especially the upper breast;
sides of breast much darker and more dusky.

Measurements (in millimeters). — Type, adult: wing, 126.0; tail, 93.5;
tarsus, 25.0; exposed culmen, 17.0.

Topotype, collection of T. E. Penard, no. 2023, Lelydorp, Surinam,
26 April, 1922, adult: wing, 125.5; tail, imperfect; tarsus, 24.0; exposed
culmen, 17.0.

I have not seen birds from Trinidad, but Hellmayr (Novi-
tates Zoologicae, XIII, 1906, p. 47) says they are identical with
birds from Venezuela; and Chapman (Bulletin American

P.N.E.Z.C
36 PENARD—TWO SURINAM BIRDS Vol. VILL

Museum Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, p. 211) does not distin-
guish any racial differences between birds from Trinidad and
Venezuela, and from Santa Marta, ‘Bogota,’ the Magdalena
Valley in Colombia, Panama, Chiriqui, and Costa Rica. Hell-
mayr (Verhandl. Orn. Gesellsch. Bayern, XII, Heft 3, 1915,
p. 204) has named the Tobago bird L. v. tobagensis.

I have examined a large series of true L. v. verreauxi from
Colombia in the Museum of Comparative Zodélogy.

Milvago chimachima paludivaga subsp. nov.

Type. — Collection of T. E. Penard, no. 2024 (now Museum of Com-
parative Zodlogy, no. 89,376), adult male; Surinam: Eerste Rijweg, Para-
maribo, 19 September, 1921; collected by T. E. Penard.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Milvago chimachima cordata Bangs
and Penard of Panama, but perhaps smaller; upper parts darker, more
blackish, less brownish. Similar also to Milvago chimachima strigilatus
Spix of Brazil, but perhaps smaller; under parts warm buffy, not white;
base of primaries whitish.

MEASUREMENTs (in millimeters)
Wing Tail Tarsus Culmen

from cere
20241 Paramaribo é adult, type 258 179 50.5 20.0
468: Near Paramaribo 9 (?) not quiteadult 256 184 51.0 =
2025! “ “ immature 264 176- 52:0 21.0
2026! a : immature 263 185 51.0: 19:5

Besides the Surinam specimens of M. c. paludivaga listed
above, I have examined four specimens of M. c. strigilatus from
Brazil (Anjos and Boa Vista) and a large series of M. c. cordata
from Panama; also six specimens from Rocana, Uass4 Swamp,
northern Para, Brazil, loaned me by Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd of
the Carnegie Museum. These Para specimens are larger (wing,
274 to 296), but in coloration they are very much like M. c.
paludivaga and, I think, should be referred to this rather than
to the white-breasted Brazilian form. Immature birds of the
new form, like those of M. ¢. cordata, have the paler markings
of the under parts buffy, less whitish than immature birds of
M. c. strigilatus from Boa Vista in corresponding plumage.

1 Collection of T. E. Penard.

Fresruary 12, 1923 Vot. VIII, pr. 37-38

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

A NEW SHREW FROM COLOMBIA

BY GLOVER MORRILL ALLEN

AMONG some small mammals from the Bogoté region, lately
received by the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy from the
Instituto de la Salle, are three shrews, two of which are Cryptotis
thomast (Merriam), a large species represented in the highlands
of northwestern South America by some half dozen rather closely
related forms. The third specimen, however, is a much smaller
species apparently allied to Cryptotis nelsoni (Merriam) of Vera
Cruz, Mexico, and to C. nigrescens (J. A. Allen) of Costa Rica,
but very distinct from both. It is therefore doubly interesting,
not only as adding a new species to the known fauna of Colom-
bia, but also as extending into South America the geographic
range of a group of shrews hitherto known from Central America
only. It may be named

Cryptotis avia sp. nov.

Type. — Skin and skull no. 20,091, M. C. Z., adult, from El Verjén, in
the Andes east of Bogoté, Colombia, collected in October, 1922, by Brother
Nicéforo Maria.

Description. — Size small, about as in C. nigrescens; hind feet large as
compared with C. nelsoni and C. mexicana; but the fore feet more like those
of the latter, instead of having the large claws of the former. Color above,
approaching a ‘light seal brown’ (Ridgway, 1912), minutely grizzled with
grayish; below similar but more silvery, faintly washed on throat and
chest with brownish (‘Mars brown’). Tail all around seal brown. Backs

38 ALLEN—A COLOMBIAN SHREW gn ee

of feet thinly clothed with minute brown and whitish hairs, the former more
prominent on the external side.

In the type a patch of new, nearly black, hair is coming in on the rump,
and another on the shoulders, which probably indicates that in freshly
assumed pelage the general coloration is much darker than here described.

Skull. — The occipital portion is broken. Compared with the skull of
C. nelsoni, however, the rostrum is heavier and much longer; it is nearly
parallel-sided in dorsal view from the level of the premolar to the braincase,
but the interpterygoid fossa is not as broad. The three anterior incisors are
together about equal in length to the entire four of C. nelsoni, and, as in the
latter, the three unicuspids practically lack all trace of the postero-internal
cusps, which, however, are present in C. nigrescens. In C. nelsoni the last
upper incisor is in contact with the large premolar, so that the minute canine
is not visible from the exterior, but in the new species the canine is fully
visible in the space between the last incisor and the premolar. The latter
tooth is considerably reduced, and is actually smaller than in C. nelsoni,
which in turn is exceeded by C. nigrescens; its internal outline is evenly
convex, and, as in the latter species, the inner cusp is wanting. The molars
are practically identical in size and form with those of C. nelsoni. All the
teeth, however, differ noticeably in being much less pigmented. Of the
large anterior incisor the tip only of the main cusp is chestnut, while of the
succeeding teeth the tips only of the first two unicuspids and the edges of
the cusps of the molariform teeth are pigmented. This, however, is a char-
acter probably subject to slight variation.

Measurements. — The skin as made up by the collector is about 90 mm.
long to the end of the tail vertebrae (which are left in); the tail, 19; hind
foot with claw, 14. Skull: from anterior incisor to frontal foramina, 12 mm.;
anterior incisor to posterior end of pterygoids, 13.5; length of upper tooth
row, 9.5; lower tooth row, 8.3; greatest width across molars, 6.

The small body, short tail, large feet, large heavy skull and the
lack of the accessory cusp on the premolar and the three pos-
terior incisors are the salient characters of this new shrew.
Goldman has previously recorded the discovery of a member of
the Cryptotis mexicana group in eastern Panama, thereby carry-
ing the known distribution of these smaller shrews nearly to the
Colombian border. The present interesting record extends the
known range of the nigricans-nelsoni group from southern
Mexico and Costa Rica to the highlands of Colombia, and
makes another important addition to the many discoveries of
those ardent naturalists, the Brothers Nicéforo and Apolinar
Maria.

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Frsrvuary 27, 1923 Vot. VIII, pr. 39-40

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

MUTANDA HERPETOLOGICA

BY EMMETT REID DUNN

TuHE following alterations in current classification and nomen-
clature are apparently necessary.

Amblystoma aterrimum Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1867, p. 201) is congeneric with Dicamptodon ensatus (Esch-
scholtz), and should henceforth be called Dicamptodon aterrimus
(Cope).

Salamandra phoca Matthes (Allg. deutsche naturh. Zeit.,
N. F., vol. 1, 1855, p. 273) from ‘‘Taylors- Creeck near New-
Port,’ Kentucky, is the same as Desmognathus monticola Dunn
(Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 29, 1916, p. 73), and the
name of this species should therefore be Desmognathus phoca
(Matthes).

Ensatina Gray (Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1850, p. 48; type
E. eschscholtzii Gray) is a valid genus. It includes the following
species : —

Ensatina eschscholtzit Gray.
Ensatina croceater (Cope).
(Plethodon croceater Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1867, p. 210).
Ensatina platensis (Espada).
(Urotropis platensis Espada, Ann. Soc. Espafiol, vol. 4,
1870, p. 80).

Plethodon aeneus Cope and Packard (Amer. Nat., vol. 15,
1881, p. 878) is congeneric with Aneides lugubris (Hallowell),
and should be called Aneides aeneus (Cope and Packard).

40 DUNN—MUTANDA HERPETOLOGICA ee

Manculus Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 101,
type Salamandra quadridigitata Holbrook) cannot be maintained
as distinct from Eurycea Rafinesque (Kentucky Gazette, Lexing-
ton, N.S., vol. 1, no. 9, Feb. 28, 1822, p. 3, col. 6, type E. luci-
fuga Rafinesque). The two forms hitherto referred to Manculus
should stand as Eurycea quadridigitata quadridigitata (Holbrook)
and Eurycea quadridigitata remifera (Cope).

The animal described by Camp as Spelerpes platycephalus
(Univ. California Publ. in Zodl., vol. 17, 1916, p. 11) is congeneric
with Salamandra genei Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, Rept., 1838,
p. 115), which is the type of Hydromantes Gistel (Naturge-
schichte, 1848, p. XI).

The synonomy of this genus is as follows:

Hydromantes Gistel.
1837 Geotriton Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, fase. 19; type
Geotriton fuscus Bonaparte (not Geotriton Bonaparte,
1832, Fauna Italica, fase. 1; type Salamandra exigua
Laurenti).
1838 Geotriton Tschudi, Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel,
1838, p. 59; type Salamandra genet Schlegel.
1848 Hydromantes Gistel, loc. cit. (substituted for Geotriton
Tschudi).
It includes the following species:
Hydromantes genet (Schlegel).
Salamandra genet Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Rept., 1838,
p. 115.
Hydromantes platycephalus (Camp).
Spelerpes platycephalus Camp., Univ. Calif. Publ. in Zoél.,
vol. 17, 1916, p. 11.
Hydromantes italicus nom. nov.
Geotriton fuscus Bonaparte, 1837, Fauna Italica, fase. 19,
(not Salamandra fusca Laurenti, 1788, Syn. Rept.,
p. 42).

I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Leonhard Stejneger for help
with the synonomy of Hydromantes.

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FEBRUARY 27, 1923 Vou. VIII, pr. 41-42

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

A NEW BULBUL FROM FUKIEN, CHINA

BY OUTRAM BANGS AND THOMAS EDWARD PENARD

Our good friend, Mr. F. R. Wulsin, was in China in 1921 and
1922, collecting for the Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy. Al-
though his own work was done in a different part of the country,
he was enabled, by the generosity of Dr. Thomas Barbour, to
purchase for the Museum from a local dealer and collector, Ho
Ting-sho, a lot of 366 bird skins, mostly from Fukien.

The Rev. Harry R. Caldwell kindly translated the Chinese
labels on these birds and furnished us with manuscript notes on
some of the species. He particularly called our attention to the
Haringtonia, stating that the white-headed H. leucocephalus
leucocephalus, of which there were half a dozen skins, is common
at lower altitudes in Fukien, but that a pair of birds slightly
larger, with black heads and narrow white frontal bands, be-
longs to a different form, entirely a bird of the higher mountains,
one with which he himself was very familiar.

We therefore name the mountain form

Haringtonia leucocephalus montivagus subsp. nov.

Type, from the Jenping Mountains, Fukien, China, adult <7, no. 88,242,
M. C. Z., April 23, 1921.

Characters. — Similar to H. leucocephalus leucocephalus (Gmelin), but
slightly larger; the adult male with whole head black like rest of plumage,

42 BANGS AND PENARD—A NEW BULBUL foe gi

except a narrow white frontal band, less than 10 mm. wide, and white upper
eyelid; the adult female wholly black except a narrow white frontal band,
still narrower than in the male, and the under parts grayish black, slightly
mixed with white on belly.

Measurements.—Type, adult @: wing, 127; tail, 102; tarsus, 20; culmen,
28 mm. Topotype, adult 9, no. 88,243: wing, 123; tail, 96; tarsus, 20;
culmen, 28 mm.

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FEBRUARY 27, 1923 Vor. VIII, p. 48

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

A NEW MEROPS FROM JAVA

BY OUTRAM BANGS AND THOMAS EDWARD PENARD

Two skins of Merops sumatranus from Java, are quite dis-
tinct from all others in the series in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, which includes birds from Sumatra, Borneo, the Malay
Peninsula, and Fukien, China; they differ in being much bluer,
less green, — wholly bluish below, with no line of demarkation
between the throat and the lower under parts. We therefore
separate the Javan form as

Merops sumatranus coeligenus subsp. nov.

Type, from Pelaboean Ratoe, Java, adult o, no. 60,323, M. C. Z.,
October 10, 1909, O. Bryant and W. Palmer.

Characters. — Similar to M. swmatranus sumatranus Raffles, but much
bluer, less green; chestnut of head and upper back paler; wings much
bluer, less greenish; whole under parts bluish with only a little greenish
intermixed on belly and sides. In M. s. swmatranus the throat is blue and
the rest of the under parts green with a sharp line of demarcation.

Measurements. — Type, adult @: wing, 113; tail, 77; tarsus, 11.5;
culmen, 42 mm. Topotype, adult 9, no. 60,324, M.C. Z.: wing, 110; tail,
78; tarsus, 12; culmen, 38 mm. ‘The tails of both are measured to the
ends of the normal rectrices, not to ends of lengthened middle pair.

We are inclined, contrary to the opinion of some systematists,
to consider Merops americanus Miller and M. sumatranus
Raffles distinct species.

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May 12, 1928 Vout. VIII, pr. 47-17

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE

BY BENJAMIN PRESTON CLARK

In describing these new forms of Sphingidae, bringing the
total now described by me to one hundred, I wish again to
acknowledge the help given me by scientists all over the world,
who have made this possible.

My collection has now reached a total of twelve hundred and
twenty-two species and subspecies, represented by some eighty-
four hundred specimens. The total number of species and
subspecies now known is, according to my records, thirteen hun-
dred and fifty-four. I lack therefore one hundred and thirty-
two of the known forms, most of which are represented by one
or two or three specimens, chiefly in public museums. While
their rarity makes it increasingly difficult for me to acquire
additional forms, the method of sending a photograph of the
type specimen to a collector living near the locality where it was
taken, has proved an effective one, and the very difficulties
stimulate increased effort, for the scientific value of a complete
collection of a family so widely dispersed throughout the world,
as are the Sphingidae strongly appeals to men of science.

Rare and even type specimens have been given me, because
it is known that my collection is not, in the ordinary sense of
the term, a private collection. It is held by me simply in trust.

48 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE [5N-2Z°9-

When I leave it, it will go to some great Museum where it will
be carefully preserved, and will be worked on and added to by
some younger man of greater scientific attainments than my
own. An effort in one tiny corner of the world of nature, in
which I have been privileged to make a beginning, will be carried
forward by others, to become, I hope and believe, of permanent
value in advancing our knowledge of geologic history. I feel
therefore no hesitation in asking for the best help from anyone
who really cares for science, and I always find a ready and in-
terested response. The brotherhood of those who love science
is indeed a real and beautiful thing in the world, and to belong
to it a privilege.

Meganoton analis subalba subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o', 50 mm.; 9,60mm. Al. ant. lat., 1, 21mm.; 9,
24mm. Marg. ext., o',29mm.; 9,33 mm.

Habitat. — Kuangtung, southeastern China. A series of males and
females, including the types, in coll. B. Preston Clark, received from Mr.
Rudolf Mell. There are specimens also, from the same collector, at Tring
and in the Berlin Museum.

This form is smaller than that from India. Its markings
follow the typical form, but the fore wing above is more heavily
irrorated with white, while the dark markings are black instead
of the brown of analis. The wing has thus a more variegated
look. There is more white also in the anal portion of the hind
wing above, while the ground tone of the wing is darker than
in analis. The chief difference beneath is that the cilia of both
wings are more prominently white.

Protoparce scutata boliviana subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o, 44mm. Al. ant. lat., 1,17 mm. Marg. ext., o, 24
mm.

Habitat. — Bolivia. Two males in coll. B. Preston Clark, one from
Warnes, received in exchange from the Carnegie Museum in 1919, the

12
ae CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 49

second received recently from Mr. A. Bang-Haas, with no more specific
locality than Bolivia.

Dr. Karl Jordan, commenting on the first specimen, March
31, 1919, said “In structure the same as scutata, probably a
subspecies or geographical form.”’ Before describing it, I
waited for another specimen. It seems certain that this form
from Bolivia lies between the northern P. scutata R. and J. and
P. scutata brasiliensis R. and J. from Rio de Janeiro. It is
smaller than either of them, and much lighter in color through-
out.

First segment of palpus lighter in tone than in the other subspecies, as
is the thorax.

Fore wing above: Ground tone light gray; postmedian band, formed
by the dark slaty sericeous patches, much narrower than in the other forms
of this species. Wing less washed with brown and with white, giving a
more uniform appearance.

Fore wing beneath: Lighter in color, with three strongly marked post-
median bands and a broad marginal band.

Hind wing above: White submarginal band closer to wing margin than
in P. scutata, as close as in P. scutata brasiliensis. This band is less ob-
scured by gray than in P. scutata brasiliensis.

Hind wing beneath: Postmedian band narrower and heavier than in
either of the other forms.

Sphinx tricolor sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o', 44 mm. Al. ant. lat., 1,17 mm. Marg. ext., o,
23 mm. :

Habitat. — Dominican Republic. 700 metres altitude. One male (the
type) in coll. B. Preston Clark, collected by Mr. Emil Kaempfer, August
22, 1922.

