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ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL “SOCIETY. OF NEW
SOUTH WALES |

(Established 1879.) )

Registered under the Companies Act, 1899 (1917). %

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PATRONS:
The Right Honouraule Sir John Greig Latham, G.C.M.G.

Sir Philip Woolcott Game, GBE., K.CB., D.S.O.

COUNCIL, 1944-45.
President: Prank Marshall, C.M.G., DDS. ; viens
Vice-Presidents: Albert Sherbourne Le Souef, C.M.ZS., Garnet ss
Halloran, B.Sc.. M.D. F.R.A.CS., F.R.C.S. (Syd.), Edward John ~
Lees Hallstrom, and Emil Herman Zeck, ae ae
Honorary Secretary: A. F. Basset Hull, M.B.E.
Honorary Treasurer: Phillip Shipway. j
Honorary Editors: A. F. Basset Hull and Tom Iredale, F's R. Z. 5.
Honorary Librarian: Keith A. Hindwood, C.F.A.O.U. .

Members: Neville W. Cayley, F.R.Z.S., Aubrey Halloran, B. rey ie a

Charles F. Laseron, Keith Collingwood McKeown, F.R.Z.S., Noel =

Lee Roberts, Theodore Cleveland Roughley, B.Sc., F.R.Z.S., Ellis
Le Geyt Troughton, F.R.Z.S., and Gilbert P. "Whitley, PREe

i

Assistant Honorary Secretary: Miss Betty French.
Honorary Auditor: Robert J. Stiffe, F.C.A. (Aust.).

OFFICERS OF SECTIONS:
Avicultural Section.

- Chairman: A. H. Brain.

Hon. Secretary: E. H. Hernfield. PRR: 4 : : ep

. - Budgerigar Section.
Chairman: H. Yardley. Rhea wes | 7 ce
Hon. Secretary: T. J. McSwiggan (Acting). USOT ESA 6

Marine Zoological Section... a Canale ope

Chairman: Mis. L. H. Woolacott.
Hon. Secretary: Miss E. Butters.

j Ornithological Section,

Ciienk: J. E. Roberts.
Hon. Secretary: A. R. McGill. —

a Badan
4 = } ME ty BOT Fi

ile or

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT

Please see page 52 for details of an important
announcement

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF NEW SOUTH WALES

The Sixty-fifth Annual Meeting was held at Taronga Zoological
Park, Mosman, on Saturday, 28th July, 1945, at 3 pm. One hundred
and seventy-two members and visitors were present. The Honorary
Secretary (Mr. Basset Hull) read the

SIXTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Membership.—On 30th June, 1945, the members of all classes on
the Register numbered 589, and included 1 benefactor, 3 associate
benefactors, 7 honorary members, 33 life members, 334 ordinary mem-
bers, 22 life associates, 3 honorary associates, and 186 associates. Hight
members died. during the year, four resigned, and the names of 10
were removed from the Register in terms of Article 9. The net gain
for the year is 50 members and associates, as compared with a gain of
56 during the previous year; both being very satisfactory records.

The Council.—Eleven meetings of the Council were held, the
average attendance being 10.9. Mr. Whitley was absent in Western
Australia for the greater part of the year, investigating for the Council
for Scientific and Industrial Research. Mr. Troughton was engaged
in research work with the Scientific Investigation Section of the Army
for some months, and both of these members were granted leave of
absence. Mr. Gregory M. Mathews tendered his resignation in view
of his approaching departure for England, and it was BOER Lee as
from 30th June.

Deaths.—Dr. Charles Anderson, former Director of the Australian
Museum, who died in October, 1944, rendered valued services in con-
nection. with obtaining consent of his trustees to publication of papers
by his staff in “The Australian Zoologist.’” Sir James Barrett, an
associate of many years’ standing, died in April, 1945, and Dr. Consett
Davis, also an associate, died in an aeroplane crash in New Guinea, in
December, 1944. He was a scientist of exceptional versatility, and his
death at an early age is greatly to be deplored.

Honorary Member.—In recognition of his valued services in pre-
senting to the Society the manuscript of his “Australian Insects,” Mr.
Keith Collingwood McKeown was elected an honorary member.

Finances.—The balance sheet shows that the Society has satisfac-
torily improved its position. An amount of £200 was transferred from
pe General Account to the Publication Fund, in accordance with the
Rules.

Publications.—The “Proceedings” for 1943-4 was issued on 3lst
August, 1944, and Part I of Volume 11 of “The Australian Zoologist’”’
was published on llth June, 1945. The difficulties which confronted
us in relation to the second edition of Mr. McKeown’s “Australian
Insects” persisted as regards binding; our binders procured sufficient
cloth with great difficulty, only to have it stolen by burglars. Another
supply was obtained, and delivery commenced on ist May, 1945; 1,300
copies have so far been delivered, all of which are sold or ordered. In
view of the demand for this work, paper has been procured (again with
difficulty) and printing of about 5,000 copies is proceeding. Of Mr.
Whitley’s “Fishes of Australia. Part I. Sharks and Rays,” very few
remain, and it is hoped that circumstances will admit of the printing
of a second edition, together with Part {I, which Mr. Whitley has been
working on for some time. Matters in connection with the proposed
handbook on “Australian Birds’ have not progressed any further,
owing to difficulties in connection with the illustrations.

Kesciusko State Park.—Considerable activity has characterised the
Society’s association with the Trustees of the Park. A Committee of
members of this and the associated kindred Societies was formed, and

1

joint meetings of this Committee and the Trust have been held. The
principal subjects for consideration have been: (a) Location of the
proposed Primitive Area, (b) Biological Survey, and (c) Protection of
geological, botanical or other interesting features.

Birds and Animals Protection Acts.—At the request of the Chief
Secretary, representatives of this Society were appointed to act in
consultation with this Department on proposed amendments of these
Acts. Dr. Garnet Halloran, Messrs. Hallstrom, Roberts and Cayley
were appointed to represent the Society, and meetings have been
held during which the proposed amendments were discussed.

Membership Increase.—The number of members entitled to free
admission to Taronga Park is limited to 350 under existing arrange-
ments with the Park Trustees. Steps are being taken to arrange a
conference with the Trust with a view to amalgamation of the Society’s
ane the Trust’s subscribers, so as to secure uniformity in the privileges
conferred.

Sections.—Attendances at sectional meetings have improved, and
considerable enthusiasm has been evinced in carrying out the work
of each. A further effort to establish a mammalogical section has been
suggested, but the poor response to last year’s effort has caused Council
to ask that all those interested in the subject should communicate
with the honorary secretary, and state their willingness to attend
meetings if such a section is established.

Building Fund.—Council considered that it was time to take steps
to secure a Suitable building in which to house the Society, and such
kindred institutions as might desire to co-operate.

To that end a Building Fund has been established, and it rests
with members, associates and their friends to bring our objective to
a successful issue.

In the first instance, donations will be acceptable, and in the event
of a substantial amount being subscribed, debentures will be issued to
an amount sufficient, with the donations, to secure a suitable building.
It may be pointed out that, during the past 23 years, the Society has
paid a total of £3,240 in rent for the rooms occupied in Bull’s Chambers.

The delegate to the Treasurer has consented to the issue of
debentures to the amount of £6,000, bearing interest at 5%. Already
several token donations have been received, and more promised; while
subscriptions to the debentures, which will be limited to members
and associates, already exceed £1,500.

The Honorary Treasurer (Mr. Phillip Shipway) presented the
balance sheet. (See page 5.) et

The Hon. Clive R. Evatt, K.C.. ML.A. (Acting Chief Secretary
and Minister for National Emergency Services), moving the adoption
of the annual report and balance sheet, congratulated the Society
on the increase in membership during the past two years, as revealed
in the report. He regarded this as an indication that the Society
was extending its horizons, and as evidence of increasing interest
in the important tasks to which the Society had set its hand.

Mr. Evatt stressed the need to maintain a due regard for animal
and tree life. There was no more tragic chapter in Australian history
than that which recorded the needless destruction of animals and
trees. The time to call a halt had long since passed.

There were people who would cut down trees so as to get the
last possible shilling out of the soil. This greed had created a
terrifying problem for Australia, as was shown last year when clouds
of red dust from the West filled the Sydney air and were carried out
to sea, and even as far as New Zealand. The colour was appropriate,
for it represented the life-blood of Australia. We must do something
at once to prevent soil erosion. We must preserve our remaining
forests, the Minister said.

The Minister referred to the Birds and Animals Protection Act.
2

“This Act,” he said, “is, as its name implies, for the protection of
wild life, yet the applications made under it are for the destruction
of birds and animals. It is difficult to administer the Act, because of
frequent applications claiming that unless a number of animals are
destroyed, farmers’ crops will disappear, and the available grass be
devoured, to the detriment of the sheep.

“We are insisting on most searching reports on all applications
for permits. Applications are usually received during the winter
months when high prices are paid for skins.”

Mr. Evatt quoted the following extracts from police reports:—

1. Report by the Mudgee police on an application: “As the area
under cultivation is small, other means could be used to keep the
kangaroos out of it, such as high netting. The applicant does not
rely on the crops grown for his livelihood, as his property is only
suitable for grazing purposes. It would appear that a permit would
have been more necessary when feed was scarce than at present, but
it has been noticed that applications for permits are invariably received
during the winter, when good prices are being received for skins.”

2. From Brewarrina: ‘There may be a few Kangaroos on the
‘property, but from my experience over the past two months I would
say that they are doing little damage to the grass and herbage at
the present time. The applicant has a grown-up son who prefers
shooting kangaroos to doing any glass of labouring work, and it is
my opinion the permit is required for the express purpose of allowing
the son to make money by the sale of skins.”

3. From Scone: “There is less than 50 acres of cultivation on the
property, and, in view of the abundance of natural feed in the locality
it can definitely be stated that the damage to crops by kangaroos and
wallaroos, so far as this holding is concerned, is very slight indeed.”

4. From Delegate: “I am not satisfied that there are Kangaroos
in the numbers as claimed by the applicant. During recent weeks I
have been on part of the applicant’s property and did not see any
Kangaroos; further, the application is being made at a tinie when the
skins are bringing their best price.”

5. From Uralla: “The corn crop has now been garnered, and at
this time of the season there would be little or nothing growing to
be destroyed by such animals as possums.”

The Minister said: ‘Last year the taking of a quarter of a
million skins of kangaroos, wallabies and other animals was recorded
at police stations. Possibly, if it included animals killed but not
reported, the total would be about half a million. If this went on,
these animals, like the koala, will be almost exterminated.”

Mr. Evatt said he was establishing at Kurnell a koala sanctuary.
A dozen of these delightful little animals would be sent there.

He paid a tribute to Mr. T. C. Roughley, a member of the Society,
for his book, ‘““‘Wonders of the Great Barrier Reef.” The Government
was sending Mr. Roughley to America to lecture on marvels of the
Reef. He would be a scientific anmibassador, and his lectures might
well induce many Americans to visit us. :

Mr. Evatt forecast heavier penalties for persons guilty of cruelty
to animals. Legislation to enable magistrates to inflict heavier
punishment was contemplated.

He recalled that as Minister for Education he had founded the
Junior R.S.P.C.A. He hoped that it was inculcating in our young
citizens an affection for animals and in this way developing citizenship.

He had received unpleasant reports about riding schools and the
ill-treatment of horses there, indicating that some persons exploited
their horses and had no proper regard for feeding or care. It might be
necessary to license riding schools.

“T note with pleasure your determination to finda home for the
3

Society. Whilst not in a position to pledge the Government, I shall
do what I can to assist you in this praiseworthy effort to acquire your
own building.”

Mr. Evatt expressed his appreciation of the splendid service
rendered by the Honorary Secretary (Mr. A. F. Basset Hull) whose life
for 35 years, he said, had been interwoven with the work of the
Society. “When one thought of the Society, one thought of Mr.
Basset Hull, and when one thought of Mr. Basset Hull, one thought
of the Society,” concluded the Minister.

The motion was seconded by Mr. E. H. Zeck, and carried.

Mr. Aubrey Halloran, on behalf of the Society, moved a vote of
thanks to Mr. Evatt. He said:—

“We wish to express our thanks to the Hon. Mr. Clive Evatt for
the address he has given this afternoon.

“No Minister of the Crown has rendered greater service to the
Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales than Mr. Evatt by his
sympathy, addresses to the public, and help in a practical way.

“His speeches for years past, calling on fellow Australians to

preserve their birds and animals and their forests, will soon find
expression in Acts of Parliament.

“We appreciate his remarks concerning our Honorary Secretary
(Mr. Basset Hull) who for 35 years has been the mainstay of the
Scciety.

“We hope Mr. Evatt will long be spared to continue the good work
he is doing, and I have much pleasure in proposing a hearty vote of
thanks to him.”

The motion was seconded by Mr. T. C. Roughley, who referred to
the obvious sincerity of the Minister in his desire to carry out the
administrative work of his Department in respect of the protection
of our fauna and flora.

The motion was carried with acclamation.

Five members of Council, who retired under Article 22, were
re-elected, viz.: Messrs. Neville W. Cayley. Keith A. Hindwood, Tom
Iredale, Ellis L. Troughton and Gilbert P. Whitley. Mr. Keith Colling-
wood McKeown was elected to mill the vacancy caused by the resignation
of Mr. Gregory M. Mathews.

The President delivered his address. (See page 7.) A vote of
thanks for the address was moved by Mr. Hull and seconded by
Dr. Marshall.

Mr. Alfred E. Stephen moved that the members present authorise
the Council to call an International Conference for the purpose of
obtaining world-wide co-operation in the care of the wild animals and
birds of every country.

_He spoke at some length in support of the motion, the subject of
which had been referred to in the President’s address.

There being no opposition, the President declared the motion
carried, and thanked members present for their support.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1945-6.

President: Dr. Frank Marshall, C.M.G., D.D.S.

Vice-presidents: Dr. Garnet Halloran, Messrs. Albert Sherbourne Le
Souef, C.M.Z.S., E. J. L. Hallstrom, and Emil Herman Zeck.

Honorary Secretary: Mr. A. F. Basset Hull.
Honorary Treasurer: Mr. Phillip Shipway.
Honorary Editors: Messrs. A. F. Basset Hull and Tom Iredale.
Honorary Assistant-secretary: Miss Betty French.
Honorary Auditor: Mr. R. J. Stiffe, F.C.A. (Aust.)..
4

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES.

REVENUE ACCOUNT FOR YEAR ENDED 30th JUNE, 1945.

GENERAL ACCOUNT.

To

‘

eS) 8h Cl t3. Sh Gk 2, GE 42 OE
To Office Rent 300 0 0 By Subscriptions 403 0 6
Office Printing ,» Rent — Sub-
and Stationery 12 14 6 letting Office .. 172 0 0
Telephone .. 2712 9 , Bank Exchange,
Electricity .. .. 714 9 GUC Hee ir eho: i aet0
Affiliation Fees 111 6 ,, Telephone Col-
Expenses — lections . oe SD an9
Annual Meeting oe oe » sale of Badges 4 6
Insurance » Lnterest on
Premiums fale) Bank Account 4 Wa
Donations .. 19 0 Hoses
Gratuities 5 yoo , Deficit — Excess
Rent — Post of Expenditure
Office Box .. .. 1 0 0 over Revenue
Postages, Tele- for the year
grams and Ex- ended 30th
change oc 160 — 1) By oe June, 1945 Wey at
Library Books
and Maps 2 4 0
Office Repairs 9 6
Taronga Park—
Excess Members 10 10 O
Life Passes . 6 0
410 19 11
Amount Trans-
ferred to Pub-
lications Fund . 200 0 O
£610 19 11 £610 19 11
PUBLICATIONS FUND.
gS OSS Cla ES eel fo 6 GCE FS Se Gl
Publication of By Sales “‘Austra-
“Australian lian Zoologist’” 2618 5
Zoologist” and , Sales of Hand-
‘Proceedings,’’ in- books es SOOO
cluding Postages 171 10 1 , sales — “Pro-
Expenses on Ac- ceedings” .. .. 2 0
count of Pub- ,, interest — Sav-
lication of Hand- ings Bank 114 0
books bi) “By 5 ,, interest — In-
747 15 6 vestments ; 49 12 3
,, Profit on Sale
On Common-
wealth Treasury
Bonds SLi 6
, Donation 4A PAW
488 10 3
» Government
Grant—Depart-
ment of Edu-
cation Fas) ie ye 50 0 O
, Transfer from
General Ac-
count 200 0 O
738 10 3
,», Deficit — Excess
of Expenditure
Over Revenue
for year ended
30th June, 1945 Oh bees
£747 15 6 sey GY

eee ES EE Sa SS ESE ES ES SS SS

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
BALANCE SHEET AS AT 30th JUNE, 1945.

ACCUMULATED FONDS. ASSETS.
£ Seid. ae 9 Sp le £ Steed esha
Balance at 30th Furniture and
June, 1944 .. 3,384 1 6 E q u ipment,
Deduct: Deficit, Etc.—

Excess of Office and Lec-
Expenditure ture Room
Over Revenue Furniture
for year :— and Equip-
General ment at
Account, valuation,
eS ly lal 8} § plus addi-

Publications tions ah Wa 240 4 3
Fund, £9/5/3 26 16 11 Library Books,
———— 3,357 4 7 Cree matt

valuation .. 500 0 0

“Parrot” Paint-
ings, at val-
uation .. .. 500 0 O
——— 1,240 4 3
BUILDING FUND. panies ae
Donations during Australian
year ended 30th Common-
June, 1945 .. 137 7 O wealth.—
Inscribed
stock .. .. 1,010 0 O
Treasury
Bonds . .. 650 0 0
M etro politan
Water, Sew-
erage and
Drainage
Board :—
Inscribed
Stock . .. 100 0 O
Debentures . 100 0 0
——— 1,860 0 0
Cash at Bank.—
' Commonwealth
Sav ings
Bank.—
General
Account .. 515 2
Publications
IMAGE 5 5 Appl js) 2
Building
Fund Ac-
count .. .. 137 7 O
———— 394 7 4

£3,494 11 7 ON £3 Ao4cieey

Auditor’s Report to the Members of the Royal Zoological
Society of New South Wales.

I hereby report that I have audited the books and accounts of the Royal
Zoological Society of New South Wales for the year ended 30th June, 1945, and
have obtained all the information and explanations I have required, and. in my
Opinion, the above Balance Sheet exhibits a true and correct view of the state of
the Society’s affairs as at 30th June, 1945, acco~ding to the best of my information
and the explanations given to me and as shown by the books of the Society.

I have examined the register of members and other records which the Society
is required to keep by law or by its Articles, and am of opinion that such records
have been properly kept.

(Sg¢d.) ROBT. J. STIFFE, F.C.A. (AUST.),
Sydney, 24th July, 1945. Hon. Auditor.

A. S. LE SOUEF, President. E. J. L. HALLSTROM, Vice-president.

PHILLIP SHIPWAY, Hon. Treasurer.

6

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

THE FUTURE OF THE WILD ANIMALS OF THE WORLD.
By A. S. Le Souef.

We have in the Australian wild fauna a wonderful heritage, some-
thing which has taken hundreds of millions of years to reach its
present stage of beauty, symmetry and perfection. It forms a distinct
part of the world’s economy and adds considerably to the interest of
the countryside and in many instances to the well-being of human
interests.

When we review the rapidly changing conditions that have marked
the past one hundred and fifty years we see that the wild things have
been ruthlessly decimated. Unless we now recognise their precarious
position, and take adequate steps to save those remaining, we are
likely to lose many species that can never be replaced. This would be
a tragedy. We owe it to posterity to take care that this does not
happen. We must ensure that future generations are able to see the
truly marvellous products of evolution.

It is true that during the greater part of last century very little
protection was given to the wild animals and birds, as they were so
numerous. Advancing civilisation, however, has changed this outlook.
Many countries have recognised the danger in which their fauna is
placed, and have taken steps to afford them protection; nevertheless,
some factors vital to their well-being are beyond the control of the
present laws, and the people generally do not recognise their responsi-
bility in the matter. It is therefore necessary to review the whole
situation in the light of what has happened in the past and what is
likely to eventuate in the future.

