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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROCHESTER ACADEMY or SCIENCE

Printers fs
DEMOCRAT AND CHRONICLE,

- Rochester, N.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROCHESTER ACADEMY or SCIENCE

VOLUME 4

FEBRUARY, 1902, TO MAY, Ig10

ROGHESTER, N. Y.
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.
IgII.

RISES

of
/

Gb -/0

OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY.

1902-1910.

President, - - - -

First Vice-President, - -

Second Vice-President, -

Secretary, - - - -

Corresponding Secretary, - -

( CHARLES WRIGHT DODGE, 1902-1903.
| CHARLES R. SUMNER, 1904-1905.
| Cuarrus T. HowarpD, 1906-1910.

*( CHARLES R. SUMNER, 1902-1903.

| CHARLES T. HOWARD, 1904-1905.

HERMAN L. FAIRCHILD, 1906.

{4 ELon Howarp EATON, 1907.

| RICHARD M. Moore, 1908.
MILTON S. BAXTER, Igog.

| FLorus R. BAXTER, IgIo.

( GEORGE W. GOLER, I9g02.

| CHARLES T. HOWARD, 1903.
CHARLES W. DODGE, I904.
HERMAN L., FAIRCHILD, 1905.
MILTON S. BAXTER, 1906, 1908.
RICHARD M. Moorg, 1907.
FRANKLIN HANFORD, 1909.
WILLIAM STREETER, IQIO.

MoNnTGOMERY E. LEARY, 1902-1903.
GEORGE H. CHADWICK, 1904-1905.
Harry A. CARPENTER, 19061907.
MILTON B. PUNNETT, 1908-1909.
GILBERT S. DEY, Iglo.

WILLIAM D. MERRELL, I902-I9gI0.
| Kee E. PUTNAM, 1902-1904.

Treasurer, - - - - KENNETH S. HOWARD, 1995.
RUDOLPH SCHMIDT, 1I906-IgIo.
. . WILLIAM D. MERRELL, 1902-1904.
Librarian, i i A ~ \HeERMAN K. PHINNEY, 1905-IgI0.
Councillors +

EVELYN P. BALLENTINE, I902-1908.

CHARLES T, HOWARD, I902.

FLORENCE BECKWITH, 1902-I9gIO.

HERMAN L. FAIRCHILD, 1902-1904 ;
1907-IgI0.

JoHn W. DAVISON, 1902-1905.

GEORGE H. CHADWICK, 1902-3 ; 1906.

ELon H. EATON, 1903-1905.
MONTGOMERY E. LEARY, 1904-1905.
CHARLES W. DODGE, 1905-1910.
CHARLES R. SUMNER, I906-IgIo.
MILTON S. BAXTER, 1907.

Mrs. J. H. McGuire, 1908-I19I0.
HERBERT W. Hoyt, 1909-1910.

Curators :

JosEPH B. FULLER, in Botany, 1902-1909.
WILLIAM D. MERRELL, in Botany, Igto.
Joun Watton, in Conchology, 1902-1910.

CHARLES W. DODGE,

in Biology, 1902-1910.

CHARLES T. Howarp,'in Entomology, 1902-1gI0,

(iv)

JUN J 3 191]

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

VOLUME IV.
. PAGE

Birds of Western New York ;

By Elon Howard Eaton,....... Bor BEEF On SCE OPE ICE py a eee I
The St. Genevieve Meteorite ;

Bycblenry ACU Wardens seit ©. signees cae osu alec SEIS ieee er 65
Bacubirito, or the Great Meteorite of Sinaloa, Mexico ;

By Pee ie MIRE 2 Boras clerks cain he Oe Ana ued he cue saeir sine 67
Franceville Meteorite ;

ESN Sede Ps MCSE a tiaialic ns ata's's! 6 Py ai anaes a wield pave oe Sed be als ae 75
Description of Four Meteorites ;

By ticaty A. Wares. ccccac. sds. rch al ate aT ote ha 79
Reed City Meteorite ;

aE ESP eA EN etre ict tre See tae) svat nioys | sea cts elementals wrels.6 89
Crataegus in Rochester, New York ;

ey fostght Stawo.| Shetty any ae een ae eS igh See 93
Willamette Meteorite ;

Pee POMEL HUN ANE Oh Aca ete a Marine ewan po onmiaate 137
Great Meteorite Collections ; some words as to their Composition as

affecting their relative Values ;

Ps EICUEG EINVAL Merci wcic tic. cota ce Bra iek waes occ pe ahtooee 149
The Pyrenomycetez of Orleans County, N. Y. ;

Bag NG Liat leet tates Gk arden sae etiaen ab awe ecto werntee ant 165
Bath Furnace Aerolite ;

By Henry A Ware iou.. vocssce ese ne << as Hace cele |. Sneeeiee 193
Arthrophycus and Daedalus of burrow origin ;

eye OHM SETS Seti eianie tale was isos so eu. sce e peal 203

Preliminary Note on the Nature of Taonurus ;
iy et MARR es ea iss occ. ss soon acelodaeeeee 1 ale
New or Rare Pyrenomycetez from Western New York ;

eR M ARNE: A AMMIIATS Se slo ois cc's. = 0 « ou da roa ne oPelaven 215
Three New Chilian Meteorites ;

SERINE Rs UV AD Fi ce sewed os 5 «oe cislaeiea ielewgnicaen « Ses | 225
: PAGE
Last Gt papersieaq) acrore the Academy, .. ....0..5 5. .0es00 cle dasves coon aves 233
Sea eA En ANE ceils oo was + osha tic as ann oes a ebm esieceh aaue 236
NAGA pee ae IAT PE ce eters iata oe cle /Sio: vo srs, wise Scots ejersiehaaterstulleta sieineieiaselsias 239

(v)

ILLUSTRATIONS.

St. Genevieve ere WarD. Cat

PIREE Me cares goles i cnieia cece: Sareea eee te eesti onde eane ese SIMCINS ame
Bacubirito Meteorite ; WARD.

TALC 2 iiee sense conttne: satin taiimiee saute Se tictelMeeeun sas cscs ae facing 74

JE! ic (aera Rae nero of cotctns Stiny hak Saal a | ee

ALE 405.2 o/s) thereto obs csi sin, 0: icinrayelele eee eg die aN ale eee eee eee ne

PARLE 5 occ ioiats a,c eceissatnie © waa n= acreR ee es riegale Sree ee eee neain's.0 a 74
Franceville Meteorite ; WARD.

IALO IG 50's cian siois's Sie), = wietarajelNtieltrel eclahtenas halen ee eae ee facing 78
Cuernavaca Meteorite ; WARD.

Plate hoteles sas betes se oe meee eee o's wtb ola!a\'ale, cola ad tal eee ee facing 88
Andover and Bald Eagle Meteorites ; WARD. .

Bate Sow Lala aia elote.s cred aire ele wis w areiwiatarateivtstate tele" Gh claret a teeta facing 88
Arispe Meteorite ; WARD.

PHALC (9. ooo. si ae Sore stellen loin we seitelain ele ave ewictin a nin oie’ s)erety ars orn

PLAGE: TO 5. 5/55. s0\s ats o ols s'aleie)elsl ale mie cies spenermionsie les WRIECTE aie ete eee 88

PHA CET ion c) 55.5 5 cietare sin ed: are 3 asere eaerotese/e le aietaie oe OR eee a 88
Reed City Meteorite ; WARD.

NALARENE Dic ici a crs cietatets tee ecsictets soins aa elaneae ese eee esas ence owe etQCiiumae
Willamette Meteorite ; WARD.

Plate TS releisce's ois ole Siblane’s 5 o,n1cjeys.cteayo tara’ ashen eae t eRe ere Toit ae facing 137

Plate: Tdi. i cletsiaccs so tele oia'a, s2d.o) sretera «,ouctate atdial diate che EER aie ene 148

PIAL ITSO yess le cnicic aig wn cleiale aecnsnte @ ale ere ene eel ee eRe ene eee ‘Seas

Plate AG aera io wiaio oc0 die blo iombentnte week chee ee eee Barranco austere ‘(AS

PAL 17 eet icrssc. esa oo ote olld cole nine teieibaolorene the ete eae ee ‘48

Plate 16 Rec 185 deve oo 0 us: Weld ateialald siale er oe ln eye el erates ane eneReeae <a
Great Meteorite Collections ; WARD.

Plate (mo MUMDEL) oie. soc 3 2 aie ain wtcle wage ese PLS eee facing 149
Bath Furnace Aerolite ; WARD.

Pate s1@ sat usar A tiraicitale Wie.d aiaierata ahaa erate vice erent sie See facing 193
New or Rare FESR ar? FAIRMAN.

Plate 20.. wine ate oie ies |< cram ai eateiametana tat eter mats facing 224

Plate; at. . ccm ciate yd le Stoica « a kwh hare inet taereiee tet ote ot ote sci jie wile ‘22m

Plate 22). 53.2 seeeereetee=ss ce eae
Ilimaes Meteorite ; WARD.

PYAtG 233 oie Siete ee sean sa "cieet Scene sere walls ais.e seo facing 232

Ilimaes and Imilac Meteorites ; WARD.
DATS 284 oieie n't: hoce ciate Tone e's ais oie ej See ae Sicvente she aoe facing 232

Cobija and Chanaral Meteorite ; WARD.

Plate 125 25 ai teteteteseierchets weloletevetetcratsietelcacrese

(vi)

etas'se eee Gute sen aces facing 232

Re + al

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wees ROCHESTER, <Ni_Y.
ot PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY,

FEBRUARY, Igol.

7 rene
rm fe aaa ae a ——

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL. 4, PP. I-64. FEBRUARY 15, 1901.

BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK.

By ELon Howarp EATON.

‘(Read before the Academy, March 14, 18
CONTENTS.

Pete AC CHT 7'.).)-)) «rane REO hye otek cos iclalh se MER aed Bn dis ole ade «
ean Le PLeSCit Cur eT ners iain G eos hack afk dale satadavecte oss died
Pa ARERR Ae AL CAS. 1 tecy Pens oe (ate iteke © 8 digicas e/aee os ak see ss eth a Se laeeie'e

SbepeaNOINLY <t5 Sie eee Eee Lae Ae 94 diavaithieds Sidhe be peste dacelaedie’d aor
LT SNE TEE ge PRR Uh Sn NA 2, ee a
Prestine. Gates: o's .oi hea sees tea Ay ba iE tba cia anes eaten gana ea a2
receereatinien Vet ile wp merece tha Pes, c/a doves Palate eter ews Sa de
Poe ENE Le TEE OTAS Ce ee ALE IAS siayaic! sie ai ties ene recast OL ELS Alieoy
SHEA MAIAB YE Os. SE CIES Se contre a8 Meet cattae Melhcts | aNihs nou eed Meee Bokoaleie aes
JEG ESTO RATES Fe tsa OS Eg RE ae A Se
ilbap ra pay, OM ANATIONS 5 o52,4fic/s-o'¢ sis mvs glhtial dija2 4 aslo dnae 4 ome ele
Migration and residence tables ..................-... AAR DR Bart 9
NAR meet ETE M TISSUE Sey ets chah eas. / thc! ton als Cee MRT Seine winavi a acca a oateee 16
Beprmrnatseteet PRET StA CE et eins ote See oc awh ss 4 1a sca ee MIE Sale Getotele bin wid tod ene 59
ee HERO Ta PE el toc rhs erat Lid kz ik yd Racing's See Std eis SOR CaaS Lio afb bade 63

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INTRODUCTORY.

REGION REPRESENTED.

The territory covered by this list is the western portion of New
York State, extending eastward through the ‘‘ Finger Lake”’ region.
It will be seen upon inspecting a contour map of the state that this is
a natural division consisting of three east and west belts. The south-
ernmost of these is the northern extremity of the Alleghany Plateau,
ranging from 1,500 to 2,000 feet in elevation, and drained southward
principally by the Allegheny and Susquehana rivers. The high, roll-
ing plains of the middle belt have a gentle slope toward the north,
their lowest elevation of 1,000 feet being along an irregular line from
Buffalo to Syracuse. These elevated plains are much cut up by the
north and south valleys of ancient drainage channels, many of which

G' BRAR y
mEW YOY
BOTANIC & Bete

Baas

=

2 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

were dammed at the close of the glacial period by the retreating ice
sheet, and are now occupied by the central chain of lakes. The north-
ern belt is a level or slightly undulating plain widening toward the
east. Its lowest portion, lying along the southern shore of Lake
Ontario, and about Oneida, Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, is below 500
feet in elevation. The drainage of the northern and middle belts is
through the St. Lawrence system.

FAUNAL AREAS.

Western New York lies principally in the Transition life zone, as
mapped by Dr. Merriam (Bul. No. 10, Biological Survey, U. S.
Dept. of Agriculture, and in the Geographic Distribution of Life in
North America, Smithsonian Report, 1891).

This zone stretches across the northern portion of the United
States and southern Canada, and is divided into the eastern, or humid,
and the western, or arid, regions. The humid division, which is the one
represented in western New York, is known as the Alleghanian faunal
area, and there corresponds very nearly with the middle and southern
belts defined above. This fauna includes the greater portion of our
characteristic birds.

The Upper Austral life zone, which in general lies south of the
Transition zone, has its Humid division east of the rooth meridian.
This is known as the Carolinian fauna, an extension of which stretches
along the northern shore of Lake Erie, passing into western New
York along the southern shore of Lake Ontario, widening toward the
east and south through the central lake region, thus corresponding in
western New York to the northern belt of low, undulating plains.

The Boreal region, which includes the transcontinental coniferous
forest belt of Canada, passes southward along the mountain ranges of
the United States, and reaches western New York near the southern
jine, in the counties of Steuben, Allegany and Cattaraugus, where the
altitude rises above 2,000 feet.

The southern division of the Boreal region here represented is
known as the Canadian zone. Thus the warmest life belt of our region
lies farthest to the north, the coldest to the south,—the influence of
altitude, and the modifying effects of the Great Lakes, combining to
transpose the normal positions of the life zones.

To the Carolinian fauna belongs the greater portion of our sum-
mer visitants, and a goodly number of the summer residents of the
northern belt of western New York mentioned above. Such repre-

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 3

sentatives of this fauna as the king rail, worm-eating warbler, yellow-
breasted chat, Carolina wren and blue-gray gnatcatcher are known to
breed occasionally ; while the red-bellied woodpecker, green-crested
flycatcher, orchard oriole, rough-winged swallow, Louisiana water
thrush, hooded warbler and cerulean warbler breed more or less com-
monly in the central lake region, and in the western counties.

To the Boreal fauna belongs a large number of our transient
and winter visitants. Many of the Boreal species breed with us
occasionally, as is the case with the American merganser, blue-winged
teal, Wilson’s snipe, yellow-bellied flycatcher, winter wren, brown
creeper, red-breasted nuthatch, hermit thrush, and _ olive-backed
thrush. In the hilly regions of the south, especially at Springville,
Olean and Branchport, as well as in some of the colder swamps, several
of the Boreal birds are quite common breeders, among them the
Canadian, mourning, Blackburnian, magnolia and black-throated blue
warblers. The junco is also a common breeder at Springville, Olean,
Naples, and in most of the hilly regions toward the south. In many
localities the boreal and the Carolinian forms may be found breeding
side by side. At Springville, for example, the hooded warbler and
the red-bellied woodpecker breed in the same wood with the junco and
the Blackburnian, black-throated blue, Canadian and mourning war-
blers. On Cananadaigua Lake the rough-winged swallow, Louisiana
water thrush and Canadian warbler breed in close proximity with the
generally distributed scarlet tanager, wood pewee and crested
flycatcher.

SEASON OF OCCURRENCE.

The birds have been grouped according to the time of their
occurrence, as residents, or those species which are with us throughout
the year, like the great horned owl, ruffed grouse and downy wood-
pecker ; summer residents, or those which come to us in the spring,
raise their young, and depart in the fall, as the red-winged blackbird,
vesper sparrow and yellow warbler ; transient visttants, or those which
make a short stay with us in the spring and fall, on their way to and
from their breeding grounds which lie mostly to the north, such as
the golden plover, ruby-crowned kinglet and myrtle warbler ; wzxter
visttants, which are boreal or arctic species that spend a portion of
the colder season with us, returning to their northern home on the
approach of spring, e. g., the snowflake, tree sparrow, pine grosbeak ;
summer visitants, or southern species, which appear for a short time
during the heat of summer, but are not known to breed in this region,
e. g., the American egret, glossy ibis and summer tanager.

4 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Many species are difficult to classify under any one of the heads
just given, as, for example, the robin, which is a summer resident
and at the same time is often found throughout the winter, and hence
might be classed as a resident; or the mallard, which is chiefly a
transient visitant, but has been known to breed inthis region, and
also occurs throughout the winter in favored localities. In cases
such as these, the bird is ranked according to the general, rather
than the exceptional mode of occurrence, and the exceptions noted.

RELATIVE ABUNDANCE.

It is practically impossible to take a census of the bird life of
any region; nevertheless an attempt has been made to givea general
idea of the comparative abundance of birds by adopting terms in
ordinary use. The commonest birds, such as the robin, cat bird, song
sparrow, etc., are called abundant species ; next in order come birds of
common occurrence, such as the meadowlark, savanna sparrow and

bobolink.

Fairly common birds are such as may be found in limited
numbers at the proper place and season: for example, the loggerhead
shrike, rose-breasted grosbeak and scarlet tanager.

The expression wnzcommon has been applied to birds, which,
though by no means rare, are met so seldom that they can not be
called fairly common; they visit the region regularly, but in very
limited numbers. Birds of occasional occurrence are those which
are not found here regularly each season, but may be expected in
each locality at intervals of a few years at most; the whistling swan,
redpoll and snowy owl are examples.

The term varve is reserved for birds which have been recorded
but a very few times in this region, but yet cannot be regarded as
stragglers from their regular range or migration routes; to this class
belong the Eskimo curlew, kittiwake and blue-gray gnatcatcher.

Accidental birds are those which are wanderers from their proper
home, usually driven here by storms or unknown causes; here belong
the petrels, tropic bird, black skimmer, Bullock’s oriole and cinnamon
teal.

In the residence and migration chart a closer approximation to
the correct statement of relative abundance may be found graphically
represented.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 5

MIGRATION.

The dates given for the appearance and disappearance of our
commoner species of birds are the averages taken from records
extending over periods of five years at Springville, six at Canan-
daigua, and four at Rochester. The dates of arrival and departure
have been found practically the same at these three stations, as
might be expected, when it is considered that Springville, though
nearer the winter home of our summer birds, is on a higher level,
and consequently is reached at a slightly later period than its latitude
alone would lead us to expect.

Under normal circumstances, different species will be found to
follow the dates recorded. But it must be borne in mind that
exceptional weather conditions in March and April may hasten or
retard for many days the arrival of early migrants, while the time
of arrival of May migrants has been found to vary but few days at the
most. The autumn movements of birds are more difficult to observe,
but the figures given are the best that can be offered in the present
state of our knowledge. For a graphic representation of the migration
of all species which have been definitely recorded for this region, the
reader is referred to the chart accompanying this list.

HABITAT.

An attempt has been made in the list to indicate briefly the
chosen habitat of each species. This while easy in the case of a bird
like the marsh wren, is more difficult in the case of such birds as the
robin, which is almost equally at home in the door-yard, orchard,
field and forest.

NESTING DaTEs.

Just as in the case of the migration records, the breeding data are
the result of many years’ observations. The dates given are not
absolute, but are subject to the same variation as those referring to
migration, and noted under that heading. The earliest date given
under each species, is that on which the nesting has begun on at least
two different seasons, and the second date is the latest upon which,
under ordinary conditions, freshly laid eggs may be found.

ECONOMIC VALUE.
Little has been said in this list regarding the food of the different
species, but in the case of birds which are decidedly injurious or
beneficial, mention has been made of such fact for the guidance of

6 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OE SCIENCE,

those not familiar with the food habits of the species, and also to serve
as a possible stimulus for further interest along the line of bird protec-
tion.

For a detailed statement of the food of our common birds,
reference is made to the bulletins of the Biological Survey, U. S.
Dept. of Agriculture.

INCOMPLETE RECORDS.

Some of the species recorded in this list as occurring in Western
New York are entered on the authority of persons who have been
unable to furnish definite data regarding the time ofcapture. None of
these records seem improbable, and in some instances the specimen
upon which the record is founded is still in existence. Under this
head should be placed the following :

Laughing gull, Prothonotary warbler,
Arctic tern, Magpie,

Harlequin duck, Dickcissel,

Greater snow goose, Summer tanager,
American white-fronted goose, Carolina chickadee.
Trumpeter swan, Whooping crane,
Snowy heron, Sandhill crane,
Yellow-crowned night heron, Clapper rail,
American avocet, Purple gallinule.

The records for laughing gull, snowy heron, yellow-crowned
night heron, clapper rail, magpie, dickcissel, summer tanager and
Carolina chickadee, may possibly be due to error in observation, since
in the case of these species we have found either no trace of the speci-
mens or that they have been recorded only as having been seen.
From our present knowledge, we should especially question the
records of the night heron, clapper rail, magpie and Carolina chick-
adee.

In the case of Bullock’s oriole, while the record of time and place
is definite and reliable, the specimen itself has apparently disappeared.
This species and the cinnamon teal are here reported for the first time
as New York species.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. Vi

SUMMARY OF SPECIES.

Species definitely recorded, - - - 2 - 207
Species with indefinite records, - - : - 18
Species here exterminated, - - - - - 2
Foreign species introduced, - - : : : 2
Abundant species, - - E : : Sh" a8
Common species, - - - : S 2 59
Fairly common species, - - - = ~ eet
Uncommon species, - - - - : : 29
Occasional species, - - - : : aah
Rare species, - - - - = = P 54
Accidental species, - - - > E A GS
Residents, - = 2 2 3 2 f 23
Summer residents, - - - = - aheag
Transient visitants, - - - = = z 112
Winter visitants, - - - = E aN i
Summer visitants, = - - - - L : 13
Species which regularly breed, - - - : SwsO7

'

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Species which occasionally breed,

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

Credit has been given in the text for all contributions to the
list for which the author is not personally responsible, but for services
which cannot be thus recognized, thanks are due Louis Agassiz Fuertes
of Ithaca; Egbert Bagg of Utica; James Savage of Buffalo, and
A. W. Perrior of Syracuse.

BIBLIOGRAPHY, EXPLANATIONS.

The chief publications which have been consulted in the prepara-
tion of the list are as follows:

‘‘A Revised List of the Birds of Central New York.’’ Auburn, N. Y.
1879. Prepared for publication by FRANK R. RATHBUN.

‘‘Annotated List of the Birds of Oneida County, N. Y.,’’ etc., by
Wm. L. RAtpu, M. D., and EGBERT BAGG.

[From the Transactions of the Oneida Historical Society, II, 101; 1886.)

‘List of the Birds of Buffalo and Vicinity,’’ 1889, by W. H. BErc-

TOLD; M. D.
[ Bulletin of the Buffalo Naturalists’ Field Club, Vol. I, No. 7.)

‘‘ Birds of Niagara County, N. Y.,’’ by J. L. Davison.
[‘‘Forest and Stream,’’ September, 1889.

8 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

‘Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung County,”’ by Wm. H. GREGG,
M: D. 1891.
[ Proceedings of the Elmira Academy of Sciences, Vol. I, No. 1.)

‘‘ Birds of Western New York, with Notes,’’ by ERNEST H. SHORT.
Second Edition. 1896.
[Published by Frank H. Lattin, Albion, N. Y.)

‘« Provisional Check List of N. Y. Birds,’’ 1898, by Marcus S. Farr.
[Bulletin of N. Y. State Museum.)

‘‘ The Natural History of New York; Birds,’’ by JAMEs DE Kay. 1846.

‘‘Our Birds in their Haunts,’’ by J. H. LANGILLE.
[S. £. Cassino & Co., Boston, 1884.)

‘Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club,’’ 1876-1883.
‘‘The Auk,’’ 1884 to date.

‘©The Ornithologist and Oologist.”’

‘*The Museum.”’

‘“The American Ornithologists’ Union Check-List of North American
Birds,’’ second edition, 1895.

Chapman’s ‘‘ Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America,’’ 1898.
Coues’s ‘‘ Key to North American Birds,”’ etc., 1884.

Ridgway’s ‘‘ Manual of North American Birds,’’ 1887.

The abbreviations used in the check-list referring to authorities
may be easily understood by consulting the list of works mentioned
above.

The numbers, classification and nomenclature used are those of
the American Ornithologists’ Union. For reference to the original
description of genera and species, as well as a detailed statement of
their distribution, the reader is directed to the A. O. U. check-list of
North American birds.

Since this paper was presented before the Academy of Science,
several species have been added to the list, some have been dropped,
and many records of rare or uncommon birds have been inserted.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 9

MIGRATION AND RESIDENCE TABLES.

In the following tables an ‘attempt is made to give a graphic
presentation of the times of occurrence and relative abundance of the
birds definitely recorded for this region. The constant presence of a
species is indicated by a continuous line, uncommon or occasional
occurrence by a broken line, and rarity or accidental occurrence by a
dotted line. A heavy line indicates greater abundance, and the cul-
mination and decline in the numbers of any species is shown by a cor-
responding swelling and diminution in the width of its line.

It has been found impossible to use a series of lines which will
show exactly the relative abundance of all species ranging between
the English sparrow and the bald eagle; but between birds of the
same family or those of similar habits comparisons may be freely
made. It must also be borne in mind that the lines are intended to
show the presence of birds in their peculiar habitats, and consequently
some water-fowl of limited distribution in this region are given quite
as wide lines as birds of such universal distribution as the white-
breasted nuthatch and vesper sparrow, although the latter are much
more abundant when the whole number of birds throughout the region
is taken into consideration.

The breeding range of each species has been stated as nearly as
could be determined by reference to Dr. Allen’s ‘‘Origin and Distri-
bution of North American Birds’’ (Auk 10, 97-150); Dr. Merriam’s
publications already noted; the A. O. U. revised check-list ; Chap-
man’s Handbook, and Coues’s Key.

The abbreviations refer to the Boreal, Austral and Tropical
regions; to the Arctic, Hudsonian, Canadian, Transition, Upper
Austral and Lower Austral Zones ; and to the Alleghanian, Carolinian,
Austroriparian and Sonoran faunal areas, recognized by Merriam and
other writers. Those species which breed in all the regions are des-
ignated as North American (N. A. or E.N. A.), and those which be-
long to the sea or seacoast or interior are also designated by appro-
priate signs (pelag., mar., int.)

No attempt has been made to state exactly the breeding ranges
of our birds, but only to give a general idea of their distribution for
the benefit of those who are studying the faunal areas represented in
eastern North America, and especially in western New York.

10 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

No. Common NaMEs. Range.| Jan. | FEs. JUNE| JuLy} Ave. Serr Dec.
2 Holbeell's grebe, Int. Borje ¢ |e ¢ oo ae
3 Horned grebe, Bor} - = - ; aon
6 Pied-bijled grebe, N. & S.A. Ls a
7 Loon, ,Bor} + «|. - 5 tial =
11 Red-throated loon, Bor.) + e« o- ee

31 Brunnich’s murre, Bor. & Arc.| = a= | + «

35 Skua, Arc

36 Pomarine jaeger, Arc

37 Parasitie jaeger, Arc

40 Kittiwake, Bor. & Arc.| « . .

2 Glaucous gull, Are. -

43 Iceland gull, Arc.) « °

47. Gt. black-backed gull, Arc.| = ~~

51 Herring gull, Bor.| ce eds

Sia American herring gull, Bor

54 Ring-billed gull, Bor. | -|- =|

60 Bonaparte’s gull, Bor.

64 Caspian tern, NDA: Ee

70 Common tern, N. A.

72 Roseate tern, Aus.

74 Least tern, Trop. & Aus.

75 Sooty tern, Trop. & Au. Rip.

77 Black tern, Up. Aus. & Bor.

80 Black skimnier, Trop. & L. Aus

‘a8 Black-capped petrel, Pelag.

99 Scaled petrel,

109 Wilson's petrel, Pelag.

112 Yellow-billed tropic bird, Trop.

419 Cormorant, Mar. Bur. & Arc.

120 Double-crested cormorant, Bor. }

125 American white pelican, Bor. 4

129 American merganser, Bor.

130 Red-breasted merganser, Bor. aes ER ae ees) Mar Sc)

131 Hooded merganser, N. A. aaa

132 Mallard, Up. Aus. & Bor. — |

133. Black duck, Al. & Bor. =

135 Gadwall, Up. Aus. & Bor. Bin

136 Widgeon, Bor. ig

137 Baldpate, Bor. :

139 Green-winged teal, Bor.

140 Blue-winged teal, Bor. an

141 Cinnamon teal. W. Aus. & Can. e

142 Shoveller, N. A.

143 Pintail, Trans. & Bor.

444 Wood duck. Aus. , L ha

446 Redhead, Bor. aa pa

417 Canvasback, Bor. Se + —+—

Mus American scaup duck, Bor. re ae! = ta

249 Meseer scaup dutk, BOM |e! | eel en ne Pye oS ee oe ee tl PA APLA

250 Ring-necked duct, Bor. Papal | oe

No. Common Names. Range.| Jay.
151 American golden-cye, Bor. ay
153 Buffichead,

154 Old squaw,

160 American cider, Bor.

162 King eider, Are.

163 American scoter,” Arc,

“165 White-winged scoter, Hud.

166 Surf scoter, Bor.

167 Ruddy duck, arop. & N. A.

172 Canada goose, Bor.

172a Hutchins's goose, Bor.

173 Brant, Bor.

(74 Black brant, W. Bor.

180 Whistling swan, Arc.

186 Glossy ibis, Trop. & L. Aus.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK,

White-faced glossy ibis, Son.

i190 American bittern, Aus & Can.
21 Least bittern, Aus.
194 Great blue heron, N.A
196 American egret, L Aus.
201 Green heron, Aus
202 Bik-crowned aight heron, Aus.
208 King rail, Car.
22 Virginia rail, AL & Can,
214 Sora, Al. & Can
215 Yellow rail, Bor.
216 Black rail, Car.
219 Florida gallinule, Trop. & Aus.
221 American coot, NA
222 Red phalarope, are.
223. Northern phalarope, Are.
224 Wilson's phalarope, Lot. Trans.
228 Amer. woodcock, E. Aus. & Can.
230 Wilson's snipe, Bor.
231 Dowitcher, Bor.
232 ~Long-billed dowitcher, W. Bor.
233° «Stilt sandpiper, Arc.
234 Knot, Are.
235 Purple sandpiper, Arc.
239 Pectoral sandpiper, Are.
240 White-rumped sandpiper, Arc.
241 ‘Baird's sandpiper, Arc.
242 ~Least sandpiper, Had.
243a Red-backed sandpiper, Arc.
246 Semipalmated sandpiper, E. Arc.
247 Western sandpiper, W. Arc.
248 Sanderling, Arc.
249 Marbled godwit, Bor.
251 Hudsonian godwit, Arc.
254 Greater yellow-legs, Bor,

EF

June} Juty| Ave.

Pee

iets ameel

12 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

No.

300
300a
315
316
325
326
331
332
333
334
337
339

3545

Solitary sandpiper, Can.
Willet, E. Aus.

Common Names. Range.| JAN. | Fes. June | Juty | ave esas
Yellow-legs, Bor. =

Bartramian sandpiper, E.N.A

Bufil-breasted sandpiper, Hud. Bee
Spotted sandpiper, N A.

Long-billed curlew, Int. Aus.
Hudsonian curlew, Arc.
Eskimo curlew, Are.
Black-bellied plover, Are.
American golden plover, Arc.
Killdeer, Aus. & Can. Bae
Semipaimated plover, Are. =
Piping plover. E. Aus.
Wilson's plover, L. Ae|
Turnstone, Are.
Bob-white, E. Aus.
Ritied pronce (ne i i a eas

Canadian ruffed grouse, Can)! <« -
Passenger pigeon, NVA:
Mourning dove, Aus.
Turkey vulture, Trop. & L. Aus.
Black vulture, Trop. & L. Aus.
NLA

ig : : sine aps | " a a va a
‘ -

Cooper's hawk, Aus.&Can| - :
American goshawk, Borj- =-|- = Pet sae ae

Red-tailed hawk ENA
Red-shouldered hawk, E. Aus. Se EG a a ee
Swainson’'s hawk, W.N A.
Broad-winged hawk, Aus.
Am. rough-legged hawk, Hud.
Golden eagle, W.N. A.
Bald eagle, N A.
Black gyrfalcon, Had.
Duck hawk, N. A.
Pigeon hawk, Bor. ao
Amer sparrow hawk, NAl =
American osprey, N. A. eae ee haze
American barn owl, Car. he ales
Amer. long-eared owl, Aus,
Short-eared owl, U Aus. & Bor. ae
Barred owl, see} —}
Great gray owl,
Saw-whet owl,
Aus. & Can

Screech owl,

Gécat baustalowk EN ab ee ee ee

Snowy owl, Hud. & Are} - —-|- —| — -|—- -|—- —
377a American hawk owl, Hud|- «je ¢ oe le we
387 Yellow-billed cuckoo, Aus}

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 13

Fes. | Mar. | Apr. Par Juty)} AvG.| Sept.| Ocr. | Nov.
a aw nae ;

No. Common NaMEs. Range.

388 Black-billed cuckoo, Aus. & Can.
390 Belted kingfisher, N. A.
393 Hairy woodpecker, Al. & Can.
394c Downy woodpecker, Al. & Can.
400 Arctic 3-toed woodpecker, Bor.
402 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Bor.
405a Nor. pileated woodpecker, Can.
406 Red-headed woodpecker, Aus.
409 Red-bellied woodpecker, Car.

412a Northern flicker, E.N. A.) -
417 Whip-poor-will, Aus.
420 Nighthawk, E.N. A.
423 Chimney swift, ENA
428 Ruby-th. hummingbird, E.N. A.
444 Kingbird, Aus.
452 Crested flycatcher, Aus.
456 Phebe, Aus. & Can.
459 Olive-sided flycatcher, Bor.
46L Wood pewee, Aus. & Can.

463 Yellow-bellied flycatcher, Can.
465 Green-crested flycatcher; Car
466a Alder fiycatcher,, Al. & Can.
467 Least flycatcher,’ Al. & Can.

474 Horned lark, Arc.
4745 Prairie horned lark, Al.
477 Blue jay, E.N. A.

486a Northern raven, Bor.

488 ‘American crow, N. A.

494 Bobolink, Al. ee |
495 : Cowbird, Aus. os

498 Red-winged blackbird, E. Aus. LSS
501 Meadow lark, E. Aus.

506 Orchard oriole, Car.
507 "Baltimore oriole, E. Aus.
508 Bullock's oriole, W. Aus.
509 Rusty blackbird, Bor.
5116 Bronzed grackle, Int. N. A.
514 Evening grosbeak, W. Hud.
615 Pine grosbeak, Hud.
317 Purple finch, AL & Can.
521 American crossbill, Bor.

eee ae

tat an — ae

536 Lapland longspur, Arc.
640 Vesper sparrow, U. Aus. & Can. é
542a Savanna sparrow, U. Aus. & Bor. Ms ES ce P

546 Grasshopper sparrow, Car.

522 White winged crossbill, Hud.

628 Redpoll, Bor.
529. Amer. goldfinch, U. Aus. & Can.
533. Pine siskin, Bor.

14 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

No. © Common Names. Range.| Jan. | Fes. | Mar.| Apr. | May | Junge | Juty| Ava. | Sepr.

547 Henslow's sparrow, Up. Aus.

548 Leconte’s sparrow, Int. Aus.

549? Nelson's sparrow, Int. Up. Aus. -
549 Acadian sparrow, Mar. Can.

554 White-crowned sparrow, Hud. —

558 White-throated sparrow, Bor.

559 Tree sparrow, Hud. =

560 Chipping sparrow. E.N.A.

563 Field sparrow, E. Up. Aus.

567 Slate-colored junco, E. Bor. — —
Song sparrow, E.U. Aus.&Can.j= —
Lincoln's sparrow, Al. & Bor.

531
583
584 Swamp sparrow, Al. & Bor.
585

Fox sparrow, Hud.
587 Towhee, E. Aus.
593 Cardinal, Car.)
595 Rose-breasted grosbeak, Al.
598 Indigo bunting, E. Aus.
608 Scarlet tanager, E. Aus. & Can.
611 Purple martin, Aus.
612 Cliff swallow, N. A.
613 Barn swallow, N. A.
614 Tree swallow, N. A.
616 Bank swallow, N. A.

617 Rough-winged swallow, Car.)

618 Bohemian waxwing, Bor.| e e
619 Cedar waxwing, Al. & Can.

621 Northern shrike, <5 ee ES
622 Loggerhead shrike, E. Aus.
622a White-rumped shrike, Int. Aus.
624 Red-eyed vireo, Aus. & Can.

626 Philadelphia vireo, Bor.
627 - Warbling vireo, N. A.
62S Yellow-th’d vireo, Aus. & Can.

629 Blue-headed vireo, Al. & Can.
629b Plumbeous vireo, Rocky Mts.
631 White-eyed vireo, Car.
636 Black and white warbler, N. A.
639 Worm-eating warbler, Car.
641 Blue-winged warhler, Car.
642 Golden-winged warbler, Al.
645 Nashville warbler, Al. & Can,
646 Orange-crown'd warbler, W.Bor.
647 Tennessee warbler, E. Bor.

648a Nor. parula warbler, Up. Aus.

650 Cape May warbler, E. Bor.
652 Yellow warbler, N. A.
654 Black-th’d blue warbler, E. Can.
655 Myrtle warbler, E. Bor.

657 Magnolia warbler, E. Can.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. By

No. Common NaMEs. Range. = , oe Ave. 3 Nov. | Dec.
658 Cerulean warbler, Car. =a

659 Chestnut-sided warbler, Can.
660 Bay-breasted warbler, E. Bor.
661 Black-poll warbler, E. Bor.
662 Blackburnian warbler, E. Can.
667 Black-th’d green warbler, Can.
671 Pine warbler, E. Aus.
‘672 Palm warbler, W. Bor.
672a Yellow palm warbler, E. Bor.
673 Prairie warbler, Car.
674 Oven-bird, FE. Up. Aus. & Can.
675 Water-thrush, E. Bor.

676 Louisiana water-thrush, Car.
677 Kentucky warbler, Car.
678 Connecticut warbler, EE. Bor.
679 Mourning warbler, Al. & Can.
681 Maryl'd yel.-throat, E. Aus. £ Cao.

683 Yellow-breasted chat, Car.
684 Hooded warbler, Car.
685 Wilson's warbler, Bor.
686 Canadian warbler, E. Can.
687 Amer. redstart, U. Aus. & Can.
697 American pipit, Arc.
703 Mockingbird, L. Aus.
‘704 Catbird, Aus. & Can.
705 Brown thrasher, E. Aus.
718 Carolina wren, Car.
721 House wren, E. Aus.
722 Winter wren, E. Bor.

724 Short-billed marsh wren, E. Aus.
725 Long-billed marsh wren, E. Aus.
726 Brown creeper, E. Bor.
727 White-breasted nuthatch, Aus.
728 Red-breasted nuthatch, Can.
729 Brown-headed outhatch, L. Aus.
731 Tufted titmouse, ‘Car.
735 Chickadee, E. Up. Aus. & Can.
748 Golden-crowned kinglet, Bor.
749 Ruby-crowned kinglet, Bor.
751 Blue-gray gnatcatcher, Car.
755 Wood thrush, E. Aus.
756 Wilson's thrush, Al. & E. Can.
757 Gray-cheeked thrush, Bor.
758a Olive-backed thrush, Bor.
7596 Hermit thrush, Bor.
761 American Robin, E.N. A.
766 Bluebird, E. Aus. & Can.

English sparrow.

Mongolian pheasant.

16 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

ANNOTATED CHECK LIST.
Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds.

Family PODICIPIDAE. Gvrebes.

2. Colymbus holboellii (Reinh.) Holboell’s grebe.

Transient and winter visitant; uncommon. Oct. 20—May 4.
Has been taken at Murray, Wilson, Buffalo, Springville, Branchport,
Penn Yan, Canandaigua, Cayuga Lake and Utica. The last record,
Canandaigua Lake, Oct. 20, 1900.

3. Colymbus auritus Linn. Horned grebe.

Transient visitant; common, especially in the spring. April 1—
May 15, Oct. 1—Nov. 20. Occasional winter visitant. Found on
lakes and ponds.

6. Podilymbus podiceps. (Linn.) Pied-billed grebe.

Summer resident; uncommon. April 4—Nov. 18. Common
transient visitant. Breeds on the weedy margins of secluded ponds
and streams.

Family GAVIIDAE. = Loons.

7. Gavia imber (Gunn.) Loon.

Transient visitant ; common. April 1—May 30, Sept. 15—Dec.
10. Occasional winter visitant. Found on lakes, ponds and rivers.
Often seen migrating by day, singly or in small companies.

11. Gavia lumme (Gunn.) Red-throated loon.

Winter visitant ; uncommon. Nov.—May. Has been taken on
Niagara River, Lakes Erie, Ontario, Keuka, Owasco, Onondaga and
Oneida. Last record, Canandaigua Lake, April 20, 1899.

Family ALCIDAE. Auks, murres and puffins.
31. Uria lomvia (Linn.) Briinnich’s murre.

Occasional winter visitant from the North Atlantic coast. Form-
erly this bird was unknown here, but in recent years has been taken in
considerable numbers. Mcllwraith records nearly fifty captured in
the Province of Ontario during the fall and winter of 1893. The
following Western New York records are worthy of note: Buffalo,
several taken during Nov. and Dec., 1894—James Savage. Boone-
ville, Dec. 15, 1894 ; Utica, Dec. 24, 1894—Auk 12, 177. Johns-

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. I7

town, winter ’94—’95—Auk 12, 290. Seneca Lake, Dec.: 23, 1895 ;
May, 1896; numbers, winter of 1896—Auk 14, 202. Penn Yan,
Dec. 20, 1896—Verdi Burtch. Murray, Mar., 1897, and Kendall—
Auk 16, 193. Canandaigua, Dec. 20, 1897. Cayuga Lake, winter
of 1899. Rochester, Nov. 27—Dec. 2, 1900, four birds were captured
near Cranberry Pond.

Order LONGIPENNES. Long-winged swimmers.
Family STERCORARIIDAE,. Skuas and jaegers.

35. Megalestris skua. (Briinn.) Skua.
Accidental visitant. Niagara River spring of 1886—Auk 6,
agiesrand Bere. py 3:
36: Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.) Pomarine jaeger.
Transient visitant; very rare. Buffalo, two records—James Savage.

37. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linn.) Parasitic jaeger.
Transient visitant; very rare. Buffalo, one record—James Savage.
Mouth of Niagara River, Sept., 1897—Harry Lansing.

Family LARIDAE. Gulls and terns.

40. Rissatridactyla (Linn.) Kittiwake.

Winter visitant ; rare. Seneca Lake,—Aub. p. 41. Oneida
Lake, Nov. 9, 1890—Auk 11, 162. Buffalo, ‘‘tolerably common
migrant ’’—Berg. p. 3.

42. Larus glaucus Brinn. Glaucous gull.

Winter visitant ; rare. Buffalo, Jan. 29, 1895—Auk 12, 312.
43. Larus leucopterus Faber Iceland gull.

Winter visitant ; rare. Cayuga Lake, winter of 1896-7—L. A.
Fuertes. Peterboro, Feb. 1, 1884—Auk 1, 240.

47. Larus marinus Linn. Great black-backed gull.

Winter visitant ; occasional. Lewiston, Feb. 1, 1886—J. L.
Davison. Buffalo, Jan. and Feb., 1895—Jas. Savage. Branchport,
April 18, 1898—C. F. Stone. Brockport—Short, p. 5.

51. Larusargentatus Brinn. Herring gull.

Specimens answering the description of this species are occasion-

ally captured on the lakes. I have examined one bird from Lake

Ontario which was decidedly avgentatus and have seen several which
intergrade between this species and the following.

2, Proc. Rocu. Acap. Sci., Vor. 4, JANUARY 30, I90I.

18 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

sia. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues American her-
ring gull.

Winter visitant ; abundant in the spring and fall ; common in
winter; Aug. 13-May 20. Migrates by day, usually in small com-
panies, high in air. Often taken on the smaller inland ponds and
streams.

54. Larus delawarensis Ord _ Ring-billed gull.

Transient visitant; occasional. Seneca Lake—Aub. p. 41.
‘Occasional migrant’’—Short, p. 5. Branchport, spring of 1894—Auk
16, 284. Canandaigua, Oct. 20, 1898.

58. Larus atricilla Linn. Laughing gull.

Accidental visitant. Buffalo,—Berg. p. 3.

60. Larus philadelphia (Ord) Bonaparte’s gull.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. April 10—June Io, Sept. 1
—Nov. 20. Found on lakes, ponds and rivers. Sometimes seen
coursing over plowed fields.

64. Sterna caspia Pallas Caspian tern.

Transient visitant ; rather rare. Kendall, Sept., 1890—Auk 16,
193. Buffalo, late fall, 1893—Auk 12, 313. Canandaigua, April 28,
1895, 3 specimens. Buffalo, Sept. 20, 1899—Edward Reinecke.

7o. Sterna hirundo Linn. Common tern.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. May—June; Aug.—Oct. Io.
Occasional in summer. Breeds near Buffalo—Ottomar Reinecke.
71. Sterna paradisaea_ Brinn. Arctic tern.

Accidental visitant. Buffalo—Berg. p. 3.

72. Sterna dougalli Montag. Roseate tern.
Summer visitant ; accidental. Youngstown, Niagara River, May
31, 1886—J. L. Davison. Penn Yan,—Aub. p. 41.

74. Sterna antillarum (Less.) Least tern.

Transient visitant ; occasional. Branchport, Sept. 6-11, 1896,
Auk 16, 284; also Aug. 27—Sept. 8, 1899—Clarence F. Stone. New
Hartford, Oneida Co.—R. & B., p. 104. Cayuga Lake—Aub. p. 41.
Buffalo,—Berg. p. 4.

75. Sterna fuliginosa (Gmel. Sooty tern.
Accidental visitant. Owasco Lake, Sept. 20, 1875—Aub. p. 41.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 19

77. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis: (Gmel.) Black tern.

Transient visitant ; fairly common ; frequently seen in summer.
April 28—Sept. 20. Said to breed on the northern shore of Lake
Ontario. Found on lakes, ponds and rivers.

Family RYNCHOPIDAE. Skimmers.

80. Rynchops nigra Linn. Black Skimmer.

Accidental visitant. _Whitestown, Oneida County, fall of 1893—
Auk 11, 162.

Order TUBINARES. T7xbe-nosed swimmers.
Family PROCELLARIIDAE. Fulmars and shearwaters.

98. Aestrelata hasitata (Kuhl) Black capped petrel.
Accidental visitant. Oneida Lake, Aug. 28, 1893—Auk 11, 162.

99. Aestrelata scalaris Brewst. Scaled petrel.

Accidental visitant. The type and only specimen of this bird
was taken at Mt. Morris during the first week in April, 1880. Bul.
Nutt. Orn. Club, 6, 91-97. Also Auk 11, 389-393. Also Farr,p. 2109.
tog. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl) Wilson’s petrel.

Accidental visitant. Lockport, Oct., 1875—Auk 1, 294. Also
Dav. No. 12.

Order STEGANOPODES. 7otipalmate swimmers.
Family PHAETHONTIDAE. Tropic birds.

112, Phaethon americanus Grant Yellow-billed tropic bird.

Accidental visitant from the tropical seas. Knowlesville, Sept.,
1876—Langille, p. 615. Also Bul. Nutt. Orn. Club, 5, 63. Also
Short, p. 6. Also Farr, p. 210.

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE. (Cormorants.

119. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.) Cormorant.

Transient visitant; rare. Niagara River—Berg. p. 4. Oneida
Lake, Nov. 15, 1877—Aub. p. 40. Onondaga Lake, 1883—A. W.
Perrior. Oneida Lake, 1890—Egbert Bagg.

20 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

120. Phalacrocorax dilophus (Swain.) Double-crested cormo-
rant.
Transient visitant ; uncommon. Aug. 14—Nov. 30. Has been
taken near Buffalo, Branchport, Syracuse and Naples. Last record,
Canandaigua, Nov. 7, 1899.

Family PELECANIDAE. $9 Pelicans.
125. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmel. American white peli-
can.
Transient visitant ; very rare. Buffalo, Oct. 5, 1894—Auk 12,

Order ANSERES. = Lamellirostral swimmers.
Family ANATIDAE. Ducks, geese and swans.

129. Merganser americanus (Cass.) American merganser.
Winter visitant; common. Oct. 20—Apr. 20. Occasional

summer resident. Found on lakes and rivers. Breeds near Buffalo,

nest in hollow tree—Ottomar Reinecke ; also at ‘‘ Blind Sodus Bay’’

—Aub. p. 40.

130. Merganser serrator (Linn.) Red-breasted merganser.
Winter visitant ; fairly common. Common transient visitant.

Oct. 1o—Apr. 30. Found on lakes and ponds.

131. Lophodytes cucullatus (Linn.) Hooded merganser.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. March 20—May 1; Oct. 15
—Nov. 25. Occasional summer resident. Rare in winter. Found
along swampy streams, ponds and bays.

132. Anas boschas Linn. Mallard.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. March 15—April 30; Oct. 1
—Nov. 20. Occasionally met with both in summer and midwinter.
Found along swamps, streams and lakes. Often alights in dry fields
and oak groves to feed. Breeds, West Barre, May 10, 1899-—James
Savage.

133. Anas obscura Gmel. Black duck.

Transient visitant; common. Winter visitant ; fairly common.
Summer resident ; occasional. By far the commonest of the river
ducks on Canandaigua Lake, remaining in considerable numbers
through the coldest weather. Breeds in Tonawanda Swamp, Monte-
zuma Marshes, West Barre and Niagara River.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 21

135. Chaulelasmus streperus (Linn.) Gadwall.

Transient visitant ; less common than the mallard. March 20o—
April 30 ; Sept. 20o—Nov. 1. More confined to the marshes than
either the mallard or black duck.

136. Mareca penelope (Linn.) Widgeon.
Accidental visitant. Keuka Lake, March 25, 1899 —C. F.
Stone.

137. Mareca americana (Gmel.) Baldpate.
Transient visitant; fairly common. March 20—April 25; Sept.
20—Novy. 10. Frequents the marshes and shallow bays.

139. Nettion carolinensis (Gmel.) Green-winged teal.

Transient visitant; fairly common. April; Sept.—Oct. Rare
winter visitant. Said to have bred near Buffalo—Berg. p. 4. Found
on marshy lakes, ponds and streams.

140. Querquedula discors (Linn.) Blue-winged teal.
Transient visitant; fairly common. April; Sept.—Oct. A rare
summer resident. Found along the lakes, bays and streams.

141. Querquedula cyanoptera (Vieill.) Cinnamon Teal.

Accidental visitant. Mr. James Flahive of Penn Yan has in his
collection a fine specimen of this bird, which was killed in Yates County
on Seneca Lake in April, 1886.

142. Spatula clypeata (Linn.) Shoveller.
Transient visitant; not common. April; Oct.—Nov. Found on
marshy streams and lakes.

143. Dafila acuta (Linn.) Pintail.

Transient visitant; common in the spring. March 15—April 15.
Much less abundant in the fall, Sept. 25—Nov. 15. Frequents the
flooded swamps, marshy streams and lakes.

144. Aix sponsa (Linn.) Wood duck.

Summer resident; fairly common. March 30—Nov. 15. Found
on secluded, marshy streams and ponds. Less common than formerly
on account of the destruction of its nesting sites.

146. Aythya americana (Eyt.) Redhead.
Transient visitant ; common. Sept. 25—Nov. 25; Mar. 2o—April
30. Occasional winter visitant. Found on the lakes and larger ponds.

ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

N
bo

147. Aythya vallisneria (Wils.) Canvasback.

Transient and winter visitant; occasional. Fairly common on
the smaller lakes during the winters of l896—97, 1897—98, 1898—99.
Nov. 15—March 20.

148. Aythya marila (Linn.) American scaup duck.

Transient visitant; common. Not uncommon in winter, Oct. i—
April 25. Found on all our larger bodies of water. Called ‘‘Lake
Bluebill.’’

149. Aythya affinis (Eyt.) Lesser scaup duck.

Transient visitant; common. March 20—May 20; Oct. 1—Nov.
20. Often taken in winter and a few remain through the summer.
Found on lakes, ponds and streams. Called ‘‘Marsh bluebill’’ and
‘Creek bluebill.”’

150. Aythyacollaris (Donov.) Ring-necked duck.
Transient visitant; uncommon. I have never taken it. ‘‘Com-

mon on Lake Ontario’’—Short, p. 7. Buffalo ‘*Tolerably common
migrant’’—Berg. p. 5. | Elmira, ‘‘to be met with at most all seasons ’”’

—Gregg No. 186.

151. Clangula clangula americana Faxon American golden-
eye.
Winter visitant ; common. Nov. 1—April 25. Found on all our
lakes. Called ‘‘Whistler.’’

i53. Charitonetta albeola (Linn.) Buffle-head.

Transient visitant; common. Oct. 10—Nov. 25; April 10—May
20. Frequently taken in midwinter. Found on all lakes and ponds.
Called ‘‘Butterball.’’

154. Harelda hyemalis (Linn.) Old-squaw.

Transient visitant; common on lakes and ponds. Oct. 15—
Nov. 20; April r—25. Common on Niagara River in winter, and
abundant in migration. Called ‘‘Coween.’’

155. Histrionicus histrionicus (Linn.) Harlequin duck.
Accidental visitant. Buffalo,—Berg, p. 5.

160. Somateria dresseri Sharpe American eider.

Winter visitant; rare. Branchport, Feb., 1873—Aub. p. 39.
Buffalo, ‘‘occasional winter visitant’’—-Ottomar Reinecke.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 23

162, Somateria spectabilis (Linn.) King eider.

Winter visitant; occasional. In November and December, 1877,
was quite common near Buffalo—Auk, 1880, p. 62. Has been taken
several times on Oneida Lake—See R. & B. p. 108. Also on Cayuga
Lake—L. A. Fuertes.

163. Oidemia americana Swains. American scoter.

Transient and winter visitant ; fairly common. Rarely seen in
spring (May); most common in October. Found on the lakes.

165. Oidemia deglandi Bonap. White-winged scoter.
Transient visitant; common for a short time in May and October.
Found on the lakes.

166. Oidemia perspicillata (Linn.) Surf scoter.

Transient visitant; common in autumn. Oct. 1—Nov. 10. Old
birds are of rare occurrence. Uncommon in the spring. Found on
the lakes, rarely on small ponds.

167. Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmel.) Ruddy duck.

Transient visitant ; fairlycommon. March 25.—April 20; Sept.
25.—Oct. 30. Much more common in the fall than in the spring.
Frequents the lakes and bays, but sometimes found on the smaller
ponds.

169a. Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forst.) Greater snow goose.

Winter visitant ; rare. Chautauqua Lake,—See Bul. Buf. Soc.
Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, page 34. Buffalo, ‘‘ occasional winter visitor ’’—
Berg. p. 6.

171a. - Anser albifrons gambeli (Hartl.) American white-fronted
goose.
Chautauqua Lake,—See Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, page 34.

172. Branta canadensis (Linn.) Canada goose.

Transient visitant ; common. Mar. 10.—April 25 ; Oct. 1.—Nov.
30. Sometimes seen in Dec. and Jan. _Frequents our larger bodies
of water, visiting meadows and wheatfields to feed.

172a. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Rich.) Hutchins’s goose.
Transient visitant; rarely captured. Gaines, 1888—Auk. 16,

Pp. 93.

24 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

173. Branta bernicla (Linn.) Brant.

Transient visitant ; rare. Cayuga Lake, Dec., 1877, and Nov.
26, 1878—Aub. p. 36.

174. Branta nigricans (Lawr.) Black brant.

Transient visitant ; rare. Oneida Lake, Lewis Point, Oct. 30,
1891—Egbert Bagg.

180. Olor columbianus (Ord) Whistling swan.

Transient visitant ; occasional. Has been taken near Buffalo,
Lewiston, Medina, Oneida Lake and Utica. ‘‘ Nearly every season
a number of this species are taken in a wounded condition in Niagara
River below the falls’’—Dav. No. 36. Last record, Honeoye Lake,
Apr., 1898, 3 birds observed.

181. Olor buccinatorg (Rich.) Trumpeter swan.
: Accidental visitant. Cayuga Lake—Aub. p. 36. Buffalo, ‘‘Acci-
dental— Chas. Linden’’—Berg. p. 6.

Order HERODIONES A#Aerons, ibises, ete.

Family IBIDIDAE. /dzses.

186. Plegadis autumnalis (Hasselq.) Glossy ibis.
Summer visitant ; very rare. Dunkirk, April, 1894—Auk 12,
393. Tonawanda Swamp, May, 1884—Auk 16, 193.
187. Plegadis guarauna (Linn.) White-faced glossy ibis.
Accidental visitant. Niagara River, Aug., 1884 ;—3d ann. rept.
N. Y. state museum, p. 22; also Auk 4, 253.

Family ARDEIDAE Herons, bitterns, etc.

190. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.) American bittern.
Summer resident ; fairly common. April 18—Nov. 10. Found
in swamps and marshes, more generally distributed than the least
bittern. Breeds in secluded grassy marshes; May 15—June 10;
eggs 3-5.
191. Ardetta exilis (Gmel.) Least bittern.
Summer resident ; fairly common in grassy marshes. May 15—
Sept. 15.. Nest built of dead grass among sedges growing in shallow
water ; June 10-25 ; eggs 3-5.

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to
on

194. Ardea herodias Linn. Great blue heron.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. March 30—April 25; Aug. 1
—Nov. 10. Locally a summer resident. The most noted breeding
colonies are at Oneida Lake, Potter Swamp, Seneca River, Tonawan-
da Swamp, Lime Lake and Conewango Swamp.

196. Ardeaegretta Gmel. American egret.

Summer visitant; uncommon. Usually taken late in summer.
The following records are of interest; Penn Yan in the spring—Aub.
p- 34. Medina—Short, p. 8. Springville, Aug. 10, 1881, young bird,
two others seen, Kent, Orleans Co., July 27, 1883—Auk, 16, 193,
three specimens; cf. Forest and Stream 24, 204. Herkimer in the
spring of 1882, one taken and six seen; also at Deerfield and Marcy,
1889—Egbert Bagg. Olcott, Aug. 18, 1886—Auk 4, 159. Baldwins-
ville, Sept. 1895; also Skaneateles, Sept. 1895, adult—A. W. Perrior.
Newark Valley, June 1, 1896—G. B. Sutton.

197. Ardea candissima. Gmel. Snowy heron.

Bufialo, ‘‘ accidental— Otto Besser’’—Berg. p. 6.

201. Ardeavirescens Linn. Green heron.

Summer resident; fairlycommon. May 3 — Sept. 28. Found
along streams and the borders of ponds. Nest ina low tree, May 15
—June 20; eggs 3-5.

202. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Bodd.) Black-crowned
night heron.

Transient visitant; rather uncommon, but of regular occurrence in
the fall. Last records : Canandaigua, Sept. 30, 1899. Rochester,
Sept. 1900. Ithaca, ‘‘regular spring and fall visitant’? — L. A.
Fuertes.

203. Nycticorax violaceus (Linn.) Yellow-crowned night heron.

Accidental visitant. Buffalo,—Berg. p. 7.

Order PALU DICOLAE. Cranes, rails, etc.

Family GRUIDAE. Cranes.

204. Grus americana (Linn.) Whooping crane.

Formerly transient visitant. Several years ago a specimen was
killed on Cayuga Lake—Frank A. Ward.
206. Grus mexicana (Miill.) Sandhill Crane.

Formerly transient visitant. Buffalo,—Berg. p. 7.

20 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Family RALLIDAE. Rails, gallinules and coots.

208. Ralluselegans Aud. King rail.

Summer resident; rather rare. Carlton, Aug., 1880—Langille,
p. 400. Canandaigua, Oct., 1894. Springville, Sept., 1898, two seen
and one captured. Mr. Ottomar Reinecke of Buffalo reports taking a
fully formed egg from a bird killed there several years ago; and his
son Edward took a set of ten eggs of this species near Buffalo, May 30,

1894.

211. Ralluscrepitans Gmel. Clapper rail.

Accidental visitant. Two instances near Syracuse, J. A. Dakin,
per A. W. Perrior. Perhaps R. e/egans was mistaken for this
species.

212. Rallus virginianus Linn. Virginia rail.
Summer resident; fairly common. April 20—Oct. 10. Frequents

grassy swamps and margins of streams. Nest, in a swamp, concealed
in the grass or under a brush pile; May ro-—June 20; eggs 8-12.

214. Porzana carolina (Linn.) Sora.

Summer resident; common in grassy swamps and marshes. April
25—Oct. 18. Nest, a bunch of dead flags carefully concealed in the
dense sedge-grass; May 26—TJune 15; eggs 6-11.

215. Porzana noveboracensis (Gmel.) Yellow rail.

Transient visitant; rather uncommon. Usually taken in the fall.
Sept. r—Oct. 15. Reported from Buffalo, Brockport, Murray, Penn
Yan, Dresden, Utica and Rochester. Canandaigua, Oct. 4, 1894 ;
also Sept.1, 1896. Spring record: Murray, Apr. 21, 1894—Auk 16,
194.

216. Porzana jamaicensis (Gmel.) Black rail.

Summer visitant; very rare. Two instances recorded in the Au-
burn list, p. 35; Penn Yan, 1870; Watkins, spring of 1872. Thesecond
specimen is in the John B. Gilbert collection at Elmira College.

218. JIonornis martinica (Linn.) Purple gallinule.

Summer visitant ; accidental. A bird of this species was cap-
tured some years ago by the Haight brothers near East Homer—
G. B. Sutton.

EATON

BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 27

219. Gallinula galeata (Licht.) Florida gallinule.

Summer resident; common in the large reed-covered marshes.
April 28—Oct. 25. Nest, a heap of dead weeds and flags, in or near
the water, concealed among thick grass; May 15—June 20; eggs, 10
—14. Commonly called ‘‘mudhen.”’

221. Fulica americana Gmel. American coot.

Transient visitant; fairly common in the fall, less so in the spring.
April 25—May 20; Sept. 1o—Nov. 5. Found along reedy streams
and marshy shores, usually swimming likea duck. Said to breed in
the Montezuma marshes and along the shore of Lake Ontario. Also
called ‘‘mud hen.’’

Order LIMICOLAE. Shore dirds.
Family PHALAROPODIDAE. /Pihalaropes.

222. Crymophilus fulicarius (Linn.) Red phalarope.

Transient visitant; rare. Buffalo, Sept. 26, 1894; and Oct., 1892
—Auk 12, 313. Oneida Lake, Oct. 4, 1889—Auk 7, 229. Penn Yan
—James Flahive.

223. Phalaropus lobatus (Linn.) Northern phalarope.

Transient visitant; ratheruncommon. Has been captured at Buf-
falo, Baldwinsville, Onondaga Lake, Westmoreland, Oneida Lake,
Owasco Lake, and Penn Yan. Last record: Branchport, May 16,
1895—Auk 16, 285.

224. Steganopus tricolor Vieill. Wilson’s phalarope.

Transient visitant; rare. Ithaca, fall, 1892—L. A. Fuertes. Onon-
daga Lake, Sept. 2, 1886—C. P. L. Noxon. Oneida Lake, Oct. 6,
1883—R. & B. p. 112. Penn Yan—Aub. p. 30.

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE dAvocets and stilts.
225. Recurvirostraamericana Gmel. American avocet.
Summer visitant; accidental. Buffalo—Berg. p. 7.
Family SCOLOPACIDAE \<Sniges, sandpipers, etc.
228. Philohela minor (Gmel.) American woodcock.

Summer resident; fairly common in swampy alder and willow
coverts. In fall often found in upland woods. Much less common
than formerly. March 1o—Nov. 15. Nest, onthe ground; April 1—
20; eggs 4.

28 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

230. Gallinago delicata (Ord) Wilson’s snipe.

Transient visitant; common. April 9—May 10; Sept. 1—Nov.
25; rare insummer. Found in marshes and swampy meadows. Breeds:
Springville, April 22—May 10; Bergen Swamp, May 30, 1899; Buf-
falo—Berg. p. 7 and Ottomar Reinecke; Branchport—C. F. Stone.
Nest on a hummock in the midst of a marsh; eggs, 4.

231. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmel.) Dowitcher.

Transient visitant; rather rare. Niagara River, Oct., 1892—
Auk 12, 313. Oneida Lake, Sept., 1883; also in 1880—R. & B. p.
112. Auburn, Sept., 1875—Aub. p. 31.

232. Macrorhamphus’~ scolopaceus’ (Say) Long - billed
dowitcher.
Transient visitant ; rare. Strawberry Island, Niagara River,
Oct., 1892—Auk 12, 313.
233. Micropalama himantopus (Bonap.) Stilt sandpiper.

Transient visitant ; rare. Penn Yan, Oct., 1875—Auburn List,
p. 31. Buffalo, Sept. 16, 1893—Auk 12, 313.

234. Tringacanutus Linn. Knot.

Transient visitant ; uncommon. Carlton, Sept. 9, 1897—Auk 16,
194. Oneida Lake, Aug. 26, 1891—Auk 11, 162. Syracuse, ‘rare
visitant’’—A. W. Perrior. Penn Yan, Oct. 15, 1874; also one in
the Flahive collection—Aub. p. 32. Buffalo, ‘‘ rare migrant’’—Berg.
p- 8.

235. Tringa maritima Brinn. Purple sandpiper.

Winter visitant ; very rare. One specimen taken in winter on

Seneca Lake,—Aub. p. 32.

239. Tringa maculata Vieill. Pectoral sandpiper.

Transient visitant ; common in the fall ; uncommon in spring.
May ; Sept. 1—Nov. 5. Found in marshes and along the shores of
lakes and streams.

240. Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. White-rumped sandpiper.

Transient visitant ; occasional. Sept. 29—Nov. 4. There are
published records for Carlton, Branchport, Utica and Oneida Lake
(several instances). Canandaigua, Oct. 17 and 25, 1895; Oct. 25
and Nov. 4, 1898; Sept. 30, 1899. Penn Yan, ‘‘ eighteen years
ago’’—-Flahive collection. This bird often escapes identification,
which accounts for its apparent rarity.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 29

241. Tringa bairdii (Coues) Baird’s sandpiper.

Transient visitant ; occasional. Aug. 25—Nov. 20. Several rec-
ords ; Waterport, Lakeside Park (several), Locust Grove, Verona
Beach (two). Canandaigua, Nov. 20, 1895 ; and Oct. 6, 1900 (two).
This bird like the preceding species is probably not as rare as is com-
monly supposed.

