PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

|} Royal Zoological

-’. ~—— Society

OF

NEW SOUTH WALES

for the year 1949-50

Price, 1/-

Sydney:

Published by the Society, 28 Martin Place

April 2, 1951

: Pipe CS]
(Free to all Members and Associates) SU JOS

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES

Established 1879
REGISTERED UNDER THE COMPANIES ACT 1899 (1917)

Patrons:

The Right Honourable Sir John Greig, G.C.M.G.
Sir Philip Woolcott Game, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., G.B.E., D.S.O.

COUNCIL, 1950-51
President: James Roy Kinghorn, C.M.Z.S.

Vice-Presidents :

Edward John Lees Hallstrom, F.R.Z.S.
Garnet Halloran, M.D., B.Sc., F.R.C.S. CEdin.), F.R.A.C.S.
Frank Marshall, C.M.G., D.D.S.
Emil Herman Zeck

Mewbers :
Henry Burgh - Keith Collingwood McKeown, F.R.Z.S.
Norman Chaffer Anthony Irwin Ormsby, LL.B.
Aubrey Halloran, B.A., LL.B. Theodore Cleveland Roughley, B.Sc.,
Percy Fincham Harvey F.R.Z.S.
Charles Francis Laseron Ellis Le Geyt Troughton, F.R.Z.S.,

C.M.Z.S.
Officers :

Honorary Secretary: Theo Athol Everitt
_ Honorary Treasurer: W. R. Moore, B.Ec.
Honorary Editor: Gilbert Percy Whitley, F.R.Z.S.
Honorary Librarian: Mrs. M. D. Scott-Sim
Assistant Honorary Secretary : Mrs. F. E. Lane
Assistant Honorary Treasurer: J. Waterhouse
Honorary Auditor: Robert John Stiffe, F.C.A. CAust.)

OFFICERS OF SECTIONS, 1950-51

Avicultural Section: Marine Zoological Section :
Chairman: A. H. Brain Chairman: E. F. Holland
Hon. Secretary: R. W. Stewart. Hon. Secretary: Mrs. L. Harford
Budgerigar Section: Ornithological Section :
Chairman: H. Yardley Chairman: J. D. Waterhouse
Hon. Secretary: J. L. Bright Hon. Secretary: A. R. McGill

General Section:

Chairman: J. R. Kinghorn
Hon. Secretary: A. I. Ormsby (vice H. Burgh, on leave)

Royal Zoological Society of
New South Wales

The Seventieth Annual Meeting was held at Taronga Park on Saturday,
29th July, 1950. One hundred and sixty members and friends were present.
The Hon. Secretary presented the seventieth annual report.

. 70th ANNUAL REPORT

Membership at Ist July, 1950.—Total membership numbers 667,
consisting of 1 Endowment Member, 4 Associate Benefactors, 9 Honorary
Members, 49 Life Members, 457 Ordinary Members, 2 Honorary Associates,
22 Life Associates, and 123 Associate Members.

Removals from the Register of Members: 111 in terms of Article 9,
Deaths 8, and Resignations 25. Total 144.

Council.—During the year eleven meetings of Council were held
with an average attendance of 11 members. The Hon. Treasurer, Mr. R. P.
Cooper, resigned, due to his transfer to Melbourne, and Mr. W. R. Moore,
at present in England, was appointed to fill the vacancy.

Fellows.—Two of the So¢iety’s most distinguished Fellows died during
the year, Professor W. Dakin, F.R.Z.S., and Mr. Neville W. Cayley, F.R.Z.S.
Both were past Presidents of the Society, and each will be remembered
for his contributions to Australian Zoological knowledge.

Sections.—The General Zoological Section formed during September,
1949, continues to prosper, serving those members whose interests are not
with Aviculture, Marine Biology, Conchology, and Budgerigar breeding.

Fauna Protection Act, 1948.—Following the gazettal of the new
Act three members of Council were appointed to the Fauna Protection Panel
upon its establishment during 1949. Mr. E. J. L. Hallstrom (representing
Taronga Zoological Park Trust), Mr. J. R. Kinghorn (Ctepresenting The
Australian Museum) and Mr. E. Le G. Troughton Ctepresenting this Society
and kindred organisations ).

General.—(1) During the year suggestions were forwarded to the
Fauna Protection Panel regarding (a) the education of New Australians
in the observance of the Regulations governing the protection of fauna, (b)
Faunal reserves with respect to the extension of the Kosciusko State Park
area and the creation of reserves in the McPherson Range area, (c) the
proposed establishment of the Mutton-bird industry on Broughton Island
which was brought to the Council’s notice by Mr. A. D’Ombrain. Upon
enquiry of the Fauna Protection Panel we were gratified to learn that the
Chief Guardian was most definite in his instructions and had taken action
prohibiting the violation of the existing sanctuaries.

1

JUL 1 + 195)

(2) At the request of the County of Cumberland Council a report was
furnished upon the desirability of retaining the Lachlan Swamps (The
Lakes and East Lakes Golf Courses) in their present form so that the
interesting and varied bird populations might be preserved.

The proposed resumption of this area by the Sydney Turf Club should
be opposed by all persons interested in fauna protection and the retention
of existing recreational areas.

This waterway is the only permanent fresh water within the metro-
politan area and gives perfect sanctuary to many species of birds, protective
measures being taken at present by the golf clubs leasing the surrounding
lands from the Metropolitan Water, Sewerage & Drainage Board.

Financial.— Due to the lack of time and our Hon. Treasurer’s absence
abroad, the year’s accounts have not reached finality.

Mr. Gadsden moved the adoption ot the Annual Report, seconded by
Mr. Harvey, and carried on the voices.

The following gentlemen were re-elected as members of Council: Messrs.
E. Le G. Troughton, J. R. Kinghorn, K. C. McKeown, C. F. Laseron,
A. Halloran, and E. J. L. Hallstrom.

Mr. E. H. Zeck then delivered the Presidential address (see pages 3-8)
and the meeting closed after a vote of thanks to the President had been
moved by Mr. J. R. Kinghorn.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1950-1951
President: Mr. J. R. Kinghorn.

Vice-Presidents : Messrs. E. J. L. Hallstrom, E. H. Zeck, Dr. G. Halloran,
Dr. F. Marshall.

Honorary Secretary: Mr. 'T. A. Everitt.

Assistant Honorary Secretary: Mrs. F. E. Lane.
Honorary Treasurer: Mr. W. R. Moore, B.Ec.
Assistant Honorary Treasurer: Mr. J. Waterhouse.
Honorary Editor: Mr. G. P. Whitley.

Honorary Librarian: Mrs. M. D. Scott Sim.

Honorary Auditor: Mr. R. J. Stiffe.
i

Presidential Address

*

SOME MITES AND TICKS
By E. H. Zecx

I am honoured in addressing you again, and thought, following on
my previous paper, “Some Insect Pests of Animals’, that it might be appro-
priate on this occasion to speak about some of the mites and ticks which
are associated with various animals. However, it has been found necessary,
in order to give a clearer account of the mites and their associations in
general, to mention some of the species which are not parasites of animals.

The small animals known as mites and ticks are members of the
Phylum Arthropoda, and constitute the Order Acarina which is included
in the Class Arachnida.

The Class Arachnida includes a number of orders and in these are
grouped related animals, such as the spiders, scorpions, harvest-men or
daddy-long-legs, book scorpions, mites and ticks and other forms.

Next to the Class Hexapoda or Insecta, the Class Arachnida is the
largest class of the Phylum Arthropoda, and it has been variously estimated
to contain some 45,000 described living species. Of this number, the mites
and ticks include some 18,000 species, or about one-third of the total
number, and thus they are the dominant group of this class.

Mites and ticks, together with other small, closely allied forms, are
often referred to as “insects”, but this is not correct as they differ very
much in structure and usually have only two main body regions—l, the
cephalothorax, which is formed by the head and thorax having grown
together, and 2, a posterior region, the abdomen. In many of the mites only

one body region is apparent.

In addition, adult mites usually have four pairs of legs, although in
their first stage, most have only three pairs until their first moult, when
_they develop another pair. Some mites, popularly referred to as “rust mites’,
“blister mites’ and others, which are plant-feeding species (Phyllocoptes,
Eriophyes, and others), have only two pairs of legs even when in their
adult stage.

Mites and ticks usually have only simple eyes or none at all, their
mouth parts are very different, and they are never winged. ‘Typical adult
insects, on the other hand, are found to possess three main body regions—
head, thorax, and abdomen—and three pairs of legs, usually highly developed
eyes, and in addition to these may also possess as many as three simple
eyes, known as ocelli, on the upper portion of their heads.

The Order Acarina is divided into a number of Superfamilies, but in
general the mites and ticks may be distignuished from each other by the
characters of their mouth parts, which are formed for piercing and biting.
In the mites the mouth parts usually form a short beak or may be more or
less hidden within the body, which is usually soft.

3

In the ticks, the mouth parts consist of a well-developed beak (hypo-
stome), which bears on its outside, rows of backwardly-directed saw-like
teeth, and their bodies are usually leathery.

The ticks are divided into two groups—those in which a shield (scutum)
is present on the back (Ixodidae), the hard-bodied ticks, and those in which
a shield is absent (Argasidae), the soft-bodied ticks. When the shield is
present it covers the whole of the back in the males and about the front
third in the females.

The mites are divided into a number of Suborders and Superfamilies,
depending upon the position, or absence, of the openings to their breathing
tubes, together with the structures of their mouth parts and some other
characters.

In the mites, the one or more pairs of simple eyes are to be found on
the upper surface of the front region of the body. In those ticks which
possess a shield, the eyes, when present, are simple structures situated at
the sides of the shield. In those which do not possess a shield, the eyes,
when present, are situated beneath the body.

In the hard-bodied ticks the body is divided into a small front part
Ccapitulum), which bears the main mouth-parts, and the body, which bears
the four pairs of legs. The last segment of the front pair of legs bears on the
upper surface, a special cup-shaped sensory structure (known as Haller’s
organ), and this is believed to be an organ of smell.

The ticks are considered to have originated from the mites, and there
is, in Brazil, a mite-like tick CSpelaeorhynchus), which appears to be a
connecting link between the two groups. ‘This tick attacks bats and lays
only a single large egg.

Although many of the larger members of the Class Arachnida, such
as the Funnel-web Spider (Airax robustus), and the Red-spot Spider (Latro-
dectus hasseltii), and others may cause great pain and suffering or even
death to man and other animals, the ticks and mites, as a group, are the
most troublesome and cause the greatest annoyance and suffering or even
death to man, domestic and wild animals, and birds.

Mite and tick bites do not cause irritation to all persons, but to those
who are allergic to them, they may cause inflamed, itching, swellings which
may persist for many days, and in some instances dermatitis may follow.
In addition, severe irritation, or “itch”, by skin contact with certain mites
or with the bodies of dead mites or mite debris may also occur in many
persons, when handling or working amongst materials which have been
infested with them. Injurious conditions may also arise from inhalation
of mites and mite dust.

Many mites are free-living and feed uopn decaying matter, small
insects or other small animals, or are to be found in the nests of small
animals and some of the latter species have developed as parasites of the
animals themselves. Other mites are definitely parasitic and attack both land
and aquatic hosts—vertebrates as well as invertebrates—and more than one
species may be found infesting an individual host.

Some mites are scavengers, and very many are plant feeders. Many
plant-feeding mites (Tetranychidae, known popularly as “Red Spiders” )
spin silken strands over the surfaces of leaves or from leaf to leaf, and at
times, may be seen crossing these, to and fro, in the manner of spiders.
Other mites cause galls and malformations to develop on leaves and branches
and others, again, by feeding on the cuticle of various plants cause a mal-
formation, which is known as the “witches’ broom” condition, to develop
on various eucalypts, she-oaks and other trees.

4

Some mites are capable of adapting themselves to various climatic con-
ditions. ‘The common Red Spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) thrives best
during the hot, dry conditions of summer; other plant-eating mites, such
as the Red-legged Earth mites (Halotydeus destructor and Penthaleus major),
become most numerous during the colder months of the year.

Many of the mites that infest stored foodstuffs, or other stored products,
develop best amongst substances which have already been infested with
insects or contain a high percentage of moisture.

The mites are widely distributed, and although most numerous in the
warmer regions of the globe, their range extends from the Arctic to the
Antarctic regions. ‘The ticks, although most numerous in the tropics and
subtropics, have a wide range in many countries.

The larger members of the Class Arachnida, such as the spiders,
scorpions, and others, may readily be recognised, and most people may
recognise an adult tick, but mites, in general, even to observant naturalists,
may well not exist. The minute size of most, and the very slow movements
of many, may well prevent their discovery. Indeed, even for a specialist,
the use of a microscope is frequently necessary, even to determine the par-
ticular family to which they belong. But, in this world of little lives, hidden
from the view of the ordinary observer, there goes on, as in all nature, a
continuous and deadly struggle for survival.

There is a great diversity of form amongst the various groups of mites:
many are rounded and smooth and very glossy, others are elongated and
some have their bodies covered with long hairs or with broad, flattened fan-
like structures, and others again may have elongated or peculiarly formed
legs or almost no legs at all. Others have greatly enlarged mouth parts.

In the soft-bodied ticks the body is more or less oval in outline
and in the hard-bodied ticks it is somewhat pear-shaped in outline. Ticks
when unengorged have flattened bodies.

The mites either breathe by means of breathing tubes (tracheae), such
as are found in the insects, which open on the surface of the body at
definite breathing pores (spiracles or stigmata), or they may have no
breathing tubes and take in oxygen through their skins. ‘The ticks take in
air by means of breathing tubes.

The Order Acarina is divided into a number of Suborders, depending,
mostly, upon the position of the breathing pores, or stigmata, and certain
other characters.

Most mites lay eggs, but there are some forms in which the eggs hatch
as they are being laid (ovoviviparous), and there are others in which the
eggs hatch within the body of the female and the young stages reach sexual
maturity before they are born. This latter condition occurs in the grain
itch mite.

The eggs of mites are usually laid in places frequented by the adults.
ah eggs of ticks are usually laid on or in the ground or under rubbish and
eaves.

Many of the mites which frequent foodstuffs or are plant-feeders may
be comparatively short-lived, but many of the parasitic mites, such as the
blood-sucking fowl mites, may live for many months at least, and _ ticks
may live for years. Investigations have shown that some species of both
soft-bodied and hard-bodied ticks are able to survive under adverse conditions
and without food for almost ten years. Oxer and Ricardo found that the
larvae of the “Dog Tick” (Ixodes holocyclus) were active after immersion
in water for 36 days.

Mites and ticks may transmit various bacterial and protozoan parasites,
or virus diseases from infected animals to man and other animals. Many
of these diseases in nature are not known to be transmitted by any other
means than by the bites of mites and ticks. Scrub typhus and other typhus-
like fevers are transmitted by Trombiculiid mites, and endemic typhus may
be transmitted by the tropical rat mite, and fowl paralysis may be transmitted
by the fowl mite. There is a common mite on domestic rats that is known
to transmit a fatal protozoan disease to white rats. Numbers of species
of both soft-bodied and hard-bodied ticks in various countries transmit
relapsing fevers and spotted fevers and the highly fatal Rocky Mountain
fever to man, domestic and wild animals. Others transmit red-water fever
and gall sickness of cattle and tick paralysis. Ross records that a single
adult female of the dog or bush tick may cause fatal paralysis in man
and other animals. Numbers of these diseases are known to be passed on
through the egg stage to the next generation of ticks.

Many mites have adapted themselves to using insects as a means of
tarnsportation from one breeding ground to another suitable locality. They
have become “hitch-hikers”. ‘There is a rat mite (Histiostoma) which in
one of its immature stages attaches itself to the rat flea (Nosopsyllus fasciatus)
for transportation, and is spread from nest to nest in this way.

Some of the mites CTyroglyphidae) in their life-cycle enter a special
stage known as a hypopal stage, of which there are two forms, a motile
and a non-motile. In their non-motile or encysted stage they may be blown
about readily by currents of air, and in their motile stage they may become
attached to insects for transportation.

Certain species of mites frequenting the bark of trees have deve-
loped the habit of feeding on scale insects and their eggs, and these mites use
ladybird beetles, which also feed upon them, as a means of transport.

Numerous species of mites are transported from place to place or from
animal to animal during wanderings of their hosts, and many species of
ticks, on account of their habit of dropping from their host animal to
cast their skins when replete with blood, and others when about to deposit
their eggs may be found here and there in widely separated areas where
their host animals have wandered.

Mites (Dermanyssidae,)) of various genera have become internal para-
sites of animals, and some infest the bronchial tubes of seals, and others
live in small cavities in the lungs of certain monkeys. Other mites of
the same group live in the air passages of birds, and others in the air sacs
of snakes. ‘There is one species in California that infests the lungs of the
ground squirrel.

There are minute mites (Acarapis woodii) which enter the breathing
tubes of honey bees where they live and reproduce. ‘This brings about a
partial or complete paralysis of the flight muscles, thus causing the bees
to crawl about in the vicinity of the hive. The condition, which is
known as “Isle of Wight” disease, occurs in a number of countries, but so
far, due to our quarantine regulations, these mites have not yet entered
this country. There is another species of mite CLocustacarus) that lives
within the breathing tubes of certain American grasshoppers.

In the warmer climates there are mites with flattened bodies that
frequently conceal themselves beneath the scales of snakes.

In America there are mites (Hannemania) that burrow under the skin
of tree toads and there engorge.

In tropical areas, small mites (Trombidiidae), known as “harvest
mites”, “chiggers”, and “scrub itch” mites, readily attack man and transmit
scrub typhus and other typhus-like fevers.

6

There is a closely related, minute, red-bodied mite (Acomatacarus
australiensis), known as the grass itch mite, that occurs in parts of the
Sydney district. It readily bites persons, and to those who are allergic to
its bites, the mites cause irritation that may persist for days, and in some
persons a rise in temperature. Although the mites tend to congregate on
the body where any tight clothing may be, they may be found attached
anywhere, even around the edges of the eyelids. Cats and dogs frequenting
gardens may also be attacked, the mites being found as pink clusters in
their ears. This mite is not known to transmit any particular disease.

There are numbers of families of mites, known as “feather mites”, the
species of which are found on birds. Some are found on the feathers of
the body, others on those of the head and neck and some on the long flight-
feathers of the wings; others live next to the body amongst the down. There
are some species that live inside the quills of domestic fowls, and others
again in the quills of pigeons. Some of these mites show a preference for
certain groups of birds, but others have a wide range of hosts, including
parakeets, birds of prey, pigeons, crows and others.

Itch mites which burrow under the skin cause scabies in man. Other
allied forms which are regarded by some as races of the mite attacking man,
and by others as distinct species, are found on numbers of animals, and
cause those conditions known as mange on various parts of their bodies.

Those forms found infesting horses, dogs and pigs can be transmissible
to man, for a time at least, and the genus (Notoedres) which causes cat
mange may at least, temporarily, also infest man.

There are other allied mites CCnemidocoptes) which burrow at the
base of the feathers of various birds, and cause great irritation and loss of
feathers. Another species feeds beneath the epidermal scales of birds’ legs
and causes “scaly leg” of domestic fowls and other birds.

There are two common blood-sucking mites (Dermanyssus gallinae and
Liponyssus bursa) that attack poultry, and these are popularly referred
to as “red mites”, although it is only when engorged with blood that they
are red. ‘These mites conceal themselves in cracks and crevices and only
visit the birds to feed. ‘They are the mites commonly found in the nesting
places of starlings and other birds that nest near habitations. Cage birds
may also be attacked.

There are minute, elongated mites that inhabit the sebaceous glands
and hair follicles of man and other mammals. Some species produce lumps
on the skin of cattle, others are parasitic on hogs, and one which is parasitic
on dogs is sometimes fatal to the host.

Several species of mites (Erynites) are to be found upon the bodies
of snails and slugs, and these may be seen running very rapidly over the
bodies of these animals.

Many species of mites, at times, occur in great numbers in offices or
factories and in dwellings and people suffer from their bites. ‘These mites,
usually, are found to be either the tropical bird mite (Liponyssus bursa), the
Poultry mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) or the Rat mite (Liponyssus bacoti)
and sometimes in places where straw is used for packing, the Grain itch mite
(Pediculoides ventricosus). The bird mites are usually found to have
wandered, sometimes for considerable distances, from birds’ nests in roof
cavities, or other parts of buildings, and the rat mites, either from rats’
nests or from structures frequented by them. The grain itch mite fre-
quently wanders from substances which have been infested with the larvae
of various insects upon which they are parasitic. Bird mites, usually, are
found to be most numerous after the young have left the nest, and rat
mites after the rats have been controlled.

7

It is not intended in this address to give anything in great detail about
the ticks. Some of the overseas species have been studied very closely on
account of the important part they play in the transmission of diseases.
Musgrave has written an informative account of those species of ticks which
are harmful to dogs in Australia, and Zeck has written a short paper on
the common dog tick; Roberts, in Queensland, has written of those species
which attack domesticated animals, and the common “Bush or Dog tick” of
New South Wales has been closely studied by Ross, and Oxer and Ricardo,

and these papers are available in various journals.

The soft-bodied ticks CArgasidae) number somewhere about 50 species
throughout the world, and in Australia we appear to have only the cosmo-
politan introduced fowl tick CArgas yersicus) and another, possibly indi-
genous species (Argas lagenoplastis) which was described from the nests
of Fairy Martins, in this State. Some of the soft-bodied ticks are specific
in their choice of hosts and others feed readily upon various animals. ‘There
is one species in the south-west of North America, which, in its immature
stages, lives in the ears of cattle, and this results in great irritation and loss
of condition. It has also been recorded to cause deafness in dogs.

Amongst the hard-bodied ticks are groups in which all three stages
remain on the same host animal to complete their development (Boophilus
microplus), others in which the first two stages are passed on the same
animal and the adult awaits another animal (Rhipicephalus evertsi; R. bursa),
and those which require a different host for every stage (Ixodes holocyclus).

The fully-engorged females (third stage ticks) deposit their eggs in
a mass on or in the ground or amongst debris. ‘The common dog tick
(Ixodes) of this State has been recorded to lay up to 2,500 eggs, but
there is a species of tick in Africa (Amblyomma) which attacks both wild
and domesticated animals that has been recorded as laying up to 20,000

eggs.

Although various ticks may be referred to by popular names, such as
the “Dog Tick”, the “Kangaroo Tick”, and others, they are mostly in no
way restricted to these particular hosts and may attack many other animals,
including man. Some ticks (Aponomma and Amblyomma) prefer to live
as parasites on various species of snakes and lizards.

Not all mites are injurious. There are many families in which various
species, at least, are predaceous on their relatives, and many mites which
destroy various scale insects, small caterpillars, aphids and springtails. ‘There
are others which are parasitic on beetles and there is also one very small
me which attacks the house fly, and is carried about whilst feeding on its

ost.

With regard to the ticks, however, no good can be said. They are
vicious blood-suckers and amongst them are many proven vectors of fatal
diseases.

Unfortunately, many mites and.ticks were, in past times, introduced
into Australia, and they have become established, but there are still many
that have not yet reached here.

In conclusion, ladies and gentlemen, I would again like to express the
hope that I have contributed in a small way, further, to an understanding
of the dangers that may arise from the introduction of exotic parasites into
this coup*ry and their possible menace to its fauna.

8

OBITUARIES

Dr. G. A. WATERHOUSE (1877-1950)

By the death of Gustavus Athol Waterhouse on the 29th July, 1950,
the Society has lost one of its most outstanding members, and one who, in
the past, laboured untiringly in its behalf. His research work on the
Rhopalocera (Butterflies) of Australia had made him pre-eminent in that
branch of Entomology, and by the publication of his papers and books he
had acquired a high reputation as an entomologist overseas. Some of his
most valued researches were the breeding experiments with the Satyrine
butterflies of the Genus Tisiphone, and these results were first made
public as Presidential Addresses to the Linnean Society of New South
Wales during his term of office, 1921-23. He published two monographs
on this genus in our Society’s journal, The Australian Zoologist, in 1914
and 1928. ‘This research work brought the honour of D.Sc. from the
University of Sydney, while the Royal Entomological Society of London
conferred upon him the distinction of Hon. Life Fellow. He was President
of our Society during 1924-25, and his substantial efforts for the Publication
Fund led to the Society being placed ‘on a sound financial footing and
enabling handbooks to be published on various Zoological subjects. For
his valuable services to the Society he was elected an Associate Benefactor
in 1930. While thus actively engaged in advancing the interests of the
Society, other scientific bodies were similarly benefiting by his experience, of
these mention may be made of: the Linnean Society of N.S.W., Councillor
from 1912-43, President, 1921-23, Hon. Treasurer, 1926-28 and 1930-43;
Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science,
Hon. General Treasurer, 1934-46, President of Zoology Section, 1937; the
Australian National Research Council, Member of Executive Committee;
the Royal Society of N.S.W., Hon. Secretary, 1923-5. In addition he was
an Hon. Entomologist of the Australian Museum from 1919, and Elective
Trustee, 1926-47, and President of the Board in 1930. [IIl-health caused
him to resign from the Board in 1947. In 1930 he presented his magnificent
collection of Australian and Indo-Pacific butterflies to the Australian Museum,
and he continued to work at it, and to prepare taxonomic papers based
upon material submitted to him, until his failing health forced him to retire.

His first paper upon the Rhopalocera was published in the Proceedings
of the Linnean Society of N.S.W. in 1897, and his last in 1942. Among
his publications may be mentioned the Catalogue of the Rhopalocera of
Australia, published as a Memoir of the N.S.W. Naturalist’s Club (1903),
The Butterflies of Australia (1914), published in collaboration with Mr. G.
Lyell, and What Butterfly is That? (1932), illustrated by our late fellow-
member, Neville Cayley. This last-named was a magnificent contribution
to the study of Australian Rhopalocera. Though the importance of his
hybridizing experiments has been stressed above, much of his work lay in
the taxonomic field of entomology, and in 1936 he visited England to study
type-specimens and literature relating to Australian butterflies. As a result
of his studies at the British Museum (Natural History), he was able to clear
up many points in the classification of these insects in his Presidential Address
to Section D of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the
Advancement of Science at Auckland in January, 1937.

9

He was born at Waverley, Sydney, on May 21, 1877, and was educated
at the Sydney Grammar School and the University of Sydney, graduating
B.Sc., 1899; B.E., 1900; D.Sc., 1924. In 1900 he was appointed to the
Royal Mint, Sydney, and was Assistant Assayer from April 1, 1900 - December
31, 1926. When the Mint closed in that year, he retired to devote himself
to the scientific studies mentioned above.

His ever-readiness to assist his fellow-worker has been amply shown,
and to these the author would add his own deep appreciation of advice
and assistance rendered throughout a long association.

A. Muscrave.

HAROLD SUTCLIFFE MORT, B.Sc., B.E.

On the 18th May, 1950, the Society lost one of its best known and
oldest members, Harold Sutcliffe Mort, B.Sc., B.E., who passed away in
a private hospital in Mosman, Sydney, after a long illness during which,
in spite of great pain and increasing weakness, he maintained the keenest

interest in his great love, Conchology, and in the happenings of the Society
and its members.

Harold Mort was born in 1878, a son of the Reverend Canon H. W.
Mort, and was educated at The King’s School, Parramatta. He graduated
B.Sc. at Sydney University, and even in his early school days was extremely
interested in natural history, in particular zoology, later specialising in Con-
chology, commencing his intensive collecting of shells and his field work
in his first year at the University. In this field of zoology he became very
proficient and gained many friends throughout the world. Later he took his
B.E. degree and for over 30 years was a highly respected and competent
officer of the Railway Department of New South Wales. During the years,
by numerous field trips, when he learnt to know the eastern coast bf
Australia particularly well, especially in relation to the habitats of the
molluscan fauna, and by extensive collecting, he built up a fine collection
of shells, to which he added many species by continuous exchange with
collectors in many parts of the world. Nevertheless, he always displayed
a marked generosity in presenting to museums material they wished for
their collections. In carrying on his hobby, he also built up a library of rare
and interesting books, some of which are now difficult to obtain. Arrange-
ments have been made to sell his library and shell collection privately.