We have seen during the past three hundred years, but more
especially the last century, a rapid’ advance in colonisation, during
which several countries. notably America, Africa, Australia and the
Pacific Islands, have been occupied and put to intensive commercial
use. This has radically altered the world’s economy and brought about
far-reaching changes in the position of the wild animals and birds.
It means that cultivation and domestic animals have taken much of
the space occupied by the original fauna. In addition, there has been
an immense increase in manufactures and facilities for travel, which
has given cheap and effective firearms to anybody who wants them,
as well as the ability to reach the country districts and indulge in
shooting with ease and safety. This has enabled the age-old instinct
to kill things to be put into effect with disastrous results upon the
wild beings.

The expansion of commercial interests is, of course, all in order
and just as it should be, but we must realise that it is going to continue
in ever-increasing intensity, and that it will radically alter the balance
of nature the world over. This has already caused trouble in pastoral
and agricultural pursuits and the upset of the natural processes of
nature must increase unless everv relevant factor pertaining to the
wild life is thoroughly investigated and what is useful carefully
preserved.

At the present rate of progress there will soon be no room for
anything that is not of economic value. Human interests. will
naturally dominate everything. The great change of which we who
have lived a full life are so conscious really portends the close of one
epoch in the stage of the world’s affairs and the opening of another.
From the point of view of those interested in the wild life it really means
the ending of the age of mammals and the extending of the age of
man. It jis on this hasis that we must survey the future. The late
Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn drew attention to this some years ago.

When we check up individual members of the animal kingdom we
find that in all countries some species have recently become extinct
and that others are on the verge of becoming so. Just to give a few

7

examples. it can be mentioned that the last remaining Quagga died in
the London Zoo some years ago. The only remaining White Tailed
Gnus and Mountain Zebras, both beautiful and distinct species of their
respective families, live on sufferance on farms in South Africa. The
Report of the Preservation Committee on game in Bengal (1943) states:
“Until very recently all three species of Asiatic Rhinoceros were
found in Bergal, but now are reduced to a single species (The Bengal
Rhinoceros) ... ” while the Great Indian Rhinoceros (R. unicornis)
once common along the foothills of the Himalayas, is now only found
in a few places in Nepal, Northern Bengal and Assam, and is alarmingly
rare everywhere.” It is pointed out that in many parts of India, where
it was once common, the tiger is surviving, but that is all, and stating
that it is the spread of cultivation that has caused this animal to
diminish.

Captain Pitman, in “A Game Warden Takes Stock,” lists as
vanishing species Gorillas, Chimpanzees, White Rhinoceros, Giraffe and
the Uganda Kob. He further states: “The game situation generally
calls for little adverse comment. -On the. whole, the wild animals are
holding their own, though it must be admitted with regret that the
extension of settlement is annually denuding fresh areas of their
interesting mammalian life.” He mentions the menace to wild game
caused by the possession by numbers of African soldiers of .303 rifles
with an almost unlimited supply of Service ammunition. When an
American expedition went to Africa a few years ago to procure
specimens of the Giant Eland and other antelope for the Museum of
Natural History in New York, they had the utmost difficulty in finding
what they required.

We know that the beautiful Sea Otter, which lives in the semi-
arctic regions off Alaska, has been almost exterminated. Dr. Henry
Fairfield Osborn, President of the New York Zoological Society, states
(May, 1945): “Both the White Mountain Goat and the Big Horn Sheep
are in a precarious position in this country. There are limited scattered
colonies of both, but it is difficult to say how long they will survive,”
and further states: “The whole situation (of our wild game) is reason-
ably satisfactory, and if public interest can be maintained at its
present level and if the national and State parks, together with the
national forests, continue to be protected, again by public opinion, over
the long future ahead, it seems reasongble to assure that at the end of
this century, for example, we shall still have a fairly good wild life
situation in this country, although some of the more tender species
referred to may perhaps have become extinct.”

In Australia we miss the pretty Bridle Nail-tailed Kangaroo, Grey’s
and the Parma Wallaby, together with Gaimard’s Rat Kangaroo,
Gunn’s Bandicoot and other species of marsupials, some of which are
apparently extinct. Among the birds we find that an Atricornis has
vanished while the Paradise and the Golden Shoulder Parrots are very
rare, and the last remaining specimens may easily disappear.

The world list of animals that are in danger of extermination could
be greatly extended.

The question of preserving the most interesting and valuable of
the were fauna is by no means simple, as so many factors are
involved.

We must look ahead to the next one hundred and fifty years and
try to gauge the trend of settlement, commercial interests and public
opinion during that period.

The occupation of all lands that can be put to economic use can
be anticipated. The spread of cheap firearms and traps and their
extensive use by the more irresponsible and native populations must
be taken into account. The exploitation of animals and birds for
commercial purposes will take place wherever it is permitted, counvled
with an ever-increasing demand for them for exhibition. The breeding
of fur animals on farms, now a well-organised business, will be
increased. We must expect a lessening appreciation of the wild things
for ee own sake as this tends to be undermined by purely human
interests.

The present laws seem to be ineffective to meet the changing
8

situation; moreover, it is one thing to make regulations and anotker
to have them obeyed, as the average person pays little attention to
prohibitions that conflict with personal interests. Instances of this
are often brought under notice. For example, when a game reserve
was made, many years ago, in South Africa, the local land-holders
foregathered and rode through the area shooting everything that came
within range. Rhinoceros in Northern Bengal were extensively poached
and their numbers seriously diminished by organised bands of hunters
who sold the horns at high prices for medicinal purposes in China.
This sort of thing is most difficult, and in some cases impossible, to
control in outlying districts and moreover, the preservation of such
animals may not agree with local public sentiment.

Individually, we often see a total disregard for the game laws by
those who are responsible for their enforcement. For instance, several
years ago when out collecting, in another State, with the local sergeant
of police and a half-caste aboriginal, a gun was carried in case a
rabbit got up; however, we flushed a hen Bustard with a chick at foot.
The sergeant quickly handed the weapon to his companion who shot
the bird and gave it and the gun to the representative of the law. The
aboriginals are not bound by game regulations, so technically all was
in order. On another occasion I was collecting, under permit, some
nestling egrets for exhibition purposes. The local sergeant kindly drove
me out to the swamp in his car. On returning it was necessary to
stop at a street intersection and put a mat over some Magpie Geese,
a comparatively rare bird in that State and which was nesting, so that
they would not be seen by the constable on traffic duty, as it would
never do to have the head of the Service arrested by one of his staff. I
admit having transgressed the law on occasions when opportunity
occurred to secure specimens for which no permit had been issued.

Results of the present changing conditions are seen on all sides.
The Game and Fisheries Preservation Committee of Bengal gives an
instance (Report for 1943): “Only thirty years ago Mr. G. U. Yule
visited the plains on the Brahmaputra, near the Garo Hills, and found
them swarming with large game such as Rhinoceros, Buffalo, Deer of
several kinds. In the winter of 1939, when this district was again
visited by an observer, a very different picture was presented as prac-
tically all these things had entirely vanished. A beat in the jungle
and careful watch on an animal drinking-place revealed one doe
Barking Deer and a few Jungle Fowl.”

Twenty-five years ago the Burragorang Valley was full of wild
animals and birds. The wonderful Lyre-birds were in every gully.
Wonga and Bronzewing Pigeons were plentiful. Rock Wallabies were
on the hills and the Great Grey Kangaroos and smaller game in the
forests. To-day, as far as wild life is concerned, the place is a
wilderness.

Such examples represent the position in many parts of the world.
They indicate the unseen but progressive decimation that is ever
“going on.

There is fortunately another side to the picture as we see increasing
signs that the public is learning to appreciate the denizens of the wild,
and many of our animals and birds are protected by sentiment. Thus
Wapiti Deer, Moose and Bison are carefully preserved in America, and
so are many of the smaller things which nobody would dream of
killing. We look after the Koala and people are sensible to the
economic value and beauty of the Lyre-birds, Magpie Larks, Kooka-
burras, Blue Wrens, Robins, Harmonious Thrushes and other birds.
This change in outlook is largely the result of education, which, if
greatly extended, would have a very marked effect on the fauna. Our
Society should try and get the Government to include lessons on the
subject in the school curriculum. We might prepare a text-book on
this important part of our wild life economy.

Keeping these things in mind, we see that a great deal more has
got to be done about the matter than is at present enacted. As far
as Australia is concerned, it seems as if the whole system of fauna
protection needs recasting. We cannot do much in this direction until
we get a zoological survey of the whole countrv, including the adjacent

9

islands. This should frequently be checked by an authoritative
observer.

The question of a zoological survey has often been raised, but never
organised. It is probably safe to say that it never will he carried out
until put on a commercial basis.

The first step towards this objective is to put a sales tax on all
furred skins. The proceeds of this tax would go a long way towards
meeting the cost of the survey. Skins of Kangaroos, Wallaroos,
Wallabies, etc., are constantly being sold, so are the pelts of rabbits
and foxes.

The second step towards this project is to have the care of our
fauna put under the Department for Internal Affairs. The Common-
wealth is the only authority that can properly co-ordinate such
important work.

The third item would be to have breeding establishments to rear
such animals and birds as might be required for zoological purposes
both at home and abroad. There is a great and growing demand for
our fauna and prices could be regulated so as to make the animal farms
paying concerns. By this means many species threatened with
extinction in the immediate future would be preserved and spread
over the world. The Zoological Society of New York nas already taken
the initiative in this work by collecting and distributing what remained
of the Giant Tortoises on Galapagos. Those which Taronga Park
received many years ago are doing very well.

An important section of this work would be an establishment
designed and maintained to breed the Birds of Paradise. Fruit Pigeons,
Lories, Cassowaries and Tree Kangaroos that are native to New Guinea.
There fcod and labour are cheap and there would be a great call for
the birds and animals at high prices.

It seems to be equally necessary to have wild animals and bird
farms in other parts of the world, as it appears to be-only a matter of
time when most of the native things will be crowded out of their
environment. The animals of Africa. South America, Borneo and other
places will be needed for exhibition in many centres of population.
Zoological Institutions, where the animals and birds are kept under
ratural conditions, are a great feature of public interest and helv to
keep the growing generation’ in touch with the diverse and marvellous
products of evolution.

The present method of collecting the larger wild animals is cruel,
uneconomic and wasteful in the extreme. For instance, if a
Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, Chimpanzee or Orangoutan is reauired, it
is necessary to kill the mother and take the voung, and even then only
a proportion of those so caught survives. There should be no need
for this, as it is just as easy to breed an animal worth a hundred
pounds as a bullock worth ten.

Before closing I would like to make some reference to the position
of some of our animals in Australia. ieee

At present each State has charge of its own fauna and enacts such
protective laws as it considers necessarv. These enactments, however,
are largely founded on past conditions and do not seem sufficient to
meet changing conditions. All animals and birds excevt those men-
tioned in a special schedule are nominally protected. If. however, any
species, in the absence of natural enemies, becomes too numerous, an
open season is proclaimed, during the period of which the residents of
that district can destrov all the unwrotected animals they can find.
The danger of this method is that killing may not be confined to a
special kind and a species that is rare may be killed off with those
that are common.

In the absence of a zoological survey we have no means of checking
up the numbers of any species that is becoming scarce. For instance,
the Brush-tailed and Yellow Footed Rock Wallabies have not been seen
for years, with the exception of the little group of the former at
Jenolan Caves. All we know for certain is that they have disappeared
from their former haunts, but how many, if any, exist in the more
remote parts is quite uncertain.

10

The existence of many of our animals and birds is seriously
jeopardised by the introduced Pig, Fox, Rabbit, Black Rat and Mouse.
These animals are far ahead of our marsupials and native rodents in
their stage in evolution, and consequently they must occupy their
heritage wherever they come into competition. This competition exists
almost everywhere on the mainland with the exception of the far
north, where conditions do not suit the fox and rabbit. The wild pig,
however, thrives best in the tropics where it is menacing the existence
of the Cassowary by destroying its eggs. This is probably also the case
in New Guinea.

The only means of saving our threatened species is to place them
on special purpose farms or on islands off the coast.

A matter needing special attention is the preservation of the
balance of life in the forests. Timber is becoming an increasing
necessity, aS sO many uses are being found for it. One serious result
of allowing ‘Possums to be killed for their fur is the great increase
that has taken place in the parasitic mistletoe. In the absence of
the animals, which feed on the ripe fruits, this arboreal plant is
spreading unchecked and causing great damage in many localities.
We must also recognise the value of the Black Cockatoo and other
birds in keeping the trees free from the larvae of boring beetles and
moths. The Cockatoes which nest in old hollow trees must be allowed
adequate breeding places. The absence of the Bandicoot in many
districts is allowing the cockchafer beetle to increase and this causes
the defoliation of certain species of eucalyptus.

There are some rare and strikingly beautiful parrots and other
birds on the islands of the Pacific. These islands are under the
Governments of Britain, Australia, New Zealand, America and France.
It seems to be very necessary to have a survey made of the fauna and
adequate steps taken to have it preserved, as it is very likely that
these lands will be intensively cultivated in the near future. Some of
the mest lovely birds in the world are found there and it would be a
tragedy if any were lost.

What we really want in order to stabilise the safety of the wild
animals of the world is an international conference. There are many
far-reaching problems to be considered, which only whole-hearted
co-operation between the various countries can solve. Nothing less
could meet the crisis which confronts the fauna of the world. We
face something which is unique in history, and which must nave the
backing of the Governments of each country concerned to preserve
our threatened wild life heritage.

HARRY BURRELL.

By this name alone was Henry James Burrell known throughout
the world and by his wide circle of acquaintances which included many
scientific workers. His death on 29th July, 1945. at the age of seventy-
two, has brought to the close a rather remarkable career as far as his
contributions to science are concerned. His wit always amused his
friends. as it was spontaneous, and it is believed that it was earlier his
profession, but for the last forty years he was more interested in natural
history, especially as a photographer. Apparently he took up the
natural history side of photography and his series of animal studies
came in useful when he became associated with A. S. Le Souef in the
production of a publication, entitled, “The Wild Animals of Australasia,”
to which E. le G. Troughton contributed the section dealing with Bats.
However, Burrell had become interested in the Platypus, and a book
dealing solely with this interesting archaic mammal was the result.
This book dealt with the history as well as the field life, the latter
being based on Burrell’s own studies of twenty years, and became the
basis of all the more recent work on this interesting mammal form. It
is in connection with this monotreme that Burrell’s name will live in
scientific circles. He was awarded the O.B.E. and made a Fellow of
the R.Z.S. for this research. Some fifteen years ago while engaged in
this study he was stricken down with paralysis and though he com-
pletely recovered his interest had died out, and recently he gave his
very fine series of photographs of Australian mammals to the Australian
Museum, Sydney.—T.I.

11

REPORTS OF SECTIONS

AVICULTURAL SECTION.

Annual Report.

In presenting the report for the year ending 30th June, 1945, I
am able to say that the Section, though somewhat depleted in
attendances, is still able to function, and that there is every hope of
maintaining a nucleus of members on which to build when the troubled
times through which we are passing ccme to a close.

-. The past year has been marked by a Jack of lecturers, many of
“whom have given their services in the past but have been unable to
cope with the pressure of work which has fallen upon them since
the war started. This is understandable, and the Section again wishes
to extend to all those kind persons who have helped in the past, its
sincere thanks, and hopes that in the future we will be able to avail
curselves of their services.

The Section has, during the past year, become affiliated with the
Cage Bird Federation and has already benefited by its membership of
that body by being kept informed, and being able to enter into the
discussions relative to certain aspects of the proposed alteration and
re-drafting of the Birds and Animals Protection Act.

Through the year some of our members have had successes with
their breeding of Australian and Foreign Finches, and a very notable
contribution was given to us by Mr. Lear in his observation of the
almost unknown Ground Parrot, which has been regarded in some
quarters as almost extinct. This necessitated Mr. Lear putting in a
lot of time and travelling long distances to observe the bird.

The members of this Section are able to pride themselves on
the fact that the general type of aviary is improving, and a visit to
some of the back-yards of members will reveal a wealth of ideas and
some very fine examples of “aviary art” and some fine expressions of
the individual art of building a home for the birds.

JOHN E. SIMONS, Acting Hon. Secretary.
A. H. BRAIN, Chairman.

BUDGERIGAR SECTION.
Annual Report.

Throughout the last twelve months, despite the war and drought,
scarcity of seed and long hours of labour, the Budgerigar Section has
increased its membershiv, thus showing: that man can still turn to the
cult of the Budgerigar to help lessen the prevailing tension.

Attendance at Meetings.—We have attracted an increased number
of members to our meetings throughout the year, having an average
attendance representing a slight increase on 1944 with its total of 186
pneeyeMee attendance of 16. The year just ended doubled the 1943

Ss.

_New Members.—The welcome addition of 10 new members of
calibre and experience is a tower of strength to the Section.

Lectures.—Following is a list of subjects dealt with by various
lecturers during the year, in their order:—

“Lantern Lecture on the Bird Life, Past and
Present, of Lord Howe Island” oe

Seine slredaile
“Lantern Lecture on the Birds of Central

Australia” eo nei Ren age a oy eee es SOT. Roy Cooper:
iControl of Vermin un Aviaries?2). 52) ..6 5 eee aN nee Zeck
“Colour Breeding in Budgerigars” .. .. .. .. Mr. R. B. Browne.
“Clear-wing Budgerigars” seit) Sinid! abe. cas Sega eee aie Vly ls is PONIES
- Reptiles—hive Specimens” 32 .. 2.08. 6s evintG. Lonsley.
“Birds ol; Paradise? 25275 Yoek an e eeN ieedaes

12

The Budgerigar Section owes a debt cf gratitude to these gentle-
men, and takes this opportunity of thanking them for their courtesy.

Table Shows for Type.—The Section held two shows, at which
many excellent birds were displayed. A notable feature of the two
shows was that the outstanding bird on each occasion was exhibited
by a new member, viz, Mr. Charles Hill’s Grey-~wing Blue and Mr.
Swinfield’s Cinnamon-wing Sky.

Ninth Annual Lawn Show.—Held at “Elaine,” home of Mr. and
Mrs. J. Hubert Fairfax, and officially opened by Col. Alfred Spain, V.D.

Entries for the Show totalled 123 birds of outstanding quality.

Mr. Harley Yardley won the coveted “Sydney Mail Trophy” out-
right, becoming the owner of this excellent trophy. Mr. Yardley
deserves not only our praise but the praise of the whole Budgerigar
world for the high standard he has achieved.

Another achievement of merit was the winning of the “Best
Young Bird” by our new member, Mr. J. L. Vance, of whom more
is going to be heard.

Mrs. Fairfax and Mrs. Nigel Smith expressed their appreciation
to all concerned who assisted in donating the sum of £28 to the Red
Cross.

The Budgerigar Section is greatly indebted to Mr. and Mrs.
Fairfax for enabling them to have their show in such beautiful
surroundings.

We also wish to express our thanks to Mr. Charles Hill, Show
Secretary, Mr. R. B. Browne, Assistant Show Secretary, and Messrs.
Murray, Scheers, De Chateaubourg, Mills, Vance, Buckle and Maher,
who worked so hard to make the show a success.

T. P. LYNN, Hon. Secretary.

MARINE SECTION.
Annual Report.

The Marine Section has had a very successful year.

_ _Many most instructive and interesting lectures have been given
including lantern lectures, covering a wide range of subjects.

The attendance has been most satisfactory, indicating an
enthusiasm which augurs well for this Section.

Many new members have joined during the year, a pleasing feature
being the enthusiasm displayed by the younger generation. In
addition, some of the older members who have been with the Services
are beginning to return, and this opportunity is taken to welcome
them back to the fold.

Apart from marine subjects, the interests of the Section are fairly
pap One, and on several occasions, live lizards and snakes have been
exhibited.

Of the purely marine subjects, Conchology has proved the most
popular, and every meeting has seen exhibits of interesting and
beautiful shells, mostly from the east coast of Australia. Many
specimens have been exchanged or given, identifications made, and
advice given to newcomers as to how and where to collect.

Pie Plans for the future include the acquisition of a cabinet, in which
it is proposed to house a type collection of New South Wales shells,
which will be available at the rooms of the Society for reference by
all mémbers.

For the purchase of this cabinet, Mr. Mel Ward has kindly donated
£5, the Council of the Society has voted a similar sum, and donations
of smaller sums are in hand.

In addition to the monthly lectures, six further meetings each
year have been arranged, for the purpose of mutual help and study

13

and for the exchange of specimexs and information. Only one meeting
of this kind has so far been held, but the attendance and enthusiasm
was so great that further meetings will probably be monthly instead
of every two months as at present.

Several excursions have been held during the year, notably to
Long Reef, Bottle & Glass Rocks and Bradley’s Head, and good
collecting was had on each occasion.

