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ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW
SOUTH WALES

_ (Established 1879.)
Registered under the Companies Act, 1899 (1917).

PATRONS:
His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, Sir Philip Street, K.C.M.G.
Sir Philip Woolcott Game, G.B.E., K.C.B., D.S.O.

COUNCIL, 1938-1939.
President: A. F. Basset Hull, M.B.E., F.R.ZS8.

Vice-Presidents : Theodore Cleveland Roughley, B.Sc., F.
W. Cayley, F.R.Z.S.; Garnet Halloran, B.Sc., M.
F.R.C.S8. (Ed.); and Frank Marshall, C.M.G., D.D.S.

Honorary Secretary: Tom Iredale.
Honorary Treasurer: Phillip Shipway.
Honorary Librarian: A. S. Le Souef, C.M.Z.S.

Members: E. J. Bryce, F.R.G.8.; Clive W. Firth ; W. B..Gurney ; Aubrey
Halloran, B.A,, LU.B.; Keith A. Hindwood; Charles F. Laseron ;
Albert Littlejohn ; Noel L. Roberts; Michael 8. R. Sharland; Gilbert
Perey Whitley, F.R.Z.S.

_ Assistant Honorary Secretary : Betty French.
' Honorary Auditor: R. J. Stiffe, A.C.A. (Aust.).

OFFICERS OF SECTIONS.

Avicultural Section.
Chairman: A. H. Brain.

Hon. Secretary: L. E. Deane.

Budgerigar Section.
Chairman: R. J. Murray.

. Hon. Secretary: F. Brennan.

‘Marine Zoological Section. |
Chairman: Miss Joyce K. Allan.

Hon. since Miss M. Golding.

Ornithological Secon,
Chairman: M. 8. R. Sharland.

Hon. Secretary: Roy Cooper.

6270.

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T44

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ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF
NEW SOUTH WALES

The Annual General Meeting of the Society was held at Taronga Zoological
Park, Mosman, on Saturday, 23rd July, 1938, at 3 p.m. One hundred and
twenty-five members and visitors were present. The Honorary Secretary
(Mr. A. F. Basset Hull) read the :

FIFTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

MEMBERS.

On 30th June, 1938, there were 492 members on the register, divided
into the various categories as follows : Associate benefactors, 3 ; life members,
29 ; ordinary members, 272 ; honorary members, 8; honorary associates, 2 ;
life associates, 24; associates, 154. Eleven members died during the year,
19 resigned, and the names of 55 were removed from the register under
Article 9. The net reduction in the number of members, as compared with
the previous year, was 81. This may appear to constitute a heavy loss, but it
was largely caused by the dropping out of many associates who had joined
in the anticipation of deriving benefit from trading in birds for aviary purposes.
The Council, two years ago, decided that no encouragement would be given to
any commercial transactions of the kind.

THE COUNCIL.

Eleven meetings of Council were held during the year, the average
attendance at which was 11-7. Mr. E. F. Pollock, who had been a member
of Council since 1923, resigned owing to ill-health, and Mr. C. F. Laseron was
elected to fill the vacancy.

HONOUR TO MEMBER.

By a regrettable oversight, last year’s report omitted to mention the
honour of Officer of the Order of the British Empire (O.B.E.) conferred upon
Mr. Harry Burrell, the well-known authority on the habits of the platypus.

LOSS OF PROMINENT MEMBERS.

Amongst those who died during the year were Mr. F. P. Dodd, honorary
associate, whose beautiful collection of Australian insects was widely exhibited
throughout the eastern States, and formed one of the attractions offered to
tourists at his late residence, Kuranda, North Queensland; Colonel E. A.
Le Souef, formerly Director of the Zoological Gardens, Perth, Western
Australia ; Mr. C. W. D. Conacher, a life member; Dr. F. G. Hardwick and
Mr. A. E. P. West, life associates.

NEW ROOMS.

On Ist July, 1937, the Society moved to larger rooms on the sixth floor
of 28 Martin Place, which were extensively renovated, and 60 theatre chairs
installed, thus providing greater space and better comfort for members
attending the meetings.

A

FINANCES.

Owing to the change of room, increased rental, and elaborate furnishing,
the year’s expenditure for the first time exceeded the revenue. It is a matter
of congratulation that this state of affairs was unique in the history of the
Society, and as the cost of furnishing is not a recurrent one, we can confidently
expect that it will not occur again.

PUBLICATIONS.

In addition to the Proceedings published in August, 1937, Part 1 of
Volume 9 of The Australian Zoologist was issued on 12th November, 1937.
There has been a steady demand for the late Allan McCulloch’s Fishes and
Pish-like Animals of New South Wales, and the third edition is now nearly
sold out. Consideration is being given to the preparation of a new and more
comprehensive Handbook to the Fishes of Australia.

HANDBOOK FUND.

The invested amount of this fund now stands at a little over £2,000.
An advance from the current bank balance was made to the General Account
temporarily, but this will be adjusted during the current year.

SECTIONS.

Each Section reports commendable activity on the part of its officers and
members, and reports covering their work for the year will be duly published
in the Proceedings of the Society.

PRESERVATION OF THE TASMANIAN “ TIGER ”’.

Correspondence with the Tasmanian authorities has been carried on,
and copies of full reports of expeditions in search of this fast disappearing
marsupial have been received from the Tasmanian Fauna Board. From these
it appears probable that in the remote and almost unexplored portions of the
north-west and south-west areas there are still-several survivals. Further
expeditions are planned for the coming spring, and a cordial invitation has
been extended by the Board to a member of this Society to accompany the
next expedition, when he will be the guest of the Board.

TARONGA PARK TRUST.

The Trustees continue to provide special facilities for members of this
Society in accordance with the original agreement under which our members
have free admission to the Park and Aquarium. This privilege should attract
more new members in view of the increasing attractions of the Park.

AUSTRALIA’S 1507H ANNIVERSARY.

This Society organized an Exhibition of Australian Fauna and Flora as
part of the Anniversary Celebrations. Cordial cooperation was accorded by
the Government Departments of Agriculture, Mines and Forests, the Australian
Museum, the Royal and Linnean Societies of New South Wales, Taronga
Park Trust, The University, Sydney, the Wild Life Preservation Society and
the Naturalists’ Society of New South Wales, the Rangers’ and Forest Leagues,
and the Federation of Bush Walkers. The Curator of the Technological
Museum and the Royal Australian Historical Society assisted by lending cases
for exhibits and in other ways. The Celebrations Council provided the
necessary space for the Exhibition in the basement of the Commonwealth
Bank, together with lighting and other facilities. The Exhibition was
formally declared open by the Honourable D. H. Drummond, Minister for
Education, on 8th March, 1937, and it remained open to the public, free of
charge, until the 19th idem. About 10,000 persons visited the Exhibition,
which comprised Australian animals, birds, fishes, shells, insects, trees (woods)
and flowers. paintings, photographs. and interesting faunal and botanical
records. The incidental expenses of attendants, printing, etc.. were borne
bv this Society, the Celebrations Council regretting its inability to subsidise
the function beyond providing the facilities above mentioned.

D

GRASSHOPPER PLAGUE.

Council members have taken great interest in the question as to whether
the method of combating the grasshopper plague by the use of poison baits
had the effect of destroying native birds. The arguments and assertions
of field observers were fully considered. and Council had the advantage of the
special knowledge of one of its members, Mr. W. B. Gurney, Government
Entomologist. While the question has not yet been definitely settled to the
satisfaction of this Society, it is considered that full investigation of all
features is being carried out by the Department of Agriculture and the Council
for Scientific and Industrial Research.

FAUNAL RESERVES.

This Society called a meeting of representatives of all the other scientific
bodies of New South Wales to discuss the status of many of our rarer animals
and means of preservation. It was unanimously decided to press the forma-
tion of faunal reserves for the isolation and breeding of native animals now
under threat of extinction. The National Park Trust has been approached
and has undertaken the establishment and upkeep of the first of, we hope,
many faunal reserves. This question was referred to and adopted by the
Faunal Conference (see next paragraph).

FAUNA CONFERENCE.

At the request of the Honourable Frank Chaffey, M.L.A., Chief Secretary,
this Society was represented at a Conference on Fauna Preservation by Mr.
Tom Iredale, President. The Conference was held in the Executive Council
Chamber, Sydney, on the 14th, 15th and 16th September, 1937. Repre-
sentatives of government departments and other scientific societies of New
South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania attended. Mr. Chaffey
presided, and the recommendations of the Conference were summarized, the
following being those principally bearing upon the aims and objects of this
Society :

1. That the principle of the urgent necessity for the formation of faunal
reserves for the preservation and breeding of native animals be
adopted—each particular State and the various organizations
concerned to work out ways and means of giving effect to the principle.

2. That special efforts should continue to be made to conserve the

‘koala, platypus, lyre bird and the marsupial wolf of Tasmania ; also,
that the following additions be made to that list :

Brush turkey.

Mallee fowl.

Jungle fowl.

Australian bustard.

Echidna.

3. That with a view to the preservation of the koala action be taken in
each State to discover and set aside suitable areas of land with food
trees suitable to the koala—these reserves to be then managed as
koala stock farms; also that a Koala Committee be constituted to
advise the authorities in each State.

4. That a Fauna and Flora Board be constituted in each State of the
Commonwealth not already possessing same. These boards to act
in an advisory capacity to the government departments concerned.

DIAMOND JUBILEE.

In March, 1939, the Society will have completed sixty years of activity,
and steps will be taken fittingly to celebrate the occasion. Members have
been asked to make special efforts to nominate new members in the hope that
the coming vear will see the full complement of 350 enrolled.

Mr. Phillip Shipway presented the Balance Sheet (see p. 5).

In moving the adoption of the Report and Balance Sheet, Mr. Perey
Spender, M.P.. said it was a pleasure to have the privilege of moving the
adoption of the annual report. He congratulated the Society upon a successful

a

year and its stable financial position. It was always a pleasure to him to be
associated with any society which had as its object scientific research. As a
young country, Australia, for years past, had not given proper support to
scientific men in the work they were doing for the community. Science went
hand in hand with agricultural and industrial development.

The Society was to be congratulated on the contribution it was making
to public knowledge on important matters. Organizations like theirs should
be fostered, and finally the government would do the right thing and give
practical support. He noticed by the report that they discouraged associate
members who sought to trade in birds. They were to be congratulated for
adopting this attitude. Some time ago they had given a definite opinion
on the importation of certain birds from overseas, unless these were proved to
have economic worth and not harmful to anything here. Another matter
he hoped would have their attention was the export of birds. He believed
the government had given permits. If these exports were for scientific
purposes then all was well, but if they were for commercial uses such exports
should be prohibited.

Mr. Aubrey Halloran seconded the motion.

Col. Alfred Spain, Chairman of Taronga Park Trust, moved a vote of
thanks to the speakers, and referred to the admirable judgment of the Society
in selecting such a beautiful day in which to view the attractions of the Park.

The following members of Council, retiring under Article 23, were
re-elected : Messrs. N. W. Cayley, A. Halloran, A. F. B. Hull, C. F. Laseron,
Dr. F. Marshall, Mr. G. P. Whitley.

At a meeting of Council held on 27th July, 1938, the following were
elected officers for the year 1938-9: President, A. F. Basset Hull; Vice-
Presidents, Neville W. Cayley, T. C. Roughley, Drs. Garnet Halloran and
Frank Marshall; Hon. Secretary, Tom Iredale; Hon. Treasurer, Phillip
Shipway ; Hon. Librarian, A. 8. Le Souef; Hon. Editor, A. F. Basset Hull ;
Hon. Assistant Secretary, Miss B. French; Hon. Auditor, R. J. Stiffe.

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 30th JUNE, 1938.

ACCUMULATED FUNDS.
CS Oa ee See
GENERAL ACCOUNT—
WORKING ACc-
couNT—
Balance at 30th
June, 1937 .. 94 0 2
Add Excess of
Income over

Expenditure
for the Year NOM
aes) 1!
Less Purchase of
Furniture and
Equipment
during the
Year So lal 7/210)
Overdrawn .. LG
FUNDS INVESTED 714 7 10
Wiley ae
HANDBOOK FUND
ACCOUNT—
WORKING Ac-
couNT—
Excess of In-
come over Ex-
penditure for
the Year .. Qe 6) eh
Less Debit Bal-
ance at 30th
June, 1937 .. CVE 1
827 OO
FUNDS INVESTED 2,010 O O
2,092 9 10

£2,805 11 2

ASSETS.
a aS

GENERAL ACCOUNT
INVESTMENTS—

Office and Lecture
Room Furniture
and Equipment
(at valuation,
plus additions)

Library Books,
etc. (at valua-
tion) ie

HANDBOOK FEUND
ACCOUNT IN-
VESTMENTS

Australian Consoli-
dated Inscribed
Stock (Face
Value) ae

Australian Consoli-
dated Treasury
Bonds (Face

214

500

660

Value) ne E250

Metropolitan
Water Board
Inscribed Stock
(Face Value) ..

Including—
Albert Little-
john Endow-
ment.. me
Hume Barbour
Endowment
Walter and EH.
Hall Endow-
ment. . ae

CASH AT BANK AND
ON HAanpdD—
Commonwealth

Savings Bank—
General Account
Handbook Fund

Account ae

Commonwealth
Banke oe
Cash on Hand

100

R
th
L.

4

10 14 1

3
0 O
81 3 4

£2,805 11 2

Auditor's Report to the Members of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales.

I hereby report that I have audited the books and accounts of the Royal Zoological
Society of New South Wales for the year ended 30th June, 1938, and have obtained all the
information and explanations I have required, and in my opinion, the above Balance Sheet
exhibits a true and correct view of the state of the Society’s affairs as at 30th June, 1938,
according to the best of my information and the explanations given to me and as shown by

the books of the Society.

I have examined the register of members and other records which the Society is required
to keep by law or by its Articles, and am of opinion that such records have been properly kept.

(Sed.) TOM IREDALE,
President.

(Sgd.) NEVILLE CAYLEY,
Vice-President

Sydney, 18th July, 1938.

(Sed.) ROBT. J. STIFFE, F.C.A. (Aust.),

Hon. Auditor.

(Sgd.) PHILLIP SHIPWAY,

Hon. Treasurer.

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR
ENDED 30th JUNE, 1938.

GENERAL ACCOUNT.

ee eH CLS Sb Gls £& esses S wasaude
To Publication <Aus- By Subscriptions—
tralian Zoologist, Annual 394 18 0O
. Volume 9, Partl 95 5 3 Life 14 5 O
;. Publication Annual Sales — Australian
Report Pro- _ Zoologist ZOO
ceedings and », Rent — Subletting
Reprints 64 13 5 Offices . . ‘ 5Sy 391116
Office Rent ’ B70) -@ , Exhibitions 16 3 O
Office Printing and » Bank Exchange
Stationery, in- and Postage @ Wik &
cluding Annual », Telephone 5.)
Passes’ and a pale of Reprints. . 2 vibeoG
Tickets Gyr) ,, Capitation Fee 0 9 6
. Rent—Post Office , sundry Receipts DANS,
Box 1 O O Savings Bank In-
, Annual ‘Meeting terest aie 019 4
Expenses oh eh WY) —- ower eel!
Telephone Zola, 4. Donations—
Electricity eT pA! Albert Little-
. Insurance me a2} (0) john, Hsq. 10) 0
,, Stamp Duty, Bank Ki. Hirst, Esq. 2 Wantd
Charges and National Park
Registration Fee 5: 9 Cabin Fund 4 5
Sundry Petty Ex- — TGRLZ TO:
penses He 2419 3
Capitation and
Affiliation Fees ieee (0)
Library Expenses ZO)
Expenses of Re-
moval and Fit-
ting out new
Rooms we ills Teli« AO)
Exhibition Eix-
penses oe 57 14 8
— 509 16 9
Balance — Excess
of Income over
Expenditure for
the Year LD! yes 42
sSpyeqey 7 ili
£528 17 11
HANDBOOK FUND ACCOUNT.
La Suede Ce sesdies, Wades
To Balance—Excess of Income By Handbook Sales TL OK
over PAP ag for the ,, Interest on Invest-
Year. : es TSO B i Cid kh. ments Wp ts
2) iG atl
SOOT Gash £020 gO mua:

Presidential Address

AUSTRALIAN AVIFAUNAL PROBLEMS.