This specimen is, I believe, the first representative of the
genus Sphinx to be taken in the West Indies. It belongs to the
merops-justiciae group, but is shorter- and blunter-winged. Its
name has been given because of the brick-red subbasal area of
the fore wing above and the blue and white markings of the
body and wings.

50 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE [j\;47;°-

Antennae brown above, white beneath. Palpi white, heavily irrorated
with brown. Head and thorax gray. Mesothoracic tegulae gray, heavily
bordered with black. Patagia white, irrorated with brown.

Abdomen above: A mesial yellow stripe, slightly interrupted at the
segments by slaty blue transverse stripes, which latter are prominent
laterally. Abdominal tergites black between the slaty blue stripes. Breast
and legs white, heavily irrorated with brown. Abdomen beneath, yellow,
lightly irrorated with brown.

Fore wing above: Of an unusual shape. The costal margin and the distal
margin at the wing tip form an exact right angle. Distal margin is straight
to R3; from this point it curves gradually and evenly, so there is no hinder
angle at all. Wing asa whole gray, with prominent black and white mark-
ings. A lighter-colored insect than either S. merops Boisd. or S. justiciae
Wlk. A prominent subbasal, longitudinal, brick-red area, 7 mm. in length
and 3 mm. in width, similar to that of S. justiciae, but shorter. Double
stigma, as in merops and justiciae, but in this form white edged with
black. The markings ave very like those of merops and justiciae, but
there is no distal marginal band, its place being taken by three broad
black lines, edged distally with white, lying between R3 and M1, M1 and
M2, and M2 and SM2.

Hind wing above: Basal area and median band are slaty blue, similar
in area and in width to those of S. justiciae, but partially interrupted at
the veins, as in S. merops.

Fore wing beneath: Gray, irrorated with slaty blue. A broad well-
marked submarginal band, strongly convex distad. Basad of this band a
distinct geminate interrupted line, with a third line following these two
faintly, and parallel to them basally.

Hind wing beneath: Close to S. justiciae, but submarginal band brighter
white.

Amplypterus globifer Dyar

Al. ant. long., 9, 58 mm. Al. ant. lat., 9, 31mm. Marg. ext., 9,
22 mm.

Habitat. — Zacualpan, Mexico. One female in coll. B. Preston Clark,
presented to me by my friend Mr. Roberto Muller, of Mexico City.

The female of this rare species, not hitherto described, while
following the general coloration of the male, is much lighter in
tone.

May ‘-
1923

CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 51

Fore wing above: Basal half with no markings whatever, save the sub-
basal patch with its base on inner margin. This patch is but 3 mm. broad,
while in the male it is 7 mm. at its widest point. Apical half of the wing
darker in tone than basal half, but much lighter than in male, and decidedly
more uniform in color. Other markings faint.

Hind wing above: Light rose color, except for the following. One heavy
brown submarginal patch, extending from anal angle to a point midway
between M2 and M1. Two narrow distinct lines basad of this patch, and
roughly parallel to it, the anterior one becoming obscure before reaching
M2.

Fore wing beneath: Similar to male, but all markings faint. Red basal
area lighter in tone and less extended.

Hind wing beneath: Lighter in tone than in male, and the transverse
lines faint.

Orecta acuminata sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., @, 37 mm. Al, ant. lat., @, 14 mm. Marg. ext., o,
21 mm. :

Habitat. — One male in coll. B. Preston Clark, taken at Cerro de la Capa
Vieja, near Tucuman, Argentina, altitude 1500-1800 metres, January 4,
1921, by Rodolfo Schreiter.

Antennae light brown; palpi, thorax, and abdomen above, light buff.
Mesothoracic tegulae rich reddish brown. Median abdominal line faint,
as are the transverse lines at the segments of the abdominal tergites. Legs
and abdomen beneath light buff.

Fore wing above: Cilia dark brown. No basal dot. Light brown sub-
basal area, 2 mm. in width and 4 mm. in length, extends obliquely from a
point on inner margin 3 mm. distant from base toward a point on the
costal margin one fourth the distance from base to apex. Prominent dark
brown stigma at apex of cell, half within and half without it, 2 mm. in
diameter. Three more faint dots between this stigma and wing apex —
one between SC4 and SC5, 10 mm. from apex, a second between SC5 and
R1, 11 mm. from distal margin between the veins, and a third between R1
and R2, 11 mm. distant from distal margin between the veins. A sharply
defined distal marginal band, similar to that in the genus Oxryambulyz,
widens evenly from the wing tip until on R2 it is 2.5 mm. broad; thence it
narrows gradually to hinder angle. A dark streak 4 mm. in length runs
longitudinally between M2 and SM2 near hinder angle. No other mark-
ings on wing.

Hind wing above: Cilia dark brown, tipped with white. Wing unicolor-
ous, save for a minute anal dot and a dark transverse mark 3 mm. in length
near anal angle.

52 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW sPHINGIDAE [SN;320-

Fore wing beneath: Light yellow, unicolorous, except for a dot at apex
of cell, the replica of that on upper side. Faint replicas also of the ‘three
other dots, and of the streak near hinder angle. Distal marginal band light
gray, distinct.

Hind wing beneath: Light yellow, unicolorous, except for a shadow of
the anal dot and anal band of the upper side.

An interesting form.

Batocnema africanus Distant

Al. ant. long., 9, 48 mm. Al. ant. lat., 9,17 mm. Marg. ext., 2,
23 mm.
Habitat. — Central Africa. One female in coll. Mr. J. J. Joicey.

The female, which, so far as I know, has not been described,
reproduces exactly the markings and coloration of the male,
except that the under side of both wings is of a darker green
tone.

Oxyambulyx sericeipennis f. aest. brunnea forma nova

Al. ant. long., o', 47 mm.; 9,53 mm. Al. ant. lat., 7,17 mm.; 9,
20mm. Marg. ext., o,28mm.; 9, 32 mm.

Habitat. — Southeastern China. The types, and a series of males and
females in coll. B. Preston Clark, received from Mr. Rudolf Mell. Speci-
mens from the same collector also are at Tring and in the Berlin Museum.

Fore wing above: Ground color sayal-brown (not ash-gray with reddish
suffusion, as in the spring). Entire wing more uniform in color, with mark-
ings less prominent than in typical sericeipennis. This seems to be the
chief difference, and is very marked. The subbasal and discal spots in
general are smaller than in the typical form, and sometimes entirely
lacking.

Oxyambulyx brooksi sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o’, 54 mm. Al. ant. lat., o, 20 mm. Marg. ext., o,
30 mm.
Habitat. — Two males from Lebong district, southwestern Sumatra,

M
ae CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 53

collected by my friend, Mr. C. J. Brooks, and named for him. One male
from the western slopes of the Barisan Range, southwestern Sumatra,
2500 ft. altitude, October or November, 1921, taken by C. F. and J. Pratt.

This species is of the substrigilis group, with the dark area at
base of the hind wing. In general appearance it is like O.
maculifera Walker.

Median line of abdomen above strongly marked. Divisions between
the abdominal tergites also strongly marked by transverse dark lines;
these lines are broader on posterior segments. Anal tip dark.

Fore wing above: This presents a highly variegated appearance, the
contrast between the dark lines and the light ground color being strongly
marked. Subbasal dot is 3 mm. in diameter. Subbasal half-moon on
costal margin lacking. Spot at hinder angle as in O. maculifera. Distal
margin as in O. maculifera, curving evenly from wing tip to hinder angle.

Hind wing above: Dark basal area strongly marked. Transverse black
median band broad and heavy. Submarginal black line dentate between
the veins. Subapical dot 2mm. in diameter. Dot near anal angle between
submarginal line and wing margin 1 to 1.5 mm. in diameter.

Fore wing beneath: Ground tone light yellow, with brown markings.
Dot near hinder angle 3 mm. in diameter. Border of distal marginal band
farthest from edge of wing, heavy and black.

Hind wing beneath: Ground tone light yellow, No dark basal area.
Median and submarginal lines and subapical dot prominent. i

Deilephila placida rosacea Roth.

Al. ant. long., @, 35 mm. Al. ant. lat., o, 14 mm. Marg. ext., o,
19 mm.

Habitat. — Lifu. One male in coll. B. Preston Clark, from the original
collection of Mr. C. Maxwell Stuart. There are three males and four fe-
males at Tring.

Deilephila placida torenia was described by Druce as Daphnis
torenia (Ent. Mo. Mag., XIX, p. 16, 1882, Fiji — coll. Druce).
See also Waterhouse, Aid Ident. Ins., II, t. 126, f. 1, 1883. In
1894 Lord Rothschild described the form from Lifu as Daphnis
torenia Druce, subsp. rosacea (Novitates Zoologicae, Vol. I,
p. 85). Though in the ‘ Revision of the Sphingidae,’ by Roths-

54 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE [A Sit"

child and Jordan, Lord Rothschild’s rosacea was reduced to
synonymy (p. 519), I believe it to be valid.

As I compare my one example of the Fiji form with that from
Lifu, also but one example, the Lifu form is far lighter in general
tone, justifying the name ‘ rosacea.’ This is true of the fore
and hind wings, above and beneath.

The dark triangular area which in the Fiji insect extends from
the wing tip along the distal margin to R1, in the Lifu form con-
tinues faintly to R3. The wing tip of the fore wing in the Lifu
form is more acuminate, and the distal margin more concave’
between the wing tip and R2.

Another marked difference between the Fiji and the Lifu
forms is in the basal half of the fore wing beneath. In the Fiji
insect it is black except along the costal margin. The Lifu form
has no such black area, while the typical D. placida placida
Walker has this basal area but slightly darkened.

Marumba dyras plana subsp. noy.

Al. ant. long., @, 35 mm.;' 9, 35mm. Al. ant. lat., 7,15 mm.; 9,
15mm. Marg. ext., ,20mm.; 9, 20 mm.

Habitat. — Lo-tan-san, southeastern China. Two males and one female,
including the types, in coll. B. Preston Clark; received from Mr. Rudolf
Mell. There also are specimens at Tring and in the Berlin Museum.

This form is of the rainy season of the Plains. It is conspicu-
ously pale, almost of the color of sand, between cartridge-buff
and cream-buff, and pinkish buff up to chamois. The markings
on the upper and lower sides of both wings are paler and smaller.

Isognathus zebra sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 7, 40 mm.; 9,42 mm. Al. ant. lat., 7,15 mm.; 9,
17mm. Marg. ext., 7,21 mm.; 9, 22 mm.
Habitat. — Para, Brazil. Two males and one female in coll. B. Preston

May =I

1923 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 55

Clark. A gift from my friend, Rev. A. Miles Moss, who reared them under
great difficulties. He has specimens in his collection.

The remarkable larva of this species was described by Rev.
A. Miles Moss (Novitates Zoologicae, XXVII, p. 378) and at
that time was considered by him to be a subspecies of I. swain-
sont Felder. It is quite clear, however, that this is not the
case. Mr. Moss wrote me fully in September, 1922, and I quote
in full all that he says, because he has done such distinguished
work in the Sphingidae that his observations are of deep
interest.

“T am now convinced that though most closely allied to
swainsont on the one side, and leachi on the other, and not far
from excelsior as a third ally, it is a good species, and really
specifically distinct from all three. Note these highly important
differences, jotted down as they occur to my mind, and very
fresh from some recent comparisons.

“1. The belted character and color of the larva of zebra is
constant throughout, from egg to pupa, only that the head,
plate, claspers and anus become increasingly bright orange
vermilion, the black becomes more intensely velvety, and the
white more purely white if possible (no trace of greenish or
lemon-yellow anywhere, and no ochre as in the head and anus
of swainsoni). The tail, from being considerably longer than
the body in instar 2, becomes normal in length, as in leachz, in
final instar; always dead black in final instar, very frail, easily
broken, and eaten off by his fellow creatures. After moulting
they all love to devour their old skins.

“2. Pure white belts in the larva of zebra reach right down
to the red claspers. This is never so in either leachi or excelsior,
but is so also in swaznsoni. But note, these white belts in zebra
are narrow and in middle of segment, thus giving twice as much
black. The reverse holds good, I think, in swainsoni, and I
never saw any red about the larva, so remarkable and striking
a feature with zebra, shared by one form of excelsior to the last,
and by leachi, but less flaming red, only to end of 4th instar,
when a complete change of body pattern invariably takes place.

56 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE [[AV%20-

“3. Note, excelsior has two forms of larva, my published form
resembling leachi, but another, since found, resembling zebra,
but the narrow belts on a black ground are always distinctly
lemon-yellow, and do not reach the red claspers. The long black
tail of excelsior is undoubtedly the longest of the whole genus,
as yet known.

“4. My experience of the larva in the pattern, color, habits,
and habitats, would seem to show that scyron and allamandae,
also menechus and mossz, are further removed in the same genus
from all four forms which I have mentioned. The resemblance
in the moth of scyron is, I am convinced, superficial rather than
real.

‘“‘5. The very select and fastidious habits of zebra, very rare
in Para evidently, and only occasionally to be found on the
tender-leaved Succubas growing in the heavy shade of giant
forest trees, 7n itself indicates that it is a distinct species from
I. swainsoni, which latter was always found by me in Perene
and Chanchamayo on the Succubas growing in bush form on
the hillsides in bright sunshine, surely an important considera-
tion which can hardly be regarded as a subspecific feature.

“All this should be taken into account and remembered,
whatever else may subsequently be determined by the examina-
tion of the various imagines and their genitalia. Be careful,
therefore, in your descriptions to note that, from the larva
zebra is near to tetrzo, nearest to swainsonz, near to leachi, equally
near to excelsior (generally an Amorpha feeder) but far from
scyron (invariably and only on Allamanda). This genus Jsog-
nathus constitutes a highly important biological study.”

Coming to a description of the adult insect, the relative em-
phasis which should be given to differences in the imagos of the
Sphingidae, and to differences in the juvenal stages, is one of
those things upon which much may be said. There is no doubt
that in its general facies Isognathus zebra is closer to I. scyron
Cr. than to any other form. As I compare my pair of I. zebra
with a long series of J. scyron, differences are hard to detect.

The male of J. zebra has, basally of the dark postmedian
longitudinal area between R3 and M1, three heavy dark lines,

May ail

1923 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 57

2 mm. in length, perpendicular to the costal margin, one out-
side and two inside the cell. In J. scyron these three are re-
placed by a dark semicircle, open costad. In no other respect
does the male of J. zebra show any difference from I. scyron,
either above or beneath.

The female of J. zebra is less irrorated with white on the veins
of the fore wing above than is J. scyron, and has an irregularly
roundish black blotch, 2 mm. in diameter, at the apex of the
cell, which is lacking in I. scyron.

The dark marginal band of the hind wing above is much
broader than in I. scyron, being 8 mm. wide between M2 and
SM2 and 10 mm. wide on inner margin. In J. scyron the width
at these points is 5mm. and 7mm. The ground tone of both
wings beneath is darker than in /. scyron.

Differences between J. zebra and I. swainsoni and I. leachi
are easier to detect. J. swainsoni has, both in the male and in
the female, much more white on the fore wing above, giving it a
variegated appearance. J. leachi has, both in the male and in
the female, more light brown on the fore wing above, giving it
also a variegated appearance. Both J. swainsoni and I. leachi
have a subbasal longitudinal patch, 7 mm. in length, which I.
zebra lacks.

The dark distal marginal band of the hind wing above of J.
swainsoni, is broader in the male than in I. zebra, and fully as
broad in the female. In J. leachi this band is slightly narrower
in the male, and much narrower in the female.

It is my hope to make a full study of the genitalia of this
genus, and especially of these closely allied forms.

Polyptychus neavi Hampson (1910) and Polyptychus martha
Closs (1911)

Lord Rothschild has said (Novitates Zoologicae, Vol. X XVI,
p. 209) ‘‘ We have come to the conclusion that neavi Hampson
and martha Closs are synonyms of calcareus.”’

58 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE [[A420-

I never have seen the type of P. neavi, but possess that of P.
martha Closs, and I feel confident that the latter is distinct from
P. calcareus, and that in all probability P. neavi and P. martha
are the same species. The fuscous median band in the type of
P. martha is entirely lacking in the three specimens in my col-
lection of P. calcareus from Rhodesia. In addition, the thorax
of each one of the three specimens of P. calcareus is unicolorous,
while in the type of P. martha the mesothoracic tegulae are
much darker than the median portion of the thorax, making a
strong contrast. This same contrast is brought out in the
colored drawing of P. neavi in P. Z. 8. (1910), Plate XX XIX,
no. 26.

OBERTHURION gen. noy.

This new genus is closely allied to Pachylia. Spines of distal
tergites uniseriate, all long, very heavy. Eye large, not lashed.
Antennae strongly clubbed, hook long and thick; end segment
rather blunt. Distal margin of both fore and hind wings undu-
late between the veins, strongly so in the fore wing, less so in
the hind wing. Costal margin curves strongly back toward
wing apex, producing a wing of unusual form, with a breadth
almost equal to the exterior margin. It is a privilege, as well
as most fitting, to name this remarkable new genus, the first
one discovered in the Sphingidae of the Western Hemisphere
for more than twenty years, for my dear friend Mr. Charles
Oberthur, who stands today preéminent among the entomol-
ogists of the world.

Oberthurion harroverii sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o, 47 mm. Al. ant. lat., oc’, 23 mm. Marg. ext., o,
25 mm.