The committee wishes to thank all those who have contributed to
make the year such a successful one. ;

The following is a list of the meetings held during the year, and
the subject matter of the lectures given. For the forthcoming year,
lectures have yet to be arranged, and will be advertised as usual in
the “Sydney Morning Herald” on the Saturday preceding the meeting.

1944.—
3rd July—“Old Museums,” Mr. Tom Iredale.
7th August.—‘‘Man’s Insect Enemies,” Mr. Musgrave.
4th September.—‘Camouflage by Man and Nature,” Mr. Kinghorn.
2nd October.—‘“Our Seaweeds,” Miss Valerie May.
6th November.—‘Marine Life of Port Jackson,’ Mr. Laseron.
4th December.—‘Snakes,” Mr. Longley.

1945.—

5th February.—‘‘Sugar,” Mr. Isaacs.

5th March.—‘Crabs,” Mr. M. Ward.

3rd April—‘“Cunjevoy,” Miss Pope.

7th May.—‘“‘A Trip in the Upper Reaches of the Shoalhaven,” Mr.
Helsham.

4th June.—‘The Formation of the Coast of Australia,” Miss
Thornleigh.

ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION.

Annual Report.

It is pleasing to report the continued interest amongst members of
this Section. Monthly meetings have been held regularly, and the.
average attendance of 27 shows a slight upward improvement compared
with that of the past few years.

The following is a brief summary of meetings held and lectures
delivered: 21st July, 1944, “Similarities Between the Birds of Australia
and New Guinea,” by J. A. Tubb; 18th August, Colour Films of Nesting
Sea-birds, screened by Cpl. Axel Poignant; 15th September, “Extinct
Birds,” by Tom Iredale; 20th October, Bird-calls, by Alex Walker and
Film-slides screened by K. A. Hindwood; 17th November, Illustrated
Talk on “Bird Ecology,” by P. A. Gilbert; 15th December, Film-slides
of Birds in the possession of the Society screened; 19th January, 1945,
“Topographical Features of New South Wales and Victoria,” by FIlt.-
Lieut. D. Leithhead; 16th February, “Economic Ornithology,” by J. R.
Kinghorn; 17th March, Colour Films of Birds, screened by Norman
Chaffer; 20th April, “Bird Behaviour,’ by G. R. Gannon; 18th May,
“Australian Quail-like Birds,’ by N. W. Cayley; 15th June, “Birds
Referred to by the Classical Poets,’ by J. E. Roberts.

The thanks of the Section are extended to the various lecturers
for their support and interesting addresses.

Amongst those welcomed by the Chairman during the year were
some interstate visitors and Service personnel on leave, including Miss
Irvine (Vic.), Cpl. Jack Waterhouse, Mr. A. H. Chisholm (Vic.), Lieut.
T. Everitt and Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Barker (Qld.).

Ah invitation was extended to the Section to be represented in
an advisory capacity, on the recently-formed “Fauna Investigation
Committee,” consisting of appointed members from the Department
of Agriculture, Australian Museum and Chief Secretary’s Department.
A delegate was elected to put forward the views of the Society.

No organised field-outings were arranged during the year, but
observations reported at each meeting contained many items of

14

interest and depicted the individual enthusiasm of many of the mem-
bers. An endeavour will be made this year to reorganise field-study,
although the absence of suitable field-glasses, requisitioned during the
early part of the war, is a difficulty that may be hard to overcome.

On the evening of 28th June, 1945, members of the Section, together
with representatives of various kindred Societies, made a pilgrimage
to the Memorial Tablet in St. James’ Church, Sydney, to commemorate
the centenary of the tragic death of John Gilbert, the noted ornitholo-
gist and explorer. Suitable remarks were made by Rev. E. J. Davidson
and representatives of the Societies in attendance, anc wreaths of
wild flowers placed on the memorial.

The following were elected officers for 1945-1946:—
Chairman: J. E. Roberts (re-elected).
Secretary: A. R. McGill (re-elected).
ARNOLD R. McGILL, Section Hon. Secretary.

NEW RULE.

Under the powers conferred by Article 40 of the Society’s Articles
of Association, Council has made the following :—

RULE NO. 3A.
Building Fund.

(a) A Building Fund is established for the purpose of purchasing
a building, or a site and the erection of a building, designed to accom-
modate the Society, its members and associates, and such other
kindred institutions as may desire to occupy such part of the premises
as may be available.

(b) The Building Fund shall consist of :—

(i) Such sums as are expressly donated to the Fund.

(ii) Any amounts that may be raised by the issue and
sale of Debentures secured upon the income and
property of the Society.

(iii) The interest derived from any investment of the Fund.

(iv) Such sums as may from time to time be transferred
from the annual income.

BUILDING FUND.
The following donations have been paid:—

Gone Ses £5 Sede
Pe od. Halistrom .... 255 0 0 K. A. Hindwood Die AU)
Hem vweemeott 2°. .. 100 0 0 Dr. Marshall 26a =O
2\0 TA Ba o 0170 | Sr 20) Os Ao be Souer. 2230
MV meUPMer 2. 0.. .. .. 10550" _.0 F. G. Pursell Pe oer)
ME eONE me So. s. gue 1102 30:=-0 Oswald, Furner ...-.. 2-070
MEE ONE . 9.3 5s oo Loy 300 W. J. Drummond .. 1 ie RSD)
US 82: es ar 10=0°- 0) “WsAndrews" <. POL xO
Oe ASOTCYs 1. ok acs LOZ Os .0 P. Shipway .. 2 2 0
Anonymous .. . os 10 0} 0 — A Bz Miess: .. Je gee
Mr. and Mrs. Cayley eae ce EO 20 [Opie EP ORDESi rs a5. “ss betel Lae (0)
Wiss oh Willan... sk. Be 0 A. K. Wiliams... . dP (oe)
12 Nee ded (2) |e rn re as are fe ERY Zeeks <= -_. a a ee 8
Norman Chaffer .. .. Deal, He bos brown +: fe 10
C. F. Laseron . oe 2752-30 Dr McC ulloehne = ac 5 1 470% 0
Ge. Whitley -.. 2 12 Go PwC, ROUSICYH . « .. ofr ete |)
io. Bryce .*. ee It)
£489 6 0
Other donations promised:—
£~ 3s55G. 5 Pa ae 0 |e
Aesth bleiOMn: a» “sc 2. LODs-0'30 Ba SOUES Fo oe os a 0.20
G._ A. Johnspn -.. 02. «. 5 C20! ~A. Whiteley .: -: 1eOr 0
Eel 5 TS 5 (as | ee 3-0-0
Erie OF. 0
Members have notified their willingness to subscribe a total of

£2,310 to debentures if issued.
15°

SYLLABUS OF SECTIONAL MEETINGS, 1945-46.

Nete: When the scheduled date for a meeting falls on a Public
Holiday, the meeting is held on the next convenient date.
AVICULTURAL SECTION (Second Monday in the Month).
1945—

August 13.

September 10.

October 8.

November 12. Owing to war conditions no set Syllabus has

December 10. been drawn up for 1945-46, but speakers’ names
1946— will be published in the Bird column of “The

January 14. Sydney Morning Herald” on the Saturday

February 11. previous to the meeting night.

March 11.

April 8.

May 13.—Lecturette.
June 10—Annual Meeting and Members’ Night.

BUDGERIGAR SECTION (Third Tuesday in the Month).

1945—

August 21.

September 18.

October 16.

November 20. Owing to war conditions no set Syllabus has

December 18. been drawn up for 1945-46. but speakers’ names
1946— will be published in the Bird column of “The

January 15. Sydney Morning Herald” on the Saturday

February 19. previous to the meeting night.

March 19.

April 16.

May 14.

June 18.

MARINE ZOOLOGICAL SECTION (First Monday in the Mcnth).
1945—

August 6. | subject to be selected. Advertised in

September 3. “The Sydney Morning Herald” on the

October 2 (Tuesday). Saturday preceding the meeting.

November 5.
December 3.—Exhibition Night and Supper.

1946—
February 4. Subject to be selected. Advertised in
March 4. “The Sydney Morning Herald” on the
ea (Tuesday). Saturday preceding the meeting.
May 6.

June 3—Annual Meeting.

ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION (Third Friday in the Month).

1945—
July 20—General Discussion: Subject—“‘Robins.”
August 17—“Bits About Bikes, Buggies and Birds,” by Jack Jones.
September 21+—Selected Address. by Tom fredale.
October 19.—“Life in the Markham and Ramu Valleys,’ by Major
H. Burgh.
November 16—Movie Films of Birds, screened by N. Griffiths
(Public Relations Officer of the Rural Bank).
December 21.—‘“Duties of Ornithologists With Regard to the
Breeding of Rare Birds,” by A. S. Le Souef.
1946—
January 18—\“‘Australian Finch-like Birds.” by N. W. Cayley.
February 15—“‘‘In Quest of Birds,’ by Roy P. Cooper.
March 15.—Colour Films of Birds, screened by Norman Chaffer.
April 19—Selected Address, by J. R. Kinghorn.
May 17.—“Birds Scenes That Have Vanished,’ bv P. A. Gilbert.
June 21.—Annual.-Meeting; Chairman’s Address, by J. E. Roberts.

16

ROYALTY VISITS THE LYREBIRD.

The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester recently tramped through
rough sandstone country to see a lyrebird on its nest. The expedition,
which was quite informal, was arranged by Mr. A. H. Chisholm, press
liaison officer to the Governor-General, and a well-known ornithologist.
The party walked along a bush track in the upper reaches of Middle
Harbour, down a steep hillside and across a pleasant creek to a secluded
gully; here the female lyrebird had built her home on a rocky ledge.
She was not unduly disturbed by the presence of humans and an
excellent view of her was obtained when she left the nest. The large
egg, purplish-brown with darker blotches, was examined and the habits
of lyrebirds discussed. It was explained to Their Excellencies that the
hen bird alone incubates the single egg and attends to the nestling.
The male bird, being what may be termed a “club man,’ spends much
of his time displaying on specially prepared ‘‘dancing’”’ mounds, small
clearings in the forest, and indulging in his wonderful mimicry: he
rarely comes near the nest.

The nesting of the lyrebirds takes place during the coldest months
of the year. The nest takes about a month to build and the period of
incubation is approximately six weeks. Near Sydney most eggs hatch
towards the end of July, or early in August.

The female will leave the egg, sometimes for several hours, to feed,
being under the necessity of foraging for herself as she receives no
assistance from her mate. When this happens the egg becomes quite
cold. Such a condition no doukt slows down the process of incubation,
but it has no apparent effect on the ultimate emergence of the chick
from the egg. The young bird stays in the nest for a period of from
four to six weeks, sometimes longer, depending largely on the situation
of the nest. Nests are occasionally built off the ground in trees in
which case the young bird remains at home longer than when in a
nest on the ground.

Lyrebirds feed entirely on the ground, raking over the damp earth
and humus for insects of all kinds with their powerful legs and claws.
The male alone possess the beautiful tail which is spread over his back
DEP 2 fan (not in an upright position as is commonly depicted) in

isplay.

It is gratifying to know that lyrebirds still nest within a few miles
of Sydney at such places as Roseville, Lindfield and Gordon, and
throughout the watershed of Middle Harbour. They are not in great
numbers, largely because suitable habitats are restricted in those parts.

Their Royal Highnesses were also shown the nest of a rock warbler,
or cave-bird, in the dark recess of a cave. This unique bird, which
is about the size of a sparrow and of various shades of brown and
russet; was seen hopping about the sandstone nearby. It is highly
specialised in its nesting habits and is found only within an area of
about 100 miles of Svydnev. The nest is suspended by spiders’ webs
from a ledge in the roof of a cave, or some similar situation.

Frogmouths (mopokes), Kookaburras, and numerous smaller birds
were seen, and manv of the beautiful flowering shrubs of the sandstone
were examined and admired.

The Duke and Duchess were accompanied by Mr. A. H. Chisholm,
Mr. Norman Chaffer, and Mr. K. A. Hindwood, President of the Royal
Australasian Ornithologists’ Union. Later, Mr. Chaffer, a leading
nature photographer, attended Admiralty House and showed colour
films of birds, flowers and other outdoor Australian subjects, mainly
relating to the region near Sydney. The above three naturalists are
members of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, and the
Society is pleased and honoured that its members were able to show
Their Royal Highnesses some of the beauty and interest to be found in
urspoiled bushland, even though only a few miles from the most populous
city in Australia.

The excursion took place on Saturday, July 21, 1945.
Li

THE FARMER AND THE NATIVE FAUNA.
By E. O. Edwards.

Foliowing on Mr. Le Souef’s Presidential address and his timely
warning of the dangers of destruction of our wild life, I am taking
the opportunity of making some suggestions from a farmer’s view-
point. With over 25 years’ experience in the country from the War-
rumbungle Mountains into Queensland, and now back to the outer
suburbs of Sydney, my experience is that the progressive farmer is
well aware of the trouble ahead but far from educated in Zoology,
Entomology or Ornithology.

I am of the opinion that the vast majority of farmers are not
favourable to the. destruction of wild life and that in many cases the
killing of Kangaroos, Wallabies, Possums, etc., is due to poor returns
for primary produce, and the need to supplement the income. I think
the position might be summed up as follows:—

1. The sub-division of land into areas too small to make a reason-
able living. This results in the selectors, especially when starting off
in rural pursuits with financial obligations heavy, looking for a means
to supplement their income, and the sale of skins is an easy way out.

2. The income on the smaller farms is usually too small to pay
anything like a reasonable amount to the members of the growing
family as pocket money, and, after all, they are entitled to take the
girl from next door to the pictures. The sale of skins will bring in
the required finance, and the younger generation open their bank
accounts at the expense of our wild life.

In. the above two cases we cannot altogether blame the farmers.
The root of the trouble is bad Government administration.

On the other side we have the professional shooters. They are
not farmers, usually coming from country towns, and are the cause
of most of our troubles. Again, we have the lazy farmer who finds
that the murder of animals is much easier than a day’s work on
his farm; but I do think that the worst culprits are the professional
men from the country towns who spend the week-ends out shooting
for “sport.” I have no hesitation in saying that I know of bank
managers guilty of visiting their clients’ properties on shooting expe-
ditions and putting those clients in an unenviable vosition, as it is
not always tactful to upset the bank manager. This does not condemn
all bank managers, but I do think it should be made clear that a big
percentage of the destruction does come from country towns, and
there jis absolutely no excuse for business men in a country town to
destroy our wild life.

Most farmers, even those interested. are deplorably ignorant of all
branches of Natural History. Why? Because they have never had
any chance of being educated on the subiect in an elementary way.

Here is an example. My nephew. who was doing agriculture at
Glenfield High School and staying with me at the time, while poring
over his homework one night made this remark: “Uncle, vou must
have been clever when you were young.” I denied it and asked him
why. He presented me with a large sheet of entomological definitions.
many of which the practical entomologist wovld not use. These had
to Be learnt by a youth of 14. Result: a dislike for this “highbrow
stuff.”

_ We need simple, practical education on all sections of wild life
minus any unnecessary technical terms. Call a life history a life
history. never mind about metamorphosis. If the child shows special
gnterest in Natural’-History he or she will acquire technical terms
ater: on. aE

Here is another example only a few weeks old:—

A pair of Black-shouldered Kites had been about the district for
some time. I found a local poultry farmer crouched behind his shed,
gun in hand. On:asking him what he was after he said that a hawk
(indicating the Kite on a distant tree) was after his fowls (he had
no chickens at the. time). I asked him if he really expected a bird
that size to be able to pick up a fowl and fly off with it. He looked
a bit surprised. and replied that it had come down near the fowl-
yards and frightened the fowls. When I explained that the bird was
obviously after mice, about which he had been complaining for their

18

ravages on his poultry feed, he became interested and soon realised
the position.

My suggestions are that to protect our wild life we must educate
our farmers as to their value, but that education must come from
practical men. There is a growing antagonism to University students
without practical experience, and not without good reason. Efficient
farmers must be practical men to succeed and they will not listen to
scme young man with degrees fresh from the Universitv with often
no knowledge of country conditions, though possibly highly versed in
science.

Means of getting the farmers interested should be through their
own papers, such as “The Farmer and Settler,” etc., or more so through
such magazines as “Wild Life,” but it will need tactful work. I mention
that because one speaker at the annual meeting was rather inclined to
down all farmers for destroying wild life, which is very wrong.

Trusting the remarks wiJl Fe of some value. and coneludine with
the opinion that unless there is prompt action in preserving our wild
life the upset in the balance of nature will, in years to come. present
a problem as great as soil ercsion.

FOREST DESTRUCTION AND WILDLIFE.

The following editorial by the President of the New York Zoo-
logical Society, appeared in a recent issue of “Animal Kingdom,” the
organ of the Society. We revrint it as a valuable contribution to the
study of conservation dealt with in our President’s address.

“Truth seems hard to come by. Rarelv does it shine out like a
peapen on a mountain-top—usually it is a will-o’-the-wisping in a lower
valley.

As a case in point, has the public got the facts concerning the
destruction of the forests which are essential. not onlv for wildlife
preservation, but also for balanced and adequate water supply and the
needs of many basic industries? The air is filled with propaganda or,
shall we say, with inspired or prejudiced information, in the form of
magazine articles, as well as motion picture films, prepared and spon-
sored by representatives of the commercial lumber interests. This
material gains widespread circulation, is read or seen by large sections
of the public that are led to conclude that all is well with our forests.

The facts concerning the forest situation are clearly presented in
the last annual report of the Chief of the United States Forest Service.
This report indicates that the rate of destruction, even making allow-
ance for war demands, is far greater than the rate of replenishment
and that tne situation in regard to forest depletion is rapidly becoming
more acute. Do these facts receive widespread circulation? Is the
public as a whole informed regarding them: Not really. The potent
machinery of propaganda is generally used by special groups seeking
special purposes.

Occasionally the beaccn flashes out—some Government official
makes a statement that draws general attention, or an authoritative
article appears such as the recent one by William Vogt, Chief of the
Conservation Section of the Pan American Union, telling of conditions
in Central and South America, where, in many republics, the velocity
of destruction is even greater than it is in the United States. It re-
minds one in a way of the oncoming of war in Europe. Many people
knew it was inevitable, but no concerted action was taken to prevent it.

There are irnumerable agencies. Governmental and nrivate. that
have the facts and realise the seriousness of the situation, but whose
efforts in the matter of getting the truth over to the public are not
co-ordinated and therefore not fully effective. These conservation
forces naturally have their own varving obiectives and could not be
expected to forfeit anything of their own individualities. Neverthe-
less, there is one issue in which they should all join together, namely,
informing the public concerning the crisis of the forests. This can be
accomplished by the establishment of a central agency specialised in
the technique of disseminating facts. The situation cannot be saved
unless supported by organised public opinion. The Zoological Society
is vitally interested because the present trend is a threat of the first
magnitude to wildlife—FAIRFIELD OSBORN.”

19

NOTES ON THE LACE MONITOR (VARANUS VARIUS).
By G. Longley.

Some young specimens of this Monitor. having come into my
possession in a rather unusual manner, I thought that the following
notes might be cf interest.

On 17th October, 1944, I received a telephone message from Miss
E. McFadyen asking if I would tender Mr. N. L. Roberts (ex-president
of this Society) some advice upon the rearing and feeding of a young
Monitor popularly known as a “goanna.” I replied that I would call
at his office, and upon my arrival Mr. Roberts produced a parcel
which he had received from Rockhampton, Queensland, accompanied
by a letter of advice, stating that the parcel contained three reptiles’

—Photograph by Ella McFadyen.

eggs, which had been found in a termites’ nest high up in a tree.
Mr.. Roberts said that as there were scratching noises, and other
sounds of movement proceeding from the parcel, he would be pleased
if I.would open it; which I did, and then, turning to him, I asked:
“T believe you said there were three reptiles’ eggs?” He replied, “Yes.”
I continued: ‘Well, 211 three have hatched. Here are three young
Monitors (Varanus varius).”’

This caused a mild sensation with the office staff, and after Miss
McFadyen, Mr. Roberts and myself had all fondled and admired the
youngsters, I produced'a tape measure. After a little difficulty, as

20

they would persist in winding their tails up in the form of a spiral,
we got an average measurement of 11 inches.