242. Tringa minutilla Vieill. Least sandpiper.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. May; Aug. 20—Sept. 25.
Found on sandy and marshy shores.
243a. Tringa alpina pacifica (Coues) Red-backed sandpiper.

Transient visitant ; common in fall ; seldom seen in the spring.
May ; Sept. 25—Nov. 10. Found on marshy or sandy shores
246. Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.) Semipalmated sandpiper.

Transient visitant; common. May; Sept. 1—Nov. 5. Found
on marshy or sandy shores.

247. Ereunetes occidentalis Lawr. Western sandpiper.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. May; Aug. 20—Sept. 25.
Found on marshy or sandy shores.

248. Calidris arenaria (Linn.) Sanderling.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. May 15—June 10; Sept. 1
—Oct. 10. Found on muddy or sandy shores.

249. Limosa fedoa (Linn.) Marbled godwit.

Transient visitant ; rare. Syracuse, June 18, 1876—Auburn List,
p. 32. Niagara River, occasional migrant—Lang. p. 554.
251. Limosa haemastica (Linn.) Hudsonian godwit.

Transient visitant; rare. Onondaga Lake, Oct. 13, 1883—
A. W. Perrior. Oneida Lake, Sept. 7, 1891 ; one other, later in the
season—Egbert Bagg. See also Auburn List, p. 32.

254. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmel.) Greater yellow-legs.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. Apr. 20—May 10; Aug. 15
—Nov. 5. Found in marshes and along the shores of ponds and
lakes.

255. Totanus flavipes (Gmel.) Yellow-legs.

Transient visitant ; fairly common in fall. May 1ro-20; Aug. 15
—Oct. I. Found on marshy or sandy shores,

30 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

256. Helodromas solitarius (Wils.) Solitary sandpiper.
Transient visitant ; fairly common. May 1-20; July 15—Sept.
20. Found along woodland.ponds and streams.

258. Symphemia semipalmata (Gmel.) Willet.

Accidental visitant. ‘‘A regular migrant, three in fall of 1876—”’
Aub. p. 33. One killed at Canandaigua about 1878, in summer, by
George Herendeen. Niagara River, occasional migrant—Lang. p.
526.

261. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.) Bartramian sandpiper.
Summer resident ; fairly common, but somewhat local in distri-

bution. April 22—Sept. 10. Found in dry upland pastures, meadows

and stubble fields. Nest, in slight hollow in the ground ; May 20—

June 10; eggs 4-5.

262. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieill.) Bufi-breasted sandpiper.
Transient visitant ; rare. Lockport, Aug. 31, 1886—J. L. Davi-

son. Kendall, about 1885, and Gaines, fall of 1897—Auk 16, 194.
Bufialo—Berg. p. 8. Penn Yan—James Flahive.

263. Actitis macularia (Linn.) Spotted sandpiper.

Summer resident ; abundant. April 18—Sept. ro. Found along
the streams and shores. Nest, concealed in the grass of a swamp or
pasture ; May 15—June 10; eggs 4. Beneficial.

264. Numenius longirostris Wils. Long-billed curlew.

Transient visitant ; rare. Oneida Lake, Oct. 5, 1880—Ralph &
Bagg List, p. 115. ‘‘ Regular but somewhat rare’’—Auburn List,
p. 33. Canandaigua, Sept., 1885—A. P. Wilbur. Buffalo, ‘‘ occa-
sional ’’’—Berg, p. 33.

265. Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Hudsonian curlew.

Transient visitant ; occasional. Records for Murray, Sept. 1879
—Auk 16, 195. Oneida Lake, Sept. 5, 1899—Auk 17, 177. Canan-
daigua, May 30, 1897. Also reported from Branchport, Auburn, Lock-
port and Buffalo.

266. Numenius borealis (Forst.) Eskimo curlew.

Transient visitant ; rare. Otisco Lake, 1873—A. W. Perrior.
Lockport, Oct. 2, 1876—JL: Davison. Buffalo—Berg., p. 9.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 31

Family CHARADRIIDAE. /Piovers.

270. Squatarola squatarola (Linn.) Black-bellied plover.

Transient visitant ; fairly common in the autumn, irregular in the
spring. May 20—June1o; Aug. 20—Oct. 12, Found on the shores
of lakes and streams.

272. Charadrius dominicus Mull. A:erican golden plover.

Transient visitant ; fairly common in fall ; rare in spring. Aug.
15—Oct. 15. Frequents muddy and sandy shores.

273. Aegialitis vocifera (Linn.) Killdeer.

Summer resident ; abundant ; March 1to—Nov. 15. Frequents
pastures, shores of streams, ponds and lakes. Nest, in slight hollow
in meadow or pasture, often long distances from water ; April t5—
May 20; eggs 4. Beneficial.

274. Aegialitis semipalmata Bonap. Semipalmated plover.

Transient visitant ; fairly common in the fall. Aug. 20—Sept.
25. Uncommon in spring. Found on sandy or marshy shores.

277. Aegialitis meloda (Ord) Piping plover.

Transient visitant ; accidental. Owasco Lake, Auburn, 1876—
Auburn List, p. 30. Lockport, Aug. 20, 1885—J. L. Davison.

280. Aegialitis wilsonia (Ord) Wilson’s plover.

Summer visitant ; accidental. Penn Yan, spring, 1868—Auburn
List, p. 30. Oneida Lake, 1880—Ralph & Bagg List, p. 115.

Family APHRIZIDAE. Swi/ birds and turnstones.

283. Arenariainterpres (Linn.) Turnstone.
Transient visitant; fairly common in spring. May 15—June Io.
This bird is known as the ‘‘ black heart’’ on Canandaigua Lake,
where it sometimes occurs in large flocks. Uncommon in autumn.

Order GALLINAE. Gatllinaceous birds.
Family TETRAONIDAE. Gyvouse, Partridges, etc.

289. Colinus virginianus (Linn.) Bob-white.

Resident; fairly common, except in the colder, hilly and
mountainous districts. Found in thickets, meadows and hedgerows.
Occurs in bevies of 10-30,-after the breeding season is ended. Nest,
concealed in the grass, often at the foot of a small bush; May 25—June
15; eggs 10-20,

32 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

300. Bonasaumbellus (Linn.) Ruffed grouse.

Resident ; common in woodlands. It is making a good fight
against extermination and will succeed if the laws are enforced. Nest
on the ground at the foot of a stump or tree. April 15—May Io.
Have found fresh eggs on June 5, the first nest probably having been
destroyed ; eggs, 6-14.

300a. Bonasa umbellustogata (Linn.) Canadian ruffed grouse.

Resident ; occasionally met with in Erie County. Mr. L. A.
Fuertes reports it from Ithaca, where it is sometimes found in the
markets. Rochester, Nov. 29, 1900, a typical bird of their race was
killed by Mr. A. E. Babcock.

Family PHASIANIDAE. Pheasants, etc.

310a. Meleagris gallopavo fera (Vieill.) Wild turkey.

Formerly resident; long since exterminated. DeKay in his
zoology of the state, 1846, reports it as still found in Allegany and
Cattaraugus counties.

Phasianus torquatus Gmel. Mongolian pheasant.

This bird has been introduced with considerable success in
western New York, especially in the Genesee valley and in the warmer
counties which constitute the northern belt of the region. This
pheasant survives the cold and snowy winters and is known to breed
in several localities.

Order COLUMBAE. Pigeons.

Family COLUMBIDAE. Pigeons.

315. Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.) Passenger pigeon.

Formerly a transient in immense numbers, and an irregular
summer resident. Now rare or accidental. A young bird three-
fourths grown was taken by the writer at Springville, July 21, 1882 ;
a few were seen in Ithaca, spring of 18g92—L. A. Fuertes ; a flock in
Lewis County, May 22, 1896—Auk 14, 88. An adult male killed,
Canandaigua, Sept. 14, 1898—A. P. Wilbur.

The last great pigeon nesting in western New York was in 1868
near Ceres, about fifteen miles south of Olean, on Bell’s Run. Mr. Fred
R. Eaton of Olean, has furnished the following particulars; the height
of the nesting season was reached about the tenth of May. The

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK, 33

country occupied by the birds lay principally across the state line in
Pennsylvania; and millions of birds were nesting in the hemlock, pine
and hardwood trees, covering a strip of land about fourteen miles in
length. Ina large hemlock there frequently were 30 or 4o nests con-
taining eggs or young. Both male and female birds took part in
incubation and in feeding the squabs. The birds scattered mostly
toward the north, to feed upon beech mast and all kinds of grain.
Just before the laying they fed along the banks of streams and on low
ground, when many were taken by the netters. There was a great
flight of birds from the nesting grounds at dawn, consisting only of
red-breasted cocks; and another ‘‘cock flight’’ about the middle of
the afternoon of each day. The ‘‘ hen flight’’ occurred about eleven
in the forenoon.

_ During this nesting dozens of wagon-loads of squabs and old
birds were often shipped in one day from Olean.

After the Ceres nesting the birds nested further south in McKean

Co., Pennsylvania; but no remarkable nestings occurred after 1875.

316. Zenaidura macroura (Linn.) Mourning dove.

Summer resident ; common. Mar. 20—Nov. 15. Found in
orchards and woodlands, feeding in stubble-fields and coming to the
shores and ‘‘watering holes’’ in pastures to drink. Gathers in flocks of
10-50 in autumn. Nest, in the orchard or woods-on a low branch.
April 20—June 10; eggs 2. Mainly beneficial.

Order RAPTORES. Birds of prey.
Family CATHARTIDAE, American vultures.

325. Cathartes aura (Linn.) Turkey vulture.

Summer visitant ; occasional. Westmoreland, May, 1879—R.
& B., p. 117. Kendall, May 23, 1884—Auk, July 1884. Phelps,
July 3, 1891—Auk 8, 396. Clarendon, July 18, 1891—Auk, April,
1892. Maynard, Aug., 1896—Auk 14, 227. Penn Yan, ‘‘1885 and
1898’’—James Flahive. Geneva, Aug., 1894 ; Stanley, Sept., 1895 ;
Bristol, Dec. 28, 1897 ; Canandaigua, Aug. 13, 1899.

326. Catharista urubu (Vieill.) Black vulture.

Summer visitant ; accidental. Shelby Center, May 28, 1892—
Auk 16, 195. West Seneca, June, 1884, seen by Charles Linden
—Berg. p. Io.

3, Proc, Rock. Acap. Sci., Vor. 4, FEBRUARY 8, 1901.

34 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Family FALCONIDAE. Falcons, hawks, eagles, etc.
331. Circus hudsonius (Linn.) Marsh hawk.

Summer resident; fairly common. April 1—Oct. 20. Fre-
quents low meadows and swamps, flying and perching low. Like all
hawks, migrates by day. Nest, on the ground amidst the grass and
low bushes of the marsh, May 5-20; eggs, 4-5. Rather more
injurious than the red-tail, but destroys more mice than birds.

332. Accipiter velox (Wils.) Sharp-shinned hawk.

Summer resident. fairly common. Apr. 1—Nov. 10. Like the
following species, rarely seen in winter. Frequents mixed woodlands.
Nest, usually in evergreen trees, 12-40 feet from the ground, May 8
—June 5; eggs, 3-5. Injurious; feeds almost exclusively on small
birds, often visiting the orchard and farmyard.

333. Accipiter cooperii (Bonap.) Cooper’s hawk.

Summer resident; fairly common. Apr. I—Nov. 15; occa-
sional in winter. Found in mixed woodlands, often coming into the
fields, orchards and farmyards in search of birds. Nest, in the fork
of a tree, 25-50 feet from the ground, May I-20; eggs, 3-5.
Injurious ; feeds principally on birds and poultry.

334. Accipiter atricapillus (Wils.) American goshawk.

Winter visitant ; uncommon. Oct. 21—Mar. 20. Many records.
Found in woodlands of mixed evergreen and deciduous trees. Some-
times comes to the barnyard in quest of pigeons and chickens.
Injurious ; very destructive to game and poultry.

337. Buteo borealis (Gmel.) Red-tailed hawk.

Resident ; common. More partial to rugged, hilly woodlands
than the following species. Nest, in a tall tree, Mar. 15—Apr. 20 ;
eggs, 2-4. This hawk is more destructive to poultry, game and
small birds than our other ‘‘buzzards,’’ but does much good by
destroying mice and red squirrels.

339. Buteo lineatus (Gmel.) Red-shouldered hawk.

Summer resident; common. Mar. 1—Nov. 15. Occasional
resident. Found in swampy woods. Nest, in the fork of a decid-
uous tree, 30-70 feet from the ground, Apr. 1—May 10; eggs,
3-5. Mainly beneficial ; food, mice, frogs, insects, etc.

342. Buteo swainsoni Bonap. Swainson’s hawk. .

Accidental visitant. Brockport, Oct. 1, 1889—Short, p. 10.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 35

343. Buteo latissimus (Wils.) Broad-winged hawk.

Summer resident; rather rare. Mar.—Oct. Found in low,
open woods and swamps. Its nest has been found in Oneida Co.,
Apr. 24, 1883—R. & B., p. 118. Also probably breeds near
Buffalo—Ottomar Reinecke. Beneficial.

347a. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.) American
rough legged hawk.
Winter visitant ; fairly common. Oct.—Apr. Found in open
country perching on isolated trees or hunting over swamps and mead-
ows. Beneficial ; food, mice and other small quadrupeds.

349. Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.) Golden eagle.

Accidental visitant. Clinton, May, 1896—Auk ‘14, 227.
Rochester, Oct. 25, 1900.—This bird evidently struck an electric
light wire at night when dazzled by the light, on Clinton Avenue near
St. Michael’s church. Exhausted by long flight and fasting, and
injured by the blow it had received, the bird was captured in the
morning and is now in Seneca Park. Mr. C. E. Laney assures me
that the bird bore no marks of previous confinement.

352. Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linn.) Bald eagle.

Resident ; uncommon. Most frequently seen on the shores of
our lakes and along large streams. Apparently does not breed in
Western New York except at Sodus Bay.

354b. Falco rusticolus obsoletus (Gmel.) Black gyrfalcon.
Winter visitant; very rare. Monroe Co., Oct., 1890—Auk
Q, 203.

356. Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.) Duck hawk.

Transient visitant; rare. Ithaca, 1899—L. A. Fuertes. Grand
Island, 1885—Berg. p. 10. Seneca Lake, winter of 1878—Aub. p.
27. Breeds in Hamilton Co.—Auk 14, 226.

357- Falco columbarius Linn. Pigeon hawk.

Transient visitant; rather uncommon. Apr., Sept.—Nov. Usually
seen near the edges of woods or along the border of lakes and streams.
Reported as breeding near Buffalo—Berg. p. 10; and Naples—Short,
p. 11. Injurious; feeds mostly on small birds,

36 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

360. Falco sparverius Linn. American sparrow hawk.

Summer resident; common. March 15—Nov. 1. Occasionally
remains all winter. Frequents isolated trees, telegraph poles and the

borders of woods. Nest, in a hollow tree or a woodpecker’s hole, 20

—70 ft. from the ground; May 10-25; eggs 4-6. Mainly beneficial;

food, insects, mice and birds.

364. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmel.) American osprey.

Transient visitant; fairly common. April 12—May 15; Sept. 15—
Oct. 20. Occasionally seen throughout the summer. Found along
the lakes and rivers. Often visits small ponds far inland, Feeds al-
most exclusively on fish,

Family STRIGIDAE. ZAarn owls.

365. Strix pratincola Bonap. American barn owl.

Summer visitant; rather rare, Reported from Navy Island, Niag-
ara River,—Langille, p. 607. Buffalo, July 5, 1890—Auk 7, 400;
also July 18, 1895—Auk 12, 393. Cincinnatus, Sept. 13, 1891—Auk
10, 301. Marcy, Sept., 1898-Auk 17, 177. Canandaigua, June 18,
1900.

Family BUBONIDAE. Aorned owls, etc.

366. Asio wilsonianus (Less.) American long-eared owl.

Resident; fairly common. Frequents evergreen woods and dense
swamps. Nest, usually in an old crow’s or squirrel’s nest. Mr. C. F.
Stone found its nest in Potter Swamp, Yates County, May 16, 1898,
the eggs just hatching. Eggs 3-6. Mainly beneficial.

367. Asio accipitrinus (Pall.) Short-eared owl.

Winter visitant; fairly common in November and April, Not
known to breed, although specimens have been taken May 20 and
August 8. Found in grassy swamps, usually in small companies.
Quite active by day, but hunts mostly at twilight. Mainly beneficial,
a large portion of its food being mice.

368. Syrnium nebulosum (Forst.) Barred owl.

Resident; common in the more wooded districts. Nest, in a hol-
low tree or old crow’s nest; eggs 2-4. Not as beneficial as the screech
owl, nor as injurious as the great horned owl.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. ayy

370. Scotiaptex cinerea (Gmel.) Great gray owl.

Winter visitant; rare. Three records; Marcy and White Lake,
Oneida Co., and Painted Post, Steuben Co., all in February. R. &
Bap. 120), ), Auk 5; 1r0;aleq a2y-gar-

372. Nyctala acadica (Gmel.) Saw-whet owl,

Resident; rather rare in Western New York. ‘‘Not very uncom-
mon’’ in Oneida Co,, where it breeds in deserted woodpeckers’ holes,
March and April—R. & B. p. 120, Also Auk 7, 230. Beneficial.

373. Megascops asio (Linn.) Screech owl.

Resident; common, Frequents woods, orchards and shade trees.
Nest often built near the house in a hollow tree; April 1—25; eggs 4
—6. Mostly beneficial; food principally mice and insects, but destroys
some insectivorous birds,

375. Bubo virginianus (Gmel.) Great horned owl.

Resident ; common in wooded districts. By day it is found among
evergreens in swamps and rugged ravines. Nest, in an old hawk’s or
crow’s nest; Feb. 20—March 15; eggs 2-3. Injurious; destroys
poultry, grouse, rabbits, skunks, etc.

376. Nyctea nyctea (Linn.) Snowy owl.

Winter visitant ; occasional. Oct. 20—March. Some winters it
is common, e. g., 1876-77.
377a- Surnia ulula caparoch (Miill.) American hawk owl.

Winter visitant ; rare. Naples, two instances of its occurrence—
Short p. 11. Onondaga Co., three records—A. W. Perrior. Niagara
Co., ‘‘ rare winter visitor’’—Davison. Clark’s Mills, Oneida Co., 1885
—R. & B. p. 122. Holly—Auk 16, 195. Gorham, Nov., 1875—
Oe ke: 6,13:

Order PSITTACI. /arrots, ete.
Family PSITTACIDAE,. Parrots.

382. Conurus carolinensis (Linn.) Carolina paroquet.

Now extinct in this region. Formerly, according to Audubon,
this species ranged as far north as the southern shore of Lake Ontario,
See also Auk, 1891, pp. 369-379.

38 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Order COCCYGES. Cuckoos, etc.
Family CUCULIDAE. (Cuckoos, etc.

387. Coccyzus americanus (Linn.) Yellow-billed cuckoo.

Summer resident; fairly common. May 10o—Sept. 15. Fre-
quents groves, hedgerows and thickets, especially on the borders of
swamps and streams. Nest, near the ground in a thick bush or vine ;
June 10-30 ; eggs 3-5, usually laid at intervals of a few days. Bene-
ficial, fond of tent caterpillars.

388. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.) Black-billed cuckoo.
Summer resident; common. May 1o—Sept. 25. Found in
groves, orchards and hedgerows. Nest, a few feet from the ground
in a thick bush ; June 1-30; eggs 2-5. Beneficial like the preceding.
Family ALCEDINIDAE. <Aingjishers.
390. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.) Belted kingfisher.

Summer resident; common. Apr. 6—Noy. 1. Occasionally
seen in winter. Found along streams and the shores of lakes and
ponds. Nest, in a bank at the end of a hole 5—8 feet in length ; Apr.
15—May 20; eggs 5-7. Destructive to young fish and tadpoles.

Order PICI. Woodpeckers, etc.
Family PICIDAE. Woodpeckers.

393» Dryobates.villosus (Linn.) Hairy woodpecker.

Resident ; fairly common. Frequents woodlands ; sometimes
visits orchards and shade trees. Nest, excavated in a dead limb or
stub ; Apr. 20—May 25; eggs 4-5. Beneficial, like all the wood-
peckers, by destroying grubs, beetles, etc.
394c. Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swains.) Downy wood-

pecker.

Resident ; common. Frequents woodlands and orchards. Nest,
in a dead limb, 15-50 feet from the ground ; Apr. 25—May 30; eggs
4-5- ;

- 400. Picoides arcticus (Swains.) Arctic three-toed woodpecker.

Winter visitant; rare. Tully, Feb. 27, 1880; and Syracuse,
Dec. 25, .1883—Auk 7, 206. Ithaca, winter of 1895-96—L. A.
Fuertes. Orleans County, 3 records—J. A. Davison.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 39

402. Sphyrapicus varius (Linn.) Yellow-bellied sapsucker.

Transient visitant; common. Apr. 1o—May 15; Sept. 15—
Oct. 20. Occasional summer resident. Reported as breeding in
Cayuga, Yates and Oneida Counties. Found in woods, orchards and
shade trees during migration. Often does harm by girdling young
trees to feed on the sap, 50-100 holes through the bark in a single
ring being not uncommon. Otherwise beneficial.

405a. Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola Bangs. Northern pileated
woodpecker.

Resident ; occasionally found in the wildest and most secluded
hemlock woods, especially in the counties of Erie, Cattaraugus and
Allegany. According to Mr. Ottomar Reinecke it breeds in Tona-
wanda Swamp. At Springville I have known of only four birds of
this species captured in ten years.

406. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn.) Red-headed wood-
pecker.

Summer resident; common. May 5—Oct. 1. When _ beech-
nuts are abundant this species always remains throughout the year ;
otherwise migrates as above stated. Frequents woodlands, groves
and telegraph poles. Nest, in a dry stub; May 15—June 20;
eggs 4-5. Fond of cherries, berries and apples, but mostly beneficial.

409. Melanerpes carolinus (Linn.) Red-bellied woodpecker.

Resident, at least in Erie, Monroe and Ontario counties ; not
very uncommon. Found mostly in dry woodlands of beech and
maple. Breeds, Springville, June, 1896. Also at Benton, May, 1898—
Burdette Wright.

412a. Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs Northern flicker.

Summer resident ; abundant. Apr. 10o—Oct. 20. Occasionally
found in winter. Frequents orchards and groves, often feeding on
the ground in open fields and pastures. Nest, excavated in a dry
limb or stub, 10-70 feet from the ground ; May 1o—June 30; eggs
5-7. Beneficial ; destroys ants, grubs and beetles. Its fruit diet is
mostly confined to wild cherries, poke berries, woodbine, etc.

40 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

Order MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, swifts, etc.

Family CAPRIMULGIDAE. Goatsuckers, etc.

417. Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.) Whip-poor-will.
Summer resident ; fairly common in secluded glens and wood-
lands. May 2—Sept. 15. Beneficial.

420. Chordeiles virginianus (Gmel.) Nighthawk.

Summer resident ; often seen in large towns and cities. May 10
—Sept. 25. Common in August and Sept. about wide fields and
open woods. Seen circling in air at early evening. Nest, usually on
flat roof of large buildings ; eggs 2. Beneficial.

Family MICROPODIDAE. Swifts.

423. Chaetura pelagica (Linn.) Chimney swift.

Summer resident ; abundant. Apr. 25—Sept. 30. Practically
seen only in the air. Nest, in chimney, rarely in gable of barn ; May
15—July 10; eggs 4-5. Beneficial.

Family TROCHILIDAE. Hummingbirds.

428. Trochilus colubris Linn. Ruby-throated hummingbird.

Summer resident; common. May 1o—Sept. 10. Found in
dooryards, orchards and woods. Nest, on limb of apple, maple,
beech or tamarack tree, 8—4o feet from the ground ; June 5—July 20 ;
eggs 2. Beneficial.

Order PASSERES. ferching birds.
Family TYRANNIDAE. Tyrant flycatchers.

444. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn) Kingbird.

Summer resident; abundant. May 1—Sept. 1. Frequents
orchards, fields and roadsides. Nest, usually in apple tree or thorn
bush ; May 20—June 15; eggs 3-5. Mostly beneficial, sometimes
destroys bees, but mostly drones.

452. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.) Crested flycatcher.

Summer resident ; fairly common. May 6—Aug. 20. Found
in groves and woodlands. Nest, in hollow tree or stump, or deserted
woodpecker’s hole ; May 30—June 15; eggs 4.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK, 41

456. Sayornis phoebe (Lath.) Phoebe.

Summer resident ; abundant. Apr. 5—Oct. 15. Found about
dooryards and in vicinity of streams. Nest, in porches, eaves, sheds,
bridges or overhanging banks; Apr. 20—June 15; two broods ;
eggs 3-5. Beneficial, like all the flycatchers.

459. Contopus borealis (Swains.) Olive-sided flycatcher.

Transient visitant; rare. Canandaigua Lake, Oct. 22, 1898.
Orchard Park, 1885—Berg. p. 13. Lockport, ‘‘rare’’—Davison.
Penn Yan—Aub. p. 23.

461. Contopus virens (Linn.) Wood pewee.

Summer resident; abundant. May 15—Sept. 1. Found in
groves, orchards and woodlands. Nest, saddled on limb of apple
tree, hemlock or maple, June 5—July 20; eggs, 3-4.

463. Empidonax flaviventris Baird Yellow-bellied flycatcher.

Transient visitant; uncommon. Rare summer resident. Tully
Lake, summer of 1884—A. W. Perrior, reporting the observation of
J. A. Dakin. Buffalo, ‘‘breeds’’—Ottomar Reinecke. Lockport,
‘“‘rare’’—Davison. Oneida Co., breeds, June 24, 1885—R. & B. p.
126. Hulberton, Orleans Co., May 26, 1890—Auk 16, 195.

465. Empidonax virescens (Vieill.) Green-crested flycatcher.

Summer resident ; rather uncommon. May 12—August. Syra-
cuse, tolerably common—A. W. Perrior. Auburn, ‘‘breeds’’—Aub.
p- 23. Buffalo, ‘‘breeds’’—Ottomar Reinecke. Lockport, rare,
nest found June 14, 1887—Davison. Ithaca, June 4, 1899—T. L.
Hankinson.

466a. Empidonax traillii alnorum Brewst. Alder flycatcher.

Summer resident ; rather uncommon. May 10o—Aug. Reported
as not uncommon and breeding at Buffalo, Ithaca, Auburn and Utica.
The last record of its breeding is at Penn Yan, July 22, 1900, eggs
hatching—Verdi Burtch.

467. Empidonax minimus Baird Least flycatcher.

Summer resident; common. May 6—Aug. 20. Found in
orchards and groves. Nest, in apple tree or maple tree, May 20—
june 30°;, eepsy 3-5.

42 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Family ALAUDIDAE. Larks.

474. Otocoris alpestris (Linn.) Horned lark.

Winter visitant ; fairly common. Nov.—Mar. Associates with
the prairie horned lark.

474b. Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. Prairie horned lark.

Resident ; abundant in spring and fall. Feb. 20—Apr. 10;
Sept. 20—Nov. 10. Not common in winter. Found in meadows
and plowed fields. Breeds Mar. 1o—Apr. 10. Second brood often
reared in May. Half-fledged young reported at Buffalo in February,
—see ‘‘ Forest and Stream,’’ 14, 489. Eggs, 4. Beneficial.

Family CORVIDAE. Crows, jays, maghfies, etc.
477. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.) Blue jay.
Resident ; common in wooded districts. In fall and winter often
visits orchards and cornfields. Nest, in a small evergreen tree, Apr.

1—May 10; eggs, 4-6. Injurious from its destruction of eggs and
young of insectivorous birds.

486a. Corvus corax principalis Ridgw. Northern raven.

Rare or accidental visitant, Skeleton found in Wayne Co., 1875,
is reported in the Auburn List. Specimen shot on Canandaigua
Lake about 1885 is in the possession of Dr. Lot D. Sutherland of
Canandaigua.

488. Corvus americanus Aud. American crow.

Resident ; abundant. In winter they roost in immense rook-
eries ; one near Canandaigua is frequented by many thousands ; by
day scattering over widely extended country. Nest, 15-70 feet from
the ground ; Apr. 1—May 15 ; eggs, 4-6. Does much good in the
destruction of cut-worms, May beetles, grasshoppers, etc., but more
harm, not merely in injuring newly planted crops, ripening grain,
green peas, early apples, etc., but principally in destroying the eggs
and young of smaller insectivorous birds.

Family ICTERIDAE. Blackbirds, orioles, etc.

494. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.) Bobolink.

Summer resident; common. May 4—Sept. 15. Frequents
meadows in early summer; in fall, grassy swamps. Here it does
not gather in the large flocks seen further south. Nest, on the
ground, in the thick grass; May 20—June 10; eggs 4-6. Beneficial
with us, from destruction of insects and weed seeds.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK, 43

495. Molothrus ater (Bodd.) Cowbird.

Summer resident ; abundant. Mar. 20—Oct. 25. Occasional
in winter. Found in pastures, orchards and hedgerows. In autumn
gregarious like all blackbirds, feeding in grain fields and meadows.
Entirely parasitic, a variety of hosts being selected, varying in size
from yellow warbler to mourning dove. Warblers, vireos and the
chipping sparrow usually chosen. This bird is a menace to the
increase of our smaller insectivorous birds.

498. Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.) Red-winged blackbird.

Summer resident ; abundant. Mar. 1o—Nov. Io, Frequents
swamps and lowland pastures. Nest, over the water in the sedge
grass or low bush ; May 3—June 15 ; eggs 4-5. Large flocks in fall
do much damage to the ripening grain ; otherwise beneficial.

501. Sturnella magna (Linn.) Meadowlark.

Summer resident ; common. Mar. 12—Nov. 20. Occasional in
winter. Found in meadows, pastures and swamps. Nest, concealed
in the grass ; May 10—July 10 (probably a second brood); eggs 4-5.
Beneficial.

506. Icterus spurius (Linn.) Orchard oriole.

Summer resident ; rather uncommon. May 15—Aug. Reported
from Holly, Gaines, Chili, Cayuga, Ithaca, Utica, and Port Byron.
Has bred at Lakeside Park—Auk 16, 195; Buffalo—Ottomar Rei-
necke ; Montezuma, May 27, 1899—Burdette Wright; Hamilton,
May 26, 1899—Geo. C. Embody.

507. Icterus galbula (Linn.) Baltimore oriole.

Summer resident; abundant. May 3—Sept. 1. Frequents
orchards and shade trees. Nest, usually suspended from the droop- -
ing branches of an elm, or the twigs of an apple or maple tree, 10-40
feet from the ground ; May 15—June 10; eggs 4-6. Mainly benefi-
cial, but sometimes destroys fruit buds, green peas and small fruits.

508. Icterus bullocki (Swains.) Bullock’s oriole.
Accidental visitant. This western species was taken at Onondaga
Valley, May 17, 1879, by J. A. Dakin—A. W. Perrior.
509. Scolecophagus carolinus (Miill.) Rusty blackbird.
Transient visitant ; abundant in the fall; fairly common in the
spring. April 1-30; Sept. 1o—Nov. 15. Practically confined to
the vicinity of water, and wades almost as well as any snipe.

44 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

511b. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus (Ridgw.) Bronzed grackle.

Summer resident; abundant. Mar. 12—Nov. 10. Feeds in
pastures, plowed fields and along the borders of ponds and streams.
Nest, usually in evergreens, often several in the same tree. Apr. 20
—June 1. I have found the nest of this species in a deserted wood-
pecker’s hole; eggs 4-5. Often destructive to newly planted corn
and ripening grain.

Family FRINGILLIDAE. Finches, sparrows, etc.

514. Coccothraustes vespertinus (Coop.) Evening grosbeak.

Winter visitant ; rare and irregular in occurrence. Reported
from Buffalo, Medina, Lockport, Brockport, Gaines, Chili, Naples,
Wayland and Ithaca in the winter of 1889-1890; from Brant and
Buffalo, winter of 1886-87 (as late as Apr. 15) ; and from Marcellus,
July 8, 1882—Auk, Oct., 1888 ; also at Clinton—Egbert Bagg.

515. Pinicola enucleator canadensis (Cab.) Pine grosbeak.

Winter visitant ; like crossbills, of irregular occurrence. Found
in small flocks feeding on fruit of mountain ash, black ash, tamarack,
etc. Springville, Dec. 30, 1882. Lockport, Feb. 29, 1883—Davison.
Bristol, Dec. 21-30, 1895. Yates Co., Mar. 15, 1896—Verdi Burtch.
‘¢Common, winter of 1895-96’’-—Short, p. 14.

517. Carpodacus purpureus (Gmel.) Purple finch.

Summer resident ; fairly common ; common as transient visitant.
Mar. 25—Nov. 5. Found in orchards and groves. Nest, usually in
evergreens 10-20 feet from the ground ; May 1o—June 15 ; eggs 3-5.

‘521. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm) American crossbill.
Winter visitant ; irregular, but often fairly common. Nov.—

May 12. Accidental in summer ; Lockport, June 8 and July 28,

1888—Davison. Found among coniferous trees in small flocks.

522. Loxialeucoptera Gmel. White-winged crossbill.

Winter visitant ; irregular. Found in flocks, feeding on seeds of '
coniferous trees. Auburn, Dec. 24, 1878—Aub. p. 17; Springville,
Dec. 28, 1882; Holly, Feb., 1888—Auk 16, 195; Benton Centre,
Feb. 28, 1897; also Penn Yan, Feb. 4—Apr. 19, 1900—Verdi
Burtch. °

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 45

528. Acanthis linaria (Linn.) Redpoll.

Winter visitant ; of irregular occurrence. Cayuga Co., common,
fall and winter of 1878-1879 ; Erie Co., common, winter of 1880-1881,
Nov. 25—Apr. 6. Some years not found at all. Occurs in flocks,
feeding on seeds of the birch, alder and weeds.

529. Astragalinus tristis (Linn.) American goldfinch.

Resident ; abundant in summer, of irregular distribution in
winter. Found in gardens, fields, orchards and hedgerows ; swamps
in winter. The latest of our birds to breed ; July 5—Aug. 10. Nest,
in bush or low tree ; eggs 4-5. Beneficial.

533. Spinus pinus (Wils.) Pine siskin.

Winter visitant; rather irregular in distribution ; sometimes
abundant and sometimes not seen for years in a given locality. Nov.
—Apr.

534. Passerina nivalis (Linn.) Snowflake.

Winter visitant; some years abundant. Oct. 25—Mar. 15.

Travels in flocks, feeding on weed seeds in the open field.

536. Calcarius lapponicus (Linn.) Lapland longspur.
Winter visitant ; rare. Several records. The last, Canandaigua,
Jan. 27, 1898. Found in company with snowflakes.

540. Pooecetes gramineus (Gmel.) Vesper sparrow.

Summer resident; abundant. Apr. 2—Nov. 1. Frequents
open fields and roadsides. Nest, on the ground among the grass ;
May 2—June 30; two broods ; eggs 4-5. Beneficial, like all our native
sparrows.

542a. Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna (Wils.) Savanna
sparrow.

Summer resident; common. Apr. 1o—Oct. 20. Found in
open fields, prefers lower meadows than the vesper sparrow. - Nest,
on the ground among the thick grass, May 5—July 15 ; two broods ;
eggs, 3-5-

546. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus (Wils.) Grass-
hopper sparrow.

Summer resident ; fairly common among rolling sand-hills, but
by no means of general distribution. May 18—Oct. 5. Nest found
at Maplewood, Monroe Co., June 1, 1893—Short, p. 15. Also at
Phelps and Chili.

46 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

547. Ammodramus henslowii (Aud.) Henslow’s sparrow.
Summer resident ; rare. Syracuse, June 30, 1887—Auk 4, 350.

548. Ammodramus leconteii (Aud.) Leconte’s sparrow.
Transient visitant; rare. Ithaca, Oct. 11, 1897—Auk 15, 189.

549. 1. Ammodramus nelsoni (Allen) Nelson’s sparrow.

Transient visitant ; rarely detected in its marshy habitat. Utica,
Oct. 12, 1883—R. & B. p. 131.. Canandaigua, Oct. 7, 1895.
Hamilton, Oct. 8, 1898—George C. Embody.

549. 1a. AmMmodramus nelsoni subvirgatus (Dwight) Acadian
sharp-tailed sparrow.
Transient visitant ; rarely seen. Penn Yan, Oct. 7, 1896—Auk
14, 93. Ithaca, Oct., 1897, several observed—L. A. Fuertes.
554. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.) White-crowned sparrow.
Transient visitant ; fairly common. May 5-25; Sept. 20—Oct.
15. Frequents hedgerows and shrubbery.
558. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.) White-throated sparrow.
Transient visitant; abundant. Apr. 24—May 12; Sept. 15—
Oct. 30. Found in scattered companies among briers and shrubbery.
559. Spizella monticola (Gmel.) Tree sparrow.

Winter visitant; abundant, especially in late fall and early
spring. Oct. 20—Apr. 25. Found in small companies among weeds
and shrubbery, along the edges of woods and swamps.

560. Spizella socialis (Wils.) Chipping sparrow.

Summer resident; abundant. Apr. 12—Oct. 25. Frequents
orchards and shade trees. Nest, few feet from ground, in porch vines,
shade trees, etc. ; eggs 4-5.

563. Spizella pusilla (Wils.) Field sparrow.
Summer resident ; fairly common. Apr. 1o—Nov. 1. Found

in bushy hillside pastures and open woods. Nest, on or near the
ground ; May 15—June 20; eggs 4-5.

567- Junco hyemalis (Linn.) Slate-colored junco.

Transient visitant; abundant. Mar. 25—Apr. 20; Sept. 25—
Nov. 20. Occasional resident. Breeds in higher and cooler localities,
regularly at Springville and Olean; May 1o—June 15. Nest, in
mixed woodlands on mossy banks ; eggs 4.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 47

581. Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.) Song sparrow.

Summer resident ; abundant. Rare in winter. Mar. ro—Nov.
12. Frequents gardens, shrubbery, edges of fields and borders of
streams. Nest, on or near the ground; May 1—July 20; two or
three broods reared; eggs 4-5. Beneficial by destroying noxious
seeds and insects.

583. Melospiza lincolnii (Aud.) Lincoln’s sparrow.

Transient visitant ; apparently rare. Last records: Ithaca, May
12, 1899—L. A. Fuertes; and Buffalo, Oct. 27, 1g00—James Savage.
Breeds in Herkimer Co.—Bul. Nutt. Orn. Club, 6, 246; also R. & B.
Bs £32.

584. Melospiza georgiana (Lath.) Swamp sparrow.

Summer resident; common. Apr. 15—Nov. 10. Frequents
grass and tangled slfrubbery of the marshes. Nest, on or near the
ground ; May 15—June 10; eggs 4-5.

585. Passerella iliaca (Merr.) Fox sparrow.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. Mar. 25—Apr. 18; Oct. 10
—Nov. 10.

587. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.) Towhee.

Summer resident ; fairly common in bushy pastures and ‘‘slash-
ings.’ Apr. 15—Oct. 20. Nest, on the ground at the foot of a small
bush or stump ; June 1-30; eggs 4.

593. Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.) Cardinal.

Occasional visitant from the south ; several instances recorded.
Lockport, May 10, 1883; also twice in January—J. L. Davison.
Onondaga Co., two records—A. W. Perrior. Bluff Point, Keuka
Lake—James Flahive. Buffalo—Berg. p. 15.

595. Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linn.) Rose-breasted grosbeak.
Summer resident ; fairly common in moist or swampy woods.
May 7—Sept. 15. Nest, in a bush or tree, 8-20 feet from the ground ;
May 15—June 20; eggs 3-5, usually 4.
598. Cyanospiza cyanea (Linn.) Indigo bunting.
Summer resident ; common. May 10o—Sept. 30. Frequents the

borders of woods, berry-patches and copses. Nest, in a low bush ;
May 30—July 20; two broods ; eggs 3-5.

48 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

604. Spiza americana (Gmel.) Dickcissel.

Accidental summer visitant. Small flock seen at Tully in 1883
—A. W. Perrior.

Family TANAGRIDAE. /Tanagers.

608. Piranga erythromelas Vieill. Scarlet tanager.

Summer resident ; fairly common in woodlands. May 7—Sept.
30. Nest, on a horizontal limb 10-50 feet from the ground, May 20
—June 15; eggs, 3-4.
610. Pirangarubra (Linn.) Summer tanager.

Summer visitant ; accidental. Two birds of this species recorded
at Olean by Mr. W. V. Smith.

Family HIRUNDINIDAE. Swallows.
611. Progne subis (Linn.) Purple martin,

Summer resident ; fairly common about towns and cities. Apr.
18—Aug. 30. Nest, in martin boxes or about the cornices of tall
buildings ; May 15—June 20. This species is diminishing in num-
bers, due to the occupation of its nesting sites by the English spar-
rows. Beneficial like all the swallows.

612. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say) Cliff swallow.

Summer resident; common. Apr. 24—Sept. 8. Nests, almost
invariably in the eaves of a large barn, in communities of 5-100 ;
May 14—July 10; eggs 4-5; sometimes two broods. Before the
autumn migration this species and the barn swallow, together with a
few of other species, gather in countless numbers at chosen spots to
roost in low willows. Near Springville is such a swallow roost. It is
most populous about Aug. 20. The birds gather at sunset and scat-
ter again at daybreak.

613. Hirundo erythrogaster Bodd. Barn swallow.

Summer resident; abundant. Apr. 15—Sept. 12. Migrates
mostly by day. Frequents barns and sheds. Nest, on beams or
rafters, sometimes under the eaves; May 5—July 30; two broods ;
eggs 4-6.

614. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.) Tree swallow.

Summer resident ; fairly common. Apr. 2—Sept. 28. Often

abundant in April and September. Migrates by day in large companies.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 49

Nest, in a hollow stump, tree or bird-box ; May 25—June 15 ; eggs 5.
More fond of living near the water than all other swallows, except the
rough-winged species.

616. Clivicola riparia (Linn.) Bank swallow.

Summer resident; abundant. Apr. 21—Aug. 25. Breeds,
usually, in large communities in sandbanks; May 15—June 20;
eggs 4-6.

617. Stelgidopteryx sterripennis (Aud.) Rough-winged swal-
low.

Summer resident; rather uncommon. Apr. 25—Aug. 10.
Breeds in small communities along the shaly banks of the ‘‘Finger

Lakes’’ and sometimes in the sides of gravel pits. Fresh eggs found
June 15 ; eggs 6-8.

Family AMPELIDAE. lWaxwings, etc.

618. Ampelis garrulus Linn. Bohemian waxwing.

Winter visitant ; occasional. Reported from Buffalo, Lockport,
Penn Yan, Syracuse and Utica. Last record, Syracuse, Feb. 10,
1899—E. H. Johonnot per A. W. Perrior.

619. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.) Cedar waxwing.

Resident; common. Somewhat erratic in winter, but many
flocks survive the coldest weather, feeding on cedar and mountain ash
berries. Nest, in orchards and shade trees ; June 1-20; eggs 5.

Family LANIIDAE. S&rikes.

621. Lanius borealis Vieill. Northern shrike.

Winter visitant ; fairly common. Oct. 25—Apr. 12. Frequents
the borders of woods and isolated trees in wide meadows and pastures.
Often enters the city in quest of English sparrows. Partly injurious,
but the majority of its food is meadow mice.

622. Lanius ludovicianus Linn. Loggerhead shrike.

Summer resident; fairly common. Mar. 25—Oct. 1. Fre-
quents upland fields, pastures and hillsides, especially among scattered
thorn-trees. Nest, in a low thorn-apple tree; Apr. 20—May 15;
eggs 4-6. A second brood (probably), June 30. Mostly beneficial.

4, Proc. Rocu. Acap. oF Sc., VoL. 4, FEBRUARY 15, Igor.

50 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

622a. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (Swains.) White-
rumped shrike.
What has been written about the preceding species may also be
said of the white-rumped shrike, if the current descriptions of these
species are to stand.

Family VIREONIDAE. VJireos.

624. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.) Red-eyed vireo.

Summer resident ; abundant. May 11—Sept. 5. Found both
in dooryards and woodlands. Nest, suspended from a twig about
5-10 feet from the ground ; May 25—June 30; eggs 4. Like all the
vireos, very beneficial.

626. Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.) Philadelphia vireo.

Transient visitant; rare in Ontario and Monroe counties.
Onondaga Co., not common—A. W. Perrior. Niagara Co., rather
rare—J. L. Davison. Buffalo, rare migrant—Berg. p. 17.

627. Vireo gilvus (Vieill.) Warbling vireo.

Summer resident; common. May 4—Sept. 15. Frequents
shade trees, orchards and groves. Nest, usually in an apple or maple
tree, 12-20 feet from’the ground ; May 18—June 10; eggs 3-4.

628. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. Yellow-throated vireo.

Transient visitant; common. Summer resident; occasional.
May 5—Sept. 1. Nest, on a branch about 10-30 feet from the
ground ; May 25—June 15; eggs 4.

629. Vireo solitarius (Wils.) Blue-headed vireo.

Transient visitant; uncommon. May 5-30, Sept. 1-20. Some-
times found in summer above the 1,500-foot line of the Alleghany
foot-hills.

629b. Vireo solitarius plumbeus (Coues) Plumbeous vireo.
Accidental visitant. One record for central New York, Peter-
boro, Madison Co., Sept. 24, 1893—Auk, Jan. 1894, 79.

631. Vireo noveboracensis (Gmel.) White-eyed vireo.

Summer resident; rare. Onondaga Co., ‘‘rare’’—A. W.
Perrior. Buffalo, ‘‘ rare migrant’’—Berg. p. 17. Penn Yan— Aub.
p. 16. Breeds near Lockport—Lang. p. 254.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 51
Family MNIOTILTIDAE. Wood warblers.

636. Mniotilta varia (Linn.) Black and white warbler.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. Occasional summer resident.
Apr. 28—Aug. 20. Found in woodlands, especially along the
gullies of the ‘‘ Finger Lakes.’’

637. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.) Prothonotary warbler.
Accidental visitant, Buffalo, ‘‘ rare migrant—Chas. Linden,’’—

Berg. p. 17.

639: -Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel.) Worm-eating warbler.
Summer resident ; rare. Breeds at Branchport, June, 1896—C.

N. Davis ; also 1899—C. F. Stone. Chili, occasional migrant—Short,
p- 17. Penn Yan, occurs regularly—Aub. p. to. Also Lang. p. 604.

641. Helminthophila pinus (Linn.) Blue-winged warbler.

Transient visitant ; rare. Reported in Auburn List, p. to.
Also in Bergtold’s List, p. 17. Lockport, July 21, 1889—Davison.
Elmira, May 22, 1867—Gregg, p. 21.

642. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linn. ) Golden-winged warb-
ler.

Transient visitant ; rare. Penn Yan, May, 1872—Aub., p. 11.
Onondaga Valley, May, 1879—A. D. Brainard per A. W. Perrior.
Buffalo, rare—Berg. p. 17. Elmira, May 22, 1867—Gregg, p. 21.
Summer resident at Chili, Medina and Naples—Short, p. 17.

645. Helminthophila rubricapilla (Wils.) Nashville warbler.
Transient visitant ; fairly common. May 4-16. Found in open

woodlands, mostly among deciduous trees. Rare summer resident

at Chili—Short, p. 17. Also at Holland Patent—R. & B. p. 137.

646. Helminthophila celata (Say) Orange-crowned warbler.

Transient visitant ; rare. Syracuse, Oct. 2, 1886—Auk 4, 350.
Utica, Sept. 16, 1880—R. & B. p. 137.

647. Helminthophila peregrina (Wils.) Tennessee warbler.

Transient visitant ; rather rare. Auburn, Sept. 18, 1878—Aub.
p. 11. Utica, Sept. 30, 1879—R. & B. p.137. Lockport, Oct.
31, 1880—Davison. Ithaca, May, 1895—L. A. Fuertes. Chili, rare
summer resident—Short, p. 17.

52 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

648a. Compsothlypis americana usneae Brewst. Northern
parula warbler.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. May 10-30; Sept. I-20.
Found in orchards and woodlands. ‘‘ Common summer resident’’—
Aub. p. 10, also R. & B. p. 137. ‘‘Rare summer resident’’—Short,
p: ES.

650. Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.) Cape May warbler.

Transient visitant ; uncommon. Syracuse, tolerably common—
A. W. Perrior. Ithaca, May 10,1899—L. A. Fuertes. Buffalo, rare
migrant—Berg. p. 17. Penn Yan—Aub. p. 12. Oneida Co.—R.
SB. op: ols 7
652. Dendroica aestiva (Gmel.) Yellow warbler.

Summer resident; abundant. May 1—Sept. 25. Found in

gardens, orchards and edges of groves. Nest, usually 5-8 feet from
the ground ; eggs 4-5. Beneficial like all the warblers.

654. Dendroica caerulescens (Gmel.) Black-throated blue
warbler.

Transient visitant; common. May 10-25; Sept. 15—Oct. 12.
Occasional summer resident; found breeding near Buffalo, Spring-
ville, Utica and Branchport. Nest placed amidst dense undergrowth ;
June I-15; eggs 3-5.

655. Dendroica coronata (Linn.) Myrtle warbler.

Transient visitant; abundant. Apr. 24—May 18; Sept. 15—
Oct. 25. According to Mr. Ottmar Reinecke it breeds near Buffalo.
Usually found in small companies, frequenting thickets and wood-
lands.

657. Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.) Magnolia warbler.

Transient visitant ; common. Occasional summer resident. May
12—Sept. 25. Frequents mixed woodlands and found breeding at
Springville, June 1, 1895 ; also Yates Co., June 4, 1899—C. N. Davis.
658. Dendroica rara Wils. Cerulean warbler.

Summer resident ; locally not uncommon. May 12—?. Breeds
near Buffalo, Lockport, Chili, Penn Yan, Seneca River and Oneida.
Auk 5, 430; also 17, 178.

659. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linn.) Chestnut-sided warbler.

Summer resident ; common. May 8—Sept. 5. Found in thickets.
and edges of woods. Nest, in a low bush, usually in berry patches ;
May 15—June 10; eggs 3-4. Second brood sometimes reared, July 5.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 53

660. Dendroica castanea (Wils.) Bay-breasted warbler.
Transient visitant; common in the spring of 1897 and 1808.
Usually of fairly common occurrence. May 12-28; Sept. 15-30.

661. Dendroica striata (Forst.) Black-poll warbler.
Transient visitant ; common. May 21—June 5; Sept. 1o—Oct.
15. Found in orchards and groves.

662. Dendroica blackburniae (Gmel.) Blackburnian warbler.

Transient visitant ; common. Occasional summer resident. May
8—Sept. 25. Breeds in the higher and cooler forests of hemlock,
birch and maple, Springville, June 1, 1895; also in Tonawanda
Swamp—Langille.

667. Dendroica virens (Gmel.) Black-throated green warbler.

Summer resident ; fairly common. May 5—Oct. 15. Found in
moist, mixed woodlands. Nest, 20-40 feet from the ground, usually
in hemlock trees ; June 1-20; eggs 4.

671. Dendroica vigorsii (Aud.) Pine warbler.

Transient visitant ; uncommon. Ithaca, ‘‘ not rare in spring and
fall” —L. A. Fuertes... Lockport; ‘‘rare’’—J. L. Davisen: Syr-
acuse, ‘‘rare’’—A. W. Perrior. Breeds at Oneida Lake, 1889—
Egbert Bagg.

672. Dendroica palmarum (Gmel.) Palm warbler.

Transient visitant; rather rare. Has been taken at Buffalo,
Penn Yan, Lockport, and Utica. Last records, Holly, May 12, 1888
—Auk 16, 195. Utica, several taken—Egbert Bagg.

672a. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgw. Yellow palm
warbler.

Transient visitant; uncommon. Apr. 18—May 10; Sept. 20—
Oct. 15. Found among bushes and low trees, often feeding on the
ground. Ithaca, ‘‘not uncommon in early spring’’—L. A. Fuertes.
Syracuse, rare migrant—A. W. Perrior.

673. Dendroica discolor (Vieill.) Prairie warbler.

Summer visitant; accidental. Penn Yan, two specimens col-
lected by James Flahive. DeKay says it is abundant along the shores
of Lake Erie.

54 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

674. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.) Oven-bird.

Summer resident ; abundant. May 4—Sept. 10. Found in all
woodlands. Nest, on the ground, by a small bush or bunch of
grass ; May 20—June 10; eggs 4-5.

675. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.) Water-thrush.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. May 4-20: Aug. 1—Sept.
20. Found in swampy woods. According to Bergtold, Short and
Bagg, this species breeds. I have never had the fortune to find it in
the breeding season.

676. Seiurus motacilla (Vieill.) Louisiana water-thrush.

Summer resident ; common in the gullies of the ‘‘Finger Lakes’’
and along many woodland streams. Apr. 20—Aug. 20. Nest, near
the water among the ferns, roots and mosses; May 20—June 15;
eggs 4-6.

677. Geothlypis formosa (Wils.) Kentucky warbler.

Transient visitant; rare. Not reported as yet in summer.
Potter Swamp, Yates Co., Sept. 27, 1896—C. F. Stone. Chili, May,
1894—Short, p. 18.

678. Geothlypis agilis (Wils.) Connecticut warbler.

Transient visitant; uncommon. Cayuga Co., Sept. 7 and 17,
1878—Aub. p. 13. Yates Co., Sept. 17, 1896—Verdi Burtch.
Utica, Sept. 18, 1880; Sept. 8, 1881—R. & B. p. 141. Chili, Aug.
1893—Short, p. 18. Penn Yan, Sept. 4, 5 and 8, 1900—Verdi
Burtch.

679. Geothlypis philadelphia (Wils.) Mourning warbler.

Summer resident; fairly common. May 15—Sept. 20. Found
in woodlands among brier patches and thickets. Nest, on or near
the ground among ferns and briers ; May 30—June 20 ; eggs 4.

681. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.) Maryland yellow-throat.
Summer resident; common. May 11—Oct. 10. Frequents
swampy thickets. Nest, near the ground; May 25—June 15;
eggs, 3-5.
683. Icteria virens (Linn.) Yellow-breasted chat.
Summer resident; rather rare. Has been taken at Lancaster,
West Seneca, Shelby Centre, Penn Yan and Ithaca. Also found
breeding’ at Chili, May 26, r9g00—Oologist, Sept., 1892, and Short,

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 55

p. 19; Holland Patent, June 6, 1898—Auk 15, 331; Branchport,
May 30, 1898, and June 13, 1899—Auk 16, 285; Penn Yan, July 8,
1900, second set and nearly ready to hatch—Verdi Burtch.
684. Wilsonia mitrata (Gmel.) Hooded warbler.

Summer resident ; fairly common. May 12—Aug. 15. Found
in rather dense woodlands, usually near the ground. Nest, in a low
bush 18 inches from the ground ; June 1-20; eggs 3-4.

685. Wilsonia pusilla (Wils.) Wilson’s warbler.
Transient visitant; uncommon. May 10—30. Sept. 1I—2o0.
Frequents bushes and lower portions of trees.

686. Wilsonia canadensis (Linn.) Canadian warbler.

Summer resident of the higher and cooler districts. Common
transient visitant. May 8—Sept. 15. Breeds in mixed woodlands
(hemlock, beech, maple and birch) amid dense undergrowth. Nest,
on or near the ground; May 30—June 10; eggs 4.

687. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.) American redstart.

Summer resident ; fairly common. May 10—Sept. 18. Migrates
by night. Found in groves and woodlands. Nest, in a bush or on a
low limb, usually in maples or beeches; May 20—June 15 ; eggs 4.
Beneficial.

Family MOTACILLIDAE. Wagtails.

697. Anthus pensilvanicus (Lath.) American pipit.

Transient visitant ; fairly common, especially in autumn. Sept.
25—Nov. 10; Apr.—May 15. Often seen migrating by day in small
companies. Found in low meadows and on marshy shores in com-
pany with sandpipers and plover.

Family TROGLODYTIDAE. Jllrens, thrashers, etc.

703. Mimus polyglottos (Linn.) Mockingbird.
Summer visitant; accidental. Buffalo, two records—James
Savage. Olean—W. V. Smith.

704. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.) Catbird.

Summer resident ; abundant. May 5—Sept. 30. Migrates by
night. Found in gardens, hedges and thickets. Nest, in low, thick
bush ; May 15—July 5; 2 broods; eggs 3-5. Mostly beneficial.

56 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

705. Harporhynchus rufus (Linn.) Brown thrasher.

Summer resident ; fairly common. May 1—Oct. 10. Migrates
by night. Found in bushy pastures and about copses and borders of
woods. Nest, in a low, thick bush; eggs 3-5; May 15—June 20.
Beneficial.

718. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Lath.) Carolina wren.

Summer resident ; rare. Ithaca, ‘‘regular summer resident.
Breeds’’—L. A. Fuertes. Buffalo, Nov. 5, 1894—James Savage.
Tully, Aug.—Dec., 1892—J. A. Dakin. Batavia, Dec. 24, 1894—
Short, p. 19.

721. Troglodytes aédon Vieill. House wren.

Summer resident ; formerly common, now becoming rare in many
places. May 4—Sept. 20. Found in gardens, orchards and woods.
Nest, in bird-boxes or hollow stumps ; May 15—July 5 ; eggs 5-9.
Beneficial.

722. Anorthura hiemalis (Vieill.) Winter wren.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. Apr. 8—May 12. Sept. 25
—Nov. 30. Migrates by night. Found in gardens and forests,
among the shrubbery and brush piles, usually near water. Breeds at
Ithaca, according to F. H. King, Bul. Mut. Orn. Club 3, 195; and
Bergen Swamp—James Savage.

724. Cistothorus stellaris (Licht.) Short-billed marsh wren.

Summer resident ; apparently uncommon. Last date, Ithaca,
Oct. 15, 1898—T. L. Hankinson. I have never found its nest, but
according to the Buffalo, Chili, Auburn and Utica lists it breeds.

725. Cistothorus palustris (Wils.) Long-billed marsh wren.

Summer resident ; common. May 1ro—Oct. 20. Migrates by
night. Found in reedy bogs and marshes. Nest, suspended in the
tall grass; May 30—June 25; 1 brood ; eggs 5-8. Beneficial.

Family CERTHIIDAE. Creepers.

726. Certhia familiaris fusca (Barton) Brown creeper.

Transient visitant; common. Mar. 15—May 1; Oct. 1—Nov.
10. Fairly common in winter. Occasional summer resident. Found
breeding at Buffalo by Ottomar Reinecke. Occurs in orchards,
shade trees and woods. Beneficial.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 57

Family PARIDAE. WNuthatches and tits.
727. Sitta carolinensis Lath. White-breasted nuthatch.

Resident ; abundant. Found in orchardsand woodlands. Nest,
in hollow tree; Apr. 18—May 15; 1 brood; eggs 6-9. Beneficial.
728. Sitta canadensis Linn. Red-breasted Nuthatch.

Winter visitant ; fairly common. Oct. 1—Mar. 30. Occurs
mostly in secluded woodlands. Breeds at Buffalo,—Berg. p. 20 ; at
Holland Patent—Auk 7, 230.

729. Sitta pusilla Lath. Brown-headed nuthatch.

Summer visitant ; accidental. Elmira, May 24, 1888—Auk 5, 432.
731. Parus bicolor Linn. Tufted titmouse.

Accidental visitor from the south. Holly, March 17,1899,—Auk
16, 196. Buffalo—Berg. p. 20. Elmira—Gregg p. 24.

735. Parus atricapillus Linn. Chickadee.

Resident ; abundant. Found in trees and shrubbery. Nest, in
hollow stump or tree ; Apr.18—May 25. Eggs 6-8. Beneficial.
736. Parus carolinensis Aud. Carolina Chickadee.

Accidental visitant. Lancaster—Berg. p. 20.

Family SYLVIIDAE. Warblers, kinglets, gnatcatchers.
748. Regulus satrapa Licht. Golden-crowned kinglet.

Transient visitant; common. Occasionally found in winter.
Oct. 1—Apr. 30. Migrates by night. Found in orchards, groves
and woodlands.

749. Regulus calendula (Linn.) Ruby-crowned kinglet.

Transient visitant; common. Apr. 15—May7; Oct. to—Nov.
1. Migrates by night. Found in copses and woodlands. Beneficial.
751. Polioptila caerulea (Linn.) Blue-gray gnatcatcher.

Summer resident; rare. Canandaigua, June 3, 1886—Elias J.
Durand. Lancaster—Berg. p. 20. Breeds, Coldwater, 1890—
Short, p. 20.

Family TURDIDAE. Thrushes, stone-chats, blue-birds, etc.
755. Hylocichla mustelina (Gmel.) Wood thrush.

Summer resident ; common, May 6—Sept. 20. Migrates by
night. Found in city parks, and in woodlands. Nest, usually in low
tree or bush, but sometimes 30 feet from ground. May 20—June 15 ;
Eggs, 3-4. Beneficial, like all the thrushes.

58 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

756. Hylocichla fuscescens (Steph.) Wilson’s thrush.

Summer resident; common. May 6—Sept. 10. Migrates by
night. Found in copses and woodlands. Nest, on or near the
ground, May 20—June 30. Eggs, 4-5.

757. Hylocichla aliciae (Baird) Gray-cheeked thrush.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. May and October. According
to the Auburn List this species is more common than the olive-backed
thrush in Cayuga Co.; but the writer has found it much less common
in Springville, Rochester and Canandaigua.

758a. Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii (Cab. ) Olive-backed thrush.

Transient visitant; common. May 8-30; Sept. 20—Oct. 15.
Migrates by night. Found in shrubbery of dooryards and in deep
woods. Nest found in Yates Co., June 13, 1897, by Verdi Burtch.

759b. Hylocichla aonalaschkae pallasii (Cab.) Hermit thrush.

Transient visitant; common. Apr. 23—May 8; Sept. 25—-Oct. 30.
Migrates by night. Found in shrubbery of dooryards as well as in deep
forests. Nest found in Yates Co., May 29, 1898, by C. F. Stone.

761. Merula migratoria (Linn.) American robin.

Abundant summer resident, rare in winter. March 3—Nov. 20.
Migrates by day, usually in scattered companies. Found in door-
yards, orchards and groves, feeding mostly in open fields. Nesting
site varied, usually in a low tree. Apr. 15—July 5. 2-3 broods ;
eggs, 3-5, usually 4. Fond of cherries but mainly beneficial.

766. Sialia sialis (Linn.) Bluebird.

Summer resident; common. Mar. 5—Nov. 20. Migrates by
day in small companies or pairs. Found in orchards, pastures and
stump-lots. Nest, ina box or hollow tree; Apr. 15—July 8; 2 or 3
broods ; eggs, 4-6. Beneficial.

Passer domesticus (Linn.) English sparrow.

Introduced. Strictly resident. Very abundant. Unworthy of
a place among our birds. Gradually crowding out the wren, the
martin, and the bluebird. Becoming a scourge to the grain fields
and smaller garden fruits.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 59

HYPOTHETICAL, EIST.

Inasmuch as this paper is published chiefly for the use of bird
students in western New York, it seems advisable to add a list of
those species which may possibly be taken in this region. Many of
these birds are more liable to be found here than the accidental species
which have actually been captured. For example, the black-throated
loon, Barrow’s golden-eye, Forster’s tern, Cory’s least bittern,
Richardson’s owl, purple grackle, Kirtland’s warbler and Hudsonian
chickadee might more naturally be expected to occur than such birds
as the scaled petrel, tropic bird, cinnamon teal and Bullock’s oriole.

The authorities for all statements relating to the ranges and
accidental records of the hypothetical species are the Auk, the A. O.
U. Check-list and Chapman’s Hand-book.

9. Gavia arctica (Linn.) Black-throated loon.

This species has been taken on Lake Erie and also off Toronto
on Lake Ontario.
38. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill. Long-tailed jaeger.

‘* Northern hemisphere; south in winter to the Gulf of Mexico.’’
62. XMema sabinii (Sab.) Sabine’s gull.

‘‘ Arctic regions; south in winter to New York and the Great
Lakes,’’

65. Sterna maxima Bodd. Royal tern.

‘« Tropical America; casually northward to Massachusetts and
the Great Lakes.’’
69. Sterna forsteri Nutt. Forster’s tern.

This species formerly bred on northern shore of Lake Erie and
undoubtedly has occurred in this region,
128. Fregata aquila Linn. Man-o’-war bird.

Tropical regions; casually northward to Nova Scotia, Ohio and
Wisconsin,
(138.) Nettion crecca (Linn,) European teal.

‘Occasional in eastern North America.”’
152. Clangula islandica (Gmel.) Barrow’s golden-eye.

‘¢ South in winter to New York.’’ This species has been taken
at Lorain, O., and Toronto, Can.
(168.) Nomonyx dominicus (Linn.) Masked duck.

Tropical America; accidental in Wisconsin, Lake Champlain and
Massachusetts.

60 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

169. Chen hyperborea (Pall.) Lesser snow goose.
Western N. A.; casually eastward to New England.
169.1. Chen caerulescens (Linn.) Blue goose.
Interior N. A.; occasionally eastward to the Atlantic Coast.
173a. Branta bernicia glaucogastra (Brehm) White-bellied
brant.
Arctic America; southward in winter.
188. Tantalus loculator Linn. Wood ibis.
Southern U. S.; casually northward to New York.
191.1. Ardetta neoxena Cory. Cory’s least bittern.
This species has been taken several times and found breeding at
Toronto; therefore it may be looked for in western New York,
200. Ardea caerulea Linn. Little blue heron.
Eastern U. S.; casually north to Massachusetts, New Hampshire
and Labrador.
(217-) ‘Grex crex (Cemn:) Com crake:
‘* Casual in eastern N. A.”’
226. Himantopos mexicanus (Miull.) Black-necked stilt.
Temperate N. A.; rare in the eastern states.
(227.) Scolopax rusticola (Linn.) European woodcock.
Occasional in eastern N. A,; has been taken in New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.
243. Tringa alpina Linn. Dunlin.
‘Accidental in eastern N. A.’’
244. Tringa ferruginea Brinn. Curlew Sandpiper.
** Occasional in Eastern N. A.’’

(260.) Pavoncella pugnax (Linn.) Ruff.

‘“‘Occasional in eastern N. A.’’ Has been taken at Toronto.
277a. Aegialitis meloda circumcincta Ridgw. Belted piping
plover.

‘‘Mississippi Valley—eastward to Atlantic coast.”’
278. Aegialitis nivosa Cass. Snowy plover.

Western U. S.; has been taken twice at Toronto.
301. Lagopus lagopus (Linn.) Willow ptarmigan.

Arctic regions ; often straggles southward in winter. Has been
taken at Watson, New York; and Whitby, Ontario.
327. Elanoides forficatus (Linn.) Swallow-tailed kite.