A particular associate of the great Conchologist and past member of the
Society, the late Charles Hedley, Harold Mort had the same love for the
rich collecting spots round Sydney, such as Long Reef, Bottle and Glass
Rocks, Kurnell and Gunnamatta Bay, and like Hedley, spent most of his
spare week-end time turning the rocks and combing the weeds for new
treasures or interesting facts to add to his eclogical knowledge. Until his
illness prevented him, he played an intensively active part in the Marine
Zoological Section of the Society, of which he had been Chairman, showing
always a particular aptitude for helping young and inexperienced collectors,
willingly passing on the knowledge he had gained in both field and
systematic work, giving them specimens for their initial collections and
helping them in every way possible. Many of the Society's keen members
of to-day owe much of their enthusiasm to his inspiration, and join in
the deep regret at his passing, and in extending sympathy to his wife and
family.

J.A.
10

Reports of Sections

*
BUDGERIGAR SECTION

——— —

In presenting the Annual Report of the Budgerigar Section for the year
ending June, 1950, I have pleasure in reporting that the Section has made
a further move to the fore as one of the leading Societies of New South

Wales.

The average attendance at the meetings has increased, and has averaged
30 per meeting. This increase has been brought about by the policy of
the Section of catering entirely for the Budgerigar fancier. Of the 12
meetings held during the year, 11 were devoted to the Budgerigar, and the
meetings have proved the popularity of this policy by the increased
attendance.

During the year five Table Shows were held in comparison with three
during the past year, with two groups in operation, the Open Classes and the
Juvenile Classes; the Table Shows have proved popular, and during the
coming year it is hoped to have at least six.

I extend the sincere thanks of the members to Mr. S. Maher and Mr.
H. Yardley for the interesting lectures they contributed towards the Section’s
meetings, and for their interest in conveying their knowledge particularly to
the Junior Members.

The Question Nights have again proved popular, and it was only by the
co-operation of various members that these nights were made so interesting
to all. It is hoped to conduct a Budgerigar Quiz Night during the coming
year, and this meeting should prove to be the largest meeting of the Budgerigar
Section. The particulars will be announced during the coming meetings.

The 14th Annual Lawn Show of the above Section, held at the residence
of Mr. and Mrs. Vincent Fairfax, “Elaine,” 550 New South Head Road,
Double Bay, on Saturday, 25th February, 1950, was the outstanding success
of all shows held since the war. A total of 285 birds were benched, and by
the remarks expressed by the three judges the overall quality of the exhibits
was outstanding.

We are indebted to Mr. Vincent Fairfax for having granted his home and
grounds for use by the Section for the staging of this event, and to Mrs.
Vincent Fairfax for firstly presenting the trophies to the winners and for
providing afternoon tea for the exhibitors and visitors, of which there were
over 100, we extend our sincere thanks.

To all exhibitors, and particularly our Newcastle supporters, I extend
the thanks of the Section members for their continued support.

The trophy winners were as follows:—

(1) THE ELAINE TROPHY-—Best Bird in Show: Mr. V. A. Taplin.
Previous Winners: 1946, Mr. J. Swinfield; 1947, Mr. H. Yardley;
1948, Mr. H. Yardley; 1949, Mr. J. Thompson.

1

(2) THE HALLSTROM TROPHY-—EBest Opposite Sex to Elaine Trophy
Winner: Mr. H. Yardley.

(3) Best Budgerigar in Open Classes—Elaine Trophy Winner not eligible:
Mr. H. Yardley.

(4) Best Green—Classes 1 to 4: Mr. H. Yardley.

(5) Best Blue—Classes 5 to 8: Mr. J. Thompson.

(6) Best Violet or Grey—Classes 9 to 12: Mr. H. Yardley.

(7) Best Greywing—Classes 13 to 20: Mr. T. McSwiggan.

(8) Best Greywing—Classes 21 to 24: Mr. J. H. Fairfax.

(9) Best Yellowwing—Classes 25 to 28: Miss G. Oberg.

(10) Best Whitewing—Classes 29 to 34: Mr. H. Yardley.

(11) Best Yellow—Classes 35 and 36:Mr. G. Barnett.

(12) Best Bird—Classes 37 and 38: Mr. G. E. Jonas.

(13) Best Albino or Lutino—Classes 39 to 42: Mr. V. A. Taplin.
(14) Best Cinnamonwing—Classes 43 and 44: Mr. J. McNamara.
C15.) Best Cinnamonwing—Classes 45 and 46: Mr. P. Harvey.

(16) Best Cinnamonwing—Classes 47 to 50: Mr. J. McNamara.
(17) Best Opaline—Classes 51 and 52: Mr. J. Bright.

(18) Best Opaline—Classes 54 and 55: Mr. J. Thompson.

C19) Best Opaline—Classes 53 and 56: Miss G. Oberg.

(20) Best Clearwing Opaline—Classes 57 and 58—Mr. W. Hancock.
(21) Best Yellow-Faced Blue—Classes 59 and 60: Mr. T. McSwiggan.
(22) Best Fallow—Classes 61 and 62: Mrs. D. Sampson.
(23) Best Exhibit—Group 9: Mr. H. Yardley.
(24) Best Pied—Classes 63 and 64: Miss G. Oberg.

(25) Best A.O.V.—Class 65: Mr. J. Bright.

(26) Best Exhibit—Classes 66, 67 and 68: Mr. H. Yardley.

(27) Best Exhibit—Open Classes, Exhibited by Lady Exhibitor: Mrs. J. Mas.

YOUNG BIRD TROPHIES

(28) ROY BROWNE MEMORIAL TROPHY-—Best Young Bird in Show:
Mr. H. Yardley.

Previous Winners: 1948, Mr. H. Yardley; 1949, Mr. J. H. Fairfax.
(29) Runner-up to R. B. Browne Trophy Winner: Mr. H. Yardley.
(30) Third Best Young Bird: Mr. H. Yardley.

(31) SILENT KNIGHT TROPHY—Best Opposite Sex to R. B. Browne
Winner: Mr. J. L. Vance.

(32) Best Green—Classes 69 and 70: Mr. H. Yardley.

(33) Best Blue—Classes 72 and 73: Mr. H. Yardley.

(34) Best Grey or Violet—Classes 71 and 74: Mr. H. Yardley.
(35) Best Greywing—Classes 79 and 80: Mr. J. H. Fairfax.
(36) Best Yellowwing—Classes 81 and 82: Mr. H. Yardley.
(37) Best Whitewing—Classes 83 and 84: Mr. H. Yardley.

12

(38) Best Yellow—Classes 85 and 86: Mr. H. Yardley.

(39) Best Bird—Classes 87 and 88: Mr. T. McSwiggan.

(40) Best Albino or Lutino—Classes 89 and 90: Mr. H. Yardley.

(41) Best Cinnamonwing—Classes 91, 92 and 93: Mr. J. L. Vance.
(42) Best Cinnamonwing—Classes 94, 95, 96 and 97: Mr. J. L. Vance.
(43) Best Opaline—Classes 98 to 105: Mr. J. Bright.

(44) Best Opaline—Classes 98, 99, 100: Mr. J. Bright.

(45) Best Opaline—Classes 101, 102, 103: Mr. J. Bright.

(46) Best Clearwing Opaline—Classes 104 and 105 Mr. J. Bright.
(47) Best Yellow F. Blue—Classes 106 and 107: Mr. T. McSwiggan.
(48) Best Young Bird Bred and Exhibited by Lady Exhibitor: Mrs. D.

Sampson.
JUVENILE TROPHIES

(49) PRESIDENT’S TROPHY—Classes 110, 111, 112: Miss G. Oberg.
(50) Secretary's Trophy—Class 113: Master B. Harvey.

The Show was opened by Mr. O. D. A. Oberg, who paid tribute to
Mr. J. H. Fairfax for his continued support through the years, and thanked
Mr. and Mrs. Vincent Fairfax for keeping alive the interest in the Lawn
a Mr. J. H. Fairfax replied, and Mr. Oberg then introduced Mrs. V.

airfax.

Mr. Eric Wright conveyed a vote of thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Vincent
Fairfax for their support to the Section.

Mrs. Vincent Fairfax made presentations on behalf of the Section to the
three Judges, Messrs. J. Catt, S. Maher and K. Fidden, for the sterling work
they have performed for the Section in the past years. To them all we convey
our sincere thanks.

The Section wishes to convey to Mr. E. J. Hallstrom its thanks for his
generous donation, which helps to make this Show an outstanding success.
To all other donors our thanks for their support in making such a large trophy
list possible.

The President and myself wish to convey our personal thanks and appre-
ciation to all who assisted and for the manner in which support and assistance
was forthcoming.

J. L. Briceur,
Honorary Section,
Budgerigar Section.

—— ———

MARINE ZOOLOGICAL SECTION

Owing to blackouts, the Section was unable to hold meetings until
September, but from then on lectures were well attended and several new
members were welcomed.

A new glass showcase, which now stands in the Society’s rooms, was
purchased with members’ contributions, and is to be used for the display of
colourful specimens.

13

An outstanding feature of the Section has been the large attendance on
the field days, and for the first time a full report has been made of specimens
found on these monthly outings.

The Conchology study night has proved of great value to students. David
McAlpine has cleared up several debatable points in the genus Siphonaria,
while Mr. C. F. Laseron’s paper on the Rissoidae, published in the Records
of the Australian Museum, is of great assistance in classification. Unfortun-
ately, the shell reference cabinet has not progressed as anticipated, but work
is still advancing enthusiastically.

The following is a list of lectures given throughout the year, and the
officers of this Section wish to thank the lecturers who have helped to
make our year such a success:—

September 5th, 1949: “Spiders—Friend or Foe”, Miss V. Levitt.

October 4th, 1949: Cabinet Night.

November 7th, 1949: Barrier Reef and Tumut (colour film, Mr. N.
Chaffer.

December 5th, 1949: “Shells of New Caledonia”, Mr. T. Iredale.
January 3rd, 1950: Cabinet Night.

February 6th, 1950: “Capturing Wild Animals in Central Africa”,
Mr. H. B. Brown.

March 6th, 1950: “New South Wales Snakes in Captivity”, Mr. A. I.

Ormsby.

April 3rd, 1950: “The Markham and Ramu Valleys of New Guinea’,
Major H. Burgh.

May Ist, 1950: “The Australian Pearling Industry”, Mr. E. Norman.
June 5th, 1950: Annual Meeting. Cabinet Night and Election of
fficers.
E. F. Hoxtzianp, Chairman.

CMrs.) L. Harrorp, Secretary.

ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION
ANNUAL REPORT, 1949-1950

The interest and keenness of members of the Section have been evident
during the past year. Regular monthly meetings, except during July, 1949,
when lighting restrictions forced a cancellation, were held. Details are as
follows:—

August 18, 1949: General discussion on “Introduced Birds”, led by
Messrs. Everitt, Fearnley, Haines and Virtue.

September 15, 1949: Colour Films by Norman Chaffer.
October 20, 1949: “Fairy Wrens”, by Major H. Burgh.

November 17, 1949: General discussion on “Grassland Birds’, led by
Messrs. Chaffer, Francis, Givens and Hindwood.

14

December 15, 1949: “Plumage Changes and the Reproductive Cycle”,
by Mr. J. A. Keast.

January 19, 1950: General Business Meeting.
February 16, 1950: “Lyrebirds”, by Mr. K. A. Hindwood.
March 16, 1950: “Various Bird Problems”, by Mr. A. H. Chisholm.

April 20, 1950: General discussion on “Cuckoos”, led by Messrs. Gads-
den, Gannon, Hindwood and Todd.

May 18, 1950: General discussion on “Ducks”, led by Messrs. Haines,
McGill, Roberts and Virtue.

June 15, 1950: Annual Meeting. “Birds of Northern Queensland”, by
Mr. J. D. Waterhouse.

Keen discussion was apparent at all meetings, either following the
principal address or during general deliberations. ‘Thanks are hereby ten-
dered to all those who led discussions, prepared informative matter, or
delivered lectures. ‘The average attendance was 33, fewer than the figures
of the preceding two years, but as the minimum number at any one meeting
was 24, the monthly attendance numbers fluctuated little.

No organised outing was held, but at each meeting time was set apart
for personal observations. The “tabling” of lists and the giving of interesting
and unusual records maintain their popularity, and are means whereby indi-
viduals can share their experiences with fellow-members. Such also materially
assist in augmenting the already noteworthy amount of informative matter
upon the movement and distribution of birds, especially within the Sydney
district. From further afield, reports were given by Messrs. Moore, Palmer
and Virtue, who attended the annual Camp-out of the R.A.O.U. at Lake
St. Clair, Tasmania; by Messrs. Chaffer, Chisholm, Ramsay and Waterhouse,
on the birds met with during a trip to north-western New South Wales;
by Messrs. Keast and Roberts, who visited Berida Station, Gilgandra, during
the annual Gould League Camp; by Mr. MacKay, of birds seen during a
visit to the Five Islands and a trip to Lake Bathurst; and by Mr. Clyde, who
spent a short time in the Dorrigo district.

At the August meeting a welcome was extended to Mr. A. H. Chisholm,
a past President of the R.A.O.U., who had again taken up residence in
Sydney. Early in 1950, Mr. R. P. Cooper, a past Secretary and recent
Chairman of the Section, was transferred, for business reasons, to Melbourne.
At the February meeting opportunity was taken to wish bon voyage to
Mr. and Mrs. Norman Chaffer and Mr. W. R. Moore, who were soon to leave
on a trip to England and Europe. Welcomes were extended during the
year to Mr. Ramsden, of the British Ornithologists’ Union, Captain Ains-
worth, of Tasmania, Mr. Jack Jones, of Melbourne, and Major Swinbourne.

Several special Committee Meetings were held. ‘These, briefly, were for
the purpose of deliberating upon R.A.O.U. and R.Z.S. business matters,
assessing individually the birds not protected in the Fauna Schedule and
making arrangements for the 1950 R.A.O.U. Annual Congress and Camp-
out. A list of recommendations was forwarded to the Chief Guardian df
the Fauna Protection Panel. Information was received from England _re-
garding the re-forming of the Australian Section for International Bird
Preservation. It was also hoped that some workable and successful scheme
for Bird Banding in Australia might eventuate. A request was made seeking
information concerning the proposed Catalogue of the Mathews’ Omnitho-
logical Library in Canberra. Volume-binding of The Emu and the projected
50-year Emu Index were also discussed.

15

At the Annual Meeting the following officers for 1950-1951 were elected:
Chairman: Mr. J. D. Waterhouse.

Vice-Chairman: Mr. J. Francis.

Secretary: Mr. A. R. McGill.

Assistant Secretary: Mr. J. A. Keast.

Committee: Messrs. N. C. Fearnley, K. A. Hindwood, E. Hoskin, J. A.
Palmer and R. M. Virtue.

Arnotp R. McGit1,
Section Hon. Secretary.

FIELD REPORT, 1949-1950

In comparison with the previous year, a summary of records of the
Sydney district reveals fewer instances of the occurrence of rare species,
or unusual observations. However, a number merits some brief comment.

The increase of the White-plumed Honeyeater (Meliphaga yenicillata)
was frequently commented upon and about half a dozen breeding records,
all in suburban areas, were reported during the year. This bird may soon
be as common in Sydney as it has long been in Melbourne. The Galah
(Kakaioe roseicapilla) is another bird likely to become well established. Four
were reported from Pennant Hills. ‘Two Pale-headed Rosellas (Platycerus
adscitus) were seen at Richmond (Fearnley) and the Crested Pigeon
COcyphaps lophotes) at Hornsby (Kennedy). ‘Iwo flocks of 'Topknot Pigeons
CLopholaimus antarcticus) were seen and a Channel-billed Cuckoo (Scythrops
novae-hollandiae) heard calling at Pennant Hills (Fearnley). Both the white
and grey phases of the Reef Heron (Demigretta sacra.) were observed at
Lake Illawarra (MacKay). The Drongo CChibia bracteata) was noted at
Lindfield in August and both the Scaly-breasted and Rainbow Lorikeets
(Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus and T. moluccanus) common in the same
vicinity (Waterhouse). The Black-chinned MHoneyeater (Melithreptus
gularis) was recorded at Centennial Park (Hoskin). In November a Masked
Owl CT yto novae-hollandiae) was shot at Menai and forwarded to The Aus-
tralian Museum, whilst the introduced Blackbird CTurdus merula) was
seen at Leura (Cooper). Details of some storm-washed sea-birds were
given, the most interesting find being a Little Shearwater (Puffinus assimilis )
at Bate Bay; this being the second definite eastern Australian record. In
the same locality, in October, two Stubble Quails CCoturnix pectoralis) were
found dead amongst the debris (McGill).

Some interesting autumn and winter breeding records were given, in-
cluding the Speckled Warbler (CChthonicola sagittata), Brown Quail
(Synoicus australis) and Zebra Finch CTaeniopygia castanotis) at Glenfield
in June (Boughtwood) and the Blackshouldered Kite CElanus notatus) in
August (Chaffer). Amongst a number of nesting observations were the Brown
Warbler (Gerygone richmondi) at Clifton Gardens (Hoskin) and at least
three nests of the Figbird (Sphecotheres vieilloti) in the Domain. A small
party visiting the National Park, near Waterfall, in December saw a pair of
White-throated Nightjars (Eurostopodus mystacalis) brooding a very young
bird with the empty eggshell nearby.

Many items of interest were given by those who visited more distant
country centres. At Collarenebri the Black-backed and Purple-backed Wrens
(Malurus melanotus and M. assimilis), Crimson Chat (Epihianura tricolor),
Freckled Duck (Stictonetta naevosa) and Mulga Parrot (Psephotus varius)
were “listed”. At Pillaga the Turquoise Parrot (Neophema pulchella) and
Mistletoe-bird (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) were found nesting. On Berida
Station amongst a well-compiled record were the Emu (Dromaius novae-

16

hollandiae), Singing Honeyeater (Meliphaga virescens), White-winged Wren
CMalurus leuconotus) and Ground Cuckoo-Shrike (Pteropodocys maxima).
At Lake Bathurst the Avocet (Recurvirostra novae-hollandiae), Gull-billed
Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica), Pink-eared Duck (CMalacorhynchus mem-
branaceus), Freckled Duck and Chestnut-breasted Shelduck (Casarca
tadornoides) were recorded. At Dorrigo the Rufous Scrub-bird (Atrichornis
rufescens) was found nesting and many interesting brush birds identified.

Arnotp R. McGIL1,

Section Hon. Secretary.

GENERAL ZOOLOGICAL SECTION

On 24th August, 1949, a meeting of Society members was convened by
the Council “to decide upon the creation of a new section to provide for the
interests of members which are NOT available from the existing sections.”

There has been no doubt as to the popularity of this Section, and during
the discussions of this meeting Mr. J. R. Kinghorn reminded the members
present that this was NOT in fact a creation, but rather the reincarnation of
a Section, strongly supported in the past, but which had lapsed during the
early war years owing to the pressure of wartime activities of many members.

At this inaugural meeting the following were elected as office-bearers:—
Chairman: Mr. J. R. Kinghorn.

Vice-Chairman: Miss E. Pope.

Joint Hon. Secretaries: Messrs. A. Ormsby and H. Burgh.

‘ A very interesting series of lectures has been given during the year,
including “Zoological Adaptations”, “Venoms”, “Insects of the Sydney Area’,
“Jellyfish and Their Stings”, “Japanese Antarctic Whaling”, “Animal Migra-
tion”, “Extinct and Vanishing Animals’, together with reports on the current
activities of The Australian Museum, the Fauna Protection Panel and the

Kosciusko State Park Trust.

Initially the meetings were held in the Society’s Library, but it was soon
apparent that its capacity was too small to accommodate the members attend-
ing. During the year an exchange of meeting-place was arranged with the
Avicultural Section, which made the main Lecture Hall available to the
General Zoological Section. Attendances were somewhat reduced during May
and June, due to the very poor weather conditions, but the programme
arranged for the coming year should prove to be attractive to many additional
members.

With the increased space now available for the meetings and the syllabus
as arranged, every effort will be made to expand the Section during the
forthcoming year.

J. R. Krncuorn, Chairman.
H. Burcu, Hon. Secretary.

17

SYLLABUS OF SECTIONAL MEETINGS FOR 1950-1951

Ornithological Section. N.S.W. Branch, Royal Australasian
Ornithologists’ Union.

1950—

July 20: General discussion on “Cockatoos”.

August 17: Film Slides and Commentary, by J. E. Roberts.
September 21: Address by A. H. Chisholm.

October 19: General discussion on “Herons”.

November 16: Birds and Events of the R.A.O.U. Camp-out.
December 21: European Memoirs, by N. Chaffer and W. R. Moore.

1951—

January 18: Film Slides and Commentary, by K. A. Hindwood.

February 15: “Fauna Protection”, by J. R. Kinghorn.

March 15: Colour Films, by N. Chaffer.

aoe “A Short Review of Ornithological Literature’, by T. A.
veritt.

May 17: General discussion on “Bird Behaviour’.

June 21: Annual Meeting: Chairman’s Address.

Marine Zoological Section.

Meets on the first Tuesday of each month.

1950—

July 3: “Activities in Sydney Harbour’, by R. E. Johnson.

August 7: “Marine Diver at Work”, by E. Boulton.

September 5: “Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Their Neighbours”, by
Miss E. Pope.

October 3: “Australian Coastal Scenery and Its Causes”, by C.. F.
Laseron.

November 7: “Drawing Hints for Naturalists’, by Miss J. Allan.

December 5: “Whaling in N.W. Australia (1950)”, by K. Coonan.

1951—

January 2: Work on the Cabinet (members only ).
February 6: “Marine Fouling Organisms”, by F. E. Allen.
March 6: “Life in the Mangrove Swamps”, by A. Musgrave.
April 3: Game Fishing (Film Night).

May 1: “Dangers of the Barrier Reef”, by A. Keast.

June 5: Work on the Cabinet and Election of Officers.

The subject for each monthly meeting is advertised in the “Lectures”
column of the Sydney Morning Herald.

Conchology Group.
Meets on second Thursday of each month.

Avicultural Section.
Meets on fourth Tuesday of each month.

Budgerigar Section.
Meets on third Tuesday of each month.

18

General Zoological Section.
Meets on second Tuesday of each month.

1950—
September 11: “Spiders”, by Miss Levitt.

October 9: General discussion on “Animal Behaviour’.

November 13: “Insects”, by E. H. Zeck.

December 11: Question Night (questions to be handed in at November
meeting ).

1951—
January 8: “The Species Concept” (general discussion).
February 12: “Amphibia”, by J. R. Kinghorn.
March 12: “Evolution of Man”, by J. A. Keast.
April 9: “Zoogeography” (general discussion ).
May 14: Question night (questions to be handed in at April meeting).
June 14: Annual Meeting and Chairman’s Address.

19

CLASSIFICATION OF AUSTRALIAN BOIDAE

By Ertc WorreLu

I am indebted to Dr. A. B. Walkom and Mr. J. R. Kinghorn, of The
Austarlian Museum, who assisted me with this work by allowing me to
examine museum records and specimens for comparison with my field notes.

Family BOIDAE. (See Catalogue of Snakes of the British Museum,
Boulenger, page 71, Vol. 1.) Solid toothed, rudiments of pelvis and
ae limbs indicated externally by a thornlike spur on each side
of the vent.

Sub-family PYTHONINAE. Supraorbital bone present; anterior teeth en-
larged and recurved; elliptical pupil; all species are oviparous. Genera:
Aspidites, Chondropython, Liasis and Python.

Genus ASPIDITES Peters

Premaxilla toothless; head slightly distinct from neck, large symmetrical
shields; nostril lateral in single nasal; body cylindrical, capable of depressing
under certain conditions; tail short; subcaudals mostly single.

A. melanocephalus Krefft

Black-headed Python. Jet-black head, throat and neck—pointed muzzle
overlapping; creamish to brown dorsal surface with darker bars along the
cone body. Ventral surface white to creamish. An adult may exceed eight
eet.

Scalation: Rostral broader than deep, occupies about one-fourth the
distance from tip of snout to’ front from above; internasals as broad as deep;
two pairs of prefrontals, inside pair may or may not contact frontal; frontal
almost as broad as deep, almost twice as broad and half as long again as supra-
oculars; large nostril, nasal entire, rarely semi-divided; two or three preoculars;
three or four postoculars; 11-12 upper labials, about 16 lower. Body scales
around 55 rows; Ventrals about 330; Anal entire; Subcaudals about 60.

This python inhabits Northern Australia and appears to be more of an
inland form, being more numerous on the borders of the monsoonal belts.
I collected several between the Katherine River and Daly Waters area. The
python is mild-mannered, but difficult to feed in captivity.

A. ramsayi Macleay

Woma. Similarly shaped to A. melanocephalus, grey-green with narrow
olive bars. Ventral surface yellowish with pink blotches. Attains a length
of almost eight feet.

Scalation: Rostral broader than deep, occupies about one-eighth the dis-
tance from snout to frontal when viewed from above; internasals deeper than
broad; two pairs of prefrontals, outside pair may or may not contact frontal;
frontal about as broad as deep, nearly twice as broad and one-fourth longer
than supraoculars; loreal abnormally broken; nasal entire; 2 or 3 preoculars;
about 5 postoculars; up to 15 upper labials and 19 lower labials. Body scales
are from fifty to over sixty rows; Ventrals around 300; Anal entire.

The Woma is found in the sandhills of Central Australia, Western
Queensland and the northern part of South Australia, where it has on occa-
sions been taken from rabbit burrows. Alice Springs residents know the
Woma as the Rocksnake and believe it to be deadly venomous.

20

Genus CHONDROPYTHON Meyer

Premaxilla toothless; head, covered with small granulated scales, distinct
from neck; nasal large, single or divided; internasals separated by smaller
scales; oculars not enlarged; anterior upper labials pitted, also some of the
lower labials.

C. viridis Schlegel

Green Python. The compressed body of this beautifully coloured python
is bright green with scattered white scales and light blue vertebral markings.
The ventral surface is bright yellow. Juvenile specimens are brilliant golden
yellow or brick red and change to green about three years after birth. Attains
a length of about five feet. Scales are in 57-61 rows; Ventrals 227-240;
Anal entire; Subcaudals 75-109.

Figure 1. Green Python, Chondropython viridis.

Photo.—E. Worrell.

For some years a specimen of C. viridis in the Queensland Museum,
Brisbane, was regarded with suspicion when claimed to have been collected
on Cape York Peninsula, as the species was believed to be confined to New
Guinea and surrounding islands. Lately, however, its existence has been con-
firmed, not only from reliable reports, but also from several specimens, one
of which is exhibited at Taronga Zoo. In September, 1950, a specimen
was collected by the Queensland University’s biological collector. I doubt
that the range extends beyond Cape York Peninsula.

Genus LIASIS Gray

Premaxilla toothed; head distinct from neck, covered with symmetrical
shields; large semi-divided nasal, nostrils supero-lateral; body cylindrical,
capable of depressing under certain conditions; tail short to moderate; sub-
caudals mostly divided.

21

L. childreni Gray

Children’s Python. A somewhat short python, olive brown above liber-
ally covered with broken darker transverse markings or spots with occasional
cream splotches. The markings of juvenile specimens are almost black, while
some adult specimens may lose their markings entirely. The ventral surface
is white. Kinghorn (The Snakes of Australia) states that L. childreni attains
a length of about seven feet, but I have never collected a specimen in excess
of four feet.