The colouring of these young lizards was exquisite. The pattern
being something as follows:—

The upper surface of the head is spotted with blue and black
marks fading to lavender in the nuchal region. Between the nostrils
and the eyes are broad bands of black alternating with narrower
ones of pale yellow. The whole cf the dorsal surface has narrow
transverse bands of black, interspersed with grey; these grey spaces
have a series of transverse yellow spots, the largest being in the
centre, and diminishing on the flanks. These markings are carried
for half the length of the tail, the cther half bearing broad alternating
black and yellow bands. The colour of the tip of the tail being black.
The limbs have alternating black and yellow bands or stripes. There
are a few blue spots in the elbow region of the fore-limbs. The
digits are black and yellow. The throat is sulphur yellow, and the
under or ventral surface is creamy to grey in colour.

The eye has a rather large round pupil, and a narrow yellow
iris. There is an upper and a lower eyelid, and also, like a great
many other lizards, a rictitatirg membrane is present. The tongue
is deeply bifurcated.

—Photograph by Ella McFadyen.

I took charge of these lizards upon Mr. Roberts’ suggestion of
my becoming their foster-parent.

Upon my arrival home the young Monitors were placed in a
small heated vivarium, as the nights were still rather cold at this
time of the year. Fresh drinking water was provided, but for the
first two or three days they ate nothing, which is not unusual for
newly-hatched, or newly-born lizards. In a few days they commenced
to feed on a little yolk of egg, and also small pieces of raw or cooked
meat. The artificial heat was discontinued when the weather grew
warmer, and later they were placed in an outside vivarium with a
glass top and side, protected by fine wire. There was also a darkened
sleeping compartment. They have grown; but not rapidly. They
were measured to-day, 5th June, 1945. The measurements being:
163 inches, 173 inches, 183 inches.

Strange to say, the one which when hatched appeared to be the
weakling of the brood is now the largest and most robust.

They are gentle and may be easily handled.

This species attains a length of six feet or more.

21

LIMPETS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.

By Miss G. Thornley.

HISTORY.

(1) The common shells of the world were the first to be named and
arranged in the Linnean system. Lamarck later proposed important
amendments to the general system of conchology, most of which are
in use to-day. Both worked chiefly from dead shells and often grouped
shells on quite superficial likenesses.

(2) Travellers and scientists and explorers, such as Linnaeus him-
self, Banks, etc., all interested themselves in foreign shells, but some
did not always get their data correct. If a ship called at both Tahiti
and Tasmania, they were very apt to put all their conchological finds
into one box, and rely on memory later on. Errors naturally arcse and
much overlapping.

Shells were ascribed to wrong localities, some were named again
and again by later travellers who rediscovered them, sometimes species
were confused with a different form from a different place; other shells
were cverlooked completely.

There were no conchologists living here on the spot, and later,
when there were, they inherited a tangled maze of information, hidden

in old books, rare research papers, and English and Continental
museums.

Limpets were particularly badly treated, because most of them are
littoral in habit, and very often collected by travellers. Our shells were
named by Blainville, and Quoy and Gaimard of Paris Museum; by
Angas and other English workers; and the types were not available for
comparison when local workers began to mitiply.

Rev. Tenison-Woods, in Tasmania, did outstanding work in this
field. He and others did the best they could, but left the field still
in hopeless confusion when they passed on.

Mr. Hedley, of our own museum, saw that only comparison of our
shells with the types would ‘clear up the anomalies existing. He there-
fore visited every collection in Europe containing Australian shells, and
had drawings and descriptions published. This was a step in the right
direction, but Hedley had a very wide field with which to deal, and
made no special study of Limpets.

Mr. Tom Iredale undertook this wcrk while at the British Museum,
commissioning Mr. Roy Bell to make a wide collection at Twofold Bay,
and in Victoria, and by arranging these, and comparing them with
British Museum types, etc., was able definitely to settle many of the
most vexing points.

Hedley’s list, however, was published in 1917 and did not have the
benefit of this new information. There are nine Limpets in the list,
whereas now there are 16 named forms (counting varieties) and four
unnamed. Mr. Iredale’s findings were not published till 1925, and he
confirmed them then by extensive field studies round and about Sydney.

Some of the difficulties. however. still remain, and many vexing

proviems, ard there is urgent need for more work along the following
ines :—

(1) Study of radular characteristics of rar2 specimens, if and
when they kecome available, and determinins of varietal
forms of some common species by the same means.

(2) Study in the field, of location and habitat, to confirm earlier
observations.

(3) Collections of large series both alive and from shell sand,
and separation to determine gecgraphical distribution and
variation. A few interesting facts emerge in this way.

(4) If any means can be devised to make it effective, a study of
the breeding habits of the Limpet would settle many doubt-
ful points.

22

(5) Some further classification is necessary. As I said, there ae
at least four unnamed forms, and one named form is not
on even the amended list. But further data has to come to
hand before Mr. Iredale can do very much about these.

I have tried to study location and habitat problems, and to collect
series for study and determination. I think this hobby has added a
little to the sum of Knowledge of this subject. I have found several
new forms.

I first became interested when I started collecting, and observed
the infinite variety of pattern, which makes these shells so beautiful
and so bewildering. Curiosity, they say, is the mother of all evil, but
it leads to enterprises of some value, too. I just wantec to find out
all I could about them.

WHAT IS A LIMPET?

A Limpet is a saucer-shaped shell, with a colour pattern inside,
and with or without ribbing outside. It has no grooves or slits at the
sides, nor any holes near the apex, the shape is regular, the apex is
central or towards one end. Most Limpets are found on the rocks
between the low and high tide mark, but some are below low water
in the shallows. and one form prefers mud-flats. There are many
similar forms. It is not a Limpet if it is pure white both within and
without. It is not a Limpet if it has a slit or groove or hole in it.
It is not a Limpet if it has the edge curved-inward, like Haliotis, or if
it is irregular, like Gadinia or Siphonaria. It is not a Limpet if it
has a pattern of crossed ridges, minutely cross-barred on the outside,
like Emarginula, or Phenacolepas. Some of these shells are close
relations, others are only superficially like them.

HOW CAN WE DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ONE SPECIES
OF LIMPET AND ANOTHER?

_ (1) From the shell Get your eye in and learn to recognise pattern,
colour and ribbing. The ribbing is a constant feature, the pattern
and colour, while variable, only vary within certain fixed limits.

2) From the location. Each species definitely prefers a certain
environment and no other. Thus, if you know the situation of the
Shell, you can identify it with ease.

(3) From the radula. This absolutely establishes relationships
among the Limpet family. but frcm the difficulty of using it, cannot
be used very often.

(4) From its grouping. Learn to distinguish characteristics of each
genus, e.g., Patelloida, ribs project beyond edge (sometimes), very
shiny. china-like within; Netoacmea, smooth and thin shell, often
translucent; Radiacmea, small white riks.

ECOLOGICAL VARIATION.

I said that each species has only a very limited range in situation.
Thus petterdi always likes the vertical surfaces of rocks near high tide.
I have never found it anywhere else. Submarmorata likes flat rocks at
half tide and down to low water. Here we meet variation. The
specimens at half tide are much darker than those at low water. At
half tide they are brown with darker spots. et low water they ars
cream with brown spots. and have a star-like shape, and there is
another variation, probably from below low water, which is light brawn,
without spots at all.

C. tramoserica, which is found everywhere between high and low
water. on anv sort of rock, varies enormouslv, but I found that patterns
tend to vary with its situation, those in one spot being generally alike.
Thus.- at Angourie I found a silver-grey tramoserica under rocks near
dead low tide, with no other colour at all. And on the upper surfaces
of the same rocks I found the typical golden form. while up near high
tide I found they had the red, orange and black ribbing more marked.

Thus also, you will find the most strongly ribbed forms, such as
Patellanax squamifera, live in places which receive the full buffettineg
of the waves; Chapmani, too, develops two forms, one flatter and less
star-like under coralline growth, the other, less protected, is high

23

and very prominently indented at the edge. The same thing occurs in
alticcstata. All protected Limpets will be less worn, flatter, smoother
ribbed, less prominently indented at the edge. When they attach them-
selves to another shell, as mixta and insignis do, they tend to grow
very conical.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

This phase of our subject needs a great deal mcre attention. First,
a close study of Limpets shows that in some cases there are marked
local variations from the norm. Thus, at one place I found that every
adult tramoserica had a bright brown edge. These variations are some-
times due to disease, sometimes to local conditions, and no doubt: may
cccasionally be mutations that are breeding true. Again, if something
that the shell requires is absent the shell may be absent too. If there
are no vertical rocks near high tide, petterdi is absent also. At some
places all the shells are eroded badly. This is generally due either to
the softness of the rocks, cr to the pounding of the waves at that place.

Local geology has an interesting influence on the shells. The shells
on Sydney sandstone are soft and erode easily, those on shale are
stronger, while those on basalt or quartzite are very tough in texture.
Up at Keppell Bay, where soft shale is next to quartzite and dykes of
basalt, one shell even had two different patterns and colour schemes,
one always found on basalt, and the other always on claystones.

Examination of specimens from other States reveals the fact that
typical forms are found over a wide stretch of coast, making varietal
forms every few hundred miles. Limpets do not have a free-swimming
larval stage, therefore they can only travel along a coast. So every
country, even every island, has its own typical forms, so distinct at
times that thev are recognisable at a glance. AJong our own coasts
the range of most Limpets is limited. Petterdi is found right from
Tasmania to Queensland, tramoserica and squamifera from South
Australia all the way to Queensland, but most of our other shells are
variations of southern forms. The marmerata group is interesting. In
Tasmania we have marmorata, in N.S.W. submarmorata, in Queensland
two variations of saccharina, and an unnamed form, all similarly
Shaped and spotted. Tenison-Woods. in his 1873 paper, said that all
were the same shell, but later research does not confirm this.

Again, there is the flammea series, the true crucis (flammea or
inradiata) in Western Australia, scabrilirata in the southern States,
alee diminuta in N.S.W. and an unnamed variation at Keppell

ay.

Insignis is found in Tasmania, insignis cavilla in N.S.W.

There are large series grouped round squamifera and tramoserica,
all the way round the South, West and East cof Australia.

BREEDING PROBLEMS.

How do Limpets breed? Each individual has first a masculine,
then a feminine stage. but cannot fertilise itself. Very soon after
hatching the young attaches itself to a convenient rock, and there-
after leads a strictly sedentary life. Though I have found that some
species will move out of the sun on a hot day into the shade. most of
them move very little in a lifetime. Thus a Limpet only travels the
distance the egg can drift before it can hatch. That is one reason
why their range is limited; another reason is that they die quickly
when taken from their habitat, so a current would take only dead
shells to a new place.

Can related forms interbreed and thus produce an infinite number
of mongrel forms? It is unlikely. The radula does not vary with the
pattern. Are all variations purely individual? Does some trick of
the chromosomes and genes fix each colour and line of the pattern?
Or do the patterns depend entirely unon environment? If the varia-
tions are individual. by what laws are they governed? Maybe Mendelian
principles apply to Limpets just as they do to human beings. Problems
of breeding seem to be basically the same for all living creatures.

Now, here is an interesting thought: if mutations from a particular
form have occurred, both forms could live side by side, and each breed
true, varying only slightly from the other, and yet not be recognised

24

Bir

t
ats
xf
tt

a

—G. Thornley, del.

Limpets of New South Wales.

25

even as sub-varieties. That is why further radular determination would
be advisable.

Why can’t breeding problems be studied by breeding Limpets?
Aquarium conditions cannot he _ stabilised sufficiently. Salt-water
aquaria are difficult to maintain, unless they get the ebb and flow
from the ocean, and though you can Keep Limpets in an enclosure, you
can’t make a net fine enough to Keep the eggs of other species out.

OUR N.S.W. LIMPETS.

This naming business is rather like a cross-word puzzle, but not
quite so easy. It reminds me of the trouble astronomers had to name
the Asteroids. AS mcre and more were discovered the names of minor
Greek and Roman deities ran out, then they gave them city names,
and finally the Asteroids were discovered in such hordes that they
started to number them.

Research workers do not all agree, and later work of one adds to
the earlier findings of another. Still, the shells are there down at
the beach, whatever name we call them by. The following list contains
the latest nomenclature and division I can find.

In tne plate the numbering is the same as that below, (a) being
the interior, and (b) the exterior view.

FAMILY PATELLOIDIDAE.

1. Patelloida alticostata Angas, subspecies antelia Iredale. (480 on
Hedley’s list).. Size: 14 mm. by 11 mm.

Seven main ribs, with one or two intermediate ones, about 21 in
all. Black, basket-like lines connect ribs, forming a pattern on the
back. Inside, porcellanous, blue or white, with irregular brown or
black body marks. It is sometimes star-like, with a black edge.

It is found at dead low water, among weeds.

2. Patelloida alticostata Angas, sukspecies complanata Iredale. Size:
14 mm. by 11 mm.

Ribs obsolete, often absent, back often covered with white coralline
growth, inside porcellanous, pattern and colour more indeterminate,
and less regular, edge smoother.

Habitat: Below low-water mark. I have taken it in depths of one
to two feet at dead low tide. It likes sheltered positions.

3. Patelloida submarmorata Pilsbry. Size: 14 mm. by 11 mm.

It begins with seven main ribs, adds more up to 33, narrow, smail
and black. But the average specimen has obsolescent ribs, and is much
eroded. Inside krown or cream, body mark outlined in white, sepia
marks at edge, and sepia spots inside body mark. It has three varia-
tions: At half tide on flat rocks it is brown with sepia spots; at low
tide and below it is cream or white with brown spots; and there is a
rarer, more regular form, which is brown and sepia without any spots.

Habitat: Always on flat upper surfaces of rocks, between half and
low tide.

4. Notoacmea mixta Reeve, subspecies mimula Iredale. (481 on
list). Size: 14 mm. by 11 mm.

Ribs obsolescent, almost smooth, somewhat eroded, greenish-grey
back. Inside cream with brown lines at edge irregularly placed. Even
edge.

Habitat: On rocks and dead shells in mangrove zone, and mud-flats.
5. Notoacmea petterdi Tenison-Wocds. (483.) Size: 23 mm. by 12 mm.

Ribs obsolescent (though specimens are sometimes found with
narrow sharp ridges) almost smooth, somewhat eroded, greyish back.
Inside brown body mark, bluish or brown; black, or black and brown
checked edge.

Habitat: Always on vertical rocks near high tide.

6. Notoacmea flammea Quoy & Gaimard, subspecies diminuta Iredale.

Size: 10 mm. by 8 mm. :

26

Smooth, regularly oval, apex towards one end, cream and brown
radietirg lines inside and out, translucent, flat, sometimes a white
china-hke line between body mark and edge in adult. 6c gives another
view of the inside, showing the extreme variability of the pattern.

Habitat: Have found it under stones at low water, and on sides
and top of stones higher up. It is not common. I found it in Taylor’s
Bay, Port Jackson. It does not live anywhere where a strong tide
beats on the rocks, but prefers sheltered bays.

7. Notoacmea subundulata Angas. (484.) Very rare. Size: 8 mm. by
6 mm.

Light brown, sharply conical, apex towards one end, lined faintly
on back. Greenish-blue and shiny within, with sepia and brown
checked edge, sometimes entirely brown within.

Habitat: It has been dredged in shallow water at Eden.
8. Notoacmea (unnamed). Size: 6 mm. by 4 mm.

White, translucent, with reddish-brown marks inside and out at
edge and round shell. Apex towards one end, conical. It is probably
a variety of subundulata.

pee pital: Unknown. It was found by myself at Kurnell in shell
sand.

I also have another shell, found at Terrigal, which is probably a
peeaemea, and resembles flammea, of which it may be another
variety.

9. Actinoleuca calamus Crosse & Fischer. Size: 10 mm. by 5.mm.. Very
rare. -

Close. ridges, uniformly dark grey or black. apex towardS one end,
Shell oval and very narrow, even edge, shining blue within, regular
. black body mark.

Habitat: I have found the only three of these taken in N.S.W.
One was found at Kurnell and two at Terrigal. They have more colour
than the Tasmanian shell, which is uniformly white. In shell sand.
They have not yet been found alive.

10. Actinoleuca (unnamed), probably a variation of calamus. Size:
8 mm. by 5 mm.

Bleached looking, close light brown ribs, tiny, sharply conical,
apex central, frail, light brown lines somewhat irregular inside at
edge, spotted round centre.

Habitat: Dredged in shallow water at Eden. Very rare.

i ip i aeomes mufria Hedley. (482 on Hedley’s list.) Size: 5 mm. by
mm.

It is narrow. tiny and high, white ridged, with red lines inside
and-out..- +

Habitat: It is found in Galeolarian worm tubes. llc is the end
view.

At Kurnell and several other places I have found specimens which
begin with a typical mufria at the top, and widen quickly into a
typical insignis at the base. This leads me to believe that mufria is
only a variation of insignis. A view of such a specimen is given in 11d.

12. Radiacmea insignis Menke, subspecies cavilla Iredale. Size: a, b,
10 mm. by 6 mm.; c, d, 14 mm. by 10 mm.

There are, I am sure, two variations of this. Both are illustrated.
12a, b, is greenish-brown outside with black or brown cross, ribs
obsolescent, very conical, inside brown with dark cross always plainiy
marked, sometimes a white V at centre. It is always found on other
shells, such as Turbo, near low water.

12c, d, is very variable, and may be more than one variety. Mufria
is probably a close relation or variety of it. Always has close irregular
white ribs on back, with an even edge. Marking inside is a brown
cross; just a brown body mark; brown body mark with a white V;
brown lines at edge; or red lines at edge. May be flat or sharply

27

conical. Apex towards one end. Body mark is sometimes double or
triple, one line within the other.

Habitat: Always on flat rocks, right at low tide.

13. Asteracmea illibrata Verco, subspecies mellita Iredale. (487.)
Uncommon. Size: 5 mm. by 4 mm.

This is the tiniest of our Limpets. It is mauve to lilac, very smooth
and regular, shining within, with white line at edge. Sometimes it is
yellow or rose rayed outside, and in large specimens has a checked edge
in yellow and lilac shades inside. Body mark is faint or absent.

Habitat: It was dredged by Verco in South Australia, and is found
in shell sand in this State. Cpl. John Laseron tells me that he has
found it alive in wet sand under rocks at dead low water. It may be
that it adheres to the under-side of rocks, and drops off when the
rock is disturbed. He got his specimens by screening the wet sand.

FAMILY PATELLIDAE.

14. rie apes chapmani Tenison-woods, subspecies perplexa Pilsbry.

This is also commonly called octoradiata. Size: 27 mm. by 12 mm.

Both species and its variety. are found here. Chapmani is not
figured. It has eight ribs with a red line down each, white interior,
but it is not. star-like, but oval, and somewhat irregular. Perplexa is
commoner, eight-ribbed, each projecting. it is white within, without a
mark ever, and has a red line down each rib on the exterior. An
uncommen variation has seven instead of eight riks.

Habitat: It lives below low water under bryozoa growth, cr weeds.
Very hard to find, but common as dead shells.

15. Patellanax squamifera Reeve. (486.) Size: 40 mm. by 27 mm The
illustration is reduced in size. It is one of our largest Limpets. |

_ There are at present four shells bearing this name, grouped on
quite superficial likenesses, though some are undoubtedly related: Each
will be dealt with in turn.

The true squamifera has a thick heavy shell, strong ribs, each
ridge scaled or beaded, 13 primary ribs on the young shell; 30 to 40
ribs on the adult, white, sometimes tinged with black. Inside china-
like, cream, with blue and brown irregular splotches. Body mark is
seldom distinct, sometimes tinged with pink or orange, blue or brown.

Habitat: Lives at low tide in very exposed places, where the waves
beat continually upon it. Prefers vertical surfaces. The more exposed

we place, the more sharply conical it becomes, ard the heavier the
ribs.

16. Patellanax squamifera Reeve (Southern form). Size: 27 mm. by
23 mm.

This form, taken by me at Long Bay (Malabar) is very like
the southern shell which is called squamifera in South Australia. It is
white within, without a mark, edge only slightly indented. The
outside is white or cream, with slight ridges, wavy but not beaded, and
has brown rings round the shell. It is of a somewhat different shape
from squamifera proper.