Interior U. S.; casually to Manitoba, New York and New Eng-
land.

EATON—BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 61

337b. Buteo borealis calurus (Cass. ) Western redtail.

Western N. A. Has been taken at St. Thomas and Toronto,
Ont.

353. Falcoislandus Briinn. White gyrfalcon.

Arctic regions ; wandering southward to Maine and Long
Island.

354. Falco rusticolus Linn. Gray gyrfalcon.

Arctic regions ; straggling southward in winter.
354a. Falco rusticolus gyrfalco (Linn.) Gyrfalcon.

Arctic regions ; rarely south in winter to Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Long Island.

371. Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonap.) Richardson’s
owl.

Arctic America ; south inwinter to northern U.S. Has been
taken in western Pa.

378. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (Bonap.) Burrowing owl.
Western U. S.; accidental in N. Y. and Mass.
393a. Dryobates villosus leucomelas (Bodd.) Northern hairy
woodpecker.

) Northern N. A.; south to northern U. S.

401. Picoides*americanus Brehm. American three-toed wood-
pecker.

Northern N. A. ; resident in Herkimer and Lewis Cos., N. Y.
443. Milvulus forficatus (Gmel.) Scissor-tailed flycatcher.

Accidental in New Jersey, New England, Ontario and Manitoba.
447. Tyrannus verticalis Say. Arkansas kingbird.

Western U. S.; accidental in Maine, New Jersey and New York.
475. Pica pica hudsonica (Sab.) American magpie.

Indefinitely reported for western N. Y. by De Kay. The nearest
recent record, Odessa, Ont.—Auk 15, 274.

484. Perisoreus canandensis (Linn.) Canada jay.

A common resident in Herkimer Co., but has not yet been noted
in the region included in this list.

497. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonap, ) Yellow-headed
blackbird.

Western N. A.; casually east to Mass., Penn., etc. This bird
has been reported from Rochester, N. Y., but the record is an error.
511. Quiscalus quiscula (Linn.) Purple grackle.

Southern states north to Mass. and the Hudson Valley. Has not
yet been reported with certainty from western New York.

62 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

527a. Acanthis hornemannii exilipes (Coues) Hoary redpoll.
Arctic regions ; southward to northern U. S.
528a. Acanthis linaria holboellii (Brehm) Holboell’s redpoll.
‘¢ South in winter to New York and Massachusetts.’
528b. Acanthis linaria rostrata (Coues) Greater redpoll.
South in winter to New England and New York. Has been
taken at Locust Grove, Lewis Co.
538. Calcarius ornatus (Towns.) Chestnut-collared longspur.
Interior N. A.; casually eastward to Massachusetts and Long
Island.
552. Chondestes grammacus (Say) Lark sparrow.
Interior N. A.; casually east to Massachusetts, Long Island, New
Jersey, etc.
597. Guiraca caerulea (Linn.) Blue grosbeak.
Southeastern U. S.; casually northward to New England. Mr.
Rufus Stanley thinks he has seen it at Elmira, N. Y.
605. Calamospiza melanocorys Stejn. Lark bunting.
Western U. S.; casually east to Massachusetts, New York and
South Carolina.
607. Piranga ludoviciana (Wils.) Louisiana tanager.
Western U. S.; casually east to Massachusetts, Connecticut and
New York.
656. Dendroica auduboni (Towns.) Audubon’s warbler.
Western U. S.; casual in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania.
663. Dendroica dominica (Linn. ) Yellow-throated warbler.
Southern U. S.; casually to New York and Massachusetts.
670. Dendroica kirtlandi Baird. Kirtland’s warbler.
This bird has been captured in Ohio, and Toronto, Ont.
740. Parus hudsonicus Forst. Hudsonian chickadee.
Northern N. A.; this bird is a resident in Herkimer Co. and at
Remsen, Oneida Co.
757a. Turdus aliciae bicknelli (Ridgw.) Bicknell’s thrush.
Mountainous parts of Eastern states. Dr. Merriam has recorded
it for Lewis Co.
763. Hesperocichla naevia (Gmel.) Varied thrush.
Pacific coast; accidental in New York, Massachusetts and New
Jersey.
765. Saxicola oenanthe (Linn.) Wheatear.
Greenland and Labrador ; straggling southward to Maine, Long
Island and Louisiana.

Avocet, American, 6, 27.

Baldpate, 10, 21.
Birds of prey, 33.
Bittern, American, 11, 24.
Cory’s least, 60.
least, 11, 24

Blackbird, red-winged, 3, re

rusty, 13, 43.
yellow-headed, 61.
Bluebill, see scaup duck.

Bluebird, 15, 58.
Bobolink, 4, 18, 42.
Bob-white, 12, 31.
Brant, 11, 24.
black, 11, 24.
white-bellied, 60.
Buffle-head, 11, 22.
Bunting, indigo, 14, 47.
lark, 62.
Butterball, see buffle-head.

Canvasback, 10, 22.
Cardinal, 14, 47.
Catbird, 4, 15, 55.

Chat, yellow-breasted, 3, iP

Chickadee, 15, 57.
Carolina, 6, 57.
Hudsonian, 62.

Coot, American, 11, 27.

Cormorant, 10, 19.
double crested, 10, 20.

Cowbird, 18, 43

Crake, corn, 60.

Crane, sandhill, 6, 25.
whooping, 6, 25.

Creeper, brown, 3, 15, 56.

Grossbili, American, 18, 44,
white- winged, 13, 44,

Crow, American, 13, "42. ’

Cuckoo, black billed, 13, 38.
yellow-billed, 12, 38.

Curlew, Eskimo, 4, 12, 30.
Hudsonian, 12, 30.
long-billed, 12, 30.

Dickcissel, 6, 48.

Diving birds, 16.

Dove, mourning, 12, 33.

Dowitcher, 11, 28.
long-billed, 11, 28.

Duck, American scaup, 10, 22.

black, 10, 20
harlequin, 6, 22.
lesser scaup, 10, 22.
masked, 59.
ring-necked, 10, 22.
ruddy, 11, 23.
wood, 10, 21.

Dunlin, 60.

Eagle, bald, 12, 35.
golden, 12, 35

Egret, American, 3, 11, 25.

Eider, American, 11, 22.

king, 11, 238.

Finch, purple, 18, 44.

Flicker, northern, 13, 39.

Flycatcher, alder, 18, 41.
crested, 3, 138,
green- -crested, 3, 18, 41.
Teast, 18, 41.
olive-sided, 13, 41.
scissor-tailed, 61.
yellow-bellied, 3, 18, 41.

INDEX.

Gadwall, 10, 21.
Gallinule, Florida, 11, 27.
purple, 6, 26.
Gnatcatcher, blue gray, 3, 4.
i)
Godwit, Hudsonian, 11, 29,
marbled d, 11, 29.
Golden- “eye, American, 11, 22.
Barrow’s, 59.
Goldfinch, American, 13, 45.
Goose, "American white-
fronted, 6, 23.
blue, 60.
Canada, 11, 23.
reater snow, 6, 23.
esser snow, 60.
Hutchins, 11, 23.
Goshawk, American, 12, 34.
Grackle, bronzed, 18, 44.
pur ple, 61.
Grebe, Holboell’s, 10, 16.
horned, 10, 16.
pied- -billed, 10, 16.
Grosbeak, blue, 62.
evening, 13, 44.
pine, 3, 18, 44.
rose-breasted, 4, 14, 47.
Grouse, Canadian ruffed, a

ruffed, 3, 12, 32. ‘
Gull, American herring, 10,
18.

Bonaparte’s, 10, 18.
glaucous, 10, 17.
great black-backed, 10, 17.
herring, 10, 17.
Iceland, 10, 17.
laughing, 6, 18,
ring-billed, 10, 18.
Sabine’s, 59.

Gyrfalcon, 61.
black, 12, 35.

gray, 61
whité, 61.
Hawk, amtere an rough-
gged, 12, 35.

American Seer ow, 12, 36.
broad-winged, 12, 35.
Coopers, 12, 34.
duck, 12, 35.
marsh, 12, 34.
pigeon, 12, 35.
red-shouldered, 12, 34.
red tailed, 12, 34.
sharp- -shinned, 12, 34.
Swainson’s 12, 34.

Heron, black-crowned night,

1 25:

great blue, | 11, 25.
green, 11, aps
little blue, 60
snowy, 6, 25.
yellow-crowned ni gh t ¥

High-hole, see flicker.
Hummingbird, ruby-throat-
ed, 138, 40.

1 Oe

Ibis, white fa 3, 11, 24.
ae faced, glossy, 11, 24.
wood, 60.

Jaeger, long-tailed, 59.
parasitic, 10, 17.
pomarine. 10, 17,

Jay, blue, 13, 42.
Canada, 61.
Junco, slate-colored, 3, 14, 46

Kildeer, 12, 31.

Kingbird, 13, 40.
Arkansas, 61.

Kingfisher, belted, 18, 38.

Kinglet, golden- crowned,

EV

ruby-crowned, 3, i 57.

Kite, swallow- tailed, 60

Kittiwake, 4, 10, 17.

Knot, 1 11, 28.

Lark, horned, 13, 42.
prairie, horned, 13, 42.
Longspur, chestnut- -collared,

62.
Lapland, 13, 45.
Loon, 10, 16.
black-throated, 59.
red-throated, 10, 16.

Magpie, ig 6, 61.
Ma lard, 4, 10, 2
Man o-war bed, ‘59.
Martin, purple, 14, 48.
Meadowlark, 4, 13, 43.
Merganser, American, 3,10,20.
hooded, 10, 2
red- breasted, ‘10, 20.
Mockingbird, 15, 5d.
Mud-hen, see gallinule and
coot.
Murre, Briinnich’s, 10, 16.

Nighthawk, 13, 40.
Nuthatch, brown-headed, _
15,5)
red-breasted, 3, 15, of.
white- breasted, 5, 57.

Old-squaw, 11, 22.

Oriole, Baltimore, 13, 43.
Bullock’s, 4, 6, 13, 43.
orchard, 3, 13, "43.

Osprey, ‘American, 12, 36.

Oven-bird, 15, 54.

Owl, American barn, 12, 36.
American hawk, 12, 37.
American long-eared,

12, 36.
barred, 12, 36.
burrowing, 61.
great gray, 12, 37.
great horned, 3, 12, 37.
Richardson’s, 61.
saw-whet, 12, 37.
sereech, 12, 37.
short-eared, 12, 36.
snowy, 4, 12, 37.

Paroquet, Carolina, 37.
Partridge, see ruffed grouse.
Pelican, American white,

10, 20.
Perching birds, 40.
Petrel, black-capped, 10, 19.
sealed, 10, 19.
Wilson’s, 10, 19.
Pewee, wood, 3, 13, 41.
Phalarope, nor thern, Hil, Brie
red, 11, 27.
Wilson’s, 11, 27.

Pheasant, Mongolian, 15, 32.

| Phoebe, 13, 41.

64

geon,
Pigtail
Pipit, American, 15, 55.

Plover, American golden,

re ati 12, 32.

’ 2

black bellied 12,81

piping, 12, 31.
semipalmated, 12, 31.

wy, 60.
Wilson’ s, 12, 31.
Ptarmigan, willow, 60.

Quail, see bob-white.

Rail, black, 11, 26.
clapper, 6,
king, 3, 11, 26.
Virginia, 11, 26.
yellow, 11, 26.
Raven, northern, 13, 42.
Redhead ‘
Redpoll, 1“ ty 45.
reater, 62.

Radtail, western, 61.
Robin, American, 4, 5, 15, 58.
Ruff, 60.

Sanderling, 11, 29.
Sandpiper, Baird’s, 11, 29.

Bartramian, 12, 30.
buff-breasted, 12, 30.
curlew, 60.
least, 11, 29.
poten tt E 28.
red: cked, ll, 29.
semipalmated, 11, 29.
solitary, 12, 30.
spotted, 12, 30.
stilt, ii, 28.
western, 11, 29.
white-rumped, 11, 28.
Sapsucker, yellow “bellied,

Scoter, American, 11, 23,
surf, 11, 23.
white-win ed, 11, 23.

Shore birds, ¢

Shoveller, 10, 21.

Shrike, loggerhead, 4, 14, 49.
northern, 14, 49.
white-rum ed, 14, 50.

Siskin, pine, 18, ea

Skimmer, black, 4 , 10, 19.

Skua, 10, 17.

Snipe, Wilson's, 3, 11, 28.

Snowflake, 3. , 13,

Sora, 11, 26. °
Sparrow, ‘Acadian sh = rp-
tail 4, 46. |
chipping ts 14, 46.
field, 14, 46.
fox, 4, 47,

INDEX.

Sparrow alee py er, 13, 45.

Henlow By L
house, see te pert Eng-
lish.

lark, 62.
Leconte’s, 14, 46.
Lincoln’s, 14, 47.
Nelson’s, 14, 45,
Savanna, 4, 13, 46.

song, 4, 14, 47.
swamp, 14, 47.
tree, 3, 14, 46.

vesper, 3, 13, 45.

white-crowned, 14, 46

white-throated, 14, 46
Stilt, black-necked, 60.
Swallow, bank, 14, 49.

cliff, 14, 48.
rough-winged, 3, 14, 49.
tree, 14, 48.
Swan, trumpeter, 6, 2
whistling, 4, 11, ve
Swift, chimney, 13, 40.

| Swimmers, lamellirostral, 20.

long-winged, 17.
totipalmate, 19.
tube-nosed, 19
Tanager, Louisiana, 62.
searlet, 3, 4, 14, 48.
summer, ’B, 6, 48.
Teal, blue-winged, 3, oa Le
cinnamon, 4, 6, 10, 2
European, 59.
green-winged, 10, 21.
Tern, arctic, 6, 18.
black, 10, 19.
Caspian, 10, 18.
common, 10, 18.
Forster's, 59.
least, 10, 18.
roseate, 10, 18.
royal, 59.
sooty, 10, 18.
Thrasher, brown, 15, 56.
Thrush, Bicknell’s, 62.
gray checked, 15, 58.
ermit, 3, 15, 58.
olive-backed, 8, 15, 58.
varied, 62.
Wilson’s, 15, 58.
wood, 15, 58.
| Titmouse, tufted, 15, 57.
Towhee, 14, 47.

| Tropic bird, yellow-billed, 4,

10, 19.
Turkey, wild, 32.
Turnstone, 12, 31.

Vireo, blue-headed, 14, 50.
Philadelphia, 14, 50.
plumbeous, 14, 50.
red-eyed, 14, 50.
warbling, 14, 50.
white-eyed, 14, 50.
yellow- -throated, 14, 50.

Vulture, black, 12, 33.
turkey, 12, 33.

Yellow-legs, L

Warbler, Audubon’s, 62.
bay-breasted, 15, 53.
black and white, 14, 51.
Blackburnian, 3, 15. 53.
black poll, 15, 53.
black-throated blue, 8, a

black-throated green, 15,

blue-winged, 14, 51.
Canadian, 3, 15, ‘55.
Cape May, 14, 52.
cerulean, 3, 15, 52.
chestnut-sided, 15, 52.
Connecticut, 15, 54.
pe PS ed, 14, 51,

ane M3 rr
Kirtland’s, 62.
magnolia, 3, 14, 52.
mourning, 3, 15, 54.
myrtle, 3, 14, 52.
Nashville, 14, 51.
northern parula, 14, me
orange-crowned, 14, 5
palm, 15, 53.
pine, 15, 53.
prairie, 15, 53.
prothonotary, 6, 51.
Tennessee, 14, 51.
Wilson’s, 15, 55.
worm- eating, 3, 14, 51.
yellow, 3, 14, 52.
yellow palm, 15, =
yellow-throated, 62
Water iheneh 15, 54.
Louisiana, 3, i5, 54,
Waxwing, Bohemian, 14, 49.
cedar, 14, 49.
Wheatear, 62.
hb oor-will, 13, 40.
Whistler, see golden-eye.
Widgeon, 10, 21
Willet, 12, 30.
Wood warblers, 51.
Woodcock, American, 11, 27.
European, 60.
Wee peeeers "American,
three-toed, 61.
arctic bene gs 13, 38.
downy, 3, 13, 38.
hairy, 13, 38.
northern hairy, 61.
northern ae 13, 39.
red-belli 13, 39.
red-headed, oe 39.
Wren, Carolina, 3, 15, 56.
house, 15, 56.
long- -billed marsh, 5, iE ee
short- ge marsh, 1
winter, 3, 15, 56.
2, 29.
greater, 11, 29.

Yellow-throat, Maryland, ay

1 PP,

_ .
“d

| THE ST. GENEVIEVE METEORITE

eg

vo,
if

A ‘
HENRY A. WARD.

; ROCHESTER, N, Y.
_ PUBLISHED BY THE: SOCIETY,
| NOVEMBER, I90I. *

+

Vou. 4, PLATE I.

Proc. Rocu. ACAD. SCIENCE.

PHOTOGRAPH OF THE MASS. (About ¥ actual size.)

ETCHED SECTION. (Actual size.)

ST, GENEVIEVE METEORITE.

Henry A. Warp.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL. 4, PP. 65-66, PLATE 1. NOVEMBER 26, 1901.

THE ST. GENEVIEVE METEORITE.
LIBRARY
NEW ¥ ORK
By Henry A. Warp. BOE aa

GARDEIS

The State of Missouri has furnished to science eight meteorites,
of which two are aerolites, one is a siderolite, and five are siderites.
They have been found in eight different counties and all of them are
from the southern half of the state.

The first to appear was Little Piney, called after the stream of that
name in Pulaski county. It fell in 1839. Cape Girardeau fell in 1846.
Both these were aerolites. The irons were all found, not seen to fall.
One of them followed in each decade until 1888. This latest iron, the
subject of the present paper, was discovered in the autumn of 1888 in
the extreme western portion of St. Genevieve county, at a point about
one mile west of Punjaub, a little hamlet no longer existing. We have
decided, in the lack of closer possible location, to give it the name of
its county, whose county-seat of the same name lies some 15 miles to
the eastward. It was found by Mr. Zeb. Murphy, a surveyor, who
retained it in his possession for several years, showing it at county fairs,
etc. It was subsequently bought from Mr. Murphy by Mr. F. P.
Graves, the Secretary and Assistant Superintendent of the Doe Run
Lead Co., whose headquarters are in the town of Doe Run, Mo. Mr.
Graves has been a life-long collector cf the minerals in this part of
Missouri, and this St. Genevieve meteorite has been for some years
past a crowning piece in his fine cabinet. From him it was obtained
by the present writer in January of last year.

The shape of the St. Genevieve siderite is an elongated spheroid,
considerably flattened upon one side, with a rudely crescent-shaped,
shallow depression in its middle part. (See plate 1.) Its greatest
length is 20 inches; its two other dimensions are each 15% inches.
Its weight, when | first obtained it, before any part had been cut from
it, was 539 pounds.

(65)

66 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

The exterior of the mass shows no sharp, distinct pittings, although
having several shallow depressions that appear to have been prior to
the oxidation which has largely covered the surface and which has
quite destroyed any trace of outer crust or skin, if such ever existed.

The present color of the mass is a dull, reddish brown, with
patches of brighter iron showing here and there. By slicing the mass
into a number of sections, the surfaces of which are about one foot by
one foot four inches in diameter, there were revealed troilite nodules,
few in number and of small size (from 4 to 9 mm. in diameter), but which
lacked the border of schreibersite that so prominently surrounds these
nodules in the majority of irons.

The Widmannstiten figures are brought out, by etching, sharp
and clear, and are of very even character and size throughout the entire
mass. They are typically octohedral. On the numerous plessite
patches the alternating taenite and kamacite blades (Laphamite mark-
ings) are well developed, the taenite standing out prominently in relief.

The chemical composition of this meteorite has been determined
by J. Edward Whitfield. His analysis is as follows:

Metallic Iron - - - - - - - 91.580
oe Nickel - - - . - - - 7.980

- Cobalt ~- - - - - - = © .@/206
Silicon - - - - - - : - 1023
Phosphorus - - - - - - - 0,200
Sulphur - - - - - : - - trace
Carbon - - - - - - - - none
100.073

Specific gravity 7.756.

The main part of this great mass, weighing 106.56 kilos, has
taken its final position in the Ward-Coonley Meteorite Collection, now
on deposit in the American Museum of Natural History, New York

City.

. 7 ‘ :
5 A

AST AY Je Roe ae ¥ Bt
EDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE |

VOL. 4, PP. 67-74, PLATES 2-6. * aR
Ut al ae aS aes eee Lee oP

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- THE GReaT METEORITE OF SinALoa, MEXICO.
dle fa. ' s . > z
- wf 7 hs y - : 4 - .
de ys BY ~
ae " : ‘
Ay 4 ( 13. ’ : eye ' ? * 7
igh Feniee HENRY A. WARD.
ith Z Fi af al
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ROCHESTER, N. Y. .
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, — oP Sia
JULY, Igo2. : a
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« , i * Va y ow r

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL. 4, PP. 67-74, PLATES 2-5. JUNE 24, 1902.

BACUBIRITO NEW YORK
OR

THE GREAT METEORITE OF SINALOA, MEXICco.
By HENRY A. WARD.

For more than a century the meteorites of Mexico have attracted
attention and record. In his great work on La Nouvelle Espagne,
published in 1811, Humboldt described in a broad and philosophical
way the great field of the Toluca Irons and the size of some isolated
masses in the States of Zacetecas and Durango. From that day until
this, naturalists and travellers in Mexico have examined and described
this product of the country, commenting particularly upon their fre-
quence and their size.

Their frequence has been greatly overestimated. The total number
credited to the Republic in Castillo’s full catalogue, published in 1889,
was twenty-seven. At the present day there are known thirty-two dis-
tinct localities, omitting the numerous points embraced in the distribu-
tion of the masses in two or three wide-spread showers. Leaving out
one or two extra-limital localities, the Mexican falls have all been in a
belt some 1000 miles in length, reaching from the 30th parallel of north
latitude, south to the 17th parallel, and with an average breadth of
about 280 miles. This belt of meteoric falls follows largely the
central axis of the greal Mexican Plateau, reaching from the United
States frontier-line obliquely south and east through the Republic to
near the Pacific. In this tapering, truncated triangle, which encloses
about 280,000 square miles, there occur thirty well distinguished
meteorite falls. Comparison with other parts of the world shows that the
relative number of Mexican meteorites is much less than seems to be
generally supposed. Turning to the United States we measure a like
area, though of a somewhat different form, with its major axis east and
west, and enclosing the six continuous states of Kansas, Missouri,
Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina and South Carolina. This area

(67)

68 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

comprises 286,000 square miles and contains sixty-six meteorite locali-
ties, more than twice the number that we have seen in the Mexican belt.
In India, in an area of similar extension, which includes its north-
western provinces, we find forty-eight meteorite localities, or one and
one-half times the number in the Mexican belt. It would seem, then,
that Mexico must vacate her claim, often asserted, to preéminence in
meteoric localities.

Only, perhaps, the wide-spreadness of some falls, notably in the
States of Coahuila and Toluca, may be distinctive; although this
meets an approaching rivality in the dispersion of some which we con-
sider identical falls of aérolites in Kansas and in Iowa.

It would be interesting to notice here the fact of the high elevation
of these three meteorite belts or areas above the general altitude of the
country at large. This is especially remarkable in Mexico and in India.
Also the fact that the Mexican meteorite list shows 23 irons to 7
stones ; the United States as a whole, 102 irons to 54 stones ; while
India gives 55 stones and only 2 irons. We cannot here digress to
even guess at the possible cause of these phenomena.

The prominent character and preéminence of the Mexican
meteorites is the vast size of many of them. In this matter of bulk
they are unapproachable. Taking but ten of them—Chupaderos, San
Gregorio, Casas Grandes, Concepcion, Charcas, Descubridora,
Bacubirito, Zacatecas and Apolonia—we find a total weight of 86,744
kilograms (191,076 lbs.) or95% tons. This equals an average weight
of 9 1-10 tons for each of these Mexican irons. If now we take
the largest ten meteorites of the United States, (they are in the order
of their weight Red River, Tucson, Long Island, Cafion Diablo, Mt.
Joy, St. Genevieve, Sacramento Mts., Estherville, Brenham, and Kenton
Co.,) we find their combined weight to be 8,365 lbs., or 8 1-3 hundred-
weight, as the average individual weight of the ten. In short, the
Mexican masses weigh on an average 22% times as much as our own.
What may have caused this so vastly greater mass of Mexican meteorites
we will not venture to define. Has the great height above sea level of
the Mexican Plateau, with its drier air and drier soil, delayed the
decomposition and wasting away of their irons? But Anighito in
Greenland, Bemdego in Brazil and Cranbourne in Southern Australia,
three giants, all lay close at sea-level, and all three were in excep-
tionally moist regions.

The Mexican Government has taken an active and enlightened
part in the protection of her meteorites. Twelve years ago it
expended the sum of $10,000 in bringing five of the largest to the

WARD—BACUBIRITO. 69

capital, where they are mounted on huge iron pillars in the entrance
court of the School of Mines.

Having during the last fifteen years paid visits to most of these
Mexican meteorite localities, seeing most of the large masses before
they had been removed from the spot where they fell, and where
some of them had lain perhaps for many centuries, the writer acquired
great interest in all that pertained to them. While in the capital a
few months ago, studying and cutting some of the large pieces in the
Museo Nacional, the writer sought almost in vain in scientific circles
for substantiation and defining of stories which have long been current
relating to an enormous iron meteorite existing in the State of Sinaloa,
far in the northwest portion of the Republic.

The first and, so far as we can find, the only positive notice of
this meteorite was in 1876. Then Sefior Mariano Barcena, a noted
Mexican scientist and astronomer, in a 5-page article in the Proceed-
ings of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences devoted to Mexican
meteorites, notices ‘‘an enormous meteoric mass lately discovered in
the State of Sinaloa.’’ He says, ‘‘I can assure the Academy that its
length was more than twelve feet.’? Many years later Castillo in his
catalogue of Mexican meteorites refers to this same mass, giving its
length at 3.65 metres ; with 2 metres in height and 1.50 metres thick.
Three years later, Eastman, of the United States Naval Observatory,
taking the above measures as being correct, estimated its weight
as 40,800 kilograms or about 42 tons. Brezina, Cohen and Wiilfing
speak of it as weighing 50 tons, and ‘as being the largest
meteorite in the world. But in all this there was no definite
description of the mass, and no one who mentioned it claimed
to have seen it. We were anxious to ascertain about all this. The
Mexican savants were all interested in having this great celestial body
investigated. One of them, Sefior Jose C. Aguilera, the Director of
the Instituto Geologico, a government institution, and the present
headquarters of the Geological Survey of the Republic, aided us in
obtaining from the Minister of State letters to the Governor of Sinaloa
and to the Director of Mines in that State. We had decided to visit
Bacubirito, for so the place and the meteorite itself were called, and
see what was fact and what was rumor about it. So on the 2nd
of April of the present year we started out to resolve the matter.
Sinaloa ‘is a hard State to reach from the City of Mexico. One must
pass far around to the north through the United States, returning
south through Sonora, a journey of over 2,000 miles, or go by the
Pacific coast, a shorter but harder route. We took this latter, cross-

7O ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

ing by train and mule-back to Manzanillo, the sea-port of the State of
Colima, and thence by steam up the coast for six hundred miles to
Altata on the east coast of the Gulf of California; thence 60 miles by
cars to the city of Culiacan, the capital of Sinaloa. Here we met the
Governor of the State, and from him obtained letters to authorities
further up the country. We also got an outfit of provisions, a car-
riage with four mules, and an American photographer who accompanied
us with his camera. Bacubirito is 95 miles to the north and west of
Culiacan. Our drive took three days, over a very rough road, cross-
ing some streams and ravines, and gradually rising to and among the
lower foot-hills of the Sierra Madre, the great Cordilleras chain which
separates Sinaloa from the States of Chihuahua and Durango. Bacu-
birito itself, our goal in this search, is a small but very old mining town
situated on the Rio Sinaloa in latitude 26 and in west longitude 107.
The elevation above sea level is some 2,000 feet. The meteorite is
seven miles nearly due south from there, near the hamlet called Pal-
mar de la Sepulveda. Here we found it on a farm called Ranchito,
which fills the narrow mountain valley or interval between two spurs
of the foothills, running nearly north and south. It lay in a cornfield,
close by the eastern edge of this vale, where the level ground began
to raise against the hill-side. The valley and the field were of black
vegetable soil, some two yards in thickness. In this soil the great
meteorite lay imbedded ; its surface but little below the general sur-
face of the field around it, but with one end slightly projecting above
the level. The other end was so deeply imbedded in the soil, and so
apparently undisturbed or even uncovered, that it was easy to see why
the size and measures of the mass had been uncertain. It was a long,
monstrous boulder of black iron, which seemed to be still burrowing
to hide itself from the upper world. Its surface form was something
that of a great ham. We could walk for many feet along and across
its surface, surveying these dimensions as far as they were exposed,
but knowing nothing of how far the mass penetrated the soil beneath.
Our first work was excavation. For this there was no lack of help.
We soon got no less than 28 stout, able-bodied, willing Peons who
were delighted to work for us at fair wages. We undertook an
excavation of about 30 feet on a side, with the great meteorite lying
within. Ina single day we passed down through nearly 4 feet of the
soft, vegetable soil. At the end of that time the meteorite had
assumed the appearance shown in photograph No. 1, its upper surface
and one side being revealed. On this surface the characteristic
‘‘pittings’’ were well marked, covering the entire surface. They

WARD—BACUBIRITO. vie!

were very regular in size, about 2 to 3 inches across, with well
defined walls, yet quite shallow. The general form of the mass seen
from the side was that of one side or ramus of a huge jaw. The
surface was very even, with no holes due to the destruction of
Troilite nodules. Nor were there any points which showed the
devastation of deep rust. The dryness of the soil and the large
proportion of nickel in the meteorite’s composition had doubtless
impeded this. As often happens in such cases, the part which had
been most above ground was best preserved, with a light oxydized
crust, brown and somewhat bronze-like in appearance.

On one side there was a deep crack, running horizontally through
nearly half the length of the mass. At one end this crack was too
narrow to insert a knife-blade. Going toward the other end it increased
to a fissure wide enough to first admit our hammer handle and finally
our arm. This fissure at a distance of some three feet from the
smaller end of the mass cut off the lower part from the upper, the
latter extending beyond in diminished size for three feet further.
Our Mexicans were astonished at the revelation of their own work ;
they marvelled alike at the size of the mass as their digging had
developed it, and at our credulity in believing that it had ever fallen
from space above. View Vo. 2 gives a somewhat oblique view after
further excavation. Vo. 3 gives same view and shows the unequal
weathering of the mass, the part most exposed being the least
weathered. Vo. ¢ is another view taken from above and lengthwise
of the mass. This shows on the right hand the fissure in the mass.

By the end of the second day we had carried our excavation to
an average depth of about six feet on every side. The black vege-
table soil was from three to four feet thick. Below it was a porphyry
rock, common in this part of the country, much broken up by natural
cleavages and a good deal decomposed zz sztw. The vegetable soil
passed very gradually into this rock, and seemed to have unquestion-
ably formed above it, as an operation of gradual change. Immediately
around the meteorite we had dug much lower, leaving the great iron
mass poised on a pillar or pedestal of the undisturbed rock. Finally
we performed a feat of moving the great mass. To lift one end would
have been a physical impossibility ; all our men with the stoutest
tackle in the district could not have done that; but it needed little
mechanical aid to make the mass move itself. We attacked with our
long iron bars one side of the supporting pedestal on which it was
balanced. It was slow work, for the rock seemed to be here some-
what less decomposed. After long chiseling away one side of the

IW ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

pedestal, the center of gravity was reached, and with a slow, almost
dignified movement the great meteorite sank at one end, and assumed
the semi-vertical position which is brought out in the Vo. 5 picture.
In Vo. 6, the photographer is seen standing midway of the mass.
Incidentally there is well shown the depth of our excavation, below the
level of the cornfield. We upset the mass in an effort to ascertain, if
possible, by the nature of the rock beneath it, the recent or the
ancient fall of the mass. Was the soil already there when the meteor-
ite fell, and did the latter by virtue of its weight crush through it to
the rock? In the latter case it seemed probable that some of the soil
should have been caught and held between the meteorite and its bed.
A good deal to our surprise we found that this bed was a clean
depression crushed into the rock with absolutely no trace of soil
between it and the part where the full weight of the mass had fallen
and lain. It would thus seem that the meteorite had fallen on the bare
surface of this district at a period before the vegetable soil had begun
to form here. This would be an interesting and astounding fact, car-
rying back the fall of our meteor to a remotely distant period, perhaps
thousands of years. But there are other conditions which would need
careful consideration before accepting such a momentous conclusion,

The wonderful preservation of the mass, with its little oxydation,
and the clean, sharp-rimmed pittings which cover its surface, seem to
point to a more modern sojourn within the destroying influences of
our air and moisture. We leave this for future consideration.

It is an interesting fact that this, perhaps the largest and the
heaviest meteorite mass yet discovered on our globe, should have
fallen so near the present border of our own country. Interesting
too, that Mexico with all its other extra large meteorites should have
received this champion mass.

The extreme measures of Bacubirito, for so our meteorite from
the first has been called, are :

Length, 13 feet and 1 inch.
Width, 6 feet and 2 inches.
Thickness, 5 feet and 4 inches.

Its form, as shown by the photographs, is extremely irregular,
and though measures have been taken around the mass at many
different points, its cubic contents can not be calculated with more
than an approximation to accuracy.

The five largest meteorites known to Science to-day are :

Bemdego (Brazil), 5™% tons.
San Gregorio (Mexico), 11% tons.

WARD—BACUBIRITO. 73

Chupaderos (Mexico), 15% tons.
Anighito (Greenland), 50 tons.
Bacubirito (Mexico), 50 tons.

The former three are weights proven on scales. The latter two
are thus far simple estimates. How far estimated weights, based on
simple guessing, may differ from proven weights is well illustrated by
the case of Chupaderos, one of the meteorites just cited. Fletcher,
the noted mineralogist of the British Museum, says of it, ‘‘ According
to one recent estimate its weight is 15 tons, according to another it is
82 tons.’’ Anighito, the great Greenland meteorite, has been
guessed at all figures, from 30 to 100 tons. A late unofficial estimate
of it, after careful measuring, puts its weight at 46% tons.

Should the Mexican Government, as we some expect, move the
great mass, as it has done all the others, to the capital, its exact
weight will be finally and definitely known. Whichever mass shall,
after accurate calculation, prove to be the heavier, it will ever remain
of interest that the two largest meteorites known to our earth shall
have fallen on the North American Continent, one far toward its
northern end, the other toward its southern.

The inner structure of this meteorite is interesting as showing the
octahedral system of crystallization in a very marked degree. We
know of no other meteoric iron which shows this equally, unless it be
that of Sevier Co., Tennessee, or San Angelo, Texas.

Fractured surfaces show crystallization plates with faces from
3 to Ig mm. in greatest diameter. Many of these faces are covered
with fine films of taenite, which in most cases are of the characteristic
bronze yellow color. Acid brings out the Widmanstatten figures in a
most beautiful manner. From the coarse crystals on a fractured or a
weathered face of this iron, we might anticipate that etching would
reyeal a large, wide pattern in its markings. As a fact, quite the con-
verse is true. The figures, while very sharp and clear, are small in
pattern and are composed of narrow blades of kamacite, which are
but a fraction of a mm. in diameter. At intervals, these blades appear
to be of more than double that thickness ; but when examined with a
glass it is seen that these apparently broader plates are composed of
what might be expressed as bundles of the narrow kamacite bands.
The rhombic figures on the etched face will average from 1% to 5
mm. in diameter, the two angles of same being 60° and 120°, while
the triangular markings will generally range from 8 to 15 mm. with
angles of 55°; 55° and 70°. Troilites are particularly scarce, but two or
three small ones having shown on any of the sections made. The

74 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

iron is essentially tough, although not more dense than in the
majority of siderites.

The specific gravity of Bacubirito is 7.69. Its analysis has been
made by Prof. J. E. Whitfield, of Philadelphia, as follows :

Iron, = - - - : - 88.944%
Nickel ve . - - - 6.979%
Cobalt, - - - - - 0.211%
Sulphur, - - . - - 0.005%
Phosphorus, - - - - 0.154%
Silicon, - - - - - Trace

We succeeded after a long, protracted effort in detaching from
the mass an already partly loosened piece of about 11 Ibs. weight.
This, polished and etched on one side, showing the beautiful Widman-
statten figures, has taken its place in the Ward-Coonley collection of
meteorites now on display (on deposit) in the American Museum of
Natural History in New York.

Proc. RocuH. ACAD. SCIENCE,

VOL..4, PLATE ile

No. 1. ONE SIDE OF METEORITE UNCOVERED.

No. 2. AFTER FURTHER EXCAVATION.

HENRY A. WARD.

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Proc. RocH ACAD, SCIENCE. VOL. 4, PLATE IIT.

No. 3. UNEQUAL WEATHERING OF MASS

No. 5. METEORITE PARTIALLY UP-ENDED.

HENRY A. WARD.

Proc. RocH. ACAD.

No. 4. VIEW TAKEN FROM ABOVE AND LENGTHWISE OF THE
SHOWS 4 RIGHT HAND THE FISSURE.

Henry A. WARD

Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE.

VOL. 4, PLATE V.

HENRY A. WarRD.

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‘PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL. 4, PP. 75-78, PLATE 6. :

,

_ FRANCEVILLE METEORITE

BY

_H. L. PRESTON.

ROCHESTER, N. Y.
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY,
NOVEMBER, 1902:

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

VOL. 4, PP. 75-78, PLATE 6. NOVEMBER 26, 1902.
LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL
FRANCEVILLE METEORITE. GARDEN

BY Es Ley PRESTON:

(Read before the Academy, October 13th, 1902.)

This meteorite was bought by Prof. F. W. Cragin, of Colorado
College, Colorado Springs, Colorado, from Mr. David Anderson
and wife, of Colorado Springs. The meteorite was found by Mr.
Anderson about twelve years ago on government land in El Paso
County, Colorado, one and one-half miles south-west of the home-
ranch of Skinner and Ashley, which is east of Franceville. In Mr.
Anderson’s own words ‘‘ It was totally above ground, and found no
signs of any other. When I found the meteorite I simply pushed it
with my foot, but found I could not move it. The following day I
went back with a wagon and got it to the ranch. I do not think
at the time the land was entered by anyone ; not near to any road.’’

The meteorite from the time at which it was found until pur-
chased by Prof. Cragin was kept in the home of Mrs. Anderson in
Colorado Springs, half forgotten, and when Prof. Cragin called to see
it, was finally found beneath an old lounge. The meteorite entire
was purchased from Prof. Cragin by Ward’s Natural Science Estab-
lishment, Rochester, N. Y., in August, 1902.

From its external form it is one of the most interesting of the many
meteorites that have been in their possession. It is a decidedly
flattened, rhombic pyramid with a somewhat sharp ridge extending
around the center of the mass on the four rhombic sides. The dimen-
sions of the mass in these directions are 21 x 23 c. m., with a thickness
of 11.5 c. m. On one side of this central axis the pyramid projects
6 c. m., on the opposite side 5.5 c. m., as seen in figure 2, plate VI.

7, Proc. RocuH. ACAD. Sc., VOL. 4, NOVEMBER 26, 1902.
(75)

76 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

The decidedly octahedral form of this iron seems ungestionably
due to its separation along natural cleavage planes from a much larger
mass. But it is surprising that the form should not have been much
more distorted, by the erosion due to friction in passing through the
atmosphere.

The whole iron is more or less mottled, ranging in color from a
reddish brown to a brownish black, and is entirely covered with
pittings on all sides. Those on what may properly be termed the
upper side (figure 1, plate VI.) being much more distinct, owing to
their size and depth, than elsewhere. Just below the medium ridge
on one end there is an unusually large pitting, some 1o c. m. long
and 2c. m. deep. Two or three small but much deeper finger-like
pittings, from which troilite has undoubtedly been weathered out, are
on the mass. = .

Two small corners of the mass have been broken off and have the
appearance of very old breaks, as the surfaces are entirely oxidized.
These surfaces show markedly distinct octahedral cleavage.

Two small protuberences, one 2 c. m. and the other 1 c. m. in
diameter, have been sawn off and the faces polished and etched. One
of these is shown in figure 1, the other in figure 2, plate VI. Other-
wise the mass was an entirely complete one, until sawed into sections
by Ward’s Natural Science Establishment; the probability being that
not more than thirty grammes had been taken from it since it
reached terra firma.

Upon slicing the mass but one troilite nodule of any size was
found. This occurred on one end-piece and the adjoining slice, and
was I4 mm. in diameter with two small patches of nickeliferous iron
in its center.

The slices show more or less fractures extending across their
surfaces along the natural cleavage faces, the edges of the kamacite
plates, and in some instances (as in the San Angelo meteorite*) the
rhombic form produced by the Widmanstiatten figures are strongly
outlined by these fissures.

Upon etching the iron the Widmanstatten figures are readily
brought out by acids. These are particularly sharp and clear and of
large size, as shown in figure 3, plate VI.

The kamacite plates average from 1 to 1.5 mm. in diameter, with
an occasional one of 2 mm. They are unusual, from the fact that
they extend in an unbroken line in many instances from go to 120

*Am. Jour. Sci. Ser. 3, Vol. 5, pp. 269-272.

PRESTON—FRANCEVILLE. “iy

mm, in length. The tenite occursin minute films between the kam-
acite plates.

The plessite patches are comparatively small for an iron of such
coarse crystallization. Some of these patches show no structure when
etched, except a slightly pitted surface, while others are prominently
made up of alternate layers of kamacite and taenite, producing sharply
the so-called Laphamite lines.

Schreibersite is not visible on the etched surfaces macroscopically,
not even surrounding the troilite nodules as is usually the case.

Mr. John M. Davison, to whom was given 23.9 gms. for analysis,
reports as follows:

‘« The specific gravity of this siderite is 7.87. An approximate
‘‘analysis gave :

‘soluble in hydrochloric acid - - - kamacite and tenite - 99.16%
combined carbon, not deter. -------------
schreibersite 0.837

‘‘undissolved in hydrochloric acid ( graphite and silicates (trace) .003
platinum (from 23.9 gms.) trace

100.
‘‘The analysis of kamacite and teenite together gave :
Fe. 91:92%
Ni. 8.13
100,05’’

The weight of this most interesting siderite is 41 pounds, 6%
ounces, or 18.3 kilograms.

Colorado has not been prolific in supplying meteorites to the
scientific world. As far as noted, including the present iron, there
have been but five. All of which are siderites.

Russel Gulch, Gilpin County, - - - - - - - found 1863
Bear Creek, near Denver .- =. -):- = «= « «= 4866
Jefferson, 30 miles from Denver - ~- - - + fell June, 1867
Franceville, El Paso County - - - - - - + found 1890
Mount Ouray, Chaffee County - - - - - - s 1894

I can find no account of one of these, the ‘‘ Jefferson, (81 Shep-
ard Collection) 30 miles from Denver, Colorado,’’ listed as having
fallen in June, 1867, except in the descriptive catalogue of the
meteorite collection in the United States National Museum, Jan., 1902.
It seems apparent that a mistake has been made in labelling this speci-
men, and it must be dropped as a distinct fall for the following reasons.

78 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Bear Creek has been noted in most catalogues as having been
found in Denver County, Colorado, also a mistake, as Colorado has
no county by this name. It was first mentioned by Shepard* as found
upon the eastern slope of the Sierre Madre Range of the Rocky
Mountains. Again Henry} notes it as found in a deep gulch near
Bear Creek, about 25 or 30 miles from Denver. Smith{ in describ-
ing this meteorite gave it the name of Bear Creek. As Denver is on
the boundary line between Arapahoe and Jefferson counties, and as
there is a Bear Greek extending clear across Jefferson county from
west to east, emptying into the Platte, according to Henry’s descrip-
tion, this would bring the locality of the Bear Creek meteorite in the
western central part of Jefferson county. Therefore, it seems likely
that the iron noted in the Shepard Collection as ‘‘Jefferson, 30 miles
from Denver,’’ is in reality a portion of the Bear Creek meteorite
labelled ‘‘ Jefferson,’’ meaning Jefferson county, and that the date of
fall, June, 1867, is an error. Particularly so as the Bear Creek is
‘described by Henry} as being ‘‘ shattered on one end,’’ so that small
pieces could be readily detached.

Denver county has evidently been substituted for Denver city
in many of the meteorite lists, as no county is given in any of the
early reports of the Bear Creek meteorite. Moreover, the Sierre
Madre Range is west of Denver, and Bear Creek is described as hav-
ing been found on its eastern slope, which, in all probability, would
bring it in Jefferson county. So it would seem best that ‘‘ Jefferson ’’
should be discarded entirely as a distinct fall and be called Bear
Creek, and that Denver county in all meteorite lists should read Den-
ver city. Thus we reduce the Colorado meteorites to four distinct
falls.

*Am. Jour. Sci. Ser. 2, Vol. 42, pp. 250-251.

tIbid Ser. 2, Vol. 42, pp. 286-287.
{Ibid Ser.-2, Vol. 43, pp. 66-67.

VoL. 4. Pirate VIL

Proc. Rocn. Acap, SCIENCK

SHOWING PITTINGS. (Two-filths actual size.)

Fic. 1. UPPE!

Fic, 2. SHOWING PYRAMIDAL FORM. (Two-fifths actual size.)

FRANCEVILLE METEORITE.

H. L. Priston

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4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

VOL. 4, PP. 79-88, PLATES 7-11.

‘DESCRIPTION OF FOUR METEORITES 3) 4
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CUERNAVACA >} New ae
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ROCHESTER, N. Y.
PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY,
DECEMBER, 1902. ,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

VoL. 4, PP. 79-88, PLATES 7-11. DECEMBER 12, 1902.

‘ DESCRIPTION OF FOUR METEORITES,
By HENRY A. WARD.

(Read before the Academy November 10, 1902.)

THE ANDOVER METEORITE. anya

The State of Maine has long had three meteorites to its credit.
Nobleboro 1823, Castine 1848, Searsmont 1871. All are stones, and all
fell in the southern half of the State. We now give first public record
to a fourth, also from south of the middle parallel of the State, and also
an aerolite. We owe the first knowledge of this to Mr. Henry V. Poor,
of Brookline, Mass., the present owner of the mass. This gentleman
obtained the specimen from the original owner,on whose farm, adjacent
to his summer residence in Andover, Oxford Co., Maine, it fell. Mr.
Poor, with great liberality, placed it at my disposition for examination
and description, I further received a letter from Mr. Lincoln Dresser,
of Andover, who tells the, whole story of its fall. Mr. Dresser says,
‘‘ The meteor that fell near my house on the morning of Aug. 5th,
1898, was witnessed by me, and I was within 25 feet of it when it came
down. It came from the north west at an angle of 75 degrees, and
in all probability came from the constellation of Perseus.(!) It was
accompanied by a loud noise resembling a buzz saw, and had a following
of smoke. It was in intense heat when it struck a stone in the wall,
grazing the stone. In its fall it passed down through the branches of
an elm tree, cutting many of them off as clearly as if done by a sharp
knife. I supposed at the time it was a gaseous ball of fire, and
thought it exploded, but after examination I found where it imbedded
itself in the earth to the depth of 2% feet. I secured, by digging, a
large piece weighing 7% lbs., and two or three small ones which were
broken by its striking the rock fence. The large piece was irregular
in shape and had the appearance of having exploded in the air, as
a large piece was lost from one side before it went into the ground.
8, Proc. RocH. ACAD. SciI., Vov. 4. DECEMBER 13, 1902.

(79)

80 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

The crust of this one on three sides had a blackened surface with
shallow dents like finger points. The broken part shows a gray rock,
looking like silver. The break was fresh, and on exposure to the air
you could observe the iron coloring in it. It was of the finest of
granite. People in the adjoining towns heard the peculiar buzzing
noise, and heard a loud report, probably when it burst.’’

In June, of the present year, I had the privilege of visiting the
spot in Andover where the stone fell. A sharp dent in the granite
wall still shows freshly where the stone struck at its first impact. In
falling it had passed through thickly set, small branches of an elm
tree directly above. Mr. Dresser tells me that it was seeing these
branches fall, cut off by the stone, which had changed his first instant’s
impression that the latter was of a gaseous character.

By the aid of a ladder and a saw I obtained the portion of a
branch two inches in diameter, half cut through by the meterorite. |
also obtained two small pieces of the stone itself, one from Mr.
Dresser, and another from Mr. E. M. Bailey, also a resident of
Andover. Through the kind favor of Mr. Poor I am able to here
present a cut of the large mass which weighs about 6% lbs. (Fig. 1,
plate VIII.)

In general shape it is an irregular lengthened polygon likea flat-
tened triangle, with the three points largely truncated. The cut
presents one side whose largest dimensions are 734 inches in length
by 4 inches in greatest breadth. The opposite side which was broken
off in the fall is of the same length, but 5% inches in the measure
at right angles. All other sides are well coated with a brownish
black crust, relieved by occasional patches of lighter brown. The
crust is roughened by little, slightly raised pimples, often connected
with very short ridges, of the molten matter. On several sides
are shallow pittings as large as the impressions of finger-ends. Some
of these are separated, others confluent, the latter, as is to be expected,
all on the same side of the mass, having their depressed rim in the
same direction or aspect. The broken side of the mass shows an
interior of a light gray color, and is granular, with a few chondri
of much darker color. The whole mass is, in a fresh fracture, brilliant
with points of nickeliferous iron sparsely interspersed with bronze-
colored troilite. I have given the name of Andover to this meteorite
from the proximity of its fall to the town of Andover, Oxford Co.,
Maine.

THE CUERNAVACA METEORITE. 8I

THE CUERNAVACA METEORITE.

In Castillo’s catalogue of Mexican Meteorites (1889) he
mentions, p. 3, ‘‘ Meteorite of Cuernavaca, State of Morelos. It isa
fragment of meteoric iron found, so it is said, on the road from Mex-
ico (city) to Cuernavaca. It is in the National Museum of Mexico.’’

While in that capitol in April of the present year, and visiting
the Museum, I was shown by the keeper of the mineral collections,
Professor Manuel Villada, the specimen which lay in a lower com-
partment of one of their table cases. I promptly availed myself of
permission to photograph it, and later on I was able to obtain,
through the kind services of Professor Villada, permission from the
Director of the Museum to cut the mass in twain and to carry away
the smaller half.

The mass, as shown in the accompanying plate, (Fig. 1, plate
VII) was entire, never having had further than a minute chisel-clip-
ping, the common way of Mexican prospectors, who test all troven
metal masses in their search for silver. The length of the mass was
480 mm. (about 1g inches) while its other diameters were about
130 mm. to 150 mm. (about 5 to 6 inches) varying in different
parts of the mass. The form might be described as a square-sided,
irregular column, with some protuberances and constrictions; and one
of its extremities, much enlarged, projecting several inches forward of
the main line of the mass in a sort of sub-cylindrical turban. The
surface of the mass, though very uneven, with alternate elevations and
depressions short and sharp in contour, is still smooth in texture, and
is quite covered with a reddish brown crust which is of unusual thick-
ness and continuity. This surface is impressed over the entire mass
with indentations from % to 1% inches long, like chisel-marks. The
section of the iron (Fig. 2, plate VII) shows these indented lines to
correspond with numerous straight, short seams of troilite, which cross
the mass in all parts and at all angles. There are also several small
troilite nodules, with one of 30 mm. in diameter. These nodules are
surrounded and crossed by a narrow border of schreibersite. Etching
brings out well marked Widmanstatten figures of the octohedral type.
In these the kamacite blades vary much in both breadth and length,
causing a coarser or finer pattern in different parts of the section. The
plessite patches are seen to be generally composed of alternate layers
of kamacite and tenite. The latter, although in fine films between the
kamacite blades, show prominently from their brightness. The char-

82 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

acters of the etched surface of this iron show much similiarity to those
of the Bella Roca siderite.

The analysis of the iron as made by Professor J. E. Whitfield, of
Philadelphia, gives:

Iron, - - - 88,982
Nickel, - - 10, 300

The specific gravity is 7,725.

This Cuernavaca mass seems to have lain ferdu since its finding,
never having been described or analyzed. It has been claimed by
Brezina and others as belonging to the group of Toluca irons. No
one who has seen the mass in either its external or its internal
features could make this mistake. | Moreover, as Fletcher has shown
(Mexican Meteorites, 1890, p. 79) Cuernavaca is far away, to the
southeast, from the Toluca or Xiquipuco district. The two irons are
as diverse in structure as they are distant in their localities.

THE ARISPE METEORITE:

This most interesting siderite was found in the northeastern part
of the State of Sonora, Mexico, in 1898. After various vicissitudes of
rambling with changed owners, it became last year the property of
Mr. A. F. Wuensch, a mining engineer of wide reputation in the
western country, whose present residence is Denver, Colorado. Mr.
Wuensch had encountered it while on a professional tour in Sonora.
From this gentleman and a Denver newspaper of August 17 of the
present year, I gather the following notice of the mass.

The meteorite was discovered first in 1898 by some Mexican
mescalleros in the mountain some fifteen miles northwest of Arispe,
Sonora. Finding the mass malleable and composed of a silver white
metal, they regarded it as some form of silver ore, and secreted it
near the place of its discovery until transportation for it could be
secured. Other parties, however, followed up the trail, found the
place of concealment and stole the supposed lump of silver. After
some time and some strife, personal and in the courts, the mass was
acquired by Senor Canizaris at Cucurpe in the Magdalena district.
This gentleman had a hole half an inch in diameter and two and one-
half inches deep drilled into it, to test its interior for precious metals.
When these drillings showed no value in either gold or silver, the
mass was laid aside. Its existence was subsequently referred to

*This description of the Arispe meteorite was presented to Academy November 24, 1902.

THE ARISPE METEORITE. 83

during a visit of Mr. Wuensch to that vicinity, and this expert
promptly recognizing it as a genuine meteorite, he secured it and had
it transported to his Denver home. From this owner the meteorite
has, at last, come into my hands to be cut, studied and disposed of,
he reserving a slice for the mineral collection of the Colorado Scientific
Society.

The specimen, as it came to me, had nothing of remarkable
interest in its exterior. It is as irregular and shapeless as are nearly
all masses of meteoric iron, notably those from Mexico and our
southwestern states, where prolonged decomposition has with most of
them corroded and broken down the sharper angles. A view from
one side shows a parallelogram about 16 inches long by 12 inches at
one end and about g inches at the other. This surface shows no true
pittings, but a few shallow concavities, one of them nearly an inch
across, due to the deep decomposition which has ensued, doubtless,
since its fall. On the opposite side the form is more trifid, as shown
in plate IX, and measures 18 inches in greatest length, 13% inches in
greatest breadth, and 13 inches in thickness. Its surface is covered
with evenly distributed shallow pittings, ranging from 1% to 3 or 4
cm. in diameter. These are sharp in outline, this surface having been
less worn or decomposed since the fall than have been the other sides
of the mass. On one side is a large depression, nearly 3 inches in
depth and in greatest width, semilunar in shape and with nearly
vertical walls on two of its sides. This deep pit-like valley has on
its bottom and sides, smooth surfaces, without either ridges or pittings,
which give strong indication of the fact of the present vacancy having
once been filled with matter which has been worn away or decomposed
and fallen out, probably a great troilite nodule. This empty cavity is
indeed the most striking feature of the outside of the mass.

On a section of the iron (Plate X) troilite nodules are quite
abundant, some of them up to 30 mm. in diameter. In several
instances within these nodules are small patches and angular fragments
of the nickeliferous iron. (Plate XI Fig. 2.) These nodules are
surrounded with an envellope of schreibersite. In two or three of the
nodules were found masses of chromite from 4 to 5 mm. in diameter,
and in one instance on the edge of one of the plates was chromite
nodule 12 to 14 mm. in diameter. On some of the surfaces’ that
‘ have been polished or etched there have occured in groups of crystals
in arborescent form some 10 x 18 mm. in diameter, what is appar-
ently cohenite, the carbide of iron. Nothing is more striking in the

84 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

composition of the iron than the numerous large masses of schreibersite
scattered through it. Some of these average from 30 to 40 mm. in
diameter, while others again occur in blades some 3 mm. in width
and 45 mm. in length. The Widmanstatten figures are sharp and
clear and of unusual size, picturing vividly the octahedral structure of
the iron. The kamacite plates are of unusual width, averaging from
3 to 4 m m. in width, and in one instance extending in an unbroken
line for 195 mm. _ The taenite films are comparatively small, but
are noticeable from their difference in color as they lie between the
kamacite plates. The iron is also characterised by almost the entire
absence of what is called plessite, the‘‘ Fiillleisen’’ of the German
chemists.

There remains to notice a point in the structure or construction
of the iron mass which is of the highest interest, and is, in some
respects, quite unique. The section across the meteorite shows it to
belong to the limited group of brecciated siderites (see Plate X.),
and that its individual pieces, or soldered fragments, are by far the
largest which have ever been recorded. It will be noticed that the
surface of the section is crossed from one side to the other by a fissure.
And from a point somewhat beyond the middle of this fissure a branch
fissure leads off at right angles until it reaches the edge of the mass.
The two together make a letter Y, dividing the surface into three
areas. This fissure in parts of its course shows as a fine line with the
sides tightly closed up, and in other parts there is a filling of the
fissure with troilite in a broken vein varying in general width from 1
to 3 mm., but expanding at these points to twice that width. That
this bifid fissure is a fracture of the original mass and that the troilite
has subsequently gathered in it, seems apparent, although that the
cracking and the filling shall have been closely allied in time is more
than likely, particularly when we keep in view the fact of the low
fusion point of the troilite. But the prominent and most novel feature
of this siderite section is still to come, and is as follows. We have
already mentioned the great length and distinctness of the kamacite
plates. They form on the surface lines of orientation showing the
structual growth of the grea. As, now, we notice the union of any
one of these areas with its two neighbors, we make the surprising
discovery that these surface lines do not match or correspond in
direction across the line of union—the fissure. (See Plate XI Fig 1.) -
In short, each area is quite distinct from each of the other two. The
appearance is as if the whole mass had originally been of continuous

THE AIRSPE METEORITE. 85

ro

structure clear across, that it had afterwards cracked into three pieces,
and that these pieces had swung around and reunited with different
sides together than those which at first existed. This must needs have
been done at a time when the iron was still in a somewhat plastic
state, and before the troilite had cooled to its fusion point: Whether
such mobility is conceivable in a mass pressed inward from all sides
is, perhaps, open to question. Another view is that each of these
three divisions is an area of original crystalization.

In speaking of the above structure of Arispe, I should not omit
mention of the fact that a somewhat similar changed-about (umge-
wandelt) phenomenon has been noticed in the iron meteorite Mukerop
from southwestern Africa, and described by Prof. Frederick Berwerth
in a paper read before the Imperial Academy of Sciences, of Vienna, on
the 2oth of February, 1902. In this paper, which is, unfortunately,
unaccompanied by any cut or photograph, there are four distinct areas
mentioned, each defined, as in Arispe, by differently directed figures.
These are in two pieces, with sharp lines of demarcation, which,
Berwerth says, ‘‘appear to be brought out by the changing of the
system of lamellae on the plane of contact’’. Here then, are no
fissures, as those in Arispe, which have once separated the mass into
parts, but those are held by him to be a twinning of two supposed
original crystals. The African and Mexican meteorite thus present
two entirely distinct phenomena. Both undoubtedly owe their inner
structural framework to the time when they existed as a crystalizing
magma in some incandescent celestial body. The opportunities there
present for variation in ultimate structure were large, and the outcome
will be different in different masses, while all are held firmly in unison
with primal laws of composition and of crystalization which have
fashioned the phenomena of these earth-wandered fragments which
we to-day have under our inspection. They announce no new laws,
but they tell us new and unexpected stories.

Prof. J. E. Whitfield, of Philadelphia, has analyzed Arispe and
finds :

Iron, - - - - . . 92.268
Nickel, - - = . 5 Sy £040
Specific Gravity, : - - 7.853

Mr. John M. Davison, of Reynolds Laboratory, of the University
of Rochester, writes :

86 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

‘* T find a trace of platinum in the Arispe siderite. From as care-
‘* ful a separation of schreibersite as time permitted, its percentage is
‘© 1.84. This is the mean of two closely agreeing determinations made
‘“on material caught from the sawing of small slices of the meteorite
‘‘with a hack saw. Had it been practical to collect sawings from
‘‘larger sections which seem to have larger patches of schreibersite
‘*the percentage of that mineral would doubtless have been greater.
‘“ No other meteorite with which we are acquainted shows such a pro-
‘* portion of this.’’

‘* Some black particles, picked from the centre of a troilite nodule,
‘prove to be chromite. They are insoluble in nitric acid, and give
‘“chromium reaction. Cohenite appears to be present, but the material
‘‘at my disposal was too scanty to permit its certain identification.”’

As some chemical work in reference to the constituents of this
most remarkable meteorite has not at the present moment been com-
pleted, the results will be published at a later date.

The largest outside surface (end-piece) together with the largest
section, both as described in this paper, are taking their places in the
Ward-Coonley Collection of Meteorites, now displayed (on deposit)
in the main- Geological Hall of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory in New York. The two pieces together weigh nearly 4o
kilogrammes.

tHE BALD, EAGER METEOREILE:.

This interesting siderite has been loaned to me for examination
and cutting by Prof. Wm. G. Owens, of the Bucknell University,
Lewisburg, Pa. Prof. Owens read a paper upon the specimen before
the Chemical Society of the University, and this was, the following
year (1892), published in Vol. 43 of the American Journal of Science.
From this article of Prof. Owen’s I take my facts as to the finding of
the mass.

Bald Eagle Mountain, on the east side of which the meteorite
was found, is seven miles south of Williamsport, Pa. The mountain
comes down to the edge of the Susquehanna river, and on the border
of the latter runs the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad. Numerous
transverse depressions occur here in the mountain-side, some of which
are filled with loose blocks of sandstone, large and small. ‘‘It was
in one of these depressions, several hundred feet from the railroad
track, that on or about Sept. 25, 1891, some Italians, while getting

THE BALD EAGLE METEORITE. 87

out stones for a stone-crusher, found in a bed of loose stones, about
two meters deep, something which resembled a stone in appearance.
It was covered with a fungus growth, as were the stones, but when
picked up attracted the laborer’s attention on account of its weight.
He showed it to the Superintendent who tried to break it, and failing
attempted to cut it with a cold chisel, when it proved to be soft iron.
When several weeks later the owner of the crusher, Mr. George S.
Matlock, came to the works it was given to him, and he, realizing its
value, presented it to this university. It weighs 3.3 Kilos. (7 lbs.
1 oz.) In shape it resembles in general outline, a human foot. (Fig.
2, plate VIII.) The flat face, corresponding to the sole, measures
16.6 cm. (6% inches) long, and 8 cm. (3% inches) wide at the
broadest place. From the extremity of the heel it projects upward
14 cm. (5% inches), ending ina point. The surface is covered with
a reddish brown iron rust. This easily scales off in many places, and
at several points this covering is so thin that the bright metal shines
through. It is pitted quite deeply in some places, and very irregular
in outline. * * * * Its specific gravity is 7.06. It is quite soft
compared with ordinary wrought iron. Chemical analysis gave Fe
Ome sani 7-50; (Co. ©.70;) PO.697° 50) 106" Si. trace; —— 60:77.

Nothing is known as to the time of its fall, though as it was found
covered by several feet of stones which have not been moved sensibly
since the Susquehanna valley has been inhabited by white men, it
could not have been recent. As far as can be learned, this is the only
specimen of the fall which has been found.’’

It has seemed to be desirable to add to this description by Prof.
Owens a view of this most interesting iron. The picture (Fig. 2,
plate VIII) is a half-tone taken from a photograph of the mass before
cutting. Its resemblance to a human foot is very striking, despite the
many rough notches and depressions which cover the surface. But few
of these depressions are well defined pittings, seeming rather to be
fractuosites, caused by the violent tearing of the iron from a parent
mass, and the sharpness of the angles and crests reduced by the attri-
tion to which the whole mass has been subjected. A portion only of
the surface, all the upper part of the ankle, has a well smoothed surface,
with a fine granulation akin to a skin or crust. On the back, above the
heel, are two sharp depressions, one round and 3% of an inch in depth
and in diameter, the other, half as deep, a paralellogram 34 of an inch
long and % inch wide. Both of these have vertical walls, and show
clearly as cavities which have once been filled with softer matter, prob-

88 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

ably troilite nodules, which have since been eroded or decomposed
away. On the top of the front part of the foot is a deep cavity, due
to the folds in the iron, which passes nearly through to the sole. The
sole itself is very flat, which has allowed a thin slice, 4 of an inch thick
and weighing 300 grammes, to be cut off, of same width from toe to
heel, and like thickness throughout, like the sole of ashoe. The
polished section is quickly etched by the use of dilute nitric acid, and
the Widmanstatten figures produced are both sharp and peculiar.
(Fig. 3, plate VIII.) The iron is typically octahedral. The etched
surface is composed mainly of short kamacite blades, with an average
thickness of about 1 mm. and from 5 to 10 mm. in length. These
depart from the ordinary rule defining the usual angular figures by
being largely curved or snake-like in form, giving a pattern like that of
floss or tangled yarn. Many of these kamacite blades are club-shaped
(rounded on both ends) as in the Augusta Co., Va., iron. The
patches of plessite are minute, sometimes showing clearly the alternate
layers of teenite and kamacite. The tenite plates lying between the
kamacite blades are very narrow, but stand out in prominent relief on
the etched surface, and are faintly distinguishable by their bronze
yellow color from the tin-white kamacite.

Two fissures, each about 25 mm. in length and averaging from
I to 2 mm. in width, cross the sole diagonally, and are filled with
troilite. No rounded nodules of this mineral were to be seen in
in the section made. Several patches of schreibersite, rudely repre-
senting cuneiform characters, are scattered throughout the etched
surface. These are brighter and with denser surface than the troi-
lite, the latter being granular and less lustrous. But the main
peculiarity of this iron is the extremely winding, vermiform
assembling of the kamacite plates, to which we have already
referred. In this respect the Bald Eagle iron is quite unique.

Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE. VOL. 4, PLATE VII.

Fic. 1. External form. One-fourth actual size.

Fic. 2. Section showing Widmanstattan figures. One-half actual size.

CUERNAVACA METEORITE.

Henry A. WARD.

Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE. VoL. 4, PLATE VIII.

Fic. 1 ANDOVER AEROLITE.
About three-fifths actual size.

Fic. 2. BALD EAGLE METEORITE.

Showing the foot-like form with pittings. About three-fifths actual size.

Fic. 3. BALD EAGLE METEORITE.

Section showing Widmanstattan figures. Three-fifths actual size.

ANDOVER AND BALD EAGLE METEORITES.

Henry A. WARD.

Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE. VoLw4. Brace IX

External form with pittings. One-third actual size.

ARISPE. METEORITE.

HENRY A. WARD.

Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE. VOL. 4, PLATE X

Section showing Widmanstattan figures. One-third actual size.

ARISPE METEORITE.

HENRY_A. WARD.

4, PLATE XI.

VOL.

Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE.

The lines represent plates of kamacite.

Diagram of section, showing the tripartite structure.

I.

Fic.

Section showing the dark troilite nodules surrounded by the lighter schreibersite.

2.

Fic.

ARISPE METEORITE.

HENRY A. WARD.

Non Tree a i
Pe

ee |

VoL. 4) PP. 89- 91, PLATE 12. .

]
a

REED CITY ‘METEORITE

H. L. PRESTON,

RocuEsTER, N. Y.
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY,
APRIL, 1903. °

PROCEEDINCS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL. 4, PP. 89-91, PLATE 12. APRIL 15, 1903.

REED CITY METEORITE.

By H. L. Preston.

LIBRARY |

NEW YORK
GARDEN

(Read before the Academy March g, 1903.)

For the early history of this meteorite I am indebted to Prof.
Walter B. Barrows, of the Michigan State Agricultural College, and
a clipping written by Prof. Barrows from the M. A.C. Record, pub-
lished by the same institution.

This meteorite, according to Prof. Barrow’s statement, was
found by Mr. Ernest Ruppert, a small farmer and junk dealer, on
his farm in Osceola County, near Reed City, Michigan, while plow-
ing in September, 1895.

The meteorite was later displayed in a hotel window in Reed
City, where Prof. Barrows saw it in December, 1898, and was told
there had been a dispute as to the origin of the specimen, some
claiming that it was a meteor from the skies, others that it was a
lump of ordinary iron. Prof. Barrows saw at a glance from its gen-
eral character that it was a genuine meteorite, and at that time made
an unsuccessful effort to obtain it for the college museum. Other
attempts were equally unsuccessful until recently, when the iron
was purchased by the college.

In January of this year Prof. Henry A. Ward, of Chicago,
visited Prof. Barrows to see if he could make arrangements to
obtain a portion of the mass for the Ward-Coonley Collection of
Meteorites now on deposit in the American Museum of Natural
History in New York. In consequence of this visit the mass was
sent to Rochester, N. Y., for slicing.

9, Proc. Rocu. Acap. Sc1., Vor. 4, APRIL 15, 1903.
(89)

go ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

The meteorite on reaching Rochester, before cutting, was a
semi-circular or ham-shaped mass, 10 x 21 x 26% cm. in its great-
est diameters, of which one side (Plate XII, Fig. 1) is a comparatively
smooth convex surface showing no distinct pittings. The opposite
side is much more irregular in form, slightly concave, with three
prominent and numerous small characteristic pittings. On the
upper edge of this face is a hackly fracture, oblong in shape, 4%
x 10 cm. in diameter, where a piece, less than a pound according to
Prof. Barrows, was broken off by the finder in an effort to discover
what made the “stone” so heavy. The surface of this fracture,
like that of the entire mass, being much oxidized, so that the nickel-
iferous iron is not visible. On one edge there is a large irregular
pitting some 10 cm. long and 5 cm. deep. The whole mass is of a
reddish-brown hue, intermingled with large irregular patches of an
schreous-yellow color. On no part of the iron was the true crust
observed. Its weight was 43 pounds 11 ounces, or 19.8 kilograms.

Following the directions of Prof. Ward a few cuts were made
parallel to the upper left-hand edge of Plate XII, Fig. 1, showing the
deep pitting mentioned above, and commencing just within the edge
of this pitting. On polishing and etching these cut surfaces, we
found that the iron was octahedral in structure, with well marked
Widmanstiitten figures. A feature of this iron is the fact that it
etches so readily that the Widmanstitten figures were slightly out-
lined on an ordinary polished surface, without the use of acid or any
other solvent.

The etched surfaces have numerous fissures from ¥% to 1%
mm. in width and from 5 to 65 mm. in length, partly filled with
troilite but mainly with schreibersite. These fissures occur at vari-
ous angles toward each other, thus breaking, to some extent, the
regularity of the Widmanstitten figures, and are invariably entirely
surrounded by kamacite bands. The kamacite bands average from
114 to 2 mm. in width, with the broadest bands generally surround-
ing the schreibersite filled fissures as seen in Plate XII, Fig. 2. The
plessite patches which are quite prominent on the etched surfaces
show clearly the alternating layers of kamagite and taenite (so-called
Laphamite lines), a feature that was first distinguished in another
Michigan iron, that of Grand Rapids. On no section were rounded
troilite nodules, so characteristic of iron meteorites, found.

The character of the etched surface of this meteorite in many
respects resembles that of Cuernavaca, but the kamacite blades are

REED CILY METEORITE: gl

much broader and longer than in Cuernavaca, thus making the fig-
ures much more prominent.

An analysis of this meteorite, made for Prof. Ward by Prof. J.
E. Whitfield, of Philadelphia, gave the following results:

Fe - - - - 89.386
Ni . - - 8.180
The specific gravity - - VRS:

From the close proximity of the farm on which this meteorite
was found to Reed City we will designate it as the ‘“ Reed City
Meteorite.”

The main mass of this iron was returned to the Michigan Agri-
cultural College, while the smaller end and one slice weighing 2.9
kilograms, were added to the Ward-Coonley Collection of Meteor-
ites.

Michigan has to the present time furnished but three meteor-
ites to the scientific world as far as described:

Grand Rapids ~ - - Found 1883
Reed City) = - Found 1895
Allegan - - - Fell July 10, 1899

The first two are Siderites, the last an Aerolite.

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ROCHESTER. ACADEMY ¢ OF SCIENCE pe
aR Sy PP. 93-186."

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK

j 7g

RocHESTER, N. y.
PUBLISHED BY. THE ACADEMY, ‘
JUNE, 1903.

SI LR Nae A

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

VOL. 4, PP. 93-136. JUNE 1, 1903.

LIBRARY
BOTANICAL
GARDEN

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK.
BY ©. S. SARGENT.

During a visit which I made in Rochester in the autumn of 1899,
Mr. C. C. Laney, the superintendent of the parks of that city, called
my attention to a number of forms of Crataegus which seemed unlike
any of the described species and this hurried examination led Mr.
Laney, his assistant, Mr. John Dunbar, and Mr. M. S. Baxter, to make
a careful and systematic study of the group in the neighborhood of the
city and in parts of the adjacent country. The results of these studies
are found in this preliminary paper which serves to show the remark-
able. richness of the valley of the lower Genesee River in species of
Crataegus. This segregation of forms seems to confirm the fact
which I have long suspected, that the country surrounding Lake
Ontario and the eastern end of Lake Erie and the valley of the St.
Lawrence River, as far east at least as Montreal Island, is richer in
forms of Crataegus and in the multiplication of individuals than any
other part of the world, with the exception perhaps of the Red River
valley in Arkansas. Thanks to the industry of Mr. Laney and his
assistants, Crataegus has now been systematically and carefully
studied at Rochester through three years. Many of the species are
now well known at all seasons of the year ; others, however, are still
imperfectly known, and the range of all the species beyond the imme-
diate neighborhood of the city is still to be determined. This paper,
therefore, must be considered as preliminary to a fuller description of
the genus in the Lake Ontario country dependent on further field
work.

In the limitation of species particular attention has been given to
the number of stamens, the color of the anthers, and the character
and time of ripening of the fruit. The sections in which the species
are grouped are those which are adopted in the thirteenth volume of
my Silva of North America.

10, PRoc. RocH. ACAD. SCI., VOL. 4, JUNE 6, 1903.

94 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

§ CRUS:GALUL-

Fruit medium size, red, often slightly pruinose ; nutlets 1-3, obtuse,
prominently ridged on the back ; corymbs many-flowered ; stamens
ro-20 ; anthers rose color ; leaves subcoriaceous, dark green and
lustrous.

Glabrous ; leaves obovate-cuneiform to broadly ovate, their
primary veins within the parenchyma; stamens 10;
nutlets 2. Z. C. Crus-galli.

Slightly villose ; leaves oblong-obovate to oval, their veins
without the parenchyma, prominent ; stamens 10-20 ;
nutlets 1-2. 2. C. persimilis.

Crataegus Crus-galli, Linnaeus. Sargent, S7/va N. Am., ww. 91,
t 128. Common.

Crataegus persimilis, x. sf.

Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, acuminate, narrowed and short-
pointed or rarely rounded at the apex, gradually contracted from near
the middle and cuneate at the narrow entire base, sharply and doubly
serrate above, with glandular teeth; nearly fully grown when the
flowers open and then thin but firm in texture, glabrous with the
exception of a few caducous pale hairs on the upper side of the base
of the midribs, dark green and lustrous above and light orange-green
below ; at maturity coriaceous, lustrous on the upper surface, dull and
whitish on the lower surface, 4-6.5 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, with thin
midribs and slender but prominent primary veins, dark orange colored
early in the season, becoming pale yellow ; petioles slender, wing-
margined sometimes to the middle by the decurrent base of the leaf-
blades, grooved, occasionally grandular, with minute scattered glands,
at first sparingly villose, soon glabrous, 0.8-1.5 cm. in length ;
stipules linear, acuminate, furnished on the margins with minute
glands, long, caducous. Flowers about 1.2 cm. in diameter on long
slender slightly villose pedicels, in broad many-flowered thin-branched
corymbs ; bracts and_ bractlets linear, acuminate, glandular, mostly
persistent until the flowers open ; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, gla-
brous, the lobes long, slender, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate
glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner surface, reflexed after
anthesis ; stamens 10-20; styles 2, rarely 1, surrounded at the base
by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit on slender reddish pedicels
in few-fruited drooping clusters, oblong to subglobose, full and

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 95

rounded at the ends, dark crimson, lustrous, marked by occasional
large dark dots, about 1.2 em. long and 1.1 cm. wide ; calyx sessile,
with a deep narrow cavity and elongated serrate acute lobes gradually
narrowed from broad bases, villose on the upper surface, reflexed and
closely appressed, often deciduous from the ripe fruit ; flesh thin, dry,
pale yellow, of a disagreeable flavor ; nutlets usually 2, rarely 1, full
and rounded at the ends, prominently ridged on the back, with a high
rounded ridge, or sometimes deeply grooved, 8-9 mm. long, 5-6 mm.
wide.

A shrub 5 or 6 m. in height, with intricately branched stems 2-2. 5
dm. in diameter, covered with dull gray bark separating near their
base into small scales, or rarely arborescent with spreading branches,
and slender only slightly zigzag branchlets, dark orange-green and
marked by many large pale lenticels when they first appear, light
orange-brown and lustrous at the end of their first season, and pale
gray-brown the following year, and armed with many slender nearly
straight dark purple shining spines 3-4 cm. in length and long—
persistent on the stems. Flowers the first week of June. Fruit ripens
from the first to the middle of October and falls toward the end of the
month, sometimes retaining its shape and color on the ground until
the following spring.

Rochester ; moist rich soil; rare; Black Creek above B. R. &
P. R. R. Bridge, C. S. Sargent, Sept. 16, 1901, Highland Avenue,
near Clover Road, C. S. Sargent, September 19, 1899, /ohn Dunbar,
May 29 and June 8, rgo1, East Avenue in creek lot east of Brighton,
GrGy Laney, Oct: 1902.

This species is closely related to Crataegus Peortensis, Sargent,
of central and northern Illinois, with leaves of the same form and the
peculiar orange colored branchlets of the first year. It differs from it
chiefly in its fewer-flowered corymbs, coarsely and constantly serrate
calyx-lobes much more villose on the inner surface, in its usually more
numerous stamens, in its fewer styles, small fruits and larger nutlets.

96 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

§ PRUINOSAE.

Fruit medium size, red, often slightly five-angled, more or less pruinose,
the calyx-lobes usually raised on a short tube; corymbs few or
many-flowered ; stamens ro-20; leaves thick or subcoriaceous,
usually blue-green, glabrous or slightly villose while young.

Stamens 20.
ANTHERS PURPLE OR RED.

Leaves oblong-ovate, villose on the upper surface while
young ; corymbs many-flowered ; anthers dark maroon
color ; fruit oblong to oblong-ovate, crimsom ; nutlets
4-5. 3. C. betta;

Leaves ovate to rhombic, slightly villose while young, yellow-
green; corymbs many-flowered ; anthers red; fruit
ovate to oblong, dark crimson ; nutlets 3-4.

g. C. Lennoniana.

ANTHERS YELLOW.

Leaves broadly ovate, slightly hairy while young on the
upper side of the midribs; corymbs few-flowered ;
fruit obovate to subglobose, dark green, becoming bright
red and lustrous late in the season; nutlets usually 4 ;
spines long and slender. 5. C. letophylta.

Leaves oblong-ovate, slightly hairy on the upper surface
while young ; corymbs many-flowered ; fruit oblong or
slightly obovate, scarlet; nutlets 4 or 5 ; spines short
and stout. 6. C. formosa.

Stamens 10 or less.

ANTHERS ROSE COLOR OR PURPLE.

Leaves oblong-ovate, slightly villose while young on the
upper surface; glabrous at maturity ; corymbs many-
flowered ; stamens 7-10; anthers dark rose color ; fruit
usually oblong-obovate, light cherry red ; nutlets 3-4.

7. C. compta.

Leaves ovate, hirsute while young and scabrate at maturity
on the upper surface ; corymbs usually few-flowered ;
anthers purple; fruit subglobose to short-oblong,
scarlet ; nutlets 4-5. 8. C. diffusa,

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 97

Leaves oblong-ovate to oval, hirsute while young on the
upper surface; corymbs few-flowered ; stamens 10;
anthers pale rose color ; fruit subglobose and usually
broader than high to short-obovate, crimson ; nutlets
3-4. 9. C. opulens.

Leaves usually ovate to deltoid, villose while young ; corymbs
many-flowered ; stamens 10; anthers dark purple ;
fruit globose, scarlet, scarcely pruinose ; nutlets 4.

Io. C. Maineana.

Crataegus beata, w. sp.

Glabrous with the exception of the hairs on the upper surface of
the young leaves and petioles. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, full
and rounded or broadly concave-cuneate, or on leading shoots
sometimes cordate at the entire base, sharply double serrate above,
with straight gland-tipped teeth, and divided into numerous long nar-
row acuminate spreading lobes ; when they unfold deeply tinged with
red and villose on the upper surface, and about one-third grown when
the flowers open, and then very thin, dark yellow, and still slightly
hairy ; at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark, dull blue-green and
smooth above, pale blue-green below, 5-8 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide,
with stout yellow midribs and slender primary veins arching obliquely
to the points of the lobes ; petioles slender, slightly wing-margined
at the apex, grooved, furnished with numerous small dark glands, spar-
ingly hairy at first, soon glabrous, often rose color in the autumn,
2.5-4 cm. in length ; stipules linear, acuminate, glandular, on leading
shoots often lobed at the base, caducous. Flowers on long slender
pedicels, in broad dense many-flowered compound corymbs ; calyx-tube
broadly obconic, the lobes separated by wide rounded sinuses, small,
acuminate, entire or undulate or occasionally glandular on the margins,
reflexed after anthesis; stamens 20; anthers large, dark maroon
color ; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale
hairs. Fruit on slender pedicels in drooping many-fruited clusters,
oblong to oblong-obovate, full and rounded at the ends, crimson,
marked by many small pale dots, pruinose, 1. 1-1. 3cm. long, 9-10 mm.
wide ; calyx comparatively small with a very short tube, a broad
shallow cavity, and slender spreading nearly entire lobes, dark red on
the upper side near the base, their tips often deciduous from the ripe
fruit ; flesh very thick, dry and mealy ; nutlets usually 5, full and
rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed to the acute base, rounded

98 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

and slightly grooved or irregularly ridged on the back, 6-7 mm. long.

A shrub 5 or 6 m. in height with numerous stems covered with
dark gray bark, spreading into broad thickets, erect branches, and
stout only slightly zigzag branchlets, dark orange-green tinged with red
and marked by numerous small pale lenticels when they first appear,
bright red-brown and very lustrous at the end of their first season,
becoming light gray-brown the following year, and armed with many
stout nearly straight bright red-brown shining spines 3.5-4.5 cm. long.
Flowers from the 2oth to the end of May. Fruit ripens at the end of
September. In the autumn the leaves turn to a handsome lemon
yellow.

Rochester, Highland Avenue, Beckwith farm, Float Bridge,
Genesee Valley Park, C. S. Sargent, John Dunbar, September 19,
1900, and September, 1902, /ohn Dunbar, May, September and
October, 1901, on left side of Scottsville road at creek near Pennsyl-
vania R. R. Round House ; Greece, AZ S. Baxter, May, 1902.

Crataegus Lennoniana, z. sp.

Glabrous with the exception of a few hairs on the young leaves
and their petioles. Leaves ovate to rhombic, acuminate, gradually
narrowed and concave-cuneate at the entire base, deeply serrate
above, with blunt gland-tipped teeth, and usually divided into 4 or 5
pairs of short broad acuminate lateral lobes ; nearly half-grown when
the flowers open and then membranaceous, light yellow-green and
furnished with a few soft pale hairs on the upper surface particularly
toward the base of the midribs ; at maturity thin, dark dull yellow-
green and slightly roughened above, pale and glabrous below,
4-5 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, with stout orange-colored midribs
and 4 or 5 pairs of primary veins arching obliquely to the
points of the lobes; petioles slender, narrowly wing-margined at
the apex by the decurrent base of the leaf-blades, slightly hairy
toward the apex while young, soon glabrous, 1.5-4 cm. in length ;
stipules linear, acuminate, glandular, mostly deciduous before the
flowers open ; on vigorous shoots leaves broadly ovate, subcoriaceous,
deeply lobed, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, 5-6 cm. long
and usually as wide or wider than long, with stout winged glandular
petioles usually about 2 cm. in length. Flowers 1.2 cm. in diameter
on short slender pedicels, in compact many-flowered thin-branched
compound corymbs ; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes abruptly
narrowed from broad bases, slender, acuminate, entire, occasionally

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 99

slightly serrate, reflexed after anthesis ; stamens 20 ; anthers small,
red ; styles 3 or 4. Fruit on slender rigid reddish pedicels, in erect
few-fruited clusters, ovate to oblong,. full and rounded at the ends,
dark crimson marked by occasional small pale dots, slightly pruinose,
I-1.2. cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide ; calyx prominent with a long calyx-
tube, a deep narrow cavity, and spreading and closely appressed
lobes, entire or slightly serrate toward the apex, dark red on the
upper side near the base ; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy ; nutlets
3 or 4, full and rounded at the obtuse ends, ridged on the broad
rounded back, with a low narrow ridge, 6 mm. in length.

A slender tree sometimes 7 or 8 m. in height, with a trunk
branching one or two feet from the ground, and 1.5-2 dm. in diam-
eter, and covered with ashy gray bark, small horizontal and ascending
branches usually forming a broad symmetrical head, and slender ziz-
zag branchlets dark green tinged with red and marked by large
oblong pale lenticels when they first appear, bright red-brown and
lustrous at the end of their first season, becoming dark gray-brown
the following year and armed with many slender straight chestnut-brown
or purplish shining spines 1.5-3 cm. in length, long persistent and
occasionally compound. Flowers the first of June. Fruit ripens
toward the end of October and does not entirely fall before the end
of another month.

Rochester, C. S. Sargent and John Dunbar, October 15, 1901,
September 24, 1902; Adams Basin, New York, JZ S. Baxter, May
29, 1902; Buffalo, John Dunbar, October 6, 1902; Murray, JZ SS.
Baxter, June 1, 1902.

This species is named for William Harvey Lennon, teacher of
natural sciences in the Normal School at Brockport, New York, and
a careful and enthusiastic student of the flora of Monroe County.

Crataegus leiophylla, x. s/.

Glabrous with the exception of a few hairs on the upper side of
the midribs of young leaves. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate,
rounded, truncate or rarely cuneate at the wide entire base, sharply
and doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and divided
into four or five pairs of narrow acuminate spreading lateral lobes ;
bright red as they enfold and about half-grown when the flowers open,
and then thin and light yellow-green more or less tinged with red ; at
maturity thick and firm in texture, dark dull blue-green on the upper
surface, light yellow-green on the lower surface, 5-6 cm. long and

100 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

broad, and often broader than long, with slender yellow midribs and
4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins arching obliquely to the points of
the lobes; petioles slender, slightly wing-margined at the apex,
grooved, 2.5-4 cm. in length ; stipules linear to lanceolate, glandular,
turning red in fading, fugaceous. Flowers 2 cm. in diameter, and
very flat when fully expanded, on short, slender pedicels, in compact
usually 5-7-flowered compound corymbs ; bracts and bractlets linear,
glandular, mostly deciduous before the flowers open; calyx-tube
broadly obconic, the lobes gradually narrowed from wide bases,
small, acuminate, entire or slightly and irregularly glandular-serrate,
reflexed after anthesis ; stamens 20 ; anthers pale yellow ; styles 4 or
5, villose toward the base and surrounded by a broad ring of matted
white hairs. Fruit in few fruited erect or spreading clusters, obovate,
full and rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed below into the
thickened end of the short stout pedicel, dark green, and pruinose
until late in the season and when fully ripe bright red and lustrous,
rather broader than long, 1.2-1. 4 cm. in diameter ; calyx large and
prominent, with a short tube, a broad deep cavity, and enlarged
spreading and reflexed entire or sparingly serrate lobes often deciduous
from the ripe fruit ; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy ; nutlets usually
4, full and rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed and acute at the
base, prominently ridged, with a high broad ridge or rounded and
slightly grooved on the back, 7-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. thick.

A slender intricately branched shrub 3 to 5 m. in height with
stems 6-12 cm. in diameter, covered with pale olive-green bark, dark
and scaly toward the base, erect branches, and thin nearly straight
branchlets olive-green tinged with red and marked by many small
pale lenticels when they first appear, dull orange-green at the end of
their first season, and dark gray or reddish brown the following year
and armed with very numerous slender nearly straight bright chest-
nut-brown shining spines 4-6 cm. in length, and long persistent on the
stems. Flowers at the end of May. Fruit ripens early in November
and falls from the middle to the end of the month, often retaining its
form and color until the following spring.

Rochester ; common on both sides of the Genesee River north of
the city, John Dunbar, Henry T. Brown and M7. S. Baxter, May,
tgo1, C. S. Sargent, John Dunbar and M. S. Baxter, October, 1902.

CRATAEGUS JN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. IoI

Crataegus formosa, z. sf.

Nearly glabrous. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, full and
rounded or cuneate or rarely truncate at the wide entire base, sharply
and doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and slightly
divided usually only above the middle into three or four pairs of
narrow acuminate spreading lobes; more than half-grown when the
flowers open and then very thin, light yellow-green and slightly hairy
above along the midribs, paler and glabrous below ; at maturity sub-
coriaceous, dark dull bluish green on the upper surface, pale on the
lower surface, 5.5-7 cm. long, 4-6.5 cm. wide, with slender yellow
midribs, 4 or 5 pairs of thin prominent primary veins extending
obliquely to the points of the lobes, and somewhat conspicuous finely
reticulated veinlets ; petioles slender, usually slightly wing-margined
at the apex, grooved, sparingly glandular early in the season, 1.2-2
cm. in length. Flowers 2-2.5 cm. in diameter on long slender pedi-
cels, in broad usually about 10-flowered thin-branched corymbs ;
bracts and bractlets oblong-obovate to linear, glandular, mostly
deciduous before the flowers open ; calyx-tube broadly obconic, often
furnished near the base with a few long white caducous hairs, the lobes
gradually narrowed from wide bases, small, acuminate, entire or occa-
sionally and irregularly glandular-serrate, reflexed after anthesis ;
stamens 20 ; anthers pale yellow ; styles usually 5, surrounded at the
base by a ring of pale tomentum. Fruit on long slender pedicels, in
few-fruited spreading clusters, oblong or slightly obovate, full and
rounded at the ends, scarlet, marked by large pale lenticels, pruinose,
1.2-1.5 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide ; calyx prominent, sessile, with a
broad deep cavity and enlarged spreading entire or serrate lobes,
dark red on the upper side near the base, their tips often deciduous
from the ripe fruit ; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy ; nutlets 4 or 5,
thin, narrowed at the rounded ends, very prominently ridged on the
back, with a high rounded often doubly groove ridge, 8-9 mm. in
length.

A bush 3-5 m. in height, with stems branching from the base,
often 1-1.2 dm. in diameter, and covered with dark olive-green bark,
becoming dark gray-brown and scaly at the base, stout branchlets
dark orange-green and marked by many large pale lenticels when
they first appear, dull dark reddish brown or purple at the end of
their first season, very dark brown the following year and armed with
stout nearly straight red-brown shining spines usually not more than

102 ROCHESTER ACADEMY _O§ SCIENCE.

3 cm. in length, long persistent on the stems, frequently becoming
compound. Flowers about the 2othof May. Fruit ripens the middle
of October.

Rochester ; common on both sides of the Genesee River north of
the city, 7, Dunbar, May 23, tgo1, October 14, 1902, C. S. Sargent,
September 29, 1902, JZ. .S. Baxter, May, 1902; Buffalo, 7, Dunédar,
October 6, 1902.

Crataegus compta, wz. sf.

Glabrous with the exception of the hairs on the upper surface of
the unfolding leaves and young petioles. Leaves oblong-ovate,
acuminate, gradually and abruptly narrowed and rounded or broad and
subcordate at the entire base, sharply often doubly serrate above, with
straight gland-tipped teeth, and slightly divided into three or four
pairs of broad acute lateral lobes ; as they unfold tinged with red and
sparingly villose on the upper surface, and when the flowers open
about one-third grown and then light yellow-green and scabrate above
and pale below; at maturity coriaceous, glabrous, very dark dull blue-
green on the upper surface, pale and glaucous on the lower surface,
6-8 cm. long, 4.5-6 cm. wide, with slender yellow midribs slightly
impressed on the upper side and often rose color in the autumn on
the lower side, and very thin yellow primary veins extending obliquely
to the points of the lobes ; petioles slender, wing-margined at the
apex, grooved, sparingly glandular, with numerous deciduous bright
red glands, at first villose, soon glabrous, often rose color late in the
season, 3-4 cm. long ; leaves on vigorous shoots usually broader in
proportion to their length, more deeply lobed, 6-7 cm. long and broad,
with stout petioles wing-margined to below the middle, and glandular
‘throughout the season, their stipules lunate, glandular-serrate, early
deciduous. Flowers 1.4-1.6 cm. in diameter on slender pedicels, in
compact many-flowered thin-branched compound corymbs ; bracts
and bractlets linear to linear-obovate, acuminate, glandular, bright
red, mostly deciduous before the flowers open ; calyx-tube narrowly
obconic, the lobes slender, acuminate, glandular-serrate usually only
above the middle, bright red toward the apex, reflexed after anthesis ;
stamens 7-10; anthers dark rose color; styles 3 or 4, surrounded at
the base by a narrow ring of paletomentum. Fruit on stout pedicels,
in few-fruited drooping clusters, oblong-obovate to rarely oblong, full
and rounded at the ends, light cherry red marked by small pale dots,
covered with a glaucous bloom, 1.2-1.8 cm. in length, about 1.2 cm.

CRATAEGUS IN, ROCHESTER, NEW YORK, 103

in width ; calyx sessile, with a deep narrow cavity and elongated
distinctly oblanceolate lobes coarsely glandular-serrate above the
middle, dark red on the upper side near the base, spreading and
incurved, often deciduous from the ripe fruit ; flesh yellow, thick, firm
and bitter ; nutlets usually 4, rarely 3, thick, acute at the ends,
prominently ridged on the back, with a high narrow ridge, 8 mm.
long.

A broad shrub with numerous stout stems covered with dark
gray-brown bark, many ascending branches and stout erect branchlets,
light orange-green when they first appear, light olive or reddish
brown, lustrous and marked by many small pale lenticels at the end
of their first season, becoming ashy gray the following year and armed
with many stout straight or slightly curved light chestnut-brown
shining spines 3-4 cm. in length ; winter-buds globose, about 5 mm.
in diameter, covered with dark red lustrous scales. Flowers from the
2oth to the 25th of May. Fruit ripens the middle of October.

Rochester ; common in the Genesee Valley, on rich heavy soil
in open situations, C. C. Laney, May, 1900, C. S. Sargent, Sep-
tember, 1900 and 1902, C. C. Laney and John Dunbar, May, June
and September, rg01 ; Rush and Avon, New York, JZ. S. Baxter,
August, 1902; Buffalo, September, 1901 and Chippewa, Ontario,
October, 1902, John Dunbar.

Crataegus diffusa, z. sf.

Glabrous, with the exception of the hairs on the upper surface of the
young leaves. Leaves ovate, acuminate, full and rounded or broadly
cuneate at the entire or glandular base, sharply and finely serrate
above, with straight gland-tipped teeth, and divided into four or five
pairs of short, broad acuminate lateral lobes ; tinged with red and
covered on the upper surface when they unfold with short, rigid white
hairs more or less persistent until the flowers open but then membran-
aceous, light yellow-green, and paler on the under than on the upper
surface; at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark bluish green lustrous
and slightly scabrate above, pale, blue-green below, 5.5-7.5 cm. long,
5-6.5 cm, wide, with slender yellow midribs often tinged with rose
color toward the base late in the season, and thin primary veins,
arching obliquely to the points of the lobes; petioles slender, wing-
margined toward the apex by the decurrent base of the leaf-blades,
grooved, glandular early in the season, with minute dark red scattered
glands, 3-4 cm. in length. Flowers 1.6-2 cm. in diameter on long,

104 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

slender pedicels, in wide 6-12-flowered thin-branched compound
corymbs; bracts and bractlets linear to linear-obovate, glandular,
mostly: deciduous before the flowers open; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
_the lobes wide, acuminate, irregularly serrate usually only below the
middle, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 10; anthers purple, styles 4 or
5, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit
on elongated reddish pedicels, in drooping clusters, subglobose to
short-oblong, flattened at the ends, scarlet, lustrous, slightly pruinose,
marked by occasional small dark dots, 1-1.2 cm. in diameter; calyx
sessile, with a wide shallow cavity, the lobes gradually narrowed from
broad bases, coarsely glandular-serrate, dark red on the upper side
toward the base, spreading and appressed, or erect and incurved, mostly
persistent on the ripe fruit; flesh thick, tinged with red, sweet, dry
and mealy; nutlets 4 or 5, thin, acute at the ends, ridged, with a broad
low grooved ridge or rounded and slightly grooved on the back, about
8 cm. in length.

An intricately branched shrub often 5 or 6 m. in height, with
numerous stems spreading into broad dense thickets, and stout only
slightly zigzag branchlets, tinged with red when they first appear,
bright red-brown, lustrous and marked by many small pale lenticels at
the end of their first season, becoming darker and gray or reddish
brown the following year, and armed with many stout, nearly straight
or slightly curved bright red-brown shining spines 3.5-5 cm. in length.
Flowers from the 20th to the end of May. Fruit ripens about the
roth of October.

Rochester; common north and south of the city along the river
banks, /ohn Dunbar, May, 1900, C. S. Sargent, September 19,
1900, John Dunbar, May and September, 1901, October, 1902;
Niagara Falls, New York, C. S. Sargent, September, 1900.

Crataegus opulens, 7. sf.

Glabrous, with the exception of the hairs on the upper surface of
the young leaves and petioles. Leaves oblong-ovate to oval, acuminate,
full and rounded or broadly cuneate at the entire base, sharply doubly
serrate above, with straight gland-tipped teeth, and slightly divided
into three or four pairs of broad acuminate spreading lobes; about half
grown when the flowers open, and then very thin, light yellow-green
and roughened above by short pale hairs and paler below; at maturity
coriaceous, glabrous, dark bluish green and lustrous on the upper
surface, very pale blue-green on the lower surface, 4-7 cm. long, 3-5

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 105

cm. wide, with thin yellow midribs sometimes tinged with rose-color
in the autumn and four or five pairs of slender primary veins arching
obliquely to the points of the lobes; petioles slender, more or less
wing-margined at the apex, grooved, sparingly hairy when they first
appear, with long white caducous hairs, occasionally glandular early
in the season, with small scattered dark glands, 2-4 cm. in length;
stipules linear to linear-falcate, acuminate, sometimes lobed at the base,
glandular, mostly deciduous before the flowers open; leaves on vigorous
leading shoots coarsely serrate, frequently three-lobed, the lateral lobes
laterally divided into two or three pairs of secondary lobes, 6-8 cm.
long and often as wide or wider than long, their petioles stout, usually
about 2 cm. long and conspicuously glandular throughout the season.
Flowers 1.2-1.4 cm. in diameter on long slender pedicels, in compact
usually 5-8-flowered thin-branched compound corymbs ; bracts and
bractlets oblong-obovate to linear, acuminate, glandular, mostly
deciduous before the flowers open; calyx-tube broadly obconic, the
lobes gradually narrowed from the base, acuminate, tipped with minute
dark red glands, sparingly glandular-serrate, usually only above the
middle, or nearly entire, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 10; anthers
pale rose color; styles 3 or 4, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring
of pale hairs. Fruit on long slender reddish pedicels, in few-fruited
drooping clusters, subglobose and rather broader than high to short-
obovate, obscurely angled, crimson, slightly pruinose, lustrous, marked
by few large dark dots, 1.3-1.5 cm. in diameter; calyx sessile, with a
deep narrow cavity and erect or spreading entire or slightly serrate
lobes, dark red on the upper side below the middle, their tips often
deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thin, nearly white, dry, firm and
sweet; nutlets 3 or 4, usually 4, full and rounded at the apex, gradually
narrowed to the rounded base, prominently ridged on the back, with a
high rounded ridge, 8-9 mm. long and often 6 mm. thick.

A shrub 3-5 m. in height, with dull olive-gray stems, ashy gray
at the base, and slender only slightly zigzag branchlets, light red
or green tinged with red and marked by small pale lenticels when they
first appear, dark olive-brown and lustrous at the end of their first season,
becoming light gray-brown the following year, and armed with many
straight or slightly curved lustrous, purplish brown spines 3.5-5 cm. in
length; winter-buds globose, 3-4 mm. in diameter, covered with bright
red lustrous scales scarious on the margins. Flowers from the 2oth
to the end of May. Fruit ripens the middle of October. Late in the
autumn the leaves turn dark red.

106 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Rochester; only known along the banks of the river below Vincent
Street, John Dunbar, May 28, 1900, C. S. Sargent, September 19,
1900, and September 29, 1902, /, Dunbar, May 23 and October 12,
1901; Buffalo, 7, Dunbar, October 6, 1902.

Crataegus Maineana, z. sf.

Glabrous with the exception of the hairs on the young leaves.
Leaves ovate to deltoid or rarely rhombic, acuminate, rounded or
concave-cuneate at the wide crenulate base, sharply doubly serrate
above, with straight gland-tipped teeth and divided usually only above
the middle into short broad acuminate lobes ; more than half-grown
when the flowers open and then very thin, light yellow-green and
covered on the upper surface with short soft white hairs, and villose
below along the base of the midribs and lowest veins ; at maturity
suboriaceous, glabrous, dark deep blue-green above, pale bluish green
below, 5-6.5 cm. long, from 4-6 cm. wide, with thin yellow midribs
and usually 4 pairs of thin primary veins extending obliquely to the
points of the lobes ; petioles very slender, narrowly wing-margined
sometimes nearly to the middle, glandular with minute dark persistent
glands, 3-4 cm. in length; stipules linear, acuminate, glandular,
usually deciduous before the flowers open; on vigorous leading shoots,
leaves ovate, rounded, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, deeply
divided into 3 or 4 pairs of lateral lobes, coarsely serrate, often
6-7 cm. long and wide and frequently wider than long. Flowers 2 cm.
in diameter on long slender gladular pedicels, in broad compact many-
flowered compound corymbs ; bracts and bractlets linear, acuminate,
glandular, small, generally persistent until the flowers open ; calyx-
tube broadly obconic, the lobes wide, acuminate, entire or occasionally
furnished with small lateral stipitate bright red glands, reflexed after
anthesis ; stamens 10; anthers dark purple ; styles 4, surrounded at —
the base at a broad band of pale tomentum. Fruit on elongated,
reddish pedicels, conspicuously glandular, with large oblong dark
glands, in few-fruited drooping clusters, globose, deeply depressed at
the base at the insertion of the stalk, dark scarlet, lustrous, marked
by occasional large light spots,.scarcely pruinose, about 1.5 cm. in
diameter ; calyx, cavity very broad and shallow, the bottom covered
with a thick coat of hoary tomentum, the lobes nearly triangular
from wide bases, bright red on the upper side below the middle,
spreading and appressed ; flesh thin, yellow, sweet, firm and hard ;
nutlets 4, prominently grooved on the back, with a narrow rounded
groove, 6 mm. in length.

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 107

A treelike shrub often 4 or 5 m. inheight with stout intricately
branched stems covered with dark bark, spreading into wide thickets,
small erect branches and slender slightly zigzag branchlets light
orange-green and marked by small pale lenticels when they first appear,
bright red-brown and lustrous at the end of their first season, becom-
ing light reddish brown the following year and armed with very slender
straight or slightly curved bright red-brown shining spines 4-6 cm.
in length. Flowers from the 20th to the end of May. Fruit ripens
the middle of October. The leaves turn to handsome bronze-red in
the autumn.

Rochester ; only in the northwestern part of the city, /ohz
Dunbar, October 10, 1900, May and September, 1go1, October, 1902,
C. C. Laney, October, 1902 ; Adams Basin, New York, JZ S. Baxter,
May 29, 1902; Buffalo, John Dunbar, October, 1902.

This species is named for Henry Clay Maine of Rochester, an
interested observer of Crataegus in the valley of the Genesee River.

§S INTRICATAE.

Fruit medium size, orange-red or crimson; nutlets 2-5, ridged on the
back ; corymbs few-flowered ; stamens ro or less ; anthers yellow.
Leaves oblong-ovate to oval; mature leaves smooth ;

stamens 10 ; fruit subglobose, orange-red.
. Fie C. Baxter.
Leaves oblong to obovate ; mature leaves scabrate ; stamens

7; fruit oblong to oblong-obovate, crimson.
12. C. verecunda,

Crataegus Baxteri, 2 sf.

Glabrous with the exception of a few caducous hairs on the upper
surface of the unfolding leaves and young petioles.. Leaves oblong-
ovate to oval, acuminate, concave-cuneate, rounded or on leading shoots
sometimes truncate at the entire or crenulate base, finely doubly serrate
above, with straight gland-tipped teeth, and divided into short broad
acute lateral lobes ; when they unfold furnished on the upper surface
with a few long white caducous hairs and nearly fully grown when the
flowers open and then membranaceous, nearly glabrous, dark yellow-
green above, pale below ; at maturity smooth and coriaceous,-dull
dark bluish green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface,
slightly concave by the infolding of the margins, 4.5-6.5 cm. long,

108 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

4-6 cm. wide, with stout midribs deeply impressed on the upper side
and usually rose-colored below late in the season, and 3-5 pairs of
thin primary veins arching obliquely to the points of the lobes ;
petioles slender, more or less wing-margined at the apex by the decur-
rent base of the leaf-blades, grooved, sparingly hairy early in the
spring, glandular, with numerous small dark persistent glands, 1.5-3
cm. in length. Flowers about 1.8 cm. in diameter on short stout
pedicels, in narrow compact 3-10, usually 5 or 6-flowered compound
corymbs ; bracts and bractlets oblong-obovate, acuminate, very
glandular, large and conspicuous, often deciduous before the flowers
open ; calyx-tube broadly obconic, the lobes gradually narrowed from
wide bases, broad, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, usually only
above the middle, reflexed after anthesis ; stamens 10 ; anthers large,
pale yellow ; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of
pale hairs. Fruit on short stout reddish pedicels, in few-fruited erect
clusters, subglobose, flattened at the ends, concave at the base at the
insertion of the stalk, bright orange-red, lustrous, marked by numer-
ous large pale dots, about 1.5 cm. in diameter; calyx prominent,
with a broad deep cavity, and wide lobes gradually narrowed into the
long slender acuminate glandular-serrate reflexed and_ closely
appressed tips often deciduous from the ripe fruit ; flesh thin, hard
and dry, greenish yellow; nutlets 4 or 5, broad, obtuse at the
narrowed ends, ridged and slightly grooved on the back, about 7 mm.
long and 5 mm. high.

An intricately branched shrub 3 or 4 m. in height with numerous
stout stems covered with dark scaly bark, and erect and spreading
branches forming a broad round-topped head, and slender only
slightly zigzag branchlets, orange-green and marked by numerous
large pale lenticels when they first appear, light red-brown and
lustrous at the end of their first season, becoming light gray the
following year, and armed with many slender or stout nearly straight
bright red-brown shining spines 2.5-4 cm. in length. Flowers from
the end of May to the roth of June. Fruit ripens the middle of
October and does not fall until the last of October or the first of
November. In the autumn the leaves turn a handsome yellowish red
color and fall about the 1st of November.

Rochester ; common north of the city on both sides of the river,
Cc. C. Laney, May 28, June and October, 1900, C. S. Sargent,
September, 1900, and September, 1902, /ohn Dunbar, October, 1901,
1902; Honeoye Lake, August, 1902, JZ S. Baxter; common at

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 109

Chapinsville, New York, C. S. Sargent, October, 1902; Chippewa,
Ontario, John Dunbar, October 15, 1902.

This distinct and handsome species which is particularly beautiful
in spring when the branches are entirely covered with the abundant
clusters of large flowers, is named for Milton Stephen Baxter, of
Rochester, an enthusiastic and careful student of Crataegus.

Crataegus verecunda, z. sf.

Glabrous with the exception of the hairs on the young leaves and
on the inner face of the calyx-lobes. Leaves oblong-obovate or rarely
oval, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed from near the middle,
and concave-cuneate at the entire glandular or crenate base, finely
doubly serrate above, with straight gland-tipped teeth, and divided
above the middle into several short broad acute lobes ; slightly tinged
with red and sparingly villose on the upper surface as they unfold,
and nearly fully grown when the flowers open and then very thin,
nearly glabrous and dark yellow-green above and pale below; at
maturity thin, scabrate, light bluish-green on the upper surface, pale
on the lower surface, 5-6 cm. long, 3.5-4 cm. wide, with slender
yellow midribs and 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins; petioles
slender, more or less wing-margined by the decurrent bases of the
leaf-blades, grooved, sparingly glandular, with minute mostly decidu-
ous glands, from 1.5-2 cm. in length; leaves on vigorous shoots
usually broadly ovate, acute, concave-cuneate at the base, deeply
divided into 3 or 4 pairs of broad lateral lobes, 6-7 cm. long, from
5.5-6.5 cm. wide, with stout very glandular petioles usually wing-
margined to below the middle and generally rose color in the autumn.
Flowers about 1.4 cm. in diameter on long slender pedicels, in com-
pact usually 6-10-flowered thin-branched compound corymbs ; bracts
and bractlets oblong-obovate to linear, acuminate, coarsely glandular-
serrate, large and conspicuous, generally deciduous before the flowers
open ; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes abruptly narrowed at
the base, long-acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate above the middle,
villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 7 ;
anthers small, creamy white: styles 2 or 3. Fruit on slender droop-
ing pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, oblong to oblong-obovate, about
1 cm. long and 7 mm. wide ; calyx prominent, with a short tube, a
deep narrow cavity, and reflexed lobes mostly deciduous from the
ripe fruit ; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, thick,
acute at the ends, prominently ridged on the back, with a high
rounded ridge, 7 mm. long.

11, Pro. RocuH. ACAD. SCI., VOL. 4, JUNE 6, 1903.

IIo ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

A shrub rarely more than 1 m. in height with slender stems, erect
branches and thin only slightly zigzag branchlets, dark orange-green
and marked by numerous pale lenticels when they first appear, bright
red-brown and lustrous at the end of their first season, becoming dull
and darker the following year, and armed with slender slightly curved
dark purple shining spines from 3.5 to 4 cm. in length and pointed
toward the base of the branch. Flowers during the first week of June.
Fruit ripens at the end of September or early in October. The leaves
turn yellow and fall by the middle of October.

Rochester ; known only in Seneca Park, east, /ohn Dunbar
and H. 7. Brown, June 3, 1901, John Dunbar, October, 1901, C. S.
Sargent, October, 1902, C. C. Laney, October, 1901.

§ PUNCTATAE.

Fruit large, oblong, red or yellow, conspicuously punctate ; nutlets
usually 5, prominently ridged on the back ; corymbs many-flowered ;
stamens 20. |

Leaves obovate-cuneiform ; anthers rose color or yellow ;
fruit, red or yellow on different individuals.
13. C. punctata.

Crataegus punctata, Jacquin. Sargent S7/va N. Am., iv. 103, t.
84. Common.

The yellow-fruited form is

Crataegus punctata, aurea, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 170 (not
Crataegus aurea, Marshall) (1789).

Crataegus crocata, Ashe, Ann, Carnegie Mus. i, 380, (a90z%
Genesee Valley Park, Rochester, N. Y.

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. Wage

§ MOLLES.

Fruit large, subglobose to short-oblong or pyriform, usually scarlet and
lustrous, often edible; nutlets 3-5, thin, pointed at the ends,
obscurely grooved, or slightly ridged on the back; corymbs gen-
erally wide and many-flowered, tomentose or villose ; leaves broad,
rounded, cuneate or cordate at the base.

ANTHERS ROSE COLOR.

Stamens 20.

Leaves ovate to oval, only slightly pubescent ; fruit short-
oblong ; nutlets 4-5. 14. C. Fulleriana.

Stamens 10,

Leaves oval, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, their
stipules persistent during the season; fruit oblong;

nutlets 3-5. 15. C. Ellwangeriana.
Leaves oval, thin, drooping and often convex ; fruit oblong ;
dull dark red ; nutlets 3-5. 16. °Cy Pringles.

Leaves oblong-ovate, broadly cuneate or rarely cordate at
the base ; corymbs very compact, few-flowered ; fruit
oblong to obovate ; nutlets 4-5. EG Cx Spesstflora.

Crataegus Fulleriana, 7. sf.

Leaves ovate to oval, acute or acuminate or rounded at the apex,
rounded or cuneate at the entire base, very sharply serrate above,
with straight gland-tipped teeth, and divided into numerous narrow
acuminate spreading lobes ; about half grown when the flowers open,
and then membranaceous, roughened above by short pale hairs and
pubescent along the midribs and veins below ; at maturity very thin,
dark yellow-green and scabrate or nearly smooth on the upper surface,
paler and glabrous on the lower surface, 5-6 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide,
with thin midribs and primary veins ; petioles slender, slightly wing-
margined at the apex, grooved, densely villose early in the season,
sparingly villose, or pubescent in the autumn,, 2.5-3 cm. in length ;
stipules linear, acuminate, sometimes lobed at the base, glandular,
mostly deciduous before the flowers open ; on vigorous leading shoots
leaves broadly ovate, more deeply lobed than the leaves of fertile
branchlets, often 8-9 cm. long and wide. Flowers 2 cm. in diameter
on long slender densely villose pedicels, in wide compact many-
flowered hairy compound corymbs; bracts and bractlets oblong-

EF2 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

obovate, acute, glandular, large and conspicuous, mostly persistent
until the flowers open ; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, covered with a
thick coat of matted white hairs, the lobes abruptly narrowed from the
base, slender, acuminate, entire, glabrous on the outer, deeply villose
on the inner face, reflexed after anthesis ; stamens 20; anthers rose
color ; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale
tomentum: Fruit on slender elongated slightly hairy pedicels, in few-
fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong, scarlet, lustrous, marked by
large pale dots, 1.5-1.6 cm. long, about 1.2 cm. wide ; calyx sessile,
with a broad shallow cavity and small linear spreading and appressed
lobes villose on the upper surface ; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy ;
nutlets 4 or 5, thin, acute at the ends, irregularly ridged on the back,
with a usually high narrow ridge, about 7 mm. long.

A shrub or rarely a small tree 4-6 m. in height, with a stem
occasionally 2 dm. in diameter at the ground, remote ascending
branches, and slender only slightly zigzag branchlets densely villose
when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, dull red-brown and
marked by numerous elliptical or oval pale lenticels at the end of their
first season, dark brown tinged with red the following year, and armed
with many very slender nearly straight dark purple shining spines
2-7 cm. in length. Flowers at the end of May. Fruit ripens at the
end of September.

Rochester; Vincent Street bridge, east side of the river north of
the city, 7. Dunbar, May 28 and September 28, rgo1, C. S. Sargent,
September 29, 1902 ; Rush and Rochester Junction, common in rich
soil, JZ S. Baxter and John Dunbar, August, 1902.

This species is named for Joseph B. Fuller, long a careful and
zealous student of the flora of the Genesee Valley, and curater in botany
of the Rochester Academy of Science.

Crataegus Ellwangeriana, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiil. 1184
(1902); Silva N. Am. xill. 109, t. 671.

A common species in Monroe and Ontario Counties.
Crataegus Pringlei, Sargent, Rhodora, il. 21 (1901) ; Sz/va N. Am.
Kill! LL Ly.t)'672.
A few specimens are known north and south of the city.
Crataegus spissiflora, 7. sp.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded, broadly
cuneate or rarely cordate at the entire base, sharply doubly serrate
above, with slender straight gland-tipped teeth, and deeply divided

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 13

into numerous broad acute or acuminate lateral lobes ; when they
unfold villose above and densely tomentose below, and about one-half
grown when the flowers open and then roughened above by short rigid
white hairs and pubescent below along the midribs and veins ; at
maturity dark yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface, glabrous
on the lower surface, 7-8 cm. long, 4.5-8 cm. wide, with slender mid-
ribs and 4 or 5 pairs of prominent veins running obliquely to the
points of the lobes ; petioles slender, more or less wing-margined at
the apex by the decurrent base of the leaf-blades, slightly grooved,
sparingly grandular, villose early in the season, becoming glabrous
and rose color in the autumn, 2.5-3 cm. in length ; stipules lanceolate,
glandular, often lobed at the base, 1-1.5 cm. long, usually deciduous
before the flowers open ; on vigorous leading shoots leaves cordate
or rarely cuneate at the base, deeply lobed, 1-1.2 dm. long, 8-10 dm.
wide, with stout conspicuously glandular petioles and foliaceous lunate
coarsely glandular-serrate stipules often 1 cm. in length. Flowers
1.2 cm. in diameter on short slender villose pedicels, in small very
compact few usually 4-6 flowered thin-branched hairy corymbs; bracts
and bractlets oblong-obovate, acuminate, glandular, mostly deciduous
before the flowers open ; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated with
long matted white hairs, the lobes slender, acuminate, finely glandular-
serrate, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner surface, reflexed
after anthesis ; stamens 10; anthers dark rose color ; styles 4 or 5,
surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit on
short reddish pubescent pedicels, in compact drooping clusters, oblong
to oblong-obovate, scarlet, lustrous, marked by many small pale dots,
1.8-2 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide; calyx small, with a narrow shallow
cavity and spreading sharply serrate lobes often deciduous from the
ripe fruit ; flesh thick, yellow, dry and mealy ; nutlets 4 or 5, thin,
acute at the ends, rounded and only slightly grooved on the back, 8 .
mm. in length.

A shrub with numerous erect stems 3-4 m. in height, covered
with smooth pale gray bark, and forming a compact oblong round-
topped bush ; branchlets stout, erect, slightly zigzag, dark red-brown
and sparingly villose when they first appear, soon glabrous, bright
red-brown, very lustrous and marked by many small pale lenticels at
the end of their first season, becoming dark gray or gray-brown the
following year, and armed with few stout spreading bright chestnut-
brown shining ultimately gray spines 3-4 cm. long. Flowers about
the 20th of May. Fruit becoming bright red at the end of August,

114 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

does not ripen until the end of September or the beginning of October
and then soon falls.

Rochester ; banks of the Genesee River, Genesee Valley Park,
John Dunbar, May, August and September, 1901, October 9, 1902,
C. S. Sargent, September 29, 1902.

§ DILATATAE:

fruit medium size to large, subglobose, scarlet, frutt-calyx much
enlarged, the lobes dark red on the upper side toward the base ;
nutlets 5, ridged on the back, corymbs few or many-flowered ;
stamens 20 ,; anthers rose color ; leaves membranaceous, on vigorous
shoots as broad or broader than long.

Leaves ovate; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous ; fruit
medium size, persistent until winter.
18. C. Durobrivensts.

Crataegus Durobrivensis, Sargent, 7yees and Shrubs, i. 3, t. 2
(1902).
Rochester ; steep banks of the Genesee River north of the city ;

banks of the Niagara River, Niagara Falls, New York, CS. Sargent,
September, 1901 ; Buffalo, New York, John Dunbar, September, rgot.

§ LOBULATAE.

Fruit large, oblong, scarlet; nutlets 3-5, prominently grooved or some-
times ridged on the back; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous or
villose ; stamens 5-10, anthers rose color; leaves large, mem-
branaceous.

Leaves oval to ovate, light yellow-green ; corymbs sparingly
villose or glabrous ; stamens usually 5 ; nutlets 3.

79. C. Holmesiana.

Leaves ovate-oblong, dark yellow-green ; corymbs densely

villose ; stamens usually 5; nutlets 5. 20. C. acclivis.

Leaves broadly ovate to oval, dark green; corymbs slightly

villose ; stamens 10; nutlets 2. 21. C. pedicellata.

Crataegus Holmesiana, Ashe, four. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. xvi.
Pt... -78 (1900). Sargent, Bot Gazelle; xxxi. 10); (Sava
Am, xill. 119, t. 676.

This species as it grows at Rochester and is common near Toronto
and in the neighborhood of Montreal differs from Crataegus Holmesiana

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. II5

as figured in The Silva of North America in its sometimes slightly
hairy corymbs, in its rather larger flowers and in its later-ripening and
longer-hanging fruits. (See Sargent, Rhodora, v. 112 [1903] ).

Rochester ; C. S. Sargent, October 19, 1902, John Dunbar,
May and September, 1901, September, 1902, C. C. Laney, May and
September, 1901, AZ S. Baxter, May and September, 1g01 ; Ogden,
N. Y., Henry T. Brown, October toth, 1902.

Crataegus acclivis, 7. sf.

Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, broadly cuneate or rounded at
the entire base, coarsely doubly serrate above, with straight gland-
tipped teeth, and deeply divided into numerous wide-spreading acumi-
nate lateral lobes ; when they unfold tinged with red, densely villose
on the upper surface and pubescent along the midribs and veins below,
and about half grown when the flowers open and then light yellow-
green, slightly roughened above by short white hairs and pubescent
along the midribs and veins below ; at maturity membranaceous, dark
yellow-green and nearly smooth above, pale yellow-green and glab-
rous below, 6-7.5 cm. long, 4.5-6 cm. wide, with stout yellow midribs
and 5 or 6 pairs of thin primary veins extending obliquely to the
points of the lobes ; petioles slender, slightly wing-margined at the
apex, grooved, glandular, with numerous small dark glands, densely
villose early in the season, becoming puberulous or glabrous in the
autumn, 3.5-5 cm. in length; stipules linear, acuminate, glandular,
mostly deciduous before the flowers open; on vigorous leading shoots
leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, cordate at the wide base, deeply
divided into wide acute lateral lobes often 10-11 cm. long and wide,
their stipules foliaceous, lunate, coarsely glandular-serrate, I-1.5 cm.
wide, persistent through the season. Flowers about 1.6 cm. in
diameter on slender densely villose pedicels, in broad lax many-
flowered long-branched hairy compound corymbs, the lower peduncles
from the axils of the upper leaves and often several-flowered ; bracts
and bractlets lanceolate, glandular, large and conspicuous, persistent
until after the flowers open ; calyx narrowly obconic, covered with a
thick coat of long matted hairs, the lobes slender, elongated, acuminate,
serrate, with occasional large gland-tipped teeth, glabrous on the outer,
slightly villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis ; stamens
usually 5 ; anthers pink ; styles mostly 5. Fruit hanging on long
slender slightly hairy pedicels, in many-fruited drooping clusters,
short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, yellowish red, glaucous,

116 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

marked by occasional pale dots, about 1.5 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide ;
calyx sessile with a broad shallow cavity and usually erect, enlarged
coarsely serrate lobes villose on the upper side and often deciduous
from the ripe fruit ; flesh thick, yellow, rather juicy ; nutlets usually
5, acute at the ends, ridged with a high broad ridge or rounded and
slightly grooved on the back, 7-9 mm. in length.

A tree 8-10 m. in height with a short trunk occasionally 1 dm. in
diameter covered with smooth light gray bark, numerous erect
branches forming an oblong open very irregular head, and stout
slightly zigzag branchlets coated when they first appear with long
matted pale hairs, light red-brown, lustrous, marked by small pale
lenticels and pubescent at the end of their first season, becoming dull
red or orange-brown the following year, and armed with stout straight
or slightly curved bright red-brown shining spines from 3 to 5 cm.
long. Flowers during the last week of May. Fruit ripens the
middle of September and soon falls.

Rochester ; steep banks of the gorge of the Genesee River ;
common, C. .S. Sargent, September 19, 1900, /ohn Dunbar, May
and September, 1901, September, 1902; Rush, JZ S. Baxter, June,
1902; Niagara Falls, New York, C. S. Sargent, September 21, 1900.

Crataegus pedicellata, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxi. 226 (1901) ;
Saves Am. Xi. 121, t; 677,

One of the largest and most beautiful Thorn-trees of the northern
United States. Common throughout Monroe and Ontario Counties.
Abundant at Chippewa, Ontario.

S, LENUIFOLIAE,

Fruit medium size, oblong, pyriform or rarely subglobose, crimson or
scarlet, usually lustrous ; nutlets 2-5, generally ridged on the back ;
corymbs usually many-flowered, glabrous or slightly villose ;
stamens 5-20, anthers red, pink or rose color ; leaves membran-
aceous, rarely becoming thick in the autumn, usually villose on
the upper surface while young, smooth or rarely scabrate at
maturity.

Stamens less than Io.

Leaves oblong-ovate to oval, dark bluish green, becoming
thick in the autumn; stamens 5; anthers pink ; fruit
oblong-obovate, crimson; nutlets2-5. 22. C parviflora.

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. ELT

Leaves ovate, dark green, conspicuously wrinkled ; stamens
7-10 ; anthers rose color ; fruit oblong, scarlet ; nut-
lets 3-4. 23. C. Streeterae.

Leaves oblong-ovate, light yellow-green, glaucous on the
upper surface at least while young ; stamens 7-9, rarely
to; anthers reddish purple ; fruit oblong, scarlet ; nut-
lets 3-4. 24. C. glaucophylla.
Stamens 10.

Leaves oblong-ovate, dark blue-green ; anthers rose color ;
fruit oblong, scarlet ; nutlets 2-4. 25. C. ornata.

Leaves oblong-ovate, pale yellow-green, scabrate on the
upper surface; corymbs slightly villose; anthers
light rose color; fruit oblong, scarlet ; flesh red ; nut-
lets 2-3. 26. C. rubicunda.

Leaves broadly ovate, dark blue-green, corymbs few-
flowered ; anthers deep rose color ; fruit oblong-obovate ;
nutlets 2-3. 27 C tenuiloba.

Leaves oblong-ovate, deeply tinged with red while young,
dark yellow-green at maturity; anthers deep rose
color ; fruit obovate, crimson ; nutlets 3-4.

28. C. colorata.

Leaves ovate, dull dark bluish green ; anthers deep rose
color ; fruit usually subglobose, crimson ; nutlets 5.

29. C. Beckwithae.

Leaves ovate, dark yellow-green ; anthers rose color ; fruit
oblong, crimson, ripening in August ; nutlets 3-4.

30. C. matura,

Leaves ovate to oval or suborbicular, dark olive green, thick
at maturity; anthers rose color; fruit subglobose,
crimson ; nutlets 3-4. gi. C. Dunbari.
Stamens 20.

Leaves oblong-ovate, dull dark bluish green and scabrate on
the upper surface; anthers red or deep rose color ;
fruit oblong, dull scarlet ; nutlets 3-4, usually 4.

32. C. benigna.

Crataegus parviflora, x. sf.

Glabrous with the exception of the hairs on the upper surface
of the young leaves. Leaves oblong-ovate to oval and on vigorous
shoots often deltoid, long-pointed and acuminate at the apex, grad-
ually narrowed and cuneate or rounded at the entire base, sharply

118 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

often doubly serrate above, with gland-tipped teeth and deeply
divided, generally only above the middle, into 3 or 4 pairs of broad
acuminate spreading lobes ; about one-third grown when the flowers
open and then membranaceous, dark yellow-green and roughened
above by short pale hairs and glabrous below ; at maturity thick, dark
bluish green and smooth on the upper surface, pale and glaucous on
the lower surface, 5-6. 5 cm. long, 4-5 cm.wide, with slender yellow
midribs and 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins arching obliquely to the
points of the lobes ; petioles slender, slightly grooved, 2-3 cm. in length.
Flowers about 1 cm. in diameter on long slender pedicels, in wide loose
many-flowered thin-branched compound corymbs ; bracts and bractlets
linear, glandular, small, mostly deciduous before the flowers open ;
calyx narrowly obconic, the lobes very slender, acuminate, entire or
rarely sparingly serrate, reflexed after anthesis ; stamens usually 5 ;
anthers small, dark pink ; styles 2 or 3. Fruit drooping on long
slender pedicels, in many-fruited clusters, oblong-obovate, gradually
narrowed and tapering below, crimson, lustrous, marked by numerous
small pale dots, from 1.2-4 cm. long, about I cm. wide ; calyx small,
with a narrow shallow cavity and erect incurved lobes, bright red on
the upper side below the middle, usually persistent on the ripe fruit ;
flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy ; nutlets 2 or 3, broad full and
rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed and acute at the base,
ridged on the back, with a wide deeply grooved ridge, 7-8 mm. long.

A shrub or slender tree 6-8 m. in height with a stem occasionally
2-3 m. long and 1.5-2 dm. in diameter, covered with close scaly dull
ashy gray bark, small erect and spreading branches furnished with
many short spine-like lateral branchlets, forming a somewhat oblong
head, and slender nearly straight terminal branchlets, light orange-
green and marked by numerous small pale lenticels when they first
appear, dull orange or reddish brown at the end of their first year,
becoming dark gray the following season and armed with occasional
stout nearly straight bright red-brown shining spines 2.5-3 cm. in
length, rarely persistent on old stems. Flowers at the end of
May and during the first week of June. Fruit ripens toward the
middle of October and falls about the end of the month.

Rochester, C. S. Sargent, John Dunbar, C. C. Laney, Septem-
ber, 1900, /ohn Dunbar, June 3 and October 15, tg01, C. S. Sar-
gent, September 29, 1902 ; Rush, New York, JZ .S. Baxter, Septem-
ber, 1902.

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 119

Crataegus Streeterae, z. sf.

Leaves ovate, acuminate and often long-pointed at the apex,
rounded, truncate or abruptly cuneate at the wide entire base, sharply
and often doubly serrate above, with long slender spreading gland-
tipped teeth, and slightly divided into 3 or 4 pairs of small acuminate
lobes; more than half grown when the flowers open and then very thin,
light yellow-green and roughened on the upper surface by short white
hairs; at maturity thin, conspicuously wrinkled, dark green and scab-
rate above, pale and glaucous below, 3.5-5 cm. long, 3-4.5 cm. wide,
with very thin midribs and primary veins; petioles slender, slightly
grooved, pubescent when they first appear, soon glabrous, 2.5-3 cm.
in length; on vigorous leading shoots, leaves long-pointed, cordate at
the base, often 6 cm. long and broad, their petioles short and stout,
conspicuously glandular throughout the season. Flowers 1.2-1.4 cm.
in diameter on long very slender puberulous pedicels, in compact
many-flowered thin-branched compound corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly
obconic, the lobes slender, acuminate, entire, glabrous on the outer,
slightly villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens
7-10; anthers small, rose color; styles 3 or 4, surrounded at the base
by narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit on slender pedicels, in
drooping many-fruited clusters, oblong, full and rounded at the ends,
scarlet, lustrous, marked by many small pale dots, about 1 cm. long
and 8 cm. wide; calyx sessile, with a broad shallow cavity, and only
slightly enlarged reflexed and closely appressed lobes, their tips often
deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thick, yellow, dry and mealy;
nutlets 3 or 4, wide, full and rounded at the ends, conspicuously
ridged on the back, with a broad high ridge, 6.5-7 mm. long.

A dense shrub with numerous stems covered with smooth, dull
gray bark, the lower horizontal, the upper ascending, and slender
nearly straight branchlets, tinged with red when they first appear, dull
gray or reddish brown and marked by numerous small pale lenticels
at the end of their first season, becoming ashy gray the following year,
and armed with few slender, slightly curved, dark red shining spines
3-4 cm. in length. Flowers about the 2oth of May. Fruit ripens
toward the end of September or the first of October and then remains
on the branches for several weeks.

Rochester; Oak Hill, John Dunbar, May, September and October,
1go1, along the river banks, Genesee Valley Park, JZ S. Baxter and
John Dunbar, August, 1902.

This species is named in memory of Mary Elizabeth Streeter, to

120 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

whose enthusiasm and persistent labors the now important botanical
section of the Rochester Academy of Science largely owes its existence.

Crataegus glaucophylla, Sargent, Rhodora, v. 140 (1903).

Rochester; common on both sides of the Genesee River, /ohn
Dunbar, June and September, 1901, September and October, 1902, C.
S. Sargent, September, 1902.

Crataegus ornata, z. sf.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, gradually narrowed and rounded
or broadly cuneate at the entire or crenulate base, sharply and doubly
serrate above, with straight gland-tipped teeth, and deeply divided
usually only above the middle into numerous narrow acuminate
spreading lobes; tinged with red and covered on the upper side with
short, rigid shining hairs when they unfold, and more than half grown
when the flowers open and then membranaceous, light yellow-green
and scabrate on the upper surface, and pale and glabrous on the lower
surface; at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark blue-green and
smooth above, pale bluish green below, 5-7 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide,
with thin midribs and primary veins; petioles slender, grooved,
sparingly glandular, 4-6 cm, in length; stipules glandular, usually
caducous before the flowers open; on vigorous leading shoots, leaves
broadly ovate, cordate at the base, deeply divided into numerous
broad acuminate lateral lobes, often 8-10 cm. long and 7-8 cm. wide,
their stipules foliaceous, lunate, very coarsely serrate, early deciduous.
Flowers about 1.2 cm. in diameter on long very slender glabrous
pedicels, in wide many-flowered compound corymbs; - bracts and
bractlets linear, glandular-serrate, usually deciduous before the flowers
open; calyx narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes slender, acuminate,
entire or slightly crenulate on the margins, usually red at the apex,
reflexed after anthesis; stamens 10; anthers rose color; styles 2-4,
surrounded at the base by a ring of long pale hairs. Fruit on long
slender pedicels, in wide lax drooping showy many-fruited clusters,
oblong, full and rounded at, the ends, scarlet, lustrous, 1.2-1.4 cm.
long, 9-10 mm. broad; calyx sessile, with a narrow shallow cavity and
much enlarged, erect or slightly spreading lobes usually persistent on
the ripe fruit; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2-4 broad,
rounded and obtuse at the ends, prominently ridged on the back, with
a high rounded ridge, 7 mm. in length.