By TOM IREDALE.

When I selected this title I had in view a very different address from the
one that willnow be delivered. I prepared a synopsis with headings Economic
Research, Pure Research, Systematic Research, and Distribution. I then
developed sub-headings, and elaborating these I found that the solutions
to all the problems tended to revolve about a centre. Investigating further
I became aware that this solution had been advocated by many of my pre-
decessors during the twenty-one years since our separation from the Zoological
Gardens Trust. It then appeared necessary to subordinate all the less
problems into the emphatic re-advocacy of this solution. First, the major
problems may be briefly outlined, and the matters that have come before
the Council of this Society during my tenure of office will serve as examples.

We may start with the matter of poisoning adopted in the combating
of the grasshopper plague which has been mentioned in the Annual Report.
Our members have written in complaining of our inaction in not stopping
this cruel method, or at least protesting publicly against it, as regards the
unnecessary destruction of bird-life. Every view has been discussed and
attempts have been made to secure data confirming this alleged great destruc-
tion of bird-life. It may be here stated that this Society is in favour of
every method of bird preservation and against bird destruction for any
reason unless proved absolutely necessary. This is where our legal element
serves its purpose, as all evidence is sifted so that only the truth remains.
In the case under consideration, although there was hearsay account of
terrific bird destruction, no real evidence could be procured. On the other
hand we had the real evidence that the methods employed were proving
beneficial in the prevention of the extension of the plague. Here we see the
great problem of the unwise disturbance of the wonderful balance of nature,
as before our bird fauna was ruthlessly affected in the cause of the advance-
ment of civilization the grasshoppers were naturally kept under control. A
side issue may be here interpolated. A small native marsupial has been
found to live on grasshoppers and may have played its part in the past, but
now the little animal itself is almost extinct.

A further instance of the results of careless destruction of bird-life
proving a curse rather than the blessing it was intended to be is that of the
erow. This bird was (rightly) blamed for the destruction of a few lambs,
and hence sheep breeders decreed its extermination, and, to their loss, in
many places succeeded. Then arose a plague, the blow-fly, which is estimated
to cost the country a million and a half of money each year. It is known that
crows kept the blow-fly under control, and it would be a neat mathematica |
problem to calculate how many crows would be needed to destroy a million
and a half pounds worth of lamb each year. Yet today it is still difficult to
convince the sheep breeder that a crow is not his enemy, but his friend. It
is never realized that even a crow must live frorn year to year in order to be
able to attack lambs at the lambing period only. All the rest of the year the
erow is working for the good of the farmer.

Recently a vendetta was declared on hawks because some homing pigeon
owners declared that these birds were killing all their pigeons during their
races. Now there are few hawks capable of attacking such fast fliers as
pigeons, and obviously there was some other reason for the loss of the majority
of the pigeons. Nevertheless any bird that looked like a hawk was shot on
this paltry excuse, some of the poor victims being harmless and useful birds

7

which might have lost in a fight with a pigeon and which certainly would
never have attacked such a bird even if they met with it on the ground.
It is the duty of this Society to protest against such senseless slaughter, but
more authority is needed for success.

Two other similar cases may be cited as showing similar unreasonableness
and necessity for higher control. Every fresh-water fisherman will parade
the misdeeds of the cormorant, and subscribe money for its elimination.
When it is shown that the cormorant is more sinned against than sinning, it
is curious to note that prejudice will still avail against reason. Research has
in many cases absolutely proved the harmlessness, and also in other cases the
usefulness of the cormorant, but this is negatived by solitary instances of
faulty judgment by the bird. It is quaint to examine the data advanced
by the anti-cormorant fishermen in pursuit of their phantom enemy. It
must be here emphasized that this is not an attack on fishermen, but a defence
of the poor cormorant, as all the real evidence so farisinits favour. It willbe
admitted that under certain circumstances and in certain cases some
cormorants may attack immature fish, but these cases are so few, as against
the good the bird does, that in reality cormorants should be protected, not
destroyed.

The last instance is that of the rice-eating ducks of the Irrigation Area.
Complaint was made that the ducks were eating all the rice, and permission
was desired to kill them. It is well known that ducks cannot digest rice, so
would be unlikely to do any damage ; an inquiry was made, and it was found
that the ducks were innocent and that bald coots were really doing a lot
of damage. Thus it was necessary to negative any plea for permission to
destroy ducks, but it would be granted for the control of the bald coots.
A very injured innocent then explained “‘ that was no good; you can’t eat
bald coots ”’.

The preceding will give some idea of the problems that we are confronted
with, and now the solution so often propounded by this Society is advanced
once more with the hope that insistence will in time effect our object. This
solution is the foundation of an Official Bureau of Biological Survey, which
will treat every one of these problems scientifically and without prejudice,
but with due care to the rights of the human being, and give the considered
judgment which must have the effect of law. This bureau would comprise
trained officers in every branch of science, workers in laboratories and workers
outdoors. Data would be compiled from every angle so that the results
would be incontrovertible. Thus the feeding habits of the crow day by day,
year by year, in different parts of the country, would be investigated, and the
amount of good done on the majority of the days counterbalanced by any
harm done, so that the man on the land could see fairly and easily exactly
what the crow meant to him for good or evil. It is possible that in some
places the evil might overbalance the good, and then means of control would
be advised, not necessarily destruction. This last is very important, as only
in very rare instances would the extreme penalty become necessary. While
carrying out these economic researches many forms of pure research would
become important, and these would need consideration. At present there
is a vogue for the study of bird psychology, and while this may seem carrying
the idea too far to some of us of the older school, it is always unwise to decry
the advanced methods of the younger students. Consequently if this be
considered of value in the solution of any avian problem, let it be carried out
under the official sanction of a bureau so that the results could be of acceptable
and not of arguable worth. Similarly in the older world with restricted
spaces, closer settlement and fewer birds, it is now becoming customary to
initiate a census of a certain bird form. By this means the exact status of
the selected bird form is determined and that in connection with its value
as harmful or useful decides completely the use to the community to which
in some cases must be added its value as an object of beauty, attractive to the
tourist or visitor. It is almost impossible in this continent to visualize the
use of a census of any bird form, yet here again we can cite an exception, the
lyre bird. Apparently it does no harm nor good, but should be protected
absolutely on account of its unique beauty and attractiveness, especially as
it is helpless as well as harmless.

As above noted, the feeding habits of every bird whose value is questioned
should be worked out, a beginning having been made by a scanty research

8

on those of the quail and starling. This leads to the matter of introduced
birds, of which the latest apparent pest is the bulbul. This introduction was
allowed to get a strong foothold before its harmful qualities were recognized.
Really it is possible that the good this bird does greatly counterbalances its
bad points, and control rather than destruction should be advocated. In
the case of the endemic white eye, this little bird gem should never be destroyed
whatever apparent damage it may be doing, as it works for good almost
three hundred and sixty days per year. A bureau would display all these
facts with official authority.

Now just a few words on my own chosen field of research. Systematic
work is the most despised and most thankless of all phases of investigation,
yet is the most necessary. It is curious to see it depreciated by people who
should be able to appreciate it, and it has always seemed to me to be envy,
as it is the most difficult to carry out successfully. No one can read without
learning letters first, and systematic work is the basis of all other kinds of
research, and every piece of work is dependent on the accuracy of the
systematist. It may be pointed out that there are nearly seven hundred
different kinds of birds in Australia, of which say 680 are considered as harmless
or useful, the odd 20 or so covering all those accused of injuring man’s interests.
Over the extent of this continent many of these birds vary slightly in coloration
or size, and it may be also in habits, a matter which has not yet been studied.
In this connection may it not also be the truth that birds considered injurious
in one locality may be definitely useful and non-injurious in another. An
official bureau would settle all such questions in time.

To conclude, I would emphasize the urgent need of such an official
bureau, and ask for cooperation from all scientific workers in other branches
as though I am here dealing only with bird problems, the bureau would cover
all the animal kingdom and coincident problems from other branches. The
formation of an official bureau is no novelty, as there are similar bureaux
in existence in other countries, that of the United States being a striking
example, so that there can be no argument as to the usefulness and success
of the project.

Twenty-one years ago this object was first mooted by this Society, and
it is hoped that before long a start will be made and that this Society will
continue its advocacy until the end is achieved.

A NOTE ON THE MONARO DISTRICT.

Mr. Amos E. Williams reports that during this year he has been observing
the animals in the Monaro district. He considers that the black possum is
exceptionally scarce in the Kosciusko sanctuary. There are a few scrub
wallabies, and the grey kangaroos are slowly increasing. The wallaroo is
almost extinct. and the platypus is also decreasing in numbers. There are a
few rock wallabies on the Snowy River below Jindabyne. Along Varney’s
Range, between the main Kosciusko road and the Snowy River, there are
still a few koalas.

REPORTS OF SECTIONS.

AVICULTURAL SECTION.
Annual Repori.

The average attendance was 18, with a maximum of 2] at the annua
meeting, and a minimum of 15 at several of the monthly meetings.

During the year a number of interesting lectures were delivered by the
following: Messrs. R. J. Murray, K. A. Hindwood, N. W. Cayley. T. Iredale
and W. J. Wood.

Several other lectures were promised but unavoidably postponed, and on
these occasions, as on two other nights set aside for that purpose, the meeting
resolved itself into an informal discussion of aviary notes.

As a result of these nights members received a wealth of interesting
information, and this year we have had quite a number of written aviary
notes from members and also by exchange with the Avicultural Society of
South Australia.

During the year only two applications for awards were received by the
secretary, and these were referred to the proper channels, although one
application was not proceeded with owing to the fact that there was a doubt
as to the origin of one of the parent birds.

The other application was made by Mr. Steeles, Jnr., and was of
exceptional avicultural interest.

During the year our annual show was held in Anthony Hordern & Sons’
building, and in this respect the work of Mr. Leet and Mr. and Mrs. Browne
and others who so ably helped them must be commented upon, as the show
was a very great success indeed. A slight financial loss was made, but it
must be remembered that no admission fee was charged, as the show was
conducted for the sole purpose of encouraging study of aviculture, and
was not run on a commercial basis.

A. I. OrmssBy,
Hon. Secretary.

Aviary Notes.

Red browed or Senegal waxbill. One pair of these little waxbills occupy
an aviary fourteen feet by twelve feet, among other waxbills and finches,
the aviary being thickly planted with bamboo, ribbon grass and trees.

The nest was discovered on the 6th of March, 1938, and is the most
interesting that I have ever seen in an aviary. It was built at the base of a
clump of ribbon grass on the ground, out in the open flight, and was entirely
constructed of teased rope and feathers, about the size of a small coconut,
perfectly round in shape. On top of this nest was built another nest of grass
and feathers, rather open. The entrance to the main nest took some minutes
to discover, eventually being found at the base of the nest, level with
the ground, where a small tunnel about as round as a man’s small finger ran
back into the nest. The mouth of this tunnel was right on the ground, and
the birds definitely had to lift it up to enter the nest.

Young ones were first heard in the nest on the 19th of March and appeared.
to be about seven or eight days old. The parent birds at this stage were
particularly timid, and would not approach the nest while being watched.
They are also very excitable, fanning their tails out wide and switching
them from side to side, which is very pretty to watch.

Four young ones left the nest on the 2nd of April, and were fine, strong,
and well feathered youngsters. The colour of the young birds is slaty grey
underparts and head, the wings and tail being darker, almost a brown ; the
outside tail feathers are white, similar to the parent birds. They have a
short black beak with a white gape. The food of these birds was the usual

10

millet and plain canary seed. with a plentiful supply of fresh summer grass
seed daily, also a good helping of white ants once daily. of which the birds
consume a large quantity.

It may be of interest to mention here that the day after the young ones
left the nest two of them discovered the water fountain and promptly decided
to have their first bath, which I think is rather remarkable for young birds
one day out of the nest.

Eric C. STEELES.

{[Norr.—The Avicultural Section has recommended that an award be
granted to Mr. Steeles for the above achievement. |

Cuban finches. These birds became very active towards the end of
December, the male frequently carrying grass, but they did not seem to settle
down. They were then supplied with a quantity of teased rope of short
lengths, which were readily used, and a very good nest was built in the
Pittosporum tree. The nest was entirely built of teased rope, there being no
feathers used inside, but a large quantity were used on the outside of the nest.

Eventually three young ones left the nest in beautiful condition, and one
was almost identical with the hen bird both in size and colour. A plentiful
supply of seeding grass was readily taken by the parent birds, also a large
quantity of white ants were consumed, and a piece of apple supplied daily,
of which they are rather fond.

Eric C, STEELES.

Mr. G. Dummett reports :

Blue faced parrot finches. This year I successfully reared three blue faced
parrot finches. The birds were fed on millet, plain canary seed, with extras
in the way of seeding grasses (mainly summer grass) and a few meal worms
daily.

The young on leaving the nest were a dull green, with just a faint trace of
red above the tail, and bright yellow beaks. They had coloured nodules on
the beak the same as young gouldians. They also had two tufts of downy
feathers sticking straight up above the eyes. The old birds were very shy
when feeding the young, making no attempt to feed while being watched.

The nest was built in the shelter shed, and well out of view.

Ruddy or fire finches. I also successfully reared one African ruddy finch.
When this bird left the nest it was plain brown, like the mother bird, excepting
that it had a small piece of white flesh on either side of its beak. It was very
strong on the wing and perfectly feathered. During the time the parent birds
were nesting they had millet, plain canary seed, seeding grasses, small meal
worms, and occasionally white ants. At three months small patches of red
were noticed coming through the brown, and at four months the bird was a
perfectly coloured cock, being a vivid red with two small gold rings around the
eyes.

I noticed that during the time the parents were nesting they showed a~™
definite preference for white feathers with which to line their nest. While
the young bird was dependent on its parents, he was jealously guarded and
well cared for, the parents driving off other birds.

The nest was built inside the shelter shed and very close to the roof.

Cordon bleus. The three cordon bleus that I reared left the nest pre-
maturely—one bird being fairly strong on the wing although not properly
feathered, and the other two remained on the floor of the aviary for four
days—these two being barely half feathered. The colours of the young
birds on leaving the nest were : wings and breast pale grey, head and sides of
body very pale blue. At four months two cock birds showed red patches
around the ears and the body colour took on a brighter shade of blue. The
hen was a smaller and duller edition of the mother.

The nest was built very high in ti-tree within the shelter shed. During
the time these birds were in the nest I kept the aviary well supplied with white
ants and noticed that the hen cordon bleu ate greedily of these. Two or three
days before the young cordons flew, being temporarily without white ants,
I kept the aviary supplied with large quantities of leaf mould from the garden.
The cordons were noticed to be turning it over searching for any small spiders
or other insects which it contained.