17. Patellanax ustulata Reeve. Young form (11 mm. by 8 mm.) figured.

Adults grow much larger. It is a Victorian species, which has
come into this State, and is closely related to squamifera, with which
it has been confused in the past. It is somewhat smaller, smoother,
black ridges in adult, even edge, blue inside, tiny black lines in groups
of five, round edge. The young has 11 white ridges with black ridges
in between, and this readily distinguishes it from squamifera, which
begins usually with 13 white ridges, and no black ones. The adult
closely resembles squamifera at times, but the edge is sometimes
touched with orange, and rays of that colour sometimes appear on
the back. Translucent rays can he seen even in the adult, which is
not nearly such a heavy shell as squamifera. Also it sometimes has a
continuous black edge.

Habitat: At Terrigal I found it on vertical rocks a few feet above
28 7

PLATE II.

del.

—G. Thornley,

Limpets of New South Wales.

29

low water in sheltered situations. Squamifera was found on the same
rocks in exposed places.
18. (Unnamed). Probably related to ustulata. Size: 14 mm. by 10 mm.

Very rare.

Black ridges on back, no white ridges at all, smaller and more oval
than ustulata. Blue within, with minute black lines at edge. Thin
shell.

Habitat: It was found at Pussy Cat Bay, 1893, and Coogee, 1895, in
rock pools. It was not found since till I took a specimen at Kurnell
in shell sand.

19. (Unnamed). Has been confused with squamifera. Size: 28 mm.

by 20 mm.

This is not figured, as it could be easily recognised from a descrip-
tion. It is flatter, more elongated than squamifera, very regular edge,
pink radiating lines within from centre to edge. Colours milky pink
and cream. No body mark, but a yellow or orange blot at centre.
Ridges are obsolete, and hidden by coralline growth. It is slightly
beaded at the edge outside. It is similar to the New Zealand shell
lacunosa to which it has a marked resemblance. It may prove to be
no relation to squamifera at all.

Habitat: I found it alive in a rock pool at dead low tide at
Gerringong, down the South Coast, but have taken specimens in sand
since in other places. It is always covered with coralline growth.

20. Cellana tramoserica Sowerly. (488.) Size: Up to 234 inches in
length.

This is not figured, as it is easily recognisable and the commonest
Limpet we have. It is very variable, large, red, orange and black
radiating ridges, close together, even edge, golden, orange, black and
silver within, very variable pattern. It is usually a shining gold, with
black dashes radiating towards the edge.

Habitat: It is found everywhere between tides.

FRESHWATER CROCODILE IN CAPTIVITY.
By E. Worrell.

On the 10th January, 1945, Mr. J. Matthews, of Katherine,
presented me with a pair of young Crocodilus johnstni which he
obtained from the Katherine River, Northern Territory, on the 2nd
December, 1944. During the month which he kept them, Mr. Matthews
offered the crocodiles grasshoppers, beetles and geckoes of various
genera, but although quite lively on receipt, their physical condition
was definitely not all that was to be desired. The following are my
notes from personal observations .. .

Receiving information beforehand of Mr. Matthews’ intention of
presenting me with the pair of crocodiles, I prepared a receptacle which
was to constitute their living quarters. A medium-sized iron tank was
cbtained, into which well-washed river sand was placed to a depth
under one inch. (Well mixed with the sand was a quantity of fine
gravel, as specimens of all ages which were dissected and X-rayed
contained within the stomach gravel and pebbles—doubtless as a
direstive aid.) In the centre of the tank a large rock was deposited,
hollowed beneath to permit entry of the reptiles’ bodies should they
desire darkness. The tank was then filled with water to a depth of
about six inches, leaving the rock protruding two or:three inches above
the water. The entire tank occupied a position which enabled it to be
exposed to one hour’s morning sunlight daily.

Turning Crocodilus johnsoni into their tank without receiving nips
from their hissing, snapping jaws almost developed into a problem
within itself, but eventually the feat was accomplished without
casualties on either side.

30.

The largest, a male, measured 11 inches, of which the head com-
prised 1g inches. The other, also a male, was slightly shorter. (When
Mr. Matthews first captured them they barely measured six inches in
length, and as the navel seams were opened to almost one-fourth of an
inch when the bodies were distended, he surmised that the incubation
had taken place during the last week of November.) Both explored
their new home with unrestrained vigour and commenced fightins
viciously almost immediately. Several peculiarities of the crocodilia
were quite evident from the beginning; as they submerged the valvular
nostrils situated on a mound on the top of the snout closed, also the
flaps over the diagonal auricular slits, and a transparent lid slid from
the anterior to the posterior of each eye, affording unrestricted vision
when the organs were immersed. Remaining submerged for ten-minute
periods appeared to be accomplished without difficulty and when
breaking water the nostrils and eyes only were visible, and occasionally
the tail, while the kody hung almost vertical.

The tail and hind-limbs were used in casual swimming while the
fore-limbs were occasionally pressed against the body, but the tail only
was used when swimming at any noticeable speed. Five digits with-
out webbing were attached to the fore-limks and the two outside toes
without claws. Four more or less elongated digits on the hind-limbs
were strongly webbed with one outside clawless. These webbed feet
maintained a steady tread as the reptiles surfaced.

- On the following day the larger crocodile swallowed two small frogs,
hindquarters first, and on the fifth day the emaciated smaller one
began feeding. Experiment with various types of food has convinced
me that a staple diet of frogs and tadpoles supplemented with shrimps
will conform to their natural requirements. Often, the hindquarters
only of larger frogs were swallowed. Meat was refused; living~ food
must always be offered.

Besides hissing, during which the musk glands on the chin protrude,
crocodiles are capable of producing another sound commonly known
as “bellowing.” On the surface this sound, which resembles to a certain
extent in the youngsters the sharp whimper of a tiny pup, is emitted
through the open jaws or nostrils, but when submerged the sound may
issue into the back of the throat or the cavity of the chest, as although

31

there is little noticeable decrease in volume, no air bubbles whatsoever
are apparent.

At present in their tropical atmosphere the crocodiles are thriving
and a plentiful food supply being available has filled their physique to

: { PRER Cwm,

normal healthy proportions. If a steady temperature of approximately
90° F. could be maintained with suitable artificial humidity, I have
no doubt that crocodiles cculd be accommodated in captivity in the ©
temperate zones.

THE ORANGE-NAPED WHIPSNAKE.

_ By E. Worrell.

On the morning of the 21st February, 1944, I was considerably
elated to obtain alive from the rocky cliffs of Emery Point, Darwin,
pn Orange-naped Whipsnake (Pseudelaps christeanus), 134 inches in
ength.

The long head, rather distinct from neck, was black—the neck
likewise—a broad pinkish-orange band crossed the nape slightly over-
lapping the posterior of the parietals (the scales on the nape were
lightly tipped with brown). The body, slender and depressed, was a
reddish-brown on the dorsal surface, fading to greenish tinged olive
sides, each scale posteriorly edged with chocolate, displaying a network
appearance. The internal organs could be faintly discerned through
the white transparent ventral plates.

I kept this snake (of which I believe onlv four or five specimens
had previously been known to science) under observation for almost
two months, during which it refused all focd, although I offered small
frogs and lizards, also insects.

It proved to be of mild disposition, and only after continuous
provocation would assume a belligerent attitude. The full striking
stance was to raise the anterior third of the body from the ground
and double the neck. All its energy would be concentrated on one
strike, at the termination of which the body would fall clumsily out-
stretched to the ground. A further attempt to bite was rare. the tinv
snake usually allowing itself to be handled without resistance. Forced
bites on my fingers produced no irritating or otheiwise ill effects,
presumably owing to the smallness of the venom apparatus.

When placed in the open, the Whipsnake almost invariably sought
cover beneath rocks in preference to bark or rotted timber.

On the 18th March, the anterior half of the skin was cast, and
32

the remainder two days later. Additional food was offered, this being
refused, and death came by accident on 17th April.

During July the same year I visited Sydney and Mr. Kinghorn
confirmed the identity and asked if I could manage to acauire another
specimen or a series for the Museum.

On my return to the Northern Territory I secured another
specimen, over 16 inches in length, from Katherine, on the Ist Novem-
ber, 1944. This I preserved and presented to the Australian Museum,
along with other specimens from the North.

Scalaticn.—Small rostral broader than deep, barely visible from
above; nasal entire, does not contact preocular: frontal somewhat acute
posteriorly, twice as broad and slightly longer than supraoculars; six
upper and eight lower labials.

Scales 17 rows; ventrals up to 196; anal divided; subcaudals up to
50, paired.

NOTES ON BURTON’S LEGLESS LIZARD (LIALIS BURTONIS).
By G. Longley.

I have made a few not altogether successful attempts to keep this
reptile in the vivarium, aS most specimens only lived a few months.
Better results were obtained when Mr. E. Worrell brought me specimens
from the Northern Territory of Australia.

- tN Ae —

wah

—Photograph by Ella McFadyen.
Burton’s Lizard.

These, a male and female, were of a light biscuit colour above,
fading to almost white towards the ventral surface, which was chocolate
brown, lighter towards the centre. The side of the head has a dark
brown stripe commencing at the nostrils, and extending to beyond the
ear Opening; below this is a broad whitish band which extends beyond
the head and merges with the lighter colour bordering the darker
ventral surface.

Mr. Worrell told me that he obtained the larger specimen, which
is 2 and 15 inches in length, from Darwin. The male, which is rather
smaller, he collected from Warrigata, N.T.; where it caused something
of a sensation when it appeared in a trench full of soldiers, they, of
course, mistaking it for a small snake, and were apprehensive in
consequence. These two lizards were received on 17/7/44, and placed
in a heated vivarium containing leaves, bark, etc., also a shallow dish
of fresh water.

33

Later I received a male of a reddish-brown colour, collected by Mr.
K. Hindwood in the Lane Cove district, on 21/9/45.

Mr. J. R. Kinghorn gave me another small male, 11 inches in
length, of a light slate colour, from Ryde, N.S.W.

—Photograph by Ella McFadyen.
Burton’s Lizard.

Isopods (slaters), various insects, and their larvae were placed
in the vivarium as food for the reptiles, but their favourite diet
consisted of the small skinks, three or four inches in length, so common
in the undergrowth. When approaching its prey, Lialis burtonis strikes
in much the same manner as a snake, killing its victim by a bite
on the head or shoulder region, turning it in its jaws until the head
of the prey is pointing down the gullet, and swallowing it whole. These
lizards did not kill other lizards unless they are hungry, and I have
known small skinks to be in the vivarium for several days without
being interfered with in any way.

Burton’s Lizards sloughed at varying intervals, the slough being
almost perfect if the reptile was in good condition.

The male from Warrigata, N.T., died on 3rd March, 1945.

The other three inmates of the vivarium are alive and weil (11th
June, 1945).

SAVE THE TREES—CONSERVE OUR FORESTS.

The Forestry Advisory Council of New South Wales has issued
an appeal to all tree-lovers to join in a campaign designed to inspire
a general tree-consciousness, together with forestry practice, erosion,
soil and water conservation, bush-fire prevention, and other problems
of paramount importance.

It is planned to enrol various groups, associations with kindred
aims, individual members, governmental bodies, and community
interests to further the above objects. The subscription for life
members is fixed at £5/5/-, and for associate members 5/- per annum.

The Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales has expressed
sympathy with the proposed compaign, and recommends its members
who feel interested to become subscribers.

Subscriptions may be forwarded to: Mr. F. T. Berman, Organiser,
Forestry Advisory Council of N.S.W., 55 William Street, Roseville.

34

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SALINATOR FRAGILIS LAMARCK
AND SALINATOR SOLIDA VON MARTENS AS TWO
DISTINCT SPECIES IN AUSTRALIA.

By Mrs. Lee Wocolacott.

During the last two or three years, when collecting in the mangrove
areas and muddy backwaters of New South Wales, I have made con-
siderable collections of Salinators, and noticed that in several places I
collected what appeared to be two distinct species. Sirius Cove, Port
Jackson, was the first spot at which I found a Salinator of a delicate,
globose kind. The specimens were small, and it was presumed that
they were merely juveniles. On collecting at Middle Harbour and
North Harbour, Port Jackson, I noticed a solid shell in all stages and
sizes, and side by side with it, small and medium sized snells of a more
delicate nature. I gathered a series of both, and after removing their
opercula became convinced that there were two definite species, the
opercula being completely different. Last year, during a short holiday
at Narooma, on the South Coast, New South Wales, large and beautiful
specimens of the frail type were collected, and so I was able to compare
both shells in a complete range of size.

Hedley (1900, p. 511-12) proposed the new generic name Salinator
to indicate the group typified by Ampullaria fragilis Lamarck. The New
South Wales Molluscan List to date shows only one species of the
genus Salinator, under which undoubtedly, two species will have to be
included, as the observations above have shown, and research into
literature has proved.

Lamarck (1822, p. 179) named Ampullaria fragilis, a small species
deposited in the Paris Museum and collected by Peron, whose collec-
tions were confused through the death of collectors, and no locality
was therefore given. The species was described as very thin.
transparent, and greyish-horn colour. Later Quoy and Gaimard
(1833, p. 201) described and figured (pl. 15, fig. 10-16) as Ampullaria
fragilis Lamarck, specimens collected by them, and gave figures of two
varieties. Of these, figures 13 and 14 conform to Lamarck’s fragilis
(which, however, Quoy and Gaimard regard as a variety of fragilis),
whilst the species they regard as the true fragilis (fig. 10) does not
conform to Lamarck’s description of fragilis, or with Delessert’s later
figures of Lamarck’s species (1841, pl. 31, fig. 4a, bc).

Later, Schacko, being interested in radula, found two different
kinds amongst some Australian shells, and gave them to von Martens
to name. Martens recognised two distinct species of shells, and gave
an excellent account correctly determining the Lamarckian fragilis,
and named the other species solida, but again only Australia was given
as a locality. Schacko gives a full account of the radulae of these two
species in his paper (1878, p. 1-9), and includes von Martens’s descrip-
tion of Amphibola solida. The excellent comparison given by Schacko,
not only of the radulae but also of the structure of the two shells.
immediately shows the existence of the two distinct species. One is a
solid, globose-conical form with dark red, zigzag, interrupted markings.
and the other, a fragile, dilated-globose species with dark bands.

Previously Potiez and Michaud (1828, p. 288) had complicated
matters when they described the collection at Douai, as confusion
existed over the localities and they were all labelled New Zealand.
They, however, recognised two species of these shells, one as Ampullaria
fragilis (pl. xxviii, figs. 15-16) which is Quoy and Gaimard’s “variety.”
and the other, a smaller, smoother form, which they named Ampullaria
queyana (pl. xxviii, figs. 17-18). Schacko rightly pointed out Quoy and
Gaimard’s fig. 10 more correctly belongs to von Martens’s solida, and
their figs. 13 and 14 to Lamarck’s fragilis. .

In the above descriptions, however, the opercula were neglected,
except by Quoy and Gaimard, who gave’a figure of an operculum: but
gave no indication as to which variety it belonged. From the present
observations, where live specimens have been found, with opercula, it
has been discovered that the opercula form a most striking and
constant characteristic of the two species, differing in structure,
colouring and size.

35

The characters of the two species of Salinator found in Australia

are compared below:—

Salinator fragilis Lamarck, 1822.

Shell frail, broad, inflated, fairly
transparent, elobose, umbilicated.

Spire small. Height of shell
approximately 5 times that of
spire.

Sutures deeply impressed.

Aperture large, roundly expanded,
outer lip thin, inner columellar

lip attingent to body wall for
greater part of length, making

Salinator solida von Martens, 1878.

Shell, conical- globose, solid,
opaque, umbilicated.

Spire elongated. Height of shell
32 times that of spire.

Sutures impressed, whorls faintly
angulated.

Aperture fairly small, rounded,
with lip thickening towards
base. Inner’ columellar lip

appressed to body whorl, mak-
ing umbilical cavity small.

umbilical cavity appear wide.

Texture delicate, growth striae
conspicuous but irregular.

Colour creamy fawn with brown
concentric bands; young forms

Texture strong, growth striae
rather regular.

Colour greyish-cream with close
set longitudinal bands of broken
rust-coloured zigzag markings.

often uniform gold-brown. Operculum thick, strong, dark
Operculum very thin, papery, pale red-brown in colour. Much
horn colour, large, completely smaller than fragilis. On inner
filling aperture. Paucispiral face a very conspicuous pro-

jecting spiral rib or articula-
tion, which is present in all
specimens.

Measurements’ (fig. | specimen):
Height, 15 mm. Width, 11 mm.

Spire flat, no conspicuous spiral
articulation on inner face.

Measurements (fig. specimen):
Height, 16 mm. Width, 16 mm.

Distribution: New South Wales, Distribution: New South Wales,
Queensland, Victoria, South Queensland, Victoria, South
Australia, Western Australia, Australia, Tasmania, Western
Tasmania. Australia (?).

Remarks.—The species Ampullaria queyana Pot. & Mich. is undoubt-
edly a synonym of fragilis Lamarck, possibly a young form, as
immature specimens of fragilis examined are difficult to distinguish
from the illustration and description of quoyana. Some of the
specimens of solida and fragilis from other States exhibit slight varia-
tions from the typical New South Wales specimens, but the funda-
mental characters remain the same. The variation when present, is
possibly an environmental factor.

In New South Wales, I have found solida both in true salt
mangrove habitats as well as in brackish to almost fresh water. On
the other hand, I have found fragilis only where fresh water in some
degree is present, and not in true mangrove mud swamps. Salinator
solida is much more prevalent than Salinator fragilis, and can be found
on the edge of nearly all mangrove and salty backwater areas.

To Miss Joyce Allan, of the Australian Museum, I wish to express
my gratitude and thanks for her encouragement and assistance with
this paper, and, in particular, for the preparation of the accompanying
plate of illustrations. Also Mr. T. Iredale, for his help in taxonomic

matters.
REFERENCES.

Hedley, 1900, P.L.S.N.S.W., pt. 3, p. 511-12.
Delessert, 1841, Rec. Coq. non. fig. par Lamarck, pl. 31, fig. 4a, b, Cc.

Lamarck, 1822, Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertebres, Tom. vi., pt. 2
pp. 179-180.

Potiez and Michaud, 1838, Cat. Moll. et Coq. du Mus, de Douai, p. 288,
pl. xxviii. figs. 15-16.

‘Quoy and Gaimard, 1833, Astrolabe, Zool. ii., p. 201, pl. 15, figs. 10-16.
Schacko, 1878, Die Zungenb. der Potacas Amphibola-Jahrb. der
Deutsch, Malakolog, Gesell.. pp. 1-9, t., i., figs. 1-4.

36

PLATE III.

1

g

fra

solida and S.

i
)
~~
G4
&
om
-
bs)
Mm

37

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
Figure 1: Front view of Salinator solida von Martens. Enlarged.

» 2: Back view of same specimen, in natural position resting on
base. .

3: Front view of Salinator fragilis Lamarcx. Same magnification.
» 4: Back view of same specimen, resting on base.
)

: Inner face of operculum of same specimen of Salinator
fragilis. Enlarged.

,» 6: Outer face of same orerculum. Same magnification.

. %: Inner face of operculum of same specimen of Salinator
solida. Same magnification as that of fragilis.

» 8: Outer face of same operculum.

» 9: Inner apex of operculum of S. solida. Considerably enlarged,
showing projecting spiral rib.

; 10: Inner apex of operculum of S. fragilis. Considerably enlarged,
showing lack of spiral projection.

GENETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE YELLOWFACE BLUE
BUDGERIGAR.

By T. J. McSwiggan.

DESCRIPTION:

Immature: Pale yellow face. Markings similar to wildtype green,
but yellow ground colour paler. Body colour, blue, varying in extension
and depth according to the genetic constitution of parent birds.

Mature: Bright yellow face. Markings similar to wildtype green.
Body colour in all forms shows marked reversion towards wildtype
green. Usually green suffused more or less with blue.

The normal green or wildtype budgerigar is too well known to
need description, other than to remark that the green body colour of
the nestling differs very little from the adult specimen. In all other
mutations from the wildtype with the exception of the yellowface blue,
the plumage of the matured bird can also be determined with certainty
from its appearance as a nestling. If a bird is an olive, normal blue
(whiteface) or yellow in the nest it will retain that colour on reaching
maturity, but in the case of the yellowface blue, the plumage of the
young undergoes a change so marked and abnormal in the budgerigar
as to make this mutation an excellent subject for experiment and
observation.

EARLY RECORDS.

There have been other recorded instances of the appearance of a
vellowface blue. Dr. Karl Russ, in his book, “The Budgerigar” (page
119) relates: “In the course of the summer of 1881, Mr. Kessels, of
Uccle (Holland) bred another blue budgerigar, a female which was blue
all over its body. Head and tail, however, were yellow. There are also
blue budgerigars which still show a clear yellow. particularly at the
head.” It is interesting to note the first normal blue budgerigar
(whiteface) is recorded as having been bred in 1881 by Mr. Limbosch,
also of Uccle.