A broad much branched shrub 4 or 5 m. in height, with numerous
erect stems and branches covered with dull gray bark, and very slender

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. I2I

virgate branchlets, light orange-green when they first appear, dull
light gray-brown at the end of their first season, becoming pale gray-
brown the following year, and armed with few slender straight, or
slightly curved dark chestnut-brown shining spines 4-5 cm. long;
winter-buds globose, appearing pale by the production of the light
yellow inner scales beyond the bright red-brown lustrous outer scales,
rarely more than 1.5 mm. in diameter. Flowers from the 20th to the
25th of May. Fruit ripens at the end of September and does not fall
until after the middle of October.

Rochester, John Dunbar, May 24,1900, C. S. Sargent, September
18, 1900, May, September and October, 1g01, October, 1902; La
Salle, New York, John Dunbar, September, 1902.

Crataegus rubicunda, z. sp.

Leaves oblong-ovate, long-pointed and acuminate at the apex,
concave-cuneate or rounded at the entire base, sharply doubly serrate
above, with gland-tipped teeth, and deeply divided into 4 or 5 pairs of
lateral lobes : more than half grown when the. flowers open and then
roughened above by short pale hairs and glabrous below ; at maturity
thin, light yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface, paler on
the lower surface, 5-6 cm. long, 4-4 5 cm. wide, with thin yellow mid-
ribs and primary veins ; petioles slender, slightly grooved, pubescent,
soon glabrous, occasionally glandular early in the season, tinged with
red in the autumn, 2-2.5 cm. in length. Flowers 1.2-1.4 cm. in
diameter on long, slender, slightly hairy pedicels, in wide loose many-
flowered thin-branched compound corymbs; bracts and _ bractlets
linear, glandular, with minute dark glands, small, mostly deciduous
before the flowers open ; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, reddish, spar-
ingly hairy toward the base, the lobes slender, acuminate, irregularly
elandular-serrate or entire, bright red toward the apex, reflexed after
anthesis ; stamens 10; anthers small, pinkish purple ; styles 2 or 3.
Fruit on elongated reddish pedicels, in many-fruited drooping clusters,
oblong, full and rounded at the ends, scarlet, Justrous, marked by
numerous small pale dots, from 1.2 to 1.4 cm. long, about 8 cm. wide ;
calyx prominent with a broad shallow cavity and reflexed and closely
appressed lobes bright red on the upper side near the base, their tips
mostly deciduous from the ripe fruit ; flesh thin, juicy, red ; nutlets 2
or 3, full and rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed and acute at
the base, prominently ridged on the back, witha high narrow rounded
ridge, 7-8 mm. long.

I22 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

A shrub 2-4 m. in height with slender much-branched stems
covered with pale gray very smooth bark and thin slightly zigzag
branchlets more or less deeply tinged with red, when they first appear
light red-brown, very lustrous, and marked by numerous minute pale
lenticels at the end of their first season, becoming reddish gray the
following year and armed with many stout much curved bright red-
brown shining spines 3-4 cm. in length. Flowers at the end of May.
Fruit ripens the middle of September.

Rochester ; river Banks, Oak Hill, Genesee Valley Park, /ohn
Dunbar, May 31, 1900, May, 1901, September, tgo02 ; Buffalo, /ohn
Dunbar, October, 1902.

Crataegus tenuiloba, z. sf.

Glabrous with the exception of the hairs on the upper surface of
the young leaves. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, rounded, trun-
cate or cuneate at the entire base, sharply doubly serrate above, with
slender gland-tipped teeth and deeply divided into numerous acuminate
spreading lateral lobes ; about half-grown when the flowers open and
then very thin, light yellow-green and covered on the upper surface
with short white hairs; at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark
bluish green, pale and glaucous below, 4-5 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide,
with slender yellow midribs and 3 or 4 pairs of primary veins ;
petioles slender, grooved, occasionally glandular with minute dark
scattered glands, 1.5-2.5 cm. in length ; on vigorous leading shoots
leaves much thicker and more deeply lobed than the leaves of fertile
branchlets, often cordate at the base, 6-7 cm. long and usually as
wide, with short stout conspicuously glandular petioles wing-margined
to below the middle and frequently rose-colored in the autumn.
Flowers 1.5 cm. in diameter on long slender pedicels, in narrow few,
usually 4-6-flowered thin-branched compound corymbs ; calyx narrowly
obconic, the lobes elongated, very slender, acuminate, entire or very
slightly serrate, tipped with minute dark glands, reflexed after anthesis ;
stamens 10; anthers dark rose color; styles 2-4. Fruit on slender
reddish pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters, oblong-obovate, full
and rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed to the base, scarlet,
lustrous, 1.2-1.4 cm. long, 1 cm. wide ; calyx sessile, with a narrow
shallow cavity and enlarged erect and incurved lobes usually persistent
on the ripe fruit ; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy ; nutlets usually
2 or 3 thick, acute at the ends, prominently ridged on the back, witha
broad rounded deeply grooved ridge, about 7 mm. long.

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 123

vu

A shrub 3 or 4 m. in height with numerous erect stems covered
with smooth pale gray bark, fastigate branches forming a narrow pointed
head, and slender only slightly zigzag branchlets light red-brown when
they first appear, dark reddish brown, lustrous, and marked by
numerous small pale lenticels at the end of their first season, becoming
dark reddish brown the following year, and armed with many stout,
straight or slightly curved bright red-brown shining spines from 3.5-4
cm. in length and frequently long persistent ; winter-buds appearing
pale by the production of the light yellow inner scales beyond the
brown outer scales. Flowers during the first week of June. Fruit
ripens in October and falls toward the end of the month.

Rochester ; open pastures and hillsides south of city, /ohn
Dunbar, C. C. Laney, M. S. Baxter, May and October, tgo1,
September, 1902, C. S. Sargent, September 1902.

Crataegus colorata, 7. sf.

Glabrous with the exception of the hairs on the upper surface of
the young leaves. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, full and rounded
or abruptly cuneate at the entire base, coarsely doubly serrate above,
with straight gland-tipped teeth, and slightly divided into 4 or 5 pairs
of short acuminate spreading lobes, deeply tinged with red and villose
on the upper surface, with short white hairs when they first appear,
and about half-grown when the flowers open and then very thin, light
yellow-green more or less tinged with red, aud still slightly hairy
above ; at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark yellow-green,
smooth and lustrous on the upper surface, pale bluish green on the
lower surface 6-8 cm. long, 5-6 cm. wide, with slender yellow midribs
and 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins arching obliquely to the points
of the lobes ; petioles slender, slightly wing-margined at the apex,
grooved, sparingly glandular, from 3 to 4 cm. in length; bracts and
bractlets lanceolate to oblong-obovate, acute, glandular, bright red,
large and conspicuous, mostly deciduous before the flowers open ; on
. leading vigorous shoots leaves broadly ovate, accuminate, rounded or
slightly cordate at the base, more coarsely serrate and more deeply
lobed than the leaves of fertile branchlets, often 8-9 cm. long and
wide, with very stout glandular petioles, becoming reddish toward the
autumn, and large foliaceous lunate acuminate coarsely serrate per-
sistent stipules. Flowers 1.5 cm. in diameter on long slender pedicels,
in wide many-flowered thin-branched compound corymbs ; bracts and
bractlets lanceolate to linear, glandular, with small stipitate glands,

124 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

large, usually persistent until after the flowers open; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, bright red, like the slender elongated acuminate
entire or slightly serrate lobes, tipped with large dark red glands,
reflexed after anthesis ; stamens 10; anthers small, dark rose color ;
styles 3 or 4. Fruit on elongated slender reddish pedicels, in few-
fruited drooping clusters, obovate, crimson, lustrous, marked by small
pale dots, usually 1.2-1.5 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide; calyx promi-
nent, with a broad deep cavity and spreading entire or slightly serrate
lobes bright red on the upper side below the middle and usually
persistent on the ripe fruit; flesh thin, yellow, soft and succulent ;
nutlets 3 or 4, broad, full and rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed
to the acute base, ridged on the back, with a high rounded ridge,
7 mm. long.

A shrub 3 or 4 m. in height with numerous intricately branched
stems, branches furnished with many short spine-like lateral branch-
lets, the lower horizontal and spreading, the upper ascending, and
slender very zigzag terminal branchlets, bright red when they first
appear, red-brown, lustrous and marked by numerous small pale
lenticels at the end of their first season and dark red-brown the follow-
ing year, and armed with numerous stout or slender straight or occa-
sionally slightly curved dull chestnut-brown spines 3-3.5 cm. in length.
Flowers from the 20th to the end of May. Fruit ripens at the end of
September and falls gradually through October.

Rochester ; common in the Genesee Valley, John Dunbar and
H. T Brown, 1900, John Dunbar, May, September and October,
1go1, C. S. Sargent, September, 1902; Murray, New York, JZ S.
Baxter, October 11, 1902; Buffalo, October 6, Ig02 ; Chippewa,
Ontario, October 7, 1902, /ohn Dunbar, near Toronto, Ontario,
D. W. Beadle, May 20, 1902.

Crataegus Beckwithae, x. sf.

Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded, truncate, rarely
cuneate, or on leading shoots subcordate at the wide entire or glandu-
lar base, sharply doubly serrate above, with gland-tipped teeth, and —
slightly divided into 3 or 4 pairs of short acuminate lateral lobes ;
more than half grown when the flowers open and then membranaceous,
light yellow-green, roughened above by short white hairs and glabrous
below ; at maturity thin but firm in texture, dull dark bluish green,
glabrous and smooth on the upper surface, pale bluish green on the
lower surface, 4-6 cm. long and wide and often wider than long,

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 125

with slender yellow midribs deeply impressed above and 3 or 4 pairs
of thin primary veins extending very obliquely to the points of the
lobes ; petioles stout, wing-margined sometimes nearly to the middle
by the decurrent bases of the leaf-blades, grooved, conspicuously
glandular, 1.5-3 cm. in length. Flowers about 1.8 cm. in diameter
on long slender pedicels, in wide many-flowered thin-branched glab-
rous compound corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, the lobes wide,
acuminate, glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer, slightly villose
on the inner face, reflexed after anthesis ; stamens 10; anthers dark
rose color ; styles usually 5, surrounded at the base by a broad ring
of hoary tomentum. Fruit on stout hairy pedicels, in compact few-
fruited drooping clusters, subglobose and flattened at the ends to
oblong or rarely to obovate, dark crimson, lustrous, marked by few
small pale lenticels, 1.2-1.4 cm. in diameter ; calyx-cavity deep, com-
paratively narrow, the lobes elongated, gradually narrowed from
broad bases, acuminate, coarsely glandular, dark red on the upper
side below the middle, reflexed and closely appressed, their tips often
deciduous from the ripe. fruit ; flesh thick, sweet, dry and mealy,
tinged with red ; nutlets 5, broad, rounded at the obtuse ends, con-
spicuously ridged on the back, with a high rounded ridge, 7 mm. long.

A shrub, or occasionally a tree 4-6 m. in height, with numerous
intricately branched stems covered with pale gray bark, tortuous
branches, and slender zigzag branchlets, dark red, marked by many
pale lenticels and furnished with a few long pale caducous hairs when
they first appear, bright red-brown and lustrous at the end of their
first season, becoming dark red or gray-brown. during their second
season, and armed with numerous very slender nearly straight light
red-brown shining spines usually about 5 cm. in length, and very per-
sistent. Flowers at the end of May or early in June. Fruit ripens
the middle of October and falls the first of November.

Rochester ; west side of river above Elmwood avenue and along
feeder bank, Wolcott Road, john Dunbar, June 6, 1901, October
15, 1902.

This species may in its name be properly associated with Miss
Florence Beckwith, one of the authors of Plants of Monroe County,
New York, and Adjacent Territory, published in the third volume of
the Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science.

12, Pro. Rocw. A CAD. Sct., VOL. 4, JUNE 6, 1903.

126 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Crataegus matura, Sargent, Ahodora, iii. 24 (in part) 1901; v.
144.
Rochester; common in rich soil in Monroe and Orleans counties,
J. Dunbar, May and August, 1901, August, 1902. ‘

Crataegus Dunbari, z. sp.

Leaves ovate to oval or suborbicular, acute or acuminate, rounded
or rarely cuneate at the entire base, sharply doubly serrate above, with
straight or incurved teeth tipped with large dark glands, and slightly
divided above the middle into short spreading acute lobes; when they
unfold slightly tinged with red and roughened by short white hairs,
and more than half-grown when the flowers open and then very thin,
dark yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface, and pale yellow-
green on the lower surface; at maturity becoming thick and firm in
texture, dark olive-green and smooth or still slightly rough above,
light yellow-green below, 5-6 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, with slender
yellow midribs and 4 or 5 pairs of primary veins deeply impressed on
the upper side; petioles stout, wing-margined at the apex, grooved,
sparingly glandular, 1.5-2.5 cm. in length. Flowers 1.6 cm. in
diameter on long slender slightly hairy pedicels, in compact usually
10 to 14-flowered thin-branched compound corymbs; calyx-tube
broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes separated by wide rounded
sinuses, slender, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate below the
middle, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner surface, reflexed
after anthesis; stamens 10; anthers rose color ; styles 3 or 4, surrounded
at the base by a broad ring of pale tomentum. Fruit on stout reddish
pedicels, in drooping many-fruited clusters, subglobose but often
rather broader than Jong, crimson, lustrous, marked by minute dark
dots, from 1.2 to 1.4 cm. in diameter; calyx small, with a very short
tube, a narrow shallow cavity, and reflexed closely appressed lobes,
gradually narrowed from broad bases, glandular-serrate below, entire
above the middle, dark red-brown on the upper side toward the base,
their tips often deciduous from the ripe fruit ; flesh nearly white, thin,
sweet, dry and mealy ; nutlets 3 or 4, thin, acute at the ends, obscurely
ridged and sometimes slightly grooved on the rounded back, 7 mm.
long.

A round-topped shrub from 3-4 m. tall and broad, with numerous
stout intricately branched spreading stems and slender nearly straight
branchlets, marked by few small pale lenticels, light olive-green during

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. E27

their first season, becoming bright red-brown and lustrous the follow-
ing year and ultimately dull gray, and armed with stout curved light
red-brown shining spines 3-5 cm. long, usually pointed downward
toward the base of the branch, and often long-persistent on the old
stems.

Rochester; bluffs of the gorge of the Genesee River north of the
city, C. S. Sargent, September 19, 1900, September, 1902, /ohn
Dunbar, October 10, 1900, /ohn Dunbar, May and October, 1901,
October, 1902; Adams Basin, JZ. .S. Baxter, October, 1902; Delaware
Park, Buffalo, john Dunbar, October 6, 1902.

This species, which is easily recognized by the olive-green color
of the branches in their first year, is placed temporarily with the
Tenuifoliae. The leaves, however, become much thicker late in the
season than the leaves of the other species of this group, and in their
form approach those of Crataegus Durobrivensis, Sargent, and it may
be desirable to consider Crataegus Dunbari, a type of a new section of
the genus, characterized by flowers with Io stamens and rose-colored
anthers, subglobose fruit with a small fruiting calyx, and by thick
ovate or semiorbicular leaves. This handsome plant is named for Mr.
John Dunbar, the assistant superintendent of the parks of Rochester,
untiring in labor in making known the remarkable group of Crataegus
found in the valley of the Genesee River, who first pointed it out to

me.

Crataegus benigna, z. sf.

Glabrous with the exception of the hairs on the upper surface of
the young leaves and their petioles. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate,
abruptly concave-cuneate or rounded at the wide crenate or entire
base, sharply doubly serrate above, with straight gland-tipped teeth,
and slightly divided into 4 or 5 pairs of short broad acute or acuminate
lobes ; when they unfold covered on the upper surface with short
rigid pale hairs and more than half grown when the flowers open and
then very thin, light yellow-green and still slightly hairy or scabrate
above ; at maturity thin but firm in texture, dull dark bluish green
and still slightly roughened on the upper surface, pale bluish green
below, 5-6 cm. long, 4.5 cm. wide, with stout orange colored midribs
and 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins extending obliquely to the points
of the lobes ; petioles slender, slightly wing-margined at the apex,
grooved, sparingly glandular, villose along the upper side early in the
season, soon glabrous, 2-3 cm. in length ; on vigorous leading shoots

128 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

leaves broadly ovate and cordate, or the uppermost sometimes ovate
or narrow-ovate, acuminate, concave-cuneate and gradually narrowed
to the stout petioles, broadly wing-margined nearly to the base,
deeply lobed, very coarsely serrate, 9-10 cm. long and 4.5-5.5 cm.
wide, their stipules foliaceous, lunate, acuminate, coarsely glandular-
serrate, persistent through the season. Flowers about 1.5 cm. in
diameter on slender pedicels, in wide lax many-flowered thin-branched
compound corymbs ; bracts and bractlets linear, acuminate, mostly
deciduous before the flowers open; calyx broadly obconic, the lobes
separated by wide rounded sinuses, gradually narrowed from the base
into long slender acuminate entire tips, reflexed after anthesis ;
stamens 20; anthers small, red or deep rose color; styles 3 or 4,
surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit on
slender pedicels, in abundant drooping many-fruited clusters, oblong,
full and rounded at the apex, depressed at the insertion of the stalk,
dull scarlet, marked by occasional dark dots, 1.2-1.4 cm. long, 8-9
mm, wide ; calyx sessile, with a narrow shallow cavity and only
slightly enlarged reflexed and appressed lobes dark red on the upper
side near the base, their tips often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh
thick, yellow, rather juicy, of a disagreeable flavor ; nutlets 3 or 4,
usually 4, thick, full and rounded at the ends, ridged on the back
with a high narrow ridge, 7 mm. long.

A shrub from 2 to 4 m. in height, with ascending and spreading
stems covered with rough scaly dull gray bark, and slender zigzag
branchlets, light red-brown and marked by many small pale lenticels
when they first appear, pale brown at the end of their first season,
becoming ashy gray or gray tinged with red the following year, and
armed with many stout curved or slender nearly straight bright red or
purple shining spines, from 4 to 5 cm. in length, Flowers during the
first week of June. Fruit ripens at the end of September and does
not entirely fall until after the middle of October.

Rochester ; not common ; both sides of Genesee River south of
the city, CS. Sargent, September, 1900 and 1902, John Dunbar and
C. C. Laney, October 10, 1900, John Dunbar, May, June and October,
1901, September and October, 1902.

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 129

$ COCCINEAE.

Frutt medium size, subglobose, scarlet or crimson; nutlets 3-5, con-
spicuously ridged on the back ; corymbs many or few-flowered,
villose or glabrous, stamens ro-20,; anthers rose color or yellow;
leaves subcoriaceous or thin, dark green.

Stamens Io.
ANTHERS PINK.

Leaves obovate to rhombic, subcoriaceous, lustrous, scabrate
on the upper surface ; corymbs many-flowered, slightly
villose ; fruit globose to short-oblong, scarlet ; nutlets
3-4. 33. C. cupulifera.
Stamens 20.

ANTHERS YELLOW.

Leaves obovate to rhombic, ovate or oval, thin, dull dark
green and scabrate on the upper surface ; corymbs few-
flowered, glabrous ; fruit subglobose to short-oblong,
crimson ; nutlets 4-5. 34 C. Macauleyae.

Crataegus cupulifera, 7. sf.

Leaves obovate to rhombic, acuminate gradually narrowed from
near the middle to the acute entire base, sharply doubly serrate above,
with straight gland-tipped teeth, and laciniate above the middle, with
many narrow acuminate lobes, tinged with red, sparingly villose on
the upper side and glabrous below when they unfold, and about half
grown when the flowers open and then membranaceous, light yellow-
green and still slightly villose ; at maturity subcoriaceous, dark yellow-
green, lustrous and scabrate above, pale yellow-green below, 5-7 cm.
long, 4-5 cm. wide, with slender yellow midribs deeply impressed
above, and 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins arching obliquely to the
points of the lobes ; petioles slender, wing-margined at the apex by
the decurrent base of the leaf-blades, grooved, often slightly glandular,
generally rose color in the autumn toward the base, 2-3 cm. in length ;
stipules linear to narrowly obovate, acuminate, glandular, reddish,
usually deciduous before the flowers open ; on vigorous leading shoots
leaves ovate, concave-cuneate and gradually narrowed below into
broadly winged very glandular petioles, deeply lobed, 8-10 cm. long,
6-8 cm. wide, their stipules foliaceous, lunate, coarsely serrate, usually
early-deciduous. Flowers cup-shaped, 1.5 in diameter, on long

130 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

slender pedicels, in wide many-flowered thin-branched slightly villose
corymbs ;_ bracts and bractlets linear, acuminate, glandular on the
margins, with minute dark red stipitate glands ; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, the lobes separated by wide rounded sinuses, broad, acumin-
ate, glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner
surface, reflexed after anthesis ; stamens 10; anthers small, pink or
light rose color ; styles 3-4, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring
of pale tomentum. Fruit on slender pedicels, in wide many-fruited
pendulous clusters, globose to short-oblong, scarlet, lustrous, marked
by few minute dark dots, about 1 cm. in diameter ; calyx very prom-
inent, with a broad shallow cavity, and much enlarged coarsely serrate
reflexed villose lobes, dark red on the upper side near the base, often
8 mm. in length, and frequently persistent on the ripe fruit; flesh
yellow, thin, dry and mealy ; nutlets 3 or 4, thin, obtuse at the ends,
ridged with a broad grooved ridge or rounded and only slightly
grooved on the back, 7 mm. long.

A shrub occasionally 6 or 7 m. in height with numerous stems
often 1.5 dm. in diameter, covered with dark brown scaly bark,
spreading into broad dense thickets, small erect or spreading branches
forming an irregular open head, and slender zigzag branchlets light
orange-green and glabrous when they first appear, bright red-brown,
very lustrous and marked by few large scattered pale lenticels at the
end of their first season, lustrous and light grayish brown the follow-
ing year, and armed with numerous slender straight or slightly curved
light red-brown or purple shining spines, 3-5 cm. in length ; winter-
buds conspicuous, globose, covered with bright red lustrous scales,
8 mm. in diameter. Flowers at the end of May or early in June.
Fruit ripens the middle of October.

Rochester, C .S. Sargent, September 19, 1899, September, 1900,
John Dunbar, May 28 and October 11, 1900, May, June and October,
1901, October, 1902 ; Honeoye Lake and Rush, JZ. S. Baxter, May
and September, 1902; Buffalo, John Dunbar, May, 1902.

Crataegus Macauleyae, x. sf.

Leaves obovate, rhombic, ovate or oval, acute or acuminate or
occasionally rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed to the concave-
cuneate entire base, finely and doubly serrate above, with straight
incurved glandular teeth and slightly and irregularly lobed above the
middle ; about half grown when the flowers open and then thin, dark
yellow-green and scabrate above, pale below, slightly villose along the

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. I3I

midribs on both surfaces and often in the axils of the primary veins
below ; at maturity thin but firm in texture, glabrous, dark dull green
and slightly roughened on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface,
4-6 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. wide, with slender yellow midribs and 4 or 5
pairs of very thin primary veins extending obliquely to the points of
the lobes ; petioles slender, wing-margined at the apex, grooved,
slightly villose, occasionally glandular on the upper side early in the
season, soon glabrous, usually tinged with red in the autumn, 1.2-2
em. in length; on vigorous leading shoots leaves usually ovate,
abruptly long-pointed, rounded or cuneate at the base and often 7-8
cm. long and broad, their petioles stout, broadly winged, with folia-
ceous lunate acuminate glandular-serrate persistent stipules. | Flowers
1.6-1.8 cm. in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in compact few-
flowered thin-branched glabrous corymbs; calyx nearly obconic,
glabrous, the lobes wide, elongated, acuminate coarsely glandular-
serrate, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner surface, reflexed
after anthesis ; stamens 20 ; anthers small, pale yellow ; styles 4 or 5.
Fruit on slender reddish pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters,
subglobose to short-oblong, dark crimson, lustrous, marked by
numerous large pale lenticels, I-1.2 cm. in diameter ; calyx prominent,
with a short tube, a broad deep cavity and coarsely serrate nearly
glabrous reflexed and closely appressed lobes ; flesh thin, yellow, dry
and mealy ; nutlets 4 or 5, thin, full and rounded at the apex, grad-
ually narrowed to the base, ridged on the back, with a broad grooved
or with a narrow rounded ridge, or rounded and only slightly grooved
on the back, 6-7 mm. long.

A tree 5-6 m. in height, with a tall trunk 1.5 dm. in diameter,
covered with pale olive-green bark, slender somewhat pendulous
branches and thin nearly straight branchlets, light red-brown marked
by many pale lenticels when they first appear, light réd-brown and
very lustrous at the end of their first season, becoming dark gray-
brown the following year, and armed with few straight slender light
red-brown and shining usually dark gray spines, 2.5-3 cm. in length.
Flowers at the end of May. Fruit ripens early in October and falls
before the middle of November.

Rochester ; Genesee Valley Park, John Dunbar and C. C. Laney,
October 12, 1901, June 3, 1902, October 6, 1902; C. S. Sargent,
September 30, 1902.

This species is named for Miss Mary Elizabeth Macauley, one of
the authors of Plants of Monroe County, New York, and Adjacent
Territory .

132 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

§ TOMENTOSAE.

fruit small or medium size, pyriform, subglobose or short-oblong,
orange-red or scarlet ; nutlets 2-5, penetrated on each of the inner
SJaces by a longitudinal cavity ; corymbs many-flowered, villose or
glabrous ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate ; stamens ro-20 ; anthers
rose color or yellow ; leaves thin or coriaceous, more or less pubes-
cent or rarely glabrous on the lower surface.

ANTHERS ROSE COLOR.
Stamens 20.

Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, thin, densely pubescent below;
fruit pyriform, small, orange-red ; nutlets 2-5.
35 C. tomentosa.
Leaves elliptical, acute at the ends, puberulous along the
under side of the midribs and veins; fruit globose,
becoming soft and succulent at maturity ; nutlets 2-3.
36. C. succulenta.
Leaves broadly oval to obovate, coriaceous, pubescent below ;
fruit subglobose to short-oblong, becoming soft and
succulent at maturity ; nutlets 2-3, usually 3.

37. C. gemmosa
Stamens 10.

Leaves ovate, thin, glabrous ; fruit subglobose to short-
oblong ; nutlets 2-3, usually 3. 38. C. Deweyana.

ANTHERS YELLOW ,

Leaves broadly obovate to elliptical or oval, coriaceous,
pubescent below along the midribs and veins; fruit small
scarlet, erect ; nutlets 2-3 ; spines long and slender.

39 C. macracantha.

Leaves rhombic to oval or obovate, coriaceous, puberulous
below along the midribs and veins ; fruit subglobose to
short-oblong ; nutlets 2 ; spines stout.

go C. ferentaria.

Leaves oval to oblong-obovate, thin, puberulous along the

midribs and veins below; fruit subglobose, dark orange-

red ; nutlets 2-4. 41. C. Laneyt
Crataegus tomentosa, Linnaeus. Sargent, Sz/va, NV. Am. iv.
FOL, 4. TSS.

Rochester ; Common.

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. £33

Crataegus succulenta, Link. Sargent, Si/va MN. Am. xiii. 139,
eau

Rochester, C C. Laney, May 31, 1900, C. S. Sargent, Sep-
tember 18, 1900, /ohn Dunbar, June and October r1go1; Niagara
Falls, C. S. Savzgent, September 1900; Rush, N.’Y., 47 S. Baxter
and John Dunbar, June 1902.

Crataegus gemmosa, Sargent, Bot. Gazette, xxxiil. 119 (1902);
Szlva N. Am. xiii. 141, t. 686.

Rochester ; rare; Genesee Valley Park, John Dunbar and C. C.
Laney, June and October, 1gor.

Crataegus Deweyana, 7. sp.

Leaves ovate, acuminate or abruptly long pointed at the apex,
abruptly narrowed and concave-cuneate at the entire often unsymmet-
rical base, coarsely doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved
gland-tipped teeth, and slightly divided often only above the middle
into several pairs of small acuminate spreading lobes ; about a third
grown when the flowers open and then membranaceous, dark yellow-
green and covered with short lustrous white hairs on the upper sur-
face and light yellow-green and glabrous on the lower surface ; at
maturity thin, yellow-green and scabrate above, pale below, 8-10 cm.
long, 5-7 cm. wide, with stout orange colored midribs deeply impressed
on the upper side, and 6 or 7 pairs of thin primary veins arching
obliquely to the points of the lobes ; petioles stout, wing-margined
at the apex by the decurrent base of the leaf-blades, deeply grooved,
sparingly villose along the upper side, soon glabrous, glandular with
occasional minute dark glands, usually dull orange color in the
autumn, 2-3 cm. in length ; on vigorous leading shoots more deeply
lobed and more closely serrate than on fertile branchlets, subcoria-
ceous, often 10 cm. long and 9g cm. wide, gradually narrowed into
stout broadly winged coarsely glandular petioles, their stipules foliace-
ous, stipitate, lunate, sharply lobed, glandular-serrate, with minute
dark red glands, sometimes 1.5 cm. long, persistent through the
season. Flowers 1-1.2 cm. in diameter, on slender pedicels in wide
lax many-flowered thin-branched slightly villose compound corymbs ;
calyx narrowly obconic, often villose at the base, glabrous above, the
lobes slender, elongated, acuminate, finely glandular-serrate usually
only above the middle, dark green and glabrous on the outer surface,
villose on the inner surface, reflexed after anthesis ; stamens 7-10,

134 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

usually 10 ; anthers small, dark rose color ; styles 2 or 3, usually 2.
Fruit on long slender puberulous pedicels, in wide many-fruited droop-
ing clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends,
scarlet, lustrous marked by occasional large pale lenticels, 1 1-2 cm.
in diameter ; calyx sessile, with a narrow deep cavity, the lobes elon-
gated, glandular-serrate, dark red on the upper side near the base,
usually erect and incurved, mostly persistent on the ripe fruit ; flesh
when fully ripe thick, yellow and sweet ; nutlets usually 2, occasion-
ally 3; 8-9 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, full and rounded at the ends,
rounded and conspicuously ridged on the back, with a broad low
doubly grooved ridge, the ventral cavities broad and shallow.

A tree 7-8 m. in height with a tall stem sometimes 2.5 dm. in
diameter, covered with light gray bark, becoming rough and scaly
near the base, slender branches, the lower horizontal and wide spread-
ing, the upper ascending and forming a wide open irregular head, and
stout zigzag branchlets dark orange-brown and marked by many
large oblong pale lenticels when they first appear, deep red-brown and
lustrous on the upper, gray-brown and lustrous on the lower side
during their first winter, becoming gray slightly tinged with red the
following year, and armed with numerous stout curved chestnut-brown
or purple spines 4-5 cm. long, occassionally persistent on old stems.
Flowers during the last week of May. Fruit ripens from the first to
the middle of October and falls about the end of the month,

Rochester ; Hagaman Swamp, John Dunbar, October 12, 1901,
September 1902, C. S. Sargent, September 30, 1902; Rush, New
York, near Five Points, AZ S. Baxter, June, 1902.

This handsome tree is named in memory of Chester Dewey, a
native of Sheffield, Massachusetts, and for more than thirty years a
citizen of Rochester where he was Principal of the Rochester Collegiate
Institute and subsequently professor of chemistry and natural philos-
ophy in the University of Rochester. By botanists he will be remem-
bered by his studies of the genus Carex, commenced in 1824,
by his History of the Herbaceous Plants of Massachusetts, prepared
under the auspices of that state, and by his Catalogue of Plants and
Time of Flowering in and about the City of Rochester for the year
7841, published by the Regents of the University of the State of New
York:

ANTHERS YELLOW.

Stamens Io.

CRATAEGUS IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK, 135

Crataegus macracantha, Koehne. Sargent, S7/va N. Am. xiii.
147, t. 689.

Sparingly on both sides of the Genesee River north and south of
Rochester, N. Y.

Crataegus ferentaria, w. sf.

Leaves rhombic to oval or obovate, acute, short-pointed or
rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed to the entire often unsym-
metrical base, sharply doubly serrate above, with straight gland-
tipped teeth, and slightly divided above the middle into numerous
small acute lobes; more than half grown when the flowers open
and then very thin, dark yellow-green and slightly villose on the
upper surface particularly on the midribs, and lighter colored and
pubescent below along the midribs and principal veins ; at maturity
coriaceous, dark yellow-green, very lustrous and smooth above, pale
snd still puberulous below on the stout midribs, deeply impressed on
the upper side and often rose color on the lower side late in the
autumn and on the 6 or 7 pairs of slender primary veins extending
obliquely to the points of the lobes, 5.5-9 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide ;
petioles stout, wing-margined at the apex by the decurrent bases of the
leaf-blades, deeply grooved, slightly villose early in the season, soon
glabrous, occassionally glandular, often rose color in the autumn,
1-2 cm. in length; on vigorous leading shoots leaves usually oval, full
and rounded or sometimes concave-cuneate at the base, mostly
abruptly short-pointed at the apex, often to cm. long and 7-8 cm.
wide. Flowers 1.5 dm. in diameter on slender pedicels, in wide
many-flowered thin-branched villose compound corymbs ; bracts and
bractlets narrow-obovate to linear, acuminate, glandular mostly
deciduous before the flowers open ; calyx broadly obconic, glabrous,
the lobes wide, acute, glandular-serrate, with large bright red glands,
glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner surface, spreading after
anthesis ; stamens 10; anthers pale yellow; styles 2, Fruit on
elongated slender reddish pedicels, in broad lax drooping clusters,
subglobose to short-oblong, crimson, very lustrous, about 1-2 cm.
in diameter, marked by occasional large pale dots ; calyx prominent,
with a broad shallow cavity and much enlarged coarsely glandular-
serrate lobes, villose above, dark red toward the base on the upper
side, somewhat erect or spreading, usually persistent on the ripe fruit;
flesh, thick, yellow, sweet and succulent; nutlets 2, rounded at the
obtuse ends, 6 mm. long and wide, ridged on the back, with a broad

136 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

usually grooved ridge, remarkably thin-walled, the ventral cavities

deep and narrow.

An intricately branched shrub 3-4 m. tall, with erect and spread-
ing stout stems covered sometimes to the height of 2 m. with very
rough dark ashy gray bark, and stout zigzag branchlets, dark orange-
green and marked by many large pale lenticels when they first appear,
light red-brown and very lustrous at the end of their first season,
becoming dark gray-brown the following year, and slightly armed
with stout nearly straight bright red-brown or purple lustrous shining
spines, long persistent and ultimately ashy gray, 3.5-5.5 cm. long.
Flowers during the first week of June. Fruit ripens at the end of
September and soon falls. The leaves turn yellow and fall very
early in’ the autumn.

Rochester ; common on both sides of river south of the city, John
Dunbar, May, September and October, 1901; Conesus Lake, JZ S.
Baxter, September, 1902.

Crataegus Laneyi, Sargent, 7rees and Shrubs, i. 5, t. 3 (1902).
Rochester ; low moist banks of the Genesee River in Genesee

Valley Park, C C Laney, June, 1899, /ohu Dunbar, June and

October, 1901, C. S. Sargent, September, 1901.

C. oxyacantha, Linnaeus and C. monogyna, Jacquin, cultivated
species from Europe are sparingly naturalized throughout Monroe
County, N. Y.

There are, besides the above list of Crataegus growing without
cultivation, about sixty species planted in the parks and park nurser-
ies at Rochester.

Arnold Arboretum,
Jamaica Plain, Mass.

HE

mri,

tT

CHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

vou 4, PP. 137-148, PLATES 13-18.

no

WILLAMETTE METEORITE

Y

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WARD.

HENRY A

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Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE. VoL. 4, PLATE XIII.

End view of meteorite.

WILLAMETTE METEORITE.

Henry A. WARD.

P19 1904

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

VOL. 4, PP. 137-148 PLATES 13-18. Marcu 24, 1904.

THE WILLAMETTE METEORITE.
By Henry A. Warp. F et

(Presented before the Academy, March 14, 1904.)

This most interesting meteorite, noble in size and wonderful in
physical features, was found near the border of Clackamas County,
Oregon, in the autumn of rg02. At this point in its course the Willa-
mette River, 80 miles south of its junction with the Columbia, runs
between high banks of sedimentary rocks. At Oregon City, 16 miles
south of Portland, these banks come as cliffs down close to the river,
which on the western side they follow southward for three and one-
half miles to the town of Willamette. This meteorite having been found
two miles from this town (to north-west) I have given it the name,
as above, of Willamette Meteorite. Its exact locality is Lat. 45° 22’
N, Long. 122° 35 W. The region immediately surrounding is a
series of hills, distant foot hills of the Cascade Range, with their
steeply sloping sides cut into by streamlets flowing into the
Willamette. One of these streams is the Tualitin. On a hill-
side, three miles above the mouth of the Tualitin, fell, apparently
centuries ago, the Willamette siderite, the third largest iron meteor-
ite in the world. The region is a wild one, covered by a primeval
forest of pines and birch, little visited and largely inaccessible.
Here, on the spur of the hill in a small level area, lay the great
iron mass, lightly buried in soil and the carpet of accumulated vege-
table debris. In the valley, half a mile away, there lives with his
family, a humble, intelligent Welshman, Mr. Ellis Hughes. He
had formerly worked in Australian mines, He had with him in
Ig02, a prospector named Dale, and together they roamed over the
hills seeking minerals. One day a blow ona little rock projecting
from the soil showed it to be metal. They dug and found its
great dimensions; also that it was iron, It was on land which
they learned belonged toa land company. For some months they
kept the find a secret, hoping to buy the land on which the “mine”

13, Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE, VOL. 4, MARCH 24, 1904.

(137)

138 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

was located. Some months later they ascertained, in some way, that
their supposed iron reef, which they had found to be but ten feet long
and a yard or more deep, was a meteorite. They became more
secretive than ever, and covered their find most carefully.

In August of 1903, Mr. Dale in the meartime having left the
country, Mr. Hughes conceived the idea of bringing the great iron
mass to his house, a distance of nearly three-fourths of a mile. This
seemed an almost impossible task, he having only his son of 15 years
and a small horse as motor power. But he was an old miner, full of
mechanical resources, and also full of pluck and energy. With infi-
nite pains he fashioned a simple capstan with chain to anchorit, anda
long braided wire rope to roll up on it, as his horse traveled around
it as a winch. Then he fashioned an ingenious car with log body-
timbers and sections of tree trunks as wheels; also some heavy-
double-sheaved pulleys. By wearisome blocking-up and leverage he
succeeded in capsizing the great mass directly upon the car and lash-
ing it securely. (See plate 13). Then he stretched out his
hundred-foot hauling wire-rope, attached one end of it to the car and
the other to his staked-down capstan, and started his horse going
round. The sequence of effect to cause followed ; so did the meteor-
ite. The great mass moved slowly, for the ground was soft, and,
even with boards put under them and constantly changed, the wheels
sank deep into the mud. Some days they moved little more than the
length of the car (which was that of the mass itself); on others they
passed over ten, twenty, or (one day) fifty yards of their toilsome
road. At last, after three months of almost incessant toil, the giant
meteorite reached Hughes’ own land, where it now rests. It was a
herculean struggle between man and meteorite, and the man con-
quered. It is unpleasant to have to record what followed.

The Hughes, father and son, had for these months worked
unobserved in the dense forest. Their nearest neighbors, a mile
away, do not seem to have been aware of what they were doing. But
when the great find was announced, people came trooping up the
little valley, first from near-by Willamette, then from Oregon City,
and then from Portland, to see the celestial wonder. News soon
came to the Portland Land Company, and they promptly claimed the
meteorite as having been taken from their land. Hughes refused to
give up possession, which latter, he believes, is a strong point in the
matter. So a suit at law has commenced, with all prospects of a
stoutly fought legal battle. The suit should come off during the

WILLAMETTE METEORITE, 139

coming spring, but it may likely bedelayed. Public opinion is divided
as to the probable outcome ; but sympathy lies mainly with Hughes,
the finder of the mass, and the only man recorded in common life or
among scientific collectors as having run away with a 14-ton meteorite.

The newspapers of our country had for several months of the
past autumn and winter noted this Oregon meteorite in a desultory
manner, but their stories seemed exaggerated, and were not generally
credited. In February I decided to visit the distant locality and
investigate the matter. A four days’ railroad trip put me upon the
ground. ‘To make my further description more clear I must say that
before my arrival Mr. Hughes had unloaded his car, tipping off the
great meteorite over upon its side. Thus the first three cuts in this
present article are from photographs which were taken when the
meteorite was in its vertical position, still standing upon thecar. I have
every reason to believe that they were accurate in every way. Not-
withstanding every favor extended to me by Mr. Hughes, the fullest
scrutiny of the great mass was attended with great difficulties. The
weather was wet, a cold rain falling every day that I was there. The
mass was in the woods without shelter, and the deep mud and slush
around it made kneeling to examine the lower surfaces almost impos-
sible. My first work was to take full measures. These I will give
in connection with its general outline as shown in the several cuts
which illustrate this paper. Plate 13 (frontispiece) presents well the
general truncated cone, or dome-like form of the mass. The meas-
ures which I took, and which apply to this, are as follows :

The extreme length of the mass, 10 ft. 3% inches.

The extreme breadth across base, 7 ft.

The extreme vertical height from base to summit of dome, 4 ft,
The total circumference of the base is 25 ft. and 4 inches.

It will be seen by noting plate 13, that while the upper dome is
a circle in its section, this is not true of the lower part, which from
mid-height expands before and behind into an oval form. This is
observable in plate 14, where the lengthening of the base into an oval
becomes quite clear, with the rapid slope of the right-hand end and a
more gentle slope of the left. But regarding the mass at a right
angle to this, or an end view, the sides of the central dome part are
seen to come to the base almost vertically, and with very little
enlargement or flaring.

140 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

The meteorite has thus the form of a huge abbreviated cone,
having its base on two sides so prolonged as to produce an oval,
whose long diameter is one-third greater than is its transverse
diameter. There are no angular outlines to the mass as a whole; all,
whether in vertical or horizontal section, is bounded by broad curves,
At this point I may stop to say that as the ineteorite lay buried in the
ground, its base was uppermost; in other words, the reverse of
the position it held upon the car as shown in plates 13 and 14. This
position, with the apex of cone buried below, is unquestionably the
one which it held as it came through our atmosphere during its
immediate fall. That the great mass changed sides as it lay in the
ground on the flat area where it fell is not to be conceived for a
moment. Its front face in its flight was the apex of the cone. All
features of the surface harmonize with this view. The upper half of
this apex as shown in plates 13, 14, is devoid of any striz such as so
often occur on the Arustsette of a stone meteorite. Nor are there
here any well defined pittings. If these have ever existed, they are
now completely effaced. This part of the great mass seems to have
undergone but one change since it entered our atmosphere
and there met the trials of intense atmospheric friction. The denuding
influence of this may well be considered as having induced the gener-
ally round and even character of the upper cone, though no fine polish
or striation remains. The one effect noticeable on all this area is the
presence of little spots or patches from one to three or four centi-
metres in length, of material which seems more dense, and of a
faintly deeper shade of color from that of the main mass. These
appear over all the surface in question, sprinkled indiscriminately,
without order or allineation. They stand slightly elevated above the
surface, and might in loose terms be called scabs. I am disposed
to think of these as representing flows of melted matter, which were
once more wide-spread or continuous, but now show simply as patches.
I will not enlarge upon this appearance, for the conditions under
which I saw the mass were most unfavorable.*

Proceeding to examine the lower half of the cone, we have to
notice three things: First there is a large border area, a border
averaging eighteen or twenty inches wide, entirely around the mass,
which is quite covered with the pittings (Pezographs) which are so
common a feacure on both iron and stone meteorites. These pittings

*] may be permitted to again remind the reader that, as I saw the meteorite after it was tipped
off from the car, the cone end was down, and I could study it only while kneeling in the mud,
holding an umbrella over my head in a heavy fall of rain and sleet, and with a temperature too
cold to comfortably hold a pencil. The day will come when this cone—as indeed the whole
meteorite—will be studied under more favorable circumstances.

WILLAMETTE METEORITE. I4I

are well defined and continuous, but are shallow. They are usually
oval in form, with a greater diameter of from three to eight centi-
metres. They appear to have no distinct form or allineation ; and
they meet and merge into each other with but a fuller, slightly pro-
nounced crest between them.

A second feature in this lower half of the great cone is the series
of round bore-holes, sprinkled irregularly all around it and more
generally near the lower border. These holes, which are so notable
a feature on the Cafion Diablo siderite, as also in the Tazewell and
in the Youndegin (Australian) masses, are here beautifully sharp and
well defined. They are usually nearly circular in section, one to three
inches in diameter, and in depth ranging from three or four inches to
an undefined depth. These holes, notably those of smaller diameter,
are sometimes materially larger in their inner portions than they are
at their outer orifice. This feature, observable also in the holes in
the Cafion Diablo masses, seems to militate strongly, if not conclus- .
ively, against any theory of their existence being caused primarily by
the boring action of the air in the meteorite’s downward flight. They
are undoubtedly due to the former presence of lengthened cylindrical
nodules of troilites or some other sulphuret which have subsequently
yielded to decomposition, and have generally dropped out. An inter-
esting specimen in the Ward-Coonley meteorite collection is a mass,
some 15 inches in diameter, of Cafion Diablo iron, with such a cir-
cular hole ; its orifice being open, while all the lower part is occupied
by the still remaining troilite nodule. In our Willamette iron no
less than nine of these holes pierce the mass from its upper surface
quite through to the base below.

The third feature of this upper (brustseite) face of the Willa-
mette iron is one which now makes it the most remarkable meteorite
known to science. ‘This is the existence of deep, broadly open basins
and broad furrows or channels cutting down deeply into the mass.
The basins are distributed alike over the lower cone area. The fur-
rows reach vertically quite across this belt to the lower edge or base
of the mass, whose border they break with deep channelling. These
deep bowl-like cavities and furrows exist more upon one of the sides
of the meteorite (the right hand side as the mass is seen from the rear
in plate 14, figure 2) thanuponthe other. And, as fate would have it,
that was the side upon which the mass, tumbled from the car by
Hughes, lay when I visited it. But plate 14 gives a good idea of
the surprising size of these cavities. I was able (working from

142 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

below) to get a view of the somewhat heart-shaped and double
cavity so prominent in plate 14, figure 2. Its length was about 19
inches, its breadth about 14, and its depth about 5 inches at deepest
part.

Other cavities (some from their form might be called basins,
others caverns) were of various diameter at mouth, 5 to 10 inches, and
varied in depth from 4 to 12 inches. In all cases these cavities had
their widest expansion or opening toward the apex of the cone, in the
line of flight of the meteorite. At the right hand in figure 2, plate 14,
are visible two huge furrows or channels. One of these, the smaller,
I was able to reach as the meteorite now lies, partly by sight, partly
by feeling. Its length was 26 inches, its average breadth 5 inches,
with a depth increasing from front backward from 3 to 5 inches. The
parallelism of these furrows, as well as the allineation of the holes
before mentioned, is an observable fact ; while equally observable is
‘ their pointing from every side of the mass toward the apex of the
cone. Nothing can be clearer than that this has been produced by
the tremendous friction of the densely compressed air through which
the meteorite passed on its way to our earth.

The air, which was compressed in front of the mass to a density
comparable to that of some solid substance, has flown back past
the apex and the sides of the cone with a friction force almost
inconceivable in its intensity. The air crowded in front of a
meteorite having a velocity of 60 miles per second has furthermore
been shown by physicists to have, by reason of its’ compression, a
heat of over 5000 degrees Centigrade (g,o00° Fahr;) a heat cal-
culated to melt away any surface which it enveloped? It is to the
melting, rubbing and chiseling effects of this air compression, with
its following air-stream, that we may attribute all the glazing,
pitting, hollowing and channeling which we have observed on
the front side of the cone and on the flanging base of our
great meteorite. That the melting should be more powerful on the
upper (forward) part of thecone is easily conceivable. Also it is clear
that the boring and channeling power of the air should be most
exercised on the basal flanges, on which it more directly impinged.
The effects are here colossal, and words would feebly express the
emotion induced in seeing the great cone, with its torn, excavated sides.
It seems impossible in theory, but the whole is made easily credible
in seeing and studying the effect. With it all comes forcibly the
thought of how “ Reason will lead where Imagination does not dare
to follow”

WILLAMETTE METEORITE, 143

It would be a serious omission not to call attention to the possi-
bility, and even strong probability, that the great mass has contained
great nodules or even long cylindrical inclusions of some mineral
softer and more easily yielding to attrition than is the iron of which
it seems to be wholly composed. We know that inclusions of troilite
are frequent in siderites, in some of which, as for instance, Toluca,
Youndegin, Cafion Diablo and Bella Roca, they occur in masses of
some volume. We suspect that the Willamette may contain such
troilite inclusions, and that they may have both determined the posi-
tion and have greatly enlarged these excavations. ‘This is particu-
larly true of the long furrows, two of which are so prominent in plate
14. In these, the upper part of the wall hangs over as a rim, leaving
the tube or gutter, as seen from the side, larger within than in its
outside exposure. These furrows, as well as one of the holes, gouge
deep recesses out of the otherwise continuous border of the mass.
As is noticeable in plate 13, the lower part of the cone rolls smoothly
around to join its base.

At this point in our paper we leave the cone or brustseite of our
meteorite ; repeating here that the three cuts taken before our arrival
show the mass upright; nearly the reverse of the way we saw it.
Plate 15, figures 1 and 2, taken from either end, show well the relation
of the great meteorite cone to its base. With them, notably figure 2,
is first revealed the second series of wonders of our most wonderful
and absolutely unique meteorite.

On the base of the mass we shall see added phenomena. Plate 16
shows the full surface of the base of the great meteorite—its length, ten
feet ; its breadth, seven feet. It will be seen that its original surface was
skghtly crowning; also that this surface was covered with well-devel-
oped normal pittings of great similarity of character in all its parts.
The remaining areas of this surface are in every case thus covered.
Furthermore we observe the striking manner in which the base of our
mass was drilled and bored by the clean, round holes which we have
already noticed as existing in moderate numbers on the brustseite.
Counting only those which are of limited diameter, there are over
thirty of them, varying from a half inch to two and one-half inches
across, and from three or four inches to an unmeasurable depth.
Indeed, quite a few of them which are near the periphery, pass
completely through the mass, as we noted when describing the other
side. One of these perforating vertical bores or drill-holes is
seen at the base of the figures; the other two are visible toward the
extreme left. The position of these upon the base, the rear side of

144 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

the meteorite, argues strongly for their origin being due to pre-exis-
tent troilite cylindroid nodules. The inner trend of some of these
bores is quite irregular, and the surface roughened with sharp, tortu-
ous ridges. Some few of the holes join each other below, anastomos-
ing, as may sometimes be seen in sections of long troilite nodules in
the face of a section of siderite. In the frequency of these long
round holes and their general distribution over all sides of the mass,
our present meteorite quite resembles, though it surpasses in this
feature, Cafion Diablo.

But our attention is strongly drawn away from these aerial
features, to so call these effects which were created and completed by
the attrition and erosion of the mass as it flew through our atmos-
phere in its fall to our earth. For we have before us, as shown in
plates 16 and 17, and plate 15, figure 2, a most singular and astonishing
group of concavities and caverns. Nothing can exceed the laby-
rinthine and chaotic outspread of these. They cross the mass from
side to side and end toend. Yet they have no regularity of distribu-
tion or system of allineation. They make aconfusion of kettle-holes ;
of wash-bowls ; of small bath-tubs! One of the latter, crossing the
mass diagonally, is three feet long by ten to fifteen inches across,
and with an average depth of sixteen inches. Another, nearly circu-
lar, is two and one-sixth ft. in diameter and eighteen inches in deepest
part. This one is quadrifid in its bottom; each of the four areas
being a distinct basin, swelling gently up from its center to the sharp
crest running between it and its neighbors. Plate 17, giving
views of either end of the mass, show well the depth and the scooped
appearance of these caverns. The rim of the meteorite on one side
has been broken into by their continuation outwards. Plate 17, figure
1, shows how one channel passes through, opening a hole from one
side of the great mass to the other. To describe these caverns indi-
vidually would be impractical as well as useless. We recognize at
once that we are not treating of an ordinary meteorite phenomenon.
We are observing an action or effect of decomposition, carried to its
most extreme degree, We arereminded of the deeply water-worn sur-
faces of limestone in certain caves. Of eroded blocks of gypsum ;
or, most of all, of the cragged protuberances of old coralrock. These
excavations in our meteorite are clearly aue to the action of water. This
has not been an erosion, as have been the deep holes and channels of
the other side of the mass. There are here no lines of flow, no con-
nections in the nature or the trend of the depressions, We have to

WILLAMETTE METEORITE. 145

seek a different cause and a different mode of action. This is not
difficult to find. It has been seen that this meteorite lay in
its original bed, as it fell, with the conical end down, and the flat
base upwards and quite level ; that it lay just below the surface
of the ground in a soil highly charged throughout with vegetable
matter, the accumulation of centuries under the falling leaves and
branches of a primeval forest. Finally we remember that western
Oregon is a region marked as a rain-belt ever since it has been
known at all. Every condition was favorable to the decomposition of
this great mass of iron, so situated that its surface was ever soaked
with abundant water, and that water was heavily charged with car-
bonic acid, due to vegetable decomposition Under such conditions
the oxidation of the mass would go on rapidly. The depressions
would soon be initiated; these would fill with water, and thenceforth
the work of dissolution of the mass would go on rapidly and with ever
increasing area of surface and power of action. ‘This is an action in
which there has been no intermittence and no minimizing; for while
the frosts of the short winter may have for a time yearly lessened the
chemical action, the increased mechanical effects of freezing and
thawing would have quite compensated in accomplishing the destruc-
tive work. It is especially noticeable in studying these caverns how
certain portions of the surface of the mass have been left unaffected,
holding to-day not only the original superficial level, but also retain-
ing in fullest degree the pittings and all other markings which the
mass had when at close of its flight it reached its bed. These areas
of original surface stand as islands in the waste depressions of decom-
position; and in the majority of cases the decomposition which has
made the caverns, has also undermined these intervening areas.
These latter thus stand on pedestals or bases which are hour-glass in
form, dwindling from top downwards and from below up. ‘Thus it
occurs that many of the round borings noticed before and which are
sO prominent a feature in the view of the base of the meteorite now
pass quite through with a short passage from the old surface into the
latter formed basin or cavern. Incidentally we may mention that the
corroding progress of this decomposition has eaten ~holes, usually
quite irregular in shape and often large in diameter, through the walls
between the several basins. No less than ten of these, varying from
two to eight inches in diameter, may be counted. The most casual
view of the sides and bottom of these basins show the entire differ-
ence of surface texture between them and thé inside of the great

146 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

holes and furrows on the brustseite of the meteorite. These basins
have a rough, sandy surface, not for a moment to be compared with
the rubbed-down, semi-polished inner wall of the air-worked hole.
The difference of appearance is as palpable and somewhat similar to
that which exists between a glaciated rock and a sawed or ground
rock surface. Here is again the occasion to express the opinion that
probably this immense and profound caverning of the lower sides of
the meteorite has been in some important measure determined and
intensified by the presence in the body of the mass of some softer and
more easily decomposed material. Such, too, would be, as in the
other case, considerable masses of troilite. Before, we invoked its
erosive quality; now we think of the rapid decomposition of a sulphid
in comparison to that of a mass of dense iron.

This great meteorite has shown itself to be quite unique in
the distinct and essentially diverse phenomena which it presents.
On one side, it offers us the greatest known instance of aerial
erosion, helped by fusion. No such holes and furrows due to aerial
attrition have been offered by any other meteorite, whether of the
iron or stone class. While on the opposite side it gives us a case
of discrete decomposition of aqueous cause, far beyond anything
before registered on these celestial bodies.

It is a truly interesting thing to see these two phenomena, each
so potent, yet each so different in nature and in origin, connected
with the same mass of matter, acting upon it at two different epochs,
yet producing results having such general likeness in appearance.
In the presence of these marks of cosmic power, all other features
of our meteorite seem to dwindle. Even its great size loses some
of its impressiveness. The measures of Willamette which I have
given indicate its great size and give it place in this respect with
the three largest meteorites known to science, a compeer of Peary’s
Anighito and of the Bacubirito, although not of the length of the
latter nor of the cubic contents of either, It is interesting to note
that all the largest meteorites have been irons. It is doubtful
whether a mass of stone of such great volume could have come to
our earth retaining its cohesion and integrity through the destruc-
tive agencies attending its atmospheric passage.

In a study made many years ago by Reichenbach in which some
problems of meteorite flights are elaborated, it is shown that a
meteorite passing with a lessened velocity of 20 miles per second
through our atmosphere, with its computed density at the height

WILLAMETTE METEORITE, 147

of ten miles above our earth, would undergo a pressure of 7,700
pounds upon each cubic inch of its front surface. Only iron would
sustain such pressure, and even this, as in the beautiful instance of
Cabin Creek, is irresistibly affected.

To the light given forth by the glowing melted surface, with
that of the stream of ignited particles flowing away behind the
flying mass, must be added the enormously greater light of pro-
ambient air, itself heated by the compression mentioned. The
light thus given out can be almost as little conceived of, as des-
cribed. It is well known that the apparent size of any meteorite in
its aerial flight is very much greater than is the real diameter of the
solid mass. Numerous instances will be readily recalled where
a meteorite (the part that fell) was but a few inches in diameter,
while the same in its passage through the heavens appeared as a
globe of several feet in diameter. Thus we have the astonishing
light effects in well observed meteorite falls where the whole
country for miles on either side of its course is illuminated with
the light of mid-day. The Athens meteor (Oct. 18, 1863) is said to
have thus momentarily lighted all Greece. How great and
dazzling and wonderful was probably the illumination within a
radius of many hundred miles when Willamette fell. With what
aerial commotion, explosion and pyrotechnics must this great mass
have traversed the atmosphere and screechingly sought its final
home, “losing itself in the continuous woods where rolls the
Oregon.”

The weight of the mass remains to be determined. Its shape
makes its cubing a little difficult; and the difficulty is notably
increased by the many and voluminous hollows. Assuming the
average depth of these in the base at 10 inches, we may assume
the total weight of the mass is probably lessened by fully one-
fourth by reason of them. The mean of several careful com-
putations, based upon numerous measures taken around the mass,
and with knowledge of the specific gravity of the iron, makes the
meteorite weigh about 27,000 lbs. or 13% tons. Before many
months have passed we may probably have the great mass on
scales, and thus know its exact weight. If our above estimate is
correct, Willamette ranks in weight as the fourth among meteor-
ites known to science, the larger of the two masses of Chupaderos
weighing about 15% tons.

An etched section of the Willamette iron shows it to belong to

148 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

the octahedral group and to that division (No. 56) which is designated
as Broad Octahedrite Og. But this structure is somewhat dimmed by
numerous small flakes of a very much brighter and more lustrous iron
than are the kamacite blades, and seeming to have no regular or
definite form—the largest of them having a diameter of not more
than 6to7mm. These plates, at least in part, are apparently hexa-
hedral, as some of the larger ones show Neumann lines on their
etched surface. The patches of plessite are decidedly small, but
occasionally show the alternating layers of kamacite and plessite
formerly known as “Lapham Markings.” The taenite lines are
plainly visible along the edges of the kamacite plates. There are
numerous small troilite nodules from 1to 3 mm in size scattered
promiscuously throughout the section, and a few rod-shaped ones
I mm in width, and in some instances up to 15 mmin length, The
largest troilite nodule found in several sections was 28 mm in diameter.
It incased several small patches of the nickeliferous iron. No schrei-
bersite is apparent to the eye, nor would it be expected from the small
amount of phosphorus found in the analysis of the iron. The exterior
of the mass in our possession is of a dull reddish brown color, much
oxidized, with a tendency to scale in small flakes. The fractured
surface of this iron is much more coarsely granular in structure than
is that of any iron with which I am familiar.

Perhaps more about the inner structure of the iron may be
developed as the mass is further sectioned.

The above observations on the structure of the Willamette iron
are made by my assistant, Mr. H. L. Preston, who has had my small
mass (a few kilogrammes) in hand, in Rochester, for section.

Two analyses of the Willamette iron have been made for me ;
one by Mr. J. M. Davison of the University of Rochester; the other
by J. J. Whitfield of Philadelphia. We give these below:

DAVISON WHITFIELD
Tron, =) 2" 298 = Sots iron; ===" = 491-46
Nickel?) 02) 4)Sse Nickel, 2. =) "6.36
Cobalt, =e ae 52
Phosphorus - - .09

The specific gravity of the iron is 7.7.

Henry A. WARD,
620 Division Street, Chicago, III.

Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE, VOLS 4, PLATE XGiVe

I. Side view, showing hole piercing the base.

Fic. 2. End view, showing eroded holes and furrows.

WILLAMETTE METEORIT

HENRY A. WARD.

Proc. Rocw. ACAD. SCIENCE. VOL. 4, PBATE XV.

Fic, 2, South end view, meteorite capsized.

WILLAMETTE METEORITE.

HENRY A. WARD.

a

Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE.

VoL. 4, PLATE XVI.

HENRY A. WARD.

Fic. 1. Full view, lower side of meteorite.

Fic. 2. Full view, lower side of meteorite.

WILLAMETTE METEORITE.

VOL. 4, PLATE XVII

SCIENCE.

Proc. RocH. ACAD.

‘aseq Jo yied YOU Jo vary

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‘aseq jo yied Yjnos Jo valy

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WILLAMETTE METEORITI

HENRY A. WARD.

Proc RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE. VOL. 4, PLATE XVIII.

Etched section, % actual size.

WILLAMETTE METEORITE.

HENRY A. WARD.

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F THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF
' VOL. 4, PP. 149-164.

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SCIENCE

* >

GREAT METEORITE COLLECTIONS
AND THEIR COMPOSITION

“ >
ROCHESTER, N. Y.
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY,
OCTOBER, 1904. ~

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‘UOTPDA[[OD aioaiay AB{UOOD-PAB AA BY} FO SasKd UBAVS al{} JO BUC

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL. 4, PP. 149-164, OCTOBER 10, 1904.

GREAT METEORITE COLLECTIONS; SOME WORDS AS
TO THEIR COMPOSITION AS AFFECTING
THEIR (RELATIVE WALUES:

By Henry A. Warp.
(Presented before the Academy, October Io, 1904.)

The great attention which is at the present time being given
to the study of meteorites, and especially the activity which is being
shown in their gathering and in the increasing of meteorite collec-
tions, both public and private, is a notable feature in the view over
this field of inorganic study. The time seems thusa favorable one
for consideration of some of the material features of the subject—
both in past time and in the present.

A retrospect through the pages of meteorite lore is instructive
and of practical interest in this connection. We find, to our sur-
prise, that meteorites and their fall are among the earliest of
recorded facts. The ancient Chinese chronicles are full of these.
So also in the archives of Phoenician, Grecian and Roman peoples,
where the fall of these celestial bodies is recorded with many attend-
ant circumstances, the whole usually crusted over with mythical
and religious lore. There are now extant in the European numis-
matic collections—according to Brezina, who has made an ex-
haustive study of the matter—no less than two hundred medals in

‘silver, bronze and iron, which were cast in record of falls of

meteorites in these lands. The worship of these Betyls (Beth-El:
House of God) was an extensive one, while their superstitious
reverence among aboriginal folk has ever been a universal feature
of primitive man. |

Meunier, one of a trio (Brezina, Cohen, Meunier) of European
leaders in meteorite study, cites 32 meteorite falls commencing
with 1478 B. C. and continuing down to 6 B.C. Of these, 28 are
so exact and circumstantial in their recording that he considers
them as reliable historical occurrences, although none of the masses
have been preserved. Several of them, notably the “Image which

14, Proc. Rocu. AcCApD. SCIENCE, VOL. 4, OCTOBER, 1904. 149

150 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

fell down from Jupiter” at Ephesus (Acts 19: 35), and the much
more definitely determined ones of Aegopotamus and the Ancyle,
have been seriously sought after within the present century. The
traveller Brown, in r8ro, sought the former in Thrace, and all exca-
vators of the Roman ruins have in mind the possible finding of the
Ancyle. This iron—so called from its shield shape—is reported by
Plutarch to have fallen from heaven in the eighth year of the reign
of Numa Pompilius (about 705 or 704 B. C.), taken to Rome and
there cared for by one of Numa’s Salishan priests. Meunier further
enumerates 161 meteorite falls commencing with 106 A. D., and con-
tinuing till 1799 A. D. Of these he accepts 142 as being well authenti-
cated. We have thus atotalof about 170 falls in 30 centuries preced-
ing the year 1800, or-about 19 fallsin each century. The number is
meager, but we bear in mind the insufficiency of written record in
those early ages. Of those which fell since the commencement of
our era and preceding 1800, but 35 are positively known to exist
in collections to-day. If now we add the 135 meteorites known to
have been lost, to the 680 to-day known in collections, we have
about 815 individual kinds of these heavenly bodies known and
recorded as having been held in human hands. Of the many more
hundreds of meteorites which have fallen and been handled in these
past centuries of which we know by a process of sure induction, it
is beyond our purpose to speak here. Our present theme is

THE STATE OF METEORITE COLLECTIONS TO-DAY, WITH
THEIR EARLY ORIGINS,

Doubtless the earlier meteorites were too rare an occurrence,
too little understood and too sparsely distributed, that they should
have been brought together to any “collection.’””’ They were often
—perhaps usually—taken to some temple, where they were pre-
served with reverence, often on a pedestal and under a roof of
their own. It would be facetious to note the case of the Ancyle
and its 11 fac-similes. But when we read that a meteorite was pre-
served in the Lyceum at Girgenti, we have a curious thought of
others which may possibly have been there preserved and displayed
with it. If so, that was our initial collection !