Scalation: Headshields are liable to great variation. Rostral broader than
deep, barely visible from above; nasal divided; two pairs of prefrontals, larger
pair usually separated from frontal by small azygous scale; largest shield
frontal, slightly longer than broad, twice as broad and longer than supra-
oculars; loreal broken; usually two preoculars, neither contacting frontal;
several postoculars; from ten upper and thirteen lower labials—some of the
posterior lower labials are pitted. Body scales from 36 to 50 rows; Ventrals
from about 250 to almost 300; Anal entire; Subcaudals around 50, of which
the first few may be single and the balance divided.

The species is widely distributed in Northern Australia. In Queensland
I have collected specimens from Rockhampton, Clermont, Charters Towers and
intermediate localities, and in the Northern Territory from Point Charles to
Port Essington and south to the Roper River. The python subsists prin-
cipally on small mammals, birds and lizards.

L. fuscus Peters

Water Python. Long head slightly distinct rfom neck, body stout.
Dorsal surface deep chocolate brown, subcaudals dark. The labials are
yellowish and ventral surface bright yellow to orange.

Scalation: Rostral broader than deep, barely visible from above; inter-
nasals almost twice as deep as broad; two pairs of prefrontals, both pairs
contacting frontal; frontal longer than broad, one-third longer and twice as
broad as supraoculars; single large loreal; one preocular not contacting frontal
or nasal; usually two postoculars; temporals noticeably larger than nuchals;
about eleven upper labials, the first pitted; about fifteen lower labials, from
about the fourth to the seventh posterior being pitted. Body scales from 42
to about 5 rows; Ventrals 270 to almost 300; Anal entire; Subcaudals 60 to
75 paired.

L. fuscus is the rarest Liasis occurring along the rivers of the far north.
I have collected specimens from the Edith, Katherine, Waterhouse and Roper
Rivers. It is known as “Wirri”’, the water-snake by the Djowan tribe of the
Katherine-Mataranka area, and speared or food. Reptiles constitute the
snake’s main diet. Between October and December the water python feeds
principally upon juvenile Crocodilus johnsoni, which it hunts in the water
by night.

L. olivaceus Gray

Olive Python. ‘The head is large, distinct from neck, snout longish.
The body is loose-skinned and olive coloured, the labials are whitish and
ventral surface white to cream. ‘The tail is longer comparatively than in
any other Liasis. This snake attains twelve feet.

Scalation: Rostral broader than deep, barely visible from above; inter-
nasals about twice as long as broad; large single loreal; two pairs prefrontals—
anterior pair elongate, usually almost twice as long as internasals and rarely
contacting frontal, being separated by a small azygous shield; frontal largest
scale—longer than broad, one-third longer and twice as broad as supraoculars;
two to four postoculars; temporals not noticeably larger than nuchals; twelve
to fourteen upper labials—first pitted. Body scales from about 60 rows;
Ventrals from 350; Anal entire; Subcaudals divided, often exceeding 100.
Some may be entire.

22

L. olivaceus is commonest in limestone localities and is the largest snake
in the Northern Territory (unless Python amethystinus can be established as
exceeding it). I collected specimens rom West Arm to Cape Don and
Armhem Land, south to Birdum and intermediate localities, and also between
the Cape River and Blair Athol, Queensland. Natives of the central north
(Newcastle Waters to Katherine) believe the Olive Python to be Goorijal-
pongo, the earthly form taken by Bollong the mythical Rainbow Serpent,
creator of all material things. Diet consists principally of mammals, birds
and Varanus gouldi.

L. albertisii Peters & Doria

D’Alberti’s Python. Head large, distinct from neck, black with creamish
to pink labials anteriorly tipped with black. Snout narrow, throat flecked
with black. Olive to pinkish brown above, cream to yellow below.

Scalation: Rostral broader than deep to as broad as deep, pitted, visible
from above; one pair of prefrontals, twice as deep as broad; internasals slightly
deeper than broad, broad anteriorly, over twice as broad and long as supra-
oculars; one loreal, abnormally two; small variable parietals; twelve to fourteen
upper labials, first three or four pitted; about sixteen lower labials, half of
which may be pitted. Body scales about 50 rows; Ventrals from about 260;
Anal entire; Subcaudals around 70 divided.

Kinghorn states that this rare python occurs in Northern Australia,
attains eight feet, and produces about thirty eggs. The diet consists mainly
of small mammals and birds.

Figure 2.
D’Albertis’ Python,
Liasis albertisii.

Photo.—E. Worrell.

Genus PYTHON Daudin

Premaxilla toothed; head distinct from neck; nasal semi-divided, nostril
supero-lateral; body cylindrical to compressed; tail moderate, prehensile; sub-
caudals mostly divided.

P. amethystinus Schneider

Queensland Rock Python. The head is large, body elongate and tail
tapering. The dorsal surface is olive brown with dark brown markings
and the ventral surface white to creamish. Is known to exceed twenty feet.

23

Scalation: Rostral pitted, broader than deep, visible from above; inter-
nasals deeper than broad, two pairs of prefrontals, outside pair may or may
not contact frontal or may be separated from frontal by a small azygous
shield; nasal large; loreals broken; usually three preoculars, superior may or
may not contact frontal; about four or five postoculars; frontal narrower than
deep to as broad, slightly wider and longer than supraoculars; parietals in
mainly two or three pairs, the balance broken; about twelve upper labials,
the first four pitted; twenty or more lower labials, the middle six or seven
pitted. Body scales from 40 upwards; Ventrals around 300; Anal entire;
Subcaudals over 100 paired, the first few may be single.

The Rock Python is essentially a North Queensland species, and
although no definite proof exists, it is believed by many to attain a length
of thirty feet. I once read an account in “Wide World” of a large Rock
Python crushing a Queensland native to death. ‘This particular specimen
eluded its pursuers, who later captured a “smaller specimen measuring just on
thirty feet and sold it to Melbourne Zoo”. P. amethystinus feeds prin-
cipally upon mammals and birds.

P. spilotes Lacepede

Diamond Python. The head is large and relatively short, body stout and
tail medium. The body is ivory black and under surface white to yellow,
splotched with black. The upper surface may be liberally dotted with
yellow or cream spots in patterned groups, or may be sparsely spotted. Some
page have a light spot on each dark scale. A length of ten feet is
attained.

Scalation: Head covered with small scales or broken plates; large nasal
superiorly situated; rostral slightly deeper than broad, pitted; eleven to four-
teen upper labials, first two or three pitted; about twenty lower labials of
which about six or seven of the middle ones are pitted. Body scales from
about 40 rows; Ventrals 260, more or less; Anal single, abnormally divided;
Subcaudals 80, more or less, divided, some may be entire.

The Diamond Python has the smallest range of the pythons, although
its subspecies is distributed all over Australia. ‘This python habitates the
central coastal to mountainous areas of New South Wales. Food consists
of small mammals and birds. One specimen was brought to Taronga Zoo
containing several china eggs, although in captivity I have never been able
to induce an Australian snake to eat eggs.

Python spilotes variegata Gray. ‘The many varieties have been con-
veniently grouped under this subspecies, as the variations converge too
closely to make accurate definition practical. Known as the Carpet Python.
The colouring is various shades of brown with darker patterns in brown or
black with greenish tinges. ‘The largest specimens from Queensland some-
times exceed twelve feet, while specimens from Darwin rarely attain seven
feet and are brightly banded. One specimen in Taronga Zoo, locality un-
known, was adult at three feet. Farmers and produce merchants favour the
Carpet Python as a ratter.

Simplified Key to the Genera and Species
C1) Premaxilla toothless.
Genus ASPIDITES: No labial pits.

Internasals as broad as deep; about 16 lower labials—melanocephalus.
Internasals broader than deep; about 19 lower labials—ramsayi.

Genus CHONDROPYTHON: Rostral and some labials pitted.
Single species—viridis.
(2) Premaxilla toothed.
Genus LIASIS Body cylindrical; tail weakly prehensile.
24

(a) Loreal broken—childreni.
Cb) Loreal normally entire.
Two pairs of prefrontals contacting frontal—fuscus.
Small azygous shield between prefrontals—olivaceus.
Single pair of prefrontals—albertisii.
Genus PYTHON: Body cylindrical to compressed; tail strongly prehensile.

Headshields symmetrical, at least two distinct pairs of parietals—
amethystinus.

Headshields small, broken and irregular—syilotes.

The General Classification and Key cannot be applied outside Australia.

25

BASIC WORK ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF SOME

AUSTRALIAN SNAILS
By C. F. McLaucHLan

Students and collectors from time to time have contributed notes and
articles on the habits of our native snails. But apparently no serious long
term biological research has been undertaken. It is not a study which can
be undertaken in a year or a month, and the amount of work required is
remarkable, if continuous records are to be kept. In this article, notes are
gathered together in the hope that a little more will be added to the know-
ledge we already have. The work will deal mainly with Strangesta
capillacea, Meridolum jervisense and a new species of Meridolum, but other
types will be added at suitable points for comparison. It must be remem-
bered that locality and climatic conditions are the main deciding factors
in the habits of snails. We cannot expect inland snails to act as do those
on the coast: the carnivorous snails, S. capillacea (Paryphantidae), living
in luxury in the overgrown, disused gardens about Sydney Harbour, eat
numbers of common garden snails at certain times of the year, and often
deposit their eggs at any suitable time during the year, whereas in the
bush near Church Point worms are their main food, and egg laying is
confined to spring and autumn. Again, at West Wallsend, the carnivorous
snails live mainly on Vercularion (Helicarionidae), which are abundant, and
appear to confine the egg laying to one month, in spring only, when two
or three clusters can be found under almost any log. ‘Therefore, the habits
discussedhere must apply to the above species, and to some very near related
types and to the localitiés mentioned, which are in New South Wales.
S. capillacea was described from Port Jackson from an immature shell of
4 whorls, 20 x 10mm, which was described as depressed, yellowish with
no decussating spiral lines. A normal adult specimen, is depressed in shape,
is reddish brown, 25 x 15 mm, and has 54 to 54 whorls, the ribs of the
last whord being heavily dented by spiral lines, giving them a wavy appear-
ance, this point helps in separating it from its near neighbours. ‘The
umbilicus fits loosely over the sharpened end of a pencil. ‘The shell is carried
about three-quarters of the way back along the animal’s body. ‘The animal
is 21 inches long, inky grey on top, median line pale grey, the mantle has
golden flecks over a colourless base. [here are quite a number in some
gardens about the shores of the harbour. ‘They are true Sydney shells, the
range is very limited, extending from Palm Beach to Hornsby, thence to
Parramatta and south to National Park, but seldom if ever as far as the
causeway at Waterfall, the northern limit of S. fricata, this latter species
following the ranges as far as the Shoalhaven. Attempts to cross S. fricata
and S. capillacea have failed, but live snails were found near Waterfall having
the shell spire of S. fricata and the body whorl of S. capillacea, these animals
mated successfully with the former one season and the latter the next season,
which shows that the line which separates these two species is very thin.
Space does not permit us to go into the numerous experiments that were
carried out. But it is sufficient to say that this species may be the original
of the types fricata and capillacea.

Between the Hawkesbury and the Hunter River the larger species
Strangest sanguinolenta, sp. nov. Cfig. 5), occurs, the best shells coming
from Mt. Sugarloaf, near West Wallsend, and extending along the length
of the Sugarloaf range. It is a bright varnished chestnut when new, a

26

normal shell of 54 whorls is 25 x 12.5 mm high, a maximum shell of 6
whorls reaching 30 x 14 mm. Animal medium brown with a blood-red mantle.
On the other hand, there are our Southern Meridolum jervisense
(Hadridae), 21 mm x 17 mm high, shaped somewhat like the common
garden snail, with light brown shells, and reddish brown bands below the
suture, and a dark umbilicus patch. ‘Then in the semi-rain forests, and living
in very damp, overgrown situations beside the Pork Hacking River, National
Park, is the larger snail Meridolum marshalli, sp. nov. ‘The female-pre-
dominating shell is depressedly globose, solid, 36 mm wide x 26 mm high,
the male-predominating shell is taller and narrower. The colour is a clouded
brown, with a darker subsutural band, surrounded below by a yellowish band;
the umbilical patch is reddish brown, surrounded above by a yellow band;
body whorl large, rounded; keel obsolete; whorls 64; aperture Jarge, slightly
descending, bluish brown within; lip thickened and reflected all round, bluish
white; a thin callous between the margins; columella expanded, closing the
umbilicus. Waterfall, National Park (mear Sydney), N.S.W. type in the
Australian Museum (coll. A. J. Marshall). It appears to have practically
lost its habit of aestivation, which may account for the number of dead shells
found after each severe dry spell: its food, like most of the Hadridae, consists
of some tender grass shoots and succulent growths, vines, over-ripe berries
and native fruits, anything soft and pithy, such as decaying humus mixed
with soil and grit. Some pieces of leaf or bark found in the stomach were
3 mm x 3 mm, and some pieces of quartz 1 mm x 1 mm. ‘They puddle this
humus soil, with the moisture available, before eating it. ‘They can hardly
e called entirely herbivorous as any worms, decaying insects, termits, eggs,
and ants mixed with the soil all help with the diet. ‘They like wet, tender
eucalypt leaves and nettles, and they such at the white paint fungus on
ce and the fine hairy fungus which covers the damp soil under timber and
eaves.

Hadra bipartita of North Queensland lives in the soil beneath the
plants of the cultivated peanuts, beans and peas, and comes out at night to
eat the leaves and flowers, also they are very fond of fallen over-ripe apples
and the less acid stone fruits.

The M. jervisense living in the scrubs or on the dry rocky hills are
much tougher snails; they depend a great deal on rain and dew, but if
these are not available they just hide away in the soil at the edge of a log,
at the base of a tree, under a rock, or under the loose bark some feet up a
tree, aestivating until the rain falls, and they can remain in that state for
months during the hottest and driest part of the year, although it seems that
a period of six months is a fair limit for Australian land snails to survive
this treatment. ‘The belief that some of our snails remain for a year or more
buried feet under the sand or soil during extremely long droughts appears not
quite true, as they come to the surface quite frequently and sop up the dew
which falls at times in practically all our dry areas. The coastal Meridolum,
for instance, living in the tea-tree scrub behind the sandhills, comes out from
its hiding-place each night a heavy few falls, or during the day if it rains—
not to eat, as one might think, but to sop up the moisture until its body
looks like a filled sponge, then it takes in as much as possible between its
body and shell. Returning to its hideout, it releases the water a little at a
time on to the humus soil, working it into a sloppy mess before eating it.
If no such soil is available, it will work on a decaying leaf, by squirting water
over the surface and then working it over with the lips until a jelly-like
substance is formed, which is rasped off before repeating the process.

The aborigines evidently dug them up from about the base of trees,
from under bark and logs, and toasted them over fires on their middens; it
was no trouble then to shake the animals out of the shells. ‘To-day the
discarded bleached shells, along with old sea shells and bones, can be found
in countless thousands on these old middens, particularly on the sandhills
at Mona Vale, north of Sydney. The distribution of this type, a new species
which I name M. middenense (fig. 4) is between Stanwell Park and Broken

27

Bay, but does not extend inland far from the beaches. To-day a live specimen
true to the middens type is seldom found owing to the clearing of the land
for golf links and homesites. The live shell is brown above, pale under, with
a subsutural dark band on body whorl only, and small dark umbilicus patch;
of 6 whorls, 24 mm x 16 mm; depressed; the animal is gold over chocolate,
with brown eyestalks, with marked anatomical differences from M. jervisense
and M. duralense and they will not mate with either of these species.

As we are on the subject of food, let us deal with the carnivorous snails,
such as Strangesta capillacea. Although once a bush snail, it now can be
regarded as a true Sydney garden snail, as it occurs in most gardens through-
out the metropolitan area, and is really becoming scarce in the bush. Although
they are carnivorous and the common garden snail Helix aspersa is quite
plentiful, yet the number of the latter they eat is very small; in fact, only
about one-eighth of the total food consumed. In the native bush S. capillacea
and S. fricata consume even less native snails than that, which is quite
understandable. Nature must strike a balance, because Meridolum and other
native snails increase at a very slow rate, and would soon be eaten out
entirely. More than half the food intake is composed of worms, soil, insects,
larvae and eggs. Most of the snail’s time, day and night, is occupied in
churning up the surface soil hunting for this food, and during this time,
humus soil up to about one-quarter of the total amount of food intake is
eaten. If the soil insects, and small worms, are not caught by mouth, then
they are trapped in the mucus between the snail and the shell, to be eaten
when the snail reutrns to the open. With some Strangesta and Vercularion
the mucus containing the insects and other food moves down the grooves
of the body, to the grooves on the side of the foot, and passes to the tail,
where it becomes a congealed lump, and is then eaten by the snail. Some
of the Vercularion live in pairs, in which case the hunter has to be quick
to benefit from its own work, or its mate will get the meal. ‘The method
adopted by Strangesta when feeding upon worms is very interesting. ‘They
work through the damp rubbish until they come upon the worm from the tail
end, then with a quick roll of the radula a portion of the worm is raked
into the crop, the remainder of the worm wriggles off into the rubbish, but
eventually the snail will catch up with it. When another snail is the victim,
Strangesta opens its mouth wide, the radula is thrust out, being rolled at
the same time, the teeth which normally lie flat become erect at the opening.
The Strangesta moves forward, burying its mouth into the body of its victim;
the radula acts much like a conveyor belt, raking the food into the stomach.
The carnivorous snail appears unable to bite the pieces off, and continues
to rake in more and more. If the snail can be pulled from the mouth of the
Strangesta it looks much like a long chewed stringy piece of meat. The
carnivorous snails have a most peculiar habit of thrusting the full length of
their tail into the empty shell of their latest victim; the tip of the tail goes
deep into the spire; the tail end only, and not the front end, is thrust in.
They may be able to absorb through the skin of the tail some film left in
the shell by the victim. It may be noted here that Strangesta holds two
pieces of quartz within the mouth; they are apparently used in place of
the palate or jaw which it does not possess, and even if the snail is without
food for some time, it still retains the stones. In one case a piece of quartz
and a piece of gold were being used.

Several of the carnivorous types have a dislike for introduced snails.
A number of the large Queensland S. maxima were placed in a glass house,
which soon became overrun with aspersa; maxima refused to eat any of them
and persisted in finely churning the soil hunting for worms.

There records are taken from snails living under natural conditions, but
for comparison it may be necessary to refer to notes taken from those kept
in captivity. Snails kept in captivity do not give a true picture of their
real habits, as can be noted by the number of aspersa eaten by Strangesta
when kept in captivity and the few Meridolum eaten under natural con-
ditions.

28

Research into Life Cycle

The following is a basic work on the life cycle of the snails mentioned
above and applies to many others of the families Hadridae and Paryphantidae.
By studying the snails in their natural habitat and checking the results by
keeping them in captivity it has been possible to arrive at the facts con-
cerning their mating, egg laying, growth and length of life. To study the
biology of S. capillacea, M. jervisense, Sphaerospira fraseri and some of
the Helicarionidae, a gully was selected, bordered by cliffs and enclosed
at the bottom by water, well timbered, and with palms and undergrowth, also
with a permanent creek. The snail population was collected and numbered
with paint, descriptions and measurements taken, and the snails then replaced.
At regular intervals the logs and stones and drifts of leaves were turned over
and notes taken on all aspects of the life cycle, including the migration of
each snail, its liking for the thick undergrowth beside the creek, or the middle
third of the hillside, or the top third which was dry, and under the cliffs; in
addition, the temperature readings and notes on the weather were kept.

As can be imagined a considerable amount of patience and work were
involved, especially as it had to be done in one’s spare time, but I am sure
the results have been worth while.

Let us deal first with the mating. This takes place during the night
or early morning, after a day or two of rain, between spring and late autumn.
A most interesting point about a mating pair of Hadridae found in the bush
is the difference in size, shape, and age of the two shells. For example, take
M. marshalli (ig. 1). The shell of the oviparous or egg-laying animal is
a little depressed, with protoconch whorls loose, flat and wide, aperture wide
open, the lip well reflected; the animal mature, two or more years of age.

The shell of its mate (fig. 2), the ovidormant animal (egg-laying ability
is dormant), is taller, narrower, darker, with a smaller protoconch and
aperture, the lips uneven and sharp, and not more than two years old.

A pair of M. duralense, for instance are so different as to have originally
been regarded as two distinct species. One has a very depressed appearance,
resulting in a strong keel and measuring 21 x 14 mm high. Its mate is
narrow and tall, 19 mm x 15 mm high, the body whorl so rounded as to
have only a mark for a keel. On rare occasions snails are found which have
broken these rules, but mostly they have been injured, although at odd times
they are apparently normal.

here is a slight difference in the shell and animal of Strangesta
capillacea compared with the Meridolum pair. Im this case the shell of the
Oviparous animal is deeper than its mate, with a larger aperture, spire taller,
protoconch wider, flat and loosely wound, the umbilicus narrower, the shell
darker, with the animal lighter. In the very young Strangesta these shells
can be separated from their companions by their much darker colouring and
lighter animals, and they are contained in about two-thirds of the eggs in
each batch. When selecting pairs in 1947, I found that success in mating
and fertility in the eggs were certain when the pairs were arranged as above,
and with the oviparous partner being a mature or old shell, and its ovidormant
mate a young shell of 10 to 24 months. The most remarkable point is,
that in captivity the ovidormant snails of both Strangesta and the Hadridae
have never laid eggs, no matter whether they are young or old, and watching
those under natural conditions, I have not been able to prove that they do,
either. I have used the word ovidormant simply to distinguish the animal
with this trait from its oviparous (egg-laying) mate. The egg-laying ability
is definitely dormant and is subject in some genera and species only. With
my present knowledge of the anatomy of this snail there is no reason why the
ovidormant ones could not lay eggs, excepting that the female organs are not
completely developed. The anatomy of the ovidormant animal, of the tall
shell of M. jervisense, q and g (fig. 6a), shows the male reproductive organs
predominating (the female organs are relaxed and underdeveloped). When
dissected alive the spermatozoa have a tendency to coil, and are in greater
numbers compared with those in the other animal.

22)

In most Meridolum, apparently, this snail acts as the fertilising agent
the first two years of its life, from then it takes no further part in the mating.
In Vercularion freycineti (Helicarionidae) (fig. 3) the animals are male and
female alternately. In the larger Fastosarion superbus there is a definite
male and female in animal and shell. There is no difficulty in observing the
female predominating animal of the pair depositing its eggs during the spring,
and sometimes during the late autumn, and, generally speaking, the last act
of its life is to produce a batch of eggs, and the oldest and largest dead shells
are often found lying over the eggs.

In the anatomy of the oviparous animal (fig. 6)—the flatter shell of the
mating apir—the female reproductive organs are fully developed internally
and externally, the spermatheca no longer relaxed. ‘The male organs are
relaxed, the penis small, and what may possibly be an obsolete dart sac is
vestigial (D.S. obs., fig. 6a), and considerable stimulation is needed before
the male organs become active. Self-fertilisation has yet to be proven. My
dissections, to date, show that it is not evident in Australian snails, although
a single Meracomelon from South Australia kept in a box alone, somehow
managed to produce fertile eggs after 24 years.

At this point it is advisable to mention the ability of some Meridolum
to produce the young alive. ‘This was first noticed when young snails of two
whorls were found in a bottle with M. bowdenae, sp. nov. (see McLauchlan,
1951), from Springwood, N.S.W., two days after being collected. When
this happened the second time, it was decided to examine them carefully. ‘To
do this, all live shells collected during the spring were washed, examined
closely with a lens, and placed in clean jars; examination continued each day.
No food was given for three weeks, but a little tap water was run down the
inside of the jar on to the animal. During this time three snails produced
young alive. No. 1, three young; No. 2, eight; and No. 3, eleven. Several
laid batches of eggs. ‘To date four species, M. scotti, a Wallsend species,
bowdenae and depressum, all mountain species, have been noted as having
produced young alive, and in dissections I have found live young, varying
from 14 to 24 whorls, within the vagina. ‘This trait has been only briefly
mentioned and must be dealt within a separate article when more notes and
material are available.

In North Queensland, where heavy rains occur during summer and
autumn, both Hadridae and Paryphantidae take advantage of the early winter
months as well as the spring and summer to lay their eggs, and the eggs of
these three season batches generally hatch. But eggs laid during May by
snails of southern N.S.W. are usually a failure, although if the winter be
very dry and the days sunny a few will hatch. If a fairly wet summer and
autumn is experienced, oviposition takes place from January until early winter,
and the young are produced up to about May.

November hatched snails usually lay their eggs during the following
spring. ‘The autumn hatched snails will often lay a few eggs the following
autumn, but mostly carry over until the following spring, a period of 17
months.

Strangesta capillacea place their batches of up to 50 eggs in shallow
covered holes in the muddy sides of creeks. S. sanguinolenta, from south
of the Hunter River, place theirs on the open ground under logs, where
they are prey to any egg-eating creature. Here Nature has a curious sense
of humour. The parent remains with the eggs and acts as a protection to
some extent, but when the young appear she eats them.

The Illawarra S. fricata place their eggs under leaves in damp patches
in semi-rain forest, where they are a harvest for the Lyre birds. ‘The Blue
Mountain S. revera mostly place their eggs away in hollow logs, covering
them with the loose wood fragments. Once I found a batch in a wire hole
in a fallen fence post, and two of the eggs were just on the point of hatching.

30

The Meridolum prefer to bury their eggs deeply under stones or timber.
But the larger Queensland Hadridae place theirs under logs, mostly at a
point where any rain which falls on the log will drip near the eggs and
keep the earth moist. The average is about 32 eggs, laid in two batches, two
months apart. In carefully attended testing boxes the approximate period of
gestation is 92 days and the incubation period 61 days. If the snails are
disturbed during egg-laying they may cease altogether, or may continue later.
In nature, the weather is the deciding factor in the time taken to hatch the
eggs, and the time taken can be from 9 to 16 weeks. For example, S. capillacea
deposits its eggs in a small hole, and after the eighth week they need enough
rain to soften the covering of the eggs; a day or two later a warm drying
wind is necessary, then the top layer of eggs can be heard cracking. ‘This
must be repeated three times to hatch at least half the batch, and may cover
a period of up to 26 days, the remaining eggs at the bottom of the hole seldom
hatch. In cases where the weather is unsuitable, the snails can remain in
the unhatched eggs for about four months before drying. On the other
hand, I have released the tiny creature from the egg at 40 days. The young
snail, at this time, is only 14 whorls, white, able to move the body, but not
the shell. If allowed to remain in the broken egg case it will go on develop-
ing, and after a week can be seen to put its head outside the egg covering
and suck at the earth; at the end of another week it is strong enough to leave
the egg cover altogether. Under the microscope the first sign of life within
the shell is a tiny mass of semi-transparent jelly, about half a whorl in length,
on which is a tiny limpet-like parchment cap about one-eighth of a whorl
and darker than the animal; the striae are quite visible, and it hardens upon
contact with the air. Liquid surrounds the animal. As the snail grows the
“parchment” spreads along and around the body, becoming shell-like, though
frail at one whorl, but is not a true shell until 14 whorls have been reached;
the animal is now able to move slowly in and out of its shell and move
about within the egg case until it is too big to move any longer. During
this period it rasps off the inside of the egg cover from which it apparently
gets the material to build the rest of the tiny shell. Generally the newly-
hatched snail has a shell of 2 to 24 whorls; that is, it has passed the protoconch
stage and is developing the first of the adult shell and sculpture.

The cycle cannot be completed without some data on the life span and
growth of several of our snails. With carefully kept notes and measurements
of hundreds of Paryphantidae and Hadridae, alive and dead, it is possible
to form a fairly reliable chart.