Habitat. — Valley of the Chirripo River, Costa Rica, 1500 ft. altitude.
Taken on the trail in dense vegetation by Mr. David E. Harrower, July 21,

May il
1923

CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 59
1915, and acquired by me from him. It had been deposited by him tem-
porarily in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, where my attention was
called to it by my friend, Dr. Henry Skinner. One male (the type) in coll.
B. Preston Clark.

Antennae brown above, white’ beneath. Palpi: first and second seg-
ments light brown, third segment dark brown. Legs wood-brown. Spines
of tergites light brown at the tips. Head, thorax and abdomen above,
dark brown. Abdomen wood-brown beneath.

Fore wing above: Wood-brown with darker markings. Costal margin
curving backward strongly toward wing tip, producing an unusual wing
form. Distal margin strongly undulate between the veins. Cilia dark
brown. Dark brown subbasal spot 1.5 mm. in diameter. Narrow sub-
basal line extends irregularly from a point on costal margin 9 mm. distant
from the base to a point on inner margin 8 mm. distant from the base.
Posteriorly of this line two geminate antemedian lines enclose an irregular
dark brown band, 2 to 3 mm. in width, extending from costal to inner mar-
gin. A prominent dark brown circular spot within the cell at its apex,
3.5 mm. in diameter. An S-shaped postmedian line extends from a point
on costal margin, 21 mm. from wing apex in a direct line, to inner margin,
which it reaches 12 mm. from the hinder angle. This line is concave basad
from costal margin to M1, thence convex basad to inner margin. Pos-
teriorly of this line, extending from M1 to inner margin, is a prominent
dark brown area 8 mm. in width along M1 and between M1 and M2.
Along M2 it broadens sharply 2.5 mm. toward distal margin, and thence
broadens again concavely to the hinder angle. It is 13 mm. wide along
inner margin. A second transverse postmedian line runs, roughly parallel
to the first, from the costal margin to M1, where it is lost in the large dark
brown patch. A third postmedian line extends from a point on costal
margin, 16 mm. distant from apex in a direct line, regularly concave basad
to the corner of the large dark brown area, which it reaches on M1 at its
exact corner. Between this third postmedian line, the wing apex and M1,
is a dark brown area, its point just crossing M1. Within this area, extend-
ing along the costal margin 13 mm., is a lighter, flatly triangular area, ex-
tending to SC5 at its basal limit, and thence narrowing to wing apex.
Posteriorly of M2 the wing grows gradually lighter in color.

Fore wing beneath: Wood-brown. Cilia dark brown. A light streak
along inner margin. A heavy dark brown postmedian transverse line
duplicates the first postmedian line of the upper side; a second thinner
postmedian line, slightly undulate between the veins, duplicates the third
postmedian line of the upper side, but extends the entire distance to the
inner margin, which it reaches 5 mm. from hinder angle. Distally of this
line a dark triangle with its base, 8 mm. wide, on costal margin, has its
point a trifle beyond R1. Distal margin undulate between the veins.

Hind wing above: Cilia brown, tipped with white, prominently so

60 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE ['A%Z9:

toward anal angle. Dark brown distal marginal band, 9 mm. in width
along inner margin, narrows gradually to hinder angle, where it is 3 mm.
in width. This band is gently convex basad. Parallel to this band, and
basad from it, is a narrow dark brown line, about 1 mm. distant from the
band. The remainder of the wing is wood-brown, with a faint transverse
median shade which fades away before reaching inner margin.

Hind wing beneath: Cilia brown, tipped with white, more conspicu-
ously so than on upper side. Entire wing wood-brown, crossed by two
transverse lines; one median, slightly convex basad, the other submarginal,
undulate between the veins, and following the line of the edge of the distal
marginal band on upper side of the wing. It is thus 9 mm. distant from
wing tip on inner margin, and 3 mm. distant from hinder angle at that ~
point.

A beautiful and distinguished-looking insect.

Panacra niasana sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 9, 23 mm. Al. ant. lat.. 9, 9 mm. Marg. ext., 9,
12 mm.

Habitat. — North Nias, near Sumatra. One female (the type) in coll.
B. Preston Clark, received in exchange from my friend, Dr. Karl Jordan.

This form is so close to P. malayana R. and J. as to be easily
confounded with it. It is, however, clearly distinct.

Fore wing above: The entire ground tone is darker than in P. malayana,
giving the appearance of greater uniformity of tint. First discal line does
not reach costal margin. This line is more nearly parallel to the costal
margin than in P. malayana, being 4 mm. distant from it on the inner mar-
gin, and 2 mm. distant where it fades away toward the wing apex. This
line in P. malayana is 5 mm. distant from the costal margin on the inner
margin, and actually reaches this margin apically. White sagittate mark-
ing between SC5 and R1 is more acute in this form than in P. malayana.
Postdiscal lines are more distinct and more closely parallel.

Hind wing above: Light submarginal area is less marked, entire wing
darker.

Fore wing beneath: Reddish brown postmedian area is darker in tone,
but less irrorated with black.

Hind wing beneath: Darker in tone. White antemedian dot more
prominent.

May 12
1923 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 61

Cizara schausi sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 7, 24 mm. Al. ant. lat., o, 10 mm. Marg. ext., o’,
13 mm.

Habitat. — Unknown. Two males in coll. B. Preston Clark (one the
type), received in exchange from the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, New York, and originally from the collection of my friend Dr. Wil-
liam Schaus.

This insect is so closely allied to Cizara sculpta Felder that its
specific difference for a long time escaped me.

Head, thorax and abdomen above uniformly olive green. The broad
median thoracic pink stripe and the prominent thoracic side stripes of C.
sculpta are lacking.

Fore wing above: The marginal costal line, extending prominently in
C. sculpta from the wing base to the transverse postmedian line, is lacking.
Light-colored subbasal area is less prominent. Transverse postmedian
line is costally farther removed from the widest point of the light-colored
distal marginal band between R1 and R2, being at that point 3 to 4 mm.
distant from it; while in C. sculpta it is but 1 mm. to 2.5 mm. distant.
Light-colored band along inner margin is narrower than in C. sculpta.

Fore wing beneath: Much darker in tone than in C. sculpta, distal mar-
ginal band especially so. A prominent red line roughly follows the course
of anterior edge of distal marginal band on upper side of wing.

Hind wing above: Markings at anal angle less prominent than in C.
sculpta.

Hind wing beneath: More heavily irrorated with red than in C. sculpta;
distal marginal band darker in tone.

Clasper of same shape asin C. sculpta, harpe more elongate, terminating
basad in a sharp point, instead of with the bluntness of C. sculpta. Penis
sheath more elongate than in C. sculpta.

In other respects this insect follows the color and markings of Cizara
sculpta Felder.

Nephele accentifera comoroana subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 7, 29 mm.; 9,32 mm. Al. ant. lat., 7,16 mm.; 9,

138mm. Marg. ext., 7,16mm.; 9,17 mm.
Habitat. — Grande Comoro Island. A series of males and females in

62 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE [AAYEZ°

coll. B. Preston Clark, collected by Mr. George F. Leigh, September to
December, 1921.

This is a smaller and shorter-winged insect than the typical
form. The chief differences are observed in the upper side of
the fore wing.

Fore wing above: There is less contrast between the dark and light por-
tions of the wing than in N. accentifera Beauvois, and less yellow irrora-
tion. In N. accentifera the area between the geminate subbasal line of the
fore wing and the irregular geminate median line, is variegated. In N. -
accentifera comoroana the entire area between the anterior subbasal line
and the posterior median line is uniformly dark brown, save for the silvery
markings and a light brown semilunar area on the costal margin.

The light-colored postmedian band, which in N. accentifera is irregular
and much obscured mesially, in this form extends evenly from costal to
inner margin, with no mesial break.

Temnora camerounensis sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 9, 20 mm. Al. ant. lat., 9, 8 mm. Marg, ext., 9,
11 mm.

Habitat.— Cameroun. One female in coll. B. Preston Clark, received
from Mr. J. J. Joicey, without exact statement of locality.

This species is near 7’. rattrayz R. and J. Dr. Karl Jordan, to
whom I sent the specimen for his judgment, says ‘“‘close to
rattrayi, but the markings not exactly the same.” As the tip
of the abdomen is lacking, it is not possible to say surely whether
this is a subspecies of 7’. rattrayi or not. My belief is that it is
a distinct form. It is most easily described by comparison with
T. rattrayt.

The fore wing is narrower. The length of the fore wing of a female of
T. rattrayi used in comparison is 20 mm., and the exterior margin 11 mm.,
the same as in 7’. camerounensis. The width of the fore wing is 9 mm.,
instead of the 8 mm. of 7’. camerounensis.

Fore wing above: The brown triangle, with its base on the costal mar-
gin, has in 7’. rattrayi the side toward the wing apex perpendicular to the

May 12
1923 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 63

costal margin, and is thus scalene. In 7. camerounensis the apical side is
angled acutely to the costal margin, the triangle being equilateral. The
contrast in color between this triangle and the basal area is greater than in
T. rattrayi, the triangle being of a darker brown and the ground tone of the
wing lighter. In 7. rattrayi there are two bands, one subbasal, one median,
both curving basad as they approach the costal and the inner margin. In
T. camerounensis the areas included in these two bands are faintly indi-
cated by interrupted geminate lines. The narrow white line bordering the
costal marginal triangle in 7’. rattrayi apically, is in this form a brighter
white, and broadens costally. A dark line extends from a point on the
costal margin, 4 mm. distant from the wing tip, and at right angles to it,
to SC5; thence it extends basad to a point between R1 and R2, where it
curves distad to R2; thence first basad and then distad to R3, where it
merges into the dark line which this form has in common with 7. rattrayji.

Fore wing beneath: Otherwise like 7’. rattrayi, it has on the costal mar-
gin, 5.5 and 4 mm. distant from the wing tip, two bright white dots, one
mm. in diameter, which are only obscurely indicated in 7’. rattrayi.

Hind wing above: Dark brown, unicolorous except for a light brown
area at anal angle, crossed by a narrow, dark submarginal line.

Hind wing beneath: Like 7’. rattrayi, except for a pink line extending
from base to apex near anal angle.

Temnora rattrayi R. and J.

Al. ant.long., 9,19mm. Al.ant.lat., 9,8mm. Marg. ext., 9,10mm.

Habitat. — Banga Manteke, Belgian Congo. One female in coll. B.
Preston Clark, collected by Mr. A. L. Bain, and received in exchange from
Dr. W. J. Holland of the Carnegie Museum. The female of this species,
so far as I know, has not been previously noted.

The female of this rare species, at least in this instance, follows
the pattern of the male, but the markings are more indistinct.

Gurelca mulleri sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o’,21 mm. Al. ant. lat., o,7mm. Marg. ext., o’,8 mm.

Habitat. — Guerrero, Mexico. One male in coll. B. Preston Clark, pre-
sented by my friend Mr. Roberto Muller, of Mexico City, for whom I
have named it.

64 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE [AV %Z9-

This is the second Mexican form of this genus, that I have
described, and their discovery suggests the possibility that
representatives of this genus may be found farther south, in the
mountains of Central America and among the Andes.

Antennae gray above, brown beneath. Palpi gray irrorated with brown.
Thorax and abdomen above, gray irrorated with brown. Legs gray. Abdo-
men beneath gray irrorated with brown. Sternites 4, 5 and 6, dark red
irrorated with yellow. A minute white lateral dot on each side of the three
segments. Cilia black, prominently white between the veins above and
beneath. ;

Fore wing above: Bluish gray with darker markings. While this color
differs markedly from that of G. sonorensis Clark, the pattern of the wing
in the two is almost identical, as is the outline of the distal margin. The
contrast in color between the light and dark portions of the wing is greater
than in G. sonorensis, and the markings are more distinct in character. The
stigma is half-moon-shaped and very narrow, convex basad. In this form
there is a prominent dark sagittate area, median on the wing, with its bases
on the costal margin rather more than half way to the apex, and on the
median portion of the inner margin. The point of this sagittate area is
on R3.

Fore wing beneath: Gray irrorated with red, the irrorations becoming
heavy toward discal margin. Irregular marginal discal band, bluish gray,
3mm. in width. Stigma present, but straight and less prominent.

Hind wing above: Bright yellow with black discal marginal band, which
is narrower than in G. sonorensis; it is even in width and clearly marked,
as in G. hyas Walker. This band contains within it at anal angle a bluish
gray patch enclosing a black line parallel to discal margin.

Hind wing beneath: Bluish gray along inner margin. Distal marginal
band also bluish gray, narrow at anal angle and broadening to inner
margin. Rest of wing area yellow. A bright yellow band along the anal
margin; remaining area heavily irrorated with red, and crossed by four
red bands from SM2 to M1, where they become obscure.

Antinephele weberi sp. nov.

Al. ant.long., 7,17mm. Al. ant. lat., 7,8mm. Marg. ext., ,10mm.

Habitat. — Efulan, Cameroun. One male in coll. B. Preston Clark, col-
lected by Dr. H. L. Weber, and received in exchange from Dr. W. J.
Holland.

May 12
1903 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 65

This is the smallest and one of the loveliest of the Anti-
nepheles, and I take pleasure in naming it after my friend Dr.
H. L. Weber, who has done such distinguished work in collecting
lepidoptera in the Cameroun country. It lies between A.
muscosa Holl. and A. lunulata R. and J., and is closer to the
latter.

Antennae brown. Palpi white irrorated with brown, shading to olive
green on second and third segments, darkest at tips. Thorax and abdomen
above olive-greenish brown. Thorax crested, crest tipped with white.
Mesothoracic tegulae tipped prominently with yellow. Legs yellow. Ab-
domen beneath white, irrorated heavily on posterior sternites with light
yellow and dark red.

Fore wing above: Olive-greenish brown. Distal margin strongly con-
vex. As in A. lunulata, no distinct bands. Lines not lunulate as in A.
lunulata, but in the main straight and roughly at right angles to costal
margin. Black basal dot; also black basal area close to inner margin.
Prominent black stigma between R1 and R2, posteriorly of apex of cell.
Small brown apical half-moon, followed by an elongate triangular marginal
patch, pointed behind, proximately bordered by a white line, all as in A.
lunulata. The triangle, however, is narrower at the base, being but 1 mm.
wide, as compared with a width of fully 2 mm. in A. lunulata. The white
line is more prominent, and straighter. Area between stigma and discal
triangle is lighter in tone than the remainder of the wing.

Fore wing beneath: Basal area black, olive green along costal margin.
A light yellow area, roughly rectangular in shape, extends from a point
on costal margin, 4 mm. from wing apex, to R3, thence to the narrow black
distal marginal band, less than 1 mm. broad, which it reaches at M1. From
this point it follows the marginal band to the costal margin near wing tip.
This yellow area contains one distinct lunulate line, the lunules being con-
vex distally. Basad of this line, within the area, is another lunulate line,
faint in character. Distad of the distinct line is a third one, distinct, sagit-
tate between the veins, the segments pointing basad between the veins.

Hind wing above: Black, unicolorous.

Hind wing beneath: Divided into two areas. The first is light yellow,
extending from R3 on the distal margin to the wing base, and including
the entire area between this line and the inner margin. The second area is
black, and includes the anal half of the wing, except where it is light yellow
along the extreme anal edge. The wing is crossed by five transverse lines;
the three anterior ones traverse the entire wing, while the two posterior
ones become obscure at R3.

66 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE [5% 29-

Sphecodina caudata angulilimbata subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 7,25mm.; 9,28mm. Al. ant. lat.,7,8mm.; 9,9mm.
Marg. ext., o', 13 mm.; 9, 15 mm.

Habitat. — Southeastern China. A series of males and of females, in-
cluding the types, in coll. B. Preston Clark, received from Mr. Rudolf Mell.

The chief difference between this race and typical caudata is
in the hind wing above. The yellow is fainter, a pale orange,
distally somewhat transparent. The black distal border is dis- -
tinctly narrower, above and beneath.

Macroglossum semifasciata nigellum R. and J.

Al. ant. long., 9, 25 mm. Al. ant. lat.. 9,10 mm. Marg. ext., 9,
14 mm.

Habitat. — Woodlark Island, Papua. One female in coll. B. Preston
Clark, received from Mr. H. P. Schrader, Carlton, New South Wales.

The male of this species was described in Novitates Zoologicae,
Vol. XXIII, p. 122, but, so far as I know, the female has re-
mained undescribed. It is similar to the male, but the vein
streaks connecting the brownish black basal area of the hind
wing with the distal border are faint, and on a number of the
veins entirely lacking. This gives the impression of a more
continuous yellow band on the hind wing. In this particular it
follows M. glaucoptera, in which the band on the hind wing is
much less interrupted and broader in the female than in the
male.

Xylophanes juanita R. and J.

Al. ant. long., 9, 32 mm. Al. ant. lat.. 9,12 mm. Marg. ext., 9,

18 mm. :
Habitat. — San Pedro Sula, Honduras. One female in coll. B. Preston

Clark, collected by H. Fruhstorfer.

May ri

1923 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 67

The female of this species, so far as I know, has not been de-
scribed. In all respects it resembles the male in its facies and
markings, and I include it here chiefly because of this fact. In
other members of this family differences are to be seen between

specimens from Mexico, whence the male of X. juwanita was first
described, and those from Central America.

Xylophanes schreiteri sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o', 37 mm.; 9,37 mm. Al. ant. lat., o',12mm.; 9,
12.5mm. Marg. ext., o', 20mm.; 9, 19 mm.