It may here be the place to call attention to the fact that the
conception of meteorites—that they fell from space—was more
universal and unchallenged in earlier centuries than it became in
times nearer our own. This because probably all that were recog-

GREAT METEORITE COLLECTIONS. I51

nized were seen to fall. Further, because the phenomena of an
extra-terrestrial origin had not any exactness of the definite
physical knowledge of those days to clash with. They were Heaven-
born (Beth-El) ; they were sacred ; and no questions of gravity or
other physical incongruities were allowed to trouble the popular
verdict. Still, a short time before the close of the eighteenth cen-
tury, as more and more of them were found and they were more
spoken of, there arose a widespread doubt of their cosmic character.
And perhaps it should not surprise us that the more highly edu-
cated led among the doubters,

The two oldest meteorites which we to-day possess—Elbogen
and Ensisheim—had fallen, one in Bohemia in about 1400, the other
in the Rhine valley in 1492. One was an iron, the other a stone;
both of them were duly taken off to the church, where all material
marvels (as these sky-stones, mastodon bones, etc.) were wont to be
gathered to be joined to the other less material priestly conundrums.

In 1753, when Tabor fell in Bohemia, it met before long with
some doubts. Born, in 1772, in his mineral work called “ Litho-
phylactum Bornianum,” says of this stone: “e ccelo pluvisse
creduliores asseverant.” And although in 1794 Chladni—the
earliest and profoundest meteorite historian—had described the
great Pallas meteorite from Siberia and had given cogent reasons
for the cosmic character—as opposed to the terrestrial—of this and
many other meteorites which he enumerated, the incredulity still
continued. Indeed, Chladni, in his great, parent meteorite work in
1819, speaks of many which had been ¢hrown away in his day be-
cause the directors of museums were ashamed of their presence ;
with the implied belief in their celestial character. Most strange
is it that the French savants should have been slowest of all
Europe to acknowledge meteorites. While Chladni had made
many converts in Austria and Prussia, French savants still held
aloof. When in July, 1790, a shower of stones—more than 1Ioo in
number—fell near Barbotan in S. Western France, a full account
thereof was prepared by a committee of citizens who observed the
fall, and this document, signed by the municipal chief, was sent to
the authorities at Paris. This report was presented to the Academy
of Sciences by Bethelon, the notable chemist and physicist. Its
reception by the Academy is shown by notes in their Transactions
and bya paper at the same time by Berthelon in a Journal of
Science. We quote from it twd sentences: “ How must we grieve

152 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

to-day to see an entire municipality join in giving serious credence
to popular tales which can but excite the pity, not only of physicists,
but of all reasonable people. What shall we say of this seriously
presented report, what reflections come to the philosophical reader
in perusing this evidently false attestation of a phenomenon
physically impossible.” We find recorded no modification of un-
belief as to meteorites in France until 1803, when on the 26th of
April another great meteorite fall occurred at l’Aigle, in Normandy.
Then the Minister of the Interior sent the celebrated physicist,
Biot, to the spot to investigate. Biot did his work thoroughly and
his report presented on his return to the National Institute at
Paris, was overwhelming and conclusive as to the truth of the fall
from space of these stones, many of which he had brought back
with him. Thenceforth the extra-terrestrial nature of meteorites
has not been challenged in France.

In the early part of the last century there are on record nearly
a score of meteorite collections. The Vienna Royal Cabinet,
which seems to have had its first meteorite in 1747, had, when
Schneider took charge of it in 1805, eight specimens. The British
Museum had in 1807 four or five specimens. Berlin Museum had
in 1810 about twelve specimens. The Paris (Jardin des Plantes)
Museum crowned the century with a g kilo Ensisheim presented
by Faucroy, an Elbogen and a Tabor, and in 1803 was materially
increased by numerous specimens of l’Aigle and of several other
French meteorites, so that it recorded early in the century nearly a
score of meteorites. These were, however, held for a long time in
the mineral collection without further classification.

Previous to 1825 we find noted the existence of some 23 or 24
public meteorite collections, notably in the cabinets of the Royal
Museums. There were also a considerable number of collections
of these bodies held by private collectors. The earliest of these
was that of Sir Charles Greville, which in 1810 passed into the
possession of the British Museum. That of Chladni, numbering
over 50 specimens, which at his death went to the Berlin Museum ;
and that of Born, which seems to have been distributed through
many museums; Heuland, Neville, Sowerby, Klaproth, Bergman,
Rammelsberg, Reichenbach, Wohler, the Marquis de Dace, the
Duc de Luynes, and many others. We find record of meteorite
exchanges going on between these museums and between private
collectors as early as 1817, with the usual activities and rivalries.

GREAT METEORITE COLLECTIONS. 153

Travellers, too, brought them from their distant wanderings.
Humboldt, from Mexico ; Bousingault, from the Upper Valley of
the Magdalena; Woodbine Parish, from Buenos Ayres, etc., etc.

We cannot undertake to note the increase of Boilections from
then on through the century which has just closed. We have on
our list nearly two hundred of these in Europe alone. Twelve of
them, in the order of their numerical importance, are: Vienna,
560; ‘London,’ 557 ;. Paris, 490; Berlin, 470 5 Buda-Pesth,- 390 ;
Greifswald, 358 ; Stockholm, 245 ; Gottingen, 210; Tiibingen, 200 ;
Museum of Practical Geology (London), 200; Dorpat, 175; and
Strasburg, 135.

Of private meteorite collections in Europe there are but four
prominent ones: Dr. Brezina and Prof. Friedrichs of Vienna, Mar-
quis de Mauroy of Wassy, France, and Max J. Neumann of Gratz,
Austria. Each of these lies in numbers of kinds between 200 and
250. The struggle to increase their number of specimens is very
great ; yet for an evident, if not a commendable reason, these large
museums do not share specimens with each other. It would be an
easy matter for any two of the larger museums of Europe to
increase their collections any day by thirty or more specimens (a
normal growth of two or three years) by each giving to the other
of its duplicate material in exchange for such kinds as it lacks. It
would seem that this action would accord with a true spirit of
science.

The issuing of catalogues of the contents of the meteorite col-
lections of Europe is a matter of old standing, commencing with
Chladni in 1817, and has increased with the growth of the collec-
tions themselves. These catalogues are to-day a prominent feature
of every collection, to be repeated every second or third year.
Most of these are simply enumerative, giving the names and locali-
ties of the specimens with their individual weight and size. But
many of the catalogues—particularly from the great museums—are
almost treatises on the subject by reason of the attention paid to
the classification adopted, the remarks on the character of indi-
vidual specimens, the correction and extension of geographical
dispersion, and the introduction of latest and widest views of the
whole subject. The introduction by Brezina to his catalogue
(1895) of the Vienna collection, that of Fletcher of the British
museum, of Klein of Berlin—and, still more, the whole contents of
Meunier’s catalogue (1898) of the Paris collection, is a real treatise

154 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

and text-book of the science. In short, both in the activity of
collecting, the prices paid for individual specimens, and the issuing
of catalogues of the specimens, the European meteorite collections
have far outrun the rest of the world. Vienna, the birthplace of
meteorite study, has continued to be the headquarters of meteorite
collecting and distribution.

The high prices paid for meteorites, particularly for those of
small sizeand rare—preferably, too, for those of European origin—
are most notable, and aconstant surprise tothe layman. It suffices
that the extreme rarity of a meteorite be known to make it com-
mand an extraordinary price. We read that after the L’Aigle
meteorite shower, just a century ago, Mr. Lambertin, a mineral
dealer in Paris, did a large business in selling many hundred speci-
mens throughout Europe at ten francs (two dollars) per ounce.
This is not very far from what Pultusk—also a great shower—sells
for to-day. But many others sell at prices ranging up from fifty
cents to one dollar, two dollars, or even five dollars per gramm,
the latter being seven times its weight in gold. This comes from
the gradual diminution and dispersion through an entire century.

Instances of the highest-priced would be those meteorites of
which the original amount was small—perhaps only one or two
pounds—and the greater part went at once into some public or
roval collection, whence no influence or persuasion will bring any
out. There are probably twenty meteorites of each of which two
or three gram pieces might be sold, if they would be given up,
for ten dollars per gram—/fourteen times their weight in gold d
This touches the extreme side of the question—the fancy of eager
competing collectors. With these there is the effort, amounting to
a true struggle, to obtain a fragment of every known kind. It is
the apotheosis of the collecting mania—not surpassed by postage
stamps or orchids. Such a collector would probably give a hun-
dred dollars fora gram of the Kaaba could he get it and prove
its authenticity.

Various causes contribute to a meteorite’s value. Among
these are some peculiarity in fall or time of fall, some peculiarity
of composition or structure, some historical character, its being
worshipped, its being pre-historic, etc. Some, too, have marked an
epoch in the science or a factor in classification. In most of these
cases there has been but a small amount of the meteorite, so that
at best very few can have it. It is like a piece of the true Cross.

GREAT METEORITE COLLECTIONS, 155

Certainly, if we could have but three meteorites in our collec-
tion,we should wish one to be an Iron ; another a Stone; the third
a Siderolite, mingling iron and stone in its composition. But of
the Irons we should want three or four of the most marked kinds,
as shown mainly by inner structure and composition. In the same
way, with the Stones we should want those of varied mineral com-
position, varied inner structure, varied outward structure, and
phenomena of appearance. These wants would soon increase to a
desire to have one kind which best shows each one of the many
mineral elements known in meteorites. A collection thus may
induce great study—which is the highest, truest aim in any col-
lecting. It would contain many common meteorites; but also
there would be need of rare ones like Bishopville, Lograno, Orgueil,
Indarch, Veramin, etc. Historical falls, such as Elbogen, Ensis-
heim, L’Aigle, etc., would claim prominent place in such a collection.

Meteorites are now collected eagerly in all countries of the
earth. Exchanges are active. So specimens are growing individ-
ually smaller, but the number of kinds in each collection, as well as
the number of collections, is rapidly increasing. In the middle of
the last century but three or four collections numbered a hundred
kinds. Nowthere are about twenty noted in catalogues, which are
over three hundred in number. Four of these are in the United
States.

These meteorite collections are fast becoming one of the lead-
ing adjuncts to a large museum, and by reason of the activities of
collecting, and the distribution, study and comparison of the cata-
logues, the question is brought up which has long been considered
as to libraries, picture galleries, and others, that is: Which is the
most valuable collection, and what are the reasons?

We are disposed to answer this question abstractly by a care-
ful consideration of some of the most prominent

FACTORS OF VALUE OF A COLLECTION OF METEORITES.

1. Number of distinct, well-authenticated kinds—“ Falls’ and
“Finds,”

‘2. Average weights and sizes of the individual specimens of
the collection, including also the possession of one or more great
masses.

3. The proportion of specimens of interest in the growth of the
science. Also type-specimens.

156 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

4. The proportion of specimens showing leading points in
meteorite classification—either chemical or petrographical.
5. The proportion of specimens of great rarity—usually the
mass small at the outset.
6. The completeness of original exterior structure, with crust,
pitting, orientation, etc.
7. The proportion of specimens of traditional or of historical
value.
8. The proportion of o/d falls in the collection.
9. The extent to which the specimens have been treated by
cutting, polishing, etching, etc., to show inner structure.
1o. The broad geographical distribution of the specimens.
tr. All Siderites or Siderolites ever seez to fall.
We will notice briefly some of the merits of each of these factors.

NUMBER OF DISTINCT, WELL-AUTHENTICATED KINDS—
“FALLS AND FINDS.”

It is here understood that the localities are quite distinct—not
repetitions of each other under different names. Nearly all collec-
tions contain specimens—outliers of falls and bearing different
names—which are really of one and the same fall, and should thus
count as one locality. Most falls have some outliers of this kind.
Pultusk, Mocs, Toluca, Coahuila, and others have each many of
them. These may be used, and often are so, to swell a collection,
where their presence attains redundance, without usually adding
an element of value.*

In other cases the number of kinds in a collection is increased
by the introduction of those practically undetermined and often
unmeteoric. Such unauthentic specimens have no standing or
rating in acollection. They should be weeded out, for their presence
is detrimental.

If, then, all the specimens or kinds are genuine, a great number
of them is a great factor of value. The more of them that there
are, the more is the opportunity, or even the likelihood, that the
other conditions of merit in the collection are met.

It might be that in a collection consisting of 200 meteorites out

*Pultusk (Poland, Jan., 1868) was a shower over an area of about four by six miles. The
villages or hamlets included have added the following names to encumber nomenclature and
render deceptive the numbers in meteorite collections, useful as they may be in some other ways:
Pultusk, Psaly, Obryte, Zambski, Sokolowo, Gorstkowo, Sielce Nowry, Sielce Stary, Rozan,
Ciolkowo, Rowy, Zastruzny, Rozdialy, Rchwnie, Mrozy, Daborowka, Clrzonny, Ochulenka. All
picee aan in a period of one minute between Pultusk and Ostrolenka, and are one meteorite—

ultusk.

GREAT METEORITE COLLECTIONS. 157

of a possible 600, the whole 200 should be of the most inferior
kind, although in fact this would rarely be true. But if there were
400 kinds, several of the other conditions of excellence would be
necessarily met. In actual fact—as meteorite collections are ordi-
narily made—the presence of a very high number of kinds isa very
certain index of other excellence. Ina practical way the presence
of a great number of kinds in a meteorite collection vastly facili-
tates comparisons and scientific study of the whole. The earnest
efforts of the largest museums—controlled by sober, sensible
scientists—to increase to the highest attainable point the number
of their localities, is an index of the general appreciation of the
value of numbers as a factor of merit. Large numbers show effort,
study, and money outlay. The argument is practically a sure one
that excellence has resulted. In a word, the factor of number of
kinds will always take a high, leading position in rating a meteorite
collection.

AVERAGE WEIGHTS AND SIZES OF THE INDIVIDUAL SPECIMENS OF
THE COLLECTION.

The ideal of a meteorite collection might be that each speci-
men should be undivided—the entire bolide as it existed in space.
It is unnecessary to tell how, from the inherent conditions of the
subject, this in actuality cannot be. By far the greater number of
the falls are accompanied by explosions of the mass in the air or
by its breaking in reaching the earth. In the largest collections—
as in the smaller ones—fully seven-tenths of the specimens are
pieces taken from the larger masses, or are masses with smaller
pieces taken from them. The exceptions are more commonly cases
where several—sometimes many—bolides have fallen in the same
meteoric shower. With these latter, the collector must accept
them as they fell—large or small. Of pieces broken or cut from
larger masses, the collector’s desire will be to get a piece so large
that it will show well all the features both of outer and of inner
structure. A piece with surfaces of several square inches’ super-
ficies is none Loo large for this purpose. And with great masses of
one or more feet in diameter, there is ever something additional to
be seen. Furthermore, there is something imposing and impres-
sive in the size itself of the Great Thunderbolt. A certain number
of these great masses are cherished:and placed prominently in the
large collections which are fortunate in possessing them. Purely as
a matter of scientific interest—setting aside the entire bolides—a

158 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

fragment of moderate size of either an iron or a stone meteorite
will show its character fully. When these fragments are above |
one or two inches on a side, and one of the sides has an original
surface or crust, it matters little from a rigidly scientific point of
view whether they are of said size or are twice or thrice as large.

But often, when a very rare meteorite is under consideration,
only a very small fragment—perhaps only five or ten grammes, or
even less—is obtainable. Such fragments, though insignificant in
appearance, have stilla very material value, showing at least the
color and petrographic character of the meteorite. No collection
can despise or omit to give place to such specimens. The Royal
Museum of Vienna has recorded in its catalogue twenty-seven
meteorites weighing one gramme each, and sixty-four specimens
weighing five grammes orunder. The British Museum has fifty-
two kinds weighing not over five grammes each. It may be given
as a negative factor of value of a meteorite collection, that it con-
tains few very small bits. Yet to omit these altogether would take
important material from a collection.

It merits notice that the larger the meteorite collection the
greater will be the number of these small specimens. Their
scientific value is acknowledged, their minuteness is a feature
which is unavoidable. Octibbeha is a siderite with a most excep-
tional quantity (62-per cent.) of nickel in its composition, and
furthermore, is prehistoric. Small pieces (one or two grammes) of
this may be obtained with much difficulty and expense. But a
hundred thousand dollars would not supply a two-ounce piece. We
will not omit Octibbeha because it must appear as a minute specimen.

Finally, while sma// specimens—of a very few grammes—are
often, an index of the especial wealth of a meteorite collection,
there may be, and are, many cases where many score of kinds are
represented by these fragments, when with time much larger
pieces of the same fall would be attainable.

For all these reasons it is correct to consider the average weight
of the specimens as an important factor in the value of a meteorite
collection.

But it often happens that a collection may possess a few pieces
of very large size, several hundred pounds in weight. To relieve
the estimate of this highly vitiating feature in computing average
weight, we would limit the estimate so as to include only fifty pounds—
say, twenty-five kilograms—of any one meteorite kind.

GREAT METEORITE COLLECTIONS, 159

N. B.—It is, of course, to be remembered that after a collection
of meteorites passes the number of three hundred or three hundred
and fifty kinds, every added kind will—in almost every case—
materially reduce the average weight of the pieces forming the
whole collection. Here an excellence in one factor will be the
deterioration of another.

THE PROPORTION OF SPECIMENS OF INTEREST IN THE GROWTH OF
THE SCIENCE—ALSO TYPE SPECIMENS.

In a collection of material representing any subject, there will
be some objects which mark points where new views of the subject
had their birth. With meteorites this has been aspecimen showing.
a crust, another showing pittings, another orientation, another
chondri, another Widmanstitten figures, another new mineral
combinations, another alteration of structure by the addition or the
substitution of an element of its composition or by the apparent
conditions of its origin.

With the observing of each of these features has come an
added growth in the science itself. Hence the value of these
growth-registering specimens. The number of these is not large,
and they are distributed in many collections. There they exist as
type-spectmens of high interest and value.

THE PROPORTION OF SPECIMENS SHOWING LEADING POINTS IN METE-
ORITE CLASSIFICATION, EITHER CHEMICAL OR PETROGRAPHICAL.

The former factor noted features which were discovered seriatim
and progressively. The present one results more from close study
at a later period of large series of specimens. In this many
divisions are formed, each one based upon a specimen of a definite
composition or an especial structure, which thus becomes a ¢yfe
of its kind. Again, a specimen newly studied comes to modify or
to destroy a plan of classification previously adopted. In all this,
as in the preceding division, the original specimens have the very
highest value as type specimens, to be forever preserved and
referred to as controlling types.

Two great collections—Vienna and Paris—possess these in the
main, and thus far they are unapproachable by others. Vienna,
from Partsch’s first essay of classification in 1862 to the present
day, has built taxonomical structures; the last of these—that of
Brezina, 1904—being composed of 74 groups. Paris classifications
were led by Daubreein 1867. Meunier has been more prolific—with

160 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

62 groups. A representation, so far as possible, of each one of these
groups is, for evident reasons, a desirable feature in any collection.
N. B.—It is interesting to notice that all of Brezina’s 42 groups
of aerolites contain at least one stone seen to fall.
The same is also true of Meunier’s 28 aerolite types.

THE PROPORTION OF SPECIMENS OF GREAT RARITY—USUALLY THE
MASS SMALL AT THE OUTSET.

This is a factor whose merit is evident. Rare specimens of
any natural object are ever valued. But there are still several
kinds of rarity, one higher than another in value.

1. There are a very limited number of meteorites which are
represented by only a single specimen, and that asmall one. The
chance of this specimen ever being cut into and distributed is very
small indeed. These are and will remain wnigues. There are afew
—hardly more than a score—of these ; Paris, London and Vienna
have the greater part. -In other instances the small original has
been divided into but three or four individuals, which have gone
into as many different collections, and will stay there undisturbed.
In some cases the individual mass was large; but it has been lost,
and there are but small fractions—and these, small pieces—existing
in collections. All the above are practically unattainable by other
than the favored collection possessing them, and then they confer
very especial merit on that collection. As a rule, only the very
largest public collections possess specimens of this category of merit.

2, There is another kind of rarity less interesting to consider.
This is where there was a large mass at the outset—enough to sup-
ply all collections. But it has been the policy of the museum or
of the amateur collector into whose hand this mass came, to hoard
it, refusing its distribution. In this case the meteorite is artificially
rare, and the collection has attained an increased value by the
selfish course pursued.

The proportion in any collection of meteorites possessing either
of these two classes of rarity gives that collection signal value.
The size and weight of such specimens is an important item in the
valuation.

THE COMPLETENESS OF ORIGINAL EXTERIOR STRUCTURE, WITH CRUST,
PITTING, ORIENTATION, ETC.

While nearly every meteorite—whether iron or stone—shows
itself clearly to be a fragment torn originally from a larger mass,
it is often of interest to have that mass just as it reached our earth,

GREAT METEORITE COLLECTIONS. 161

bearing all the features which it acquired by the way, however
trivial some of these may be. It seems to be more a unit, and that
we have everything which it ever taught. This feeling, which is
very often an exaggerated one, has some moiety of merit. It is
certainly a distinct loss when the surface has been rudely marred
or chipped here and there. The presence of a crust over a stone
tells by its density the fusibility of the rock and suggests the dur-
ation of its passing through our air. The pittings and furrowings
also tell of its experience in transit, while these and thread-like
flows of metal matter tell of the orientation or line of travel of the
mass. It is true that some small broken surface is most essential
and desirable as showing its inner structure, unaffected by external
treatment. But a piece of an aerolite showing only the inner
structure with none of the imposed crust, is clearly incomplete.
Often this must be—particularly in small fragments—but the pos-
session of an area of original surface adds great value.

SPECIMENS OF HISTORICAL OR TRADITIONAL VALUE.

A great point of interest in a collection of any class of objects,
is that it possesses objects which are connected with events—usual-
ly of distant date—which are of historical or traditional value.
Instances of this as touching books, paintings, statuary, armors,
dress, furniture, etc., are too evident to require any examples.
Among meteorites—comparatively few as are the number of kinds
—there are still some which have this merit. Elbogen, the Pallas
Iron and Ensisheim each are notable in the history of an early prov-
ince, of travel, and of war, as well as being each the oldest preserved
of its class. Barbotan and Tabor tell of early incredulity; L’Aigle,
of incredulity dispelled. Medwedewa, Campo del Cielo, Rasgata,
and Toluca tell of the early distant voyages of Pallas, Rubin de
Celsis, Bosingault and Humboldt. The Cape York meteorites
(Anighito, etc.) told us first by Ross and later much more fully by
Peary of the use of a heaven-born iron by a tribe of polar people.
Red River and Weston first pointedly called American attention to
meteorites. San Gregorio (ElMorito) and Zacatecas first awoke
Mexican attention. Casas Grandes, mummied in acave of Chihua-
hua, and Charcas, before an old temple in San Louis Potosi, are
instances of early worship of meteorites by aboriginal Mexicans,
Iron Creek, on a hill of British America, Anderson and Octibbeha,
in prehistoric graves in our Western and Southern states, the
Kaaba in Mecca and Kesen in Japan, all these meteorites and a few

162 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

others are instances of man’s wonder at Nature’s display of the
apparently supernatural. They give character to the collection in
which they are found.

THE PROPORTION OF OLD FALLS IN THE COLLECTION.

These, whether historical or not, whether or not of any especial
scientific value, have still the well recognized merit of age. They
are, in their sentimental character, like old books. But unlike these,
they have nothing in their structure, composition, or other features,
to differentiate them from the falls of to-day. There are about 35
of these in collections whose fall antedates the 19th century; two
of them include Elbogen and Ensisheim—in the 14th century. We
enumerate them in foot-note.*

The list, of course, takes no note of the much greater number
of those which have been found even in the last 50 years, of which
some at least may be older of date of fall than any dates which we
have preserved. Indeed, there are five (Octibbeha, Anderson, Till
Porter, Casas Grandes and Lujan) which are prehistoric,—the last,
in fact, of geologic (Pliocene) age.

These old falls in our collections have not only the sentimental
value of age, but by reason of time elapsed having brought their
division and distribution, they are of greater intrinsic value. Few
old aerolites are in /arge pieces to-day.

THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE SPECIMENS HAVE BEEN TREATED BY
CUTTING, POLISHING, ETCHING, ETC., TO SHOW THEIR INNER
STRUCTURE, AS ALSO TO PRESERVE THE MASS.

It is evidently a point of prime merit that a meteorite collec-
tion should possess sizeable pieces of all available falls. This is a
basic, fundamental factor of value. But just as the value of a
specimen is increased by a label telling of its name, locality, etc.,
so any treatment of the specimen which tells more about it than it
shows in its natural state, is an enhancing of its value. A small
cut surface of a stone meteorite will when polished show the
structure of the mass, whether homogenous or heterogenous in
composition—whether brecciated, fragmentary, chondritic, granu-
lar, compact or crystaline; also whether it has veins, fissures or

* ‘Meteorites fallen or found prior to 1800, and now preserved: Elbogen, 1400 (?); Ensisheim,
1492; La Caille, 1600 (?) ; Morito, 1619 ; Tucson, 1650; Vago, 1668; Schellin, 1715; Ploschkowitz,
1723 ; Ogi (Hizen), 1744; Medwedewa, 1749 ; Hraschina, 1751; Steinbach, 1751; Luponnas, 1753;
Tabor, 1755 ; Senegal, 1763; Alboreto, 1766; Luce, 1768; Mauerkirchen, 1768; Sena, 1773; Des-
cubridora, 1780 ; Campo del Cielo, 1783 ; Bendego, 1784; Toluca, 1784; Adargas, 1784 ; Eichstadt,
1785 ; Charkow, 1787 ; Barbotan, 1790 ; Zacatecas, 1792; Cape of Good Hope, 1793; Sienna, 1794;
Wold Cottage, 1795 ; Bjelaja-Zerkow, 1796; Pranbanan, 1797; Salles, 1798 ; Benares, 1798.

GREAT METEORITE COLLECTIONS, 163

inclusions. The irons, too, when cut, polished and etched first
reveal all the many teachings of their inner part. The Widman-
statten figures—present in four-fifths of them—tell many genetic
stories, besides serving as a certain index of identification of the
fall. Gustave Rose, the great chemist, while director of the Royal
Prussian collection of meteorites, announced to the Berlin Academy
in 1865, “I have caused the whole series of stone and of iron meteor-
ités to be cut and the latter (the irons) to be etched, because only
thus can there be obtained an insight to the composition of the
first and structure of the latter.”’

There is an immense amount of work involved in this prepar-
ation of a meteorite collection—incidentally, too, in the preparation
of its siderites so that they shall not rust when exposed to damp
atmosphere.

A collection thus enhanced and conserved has a great added
factor of value.

THE BROAD GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIMENS.

While the rapid revolution of our globe, and its fleet flight
through space prevents any constancy of external action upon any
single part of it, the possession in a collection of meteorite speci-
mens from wide-spread localities is still a point of great interest.
The showing of the absolute lack of regularity of distribution, and
of all things relating thereto, isa negative teaching which it is
interesting and valuable to have manifest in the collection. The
similarity of three irons falling respectively in Arabia, Australia,
and in Kansas, or the difference in two others falling in the same
county of one of our states, is a matter of the highest interest and
valueto record. Only a great collection can possess this merit.
Wide distribution of the sources of the specimens is thus an im-
portant factor of value.

ALL SIDERITES OR SIDEROLITES EVER SEEN TO FALL.

Of the 334 aerolites known to science, all but 41 have .been
seen to fall. The fall having been seen, thus loses its nature of
novelty or peculiarity by its frequency. Their frequence leads us
to more readily accept those which are simply found, long years or
centuries after they fell. Furthermore, their structure and their
material gave some apparently plausible ground to the idea, which
was formerly frequently advanced, that they are a segregation of
material in the air or in space.

164 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

With irons such a theory seems less plausible, while their
general similarity to terrestrial iron has led their cosmical charac-
ter to be more often doubted. Thus it is a matter of the greatest
satisfaction that a few irons have been seen to fall—their fall well
attested. These are ro in number, the first being Hraschina
(Agram), Hungary, in 1751, and the last N’Goureyma in the
Sudan, Africa, in 1900. It is interesting to note that these
1o irons belong to no less than 5 out of the 23 groups of known
siderites, thus authenticating, as it were, nearly one-quarter
of all. These fall-seen siderites have ever been sought for
in collections. The same interest attaches itself to the 4 side-
rolites (Barea, Estherville, Marjalahti, and Veramin) which—out
of a total in the group of 29—have been seen to fall.

It is evident from the above that the factors of value in a large
meteorite collection are numerous and of very different degrees of
value; also, that they so link with and control each other that the
value of certain ones depends upon the value possessed by certain
others. Thus, for instance, if a collection is small—say of 200 or
250 kinds only—its size will become of less account as a factor of
excellence than would be the fact of its having a great propor-
tion of rare specimens, or of those showing leading points of
classification. In this case, too, the extent to which specimens have
been prepared for study (factor 9) will become of more account
than will factor 7—the proportion of specimens of traditional or
historical value.

The writer has had in mind in expression of relative values of
factors of excellence the consideration of @ collection of the greatest
size. In this case the factor of number of kinds is given the leading
place (factor 1) for the reason that it almost surely and of. neces-
sity ¢ncludes all the other factors. And thus factor 2—the average
weights and sizes of the individual specimens—becomes, as it other-
wisesurely would not, the second condition of valueof the collection.

It is evident that different persons will have different judgments
as to the relative points of value in the different factors which have
been given, according to their own views, and possibly according to
their success of management of their own collection.

Further elucidation of this subject by others would be of great
interest and advantage to all who are interested in this restricted,
yet at the same time broad, subject.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL. 4, PP. 165-191, FIGs. 1-6.

THE PYRENOMYCETE® OF ORLEANS COUNTY, N. Y.
Ry

BY

CHARLES E. FAIRMAN.

|

ROCHESTER, N. Y.
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY
SEPTEMBER, 1905.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL. 4, PP.165-191, FIGS. 1-6. SEPT. 2, 1905.

THE PYRENOMYCETE OF ORLEANS COUNTY,
NEW YORK.*

IPD
ADIN

By CHARLES E. FAIRMAN. IEW

(Read by title, February 13th, 1905.)

The Pyrenomycetez or Black Fungi belong to the division Tele-
omycete of Saccardo. They are also called perfect or higher fungi, in
contradistinction to the metagenetic or imperfect fungi, whose relation-
ship to the higher fungi is in some instances known, but for the most
part remains unknown. By means of culture and inoculation experi-
ments, this relationship has been more thoroughly worked out by
mycologists among the Uredinez or Rust Fungi, and there is a press-
ing need and an opening field of work in tracing the form relatives of
the Black Fungi. Often the presence of deuteromycetous forms in
association with the pyrenomycetous has led to the assumption that
they are in some manner connected. While the life history of some
black fungi, from secondary to perfect forms, has been traced, the
demand of the present is for less assumption and more direct experi-
ments by the scientific method.

The pyrenomycetes are parasitic or saprophytic. The parasitic
forms belonging to the mildews have often been treated by themselves
in local floras of parasitic fungi, as, for instance, by Prof. T. J. Burrill
in Parasitic Fungi of Illinois, and Dr. J. J. Davis, in his Parasitic
Fungi of Wisconsin. (Less attention has been given in local lists to
the more numerous saprophytic pyrenomycetes. The present enum-
eration embraces both parasitic and saprophytic forms.

There may be many roads into the field of pyrenomycetology,

*EDITORIAL NOTE.—The present paper is the fourth of a series by Dr. Fairman on the cellular
cryptogams of our region, the three previously published being entitled *‘ Fungi of Western
New York” (Vol. I, pp. 44-54 of these Proceedings), ‘‘ Hymenomyceteze of Orleans County”
(Volume II, pages 154-167). and ‘t Puff Balls, Slime Moulds and Cup Fungi of Orleans County”
(Proc., Vol. III, pp. 206-220). The numbering of the species is consecutive throughout these
articles.

15, Proc. Rocu. ACAD. SCI., VOL. 4, SEPT. 2, 1905.

(165)

166 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

but the following, which the author travelled, has been ever full of
opening vistas, pleasant surprises and happy work. He started on
his mycological trip in the autumn, among the mildews. In autumn
we often find the leaves of living plants overrun by the white mycelium
of mildew. If we examine a leaf thus infected, closely and with a lens,
we may find, scattered among the mycelial fibres or on the surface of
the leaf, minute black dots like grains of black pepper. If we wet
such a surface with dilute alcohol, to free from air bubbles, and trans-
fer one or two of these black specks and a bit of the accompanying
mycelium to a drop of water on a slide; and cover with a cover glass,
then examine under a microscope, we shall see a globe-like body
surrounded by appendages. This fruiting globe-like body is called
the perithecium. If with gentle pressure upon the cover glass we
crush a perithecium we may see it burst asunder and some oval sac-
like bodies, called asci, escaping from the rent. Within these sacs we
may also see some rounded forms which are the spores,—ascospores
they are called from being contained in asci. They are also termed
sporidia. As we continue our study of other forms of mildew we shall
find variations in mycelium, perithecia and appendages, asci and
sporidia. After we have studied the various forms of parasitic
pyrenomycetes during the fall and winter months we shall be in a
position to consider the saprophytic members upon wood, bark, dead
stems, and decaying vegetation, the following March and April,
months especially favorable for their collection. We shall find that
the saprophytic pyrenomycetes also have perithecia, asci, and sporidia,
differing in structure from the forms we observed in the mildews, and
from other saprophytic forms. While some are superficial, many are
immersed in bark or wood, or in a special matrix, called the stroma,
from which they may erupt. Thus little by little we shall advance in
our knowledge. The following represent the morphological features
whose variation and resemblances we seek to study in descriptive
pyrenomycetology :

Mycelium and subiculum.
Stroma.

Perithecium.

Asci.

Paraphyses.

Sporidia,

GS ae ee

FAIRMAN—PYRENOMYCETEZ OF ORLEANS COUNTY. 167

The apparatus and materials necessary for the study are not
extensive. There are needed :
A microscope.
The optical combination which the author uses contains

a Gundlach 1 obj. of 75°, a separable 2ds, and a Bausch and
Lomb ;4; homogeneous immersion.

An accurate micrometer.

Camera lucida.

Pocket lens.

Sharp knives.

The following books are valuable :
Ellis and Everhart’s North American Pyrenomycetes.
The Reports of the State Botanist of N, Y., Charles H. Peck.
Saccardo’s Sylloge Fungorum.
Berlese, Icones.
Farlow and Seymour’s Host Index.

The statement of Cooke remains true, viz. :

‘* The life-history of the majority of species has still to be read,
and the prospects of new discoveries for the industrious and persever-
ing student are great. All who have as yet devoted themselves with
assiduity have been in this manner rewarded. The objects are easily
obtainable and there is a constantly increasing infatuation in the study.”’

In the present list the numbers run on consecutively from the
author’s lists previously published in the Proceedings of the Rochester
Academy of Science. At the time of their collection the following
numbers had not been reported from the state, viz., 224, 228, 235,
226. 237, GAG, 252, 26%, 27%, 272,276, 283, 284) 2055 298, 2009302.
304, 305, 309, 313, 325, 326, 330, 331, 334, 336, 339, 347, 348, 349,
352, 353, 354. Some of the above have been reported in Prof. Peck’s
reports, since their collection. The following numbers are the new
species of Pyrenomyceteae found here, viz., 237, 252, 283, 295, 302,
309, 331, 336, 347, 348, 349, 353 and 354.

In the present list the following are the proposed new species,

viz., 336, 348, 349, 353, 354-

168 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

PYRENOMYCETE FRiIegs.
Fam. I. PERISPORIACEA® Fries.
Subfam. 1. ERYSIPHEZ: (Lev.
I AMEROSPORZ. Sporidia ovoid, continuous, hyaline.
SPH#ROTHECA Léveillé 1851.

200. Sphzrotheca castagnei Léveillé. Pk. 25 Rep. page
94. Sace: ‘Syll. p: 4. . Burrill; Parasit, Fung, -lls.,p. 400, Mise
in N. A. Pyr., p. 8. On Bidens frondosa. 1885.

201. Sphzrotheca humuli: (D. C.) Burrill. Burrill) Pag
Ills. p. goo and N. A. Pyr. p. 5. On Agrimonia eupatoria.

202. Sphzrotheca mors-uve (Schw.) B. & C._ Burrill,
Par, Fung. Ills., p. 399 and N. A. Pyr., p. 7. On cultivated goose-
berry, forming ‘‘ gooseberry mildew.’’

ERYSIPHE Hedwig 1851.

203. Erysiphe communis (Wallr.) Fr. Pk. 22 Rep., p.
Tor,’ /Busrill; Par. Fung, Ills:;.(p. 402 ;and iN. Ac. Pyt.je pees
Erysibe polygoni Schroeter, 1893, sec. Feltgen in his Vorstudien zu
einer Pilz-Flora des Grossherzogthums Luxemburg, 1 Theil, Asco-
mycetes, no. 1095. On Ranunculus abortivus, in woods, July 1886.
On Delphinium elatum, Bee Larkspur, July 1886.

204. Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. Burrill, Par. Fung. Ills.,
p. 404 and N. A. Pyr., p. 12. Evysiphe lamprocarpa in Pk. 23 Rep.
p. 65. On Aster macrophyllus, July, 1886. The form which has
been called LEvysiphe phlogis Schw. was found, July 20, 1886, on
leaves of cultivated Phlox.

205; :Erysiphe graminis DC. ~ Burrill, IN. A. ;Pyt., pose
Erysibe, Feltgen no. 1100. Only the conidial stage, Ozdium
moniliordes Lk., was found on grass leaves, June, 1886.

UNCINULA Léveillé 1851.

206. Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burrill. Burrill, N. A. Pyr.,
p15. Uncinula ampelopsidis Peck in Trans. Alb. Inst., VII, p. 216 ;
Pk., 25 Rep., p. 96. On leaves of Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Aug.
2nd, 1886. The form on grape leaves, sometime designated Uncznula
americana Howe, was found Oct. 1885.

207. Uncinula macrospora Peck. Peck, Trans. Alb. Inst.,
p. 215, Vol. VII. and 25 Rep., p. 96. Burrill, Par. Fung. Ills., p. 408

FAITRMAN—PYRENOMYCETEZ OF ORLEANS COUNTY. 169

and N, A. Pyr., p. 18: On leaves of some species of U/mus, Aug. 3,
1886.

208. Uncinula flexuosa Peck. Peck, Trans. Alb. Inst.,
VII p..255- ' Burrill, Par. Fung: Ills., p. 408 and'N./ A; Pys., :p: 16.
On leaves of horse chestnut, “sculus hippocastanum, Oct., 1885.

209. Uncinula circinata C. & P. Erysiphei of U. S. in Jour.
Bot:, 1872. Peck, 25 Rep., p. 96. -Burrill, Par. Fung. Ills., p. 408
and N. A. Pyr., p. 17. On leaves of Acer, Oct., 1886.

210. Uncinula clintonii Peck. Peck, Trans. Alb..Inst., VII,
pe216 and.25 Rep.,.p: rob. -Burrill, IN: As Pyr, p. 15: On leaves
of Zilia americana, Sept. 26, 1886.

211. Uncinula salicis (DC.) Winter. Burrill, N. A. Pyr., p.
19. Feltgen, Ascom. no. 1111. Uncinula adunca in Pk., Rep. 23,
p. 65. On leaves of Salix sp., Oct. 1, 1891.

PODOSPH RA Kunze 1823.

212. Podosphzra oxyacanthe (DC.) DeBary. Burrill,
Par. Fung. Ills., p. 413 and N. A. Pyr., p. 21. In Europe this is
often referred to Podosphera tridactyla DeBary, e. g. Feltgen, Asc.
no. 1092. On leaves of cultivated cherry.

MICROSPH#RA Léveillé 1851.

213. Microsphera russellii Clinton. 26 Rep. N. Y. State
Mus. p. 80. Burrill, Par. Fung. Ills., p. 415 and N. A. Pyr., p. 23.
On leaves of the yellow wood sorrel, Oxalis, Aug., 1886. Rare.

214. Microsphezra alni (DC.) Winter. Burrill, Par. Fung.
Ills, p. 421 and N. A. Pyr., p. 27. Feltgen No. 1109. Several forms
found which have been referred by botanists to different species.

(a). On maple-leaved Viburnum, Aug., 1886. This is what
Howe published as J%icrosphera viburni in Torrey Bull., V, p. 43,
and is probably the same as Evrysiphe viburni Duby.

(6). On leaves of Fagus americana, Aug. 1886. Often called
Microsphera penicillata Lev.

(c). On leaves of Syringa vulgaris. This is the form denomi-
nated Jficrosphera friesit Lev.

(7). On leaves of cultivated Lonzcera, July, 1886. This form
has been referred to AZicrosphera dubyi Lev. In our specimens the
appendages are longer than stated in the books. Feltgen refers the
mildew which occurs on Lonicera xylosteum in the Grand Duchy of
Luxemburg to JZicrosphera lonicere Winter (Feltgen No. 1106), and

170 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

the form on Lonicera tartarica to Microsphera chrenbergii Lév.,
(Feltgen No. 1110). Not having these European forms for examin-
ation we leave our specimens where Prof. Burrill placed them in
NA. Pye,

215. Microsphzra diffusa C. and P. Pk., 25 Rep., 95.
Burrill, N. A. Pyr., p. 24. On leaves of Desmodium, Oct 1oth, 1891.

216. Microsphera grossularie (Wallr.) Léveillé. Burrill,
N. A. Pyr., p. 24. Mficrosphera vanbruntiana Ger., in Pk., 28 Rep.,
p. 64. Feltgen, No. 1108. On leaves of Samdbucus canadensis, Aug.
4, 1886.

217. Microsphzra quercina (Schw.) Burrill. Burrill, Par.
Fung. Ills.,, p..324 and .N..A. Pyr.,-p. 28: Peck, 28 Rep., poioqt
On leaves of some Quercus, Sept. 1900.

PHYLLACTINIA Léveillé 1851.

218. Phyllactinia suffulta (Reb.) Saccardo. Burrill, N. A.
Pyr., p. 20. On leaves of Celastrus scandens, Oct. 1, 1891 (Miss L.
A. Weld), and on leaves of Carfimus. On leaves of Ulmus and
flamamelis, Oct. 1900. Common.

Subfam. II. PERISPORIZ4 Sacc.

Eurotium Link.

219. Eurotium herbariorum (Wigg.) Link. Peck, 23 Rep.,
p. 65. oH. & E., N. A: Pyr., p. 57. Jlucor h., Wise. ures
Aspergillus herbariorum Schroeter, 1893, in Feltgen, Asc. No. 1130.
On mouldy plants.

Fam. II. SPHARIACEZA Fries.
Sect. I. ALLANTOSPORZ Sace:

Sporidia continuous, cylindrical, allantoid or sausage-shaped,
hyaline.

FRACCHLEA Sacc.

220. Fracchiza callista (B & C.) Sacc. Spheria callista,
Pk., 28 Rep:, p. 77 and’34 Rep., p. 58:. f#acchiza mE eee
N. A. Pyr., p. 244. On bark of Cornus. Also reported from
Western New York in Saccardo’s Sylloge (Buffalo, Clinton).

QUATERNARIA Tulasne 1862.

221. Quaternaria quaternata (Pers.) Schroeter 1897. In
Peck’s 25th Rep., p. 103 called Valsa quaternata. Quaternaria

FAIRMAN—PYRENOMYCETEZ OF ORLEANS COUNTY. Atal

persoontt Tul. in Sacc. Syll., I., p. 106. Valsa quaternata Pers.,
E. & E., N: A. Pyr:, p. 480, Ellis,.N. A..F. 175. Feltgen; No. 498.
On Acer and Cornus.

VALSA Fries 1849.

222. Valsa nivea (Hoff.) Fries. Pk., 22 Rep., p.98. N.A.
Pyr., p. 484. N. A. F. 869. Feltgen, No. 541. On dead branches
of Populus. April, 1888.

223. Valsa linderzw Peck. Pk., 29 Rep., p. 59. N. A. Pyr.,
p. 470 and p. 739. On dead branches of Benzozn, April, 1889.

224. WValsa ligustri (Schweinitz) Schroeter 1897. Spheria
ligustrt Schw. 1835. Valsa cypri Tul. in N. A. Pyr., p. 482. V.
ligustrt, Feltgen, No. 187. On dead branches of California Privet,
Ligustrum ovalifolium aureum, June 1895. Sporidia only 7-10
long. Not to our knowledge reported from the State.

225. Valsa ambiens (Pers.) Fries. Pk., 25 Rep., p. 102.
N. A. Pyr., p. 476. Feltgen, No. 567. On dead limbs of apple trees.
Also on fallen branches of some undetermined tree in woods. Oct.,
1900,

226. WValsa salicina (Pers.) Fries. Pk., 24 Rep., p. 98.
No-AS yi, p..477- | Peltgen;-No. 578. “On dead limbs:of Sax,
Wates, N: Y.;Oct.,..1900,

227. Valsa fraxinina Peck. N. A. Pyr., p. 481. On dead
branches of Fvaximus in brush piles, Yates, Orleans County, N. Y.,
Oct. 1900.

228. WValsa yariolaria Schw. N. A. Pyr., p. 468. On
fallen branches of basswood, 7z/ia, Oct., 1900. Not previously
reported from this state. Sporidia longer and narrower than stated by
Stevenson.

EUTYPELLA Nitschke, 1867.

229. Eutypella ailanthi (Sacc.). Only the spermogonial
stage found. It oozes out in long red tendrils. On dead Az/anthus
glandulosus.

230. Eutypella stellulata (Fr.) Sacc. N. A. Pyr., p. 480.
Valsa, Feltgen 579. On dead branches of Crategus, March, 1888.

231. Eutypella innumerabilis (Peck.) Sace. Valsa innu-
merabilis Peck, 30 Rep., p. 65. Included by E. & E. under £.
stellulata. On dead branches of Rodznia, Ridgeway, N. Y., Sept.,
1891.

172 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

232. Eutypella cerviculata (Fr) Sace. N. A> Pyraip:
491. On Carpinus, July, 1890.

Eutypa Tulasne 1862.

233. Eutypa spinosa (Pers.) Tulasne. E. & E., Nv OA
Pyr., p. 500. Widely effused on stumps and logs in woods, Ridge-
way and Yates, Orleans County, N. Y., June, 1886.

234. Eutypa velutina (Wallr.) Sacc. Fairman, Jour. Mycol.,
V., p. 79. N. A. Pyr., p. 500. On dead wood.

235. Eutypa flavovirescens (Hoff.) Tul. Fairman, Notes
on New or Rare Fungi from Western New York in Journal of
Mycology, V., page’79. N.A. Pyr., p. 504. Valsa flavovirescens
Winter in Feltgen, No. 586. Easily recognized by taking a thin
horizontal slice from the black surface when the characteristic greenish-
yellow color of the interior stroma will be revealed. Ellis says,
N. A. Pyr., loc. cit., ‘‘On decorticated limbs, Lyndonville, N: Y.,
(Fairman), Carolina (Ravenel). Probably not uncommon, but the
specc. quoted are the only ones we have seen.’”’ Feltgen gives as
hosts for this species, Prunus spinosa, Prunus cerasus, Crataegus,
Quercus, Salix caprea, Corylus, Carpinus, Rosa canina, Vitis vinifera,
Juniperus communis. Lyndonville specimens were on beech or
maple.

CRYPTOVALSA Cesati and DeNotaris 1861.

236. Cryptovalsa eutypzformis Saccardo. Syll. 5907. N.
A.\Pyr., 9p. 517. Peck, 54 Kep., p. 157. ‘On dead, decorticated
branches of maple, in ditches by the roadside. August.

DIATRYPE Fries 1849.

237. Diatrype.cornuta E. & EF. \N; A. Pyr., p. 568.79 tiie
original specimens upon which Ellis and Everhart founded this species
were found by the author on bark of dead Az/anthus limbs, Lyndon-
ville, N. Y.

238. Diatrype stigma (Hoff.) DeNot. Peck, 23 Rep., p. 98.
N. A. Pyr., p. 565. Feltgen, No. 487. Common on dead branches
of various trees.

239, Diatrype virescens \(Schw.).> Pk:, 23'Rep.,/po Gz
N. A. Pyr., p. 569, and plate 34. Common on dead limbs of Fagus.

240. Diatrype platystoma (Schw.). Pk., 26 Rep., p. 85
N. A. Pyr., p. 566 and plate 34. On dead limbs.

FAIRMAN—PYRENOMYCETEZ OF ORLEANS COUNTY. 173

241. Diatrype albopruinosa (Schw.). N. A. Pyr., p. 570.
On dead limbs of Fagus ?

DIATRYPELLA Cesati and DeNotaris, 1861.

242. Diatrypella frostii Peck. Pk., 38 Rep., p. 103. Pk.,
Bot, Gaz., Til. p, 45. Nz Al Pyrijp.503: ° On dead limbs of Ace,
June 28, 1890.

243. Diatrypella favacea (Fr.) Nitschke. N. A. Pyr., p.
585. Feltgen, No. 495. On dead limbs of Betula, Oct. 11, 1891.

Sect. II. PHAZEOSPOR ZA: Saccardo.

Sporidia continuous, ovoid, brown or fuliginous.

CH&TOMIUM Kunze 1817.

244. Chzetomium comatum (Tode) Fries. Sacc. Syll., 793.
Feltgen, No. 1021. On dead stems and old, damp, papers of garden
seeds, left on the ground in my garden.

245. Chztomium elatum Kunze. N. A. Pyr., p.122. On
dead herbaceous stems. .

Hypocopra Fuckel.

246. Hypocopra fimicola (Rob.) Sacce. Sordaria f. in N. A.
Pyr., p. 127 and Feltgen No. 1023. Ondecaying potato. Mr. Ellis,
in a letter to me, called this form ¢wbericola. In N. A. Pyr., loc. cit.,
Ellis and Everhart say, ‘‘On decaying potato, Lyndonville, N. Y.
(Fairman). Winter in Die Pilze makes the spore bearing part of the
asci 120-140 x 17-19 yt. The form on potato has asci (p. sp.) 120-

134 X 12-15 pt.”
ROSELLINIA Cesati and DeNotaris 1847.
I. EUROSELLINIA.

247. Rosellinia byssiseda (Tode) Schroeter. Spharia byss.
Tode, 1791. Rosellinia byss. Feltgen, No. 975. Spheria aquila
Peck, 23 Rep., p. 63. Rosellinia aquila in N. A. Pyr., p. 163. On
decaying branches and limbs.

248. Rosellinia subiculata (Schw.) Sacc. Spheria subiculata
Peck) 32.Reps, pi 51. Aoselienia subs inv. “Ay Pyrs, pe 1652) (On
rotten wood.

174. ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

II CALOMASTIA.

249. Rosellinia mammiformis (Pers.) Winter. Spheria
mammiformis Persoon, 1801. Losellinia mastoidea Saccardo. R.
mammiformis in N. A. Pyr., p. 166 and Feltgen, No. 977. On dead
branches.

IV. CONIOMELA.

250. Rosellinia pulveracea (Ehr.) Fuckel. Spheria 2£.,
Ehr. 1801. Spheria millegrana Schw. Spheria pulveracea Peck, 25
Rep., p. 105. Rosellinia p. N. A. Pyr., p. 169 and Feltgen No. 982.

V. CONIOCHATA.

251. NRosellinia ligniaria (Grev.) Fuckel. N. A. Pyr., p.
E72. eligen Noe. 982.

ANTHOSTOMELLA Saccardo 1875.

252. Anthostomella eructans E. & E._ Fairman, Proc.
Roch. Acad. of Science, 1890, p. 50, plate 4, fig. 7-8. N. A. Pyr.,
p. 420. Rare. The original specimens were found at Lyndonville
several years ago, and we have not found any since that time. On
decorticated wood (Acer ?).

ANTHOSTOMA Nits.

253. Anthostoma dryophilum (Curr.) Sacc. N. A. Pyr.,
p. 581. On fallen branches (Oak?). Autumn of 1900.

XYLARIA Hill 1773.

254. Xylaria clavata (Scop.) Schrank. Véalsa clavata
Scopoli 1772. Spheria polymorpha Persoon, 1787. Xylaria poly-
morpha Peck, in 22 Rep., p. 97. N. A. Pyr., p. 665. Underwood,
Moulds, Etc., plate IV., figs. 11 & 12. X. clavata, Feltgen, No. 459.
The Lyndonville plant is the var. pzsti//aris Nits.

255. Xylaria corniformis Fr. Peck, 24 Rep., p. 97 and 28
Reepsyp. 67- a NaAY Pye. sp2668:

UsTULINA Tulasne 1861.

256. Ustulina) maxima (Haller) Schroeter. Sdheria
maxima Haller 1768. Aypoxylon ustulatum Bull., Peck, 22 Rep.,
p. 97. Ustulina vulgaris Tulasne in N. A. Pyr., p. 662. Feltgen,
No. 462. At the base of old stumps.

FAIRMAN—PYRENOMYCETEZ OF ORLEANS COUNTY. 175

HypoxyLon Bulliard 1791.

257.. -“Hypoxylom coccineum'. Bull. N..' A. Pyr.; ps 629.
Feltgen, No. 470.

258. Hypoxylon fuscum (Pers.) Fr. Pk., 22 Rep., p. 98,
We A: Pyt.; p. 633. . Feltgen, No. 469.

259. Hypoxylon multiforme Fr. Pk., 22 Rep., p. 98, &
oe ep., p.-103, IN. A. Pyt., pr 034.

260. Hypoxylon cohzrens (Pers.) Fries. Peck, 22 Rep.,
poo. N. A. Pyt:, p: 635. -Feltgen; No. 467-

261. Hypoxylon turbinatulum (Schw.) E. & E. N. A.
Pyr., p. 636. Our specimens are the form sometimes called
Fypoxylon bagnistt Sace., which in N. A. Pyr. is called a synonym.

262. Hypoxylon sassafras (Schw.) Berk. Peck, 28 Rep.,
Da fla tNe ds ey hy ps CAE.

263. Hypoxylon perforatum (Schw.) Fr. Peck, 24 Rep.,
p.os. N. A. Pyr., p. 645. Feltgen, No. 475.

264. Hypoxylon serpens (Pers.) Fries. Peck, 22 Rep., p.
Gast Nelo Pye., O53:

DALDINIA DeNotaris 1863.

265. Daldinia tuberosa (Scop.) Schroeter. Valsa tuberosa
Scopoli 1772. Hypoxylon concentricum Pk., 24 Rep., p. 97.
Daldinia concentrica (Bolt.}) Ces. and DeNot., in N. A. Pyr., p. 660
and Syll., 1515. J. tuberosa, Feltgen, No. 463. On Quercus, Oct.,
1900.

Sect. Ill. HYALOSPORZ: ‘Sace.

Sporidia ovoid, oblong or fusoid, continuous, hyaline or sub-
hyaline.

CERATOSTOMELLA Saccardo 1878.

266. Ceratostomella pilifera (Fr.) Winter. Spheria fp.
ites 1622) and, Pk;, 27. KR, p:) 100: Cevatosiama; N. A. Pyt:,. p:
192. Feltgen, 967. Underwood, Moulds, Mildews and Mushrooms,
plate IV., figs. 17 and 18. Found on decaying acorns and is
probably what Feltgen calls form dryzza.

BOTRYOSPH@RIA Cesati and DeNotaris 1861.

267. Botryosphzria quercuum (Schw.) Sacc. B&B. fuligi-
nosa, N. A. Pyr., p. 546 and plate 36. On various dead branches.
A variable species.

170 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Sect. IV" HVYALODIDY MZ: Sace.

Sporidia ovoid, oblong or fusoid, uniseptate, hyaline or sub-
hyaline,

MyYcOSPHRELLA Johanson 1884.

268. Mycospherella punctiformis (Pers.) Johanson. Felt-
gen, 864. Spherella, N. A. Pyr., p. 265. On old leaves.

269. Mycospherella asterinoides (E. & E.). Spherella,
Journal of Mycology, IV., p. 98 and N. A. Pyr. p. 281. Peck, 54
Rep., p. 157. On dead stems of wild teazel, Dipsacus, May. The
outline of the sporidia reminds one of a foot-print. Originally
collected at Clyde by O. F. Cook, Jr.

270. Mycospherella verbascicola (Schw.) Spermogonial
stage found on dead stems of Verbascum thapsus.

DIDYMELLA Saccardo 1878.

271, Didymella rauti (E.& E.).Sace.. |N: A: Pyt.,pigie
Spheria rauit E. & E., in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, X. p. 90. Fairman.
Notes on New or Rare Fungi from Western New York, Jour. Mycol.,
V., p. 79. On dead stems of wild rose.

272. Didymella sp. Found on dead branches of spice bush,
Benzoin. Journal of Mycology, V., p. 79. Sporidia fusoid, hyaline,
quadrinucleate, 18-20 x 4-5 4. Originally designated in a personal
communication to us as Didymella lindere E. & E., but we find no
publication.

BERTIA DeNotaris 1844.

273. Bertia moriformis (Tode) DeNotaris. Sphieria mori-
formis Tode, 1841. Peck, 24 Rep., p. 104. Berta m., N. A. Pyee
p. 180 and Feltgen No. 993. On decaying wood of maple, Ridgeway,
N. Y. InN. A. Pyr. reported as having been found at Canandaigua,
N. Y., by Edgar Brown on old Dedalea unicolor. Sartwell also
found it at an early date in this state.

HERCOSPORA Tulasne.

274. Hercospora tilie (Fr.) Tul. Spheria tile in Peck,
24 Rep., p. 99? N. A. Pyr., p. 525, as Melanconts tiliacea (Ell. ).
Valsaria tilie DeNot., sec. Feltgen, No. 512. We have specimens
from Prof. John Dearness of London, Ontario, which are the same as
our fungi. On dead 77a, basswood, Oct., 1900.

FAIRMAN—PYRENOMYCETEZ OF ORLEANS COUNTY. I

NI
N

DIAPORTHE Nitschke 1867.

275. Diaporthe salicella (Fr.) Sacc. Spheria, Peck, 25
Rep., p- 104. Dzaporthe, N. A. Pyr., p. 435. Gnomonia, Feltgen,
No. 676. On dead branches of Sa/zx.

276. Diaporthe sociata (C. & E.) Sace. Valsa, C. & E. in
Grevillea, VI., p. 11. Dizaporthe, N. A. Pyr. p. 435. On dead
branches of spice bush, Benzozn, Oct., 1900. Not previously reported
from the state.

277. Diaporthe aculeata (Schw.) Sacc. N. A. Pyr., p. 452.
On dead stems of Phytolacca decandra.

278. Diaporthe obscura (Peck) Sacc. Peck, 28 Rep., p. 73.
N. A. Pyr., p. 441. On dead stems of Rubus, cult.

279. Diaporthe bicincta (Peck) Sacc. Vadsa, Pk., 29 Rep.,
p. 64. Diaporthe, N. A. Pyr., p. 429. On dead branches of butter-
nut, /uglans cinerea. .

280. Diaporthe acerina Peck. Valsa acerina, Peck, 28
Rep., p. 74. N. A. Pyr. 424. On dead Acer sp.

281. Diaporthe carpini (Pers.) Fuckel. _ N. A. Pyr., p. 425,
where the authors say, ‘‘ the specc. from Dr, Fairman have asci and
sporidia corresponding to the smaller dimensions in the foregoing
diagnosis, which is taken from Saccardo’s Sylloge.’’ On dry branches
of Carpinus americana.

Sect. V. PHAZODIDYMZ: Sacc.

Sporidia ovoid, oblong or fusoid, uniseptate, fuliginous or
olivaceous.
DIDYMOSPHRIA Fuckel 1869.

282. Didymosphzria accedems Sacc. Sacc. in Fairman,
Mycology of Western N. Y., Proc. Roch. Acad. Sc., 1890, p. 48,
plate IV., fig. 12. N.A. Pyr., p. 330. On dead branches of Fraxinus,
April-May, 1889. Evidently rare.

283. Didymosphezria oblitescens (B& Br.) Sacc. Spheria
bbidescens, B. & Be., Ann. N. Hi. n. 887, pl. 11 fig. 32. / Cooke,
Handbook, No. 2675. Didymospheria in Syll., No. 2992. §‘ Peri-
thecia covered by the epidermis, depressed, somewhat large, ostiolum
obscure ; sporidia oblong elliptical, obtuse at the ends, uniseptate,
moderately constricted, 12-13 # long.’’ Sylloge, loc. cit. On dead
branches of Cornus, associated with Metaspheria fiedleri. Not to our
knowledge reported heretofore from the United States.

178 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

OrtTHIA Nitschke 1869.

284. Otthia aceris Winter. N. A. Pyr., p. 249. Feltgen
No. 960. On bark of dead Acer.

285. Otthia morbosa (Schw.) E.andE. Spheria morbosa in
Peck 31 Rep. p. 60. Plowrightia m. in Sylloge, 5295. Ofthza in
N. A. Pyr., p. 251. On limbs of plum trees, forming the disease
called ‘‘ black knot.’’

VALSARIA DeNotaris.

286. Valsaria insitiva Ces. and DeNot. N.A. Pyr., p. 555.
If this is the same as the Spheria rubricosa Fries (1829) and the
genus JZyrmecium of Nitschke (1869) holds, there would seem to be
good reason for changing the name of this species to Myrmecium
rubricosum (Fr.) Fuckel (See Feltgen I., p. 163. No. 483). On bark
of various trees.

Section VI. PHAZAOPHRAGMI4 Sacc.

Sporidia oblong or fusoid, 2—multiseptate, olivaceous, brown or
fuliginous.
MassARIA DeNotaris 1847.

287. Massaria inquinans (Tode) Fries. N. A. Pyr., p. 400.
Feltgen, No. 700. Berlese, Icones Fungorum, Tab. XIII., f. 1. On
dead limbs of Acer and of maple-leaved Viburnum.

288. Massaria platani Ces. N. A. Pyr., p. 403. Berlese,
Icones, Tab. XIV., fig. 2. On dead Platanus.

LEPTOSPHERIA Ces. and DeNot. 1861.

289. Leptosphzria conoidea DeNot. Berlese, Icones, Tab.
XLVII., fig. 6. On dead stems of plants.

290. Leptosphzria doliolum (Pers.) DeNot. N. A. Pyr.,
p. 355. Feltgen, No. 776. Pk., 23 Rep., p. 64 (Spheria). On
dead branches of Az/anthus glandulosus. Asci 100 x 10 #4, sporidia
23x 4p.

291. Leptosphzria dumetorum Niessl. N.A. Pyr., p. 357.
Berlese, Icones, page 54 and plate XL., fig. 5. On dead stems of
Lonicera.

Caryospora DeNotaris.

292. Caryospora putaminum (Schw.) DeNot. N.A. Pyr.,

p. 209 and plate 24. Underwood, Moulds etc., plate 4 fig. 15.

FAITRMAN—PYRENOMYCETEZ OF ORLEANS COUNTY. 179

Berlese, Icones, Tab. XVI., fig. 1. On old peach stones on the
ground.
SpororMIA DeNotaris 1848.

293. Sporormia minima Auerswald. N. A. Pyr., p. 34 and
piste to. Berlese, Icones, fab. -35,- fin. 4. Sace, Syl, 3317.
Feltgen, No. 1038. On cow dung.

PSEUDOVALSA Ces. and DeNot. 1861.

294. Pseudovalsa irregularis (DC.) Schroeter. Spheria
irregularts DC., 1815. Valsa profusa Fr. in Peck, 25 Rep., p. 105.
Ps. profusa, N. A. Pyr., p. 538. Aglaospora profusa, (Fr.) in Syll.
S346, Ps: profuse, berlese, Vicones, Tab: SCX IV.,. fig. 62 - Ps.
trregularis, Feltgen, No. 523. On dead branches of Rodinia
pseudacacia.

295. Pseudovalsa fairmani E. & E. Fairman, Proc. Roch.
cad, SCls, E800, ‘p: 51,’ plates, fie. 12,3, 10,112. On dead hickory
limbs.

296. Pseudovalsa hapalocystis (B. and Br.) Sacce. N. A.
Pyt. p- 538. Berlese, leonesy Tab... XXXVI, fis. 1.: Felten; No.
526. Specimens from the Lyndonville collection were furnished for
distribution in N. A. F. and the drawings by Berlese were made from
No. 2119 of N. A. F. (doubtless from our specimens). On dead
Platanus occidentalis.

MELOGRAMMA Fries 1849.

297. Melogramma bulliardi Tulasne 1862. N. A. Pyr.,
He 553, plate 36.\ Peltgen, No. 485. . J7. vagans, Syll.,..338%
M. vagans, Berlese, Icones, Tab. XXXVII, fig. 2. On dead
Carpinus.

Section VII. HYALOPHRAGMIZ Sacc.

Sporidia oblong or fusoid, 2—pluriseptate, hyaline.

METASPHARIA Sacc.

298. Metaspheria leiostega (Ellis) Sacc. N. A. Pyr.,
p. 383. Ellis, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 8, p. 91. On dead stems of
wild Rose.

299. Metaspheria fiedlzri (Niessl) Sacc. Letospheria
Fiedleri Niessl. Cryptospheria F., Niessl, 1874. Feltgen, No. 809.
‘* Perithecia semi-immersed, covered or partially exposed, coriaceous-

180 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

carbonaceous, at length depressed, ostiolum minute ; asci clavate,
100-110 x 18 #4, attenuated below, rounded at the apex, surrounded
by numerous filiform paraphyses, 8-spored: Sporidia uniseriate or
biseriate, fusoid cylindrical, curved, 26-32 x 6-7 p, triseptate and
constricted at the septa, greenish hyaline.’’ According to Niessl, the
pycnidial stage is Sendersonia Fied/zri Rabenhorst. On dead
branches of Cornus, associated with Didymospheria oblitescens
(B. & Br.) Sacc. Feltgen reports this species as occurring in Lux- |
emburg upon Cornus, Ligustrum vulgare, and Ulex Europeus. He
describes the perithecia as sunken in the matrix up to their papilliform
ostioli and the measurements as follows: Asci 106-120 x 15-18 //;
sporidia 24-26 x 6 , hyaline. New to the United States.

LASIOSPHAERIA Ces. and DeNotaris, 1861.

300. Lasiospheria hirsuta (Fr.) Ces. and DeNot. Spheria,
Fr. 1822;, N. A. Pyr., p. 144. “PK.,°25 Rep.,’ p: 104, ((Spre7ae
Feltgen, No. 1008. On rotten Carpinus, Oct., 1891. Also found in
Sept., 1900, associated with Oréclia leucostigma Fr. on rotten wood.

301. Lasiospheria spermoides (Hoff.) Ces. & DeNot.
N. A. Pys., p. 148. Sphkevia, Peck, 29 Rep., p. 61. - Lepiospora,
Feltgen, No. 990.