Taking the age first, we can refer to notes on S. capillacea and S. san-
guinolenta. ‘The oldest specimens hatched from eggs under my observation
are over 34 years old in December, 1950. Their parents were in their third
and fourth year when the eggs were laid. Most of them are in natural
surroundings in the open bush, and they are still healthy and still fertile.
This gives us definite proof that 6 or 7 years of age is not the limit of their
lives, though in the bush they are very lucky to live to the second year.

Then what is the limit of their lives? Dead shells found lying across
their tast batch of eggs, near Church Point, and at Mount Sugarloaf, West
Wallsend, and in old neglected gardens, probably reached a maximum of 84
years. Some shells of other countries live beyond this, which means that
until we have actually observed our snails through to the limit of theit
lives we cannot give a definite answer.

After keeping records and having studied hundreds of S. capillacea,
fricata, revera, sanguinolenta and maxima in their native habitats and over
a period of four years, I have no doubt that only one snail in about 3,000
juveniles will live to an extremely old age. Of every 1,000 eggs produced
only one-third will hatch, half of these will be destroyed before their first
year; of the other half only about three dozen will be alive between the
first and second years, one dozen between the second and fourth years, and
only abou’: four snails will be living between the fourth and fifth years.

31

On the other hand, the Hadridae have a better record: M. jervisense,
corneovirens, gulosum and Sphaerospira fraseri show about 100 adults from
every 1,000 juveniles alive between the first and second years. Half of these
will be alive between the second and fourth years, and about 2 between the
fourth and fifth years. Two in 1,000 die of old age.

It is quite understandable why Nature produces so many young snails,
yet so few survive. In the initial stages the young carnivorous animals are
too small to hunt for food, they remain together and prey upon each other;
when old enough to roam they depend upon the young of the herbivorous:
snails. ‘This habit of preying upon one another is one of the disadvantages
in breeding carnivorous snails. It not only keeps their numbers down to a
limit when released, but it makes it necessary to keep only 3 or 4 young
together in each section, and then they have to be carefully watched.

Although I have reared some 4,000 carnivorous snails from the egg stage
to the releasing stage of one year, I must have reared thousands more to the
age of from a few days to a few months, only to see them eaten by their
companions. Of one batch of 50 young, only 6 were left at the end of 3
months, 5 measured 3.5 mm and one 9 mm. It was easy to see where the
sae had gone, yet plenty of young H. aspersa and worms were available
to them.

In the bush many native snails are destroyed by worms, possibly two
species of nematodes; these colonies get in behind the mantle and work their
way far up into the shell; the irritation set up causes the animal to remain
retracted; it goes off its food and dies. In the Turrisitala shells these worms
are very numerous.

Fungus is another source of trouble; once it attacks the snail it soon
becomes limp and dry looking, the mucus dries up, the animal becomes
leathery, it remains retracted with the limp, dry tail lolling out of the shell.
It may be encouraged to come out of the shell and eat, but it soon dies.

The following is a fairly accurate chart of the size of the shells according
to their age—that is, the normal shells—because under adverse conditions they
may remain at 34 whorls for over 12 months, which is only the juvenile
growth. ‘These non-growing periods also occur in the older shells and are
always marked by a decided break in the shell. In some of the larger groups
these breaks are a constant factor in all the normal shells. Normally at 12
months there are between 44 and 44 whorls, and increase 4 whorl each year
to the third year. From the third year the Strangesta increase very slowly,
reaching about 54 whorls at 5 years.

With the Hadridae the outer lip is well reflected at 4 years, and in-
creases in bulk only from then on. While Strangesta increases at the
rate of one-eighth of an inch after five years, the sculpture becomes rugged,
with each year marked by a ridge. The mantle sags, allowing the top of the
body whorl to flatten or dip at the aperture.

S. capillacea normally measures 25 mm wide, but one very old frail shell
tipped the ruler at 28 mm wide, and must have reached the maximum in
years.

Malnutrition affects the snails to some extent, evidently being caused by
the deficiency of minerals and vitamins in soil and food, and here are the
results of some research into the matter.

The young from the eggs of a form of M. jervisense, a shell 2 inch
high, brown, with an even sculpture, were reared on sand containing some
shellgrit, the only food allowed being the decayed vegetation of the tea-
trees, worms and sandhill grasses. ‘The protoconch was normal as in the
parent, but from there on the rest of the shell became stunted with a small
aperture, the sculpture rugged, the shell thin, the colour insipid, and reduced
in size to 2 x 4 an inch high. Here we have proof that if a species lives
under certain conditions, generation after generation, it can become a sub-
species, or even a new species.

a2

The young of M. corneovirens living on sandy, well-grassed land with
mostly wattle trees, and eating a large amount of green food, is a thin
greenish shell with a fine even sculpture. When reared for three years on
a heavy humus soil containing a large percentage of hydroxide of iron, the
sae became a bright chestnut, larger, much thicker, with the sculpture

eavier.

S. capillacea became grotesque, deformed, too thin to handle, and of
the palest yellow, with the aperture descending abnormally, when reared on
washed quartz sand and carefully fed entirely upon young Meridolum.

Some specimens of M. duralense found at Pennant Hills were living
in the decayed rubbish at the base of Angophora or Sydney Red Gum trees.
This rubbish is made up of the bark which contains some of the red gum,
tannin, soil and leaves; it is of a dark purple colour, acid, with a strong
smell, and wet. The duralense shells inhabiting it were of a black violet,
which fades to a dark reddish brown when old. Normally the shells are
brown. ‘To test this humus, the green M. corneovirens from Mulgoa were
reared on it; the first generation shells were brownish and the second genera-
tion violet. It may be noted that the coloration of the first generation in most
shells tested was very little affected, but results were obtained in the second
generation.

Now the shells of M. marshalli are a dark brown, but their offspring are
a uniform green-yellow, with the usual dark subsutural band, because they
were reared on the food and soil of the green M. corneovirens from Mulgoa.

Dissections show that the snails’ various organs are able to separate
various minerals and vegetable colours and granules, and certain cells retain
them, and apparently deposit them into the composition of the shell. Free
colours and dyes have very little effect, but if a mineral is taken up by a
Lage ae the snail continually eats that plant the colour of the shell is
affected.

We can darken shells by feeding iron to a plant and feeding the leaves
to the native snails. Alum fed to hydrangea bushes, and the leaves to the
snails will give a variegated shell. At least two or three generations of
the snail are needed to show any results in colour.

At Cockle Creek, near Newcastle, the surface is a sulphide soil, and
peculiarly enough all the snail animals have red on them, and either reddish
or green shells. The slug-snails Parmavitrina and Vercularion both have a
red foot, with orange flecked mantles. Strangesta has a blood-red mantle and
reddish shell. Meridolum has a flecked orange mantle, and the native slugs
the brightest of red on the foot and triangle; of course, they normally have
a red or pink foot and triangle, but not as red as these, and the body of most
of the above is bronze. Some minerals the soil contains contribute to these
colours. If we feed copper and sulphate of iron in a weak diluted form
to certain plants and feed the leaves to native snails, we get subsutural and
peripheral bands on species of shells that originally had no bands, sug-
gesting that these present species come originally from shells which had bands,
and the cells which deposit the bands in the shell are only dormant in the
present shell.

Limestone and limestone vegetation have very little effect on the shells,
but food continually soaked in lime water will strengthen and whiten the
shells and has a tendency to elevate them, especially the small cylindrical
types. And we get elevated beautifully banded and striped shells from a
pink light brown, alkaline soil, which contains calcium carbonate and is
taken from above granite.

The function of colouring the shell and the colour in the animal are
quite independent, which accounts for albino animals with coloured shells
and vice versa. In 873 M. marshalli examined between Waterfall and Wol-
longong, N.S.W., seven were of the former and twenty of the latter; one was
entirely albino in both animal and shell. The colouring in the shell is

33

mainly microscopic particles of minerals. The colouring of the animal is
mainly melanin particles in the epidermis cells assisted by mineral particles.
The shell and the colouring are not entirely an attempt by Nature to camou-
flage or build a cover for the animal; they are both purely excreta of the
blood and cells. The material which forms the shell is excreted by the
mantle cells and is hardened by contact with the air, froming a crust. Thus
the shell is formed because the material is not discarded completely.

Albinism is the complete breakdown of the melanin making and carry-
ing cells, but a coloured sheli can still result, because the system still carries
the particles to the mantle and they are there discarded in the shell com-
position. If the cells are even in size, then the result is a unicoloured shell;
if larger cells occur at certain points, larger or more abundant particles are
secreted and excreted, resulting in a darker band.

Minerals are altered by other minerals and are again altered by the
digestive juices. Lime lightens colours in both animal and shell. The
presence of ferric oxide and hydroxide of iron in the soil and humus forms
various shades of red. Carbon, sulphur, sulphide of iron result in blood-red
colouring. Magnitite has a tendency to blacken shells. An abundance
of chlorophyll granules will give a greenish colour, but combined with |
lime turns shells yellow.

Minerals and other granules vary considerably over a given area of food
and soil and the ability of the animal to separate and retain the particles is
the deciding factor in the variation of a colour in different snails.

This subject has been dealt with only briefly, and really needs a separate
paper, as considerable analysis is involved, together with dissecting and breed-
ing. [here are no set rules, and each species and the particular soil and
food need sepazate investigation.

Inquiries being made by research students of other countries as well as
Australia into the possibility of controlling pest snails by the use of car-
nivorous snails makes it necessary to give a few details as to the best methods
to adopt.

Cultivate the carnivorous snails in shallow trays with humus soil and
worms, keeping the juveniles separated from the adults, and the larger
juveniles from the smaller. Feed them on the young of the pest snails to
let oe acquire the taste. Some carnivorous snails dislike foreign pest
snails.

When introducing them to the garden or plantation do not introduce
a few dozen or so, and spread them about, hoping they will increase naturally;
they will not increase to any great extent. In fact, they hardly increase
at all, varying in numbers from year to year, because they destroy each
other and the hot weather kills off most of the larger ones. ‘The best method
is to rear hundreds of them to the age of 12 months—at the stage they
oviposit. Next select the time of year the pest snails are hatching, say, mid-
spring and mid to late autumn, and release hundreds close together where
the pest snails are most numerous. Release the following batches fairly near
and surrounding the first released, not down the other end of the land. Before
the next hatching of the pest snails occurs, make a survey of the released
snails and it will possibly be found it is necessary to release several hundred
more to bring the original numbers up to strength.

Now here is a point. During the warm months these snails will
aestivate, and this is unfortunate, because it is at this very time that the
young of the pests are developing, so that when the carnivorous snail is on
the roam again, at the commencement of the wet season, the pests have
become too large to handle. ‘To overcome this it is advisable to release
the first batch as the pests are hatching, and the second batch about two
or three months later.

As most pest snails like the drier parts of the land and the others the
dampes*, I found it necessary to go a step further and gather the aestivating

34

McLauchlan del.

CoB.

Figure 3. Australian Snails (see page 36 for Explanation).

carnivorous types and release them either at the top of the land, or poke
them into the cracks and crevices where the pests were hidden. But only
by continuous supervision can the carnivorous snail succeed; the latter
is not a success on its own.

References

Iredale, T. (1938).—A Basic List of the Land Mollusca of Australia—Part
Te Asta Zool ixeenp. oo.

McLauchlan, C. F. (1951).—Austr. Naturalist Cin the press).

Summary

Observations on the biology of New South Wales snails of the genera
Meridolum and Strangesta with incidental notes on others, with particular
reference to their breeding, genitalia, and the effects of food on shell colora-
tion. Meridolum marshalli, new species from National Park. M. middenense

and bowdenae and Strangesta sanguinolenta, spp. nov., are dealt with further
in McLauchlan, 1951.

Explanation of Plate

Fig. 1.—Shell of Meridolum marshalli McLauchlan. Female _pre-
dominating. [The more depressed shell of the mating pair. Causeway,

Waterfall, N.S.W.

Fig. 2.—Shell of Meridolum marshalli McLauchlan. Male predominating.

ire ot shell of the mating pair. Fully grown. Causeway, Waterfall,

Fig. 3.—Shell of Vercularion freycineti Ferussac. Epping, also China-
man’s Beach, Mosman, and Cooper’s Park, Bellevue Hill, N.S.W.

Fig. 4.—Shell of Meridolum middenense McLauchlan. Male pre-
dominating. The taller shell of the mating pair. Mona Vale, N.S.W. 4a,
Anatomy. 4b, Male reproductive organs. 4c, Central nervous system. 44d,
Right side. 4e, Left side. 4f, Base. 4g, Anterior end of spermatozoon.
(Tail 32 times length of the head) x 1,000.

Fig. 5.—Strangesta sanguinolenta McLauchlan. Female predominating.

Mt. Sugarloaf, West Wallsend, N.S.W.

Fig. 6.—Anatomy of Meridolum jervisense Quoy and Gaimard. Female
predominating. From animal of the more depressed shell of the mating
pair. Northern end of Jervis Bay, N.S.W

Fig. 6a.—Anatomy of Meridolum jervisense Quoy and Gaimard. Male
predominating. The taller shell of the mating pair. Northern end of
Jervis Bay, N.S.W. 6b, Central nervous system. 6c, Right side. 6d, Left
side. 6e, Base. 6f, Anterior end of spermatozoon (Tail 42 times length of
head, tapers to a fine point) x 1,000.

Fig. 7.-Anatomy of Meridolum duralense Cox. Male predominating.
Taller shell of the mating pair. Dural, N.S.W. 7a, Central nervous system.
7b, Right side. 7c, Left side. 7d, Base. 7e, Anterior end of spermatozoon
(Tail 40 times length of head) x 1,000.

36

VENOMOUS LAND SNAKES OF NEW SOUTH WALES
and
THEIR COMPARATIVE DANGER TO MAN

By A. I. Ormssy, LL.B.

This article was suggested by the recent tragic death of our fellow-member,
Kevin Budden, who died following the bite of a Taipan which he had
personally captured at Cairns, North Queensland. The late Kevin Budden
was a fine, clean-living young man who had elected to make the study of
snakes his life work, and even at the age of twenty had amassed considerable
practical knowledge of his subject.

The press reports following his death exploited to the full the
public’s love of sensation, and consequently this article is written in the
hope that it may give some practical information on the comparative danger
of the New South Wales species herein listed.

Figure 4.

Australian Copperhead
(Denisonia superba),

illustrating the way to hold a
venomous reptile for
observation.

Copyright Photo. by Eric Worrell.

It is to be regretted that the inaccuracy of press reports over many
years and the desire of reporters to obtain news items have led to many
misconceptions on the relative danger of local snakes, and consequently we
find extreme schools of thought which have tended to make many people
believe that a bite from any venomous snake must necessarily be fatal unless
properly treated. A medical practitioner recently told the author that he
made a post mortem on a man bitten by a large brown snake and came

37

to the conclusion that death was due to causes other than the effect of the
bite. Such widespread fear of snakes can easily cause panic with dis-
astrous results. ‘The truth of the matter is that a number of our snakes
are certainly deadly and will decidedly cause death if the bite is not
treated. A large number are dangerous in that they can cause very serious
complications, but will not necessarily cause death, and even if not treated
the patient may recover. A number of our species never grow large enough
to inflict a serious bite and the venom of others is not nearly so potent
as that of the deadly or dangerous snakes.

Another school of thought, however, and one most frequently encoun-
tered among people who regularly handle snakes, chiefly younger men, is
that the venom of snakes is very much overrated and there are few capable
of causing death or serious ill-effects. This attitude has been responsible
for previous fatalities amongst showmen and so-called snake charmers.

It must therefore be borne in mind that anyone handling snakes does
so at his own risk, and should have a proper understanding of the danger
involved. In their natural state, with few exceptions, snakes will always
endeavour to escape, and it is the considered opinion of the author that only
an infinitesimal number of bites Cif any) occur when the snake is neither
trodden on, handled, accidentally touched or placed on the defensive in some
manner.

Generally “speaking, the danger of any given bite depends on the
following factors:—

(a) Quality of venom injected.

(b) Efficiency of bite.

(c) Amount of venom injected.
(d) Size of victim.

Ce) State of health of victim.
(f) Site and nature of actual bite.

(a) and (b).above are variable with the species of snake; (c) depends
on the size of the snake, as all bites by small species—say, no thicker than
a man’s little finger with head corresponding—should be relatively harmless,
but a snake of 3 feet or over (especially if belonging to one of the deadly
or dangerous species) could be serious; (d), Ce) and Cf) are factors dependant
on the individual bitten, as logically a grown man in good health would
be less susceptible than a child or a person in poor health. So, too, a person
bitten on the arm has a better chance of being treated than a person bitten
on the face. This, of course, is a matter of luck and the glancing bite is,
of course, less serious than the deliberate bite. and it mav well be that the
biting snake had just completed a meal in which event he has less venom
available for injection.

The venoms of most of our local species have been studied, and for
this reason it is possible to classify the species with some degree of accuracy
in accordance with the potential danger to man.

The notes following the listing of each snake do not purport to
describe the snake, but merely to give some information relative solely to
its danger to man. The povular name is included if sufficiently well known
to be of value. The number in front of each species is a reference to its
number in Mr. J. R. Kinghorn’s book, “Snakes of Australia”, which should
be referred to for identification or any additional information required.
Twenty-nine species are listed in all, as found within the boundaries of
New South Wales, of which 16 can be regarded as harmless, 2 as doubtful,
7 as dangerous, and 4 as deadly.

38

42 Brown Tree Snake,

65
66

68

78

Boiga fusca.

Red Bellied Snake,

Pseudelaps squamulosus.

Krefft’s Dwarf Snake,
Pseudelaps krefftii.

Red Naped Snake,

Pseudelaps diadema.

Whip Snake,

_ Demansia psammophis.

80

84

87

90

95

98
99

100

102

103

106

Brown Snake,
Demansia textilis.

Rough-scaled Snake,

Tropidechis carinatus.

Tiger Snake,
Notechis scutatus.

Death Adder,

Acanthophis antarcticus.

Australian Coral Snake,
Rhynchoelaps australis.

Pseudechis microlepidotus.

Mulga Snake,

Pseudechis australis.

Copper Snake,
Pseudechis cupreus.

Black Snake or Red Bellied

Black Snake,
Pseudechis porphyriacus.

Blue Bellied Black Snake,

Pseudechis mortonensis.

White Bellied Black Snake,

Pseudechis ferox.

Harmless.—Only rear-fanged snake in
New South Wales. Although it grows
to a length of over 5 feet, it is only
slightly venomous, and a bite received
by the author from a specimen about
3 feet long had no eect whatsoever.
To inject venom this snake would have
to chew its victim.

Harmless.—These small species are en-
tirely inoffensive.

Harmless.—The bite is localised and
similar to the sting of a bee.

Deadly.—Our most aggressive _ local
snake, faster than the other deadly
species. The venom of this species
is extremely potent, and a specimen
over 6 feet might well be our most
dangerous snake.

Doubtful.—Rare snake, usually no
larger than a Marsh Snake, but its
broader and larger head looks dan-
gerous. Mr. Eric Worrell has a living
specimen in captivity at present.

Deadly.—Has more potent venom than
any other large snake. Fortunately,
rarely attains 5 feet in length. Biting
mechanism is inefficient. Not par-
ticularly aggressive unless disturbed.

Deadly.—Venom only slightly less toxic
than previous species. Biting mechan-
ism efficient, and even a tiny speci-
men not more than 8 inches long
should be regarded as dangerous. Not
aggressive unless trodden on.

Harmless.—Tiny, inoffensive species.

Dangerous.—Venoms of some of these
species have been studied, but none is
so potent as the Tiger Snake, Death
Adder, Brown Snake or Copper Head.
These species grow to over 6 feet and
the bite of a specimen over 5 feet
should be regarded as very serious.
The bite is more painful than those
of the four species mentioned, but
less likely to cause death, although it
can cause serious illness.

39

110 Denisonia maculata. Harmless and small.

113 White Lipped Snake, Harmless and small.

Denisonia coronoides.

116 Marsh Snake, Harmless and small—very common.
Denisonia signata.
118 Copper Head, Deadly.—The only dangerous member
Denisonia superba. of this genus is fortunately sluggish
and quiet.

119 Denisonia nigrescens.

122 Denisonia nigrosriata.

123 Denisonia gouldi. Harmless and small.
125 Denisonia ramsayi.

129 Denisonia suta.
130 Hoplocephalus bitorquatus. Harmless on account of its small size.

131 Hoplocephalus stephensi. Doubtful in the case of an outsize
specimen, but seldom exceeds 2 feet.
Not likely to cause death, but bite
could cause illness.

132 Broad-headed Snake, Dangerous.—Particularly so in the case
Hoplocephalus bungaroides. of a large specimen. Only satisfactory
record of bite is author's own experi-

ences in R.Z.S. Proceedings, 1947.

135 Bandy Bandy or Ringed Snake, Harmless.—Although strangely, it has
Furina annulata. a bad reputation among country folk.
Gape too tiny to inflict a real bite
upon a human being. Snake is quiet

and inoffensive.

The following interesting table from Tidswell and Ferguson gives a
fair indication of the frequency of bites from individual species as well
as the mortality rate. Presumably at the time this record was made the
anti-venine made from ‘Tiger Snake venom was not available. ‘This anti-
venine is effective in the case of the Tiger Snake and Death Adder, but
less effective in the case of the Copper Head, Brown and Black Snakes.

Number of Persons Deaths
Species of Snake Bitten Number Percentage
Death Adder .... _ ...... 10 5 50
Niger 3) ORe iyi tee 45 18 40
Brow: {soe ee 70 6 8.6
Blacks av. aie ba 125 1 0.8
MOtaler ene 250 30

—_——_ — —_—

Ditmars gives examples of fluid yields of venom in milligrams as
follows: —

North American Diamond-back Rattlesnake, 600 mgm. North American
Copperhead Snake, 55 mgm. Indian Cobra, 317 mgm. Indian Russell’s
Viper, 108 mgm. Australian Death Adder, 84.7 mgm. Australian Tiger
Snake, 47.2 mgm. Australian Copperhead Snake, 35.6 mgm. Australian
Black Snake, 47 mgm.

40

As appears from these examples our snakes produce nothing like the
quantity of venom produced by some of the dangerous overseas snakes to
which our Taipan of the north may be compared rather than to the species
listed in this article. ‘The potency of the venom of the Taipan is as yet
unknown, but even if it were considerably less potent than that of our Tiger
Snake, the fact is that in view of its size it would be a far more dangerous
snake. However, it may well be that this unknown venom is quite as
potent as Tiger Snake venom or even perhaps more potent.

It will therefore be seen that the service to the community effected
by the late Kevin Budden in capturing, and even after being bitten, directing

that the snake be sent to the Commonwealth Serum Laboratory, is worthy
of the highest praise.

41

NOTE ON THE FOOD OF A BANDICOOT

By Kerru C. McKeown
Assistant Curator of Insects, Australian Museum, Sydney

The specific nature of the food of many of our smaller mammals is,
for all practical purposes, unknown. As a result of this ignorance we find,
instead of facts, uninformed speculation and often wholly erroneous opinions
influenced by prejudice. Such opinions are dangerous, for they often lead
to the death of harmless, or even of beneficial animals, which are killed in the
mistaken belief that they are injurious.

How many gardeners believe implicitly that the common bandicoot,
which finds its way into suburban gardens, is harmful, destroying seedlings,
the roots of larger plants, and causing other damage. ‘The funnel-shaped
excavations made by the animal, in the course of its nocturnal activities, are
discovered in the morning in the lawn or garden-bed where, perhaps, a
seedling has been overthrown. ‘The culprit is at once found guilty without
trial, and too often condemned to death—although a protected animal!
Ignorance and prejudice leave no room for impartial investigation. Yet facts

are not so very difficult to obtain—even without causing the death of a
single animal.

On 16th December, 1949, Mr. J. R. Kinghorn, of Northwood, collected
from his lawn, immediately adjacent to typical excavations, the fresh excre-
ment of a bandicoot—apparently the Long-nosed Bandicoot (Perameles
nasuta). ‘This stercoral gathering was submitted to me for examination in

the hope that it might throw some light upon the nature of the animal’s
food.

A careful examination revealed the following:—
1 “cut-worm’’—caterpillar of a Noctuid moth,
15 skins of fairly large Scarabaeid larvae,

6 “Black Beetles’ (Heteronychus sanctae-helenae) and the broken
remains of a number of others,

A small quantity of fibrous grass-roots and a quantity of soil.

The Scarabaeid Beetle, popularly known as the “Black Beetle”
(Heteronychus sanctae-helenae), apparently introduced to this country from
Africa a number of years ago, is a serious pest of maize, and of lawns, bowling
—and golf—greens, and the adult insects may frequently be seen in large
numbers in our parks and gardens. It is a broad black or dark brown
beetle, with the forelegs flattened and toothed to facilitate its entry into the
soil where it deposits its eggs. The larval skins from the excreta, as far
as can be determined, may reasonably be accepted as those of the same
bettle, since both larvae and adults are often to be found together in the
soil. The small quantity of fibrous grass roots and the soil may well have
been ingested in the course of digging out the subterranean “curl-grubs
from among the roots. Even if deliberately eaten, the quantity of rootlets
consumed would be of negligible importance. Cut-worms, the caterpillars
of Noctuid moths, hide by day beneath the surface of the soil and, emerging
at night, cut off seedlings close to ground level, and are otherwise destructive
to garden crops.

42

The evidence submitted in this case is admittedly scanty, but it is more
than sufficient to show that these persecuted animals must do a great deal
of good in both garden and bush in their control of insects, and thoroughly
oe to the full the measure of protection to which they are entitled

y law.

Further in this connexion, Mr. E. Le G. Troughton, Curator of
Mammals, Australian Museum, writing in The Australian Museum Maga-
zine (vol. x., 3, 1950, p. 98), states: “One definitely useful activity was
indicated by a recent complaint that the bandicoots were digging around
the roots of citrus trees near Sydney. Consultation with a museum ento-
mologist showed that the bandicoots were actually feeding on the “Dicky
Rice’ or fruit-tree root weevils which damage the citrus roots.”

Even if the digging operations of bandicoots are a nuisance, it should
be remembered that they are carried out in the search for insects—many of
them potentially injurious—which would cause far more damage if left
uncontrolled.

43

MARINE SHELL COLLECTING ON THE NORTH
COAST OF NEW SOUTH WALES

By GertTRuDE THORNLEY

In September, 1945, I was fortunately able to visit the coast near Taree,
New South Wales, for a three weeks’ vacation. It will always remain in
my memory as one of the most interesting periods of my life.

I first went to Tuncurry with a friend, Miss Winifred Potter, who
aided me in my collecting ventures for a week before she had to return
home, then I joined Mrs. Shipp, a fellow-conchologist, at Point Halliday, only
nine miles distant, but, I found, almost inaccessible. We returned to Tun-
curry later for a few days.

Mr. Charles Laseron had visited the district some years before, and
found there many rare shells unknown to Sydney collectors. Most of these
were discovered and named by George French Angas, a keen English
conchologist who visited this country in 1858 and spent two years investi-
gating our marine fauna. Some, such as Voluta brazieri (now Lyreneta
laseroni Iredale, see fig. 13), were not seen again by any collector for many
years, Mr. C. Laseron then re-discovering the species.

I hardly expected to find more than an odd specimen of such rarities,
but succeeded beyond my dreams and came home with bulging boxes and
cases. Altogether 246 different species of shells were collected. ‘The winter
of 1945, as in 1950, was very stormy and wild. All along our coast the
contours of beaches and cliffs were altered and this district did not escape.
I found shore collecting scanty; but out in 10, 20 and 30 fathoms the storms
had killed many benthal species, whose shells had been eagerly adopted by
large hermit crabs, or washed into deep rock pools along the shore.