Habitat. — Tucuman, Argentina. A series of males and one female in
coll. B. Preston Clark, collected by Mr. Rodolfo Schreiter.

This species is close to Xylophanes crotonis zikani Clark, but
is in general a darker-colored insect.

The antennae, thorax, and abdomen above are all a darker green than
in X. crotonis zikani.

Fore wing above: The wing tip is more projected than in zikant. The
space between lines 1 and 2 is filled in darkly. This space, as well as the
area between it and the costal margin, is darker than in zikani, and darker
than the rest of the wing. These two lines and their enclosed area are some-
what wavy. These lines, as also lines 3 to 7 inclusive, are curved more
sharply distad as they approach the wing apex than in zikani. The yellow
basal tuft is smaller.

Fore wing beneath: The pattern is almost identical with that of X.
nabuchodonosor, but the postmedian lines and bars, which in that species
are black, are in X. schreiteri rusty red, the entire wing surface being heavily
irrorated with this color and with black.

Hind wing above: Identical with X. crotonis zikant.

Hind wing beneath: Close to X. nabuchodonosor, but the ground tone is
a rustier red than in that species, and the distal marginal band is narrower.

Theretra cajus ugandae subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 7, 22 mm.; 9, 23 mm. Al. ant. lat., 7,8 mm.; 9.
8.5mm. Marg. ext., 7,12mm.; 2,13 mm.

Habitat. — Kibwezi, Kenia Colony. One male and one female in coll.
B. Preston Clark, collected by Mr. R. A. Dummer, December, 1921.

68 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW sPHINGIDAE [WN Vis"

This East African form of 7. cajus Cr. differs markedly both
from it and from 7’. cajus perkeo R. and J. Its general facies
is fairly close to 7’. cajus, while in size it approximates closely
to T. cajus perkeo.

Antennae, thorax, and abdomen above and beneath dark brown, shad-
ing to black, the silvery markings dull in tone.

Fore wing above and beneath: Ground tone dark brown, shading to
black. Silvery markings similar to those of 7’. cajus, but duller in tone.

Hind wing above: Uniformly black, save for a faint submarginal band _
extending from anal angle to R38, where it becomes obscure.

Hind wing beneath: Dark brown; bands darker in tone than in the
other forms.

Hippotion noel sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., &', 27 mm.; 9,34 mm. Al. ant. lat., o, 10.56 mm.;
9,12.5mm. Marg. ext., o',14mm.; 9,18 mm.

Habitat. — Christmas Island. One male and one female (types) in coll.
J. J. Joicey, at the Hill Museum. Cotypes in coll. B. Preston Clark. All
collected by C. W. Andrews in September and October, 1897.

This form has the facies of H. velox Fabr. It lacks, however,
the silvery lines and markings of the fore wing above and of the
abdomen above. It has the more uniform coloration of H.
beddoesii Clark, but lacking the darker markings of that form,
is a more unicolorous insect. All the specimens of this form are
so uniform in their characters, and differ so widely from typical
H. velox, that it seems to deserve specific separation.

Hippotion lambertoni sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., @, 27 mm. Al. ant. lat., o, 12mm. Marg. ext., 0,
11 mm.

Habitat. — Farafangana, southeastern Madagascar. One male in coll.
B. Preston Clark, collected by Mr. C. Lamberton.

May 12
1923 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 69

This species belongs to the balsaminae-saclavorum-batschi
group, falling between the first species and the other two.

Palpi olive green, shading to gray on third segment. Antennae olive
green, white toward tip, and black at extreme apex. Head, thorax and
abdomen above, olive green. Light-colored side stripe extending from
above the eye laterally along the thorax. Mesothoracie tegulae reddish
brown. Abdomen beneath clay-color irrorated with brown, and shading to
light red laterally. Legs clay-color irrorated with brown.

Fore wing above: Light olive green with dark olive green markings.
Wing apex sharply acuminate and black. From the wing apex to the inner
margin, which is reached at its median point, extends a dark heavy olive
green line, curving first slightly basad and then distad. Basad of this
heavy line, which may be called no. 4, extend three parallel lines, nos. 1, 2
and 3, lighter in tone than no. 4, and fading away costally. Distally of
line no. 4 there extends from apex to inner margin line no. 5, heavy and
dark olive, the space between lines 4 and 5 being filled in with the same
dark olive tone. Midway between line 5 and the distal margin extends
faintly line 6. Line 7 is faint and submarginal. There is a minute black
stigma with a dark cloud apically of it. Distal margin markedly convex.

Fore wing beneath: Ground tone light brick-red. Basal half black, ex-
cept along the costal margin, where it is olive green. From this black area
there extend three interrupted black lines. The basal one reaches the costal
margin 10 mm. from the wing apex, the median one reaches this margin
6 mm. from the apex, while the apical one terminates at the apex. The
two proximal lines are interrupted on the veins, the distal one between the
veins. A distal marginal band, lighter in tone than the rest of the wing,
broadens to a point between R2 and R3, where it attains a width of 6 mm.,
thence it narrows to the hinder angle.

Hind wing above: Black with narrow and somewhat interrupted post-
median light pink band, broadening anally.

Hind wing beneath: Light red. Two clay-colored median bands,
curving basad and separating as they approach the costal margin. A clay-
colored distal marginal band broadens to a point between R2 and R23,
where it is 3 mm. in width, thence it narrows anally.

Rhagastis mjobergi sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., &*, 26 mm.; 9,27 mm. Al. ant. lat., 7, 11mm.; 9°,
12mm. Marg. ext., 7,13 mm.; 9, 15.5 mm.
Habitat. — Siantar, Sumatra. One male (the type) in coll. B. Preston

70 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE [SAEZ

Clark, received from my friend, Dr. Eric Mjoberg, and named for him.
One female from Hainan, from the collection of Geheimrat A. Huwe.

Dr. Karl Jordan says of this form, which he was kind enough
to examine at my request, ‘‘between acuta and rubetra.”

Third segment of palpus triangular, as in R. acuta Walker, and R.
rubetra R. and J. Centre of head and thorax, and markings of upper side
of fore wing, nearly as dark as in R. rubetra. Under side of wings and sides
of breast ferruginous as in R. rubetra; less irrorated with black than in R.
acuta. Under side of abdomen faintly pink. s

Fore wing above: Similar to R. acuta. Distal margin more convex
toward wing apex. Markings faint, except for a dark submarginal area
like that of R. rubetra, between R1 and R38, and 3 mm. distant from distal
margin. The three subbasal lines of R. rwbetra are lacking. The posterior
half of the wing is lighter in color than in R. acuta, this being especially
marked in the male. Hind wing above, similar to R. acuta.

The five following new forms were taken by Messrs. C. F. and
J. Pratt in southwestern Sumatra during the summer of 1921,
and were given to me by my friend, Mr. J. J. Joicey. They are
of unusual interest.

Oxyambulyx joiceyi sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 1, 50-53 mm. Al. ant. lat., %, 18-19 mm. Marg. ext.,
o', 29-31 mm.

Habitat. — Southwestern Sumatra, July-September, 1921. C. F. and J.
Pratt. Two males in coll. B. Preston Clark, one taken on the slopes of
Mt. Korintji, 7300 ft., August-September. The other taken in North
Korintji Valley, 5000 ft., September—October. The former is the type.
There are other specimens in the Hill Museum, Witley, Surrey, England.

In general appearance this species is closer to Oxyambulyx
placida Moore than to any other of the genus. It is darker in
general tone.

Abdominal mesial line distinct; mesial patch on eighth tergite; two
side dots on sixth tergite.

1
ae CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 71

Fore wing above: Wing apex strongly produced. Subbasal semilunar
costal spot beyond subbasal bar, 4 mm. distant from wing base. The large
subbasal round patch behind cell, prominent in OQ. placida, is lacking in
the first specimen, and vestigial in the second. Distal marginal band
widens evenly from apex to R2, where it is 3.5 mm. wide; thence it nar-
rows evenly to the hinder angle. Black submarginal distal line continued
to hinder margin, here .5 mm. from edge of wing. A light line runs parallel
to the dark one, basad of it, as in O. placida. Veins dark postmesially,
especially SC5, Rl and R3.

Fore wing beneath: Distal marginal band evenly curved, as on upper
side. Black submarginal line prominent, and in the second specimen (that
from 5000 ft.) there is much extended rufous over the posterior third of the
wing.

Hind wing above not dark at the base.

Hind wing beneath. Anal area prominently gray from base to anal angle.

Marumba sperchius sumatranus subsp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 9, 70 mm. AI. ant. lat., 9,25 mm. Marg. ext., 9,
38 mm.

Habitat. — North Korintji Valley, southwestern Sumatra, 5000 ft.
altitude. September—October, 1921. C. F. and J. Pratt. One female
(type) in coll. B. Preston Clark, received from my friend, Mr. J. J. Joicey.

While this form is close to M. sperchius gigas Butler, from
northern India, it differs in several important respects. It is
darker-colored.

The median abdominal line is heavier. The breadth of the fore wing
of M. sperchius gigas is 29 mm., so sumatranus is distinctly narrower-
winged. The costal margin is much less strongly curved than in gigas.
The distance from that point on the costal margin farthest removed from a
straight line drawn directly from the wing base to its apex is 5 mm., while
in gigas itis8mm. The distal margin is feebly scalloped, contrasting with
the strong indentations of gigas. In the fore wing above, the median line,
which is straight in gigas, is curved feebly distad. The hind wing above
is dark brown, with less of the red tone of gigas. The fore and hind wings
beneath are more uniformly brown than in gigas, with a slight tendency to
the rufous irroration of gigas.

72 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE [[EZ0-

Panacra angulata sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., o, 25 mm. Al. ant. lat., 7, 10mm. Marg. ext., 3,
15 mm.

Habitat. — Slopes of Mt. Korintji, southwestern Sumatra, 7500 ft.
altitude. August-September, 1921. C. J. and F. Pratt. Two males in
coll. B. Preston Clark (one the type) given me by my friend, Mr. J. J.
Joicey. There are other specimens in Hill Museum, Witley, Surrey, .
England.

Antennae brown. Palpus, first segment white, reddish brown along eye,
second segment white, reddish brown along eye and at apex. Head and
thorax brown. Mesothoracic tegulae deep brown. Legs reddish brown
with white scaling. Breast white, heavily irrorated with reddish brown.
Abdomen above light brown, with narrow dark brown median stripe. A
few blue scales at the segments. Abdomen laterally and beneath, warm
reddish brown, with prominent white lateral patches and a broad white
median stripe beneath.

Fore wing above: Apex produced, distal margin concave from apex to
R1, thence convex and undulate to hinder angle. Cilia black on veins,
yellow between them. Ground tone brown, with darker brown markings.
From a point on costal margin 7 mm. from the base a prominent line
extends 3 mm. directly toward hinder angle, at that point it is angled
sharply, and extends to inner margin, which it reaches 2 mm. from the wing
base. Small black stigma, surrounded by light blue scaling. Transverse
dark brown median line extends from a point 9 mm. distant from the apex
to a point 9 mm. distant from the hinder angle. Small dark cloud costally of
this line between R1 and R2. Narrow dark brown postmedian line extends
distally of the median one from inner margin to SC5, diverging gradually
from the median one, and sharply angled from SC5 to costal margin. A
lunulate line, with points distad on the veins, parallels the postmedian line,
and between the two is a third line, faint and also lunulate. A faint white
apical dot between apex and SC5. A prominent white dash between SC5
and R1, extending obliquely basad from SC5 toward R1. Veins Rl and
R2 are prominently dark brown from distal margin to lunulate postmedian
line; veins SC5, R3, M1 and M2 are less prominently so, and for a shorter
distance. Area between these veins somewhat darkened, as far as the
darkening of the veins extends. Dark brown semilunar area at hinder
angle, similar to that in P. mydon elegantulus.

*

May 12
1923 ] CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 73

Fore wing beneath: Cilia as on upper side. Ground tone yellow, heavily
irrorated with reddish orange. Median dark brown line similar to that on
wing above, with dark shade basad of it, the three postmedian lines of the
wing above faintly duplicated in reddish orange, as are the heavy brown
markings along and between the veins distally. These have the appear-
ance of fingers, with their tips on distal margin.

Hind wing above: Cilia as in fore wing. Distal margin undulate.
Ground tone brown. Light red submarginal band extends from anal angle
to R2, broadening to that point; irregular brown line within this area,
roughly parallel to distal margin. Blue scaling along distal margin from
anal angle to R3.

Hind wing beneath: Ground tone yellow, heavily irrorated with red-
dish orange. Median basal area light blue, extending along veins SC5, R1
and R2 to distal margin, along R3, M1 and M2, half way to distal margin.
This light blue area is continuous between R1 and R2, and broadens out
to become a submarginal band extending broadly from inner margin to
R2, and then narrowing to hinder angle. Between this submarginal band
and distal margin the reddish orange color reappears narrowly. Three
dark brown lines, one antemedian, one median, and one postmedian, ex-
tend irregularly from inner to anal margin.

A brilliant insect, nearest to P. mydon elegantulus Her.-Sch.

Nephele joiceyi sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., &, 44mm. Al. ant. lat., 7, 18mm. Marg. ext., 0,
24 mm.

Habitat. — Slopes of Mt. Korintji, southwestern Sumatra, 7300 ft.
altitude, August-September, 1921. Collected by C. F. and J. Pratt, and
given to me by my friend, Mr. J. J. Joicey. Two males (one the type) in
coll. B. Preston Clark. There are also specimens in Hill Museum, Witley,
Surrey, England.

This insect is allied to N. didyma Fabr., but is clearly distinct.
It is larger.

Coloration similar to that of N. didyma. Palpus, breast and lateral line
extending from the eye to base of fore wing, more prominent than in N.
didyma.

Fore wing above: Darker brown than in N. didyma, with a prominent

74 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE [yy EZ°

black line bordering the light-colored distal marginal band. Very notice-
able are the shape and relative location of the two silvery spots on the upper
side of the fore wing. The dot nearer the costal margin is circular, as in
N.didyma. The posterior one, however, is on a line drawn vertically from
the costal margin through the circular spot, instead of being located more
distally, asin N. didyma. The shape of this second spot is roughly triangu-
lar, with its base on R3, instead of semilunar as in N. didyma.

Fore wing beneath: The postmedian and the submarginal lines approach
so closely to R2 as nearly to touch, the space between the two lines being
thus practically a double triangle, with apices on R3. In N. didyma these
two lines are parallel from R1 to the hinder margin.

Hind wing above: Darker in tone than in N. didyma, shading to black
throughout the distal half of the wing.

The black transverse bands on the abdominal tergites are prominent,
as are a series of black lateral abdominal dots on sternites 3 to 7.

Cechenena pollux Boisd., ab. rubrescens forma nova

A single specimen (a male) of this species in the collection of
B. Preston Clark varies so distinctly from the rest of a long
series that it deserves mention. It was taken on the slopes of
Mt. Korintji, in southwestern Sumatra, August-September,
1921, by C. F. and J. Pratt. The normal green color of this
species is replaced throughout by reddish brown. The line on
the upper side of the fore wing, extending from wing apex to
the median point of the inner margin, is broader than in typical
C. pollux. There is greater contrast in color between the trans-
verse lines of the fore wing above, as a whole, and the remainder
of the wing. It may be that C. pollux shares, but more rarely,
the tendency of Xylophanes amadis Stoll in Cramer, which
varies normally from green to reddish brown.

The two following new forms were received in exchange from
the Bureau of Science, Manila, Philippine Islands. Both are
remarkable, and Xylophanes transpacifica marks a new link in
this family between the Orient and the Occident.

May ai

1923 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 75

Cephonodes banksi sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 9, 30 mm. Al. ant. lat., 9, 11mm. Marg. ext., 9,
18 mm.

Habitat. — Baguio, Benguet, Philippine Islands. One female (the type)
in coll. B. Preston Clark, taken February 17, 1910, by Mr. J. P. Iddings,
and sent to me by Mr. C. 8S. Banks of Manila, for whom it is named.

This interesting species is allied to C. rothschildi Rebel and
to C. titan Roth. The abdomen of C. rothschildi is green and
unicolorous above, while that of C. titan is black and unicolorous.
This form stands midway, with three green segments, a dark
red band, and black posterior segments.

Head, thorax, and abdomen above, including segment 3, greenish yellow
(probably faded from green). On abdominal sternite 4 a narrow dark red
band. Remaining posterior segments of the abdomen coal-black. Tip of
tail yellow as in C. rothschildi, but less markedly so. Palpi uniformly yel-
low. No white ring around the eye as in C. rothschildi. Breast and legs
deep yellow, not orange as in C. rothschildi. Abdomen beneath coal-black
except at tip, which is yellow.

Wings in all respects similar to those of C. rothschildi, except that the
distal border of that species is lacking entirely even at the wing tip. The
anal border of the hind wing is narrower, and less extended toward the
anal angle, than in C. rothschildt.

Xylophanes transpacifica sp. nov.

Al. ant. long., 9, 43 mm. Al. ant. lat., 9,18 mm. Marg. ext., 2,
24 mm.

Habitat. — Manila, Philippine Islands. One female in coll. B. Preston
Clark, taken by Mr. W. Schultze, and received by me in exchange from the
Bureau of Science at Manila.