La

In addition to white ants and garden insects the birds had access to millet,
plain canary seed, seeding grass and small meal worms.

Green strawberries. ‘This year I was again successful in rearing one young
green strawberry finch from the pair of birds which last year reared three
young ones. The parent birds nested in the open flight of the aviary, building
a large grass nest in the privet hedge.

The young strawberry on leaving the nest was unlike the adult birds,
being entirely grey with a yellow patch on the wings and a dull black beak.
At four months old it started to assume adult colours—black and white bars
appearing on the sides of the body and rich olive green on the breast and
rump. The parent birds were kept well supplied with white ants and small
meal worms, and when white ants were not available large quantities of leaf
mould, and the usual supply of millet, plain canary seed and seeding grasses
were also available.

Mr. R. B. Browne reports :

Red faced parrot finches. Received three birds on December 4, 1937,
apparently two cocks and one hen. Ti-tree was supplied, fastened to the
wall of the aviary, and a ready-made straw nest hidden in it.

The birds started building immediately in the nest provided, extending
the front forward and inwards to the centre, making a smaller opening of
about 14 inches diameter, and lining the inside with feathers.

Food supplied consisted of millet (panicum), plain canary seed, meal
worms, dried flies and crushed hemp, with plenty of seeding grasses. The
crushed hemp was readily eaten, and the insects also, but not so ravenously,
and it did not seem that the insects were essential.

The hen started sitting on December 26, and did all the incubating.

On January 12 some young ones were found in the nest, and may have
been hatched a few days earlier. The same food was continued, and four
young ones left the nest in perfect condition on February 2, and are still doing
well.

On February 12 the hen laid again in the same old nest, although another
one was available. The original nest was thoroughly cleaned out by the
birds and some more feathers added to the inside. On February 14 there
were three eggs in the nest, one being laid on each of the three successive days.

A peculiar feature of the young is that two of the four have a great deal
more brownish-red colour about the head than the other two, and have been
ringed accordingly to denote what is probably the distinction of the sexes.

Also the four young have two extremely luminous beads on the bill, one
above and one below the opening at the base, similar in appearance to those
of gouldians, excepting that they are brighter and only two in number.

The upper billis black and the lower one yellow. The whole body colour
is green, but of a much duller shade than the adults, with a small patch of
pinkish yellow on the throat. The supposed cock birds have a brownish red
patch on top of the head, which is lacking in the other two, and the latter may
be a trifle smaller in size, both in head and body.

BUDGERIGAR SECTION.

Annual Report.

The domestic activities of the Section have been a departure from those
of any previous year. The holding of “‘ table shows ”’ each alternate month
met with a ready response and augurs well for their success and continuance
during 1938-9. The interest was well sustained and from many aspects an
education to old and new fanciers alike.

The amateur judging competitions conducted in conjunction with the
shows were equally successful, and members showed throughout the series a
keenness in their selections and uniformity of opinion not anticipated when
this competition was added to each show. In twenty-one separate judging
events the margin separating the first six placings was only 14 points, aggregate
90 points. The winner of this competition was Mrs. R. B. Browne. The
svllabus as laid down for the coming year is more comprehensive, and should
prove of considerable interest to all budgerigar fanciers.

12

During the year a Centenary Exhibition was held at Anthony Hordern
& Sons Ltd., Sydney, in cooperation with the Avicultural Section. This
exhibition was held for the purpose of bringing before the general public the
work of the aviculturist in such a way as to impress and foster in their minds
the love of our feathered friends.

The coveted Sydney Mail trophy was won by Mr. J. Catt with a bird of
wonderful coloration—a yellow-wing laurel. In the winning of this trophy
Mr. Catt is justly envied—nevertheless heartily congratulated.

Without being seemingly discourteous to the members of this Section
who worked for the success of the exhibition. special mention I feel is due
to Mr. G. Leet and Mr. and Mrs. R. B. Browne. To these members the
success of the organization of the exhibition is due. The Section’s thanks
is passed to these members.

We are also not unmindful of the generosity of our lecturers, Mr. N.
Cayley, Dr. Garnet Halloran and Mr. T. Iredale, who gave to us most
interesting and instructive discourses.

The attendances at the monthly meetings have shown a steady improve-
ment during the year, and the introduction of new members has been in
keeping with the previous years.

In reviewing the standing of the budgerigar generally in its relation to
other fancies I see no reason to be pessimistic as to its future. I will agree
that for the past two years the budgerigar has been in a transitionary stage,
from its years of plenty, financially, to its state of general popularity. The
result leaves no doubt as to its future standing. The drawcard of exhibiting
bodies !

The budgerigar today is without doubt the most popular of all cage
birds. The colour mutations are a source of wonder to the uninitiated and
a plaything in the hands of the experienced breeder. For this popularity
no small measure of credit must be given to members of this Section for their
activities in outside circles.

In conclusion I might add that the maintaining of this Section within
the Royal Zoological Society is necessary as being the foundation on which
the successful continuance of the popularity of the budgerigar is built.

FRANK BRENNAN,
Hon. Secretary

MARINE ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

Annual Report.
Your Committee has pleasure in submitting its report for 1937-38.

Attendance at meetings has been smaller than we could have wished,
but members have attended regularly and a number have become keen
collectors.

Interesting illustrated lectures have been given as under :

p37 =
September 6: “ Taronga Aquarium ’’, by Mr. Chas. Camp.
October 5: “‘ The Lure of the Loricate’’, by Mr. A. F. Basset Hull.
December 6: “ Ancient Seas of Australia’, by Mr. C. F. Laseron.

1938—

March 7: ‘“ Destruction of Timber by Marine Borers and Other Pests ”’’,
by Mr. R. A. Johnson.

April 4: “ Travels Abroad ’”’, by Mr. G. P. Whitley.

May 2: “ Australian Naturalists of the Past’, by Mr. Tom Iredale.

June 6: “Shells and Shell Collecting’, by Mr. C. F. Laseron.

July 5: Marine Exhibits by members.

August 3: Early Books on Conchology, by Mr. Tom Iredale.

November 1: Informal Conversazione and Exhibition of his collection
of New South Wales shells by Mr. C. F. Laseron.

February 7: Marine Exhibits by members.

Exhibit evenings have been a feature of the years programme :

An excursion to Long Reef, Collaroy, in November, was poorly attended
but interesting collections were made.

13

Several of our members displayed collections at the Flora and Fauna
Exhibition during the sesqui-centenary celebrations, and our enterprising
President, Mr. C. F. Laseron, by interchanging stamps for shells with the
school children of Woolgoolga, North Coast, has discovered new species and
considerably added to his already fine collection.

In conclusion, your Committee wishes to thank all those who have. in
any way, contributed to the success of the year’s work. What we have
lacked in numbers has been partly compensated for by the enthusiasm of our
members. May we hope that the ensuing year will see our numbers increased
and our interest and enthusiasm sustained.

C. F. LASERON, Maistre M. Goupinec.
Chairman. Hon. Secretary.

ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION.

Annual Report.

In presenting the annual report of the Ornithological Section, it is
gratifying to note that the attendance of members has increased to an average
for each meeting of 38, as against 34 in the preceding twelve months.

Lectures were held at each of the monthly meetings, al of which proved
most interesting and instructive to members. <A wide range of subjects was
covered by the lectures, showing the immense field to be embraced by the
student of ornithology.

The following is a complete list of the lectures and lecturers :

1937—
July 16: “ Birds of Tasmania ’’, by M.S. R. Sharland.
August 20: ‘ Bird Books”, by K. A. Hindwood.
September 17: ‘‘ The Kimberleys ”’, by C. Price Conigrave.
October 15: ‘‘ Gould League Camp-out ”’’, by members.
November 19: ‘‘ Minds of Birds”’, by N. L. Roberts.
December 17: ‘*A Bush Ramble’’, by N. Chaffer.

1938—
January 21: ‘‘A Trip to Central Australia ’’, by H. O. Fletcher.
February 18: ‘Travels Abroad ”’, by Gilbert Whitley.
March 18: ‘Sound Films ’”’, by S. Stubbs.
April 22: ‘* Economic Ornithology ”, by K. C. McKeown.
May 20: ‘Colour in Birds’”’, by Roy P. Cooper.
June 17: ‘‘Some Bird Problems ’”’, by Tom Iredale.

The birds of four States, namely New South Wales, Tasmania, north-
West Australia and Central Australia, were covered by the lectures of Messrs.
Chaffer, Sharland, Conigrave and Fletcher, respectively, while the Gould
League Camp-out discussion by members enlarged on the birds of the Riverina.
Mr. Whitley gave interesting details of the skins of extinct birds that were in
the overseas museums, and Mr. Hindwood’s lecture on “ Bird Books ”’ brough
many irregularities to light besides showing the amount of small and large
books written on birds.

The work carried out in economic ornithology by Mr. McKeown was well
summarized in his lecture on the subject. Experiments conducted with
poisoned wheat showed that sparrows after eating same immediately flew off
at a great speed, in some cases a distance of a mile, before dropping dead.
Very seldom death occurred on the actual field.

Messrs. Roberts and Cooper broached new subjects for the Section in
their lectures on the ‘“‘ Minds of Birds ” and “ Colour in Birds ”’ respectively.
Mr. Roberts drew attention to the unbridgeable gulf that exists between the
outlook of birds and the outlook of men. Mr. Cooper projected microscopic
lantern slides showing how the various colours appear in the vane of a bird’s
feather. and also discussed the theories of natural and sexual selection.

The movie films shown by Mr. Stubbs of the “‘ Lyrebird ”’ and “‘ The
Nepean ” were excellently compiled. while Mr. Iredale’s address as chairman
dealt with many of the problems that confront the student of ornithology.

14

The photographs shown on slides throughout the series of lectures have
been of the same standard as previously. and undoubtedly must favourably
compare with any similar group throughout the world.

During September a conference called by the N.S.W. Chief Secretary
was held, and Mr. Neville W. Cayley, from this Section, was appointed as
representative for the Royal Australasian Ornithologists’ Union, and Mr.
Tom Iredale as representative of the Society.

A resolution adopted at this conference requested the R.A.O.U. to forward
details of birds for which complete protection was desired for the whole of
Australia. This work is being carried out by R.A.O.U. members of the
Society, and lists showing the discrepancies between the State Acts are being
compiled. It is hoped that when the final report is forwarded to the Chief
Secretary extra protection will be granted to a large number of birds.

A party of members visited the Gould League Camp-out at Leeton and
*“ Kooba’ Sheep Station in September, 1937. So great was the interest
shown by the local authorities that a sub-branch of the R.A.O.U. was formed.
Most of these members have since been appointed rangers, and they are
proving very enterprising in their endeavours to form new sanctuaries and
generally protect birds from destruction.

During the return journey two new bird records for the Mallee country
at Barellan were noted by Mr. M. 8. Sharland. These were the Gilbert
whistler and shy ground wren.

The cabin, at the Waterfall end of National Park, has continued to be
occupied regularly by members during the year. A report has been handed
to the Council of the Society for submission to the National Park Trustees
of the activities conducted at the cabin and elsewhere in the Park.

Notices have been sent to all members who desire them of the monthly
meetings, and these have been largely instrumental! in increasing the number
present each month.

At the exhibition sponsored by the Society as part of the 150th Centenary
Celebrations, the main exhibit was the framed photographs submitted by
this Section. Several members also loaned additional photographs, in
particular Mr. J. S. P. Ramsay.

A standing committee has been appointed by the R.A.O.U. to cooperate
with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in all matters pertaining
to ornithology, and Messrs. Iredale and Cooper, of this Section. have been
elected as the N.S.W. representatives.

Observations have been carried out at a standard comparable with
previous years, the most outstanding being the recording of an immature
specimen of the white-tailed tropic bird by Mr. K. A. Hindwood from Bawley
Point, South Coast. This is only the third record from Australia of this
species.

The officers again wish to express their thanks to all members for their
cooperation throughout the year, and also to thank the lecturers. who have
made the year so successful.

Roy P. Cooper.
Hon. Secretary.

REPORT DEALING WITH THE SOCIETY’S RECENT ACTIVITIES
IN NATIONAL PARK.

The attendance of members at the Zoologists’ Cabin during the year has
been well up to the average of previous years and interest in the natural history
of the Park has been maintained. The convenience of the Cabin as a site
for study in the field is appreciated by members, and much useful scientific
work has been undertaken there.

One of our members during the year took a party of 40 or 50 nature
students and bird-observers for a day’s outing to the Cabin and lectured to
them on the birds of the Park, after which the party was taken through the
forest and shown some of the birds described. Further outings of a similar
nature are being arranged.

The Cabin has been maintained in good condition, and some improvement
have been made. both inside and out. Whenever possible. clearing of gras
and shrubs from the sides of the Cakin is carried out. and the surroundin

15

hn hk Nn

1Q

are maintained in a tidy condition. Visitors from other countries are taken
there to see birds, plants and other life which are not readily found in other
places near Sydney. During the last two seasons the white cockatoo has
been found nesting near the Cabin. The black-cheeked falcon has been
photographed in the southern part of the Park, and bird-photographers have
also given some attention to a pair of sea-eagles nesting at Marley.

Articles written from information gained from studies in the Park have
appeared in various popular, and some scientific journals during the year.

The Society desires to draw attention to the position of the lyrebird in
National Park. It is a matter that has caused some concern. For some five
or six years past there is evidence that the bird in a wide radius of the Cabin
has not reproduced its kind. Each winter during that period nests have been
found, but in each case under observation it has been found that the eggs
disappear before incubation is completed. This may be due to predatory
animals, such as the native-cat or fox; on the other hand, egg-collectors
may still be operating in the Park. Of the latter possibility, members have
no definite knowledge, but they are watching the position in the hope of
determining the real cause; and in this regard any help which the Park
rangers are able to give would be appreciated. The lyrebird, as you doubtless
know, normally builds one nest in a’ season and lays a single egg. When the
nest is robbed, the season is often so far advanced as to preclude the possibility
of the bird breeding successfully that year.

We also draw attention to the fact that the presence of road-workers’
tents at the turn-off to the Cabin road has interfered with the satin bowerbird.
For many years a bowerbird had a bower at this spot. We hope that when the
tents are removed the scrub will recover and the bird will return. Being in
such an accessible position this bower was one of the features exhibited to
visitors from other States or abroad. Mr. Cherry Kearton, naturalist and
photographer, found it most interesting, and he mentions it, as well as other
attractions of the Park, in his book, “I Visit the Antipodes ”’.

One of our members is now working in the Park on the life history of the
satin bowerbird, with special attention to its bower-building habits.

Members have not confined their work to the area surrounding the Cabin,
though here, it can be said, most of their study is undertaken. They have
covered a wide area, and visited the coastal districts from time to time.

In the winter months there is a definite migration of honey-eating birds
to the heathlands near the coast, and the gatherings of many hundreds of
these bright birds, feeding on the banksias and other flowering shrubs at
Gundamain and adjacent areas, singing loudly and clustering in the bushes,
is regarded as one of the highlights of avian life in the Park.

We were gratified with the appointment of Mr. Neville Cayley as a
member of the Trust during the year. Mr. Cayley is a Councillor of the
Society, and his knowledge of ornithology should prove useful in this new
sphere.

Mr. Cayley has proposed an extensive examination of marsh lands in
the Park in search of the Bristle-bird, a bird which has not been recorded
about Sydney for many years, but which may still inhabit some of these
hitherto remote areas now rendered fairly accessible by means of roads.
This examination is likely to be carried out during the year, with the Cabin
as the base.