The character of this coast is unique and deserves description, for it is
the key to an understanding of the fauna of the region. In chapter 10 of
“New South Wales, Historical, Physiographical and Economic”, 1910, edited
by F. W. Edgeworth David, W. G. Woolnough describes this part of the
Australian coast well. It consists of hard, ancient sedimentary rocks much
tilted and folded so that some beaches are like a pack of cards set irregularly
on end, a series of ridges. ‘These ridges have broken up into shingle
boulders, making life dificult for all creatures that are usually found on a
rock platform. Many had given up the struggle completely and others were
found in very unexpected places. ‘Thus the common perwinkle, Austrocochlea
obtusa Dill was found at Point Halliday in a foot of water at low tide on a
sandy bottom among shingle, and not in its usual place on rocks between
tides. Several cones were found alive also at Point Halliday, right up
on the beach, on sand, near high tide level. ‘This is a new form as yet
undescribed, and so far known only from this region. It varies a great deal,
being pink, grey or blue, with or without brown lines or splashes.

Behind the coast, Woolnough says, is a low-lying country separated from
the sea by headlands and low hills, and in this trough lies a series of lakes.
Lake Wallis is such a lake, 15 miles long, yet at its end only half a mile
from the sea. Into it flow several small rivers or creeks. The butter factory
boat will take tourists up the lake for a moderate charge. It is a wonderful
trip.

44

Beginning at 7 a.m. at Tuncurry wharf, we passed oyster leases and
mangrove swamps where swarms of waterfowl were busy hunting break-
fasts. We saw herons and pelicans and shags sitting gravely on poles,
and we began to deliver ice to lonely fishermen further up the lake, and
collect cream cans from isolated farms. At every wharf I tried to collect
something in the limited time available, but regret to report that I found
only the periwinkle, Austrocochlea obtusa porcata A. Ad. and Thalotia
comtessei Iredale. ‘The lake opens out into a wide expanse which seems
shallow everywhere, and no doubt dredging there might reveal some interesting
species.

At the end of the lake we had time to walk through the bush to Eliza-
beth Beach. This stretch of woodland is the loveliest I have seen in all
New South Wales. ‘The virgin trees rose nobly everywhere, many fine
species; stag and elkhorns hung from lofty branches, tree ferns grew below,
flowering bushes and wattles and ferns made up the undergrowth, and
small flowers decked our pathway; but Elizabeth Beach was completely
barren of shells, and none was on the rocks at the headland. It was not
hard to see why, as there were great quantities of shingle everywhere.

At Forster the beaches are similar, and only on the breakwater is there
much established life. Here I found all the common rock shells and also
the rather uncommon limpet, Notacmea flammea diminuta Ire. I collected
along the lake shore of Forster also and in the mangrove zone. ‘The shell
life was limited. and quite typical—little brown-banded Ophicardelus
ornatus Ferussac, Assemania australis Thiele (fig. 3), Salinator solida Martyn
in the mud near high tide, Austrocochlea obiusa Dill., and Bembicium kiel-
manseggi Zel. on the mangrove roots, and Melarhaphe luteola Q. and
Gaim,, a thin brown and yellow shell crawling on the leaves well out
of the water.

The Assemania is a minute yellow shell, and I found each little creature
half buried in mud with just its tip poking up—just as if it were trying
to keep cool!

It was on the Tuncurry shore that I really began to collect. Tuncurry
is strictly an industrial centre rather than a tourist town. It lies less than
a quarter-mile from Forster, across the entrance of Lake Wallis, and is con-
nected with it by a frequent punt service.

The people here live by lake fishing, lobster catching, boat building, or
by working in the butter factory. All along the lake front are boats up on
stocks, mostly destined for trawling: right by the footpath workmen are
shaping great trunks into future keels or hammering at planking. Beside
them lie the wharves. ‘That’s where I got many good shells. I saw some
fine shells in a shop window first and inquiring found they came from the
lobster boats. The master of one boat, Mr. Harry Hoy, gave me a number,
the wife of one of the fishermen, Mrs. Lowery, and a Mrs. Bowling gave
me some beauties, and I must thank them all, especially Mrs. Lowery, for
the rarities received.

I obtained about 25 Cymbiolena magnifica Perry, 3 Livonia mamilla
Sowerby, 4 Mesericusa sowerbyi Kiener, 1 small Fusinus, 6 Tonna Ctetra-
cotula Hedley and cerevisina Hedley}, Phalium stadiale Hed., thomsoni Braz.
and spectabilis Ire. and the rare Charonia euclia Hedley. They all came
from ground about 5 or 6 miles out in 30 or 40 fathoms. This is a pheno-
menal amount, but I have given nearly all away now. Collectors are always
glad to receive such items.

45

Tuncurry beach is nine miles long. I suppose Miss Potter won’t forget
it any more than I will. We tried to walk it one day, and it began to
rain where we were about six or seven miles from home! In places shells
come up, but there are long barren reaches between. Here we obtained
Amorena undulata Lam. and Zebramoria zebra Leach, fine pairs of Glycy-
meris flammeus Reeve, and Veletuceta holoserica Reeve. These live
commonly on sandflats in fairly shallow water, but pairs are difficult
to obtain. The last named had lovely purple pairs of Myochama anomioides
Stutch. adhering to them. ‘This shell. always attaches itself to Glycymeris
or Trigonia shells. ‘Three species of Notocallista were found, disrupta and
kingii, and diemenensis, and a great number of more common bivalves. One
tide I collected more than 20 small Tonna varvula Ire. about one inch long.

At Point Halliday conditions were quite different. ‘The ridged for-
mation of the beaches and headlands occurred in a harder rock. Some
rock, more resistant, stood as sheets dividing a beach into segments, or as
caves, pillars or tables of rock, with sudden deep pools, or stretches of shingle.
To a shell collector it was like the Mad Hatters’ Tea Party, move up one,
and you might find something (or not). I never have done more climbing
anywhere. Lots of little beaches clung to cliffs, or “impossible” headlands;
you found yourself on a beach which was cut in half, and climbed up and
over the obstruction, or waded perilously around it. Every good shell occurred
miles away, and the best ground was at Red Head, three hard miles off.
On the way there you pass by a delightful banana plantation dreaming
in the sun, laden with fat bunches of fruit. ‘This is said to be the most
southerly plantation of bananas in New South Wales. It is very well
sheltered by dense scrub. But at Red Head, despite difficulties, my efforts
were really rewarded. I found lying in deep pools the volutes Cymbiolista
hunteri Ire. and Cymbiolacca complexa Ire (fig. 14). ‘These appear in
Hedley’s list as marmorata and punctata respectively. They were not alive
it is true, nor in any quantity. The rare dog cockle, Grandaxinaea gealei Ang.
(fig. 7a, b) occurs there, and also a harp-like shell, Lyreneta laseroni (fig. 13).
I only collected one juvenile of this, but yet another Mr. Hoy, who lives
at Point Halliday, gave me an adult specimen, and a keen collector who
used to live in the neighbourhood, Miss Anne ‘Trotter, gave me a third
specimen. ‘These are mostly deep-water shells ‘They wash into the pools
after certain weather, and the formation of the beach sieves them and
holds them. ‘Thus in every crevice between ridges shells may be encoun-
tered. Due to the heavy seas, it really was not as good at that time
as usual.

Live collecting here was very chancy. To get out among the weed
and ascidians in two feet of water was dangerous in view of the uneven
footing, and little could be found because of the force of the waves. On
the rocks the regular fauna was sparse or absent; things were found rather
in sheltered colonies than in their proper habitat. However, I had a few
nice surprises. In a pool full of a small green rubbery ascidian I found
two fine specimens of the staircase shell, Heliacus dorsuosa Hinds Cfig. 9),
which has not previously been recorded from this State. They were hiding
among the ascidians. But I found no more anywhere. These when alive
have the loveliest opercula, coming to a point in the middle and frilled rather
like a small fir tree. Among shell-sand I found the rare Clanculus albugo
Watson (fig. 10), which Watson described first in the “Expedition of
the ‘Challenger’ ”, 1886. It is similar in size and appearance to Cantharidella
picturata Ad. and Ang., but is ridged and spots of crimson and white
alternate on a brown background. Only a few minute shells were encoun-
tered, Merelina cheilostoma T. Wds., Rochefortia lactea Hedley, Cirsonella
weldii T. Wds., Lasaea australis Lam., Amphithalmus jacksoni Braz. and
Charisma compacta Hed. were about all I found. ‘There is a great deal of
weed further out, so there must be considerably greater numbers of them
at times.

46

Beyond Red Head lies a long beach, locally known as Saltwater, and from
there right to Old Bar the coast is low and sandy. Farms lie in the hinter-
land. I have been assured by Miss Trotter that Old Bar is comparatively
poor collecting. No doubt all this coast would offer rarities after storms, liable
to bring up fine deep water specimens, but only the unique rocks of Black
Head and Red Head would sift and keep them for any length of time.

Black Head is right at Point Halliday itself. It is made up of an
isolated stack formed by a fold in hard rock. In the centre of this rock is an
immense cave. Near it are rocks of the same general character, stretches
with plenty of shell sand, and round the headland more curious little beaches,
to the south of which is the northern end of the Nine Mile Beach, which
stretches to Tuncurry. I am sure any collector, whatever his luck con-
chologically, would find the whole region enchanting.

I would like to thank Mr. C. Laseron for the help he gave me at the
time of my visit there, telling me where he had been successful, and for
other useful information, and to Miss Joyce Allan, of the Australian Museum,
for her help in the presentation of this paper, arranging the plate, and access
to the Australian Museum collections when naming my shells.

LIST OF SHELLS FOUND AT FORSTER, TUNCURRY AND
POINT HALLIDAY, SEPTEMBER, 1945.

—_—— —_ —_ —

The names given here are those according to Mr. T. Iredale’s corrected
list. "The numbers of the same species in Hedley’s Check List are shown
to aid reference.

PELECYPODA

25 Arca botanica Hed.

26 Arca pistachia Lam.
Arca adolphi Dunk.

29 Samacar strabo Hed. Cfig. 4).

32a Veletuceta flammea Rve.
Veletuceta holoserica Rve.
Veletuceta thackwayi Ire.

33 Grandaxinaea gealei Ang. (fig. 7 a, b).
Veletuceta striatularis suspecta Ire.

52 Reniella spongiarum Lam.

54 Saxostrea commercialis Ire. and Roughley.

57 Neotrigonia strangei Adams.

58 Notovola fumata Rve.

61 Mimachlamys asperrimus Lam.

77 Austrolima nimbifera Ire.

79 Stabilima strangei Sow.

82 Monia ione Gray.

86 Modiolus delinificus Ire.

93 Musculus cumingianus Rve.

94 Musculus ulmus Ire.

97 Trichomusculus splendidus Dunker.

107 Eximiothracia angasiana Smith.

115 Myochama anomioides Stutch.

118 Myodora australica Rve.

122 Myodora complexa Ite.

153 Hemidonax australiensis Rve.

156 Cardita excavata Desh.

157 Venericardia amabilis Desh.

47

159
167
17]
180
181]
183
201
203
213
216
221
228

229
2a
235
239
243
244
247
259
254
256
259
264
274
288
295
294
295
297
298

303
309

SM)

376
Sie
378
380
383
385
B02
394
396
398
400
401
402
403
407
408
409
410
411
412

Vimentum excelsior semotum Ire.
Chama fibula Rve.

Pexocodakia rugifera Rve.
Numella adamsi Angas.
Numella jacksoniensis Angas.
Zemysia zelandica Gray.
Rochefortia lactea Hed.

Lasaea australis Lam.

Cardium cygnorum Desh.
Vepricardium pulchricostatum Ite.
Dosinia crocea Desh.
Notocallista disrupta Sow.
Notocallista diemenensis Han.
Notocallista kingii Gray.
Tigammona vpersimilis Ire.
Katelysia lagopus Lam.
Placamen yplacida molimen Ire.
Bassina pachyphylla Jonas
Gomphina fulgida Hed.
Eumarcia fumigata Sby.
Venerupis crenata Lam.
Venerupis fabagella Desh.
Venerupis mitis Desh.

Tellinota albinella roseola Ire.
Semelangulus tenuiliratus Sby.
Pseudarcopagia botanica Hed.
Plebidonax deltoides Lam.
Austromactra contraria Rve.
Mactra eximia Rve.
Nannomactra jacksoniensis Smith
Electomactra parkesiana Hed.
Macitra pusilla Adams.
Notospisula parva Pet.
Zenatiopsis victoriae Prit. & Gat.
Notocorbula smithiana Braz.
Saxicava subalata Gat. & Gab.
Pholas obturamentum Hed.

GASTEROPODA

Scutus antipodes Mont.

Tugalia parmophoidea Quoy & Gaim.
Montfortula conoidea Rve.
Emarginula hedleyi Thiele.
Amblychilepas javanicensis Lam.
Eligidion audax Ire.

Notohaliotis cocoradiatus Rve.
Notohaliotis ruber Leach.

Gena impertusa Burrows.

Clanculus albugo Watson Cfig. 10).
Clanculus clangulus Wood.
Clanculus floridus Phil.

Clanculus maugeri Wood.

Clanculus brunneus A. Ad.
Eurytrochus strangei Adams.
Phasianotrochus eximius Perry.
Bankivia fasciata Menke.

Leiopyrga lineolaris Gld.
Austrocochlea concamerata Wood.
Austrocochlea obtusa Dill.

412a Austrocochlea obtusa porcata A. Ad.

413

Cantharidella picturata Ad. and Angas.
48

415
416

428
429
431
434
436
44]
442
443
445
446
449
466
468
472,
481

483

485
486

488
491
493
494
495

497
500
502
526
534
538

554
561
563
566
593
605
613
616
623
624
626

642
645

657
660
662
665
667

Notogibbula bicarinata A. Ad.
Nanula tasmanica Pett.

Minopa galbina Hed & May.
Fautor purpureocinctum Hed.
Thalotia comtessei Ire.

Astelena scitula Ad.
Herpetopoma aspersum Ire.
Tallorbis ampullus Tate (fig. 6).
Dinassovica militaris Rve.
Ninella torquata Gmln.
Subninella unguis Gmln.
Bellastraea sirius Gld.
Callomphala lucida A. & Angas.
Cirsonella weldii T. Wds.
Liotina botanica Hed.

Charisma compacta Hed.
Melanerita melanotragus Smith.
Notacmea mixta mimula Ire.
Radiacmea insignis cavilla Ire.
Notacmea petterdi 'T. Wds
Notacmea flammea diminuta Ire.
Patelloida submarmorata Pils.
Patelloida chapmani T.Wds.
Patelloida chapmani yperplexa Ire.
Patellanax squamifera Rve.
(Also rare pink-rayed variety)
Patellanax ustulata Rve.
Patellanax victoriana Sing.
Cellana tramoserica Chem.
Melarhaphe luteola Q. & Gaim.
Melarhaphe unifasciata Gray.
Tectarius tuberculata Mke. (very small).
Bembicium melanostoma Gmeln.
Bembicium kielmanseggi Zel.
Hinea brasiliana Lam.

Haurakia filocincta Hed. & Pett.
Merelina cheilostoma T. Wds.
Amphithalamus jacksoni Braz.
Rissoina elegantula Angas.
Rissolina crassa Angas.
Assemania australis Thiele (fig. 3).
Antisabia foliacea Q. & Gaim.
Capulus violaceus Angas.
Ataxocerithium conturbatum Ire.
Cacozeliana lacertinum Gld.
Gazamena gunnii Rve.
Crosseola concinna Angas.
Vermicularia sipho Lam.
Siliquaria weldii ‘T. Wds.
Tylospira scutulata Mart.

Zemira australis Sow.
Merria sigaretiformis Pot. & Mich.
Canarium flammeum Link.
Opalia australis Lam.
Granuliscala ballinensis Smith.
Acutiscala fabia Ire.

Charonia euclia Hed.
Austrosassia parkinsonia Perry.
Cabestanimorpha exaratum Rve.
Monoplex australasiae Perry.
Cymatilesta spengleri Perry.

49

680
681

685

686
690
692
695
696
697

Xenogalea stadiale Hed.
Xenogalea thomsoni Braz.

Tonna tetracotula Hed.

Tonna cerevisina Hed.

Tonna parvula Ire.

Ficus margaretae Ire.

Notocochlis cathurnata Ire.
Polinices aulacoglossa Pils. & Van.
Mamilla propesimiae Ire.

Uber incei Phil.

Uber melastoma Swain.

706a Notocypraea piperata Gray.

708
“ul
715
Ca
724
ae
Wee)
Tow
741
(>
756
Tail
758
(52)
761
762
764
769
772
773

780
781
787
797
802
819
823

824
834
836
837
844
853
862
888
889
893
894
895
901
903
907
910
OU
925
926
929

Arabica arabica Linne.

Ravitrona caputserpentis Linne.
Erosaria erosa Linne.

Erronea melvilli Hidalgo.
Palmadusta humphreyii Gray.
Mystaponda vitellus Linne.
Ellatrivia merces Ire.

Cleotrivia pilula Kien (fig. 5).
Lachryma lachryma Sow Cfig. 12).
Amorena undulata Lam.
Zebramoria zebra Leach.
Cymbiolena magnifica Perry.
Cymbiolista hunteri Ire.
Cymbiolacca complexa Ire. (fig. 14).
Mesericusa sowerbyi perspecta Ire.
Livonia mamilla Sow.

Lyreneta laseroni Ire. (fig. 13).
Cupidoliva nympha Ad. & Ang.
Baryspira edithae Prit. & Gat. gine 2)
Baryspira oblonga Sow. Cfig. 8).
Baryspira marginata ae Te Wds. Cfig. 11).
Marginella inconspicua Sow.
Marginella johnstoni Pett.
Marginella mustellina Angas.
Marginella translucida Sow.
Sydaphera obnixa Ire.

Conus aplustris Rve.

Conus papilliferus Sow.

Conus peronianus Ire.

Parviconus rutilus Menke.
Guraleus kingensis Pett.

Guraleus mitralis Ad. & Ang.
Guraleus pictus Ad. & Ang.
Austrodrillia angasi Crosse.
Guraleus comptus Ad. & Ang.
Etrema nassoides Rve.

Verconella maxima Tryon.

Colus novaehollandiae Rve.
Vicimitra contermina Ire.

Mitra cookii Sow.

Vicimitra exposita Ire.

Vicimitra prosphora Ire.

Mitra volucra Hed.

Cominella filicea Cr. & Fischer.
Radulphus lactea Ad. & Ang. (fig. 1).
Maculotriton australis Pease.
Nassarius particeps Hed.

Nassarius pauperus Gld.
Tavaniotha optata Gld.

50

12 13

Figure 5. Marine Shells from New South Wales.
(See page 52 for Explanation.)

Sl

G. Thornley del.

933 Pyrene australis Gask.
937 Pyrene intexta Gask.
943 Pyrene semiconvexa Lam.
944 Pyrene tayloriana Rve.
947 Pseudamycla’ dermestoidea Lam.
957 Murex angasi Crosse.
960 Torvamurex extraneus Ire.
971 Galfridus speciosus Angas.
978 Bedeva hanleyi Angas.
979 Morula ambustulata Hed.
980 Dicathais orbita Ire.
981 Cronia pseudamygdala Hed.
983 Lepsiella botanica Angas.
988 Morula nodulifera Menke.
989 Morula marginalba Blain.
990 Melosidula zonata Adams.
991 Maripythia xanthostoma Adams.
992 Obphicardelus ornatus Ferussac.
993 Ophicardelus sulcatus Adams.
997a Salinator solida Martens.
999 Ellsiphon scabra Rve.
1000 Talisiphon virgulata Hed.
1001 Planesiphon bifurcata Rve.
1008 Pupa nivea Angas.

Philippia stipator Ire.
1079 Architectonica lutea Lam.
1082 Architectonica offlexa Ire.

Heliacus dorsuosa Hinds Cfig. 9).
1087 Retusa apicina Gld.
1104 Ouibulla botanica Hed.
1106 Quibulla punctulata A. Ad.
1118 Bullinula lineata Gray.

' BRACHIOPODA
12 Magadina cumingii Dav.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1. Radulphus lactea Ad. & Ang.
es 2. Baryspira edithae Prit. & Gat.
DS 3. Assemania australis Thiele.
ve 4. Samacar strabo Hed.

4 5. Cleotrivia pilula Kien.

u 6. Tallorbis ampullus ‘Tate.

4s 7a, 7b. Grandaxinaea gealei Ang.

ee 8. Baryspira oblonga Sow.

5 9. Heliacus dorsuosa Hinds.

» 10. Clanculus albugo Watson.

» Ll. Baryspira marginata tasmanica T. Wads.
» 12. Lachryma lachryma Sow.

» 13. Lyreneta laseroni Ire.

» 14. Cymbiolacca complexa Ire.

52

A NEW SPECIES OF VOLUTE SHELL (VOLUTIDAE)
FROM DEEP WATER OFF BROUGHTON ISLAND,
NEW SOUTH WALES

By GerTRuDE THORNLEY

In April, 1949, I spent five days of my Easter holidays at Port Stephens,
and collected some interesting shells. Mr. H. Lund, of the fishing boat
“Aurora”, had kindly saved for me about a bucketful of shells, mostly from
Stockton Bight, where he had been trawling the day before. Some, however,
were from an area called by the local fishermen “The Paddock”, which lies
between Broughton Island on the west, Seal Rocks northward, and the edge
of the Continental Shelf to the east. From these shells I immediately picked
out an interesting Volute, about 44 inches in length, which was new to me.
Later in the year the Mitchell brothers, trawling in the same area, obtained
three of them in one day, all between 4 and 5 inches long. One of these is
now in the possession of Mrs. N. Jackson, and Messrs. Nelson and Alfred
Mitchell have the others in their private collections. ‘These adult shells
are all very similar, indeed, and they conform closely to the type. There
are also three juveniles, one of them found by Mrs. Jackson on the deck
of a trawler among rubbish. This was in October, 1949, and in December
I found another, while a slightly larger specimen, about 3+ inches long, was
found by Mr. Garrard in September, 1950. His specimen had just formed
its adult edge. No exact data are available for these three shells, though
Mr. Garrard was told that his came from a lobster pot set in 50 fathoms
of water. None of these was alive when found, all containing hermit crabs.

This shell must be rare even in its type-locality, since only four adults
have yet been found, although trawlers have been working the area regularly
for many years.

The type description is as follows:—

Ericusa sericata, sp. nov.

A narrow ovate shell, solid and glossy; spire approximately 2/5ths of the
length; colour a light chestnut, with irregular tent-like triangles and streaks
of pale orange-brown along the growth lines, tent-marks sometimes conjoined
or overlapping; the general colouring appearing as a rich burnt orange; whorls
six, the bulbous apical whorls being three in number, of a yellow colour,
marked with brown at the apex, which is slightly towards the side of the
protoconch; the penultimate and antepenultimate whorls slightly ventricose.

The glossy surface of the shell shows fine growth-lines, crossed by very
fine transverse striae, giving it the texture and appearance of fine silk; sutures
are closely conjoined, and a little irregular, marked with a slightly darker
line above and lighter below, with triangular brown blotches below this
again on the body whorl. The thick outer lip is posteriorly oblique, then
straight, narrowing only slightly at the anterior end. ‘There are four colu-
mellar plaits, the posterior and anterior plaits being smaller than the others.

In the centre back of the body whorl there is a peculiar, flattened space,
which is characteristic of this shell. The front surface of the body whorl and
the interior of the mouth are covered with a thin whitish glaze, through
which +he colour shows in places as a faint orange. At the junction of the
outer lip and body whorl is a suggestion of a swollen ridge.

SIZE: Length 44 inches, width 14 inches.

LOCALITY: Trawled 15 miles due E.N.E. of Nelson Bay, 5 miles
due east of Broughton Island, on a “hard” bottom of sticky grey sand, con-
taining brown pebbles, which looks like mixed cement in the nets. Type
specimen from Mr. Harry Lund of the “Aurora”, whom I would like to

Bf)

thank here for the kind assistance he has rendered me at all times. I would
also like to thank Mr. Nelson Mitchell and Mr. Alfred Mitchell, of the
“Eileen Sylvia”, for some of the detailed information given above; the owners
of the other shells, Mrs. Jackson and Mr. Garrard, for allowing me access
to the shells they possess for purposes of comparison, and to Miss Joyce
Allan, of the Australian Museum, for editing and correcting this article and
supplying the figure, which is from a photograph by Mr. H. Hughes, Aus-
tralian Museum.

Figure 6. The new Volute, Ericusa sericata. Natural size.
Photo.—H. Hughes.

REMARKS: The specific name sericata means “clothed in silken gar-
ments’, in allusion to the silky-looking texture of the surface of this shell.
The new shell somewhat resembles Voluta hargravesi, which was recorded
by Angas from a specimen given him by Mr. Thatcher, and which had no
known locality. However, although the colouring, appearance and pattern-
ing of the type figure is rather similar, Voluta hargravesi has a larger and
more flattened protoconch, is smaller, and has a patch of heavy smooth
orange glaze on the columella. It is probably not even congeneric; although
there appears to be only one specimen in existence and as it is not available
for comparison, we cannot study its exact relationship, but it is probably
a northern shell, falling into another group altogether.

The large southern Volute, Ericusa kenyoniana, is obviously more
closely related to the new species, having an almost identical protoconch
and similar plaits. ‘These are the characteristics of the genus Ericusa. The
new shell lacks the heavy longitudinally striated appearance of kenyoniana
CNew South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia) is more closely conjoined
at the sutures, and has bolder patterning.

Ericusa papillosa, another southern volute from very deep water, is
also closely related to the new species, but it is a heavier shell, broader than
sericata, and with fine reticulation, banded with colour.

Actually sericata is allied to the smooth paypillosa type, and the strongly
ridged kenyoniana, and may be an intergrade form, yet with sufficiently
different character, due possibly to its more northern locality, to warrant
specific rank. It provides an interesting addition to the list of our New
South Wales volutes, especially as new forms of volutes rarely arise.

References: —

ADAMS, H. & A., 1825—Genera Rec. Moll. 2, p. 619 CEricusa).
ANGAS, G. F., 1872.—Proc. Zoo. Soc., London, t. 42, f. 13 (CVoluta

hargravesi ).

BRAZIER, J., 1898.—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., XXII., p. 779 CEricusa

[Voluta|] kenyoniana).

COTTON, B., May, 1949.—Rec. S.A. Museum, Vol. IX., No. 2, p. 186,
Aust. recent and Tertiary Mollusca, Family Volutidae.

SWAINSON, W., 1822.—App. Cat. Bligh, p. 10 CVoluta ypapillosa).
54

AQUARIUM NOTES

By Lity Ivey

1—Gobies (Waiteopsis paludis)

On the 19th October, 1949, I caught several small fish, which I later
learned were Waiteopsis paludis, in a pool on the rocky foreshore of Double
Bay, Sydney. I was interested, as 1 had never before seen fish in any
of the rock pools there. ‘The pool in question is covered by two feet of
water at high tide} probably deeper, and more at special tides. The idea came
to me to see if I could accustom them to fresh water. I put them in a
glass container fitted with shellgrit, fresh water weed, and a quarter of fresh
water added to the sea water. ‘The fish blow groups of bubbles, apparently
coming from both mouth and gills. After the group reaches between 18
and 25 bubbles the fish swim away. ‘They make little snapping motions
at the bubbles and appear to swallow some of them. I gradually increased
the amount of fresh water and, after about a fortnight, put all fresh water
and new weed, the salt having killed the first plants (I tried to revive
them in fresh water, but without success). ‘The fish continued to make
bubbles, to eat well (I feed them on “Fishdin”), and seem bright and
contented. They act in a peculiar manner, throwing themselves across the
ribbon weed on the surface, only the tail and a tiny portion of the head
remaining in the water. ‘They stay in this position for half an hour or
more, then swim away. Sometimes two fish will be together, either on the
weed or shells, one lying at right angles across the other's back. They
frequently lie upright against the glass with only the tip of the tail in water,
will remain there motionless for more than an hour, will also lie sideways
quite still except for a slow waving of the lower half of the body. When
resting upright on the side of the glass under water as they frequently do,
the pectoral fins seem to wave water up into the gills whilst the mouth
is only slightly open—the swallowing motion of the fish’s throat being
extremely like that of a frog. ‘Their habits are very similar to those of
tadpoles, newts and frogs. ‘They leap up out of the water with great sud-
denness and several have committed suicide in this way: the glass cover must
fit close to the container for safety. On 17th February a fish was 14 inches
above the water on the side of the tank pressed against the glass cover giving
no sign of life for almost two hours. I feared he might be dead, so threw
drops of water on him till he slid down to swim gaily away.