This remarkable insect is, so far as I know, the first specimen
of the genus Xylophanes, that has been taken outside of the

76 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE [Ay Ay"

Americas. It is closely allied to Xylophanes rufescens Roth.,
resembling it closely in general appearance and maculation,
especially on the fore and hind wings beneath, and less closely
so on both wings above. The only female specimen of X.
rufescens in my collection has exactly the same dimensions,
43 mm., 18 mm. and 24 mm., as this specimen.

Antennae, slender, reddish brown, white toward tip; hook long and
gradual. Eye not lashed. Legs yellow, mid tibiae white. Palpus: first
segment white irrorated with brown at the base, the rest of segment red-
dish brown, yellow along the eye; second segment light brown. Eye
large. Head, thorax and abdomen above, uniformly reddish brown.
Breast and abdomen beneath, yellow laterally. Median area of breast
yellow, and of abdomen light yellow irrorated with black. Dark brown
lateral side stripe. Cilia of fore wing reddish brown above and beneath.
Cilia of hind wing reddish brown above and beneath from 8C5 to R3. White
between the veins from R38 to anal angle, as in X. rufescens.

Fore wing above: Ground tone buff, densely shaded and irrorated with
reddish brown, closely resembling X. rufescens. Black transverse longitudi-
nal irrorations along submarginal distal area, and for some distance along
costal margin from the wing tip. Dark apical mark as in X. rufescens, from
which a line extends irregularly to R2. Small dark stigma in a circular
buff area.

Fore wing beneath. Basal half brick red. A heavy irregular dark red
line extends from a point on the inner margin 10 mm. distant from the
hinder angle to a point on the costal margin 16 mm. distant from the wing
apex, curving basad as it approaches this point. Another fainter and similar
line parallels this distally. A series of prominent black vein dots about
9 mm. distant from the distal margin. A strongly marked brown distal
marginal band, lightly irrorated with black, 1 mm. in width at the wing
apex, widens to 9 mm. at R2, where the black vein dot exactly touches its
edge, thence it narrows abruptly to a width of 5 mm. on R3, and extends
irregularly, broader between the veins, to hinder margin, where it is 2 mm.
in width. This band is identical in general form with that of X. rufescens.
The median area between the distal marginal band and the red basal area
is yellow, irrorated with black transverse markings.

Hind wing above. Black basally. Reddish brown distal marginal band,
5 mm. in width along inner margin, narrows gradually to SM2, where it
becomes vestigial. Median area light buff across the whole width of the
wing, lighter in color anally.

Hind wing beneath. Transverse dark red median line extends from
inner margin to M2. Brown distal marginal band similar in area to that on
upper side of wing. Remainder of wing area yellow heavily irrorated with
reddish brown, except along anal margin, which is lighter in tone.

May ‘el

1983 CLARK — THIRTY-THREE NEW SPHINGIDAE 77

Nephele triangulifera Closs.

I have in my collection the type of this species (Closs., Int.
Ent. Zeitschr. 7, p. 317), and it varies in no respect from a
series of Nephele comma, f. comma Hopffer. It cannot therefore
be regarded as a valid form, and the name should be relegated
to the synonymy of N. comma, f. comma Hopffer.

Gurelca chaochauensis B. P. Clark, was described in the Pro-
ceedings of the New England Zodélogical Club, Vol. VIII, p. 13,
Jan. 25, 1922, from a single male from Chaochau, received from
Dr. R. Luck and B. Gehlen. A long series of this form had been
bred by Mr. Rudolf Mell, and the form was subsequently de-
scribed by him as Micracosmeryx macroglossoides. I did not
recognize the species as generically distinct from Gurelca, which
it certainly is. The specific name given by me, however, has
priority, and the form should be known as Micracosmeryx
chaochauensis B. P. Clark. i

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May 16, 1923 Vou. VIII, pr. 79-80

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

A NEW QUAIL FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA

BY JAMES LEE PETERS

EXAMINATION of a large series of Lophortyx californica from
southern Lower California shows that the birds there represent
a well-marked race that I propose to call

Lophortyx californica achrustera subsp. nov.

Type, no. 218,093, M.C. Z. (Brewster Coll., no. 18,093), adult male from
La Paz, Lower California, collected February 14, 1887, by M. Abbott
Frazar. —

Characters. — Similar to Lophortyx californica vallicola (Ridgway),! but
slightly paler above; band across breast grayer; the buffy patch on the
lower breast of the male much paler; dark feather-edgings on the lower
breast, middle and sides of abdomen, narrower; flanks paler.

Measurements (in millimetres). — Twenty-seven males: wing, 100-126
(116.3); tail, 74-109 (94.25); tarsus, 27.5-33.0 (31.07); bill,? 15-17 (16.08).

1 Callipepla californica vallicola Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VIIf, 1885, p. 355

(Baird, Shasta Co., California).
2 Twenty-six specimens.

P.N.E.Z.C.
80 PETERS — A NEW QUAIL Vol. VILL

Fifteen females: wing, 103-119 (110.73); tail, 82-101 (91.13); tarsus, 25.0-
32.5 (29.6); bill, 15-17 (16.26).

Range. — Southern part of Lower California.

Specimens examined: —

Lophortyx californica vallicola. California: Eldorado County, 1 #7, 1 9;
Riverside, 9 &, 4 2; Tulare County, 1 9; Sonoma County,1 0;
Witch Creek,8 7,4 9; Dulzura, 1 &; Palm Springs,1¢,1 9; San
Bernardino Mts.,1 o&; Redlands, 8 «1,6 9. Lower California: 30
to 45 miles east of San Quentin, 3 o,2 @.

Lophortyx californica achrustera. Lower California: San José del Rancho,
8 3,4 9; La Paz, 13 7,8 9; San José del Cabo, 5,1 9; Triunfo,
1 #,1 9; Cape San Lucas, 2 o', 2 9; San Nicolas, 1 o.

Comparison with Lophortyx californica californica is not
necessary.

The character which most readily distinguishes this well-
marked form is the paleness of the buffy patch on the lower
breast, but to appreciate its full value, specimens from Lower
California should be compared with California examples killed
at the same season; thus specimens of achrustera taken in
February and March have the patch cartridge buff as against
between light buff and warm buff for comparable vallicola,
while in birds killed from September to November it is cream
buff in southern Lower California specimens and warm buff in
California examples.

The females of the two races may be distinguished by the
same characters which separate the males, but of course they
lack the buff patch.

Mr. Brewster pointed out,! over twenty years ago, that birds
of the Cape region were paler than California examples, and
with bills averaging a little heavier, but did not believe that
these characters were either well marked or constant. While
the bill character is of no diagnostic value, the color characters
are constant and serve to distinguish the valley quail of south-
ern Lower California almost at a glance.

1 Birds of the Cape Region of Lower California, Bull. M. C. Z., XLI, 1902, no. 1, p. 76.

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JUNE 5, 1928 Vou. VIII, pr. 81-83

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

THE REAPPEARANCE OF BATRACHYLA LONGIPES

BY THOMAS BARBOUR

In 1859 Baird figured on plate 37 of the Mexican Boundary
Survey a frog which he called in the list of plates Batrachyla
longipes. No description was given and the locality there cited
was simply ‘‘Mexico.”’ Later, on the occasion of another
purely nominal mention, the capture was reported to have been
made 40 leagues [about 120 miles] north of Mexico City (Cope,
Bull., U. S. Nat. Mus., 32, 1887, p. 16), and Cope even added
the number of the specimen, viz., 3207. On the National Mu-
seum register this entry indicates a Cnemidophorus, the locality
being as cited. No. 3237, however, was assigned to a “ Hyla,”
from the same locality again, and this probably was indeed our
specimen, but it is no longer to be found. Cope habitually cut
the tags from specimens which he proposed to figure, and very
many thus lost their identity forever. The type is not now in
the United States National Museum and Dr. Stejneger says
that there is no record that it ever was catalogued, nor is it to
be found in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences in
Philadelphia, nor entered in its register. There is, nevertheless,

82 BARBOUR— BATRACHYLA LONGIPES RN

much evidence that Cope himself had examined it. In 1866, in
his Genera of the Arciferous Anura (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., (2), 6, p. 96), he erected, in his key, a new genus, —
Epirexis, — using B. longipes as the type. Here he gives
only a few words of general description: ‘Muzzle and can-
thus rostralis contracted, little marked; vomerine teeth, digital
dilatations large.’ On page 90, however, he lists Hpirexis
longipes as among the species of his clan Hylodes having certain
peculiarities of the dermal attachments. Again, on p. 92, it is
evidently included in his count of Mexican forms, for he speaks -
of three having complete crania and one a bony style, — but
no actual mention is made here that he had the specimen in
hand, although it is strongly to be inferred.

Epirexis longipes has, consequently, been no more than a
name these sixty years, and Boulenger made no effort to allo-
cate it in the Catalogue of the Salientia (1882). It was, there-
fore, a surprise recently to find a frog which at first sight I could
not identify but which later I noticed agreed remarkably with
the characters shown in Baird’s figures, and I have now no
hesitation in believing that I have the same species before me.
It may be redescribed as follows:

Elentherodactylus longipes (Baird)

M. C. Z., no. 9308, from Miquihuana, eighty miles southwest of Victoria,
Tamaulipas, Mexico; W. W. Brown, collector.

Tongue large, round, not emarginate behind; vomerine teeth in two
small round groups well behind and between the choanae, the groups well
separated from each other; nostril near tip of snout, separated from the
eye by a distance greater than that of the eye’s diameter; discs of three
fingers large and rounded; the inner finger has the tip scarcely expanded
at all; discs of all the toes well developed and rounded; first toe not reach-
ing base of dise of second; subarticular tubercles well developed; meta-
tarsal tubercles rather small and flat; a short and feebly developed tarsal

June 5

1993 BARBOUR— BATRACHYLA LONGIPES 83

fold; the hind limb being extended along the body, the tibio-tarsal articu-
lation reaches beyond the tip of: the snout; hind limbs being placed verti-
cally to the axis of the body, the heels overlap considerably; skin above
smooth, of sides, belly and lower aspects of thighs coarsely granular or
areolate.

Color. — Dark brown, almost uniform black, above; lighter brown below
with fine black specks on throat and belly; legs very indistinctly marbled
and cross-banded.

My thanks are due Dr. Stejneger and Mr. Fowler for assist-
ance in connection with my search in Washington and Phila-
delphia.

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NOVEMBER 5, 1923 Vou. VIII, pp. 85-105

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES

BY AFRANIO AMARAL
of the Instituto de Butantan, Sdo Paulo, Brazil, and of the Museu Paulista

Durine the course of my studies principally of Brazilian
snakes I have found two new genera and fourteen new species.
I am describing them in anticipation of a more extended dis-
cussion of these forms in connection with monographs now in
preparation.

I wish very heartily to thank Dr. Leonhard Stejneger for the
opportunity to study the American pit vipers in the United
States National Museum and the staff of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoélogy for hospitality during the past year.

Drymobius rubriceps sp. nov.

Diameter of the eye equal to four fifths of its distance from the end of the
snout; rostral broader than deep (3.5: 2.5), visible from above; internasals

86 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES [FNEZO.

and praefrontals a little broader than long; internasal suture more than a
half of the praefrontal suture (2.5:4); frontal more than once and a half
as long as broad (5.5: 3.3), once and a half as long as its distance from the
end of the snout (5.5: 3.5), as long as the supraoculars and a little shorter
than the parietals (5.5: 6.5); parietal suture once and a half as long as the
fronto-rostral distance (5.5: 3.5); nasal divided; loreal a little longer than
deep; one praeocular not reaching the frontal; 2 postoculars; temporals,
2-+ 2; 7 upper labials, 4th and 5th entering the orbit; 10 lower labials,
5/4 in contact with the anterior chin shields, 1st very narrow, almost four
times as long as broad (2.5: 0.75), 5th much larger and in contact with the
posterior chin shield, which is longer than the anterior (6.5:5). Scales
smooth, with double apical pits, in 17 rows; ventrals, 191; anal entire;
subcaudals, 117 pairs.

Back reddish white anteriorly, gradually changing to bluish gray
posteriorly, with a series of dark gray to olive gray bands extending down
to the sides of the ventrals; upper surface of the tail entirely bluish gray;
head brick-red; parietals with a black longitudinal streak; frontal, supra-
oculars and posterior part of the praefrontals spotted with black; inter-
nasals and praefrontals brownish red; sides of the head yellowish, some-
times slightly dotted with black, its lower surface as well as the belly
entirely yellowish.

Total length, 480 mm.; tail, 140 mm.

Type, an immature 9, no. 1844 in the collection of the Instituto de
Butantan, sent alive from Pennapolis, in the northwestern part of the State
of Sao Paulo, Brazil, by Mr. Nagib Bassil, on December 30, 1919.

Drymobius rubriceps, which is a very aggressive species, is
nearly related to D. boddaerti (Sentzen) and D. brazili Gomes !
by its head shields and scales on the body. It can be distin-
guished from them by its wonderful color and by the following
characteristics which I was able to recognize by examining all
the specimens of D. brazili existing in the collection of Butan-
tan and a good lot of specimens of D. boddaertz, which came from
the Brazilian States of Amazonas, Par4é and Matto Grosso.

1 J. Florencio Gomes, Memorias do Instituto de Butantan, 1918, I, 1, pp. 81-83.

Nore: One line of the description of D. brazili, existing in Dr. Gomes’s manuscript,
was omitted on p. 81 of the above paper, so we must read: ‘‘sutura internasal cerca de
metade da sutura entre as prefrontaes, frontal cerca de uma veze meia . . .” in place of:
“‘sutura internasal cerca de uma vez meia. .. .”

Nov. 5
1923 AMARAL——-NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES 87

D.rubriceps __ D. brazili D. boddaerti
Upper labials Wf 8 9 (rarely 8, 10
or 11)
1st lower labial Very narrow; Relatively Relatively
more than broad; about broad; about
three timesas twiceaslong twice as long
long as broad. as broad. as broad.
5th lower labial Larger than Larger than Smaller than
the 6th. the 6th. the 6th.
Ratio of frontal length BOs 16: 4 88. 1 wt aD ae
to fronto-rostral dis- 35. 2 et fe pe fs
tance
Ratio of parietal suture 5.5 3 4 o tal Tt Sv
to fronto-rostral dis- Ga 82 rer | Ppa S
tance
Ratio of anterior chin iD 3,2 tid (0. 2 ant Sage
shields to posterior 6.5 3 12) 2 ar

chin shields

Rhadinaea brazili sp. nov.

Head slightly distinct from the neck; eye moderate, with round pupil;
17 maxillary teeth, forming an uninterrupted series.

Rostral much broader than deep, visible from above; internasals as
broad as long, a little shorter than the praefrontals; frontal slightly longer
than broad, slightly shorter than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; one large praeocular
reaching the upper surface of the head; 2 postoculars; temporals, 1 + 2;
8 upper labials, 4th and 5th entering the orbit; 4 or 5 lower labials in con-
tact with the anterior chin shields, which are as long as the posterior.
Scales smooth, without apical pits, in 17 rows; ventrals, 191; anal divided;
subcaudals, 45-61.

Blackish above, with narrow whitish cross-bands anteriorly, entirely
black posteriorly; head brownish black; lips brown, spotted with darker;
belly brownish yellow with transverse black spots.

Represented in the collection of the Instituto de Butantan by three
specimens : —

Type, no. 930, adult o, sent alive from the locality Julio Pontes, State of
Sao Paulo, Brazil, by Mr. Manoel Mariano da Silva Jota, in October, 1912;
subcaudals, 30/30 + 1; total length, 685 mm. + n; tail, 70mm.-+n.

88 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES [SAV 47,0-

No. 346, adult o, sent alive from the locality Guayuvira, State of Sao
Paulo, Brazil, by Mr. Antonio Azevedo da Silva Junior, in January, 1914;
subcaudals, 45/45; total length, 560 mm.; tail, 75 mm.

No. 3006, young, without any data; subcaudals, 61/61; total length,
355 mm.; tail, 57 mm.

Rhadinaea brazili, which is named in honor of Dr. Vital
Brazil, former director of the Instituto de Butantan, is closely
allied to Rhadinaea cobella (L.), from which it differs in the num-
ber of maxillary teeth, in color and markings, shape and size
of the frontal shield, and much higher number of ventrals.

During a careful study which I have been making of the speci-
mens of Brazilian snakes, existing either in Brazil in the collec-
tions of the Museu Parf4ense, Museu Rocha of Ceara, Medical
School of Bahia, Medical School of Rio, Instituto Oswaldo
Cruz, Museu Nacional, Museu Paulista and Instituto de Butan-
tan, or in those of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy and
others in this country, where I am now continuing my work, I
have been able not only to corroborate Miss J. B. Proctor’s !
recent description of the new genus Sordellina, but to add a new
species to it.

Sordellina pauloensis sp. nov.

Head scarcely distinct from neck; eye small, with round pupil; body
cylindrical; end of tail conical, sharply pointed. Rostral about twice
as broad as deep, slightly visible from above; nasal semi-divided; inter-
nasals triangular, shorter than the praefrontals; praefrontals about twice
as broad as long; frontal a little longer than broad, twice as broad as the
supraocular, a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
much shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; a large praeocular
reaching the upper surface of the head but separated from the frontal; 2
postoculars, the upper large, deeper than long; temporals, 1 + 2, the an-
terior about twice as long as deep; 8 upper labials, 4th and 5th entering

1 J. B. Proctor, On a new Genus and Species of Colubrine Snake from southeastern
Brazil, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), XI, 1923, p. 228.