Among the “ pets’’ which members have succeeded in taming, or at
least inducing to come to the Cabin for food, are ringtail possums, bandicoots,
birds of various kinds, and a large monitor lizard (goanna), the latter
approaching fearlessly for food scraps, meat, etc. Notices have been posted
in the Cabin asking visitors not to disturb the confidence of these animals.

Some members who recently visited Marley have reported that motor
cars are being driven across the heath to that district. They understood
that motor traffic to this spot was prohibited. In this area recently some
native carvings were found—it is thought, for the first time.

‘

Members appreciate various courtesies extended to them during the year
by officers of the Trust on duty in the Park. and express the hope that the
same cordial relations may continue.

16

SYLLABUS OF SECTIONAL MEETINGS, 1938-9.

AVICULTURAL SECTION (Second Monday in the Month, except when a
Public Holiday. April 10 and June 12 are holidays)—
1938—
July 11.—** Culture of Bees”’, by W. A. Goodacre.
August 8.—‘ Colour in Birds”’, by Roy P. Cooper.
September 12.—* Bird Parasites’, by K. A. Hindwood.
October 10.—*‘ Finches’, by Neville W. Cayley.
November 14.—** Among the Birds ’”’, by R. J. Murray.
December 12.—Table Show.

1939—
January 9.—‘‘ Lyre Birds”’, by M. 8. R. Sharland.
February 13.—Subject to be selected, by Tom Iredale.
March 13.—‘‘ Some Avicultural Problems’, by W. J. Wood.
April 17.—“ Are Birds Intelligent ?”’, by Noel L. Roberts.
May 8.—“‘ Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Birds”’, by H. O. Fletcher.
June 19. Annual Meeting. Chairman’s Address.

BUDGERIGAR SECTION (Third Tuesday in the Month)—
1938—

July 19.—Table Show, Type only, any Variety. Lecture, “ Sex-
Linkage’, by W. Boardman.

August 16.—Grey-wing Blue, any variety, normal and 50% body colour.
Lecture, “‘ Oysters”’, by T. C. Roughley.

September 20.—Yellow-wing Green, any variety. Lecture, “ Fairy
Wrens’, by Neville W. Cayley.

October 18.—White-wing Blue, any variety. Lecture, “ Karly
Ornithologists ’’’, by Tom Iredale.

November 15.—Any Variety not classified in Standard of Perfection.
Lecture, “‘ A Naturalist in Tropic Isles”’, by G. P. Whitley.

December 20.—Cinnamon-wings, any variety. Lecture, “* Rambles in
Bird-Land ”’, by K. A. Hindwood.

1939—

January 17.—Young birds, any variety, close ringed 1938.

February 21.—Members’ Night. Lecturers for this and the following
months will be notified to members in attendance at monthly
meetings.

March 21.—Table Show. Green, any variety.

April 19.—Blue, any variety.

May 16.—Self-coloured varieties.

June 20.—Annual Meeting. Grey-wing green, any variety, normal,
and 50% body colour.

Table Shows are open to all financial members. Nomination fee 3d. per
bird. Trophy for best bird in show. Amateur judging competition in
conjunction with each show ; award on completion of series to the member
having the greatest aggregate of points compiled according to judges’ placings.

MARINE ZOOLOGICAL SECTION (First Monday in the Month, except
when a Public Holiday, then on Tuesday)—
1938—
July 4.—*‘ Lord Howe”’, by H. J. Campbell.
August 2 (Tuesday).—Exhibition Night.
September 5.—‘“‘ Seaweeds’, by Miss May.
October 4 (Tuesday).—‘** Great Whales’’, by David G. Stead.
November 7)
December 5 |
1939— |
February 6 Subjects to be.selected.
March 6 f
April 3 |
May 1
June 5.—Annual Meeting.

ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION (Third Friday in the Month)—

1938—
July 15.—General Discussion by Members.*
August 19.—‘ A Naturalist in New Guinea ”’, by C. Price Conigrave.
September 16.—* John Gould in Australia’”’, by K. A. Hindwood.
October 21.—** Honeyeaters of the Sydney District ’’, by several speakers.
November 18.—*‘ Sea Birds of Sydney Harbour ’’, by Tom Iredale.
December 16.—‘‘ Fairy Wrens’”’, by Neville W. Cayley.

1939—
January 20.—General Discussion by Members.*
February 17.—‘ In the Gippsland Forest ’’, by D. Leithhead.
March 17.—“ Colour Changes in Birds’’, by Roy P. Cooper.
April 21.‘ Avian Embryology ’’, by Dr. Garnet Halloran.
May 19.—‘ An Ornithologist Abroad ”’, by E. J. Bryce.
June 16.—Annual Meeting. Chairman’s Address, by M. S. R. Sharland.

Meetings of all Sections are held in Room 6, Sixth Floor, Bull’s Chambers,
28 Martin Place, Sydney, at 7.30 (for 8) p.m.
All members, associates, and their friends are welcome.

REVIEW.

‘‘ Australian Parrots: Their Habits in the Field and Aviary ’’, by Neville W.
Cayley, F.R.Z.S. Angus & Robertson Ltd., Sydney, 1938. 12s. 6d.

Mr. Cayley adds another of his delightfully illustrated bird books to the
list already standing to his credit. This work is devoted to that comparatively
large group of gaily coloured Australian natives, the parrots, under which
all-embracing title he deals with all the cockatoos, parrots, parrakeets,
lorikeets and lorilets—a truly gorgeous family. Eleven coloured plates
depict all the members of this group in all their marvellous variety of plumage,
and even covering the recently evolved colour varieties of the budgerigar,
pet of so many bird fanciers all the world over. Each species is described—
male, female, and immature, where known; distribution (with map), habits
and ‘‘ aviary notes’ on breeding in captivity. References in literature are
freely quoted in extension of the author’s own observation, and nineteen
half-tone or line blocks are added, illustrating nests and nesting places,
aviaries, etc. The work contains 324 pages of information, and a compre-
hensive index rounds off an altogether admirable example of what can be
produced by an Australian author, printer, and publisher, the work being
wholly set up and printed in Sydney.

A.F.B.H.

* These discussions are listed to enable members to take part in the
proceedings, and to bring forward any problems for elucidation.

18

NOTES ON A PINK TONGUED SKINK
(Hemispheriodon gerrardii).*

On October 14, 1937, I obtained two pink tongued skinks from Tweed
River, near Murwillumbah, N.S.W. These were of a rather lighter build
than the blue tongued lizard, also the tail was more slender, and equalled the
length of head and body combined, was rounded, and of a semi-prehensile
nature. The limbs slender, the digits rather long, and the two middle (third
and fourth) digits of the hind limbs rather elongate. The head broad, with
the neck well pronounced. The general coloration is drab or fawn, with
blackish transverse bands commencing at the neck and terminating at the
extreme end of the tail. One rather striking feature is that the rostral scutum
is jet black, as are also the nasal scuta. The ventral surface is mottled fawn
and black. The scalation is very smooth and flattened, the scales being
without keels.

Tongue.—Pink and flat. When extruded it is vibrated very rapidly,
after the manner of some snakes.

Hye.—Dark with a pale yellow, rather narrow, iris.

Ears.—Well defined circular depressions; some slight protection is
afforded by one or two small scuta.

Food.—In captivity the principal food consists of snails, which are shelled
and swallowed in much the same manner as by other skinks. This skink
is a good climber, and I have seen it mount to the top of a fairly smooth post
and wrench off snails which were adhering firmly to its surface. It will also
eat raw meat, and occasionally small pieces of cooked meat. Also, it will
sometimes drink a little milk, or raw egg and milk, but seems to prefer water.

It is fond of warmth, but is not a lover of very hot sunshine.

This skink, when being handled, clings very tenaciously, usually drawing
blood from the back of my hands or wrists on account of the sharpness of its
claws. This habit of clinging is possibly caused by nervousness.

One of these skinks, which was in poor condition when I received it,
never properly recovered, and though I subjected it to artificial heat (the
weather not being very warm at the time) it died on November 10, 1937.
On December 27 following (morning) I noticed the female skink in the outer
enclosure, sunbaking. When she saw me she opened her mouth wide, gave a
loud hiss, and vanished into the sleeping compartment. Upon locking into
the enclosure I saw a young one, and after a search I collected altogether
seventeen of them. Some days afterwards I saw another juvenile in the
garden outside the enclosure, it having apparently managed to get through
the half-inch wire mesh. I made an attempt to capture it, but it escaped,
and has, I am afraid, fallen a victim to a neighbour’s cat, as it has not been
seen since.

The young ones averaged four inches in length, of which the tail measured
slightly more than two inches (average two and a quarter inches). They
were boldly marked light fawn, with jet black transverse stripes. These
stripes commenced on the neck and terminated at the end of the tail. I
counted the black stripes on a number of specimens and they averaged
twenty. There was also a black dot under each eye. The inside of the
mouth was black, as was also the tongue, which was vibrated very rapidly.
The muzzle (rostral scutum, ete.) 7s not black in the new born young. The
pineal gland could be seen in these young. I placed these skinks in a separate
vivarium with a glass top, with bark, leaves, etc., under which they could

* Identified by Mr. J. R. Kinghorn, of the Australian Museum, Sydney.
19 |

hide. For the first three days they did not feed, but drank a little water.
I offered them finely chopped shelled snails, and after a while they commenced
to feed. I then gradually added finely chopped raw meat or finely chopped
cooked lamb to the menu, and they fed freely ; also, they commenced to
grow, sloughing at intervals, though this was extremely hard to follow as the
slough was very fine. :

January 29, 1938.—I placed the young ones in a larger vivarium with a
glass front, fitted so that I could supply artificial heat for the winter.

February 19.—I measured several and found that they were now eight
inches in length.

February 23.—I noticed a change in the colour of the inside of the mouth
to pink and the tongue to a mauve colour. They were eating twelve large
chopped shelled snails daily, also meat, and could shell small snails for
themselves.

March 14.—Because of a considerable fall in temperature I supplied
artificial heat to the skinks. They are all feeding freely, having had three
small dishes full of meat and snails today.

March 16.—A warmer day, but night cool. Skinks still have artificial
heat. The tongues of some of the larger ones are distinctly pink in colour.
The black transverse stripes are much fainter in colour, though broader.
One of these skinks broke its tail in half the day it was born (December 27,
1937). It is now reproducing it.

March 17.—Warmer, no artificial heat supplied.

March 19.—Fed young skinks on raw meat, also egg custard.

March 20.—Weather much warmer, but artificial heat supplied to skinks.

March 30.—Some of the skinks now measure nine and a quarter inches.

April 6.—One of the skinks measures ten and a quarter inches.

April 15.—Dull warm cloudy day, artificial heat discontinued.

April 17.—Quite hot day (87° F.), cold night. Artificial heat supplied
to skinks at night. ’

April 18.—Bright and cold day, artificial heat supplied to skinks day and
night.

April 20.—Young skinks feeding well on raw meat, under artificial heat.

April 22.—Weather becoming warmer.

April 23-24.—Weather becoming warmer, artificial heat discontinued.

April 25.—Colder day, artificial heat renewed.

April 26.—Cold day, westerly wind, artificial heat continued.

April 28.—Warmer day, artificial heat continued.

Measured two skinks. One measured ten and three-quarter inches, the
other eleven inches.

May 13, 16, 24, 25.—Weather warmer, but heat supplied.

May 26.—Rained all day, artificial heat continued.

May 27.—Warmer day. Largest young skink measured twelve and three-
quarter inches. Five months old.

After this followed several mild days and cold nights, when heat was
supplied continuously to skinks.

June 17.—All skinks lively and healthy. Largest measured thirteen
and three-quarter inches.

June 22.—Milder day, all seventeen skinks feeding well; artificial heat
supplied continuously.

June 28.—Measured three of the largest young skinks. One measured
twelve and a half inches, one thirteen and a half inches, and one fourteen
inches. Skinks are now six months old.

June 28.—By now there is a marked change in the appearance of the
skinks since they were born. The black spot under the eye, and at the angle
of the jaw have disappeared. The ventral surface has changed from black to
mauve, then salmon pink, and in some specimens to pale fawn colour. The
black stripes have become broader, less bold, and in some have almost entirely

20

ae

disappeared. The claws are sharp, and will now draw blood from the back of
one’s hand. The mouth is entirely pink, as is also the tongue. The black
patch on the muzzle has now embraced the first labial on each side of the upper
jaw, as well as the rostral and nasal scuta, also a black mark has appeared on
the top of the head extending behind the eye to the base of the skull. The
shape of this mark is as follows: < with the converging ends directed
anteriorly.

They rarely now attempt to bite ; this may be due to frequent attention.

At times these skinks show a rather unusual mode of progress, using the
fore limbs only whilst the hind pair are held close and straight out against the
tail.

During March, 1938, I witnessed the following rather amusing incident
amongst these skinks: Some small live snails and slugs had been introduced
into their vivarium, and the skinks commenced to feed. One of the larger
reptiles had swallowed a slug, and was about to seize a second, when a slightly
smaller skink picked up the slug in its jaws, upon seeing which the larger skink
grabbed the fast disappearing slug by the tail end, and eventually both skinks’
jaws met, when the larger one advanced its jaws over the front of the head
of the smaller one and bet hard. There was some squirming and twisting before
they broke free, whereupon the smaller skink regained his breath, then bit
savagely at the nose of the other, also the neck, front foot, and finally the
flank, after which affairs settled down to normal.

17 Bronte Street, G. LONGLEY.

Bronte,
Sydney, N.S.W.

Young Pink-tongued Skink.

(Block by courtesy of “The Sydney Mail’’.)

SHELL COLLECTING IN NEW SOUTH WALES.
By C. F. LASERON.

Address given as Chairman of the Marine Section, June, 1938.

The collecting of shells is one of the oldest as well as one of the most
fascinating branches of marine zoology. Shells as objects of interest have
attracted the attention of people on the sea shore for untold years, and the
most ancient books on natural history have numerous references to them.
It is probable that much of the fascination is due to the fact that the depths
of the sea have for ever been shrouded in an atmosphere of mystery. Even
now, in a crowded city built by the sea, where nature has on the land receded
far, the brink of the sea is the boundary of unexplored regions, and areas only
a few feet away are as inaccessible as the centre of the Sahara, and much
less known.

No wonder then that shells, with their infinite shape and beauty, have
ever been objects of interest and speculation. Again they attract by the
ease with which they can be preserved and kept. To collect them is indeed
interesting, but infinitely more interesting is the realization that they are
only the hard parts of living animals, animals of such diverse forms and
habits that the life history of any one species is enough in itself to occupy the
study of a specialist for a lifetime.

Thus some are vegetable feeders, others live on plankton, the minute
life of the sea, some are carnivorous, others are straightout parasites on other
marine animals. Some live in sand or mud, others are attached to rocks or
seaweed, some crawl on the bottom of the sea, some swim on its surface, while
still others are attached immovably to one spot throughout the greater part
of their lives. Some are oviparous, in others the young are born complete
with the embryonic shell, while others show considerable metamorphism
between the young and the adult stages.

In considering shell collecting as a hobby, it is a fact that collectors
collect to please themselves, nevertheless to obtain the maximum pleasure
and results, it is well to work on some defined plan, and to limit activities
to what is reasonably within accomplishment, and yet to put that lmit
sufficiently high that it is always just beyond the bounds of complete attain-
ment. The idea of my own collection is to limit it to New South Wales,
and the ultimate ambition to make the collection in itself a complete reference
for all forms living within this area.