Some of the fish are much darker than others, almost black, the others
being pale sand colour or greyish with tiny spots. [The dark ones keep
more to the surface of the water, the pale one seeming more aggressive.
The fish gradually have ceased (8th August, 1950) to make groups of bubbles
—just blow an ocasional one. Since the weather has been cold they swim
about very little, spend most of their time draped over the weed, or lying
on or under the small pile of shells in the middle of their realm. ‘They
have grown nearly + inch and seem quite healthy and contented after ten
months in fresh water. ‘Their colours change: when fresh water is added
to fill up the tank they become much lighter in tint for a time, then resume
their usual colour. After fourteen months in fresh water the gobies gave
up blowing bubbles, continued draping themselves over weed, when they
seemed to go to sleep, and changed colour at times. By the end of 1950
they had grown about half an inch—I think my small tank retards their
progress.

2D

2.—Breeding Variations in the Freshwater Snail
Lenameria gibbosa (Gould)

In February, 1931, I otained some freshwater snails from the Nepean
River, New South Wales. Amongst a large number of dark coloured bullinus
snails with somewhat pointed shells, Lenameria gibbosa (Gould), I found one
small snail with a flat black shell and red body, and a few weeks later I
secured two similar specimens, and I thought that if the dark snails with
the pointed shells had red bodies they would be pretty. In an attempt to
achieve this result I put the three with red bodies with two bullinus. These
I kept together in a separate jar. The first eggs were laid some three weeks
afterwards, and when hatched and grown enough to see clearly, all had
rather pointed shells and were black, with the exception of four, which had
red bodies and darkish shells. I bred from these four again, securing this
time, from a large number of eggs, eight red, the shells being more pointed
than before and also red in colour. ‘The rest of the hatching were almost
black, but the bodies showed slight tints of pink when held in a strong
light. ‘These eight red ones were put together in a bowl and at the next
hatching all had red bodies and red pointed shells; there were no dark ones
at all. After that they always bred true to type, no dark ones ever appearing.

Figure 7. Variations in Lenameria gibbosa.

Joyce Allan del.

This snail had an entirely red body, a clear bright colour, which caused
the pointed shell to appear red also, tiny black eyes, and long white “horns”
or tentacles. When fully grown they average about 14 inch in length and 12
inch in diameter at the widest part. The original three with red bodies
(parent stock) died soon after the experiment began and I kept only the
red ones. On taking some of these to the Australian Museum for identifica-
tion, Mr. T. Iredale told me they were a new red variety of Bullinus
gibbosus Gould; according to Miss Allan’s Australian Shells (1950, p. 420,
fig. 104, No. 2), the species is now known as a Pouched Snail, Lenameria
gibbosa. Since then I have always kept a small number of the red snails
in my containers and, except for two quite distinct genera of freshwater
snails (the introduced Ramshorn Snail, Planorbis corneus var. ruber, bred
in N.S.W., and a few Japanese viviparous snails also bred in N.S.W.), there
has been no fresh stock introduced. A few months before the end of
1950 I noticed a change taking place in a bowl of red bullinus. The shape
of the snail began to alter, the shells becoming rounder and broader, the
spire shorter and wider and lying flatter and more closely to the shell, the
first fold becoming enlarged and the final point smaller. ‘The outline is
changed: less slender, altogether rounder in appearance. ‘The shells are
also not so evenly coloured as the first variety; in some cases the edges have
lines folowing the curve of the shell. They average 1 inch by 12 inch in
diameter. The bodies also are different—instead of being all red, the heads
have become black, with occasionally an outline of black on the edge of
the body, seen when gliding upside down on the water. The red
is somewhat deeper than that of the former variety, and the snail tends to

56

become darker as it matures. I was intrigued when I noticed the change
taking place, watched them carefully and was delighted when I saw the little
ones were exactly like their parents.

The Curator of Shells at the Australian Museum kindly comments as fol-
lows:—It is interesting to note that in his paper on the Freshwater Shells
of Australia (Jour. Linn. Soc., Lond., Zool., xvi., 1882, pp. 278-9, pl. vi.,
figs. 3-6), the English conchologist, Edgar A. Smith, referred to this actual
variation noticeable in a large series of shells of gibbosa he examined in the
British Museum collection, from Cook’s River, near Sydney, Denbigh, Liver-
pool, and Parramatta, New South Wales. The series he figured shows
the same variation from a long-spired, narrow type of shell to the short-
spired, globular, large apertured shell as bred by Miss Ivey. Smith found it
difficult to dissociate from gibbosa, which shows many intermediate forms
in a eee the large form in the British Museum named adamsiana by
Canefri.

NOTES

The Port Jackson Shark which was born at Taronga Park Aquarium in
1938, and whose development was recorded in last year’s Proceedings, died
in September, 1950. ‘The specimen was not preserved.

The Australian Zoologist has not appeared since February, 1948, but
it is intended to issue part 4 to complete volume XI. at the earliest oppor-
tunity. Several papers on insects, shells and fishes are awaiting publication

in future parts and will be of interest to members generally.

57

NEW RACES OF IALMENUS ICILIUS

By E. O. Epwarps

In “Notes on Butterflies of Western Queensland” (Edwards, 1948, p.
231) I referred to an unnamed species of Ialmenus. I have now had the
opportunity of examining all the specimens in Dr. Waterhouse’s collection
in the Australian Museum, which are those bred and collected by myself and,
with the greatly appreciated help and co-operation of Mr. A. Musgrave of the
Museum, have come to the conclusion that there are at least two races and
Posey three. I would not be prepared to accept them as other than races
of icilius.

The original description of Ialmenus icilius, by Hewitson (1865, p. 54,
pl. xxiv., fig. 3), is of a male, while the illustration gives the underside
only and no locality. In his description he states that the upperside of
“both wings have a large spot of silvery blue from the base to beyond the
middle”. Generally speaking, the description is vague. Waterhouse and
Lyell (1914, p. 128) describe icilius as “pale metallic green” on the upper-
side and disagree with Hewitson’s description as blue. Under certain lights
the metallic colourings seem to differ. ‘To get a basis to work on the males
and females were placed side by side in the same light and comparisons
made under similar conditions.

Waterhouse and Lyell (1914, p. 129), under icilius, state that “We
consider Ialmenus clementi Druce (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1902, ii., p. 120, pl. xi.,
fig. 9) a synonym, described from small and faded specimens’. However,
a check of: Druce’s description reveals that he allied his specimens with ionus
and not icilius and refers to the “bands’ on the underside of the wings,
which is one of the distinctions between ionus and icilius, while the illus-
tration verifies the description.

The outstanding points in the Mitchell CQld.) specimens as compared
with other localities are the small size and lack of brilliance in colouring on
the upperside of the wings. A specimen in Dr. Waterhouse’s collection
CNo. KL 20732) from Carnarvon, W. Australia, collected by Grant Watson,
shows some resemblance to the Western Queensland specimens. Specimens
from Western Australia recorded as being collected by B. E. Turner in 1935
at Mingenew and marked in Dr. Waterhouse’s catalogue with a ? show some
resemblance to the Mitchell specimens, but are slightly larger, darker brown
and more brilliantly coloured. ‘They had been placed alongside the Mitchell
specimens by Dr. Waterhouse. ‘The fact that there are two distinct life
histories in the Western Queensland specimens, one with gray pupae and
one with black pupae with different foodplants, although by no means a
convincing method of separation, suggests two distinct types. In separating
the known males and females from gray pupae and the male and female
from the black pupae, they appear to fall into two distinct types, but there
is a third type of which there is only one male specimen from a gray
pupa bred on Mulga (Acacia aneura) again showing variations in colouring.

A description of these races may give others an opportunity for further
research on this species.

58

Ialmenus icilius mitchelli, subsp. nov.

First collected in March, 1933, near Wemallila Greek 20 miles south
of Mitchell, Western Queensland. Later bred in October and November of

the same year on Cassia eremophilia.

Male: Differs from the typical icilius in general dull colour. Central
area from base to dorsum metallic green in the forewing and metallic blue
on the hindwing. Size 24.8 mm.

Female: Similar to the male, but metallic blue’ on the fore and hind-
wing. Size 24 mm.

Ovum: Laid in clusters on the branches (usually dead) of the food-
plant, Cassia eremophilia. Pale blue; finely spined.

Larva: At first a dirty yellow with a diamond-shaped black mark
near the head. ‘Typically Lycaenid in shape. Later becomes pale green,
marked with reddish brown. ‘The diamond-shaped mark near the head
metallic, fringed with reddish brown. ‘Two reddish-brown small projections
behind the diamond-shaped mark. Small metallic silver diamond-shaped
mark near the tail with four reddish-brown small projections in front of
the diamond mark and two behind. Attended by small black ants, usually
one to each larva.

Pupa: At first pale green spotted along the wing cases with black.
Later becoming dull gray with additional black spots'down the centre of the
back and scattered over the abdomen. ‘Two black spots on the head. Sus-
pended head downwards on the leaves or branches of the foodplant. Held
round the middle with a silken thread.

I have selected as holotype a female (KL 24056), and as allotype a
male (KL 24051). There are seven females and five males as paratypes.
_ All are in Dr. Waterhouse’s collection in the Australian Museum, Sydney.

Ialmenus icilius obscurus, subsp. nov.

I am suggesting obscurus as the race name of the butterflies bred
from black pupae and feeding on Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla), Mitchell
Queensland.

Male: Differs from mitchelli in being slightly darker brown with the
metallic green on the forewing and the blue of the hindwing slightly
brighter, but not as brilliant as the typical icilius. Size 25.8 mm.

Female: Similar to the male with metallic green on the forewing and
blue on the hindwing. Size 27.5 mm.

Selected as holotype, a female (KL 24049); allotype, a male (also
numbered KL 24049), from Dr. Waterhouse’s collection in the Australian
Museum, Sydney.

Ovum: Not collected. Although the foodplant, Acacia harpophylla, or
Brigalow, was searched, no trace of eggs was found, whereas in the case
of mitchelli the clusters of eggs were easily located. This, together with
the fact that few larvae were found on the Brigalow, suggests that the
eggs may not be laid in clusters.

Larva: Young larvae were dark yellow with black head; later a black
diamond-shaped marking on the head and a lessor similar marking near the
tail. When full grown the larva is green; head black, dorsal band of
chocolate colour arising from four chocolate prejections, two each on the
second and third segments and culminating near similar but smaller pro-
jections near the tail. Black shining marking on the first segment like two
circles joined. Faint lateral pale yellow mark, becoming pinkish towards
the tail. Wavy indistinct chocolate lines on either side of the body between
the dorsal and lateral stripes. Few hairs on the head. Somietimes the
markings are dark green. Attended by numbers of small black ants.

a9

Pupa: Shining black.

The third subspecies, of which there is only one specimen, was bred
from a larva feeding on Mulga (Acacia aneura), which has a gray pupa. The
resultant butterfly, which is apparently a male (KL24047, 22nd Oct.,
1933, No. 108 in Dr. Waterhouse’s collection in Australian Museum), has
metallic green in the fore and hindwings, but more data are needed to make
any separation.

Generally speaking, the Western Queensland specimens give the false
idea that they are faded and small, while the metallic green and blue patches
give the impression that some of the scales have been rubbd off.

In conclusion, the fact that feeding on different, but related, food-
plants could make differences in colouring cannot be overlooked. Botanically,
Cassia and Acacia are closely allied. It would be difficult, but not impossible,
to breed from known butterflies and ascertain if they will interbreed, but it
could only be done where the foodplants are growing.

In the ten years I spent in western Queensland, only in the one year,
1933, did I collect the butterflies, yet they were found in the neighbour-
hood of my home, and it was unlikely that I would have missed them
had they been plentiful at other periods. ‘They were also bred in October
and November (although the first specimen was collected in March). ‘This
is usually a dry period in western Queensland.

The specimens had presented difficulties to Dr. Waterhouse, which,
owing to ill-health, he had been unable to investigate fully. He stated in a
letter, “The evidence before us is that there are two certain species; this
is at once shown by the very different pupae. How, then, are we to distin-
guish the perfect insects which we see are very much alike>”’

References: —
DRUCE, H. H. C. J. (€1902).—Proc. Zool. Soc., London, ii.
EDWARDS, E. O. (1948).—Austr. Zoologist, ix., 3, pp. 225-232.

HEWITSON, W. C. (1865).—Illus. of Diurnal Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae,

part ii.

WATERHOUSE, G. A., & LYELL, G. (1914).—Butterflies of Australia.

60

NEW FISH NAMES AND RECORDS

By G. P. WHuiITLey, F.B.z.s.
(Contribution from The Australian Museum, Sydney.)

In the course of preparing my “Fishes of Australia’ the necessity for
new names arises from time to time, whilst identification of hundreds of
fishes frequently extends the known range of species. Some of the details
are mentioned hereunder to clear the way for more general treatment
in the main work later. References to literature may be found in Austr.
Mus. Memoir v., 1929, in most cases.

The Burramundi (Scleropages) belongs to an order for which no
name apes to be available, so that OSTEOGLOSSOIDEI, ordo nov., is
proposed.

The Ocean Silversides (Bathylagus) of Australia should be sub-
generically separated. B. (B.) antarcticus (Gunther) has more slender
body and more anal rays than B. argyrogaster Norman (Discovery Rept., ii.,
1930, p. 273, fig. 4), so Bathylagoides, subg. nov., is proposed for the
latter, distinguished by its deeper body and about 13 anal rays.

Neoplotosus waterhousii Castelnau, 1875, and Ostophycephalus
duriceps Ogilby, 1899, are evidently synonyms of Cnidoglanis macrocephalus
CCuv. & Val., 1840).

The “Endeavour” trawled a Ladder Conger, Scalanago lateralis Whitley,
in South Australia (mew record for that State).

Figure 8. Freckled Reef Eel from Queensland.
G. P. Whitley del.

Ophichthys elapsoides Cast. is a new synonym of Chlevastes colubrinus
(Boddaert).

61

A small specimen of the eel, Yirrkala chaselingi Whitley, 1940, from
Brampton Island, in the National Museum, Melbourne, admits this species
to the Queensland fauna.

A Freckled Reef Eel, Lycodontis thyrsoideus (Richardson, 1845), is here
figured from a specimen two feet long (No. 307 in the coll. of the Dept.
of Harbours and Marine, Brisbane) from off Caloundra, Queensland, Oct.,
1950. ‘The general colour is liver-brown with flecks of lighter and darker
brown and about four dull brown diffuse patches on posterior portions. Front
of head dark purplish brown. A dark grey line above and along anal fin
on each side, as shown in middle inset; the dentition of upper jaw is shown
to the right of the figure. ‘This eel has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution
and is known from eastern and western Australia. It has been named
Muraena (Gymnothorax or Lycodontis) thyrsoidea, variously spelt,
Thyrsoidea arenata, Muraena griseo-badia and M. prosopeion, the latter
form agreeing best with my figured example which was kindly made available
by Mr. T. C. Marshall, Government Ichthyologist, Brisbane.

The pipefish called Syngnathus vercoi by Waite & Hale in 1921 is
a Parasyngnathus, but deserves a new subgeneric name, Vanacampus, because
it has a much shorter snout than the genotype and a very low number of
dorsal rays (18 to 20). Rings 16 to 17 plus 41 to 43. Subdorsal rings,
5 to 6, all on tail.

Pipettella, a new subgenus of Stigmatopora, is proposed for S. nigra
Kaup, 1856, because it has a shorter snout than S. argus, and there is
great sexual dimorphism, females having the body much expanded and
keeled at the sides, twice as broad as deep. See also Kaup, Cat. Loph. Fish.
Brit. Musi, 856; p55.

In the Order Berycoidei, the new family name Paradiretmidae is
proposed for Paradiretmus, a genus with deep maxilla, but differing from
Diretmidae in having spines preceding the dorsal and anal fins. Paradiretmus
circularis Whitley, 1948, has been found washed up on Narrabeen Beach,
near Sydn2y, N.S.W.; new record for Australia.

The family Trachichthyidae may be split into subfamilies as follows:—

(a) Vent well behind the ventral fins.

(b) Eight dorsal spines. Preopercular spine enlarged. Scales very
small. Last dorsal spines decreasing in height—Gephyroberycinae,
subf. nov.

(bb) Less than eight dorsal spines, increasing in height backwards.

(c) Anal fin with three spines. Fins not roughened—Hoplostethinae,
subf. nov.

(cc) Anal with two spines; dorsal with three. Fins covered with
asperities. Body deep—Trachichthyinae.
(aa) Vent between ventral fins.—Paratrachichthyinae, subf. nov.

A new subfamily Centroberycinae may be separated from Berycinae
by its six dorsal spines and less than 20 anal rays; Berycinae have 4 dorsal
spines and more than 20 anal rays.

The Ribbon Fish, Trachipterus arawatae Clarke, 1881, may be added
to the South Australian Hst, as a specimen was obtained in Port Lincoln
on 13th November, 1939.

The Scaldfish, Arnoglossus fisoni Ogilby, 1898, comes down, rarely,
to Port Jackson. New record for New South Wales.

In 1935, I collected 38 specimens of Arnoglossus tenuis Gunther, 1880,
2} to 32 inches long, from about 5 fathoms off Lindeman Island, Queensland.
New record for Australia.

The Rev. W. S. Chaseling caught a small Aesop Sole, Aesopia hetero-
rhinos (Bleeker, 1856), at Yirrkala about ten years ago; new record for the
Northern Territory. This species may also be added to the Western Aus-
tralian list, as Dr. Paul Chabanaud has identified one (No. E.2487) from
between Cape Naturaliste and Geraldton, W.A.; 20 to 100 fathoms CF.I.V.

“Endeavor” ).

62

A variety of the Textile Sole (Aseraggodes haackeanus ramsaii Ogilby)
from Lord Howe Island also occurs in New South Wales (Pittwater and
Port Jackson—new records); it has the upper eye in advance of the lower
and slenderer interorbital than the South Australian type of haackeanus
Steind., 1883.

The Peacock Sole, Pardachirus pavoninus (Lacepede, 1802), has been

collected in the Melville Bay and Cape Arnheim areas; new record for the
Northern Territory.
Quirichthys is a new generic name in Melanotaeniidae which I propose
to replace my Quiris (Rec. Austr. Mus., xxii., 1950, p. 239) preocc. in
Hymenoptera by Quiris Pate, 1946, according to the Zoological Record for
that year, just to hand. Monotypic fish species: Quirichthys stramineus
(Whitley).

Coming now to the mullets, Mugil gelatinosus’ Klz., M. occidentalis
Cast., M. marginalis De Vis, and, probably, M. mulleri Klz., are synonyms
of M. dobula Gunther, our commonest commercial species.

Mugil splendens De Vis equals Oedalechilus cirrostomus (Bl. Schn.).

Moolgarda (Planiliza) ordensis Whitley, 1945, may be recorded from
the Northern Territory, as I have identified small examples from Melville
Island and Darwin.

Mugil convexus De Vis is Moolgarda argentea (Quoy & Gaimard),
teeth having wrongly been described as present.

The toothed Mugilidae, such as Trachystoma, Myxus and Aldrichetta,
may be separated as Myxinae, subfam. nov.

large Rudder Fish, Centrolophus maoricus Ogilby, 38 inches long,
was recently presented to the Australian Museum by C.S.I.R.O. Division
of Fisheries from Triabunna. This is a new record for Tasmania.

The Australian Bass, genus Percalates, was placed in the family
Moronidae in Jordan’s “Classification of Fishes”, 1923, p. 191, but Morone
Mitchill, 1814, is typically an American fish. Supercially the two genera
ae surprisingly similar, but there are some fundamental differences as
ollows:—

A: Maxillary long, with distinct supplemental bone. Preorbital narrow
serrated. Head mostly naked above. ‘Tongue toothless. Lateral line strongly
curved anteriorly—Percalates.

AA. Maxillary shorter, without supplemental bone. Preorbital deeper,
entire. Head scaly above to nostrils. ‘Tongue with toothed edges. Lateral
line almost straight—Morone.

Percalates seems much nearer Macquaria Cuv. & Val., 1830, so, after
direct comparison of AustralianPercalates and American and European Morone
and checking with literature, I provide the new family name Macquariidae
for the Australian Bass and Macquarie Perch. Otherwise Percalates would
have to be merged in the unsatisfactorily defined “Oligoridae”’, Epinephelidae
and Serranidae of authors which, if combined into one family, would
be better known as Anthiidae, after Anthias, the longest founded genus
in any of them. For the purposes of my “Fishes of Australia’, however,
I group the perch-like fishes in the following families:—

MACQUARIIDAE, nov. for Percalates and Macquaria.

PLECTROPLITIDAE, nov. for Plectroplites.

BOSTOCKIIDAE, nov. for Bostockia.

MACCULLOCHELLIDAE for Maccullochella C— Oligorus, preocc.).

EPINEPHELIDAE for Acanthistius, Centrogenys, Polyprionum, Plectro-
pomus, Trachypoma, Anyperodon, Epinephelus and its allies, and
Promicrops.

CEPHALOPHOLIDAE, nov. for Cephalopholis, Enneacentrus,
AEthaloperca and Variola.

CHROMILEPTIDAE, nov. for Chromileptes.

GRAMMISTIDAE, nov. for Grammistes.

RAINFORDIIDAE for Rainfordia.

63

ANTHIIDAE for the “Hypoplectrodidae” of McCulloch’s 1929 Check-
List CAustr. Mus. Mem., v.), to include: Ellerkeldia, Hypoplec-
trodes, Epinephelides, Othos, Fraudella, Caprodon, Caesioperca,
Anthias, Callanthias, and Lepidoyperca.

Which brings us to NANNOPERCIDAE for Nannoperca and Edelia, and
OWSTONIIDAE for Owstonia, before the arrangement of Percomorph fami-
lies in McCulloch’s Check-List can be again resumed.

The characters separating the members of the above families may be
found in Boulenger’s “Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British
Museum”, 1895, and in later works by Regan, Starks, Jordan, McCulloch,
Weber and Beaufort and other authorities.

Epinephelus subfasciatus De Vis and E. geometricus De Vis are synonyms
of E. marginalis Bloch.

Enneapterygius aurantius CCuv. & Val., 1828) and E. leopardus CLace-
pede, 1802), may be added to the Australian list. A Queensland example
of the former came from Holbourne Island. ‘The Australian Museum has
examples of leopardus from Murray Island, Beaver Reef, and other parts
of Queensland between 17 and 19 degrees S. Lat.

In reviewing the Soldier Fishes of the family Apogonidae for the
“Fishes of Australia”, I have noted more synonyms than novelties. Apogon
chrysurus Ogilby, 1889, from Lord Howe Island is to be recorded from
Australia on the basis of some Port Jackson specimens. Aypogon doryssa Jordan
& Seale, 1906, has been identified from Hayman Island, Queensland; another
new record for Australia unless it be the opposite sex of Zoramia leptacanthus.

Apogon darnleyensis (Alleyne & Macleay, 1877, as Apogonichthys) was
based on a small fish now known to be very common in tropical Australia.
The type has kindly been made available for study by Mr. J. R. Henry,
Curator of the Macleay Museum, University of Sydney. ‘The species is here
figured from a half-grown example trawled off Bowen, Q., by the F.I.V.
“Endeavour”. It has fewer |. lat. scales than the type and no predorsal
scales instead of two. Synonyms of darnleyensis are: Apogon brevicaudatus
Weber, A. opercularis Macleay (type seen), Amia berthae Ogilby, and
probably Apogonichthys roseobrunneus Macleay and Apogon simplex De Vis.
I have seen numerous specimens from W.A., Q. and N. Territory.

Me
0)

~
Figure 9. Soldier Fish, Apogon darnleyensis, from off Bowen,
Queensland.

64

The Gobbleguts of temperate Australia, Vincentia novaehollandiae
(Valenc., 1832), has some evident new synonyms: Apogon conspersus
Klunzinger, 1872, Vincentia waterhousii Castelnau, 1872, Apogon guntheri
Cast., 1872, A. punctatus Klz., 1879 (non Regan, preocc.), A. lemprieri
Johnston, 1882, and Mionorus ramsayi Fowler, 1907.

The new name Aypogon regani is now suggested for Apogon punctatus
freeam)@ trans, Linn. Soc:, Lond. (2,),.Zool. xi., 3, May, 1908, p. 225, pl.
24, fig. 1. Indian Ocean) preocc. by Klunzinger, Sitzungs b. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, Ixxx., 1, 1879, p. 345, pl. 3, fig. 3, from Western Australia.

When recently ‘trawling in Moreton Bay with Mr. T. C. Marshall, I ob-
tained several Apogonichthys poecilopterus (Cuv. & Val., 1828); years before
the “Endeavour” trawled other examples off Gloucester Head and Bowen,
farther north in Queensland, but this is the first time the species (identified
from Weber and Beaufort’s account.) has been recorded from Australia.

I may note that “Apogonichthys”’ guttulatus Alleyne & Macleay is a
Fodifoa. The types in the Macleay Museum are extremely like fistulosa
Weber & Beaufort, 1929, but have the 1. lat. completely tubed; they show
the characteristic internal luminescent canals which were not known in
Macleay’s days.

Adenapogon woodi McCulloch is evidently conspecific with cephalotes
(Castelnau, 1875).

The family Howellidae might well be renamed Sphyraenopsidae, nov.
Sphyraenops (Gill) Poey, 1861, apparently has as synonyms: Howella Ogilby,
1899, Galeagra Heller & Snodgrass, 1903, Rhectogramma Norman, 1930,
and Schistoperca Fowler, 1943; possibly also the fossil Praegaleagra David,
1946?

Sillago bostockii Castelnau, 1873, is evidently a synonym of schom-
burgkii Peters, 1865; and S. fraseri Whitley equals bassensis.

The Whitefish, Queenfish or Skinnyfish, Chorinemus lysan, or “Giant
Dart” of the Brisbane markets, is common in tropical Australia. The figure
shows an 8-inch specimen from Port Curtis, Q. CAustr. Mus. no. IA.4601)
with gill-rakers 2/1/9; D. i plus vii/17; A.ii/i, 15; P. 19, small oval scales
and ventrals shorter than pectorals. From Darwin I have identified another
Queenfish, Scomberoides tolooparah (Ruppell, 1829), a new record for
the Northern Territory.

Figure 10. Whitefish, Chorinemus lysan, from Queensland.

Scomberoides oshimae, nom. nov. is proposed for Scomberoides for-
mosanus Oshima (Phil. Journ. Sci., xxvi., March, 1925, p. 349, pl. i., fig. 1.
Keelung) preoce. by S. formosanus Wakiya, Ann. Carneg. Mus., xv., July,
1924, p. 236, pl. 38, fig. 3, from Formosa.