302. Lasiospheria ovina (Pers.) Fuckel., var. aureliana.
The Orleans County variety of Z. ovina, Fairman, Some new Fungi
from Western N. Y., Jour. Mycology, Sept., 1904, page 229. Spheria
ovina, Pers., 1801. Peck, 22 Rep., p. 99. Lasztospheria, N. A. Pyr.,
p. 150. Leptospora, Feltgen, No. 991. Perithecia scattered or gre-
garious, but not crowded, large, ovate globose, clothed mostly at the
base with long, brown, bristle-like, septate hairs which are 6 yt in diam-
eter, simple or branched, straight or reflexed and flexuous at the tips,
covered with a persistent grayish white tomentum, all excepting the
protruding papilliform ostiolum which is bare. Inner substance of the
perithecia when crushed upon the slide pale greenish-yellow (flavo-
virescent). Asci straight or curved, oblong sub-fusoid or arcuate,
with an occasional shining oil drop in the rounded, hyaline apex, 100
x 10-12 #4. Sporidia imperfectly biseriate or fasciculate, abruptly bent
at the lower fourth, at times straighter and flexuous in the middle, con-
tinuous, hyaline, 4o x 5 #4 The sporidia are at times furnished witha
short (about 6 4) acute hyaline tip, at one or both ends, which append-
ages however are usually absent or indistinct. These appendages are
mostly seen in young sporidia and may become absorbed with age.

FAIRMAN—PYRENOMYCETEZ OF ORLEANS COUNTY. 181

There are small oblong conidia and larger, 40 x 6 y, multiseptate
fusiform spores found on the basal threads. The paraphyses are
indistinct. On the surface of wood (basswood?) under moist bark.
Lyndonville, N. Y., Oet., 1900. Lastospheria sulphurella Sacc. is
seated on a sulphur-colored subiculum and the appendages of the
sporidia are 25-30 # long. Lastospheria viridicoma (C. & P.) is
clothed with a dense greenish tomentum and Lasiospheria mutabilis
has a yellowish-green tomentum which turns brown and disappears.
The flavo-virescent color of the crushed perithecia and the occasional
appendages of the sporidia render our species different from the type
of Z. ovina (Pers.). At first we considered it a new species (Lasio-
spheria aureliana Fairman, in herb.) but Mr. J. B. Ellis, the veteran
American pyrenomycetologist, to whom specimens were submitted,
thought that the color of the crushed perithecia did not entitle it to
specific rank. It is to be noted, however, that in ZAutyfa flavo-
virescens (Hoff.) Tul. and Lecanidion indigoticum (C. & P.) Sacc.
the interior color of the fungus is a diagnostic feature.

303. Lasiospheria hispida (Tode) Fuckel. N. A. Pyr.,
Pp. 145.

ACANTHOSTIGMA DeNotaris.

304. Acanthostigma decastylum (Ck.) Sacc. N.A. Pyr.,
p. 155 and plate 9. Spheria (Zignoella) cariosa C. & E., Grev.,
VI., p. 94 and tab. 100, fig. 28. Zignoella, Sacc. Syll., 3630. On
rotten wood, May, 1889. Our specimens have triseptate, fusoid
sporidia, 3-4 nucleate and 18-20 x 3-4 p.

Section VIII. DICTYOSPOR Saccardo.

Sporidia ovoid, oblong or sub-fusoid, transversely and longitudin-
ally septate (muriform or clathrate), brown, or rarely hyaline.

PLEOMASSARIA Spegazzini 1880.

305. Pleomassaria carpini Fuckel. N. A. Pyr., p. 407.
Sace. Syll. No. 3710. On dead branches of Carpinus. The only
station for this in the United States, so far as reported. According to
Ellis and Everhart, ‘‘asci and sporidia in the New York specimens are
smaller than the measurements given by Dr. Winter (170-220 x
35-42 and 45-65 x 17-21 /4.).’’

306. Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabh. Spheria herb-
orum, Pers., 1801. PE.) 30theps, p67, -Pizospora, N. A. Pyr.,

16, PRoc. RocH. ACAD. SCI., VOL. 4, SEPT. 2, 1905.

182 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

p. 335. Pleospora subsulcata E. & E., in Fairman, Mycology of
Western N. Y., Proc. Roch. Acad. Science, Aug. 1890. p. 44 and
Plate 4, figs. 1 and 2 is probably asynonym. On dead herbaceous
stems (probably of Onion) which had remained out of doors all winter.

CUCURBITARIA Gray 1821.

307. Cucurbitaria elongata (Fries) Greville. Peck, 23 Rep,
p. 64 (Spheria). Spheria e., Fries 1822. Cucurbitariae., N. A.
Pyr., p. 238, Sacc. Syll. 3938, and Feltgen, No. 943. On dead
branches of Robinia pseudacacia.

FENESTELLA Tulasne 1862.

308. Fenestella fenestrata (B. & Br.) Schroeter 1897.
Valsa_fenestrata B, & Br. Fenestella princeps, Tul., N. A. Pyr.,
p. 543, Sacc. Syll. 3995, Feltgen, No. 531. On dead limbs of Sad/ix.
Our plant is the form Salzc7s vitelline of the Sylloge.

309. Fenestella amorpha E. & E., Jour. Mycol., IV., p. 58,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., July 1890, p. 239 and Proc. Roch.
Acad., August, 1890, p. 48, N. A. Pyr., page 543 and plate 35.
Fairman, Journal of Mycology, vol. V., page 79—Notes on new or
Rare Fungi from Western New York. On fallen branches of Carya,
in the spring. The development of the sporidia of this fungus is con-
sidered in Fairman, ‘‘ Observations on the development of some
fenestrate sporidia’’, Journal of Mycology, vol. VI., p. 29 and plate 1.
Several years observation of this fungus enables me to confirm an
interesting instance of accurate scientific prediction. The original
specimens, which I| sent to Mr. J. B. Ellis for identification, were upon
decorticated branches of hickory. After a careful examination Mr.
Ellis said (Journ. Mycol., vol. IV., p. 59), ‘‘the specimens examined
were apparently superficial, but it is probable that the fungus grew
while the limb was still invested with the bark through longitudinal
cracks in which the ostiola penetrated.’’ I have since then found
several specimens growing on branches with ostiola protruding through
deep longitudinal fissures.

Section IX. SCOLECOSPORZ Sacc.

Sporidia filiform, hyaline or yellowish, sometimes guttulate or
septate.

FAITIRMAN—PYRENOMYCETEA OF ORLEANS COUNTY. 183

OPHIOBOLUS Riess 1853.

310. Ophiobolus porphyrogonus (Tode.) Sacc. Spheria
porphyrogona, Tode, 1791. Spheria rubella, Pers., also Peck, 25
Rep., p. 104. Ophiobolus in N. A. Pyr., 393, Sacc., Syll., 4017 and
Feltgen, No. 715. On dead herbaceous stems.

311. Ophiobolus anguillides (Cooke.) Sacc. Sacc. Syll.,
4029. N. A. Pyr., p. 397. On dead herbaceous stems.

Fam. III. HYPOCREACE DeNot.
Section III. HYALODIDYM£: Sacc.

Sporidia uniseptate, hyaline.

NECTRIA Fries 1849.

312. Nectria cinnabarina (Tode.) Fries. Sacc. Syll.,
A662. N.cA- -Pyr.. page o3. Pelteen, No; 1071. Peck, 22 hep. p:
98. Common on dead limbs.

an3., Nectria offuscata? Bu GC) JN. AL) Pyriy p05; (Sace.
Syll., 4688. On fibiscus syriacus. Hitherto reported from North
Carolina.

a4... Nectria pezizxe (Tode.) iFries.) IN.» A. cPyr, op. 10s.
Pk., 24 Rep., p. 98. Feltgen, ro80, On decaying wood in woods,
Ridgeway, Oct., 1900, and on wood in wood piles, Lyndonville, same
date.

315. Nectria episphzria (Tode.) Fr. Sacc. Syll., 4740.
N.7A. Pyr.; p.. 108. Pk., 27 Rep., p. 108: On Ajpoxylon.

HypocreEA Fries 1849.

216, Hypocrea’ citrina (Pers. )'Fr.> N. A. Pyr., p: 85. Felt-
gen, No. 1056. Peck, 22 Rep., p. 97. On moist decaying log in
woods, Oct., 1900.

Section V. PHRAGMOSPORZ: Sacc.

Sporidia oblong or fusoid, multiseptate.

GIBBERELLA Saccardo, 1877.

317. Gibberella pulicaris (Fr.) Sacc. N. A. Pyr., p. 120.
Pk., 30 Rep., p. 76. Feltgen, No. 1063. On old corn stalks.

184 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Section VI.. DICTYOSPORZ: Sacc:
Sporidia ovoid or sub-oblong, septate, muriform, hyaline.
PLEONECTRIA Sacc.
318. Pleonectria berolinensis Sacc. N. A. Pyr., page 115
and plate 12. On dead stems of Azdes.
Section VII. SCOLECOSPORA: Sacc.
Sporidia filiform, frequently multiseptate.

OPHIONECTRIA Sacc.

319. Ophionectria cerea (B. & CC.) N. A. Pyr:, py me:
On old Diatrype stigma.

Fam. IV. DOTHIDEACE: Nits. and Fuckel.
PHYLLACHORA Nitschke 1869.

320. Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fuckel. (.Spheria gra-
minis, Pers 1796.) N. A. Pyr., p. 599 and plate go. Pk., 23 Rep.,
p. 64. Feltgen, No. 429. On grass leaves,

321. Phyllachora trifolii (Pers.) Fuckel. N. A. Pyr., p.
597. Feltgen, No. 431. On leaves of Zrifolium.

DoTHIDEA Fries 1818.

322. Dothidea ribesia (Pers.) Fr. Plowrightia, Sacc. Syll.,
Il. ; p. 635. N.A. Pyr.; p. 611. Feltgen;No. 446. Peck, 24 Reps
p. 99. On dead stems of Pzdes.

323. Dothidea collecta (Schw.) N. A. Pyr., p. 613, On
dead twigs of AZaclura, Oct. 1900.

RHOPOGRAPHUS, Nitschke.
324. Rhopographus filicinus (Fr.) Fuckel. N. A. Pyr.,
p. 618 and plate 4o. &. teridis, Winter, sec. Feltgen, No. 453.
On some undetermined fern.
Family VI. LOPHIOSTOMACE- Sacc.
Section IV. HYALOPHRAGMIZA: Sacc.
LOPHIOTREMA Sacc.

325. Lophiotrema auctum Sacc. N. A. Pyr., p. 233.
Berlese, Icones, Tab. III., fig. 10. On dead stems of wild rose. In

FATRMAN—PYRENOMYCETEZ OF ORLEANS COUNTY. 185

N. A. Pyr., it is stated that the specimens from Lyndonville differ
from the diagnosis in Sylloge ‘‘ in having the asci and sporidia smaller:
asci 75-90 X 12-15 #4: sporidia 25-35 x 6-7 #4, 6-7 septate, only slightly
constricted and obscurely appendiculate.”’

326, Lophiotrema littorale Speg. Sacc., Syll. 5423. Ber-
lese, Icones, Tab. IV., fig. 6. On decorticated willow twigs, depos-
ited by, or, at least, subjected to the action of water, under willow
trees along the flats of Johnson Creek. Not before reported from U. S.

LOPHIOSTOMA (Fr.) Ces. and DeNot.

327. Lophiostoma macrostomum (Tode.) Ces. and DeNot.
SPMCTIO. M., 1 dG, 170%, «Pk, 28 wep. ps.76.,, NAA. Byr..p. 227.
Sacc. Syil., 5490. Feltgen, No. 914. Berlese, Tab. VIII., fig. 7.
On bark (maple?) in the woods.

328. Lophiostoma prominens Peck. Peck, 31 Rep., p. 50.
N. A. Pyr., p. 224. On decorticated branches of Cornus, Oct. 1900.

329. Lophiostoma triseptatum Peck. Peck, 28 Rep. p.
76. N. A. Pyr., p. 224. A common species and somewhat variable.
Ellis and Everhart in N. A. Pyren. say ‘‘differs from ZL. gwadrinuc-
Jeatuyr Karst. in its smaller sporidia, constricted at the apex’’. JZ.
triseptatum Peck, should probably be referred to L. guadrinucleatum
Karst, as a small spored variety. In the diagnoses of Lophiostomas
published in the Sylloge, there are a number of small spored forms, in
length from 15 to 25 #4, which are difficult to separate. The forms we
enumerate here as LZ. ¢riseptatum occur on various habitats. Two of
them have been examined by Prof. Peck and pronounced to be his
species, viz.: On fallen branches of Avaxznus, with the bark still on
and the perithecia erumpent, July 25, 1890. On decorticated, fallen,
branches of Acer, Oct. 8, 1891. Normally this fungus has triseptate
sporidia, but occasionally one or both of the terminal cells are,divided
by a septum and we have forms 4-5 septate, enumerated as Lophios-
toma rhopaloides Sacc., var. pluriseptata, n. var., in Fairman, Fungi
of Western, N. Y., Proc. Roch. Acad. Sc., Vol. 1, page 49 and in
Farlow and Seymour’s Provisional Host Index of the Fungi of the
United States, Part III., page 192, (sub Acer, sp. indeter.) These
should be cancelled and the form known as Lophiostoma triseptatum
Peck, var pluriseptatum, E. & E. Ellis and Everhart remark, loc. cit.
page 225, ‘‘ var. pluriseptatum E. & E., on decorticated maple limbs,
Lyndonville, N. Y., (Fairman 134) has asci p. sp. 70-75 x 10-12 [
Sporidia irregularly biseriate or oblique, oblong or oblong-clavate, 3

186 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

septate and constricted at the septa, obtuse, brown, 15-20 x 5-6 p..
In well developed specimens, one or both the terminal cells are again
divided by a septum, making the sporidia 3-5 septate’’. Another
form collected on decorticated Sa/ix limbs, Sept. 1900 has triseptate
brown sporidia, constricted, 17 x 624 w. Here the sporidia are not
uniformly transversely septate but occasionally od/iguely septate. These
forms for convenience may be called Z. ¢triseptatum var. diagonalis
Fairman, 2. vary. On decorticated maple twigs, Oct., 1900 another
form was found in which the sporidia were wzzservzate, brown, triseptate,
20 x 6-7 #4, but the sporidia are very acute at the ends, and may be
known as var. acuta, Fairman, 7. var.

330. Lophiostoma quadrinucleatum Karst. Sacc. Syll.
No. 5451. Feltgen, No. 906. On dead branches of Hamamelis vir-
giniana, October 2, 1900. Sporidia 3-5 septate, nucleolate,
18-24 x 7. On Cornus, Oct., 1900, sporidia brown, 18 x 6-7 yp,
quadrinucleate when young.

331. Lophiostoma pruni E. & E. Journal of Mycology,
iv., p. 64. Proc. Roch. Acad., Vol. I, p. 49 and plate 4, figs. 10-11.
Berlese, Icones Fungorum, Fasc. I, part I, tab. VI., fig. 3. N. A.
Pyr., page 225, plate 25. On Prunus serotina. Lyndonville, April
1888. This is another one of the small, perplexing, triseptate Lo-
phiostomas. The sporidia are mostly 4 in the ascus, and measure
18-22 x 6-8 #. Berlese says, ‘‘affine L. guadrinucleato, (a quo
loculis eguttulatis przecipue differt) et Z. pseudomacrostomo, sed
sporidiis raro 4—5 septatis, et longitrorsum divisis.”’

332. Lophiostoma vagans Fabr. Berlese, Icones, tab. VI.,
fig. 8. (L. pseudomacrostomum, Sacc. in N. A. Pyren., pages
225-226.) On dead branches of Lonzcera.

333. Lophiostoma insidiosum (Desm.) Ces. et DeNot.
(Spheria z., Desm. 1841.) Feltgen, No. 915. Berlese, Icones, p. 12
and tab. VI., fig. 6. On dead stems of Zanacetum. On dead stems
of wild raspberry, Ridgeway, N. Y., Sept., 1900. Sporidia brown,
5-6 septate, 20-27 x 7 #, armed with acute hyaline appendages,

334. Lophiostoma rhizophilum (B. & C.). To this
species we have provisionally referred the small triseptate forms found
on exposed roots of maple, sumach, etc., and which are hard to
separate from ZL. ¢riseptatum, except by the different habitat. On
roots we find them with sporidia 3-5 septate, or 3 septate, nucleolate,
ends acutely pointed with hyaline tips and at times surrounded with
mucus. They embrace characters common to ZL. ¢riseptatum, quada-

FAIRMAN—PYRENOMYCETEZ OF ORLEANS COUNTY. 187

rinucleatum and desmazierii. An examination of the original speci-
mens of B. & C., if they are in satisfactory condition, would throw
light upon these small triseptate forms. If, as we suspect, they are
the same as ZL. ¢riseptatum, the question of priority of publication
would come up. —

335. Lophiostoma cephalanthi Fairman. Journal of
Mycology, Vol. X., page 230. On decorticated area of branch of
Cephalanthus occidentalis, Ridgeway, N. Y., Aug. 1904. This should
probably be referred to Lophiostoma prominens, Peck,

336. Lophiostoma imperfecta Ellis and Fairman, n. sp.
On dead stems of Asclefias? Lyndonville, N. Y., Sept. 1904,
(Fairman coll.). Perithecia superficial, scattered on blackened areas
of the stem, hemispherical, collapsing to plane or shallow cup-shaped,
about one-half millimeter in diam. ; ostiolum slightly compressed,
minute ; asci clavate-cylindrical, stipitate, paraphysate, 40-50 x 6-8 p: ;
sporidia uniseriate, or biseriate above, oblong-elliptical, narrowed at
the ends, brown, triseptate, scarcely constricted, straight or curved,
12-18 x 6-7 #. The sporidia in many of the asci are imperfectly
developed, and appear shriveled and of a darker color.

Section VI. DICTYOSPORZ Sacc.
PLATYSTOMUM Trevisan.

337. Platystomum compressum (Pers.) Trev. Spheriac.,
Pers., 1801. Lophidium compressum in Sacc., Syll., No. 5531.,
N. A. Pyren, p. 234, and Berlese, Icones, tab. X., fig. 4. Platys-
tomum c., Feltgen, No. 917. According to Feltgen, Platystomum
was founded by Trevisan in 1877 and Lophidium by Saccardo in 1878.
Hab. on decorticated logs and limbs.

Family VII. HYSTERIACE4 Corda.
Section III. HYALODIDYM£: Sacc.
GLONIUM Muhl.

338. Glonium simulans Gerard. Sacc., Syll., 5602. N. A.
Pyren., p. 683. On old wood.

339. Glonium nitidum Ellis. Sacc., Syll., 5605. N. A.
Pyren., p. 683. On the inner surface of loosely hanging bark of
cedar fence posts.

188 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Section V. PHAZOPHRAGMI4 Sacc.
HysTERIUM Tode.

340. Hysterium prostii Duby. Sacc. Syll. Pyr., No. 5644.
N. A. Pyren., p. 697. On bark of U/mus. When fresh, resembles
a discomycete.

Section VI. HYALOPHRAGMIA Sacc.
DICH ENA Fries,

341. Dichzena faginea (Pers.) Fr. Common on bark of
living beech trees. We have never seen it in fruit.

Section VIII. PHAZODICTYZA Sacc.
HySTEROGRAPHIUM Corda.

342. Hysterographium fraxini ( Pers.) DeNot. Sacc. Syll.
Pyr., No. 5758. N. A. Pyr., p. 701. Feltgen, 418. Common on
branches of Fraxinus.

343. Hysterographium gloniopsis (Gerard). N. A. Pyr.,
p. 708. Gloniopsis Gerardiana, Sacc. Syll., 5747. On dry hard
wood of deciduous trees.

344. Hysterographium mori (Schw.) On dead Sumach,
Ridgeway, April, 1904.

Section IX. SCOLECOSPOR Sacc.
LOPHODERMIUM Chev.

345. Lophodermium arundinaceum (Schrad.) Chev.
Sace. Syl) Pyren., “5823. N. A. Pyren., p. 719. Feltgen, eee
On dead stems of some undetermined grain.

HypPpoDERMA, DC.

346. Hypoderma rubi Schroeter. H. virgultorum in Sacc.
Syll., 5792 and in N. A. Pyr., p. 711. According to Feltgen this
species was first described by Persoon, in 1796, as Hysterium rubt,
and “7. virgultorum was published in 1815. Feltgen, No. 393. We
have never found it mature but only in the spermogonial state, known
as Leptostroma virgultorum, Sacc. On dead stems of Rubus sp.,
Ridgeway, N. Y.

FAIRMAN—PYRENOMYCETEZ® OF ORLEANS COUNTY. 189

ADDENDA

Since this paper was written, the following additional species
have been found.

347. Amphispheria granulosa E. & E._ Ellis and Ever-
hart, Journal of Mycology, vol. X., page 169. On old oak barrel
staves, lying on the ground. Sept., 1900.

‘*Perithecia erumpent-superficial, globose or depressed-globose,
granular-roughened, about % mm. diam., quite evenly and thickly
scattered ; ostiolum minute, papilliform. Asci cylindrical short-
stipitate, 65-70 x 4 #4, obscurely paraphysate. Sporidia uniseriate,
oblong, uniseptate, scarcely constricted, pale-brown, slightly narrowed
at each end, 10-12 x 3-3% p.

A. confertissima E. & E. has rather smaller perithecia and broader
sporules. A. conferta Sz. has the perithecia seated on a radiate-
fibrose mycelium but is otherwise much like this.’’ loc. cit.

348. Valsaria acericola Ellis and Fairman, n. sp. On Acer
rubrum, Ridgeway, N. Y., April, 1904. (Fairman, 1904-5.)
Stroma cortical, valsoid, about 2 mm. diam.; perithecia circinate,
small, 4% mm. buried in the inner bark, and not surrounded by any
circumscribing line, their necks converging and their tips united in a
small, black disk erumpent and raising the bark into small subconical
pustules closely embraced by the ruptured epidermis ; asci cylindrical,
p. sp. 250 x I5-I8 #; paraphyses ?; sporidia uniseriate, oblong-
elliptical, brown, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, rounded at the
ends, 33-40 x 15-18 #4. The ascigerous pustules are accompanied by
smaller ones containing stylospores, Dothzorella sp.

349. Anthostoma acerinum Ellis and Fairman, n. sp. On
bark of maple, Lyndonville, N. Y., April, 1904. Stroma valsoid,
1 mm., buried in the bark ; perithecia 4-6, globose, small (14 mm.),
with converging necks, crowned with the minute, papilliform ostiola
erumpent in a small, tuberculiform disk which pierces the bark in a
little tubercle; asci cylindrical, paraphysate ; sporidia uniseriate.
oblong, brown, continuous, 7-10 x 4-5 /4.

350. Diatrypella cephalanthi (Schw.) N. A. Pyren.,
page 591. On dead stems of Cephalanthus occidentalis, Ridgeway,
Oct., 1904.

251. Herpotrichia pezizula\(b. & °C.). .N. Aw Pyren.,
page 160. On inner surface of moist, decaying bark, Ridgeway,
autumn, 1904.

190 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

352. Cryptosporella niesslii (J. Kunze) Sacc. Sacc.,
Syll. 1812. Cryplospora Nieslii Kunze, Hedw., 1878, page 46. On
maple bark, D. Clark’s woods, Lyndonville, N. Y., Sept., 1904. Not
to our knowledge reported before from this country. Pustules
corticolous, elevating the bark. Stroma yellowish, or honey colored,
and surrounded with a small black circumscribing line; perithecia
several (3 to 5) in a stroma, mostly around the outer edges; asci
oblong-cylindrical, 50 x 7 #4; sporidia uniseriate, hyaline, oblong
cylindrical with rounded ends or sub-navicular, 2-4 guttulate, 12-13 x
3-4 p. In the Sylloge the asci are given as 36 x 9 pv.

353. Melanomma juniperi Ellis & Everhart, n. sp. _ Peri-
thecia superficial, the base slightly set in the bark, globose, black,
large, scattered over wide areas of the bark, or occasionally very
slightly clustered, with a small, slightly prominent, sub-mastoidal
ostiolum ; asci cylindrical, straight; sporidia fusoid, brown, 3-5
septate, the two middle cells larger, the end cells smaller, 40 x 10-12
On loosely hanging bark of red cedar, /unzperus virginiana, on fence
posts at Blood’s Bridge over Johnson’s Creek at Lyndonville, N, Y.,
April, 1904. I have drawn up the description from the specimens
originally collected. The sporidia resemble those of JZe/anomma
hydrophilum, (Karst.), according to the fig. in Berlese, Icones
Fungorum, Tab. XXIV., f. 4, but are larger and of a different color.

354. Caryospora cariosa Fairman, n. sp. Perithecia large,
conic, black, superficial, or with base slightly immersed in the wood,
scattered or gregarious ; ostioli small ; asci oblong cylindrical, 150 x
20 pt. (p. sp.), surrounded by numerous filiform paraphyses, 2-8
spored ; sporidia overlapping uniseriate, hyaline at first, then brown
and finally almost opaque, uniseptate, with occasional additional septa
near the ends, making them 1-3 septate, granulose guttulate (with
opaque rounded granular contents), constricted at the middle septum,
broad fusoid to biconical, ends sub-obtuse, 36-43 x 13-17 4. The
sporidia are at times hyaline mucronate at the ends, or have a pro-
jection from the side of a bubble of mucus, and the halves of the
sporidia are sometimes curved on opposite sides. On very hard
blackened areas in carious cavities of beech firewood (Fagus).
Lyndonville, N. Y., Oct., 1904.

FAIRMAN—PYRENOMYCETEZ OF ORLEANS COUNTY. I9I

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.

Fig. 1. A piece of beech with the fungus, Cavyospora cartosa, Fairman.
Fig. 2. The same enlarged.

Fig. 3. A group of sporidia.

Fig. 4. A sporidium with mucus bubble.

Fig. 5. A mucronate sporidium.

Fig. 6. An ascus with 4 sporidia.

Figures 1 and 2 were drawn from nature by Miss L. A. Weld.
Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6 by the author, with camera lucida.

Vf aS oe a FF

~

HENRY A. WARD,

f

bide a, he

- Rocuester, N. ys,

.PuBLISHED BY THE SocrETy,

/

AucusT, 1905. —

VOL. 4, PLATE XIX.

Proc, ROCH. ACAD SCIENCE.

FRONT VIEW OF THE MASS.

(Showing furrows radiating from apex.)

EW.

SIDE VI

BATH FURNACE METEORITE (No. 3.)

HENRY A. WARD.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL. 4, PP. 193-202, PLATE 19. AUGUST 21, 1905-

NOTES ON THE BATH FURNACE AEROLITE.

LIBRARY
By Henry A. WaArpD. NEW yorK
BOTANIC,
(Read by title before the Academy February 13, 1905.) GARDE!

The passage of this meteor was first signalled in the early evening
of November 15, 1902, high above northern Tennessee and Ken-
tucky, and was seen as far north as Columbus, Ohio. Its course
was north, 81 degrees east until its final fall in Bath county,
eastern Kentucky, about 50 miles east of Lexington. Prof. Arthur
M. Miller of the State College of Kentucky at Lexington, who
recorded the fall in “Science” August 21, 1903, tells us that “The
few residents of the region where the pieces struck seem to have
been much startled by the blinding light and the heavy detonations
accompanying the fall. They speak of the singing of the fragments,
as they flew through the air, and of the sound made by their strik-
ing the ground, or hitting the timber on the knolls.”

There were three distinct falls (noting only those of which pieces
were found) all doubtless occurring simultaneously, but found at
different times at points slightly separate.

The piece first found fell at 6:45 Pp. m. in the road in front of the
house of Buford Staten, near old Bath Furnace, some five miles
south of Salt Lick, and was found by him the following morning.
It had cut a furrow east and west in the hard road about a foot
long and five inches in greatest depth. It was, about 8!4x6x4 inches
in dimensions, and weighed 12 lbs 12% ounces. . This piece was
bought for me through the good services of Prof. Miller; and after
cutting to show its inner structure, it was put in the Ward-Coonley
Meteorite Collection.* Mr. Staten writing me of this fall said: “It
sounded like a great buzz-saw ripping through a thick plank, and
coming at me through the air.”

The second piece was found one hundred yards west of No. 1.

: *For description of this mass, see Am. Journal of Science (4th Ser.) Vol 16, pp. 316-310.

19, PROC. ROCH. ACAD. SCIENCE, VOL: 4, AUGUST 21, 1905. 103

DEC 1 1 1905

194 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

It was 21%4x114x34 inch in dimensions, and weighed 223 grams. It
was crusted over the entire surface, one side and one end being
primary (original) crust, the other faces having a secondary coat-
ing, showing aerial fracture. This piece was cut through the
center, and one-half went to the Field Columbian Museum at Chi-
cago, the other to the museum of the State College of Kentucky.

The third piece (see Plate XIX) was found near the middle of
May, 1903, about one and three-quarters miles south of the other
two pieces, by a squirrel hunter, Jack Pegrem, whose attention was
drawn to a scar on a white oak tree, some fifteen feet from the
ground. Looking around he found, a few yards further on at the
foot of a larger tree, broken rocts and:a hole beneath. Searching
here, he found the great aerolite buried less than two feet, its apex
crowded in among the roots, some of which had been cut through
by the impact. Two other saplings in this vicinity, respectively
about 100 and 300 yards farther east, were broken off by missiles
coming from the west, and it is therefore probable that there were
several other pieces besides the three here recorded, although search
for them has been unsuccessful. This third piece has gone through
the ordeal of a suit at law brought by the owner of the land upon
which it fell, against the man who found it. The suit was
compromised by the payment of several hundre‘ dollars to the
finder, in consideration of his relinquishing his claim. The mass
was subsequently purchased by me, and is now one of the most
notable specimens in the Ward-Coonley Collection.

It would be interesting to find the other pieces above mentioned
whose existence is suspected, especially to see whether by shape
or surface they would match either of the three known masses.
None of these three are battered or bruised in any way by striking
the earth, which is particularly surprising in the case of the largest,
No. 3, which grazed the trunk of one tree and cut the roots of
another before it came to rest in soft ground. But it is on this
mass that the breaking off of pieces while still in the air is most
noticeable. Several of these pieces must have weighed from one
to three or four kilograms each. They came from two sides of the
triangle, and were three inches in greatest thickness, and at least
four in number. All three of the original masses of this aerolite
are quite covered with a dense, black crust which is of two degrees—
primary and secondary, The primary crust covers the entire sur-

NOTES ON THE BATH FURNACE AEROLITE. 195

face of mass No. 1, two sides of No. 2, and all but one of the
sides of No. 3, with the exception of the parts where, as mentioned,
pieces have chipped off. These last faces or scars have, indeed, a
crust quite covering them, but it is much thinner than the other, and
through it appears the texture of the broken surface beneath. These
areas of secondary crust attest to a breaking of the stone in the
air while it yet had great velocity, and while it had still so great
distance to fall that there was time for a second crust to form.

The base of mass No. 3, the largest single surface, has the usual
thick crust which characterizes the rear, or Ruckseite, of all well
oriented aerolites. It has been protected from the pitting and
furrowing effect of the rushing air, while all the results of melting
have remained, not being swept away. On the opposite point or
prominence of the front or Brustseite there is (as is usual on this
form of aerolites) a very thin crust and bare of all pittings.

This third mass of the Bath Furnace is one of the most com-
pletely furrowed and definitely oriented aerolites known to science.
We know no stone of American fall which equals it in this respect.
The furrowing of the front side is most complete. These furrows
radiate from the apex in all directions, covering that surface and
streaming back upon and over all the sides. The regularity of their
trend is most interesting as showing the steadiness of the mass in
the air and the constancy of its axis in an orientation which doubt-
less was promptly taken after it entered our atmosphere and was
retained throughout its whole flight. It owed this steadiness to
the fact that the shape of the mass accorded with the center of grav-
ity, or the mass was well centered, and thus it was gripped and held
firmly with no shiftings or rotation. We may note here that the aero-
lites of a more or less spherical form have the pittings and the orien-
tation less marked. It is well known that meteorites, both stone and
iron, almost without exception show themselves to be fragments of
most irregular shape, torn from larger masses of the same material,
but always having their corners more or less rounded. But these
same masses primarily were angular in shape and often with sharp
thin edges. When these struck our air and met its resistance, they
doubtless wobbled much to right and left before erosion wore them
into poise and a steadiness of gait. We have all noticed the
ricochetting of shooting stars in the upper heavens. This has been
generally attributed to their glancing, due to irregularity and flat-

196 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

ness of form. Very soft is the extremely attenuated air into the
upper layer of which a meteorite plunges in its downward flight,
as it leaves the realms of outer space; but after the first fraction
of a second the mass is opposed by great density of the air through
which it cleaves its way only by its momentum and with ever in-
creasing friction. No longer is the mass passing through a gas, for
its flight has changed the air by compression into a virtually solid
substance. The enormous pressure exerted upon a flying body by
its compression of the air through which it passes has been estimated
by physicists. They tell us that a body traveling 20 miles a second
through the lower atmosphere would have upon it a pressure of 77
cwt. per square inch. Reichenbach, Jr., has shown that the air
crowded in front of a meteorite with a velocity of 40 miles per
second would have, by reason of its compression, a heat of over
7000 degrees Fahrenheit—a heat calculated to melt away any str-
face which it enveloped. It is to the melting, rubbing and chiselling
effect of this air compression that we may attribute all the glazing,
pitting, hollowing and channelling which we find on the front an
sides of meteorites. As may be expected, the iron meteorites have
been less rapidly eroded than the stones. They, too, are apt to be
in large pieces. Only iron would withstand such a pressure, stones
breaking with the tension. The extent of this erosion will depend
much upon the composition of the stone, also upon its form. The
worn-off particles fly off, making at the same time great streams of
sparks. Probably by far the larger number of the masses are en-
tirely worn away. The wonder is that any part of the stone re-
mains.

It is probable that the external combustion of a meteorite ceases
before it wholly loses its cosmic impulse; its incandescence and
luminosity ceasing also. This great heat is confined to the exterior
of the mass from which the melted particles are instantly brushed
away as they form. It thus results that the fiery, flaming mass is
in fact mainly cold. It brings with it the temperature of the celes-
tial spaces, which has been estimated at 504 degrees (Fahrenheit)
below zero. The aerolite Dhurmsala in India, Pegu in Burmah,
and Lissa in Bohemia were thus cold when they reached the earth.
In the Pultusk meteorite shower which fell during a snowstorm in
January, 1868, one of the stones weighing four pounds was found
covered with light snow ten minutes after the fall. Orgueil, al-

NOTES ON THE BATH FURNACE AEROLITE. 197

though carbonaceous, did not have its interior in the least affected.
The heat of meteorites at moment of fall has ever been greatly
exaggerated in common narration. It is a most frequent thing to
have a record of their being too hot to handle even several hours
after the fall. An examination of meteorite literature in the publi-
cations of the past century has shown me but two cases among the
irons—Agram and Mazapil—where a heat making it difficult to
handle the mass at time of falling has been recorded; and in but
two cases that I have found in the description of nearly two hundred
aerolites has any claim to more than simple warmth at time of fall
been made. One might expect this from an aerolite of very loose
texture, which would allow rapid penetration of the heat enveloping
it when in air; or from an iron with its more ready conductivity.
With trivial exceptions these accounts of hot meteorites belong to
sensational newspaper stories. There has certainly been heat in
melting intensity on the outer surface of the mass, but it has been
kept from penetrating by the intense cold of the interior. The
Widmannstiten figures of irons would have been destroyed by
intense heat. Cohen explains in this way the change of N’Gourey-
ma siderite from an octahedral iron to an ataxite.

There remains to be noticed the breaking up of the stone in the
air. Everything, astronomical inductions as well as physical facts,
certifies to the greatly varied size of the cosmic fragments which
enter our atmosphere. These variations doubtless existed primarily.
But while still in space, circulating in cometary orbits of long
extent, there must have been many collisions both among mem-
bers of the same stream and with those of other streams, and prob-
ably, too, with some of the streams coming, as has already been
noted, from opposite directions with opposite course around the
sun. Darwin (Geo. H.) has graphically described these streams as
hastening ever onward with the same profuse variety of fragments,
—great boulders, smaller ones like cobblestones, pebbles, gravel,
and even sand—as may be collected at the foot of a rocky cliff.
When such a stream chances to come within our earth’s attraction
and fall into our atmosphere, friction commences with ensuing at-
trition, heat, and luminosity. The myriad finer particles are prompt-
ly reduced to such comminution that they henceforth fall slowly,
reaching our earth with imperceptible fall as cosmic dust. The
smaller fragments flash out as shooting stars, none of which, says

198 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Herschel, have a nucleus much larger than cherries or chestnuts.
All these are in the upper air, from 70 to 100 miles above us. The
larger masses pass on and undergo the terrible ordeal of heat and
erosion; under which the largest pieces are promptly reduced to
smaller ones, perhaps not one tenth of their original size, and the
smallest pieces are worn out and dissipated entirely. Probably no
aerolite which entered our air smaller in size than the human head
ever reached our earth. The siderites have unquestionably resisted
better the forces of attrition, but of all the many million meteorites
(scientists’ estimates range from ten to twenty million) which
enter our atmosphere daily, probably less than a score reach our
earth, either as large or as small pieces. We do not sufficiently rec-
ognize the beneficent service to us which is performed by the cushion
of protecting atmosphere above our heads. It may be said inci-
dentally that the meteorites, both iron and stone, which reach our
earth and have been collected run in size from tiny bodies no larger
than peas all the way up with almost even gradation to blocks two
or three feet in diameter. The latter is the limit of the stones, the
largest one on record being the Long Island, Kansas, which is nearly
three feet long and weighs with all its fragments 1244 lbs. The
present specimen, Bath Furnace No. 3, is believed to be the third
aerolite in weight (177% lbs.) ever found on our hemisphere.
Iron meteorites run much larger. The two largest which have been
weighed are the Mexican Chupaderos weighing 15% tons, and the
Cape York Anighito, weighing 361% tons. Bacubirito, an iron me-
teorite, still lying in a valley of the Cordilleras in the State of Sina-
loa, Mexico, is longer and wider than either of the preceding, but
not so thick as the Greenland mass. When this Sinaloa mass is
weighed, it will be known which country, Mexico or Greenland, has
to its credit the heaviest meteorite so far known on our earth.
Once more let us look at our meteorites in the upper heavens.
They have entered our atmosphere as rough, angular masses which
would at first, for a short section of their flight, have a rotating
movement imposed upon them by the air’s resistance.. Then, their
angles and their projections being worn away and their center of
gravity established, their course becomes direct, and is marked by
a long, unbroken stream of light, with sparks flying through and
out of it. The head of this stream is larger than the part which
follows, and all are greatly larger than the meteorite kernel which

NOTES ON THE BATH FURNACE AEROLITE. 199

they enclose and conceal. The size and the brightness of this trail
of fiery sparks is indicative of the immense erosion and reduction
which the solid meteorite is undergoing. The greater size of the
front or head of the trail is due to the piling up in front of air
heated by compression to a state of incandescence. At intervals,
sometimes rare, sometimes frequent, but never regular, there are
what both the eye and the ear lead us to call explosions, a sudden
throwing off of sparks in all directions accompanied by a loud deto-
nation. The explanation commonly given of this phenomenon is
misleading, if not wholly incorrect, namely, that the breaking of the
mass with violent detonation results from the intense heat upon the
outside due to the friction, together with the extreme cold of the
inner portions, thus causing unequal expansion, and a cleaving away
of the outer portion from the inner, thus breaking up the mass. Asa
theory this may be reasonable, since we see such superficial flakings
in intensely heated blocks of granite and other dense rocks. But
there are reasons for seeking other explanations of these detonations.
As a fact the pieces of aerolites which show fracture in the air have
not at all the form of flakes or conchoidal plates. On the contrary
they show almost invariably as pieces broken more or less through
the middle of a larger mass. This is true of the hundreds of pieces in
a meteorite shower, as of Mocs, Pultusk, or Winnebago Co., where
the surfaces bearing a secondary crust show clearly the fracture
through the middle of the mass. Further, in the case of the Butsura
(India) aerolite the several pieces falling one or two miles apart
were found to fit together, and the fractures were deep through the
mass, not superficial. In short, the explosion theory for meteorite,
aerial dismemberment is not sustained by the facts registered on the
fragments themselves.

Our explanation is based on what has been said above of the
great compression of the air by the stone passing through it. This
compression generates a resistance and a density of air comparable
or even superior to that of the stone itself. To this resistance the
stone often yields and breaks, as would a stone crowded increasingly
against an immovable and impenetrable wall. In the breaking of
the meteorite the air in front falls into the vacuum following behind
with instantaneous effect, and thus the detonation follows imme-
diately on the breaking. In other and probably frequent instances

200 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

the meteorite turning in the air, owing to change of form by erosion,
allows the vacuum behind it to fill suddenly, and detonation ensues.
In none of these instances can the phenomenon be properly called
an explosion. Scientists would seem to be agreed that in describing
this breaking or bursting of a meteorite in its course, it shall not
be called an explosion in the sense of being due to a force acting
on the mass from within outward. But they have not come to an
agreement as to how the dismemberment and detonation are really
caused. We do know that the final bursting is a phenomenon in
that part of the meteorite’s course where cosmic velocity is retained,
for the fragments then thrown off have still time to acquire surfaces
of secondary crust, which would almost surely not occur during any
distance of gravitational fall. This means, then, a height of at least
30 miles, a height indeed which is accorded to the horizontal path
of many bursting and detonating meteors. There has been a
curious speculative theory originated by Haidinger, and practically
accepted by Brezina and Doss, that there is a point “Hemmungs-
punckt” as he calls it , where the falling meteorite finally loses its
cosmic velocity, reaches for an instant a “Stillstand,’’ and thence-
forth is left solely obedient to the power of gravity. Galle who also
accepts this theory adds to it a corollary, that the greater the origi-
nal cosmic velocity of a meteorite the less the gravitational velocity
with which it finally reaches our earth. It should be added that
this point of loss of cosmic impetus will be largely determined by
the angle between our earth’s surface and the path of the bolide, and
the consequent amount of aerial resistance which is to be overcome.
We leave this subject with the single additional observation that in
any clearly seen fall of a meteorite the detonation comes usually
some seconds, often indeed, several minutes, after the fall, the sound
coming at only 1100 feet per second, while the meteorite has traveled
much faster. We have also the curious fact that when there have
been several successive detonations it is the last one of these which
is heard first, and so on back in the series.

The force with which meteorites strike the earth is quite variable,
as we should expect from previous consideration of their relative
motions. Meteorites have been known to strike on thin ice and
rebound without breaking either the ice or themselves; while a 500
pound siderolite that fell at Estherville, Ia., on May 10, 1879, pene-
trated a stiff, clayey soil to a depth of eight feet. Another piece of

NOTES ON THE BATH FURNACE AEROLITE. 201

the same meteorite, weighing 170 pounds, fell two miles distant and
penetrated dry soil to a depth of only four and a half feet.

Recalling the date of its fall we observe that Bath Furnace is one
of the Leonid shower of meteorites, whose stream the earth en-
counters yearly on November 14th and 15th. Although we seem
to have been deprived of the main group of this stream which for
many centuries passed us at intervals of 33 years and was due in
1899, but which some astronomers tell us has been permanently di-
verted by the pull of Jupiter, we still have a smaller yet respectable
number appearing at the proper time. Possibly during the past 33
years the largest cluster of the stream has been dissipated and by
attenuation more evenly distributed along its track. In any case it is
interesting that so large a meteorite should have come to us in a
star-shower so feeble as that of Mid-November 1902.

The rarity of a periodical star-shower furnishing meteorites to
our earth, or the rarity of a meteorite fall occurring at the same
date as the shower, has been frequently commented upon. The
Lyrids and Perseids have indeed given no case of this concurrence.
But the Andromedes gave us, Nov. 27, 1885, the siderite Mazapil.
The Leonids had already three meteorite falls to their credit
(Werchne Tzchirskaja, South Russia, 1843, Trenzano, Italy, 1856,
Saline Township, Kansas, 1898), when on November 15th, 1902,
Bath Furnace came hurtling down in a triple shower in the woods
of eastern Kentucky. Prof. Farrington in describing Saline Town-
ship had drawn attention to the fact of its similarity in the leading
features of its composition to the two previously fallen Leonids.
And now we add a fourth, Bath Furnace, which, like its three pre-
decessors is also a spheroidal Chrondrite, although of an interme-
diate type. The fine inductive work of Schiaparelli nearly half a
century ago discovered the close and unquestionable relationship of
the several periodic star-showers with different comets of known
orbits. Thus the Andromedes are linked with the Biela comet, fol-
lowing its track and dropping off, as we have seen, the Mexican
m¢teorite Mazapil as it came near our earth in 1885. And in same
manner the Leonids are linked to Tempel’s comet, and have dropped
us four samples of the same in the last 61 years. H. A. Newton
and others have pointed out the fact that all the comets had origin-
ally long, elliptical orbits, and that most of them came to us from
interstellar space. Tempel’s comet of 1866, which is responsible

202 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

for our Bath Furnace aerolite, belongs now strictly to the solar
system, having, as Kirkwood informs us, its entire orbit in the space
between those of Mars and Jupiter. It was, however, originally of
interstellar source, and has been captured by Jupiter and tied up to
a shorter and more circular orbit, as have other comets to the num-
ber of nine. Whence the comet has brought this meteorite it would
be interesting to surely know. If, as is most reasonable, from in-
terstellar space, then our meteorite is indeed most wonderful. In-
teresting, too, that like one of our foreign steamers, it should have
come into port exactly on the appointed day.

Returning to our aerolite itself we find on examination that its
composition is a base of fine, compact olivine and enstatite, both
silicates of magnesia, with abundant sparkling points of nickel iron.
It also has numerous white and gray spherical chondri of like ma-
terial distributed through it and breaking firmly with the mass. Its
component minerals are thus allied to those of terrestrial volcanic
rocks; but in common with other aerolites it shows nothing of the
melted slag structure of lavas.

Stony meteorites apparently show us unchanged minerals from
inner parts of the parent cosmic body, as suggested by their con-
stantly anhydrous character and their feeble oxidation. That they
bring us no new mineral elements would seem to point to their
earthly origin. But spectrum analysis of the rays from other
heavenly bodies indicates a similarity of composition of all bodies
both from the solar system and from interstellar space. The varied
direction of meteorites as they enter our atmosphere, notably the
fact that some of them have an orbital motion contrary to that of the
solar system, points to extra-solar origin.

A review of the chemistry of meteorites teaches us that they yield
only those elements which we know to exist on our globe, and as
they have not offered us a single new element we may justly con-
clude that the most distant regions in stellar space contain only a
repetition in varying proportions and combinations of the same ele-
mentary substances as obtain upon our earth.

xe . ;
od * _
4 = iy Dek
vet oe eS oF ,
a - > “

VOL. 4, PP. 203-214.

ARTHROPYCUS AND DAEDALUS OF BURROW ORIGIN

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE NATURE OF TAONURUS

BY

Bs

CLIFTON J. SARLE. —

ROCHESTER, N. Y.
rs
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY,
tn ERM 1906.

!

i
4 A

, PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

AUG 1- 1906

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL. 4, PP. 203-210. FEBRUARY 12, 1906.

ARTHROPHYCUS AND DAEDALUS OF BURROW ORIGIN*

By CLIFTON J. SARLE.

The conclusion reached by the writer regarding the nature of the
problematic genera Arthrophycus Hall and Dedalus (Rouault) is
the result of a study of Arthrophycus alleghaniensis (Harlan) [A.
harlant (Conrad), Harlania halli Goeppert] and Dedalus archimedes
(Ringueberg), as they occur in the outcrop of the Medina (basal
Silurian), in the Genesee gorge at Rochester, N. Y.

A. alleghaniensis is known as simple or branching vermiform
ridges having numerous transverse corrugations and a median longi-
tudinal depression. The form here called D. archimedes occurs as
rugose plates which may be flat, vertical, and roughly U- or tongue-
shaped in outline, or crimped into irregular shapes, or may form
inverted archimedean spirals. One of the spirals was described by
Dr. Ringueberg as Spivophyton archimedes. In Europe the genus is
known as Vexzllum, but finding this name preoccupied, I have
adopted the name Dedalus, which was used by Rouault, the founder
of the genus Vexz//wm, for some forms which he at first regarded
as generically distinct from it.

Arthrophycus has been considered as the cast of a seaweed, a
worm, the trail of various animals, branched passages, and as the
result of purely mechanical forces. Its appearance has even suggested
the arms of an ophiuroid. Dedalus has been considered as a sea-
weed, a sponge, and as the result of mechanical forces, for example;
eddying water and rills.

The writer finds that A7throphycus has a structure very similar to
that of Dedalus, and has concluded that both are the result of the
burrowing of animals. .

*This is an abstract of a paper forming part of a thesis accepted by the faculty of Vale
Graduate School for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. It was read before Section E of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Syracuse, July 21, 1905. The pub-
lished paper will be fully illustrated.

20, Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE, VOL. 4, FEB. 12, 1906.

(203)

LIGRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAT

GARDEN.

204 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

In the Genesee gorge, D. archimedes occurs through the upper
30 feet of the Medina ; A. ad/eghaniensis is restricted to the lower 14
feet of this zone. The rock is a sandstone. The upper portion. is
argillaceous and homogeneous. The bedding planes are not pro-

Fig. 1.—Diagram showing the general mode of formation of D@dalus.

The upper dotted line represents the lower side of the burrow in its first position ; the lower
dotted line, the upper side of the cylinder, or burrow, in its last position ; d, e, 2, the strips, or pack-
ings made as the burrow was shifted; ¢, the thin edgé; E, lower portion of the last two packings
and the cylinder, enlarged, showing the caplike terminations of the strips, one fitting up into
another and the last ensheathing the end of the cylinder.

nounced and weathering carries the ledge back with an even face. In
the lower portion, the rock is purer sandstone and the layers are
separated by seams of shale which are more or less arenaceous. This

ARTHROPHYCUS AND DAEDALUS. 205

portion exhibits such features as bars, cross-lamination, oblique layer-
ing, current-crests, current-channels, erosional, ripple-marked, and

|

. 2.—Diagram showing gradation from the vertical form of D@dalus to the spiral.
Gs annie: t, thin edge.

sun-cracked surfaces, and occasionally surfaces covered with brecciated
matter or rolled balls of clay, indicating shallow water of fluctuating

206 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

depth, in which the conditions were probably virtually estuarine.
Remains of the characteristic life of the Paleozoic are completely
absent.

The ridges by which A. alleghaniens7s is known are found on the
under surface of sandstone layers resting in shaly partings. They
vary in width from +; to 34 of an inch and in relief from almost noth-
ing to as much as 2 or 3 inches. Usually they disappear into the
sandstone at either end. In length they vary from an average of 5 or

_ Fig. 3.—Diagram of base of a specimen of 4% volutions, showing self penetrations. Natural
size.

+r The oldest portion preserved isata,; the direction of formation was from a to 4, to, ¢ to d,
6 inches to 40 or 50inrarecases. Their surface is marked by regular,
shallow, transverse corrugations. In addition to these, the best pre-
served material shows fine parallel or interfering wrinkles extending in
the same direction. Usually there is a median longitudinal depres-
sion. The ridges cross and cut one another at every conceivable
angle, sometimes forming flabellations.

ARTHROPHYCUS AND DAEDALUS. 207

When ridges in higher relief are examined from the side the edges
of many closely appressed curved elements may be seen bearing traces
of the same transverse corrugations as the base and ascending
obliquely from it. Sometimes these elements can be traced some
distance into the sandstone. In well weathered specimens they are
found to be distinct and separable, lunate in section, the under side
the convex, and generally bearing the transverse corrugations and
longitudinal groove. They usually appear as branches from the upper
side of the basal ridge. This ridge, however, is not a one-piece cast,
but is formed of the overlapping lower ends of the elements as they
thin out successively. In many instances the elements do not lie
regularly one above the other, but a little to one side, so that two or

wine nck a . MO SRE yeti aT OTS y eral erty a ee
ae sey Se ee re ee Ss

a ee ee = iy 1 ep ees es ee ee EE

Ge ee Tees eh EVIE PUBS ga (pee ge lacy eS = raprenes aarys.
7 —- - —- — &e ——— Vie SS So ee ee
ira SS eS Nt SS Se ea eee

= ——

——— /

TAY ry, /}

adhd

vy, /, Th A aa b

Fig. 4—Diagram showing the general mode of formation in Arthrophycus.

A, clay stratum ; B, layer of sand in which burrowing began; C, sand deposited while the
burrow was occupied. In this, the structure is more or less completely obliterated, probably
because of the less stable nature of the sand near the surface, a@and 3, firstand last positions of
the burrow. The curving lines between indicate the edges of the strips, or packings, made as
the burrow was shifted. S, transverse section along the line XY, showing the form and
arrangement of the packings and their relation to the burrow; c, ridge on the under surface of a
sandy layer, formed when the burrow penetrates an underlying clay stratum.

more may be at almost the same level, thus producing a thickening.
Again, the displacement may be so pronounced toward the upper end
as to produce flaring fascicles. These structures are found as
frequently in the sandstone as projecting on its under surface. The
upper parts are very rarely preserved and then, but poorly.
Frequently the study of these compound structures is complicated
by their cutting through one another. Sometimes the cuttings take
place in such a way that the ridges made by the bases appear to

208 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

branch, and it is not unusual to find a number of them closely approxi-
mated and radiating from their intercepting ends. The casts can be
separated, showing one continuous through the other. The cuttings
afford the means of determining the relative ages of the structures, for
the one cut had to exist before the other could cut it.

D. archimedes occurs in the sandstone and sometimes in the more
arenaceous partings. The flat forms stand vertically in the rock, the
rounded end down (see Figure 1). They are frequently 12 to 14
inches in depth, and at the same time rarely exceed 4 inches in
breadth and % inch in thickness. Both faces are crossed by a series
of sagging ridges ascending higher at one end than the other. The
edge at which the upper ends terminate is the thicker. The ridges
are the edges of curved strips, lunate in section, which saddle one
upon the other. At their upper ends they thin out and lap upon a
marginal cylinder so as to partially enclose it. The cylinder extends
around the base, terminating in a blunt point at the thin edge. At
this edge the end of each gtrip forms a conical cap which partially
ensheathes the one beneath, the lowest capping the tip of the cylinder,
In many specimens traces of corrugations like those of Arthrophycus
occur upon the cylinder and the edges of the strips. Sometimes they
are so well defined as to impart a crenulated appearance to the surface
of the plate. They do not, however, occur upon the contiguous
surfaces. Where a base projects into an underlying shale, it may
show even the fine wrinkles.

Although many of the plates are practically flat, others are
crimped and contorted into an infinite variety of shapes. Many
specimens which are flat in the upper portion, have in the lower, the
form of an inverted archimedean spiral (see Figure 2), either dextral
or sinistral, each volution having from the side the appearance of an
oblique cone with its apex in the cavity of the one above. The
margin of the spiral is formed by the thin edge. At the base the
cylinder appears as the continuation of this edge, rounds upward, and
passes through the center of the structure. The curving strips,
which in the flat plates have a general transverse direction, turn
upward from the margin.

As in Arthrophycus, penetration of one structure by another is of
constant occurrence. In the spirals the cutting of one portion by
another portion is also very common. One specimen preserving 4%

ARTHROPHYCUS AND DADALUS, 209

volutions in nearly the same plane, cuts itself 9 times. Several of
these cuttings are represented in Figure 3 of its base.

The self-penetrations by giving the relative ages of different parts
of the spirals, enable us to determine the direction of formation in
Dedalus. Examination of specimens showing such cuttings estab-
lishes the cylinder as the terminal element and shows the direction to
be a general downward one. In the flat plates the descent is direct,
but in the flexuous and spiral forms it is more or less gradual or there
may be none.

The cylinder is always present, but the number of component
strips varies with the length. If we should in imagination trace the
development of a plate back to its beginning, we should expect a con-
tinually lessening number of strips as it became shorter and shorter,
until at last only the cylinder would remain. Such isolated cylinders
are found. They are roughly J-shaped and at the lower end taper to
a blunt point. The corrugations are limited to the under half of the
surface.

In Arthrophycus, the direction of formation was just the reverse of
that of Dedalus, and the last strip fitted to an overlying cylinder.
Isolated cylinders having a more open curvature than those referred
to Dedalus are sometimes associated with them.

The clue to the nature of Arthrophycus and Dedalus is given by
the penetrations. They show that these objects were not organisms.
The structures or portions of structures cut were in all cases casts.
The spirals which penetrate themselves were already casts as far down
at least as the point of penetration, while still in process of formation.
Casts, of course, could exist only in the sediment.

In my opinion the isolated cylinders are the casts of simple bur-
rows. The plates of Dedalus were formed by repeated packings of
sediment in the upper side of the lower portion of a J-shaped burrow
while it was being shifted. Each of the curved lamellz represents a
packing. The cylinder represents the burrow in its final position (see
Diagram 1). The packings were made largely in disposing of sedi-
ment sifted into the burrow by tidal currents and other agencies.
The direction which the shifting took adjusted the length of the
burrow to the growth of the occupant. The most rapid increase in
length was effected by the direct descent seen in the flat plates. The
lateral shifting which generated the flexuous plates, and when uniform
in direction, the spirals, became less and less effective in lengthen-

210 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

ing the burrow as the rate of descent diminished. For
example, in one specimen collected, in which there are between 8 and
9 volutions and probably in the neighborhood of 800 packings, the
descent is only 3% inches. The directness of descent was undoubtedly
affected to some degree by the conditions at the surface. If denuda-
tion was going on, the destruction of the upper portion of the burrow
would need to be offset ; if on the other hand, sediment was accumu-
lating over the spot, the aperture would be raised and the rate of
descent would be retarded according to the rapidity of deposition.
Variations in the factors governing the direction of shifting resulted in
the formation of plates which are flat in one portion and flexuous or
spiral in another. Deviations in the direction often led to the bur-
row’s cutting through some portion of the earlier packings which it
could do just as it could through the surrounding sediment ora neigh-
boring cast.

In Arthrophycus the insifting sediment, instead of being packed
against the upper side of the lower portion of the burrow, appears to
have been distributed along the entire under side, thus producing a
progressive shifting of the whole burrow (see Figure 4).

With each shifting the lower end was extended, and this tended to
keep the burrow at about the same depth and inclination; it maintained
the length or increased it, the amount needed, as in Dedalus, depend-
ing upon the amount of sedimentation. In many cases the animal is
seen to have shifted laterally, first one way then the other. From the
flabellations it appears that it sometimes drew out from a burrow and
made a new one beside it; for usually the cuttings show that the
different series of packings comprising a flabellation were formed suc-
cessively from one side of the group to the other.

The packings in Arthrophycus and Dedalus were probably made
by pressure exerted by the animal’s body. From their distinctness it
seems likely that they were separated by some secretion, like a film of
tenacious, quick-hardening mucus, added to make the material packed
more cohesive. By the same pressure by which the creature com-
pacted the insifting material on one side, it crowded itself into the
sediment on the other. When this was silt, it took an impression of
the minutest details of the body.

The animals which formed these burrows were probably sedentary
Polycheta.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL, 4, PP. 211-214. FEBRUARY 12, 1906.

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE NATURE OF TAONURUS.

By CuLiFTON J. SARLE.

Read before the Academy December 11, 1905.

Among problematic genera probably none has aroused more
general interest and discussion than Zaonurus. This genus was
created in 1858 by Fischer-Ooster for fossils from the Flysch of
Switzerland. To it are referable the fossils known under the names
Spirophyton Hall, Alectorurus Schimper, Physophycus Schimp., Can-
cellophycus Saporta, and Glossophycus Saporta and Marion. It should
also include some of the forms placed under Zaonichnites (Medusich-
nites) Matthew, as well as those under the older genus Zoophycos
Massalongo which do not agree with the type species 7. caput-meduse
in being cespitose.

As thus comprehended, 7aonurus ranges from early Cambrian to
late Tertiary and appears to be world-wide in its occurrence. It is
found in both shallow and deep water deposits. Often it is so abund-
ant as literally to make up great thicknesses of strata which may other-
wise be practically barren.

The prevailing opinion among writers regarding the nature of
Taonurus has been that it is a plant, the majority referring it to the
algae, a few to the aquatic hepaticze. It has also been regarded as an
anthozoan, as the coprolite of a mud-eating animal, possibly of a
holothurian, and as a mere surface marking produced by the tentacles
of some creature. Other views are that it is of purely mechanical
origin, produced by running or swirling water and by forces acting
during or after solidification of the beds. One writer is of the opinion
that different forms may have originated in different ways, namely, by
the action of swirling water, by the action of waves upon attached
plants, and by the movements of worms upon the surface of the sedi-
ment. Another has advanced the view, first, that it was formed by

21, Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE, VOL. 4, FEB. 12, 1906.

(211)

2a) 2 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

the filling of a system of branched passages, later, that it represents a
spiral cavity, which he is inclined to think served as a repository for
eggs rather than as a dwelling. In this connection he points out a
resemblance between the form of Zaonurus and that of the spirally
enrolled spawn bands of certain gastropods. More recently he has
attempted to show by experiments in blowing through a slender tube
upon fluid clay, that structures
analogous to Zaonurus might be
produced by various physiological
movements.

The explanation of the nature
of ZYaonurus, presented here in
brief, was suggested in a recent
study of Dedalus (Rouault)* by
the general resemblance of 7Zao-
nurus tothatform. The material
upon which this explanation is
based is from the Esopus and
Hamilton formations of the middle
Devonian in New York. In col-
lecting it special pains were
taken to note the position of the
fossil in the beds.

Taonurus may be described
as thin plates occurring nearly
horizontally in the rock, from
which they are frequently sepa-
rable. These may be roughly
U-shaped or suboval in outline
(see Figure 1) or irregularly
lobate, or may form inverted

Fig. 1.—U-shaped form of Taonurus, F Z :
ees archimedean spirals, either dex-

tral or sinistral, in which the successive volutions increase in size
downward (see Figure 2). An individual volution has the appear-
ance of a flat cone with the apex directed upward. Many of the
spirals are more or less lobed in outline. Both faces of these plates
are marked by a series of curving lines or ridges. In the U-shaped

*“ Arthrophycus and Dedalus of Burrow Origin”’’; Proc. Rochester Acad. of Sci. vol. 4;
1906, pp. 203-210.

NATURE OF TAONURUS. 218
or oval plates, beginning at one side they cross with a curvature
nearly the same as that of the base and ascend along the other. The
edge of the plate is formed by a narrow border, usually flat, but
sometimes in better preserved specimens, distinctly cylindric. In the
spirals the ridges radiate outward from the apex in sickle-shaped
curves to meet the margin at a low angle, recalling the lines of sparks
given off from a pin-wheel. In many spirals, however, at the upper
end of the top volution, they are arranged in such a way as to sug-
gest the form and appearance of one of the U-shaped plates. The
free edge of the spiral is formed by the marginal cylinder, which at
the base of the structure rounds in and upward and passes through
the center. In some well-weathered specimens preserved in sand-
stone, the curved ridges are seen to be the edges of strips which are

Ay

2I>»>.
—_—— =

Fig. 2.--Spiral form of Taonurus ; c, cylinder.

lunate in section and saddle one upon the other, the last of the series
partially enclosing the cylinder.

Frequently these structures are found passing through others, or
one part of a spiral may pass through another part. These penetra-
tions could not have occurred had these structures been organic.
The self-penetrations are always the cutting of an upper volution by a
lower. This indicates downward formation. It also shows that these
structures originated in the sediment, for the portions cut were casts,
and as such could-exist only in the sediment.

As intimated above the key to the nature of Zaonurus was given
by a study of Daedalus. That genus comprises simple J-shaped
cylinders and U-shaped, irregularly flexed, and spiral plates, much
thicker than those of Zaonurus (see Figures 1 and 2, pages 204, 205
of this volume.) The U-shaped plates stand vertically in the rock
instead of reclining, and the volutions of the spirals generally form
acute cones, instead of depressed, and are practically uniform in size in

214 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

the same spiral. These plates have essentially the same structure seen
in Zaonurus,—a series of curved lamelle, lunate in section, and a
marginal cylinder. They also penetrate one another and themselves,
and like it were formed downward. A comparison of the two genera
makes unavoidable the conclusion that they originated in the same
way, that is, that Zaonurus like Dedalus was formed by successive
packings of sediment along the radial side of a curved burrow which
was shifted with each packing, the aperture as a rule remaining
stationary. The packings are represented by the lamelle, the burrow
by the marginal cylinder. The distal end of the cylinder was formed
by successive fillings in the blind end of the burrow, the ascending
portion, by the filling finally of the burrow itself. The burrow
extended nearly horizontally in the sediment instead of nearly
vertically, as in Dedalus. When the packing was principally in the
lower portion, an elongated plate, U-shaped in outline was formed, the
burrow gradually lengthening with each shifting. When the material
was distributed along the side of the burrow for the greater part of its
length, the displacement became lateral as well as longitudinal and
resulted in the formation of a spiral plate of increasing dimensions, the
burrow rounding in at the base being the generatrix of the volutions
and axis of the structure. Variations in the way in which the sedi-
ment was disposed of produced corresponding variations in outline.
Sometimes in the spirals the deviations in direction led to the burrow’s
passing through some portion of its former path, producing the self-
penetrations described.

It seems likely, as in Dedalus, that the animal which produced
these structures was a sedentary polychzetous annelid.

Dictyodora liebeana Weiss, which has been compared to, Zaonz-
rus (Spirophyton) and Dedalus, is probably of the same nature as
these.

The forms included under Yaonurus by Saporta and others, and
now recognized as belonging to the genus Ahzzocorallium Zenker
( Glossifungites Lomnicki), were produced by the packing of sediment
along the radial side of a reclining U-shaped burrow of two openings,
as it was repeatedly shifted and lengthened. The species described as
Arenicolites duplex Williams was produced in the same way, instead
of by the filling of grooves in the surface of the mud.

Oe ad fa TA ee RRBs BN jay
if SR Pepe
. mad is a
; pes
H S C

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL. 4, PP. 215-224, PLATES XX-XXII.

NEW OR RARE PYRENOMYCETEA: FROM
WESTERN NEW YORK

BY

CHARLES E. FAIRMAN.

*
-,
;
t
RocHEsTER, N. Y.
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY,
MARCH, 1906.
i f r
2
iw
Othe” CIMT
7 k
; fo vis

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VoL. 4, PP. 215-224. MARCH, 1906.

NEW OR RARE PYRENOMYCETEE FROM WESTERN

NEW YORK. LIBRAR
NEW YO
CHARLES E. FAIRMAN. BOTANK

Presented by title February 12, 1906.

The species here enumerated were collected at Lyndonville, N. Y.,
unless other locality is given. The numbers run on consecutively
from the list of Pyrenomycetez of Orleans County, printed as pages
165-191 of this volume, to which this paper is supplementary. *

Among the Ophioboli are some species distinguished by having
curved sporidia. The curves may occur at any point in the sporidium,
from one-third to one-half its length. Some are ‘straight while in the
ascus, becoming curved only when free. Some of the species with
curved sporidia have, also, one or more of the joints swollen, at a
point varying with the species. Most of the species of this genus
occur upon dead stems, and but rarely upon leaves. Hence the fol-
lowing species is deemed worthy of mention, inasmuch as it combines
the features of curved sporidia, swollen joints, and foliicolous habitat.