Nov.
oe AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES 89

the orbit; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin shields, which
are shorter than, or sometimes as long as, the posterior. Scales smooth,
without apical pits, in 17 rows; ventrals, 139-158; anal divided, sub-
caudals, 47-58 pairs.

Dark olive or dark brown above; edges of the scales lighter; a yellowish
narrow streak running on the labials, broadening into a blotch on each side
of the neck, and then continuing as a narrow line a little distance on the
contiguous borders of the Ist and 2d rows of scales; chin and throat
spotted with yellowish; belly dark olive or brown with two yellowish,
almost uninterrupted lines running laterally and separated one from the
other by an olive or brown median line, the middle of which is occupied
posteriorly by an interrupted yellowish line formed by small spots axially
placed on the free edge of the ventrals; under surface of the tail of the same
color, with two yellowish longitudinal lines separated one from the other
by a dark median line.

Type, adult o’, no. 3007 in the collection of the Instituto de Butantan;
sent alive from the locality Pod, near the capital of the State of Sao Paulo,
Brazil, by Mr. Marcos Favali, on July 13, 1922; total length, 387 mm.;
tail, 80 mm.; ventrals, 189; subcaudals, 51 pairs.

Paratypes: Adult o, no. 1578 in the collection of the Museu Paulista
(of the ophiological section of which I am also in charge), caught in the
locality Rio Grande, near the Serra de Cubatao, State of SAo Paulo, Brazil,
by Mr. Mathias Wacket, in March, 1902; total length, 300 mm.; tail, 56
mm.; ventrals, 144; subcaudals, 47 pairs. Young 9, no. 1579 in the
collection of the Museu Paulista, caught in the locality Conceigaio de
Itanhaem on the coast of the State of Sido Paulo, by Mr. Francisco Adam,
in August, 1909; total length, 184 mm.; tail, 36 mm.; ventrals, 158;
subcaudals, 58 pairs.

Sordellina pauloensis is closely allied to S. brandon-jonesit
Proctor, 1923, from which it differs in the physiognomy and in
the ventral and subcaudal markings, and in having a larger
praeocular, a deeper upper postocular, and the 4th and 5th
upper labials in contact with the eye.

Since 1900, when Schenkel ! described the genus Paroxyrhopus
with the single species reticulatus, based on one specimen col-
lected in Belmacue, Paraguay, by Dr. C. Ternetz, so far as I
know no other specimen has been found, which implies the rarity

1 E. Schenkel, Achter Nachtrag z. Kat. d. herp. Sammlung des Basler Museums, 1900,
pp. 168-170.

90 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES [SA WAIT"

of the new genus and new species. Nevertheless, during the
work of classification I have done on the Brazilian collections,
I have been very lucky indeed to find two small snakes which
proved to have the same pholidosis and the same craniological
and osteological characteristics as the genus Paroxryrhopus and
to be, moreover, closely allied to the species P. reticulatus.

Paroxyrhopus atropurpureus sp. nov.

Body cylindrical; head short, somewhat distinct from the neck; eye
small, a little turned upwards. Rostral broader than deep, visible from
above; internasals subtriangular, shorter than the praefrontals which are
as long as broad; frontal short, subtriangular, as long as broad, shorter
than its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals;
nasal entire; loreal once and a half to twice as long as deep; praeocular
large, extending to the upper surface of the head and in contact with the
frontal; supraocular small and straight; 2 postoculars, the upper larger;
8 (in one instance 7) upper labials, 3d, 4th and 5th, 3d and 4th, or 4th and
5th, entering the orbit, 6th (once 5th) in contact with the parietal between
the postoculars and the anterior temporal; temporals, 1 + 2; 3 or 4 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin shields, which are as large as the
posterior and are separated from the symphysial by the first pair of lower
labials. Scales smooth, without apical pits, in 19 rows; ventrals, 173-181 +
1/2, rounded laterally; anal entire; subcaudals, 39-40 pairs.

Blackish brown above, irregularly variegated with dark red on the
sides; tips and belly entirely yellowish.

Type, adult o, no. 3003 in the collection of the Instituto de Butantan,
received alive on March 18, 1920, from Mr. Paulo Treszoks, locality Nova
Baden, in the southern part of the State of Minas Geraes, Brazil. Upper
labials, 8/8 (3d, 4th and 5th entering the orbit); ventrals, 181 + 1/2; sub-
caudals, 40 pairs. Total length, 430 mm.; tail, 60 mm.

Paratype: Adult <, no. 1499 in the collection of the Museu Paulista,
caught near Marianna, in the southeastern part of the State of Minas
Geraes, by Mr. Jacyntho B. de Godoy, in 1898. Upper labials, 7/8 (3d and
4th/4th and 5th entering the orbit); ventrals, 173; subcaudals, 39 pairs.
Total length, 400 mm.; tail, 57 mm.

I found two more specimens of P. atropurpureus in the collection of the
Museu Nacional, of Rio Brazil. They were collected in the State of Minas
Geraes, Brazil, and are numbered 345, 346.

Nov. 5
1923 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES 91

Paroxyrhopus atropurpureus can be distinguished from P.
reticulatus by its physiognomy and general color, and by having
an entire nasal, 2 postoculars, and supraocular not turned down-
wards behind the orbit.

PLATYINION gen. noy.

Head not distinct from the neck which is broad; eye moder-
ate, with round pupil; nasal divided. Maxillary teeth 5, sub-
equal, followed, after an interspace twice as broad as the others,
by one large grooved fang situated just below the vertical of the
posterior border of the orbit; anterior mandibular teeth long-
est. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, with single apical pits,
in 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in

two rows.

This genus is allied to Conophis Peters, 1860, from which it
differs in the number and disposition of the teeth, the shape of
the neck, and in the presence of pits on the scales.

Platyinion lividum sp. nov.

Rostral as deep as broad, just visible from above; internasals triangular,
as long as broad, shorter than the praefrontals; praefrontals a little
broader than long; frontal narrow, more than twice as long as broad, a
little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, almost as long as
the parietals; nasal divided; loreal longer than deep; 2 praeoculars, lower
very small, upper large, reaching the upper surface of the head, but sepa-
rated from the frontal; 2 postoculars; temporals, 1 + 2; 7 upper labials,
3d and 4th entering the orbit; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin shields, which are a little shorter than the posterior. Scales smooth,
with single apical pits, in 17 rows. Ventrals, 162 + 2/2, rounded laterally;
anal divided; subcaudals, 71 pairs.

Bluish gray above, the scales usually edged with black; uniformly yellow-
ish beneath.

Total length, 730 mm.; tail, 165 mm.

Type, adult <, no. 3000 in the collection of the Instituto de Butantan,
received alive in November, 1920, from Dorizon, State of Parand, Brazil.

92 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES [SAYSA0°

Sibynomorphus'? barbouri sp. nov.

Body slender, compressed laterally; head distinct from neck; pterygoid
teeth present; eye large, with vertical pupil. Rostral twice as broad as
deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals half as long as the prae-
frontals; frontal hexagonal, a little longer than broad, as long as its dis-
tance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; nasal
semi-divided; loreal large, as long as deep; no praeocular; 2 postoculars;
temporals, 2 + 2/2 + 3; 8/9 upper labials, 3d, 4th and 5th entering the
orbit; 1st lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial;
4 pairs of chin shields, anterior a little longer than broad. Scales in 15 rows,
vertebral moderately enlarged; ventrals, 196; anal entire; subcaudals,
118 pairs.

Cream-colored above, with a dorsal series of large transverse dark brown
spots extending down to the sides of the ventrals, sometimes interrupted
on the vertebral line and so alternating with those of the opposite side;
head brownish yellow with small dark dots on the parietals; yellowish be-
neath, laterally lineolated with brown.

Total length, 600 mm.; tail, 185 mm.

Type, adult, no. 306 in the collection of the Instituto de Butantan, sent
from Utinga, State of Alagoas, Brazil, by Mr. J. E. Coutinho, in October,
1913.

This species is named in honor of my friend Dr. Thomas
Barbour, to whom I am indebted for much advice and many
facilities during the studies I have been undertaking at the
Museum of Comparative Zoélogy of Harvard University.

1 This generic name is to be used in preference to Leptognathus, Cochliophagus, Strem-
matognathus and Anholodon, in obedience to the international rules of zodlogical nomen-
clature. In effect, Leptognathus Dum. et Bibr., 1853 (Mémoires Acad. Scient., XXIII,
p. 467), was preoccupied by Swainson (1839) for a genus of fishes and by Westwood (1841)
for a genus of insects, as C. Berg (Comunic. del Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, no. 8, 1901,
p. 291) and J. F. Gomes (Rev. do Museu Paulista, t. X, 1918, p. 526) have already
pointed out; and all of them, Cochliophagus Dum. et Bibr., 1854 (type, inaequifasciatus),
Stremmatognathus Dum. et Bibr., 1854 (type, catesbyi) and Anholodon Dum. et Bibr., 1854
(type, mikanii), as well as Leptognathus, have been proposed as generic names, respectively,
eleven and ten years after Fitzinger (Systema Reptilium, I, 1843, p. 27) originated the
monotypical genus Sibynomorphus with the type species mikanit.

I take this opportunity to thank Dr. E. R. Dunn for much information which he kindly
sent me about this question.

Nov. 5
1993 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES 93

Sibynomorphus barbourt is related to S. articulatus (Cope),
S. incertus (Jan.), S. gracilis (Boulenger),! and S. bolivianus
(Werner).? It differs from S. articulatus in the color and mark-
ings of the head and in the number of the ventrals and the
subcaudals; from S. incertus in having no loreal, a semi-divided
nasal, and four pairs of chin shields; from S. gracilis in the
color and in the number of chin shields; and from S. bolivianus
in the color, the length of the internasals, the number of tem-
porals and chin shields, and in having no loreal.

Sibynomorphus garbei sp. nov.

Body slender, compressed laterally; head very distinct from neck;
pterygoid teeth present; eye large, with vertically elliptic pupil.

Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals
about half as long as the praefrontals; frontal pentagonal, a little longer
than broad, shorter than its distance from the end of the snout and than
the parietals, which are short and broad; nasal entire; loreal large, square;
no praeocular; 2 postoculars; temporals, 1 + 2/1 +3; 9/8 upper labials,
4th, 5th and 6th (4th and 5th) entering the orbit; 1st lower labial in con-
tact with its fellow behind the symphysial; 3 pairs of chin shields (on the
right side the two posterior fused), anterior a little longer than broad.

Seales in 15 rows, vertebral moderately enlarged; ventrals, 192 + 1/2;
anal entire; subcaudals, 112 pairs.

Yellowish white above, with a dorsal series of round brown spots extend-
ing down to the sides of the ventrals, sometimes fused on the vertebral line
with those of the opposite side; every interspace of the spots usually oc-
cupied by one darker blotch, which changes into a short transverse line
along the middle of the body; head whitish, with four dark brown dots dis-
posed as a cross on the fronto-parietal suture, the parietals and the parieto-
occipital suture; belly whitish, speckled and laterally lineolated with
brown.

Total length, 555 mm.; tail, 165 mm.

1G. A. Boulenger, Descript. of new Batr. and Rept. from Northwestern Ecuador,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), IX, 1902, p. 47.

2 F. Werner, Ueber neue o. seltene Rept. d. Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg,
1909, pp. 240-241, in Zool. Jahrbiichern, XXVIII, 1909, p. 282; Synop. der Schlangen-
familien der Amblycephaliden and Viperiden, 1921, p. 198.

94 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES [AVEC

Type, adult 9, no. 1576 in the collection of the Museu Paulista, caught
in Colonia Hansa, State of Santa Catharina, Brazil, in 1902, by the travel-
ling naturalist Mr. E. Garbe, in whose honor it is named.

It is closely allied to S. alternans (Fischer), from which it
differs in the color and markings of the head and in having no
praeocular, and to S. barbouri Amaral, from which it differs in
the markings, in the shape of the frontal and in the number of
pairs of chin shields.

HETERORHACHIS gen. nov.

Hypapophyses present only in the anterior third of the verte-
bral column. Maxillary short, with 15 teeth decreasing in size in .
front and behind; mandibulary teeth, 19, decreasing in size
behind; pterygoids toothful, somewhat long, slightly diverging
posteriorly and extending nearly up to the quadrato-mandibular
articulation. Head moderate, distinct from the neck; eye large,
with round pupil, slightly tending to be vertically elliptic;
praeocular present; gulars absent. Body elongate, slightly
compressed laterally; scales smooth, without apical pits, in a
variable number of rows (15, 16, 17, 18 and 19), the vertebral
row differently enlarged; some of the paraventral rows also
enlarged; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in
two rows.

Heterorhachis poecilolepsis sp. nov.

Snout short, a little longer than the diameter of the eye. Rostral
broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals short, twice
as broad as long, less than half as long as the praefrontals; an azygous
internaso-praefrontal shield present; frontal very short, a little broader
than long, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter
than the parietals (4:7); nasal divided; loreal longer than deep, entering
the orbit; a small praeocular between the loreal and the supraocular;

Nov3°] | AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES 95

2 postoculars; temporals, 1 + 2; 6 upper labials, 3d and 4th entering the
orbit, 5th and 6th very long; 3 pairs of chin shields, the middle larger.
Scales smooth, without pits, and showing remarkable peculiarity as follows:
15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 rows, the vertebral sometimes only slightly and some-
times strongly enlarged transversely all along the body by the fusion of the
middle row with 1, 2, 3 or 4 paramedian ones; 1, 2, 3 or sometimes 4 para-
ventral rows also enlarged. Ventrals, 153, rounded laterally; anal entire;
subcaudals, 36/36 + n.

Type, adult 9, no. 3002 in the collection of the Instituto de Butantan,
sent alive from the locality Villa Bomfim, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, on
February 25, 1913, by Mr. Joao Rodrigues da Silva.

Total length, 450 mm. + n; tail, 65 mm. + n.

The new genus Heterorhachis is very interesting indeed be-
cause it shows characteristics belonging to both families Colu-
bridae and Amblycephalidae. It agrees with the Colubridae in
having rather long and slightly diverging pterygoids, and with
the so-called Amblycephalidae in having hypapophyses present
only anteriorly and no mental groove. It may thus suggest the
suppression of the family Amblycephalidae,' the different genera
of which should be included in a new subfamily of the Colubridae.

This subfamily, which I should call Dipsadinae, is perfectly
characterized by pterygoid usually short (exceptionally extend-
ing to quadrate), solid teeth in both jaws, hypapophyses absent
in the posterior two thirds of the vertebral column, and mental
groove absent. It should include the following genera:

Dipsas Laurenti, 1768 (type, D. endica).?
Amblycephalus Kuhl, 1822 (type, A. carinatus).
Sibynomorphus Fitzinger, 18438 (type, S. mikaniz).
Aplopeltura Duméril, 1853 (type, A. boa).
Pseudopareas Boulenger, 1896 (type, P. vagus).
Heterorhachis Amaral, 1923 (type, H. poecilolepis).

Through the genus Heterorhachis, which has rather long and
slightly posteriorly divergent pterygoids, hypapophyses present

i See A. Giinther, Rep. Brit. India, 1864, p. 324. Aiso, G. A. Boulenger, Faun. Ind.,
Reptiles, 1890, p. 414, and Cat. Sn., III, 1896, p. 438.

2 Fitzinger (Syst. Reptilium, 1843, p. 27) selected the species weigelii as the type of
Dipsas, but this was not Laurenti’s conception (see Art. 30, II, 3, d, of the Int. Rules of
Zo6l. Nomenclature).

96 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES ["AVNA0:

only in the anterior third of the vertebral column, and no mental
groove, the subfamily Dipsadinae might be connected with
the Colubridae genera Petalognathus and Tropidodipsas, some
species of which have rather long and posteriorly divergent
pterygoids, hypapophyses present only anteriorly, and rudi-
mentary mental groove or none at all.

The Dipsadinae species have spinous hemipenis,! vertically
elliptic pupil or nearly so, and are arboreal, nocturnal, and
snail-eaters.

Bothrops erythromelas sp. nov.

Snout short, truncate and broad, with very slightly elevated canthus;
eye moderate. Rostral as broad as deep; nasal divided; internasals short
and broad, in contact behind the rostral; canthals short and broad, as long
as the internasals; upper head scales sometimes enlarged, faintly keeled,
in 5 longitudinal series between the supraoculars; subocular incompletely
separated from the upper labials by one series of scales; 7 or 8 upper labials,
2d separated from the loreal pit; temporal scales keeled; 9 or 10 lower
labials. Scales strongly keeled, in 21 series; keel of the scales long and low;
ventrals, 144-155; anal entire; subcaudals, 33-35 pairs.

Reddish brown above with a close series of dark brown or black triangu-
lar markings alternate with or opposite to those of the other side, with an
intermediate series of small, single and dark spots; head dark brown above
and laterally, with some darker dots; belly yellowish, finely speckled with
brown, with a series of dark spots on the sides of the ventrals extending
to the first two rows of dorsal scales.

Total length, 520-540 mm.; tail, 55-65 mm.