This limit has the advantage of being a fairly natural one, as it includes
practically the whole of one faunal region, the Peronian region, so named
by the late Charles Hedley. The northern limit of this region is in the vicinity
of Brisbane, the southern the beginning of Bass Strait. Bass Strait is of only
recent geological origin, and the fauna of southern Australia has hardly had
time to spread far round the corner into New South Wales. Due south the
limit is fairly well defined by temperature, possibly the greatest factor in
preventing the migration of marine forms. Many Tasmanian forms do
come northwards, having a tendency to seek deeper water as they do so,
so that forms that are littoral in Tasmania are more often obtained in New
South Wales by dredging than they are on the shore.

In the north the limit is not nearly so defined. Upon the continental
shelf, which is a shallow ledge bordering the eastern Australian coast to an
average width of about thirty miles, depths are !generally shallow for some five
miles to sea. The bottom is mostly rocky and weedy, and there is no natural
barrier to prevent migration from the north. Moreover, owing to the warm
tropical current which sweeps down the coast, the temperature of the water
is nearly uniform, and there is little difference between that at Sydney and
Brisbane, particularly at small depths below the surface.

22

——

Many shells have a free-swimming larval stage which may be for only an
hour or so, but may last for several days. As the tropical current often
attains a speed of four knots an hour or ninety-six knots a day, these species
can easily be carried several hundred miles before they come to rest on the
sea bottom. In southern Queensland the large shallow area of Moreton Bay,
however, opening as it does to the north, acts something like a large trap, and
to a certain extent limits the extension south of Queensland shore types.
Nevertheless there is a large intermixture of tropical forms on the north coast
of New South Wales, and as might be expected, these are often coral reef types
which have come down outside Moreton Bay. Many of these are typical of
even the outer coral reefs. The fact that the known list of these species is
swelling day by day adds additional interest, as new discoveries can be made
almost at any time.

Small coral reefs are quite abundant on the north coast of New South
Wales, and worn pieces of coral are frequently washed up on the beaches,
shells and other organisms associated with them. Mr. Mel. Ward, in his
researches on the crustacea, has written extensively on this point. On a
recent visit to Woolgoolga on the north coast, I saw a patch of living coral,
and found specimens of béche-de-mer alive under rocks at low tide. The
southern limit of what might be called the tropical invasion is about Shell-
harbour, and Sydney is well within its boundaries. Some years ago there
was still living in Watson’s Bay a large patch of reef-building coral, visible
some distance below low water level, but I cannot say ifitis there still. This
eorner of the harbour seems to catch the drift from the north, and at Bottle
and Glass Rocks many tropical species have been found.

Another interesting point about the molluscan fauna of New South Wales,
and indeed practically of the whole of southern Australia, is that it is a survival
of a fossil fauna, and its affinities must be sought in past geological periods
rather than with shells living in other parts of the world. There is indeed a
greater resemblance between it and the Tertiary fossils of France and Italy
than with those still living in the other oceans. The well-known genus of
Trigonia was indeed familiar as a Mesozoic and Tertiary fossil before it was
found living in the coastal waters of Tasmania and New South Wales.

Shells live everywhere in the sea, under all sorts of conditions. The
littoral forms are fairly easily collected, those of slightly deeper water are
often only obtainable by specimens washed on to the beaches, those in still
deeper water must be procured by dredging. Sydney Harbour is a
conchologist’s paradise, though now somewhat spoilt by pollution, particularly
in the vicinity of the main wharves.

According to location, several quite different faunas can be found. The
mud forms, living between tide marks, constitute a large and variable fauna
in themselves. In Middle Harbour, particularly, there are many little coves
which are quite unspoilt, and at low tides good collecting is always possible.
With the large “‘ Hercules Club” whelk everybody is familiar, and these,
with the smaller whelk Lampania, can be seen crawling on the flats well above
low tide. The same applies to the still smaller whelks, the Bittiums, which
burrow into the mud or beneath the protection of weeds. Not quite so
conspicuous are the Naticas, or rather Polinices, which plough along just
beneath the surface of the mud, leaving a characteristic track. These, by
the way, are carnivorous, and in their journeying seek numerous small
bivalves, which they literally engulf, and having absorbed the soft parts,
disgorge the empty shell.

Even where no shells are apparent on the surface, a spade and a sieve
reveal many bivalves alive, the white Tellina, the delicate Cryptomya, the
Razor shell with its siphon exserted just above the surface, Corbula and many
others. In the shallow pools, particularly if weeds are present, Nassarius
crawls about, as well as other small gasteropods, and in fact quite a good
collection can be made from this type of locality alone.

Just beyond low tide mark, among the weeds and the mud, live the large
bivalves, Paphia, the common cockle, Arca, and with them the unequal
valved Pecten, which unlike most other bivalves propels itself along by opening
and shutting its valves. With them is associated a great variety of small or
even minute shells, hard to detect alive, but more easily collected by examining
the rills of minute dead shells left by the receding tide.

23

Passing from the flats to the rocky foreshores, it is wonderful how many
limpets can be secured well above low tide mark. Counting the Siphonarias,
which are really not true limpets at all, but air breathers more akin to the
snails, some eight forms can be found in the one spot at the head of North
Harbour. The star limpets live in deeper water well below low tide, and
can only be reached at spring tides. They live, both inside and outside the
Harbour, attached to the rocks between kelp roots, and with them is the large
mutton fish or Haliotis. On the kelp itself, on the outer reefs, is the gaily
painted Phasianella, which is worth getting alive, as then can be seen the
white stony operculum, with which the aperture is closed.

On the rocks at about low tide are often large colonies of mussels, adhering
by their hairy byssus. Among these live a whole host of creatures, with many
shells, black Mitras, Conus, Murex, small bivalves and many small forms.

When we come to the small, semi-microscopic shells, their variety is
enormous. ‘The kelp and other seaweeds support a fauna quite their own, a
fauna which indeed has never been thoroughly studied. To collect this it is
necessary to immerse the seaweed in a bucket of fresh water, when the shells
drop off. After washing a quantity, a small amount of detritus collects on
the bottom of the bucket, and when this is dried and examined beneath a
lens, it will be seen to be full of minute shells, some of surpassing beauty, and
many unfortunately still unnamed. The beautifully sculptured Liotias are
found here, as well as the Rissoas, the sinistrally coiled Triphoras, the delicate
Turbonillas, the quaint Zafras, a minute species of Phasianella, and others
too numerous to mention.

In the rock pools near low tide live the Turbos, Astraliums and other
gasteropods. Here are the Trochide beneath stones, including some of the
prettiest among the moderately small shells. In the shallow pools on the
outer reef, if one is fortunate, a dainty Bullina may be seen crawling about, its
delicate red-striped shell perched on the back of a pure white animal, with the
edges of the foot outlined in the purest of blues. The curious leaf-like
Hydatina is also a gaily coloured animal, and it lives in similar surroundings.
Its curious and delicate striped shell is one of the most fascinating of our
extensive fauna.

It is on the outer reefs, such as Long Reef, near Collaroy, that some of
the most interesting collecting can be done. Here almost anything can be
found, odd rare forms from the north, even a live cowry or two.

The cowries or Cypreeas deserve a paragraph to themselves. They have
ever been the most popular of shells, owing to their rich enamel and beautiful
colouring. In all about thirty-five species live on the coast of New South
Wales without counting the ridged cowries or Trivias, or the egg shells or
Ovulas. They are mostly migrants from the north, but well acclimatized,
and they live in that most difficult zone to reach, amongst rock cracks and
crevices in fairly deep water. Sometimes they are washed on to the shore,
but nearly always broken, or with the brilliant enamel scratched and the
colour dulled. Fortunately, however, in mid-winter, odd specimens crawl
up into the shallows, and may be taken alive beneath stones in the rock pools.
Quite recently, at Long Reef, I procured three live specimens in the one day,
and a fortnight later no less than nine. And again, working with a friend at
the same locality, we obtained no less than thirty-five alive, belonging to ten
species. These were taken in most cases in very shallow channels almost up
to the high tide mark. This can be taken, however, as quite exceptional,
due to some unknown condition, perhaps not recurring for years. It
emphasizes the opportunism of collecting, and the necessity of making the
most of circumstances as they arise. The farther north one goes, the
commoner the cowries become, and on the extreme north coast they are quite
abundant. At Woolgoolga, recently, under one smal] stone, there were no
less than seven live examples of the ringed cowry, Cyprea annulus. In life,
and when crawling about, the mantle entirely covers the shell, and it is the
continuous secretion of enamel throughout maturity which gives the brilliance
to the shell.

The beaches, both inside and outside the Harbour, again have quite a
distinctive shell fauna. Most of the molluscs burrow in the sand just below
low tide, and the dead shells are sometimes washed up in great numbers,
particularly after a prolonged period of westerly winds. The ubiquitous
‘‘ Pippi ’’ (Donax), beloved of fishermen for bait, is perhaps the commonest.

24

The heavy shelled Glycimeris is also very common, as well as several species
of Mactra and many small bivalves. Amongst the univalves the variably
coloured Cantharidus, often made into necklaces, is perhaps the commonest,
sometimes being so abundant as to give a distinct colour to patches of the
beach.

On the beach itself attention must be paid to the lines and accumulations
of shells left by the receding tide, mostly in the vicinity of the high tide mark.
Here will be found many small forms, Marginellas and other univalves, difficult
to procure alive, as they live in somewhat deeper water, and can only be
washed ashore under favourable conditions. The curious little bottle-shaped
pteropods, which swim on the surface of the open sea, can often be found in
these situations, as well as the purple storm shells (lanthina), which generally
come ashore in the summer months with myriads of ** Portuguese Men-o’-
War’. To collect the small forms it is well from time to time to take the
samples of the shell sand for further sorting, when many small forms will be
revealed well nigh impossible to detect on the beach itself. Amongst these
a curious little white glassy univalve with a bent spire, rarely above an
eighth of an inch in length, occurs fairly plentifully. This shell, Melanella,
is interesting as one of the few examples of absolute parasites among shells.
The host in this case is either a star fish or a sea urchin, and the shells live in
cyst-like clusters in the arms of the star fish or the body of the sea urchin.
There are evidently a number of species of Melanella, but little is known of
their life history, nor whether each species of host has its own peculiar species
of parasite.

Now for the deeper water forms, which are the most fascinating of all
because they are the hardest to obtain. These may be divided into five
groups, those which live in mud, those which live in sand, weed forms, reef
forms, and finally the real deep water species which live far out on the
continental shelf. All of these can only be secured by dredging, which means
hard work and perhaps sea-sickness, many disappointments, but sometimes
the greatest reward of all in the form of a rich haul.

Dredging methods differ, but they need be neither elaborate nor costly.
In this Society I showed on a previous occasion a simple type of home-made
dredge, which was described in last year’s Proceedings. In depths up to
twenty fathoms this has proved quite effective, which is sufficient for any
part of Sydney Harbour, and for a mile or two off the land—quite a big enough
field to cover.

Sydney Harbour is a good ground throughout. Contrary to expectations,
the Harbour is really quite shallow, with a uniformly flat bottom free from
rocks, and a depth of about seven to eight fathoms, except for a few deep
holes up to nineteen fathoms. For the most part the bottom is weed covered,
a fact which makes dredging somewhat difficult, as the light dredge tends to
slip over the smooth surface of the weed without biting. This is unfortunate,
as occasional operations of large bucket and suction dredges show that the
weeds must harbour a tremendous number of molluscs as well. as other
creatures. In many cases, however, as in Athol Bight, the weed gives place
to soft mud which at first sight contains nothing at all. On sifting, however,
many things come to light, conspicuous among which is the little bivalve
Nucula, with its beautiful nacreous interior. This is quite an interesting
shell, similar to fossils found in the very early Paleozoic periods. It belongs
to one of the earliest families of molluscs, and while exact comparison with
fossil forms is very difficult, there can be no doubt as to its general affinity.

Here as elsewhere in the deeper water live shells of the family Turride,
also of ancient lineage, a group of univalves of extremely diverse form and
often beautiful sculpture. They are characterized by a slit or indentation
at the posterior end of the aperture. All the turrids are carnivores, but a
great deal remains to be learned about their general habits, distribution
and classification. Many genera and species are listed from New South
Wales, but many new forms yet await descriptions and names.

Shallow water close to the rocky foreshores is a prolific hunting ground.
Here many species live in water just too deep to permit them being washed
on to the beaches. Some of our best hauls have been made in sandy patches
between the weeds in depths of from twelve to twenty feet, only a few yards

25

at

from the shore. Here living Ancillas are quite common, as well as finely
marked Naticas, distinguishable by their stony opercula from the Polinices
of the mud flats.

A good dredging ground is just outside Quarantine Bay, and here a
long muddy strip between the weeds at a depth of six to eight fathoms has
yielded many specimens to the collection. A beautiful little Cardium never
found on the beaches lives here in great profusion, as well as another bivalve
Cuspidaria, generally considered as rare. As a matter of fact shells considered
as rare are often quite abundant if their correct habitat is chanced upon, and
instead of one or two worn specimens, the collection can be enriched by a
fine series of specimens obtained alive.

Pittwater, an arm of Broken Bay, has also proved a prolific dredging
ground, as yet on our part but partly exploited. Due west from Palm Beach
an oyster bank runs north and south in the centre of the bay, with many
species of other shells abundant, Chlamys and other bivalves attached to the
oysters, with free moving types crawling between. In the sandy bottom
adjacent we have found several species of Marginella alive, a common shell
dead on the beaches, but a much more fascinating thing alive, much more
beautiful and infinitely easier to separate into the numerous species. The
animal of this shell, like Nassarius and other carnivores, is very active, and
moves round rapidly in a jar of sea water.

Between Sydney Heads, in depths of from ten to fifteen fathoms, we come
on the real sand forms. Dredging is easy, the dredge bites well, and comes up
full time and time again, but much of the contents is pure sand, and generally
after sifting but a small residue of shell, broken or otherwise, remains. The
proportion of shell increases outwards through the Heads, but very calm seas
are necessary to dredge this area from a rowing skiff. Here we find Glycimeris
alive, often with Calyptrza attached, and here are the long slender Turritellas,
often in great quantity, shells which it is well nigh impossible to obtain in
good condition on the beaches. Here also are stragglers from the deeper
water outside, and it is possible to obtain many forms originally recorded
from depths of 50 to 100 fathoms off the coast.

Finally we come to the most difficult zone of all to collect, the reef forms
which live in the ocean outside the shelter of the Harbour. Only on rare
occasions of exceptionally calm weather are these grounds approached by
seamen so poor as ourselves, working from an ordinary skiff, and then the
difficulty is to find some spot free enough from reef to allow the dredge to
bite. Right along the coast of New South Wales the bottom seéms very
rocky some miles from the shore, a fact which is the more tantalizing as it
seems to harbour a fauna of its own, about which little is known. The deeper
water outside is worked by the trawlers, which have brought much to light,
and dredgings have been made by properly equipped deep-sea vessels like the
Challenger, Thetis and others, but this particular zone, from depths of eight
to twenty fathoms, has been but little explored.

Our one good haul to date was rather remarkable. This was in fourteen
fathoms, off Collaroy, and the whole expedition one Sunday afternoon occupied
only about two hours. Guided by a fisherman in his launch to a gravelly
spot between the reefs, we succeeded in obtaining about half a sugar bag of
siftings, which so far have yielded some 250 species, of which about 50 are
new to science. This is to form the subject of a paper by Mr. T. Iredale, to
be published at some future date. One tantalizing find, which emphasizes
the possibilities of this zone, was a fragment, the anterior canal of a large
frilled Murex, utterly unlike anything known on our coast, and if complete,
probably one of the most beautiful of all our shells. One wonders when a
complete specimen will come to light.