In 1933, a pair of whites or ‘silvers’ with yellow heads were ex-
hibited at the R.A.S. Show in Sydney, and many aviarists will, no
doubt, remember them. Most of us were novice breeders at the time.
but it is regrettable the more experienced did not seek to obtain and
propagate these specimens.

My own stock birds of the yellowface variety, and those in the
aviaries in Australia at present are, indirectly, the product of the variety
which appeared in England about 1935. The modern mutation is, as
far as we know, altogether separate and distinct from the others, and

38

there is evidence to support the theory of it being a reverse mutation
between normal blue and wildtype green.

REVERSE MUTATIONS.

Reverse mutations are not altogether unknown. Denys Weston,
F.Z.S., in an editorial note to the second edition of his book, “The
Budgerigar in Captivity.” instances the fact of normal marked young
birds produced by his greywings. Commenting on such an unusual
eccurrence, Dr. Hans Duncker, Budgerigar Bulletin 22, September,
1932, makes the following reference. “We know a parallel case with
the drosophila fly which is the subject that has been most thoroughly
examined genetically. In the wild: form this fly has dark red eyes.
By mutation of the factors which control eye colour, a lightening of
the colour has been observed in various stages through coral, blood,
cherry, apricot, cosin, ivory, tinged, buff, and ecru up to white. Instead
of three or four stages of the breaking up of the factors we have
therefore 11. And yet it has also happened that from a mating of two
individuals which belong to a lower grade colour young have been
produced with dark coloured eyes, even the natural type. We call such
a case a ‘back mutation,’ and it has been shown that the back mutating
forms breed exactly as if a mutation had never taken place in their
predecessors.”

This is also true of the yeliowface blue budgerigar insofar as it
breeds as a Separate and distinct entity, and is proved from the results
of experimental matings, but it is not suggested, however, as in the
case of Mr. Denys Weston’s greywings, or in the parallel case of the
drosophila fly, that the mating of yellowface blue to yellowface blue
will produce normal or wildtype green budgerigars. In its present
mutant form—midway between blue and green—if bred solely within
its own mutation, the yellowface blue does produce progeny which tend
to revert to green, and this tendency is so well Known to breeders that
they continually outcross to the deepest blue with the object of retain-
ing and advancing blue to the ultimate exclusion of green.

GENETICAL ANALYSIS.
Wildtype green, Yellowface blue, Normal blue (Whiteface).

From genetical analysis it can be said that wildtype or normal
green possesses the characteristics of its mutant allelomorphs of yellow
and blue. Blue plumage colour is the result of a mutation occurring in
a Single gene, the effect of which is to suppress the development of the
yellow ground colour in the bird, hence in the normal blue (whiteface)
there has occurred total exclusion of yellow, whereas in the yellowface
blue only partial suppression.

As regards the yellowface blue we can come to the conclusion that
to the normal green, and the normal blue it stands in the relationship
of a multiple allelomorph, and the order of dominance is wildtype green,
yellowface, and normal blue. If the wildtype be mated to either mutant
the resultant progeny will be all green, and if yellowface be mated to
normal blue, all yellowface young will be produced, the progeny them-
selves reproducing on the Mendelian principle. Using the customary
genetic symbols, + = wildtype, yf = yellowface blue, and b — blue,
the matings are represented as follows:—

1—WILDTYPE GREEN TO NORMAL BLUE:

+ b
— xX — P;
= b
+ =f
— F,
b b
_ bb
—— — — — F;
oe = 6b

oo
ite)

2—WILDTYPE GREEN TO YELLOWFACE BLUE:

se yf
== MS = P,
+ yf
ar =F
—- xX — F,
yi Wat
qe oe yf yf
ite ye

3.—YELLOWFACE BLUE TO NORMAL BLUE:

yf b
= xX = Pi
yi b
yf yi
a Fy
b b
yi yf [oy Jo)
—_ — _— — F..
yi bf. yf b

So far we have considered the results of crosses between wildtype
green, yellowface and normal blue, and it is now proposed to discuss
the more complicated matings.

YELLOWFACE WITH VIOLET AND GREY.

The genetic constitution of the violet is as yet not determined, but
from experience we have observed that it affects every shade of colour
(by increasing intensity) with the exception of grey; so it is possible
to have a violet form of sky blue, cobalt, mauve, or even green. In
appearance the violet is a colour between cobalt and mauve, and it has
an intermediate inheritance somewhat similar to cobalt.

From the mating of clearwing violet to yellowface clearwing cobalt
the yellowface progeny showed more resistance to reversion to wildtype
green, and the best specimens retained about 50% of violet at maturity.
In their immature feather, of course, some showed full violet body
colour, with pale yellow wings and head.

Grey is dominant to all blue colours, and owing to its singular
influence on wildtype green, it seemed to have the requisite charac-
teristics to check the tendency to reversion on the part of the yellow-
face blue.

The young yellowface clearwing greys produced were, when they
left the nest, most striking in appearance—yellowface, cream coloured
wings, and soft grey toning in body colour. However. when they
matured the colour had reverted to that typical of clearwing olive.

YELLOWFACE WITH OPALINE, CINNAMON, AND ALBINO.

Opaline, Cinnamon and Albino are localised on the X chromosome.
They are, therefore, sex-linked genes with a crisscross inheritance, and
together with wildtype form an allelomorphic series.

The opaline form is always a brighter colour than its wildtype
allelomorph, and body colour tends to invade other areas, particularly
suffusing the wings and mantle. In contradistinction to the opaline,
cinnamon is a pastel shade, and, of course, albino blue, pure white. We
can have a cinnamon, opaline, or cinnamon-opaline compound form of
every verietv of budgerigar, and an albino form of all varieties, including
cinnamon and opaline.

From the mating of a cinnamon cock to a yellowface hen we
obtain yellowface, heterzygous or “split” cinnamon cocks. and cinnamon
yellowface hens. Young cinnamon yellowface birds when they leave

40

the nest exhibit pale blue plumage on the body, and pastel shade of
green on the back. At maturity the body colour reverts to a pastel
shade of green. These birds are frequently referred to as a new variety
—so-called “pastels.”

Opaline has the same crisscross inheritance as cinnamon. Invari-
ably the young opaline yellowface birds stimulate the most sanguine
hopes of the breeder that he has at last attained the goal of breeding
a budgerigar with full blue body and yellowface, but, like the colour,
the hopes fade somewhat when the birds reach maturity. However, the
opaline violet form of yellowface does appear to show the greatest re-
sistance to wildtype green, but this should be viewed in its proper
perspective. Breeders are prone to think, when they produce an opaline
yellowface violet, that considerable progress has been made, but an
examination of normal yellowface violets obtained from a backcross will
reveal the exact state of affairs. It has to be remembered when a
gene mutates, a new form is established, and thereafter has its own
particular inheritance. The opaline, although a more brilliant form, can
neither influence, nor be influenced, by the normal or any other variety.
If this were not so, then the converse would be equally true; i.e., the
mating of yellowface to cinnamon (and fallow) would have to be re-
garded as a retrograde step because these mutants are a pale form, but
we know when the cinnamon yellowface is backcrossed to normal blue,
the normal yellowface birds have not had the amount of blue colouring
decreased, neither is it increased by virtue of having been mated to
opaline. The breeder has not advanced anything by the experiment—
he has merely obtained a new form of what had already existed.

Albinism in the blue budgerigar acts as a white cloak, and the
hereditary genetic colour system, although obscure, is faithfully trans-
mitted from generation to generation.

Experiments with albino to yellowface included backcross, incross,
and outcross, and the yellowface progeny from all matings were typical
of the peculiar inheritance of the variety. The young albino yellowface
hens when they had left the nest exhibited pale lutino coloured wings,
and back. Colouration of the body was white somewhat resembling
albino parent. When matured, the body colour had reverted to a pale
lutino. Yellowface clearwings of the matings were, as _ expected,
identical in colour with the progeny obtained from other clearwing
matings.

YELLOWFACE TO PIED.

Our knowledge of the Pied budgerigar is still very limited, but we
know that it is dominant over all other colours, including wildtype
green. The gene or factor responsible introduces patches of bright
yellow in greens and pure white in blues. Distribution of these patches
is erratic and variable; some blue birds, for instance, display a few
white feathers on one wing, others partial white on both wings, and the
more striking specimens show both wings practically white, in addition
to a white bar across the breast. Similar distribution takes place in
the greens, yellow patches appearing in place of white.

Yellowface pied progeny from the matings of yellowface to pied
showed the characteristic inheritance of both mutants—blue coloured
body and yellowface, bright yellow patches on the wings. On reaching
maturity body colour reverted to green suffused with blue.

An examination of all results obtained from experimental breeding
of the yellowface enables us to summarise the following facts:—

(a) ‘The colour of the nestling changes from blue to a colour mid-

way between blue and green as adult plumage is assumed,
showing marked reversion from blue to wildtype green.

(b) Yellowface is dcminant to all other varieties except wildtype
green.

(c) Its particular inheritance in all forms is transmitted in accord
with the Mendelian principle.

We thus conclude that the yellowface variety of budgerigar is an
established reverse mutation of the blue gene, with an hereditary colour
system midway between blue and green, and varying according to
genetic constitution.

41

LIST OF MEMBERS.

As on 3lst August, 1945.

Note.—Unless otherwise specified, members are residents of the
State of New South Wales.
Members will oblige by notifying the Honorary Secretary of any
change of address.
PATRONS.

The Right Honourable Sir JohnGreig Latham, G.C.M.G.
Air Vice-Marshal Sir Philip Woolcott Game, G.B.E., K.C.B., DS.O.,
Langham House, Ham Common, Surrey, England.

ENDOWMENT MEMBER.
Edward John Lees Hallstrom, 462 Willoughby Road, Willoughby.

ASSOCIATE BENEFACTORS.
Albert Littlejohn, 9 Young Street, Sydney.
Walter and Eliza Hall Trust, Box 130C.C., G.P.O., Sydney.
Gustavus Athol Waterhouse, D.Sc., B.E., Australian Museum, Sydney.
Leo Weingott, 26 Holland Avenue, Marrickville.

FELLOWS.
pay Charles, C.M.Z.S., “Maralena”’, Maysbury Street, Elsternwick,
ictoria.
Cayley, Neville W., 32 Cecil Street, Gordon.
Chisholm, A. H., “The Herald” Office, Melbourne.
Dakin, Professor William John, The University, Sydney.
Hindwood, Keith A., Wingello House, Angel Place, Sydney.
Hull, Arthur Francis Basset, M.B.E., Box 704, G.P.O., Sydney.
Iredale, Tom, “Solander’’, Queenscliff Road, Manly.
McKeown, Keith Collingwood, Australian Museum, Sydney.
ese Gregory Macalister, C.B.E., Parliamentary Library, Canberra,
Musgrave, Anthony, Australian Museum, Sydney.
Roughley, Theodore, Cleveland, B.Sc., Fisheries Department, Chief
Secretary’s Department, Sydney. °::
Troughton, Ellis Le Geyt, C,M.Z.S., Australian Museum, Sydney.
Turner, Dr. A. Jeffries, Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland.
Ward, Melbourne, “Pasadena,” Cross Street, Double Bay.
Waterhouse, Gustavus Athol, D.Sc., B.E.. Australian Museum, Sydney.
deen ae Percy, Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western
Australia.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Allan, Miss Joyce K., Australian Museum, Sydney.

Dunbabin, Thomas, c/o Australian High Commissioner, Ottawa, Canada.

Evatt, The Hon. Clive R., Chief Secretary’s Department, Sydney.

Hull, Arthur Francis Basset, M.B.E., Box 704, G.P.O., Sydney.

Johnston, Professor T. Harvey, The University, Adelaide, South
Australia.

Lvell. George, Gisborne, Victoria.

McKeown, Keith Collingwood, Australian Museum, Sydney.

Stiffe, R. J., 350 George Street, Sydney.

LIFE MEMBERS.

Baxter, Mrs. D., “Clyde”, 35 Station Street, Crow’s Nest.

Bryce, Ernest John, 47 Nelson Road, Killara.

Buckle, Frank, 104 Hunter Street, Sydney.

Campbell, Joseph Owen, 24 Macquarie Street, Mascot.

Coles, Clifford, C.M.Z.S., Dorset House, Darling Point Road, Edgecliff.
Comtesse, Capt. D. L., Tug “Hydra,” Goat Island, Sydney.
Crommelin, Miss Minard, “Warra” Sanctuary, Pearl Beach, Woy Woy.
Dellow, Walter Joseph, 32 Alibone Street, Ashfield.

Dixson, Robert Craig. J.P., 33 Hunter Street, Sydney.

Dixson, Sir William, ‘““Merridong’’, 586 Pacific Highway, Killara.
Foreman, Dr. Joseph, “The Astor’, 123 Macquarie Street, Sydney.
Friend, Alfred Harry, B.Sc. (Agr.), 10 Laurel Street, Willoughby.
Golding, Miss Maisie, 2 Broderick Street, Balmain.

Halloran, Aubrey, B.A., LL.B., Bull’s Chambers, 28 Martin Place, Sydney.

42

Hallstrom, John E., 462 Willoughby Road, Willoughby.

Hordern, Sir Samuel, “Babworth House’, Darling Point, Edgecliff.

Minell, Mrs. Dorothy Ebsworth, 20 Wylde Street, Potts Point.

Marshall, Dr. Frank, C.M.G., Harley”, Macquarie Street, Sydney.

Monticone, De Charles Albert, Box 2.058, G.P.O., Sydney.

Murray, C. Stuart, Box 2427 MM., G.P.O.

Musgrave, Anthony (see Fellows).

Nash, Albert Edward, 8 Alt Street, Waverley.

Oldham, Roland, c/o Mrs. T. Suess, 70 Kent Road, Wooloowin, nr.
Brisbane, Queensland.

Pope, Miss Elizabeth C., M.Sc., 36 Kameruka Road, Northbridge.

Rogers, William James, Box 4155X, G.P.O., Sydney.

Spain, Col. Alfred, VD. 16 Spring Street, ‘Sydney.

Spring, Robert Alexander, “Woodford”, St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Todman, R. G., “Merdin”, 328 Edgecliff Road, Edgecliff.

Troughton, Ellis Le Geyt, 1 M.Z.S., Australian Museum, Sydney.

Turner, W. H., 15 Sutherland Road, Chatswood.

White, Alfred "Henry, Belltrees, Scone.

White, tur George, C/o A. E. Ebsworth, Union House, Bligh Street,
yaney

White, Mrs. Millicent, Hotel Australia, Sydney.

Whitley, Gilbert P. (see Fellows).

Yardley, Harley, 10 Great North Road, Five Dock.

Zeck, Emil Herman, Box 36A, G.P.O., Sydney.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Allan, Miss Elizabeth May, “Vergemount”, Gilliver Avenue, Vaucluse.

Allsop, Hartley Ernest, 38 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Alt, Jack, 9 Whiting Beach Road, Mosman.

Andrews, Ernest Clayton, 4 “Kuring- gai’, 241 Old South Head Road,
Bondi.

Andrews, William C., 38 Kameruka Road, Northbridge.

Archer, H. R. Walton, Pilot-Officer, A5436, R.A.A.F. Station, Hamilton,
Victoria.

Arnott, Ronald Bruce, 51 Lindfield Avenue, Lindfield

Asprey, Cecil J., c/o Hallstrom’s, Ltd., 462 Willoughby Road, Willoughby.

Atkinson, J., 4 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Baas, Otto Hermann, 18 Bridge Street, Sydney (or 31 Bradley’s Head
Road, Mosman).

Banks, Gordon D., Royal Insurance Building, 16 Spring Street, Sydney.

Barker, A. F., 42 Blair Street. Bondi.

Baron, George, Bank of N.S.W., George Street, Sydney.

Barrett, Frederick William, Scottish House, 17 Bridge Street, Sydney.

Barrie, W., 15 Blair Street, Bondi.

Beahan, W. P., 28 Martin Place, Sydney.

Beattie, S. J., 36 Anneslay Street, Leichhardt.

Beckett, Dr. Leonard Sothern, B.D.S., M.D.S., B.M.A. House, 135
Macquarie Street, Sydney.

Berney, John Alan, 25 Clanalpine Street, Mosman.

Bernhard, H., 1 Rosedale Avenue, Manly.

Best, Godfrey Jacob Marshall, 2 Vaucluse Road, Rose Bay.

Beswick, G. H., St. James Buildings, 107 Elizabeth Street, Sydney.

Biber, Samuel, 426 George Street, SeCney

Birnie, J., 60 Harrabrook Avenue. Five ock.

Blenkarn, G. G., Phillip House, Phillip Ste (or C.T.A. Club, Martin
Place), Sydney.

Bloch, Eugen, 1 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Blow. Walter Russell, 15 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Bouchier, Reginald W., 191 Nicholson Parade, Cronulla.

Bradley, Malcolm George, 169 Sailor Bay Road, Northbridge.

Brain, A. H., 28 Alibone Street, Ashfield.

Bretnall, George G., Alex Cowan & Co., 37 York Street, Sydney.

Briton, Alfred James, “E] Pasajero”’, Junction Read, Wahroonga.

Brodziak, A. A., 8 Spring Street, Sydney.

Brown, Howard Bruce, Taronga Park Trust, Mosman.

Brown, Sir Harry Percy, 16 Luxor Parade, Roseville.

Browne, R. B., 113 Pacific Highway, Hornsby.

Buckland. Sir Thomas. “Lyndhurst”, Stanley Road, Hunter’s Hill.

Buckley, Allen Frank, Box 2505M.M., G.P.O., Sydney.

43

Bullen, Errol, 7 Burrabirra Avenue, Vaucluse.

Burgh, Major Henry Bertram, 4 Rose Crescent, Mosman.
Burnett, Keith Clifford, 545 Blaxland Road, Eastwood.
Bush, David B., 23 Chapel Street, Rockdale.

Bush, Francis G., 492 King Street, Newtown.

Bush, Norman K., “Glenora,’ 16 Bonds Road, Peakhurst.
Bush, Kent Willard, “Eden”, 704 Forest Road, Mortdale.

Campbell, T. G., c/o C.S.I.R., Box 109, Canberra, A.C.T.

Campe, A. C., Royal Arcade, George Street, Sydney.

Campe, Mrs. ‘A. C., Royal Arcade, George Street, Sydney.

Catchlove, F. S. L., 15 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Catt, John Ward, “Tomah”, Church Street, Carlingford.

Cayley, Neville W., 32 Cecil Street, Gordon.

Chaffer, Norman, 1 Roslyn Avenue, Roseville.

Clark, Dr. Ernest D., 749 Military Road, Mosman.

Clark, Dr. Harry, 15 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Clark, Roland C., 33 Kardinia Road, Mosman.

Clarke, Charles Frederick Vincent, Commonwealth Bank, Sydney.

Clayton, Charles, 60 Wyong Road, Mosman.

Clegg, Walter, 98 Spofforth Street, Cremorne.

Clyne, Hon. Daniel, 29 Farleigh Street, Ashfield.

Coates, George, c/o Alfred Shaw Pty., Ltd., Flinders Street, Towns-
ville, Queensland.

Cohen, Sir Samuel, Box 222, G.P.O., Sydney.

Coles,. Kenneth Frank, 83 Victoria Road, Bellevue Hill.

Comins, Francis, Queen Street, Mosman.

Cooper, Roy P., 14 Third Avenue, Willoughby.

Coppleson, Dr. Vv. M., 225 Macquarie Street, Sydney.

Cormack, Ossian Roy, 3 Effingham Street, Mosman.

Cormack, Owen, 2 Effingham Street, Mosman.

Cousins, W. G., Angus & Robertson, Ltd.. Sydney.

Crossle, Dr. Francis Clements, 229 MACqUariE. Street, Sydney.

Crowley, Valentine, 18 Clanalpine Street, Mosman.

Currey, Walter Leslie, 11 Ruby Street, Mosman.

Dakin RLetessor William John, Zoology Department, The University of

vdney.

Darrell, Herbert, ‘“Bushlands,”’ Acres Road, Kellyville.

Darrell, Mrs. Margaret K., ‘‘Bushlands,” Acres Road, Kellyville.

Davidson, Charles Robert, Fay’s Limited, Liverpool Street, Sydney.