65

Regificola yparilis Whitley is apparently the elongate, adult form of
the deep-bodied species called Seriola simpex by Ramsay & Ogilby; it may
now be called Regificola simplex.

Melbanella mulleri Cfor refs. to which see Mem. Qld. Mus., xi., 1937,
p. 132) is evidently generically and specifically synonymous with Latridopsis
forsteri Castelnau, 1872.

Devisina quinquedentata (McCulloch, 1926) was dredged off Gan-
theaume Point in 1929. New record for Western Australia for this
Pseudochromid, which has also been reported from the Riu Kiu Islands
(Aoyagi, Coral Fishes, i., 1943, p. 102).

Plectorhinchus fangi is a new name for P. cinctus punctatus Fang
(Bull. Soc. Zool., France, 67, 1942, p..81, China) anticipated by Diagramma
punctatum Cuv. & Val. CHist. Nat. Poiss., v., 1830, p. 302), which is a
Plectorhinchus according to modern authors.

hromis cadenati, nom. nov. is provided for the Pomacentrid fish
Chromis lineatus Cadenat (Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris (2), xxi.,
1949, p. 669 and fig.), preocc. by C. lineatus Fowler & Bean (Bull. U.S.
INats: Mias:s O04 Svan 19285 a Ouray):

Two wrasses new to Australia have been determined from Beaufort’s
eighth volume of the “Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago”. They
were trawled in Moreton Bay, Q., in October, 1950. One, Cheilinus
bimaculatus Cuv. & Val. CHist. Nat. Poiss., xiv., “1839”-Jan., 1840, p. 96,
Sandwich Is.), 165mm. in total length, agrees with the figure in Bleeker’s
“Atlas Ichthyologique” Ci., pl. 28, fig. 4) as ceramensis. The other, 200mm.
long, is Leptoscarus caeruleo-punctatus (Ruppell, 1835).

Two commercial fishes in Western Australia require new subspecific
names. The “Salmon”, Arripis trutta esper, subsp. nov., typified by a
7-inch specimen (no. I.12841) in the Australian Museum from Fremantle,
commonly grows to a larger size than the eastern Australian race (marginata
Cuv. & Val., 1828) and has fewer gill-rakers, about 26 instead of about
36 on whole of first gill-arch. See Fairbridge Fisheries Newsletter, vii., 4,
1948, p. 7, and Munro, Austr. Fisheries, 1950, passim, esp. pp. 60-61 and
102, and Fairbridge, Indo-Pacif. Fisher, Comm. Proc. ii., Bangkok, 1951,
pujod:

The yellow-eyed mullet, Aldrichetta forsteri nonpilcharda, subsp. nov.
was described and figured in Austr. Zool., xi., 1945, p. 19, fig. 1.

It has fewer gill-rakers (less than 30 instead of more than 40 on lower
half of first arch) and fewer scales (about 40 to 50 instead of about 60
between head and hypural) than typical New Zealand forsteri.

The porcupine fish Chilomycterus grandoculis Ogilby, 1910, is synonym-
ous with Tragulichthys jaculiferus (Cuvier, 1818).

Genus Ferdauia Jordan, Evermann & Tanaka, 1927.

Ferdauia tindemanensis, sp. nov.

D. \viii./33; A. 11./27; P: 1., 22... L. Jat).71 on curved) plush 43> vom
straight portion, of which about 28 are scutes. Gill-rakers 9/20.

Head (52 mm.), 3.7; depth (87), 2.2 in L.C.F. (195). Eye, 13 mm;
postorbital, 23; snout, 16; maxillary, 19; interorbital, 19; preorbital, 8;
L. lat. curved part, 74, and straight part, 58; depth between first dorsal
origin and ventrals, 76; base of second dorsal, 78; base of anal, 68; length
of pectoral, 71; length to middle of caudal peduncle, 165.

General facies as in McCulloch’s figure (Mem. Qld. Mus., viii., 1924,
p. 74, pl. xii.) of “Caranx’ laticaudis, but that Papuan species has breast
more scaly on the sides, no lobe on soft dorsal fin, fewer rays and smaller
adipose eyelids than my new species.

Form deep, compressed, upper profile more convex than lower. Prom-
inent scaly sheaths to soft dorsal and anal fins. Scutes occupy more than
half straight portion of L. lat., which is feebly arched anteriorly, the straight
beginning below 18th dorsal ray. Depth of scutes (4 mm.) deepest near
middle of caudal peduncle, nearly half depth of latter. Anal spines vestigial.

66

Maxillary reaching below anterior third of eye. Lips coriaceous. Pores
along each side of chin. ‘Teeth in bands in both jaws, granular to conic;
a few outer upper teeth slightly enlarged. Patches of teeth on vomer and
palatines. Gillrakers moderate, not protruding into mouth. Breast, in
advance of a C-shaped boundary of scales before the pectoral and ventral
fins, naked. Colours faded in spirit to silvery yellow with no markings;
edge of caudal dusky.

Described from the holotype specimen, about nine inches long. Austr.
Mus., regd. no. IA. 7491.

Loc.—Lindeman Island, Queensland; Capt. A. S. Nicolson, 1937.

Distinguished by its numerical characters, particularly the very high
number of fin-rays, also by having a falcate lobe to both soft dorsal and
anal fins, deep body, and low curve of lateral line. Nearest Ferdauia
laticaudis (Alleyne and Macleay, 1877) from Papua, but differs as described

above.
NEW GENERIC NAMES

Further study of Neave’s Nomenclator Zoologicus (q.v. for references
to literature), especially volume v., indicates the necessity for the ensuing
changed names, due to preoccupation of the genera listed more or less
alphabetically below. (The dashes signify “equals’.)

Aldingeria Moy-Thomas, 1942 — Moythomasia, gen. nov. (Family

- Palaeoniscidae). Genotype, M. biertheri (Moy-Thomas).

Allophallus Hubbs, 1936 — Carlhubbsia, nov. (CCyprinodontidae, Poecilop-
sinae). ‘Type, C. kidderi Hubbs.

Arctosomus Berg, Trav. Inst. Zool. Acad. Sci. URSS, v. 2, 1940, pp. 190
and 407, invalidated by Arctosoma, may be named Neavichthys, nov.
(Pholidopleuridae ).

Fur Whitley, Austr. Zool., x., 1943, p. 167 — Furgaleus, nov. (Triakidae).
Type, F. macki CWhitley).

Herklotsella Fowler, 1934 — Herklotsichthys, nov. CClupeidae). Type,
Harengula dispilonotus Bleeker.

Pluto Hubbs, 1938 — Furmastix, nov. (Synbranchidae). Type, F. infernalis
CHubbs ).

le [a 1938 — Typhliasina, nov. (Brotulidae). Type, T. pearsei

ubbs).

Zelotes Jordan, 1921, was renamed Zelotichthys by Jordan in 1925 before
Strand proposed Selota in 1942.

Noriona Strand, 1942, is a synonym of Proditor Whitley, 1940.

ree 1866 — Taenarus, noy. (Sparidae). Type, T. pedemontanus

osta ).

Cynoglossoides Smith, Sea Fish. S. Africa, 1949, p. 164, preocc. — Notrullus,
nov. (Cynoglossidae). Type, C. ecaudatus Gilchrist.

Euptychaspis White & Moy-Thomas, Ann. Mag. Hist. (11), vii., 1941,
p. 398, preocc. — Murmur, nov. (Acanthaspidae). Type, M. arctatum
(Bryant).

Eutomodus White & Moy-Thomas, ibid,, p. 400, preocc. — Enniskillen, nov.
CCochliodontidae). Type, E. convexus (Davis).

Imhoffius Chabanaud, 1940, not Imhoffia Heer, 1849 — Imhoffichthys, nov.
(Bothidae). Type, I. lutetianus Chabanaud.

Paraphya Munro, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12), ii., 1949, p. 232, not Paraphia
or Paraphyia in Lepidoptera — Munrogobius, nov. (Gobiidae). Type,
M. semivestitus (Munro).

Sparosoma Sauvage, 1883, non Sparisoma — Rhamnubia, nov. (Sparidae).
Type, R. ovalis (Sauvage).

Lobopterus Kramberger, 1895, non Loboptera — Dictynopterus, nov. (Bery-
cidae). Type, D. pectinatus (Kramberger).

Lophaspis Brotzen, 1934 — Lophaspiscis, nov. CHeterostraci). Type, L.
crenulatus (Brotzen).

Macrobrachius Hoffmann, 1916 — Shurcabroma, nov. (Pleiopteridae, nov.
equals Astrolepidae of Jordan’s Classif. Fish., 1923).

Macromastax Beebe, 1933, may be a young Bathylaco.

67

Marosia Beaufort, 1925 — Marosichthys, nov. CTriacanthidae). Type,

M. huismani (Beaufort).

Megalopterus Kner, 1866 — Flugopterus, nov. (Pholidophoridae). Type,

F. raiblianus (Kner).

Meristodon Sauvage, 1883 — Flugo, nov. (Heterodontidae). Type,

F. jurensis (Sauvage).

Micropoecilia Hubbs, 1926 — Recepoecilia, nov. (Cyprinodontidae). Type,

R. parae (Eigenmann ).

Muraenosaurus Osorio, 1909 — Osorina, nov. (Muraenesocidae). Type,

O. guentheri COsorio).

Nannacara Ribeiro, Hist. Nat. Zool. Matto Grosso, 1918, p. 14 — Parvacara,
nov. (Cichlidae). Type, Acara dorsigera Heckel.

Ninnia de Buen, 1931 — Ninnigobius, nov. CGobiidae). ‘Type, Gobius
canestrini Ninni.
Nivicola Jordan & Evermann, 1896 — Niviperca, nov. (Percidae). Type,

Etheostoma boreale Jordan equals N. borealis.

Oncopterus Steindachner, 1875, not Oncoptera Lacordaire, 1869 — Curiop-
tera, nov. (Rhombosoleidae). ‘Type, C. darwinii CSteind.).
Ophisaurus Valenciennes, 1847, may require a new name. Ref. not seen.

Similarly with Pachyodon Costa and Paralosa Roule.

Pelecyphorus Trautschold, 1890 — Phoebammon, nov. (Coccosteidae). Type,

P. obtusus CTrautschold).

Pertica Fowler, 1904 — Victor, nov. (Gerridae). Type, V. filamentosus

CCuv. & Val.).

Platea Steindachner, 1898 — Dadyanos, nov. CZoarcidae). ‘Type, D. in-
signis CSteind.).
Prionopleurus Fischer, not Prionopleura — Panteleion, nov. (Semionotidae ).

Type, P. bronni Fischer.

Psalidostoma Kner, 1865 — Onouphrios, nov. CCharacidae). Type, O.
caudimaculatus CKner).
Pseudobatrachus Castelnau — Batrachomoeus Ogilby and Pterophyllum —

Plataxoides.

Mr. Tom Iredale recently visited the Mathews Library at Canberra and
noted, in S.D.W.’s “Analyst” v. Jan., 1837, amended spellings of fish
genera, of which the most important were: (p. 208) Zifias for Xiphias,
(209) Lofius for Lophius, (212) Ficis for Phycis [preocc. — G.P.W.], and
Ofidion, Amfioxus, etc. Saurus §.D.W. is a Scombresox.

68

MOAS

By Tom IREeDALE

Over one hundred years ago the bones of a very large bird, apparently
as large or larger than an ostrich, were picked up by the early white people
in New Zealand. As such a discovery was almost unbelievable, it took
some little time to persuade Professor Owen, at that time the leading
anatomical student in the world, to accept the facts, but when he did so he
urged the New Zealand settlers to send him more and more material. This
was done, with the result that year after year for nearly fifty years Owen
published descriptions of these huge birds, having at the time of his death
named some twenty different species. Before that time the New Zealand
scientists began to take part, Haast, Hector and Hutton continuing the
tale for another twenty years. Many of the species had been described
from single or unattached bones, few complete skeletons being known, and
practically an impasse had been reached. ‘There could be little or no
finality about the species and genera until more was known about the
birds as a whole. Fictitious association of bones was only causing errors
and leading from the truth. Consequently the matter languished for
another twenty years when discovery of a few complete skeletons revived
the study and interest, and more and more skeletons were unearthed. These
provided a basis for better work, and in recent years two monographs of
these intriguing birds have been issued by New Zealand workers, the only
ones really capable of undertaking such a study with profit.

he Moa apparently has been extinct for a few centuries only, a few
birds perhaps existing until the last couple of centuries, but the majority
probably dying out in the last thousand years or so. ‘The causes of the
extermination can only be guessed at, but it seems that a great change of
climate took place, followed by the advent of human beings from the north.
The size of the birds was immense, as the largest is calculated to have
stood ten feet high, from the ground to the top of the head. It had a
small head, a long neck, a bulky body, and long legs, but no wings.
As noted above, many species have been described varying in size and
form as well as in anatomical structure, the smaller forms having shorter
necks, bulkier bodies and stouter, shorter legs, the head being also more
massive proportionately. “Through unknown causes some feathers have been
preserved and eggs and pieces of egg also found. ‘The feathers are of the
coarse type associated with the largest birds, as the Ostrich, Rhea, Emu
and Cassowary, and this, in association with the skull features, has led
scientific workers to class these together. But there is really no close
relationship between them save size and the degradational factors leading
to their inability to cope with novel problems of life. The living birds
mentioned are all approaching extinction and the Moas have passed away,
as did the still larger birds from Madagascar, known as Aepyornis, no
easy name like Moa having been found to popularise these last named. In
the study of extermination of these large birds, the Dodo and its fellow-
sufferers in the Mascarene Islands deserve consideration, as they really
lived down to modern knowledge, while there appear to have been again
many kinds developed before the final curtain was lowered. ‘The preview
may serve to attract attention to the recent publication, entitled “The Moas
of New Zealand and Australia,” by W. R. B. Oliver, which appeared in
August, 1949. It had been preceded as recently as 1941 by “The Moa:
a Study of the Dinornithiformes,”’ by Gilbert Archey, the latter published
at Auckland, and the former at Wellington, New Zealand, the authors being
at the time the Directors of the Museums of each place respectively.

There can be nothing but praise for these works from the layman, while
the scientific worker interested will understand the amount of work and
research both in the field and in the Museums that has gone to the
production of such excellent accounts. Both the writers have kept very
strictly to the facts at their disposal, and have not ventured far into the
field of imagination and conjecture.

69

It is interesting to note that sixty years ago the bones in the British
Museum were arranged into as many as six genera and almost thirty species,
and now that complete skeletons have been studied, Oliver has allowed
two families, seven genera and twenty-eight species. Also be it noted that
Oliver is a conservative worker belonging to the group known as “Tumpers”
rather than to the progressive school of “splitters.” This is mentioned merely
to emphasise the extraordinary variation and multiplicity of forms of these
huge extinct birds that New Zealand had produced before the sudden on-
slaught of exterminating factors brought the reign of these avian monarchs
to a close. Again note these birds were absolute monarchs, as there were
no mammalian rivals, which also may account for their immense and useless
size-growth.

Attention must be drawn to the title of Oliver’s essay . . . “and Aus-
tralia,” as it is commonly understood that the Moas were restricted to New
Zealand. De Vis regarded a piece of a bone found in Queensland as referable
to the New Zealand series, and this piece has been studied by Oliver, who
includes it with the Moas, but with such doubt that it can be reasonably
rejected. When more material is found in Australia it will almost certainly
prove to be related more closely to the Emu than to the New Zealand Moas.

Both the above essays on the Moa are very technical, but there is a little
book, entitled “The Mystery of the Moa,” by Buick, published in 1931, which
is a very readable account written by a non-scientific author.

GOULD AND AUDUBON

On January 27, 1851, John James Audubon died in America, and his
name is world famous as the illustrator of American birds in the grand style.
He pictured all the American birds known to him life size, and in order
to cope with the largest, the size of the page was 3 feet 3 inches (1 metre)
by 2 feet 2 inches (2/3 metre), known as elephant or double-elephant folio.
Not for the size of the pictures, but for the faithfulness to Nature, his work
is praised and treasured, especially by Americans whose Audubon Society
dealing with bird preservation is the largest of such bodies in the world.

Every Australian ornithologist knows in the same sense the name of
John Gould, who was a contemporary of Audubon, but who pictured the
birds of many continents also in the grand style, but not in so magnificent
a size being content with ordinary folio. Gould’s name, however, is pecu-
liarly attached to Australia, as he came out here to see and collect the birds
before he completed his work on the Birds of Australia. He did his work
so thoroughly that he left little for his successors, and his paintings are also
unrivalled in their beauty, due in a great measure to his wife’s assistance.
He had begun the work on the Australian Birds before he resolved to
come to Australia and had issued two parts. When he made up his mind
(and he was a very determined man) he cancelled these two parts, and
gave the subscribers two new parts when he rebegan his work on his return.
Consequently the two cancelled parts are very rarely met with.

It was with considerable surprise and astonishment that Mr. E. J.
Hallstrom had offered to him these two parts with some other rare
Gouldian parts by a Mr. L. B. Audubon in 1950. He quickly acquired
them, finding out that they had been presented to Mr. Audubon’s great-
grandfather, John James, by John Gould in 1838. The details of these
will be furnished in a later account, as it is now a long story, but it is
the only link of these two famous ornithologists on record. It would seem
that there is still a lot to be found out about even such well-known people
as the above, as almost at the same time the proof plates of Gould’s Supple-
ment to the Birds of Australia and Gould’s Mammals were brought to light
from the vaults of a Museum and are now at Canberra. Again there is a
longer story, and in this latter case it is not yet finished, but the beginning
will be given later with the hope that this note will help to bring a

happy ending. Tom IREDALE

70

BOOK REVIEWS

“Birds of Paradise and Bower Birds.” By Tom Iredale, with coloured
illustrations of every species by Lilian Medland. Georgian House,
Melbourne, May, 1950, pp. xii.t239, pls. i.-xxxiii.; the dustcover
carries two more original coloured illustrations. Price £5/5/-.

In the Australian Zoologist, vol. xi., Feb., 1948, there was published
a technical paper, “A Check List of the Birds of Paradise and Bower
Birds’, by Tom Iredale, a painstaking contribution to world ornithology
which caused about as much stir amongst ornithologists as the deposition of
a plain-coloured egg in some obscure nest might have done. Yet, in that
miraculously wrought “egg” there was the germ of an idea for, as Iredale
then wrote, “Coloured figures of all the named species have been made
and the account will be published this year”. The hatching of the egg, to
the author’s impatience, was long delayed, but this noble product, published
in May, 1950, more than compensates for any incubatory anxieties. For
here the dry bones of the Check List are clothed in sinew, form and colour.
Zoo specimens and collections from New Guinea and the world’s museums,
the patience and serendipity of the author, and the glorious coloured plates
of every species by Mrs. Iredale (mee Lilian Medland) have combined
with the skill of some of Australia’s best printers, blockmakers, binders
and publishers to an apotheosis magnificent.

Written in a bright and entertaining style, this book tells almost all
there is to know about Birds of Paradise in an informal manner which
breaks down the usual barriers of technical jargon so obstructive to the
novice who reads zoological monographs of the usual type. The vast amount
of study which must have preceded this work can be known only to the
author himself. In his thorough style, he has analysed the world’s literature
on his birds, arranging this to consort with the rules of zoological nomen-
clature; meanwhile the birds themselves had to be minutely examined,
measured, and compared feather by feather with one another; a few rarities
not readily available to the author were either lent to him for examination
or illustrated in colour so that his work would be complete. Finally, a
formidable obtsacle to any study and looming like a gigantic backdrop
behind his labours was the mise-en-scene, the huge, mysterious country of
New Guinea and its adjacent islands, the sole natural haunts of the Birds
of Paradise. Whatever was known of the geology and geography of this
extensive terrain were studied by our meticulous author, whose subsequent
deductions concerning bird-distribution, especially as affected by altitude,
contrast somewhat violently with the “hybrid fantasies” of some ornithological
schools, which he does not spare from his criticisms. The historical approach
is, as one would expect in Iredale’s work, a fundamental basis of his book;
precise dates of publications and discoveries were given in his Check List in
the Zoologist, but in the “Birds of Paradise” exact dates have been sacrificed
for a vaguer, foggy style so that in some instances (e.g., for the “Augusta
Victoria”, on pages 126 and 127) it is impossible to determine what years
are intended. ‘The remarkable “painting” of bowers by birds is not men-
tioned. Neither is Roggewein included amongst the Ancient Writers on
page 233 or in the text, yet Captain Roggewein’s description of these
birds and the trade in them which he saw in the Thousand Islands in
1722 (The World Displayed, ix., 1760, p. 149) deserved a mention. ‘There
is also no note of the acclimatization in 1909 of Birds of Paradise (P. apoda)

71

on Little Tobago, British West Indies, where they still survive, fledglings
uaving been reported seen in June, 1950. The brilliant account (page 119)
by Dr. George Bennett of his captive Bird of Paradise might have been
paralleled by an earlier account from a work on the Birds of Sumatra by
Raffles had the author known of it at the time (as he himself has confessed
to this reviewer). A few text-figures might have made this book even more
comprehensive: Rembrandt’s etching of the classical “footless” birds which
were thought to have floated eternally in air, Hurley’s photograph, from life,
of a bird in the Papuan bush, and, say, a reproduction of at least one or
two illustrations of the bowers of Bower Birds might have made a happy
choice for textual adornment, whether from the famous old example in the
“Gardener’s Chronicle” or a modern photograph. But these trivial criticisms
are merely thrown out as suggestions for consideration for later editions of
this regal work on royal birds, a book which deserves to remain a classic
for many, many years to come.
G.P.W.

“The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa.” By J. L. B. Smith. Central
News Agency Ltd., Cape Town, July 20, 1949 (2nd impression, 1950),
pp. xvi.+550, pls. 1-103, frontisp., map, 530 text-figs. and tide-table
book mark. Price in South Africa, £2/12/6.

This is a marvellous book on fishes with far more than local appeal
to South Africans, for whom it was primarily written. It deals with 1,275
different species and is sumptuously and accurately illustrated by 683
coloured and more than 540 black and white drawings, paintings, or photo-
graphs, on a scale hitherto unexcelled in any single volume on fishes;
several figures are sometimes given of a single species to show growth-
changes or colour-variation. Particularly admirable is Dr. Smith’s cutting away
of much deadwood (complex synonymy, elaborate keys and wearisome
“descriptions” with their ponderous jargon) such as infests so many bio-
logical monographs: the subject is treated scientically, yet laymen, even
fishermen and schoolboys can understand it, and any intelligent reader be-
comes an ichthyologist. The observations on life-histories andthe field notes,
the results of the author’s extensive travels, are most interesting and novel.
The second impression has a small corrigenda slip and modifications on
joy abe) Zbaral Sys) |.

Since it is traditional for a reviewer to try to find some flaws, however
microscopic, a few minor faults, mostly taxonomic, may be noted. It is
incorrect to say (p. 51) that no Chiloscyllimm are found in Australian
waters and “Pelorus Jack” (p. 221) was not a fish, but a dolphin. As in
the case of Barnard’s book reviewed in these Proceedings last year, Smith
has ignored Lichtenstein’s names and there is no mention of Algoa and
probably other troublesome old genera and species of Castelnau. ‘The
earliest name for the Port Jackson Shark is portusjacksoni, not japonicus.
Gobius maxillaris is preoccupied, so is Avocettina, which equals Borodinula.
Some new genera and species are named (references are made in many
cases to papers not published before July, 1949), and a few seem to be
synonyms: Papillapogon = Fowleria, Pellonulops = Sauvagella and Aetiasis
cantharoides is near, if not the same species as, Paracaesio pedleyi. ‘The
Sucking Fish, Remilegia australis, known from the Cape of Good Hope,

is not included.
These are minor quibbles, easily adjusted in a future edition; the sincere
thanks of naturalists everywhere are due to Dr. Smith for a masta

P.W.

Opisthobranchia of Sagami Bay. His Majesty’s Biological Laboratory,

Tokyo, 1949.
This excellent publication deals with a particular group of the gastropod
Mollusca, the Opisthobranchia, marine mollucs characterised by reduction or
suppression of their shell, predominance of brilliant colouring, variety of

72

unusual forms and slug-like appearance, which rank them amongst the most
attractive life of a sea-shore. Although only dealing with members of
the group from one area (some 155 species in all, including some new
species and genera) the work has a world-wide importance to those interested
in the Opisthobranchia, since Sagami Bay, during certain seasons of the
year, comes strongly under the influence of the warm Japan Current—the
“Kuro-shiwo”’—producing a varied fauna rich in types conspicuous in the
more tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, many of which occur on the tropical
and temperate parts of the Australian coast as well. The work is based
on material collected by the Emperor of Japan himself, on rocks and reefs
of Sagami Bay where, we are told, he has a villa. As most biologists know,
he takes a keen interest in biology, especially conchology, and his Imperial
Laboratory, where the material he collects is stored, has provided many
specimens, including new species, for research. We are also told in the
Preface that the species dealt with in this particular work are a product
of his research of long duration.

The 50 colour plates (on art paper) of species figured from life have
been painted by the late H. Sanada and S. Kato, former assistants in the
Emperor’s Laboratory, and their delineation shows the exquisite touch and
clarity of colouring characteristic of Japanese art. A number of species con-
spicuous in the littoral zones along the New South Wales and Queensland
coast during warm months, such as Casella atromarginata, Rostanga arbutus,
Dendrodoris nigra, Plocamopherus imperialis, Bornella digitata and some
of the delightfully coloured Glossodorids will be easily recognised in these
charmingly executed plates. Conchologists interested in the Opisthobranchia
are very familiar with the research work of Dr. K. Baba, who has ably
prepared the descriptive matter, including that of the new genera and species
(printed in both Japanese and English), and whose clear descriptions in
Venus and other Japanese scientific publications have contributed much to
our knowledge of the Mollusca from that region. An added advantage is
the 161 text-figures of anatomical studies which accompany the descriptive
matter. The work also includes such items as distribution, relationships,
phylogeny and classification, including a useful comparison of that of
the three great workers in the field—Bergh, Thiele and Odhner—the latter’s
system, the most up-to-date of the three naturally being adopted in the
book. ‘There is also a bibliography and an index of scientific names. Edited
by Dr. Hirotoro Hattori, part of the value of this useful book of reference,
not only to the specialist, but to the general student of zoology, lies in the
grouping together in one volume of descriptions and illustrations of many
species of a group, hitherto available to the research worker in various
scattered journals only.

We can look forward with pleasure to similar publications which, we
are informed in the Preface, it is hoped to edit in the future, dealing with
other groups stored in the Japanese Imperial Laboratory. ,

J.A.

“Big Game Fishing.” By A. B. K. Watkins, 1950. G. Bles, London.
Pp. 1-222, 15 plates. Price 16/-.

A well-known surgeon graphically relates his game fishing experiences
in New South Wales and other countries and makes many interesting obser-
vations on our ocean fishes and sharks; the book is illustrated by some
splendid photographs, and should not only be enjoyed by Australian anglers,
but should tempt overseas visitors to try their luck in our “Sunny South”
seas.

“Australian Shells.” By Joyce Allan. Georgian House, Melbourne, Nov.,
1950, pp. xix., 470, 44 plates (12 coloured). Price £3.