So much for collecting. In the previous pages are barely outlined the
possibilities of the eastern coast of Australia, New South Wales in particular.
When the late Charles Hedley published his check list in 1918, some 1,200
species were enumerated. Since then, possibly 500 have been added, partly
by the revision of groups, but more largely from deep-sea specimens brought
in by the trawlers. Possibly when all are known the list will be nearer
3,000, a tremendous variety for one faunal region. In the collection made
by myself and my son John, excluding many passed over to the Australian
Museum, are at present about 900 species, and this must be considered as

26

fairly representative, as we have not touched the nudibranchs or any of the
shell-less forms, any cephalopods or loricates (chitons). It is fortunate,
however, from our own point of view, that it is still far from complete, and
there are still many finds to make.

Finally about the care of the collection. This is largely a matter of
personal taste, but there are several essentials for all collections if they are
to have any permanent scientific value. Firstly it is wise to keep all specimens
of the same species from one locality in the one box or container, which,
whether a glass-topped box or otherwise, should be of such a form as to
prevent spilling and mixing with those from a different place. Everything
should be properly labelled and memory never depended upon, as with the
best of intentions this is most unreliable when most important. Our own
method is to keep the individual species identified as far as possible, but with
the locality always, and a register of species to check what is lacking. The
specimens are kept in cabinets, classified in families to facilitate study. The
semi-microscopic specimens present the greatest difficulty, and this we think
we have solved by making containers ourselves of a form which lend them-
selves to quick handling, visibility, and which are easy to manipulate. for
microscopic examination.

27

SHELL-COLLECTING IN THE PORT MORESBY DISTRICT OF
PAPUA.

By ROLAND V. OLDHAM.

Having collected around the Port Moresby district for a number of years,
I now submit this short list of the species that are to be found there, together
with an outline of the most likely places to prove profitable to the collector
who may venture into this region.

Of the land shells I shall not write, for the district is so dry for the greater
part of the year that it is almost a useless task to search for this family.
During my twelve years in this part I have only collected one specimen of
land shell, and that a dead specimen, which may or may not have been
brought there by human agency.

The harbour of Port Moresby is at first glance a rather doubtful ground,
but the shores prove a rather surprising collecting ground.” Situated in the
centre of the harbour is a fairly large reef, composed for the most part of coral
boulders and large masses of soft coral. Although quite a likely looking spot,
it yields but a few species of molluscs, of which Conus mamoreus, Lambis
lambis and a small species of black-lip pearl are the most common. I have
many times visited this reef, but have never yet collected a single species of
the Cypreide, nor have I ever heard of anyone else doing so.

During the very low tides in May, 1937, I secured along the shores, in
less than an hour, no fewer than eight species of Cyprza, all of which were
much larger specimens than those that were collected on the outer reefs.

The cowries collected were: Erronea caurica, E. errones, E. sophia,
Arabica arabica, Monetaria annulus, Staphylea staphylea, Mystaponda
vitellus, and Lyncina vanelli.

I have also at other times collected quite a number of Calpurnus
verrucosos, Erosaria erosa, Cyprea tigris and Ponda carneola, together with
a few Strombs, Mitras, Olives, Neritas, Patellas and many Cones. Altogether
it is a remarkable region and well worth a visit.

Of the outer side, Ela Beach of course comes first, being situated close
to the main part of the town. It consists of a wide sandy beach, sloping down
to a long weed-covered flat that is submerged during high tide, which is in
turn joined by a region of coral boulders and patches of dead corals.

The weed-covered flat is very prolific in cones, and thousands of the
small variety of Monetaria annulus, which may, in fact, be raked up in
bucketsful.

The western natives working in this district often come here to gather
M. annulus, which they use as head bands and in the construction of a good
number of articles and ornaments.

Minute shells are to be found in plenty under the boulders and coral,
but I shall not go to the extent of listing all these, suffice it to say that they
are to be found in plenty.

Now comes the chief hunting ground of the district, i.e. the main reef.
I do not think there is any need to go into any extensive description of this
part, for all know the wonderful amount of life there is to be found on a
coral reef.

On the western side of the entrance to the harbour on the outer reef is
a series of raised coral islands, the largest of which is known as Fisherman
Island. The shore side of this island and also of the other islands close to it
prove a very wonderful collecting ground, and although the outer side may
prove very tempting, the inner will be found to yield the greater harvest.

In this region alone I have collected eighteen species of cones, twenty-one
species of cowries, a number of Mitras, Strombs, Haliotis, Patella, Neritas
and Bullas.

28

A number of years ago, while out on this reef with a friend, I saw the only
specimens of Cyprza testudinaria and Leporicyprza mappa that I have ever
seen in Papuan waters. Unfortunately for me, it was the good fortune of my
friend to collect both specimens, and no amount of begging would induce him
to part with them. They were eventually taken home to Austria, and are
at the moment, I believe, in the museum at Vienna.

The specimen of mappa was the largest I have ever seen, being quite as
large as a good specimen of C. tigris. Although I have searched that region
many times since, I have never again come across these species, much as I
should like to.

I have in my collection now one immature specimen of a black eowry,
which has not yet been recorded. I live in hopes that it will fall to my lot
to be able to find an adult specimen and thus be in a position to describe it.

The eastern side of the entrance is a region for the most part of sandy
bottom, with scattered patches of living coral and weed. For cones and
whelks it is quite a good ground, although one has to dive in order to do any
collecting, for it is never laid bare by even the lowest tides.

Towards the entrance to Bootless Inlet and around the site of the
* Pruth ” wreck are large patches of staghorn coral, and although a good
amount of searching has to be done to yield any results, varieties of shells
are to be found, amongst which is the very small and beautiful cowry
Paulonaria fimbriata, which has a bright red animal and is to be found adhering
to the branches of the staghorn coral.

Very fine and clean specimens of Conus textile are also to be found here,
although they are not so large as those from the sandy regions.

For the benefit of those who collect Cypreide I now attach a list of
those that will be found in Port Moresby waters: Erronea caurica, E. errones,
E. sophie, Arabica arabica, Cyprea tigris, C. testudinaria, Leporicyprea
mappa, Erosaria erosa, Ponda carneola, Palmadusta clandestina, Calpurnus
verrucosos, Monetaria annulus, M. moneta, Evenaria asellus, Trivirostra
seabriuscula, Lyncina vanelli, Talparia talpa, Ravitrona caputserpentis,
Basilitrona isabella, Staphylea staphylea, Mystaponda vitellus, Evenaria
kieneri, Amphiperas ovum, Pustularia globulus and the tiny Paulonaria
fimbriata.

Although this is anything but a complete list, it may at least give the
collector who is contemplating a trip to this part an idea as to what he may
expect to find in the Port Moresby region, and at least save him the trouble
that I myself encountered in having to look for the various spots in order to
find where one may be able to collect the shells that most interest one.

REVIEW.

“Wild Nature in Australia’’, by Charles Barrett, C.M.Z.S. Robertson
& Mullens Ltd., Melbourne, 1938. 2s. 6d.

This booklet contains 24 full page 4to reproductions of photographs of
Australia’s “* Wonder Animals and Birds’, together with a page of text in
Mr. Barrett’s well-known popular style, briefly outlining the manners and
customs of the creatures illustrated. As a souvenir for visitors to carry
abroad and show their friends, it is well suited in everything but the cost,
which appears high in comparison with the author’s delightful ‘‘ Sun Nature ”
books, published at 6d. each. Nos. 9 and 10 of this series, recently published,
are each of equal or even greater value than the ‘“‘ Wild Nature ”’ book.

PACH back.

LIST OF MEMBERS.
As on 15 August, 1938.

Note.—Unless otherwise specified, members are residents of the State of
New South Wales.

Members will oblige by notifying the Honorary Secretary of any change
of address.

PATRONS.

His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, Sir Philip Street, K.C.M.G., 4
Onslow Avenue, Elizabeth Bay, Sydney.

Air Vice-Marshal Sir Philip Woolcott Game, G.B.E., K.C.B., D.S.O., Langham
House, Ham Common, Surrey, England.

ASSOCIATE BENEFACTORS.

Albert Littlejohn, 9 Young Street, Sydney.
Walter and Eliza Hall Trust, 117 Pitt Street, Sydney.
Gustavus Athol Waterhouse, D.Sc., B.E., 39 Stanhope Road, Killara.

FELLOWS.

Burrell, Harry, “‘ Tallawalla’’, 129 Darley Road, Randwick.

Carter, Herbert James, B.A., F.R.E.S., ‘ Garrawilla’’, Kintore Street,
Wahroonga.

Cayley, Neville W., 42 Newcastle Street, Rose Bay, Sydney.

Chisholm, A. H., The Argus Office, Melbourne.

Dakin, Professor William John, The University, Sydney.

Hull, Arthur Francis Basset, M.B.E., Box 704, G.P.O., Sydney.

Iredale, Tom, “ Solander ’’, Queenscliff Road, Manly.

Mathews, Gregory Macalister, Meadway, St. Cross, Winchester, England.

Musgrave, Anthony, Australian Museum, Sydney.

Roughley, Theodore Cleveland, Technological Museum, Sydney.

Turner, Dr. A. Jefferis, Dauphin Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland.

Ward, Melbourne, 20 Wylde Street, Potts Point.

Waterhouse, Gustavus Athol, D.Sc., Stanhope Road, Killara.

Whitley, Gilbert Percy, Australian Museum, Sydney.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Buchanan, Robert, National Park, Audley.

D’Ombrain, Dr. E. A., 5 Mackenzie Street, Lindfield.

Dunbabin, Thomas, Sun Office, London.

Hull, A. F. Basset (see Fellows).

Johnston, Professor T. Harvey, The University, Adelaide, South Australia.
Lyell, George, Gisborne, Victoria.

Sherborn, Dr. Charles Davis, British Museum (Natural History), London.
Stiffe, R. J., 350 George Street, Sydney.

LIFE MEMBERS.

Baxter, Mrs. D., ‘“‘ Clyde’, 35 Station Street, Crow’s Nest.
Bryce, Ernest John, 47 Nelson Road, Killara.

Buckle, Frank, 104 Hunter Street, Sydney.

Coles, Clifford, 16 Bancroft Avenue, Roseville.

Crommelin, Miss Minard F., 9 Upper Avenue Road, Mosman.
Dangar, R. H., “ Turee ’’, Coolah.

Dellow, Walter Joseph, 32 Alibone Street, Ashfield.

30

Dixson, Robert Craig, J.P., 33 Hunter Street, Sydney.

Dixson, William, Gordon Road, Killara.

Foreman, Dr. Joseph, “‘ The Astor ’’, Sydney.

Gurney, W./B., Department of Agriculture, Box 36a, G.P.O., Sydney.

Halloran, Aubrey, B.A., LL.B., Bull’s Chambers, 28 Martin Place, Sydney.

Hallstrom, E., 26 Ryan’s Road, Willoughby.

Hordern, Sir Samuel, “ Babworth House ’’, Darling Point, Edgecliff.

King, Sir Kelso, K.B., Mercantile Mutual Insurance Co., 117 Pitt Street,
Sydney.

Minell, Mrs. Dorothy Ebsworth, 15 Wyuna Road, Point Piper.

Monticone, Dr. Charles Albert, Box 2058, G.P.O., Sydney.

Murray, C. Stuart, Box 2427 MM, G.P.O.

Musgrave, Anthony (see Fellows).

Nash, Albert Edward, 8 Alt Street, Waverley.

Spain, Col. Alfred, V.D., 16 Spring Street, Sydney.

Spring, Robert Alexander, ‘‘ Woodford ”’, St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Todman, R. G., “ Merdin’’, 328 Edgecliff Road, Edgecliff.

Troughton, Ellis Le Geyt, Australian Museum, Sydney.

Turner, W. H., 476 Pitt Street, Sydney.

White, Alfred Henry, Belltrees, Scone.

White, Arthur George, Hotel Australia, Sydney.

Whitley, Gilbert P. (see Fellows).

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Adey, Arthur R., 30 Hicks Avenue, Mascot.

Adey, John Stanford, 30 Hicks Avenue, Mascot.

Alexander, I. A., 34 Coolong Road, Vaucluse.

Allan, Miss Elizabeth May, “ Vergemount’’, Gilliver Avenue, Vaucluse.

Allan, Miss Joyce K., Australian Museum, Sydney.

Alt, Jack, 9 Whiting Beach Road, Mosman.

Anderson, Dr. C., Australian Museum, Sydney.

Andrews, A., “ Burra’”’, Llangollan Avenue, Enfield.

Andrews, Ernest Clayton, 4 “ Kuring-gai”’, 241 Old South Head Road,
Bondi.

Andrews, William C., 38 Kameruka Road, Northbridge.

Archer, H. R. Walton, 14 Buena Vista Avenue, Mosman.

Atkinson, J., 4 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Baas, Otto Hermann, 18 Bridge Street, Sydney.

Bailey, R. F., 466 Parramatta Road, Petersham.

Baker, H. H., 34 Middle Head Road, Mosman.

Barker, A. F., Blair Street, Bondi.

Barnett, Marcus S., 44 Fox Val ey Road, Wahroonga.

Baron, George, Sydney Safe Deposit, Ash Street, Sydney.

Barrett, Frederick William, Scottish House, 17 Bridge Street, Sydney.
Barrie, W., 15 Blair Street, Bondi.

Bartlett, Miss Violet Artah, 98 Prince Albert Street Mosman.
Berry, C. S., 16 Park Avenue, Mosman.

Blaxland, Dr. F. J., “‘ The Raymond ”’, Elizabeth Bay.

Blenkarn, G. G., Phillip House, Phillip Street, Sydney.

Bloch, Eugen, 1 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Blow, Water Russell, 11 Silex Road. Mosman.

Blunden, J. H., Box 16, P.O., Gulargambone.

Boden, E. M., Abbott Street, Cairns, Queensland.

Booth, F. Holroyd, Victoria Arcade, Sydney.

Brain, A. H., 28 Alibone Street, Ashfield.

Brodziak, A. A., 8 Spring Street, Sydney.

Brown, Mrs. Jocelyn, 4 Raymond Road, Neutral Bay.

Browne, R. B., 113 Pacific Highway, Hornsby.

Buckland, Sir Thomas, “‘ Lyndhurst ’’, Stanley Road, Hunter’s Hill.
Burkitt, Professor Arthur N., Medica] School, The University, Sydney.
Burrell, Harry, O.B.E., “‘ Yarrenbool’’, 141 Darley Road, Randwick.
Burrell, Mrs. Emily, ‘‘ Yarrenbool ”’, 141 Darley Road, Randwick.

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Campbell, Charles, 15 Bradley's Head Road, Mosman.

Campbell, T. G., c.o. C.S.I.R., Box 109, Canberra.

Campe, A. C., 50 Sydney Arcade, King Street, Sydney.

Campion, F. J., A.C.A. Building, King and York Streets, Sydney.

Carey, Ross, 4 Marian Street, Enmore.

Carter, H. J., F.R.Z.S. “‘ Garrawilla ”’, Wahroonga.

Catchlove, F. 8. L., 15 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Catchlove, Rex, 15 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Catt, John Ward, ‘ Tomah’’, Church Street, Carlingford.

Cayley, Neville W., 42 Newcastle Street, Rose Bay.

Clark, Dr. Ernest D., 749 Military Road, Mosman.

Clark, Roland C., 33 Kardinia Road, Mosman.

Clegg, Walter, 45 Burlington Street, Crow’s Nest.