Type, adult @, no. 3080 in the collection of the Instituto de Butantan.
It was collected in January, near Joazeiro, State of Bahia, Brazil, and in
October, 1921, was sent alive to me for determination by Professor Pirajé
da Silva, director of the branch of Butantan in that State.

There are two other specimens of B. erythromelas in the col-
lection of Butantan; one of them has the no. 3031, and was pro-

1 E. R. Dunn very recently (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23, 1923, p. 188) verified that ‘‘ the
hemipenis of Pseudopareas, as determined by P. vagus, is undivided, the sulcus is forked.
The proximal portion has small hooks, the distal portion is covered with calyces. There
seems to be an ill-defined edge to the calyculate portion, so that the hemipenis is somewhat
capitate.”

Nov. 5
1923 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES 97

cured through Professor Silva from the same locality as the type,
in December, 1921; the other has the no. 1509, and was caught
in January, 1918, near Quixada, State of Ceara, Brazil, by Mr.
Mario Trevées, travelling collector of Butantan.

Living habits: Bothrops erythromelas lives under clusters of
‘Macambira’ (Bromelia laciniosa Martius), near rocks, in high,
sandy and arid places, and feeds on small rodents.

This species is related to B. itapetiningae (Boulenger, 1907),
from which it is easily distinguished by its different color, lower
number of dorsal scales, higher number of subcaudals, shape
of the snout and other characteristics.

As far as B. itapetiningae is concerned, I believe that R. von
Thering! was not entirely correct when he stated that this
species lives in the States of Séo Paulo and Bahia. According
to the studies I have been doing on the zodgeography of the
Brazilian snakes, B. itapetiningae is found only in a very small
zone of the State of SHo Paulo, lying in the central and south-
western part of its territory around the tropic of Capricorn and
the meridian 48° W. Long., or more precisely between the
meridians 47° and 49° Long. west of Greenwich and the parallels
21° and 24°S. Lat. Iam taking this opportunity to correct this
mistake, because it has been made many times by the authors
who have followed Ihering’s opinion, including F. Werner ? in
his recent paper on the Amblycephalidae and Viperidae.

A specimen existing in the collection of the Museu Paulista
and sent from Villa Nova, Bahia, is not of B. ttapetiningae, as
Ihering considered it. It agrees with B. erythromelas, from
which it cannot be distinguished.

Bothrops iglesiasi sp. nov.

Body slender, snout obtusely pointed, with sharp canthus, eye moderate.
Rostral as deep as broad; nasal divided; internasals large, in contact be-
hind the rostral; canthals as large as or smaller than the internasals; upper

1 R. von Ihering, As cobras do Brasil, Rev. do Museu Paulista, VIII, 1910, p. 361.
2 F, Werner, Synopsis der Schlangenfamilien der Amblycephaliden und Viperiden.

Wien, August, 1921.

98 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES oF SNAKES ['AVRAE

head scales imbricate and strongly keeled; praeoculars, 2; one subocular
separated from the labials by one series of scales; upper labials, 8, excep-
tionally 9, 2d separated from the loreal pit, 4th much longer than the others;
temporal scales keeled; lower labials, 9-13; gulars, 3-5 pairs. Scales long,
lanceolate and strongly keeled, in 21-25 rows; keel of the scales long and
low; ventrals, 160-170; anal entire; subcaudals, 35-43 pairs, very ex-
ceptionally undivided.

Brown above with a close series of broad, dark, transverse bands, some-
times divided in the middle and alternating with those of the opposite side;
head dark, with a whitish blotch on the crown; supraoculars, internasals
and canthals, whitish; belly yellowish, regularly spotted with brown.

Represented in the collection of the Instituto de Butantan,
Sao Paulo, Brazil, by twenty specimens, the characteristics of
which are as follows:

= ener Beats Length in mm.

dh aii labials TOWS Ventrals Subcaudals er ae
9/8 25 169 36/36 56

8/8 25 164 35/35 76

8/8 23 170 38/38 65

ee 9/8 21 | 166 38/3844 62
8/8 25 169 39/39 53

8/8 21 170 39/39 50

? 8/8 23 170 39/39 64
8/8 23 «| 163 42/42 70

yg. ow 8/8 25 162 43/43 57
8/8 23 166 39/39 80

2 8/8 23 170 37/37 70

ov (type) 8/8 23 165 40/40 495 65
yg. 8/8 23 167 43/43 290 35
of 8/8 23 166 43/43 575 75
8/8 23 165 37/37 620 62

yg. 9 8/8 21 164 42/42 295 38
yg. 9 8/8 25 169 37/37 307 34
yg. 8/8 23 =| 160 36/36 285 32
yg. 8/8 21 158+n | 41/41 235 30
8/8 21 169 42/42 456 65

8/8 21 166+2/2| 41/41+n 485 63

Nov. 5 :
1923 AMARAL——NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES 99

All the specimens were collected in 1918 by the excellent
travelling naturalist of Butantan, Dr. Fr. Assis Iglesias, in the
interior of the State of Piauhy, Brazil, near Fazenda Grande on
the right bank of the Gurgueia River, where they seem to be
abundant.

Bothrops iglesiasi is closely allied to B. newwiedii Wagler
which also has been found in the interior of the State of Piauhy
by Dr. Iglesias. It can be distinguished from B. neuwiedii by
the following characteristics.

B. iglesiasi B. neuwiedii
Ventrals 160-170 166-187
Subcaudals 35-43 40-53
Upper labials 4th longest 3d and 4th longest
Series of scales between
the subocular and the
labials 1 2or3
Color and markings Brown above, witha Dark yellowish olive or
close series of broad _ pinkish brown above, with
dark transverse a single or double alter-
bands nating series of large black

light-edged spots and a
lateral series of small and
round black light-edged
spots

Living habits: This species, which is named in honor of Dr.
Iglesias, lives in rocky places and feeds on lizards.

Bothrops pirajai sp. nov.

Body and head broad and short; eye small; snout obtusely pointed, with
strong and slightly elevated canthus. Rostral as deep as broad; inter-
nasals very small, in contact behind the rostral; canthals twice as large as
the internasals; supraoculars relatively narrow, twice as long as broad,
separated one from the other by 7 series of scales; upper head scales small
and keeled; 2 praeoculars; 2 postoculars; 2/1 suboculars, separated from
the upper labials by one series of scales; 8 upper labials, 2d forming the

100 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES oF sNAKES [BAC

anterior border of the loreal pit; 10/10 lower labials, 1st pair separating
the symphysial from the only pair of chin shields; 3 pairs of gulars. Scales
very short, with round tip and with long and very high keel, in 27 rows;
ventrals, 164; anal entire; subcaudals, 31 pairs + n.

Brownish yellow above with 15 black A-shaped markings on each side,
separated by broad interspaces where small black spots are sometimes pres-
ent; tail entirely black above; head grayish black without markings;
belly yellowish, profusely speckled with brownish black, with black spots
on the sides of the ventrals.

Total length, 1180 mm.; tail, 100 mm.

Type, adult 9, no. 3008 in the collection of the Instituto de Butantan,
Sao Paulo, Brazil. It was collected in Ilheos, Bahia, Brazil, and is dedicated
to Professor Pirajé da Silva, director of the branch the Instituto de Butan-
tan has in Bahia. Professor P. da Silva sent it alive to me for determina-
tion, among other specimens of snakes, in December, 1921.

Bothrops pirajai is very different from all the other Brazilian
species of Bothrops, which have the 2d upper labial in contact
with the loreal pit. Its most closely allied species is B. jarara-
cussu Lacerda, 1884, from which, however, it ‘easily can be dis-
tinguished by the following characteristics.

B. pirajai B. jararacussu
Internasals and canthals Small. Very large.
Ventrals 164. 170-185.
Postocular streak Absent. Present.
Dorsal markings Black A-shaped mark- Yellow forked markings
ings separated by issuing transversally
broad interspaces. from the ventrals.

Bothrops neglecta sp. nov.

Snout obtusely pointed, with canthus sharp and slightly elevated; eye
moderate. Rostral a little deeper than broad, nasal divided; internasals
small, in contact behind the rostral; canthals longer and broader than the
internasals, twice as long as broad; upper head scales small, imbricate,
faintly keeled, in 5 series between the supraoculars, which are large, smooth,
longer than broad; 2 praeoculars, upper longer and deeper than lower; 2
postoculars; 1 subocular, separated from the upper labials by one or two

Nov. |

1923 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES 101

series of scales; 8 upper labials, 2d forming the anterior border of the loreal
pit, 8th very low; 11 or 12 lower labials; symphysial separated from the
only pair of chin shields by the first pair of lower labials. Scales in 25 rows,
strongly keeled, the keels lower and longer than those of B. atrox (L.);
ventrals, 164; anal entire; subcaudals, 52 pairs.

Yellowish gray above with brownish black quadrangular markings
alternate, or sometimes connected, with those of the opposite side, and
having an intermediate series of single, small, round and dark spots; an-
other series of double, larger, round and dark spots is present between the
quadrangular markings and the side of the ventrals; no marking on the head
and no streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth; belly yellowish,
slightly speckled with brown in the middle and blotched with black on the
sides.

Total length, 772 mm.; tail, 100 mm.

Type, adult o, in very good condition, no. 3010 in the collection of the
Instituto de Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil, collected in Bahia, Brazil, and
sent in September, 1921, by Professor Piraja da Silva, director of the branch
of Butantan in that State.

The British Museum has a specimen which practically agrees
in every point with the type of B. neglecta, though Boulenger !
has identified it with B. atrox. It is the specimen \ of Boulen-
ger’s Catalogue. It was sent to the British Museum by the Dem-
erara Museum, and is said to have been collected in British
Guiana, which is probably not so. It has Sc. 24, V. 159, C.
47 p., instead of Sc. 25, V. 161, C. 47 p., as Boulenger had
found.

If we consider carefully all the other specimens identified
with B. atrox in Boulenger’s Catalogue, we find that they have
V. 176-216, C. 58-77, and so we may observe that Boulenger’s
specimen does not fall within these limits. It does not seem,
either, to be a dwarf specimen of B. atrox, because not only is it
shorter than B. atrox, but its scale keels, number of upper labials,
size of ventrals (which are well grown) and the disposition of
markings also are different from those of this species.

Moreover, since 1920 I have been engaged in a very meticu-
lous revisionary study of B. atrox and its most closely allied
species, the results of which will be published in the near future.

1 G. A. Boulenger, Cat. Snakes, 1896, III, p. 539.

102 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES oF sNakKES [FVEZC-

I started this study in Brazil, where I examined practically all
the collections of snakes, and am continuing it at the Museum
of Comparative Zoédlogy with coéperation from Dr. Thomas
Barbour who kindly facilitated me with access to the collec-
tions of this Museum. I also have examined the material in
the United States National Museum and in the American
Museum of Natural History through the courtesy of Dr. L.
Stejneger and G. K. Noble and Mr. A. I. Ortenburger.

Having thus so far examined a great number of specimens of
B. atrox from Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Trinidad,
Tobago, St. Lucia, Martinique, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil and
Paraguay, I am able to state that its most important charac-
teristics in scutellation are as follows: Sc. 23-33, V. 190-231,
C. 56-75, Up. lab. 7/7 in about 90% of the specimens. I can
conclude, therefore, that the type specimen I describe here and -
its paratype in the British Museum are really different from B.
atrox.

Bothrops leptura sp. nov.

Snout obtusely acuminate, turned up a little at the end, with very slightly
raised canthus; eye moderate; rostral narrow, a little deeper than broad;
nasal divided; internasals small, separated one from the other by one scale;
canthals a little longer than broad, longer than the internasals; supraoculars
striated, twice as long as broad; upper head scales rugose, in 7 longitudinal
series between the supraoculars; 2 praeoculars, the superior twice as long
as deep, reaching the canthus; 3 postoculars; 1 or 2 suboculars, separated
from the upper labials by one series of scales; 7 upper labials, second form-
ing the anterior border of the loreal pit; temporal scales keeled. Scales
strongly keeled, with rounded tip, in 27 rows; keels long and very. low.
Ventrals, 202; anal entire; subcaudals, 82 pairs. Tail prehensile, very
thin and long.

Greenish gray above with dark light-edged spots disposed vertically and
in pairs, separated, or sometimes confluent with those of the other side; a
series of round dark spots on each side above the ventrals, which are yel-
low, very lightly powdered with darker; head with two dark, light-edged,
longitudinal streaks divergent behind the supraoculars, convergent on the
occiput and again divergent on the nape; a dark, light-edged band from

Nou3°] | AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES 103

the eye to the angle of the mouth; labials yellowish gray; upper surface of
the tail, anteriorly, gray without marking, and posteriorly, yellow and un-
spotted, lower surface entirely yellow.

Total length, 447 mm.; tail, 75 mm.

Type, no. 50,110 in the collection of the United States National Museum,
from Cana, eastern Panama, 3000 ft. altitude, collected on June 27, 1912,
by Mr. E. A. Goldman of the U. 8. Biological Survey.

Bothrops leptura, which easily can be distinguished from all
the other species by its prehensile, very long, thin and spotless
tail, and by its characteristic color, was included in a collection
of Bothrops which was kindly sent me for study by Dr. L.
Stejneger through Dr. Thomas Barbour.

Bothrops andiana sp. nov.

Snout broad, rounded, with canthus sharp and not elevated; eye large;
rostral flattened, rectangular, a little deeper than broad; nasal divided;
internasals large, flat, disposed almost transversely, in contact one with
the other; canthals also flat, but smaller than the internasals; supraoculars
smooth, rounded and separated one from the other by 8 to 6 series of scales,
the medial one or more series sometimes very large; upper head scales
smooth on the snout; 3 praeoculars, the upper one much larger than the
others, twice as long as deep; 2 postoculars and a subocular, separated from
the upper labials by only one series of scales, or sometimes in contact with
them; temporal scales faintly keeled; 7 upper labials, 2d forming the an-
terior border of the loreal pit, the last 5 of the same size; 9 or 10 lower
labials, first pair separating the symphysial from the only pair of chin
shields. Scales in 21 rows, short, strongly keeled,.with rounded tip, keels
long and somewhat high; ventrals, 157-161; anal entire; subcaudals, 50-
55 pairs. Tail short, non-prehensile.

Olive gray above, with dark light-edged triangles, with their apices
sometimes meeting, on the back, with those of the opposite side; a dark
light-edged streak from the eye to behind the angle of the mouth; upper
labials and lower surface of the head bright yellow; belly yellow, closely
powdered with dark gray, showing sometimes a medial yellow streak
anteriorly.

Total length, 605 mm.; tail, 90 mm.

Type, adult o, no. 8832 in the collection of the Museum of Comparative
Zoélogy, caught in 1912, in Machu Picchu, Department of Cuzco, Peru,

104 AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES [FAVEZ0-

about 9000-10,000 ft. altitude, by Mr. G. F. Eaton (Yale Peruvian Ex-
pedition).

This Museum has two more specimens of B. andiana: one
of them, no. 8833, adult d (total length, 503 mm.; tail 69 mm.),
was collected at the same time and in the same place as no.
8832; the other, no. 12,415 (total length, 464 mm.; tail,58mm.),
was collected on October 30, 1915, in Machu Picchu, Cosireni
River, by Mr. Edmund Heller (Yale and National Geographic
Soc. Expedition), and was received from the U. S. National
Museum (no. 60,715).

No. 12,415 had been identified with B. picta (Tschudi) ! by
Thomas Barbour and G. K. Noble,? who considered it a local
race of B. lanceolata (Lacép.). But B. andiana differs from B.
picta by the shape of the snout, and of the rostral, the number
of upper labials, and of series of scales between the subocular and _
the upper labials, the color and the markings. It rather agrees
with B. pulcher (Peters),? from which it can be distinguished,
however, by its lower number of ventrals,* different system of
markings and shape of the dorsal scales, of the snout, and of
the rostral shield.

It is different from B. microphthalma Cope,® because of the
shape of the snout and rostral, 2d upper labial in connection
with the anterior border of the lorus, number of scale rows,
size of the eye, and keel of the dorsal scales.

It is also different from Bothrops pleuroxantha (Blgr.) ® be-
cause of the lower number of scale rows, higher number of
ventrals, 2d upper labial in connection with the lorus and other

1 J. J. v. Tschudi, Fauna Peruviana, Herpet., 1845, p. 61, pl. 10.

2 Thomas Barbour and G. K. Noble, Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 1921,
Vol. 58, p. 620.

3 W. Peters, Monatschrift berlin. Akademie, 1862, p. 672.

4 Two female specimens existing in the British Museum Collection, and identified with
B. pulcher by G. A. Boulenger in Vol. III, p. 539, of his “Catalogue of Snakes’ (1896), seem
to be different from this species, because they have a higher number of scale rows (23 in-
stead of 21) and a lower number of ventrals (156-158, instead of 172, in spite of being
females).

5 E. D. Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, Vol. 8, (2), p. 182.

6 G. A. Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), X, 1912, p. 423.

Nov3’]| AMARAL—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SNAKES 105

characteristics. It differs from B. peruviana (Blgr.) ! because
of the non-prehensile tail, lower number of scale rows and ven-
trals, and snout and rostral shape. Nos. 8832 and 8833 had
been identified with B. lanceolata (Lacép.) by Thomas Barbour ?
in 1913. But it can be easily separated from B. atrox (L.) * (of
which B. lanceolata (Lacép.) ‘4 is a strict synonym according to
my opinion), which occurs too in Peru, whence the U. 8. Na-
tional Museum has a specimen, collected at Rio Cosireni by E.
Heller. The number of ventrals of atrox ranges from 190 to
231 or more; the scale rows from 23 to 33; and the scales have
short and very high keels.