Davies, Miss Joan, 16 Dent Street, Botany.

Deakin, Dr. John Edward Ferdinand, “windoro”, Military Road, Mosman.

Denne, David Richard, 25 Woodville Avenue, ‘Wahroonga.

Dewhurst. Norman, Box 478 AA., G.P.O., Sydney.

Doak, Mrs. Mabel A., 114 Belmont Road, Mosman.

Doak, Miss J. M., 114 Belmont Road, Mosman.

Dobell, Glenn, Box 3828 T, G.P.O., Sydney.

Doust, Barton, 5 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Dovey, John Whitsed, “Lynwood”, Roseville.

Downing, Hon. R. R., Justice Dept., Sydney.

Drummond, W. H., c/o Hallstroms, Ltd., 462 Willoughby Road,
Willoughby.

Duff, Mrs. Agnes Hilda, 109 Wilkins St., Yagoona.

Duff, Miss Elizabeth E., 460 Burwood Road, Belmore.

Dufty, John Henry, 266 Hawthorne Parade, Haberfield.

Duncan, Grantley A., cr. Cooyong and Pittwater Road. Terrey Hills, via
Chatswood.

Dunnicliff, Miss Frances. 82 Norfolk Street, Epping.

Dunster, Miss C. A., 48 Stanhope Road, Killara.

Eccles, Alfred Edward, 31 Prince Albert Street; Mosman.
Edwards, Edward Oliver, Cummins Road, Menangle Park.
Eipper. Miss E. M.. 28 Thompson Street, Mosman.
Enderby, A. C., 46 Grandview Grove, Seaforth.

Enright, W. J., West Maitland.

Evans, Arthur Phillipi, 88 Muston Street, Mosman.

Evans, Dacre Fitzherbert, 5 Silex Street, Mosman.

Evans, Joshua. “Edenglassie’. 2 Thompson Street, Mosman.
Everitt, Theo Athol, 36 Letitia Street, Oatley, A.I.F.

Fairfax, John Hubert, “Elaine”, Edgecliff.
44

Fairfax, John, & Sons, Ltd., Hunter Street, Sydney (2).

Faviell, M. C., Perpetual Trustee Chambers, 33 Hunter Street, Sydney.
Finckh, 1d ae "13 Wharf Road, Snails Bay.

Fitzhardinge, Miss Julie G., c/o Women’s College, Newtown.

Fleming, A., 30 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Foy, Walter B., 16 Clissold Street, Ashfield.

Francis, Miss Leila Manu, 14 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Francis, Neville H., 14 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Freame, Mrs. M. E. B., 487 Burwood Road, Glenferrie, E2, Victoria.
Freneh, Miss Betty, 2 ’Havilah Street, Chatswood.

Gadsden, Capt. E. J.. 7 Greenknowe Avenue, Potts Point.
Gatliff, Henry Ernest, 82 Raglan Street, Mosman.

Gibson, John Alan, 19 Ruby Street, Mosman.

Glauert, L., Western Australian Museum, Perth, W.A.
Gordon, Sir Thomas, 4 Bridge Street, Sydney.

Gould, Henry, 103 Raglan Street, Mosman.

Grahame, Mervyn Ernest, Cleveland Street High School, Surry Hills.
Grant-Dickson, Dr. John, 50 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.
Graves, Mrs. Charlotte, 39 Bent Street, Sydney.

Graves, Col. Douglas Henry, 39 Bent Street, Sydney.

Greig, Robert, M.L.A., Parliament House, Sydney.

Halloran, Dr. Garnet, 143 Macquarie Street, Sydney.

Hargreaves, Andrew Richardson, 28 Gordon Street, Mosman.

Harrison, Frank, 61 Abbotsford Road, Homebush.

Hart, Lavington B., 4 Athol Flats, Rickard Avenue, Mosman.

Hayes, D. J., 1 Watkin Street, Rockdale.

Heath, Albert Edward. Shell House, 2 Carrington Street, Sydney.

Heath, Gladstcre Hodsoll, 3 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Heming, J. W., 141 Darling Point Road, Darling Point.

Henderson, John Alexander, ‘Yeronga’, 18 Prince Albert Street,
Mosman. |

Hewitt, Dr. George Henry, Park Street, Bellingen.

Heyde, Charles William, Raleigh Park, Kensington.

Higgs, A. B., 6a Milton Avenue, Mosman.

Hili, A. C. W., 115 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Hill, C. F., Taxation Department, Castlereagh Street, Sydney.

ais. C. F., c/o C. F. Hill, Taxation Department, Castlereagh Street,
ydney.

Hindwood, Keith Alfred, Wingello House, Angel Place, Sydney.

Hirst, Arnold Churchill, Box 262D.D., G.P.O., Sydney.

Hirst, Edward, 104-114 Clarence Street, Sydney.

Hockings, Arthur Thornton, Box 1761, G.P.O.. Sydney.

Hodson, Mrs. Marian Elizabeth, 15 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Hodson, Norman, 15 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Hooke, R. W., 34 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Hordern, Anthony, 12 Snring Street, Sydnev.

Hordern, Lady, ‘“‘Babworth House’’, Darling Point.

Hudson, William Arthur, 40 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Hunt, Reginald Thomas, 14 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Hyndes, H. Richard, 27 Kardinia Road, Mosman.

Iredale, Tom, F.R.Z.S., “Solander’’, Queenscliff Road, Manly.

Jarvis, R. O., 20 Prince Street, Mosman.

Johnson, A. N.. 3 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.
Johnson, Geoffrey Alan, 546 George Street, Sydney.
Johnston, Claude, 3 Major Street, Mosman.
Johnston, Cyril. ioys 10 Little. Street, Mosman.
Johnston, Peter Robert, R.A.A.F.

Jones, Chas. Lloyd, c/o David Jones, Ltd., Sydney.
Juchau, Percy James, 13 Macquarie Place, Sydney.
Judd,-Everard, 24 Bradley’s Head Road, ‘Mosman.

Kelly, Thomas Herbert, 39 Hunter Street, Sydney.
King. Ambrose, 116 Croydon Road, Croydon.
Kinghorn, James Roy, Australian Museum, Sydney.
Kirwan, W. T., Angus & Robertson, Ltd., Sydney.
Laseron. C. F., 15 Hill Street, Balgowlah.

Laverack, Robert, 77 Middle Head Road, Mosman.

45

Lawson, Albert Augustus, Harden Road, Artarmon.

Lawson, Miss Edna E., 30 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Lee, H. B., Sun Valley, Otford.

Leeds, Richard Alan, ‘“Warrana”’, Wyandra, Western Line, Queensland.

Leithhead, David, 9 Royal Street, Maroubra, A.I.F.

Le Souef, Albert Sherbourne, C.M.Z.S., 3 Silex Street, Mosman.

Levitt, Miss, 9 Rossmore Avenue, Punchoowl.

Lewis, George Owen, c/o Tooth & Co., Kent Brewery, Sydney.

Llewelyn, Arthur Stuart, 131-33 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Llewellyn, William H., ‘Ashley’, 20 Prince Albert Street, Mcsman.

Locke, Dr. Keith Morgan, ‘Warminster’, New Canterbury Road.
Petersham.

Lockie, Percival Edgar, 67 Hampton Court Road, Kogarah.

Longley, G., 17 Bronte Street, Bronte.

Lovett, Percy Walter, 1 Ellamatta Avenue, Mosman.

Ludowici, C., ‘Walhalla’, 280 Burns Bay Road, Lane Cove.

Lumsdaine, Keith Broughton Frederick, Sydney Grammar School,
College Street, Sydney.

Lynn, T. P., 71 Macpherson Street, Waverley.

MacCulloch, Dr. H. T. C., “Hillcrest”, 76 Boulevard, Lewisham.
McFadyen, Miss Ella, 71 Kenneth Street, Longueville.

Macgregor, Geo. R., 27 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

McHutchison, M. W., 35 Kardinia Road, Mosman.

MacKillop, F. C., “Cumbrae,” Ellamatta Avenue, Mosman, A.I.F.
MacKillop, J. A., F.R.G.S., No. 7 Clytha House, Thrupp Street, Neutral

Bay.

McLachlan, B., 15 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Macleod, Donald A., Challis House, Martin Place, Sydney.

McMaster, Sir Frederick Duncan, “Dalkeith”, Cassilis.

MeNicol, G., Shoal Bay, via Nelson’s Bay, N.S.W.

McRae, David Beattie, 1 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Maher, James. 47 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Manning, Neville Lincoln, ‘“Clumba,” 1 Burrawong Avenue, Mosman.

Marks, L. W., 34 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Marr, Sir Charles William Clanan. Telegraph Road, Pymble.

Marshall, Capt. A. J., A.I.F., NX76565, 2/2 Aust. Inf. Btn.

Marshall, James W., “Miralwyn” Station, Walgett.

Maston, William Harold. 21 Jamieson Street, Granville.

Maynard, Ralph, “Live Stock Bulletin,’ 39 Park Street, Sydney.

Mellor, Walter L., “Stamford”, 437 Forest Road, Penshurst.

Middleton, James Thomas, 15 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Mills, George Newnham, 14 City Road, Sydney.

Milsop, W., Union Bank, 377 George Street, Sydney.

Mitchell, Karl A.. Yorkshire House, 14 Spring Street, Sydney.

Moodie, Walter, 59 Braithwaite Street. Wahroonga.

Moore, Clifton Wolseley, “Kilrea’’, 11 Stuart Street, Manly.

Moore, Harold Hamilton, 8 McIntosh Street, Gordon.

Moore, William Robert, 12 Kywong Avenue, Pymble, F/Lt., Group 961,
R.A.A.F., Pacific.

Morgan, Frederick E., Snow, Elictt Pty., Ltd., 77 York Street, Sydney.

Mort. Harold S., 13 Milner Street. Mosman.

Murnin, Robert Blair, 33 Queen Street, Mosman.

Murphy, Right Rev. Monsignor Peter J., Blessed Sacrament Presbytery,
59 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Murray, R. J., 34 Thornley Street, Marrickville.

Nettheim, R. F., 21 Thompson Street Mosman.
Newth, F. W., 2 Alexander Avenue, Mosman.

Oatley, Percy A., 4 Prince Albert Street. Mosman.
Oberg, Olaf D. A., Gardener’s Road, Mascot.

Packer, Lewis, “Melita”. Milton Avenue, Mosman.

Palmer, Lynton Edward, 96 Pitt Street. Sydney.

Patten, R. A., 132 Archer Street, Roseville.

Pearson, Richard Browning, ‘‘Quantambone”’, Brewarrina.
Percy, Dr. C. E., 6 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Perry, Leonard John, 16 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.
Peters, Robert E., 2 Simpson Street, Mosman.

Playoust, Maurice, 22 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

46

Plowman, Claude, 8 Marathon Road, Darling Point.

Pockley, Dr. Eric, Avalon Parade, Avalon Beach, N.S.W.

Pointon, Mrs. A., “Yantara’’, St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Pollock, Ernest Frederick, ‘““‘Te Whare”, Carrington Avenue, Strathfield.

ME Richard Osborne, c/o Lawrence & Hanson, 33 York Street,
ydney.

Powell, John, “Edgarth”, Rangers Road, Cremorne.

Pratt, Frederick W., 7 St. Elmo Street, Mosman.

Preston, William George, 19 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Preston, Mrs. M. R., 19 Thompson Street, Mosman.

Prior, Miss E. M., 30 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Prior, K. J., 44 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman. A..F.

Pursell, Frank Grenville, 43 Pearl Bay Avenue, Beauty Point, Mosman.

Purser, Dr. Cecil, ‘Ascot’, Grosvenor Road, Wahroonga.

Ramsay, John Simeon Pearson. “Kalia’”, Gale Street, Woolwich.

Raper, Leonard Francis, Box 284, Lismore.

Raves, Victor Sydney, 92b Pitt Street, Sydney.

Reading, Sir Claude, 13 Trelawney Street, Woollahra.

Reynolds, Thomas Carter, United Insurance Co., Ltd., cr. George and
Hunter Street, Sydney.

Richardson, Haroid R., 181 Clarence Street, Sydney.

Rickard, Sir Arthur, 11 Lynwood Avenue, Killara.

Rigby, Alfred Leslie, 17 Castlereagh Street, Sydney.

Robbins, Rev. Samuel Raymond, 165 Forest Road, Arncliffe.

Roberts, Mervyn Lloyd, 43 Hannah Street, Beecroft, A..F.

Roberts, Noel L., Prudential Assurance Building, Martin Place, Sydney.

Robertson, Stanley Gladstone Helston, Ellamatta Road, Mosman.

Robson, Robert William, Union House, 247 George Street, Sydney.

Ross, Miss Jean, 5 Stanton Road, Haberfield.

Roughley, Theodore Cleveland, B.Sc., F.R.Z.S., Fisheries Department,
Chief Secretary’s Department, Sydney.

Russell, George Ernest Archer, “Archer Russell’, Collaroy.

Sachisthal, Norman Albert Charlton, Boys’ Home, Avona Avenue,
Glebe Point.

Sagar, H., 1 Simpson Street. Mosman.

Scammell, George V., 7 David Street, Mosman.

Scammell, R. B., “Storrington,” 10 Buena Vista Avenue. Mosman.

Schechner, Dr. Kurt, Flat 10, 137 Kurraba Road, Neutral Bay.

Shadforth. Ridley, Queenscliff Road, Manly.

Shearer, Charles Thomas, Box 2, PO. Narrabri.

Shellshear, Prof. J. N., 14 Raymond Road, Neutral Bay.

Sherlock, James Augustus, Box 826G., G.P.O., Sydney (R.A.A.F.).

Shipway, Bruce, 33 Esplanade, Perth, Western Australia.

Shipway, Phillip, 133 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Shirley, Miss D., 47 Wolselev Road, Mosman.

Shirley, William Lancelot, 41 Clifford Avenue, Manly.

Simpson, W. H., 2 Effingham Street. Mosman.

Sims, Albert, 58 Pitt Street, Sydney.

Slade, W. Hermon, 5 Oyama Avenue, Manly.

Smith, Mrs. Amy S., Wallerawang, N.S.W.

Smith, Arthur Kingsford, 369 George Street. Sydney.

_ Smith, Charles Harold, 27 Hunter Street, Sydney.

Soady, Miss Mary E., c/o Union Trustee Co., 2 O’Connell Street, Sydney.

Spain, Ian Alfred Hamilton, 170 Kurraba Road, Neutral Bay, A.I.F.

Spears, Frank, 4 Bridge Street, Sydney.

Speirs, John McAllister, 19 Hale Road. Mosman.

Spring, David A. H., St. Elmo Street, Mosman, A..F.

preonen. aay Ernest, Union Club, Sydney (Box 1158H.H., G.P.O..

ydney).

Stephenson, John Hunter, 4 Ranger’s Road, Cremorne.

Stephenson, Morris, 2 Martin Place. Sydnev, A.I.F.

Stewart, Professor J. Douglas. The University, Sydney.

Stinson, E. R. D., 8 Prince Albert Street. Mosman.

Street, The Hon. Mr. Justice, 2 Greenoakes Avenue, Edgecliff.

Tait, George Edward, 35 Moruben Road, Mosman.
Tanner, Charles, Glen Davis, Capertee.

Teece, Richard Clive. K.C., 182 Phillip Street, Sydney.
Thomas, Ifor M., The University, Sydney.

Thomas, John, Shellharbour.

47

Thompson Harold, Dr. M.A, D.Sc., “Aquaforte”’, Ischia Street,
Cronulla.

Thornley, Miss Gertrude, 37 Auburn Road, Lidcombe.

Thornthwaite. Ormond Robert, 17 Raglan Street, Mosman.

Trebilco, A. E. L., Cherry Street, Warrawee.

Trevenna, G.. 54 Nicholson Street, Chatswood.

Turner, Oswald Frederick, Haddon Hall, Alfred Street, North Sydney.

Tynan, Walter H., Relieving Manager, Commonwealth Bank, Sydney.

Van Gooch, Miss Lola, Queen Victoria Museum, Launceston, Tasmania.

Vicars, Robert ae Victoria Road, Marrickville.

Vickery, Arthur, 4 Bridge Street, Sydnev.

Vickery, Ottomar George, The Coal Cliff Collieries, Ltd., 63 Pitt Street.
Sydney.

Von Drehnen, Otto, “Wyuna”, Buena Vista Avenue, Mosman.

Walker, Egmont Palmer, ‘Colebrook’, Bellevue Road, Double Bay.

Wall, Colman, 28 Stanton Road, Mosman.

Ward, Melbourne, F.R.Z.S., ‘“Pasadena”, Cross Street, Double Bav.

Warren, John Donald, 56 Redan Street, Mosman.

Weaver, Charles Herbert, 21 David Street, Mosman.

Weingott, Mrs. Eve, 26 Holland Avenue, Marrickville.

Weingott, Leo., 26 Holland Avenue, Marrickville.

Weymark, John N., 26 David Street, Mosman.

Wheelwright, A. H, “Rosedale’’, Narrawa, via Crookwell.

- Whitley, P. N.. 43 The Crescent, Mosman.

Whitley, Mrs. P. N., 43 The Crescent, Mosman.

Wilcox, A. C., 3 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Williams, Amos E., Wvoming, Glenbrook Road, Cooma.

Willis, J. R., 4 Ronbank Avenue, Epping.

Woods, John Licnel Bateman, 50 Prince Albert Street, Mosman.

Woodward, H., Elgin Street, Gordon.

Woolacott, Mrs. L. H., c/o Charlie Messenger’s, Beach Road, Edgecliff.

Worrell, Eric Frederick Arthur, 134 Cecily Street, Lilyfleld.

Wright, Harold James, P.O., Box 9, Auburn, N.S.W.

HONORARY ASSOCIATE MEMBERS.
Chisholm, Alex. H., F.R.Z.S., “The Herald” Office, Melbourne, Victoria.

Malloch, Dr. J. R., 5635 North 8th Street, Arlington, Va., U.S.A.
Mathews, Gregory M. (see Fellows).

LIFE ASSOCIATE MEMBERS.
Agar, Professor W. E., O.B.E., The University, Melbourne, Victoria.
Barkley, William Henry, C.B.E., Redan Street, Mosman.

Berney, F. L., c/o Messrs. Archer Bros., Gracemere, Rockhampton,
Queensland.

compre John Honeyford, O.B.E., 1S.0., 336 Chapel Street, Ottawa,
anada.
Colliver, F. S., 37 McCarron Parade, Essendon, W.5, Victoria.

Director, Dominion Museum, Wellington, New Zealand.
Ellis, Ralph, Jr., 2420 Ridge Road, Berkeley, Calif.. U.S.A.

Finlay, Dr. Harold John, Geological Survey Office, Wellington, C.1.,
New Zealand.

Hardy, G. H. H.. The University, Brisbane, Queensland.

Hill, Gerald F., Durras, P.O. Benandaranh. .

Hopkinson, Dr. Emilius, C:.M.G., Balcombe, Sussex, England.
Houison, J. K. S., 274 Church Street, Parramatta.

Jackson, Sidney William, c/o J. S. P. Ramsay, 55 George Street North,
Sydney.

Morrison, Philip Crosbie, M.Sc., 9 Maroona Road, Brighton, S.5. Victoria.
Moss-Robinson, Leslie H., Exon Vale, Narara.
Sears, Miss C., 40 Towns Road, Rose Bay.
Thackway, A. E. J., ““‘Wyoming’’, Albyn Road. Strathfield.
Thomas, Andrew David, 1 Valley Road, Lindfield
48

Wiikinson, John Wrixon, Wood Street, Warwick, Queensland.

Williams, Godfrey Herbert, Aberpergwyn, South Wales, Great Britain.

Wilson, Professor James Thomas, 24 Millington Road, Cambridge,
England. :

Wright, Phillip A., “Wallamumbi’”, Armidale.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS.

A. & M. College of Texas, College Station. Texas, U.S. America.

Acworth, Archibald Vincent, Flat 3, 50 Bellevue Road, Bellevue Hill.

Aguilar, Miss Grace, National Mutual Building, 350 George Street,
Sydney.

Albury, A. J., 5 Lenthall Street, Kensington.

Arthur, Victor, 48 Katherine Street, Puncnbowl.

Barnett, Marcus S., Victoria Street, Mount Victoria.

Barrett. Charles, ‘“Maralena”, Maysbury Street, Elsternwick, Victoria.