355. Ophiobolus sceliscophorus Fairman, ‘n. sp.

Perithecia minute, black, seated upon dead arid spots on the
leaves ; asci clavate-cylindrical, mostly bent, but occasionally straight,
the curvature corresponding to a similar bend in the sporidia, 90-100 x
IO /4; paraphyses not seen ; sporidia filiform, curved, 10-11 septate,
the joint at a distance of 30 from the end, (one-third the length),
slightly swollen, hyaline, about the length of the ascus, 90 x 2% to 3 p.
(Plate XX., Fig. 1.)

On leaves of Phlox drumondii, in garden, Lyndonville, N. Y.,
1905. Etym. from Gr. skeliskos, a little leg, and pherein, to bear.

*In reference to number 285 of the first list, Otthia morbosa (Schw.) E. & E., Professor P. A.
Saccardo writes from Padova Nov. 11, 1905, ‘‘J’observe que vous referez d’apres votre illustre
am. Ellis le Plowrightia morbosa au genr. Otthia, mais si vous pensez qu’il est un vrai parasite
hypertrophisant vous resterez convencu qu’il est un type tres-distinct.”’

Number 331, Lophiostoma pruni E. & E., was found on decorticated branches of Sa/ix on the
beach of Lake Ontario at Shadigee, Orleans Co., Nov. 18, 1905. Det. Rehm. This is a new
habitat for this species.

22, Proc. ROCH. ACAD. SCIENCE, VOL, 4, MARCH 27, 1906

(215)

G

ARDI

216 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

356. Hypoderma ptarmicola Fairman, n. sp.

Perithecia erumpent longitudinally, 1-4 mm. long, open when
fresh, when dry almost closed, margin entire, regular, but sometimes
curved, black externally, the interior reddish-brown to brown, and
becoming sub-olivaceous when dry ; asci clavate-cylindrical, narrowed
at the apex and tapering to a long filiform stipe, 74-125 x 10-13 /,
(averaging 80-90 x 10 4#.); sporidia oblong, straight or curved,
generally acutely pointed at one end, 33-35 x 2-3 #4, nucleate at each
end, and spuriously uniseptate from endochromatic division. (Plate
XCX., Fig: 2).

_ On dead stems of Achillea plarmica, lying on ground in garden,
Lyndonville, N. Y., 1905.

As arule there are eight small nuclei in each end of the sporidium,
but it can not be said that this is a constant feature. The asci are
shaped like a tadpole.

This can not be the Schizothyrium ptarmice, common in Europe,
upon Achillea, nor Phacidium ptarmice Schroter, which, sec. Feltgen,
Vorstudien, I. Theil, No. 381, page 128, isa synonym of Schzzothyrium
plarmice Desmazieres, for this is said to have oval spores, 10 y in
diam., but may be the hysteriaceous representative found in this
country.

-

357- Leptospheria physostegie Fairman, n. sp.

Perithecia small, black, conical, erumpent, scattered or gregarious;
asci oblong cylindrical, 80-85 x 10 #; sporidia overlapping uniseriate,
3-5 septate, slightly, or not at all constricted at the septa, light
brown, oblong fusoid, nucleolate, 20-26 x 6-7 #4.

On dead stems of Physostegia virginiana Benth., False Dragon-
head, cultivated, in garden, Lyndonville, N. Y., Sept., 1905. The
end cells are apt to be smaller and binuclear, and the middle cells
larger and mononuclear.

358. Sporormia leguminosa Fairman, n. sp.
(Plate 2X1. ;Migs. 4,25 3) 4515.)

Perithecia gregarious, elevating the surface of the pod into
sub-hemispherical pustules, which are concolorous with the pod, and
pierced at the summit by the ostiola, which vary from a sub-acute
to a broad sub-compressed form ; asci clavate-cylindrical, surrounded
by numerous interwoven filiform paraphyses, 140-150 x 15-16 #;
sporidia brown, when young marked by light colored longitudinal

PYRENOMYCETEA FROM WESTERN NEW YORK. 217

bands, or streaks, which may be invisible in the older and opaque
ones, quadrilocular, irregularly biseriate, straight, or curved, involved
in mucus, 43-47 x 10 #; end cells ovate, 13 4 long, middle cells
barrel shaped, 10 long. On the inner surface of pod of locust,
Robinia pseudacacia L., lying on the ground, under shrubbery, in
garden, Lyndonville, N. Y., October 3, 1905. This can not be
referred to Sporormia intermedia, var. lignicola Ph. et Plow., for the
asci are not as broad, the sporidia are smaller, and the ostiola are
different, according to the description in Sylloge, and Berlese, Icones
Fungorum, Tab. XXIX., Fig. 3. The light colored bands of the
young sporidia are peculiar, we think, to this species.

A distinct group of fungi inhabiting dung has been proposed, the
Fimicoli, yet it is well known that species of Sordaria, Sporormia,
etc., are occasionally, even if rarely, found on decaying vegetable
tissues. Among the species of Sforormia, described in Sylloge, vol-
umes II. and IX., 44 species, only 5, or eight and eight-tenths per
cent. ate mentioned as occurring on plants. Sporormia lignicola Ph.
& Plow., Sacc:, Syll., II., p. 128, No. 3330 is on Fraxinus, and has
sporidia 60 x 14 4. Sporormia ulmicola Pass. & Winter, Sacc.,
Syll., II., p. 128, is on elm and is provided with sporidia 38 x 8 y,
while form guercina, with sporidia 40-50 x 10 /, is different from
our specimen, in habitat and ostiola. Sporormia gigaspora Fuckel,
on wood, Sacc., Syll., II., p. 132, No. 3342, has 8-celled sporidia.
Sporormia ticinensis Pirotta, Sacc., Syll., II., p. 132, No. 3343,
is on Populus, and is also 8-celled. Sporormia brassice Grove,
Sacc., Syll., [X., p. 818, No. 3332, on putrescent stalks of cabbage,
Brassica sp., has sporidia 25-35 x 4-5 #4. The ‘‘Sporormia spec.’’,
on Brassica, described by Feltgen, in Vorstudien, I. Theil, Ascomy-
cetes, p. 341, No. 1043, resembles Grove’s species somewhat, having
sporidia 25-27 x 7 #. Thus it appears that Sporormia leguminosa
is, at least, different from non-fimicolous Sporormiz, which have been
described.

359. Amphispheria bertiana Fairman, n. sp.

(Plate XX., Figs. 3 and 4.)

Perithecia gregarious in indefinite clusters, or rarely, scattered,
large, 300-500 #4 diam., globose or ovate-globose, dull black, coarsely
tuberculate-roughened, pierced by the prominent conical ostiola,
which are lustrous polished black ; contents of the crushed perithecia
white ; asci octosporous, narrow clavate-cylindrical, tapering to a

218 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

very long filiform stipe, surrounded by numerous filiform paraphyses,

I25-I50 x 5-6 yw: sporidia uniseriate, uniseptate, the septum being
very broad and dark brown, elliptical, ends obtusely rounded, not
constricted at the septum, with a single large nucleus in each
cell (which is very plainly seen in the young smoky-hyaline
sporidia, but also observable in older specimens, by close inspection
of the cell contents, which are lighter than the very dark brown septa
and external cell walls), brown or olivaceous, 10-12 x 3-44. _In moist
cavities on the end of a rotten log, in the woods, Lyndonville, N. Y.,

Oct., 1905. Etym. bertiana from the resemblance of its perithecia to
the rough tuberculate ones of Bertia moriformis Tode (DeNot). I

have re-examined the specimens of Amphispheria granulosa E. & E.,

in the original collection, and find that Amphispheria bertiana, while
having sporidia about the same size, differs in larger, more closely
gregarious perithecia, larger, shining ostiola, in long stipitate asci,
and in sporidia not narrowed toward the ends, in equal cells, not con-
stricted, and having, also, nuclei. It differs from A. dzspherica (C. &
E.), in larger, blacker perithecia, and prominent ostiola, and in long
stipitate asci, and sporidia not constricted. It was associated with
FHlelotium citrinum (Hedw.), and a Nectria with scattered perithecia
having uniseriate, oblong-elliptical, uniseptate sporidia, 13 x 5-6 #4.

On the blackened surface of the wood on which the fungus grew there
were found many of the dark, evidently discharged sporidia of the
Amphispheria, and a hyphomycetous fungus with septate, branching,

hyaline hyphez, 6 p wide, bearing at the tips, hyaline to smoky-
hyaline conidia, which are oblong elliptical, 2-septate, 20 x 6-7 #,

which may be provisionally designated Dendryphium (?) intermixtum.

Plate XX., Fig. 3.

360. Leptospora stictochztophora Fairman, n. sp.

(Plate XX., Figs. 5 and 6).

Perithecia scattered or gregarious, small, clothed with bristles
which are light brown when young, becoming darker, and which
are straight, not denticulate, acute tipped, with a light streak through
the center of the hairs, (due, probably, to a parting or cleft in the hair,
or formation of a channel, thereby giving the appearance of a stinging
hair of a plant, or the sting of abee (Zoméus) and its poison channel),
150-250 x 7-13 #% (measurements of the hairs) ; asci broad fusoid-
oblong, 8-spored, short stipitate, 80-90 x 10-13 #4; paraphyses indis-
tinct in the crushed cell contents, which are white ; sporidia irregularly

PYRENOMYCETEZE FROM WESTERN NEW YORK. 219

biseriate, straight or curved, cylindrical or large allantoid, ends sub-
obtusely rounded, with a large oblong-elliptical nucleus in each end,
hyaline, 20-27 x 4-6 #4. Ostiolum concealed by the dense tomentum,
but not ribbed. Etym. stictochztophora, bearing stinging bristles,
from Greek, stizein, to puncture or prick, chaite, (N. L., cheta,) a
bristle, and Gr. pherein, to bear. On hard surface of decorticated
maple twig, on ground, in woods, Lyndonville, N. Y., 1905. The
sporidia resemble those of Lastospheria stupea E. & E., N. A. Pyr.,
p. 150 and plate 19, but are Aya/ine and much smaller, the asci are
also smaller, and there was no appearance of ribbed ostiola, so that all
these points, and the peculiar structure of the hairs, entitle the species
to specific rank.

361. Trichospheria interpilosa Fairman, n. sp.

Perithecia scattered, minute, ovate-globose, sparingly clothed with
dark brown hairs, which are lighter at the tips, with a minute papilliform
ostiolym, asci clavate-cylindrical, 77-93 x 10 44; sporidia obliquely
uniseriate, oblong oval to ovate, continuous, granular, occasionally
assuming a sub-sigmoid form from pressure in the asci, hyaline, 13-14
x 6-7 #. On rotten wood, Lyndonville, N. Y., Oct., 1905. The
fungus occurs on lighter areas of the wood, and seems to rest upon a
thin brownish subiculum, and the surface of the wood is covered with
erect brownish hairs, whence the specific name, interpilosa. On the
same stick, on blacker areas, were to be seen perithecia with blackish
hairs, and having asci oblong clavate, paraphysate, 83-85 x 12-13 4,
sporidia fusoid, hyaline, 27 x 4-6 4, with no visible septa. This was
considered to be an immature form of Acanthostigma decastylum
(Cooke), which Dr. William G. Farlow in Bibliographical Index of
North American Fungi, Vol. I., Part I., page 3, refers to Acantho-
stigma perpusillim, DeNot.

362. Amphisphzria abietina Fairman, n. sp.

Perithecia scattered, or very loosely gregarious, minute, depressed
sub-hemispherical, thin, when young and immature elevating the sur-
face of the bark into light brown or concolorous pustules, when maturer
becoming sub-erumpent, black at the apex, and readily removable from
the surface, leaving therein a depression with flattened base, having the
same color as the interior of the bark ; ostiola minute, papilliform ;
asci oblong cylindrical, 100-110 x 20 / ; paraphyses filiform,
nucleolate ; sporidia 7-8 in an ascus, irregularly biseriate, elliptical,
rounded at the ends, slightly or not at all constricted at the septum,

220 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

when young smoky hyaline, nuceolate or granular, becoming brown,
23-28 x 6-10 #, and uniseptate. Onsmoothareas on bark of hemlock,
Tsuga canadensis Carr., in woods, Lyndonville, N. Y., Nov., 1905.
This species is ambiguous between Didymospheria and Amphispheria.
At first it is covered and wholly like Didymospheria but with age
becomes more superficial, and is partially denuded, with sporidia not
broadly elliptical, nor as dark as Didymospheria, but narrow-elliptical
and smoky-hyaline to brownish in color.

363. Diaporthe ailanthi megacerasphora Fairman, n. var.

Perithecia in a yellow stroma, formed of the scarcely altered sub-
stance of the wood or bark, valsoid, black, with very long, 2-4 mm.,
black, simple or branched, spreading, flexuous or contorted, tuberculate
roughened, sub-spinous ostiola, which are sometimes knobbed, but
generally narrowed to a sub-acute, translucent, light brown tip, and
which pierce the bark singly, or in erumpent fascicles of 1 to 20; asci
clavate oblong, 45 x I1-12 #4; sporidia irregularly biseriate, hyaline,
oblong fusoid, acute or rounded at the apices, at times sub-constricted
(at length, uniseptate?), 4-guttulate, usually with one half a little
larger than the other, 10-13 x 3 /.

Etym. from Greek, megas, long, and cereephiatal horn-bearing,
from the fungus bearing very long ostiola. On dead and rotting
limbs of Azlanthus glandulosus Desf., Lyndonville, N. Y., Oct., 1905.
The perithecia leave a deep excavation in the wood when picked
out, and the contents are white, and waxy when fresh, and sometimes
push up the bark above them and underlie it. No distinct black cir-
cumscribing line was noticed around the stroma. In the description
of Diaporthe ailanthi Sacc., in North Am. Pyrenomycetes, Ellis and
Everhart say the ostiola are quite variable and are ‘‘sometimes %
mm. long.’’ In our variety they are very much longer. In the
Sylloge, Vol. I, p. 621, it is stated that the nucleus is yellow, that of
var. megacerasphora is white. The peculiar tuberculate-roughened
ostiola, with hyaline to light brown apices, and great length of the
ostiola render this a well marked variety. The surface of the wood is
covered with a thin, plane black crust. An interesting phenomenon
was noticed in this species in the ejection of the sporidia. Normally
these are ejected through the ostiola, at the apex, after escaping from
the ascus during rupture, or ascorhexis (askos, a sac or ascus, and
rhexis, a rupture of a vessel or organ). The ejaculation of the
sporidia has received various names, according to the language of

PYRENOMYCETEZ FROM WESTERN NEW YORK. 221

the observer. It is called ejection, or ejaculation of the sporidia,
herausschleuderung, etc. A name is here proposed which is univer-
sally applicable, viz.. ssorobolia (Greek, sporos, and bolia from bole).
Following Zopf, in Die Pilze, we may divide this into, a, simultaneous
sporobolia, 4, succedaneous sporobolia. A small piece of the black
crust, and a long ostiolum were removed from the wood and placed
in a drop of water on the slide, when the microscope revealed the
curious fact that the sporidia were escaping from the lower, or cut
end of the ostiolum, and not from the tip. This retropulsion of the
sporidia, or vetrosporobolia, was probably caused by endosmosis taking
place, and the hydrostatic pressure forcing the sporidia stored up in
the ostiolum to escape along the lines of least resistance, by way of the
cut lower end of the ostiolum, which was larger, and, presumably,
more pervious. Plate XX., Fig. 7 showsa branched ostiolum and the
act of retrosporobolia, which was succedaneous.

364. Amphispheria zruginosa Fairman, n. sp.

(Plate XOCll.; Figs. 1) 2, 3; 4)

Perithecia scattered, or gregarious, minute, about 80 to 100 4
diam., depressed hemispherical, erumpent, black, with a minute
papilliform ostiolum ; asci cylindrical, 4-8 spored ; sporidia uniseptate,
overlapping uniseriate, straight or curved, narrow-elliptic, scarcely
constricted at the septum, ends sub-obtuse, smoky-hyaline at first,
becoming pale brown, 13-15 x 244-34 #. Onold board (77/2) lying
on the ground in school yard, Lyndonville, N. Y., Nov., 1905. Many
of the sporidia are shrivelled, and the lower cell is contracted, so that a
club-shaped effect is produced. The surface of the board is brown,
not black as in A. atrograna (C. & E.), and the interior of the wood
is stained green, as if caused by Chlorosplenium aeruginosum, Speci-
mens were submitted to Dr. H. Rehm, Neufriedenheim, Miinchen,
and he writes, ‘‘wachst offenbar auf griinfaulem Holz durch Chloro-
splenium eruginosum, und steht der A. atrograna (C. & E.), zu-
nachst, verschieden besonders durch kleinere Perithecien. Ist als nova
species zu erachten, und von Ihnen zu veroffentlichen.’’ The follow-
ing species were sent to Dr. Rehm for identification, and found to be
new. He has kindly allowed me to publish them :

365. Didymella arthonizspora Rehm, n. sp.

Perithecia sessilia, gregaria, hemisphzrica, vix papillata, ostiolo
perspicuo pertusa, nigra, ad basim hyphis nonnullis brevibus, fuscis
obsessa, c. 100 /# diam., parenchymatice fuscidule contexta, sicca

222 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

collabentia ; asci oblongi, apice rotundati, sessiles, 35 x 15 #4, 8-spori ;
spore sub-clavate, medio septate, vix constrictz, cellula superiore
latiore, utraque I magniguttata, hyaline, 18-20 x 6-7 yp, distiche ;
paraphyses articulate, hyaline, 2.5 # cr. (Didymella stenocarpi
Tassi-Sacc. Syll. XVI. p. 480-proxima, sporis majoribus et paryphy-
sibus distinctis diversa). On bark of some fallen tree in the woods,
Lyndonville, N. Y., autumn of 1905, C. E. Fairman, coll.

366. Amphisphezria polymorpha Rehn, n. sp.

Perithecia dispersa, primitus innata, dein emergentia, globoso-
conoidea, plus minusve elongato-papillata, atra, glabra, 0,5 mm. diam.,
ad basim hyphis crebris, ramosis, fuscis, 3-4 # cr. obsessa, parenchy-
matice contexta, subcarbonacea; asci elongato-fusiformes, apice
rotundati, crasse tunicati, 210-250 x 30-35 #, 4-8 spori; spore
fusiformes, recte, primitus utrinque acutissimz, episporio crasso
instructee, medio septate, vix constrictz, utraque cellula guttulis oleosis
dilute flaveolis replete, hyaline, demum brunneolz, versus apices minus
acutatz, medio paullum constrictz, evanidis guttulis oleosis, 75-80 x
12-20 p, distiche ; paraphyses ramosz, septate, hyaline, 2 yp cr.
( ‘‘ Polymorpha propter’’ formam et colorem variantem juvenilem ad
senilem. Diversa ab A. dotulispora (Cooke) Sacc. cellulis spore
eequalibus, ab A. closterophora B. & Br., peritheciis multo minoribus,
sporis medio vix constrictis). On bark of fallen log (probably U/mus),
in a wooded, marshy ravine, Lyndonville, N. Y., autumn of 1905,
C. E. Fairman coll. The Latin diagnoses were furnished by Dr.
Rehm.

367. Rosellinia linderz Peck.

Peck, 49th Rep., 1896, page 24. On dead stems of Lindera ben-
zoin Blume, Oct. 14, 1905. Asci long cylindrical, long stipitate, with
filiform paraphyses ; sporidia uniseriate, oblong elliptical, brown,
10x 3 44 The very thick walls of the perithecia have a layer of
brown cells in the interior.

368. Hypoxylon rubiginosum (Pers.) Fr.

On birch chips, Betula lutea, on the ground in the woods, Oct.,
1905. Asci clavate-cylindrical, 83-85 x 7-8 “3 sporidia uniseriate,
elliptical, continuous, brown, when young binucleate, 10 x 4 #4.

369. Nummularia clypeus (Schw.) Cke.

E. & E., N. Am. Pyren., page 627. Ontrunks of fallen trees in
the woods, Ridgeway, N. Y., autumn of 1905. Det. Peck.

PYRENOMYCETEZ FROM WESTERN NEW YORK. 223

370. Ceratostomella cirrhosa (Pers.) Sacc.

E. & E., N. Am. Pyr., page 196. On rotten limbs on the
ground in woods, October 24, 1905. Perithecia surrounded by
septate brown hairs, and provided with a long cylindrical ostiolum ;
asci cylindrical, short stipitate, straight or curved, 53-57 x 6-7 #4;
sporidia narrow oblong cylindrical, continous, greenish hyaline, 10-12
X 2-3 pL.

371. Zignoella pulviscula (Curr.) Sacc.

On chips of Betala lutea Michx. Woods, Oct., 1905. Probably
a variety of Zignoella ovoidea (Fr.), which in Lindau, Hilfsbuch
fur das Sammeln der Ascomyceten, is given as the species found
in Germany on Sefula, Perithecia minute, black, hemispherical,
minutely roughened ; asci clavate cylindrical, short stipitate, para-
physate, straight or curved, 73-80 x 10 4 (some were found long
tapering stipitate, 110 x 10 #4); sporidia overlapping uniseriate, or
irregularly biseriate, fusoid, straight, or curved, uniseptate, occasionally
granular and nucleolate, 25 x 3-4 y+, hyaline.

372. Cryptospora caryze Peck.

Peck, saety Rep, pr 106, tab, 2, Figs 28-45, °N. Az Pyr., p:
536. On dead branches of Carvya, Oct. 13, 1905. Asci 100-120x 12-
13 #, clavate cylindrical; sporidia granular nucleate, spuriously
septate, hyaline, 37 x 6-7 y, a little smaller than Ellis states. Needs
to be studied in all its stages of growth, so as to be compared with
Pseudovalsa fairmani E, & E.

373. Hypomyces insignis B. & C.

E. & E., N. A. Pyr., p. 76. Syn. Aypomyces transformans
Peck, in 39th Rep. N. Y. State Museum, page 57. On Cantharellus,
in the woods, August, 1905. In our specimens the sporidia are
hyaline, uniseptate, apiculate at each end, 33 x 6-7 4. Ellis says 37 p
long, but Peck makes them 33-38 y long.

374. Hypocrea contorta (Schw.) B. & C.

Syn. 7. Schweinitzi (Fr.) in N. A. Pyr., p. 79. On dead
branches, in the woods, 1905. Det. Peck.

375. Hypocrea gelatinosa (Tode) Fr., var. viridis Tode.

E. & E., N. A. Pyr., p. 84. Onrotten log, woods, Autumn, 1905.
The stroma, at first, is of a light transparent color, which turns yellow,
then becomes pulverulent green on the surface, from the greenish
sporidia. Accompanied by 77zchoderma viride Tode, conidial state.

224 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

376. Gibberella saubinettii (Mont.) Sacc.

On dead grass stems, in the woods, Sept. 7th, 1905. Perithecia
conoid, bluish when crushed ; sporidia triseptate, slightly constricted
at the septa, hyaline, 20-27 x 4 pu.

377. Lophiostoma czspitosum Fuckel.

On dry corticated branches of UZmus.

378. Lophiostoma simillimum Karst.

Syn. Leptospheria achillee Sacce., Lophiostoma bicuspidatum
Cooke. Sacc., Syll., vol. II., p. 707, Berlese, Icones Fungorum,
Fasc. I., p. 12 and Tab. VII., Fig. 5. On dead stems of cultivated
Flelianthemum mutabile, on the ground, in garden, Sept. 15th, 1905.
The fungus blackens the stems wherever it appears. Asci elongated,
clavate-cylindrical, 75 x 12 4; sporidia 5-septate, straight, or curved,
armed at each end with a hyaline appendage, brown, 20 x 6-7 p#.

379. Hysterographium variabile (C. & P.) Sacc.

On dead wood. Det. Peck.

380. Hysteropatella prostii (Duby) Rehm, var. vzxv7szbzlis
Gerard. Rehm, Discom., p. 267. Cfr. Shear, New York Fungi, 183.

On bark in the woods, Autumn, 1905. Det. Rehm.

Proc. ROCH. ACAD. SCIENCE. VoL 4: PLare XX

Fig. 1.—Sporidia of Ophiobolus sceliscophorus.

Fig. 2.—Sporidia of Aypoderma ptarmicola.

Fig. 3.—Hyphomycetous growth accompanying Amphispheria bertiana.

Fig. 4.—Sporidia of Amphispheria bertiana.

Fig. 5.—Hairs of the perithecia of Leptospora stictochetophora,

Fig. 6.—Sporidia of the same.

Fig. 7.—Ostiolum of Diaporthe ailanthi, illustrating retropulsion of the sporidia

PYRENOMYCETE.®.

Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE. VoL. 4. PLATENS

CEL
OM nat hel,

Fig. 1.—Pod of Robinia with the fungus, Sporormia leguminosa.

Fig. 2.—Portion of the same more highly magnified.

Fig. 3.—An ascus and sporidia.

Fig. 4.—A sporidium, involved in gelatine.

Fig. 5.—Two cells of the sporidium showing the light-colored bands across the face.

SPORORMIA LEGUMINOSA.

Proc. Rocu. ACAD. SCIENCE.

| jy mm. |

Natural size.

Section of basswood board, showing perithecia.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2. Under surface of the same board, showing the green discoloration.

Fig. 3. Fragment. highly magnified. :

Fig. 4. Sporidia of the fungus, showing at @ some dessicated and shrivelled specimens, some-

what club-shaped.,

AMPHISPH-ERIA AZRUGINOSA FAIRMAN.

*

ss
Sie

j *

4 ’ int Sod J ui
es, yw 7 «
2 Si ase ork:

’

_ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL. @, PP, 225-231, PLATES XXIII-XXV. te

§ ; %
THREE: NEW CHILIAN METEORITES
; BY
HENRY A. WARD.
‘RocuEstEr, N. Y. |
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY,
JUNE, 1906. :
4 P y 4 ‘ ;
, Pie 4 :

eae

LO
ee |
>

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
Vor. 4, PP. 225-231. JUNE, 1906.

DARE NEW CHILIAN* METEORITES:
By Henry A. Warp.
Read by Title, January 22, 1906.

During a visit in the spring of 1905 to places along the coast
of Chili, from the southern border of Peru southward to
Valparaiso, with inland excursions, the writer had the pleasure of
examining a number of interesting meteorites. Three of these
being new to science, he takes the present occasion to put them
upon record with a preliminary description. We first notice the
siderite

i ILIMAES.

This most interesting pallasite is in the mineral collection of
the Lyceo, at the small city of Copiapo, Chili. We first saw it
there in 1889; a huge, dirty mass on the floor under a table. My
efforts to obtain a specimen piece by exchange, were met by the
remark that it would require a year of correspondence with the
authorities at Santiago. In late years there has been a change in
the administration of the Lyceum. It now possesses, as an
important adjunct, a School of Mines (Escuela de Minas), of
which the able director is Sefior Casimiro Domeyko, son of the
well-known Ignacio Domeyko, geologist and naturalist, cele-
brated in the scientific annals of Chili during the middle half of
the last century. The meteorite is now mounted on a stand, and
adorns a central part of the fine Museum. Its label records that
it came from Imalaes (sic) 12 leagues southwest from Taltal,
Department of Taltal, Province of Atacama. Its weight is given
as 95 kilograms. It measured about 16x 10x8 inches, and
appeared to be an entire boloid, with the exception of a few cor-

23, Proc. RocH. ACAD. OF SCIENCE, VOL, 4, JUNE 14, 1906.

(225)

226 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

ners which had been cut from one side by Professor Domeyko
in the effort to obtain a polished surface.

The main portion of the exterior was covered by a thick
coating of melted matter, or crust, which was broken by several
areas, of several square inches each, where masses of almost clear
olivine, held but slightly together by the iron network, lay grouped
usually at a little lower level than the general surface. Through
the kind favor of Professor Domeyko, aided by a satisfactory
exchange, we were allowed to take the mass to the Railroad
Machine Shops at the port of Caldera, 40 miles away, and there
in several days of heavy work, cut off a piece weighing 16.7 kilo-
grams, or about 37 pounds. Plate 23 shows the two masses after
the cutting. The form of the entire original boloid is thus. evi-
dent. On the upper piece (the one now in the possession of the
writer) the deep melting and flowing of the crust is very apparent.
The whole surface is not only changed in texture and blackened,
but it appears as if rubbed down under heavy pressure. The
thickness of this crust is from 0.3 to 0.5 mm., being thicker above
the stony than above the iron part of the mass. It is, in the main,
tightly adherent, but in a few places it may be flaked off. The
section (Plate 24, fig. 1) shows it as a molten slag, or mixture of
metal and stone, with the metal more settled in its lower, inner
surface. At some places in its thin mass there are fine points of
bright metal, doubtless pure nickel iron. The upper surface is of
a dull black color, matt, and in places having a certain bloom
appearance. Quite exceptional among all the pallasites with
which the writer is acquainted, although approximated by
Marjalahti, is the thickness and firm investment of this outer
crust. Within, the constituents and structure of the mass are not
less interesting. It is a combination of nickel iron and of silicates,
with the usual pallasite grouping, the iron making cells which are
filled by the latter. A polished surface shows a broad, stout net-
work of bright iron surrounding cells which are polygonal in
form, with walls more angular than curved, enclosing polyhedral
crystals of stony matter, partly broken and the fragments some-
times partly separated by blades of the iron. In this feature
Ilimaes belongs to the Rokicky Group of Brezina, taking its place
with Brahin (Rokicky), Admire, and Eagle Station. In this it

>

THREE NEW CHILIAN METEORITES. ‘227

differs from pallasites of the Imilac and the Krasnojarsk eroup,
where the cells have almost uniformly rounded walls, conformed
to the rounded, instead of angular olivine crystals. The olivine
in Ilimaes is a bright, clear yellow and greenish yellow color, in
crystals which vary from small grains to pieces from 5 to 10, and
even 15 mm. across. Sometimes these are bunched together in
areas from 3 to 5 cm. in either diameter, with no intervening iron.
In Plate 20 one of the patches of olivine is visible on the surface
at left hand of the upper mass; and two of them show in the lower
mass.

Plate 24 presents a slice of Imilac below a slice of Ilimaes,
showing well the different cell-structure of the two pallasites.

By careful separation of the olivine from the iron particles
in 200 grams of the matter, as it fell from the machine in the cut-
ting, we found the former to be 70 grams and the latter 130
grams; a ratio of 54 per cent. of the olivine to the iron. In vol-
ume there are Io parts of olivine to 8 per cent. of iron, assuming
specific gravity of the mass as 7.7 and that of the olivine as 3.4.
In the Ilimaes the coarse structure of the olivine crystals makes
great contrast with the almost flour-like grain of much of either
member of the Imilac group, Imilac or Marjalahti. In the latter
of these, in all the peripheral portion of the mass, it is so uniformly
fine that it has the semblance of having been crowded into the
cells as a powder. Borgstr6m ventures the surmise that the crys-
taline olivine has been brought to this mealy state by the sudden
shock received by the heavy mass as this meteorite struck the
rock on which it fell. We are pleased to interrupt our brief
description of Ilimaes by giving in full a letter, at this moment
received from Dr. Aristid Brezina, of Vienna, to whom we, some
weeks ago, had sent a small slice of the iron. Dr. Brezina writes:

‘‘ The section weighing 127 grams of a pallasite Jabeled Ilimaes which you
sent me is at hand, It shows the following microscopic and macroscopic par-
ticularities.

‘The olivines of brown color measure usually from 3 to 17 mm. in length
and 2 to 13 mm. in breadth; rarely they appear as small particles of 0.5 to 2mm.
in diameter. They show in general polyhedral edges ; very rarely they have
rounded edges, which occurs in the smallest individuals only. Schreibersite
occurs abundantly, and in three forms (respective ages) a, individuals of 1-4

mm. following immediately after the olivine ; 4, small veins between the grains
of wrapping kamacite, and c, microscopic grains and crystals in kamacite near

228 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

its boundaries ‘against taenite, apparently as products of cohesion of this latter.
Wrapping kamacite is rather broad, from 0.5 to 4mm. in thickness. Taenite
is 0.05 to 0.2 mm. thick; its borders to kamacite are often corroded and
replaced by chains of small schreibersites. The plessite fields show in general
a confused mixture, rarely crystalline deliquifying. The olivine fills 58% of the
cut face, nickel iron 38.77, schreibersite 2.5%. The volumes calculated with the
cubes of the square roots of these numbers and the specific gravities 3.4, 7.8,
7.2 respectively give the percentage of weight of olivine 41.5, nickel iron 50.8,
schreibersite 7.7. The position of this pallasite in the system is intermediate
between the Imilac group and the Rokicky group.

‘‘Imilac and Marjalahti both show polyhedral olivine, but differ from
Ilimaes by their double boundaries of taenite and by their crushed olivines,
while in the new pallasite the olivines seem wholly or nearly entire. Rokicky
and Admire have polyhedral olivines, which in Rokicky are entire as in Ilimaes,
while in Admire they are broken and dislocated, with nickel iron filling the dis-
tance between the parts.

‘Thus the nature of the olivine puts Ilimaes nearer to Rokicky than to
Imilac. The nickel iron on the contrary resembles more that in Imilac; the
strong development of wrapping-kamacite, its puffy borders against the fields,
the lack of central skeletons, as well as the mode of occurrence of schreibersite
is the same in both meteorites.

‘‘With the pallasites of the Krasnojarsk group it holds few or no relations ;
of these pallasites only Alten (Finmarken) shows polyhedral olivines besides
rounded ones.

‘‘In summary, the new pallasite Ilimaes seem to-be a distinct fall,
appertaining to the Rokicky group.”’

With this important contribution from Dr. Brezina, we close
our notice of the structure and contents of the Ilimaes pallasite.
We wish to add a word as to the provenance of the meteorite
in question. We have at the outset noticed the label upon the
Copiapo mass with the locality Imalaes, as there given. A fort-
night later, however, we met in the office of the Director of the
School of Mines in the capital city, Santiago de Chili, Sefor Don
Emeterio Moreno, introduced as the finder of the pallasite in
question, and as its donor to the Copiapo Museum. — Sefior
Moreno told me of having himself found the meteorite about 1874
or 1875, at Ilimaes, on the desert of Atacama, about 12 leagues
to the south of Taltal. This point corresponds closely with the
locality of the Copiapo specimen, given me (in letter now before me)
by Professor Domeyko—‘Latitude 26°, longitude 70°,” though
he has labeled the mass Imalaes. Further, it is satisfactory to
find, in a description of an iron meteorite acquired for the Vienna
Museum in 1870, that Professor Tschermak notes that “the only

THREE NEW CHILIAN METEORITES. 229

information as to its locality was given on a label, which stated
that it was brought by Herman Schneider, a student from Val-
paraiso, from Ilimae, about 26° S. latitude and 70° W. longitude.”
Now, as this locality is geographically the same, it is undoubtedly,
as Fletcher has noticed, a question of misspelling.

The distance to Imilac from Hlimaes is about 170 miles in a
northeasterly direction. Other pallasite fragments of the Imilac
group have been found still further north and northwest. A
meteorite was, indeed, found in 1861, at Vaca Muerta, which ts
about 4o miles west-of-north of Ilimaes, and another in 1875, at
Taltal, which is nearly the same distance to the north. But the
former of these was a mesosiderite of the Grahamite group, and
the other an aerolite, of which little is known. This still leaves
the Ilimaes meteorite isolated by 160 or 170 miles from any other
recorded pallasite locality. This distance, too great for the prob-
able limits of a straggling member of a meteorite fall, adds further
support to the differences in microscopical character, as before
noticed, in considering our meteorite as distinct from Himac, and
calling it from its place of find,—Ilimaes.

COBIJA.

In a short visit to the School of Mines in Santiago de Chili,
in April of 1905, I was shown by Senor Julio Laso, the Mineralo-
gist and Custodian of the Collections, two meteorites, a stone and
an iron, which he informed me were new to science, having never
been closely examined or described. One of these was found by
Professor Laso himself, in February, 1892, on the pampa of Santa
Barbara, in the Department of Antofogasta, a short distance east-
ward from the town of Cobija. The mass (Plate 25, fig. 1), which
had the shape of a lengthened sphere, was about 14 x12} x IIT cm.
in length, breadth and thickness, or about the size of a child’s
head. One side of the sphere was flattened, so that sections of
the mass were of a certain horseshoe shape. One end is also
flattened. Half of its surface, with a narrow strip leading along
at right angles on one side, has a well-developed crust with a
granulated pitting. The exterior surface of the main spherical
portion of the mass shows a tendency to flake or shell off, although
still firm in texture. This character is also manifest on the flat

230 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

end, where a portion 50 mm. in thickness has at some time been
removed, naturally or by applied force. The whole exterior of
the mass is of a dark brown color, slightly tinged with reddish hue
at the more oxidized places. The color of the crust is somewhat
darker and less dull than the balance. In fact, this crust is quite
shining or varnished at places. The fractured stone is of a very
even granular structure, with no separate or distinct crystalline
surfaces, but it is lightened everywhere by very minute shining
points which, even to the naked eve, show themselves as grains of
bright metallic iron. Among these are other less bright points of
troilite. Both are myriad in number, and together they constitute
fully one-third in volume and more than one-half in weight of the
whole mass. The silicates are bronzite and olivine, closely
blended and chondritic in character. These chondri, clearly appar-
rent only with a glass, are so crystalline and firmly united that
they break with the mass. This compactness is somewhat
enhanced by a slight oxidation which has the effect of binding all
closely together, and at the same time of obscuring the visible
structure. We place Cobija unhesitatingly among the crystalline
chondrites Ck. It very closely resembles both Klein Menow and
Pipe Creek, but differs from the former in being more compact
and from the latter in not being veined.

The weight of the original mass of Cobija was 3,690 grams.
The largest remaining piece, weighing 1,805 grams, is in the Ward-
Coonley Meteorite Collection.

CHANARAL.

In the mineral collection of the School of Mines at Santiago
de Chili, is a small siderite which is especially interesting by reason
of its form and perfection of surface markings. I owe to Pro-
fessor Julio Laso, the able and courteous custodian of the collec-
tions, the privilege of photographing the specimen, together with
a fragment for analysis and for my own collection. Professor
Laso informed me that this iron was found in 1884 by Don
Roberto Bugde on the desert of Atacama, a short distance in the
interior from the Port of Chanaral. This is latitude 26° 30’ S. and
between longitude 70° and 70° 30 W. In fact, it is very near to
the locality before given for the pallasite Himaes. The meteorite

THREE NEW CHILIAN METEORITES. 231

(Plate 25, fig. 2) is in the shape of a sickle, with a main arm five
centimetres wide, tapering thence along its curve to a sharp point.
Its length across the curve is 12.7 cm., and vertically 7.8 cm. Its
average thickness is 35 cm. Its weight is 1,207 grams.

This is singularly well preserved, with no signs of oxidation
and without marks or bruises upon one of its faces. That face
is sculptured over its entire area by a series of shallow cavities or
pittings, which are in general rudely circular and about I cm. in
diameter, but a few of them along the outer curve of the mass are
so lengthened and confluent that they produce two shallow valleys
I cm. in width and prolonged for 6 cm., with a sharp crest about
8 mm. high between them. These valleys are in their turn replete
with many small folds or wrinkles not more than 2 mm. in height.
A crust or skin of a fine black color covers this entire face. The
opposite face is covered over its upper or peripheral portion with
pittings which are somewhat larger (8 to 10 mm.) across, with pro-
portional depth, and in all cases with circular rims. The lower
half of both limbs is, upon this rear side of the mass, worn or
decomposed away, the pittings being dimmed or entirely oblit-
erated. The small fragment which I possess of this iron shows on
its etched face of 3 square centimetres, well-marked Widmann-
staten figures with lamellae running very evenly 1 mm. in breadth,
thus giving this iron place as a medium octahedrite in Brezina’s
classification. An analysis made by Professor Henry W. Nichols.
chemist of the Field Museum of Natural History of Chicago,
gives :—Nickel, 5.37 per cent., Iron, 95.97 per cent.

Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE, VOL. 4, PLATE XXIII.

One-fourth natural size.

ILIMAES METEORITE.

HENRY A. WARD.

Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE. VOL. 4, PLATE XXIV.

Fic. 1. SECTION OF ILIMAES.

Fic. 2. SECTION OF IMILAC.

SECTIONS OF ILIMAES AND IMILAC METEORITES.

HENRY A. WARD.

Proc. RocH. ACAD. SCIENCE. VOL. 4, PLATE XXV.

Fic. t COBIJA METEORITE.
Two-thirds natural size.

Fic. 2. CHANARAL METEORITE.
Two-thirds natural size.

COBIJA AND CHANARAL METEORITES.

HENRY A. WARD.

Ves OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

"veL. 4, PP. 233-241. CONTENTS AND INDEX.

eS TITLE PAGES, CONTENTS, INDEX, ETC. a
- ieee . Pee

OF

% VOLUME 4.

— -—S—-—CU«C OFFICERS, MEMBBERS, LIST OF PAPERS,

as 1902-1910.

ROCHESTER, N. Y.
—_— . PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY,

_

. MARCH,, IgII.

AUTHOR

H. L. FarrcuHicp,

GEO. W. GOLEr,
HENRY C. MAINE,

Harry L. PRESTON,
Mary E, MACAULEY,

Wm. D. MERRELL,
H. L. FaircuILp,
W. V. EwErs,

E. Howarp- Eaton,

La Bo ELLIOET,

H. L. Preston,
J. E. Putnam,
EB ELIOT e,

IRVING P. BISHOP,
Otis A. GAGE,
S. P. MouLTHROp,
G. W. GoLer,
J. Y. McCiintock,

E. H. Eaton,

J. H. Scumirz,

W. D. MERRELL,
H. L. FaircuHitp,
H. L. WarD,

J. E. WoopLanpb,
C: W. DoncE,
H. G. Dorsey,
H. L. FAIRCHILD,

E. H. Eaton,
H. A. Warp,

J. E. Woop.anp,
H. L. FAIRCHILD,

Henry A. WARD,
JOHN M. CLARKE,

LIST OF PAPERS. 233

PAPER,

‘Our Society; It’s Retrospect and
Prospects.”’ ;

‘*Smallpox in and about Rochester.’’

“Long Distance W eather Forecasting. ©

‘*The Franceville Meteorite.”’

‘* Flowering Plants and Ferns in and
around Hyannis, Mass.’

‘“Causes of the Autumnal Colorations
of Leaves,’’

“Glacial Lakes of Western New
York.”’

‘‘The Relation of Mosquitoes to
Malaria.”’

‘* Birds and Bird-nests.”’

‘“Some Technical Features in the Man-
ufacture of Photographic Lenses.’’

‘‘ A New Meteorite.”’

‘‘ Electrolysis in Rochester.’’

“Recent Developments in Projection
Apparatus and Methods.””_~

‘“ Through Scotland with a Camera.”’

‘Spectra and their Applications.”’

‘“Footprints of our Predecessors.’’

‘Relation of Food to Health.”

‘* Unique Possibilities of Water-power
Development through New York
State.”

‘‘This Year’s Migration of Shore and
Water Birds near Rochester.”’

“Switzerland.”

‘“The Real Food of Plants.”’

‘* European Notes.”’

‘““The Willamette Meteorite ’” tors
by H. L. Preston). '

‘¢'"Phermit,’’

‘Hemlock Water and its Sanitation.’’

‘The Water Bucket Forge’’ and the
** Nernst Lamp.’’

‘« Theories and Problems in the Glacial
History in this Region.”’

‘* Birds nesting in this vicinity.’’

‘‘Great Meteorite Collections ’’ (read
by title).

‘“Geological Forces at Work.”

‘‘Glacial Erosion and the’ Finger
Lakes.”

‘* Meteorites.”’

‘* The Commercial Invasion of Niagara
Falls.”’

ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

AUTHOR.

CARLOs E. CUMMINGS,
ALBERT P. BRIGHAM,

JOHN DENNIS,
C. E. FAIRMAN,
H. A. WARD,

Wo. G. PARKES,

NORMAN H. STEWART,

B. W. Law,

Ezra M. SPARLIN,
G. O. SHIELDS,
Cuas. F. BINNs,

H. D. MINCHIN,

. FLorus R. BAXTER,

CuHas. T. HOWARD,
F. W. Ross,

FRANKLIN HANFORD,

H. L. FarrcCHILD,
CASSARie,

C. J. SARLE,

Cy] SARE;

E. H. Eaton,

Henry A. WARD,
ALBERT S. OSBORN,

C. W. DonGeE,

ARTHUR RATHJEN,
ARTHUR S. WALLS,

W. C. DUDLEY,
Wm. M. BENNETT,
Myron T. BLy,
H. L. FAIRCHILD,
H. L. FAIRCHILD,

| Dee ae DS oss

C. W. DonGE,
E. H. Eaton,

Mary MACAULEY,
G. H. CHADWICK,
Wm. D. MERRELL,

PAPER.

‘* Reminiscences of Darkest Africa.’’

“*Geographic Influences in American
History.”’

“‘Inductive Lecture on the Tele-
phone.”’ ;

‘“ The Pyrenomycetez of Orleans Co.,
N. Y.’’ (by title).

‘“The Bath Furnace Aerolite’’ (by
title).

‘*The Philippine Islands, their People
and Products.”’

**In the Canadian Woods.’’

‘* Lantern Lecture on Cuba.”’

‘*The Yellowstone Park.”’

‘*Timber that grows at Timber-line.”’

‘History and Development of the
Potters’ Art.’’

‘© The Kinetic Theory.”’

“* Petroleum.”’

‘* Metamorphosis of Insects.’’

‘*Pupation of Vanessa in Detail.’’

‘* Beacons of the Sea.’’

““The Drumlin Hills of Western New
York.’’

““The Clinton Formation at Roches-
tete

** Arthrophycus and Daedalus of Bur-
row Origin.”’

‘‘ Preliminary note on the Nature of
Taonurus.”’

‘*The Birds of Mount Marcy.”’

‘©Three New Chilian Meteorites.’’

“ Questioned Documents and Detec-
tion of Forgery.”’

‘*A Proposed Biological Survey of
New York State.’’

‘** Building Stones of Rochester.”

‘<The Growth of the Ceramic Art and
its Importance to Electrical In-
dustry.”’

“The Colors of Animals.’’

““The Rainbow.’’

‘* Southern Mountaineers.”’

‘*Coon Butte ; Meteor Crater.”’

“ Recent Discoveries in Glacial Lake
History of Western New York.”’

‘“The Gipsy Moth and other Import-
ant Leaf-feeders.”’

*f jamaica.7?

“Life Forms of New York State as
shown by Avifauna.’’

‘* Chattanooga and Vicinity.”’

‘* Spiders.”’

‘Similarity of Primary Animal Motion
to the Movements of Plants.”’

DATE.

1907.
Apr. 22,
Feb. 26,
May 13,
May 27,
Oct. 28,
Nov. 25,

Dec. 9,
Ig08
Jan. 27,

Jan. 27,

Feb. Io,
Feb. 24,
Mar. 9,

Mar. 30,
Apr. 27,

May II,

May 25,
Nov. 9,

Nov. 23,
IDES ry.
1909
Jan. II,

Jan. 25,

Feb. 22,

Mar. 8,
pr. 2,

“pr. 26,
June 4,

Nov. 22,
IgIo
Jan. Io,

Jan. 24,
Feb. 14,

Feb. 28,
Apr rt,
Apr. 25,
May 9,

May 23,

LIST OF

AUTHOR.

Raymonp H. Arnot,
Cuas. S. SARGENT,

. H. A. CARPENTER,

JosepH P. O’HErRN,
S. H. DEvirRIAN,
H. L. FarircHILp,

Tuos. P. CAROLAN,

Cuas. C. ZOLLER,
MILTON B. PUNNETT,

JuLIAN B. COCHRANE,
C. W. DonGeE,

NorMAN W. CARKHUFF

S. H. DEVIRIAN,
JULIAN M. CocHRANE,

HEnry C, MAINE,

RALPH S. PADDOCK,
H. L. FarrcuHip,

C. W. DonceE,
CarLos E. CumMMINGs,

H. L. FAIRCHILD,

Cuas. W. Hareirtrt,

C. W. DoncE,
H. L. FAIRCHILD,
Wo. D. MERRELL,

H. L, FarrcHILp,
E. A. RuUMBALL,

Hivp EE
Storrs B. BARRETT,

H. J. Sippons,

H. D. MINcHIN,
H. L. FAIRCHILD,
H. L. FAIRCHILD,

F. L. LAMpson,

C. W. DoncE,

JULIAN M. COCHRANE,
H. D. MINcHIN,
Cuas. C. ZOLLER,

PAPERS, 235

PAPER.

*“New Zealand.”

‘“‘Crataegus of Ontario’? (by title).

‘““The Modern Theory of Solution.”’

‘“‘ Norway, Iceland and Spitzbergen.”’

‘‘ Oriental Rugs.”’

“Glacial and Marine Waters of North-
ern New York.”’

“Rapid Motion Photography.”

“The Lumiere
Photography.’’

‘““Various Color Processes of Photog-
raphy.”’

““A Yankee Traveler in Japan.”

**The Maine Wilderness.”’

“The Ozobrome Method of Picture
Making.”’

‘‘ Life in Asiatic Turkey.”’

‘Pelee and other Volcanoes I have
known.”’’

‘‘ Life History and Topography of the
Moon.”’

“Local Bird Studies with the Camera.”’

‘Results of Last Summer’s Field
Work.”’

** Biology of Insects.”’

“* Alaska and its Glaciers.’

Process of Color

““New Facts Relating to Disappear-
ance of the Ice Sheet from New
York State.”’

“‘Some Problems of Animal Behavior,’

Darwin Memorial Meeting—

‘* Life and Work of Darwin.”’
“‘ Darwin and Geology.”’
** Darwin and Botany.”’

*‘ Origin of the Valleys of Western and
Central New York.”’

‘*Life among the Newfoundland and
Labrador People.”’

‘Porto Rico and its People.”

“Recent Work in Astronomy at the
Yerkes Observatory.”’

‘“Egypt and the Mediterranean.”’

‘*- The Physical Theory of Music.’’

‘“The Lakes of Western New York.’’

“Trip to Alaska and the Canadian
Rockies.”’

‘““Trrigation in Western New York.”’

““Nervous Activities of Plants.’’

** Americanizing the Filipino.”

“*Comets.”’

‘A Talk on Color Photography.”’

236 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

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INDEX.

239

INDEX, VOLUME IV.

NotEe—The lists of names contained in four papers of this volume are not

repeated in this index.

These papers are:
Eaton, pp. 1-64; Crataegus in Rochester,
nomyceteze of Orleans County, N. Y., C. E. Fairman, pp.

Birds of Western New York, E. H.
C. S. Sargent, pp. 93-136; Pyre-
165-191 ; New or

Rare Pyrenomycetez from western New York, C. E. Fairman, pp. 215-224.
An index to the list of birds may be found on pages 63-64.

PAGE
PAMEC LOL UNS volte cis nicin'e cicinie/oicinvarelelsia wel Setesitene UL
Andover meteorite........ ..ssccseeese- 7
Andromedes meteorites.. .. ........ 201
PANIMCOMG DULTOWS is Leiscce cle cin ale 2 0 ps ae 203, 214
EAT ENICGMULES A hae dey rapatiicles cis sels! vases OLA
INTIBDEHMICTCOLIUC® os sccleics ware «rcn+)« s\tatuinisters 82
JOIN AGLEIS BAT a) GOUOROODOODODDAIT OocCad 2038
Bacubirito meteorite.......... ......... 67
Bald Eagle meteorite ..... ......-.0.--- 86
Bath Furnace meteorite............. .. 198
IBielageOMEb el siatseine sisi o\cee, BR cTae nies
Birds of Western New York
——, bibliography..............
SrA GOL ccleein 5 class aie’ Sie storeys 3
——, faunal zones of. .
TEL O RIGO) a ecie'aic.. cis o's «syn, <,ss0shererare
—-—, ’ migration OL toe antes é
——, season of occurrence ‘of . Bement.) 40
Black Trane) OR eis 25 eee 165
Brezina, Dr. A., quoted, den anche eee oat
Burrill, T. J.. os DO 165
Bursting OLIMOELCOFIDES!,).,.,..0.ccereieel= o's.<cs 200
Burrow origin of Arthrophycus ... ... 203
Cancellophycus....... WSS sieie ietiaiecss ck
Chanaral MOtCOLiGO eee scl He ssinscemiiesies 230
CHUAN MEFEOITOS Heidie ois 0.0013 ce wleletele sini 225
Cobija meteorite . . pada. See erncrs 229
Collections of meteorites................ 149
Combustion of meteorites .............. 196
Comets, relation to meteorites 201
Composition of meteorite collections... 149
Copiapo museum... . haters . 225, 228
Crataegus, in Rochester. AE Roe rcs 93
@ryptovamsro. oy ieee =e a AEE Sob oNe -- 165
Cuernavaca meteorite... Sareea cals 8L
ee CLI ee tsa care pee ov atelalelotsiois's eters o(0 viv os 208
Dailye tallof MeStGOLibes i clensisce esi. n0c ea 198
EDV PUTS reli elle CL DEC re eh ue tot sleyescle lati :e's.6 165
Davison, J.M., poset fe See Daan peat 148
Dictyodora. . is SAAN char e: |
HALON Hel, PAPEL DY ws scccedeses «tas see 1
Bnd eis 2, COC eneem cleu ee es) eisrersicve 182
Fairman, Charles E., papers by...... 165, 215
Faunal areas of Western New York... 2
HN GHt OL mMeteoritess.-:. 2.2s6-- - « - 19D
Fracture of meteorites. ................ 199
Franceville meteorite..... Le ieee seed
Fungi :

_ , literature o1 Bnei
-, ’ study of..

PAGE
Genesee river COUMUrY.. 2.5... copssceces 93
Glossophyecus Siete ae clejolelatetelelamree inate 211
GIOSSIBGH CITES 3 ores ey eee 214
Great Meteorite Collections...... weer 149
Heatiof meteorites, .. 0.) c2 asceneeeees 197
Tlimaes Meteorite. .i..6 ss ceseceuemenen 225
Bake Ontarioicouniryc ¢:.. +2. sce eeeele . 93
Leonid showers of meteorites .. ...... 201
List of birds in Western New York ..... 16
=, CTALC EUS; -peccieasseniss Ae eeeEe 94
—-— . pyrenomyecete ze 168, 215

Lyndonville, N. Y.,.....165, 215, 220, 221; Bee
201

Eyrid:-m eteoritesscmec<« (ctor een eee
Meteorites,

AL GINITO:, s Scie ates as. 6: os 3 aoe TN eee Sey PPA
—; ACPOPOtAMUS! .. os 0c 5 scans sciclee cslebieine 150
= A OTARIN sce oieitieels cls. 2 0 selene peemclOes 1
—— WAIIOSAM |... taresisleswled 0.0 aceeee Se sicineiee
AAT CY 1G: scam etteiicae ceiee slopes muceghie es 160
Se ee Si tide you ae) emcee Pel OL al Oe
—, Andover. hse 7 ae 79
—— ATLA NT LO! sey ee ale steaiels ", 68, 73, 146, 161, 198
Fv ADOlOMI a. ec cteas.cs ce sonvteeteme nesters 68
= ATISDOsh:<.) ccigeeteeraies aie Stereotype eaeieene s. 82
=, Athens 6. d4. 5.0 iesecl ie os eee 147
—. DACUDILELO:..eccee sen 4 67, 146, 198
—, Bald Hagles..yi5 onvakstsnaneien Matias

=), BAL DOGAN LA iiss ssa ccrerarctaste loweleietee eet

===) (RAP CB, 1... ox wacrdle'stacebteleteeees

—, Bath Furnace

—, Bear Creek,.........

—, Bella Roca ..
—; PENGeLO:. (.cobsemtstsiamt acts utente ciel
—, Bishopville

= Brain, sdtocd elena eecalecie ste ate ect

==, Brenan sso.. cee hest wate cromene mee

—, Butsura.......

—. 'Gabin ‘Creeke.jcciciesjcitaocieth sien elem savant 147
—, Campo del! Ciclow y tincaca-cieniswsenens 161
—, Canyon Diablo............. 68, 141, 148, 144
—, Cape Girardeau.......... -..- 65
==! CANS: VOEIS Cascada deaueleiseaioe teers 161, 198
—, Casas) Grandes......<:... 000s 68, 161, me
—, Castine.. .... Haaencls nfiavaidharl tafser oereeia mialote

—, Chanaral.........-- a Nar atal nd atefera Reta oee 080
— (QR ATCEE 15 ac.ecin nai eoaceialsaaee cles fo een OS, 1 OL
—, Chupaderos ........ 68, 72, 198
—=, Coahuila 2.) acicisin ste seeo nt cece eet ibe . 156
—) Cobija dav dohe Ja aa eeopece sihsibeteiimt vdeo ded eee

240 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Meteorites—Continued,

= OONCEPCOM ss, sce celouat les Rab Monduene 68
—, Cran bourne.......... cee. muah piseieleieisteee 68
mans OUOPNAV ACH sa a-iscierrichict sek) isle si cainie 81, 90
—, Descubridora.............. ean lay tiesteieie 68
4 IDJapho aE Asc scorn padeondad Sesaludae 196
—, Eagle Station........ Mi hrelepsataiaicceteleinatere 226
—,Elbogen ........ RN Te tt Site 151, 161, 162
ae OL PMVOLULO nate sts Sara wierelate oe ell ieete eh eesese 161
—, Ensisheim........ eae Wad ioecNarelola ats 151, 161, 162
—— JMS EHOLVALLS siarcleineclecijaeete seems 68, 164, 200
== WHrancevallessciiivccin tye sts, sohDy Uk
——lGneatel ig olion GudacneoounD oaooce 90, 91
—, Hraschina..... He RCMB ISO aI ie Atic eas 164
= TIN AOS! cece wes ore aie Crave steratotare wis terarere 225, 230
= Lira FG). shat sgaqagocooonn: Hote) dodeuc 27, 228
—— WTI GATCH =|, cmastemie eee leit Salacmaytictar/caie yee D4:
MT ON WOLTCCK ajaleicisielsicpemerseviel isiaeaeeiaeyaele 161
=A CLLEY SOM: 255 fcisieisieve ae easonawh Aol lg Ike
MIR DGs |vie Seclsite cee citicfeicine sipereerinee 161
aa INO LOL OOnsweciicismieieienisieen tienes 68
—, Kesen.... ..-.. SOAR AH OH 161
—— KLEIN MenOWiteesiieisies! cosines coonesds 230
— IK TASNOJATS Et eaay stocicic wane hate ee neeitone 227
AT SILO: Remtee jessie: caicemne pean 152, 154
me MTSE edn Ceeimetnicteletsieieus siaiaistoineianiceon tte: 196
—, Little Piney.. Bateetoyeteralstcteleveteieievrsa ares 65
—, Lograno.. ... Saleleibeen rience 154
—, Long IT Esa a DT ita 68, 198
md LAT J SUED tele ss 1s oteia ake el ccans is Mra alaiS ye eT ee 162
== Marialantincssccisen, | svsaece se 164, 226, 227
oy WE Arh ov ER rasa De sieve cievera Seale ieee 97, 201
—, Medwedewa ... .......00-- eee sfotsYenes tec 161
—} Mocs. Bete SMe eile | si atn al pee Os LOO
—, Mount Ouray. Aainisterctels Halasdie’oreeteamenets nave fet
NL LOY seas oceehaaielss (ac, vate Ameen tes 68
—— MAUI OLOD iisictircisiculoyeteelsierele « sretelales caleietrs ore 85
= NODLEDOLOMa iin cesie cleo sisters csieeete stone 79
= CLOULOY IMA irc/4 Vist sleisisie celeron eters 164, 197
==; OCHIDDEH A. js.:60s cas sete ee eles 158, 161, 162
NOP a eLl Tesh nouislecleltcieiioe eee o4, 196
ME Rae viclac cialntere gc vas elerw alee saben 151, 161
=p ROR Masia lsneisteissiarayen to eision, eidjeisisisisile sieht aL oO
— Pipe Greek. BAMoonoanios ose paseo La!)
1 JeqbiliielslcnHaaaacctapingsa so sieeve . 156, 199
a EVAR EAL ast clan ciscienieaternsiiciceteente sa AGH)
=— MEVEGUERL VODs satareaseicisepardias erie Benecere 68, 161
—, Reed City. dooeiad Hoa ee GonAdb encase HE
EVO Chaya tdristea vets h ony erataretovah alee eit areas 2

—— HRUSSOl GULCH a ecesnee sickek omteenee [7
—, Sacramento Mts......... .... eesti OS
—, St. Genevieve. ..... May Meee eens 65, 68
= Saline! DowNship.n.ccnccocesleee sce . 201
cal SAM VAM SCIOL ain rar emoete elena Geico 73
——s MAN GLEOrial sho cs/coeleainne se 68, 72, 161
<==} MP OAPSMNORIG Wale tlalclaclaleiieaiia nee tio em env 79
== US OVIOr COME eine een lesion. 73
=H SIT OB ar leche ieee el siae awe eae Ot, MLOS
= DADORS st eaisisieclne Apress sel sense aa 151, 161
—, Till Porter...... Ley Actostsibiincverterneleiaciate 162
Sais Woy hb heh: ee en SA RE et; 143, 166, At
—, Trenzano.. monet nietoretarefoleleiminjerstetere

—, Tucson... ... piitiomlterereicten eietiere ABBE En ceaeks 88

Meteorites— Continued. PAGE.
=} MACS MMIC Gates cise eicieic.swe cle elelejeleterafelneet
—, ViOTAMInl ys enack conn cc ects s eects nel DAG Oe
—, Werchne Tschirskaja....... ......... 201
-, ’ Weston cite et apoodcendda sie \sio'e ave o elton ele
— ” Willamette Mefetece waite’ (Peiecieeas) crept clean eaeE
dis Winnebago Co......... RRADOB CARE nmr c 199
Taig MOUN GO SIMA He icc so ecis thas aleteeelea cutlets 143
—=; ZACRtOCAS wiejay oe seasel axeleereeoete 68, 161

—, Analyses of... .. 66, 74, 77, 82, 85, 86,
87, 91, 148, 202, Bar, 231

—,ancient. .... BAGG OCn 150, 162
—, classification ‘Ofsvid. so Re 159
==; CALRIOSTIES Ofc. ecis se aeetan Mte nete .158, 158

—, collections of..... 66, "149, 150, 152, 153

154, 155, 158, 1

—, collisions of........ denononsog sauces Sc

=" aihy fallof 2 seas dossecnn oteereiee aes 198

—, detonations of...............- fv oe LOO gROO

——OLEV ALLO OL 2 oy cactecincerestekeeneree 196, 200

== TALISIOL einen .149, 150, 156, 161

—, faulting in............. shila Scan oem 84

=i Ph tiOLeme ccc wwianlce cence ..195, 198, 199

— qeoued DEOrEO. hee JAclaislelsiel ates CU Sit OG

—, force of fall of aie 2u0

—sTACture|OLasse. soe keer 1196, 197, 199, 200
-, * geographic distribution... .. 163

NORE OL jarnee tne 4 ceeeeee area 142, 1096, 199

_, historians of ...... PHGOnNCadeor.o05 149, 151

Wich: Of, [iavacs cs cece 147, "196, 199

—, number of........... etaelatnevere ees ioeene 150, 153

FOF: Chal 5 sank fee sill te oncersoe cinema 225

—= OL ICOLOTAG Oss anis s/o de alee one ceed RCM

— Of G1 \. cinta siaelctelelavay. (siete eee 68

Of Maine..icso ees one codons oe 79
—, of Mexico,. .. Levee esO7, 68) (CONSE
—; of United States... aceite 67
—, papers on (see contents) —

——wiDTOSSUTC, OD -eleniclaieiaeeninclelelaers 142, 147, Bo
—, relation of to comets.... ............. 201
—— Seen to Lall ose eee te sereay ee 163, 164
—=\ SNOW ELS OLacacntecercson eae Gadosoud cr 201
= SIZOIOL «../s Beenie na sca ons ee laee ee naee 198
—— SOTOAINSG 'OL ieee. eeieein caleieeacoteobreten 197
—— SUF ICtULOIOL jason senses cme ceee eee 162
<=, temperature ol.,aiecnesceooseeen cee 196
WILY DES Olt enistcmacdee slaeventaene 159

= VALIO OL sen. ecereene 149, 154, 155, 164

—, velocity of flight of............... 200
—, weights of.......... 68, 69, 72, 147, 157, 198
— worship of . ‘5 nile eeleisieicleoen LAO HmRGL
Mexico, meteorites of .......... 2... cee. 67
Mildew...... ... Re yond les
Miller, Mera M. ‘quoted... BPemacporancs | is)
Nichols, Prof. H. W., analysis by....... 231
Orleans county, fungi of... ..... ... 165, 215
Owens, Prof. W.G., quoted. .......... . 86
Parasitic Lun git) s.[ sacs caetae sie eineter 165
Perseid meteorites... .. . 201
Physiography of Western New York.. 1
Preston, Ha, paper by. cn cane ceeenee 89
CLUE i ewieiieis sisiblavate etal vata cra aierntete pe 148
PSYSODIY.CUS) Vee hina sateen tuldeis emer eines 211
Pyrenomycetez, of Orleans county..... 165

—,of Western New York........ aearlanetne 215
RediRiveriv alley. so. ssonccncre ceseuet 93
Reed City meteorite. ... ......... Brey tell)

Rhizocorallium............ cie'ciots! eee 214

PAGE
Rochester, Crataegus in... . ........... 98
Rose, Gustave, quoted........ Se a 8 13}
east LUN Pee ee eae eee lente w ssc) #cdew seis 165
St. Genevieve meteorite.... ...... ..... 65
parrent, CaS. DADE! DY... ...-ssccce cece 93
Sarle, Clifton J., papers by .......... 203, 211
Sinaloa meteorite
Spirophyton ..... .... -
Streams of meteorites................00- 197
SPAONICHNILOS! .cou.cc) ceeics seat aves mitersieiee 211
PEROMUTUS Ae ocniccelcainectesuis@ee e's css, 6 . ll
PUGIGONLY COLE snasacccee sees sue ab sieves osesce 165

REMI p lS COMObicns sccscissscscsocdece es’ 201

241

PAGE

Three new Chilian meteorites.......... 225
Tschermak, Professor, quoted....... .. 228
We xa Li tne atc) ety erate cvico tacts mine ates 203

Ward-Coonley collection of meteorites
. 74, 86, 89, 91, 149, 194, 230
Ward, Henry A. , papers by.. 65, 67, 79,
137, 149, 193, re

Whitfield, J. J., analysis by.............
Willamette meteorite. . saaenion 3F
Western New York, Birds of..... ......
Worm burrows, re | re weqetesce 203
POOPY COS: cise chenecea iets stease oodseee cee 211

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