1 G. A. Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), VII, 1903, p. 354.

2 Thomas Barbour, Reptiles collected by the Yale Peruvian Expedition of 1912. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Sept., 1913, p. 507.

3 Linné, Systema naturae, 10th ed., 1858, T. 1, p. 222, no. 263.
4 Lacépéde, Serpents, 1789, Vol. 2, pp. 80, 121, pl. V, fig. 1.

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NOVEMBER 30, 1923 Vou. VIII, pr. 107-109

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NEW ENGLAND ZOOLOGICAL CLUB

ANOTHER NEW BAHAMAN IGUANA

BY THOMAS BARBOUR

In 1916 Dr. Noble and I revised the Cycluras (Bull. M. C. Z.,
60, Feb., 1916, pp. 1389-164, pls. 1-15). Since that time Mr.
K. P. Schmidt has added a new form, Cyclura cristata, from
White Cay near Watlings Island. Now it is possible to add
another. Maynard told me, when he returned from the Ba-
hamas with the type of C. inornata, that there were iguanas on
Bitter Guana Cay, and he was so quoted in the revision (I. c.,
p. 141). Still no one knew what this species might be, albeit
we surmised that surely it was an undescribed form. Last sum-
mer the Natural History Museum of Denver, Colorado, sent
an expedition to the Bahama Islands, under the leadership of
Mr. Alfred M. Bailey. The chance notice of a photograph
showing the party with some captured iguanas on Bitter Guana
Cay, impelled me to write to the Museum, and in prompt and
most courteous response a series of six salted skins reached
Cambridge in a few days. A glance showed at once that this
was a new species allied to, but very distinct from, Cyclura
inornata Barbour and Noble. At Mr. Bailey’s request I am
dedicating the species to his chief, J. D. Figgins, Esq., the

[ea wae
Vv

108 BARBOUR — A NEW IGUANA Vol. VIII

Director of the Colorado Museum of Natural History in Denver.
It is well worth while noting that the iguana was found abun-
dant on the Cay, no less than nineteen being taken in an hour
or so. This fact now being established, they will probably be-
fore long go the way of their allies, which have nearly all been
exterminated by the meat-hungry natives.

Cyclura figginsi sp. nov.

Type, M.C. Z. no. 17,745, from Bitter Guana Cay, near Great Guana
Cay, Exuma Group, Bahama Islands, collected by A. M. Bailey. Para-
types in the Colorado Museum of Natural History, Denver, and in the
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge.

A large species allied to Cyclura inornata Barbour and Noble from U
Cay, Allen’s Harbor, north of Highborn Cay, Exuma Group, Bahamas,
and differing conspicuously in having tiny supranasals usually separated
by a small azygous scale and two pairs of praefrontals, the posterior pair
being invariably enormously enlarged. In this character the species is ap-
proached by no other in the genus.

Description. — Nasals broadly in contact with the rostral and with
each other. Praefrontal region covered with a pair of small supranasals,
separated by a small scale, followed by two pairs of praefrontals, the pos-
terior pair being enormously enlarged, both pairs broadly in contact on the
median line of the snout. Frontal region covered with two rows of en-
larged scales, either three or four in a row, and these rows separated by a
series of lesser shields from a single enlarged boss which may represent the
frontal scale itself and which shows a slight tendency toward becoming a
‘horn’; no evident supraorbital semicircles, this region being covered with
smal] irregular scales; frontal shield separated from the occipital, which is
of about the same size, by four (five or six) series of scales larger than those
on the supraorbital regions. Postnasal rather large; one large and one
small canthal. The contour of the other head shield may be seen by ex-
amining carefully the figure (Plates I and II). The enlarged scales on the
upper temporal and masseteric regions are characteristic and constant.
Dorsal crest of low blunt spines, enlarged on the lumbar region (6 mm.
+ high) and on the base of the tail (9-10 mm. + high). The nuchal
crest very low, and widely separated from the dorsal. Four series of scales
between the limiting rows of each segment of the tail, each one slightly
larger than the one anterior to it.

aes BARBOUR — A NEW IGUANA 109

Color in life. — Crown of head, pale windsor blue; rostrum brownish;
iris hazel with golden bars about pupil; body generally blackish, with the
scales often light, tinged with ochraceous; jaws similarly tinted; gular
pouch cinnamon or ochraceous red, belly the same; feet and tail fuscous,
the latter slightly lighter below.

For the description, made in the field, of the iguana’s coloring,
I have to thank Mr. Bailey; and the Museum of Comparative
Zoélogy owes both to him and to Mr. Figgins sincere gratitude
for depositing the type in Cambridge.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES

PLATE I

Lateral aspect of the head of Cyclura figginsi. One and one half times
natural size.

Puate II

Dorsal aspect of the head of Cyclura figginsi. One and one half times
natural size.

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INDEX

In references to subspecies the name of the species is omitted. New scientific names
are in heavy-faced type.

ERYX brooksi, 11 Barbour, T., 41.— Further re-
12. as ae
Adam, F., 31; the
G. M., 4 new shrew from longipes, $1; another
ia, 37. new Bahama iguana, 107

Alligator sinensis, 31 Basail, N., 36.

Alligator, Chinese, 31 africanus,

Amaral, A., new genera and species Batrachyla longipes, $1

of snakes, 85. Beddoes, P., 19

Amblycephalidae, 95. Bothrops andiana, 103.

Amblycephalus carinatus, atrox, 101, 102, 105.

Amplypterus globifer, 50. igiesiasi, 97.

Andrews, C. W., 68. itapetiningse, 97

Aneides aeneus, 39. j 100.
lugubris, 39. _ faneeolata, 104, 105

Anholodon mikanii, leptura, 102.

Antinephele lunulata, 65 neglecta, 100.
weberi, 64. 1

Aplopeltura peruviana, 105

45 picta, 104.
Cerro de la Capa Vieja, 51 pirajai,
Lake So nege Huapi, 45. Brazil, Alagoas, —

Arizona, Washington Mtz., 7 Anjos, 36.

Avinoff, A. N., 96, 97, 100, 101

Boa Vista, 36.

Bazseiez, 45. Cear4, 97.

Bahama Isds., Allen’s Harbor, 108 Colonia o4.
Bitter Guana Cay, 107. Congeicdo de 89
Exuma , 108. Corumba, 5, 6.

Cay, 108 Dorizon, 91
ite Cay, 107. Fazenda Grande, 99

Bailey, A. M., 107-109 rira, |

Bain, A. L., 63. Gurgueia River, 99

Bangs, O., and T. E. Penard, a new Itheos, 100.

form of Edolius forficatuz (Linné), Jaozeiro,

25; the northern form of Leptotila Julio Pontes, 87
fulviventris Lawrence, 29; a new

bulbul from Fukien, China, 41; Matto Grosso, 4, 6, 36.

112

Brazil (continued)
Nova Baden, 90.
Para, 36, 54, 86.
Parand, 91.
Passo Quatro, 18.
Pennapolis, 86.
Piauhy, 99.

Pod, 89.

Quixadaé, 97.

Rio Grande, 89.
Rocana, 36.

Santa Catharina, 94.

Sado Paulo, 86-89, 95, 97.

Serra de Cubatiio, 89.
Uassd Swamp, 36.
Utinga, 92.
Villa Bomfim, 95.
Villa Nova, 97.
Brooks, C. J., 11, 53.
Brown, W. W., 82.
Bryant, O., 43.
Bulbul, 41.

CaLpWELL, H. R., 41.

California, Dulzura, 80.
El Dorado Co., 80.
Palm Springs, 80.
Redlands, 80.
Riverside, 80.

San Bernardino Mts., 80.

Sonoma Co., 80.

Tulare Co., 80.

Witch Creek, 80.
Cameroun, 62.

Efulan, 12, 64.
Caracara, yellow-headed, 35.
Caucasus, Aresch, 19.
Cechenena amadis, 74.

pollux, 74.

rubrescens, 74.
Celerio caucasica, 19.
Cephenodes banksi, 75.

rothschildi, 75.

titan, 75.

Ceram, 6.
Chapman, F. M., 30.
China, Canton, 7.

Chao-chau, 13.

Fukien, 41, 43.

Hangchow, 9.

Jenping Mts., 41.

Kuangtung, 48.

Kwanzefu, 34.

Lo-tan-san, 54.

Lungtan, 8.

INDEX [P.N.E.Z.C.

China (continued)
Mokanshan, 9.
Pao-Hwa, Mt., 8.
Pei-tai-ho, 2.
Wubhu, 31.
Yangtze River, 31.

Christmas Isd., 68.

Chromis cramptoni, 11.

Chubb, C., 30.

Cizara schausi, 61.

sculpta, 61.

Clark, B. P., twenty-five new sphin-
gidae, 1; thirty-three new sphin-
gidae, 47.

Cochliophagus inaequifasciatus, 92.

Cocytius macasensis, 4.

Coenotes maximus, 6.

Colombia, El Verjén, 37.

Colubridae, 95.

Comoro Isds., Anjouan, 25.

Grand Comoro, 61.
tera Belgian, Banga Manteke,

Cope, E. D., 81, 82.
Costa Rica, Chirripo River, 58.
Coutinho, J. E., 92.
Crampton, H. E;, 11.
Cryptotis avia, 37.

thomasi, 37.
Cyclura cristata, 107.

figginsi, 108.

inornata, 107.

DEILEpHILA placida, 54.
rosacea, 53.
torenia, 53.

Desmognathus monticola, 39.
phoca, 39.

Dicamptodon atterrimus, 39.
ensatus, 39.

Dipsadinae, 95, 96.

Dipsas indica, 95.
weigelii, 95.

Dodd, F. P., 14.

Dove, Verreaux’s, 35.

Drymobius boddaerti, 86, 87.
brazili, 86, 87.
rubriceps, 85.

Dummer, R. A., 67.

Dunn, E. R., Mutanda herpetolo-

gica, 39.

Eaton, G. F., 104.
Ecuador, Macas, 4, 10, 17.

Vol. VIII]

Edolius forficatus, 25.
potior, 25.

Elentherodactylus longipes, 82.

Ensatina, 39.
croceater, 39.
eschscholtzii, 39.
platensis, 39.

Kpirexis longipes, 82.

Eurycea lucifuga, 40.
quadridigitata, 40.
remifera, 40.

Favatl, M., 89.
Figgins, J. D., 109.
Fiji, Suva, 19.
Frazar, M. A., 79.
Fruhstorfer, H., 66.

GerorTrIToN, 40.
fuscus, 40.
Godoy, J. B. de, 90.
Goldman, E. A., 103.
Guam, Agana, 11.

Gurelca chaochauensis, 13, 77.

hyas, 64.
mulleri, 63.

HAEMORRBAGIA Nigra, 9.

Haringtonia leucocephalus, 41.

montivagus, 41.
Harrower, D. E., 58.
Haslam, G., 15.

Heller, E., 104.

Herse convolvuli, 2.
marshalensis, 3.
peitaihoensis, 2.

Heteroglaucis philippinae, 27.

Heterorhachis, 94, 95.
poecilolepsis, 94, 95.

Hippotion beddoesii, 19.
brennus, 21.
joiceyi, 20.
lambertoni, 68.
noel, 68.
velox, 20.

Honduras, San Pedro Sula, 66.

Ho Ting-Sho, 31, 33, 41.
Hydromantes, 40.
fuscus, 40.
genei, 40.
italicus, 40.
platycephalus, 40.

INDEX

Ipp1Nnas, J. P., 75.

Iglesias, A., 99.

Iguana, 107.

Isognathus allamandae, 56.
excelsior, 55, 56.
leachi, 55-57.
menechus, 56.
mossi, 56.
seyron, 56, 57.
swainsoni, 55-57.
tetrio, 56.
wolcotti, 8.
zebra, 54.

Java, Pelaboean Ratoe, 43.

Karmprer, E., 49.
Kenia Colony, Kibwezi, 67.
Kusche, J. A., 7.

LAMBERTON, C, W., 68.
Lanius forficatus, 26.
Leigh, G. F., 62.
Leptognathus, 92.
Leptonix rubecula, 46.
Leptotila angelica, 29, 30.
brachyptera, 29, 30.
fulviventris, 29, 30.
tenella, 35.
verrauxi, 35, 36.
Lifu, 53.
Lophortyx achrustera, 79.
vallicola, 80.

Macroa.ossum doddi, 14.
glaucoptera, 66.
haslami, 15.
nigellum, 66.

Madagascar, Beheloka, 26.
Berevo, 26.
Farafangana, 68.
Morondava River, 26.
Siribihina River, Upper, 26.
Tsimanampetsotsi, Lake, 26.
Tullear, 26.

Manculus, 40.

Maria, Apolinar, 38.
Nicéforo, 37, 38.

Marshall Isds., Taluit, 3.

Marumba gigas, 71.
plana, 54.
sumatranus, 71.

113

114 INDEX

Maynard, C. J., 107.
Megalonix rufo-gularis, 46.
Meganoton subalba, 48.
Merops americanus, 43.
coeligenus, 43.
sumatranus, 43.
Mexico, Alamos, 30.
Cape San Lucas, 80.
Chinchen-Itza, 30.
Durasho, 30.
El] Carmen, 30.
Guerrero, 63.
Hacienda de Rafael, 30.
La Paz, 79, 80.
Miquihuana, 82.
Orizaba, 30.
Pasa Nueva, 30.
Rio Cruz, 30.
San José del Cabo, 80.
San José del Rancho, 80.
San Luis Potosi, 30.
San Nicholas, 80.
Tonola, 30.
Triunfo, 80.
Zacualpan, 50.

Micracosmeryx chaochauensis, 77.

macroglossoides, 77
Milvago cordata, 36.

paludivaga, 36.

strigilatus, 36.
Moss, A. M., 55.

NEOGENE corumbensis, 6.
Nephele accentifera, 62.
comma, 77.

OBERTHOR, C., 58.

Oberthurion, 58.
harroverii, 58.

Orecta acuminata, 51.

eos, 2.
fruhstorferi, 2.
lycidas, 2.

Oxyambulix brooksi, 52.
brunnea, 52.
chinensis, 7.
joiceyi, 70.

[P.N.E.Z.C.

PALMER, W., 43.

Paroxyrhopus atropurpureus, 90.

Penard, T. E., 36.— a new hum-
mingbird from Surinam, 27; two
new forms of Surinam birds, 35.

See also: Bangs, O.

Peru, Cosireni River, 104, 105.
Cuzco, 103.
Machu Picchu, 103, 104.

Petalognathus, 96.

Peters, J. L., a new babbler from
Argentina, 45; a new quail from
Lower California, 79.

Philippine Isds., Baguio, 75.

Manila, 15, 22, 75.

Phillips, J. C., 45.

Pholus licaon, 10.

Plethodon aeneus, 39.
croceater, 39.
Poliodes senegalensis, 2.
Polypticus calcareus, 57, 58.
hollandi, 2.
inconspicuus, 2.
martha, 57.
neavi, 57.
senegalensis, 2.
Porto Rico, Rio Piedras, 8.
Pratt, C. F. and J., 20, 53, 70.
Protoparce boliviana, 48.
viola-alba, 4.
Pseudopareas vagus, 95, 96.
Pteroptochos hylonympha, 45.
rubecula, 45, 46.

QUEENSLAND, Kuranda, 14.

RHADINAEA brazili, 87.
Rhagastis mjobergi, 69.

SALAMANDRA exigua, 40.
fusca, 40
genei, 40.
phoca, 39.
quadridigitata, 40.
Schreiter, R., 51, 67.
Schultze, W., 75.

Vol. VIII]

Sibynomorphus barbouri, 92.
garbei, 93.
mikanii, 92, 95.
Silva Jota, M. M. da, 87.
Silva Junior, A. A. da, 88.
Silva, J. R. da, 95.
Silva, P. da, 96.
Smerinthus alticola, 8.
Sordellina pauloensis, 88.
Spelerpes platycephalus, 40.
Sphecodina angulilimbata, 66.
Sphinx australis, 7.
tricolor, 49.
Stejneger, L., 81.
Stremmatognathus catesbyi, 92.
Sumatra, Barisan Range, 53.
Korintzi, Mt., 70, 72, 73.

Korintzi Valley, North, 70, 71.

Lebong-Tandai, 11, 52.
Siantar, 69.

Surinam, Eerste Rijweg, 36.
Lelydorp, 27, 35.
Paramaribo, 36.
Schotelweg, 35.

TEMNORA Camerounensis, 61.
nephele, 12.

INDEX 115

Texas, Brownsville, 29, 30.
Hidalgo, 30.
Lomita Ranch, 30.
Rio Grande, 30.
Webber’s Ranch, 30.
Theretra manilae, 22.
ugandae, 67.
Treszoks, P., 90.
Trevoes, M., 97.
Tropidodipsas, 96.

Urorroris platensis, 39.

Wacket, M., 89.
Weber, H. L., 12, 64.
Wulsin, F. R., 31-33, 41.

XYLOPHANES aristor, 18.
brevis, 16.
germen, 16.
juanita, 66.
macasensis, 17.
rufescens, 76.
schreiteri, 67.
transpacifica, 75.

rattrayi, 62, 63. zikani, 18.
PLATES
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