Coghlan, Frederick A., 18 Bannerman Street, Cremorne.

Cohen, Sir Samuel S., 11-13 Bond Street, Sydney.

Comins, Francis, 48 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Comtesse, Capt. D. L., Tug Hydra, Goat Island, Sydney.

Cooper, Roy P., 22 Dangar Street, Randwick.

Cornford, William Henry, “ Greyfels’’, Queenscliff Road, Manly.

Cousins, W. G., Angus & Robertson Ltd., Sydney.

Cox, Alfred Perey, 23 Chelmsford Avenue, Croydon.

Cridland, Frank, O.B.E., 10 Barrack-street, Sydney.

Cunningham, Harold Joseph, c.o. State Crown Solicitor, 237 Macquarie
Street, Sydney.

Curtis, Louis A., 66 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Dakin, Professor William John, Zoology Department, The University of
Sydney.

Dalgleish, William James, 7 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Dallen, Robert Ambrose, 23 Elizabeth Street, Ashfield.

Davies, Miss Joan, 16 Dent Street, Botany.

Day, V. H., 4 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Dempsey, Godfrey Michael Connell, 83a Raglan Street, Mosman.

Dewhurst, Norman, Box 478AA, G.P.O., Sydney.

Dickson, Dr. J. S., 50 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Doak, Dr. F. W., 114 Belmont Road, Mosman.

Donaldson, James A., 26 Ryrie Street, Mosman.

Dovey, John Whitsed, ‘ Lynwood ”’, Roseville.

Duncan, Grantley A., Alexandra Street, Hunter’s Hill.

Dunster, Miss C. A., 48 Stanhope Road, Killara.

Eccles, Alfred Edward, 31 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Eipper, Miss E. M., 28 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Elliott, N. G., ‘“ Macquarie ”’, Junction Road, Wahroonga.
Evans, Dacre Fitzherbert, 5 Silex Street, Mosman.

Evans, Joshua, “ Edenglassie’’, 2 Thompson Street, Mosman.
Everitt, Theo Athol, 36 Letitia Street, Oatley.

Fairfax, John Hubert, “ Elaine’, Edgecliff.

Fairfax, John, & Sons Ltd., Hunter Street, Sydney.

Faviell, M. C., Perpetual Trustee Chambers, 33 Hunter Street, Sydney.
Fels, Mrs. Dora, 8 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Firth, Clive W., 2 Kent Road, Rose Bay.

Fish, A. L., ‘‘ Melita ’’, Milton Avenue, Mosman.

Fitzhardinge, Miss Julie G., “‘ Redhill’’, Pennant Hills.

Fitzpatrick, George, 21 Macquarie Place, Sydney.

Francis, Neville H., 14 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

French, Miss Betty, 2 Havilah Street, Chatswood.

Gatliff, Henry Ernest, ‘“ Myall’’, Pretoria Avenue, Mosman.
George, Miss S., 4 Burrawong Avenue, Clifton Gardens.
Gilet, Maurice L., Box 2715G, G.P.O., Sydney.

Gould, Henry, Simpson Street, Mosman.

Grahame, Mervyn Ernest, High School, Lithgow.

32

Green, R. Rae, 5 Whiting Beach Road, Mosman.
Greenland, H., ‘“‘ Halcyon’, 82 Homebush Road, Strathfield.

Hall, Thomas E., c.o. A. Hall & Co., 366 Pitt Street, Sydney.
Halloran, Dr. Garnet, 143 Macquarie Street, Sydney.

Harrison, Frank, 41 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Harrison, Frederick Illingworth Wright, 15 Bent Street, Sydney.
Hart, Lavington B., 4 Athol Flats, Rickard Avenue, Mosman.
Hart, Mrs. Lavington B., 4 Athol Flats, Rickard Avenue, Mosman.
Hawke, Douglas Osborn, “ Bronte”’, Ruby Street, Mosman.
Hawley, John, 85 Surrey Street, Darlinghurst.

Hawley, Joseph William, 75 King’s Road, Vaucluse.

Hayes, D. J., 1 Watkin Street, Rockdale.

Henderson, John Alexander, “* Yeronga ’’, 18 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Herbert, Major M. J., V.D., Moorook, South Australia.

Higgs, Reginald Francis, 251 George Street, Sydney.

Hill, A. C. W., 115 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Hill, C. F., Taxation Department, Castlereagh Street, Sydney.
Hill, Miss Lesley, c.o. A. C. W. Hill, 115 Pitt Street, Sydney.
Hindwood, Keith Alfred, Wingello House, Angel Place, Sydney.
Hirst, Edward, 104-114 Clarence Street, Sydney.

Hirst, Miss H. G., 175 The Strand, George Street, Sydney.
Hockings, Arthur Thornton, Box 1761, G.P.O., Sydney.

Holmes, Professor J. Macdonald, Geography Department, University, Sydney.
Hooke, R. W., 34 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Hordern, Anthony, 12 Spring Street, Sydney.

Houston, Hugh James, 42 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Hull, William George, 6 Buena Vista Avenue, Mosman.

Hunt, Miss Mary, 61 Chiltern Avenue, Willoughby.

Iredale, Tom, F.R.Z.S., “‘ Solander ’’, Queenscliff Road, Manly.
Iredale, Mrs. T., “‘ Solander ’’, Queenscliff Road, Manly.

Jarvis, R. O., 20 Prince Street, Mosman.

Johnston, Claude, 3 Major Street, Mosman.

Johnston, Cyril D., 10 Little Street, Mosman.

Jones, Chas. Lloyd, c.o. David Jones Ltd., Sydney.
Jones, Edward E., 48 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.
Judd, Everard, 24 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Kelly, Thomas Herbert, 39 Hunter Street, Sydney.

Kennedy, Colin, 61 Avenue Road, Mosman.

King, Ambrose, 116 Croydon Road, Croydon.

King, George Alfred, Sydney Mail Office, Hunter Street, Sydney.
King, Norman, 70 Church Street, Ashfield.

King, Walter, ““ Bobra’”’, 24 Thompson Street, Mosman.
Kirwan, W. J., Angus & Robertson Ltd., Sydney.

Laseron, C. F., 4 Bond Street, Sydney.

Lawson, Albert Augustus, Harden Road, Artarmon.

Leahy, Mrs. Ellen, Military and Avenue Roads, Mosman.
Leithhead, David, 9 Royal Street, Maroubra.

Le Quesne, W. J., “ Waipa’’, 6 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Le Souef, Albert Sherbourne, Taronga Park, Mosman.

Lewis, George Owen, c.o. Tooth & Co., Kent Brewery, Sydney.
Littlejohn, Dr. Edward Sydney, 2 Malvern Avenue, Croydon.
Llewellyn, Arthur Stuart, 52 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Llewellyn, William H., ‘‘ Ashley ’’, 20 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.
Locke, Dr. Keith Morgan, *“‘ Warminster ’’, New Canterbury Road, Petersham.
Longley, G., 17 Bronte Street, Bronte.

Lovett, Percy Walter, 1 Ellamatta Avenue, Mosman.

Lowe, Mrs. Norman E., 56 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Lyne, Miss C., 4 Simpson Street, Mosman.

Lyne, Miss L., 4 Simpson Street, Mosman.

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Macansh, Miss L. Leigh, Box 3709SS, G.P.O., Sydney.

MacCulloch, Dr. H. T. C., “‘ Hillerest ’’, 76 Boulevard, Lewisham.

MacDonald, John Eldridge, Orange Grove, Woy Woy.

McFadyen, Miss Ella, 24 Kenilworth Road, Lindfield.

Macgregor, Duncan, 34 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Macgregor, Geo. V., 34 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

MacKenzie, Keith L., Cremorne Club, Cremorne.

MacKillop, J. A., F.R.G.S., “ Orana’’, No. 38, The Grove, Mosman.

MacKillop, F. C., “‘Cumbrae ”’, Ellamatta Avenue, Mosman.

McMahon, Henry Francis, c.o. H. McMahon & Co., 60 York Street, Sydney.

McRobert, Miss Helen, 61 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Maguire, Dr. F. A., Hengrove Hall, 193 Macquarie Street, Sydney.

Maher, James, 47 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Marks, Frederick William, 173 Elizabeth Street, Sydney.

Marks, L. W., 34 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Marshall, A. J., 152 Penshurst Street, Penshurst.

Marshall, Dr. Frank, C.M.G., “‘ Harley ’’, Macquarie Street, Sydney.

Martin, E. J., Bacon & Co. Ltd., 3la Pitt Street, Sydney.

Martin, Mrs. R. J., McIntosh Street, Gordon.

Mellor, Walter L., ‘‘ Stamford ’’, 437 Forest Road, Penshurst.

Meyer, Nurse HE. S8., 173 Liverpool Road, Ashfield.

Middleton, James Thomas, 15 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Mills, George Newnham, 14 City Road, Sydney.

Milsop, W., 51 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Mitchell, Karl A., c.o. P. F. Snelling, 28 Bond Street, Sydney.

Moore, William Robert, Box 41A, G.P.O., Sydney.

Morgan, Frederick E., Snow, Elliott Pty. Ltd., 77 York Street, Sydney.

Mort, Harold S., 13 Milner Street, Mosman.

Murphy, Col. G. F., Box 3A, G.P.O., Sydney.

Murphy, Rev. Peter J., Blessed Sacrament Presbytery, 59 Bradley’s Head
Road, Mosman.

Murray, R. J., 34 Thornley Street, Marrickville.

Napier, S. Elliott, Sydney Morning Herald Office, Hunter Street, Sydney.
Nathan, Albert H., ‘‘ Adderton’’, Fullerton Street, Woollahra.

Nichols, A. E., 47 Burlington Road, Homebush.

Nichols, Niel F., 11 Faraday Avenue, Rose Bay.

Nock, George S., 188 George Street, Sydney.

Noskowski, L. de, Consul-General for Poland, 76 Pitt Street, Sydney.

O’Donnell, John R., Lincoln College, Daking House, Pitt Street, Sydney.

Packer, Lewis, ‘‘ Melita’, Milton Avenue, Mosman.

Palmer, Joseph Smith, 19 Brady Street, Croydon.

Parer, Dr. John Ignatius, 8 Carlton Street, Granville.

Parkes, George A., 10 Royal Exchange Buildings, Bridge Street, Sydney.
Patrick, Capt. James Robert, Scottish House, Bridge Street, Sydney.
Peall, Mrs. Oscar, Oare Pennings, Wiltshire, England.

Pearson, Richard Browning, ‘‘ Quantambone ’’, Brewarrina.

Perier, A. J., c.o. Kodak Ltd., 379 George Street, Sydney.

Perry, Fred S., 6 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Perry, Leonard John, 16 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Phillips, R., King Street, Gloucester.

Pike, Edwin Deacon, *“* Whangaroa’’, Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.
Pitman, John Alfred, 86 Charlotte Street, Ashfield.

Pockley, Dr. Eric, Pioneers’ Club, Phillip Street, Sydney.

Pollock, Ernest Frederick, ‘‘ Te Whare’”’, Carrington Avenue, Strathfield.
Pomroy, Richard Osborne, c.o. Lawrence & Hanson, 33 York Street, Sydney.
Powell, John, 17 Thurlow Street, Redfern.

Pratt, Frederick W., 7 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Preston, H. D., ‘‘ The Glen ’’, Booth Street, Camperdown.

Prior, H. K., 44 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Prior, Mrs. A. M., 30 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Purser, Dr. Cecil, *‘ Ascot ’’, Grosvenor Road, Wahroonga.

34

hd an

Raves, Victor Sydney, 928 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Roberts, Noel L., Cathcart House, 11 Castlereagh Street, Sydney.

Rofe, T. E., Eldon Chambers, 92 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Ross, Miss Jean, 5 Stanton Road, Haberfield.

Ross, William Lyle, 4 Fairlight Crescent, Manly.

Roughley, Theodore Cleveland, F.R.Z.S., Technological Museum, Harris
Street, Sydney.

Rouse, J. J., “ Kardinia’’, Darling Point.

Rush, V. G., 18 Gordon Street, Mosman.

Sagar, H., 1 Simpson Street, Mosman.

Sands, Colonel R. S8., 374 George Street, Sydney.

Scammell, George 8., 7 David Street, Mosman.

Scott, Hector McDonald, 9 Queen Street, Mosman.

Scott, Mrs. H. M., 9 Queen Street, Mosman.

Shadforth, Ridley, Queenscliff Road, Harbord.

Sharland, Michael Stanley Reid, c.o. Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney.
Shipway, Phillip, 133 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Shirley, Miss D., 47 Wolseley Road, Mosman.

Simpson, W. H., 2 Effingham Street, Mosman.

Simpson, Miss Patricia, 2 Effingham Street, Mosman.

Sims, Albert, 58 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Smith, Ernest A., 9 Bligh Street, Sydney.

Smith, R. Dundas, 54 Margaret Street, Sydney.

Smith, W. R., 28 Tindale Road, Artarmon.

Spain, Ian Alfred Hamilton, 170 Kurraba Road, Neutral Bay.
Spiegel, Michael, “‘ Athol’, Whiting Beach Road, Mosman.
Spring, David A. H., St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Stephenson, John Hunter, 4 Ranger’s Road, Cremorne.
Stephenson, Morris, 2 Martin Place, Sydney.

Stewart, Professor J. Douglas, The University, Sydney.
Stewart. Robert, 34 Middle Head Road, Mosman.

Street, Sir Philip, K.C.M.G., 4 Onslow Avenue, Elizabeth Bay.
Stuart, William, “*‘ Glenhurst ’’, Yarranabe Road, Edgecliff.

Tait, George Edward, 35 Moruben Road, Mosman.

Taylor, Thomas C., 29 Olola Avenue, Vaucluse.

Thomas, John, Shellharbour.

Thomson, Judge Alexander, 48 Muston Street, Mosman.

Throsby, Dr. H., 135 Macquarie Street, Sydney.

Tollow, Alfred Charles, 125 Burwood Road, Burwood.

Tomimori, Kenkichi, F. Kanematsu (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., 8 O'Connell Street,
Sydney.

Tomkins, E. J., Mitchell Street, Enfield.

Trevenna, G., 52 Nicholson Street, Chatswood.

Trevor-Jones, L., 15 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Turner, Robert, F.R.A.I., 25 Hale Road, Mosman.

Vickers, Edward Russell, 9 The Corso, Manly.
Von Drehnen, Otto, ““ Wyuna ’’, Buena Vista Avenue, Mosman.

Walker, Egmont Palmer, “‘ Colebrook ”’, Bellevue Road, Double Bay.
Wallace, John R., “‘ Dundonald ’’, 14 Arbutus Street, Mosman.
Wallis, A. M., 572 New South Head Road, Double Bay.

Walters, Miss Sheila, “‘ Alt-na-Craig ”’ , Dickson Avenue, West Ryde.
Ward, Melbourne, F.R.Z.S., 20 Wylde Street, Potts Point.

Warren, John Donald, 56 Redan Street, Mosman.

Weaver, Charles Herbert, 21 David Street, Mosman.

Webb, Sydney Douglas, 93 Middle Harbour Road, Lindfield.
Webb, S. W., 19 Hargrave Street, Sydney.

Westerweller, Walter Lawrence, ““ Womponia ’’, Gunnedah.

Weston, Miss Mary, 27 The Avenue, Hurstville.

Weymark, John N., 26 David Street, Mosman.

Wheelwright, A. H., *‘ Rosedale ’’, Narrawa, via Crookwell.

35

White, Judge Cecil Alban, “‘ Winbourne ’’, Ian Street, Rose Bay.