Biggs, Arthur, 32 Edwin Street, Tempe.

Boardman, W., M.Sc., Department cf Biology, University of Queensland,
Brisbane.

Border, A. J., Box 1839K., G.P.O., Sydney.

Bowers, R. C. :

Boyle, Mrs., 17 Morris Street, Summer Hill.

Brady, Miss M., Flat 4, “Ravenswood,” 82 Alison Road, Randwick.

Brandon, Miss F., ““Heagren”, Cowan Road, St. Ives.

Brittain, Tom, 53 Redmyre Road, Strathfield.

Brock, S. R., Central Technical College, Brisbane, Q.

Brookes, Albert E., 178 Balmoral Road, Mount Eden, S.2, Auckland,
New Zealand.

Brown, W., Aitchison Street, Crow’s Nest.

Browne, Mrs. R. B., 113 Pacific Highway, Hornsby.

Brownlee, Philip Arthur, 21 Ebsworth Road, Rose Bay, Sydney, A.I.F.

Bryce, Mrs. E. J., 47 Nelson Road, Killara.

Burgh, Mrs. H. B., 4 Rose Crescent, Mosman.

Butters, Miss Elizabeth, 28 Toxteth Street, Glebe.

Camp, Charles, 7 Heydon Street, Mosman.

Clarke, A. E., 4 Elsham Road, Auburn.

Clarke, J., 41 Crump Street, Mortdale, A.I.F.

Cleggett, Miss Elsie Mabel, c/o Travel Department, Bank of N.S.W.,
Sydney.

Cleland, Professor J. Burton, The University, Adelaide, South Australia.

Cluett, J. W., Elwin Street, Peakhurst.

Colefax, Alan, Department of Zoology, University of Sydney.

Coleman, Mrs. Edith, ‘Walsham,’ 72 Blackburn Road, Blackburn,
Victoria.

Cornish, W. J., 18 Bolton Street, Newcastle.

Cornwell, I. L., 28 Park Road, Hunter’s Hill.

Crofts, Miss Winifred, 39 Moseley Street, Strathfield.

Cutriss, T., 41 McKern Street, Campsie.

vied Charles Ernest, L.H.Q. School of Hygiene, 45 Beach Street,
oogee.

De Chateauburg, Mark, 28 Cammeray Road, Cammeray.

De Chateauburg, Mrs. M. G., 28 Cammeray Road, Cammeray.

Dibbs. Mrs. George. 26 Dalhousie Street, Haberfield.

Dingeldei, Walter Leslie, 11 Crown Street, Adamstown.

Dixon, Keith M.. 1 Borambil Street. Wahroonga.

D’Ombrain, Athel F., 435 High Street, West Maitland.

Donald, S., 3 Banks Street, Brighton.

Doughty, G., Sen., c/o Mr. H. Yardley, Great North Road, Five Dock.
Doughty, G., Jun., c/o Mr. H. Yardley, Great North Road, Five Dock.
Dufty, Mrs. Veronica M., 266 Hawthorne Parade, Haberfield.
Dummett, Sterhen, 7 Wellington Street, Arncliffe.

English, Miss Kathleen M. I., 7 Dudley Road, Rose Bay.
Evans, C., 15 Pentland Avenue, Punchhow).
Ewing, James, 26 Prince Street, Parramatta North.

Ferguson, Thomas L., “Rancliff”, 62 Ocean Street, Woollahra.
Fisher, John, 110 Carabella Street, Kirribilli.

49

Fleay, David Howells, B.Sc., Sir Colin Mackenzie Sanctuary, Badger
Creek, Healesville, Victoria.

Forbes, Dr. Arthur Duncan, Nyngan.

Frederickson, C., 48 West Moreland Street, Glebe.

Gadsden, Mrs. E. J., 7 Greenknowe Avenue, Pott’s Point.

Galley, Ronald Mitchell, NX95195, 2/1 Aust. Field Reg., R.A.A., A.I.F.
Gannon, Gilbert Roscoe, ‘“Bushlands”, Livingstone Avenue, Pymble.
Gannon, Mrs. G. R., ““Bushlands’”, Livingstone Avenue, Pymble.
Gilbert, Percy A., “Dacelo’’, Colin Street, Lakemba.

Graham, W. F., 53 Barton Street, Kogarah.

Griggs, T., 69 West Street, Hurstville.

Halse, R., 27 Mount Lewis Avenue, Punchbowl. |

Halsey, S/Sgt. Evan E., 39310737, 105th Cml. Proc. Co., A.P.O., 923.

Harford, Miss Leone Zoe, 33 Henson Street, Marrickville.

Hargreaves, A., 9 Addington Avenue, Ryde.

Hargreaves, E., A..F.

Harrison, Desmond James, H.D.A., Q.D.D., The Armidale School, Armi-
dale. A.I.F.

Harvey, P. F., 7 Pacific Street, Clovelly.

Henry, James Reid, Dept. Zoology, University.

Hernfield, H. E., 58 Chatham Street, West Ryde.

Hill, Charles, 2 Grafton Street, Woollahra.

Hindwood, Mrs. K. A., c/o K. A. Hindwood, Angel Place, Sydney.

Holmes, Alex., 24 Attunga Street, Bellevue Hill.

Hummerston, P., 805 New South Head Road, Rose Bay.

Jackson, Mrs. N., 282 Anzac Parade, Kensington.
Jervis, Thomas Henry, 74 Roseville Avenue, Roseville.
Johnson, J., 46 West Moreland Street, Glebe.
Johnston, Mrs. P. R., 15 Fairfax Road, Mosman.
Jones, Lawrence Joseph, A..F.

Jones, Robert G. M., 129 Queen Street, Woollahra.
Jopling, Miss M. W., Public Library, Sydney.

Keast, Allen, 313 West Botany Street, Rockdale, A.I.F.

Kennedy, Colin, c/o Mrs. Cook, 20 Bapaume Road, Mosman, A.I.F.

Kennedy, Miss Grace, 10 Burra Road, Artarmon.

Kerr, Ea 64 Farr Street, Rockdale, NX121805, B. Coy., 30th Batt. Inf.,
A.LF.

Lackey, Miss Margaret, 427 East Crescent Street, North Sydney.

Laseron, John, 15 Hill Street, Balgowlah.

Law, Miss L. E., 39 Middle Harbour Road, Lindfield.

Lawes, L., High School, Lithgow.

Lawther, Miss Jean, 451 Homer Street, Earlswood.

Leek, W., 51 Pacific Avenue, Waitara.

Leer, A. E., Cnr. Condamine and Kenneth Streets, Manly.

Leggett, Miss Maude Wilson, Stanley, Tasmania.

Le Souef, J. C., 5 Palm Avenue, North Caulfield, Vic.

Lewis, F., Fisheries & Game Office, 605 Flinders Street Extension,
Melbourne.

Livingston, Samuel, 12 Chertsey Street, Merrylands.

Lowe, Mrs. Norman E., 56 Bradley’s Head Road, Mosman.

Lynn, T., Macpherson Street, Waverley.

McCulloch, Miss Daisie, Loftus Street, Pennant Hills.

McDonald, R. W., 20 Saville Street, Gore Hill.

Macdougall, Maynard Emerson, 307 Keen Street, Lismore.
MacDougall, William Alexander. Box 280. P.O., Mackay, Queensland
McGill, Arnold Robert, 119 Wollongong Road, Arncliffe.

McGrath, Reginald, 2 Waratah Street, Bexley.

eee John Donald, 23 East Crescent Street, McMahon’s Point.
McKay, Roy David, The Manse, 17 Wellington Street, Newtown.
McKellow, Miss Nellie, “Gumbooya”, Old Pittwater Road, Brookvale.
McKie, Rev. E. Norman, St. Columba’s Manse, Guyra.

MacKnight, K. H., 10 O’Connell Street, Sydney.

McNeill, Frank A., Australian Museum, Sydney.

McSwiggan, T. J., 50 Railway Parade, Penshurst.

Maher, S., 48 Sir Joseph Banks Street, Bankstown.

50

Mann, John S., Biological Section, Lands Department, Sherwood,
Brisbane, Queensland.
Marshall, L. R., 13 Mary Street, Leichhardt.
Marshall, John M. J., 27 Paul Street, Waverley.
Martin, H., 5 Miller Avenue, North Bexley.
Martin, K., 5 Miller Avenue, North Bexley.
Mason, W., 7 Hocking Avenue, Earlwood.
Matthews, H. J., Box 99, Deniliquin.
Messmer, Mrs. C. A., 64 Treatt’s Road, Lindfield.
Mills, G. W., 5 Denmark Street, Hurstville.
Milne, E., 78 Hume Highway, Bankstown.
Mitchell, J. M., 37 Hertert Street, Dulwich Hill.
Mollison, Bruce Charles, Stanley, Tasmania.
Molloy, Mrs. J. E., 22 Gordon Street, Mosman.
Morris, Miss N., 17 Walker Street, North Sydney.
Morson, R. J., 30 Crow’s Nest Road, Waverton.

Nicholas, E.. 19 Edinburgh Road, Willoughby.

Nicholson, E., 21 Reserve Street, Annandale.

Northmore, Sir John, Judge’s Chambers. Supreme Court, Perth, W.A.
Nubling, Erwin, 9 Mt. Pleasant Avenue, Normanhurst.

Olver. ae W. R. B., 26 Ventnor Street, Seatoun, Wellington, New
ealand.

Oliver, Miss, 69 Wollongong Road, Arncliffe.

Ormsy, Anthony Irwin, 3 Castlereagh Street, Sydney.

Orrell, John, Y.M.C.A. Esplanade, Cairns, Queensland.

Palmer, J., 82 Bridge Road, Glebe.

Panes, W., “Utopia”, Hale Street, Botany.

Paul, Hector George. c/o H. Jockel, Matthews Chambers, The Corso,
Manly, A.LF.

Peir, P. A., 49 Gloucester Street, Rockdale.

Peterson, Miss J., 97 Lyons Road, Drummoyne.

Phillips, E.

Probert, L. R., Mia Mia Street, Oatley.

Rainsford, Miss M. M., 126 Petersham Road, Marrickville.

Rayment, Tarlton, ‘““Bow-worrung”’,, Bath Street, Sandringham, Victoria.
Rees, W. A., 31 Augusta Road, Manly.

Ridley, D. M., Vale Avenue, Dee Why.

Roberts, J. E., 35 Shaftesbury Avenue, Burwood.

Rothery, Miss E. M., “Greystanes,” 152 Beecroft Road, Cheltenham.
Rutland, Mrs. R., 2 Walz Street, Rockdale.

Rutlidge, L., Pile Street, Marrickville.

Ryan, B., 66 Renwick Street, Hurstville.

Scheers, Frederick Augustof, 116 Lansdowne Street. Hurstville.

Scott, E., 21 Hurst Street, Arncliffe.

Seaward, William Trotman, “Myala’, Scone.

Serventy, Dr. T. L., Fisheries Department, Perth. Western Australia.

Seward, N. H., Pty., Ltd., 437 Bourke Street, Melbourne, Victoria.

Seapetee Michael, Directorate of Training, Merton Hall, South Yarra,
ictoria.

Sharp, J. H., 1 Moore Street, Campsie.

Shaw, Desmond Alfred, “Carryduff,” Frederick Street, Hornsby.

Shipp, E. H., 262 Albany Road, Petersham.

Sidney, E. J.. 30 Dudley Avenue, Bankstown.

Simons, J. E., 49 Hocking Avenue, Earlwood.

Simons, Mrs., 49 Hocking Avenue, Earlwood.

Smyth, Dr. W., Base Hospital, Grafton.

Steeles, C. E., 70 Bayview Street, Undercliffe.

Steeles, E. C., 136 Homer Street, Earlwood, A.I.F.

Stowar, A., 8 Chisholm Street, Auburn.

Stevens, R., 72 Little Road, Bankstown.

Summerley, Miss, 26 Dalhousie Street, Haberfield.

Swinfield, J., 170 Northam Avenue. Bankstown.

Thomas, L. R.. 85 Cambridge Road, Canley Vale.
Thomas, S., 4 Vincent Avenue, Arncliffe.
Trewartha, F. J.. Lane & Trewartha, Ltd., Wolfe Street, Newcastle.

51

Turner, Dr. A. Jefferis, F.R.Z.S., Dauphin Terrace, Brisbane, S.1.,
Queensland.

Vance, J. L., “Hartfield,” Hastings Road, Warrawee.
Viney, Capt. Lewis Charles, VX89C07, 3 Aust A.-A.D., Mangalore
(Rail), Victoria.

Walder, C., 71 Culvert Street, Ramsgate.

Wall, Mrs. Nina, 28 Stanton Road, Mosman.

Walter, A. L., 11 Rose Street, Enfield.

Watkins, G. W., Hansard Staff, Parliament House, Sydney.
Weeding, Rev. Benjamin J., Minlaton, South Australia.
Whiteley, A., 21 East Crescent, Hurstville.

Westbrook, Ernest John, R.A.A.F.

Wines, William, Box 48AA., G.P.O., Sydney.

Wise, Miss Mary I., P.O., Box 53, Sale, Victoria.
Woodlands, Harold, Box 989H, Adelaide, Soutn Australia.
Wood, W. J., 61 Milson Road, Cremorne.

Woods, S. W., 17 Antwerp Street, Bankstown.

Zoological Board of Victoria, Royal Park, Parkville, Melbourne, N.2.
Victoria.
IMPORTANT NOTICE.

‘Building Fund.
The following additional donations have been received :—

Reeve alistrOnies: see £100 (total £355)
Albert Littlejohn ..... .. 100
Kicd. -Gadsdeny swig 1

£201

Our First Endowment Member.

: In recognition of his valuable services to the Society in contribut-
ing a total sum of £1,000 to the Society’s Funds, Council has conferred
the title of “Endowment Member” upon Mr. Edward John Lees
Hallstrom, of Willoughby.

Mr. Roy Cooper has been elected a member of Council vice Mr.
E. J. Bryce, resigned.

"MEMBERSHIP.
| (The Society’ S. year commences on list duly.)

k eee Amount of

Class. a St Fes ae Subscription: © Z
‘Associate: Reuben Noa eats ok alec uate wig d oe ulehe aki see nie 0 5 O per annum
e Member . oe @8 @8 ee Ba Ser eluiais ee ee er ! 1 0 0 >. Tees ES Si eee
Members joining after Ist. Sdinmee in any ; "ys Geb GEN ee ag
ear pay one-half subscription.) eA Raye
Associate Member .. .: .. .. AB Ee ears ees « 210 0 in- one sum
‘Member os ¢s “ee oe a se ee cece aw a. 10 0 0

rary eee Poe Ren ge ge te Ht Elected for services —

to Australian Zoology
or to the Society, —

- (Conterred By the Council) , Rah ees
. es | - For distinguished ser- Pp eRe ee

REOReSe coh eee ees vices to Australian

3 ce Zoology. She

Se Contribution of send to Society's Funds —

ee ve oe 99 ” 5 1: B a2.

ee x ‘3 Ceosas £1,000 SS 3

‘PRIVILEGES.

Aiewbere of all classes may attend all meetings of the Society and *
its various Sections. Every Ordinary member receives a free pass to
: Taronga Zoological Park and Aquarium, and twenty tickets’ each: year,
eS oS ee pum 20 adults or 40 children to the Park only.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

wuld. be addressed to the Honorary Secretary, Box 2399MM, G.P.O.,
dney, accompanied by a remittance of the amount of subscription.
fhe number of Ordinary Members is limited to 350, and should there
be no vacancy at the time of application, the applicant will be regis-

‘ed as an Associate Member, and shall take precedence in accordance.
with the date of his admission to Associate Membership.

PUBLICATIONS. ene
The Australian Zoologist. . bes

A. Vournal containing papers relating to the Zoology of Australia.

‘ublished at irregular intervals. Subscription to ordinary members_
elected prior to July 1, 1933, 1/- per annum; ordinary members elected —
after June 30, 1933, and all ‘associate members 2/6 per annum.

pce : A ‘Price.
. Vol. Parts. - Date. Pages. Plates. eraee ne
tye ame & a _ 1914-20 256 19 j Ae ae | ace
on, we BE 4 1921-22 . cet yb aimee 1 012 6°
SU he 2 © i 8 (1922-25 = = -- 362 41 16 OS
eas Og oe 1925-27 Beene 5 49 128. OS
a 4 1927-29 362 41. Sigel tea i
eh a Se 4 1929-31 394 eco i G-0. 2
aac,’ 8 5 1931-33. 398 23 18 Sp
migese 4 1934-37 346 eae i | 017 6 ae
Ix 4 1937-40 453 2 38 ves | eae ues
XI r: 1945 ‘gt Bat oo 220 ke PO 6"
sn Ss 3 1941-44 ae 5 BPS! CoRk .

‘ - Note.—Single parts of any volume may be obtained at published ne
Spates! less 20 per cent., to members or associates. Prices ay be “ee
id. on application to bras se eee See. »

_ Presidential Address: “<The Future ‘of ‘the ‘Wild “Anintale “of th

_ The Orange-naped Whipsnake, by E. Worrell .. a: ee ees
- The Establishment of Salinator fragilis Lamarck - and * Sali 12

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION L

Mtl th iin

PUBLICATIONS—Continued. ©”

chert Zoological Handbooks. ee

The Fishes of Avsteatat Part I, “Sharks and Rays”, by Gilbert
Whitley, F.R.Z.S. 280 pp., and over 300 illustrations. ae
Postage: Australia, 5id.; British Possessions, T4d.; Foreign, 1a

(Note: “The Fishes and Fish-like Animals of New South
is out of print.) |

“Australian Insects,” by Keith G. McKeown, FRZ Ss. 300 { D
over 400 illustrations. (Out of print.) Second edition in the
Price 12/6. Postage: Australia, ORGS; British. EDS us, td,
11l}d. hoe

A Monograph of the Ancitaiian porieies a Tom. Iredale an
A. F. Basset Hull. 168+-xiii pp., 21 plates and portrait. Price 5/-.
age: Australia, 54d.; British Possessions, 93d.; Foreign, 1/63.

Bibliography of Australian Entomology, 1775-1930, by A
Musgrave, F.E.S., 380+viii pp. Price, 10/-. Postage: ‘Austra
British Possessions, 93d.; Foreign, 1/64. .

“The Bees of Australia,” by Professor i D. A. Cockerel.
6 parts. 5/-, post free.

“Basic List of the Land Mollusca of Australia,” by Tom
Reprints, 3 parts. 5/-, post free. <he es

Index to Special Articles in the “Proceedings, ” 1983-43. 6a po
free. se:

Proceedings, published annually. Price, i/. Pestana “Austral

i3d.; British Possessions, 23d.; Foreign, 3id.- ee to all Ss
associates. ) e

CONTENTS.
Sixty-fifth Annual Report .. .. ee Risk oakaes We romeo fo
Oificers, “TOS SG 58 ie a ca Ses Lea are chun ae

Balance: SHeEet 1k ke i ere es A ee ae a

World,” ess S. raid ouet ee Th ee pee Ly ok
Harry Burrell... .. ; : = Re RG aa rig ee a

Reports of section: etd
Aviculturak Seebian 4 es EO as ves nies eee

Budgerigar Section .. .. Sait ta Mek \aory GRAIN ete yng na pnb RN
Marine Zoological Section ie Boa UR Nek aera PEA oh op aoa a
Ornithological’ Section’ v2.0: io pee. eee ee
New Rule;- Buvding Fund” 0S sca eee inie pe es ene
Syllabus of Sectional Meetings A, Spe P EN FS Sn ames ee oe

Royalty Visits the Lyrebird .. 4 ye
The Farmer and the Native Fauna, ‘by. E. O,: “wards | ;
Forest Destruction and Wildlife .. .. Se ta
Notes on the Lace Monitor (Varanus varius), by G..
Limpets of New South Wales, by Miss G. ‘Thornley oe
Freshwater Crocodile in Captivity, by EB. Worrell (<5) 04

Notes on Burton’s Legless Lizard, by G. Longley .. ..

solida von Martens as Two le en Peed, in oa :
Mrs. Lee Woolacott .. eas

McSwiggan .. ais mecha aE Ei ap ante SUR
List of Members and ‘Absbitates DR ee eee < ene
Important Announcement .. ..... +. .. oe hic a ak

Wholly set up and printed in Aeeteatia’ by : m4 eG
THE SYDNEY AND MELBOURNE PUBLISHING co. Bry,
29 Alberta Street, grin ig Bee

-