Whitley, Mrs. P. N., 9 Dundas Street, Coogee.

Whitley, P. N., 9 Dundas Street, Coogee.

Whyte, George, Daily Telegraph Office, 168 Castlereagh Street, Sydney.

Wiburd, James Carvosso, 16 Moruben Road, Mosman.

Williams, Amos E., Wyoming, Glenbrook Road, Cooma.

Wiliams, Miss Gwladys M., North-west Nurses’ Club, Regent Street, West
Maitland.

Williams, William John, 5 Effingham Street, Mosman.

Winkworth, L. H., 51 York Street, Sydney.

Wright, Harold James, P.O., Box 9, Auburn, N.S.W.

HONORARY ASSOCIATE MEMBERS.

Malloch, Dr. J. R., Bureau of Biological Survey, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Mathews, Gregory M. (see Fellows).

LIFE ASSOCIATE MEMBERS.

Agar, Professor W. E., The University, Melbourne, Victoria.

Ashby, Edwin, ** Wittunga ”’, Blackwood, South Australia.

Barkley, William Henry, C.B.E., Redan Street, Mosman.

Berney, F. L., ‘“ Barcarolle’’, Longreach, Queensland.

Cameron, Lindsay Duncan, Hilly Street, Mortlake.

Campbell, John Honeyford, O.B.E., I.8.0., Royal Canadian Mint, Ottawa,
Canada.

Director, Dominion Museum, Wellington, New Zealand.

Ellis, Ralph, junior, 2420 Ridge Road, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A.

Finlay, Dr. Harold John, Geological Survey Office, Wellington, C.1, New
Zealand.

Hardy, G. H. H., The University, Brisbane, Queensland.

Hill, Gerald F., Box 109, G.P.O., Canberra, F.C.T.

Hopkinson, Dr. Emilius, C.M.G., Balcombe, Sussex, England.

Houison, J. K. 8., 274 Church Street, Parramatta.

Jackson, Sidney William, c.o. J. 8S. P. Ramsay, 55 George Street North,
Sydney.

Moss-Robinson, Leslie H., Exon Vale, Narara.

Nathan, Sir Matthew, K.C.M.G., West Coker, Yeovil, England.

Oldham, R. V., Port Moresby, Papua.

Thackway, A. E. J., ““ Wyoming ’”’, Albyn Road, Strathfield.

Thomas, Andrew David, 12 Clifton Avenue, Burwood.

Wilkinson, John Wrixon, Wood Street, Warwick, Queensland.

Williams, Godfrey Herbert, Aberpergwyn, South Wales.

Wilson, Professor James Thomas, 24 Millington Road, Cambridge, England.

Wright, Phillip A., ““ Wallamumbi”’, Armidale.

Zeck, Emil H., Box 36A, G.P.O., Sydney.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS.

Aguilar, Miss Grace, The Block, 428 George Street, Sydney.
Allatt, W., Union Bank of Australia, King’s Cross.

Barnett, Percival E. B., ‘‘ Bescot’’, The Crescent, Chatswood.
Barrett, Charles, “‘ Maralena’’, Maysbury Avenue, Elsternwick, Victoria.
Barrett, Sir James, 105 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria.

Bernard, Henry James, 7 Bernard Avenue, Gladesville.

Bernhard, H., “‘ Finchley ’, 1 Rosedale Avenue, Manly.

Blaxland, Mrs. F. J., “The Raymond’’, Elizabeth Bay.

Boardman, W., B.Sc., Australian Museum, Sydney.

Border, A. J., 8 Redmyre Road, Strathfield.

Brennan, Frank, 22 Collingwood Avenue, Earlwood.

' Brierley, E. A., 5 Henry Street, Ashfield.

Brookes, Albert E., 11 Lake Road, Takapuna, Auckland, New Zealand.
Brown, Dr. Reg., Newcastle.

36

Browne, Mrs. R. B., 113 Pacific Highway, Hornsby.
Bryce, Mrs. E. J., 47 Nelson Road, Killara.

Burke, Miss M., Royal Hotel, Tumut.

Butters, Miss Elizabeth, 28 Toxteth Street, Glebe.

Camp, Charles, 7 Heydon Street, Mosman.

Campbell, W. J., Public School, Petersham.

Cayley, Neville C., 42 Newcastle Street, Rose Bay.

Chaffer, Norman, 90 Boundary Street, Roseville.

Chapple, A., 541 Elizabeth Street, Sydney.

Chisholm, Alex. H., F.R.Z.S., The Argus Office, Melbourne, Victoria.
Clark, J., National “Museum, Russell Street, Melbourne.

Clark, K S., 33 Kardinia Road, Mosman.

Clarke, A. E., 4 Elsham Road, Auburn.

Clarke, Frank O., 41 Crump Street, Mortdale.

Clarke, J., 41 Crump Street, Mortdale.

Cleland, Professor J. Burton, The University, Adelaide, South Australia.
Clifford, Stan, 634 King Street, Newtown.

Clinton, K. J., School of Tropical Medicine, Sydney University.
Cohen, M., Box 30, P.O. Bondi.

Coleman, Mrs. Edith, Walsham, Blackburn, Victoria.

Cooney, Donald Aloysius, 22 Bellevue Street, Sydney.

Cooper, Miss Jean, 37 King Street, Waverton.

Crawford, Miss M., 93 Cremorne Road, Cremorne.

Deane, Lawrence Edward, “‘ Edgevale’”’, Highgate Road, Lindfield.
De Lestang, Albert, Adel’s Grove, via Burketown, North Queensland.
Dingeldei, Walter Leslie, 75 Stacey Street, Bankstown.

Dixon, Keith M., 1 Borambil Street, Wahroonga.

Douglas, B. D., 75 Tweedmouth Avenue, Rosebery.

Dummett, George, 7 Wellington Street, Arncliffe.

Dummett, Stephen, 7 Wellington Street, Arncliffe.

Emerson, Robert, 13 First Avenue, Willoughby.
English, Miss Kathleen M. I., March Street, Yass.
Enright, W. J., West Maitland.

Ferguson, Thomas L., “ Rancliff’’, 60 Ocean Street, Woollahra.
Fleay, David Howells, 68 Studley Park Road, Kew, Victoria.
Forbes, Dr. Arthur Duncan, Nyngan.

Friedlander, R., & Sohn, Karlstrasse 11, Berlin, N.W.6, Germany.
Fuller, Miss M., Box 109, G.P.O., Canberra.

Gannon, Gilbert Roscoe, “ Bushlands’’, Livingston Avenue, Pymble.
Gannon, Mrs. G. R., “ Bushlands’’, Livingston Avenue, Pymble.
Gardner, A. H., 21 Kingsland Road, Strathfield.

Gault, Mrs. D., Overseas League, Bull’s Chambers, Martin Place, Sydney.
Gilbert, Percy A., “‘ Dacelo’”’, Colin Street, Lakemba.
Golding, Miss M., 2 Broderick Street, Balmain.
Gostelow, E. E., 86 Consett Street, Concord West.
Gwynne, A. J., 41 Gipp Street, Carrington.

Handley, J., Waterworks Road, West Ashgrove.

Hardy, George, Prince’s Street, Otahuhu, New Zealand.
Hargreaves, A., 9 Addington Avenue, Ryde.

Hargreaves, E., 9 Addington Avenue, Ryde.

Harvey, P. F., 7 Pacific Street, Clovelly.

Hatfield, F., 6 Balfour Road, Rose Bay.

Hayck, Leo Benoni, 35 Royal Street, Maroubra.
Hummerston, P., 805 New South Head Road, Rose Bay.

Jervis, Thomas Henry, 74 Roseville Avenue, Roseville.
Johnston, R. L., 17 Gipps Street, Drummoyne.

37

Jones, F., c.o. E. C. Steele, junior, 136 Homer Street, Undercliffe.
Jopling, Miss M. W., Public Library, Sydney.

Kemp, Arthur Perry, Boonanghi, Quirindi.
Kennedy, Miss Grace, 61 Avenue Road, Mosman.
Knights, Miss Nellie E., “‘ Kelvin Grove’, 9 The Avenue, Ashfield.

Laird, Miss M., 3 Clarewill Court, Bream Street, Coogee.
Laseron, John, 4 Bond Street, Sydney.

Lavender, Roy, 13 Goulburn Street, Sydney.

Law, Miss L. E., 39 Middle Harbour Road, Lindfield.
Lawes, Les, Intermediate High School, Young.

Leach, Stephen, 69 Lithgow Street, Crow’s Nest.

Lee, H. B., Box Room, G.P.O., Sydney.

Leek, W., 51 Pacific Avenue, Waitara.

Leet, G. R., 31 Forbes Street, Hornsby.

Leighton, Colin Joseph, 23 Highcliffe Road, Undercliffe.
Leithhead, Mrs. David, 9 Royal Street, Maroubra.
Linsdell, P., 40 Thomas Street, Parramatta.

Lowe, Norman E., 56 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.
Lowe, Robert Norman, 56 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Mann, John S8., Prickly Pear Laboratory, Sherwood, Brisbane.

Marshall, John M. J., 27 Paul Street, Waverley.

Marshall, L. R., 13 Mary Street, Leichhardt.

Mason, Miss M. L., ““ Hayburn Wyke ”’, Hayburn Avenue, Rockdale.

Matthews, Richard Thomas, 38 Hampton Court Road, Kogarah.

Mayer, Frederick W. S., c.o. R. P. Mayer, Box 27, P.O., Condobolin.

Messmer, Mrs. C. A., 64 Treatt’s Road, Lindfield.

Metcalfe, Herbert William, 300 Alfred Street, North Sydney.

Mitchell, J. M., 13 Queen Street, Alexandria.

Morton, Paul J., 5 Meeks Road, Marrickville.

McClelland, Hugh, 47 Calthorpe Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, England.

McCulloch, Miss Daisie, Public Infants’ School, Dubbo, N.S.W.

MacDougall, William Alexander, Sugar Experiment Station, Mackay,
Queensland.

McFarlane, John, junior, 26 Wilson Avenue, Belmore.

McKellow, Miss Nellie, 70 Caledonian Street, Bexley.

McKie, Rev. E. Norman, 18 New Canterbury Road, Petersham.

MacKnight, K. H., 10 O'Connell Street, Sydney.

MeNeill, Frank A., Australian Museum, Sydney.

MacPherson, Dr. John, “‘ Wyoming ’”’, 175 Macquarie Street, Sydney.

Nicholas, E., 19 Edinburgh Road, Willoughby.
Northmore, Sir John, Judge’s Chambers, Supreme Court, Perth, W.A.
Nubling, Erwin, 9 Mt. Pleasant Avenue, Normanhurst.

O’Brien, B., 525 King Street, Newtown.

Oliver, Arthur W. L., P.O. Box 1628, Central Post Office, Kowloon, Hong
Kong.

Oliver, Dr. W. R. B., Dominion Museum, Wellington, New Zealand.

Ormsby, Anthony Irwin, 17 Castlereagh Street, Sydney.

Palmer, J. W., Milner Avenue, Hornsby.
Paul, Hector George, c.o. H. Jockel, Matthews Chambers, The Corso, Manly.
Peir, P. A., 49 Gloucester Street, Rockdale.

Quaife, P. L., 33 Spencer Road, Mosman.

Ramsay, J. S. P., 55 George Street North, Sydney.
Rhodin, Charles, Riverview Avenue, South Hurstville.
Ridley, D. M., Vale Avenue, Dee Why.

38

Schwebel, S., 8 Wellington Road, Undercliff.

Scott, James Frederick, Bank of Australasia, Martin Place, Sydney.
Sears, Miss C., 40 Towns Road, Rose Bay.

Seaward, William Trotman, ‘“‘ Myala’’, Scone.

Sharp, J. H., 1 Moore Street, Campsie.

Smith, Mrs. Grafton, “‘Munni’’, Dungog.

Smith, Miss Vera Irwin, “ Loana’’, Mount Morris Street, Woolwich.
Smith, W., Holmesbrook Street, Ashgrove.

Springall, C. W., 478 Mowbray Road, West Lane Cove.

Stach, L. W., 78 Herbert Street, Albert Park, S.C.6, Victoria.
Steeles, E. C., 136 Homer Street, Undercliffe.

Steeles, C. L., 70 Bayview Street, Undercliffe.

Stowar, A., Sheffield Street, Auburn.

Tancred, P. H., 10 Hardy Street, South Ashfield.

Tayler, Miss E., Rural Bank of N.S.W., Sydney.

Thomas, James Francis, Tenterfield.

Trevitt, Ernest A., 32 Rutledge Street, Eastwood.

Trevor-Jones, Mrs. Leila, 15 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Trewartha, F. J., Lane & Trewartha Ltd., 108 Hunter Street, Newcastle.
Turner, Dr. A. Jefferis, F.R.Z.S., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland

Walker, E., 39 Dudley Street, Coogee.

Watkins, G. W., Hansard Staff, Parliament House, Sydney.
Weeding, Rev. Benjamin J., Box 45, Eudunda, South Australia.
Whaling, John D., 15 Wiley’s Avenue, Lakemba.

Whiteley, A., 21 East Crescent, Hurstville.

Williamson, James Robert, 48 Ocean Street, Penshurst.
Wills, J. R., 49 Ross Street, Parramatta.

Wilson, G. M., 25 Forbes Street, Hornsby.

Wines, William, Box 48AA, G.P.O., Sydney.

Wise, Miss Mary I., P.O. Box 53, Sale, Victoria.

Wood, W. J., 61 Milson Road, Cremorne.

Yardley, H., 37 Renwick Street, Leichhardt.

Zoological Board of Victoria, Royal Park, Parkville, Melbourne, N.2, Victoria.

39

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i Reval Zoological Society ciety of New South Wales

TITLES.
(Conferred by the Council.)

For distinguished ser-

ey MEMBERSHIP.

J niaeie "(The Society’s year commences on Ist July.)

ee Amount of
ts Class. Subscription.

oa f £s. da

gan _. Associate Member +s 7 ais rae ne 0 5 O per annum
Aaa Ordinary Member on wi 8. 30 ie
Boh ots v (Members joining after Ist J. anuary in any year

ouaae ae pay one-half subscription.)

Beit. _ Life Associate Member Ria ne sie ea 210 0 in one sum
‘ae Life Member .. y oe ye 2s an TO 20 Olea ti
Bee Honorary Member _... ‘ 3% ns +» ) Elected for services to
ate _. Honorary Associate Member aes Ae Australian Zoology or
prt a= ; to the Society.
a hen Fellow .. <a vas i ‘es 4c -» pvices to Australian
bea’ ‘ Zoology.
we Associate Benefactor .. -- Contribution of £100 to Society’s Funds
Bet Benefactor mS ae ae Js wy eae eu os
“Tea Endowment Member .. _.. 3 »» £1,000 FA a
; PRIVILEGES.
Bins Members of all classes may attend all meetings of the Society and its

various Sections. Every Ordinary member receives a free pass to Taronga
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adults or 40 children to the Park only.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP ©

should be addressed to the Honorary Secretary, Box 2399 MM, G.P.O.,

Sydney, accompanied by a remittance of the amount of subscription. The
~ number of Ordinary Members is limited to 350, and should there be no vacancy
' at the time of application, the applicant will be registered as an Associate

Member, and shall take precedence in accordance with the date of his admission
to Associate Membership.

a! n err

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~

PUBLICATIONS.
The Australian Zoologist.

_ A Journal containing papers relating to the Zoology of Australia.

Published at irregular intervals. Subscription to ordinary members elected

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