The publication of a book on “Australian Shells,” by Joyce Allan, ushers
in a new epoch in the study of the Australian Mollusca. Up to the present

73

time there has been no guide to the shells as a whole, only a few very
technical lists of shells being available, barring the small book on Victorian
Shells and the series on those of South Australia now in progress. The
present work covers the whole of the Australian Mollusca, land, fresh-
water and sea, with full accounts of the groups down in many cases to
species. Chapters are given on the value of shells as assets to the nation,
and also on the ones that are dangerous and how to combat them. ‘The
information included in the work is encyclopaedic, and the multitude of
illustrations makes it easy for anyone to refer to it. It is noteworthy as
being the best work issued anywhere in the world during this century,
and it could even be said, in the last century. ‘The only other large work
is Thiele’s Weichtierkunde, and that is a technical work treating of
the Mollusca of the world in the grand style. Miss Allan’s work is much
more readable, and while it is essentially for the use of the Australian
student and collector, it will be an invaluable work of reference to every
Conchologist throughout the world. It will create more enthusiasm, and
it can easily be prophesied that the next twenty years will see the study
of Conchology advance rapidly in every State of the Commonwealth through
its appearance. In America, where they have a living language, they write
of a “must” book; that is, a book that everyone interested in the subject
must have. ‘This is a must book.
Tom IREDALE.

74

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES AS AT 1/10/50

PATRONS:
Sir Philip Woolcott Game, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., G.B.E., D.S.O.

Langham House, Ham Common, Surrey, England.
The Right Honorable Sir John Greig Latham, G.C.M.G., High Court,
Melbourne.

ENDOWMENT MEMBER:

Hallstrom, E. J. L., F.R.Z.S., 462 Willoughby ee Willoughby.
ASSOCIATE BENEFACTO

Littlejohn, Albert, c/o Australian Club, me apa St., Sydney.

Weingott, Mr. L., 76 Clarence St., Sydne

Walter & Eliza Hall Trust, Box 130 CC, GP. O., Sydney.

FELLOWS:

Allan, Miss Joyce K., Australian Museum, Sydney.

Barrett, Charles, C.M.Z.S., “Maralena”, Maysbury St., Elsternwick, Victoria.

Chisholm, A. H., c/o Angus & Robertson, Castlereagh St., Sydney.

Glauert, L., ae Australian Museum, Perth, W.A.

Hallstrom, E. J. L., 462 Willoughby Rd., Willoughby.

Hindwood, Keith eg Wingello House, Angel Place, Sydney.

Tredale, Tom, “Solander”, Queenscliff Rd., Manly.

McKeown, Keith Collingwood, Australian Museum, Sydney.

Musgrave, Anthony, Australian Museum, Sydney.

Rayment, Tarlton, Bath St., Sandringham, Victoria.

Roughley, Theodore Cleveland, B.Sc., Fisheries Department, Chief Sec-
retary’s Department, Sydney.

Troughton, Ellis Le Geyt, F.R. Ti S., Australian Museum, Sydney.

Ward, Melbourne, Hydro Majestic Hotel, Medlow Bath.

Whitley, Gilbert Percy, Australian Museum, Sydney.

HONORARY MEMBERS:

Allan, Miss Joyce K., F.R.Z.S., Australian Museum, Sydney.
Dunbabin, Thomas, c/o Dept fae Information, 18 York St., Sydney.
Evatt, The Hon. Clive, 307 Forest Rd., Hurstville.

Iredale, Wom, F.R.Z.S., “Solander’, Queenscliff Rd., Manly.
Johnston, Prof. T. Harvey, The University, Adelaide, swale

Lyell, George, Gisborne, Victoria.

McKeown, Keith C., F.R.Z.S., Ausiralian Museum, Sydney.
Shipway, Phillip, 133 Pitt St., Sydney.

Stiffe, R. J., 350 George St., Sydney.

LIFE MEMBERS:

Baxter, Mrs. D., 35 Station St., Crow’s Nest.

Bryce, Ernest J., 47 Nelson Rd., Killara.

Bright, James L., 49 Victoria St., Waverley.

Buckle, Frank, 104 Hunter St., ‘Sydney.

Campbell, Joseph Owen, Clump Pt., via El Arish, North Queensland.
Comptesse, Capt. D. L., No. 3 Flat, Bardsley Garden, North Sydney.
Crommelin, Miss Minard F., Warra Sanctuary, Pearl Beach, via Woy Woy.
Dellow, Walter Jospeh, 32 Alibone St., Ashfield.

Dixson, Robert Craig, 33 Hunter St., Sydney.

Dixson, Sir William, 586 Pacific Highway, Killara.

Friend, Alfred Harry, B.Sc. (Agr.), 10 Laurel St., Willoughby.
Goddard, William Strickland, 4 Lennox St., Mosman.

Golding, Miss M., 2 Broderick St., Balmain.

75

Halloran, Aubrey, LL.B., B.A., 28 Martin Place, Sydney.

Hallstrom, John E., 462 Willoughby Rd., Willoughby.

Hordern, Sir Samuel, “Babworth House”, Darling Point.

Hendy, H. R., Mbabane, Swaziland, South Africa.

Keast, James Allen, 313 West Botany St., Rockdale.

Minell, Mrs. Dorothy Ebsworth, 20 Wylde St., Pott’s Point.

Monticone, Dr. Charles Albert, G.P.O. Box 2058, Sydney.

Mackillop, John C., “Cumbrae”, Ellamatta Ave., Mosman.

Marshall, Dr. Frank, C.M.G., “Harley”, Macquarie St., Sydney.

Morgan, H. E., 3 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

Murray, C. Stuart, G.P.O. Box 2427, Sydney.

Musgrave, Anthony, F.R.Z.S., Australian Museum, Sydney.

Oldham, Roland V., c/o Mrs. F. Suess, 70 Kent Rd., Woolowin, near
Brisbane, Queensland.

Ormsby, Anthony Irwin, LL.B., 3 Castlereagh St., Sydney.

Packer, H. E., Belgenny Flats, Taylor Square, Darlinghurst.

Pope, Miss Elizabeth, 36 Kameruka Rd., Northbridge.

Rogers, William James, 12 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.

Scott, N. A. H., 22 Terminus St., Petersham.

Smith, Warren Frederick, 14 Myrna Rd., Strathfield.

Spain, Col. Alfred, V.D., 16 Spring St., Sydney.

Spring, Robert Alexander, “Woodford”, St. Elmo St., Mosman.

Street, The Hon. Mr. Justice J. W., 2 Greenoaks Ave., Edgecliff.

Todman, R. G. Merdin, 328 Edgecliff Rd., Edgecliff.

Troughton, Ellis Le Geyt, C.M.Z.S., Australian Museum, Sydney.

Turner, W. H., 15 Sutherland Rd., Chatswood.

Vickery, Ottomar George, c/o Coal Cliff Collieries Ltd., 63 Pitt St., Sydney.

Ward, Melbourne, F.R.Z.S., Hydro Majestic Hotel, Medlow Bath, N.S.W.

Warland, L. K., 8 Westbourne St., Carlton.

Warland, O. E., 8 Westbourne St., Carlton.

White, Alfred Henry, Bell Trees, Scone.

White, Mrs. Millicent, c/o Australia Hotel, Sydney.

Whitley, Gilbert Percy, F.R.Z.S., Australian Museum, Sydney.

Wiley, Dr. C. J., 193 Macquarie St., Sydney.

Yardley, H., 10 Great North Rd., Five Dock.

Zeck, a H. ,Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, G.P.O. Box 36,
Sydney.

ORDINARY MEMBERS:

Adams, Mrs. Gwynneth M., 19 Prince Albert St., Mosman.
Adams, Miss Jocelyn, 19 Prince Albert St., Mosman.
Adams, Miss Muriel M., 46 Milson Rd., Cremorne.
Adkins, John S., 10 Middle Head Rd., Mosman.

Allan, Miss Elizabeth May, “Vergemount”’, Gilliver Ave., Vaucluse.
Allen, H. A., 12 Audrey St., Balgowlah.

Allen, Mrs. H. A., 12 Audrey St., Balgowlah.

Allen, Keith Wickham, 3 Clifton St., Clifton Gardens.
Allen, Miss Louise Anne, 3 Clifton St., Clifton Gardens.
Allen, Michael ‘Taylor, 3 Clifton St., Clifton Gardens.
Allen, Wickham, 3 Clifton St., Clifton Gardens.

Allsop, Mr. Hartley Ernest, 38 Burrawong Ave., Clifton Gardens.
Allman, L. C., 93 Gipps St., Drummoyne.

Alt, Jack, 9 Whiting Beach Rd., Mosman.

Anderson, Ross, c/o O.T.C., 12 Spring St., Sydney.
Andrews, Miss E. E., 181 Military Rd., Neutral Bay.
Andrews, William C., 38 Kameruka Rd., Northbridge.
Angell, Mr. A., 14 O’Donnell St., North Bondi.

Anstey, A. Mervyn, 6 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.
Armstrong, J. E., 70 Wolseley Rd., Mosman.

Arnott, P. S., c/o Wm. Arnott Pty. Ltd., Homebush.
Arnott, Ronald Bruce, 51 Lindfield Ave., Lindfield.

76

Arthur, Mrs. Jessie Sinclair, 796 Military Rd., Mosman.
Asher, Mrs. David A., 65 Falcon St., Crow’s Nest.

Asprey, Cecil J., 24 "Mabel St, Chatswood.

Austin, Miss M., 352 Victoria Ave., Chatswood.

Baass, Otto Hess 31 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.
Barker, A. F., 42 Blair St., Bondi.

Barrett, Frederick William, 17 Bridge St., Sydney.

Barrie, W., 15 Blair St., Bondi.

Bauer, C. J., 11 Clifton St., Clifton Gardens.

Baur, G. N., 24 Bushlands Ave., Gordon.

Beahan, W. P., 28 Martin Place, Sydney.

Beaufoy, R. A., 44 Telegraph Rd., Pymble.

Bell, Scott, 4 Flat, 174 Military Rd., Neutral Bay.

Bell, W. H., 46 Edinburgh Rd., Willoughby.

Berckelman, Miss Edith M., 29 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.
Berne, Mr. Norman, 3 Duntroon Ave., Wollstonecraft.

Berry, Mrs. M. H., 3 Awaba St., Mosman.

Berry, Edgar George, 15 Ruby St., Mosman.

Beswick, G. H., 107 Elizabeth St., Sydney.

Biber, Samuel, 675 New South Head Rd., Rose Bay.

Birnie, J., 60 Harrabrook Ave., Five Dock.

Blakey, J. E., 10 Silex Rd., Mosman.

Blenkarn, G. G., Phillip House, Phillip St., Sydney.

Bouchier, Reginald W., 191 Nicholson Pde., Cronulla.
Brain, A. H., 28 Alibone St., Ashfield.

Bray, Miss Q., 10 St. Elmo St., Mosman.

Bretnall, Geo. G., c/o Alex Cowan & Co., 37 York St., Sydney.
Briton, Alfred James, “Kings Lynn”, 6 Pymble Ave., Pymble.
Brodziak, A. A., 8 Spring St., Sydney.

Brookes, Brian H., 15 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.

Brooks, Wm. & Co. Ltd. (Secretary), 199 Elizabeth St., Waterloo.
Brooks, Wm. & Co., 199 Elizabeth St., Waterloo.

Brown, Sir Harry Percy, 16 Luxor Pde., Roseville.

Brown, Howard Bruce, Taronga Zoological Park Trust, Mosman.
Brown, Thomas William, 58 Ambrose St., Toronto.

Bruce, James, 27 Kardinia Rd., Clifton Gardens.

Bruce, Robert, 126 Falcon St., Crow’s Nest.

Bryden-Brown, C., 5 Burrawong Ave., Clifton Gardens.
Buchanan, Commodore H. J., R.A.N., Flinders Naval Depot, Victoria.
Buckley, Allen Frank, G.P. O. Box 2505 MM, Sydney.

Bullen, Errol, 7 Burrabirra Ave. ., Vaucluse.

Burgh, Henry Bertram, 42 Warialda St., West Kogarah.
Burgis, Brian, Eatonvale Rd., ‘Tinana, via Maryborough, Queensland.
Bush, Francis G., 492 King St., Newtown.

Bush, Kent Willard, 704 Forest Rd., Mortdale.

Caldwell, Norman Wallace, 74 Clanwilliam St., Blackheath.
Campbell, T. G., c/o C.S.I.R.O., Box 109, Canberra, A.C.T.
Campe, A. C., 25 Royal Arcade, George St., Sydney.

Campe, Mrs. A. C., 25 Royal Arcade, George St., Sydney.
Carlaw, B., 35 Arlington St., Five Dock.

Catt, John. Ward, “Tomah”, ‘Church St., Carlingford.
Catchlove, B.S. Dy 15 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

Cells, Marie Ivy Blanche, 49 Llewellyn St., Marrickville.
Chaer, Norman, 1 Roslyn Ave., Roseville.

Chettle, BA c/o (Gola. Club, Martin Place, Sydney.
Clare, David G., 9 Whiting Beach Rd., Mosman.

Clark, Eric Edward, 148 Franklyn St., Matraville.

Clark, Dr. Ernest De 822 Military Rd., Mosman.

Clark, Harry, “Burlington” , Main St., Katoomba.

Clark, Roland C., 33 Kardinia Rd., Mosman.

Clayton, Charles, c/o Printers Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 36, Waterloo.

af

Cleburne, E. W., 15 Lennox St., Mosman.

Clyne, The Hon. Daniel, 29 Farleigh St., Ashfield.

Cohen, Harry, 696 Military Rd., Mosman.

Collett, Sister M., Donald St., Greenwich.

Coles, Mrs. Dorothy, Milson Rd., Mosman.

Comins, Francis, Queen St., Mosman.

Conybeare, Mr. Jolyan, 16 Gladstone Pde., Lindfield.

Cooper, Roy P., 14 Third Ave., Willoughby.

Copland, Stephen J., Chilton Pde., Warrawee.

Coppleson, Dr. V. M., 225 Macquarie St., Sydney.

Cormack, Ossian Roy, 3 Effingham St., Mosman.

Coventry, Thomas Francis, 3 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.

Cox, Douglas James, 45 Reynolds Ave., Bankstown.

Cox, Phillip C. Edmund, 1 Milton Ave., Mosman.

Cox, R. E., 28 Bond St., Sydney.

Cranston, Henry V., 34 Rickard Ave., Mosman.

Cropley, Mrs. Dorothy Lee, St. Julien, Kirkoswald Ave., Mosman.

Croudace, Douglass, 15 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman. |

Crowley, Valentine, 18 Clanalpine St., Mosman.

D’Alpuget, Miss Blanche, No. 8, 40 Blues Point Rd., McMahon’s Point.

Darrell, Herbert, “Bushlands”, Acres Rd., Kellyville.

Darrell, Mrs. M. K., “Bushlands’”, Acres Rd., Kellyville.

Davidson, Charles Robert, Fays Ltd., Liverpool St., Sydney.

Davis, Master G., 16 Myee Ave., Strathfield.

Dawson, Mrs. Muriel J., 15 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.

Dawson, Richard Stanley, 36a Burrawong Ave., Mosman.

Deakin, Dr. John E. F., “Vindoro”’, Military Rd., Mosman.

Deck, Dr. Roger F., Culwulla Chambers, 67 Castlereagh St., Sydney.

Denham, H. H., 463 Willoughby Rd., Willoughby.

Desmarchelier, Theo, 3 Flat, 11 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.

Dewhurst, Norman, G.P.O. Box 478 AA, Sydney.

Ditcham, O. L., 34 Kardinia Rd., Clifton Gardens.

Doak, Miss J. M., 114 Belmont Rd., Mosman.

Done, Herbert Stanley, Rockley St., Castlecrag.

Dougall, Andrew, Bruce St., Waterloo.

Doust, Alan, 5 St. Elmo St., Clifton Gardens.

Doust, Barton, 5 St. Elmo St., Mosman.

Doust, Ian, 5 St. Elmo St., Clifton Gardens.

Downing, Hon. R. R., 28 Earl Street, Gladesville.

Drake, Mr. J. M., 40 Burrawong Ave., Clifton Gardens.

Drummond Hay, Francis, Assistant ‘Trade Commissioner, c/o United King-
dom Trade Commissioner, Prudential Building, Martin Place, Sydney.

Drummond Hay, Mrs. Margaret L., 20 Kardinia Rd., Clifton Gardens.

Duff, Mrs. Agnes H., 109 Wilkins St., Yagoona, N.S.W.

Duff, Miss E. E., 460 Burwood Rd., Belmore.

Dufty, John Henry, 266 Hawthorne Pde., Haberfield.

Dummett, Stephen, 7 Wellington St., Arncliffe. :

Duncan, Grantley A., Cnr. Cooyong and Pittwater Rds., Terrey Hills, via
Chatswood.

Duve, Miss B. E., 2 Union St., Mosman.

Dwyer, Brian Eric, 2 St. Elmo St., Clifton Gardens.

Dwyer, Edmond Alfred, 2 St. Elmo St., Clifton Gardens.

Dwyer, John Edward, 6 Simpson St., Mosman.

Eccles, Alfred Edward, 31 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

Edwards, Edward Oliver, Cummins Rd., Menangle Park.

Ellison, N., 13 Whiting Beach Rd., Mosman.

Ellison, R., 13 Whiting Beach Rd., Mosman.

Endan, John Martin, 17 Archibold Rd., Roseville.

Elliott, John Henry, 8 Shellcove Rd., Neutral Bay.

Ensor, E. G., 1 Gundimaine Ave., Neutral Bay.

Evans, Arthur Phillipi, 88 Muston St., Mosman.

78

Evans, Joshua, 2 Thompson St., Mosman.

Evans, Miss Nancye, 2 Thompson St., Mosman.

Ewin, Miss Josephine, 88 Chaleyer St., Rose Bay.

Everitt, Theo Athol, Rural Bank, G.P.O. Box 41, Sydney.
Fairfax, John & Sons, Hunter St., Sydney.

Fairfax, John & Sons, Hunter St., Sydney.

Farleigh, Miss K. M., 32 Kardinia Kd., Mosman.

Farr, Miss M. M., 782 Military Rd., Mosman.

Faviell, M. C., Perpetual Trustee Chambers, 33 Hunter St., Sydney.
Fell, John W., 15 Silex St., Clifton Gardens.

Ferguson, George Adie, c/o Angus & Robertson Ltd., Sydney.
Finckh, E. V., 13 Wharf Rd., Snails Bay.

Finckh, Dr. E. V., 13 Wharf Rd., Snails Bay.

Fisher, Gilbert E., 99 Victoria St., Potts Point.

Fisk, William James, 18 Moore St., Campsie.
Fitzhardinge, Miss Julie G., 19 Beecroft Rd., Pennant Hills.
Fleming, A., 30 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

Fox, William A., 14 Yeo St., Neutral Bay.

Francis, Neville H., 58 McPherson St., Cremorne.

Freame, Mrs. M. E. B., 487 Burwood Rd., Glenferrie, E.3, Victoria.
Friend, Norman Bartlett, 43 Archer St., Chatswood.
Gadsden, E. J., 7 Greenknowe Ave., Potts Point.

Garrard, Thomas A., Gawan Brae Ave., Parramatta North.
Gates, Edward Roy, 98 High St., Willoughby.

Gatliff, Henry Ernest, 82 Raglan St., Mosman.

George, Miss Stella Emily, 4 Burrawong Ave., Clifton Gardens.
Gibb, G. C., 13 Thompson St., Mosman.

Gibson, John Alan, 19 Ruby St., Mosman.

Givens, T. V., Education Centre, Larrakeyah Barracks, Darwin, N.T.
Glauert, L., F.R.Z.S., Western Australian Museum, Perth.
Gollin, Mrs. B., Flat 65, 4 Macleay St., Potts Point.
Grant-Dickson, Dr. John, 50 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.
Grimes, J. R., Fit./Lt., R.A.A.F. Station, Darwin, N.T.
Gould, Henry, 103 Raglan St., Mosman.

Green, R. Rae, 5 Whiting Beach Rd., Mosman.

Hackman, Trevor Ratcliff, 2 Milton Ave., Mosman.

Hall, Alan Thomson, 1 Major St., Mosman.

Hall, Miss Nancy Myra, 1 Major St., Mosman.

Halloran, Dr. Garnet, 143 Macquarie St., Sydney.
Hammond, Otto V., 36 Denistone Rd., Eastwood.

Hardy, Mrs. T. L., 11 Richard Ave., Mosman.

Harris, Dr. Clive, 5th Floor, 235 Macquarie St., Sydney.
Hargreaves, Andrew Richardson, 28 Gordon St., Mosman.
Hart, Lavington B., 4 Athol Flats, Richard Ave., Mosman.
Harvey, Percy Fincham, 7 Pacific St., Clovelly.

Harvoe, C. F., 14 Whaley Rd., North Sydney.

Hastings, W. K., 60 Quenton Rd., Manly.

Hayes, D. J., 1 Watkin St., Rockdale.

Heath, Albert Edward, 19 Bligh St., Sydney.

Heath, Gladstone Hodsoll, 3 Thompson St., Clifton Gardens.
Henderson, John Alexander, 18 Prince Albert St., Mosman.
Henderson, L. G., 6 Raymond Rd., Neutral Bay.

Hewitt, Frank Charles, 4 St. Elmo St., Clifton Gardens.
Hewitt, Dr. George Henry, Park St., Bellingen, N.S.W.
Heyde, Charles William, 216 Nicholson Pde., Cronulla.
Higgs, A. B., 6a Melton Ave., Mosman.

Hill, F. T., 12 Zara Rd., Willoughby.

Hinchcliffe, E.; 171 William St., Sydney.

Hindwood, Keith Alfred, F.R.Z.S., Wingello House, Angel Place, Sydney.
Hill, Miss Jean B., Dalton House, 115 Pitt St., Sydney.
Hl A. G. W., 115 Pitt St., Sydney.

79

Hirst, Arnold Churchill, G.P.O. Box 262 DD, Sydney.

Hirst, Ed ward, 104 Clarence St., Sydney.

Hockings, Arthur Thornton, G.P.O. Box 1761, Sydney.

Hodge, Mrs. P., 73 Elouera Rd., Cronulla.

Hodson, Mrs. Marian E., “Burlington” , Main St., Katoomba.

Hodson, Norman, “Burlington”, Main St., Katoomba.

Holland, E. F., 76a Ninth Ave., Campsie.

Hooke, R. Waldron, 34 Thompson St., Mosman.

Hooke, R. W., 34 Thompson St., Mosman.

Hopkinson, A. R., 1 David St., Mosman.

Hordern, Anthony, 21 Thornton St., Darling Point.

Hordern, Lady, 21 Thornton St., Darling Point.

Horsley, Mrs. D. M., 13 Mulbring St., Mosman.

Houghton, B. C., 44 Burrawong Ave., Clifton Gardens.

Hume, Frank, 7 Wunda Rd., Mosman.

Hudson, William Arthur, 40 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.

Hunt, Reginald Thomas, 14 Burrawong Ave., Mosman.

Hunt, P. T., 14 Burrawong Ave., Clifton Gardens.

Ivey, Miss Lily, 15 Gladswood Gardens, Double Bay.

Jarvis, R. O., 20 Prince St., Mosman.

Jentsch, A. M., 27 Smith St., Manly.

Jenkinson, H., 61 Kareela Rd., Cremorne.

Jenkinson, Mrs., 326 Victoria Rd., Marrickville.

Jervis, T. H., 74 Roseville Ave., Roseville.

Johnson, A. L., 693 Anzac Parade, Maroubra.

Johnson, Geoffrey Alan, 546 George St., Sydney.

Johnston, Claude, 3 Major St., Mosman.

Johnston, Cyril D., “Terrigal”, Bennett St., Glenbrook.

Johnston, Peter Robert, 15 Fairfax Rd., Mosman.

Jones, Albert E., P.O. Box 9, Biggenden, Queensland.

Jones, Sir Chas. ’ Lloyd, c/o David Jones Ltd., Sydney.

Jones, Frederick C., 4 Russell St., Woollahra.

Jones, Keith Thomas, 23 Lewis St., Epping.

Jones, Miss Phoebe, Gar. Milton Ave. and Queen St., Mosman.

Jones, Miss Valmai, 14 Middle Head Rd., Mosman.

Jones, W. F., 57 St. George’s Crescent, Drummoyne.

Judd, Everard, 24 Bradley's Head Rd., Mosman.

Kater, Dr. Norman, 146 Wolseley Rd., Point Piper.

Kay, Mrs. F., 358 Victoria Rd., Marrickville.

Keighley, Frank M., Golden Valley, Sutton Forest.

Kember, R., 49 Raglan St., Darlington.

Kennedy, Miss Grace, 10 Burra St., Artarmon.

King, Ambrose, 116 Croydon Rd., Croydon.

Kinghorn, James Roy, Australian Museum, Sydney

Kingsford Smith, Miss Elizabeth, 11 Whiting peace Rd., Mosman.

Krug, G., 22 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.

Langmuir, Ronald John, 26 Strickland St., Rose Bay.

Laseron, C. F., 15 Hill St., Balgowlah.

Lavett, ere aan Life (Amalgamated) Assurance Ltd., 279 George
St., Sydne

Lawson, bee Augustus, Harden Rd., Artarmon.

Lawson, Miss E., 30 Thompson St., Mosman.

Lee, Patrick E., "4 Camden St. Newtown.

Leeds, Richard Alan, Warana, Wyandra, W. Line, Queensland.

Le Souef, Albert Sherbourne, C.M.Z.S., 3 Silex St., Mosman.

Levitt, Miss D. C., 94 Rossmore Ave., Punchbowl.

Levitt, Miss V. C., 94 Rossmore Ave., Punchbowl.

Lewis, George Owen, c/o Tooth & Co., Kent Brewery, Sydney.

Lindsay, W. W., 10 Burawong Ave., beeen.

Llewelyn, Arthur Stuart, 131 Pitt St., Sydney.

Lockie, Percival Edgar, 67 Hampton ‘Court Rd., Kogarah.

80

Locke, Keith Morgan (Dr.), “Warminster”, New Canterbury Rd., Petersham.

Lough, E. R., 12 Burrawong Ave., Mosman.

Lough, Miss M. C., 12 Burrawong Ave., Mosman.

Loveday, G. C., 28 Kardinia Rd., Clifton Gardens.

Loveday, T. A. R., 132 Walker St., North Sydney.

Lyne, Miss L. E., 4 Simpson St., Mosman.

Maher, James, 47 Bradley's Head Rd., Mosman.

Marks, L. W., 34 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.

Marr, Sir Charles, Telegraph Rd., Pymble.

Mather, Nicolin (Miss), 36 Kardinia Rd., Clifton Gardens.

Matthews, R., 730 Prince’s Highway, Sylvania.

Matthews, P. T., c/o Bank of New Solth Wales, Head Office, Sydney.

Mellor, Walter L., 437 Forest Rd., Penshurst.

Meyer, O. A., Gladstone St., Newport.

Micholson, J. C., 9 Whiting Beach Rd., Mosman.

Miller, Don, Old Northern Rd., Glenorie.

Mills, George Newnham, 14 City Rd., Sydney.

Milne, Mrs. J., 21 Joubert St., Hunter’s Hill.

Milsop, William, 55 Spencer St., Mosman.

Mitchell, Karl A., 14 Spring St., Sydney.

Moodie, Walter S., 68 Avenue Rd., Mosman.

Moore, Clifton Wolseley, 11 Stuart St., Manly.

Moore, Harold Hamilton, 7 Bushlands Ave., Gordon.

Moore, William Robert, 12 Kywong Ave., Pymble.

Molloy, Mrs. J. E., 22 Gordon St., Mosman.

Morgan, Frederick E., Snow Elliott Pty. Ltd., 324 Pitt St., Sydney.

Morley, William Arnold, 16 Elfrieda St., Mosman.

Moss, J. R. (Miss), 16 Kardinia St., Clifton Gardens.

Murnin, R. B., 12 Macleay St., Potts Point.

Murray, R. J., 34 Thornley St., Marrickville.

Murray, Prof. P. D. F., Challis Professor of Zoology, Dept. of Zoology,
The University of Sydney.

McAlpine, D. K., 12 St. Thomas St., Bronte.

MacCulloch, Dr. H. T. C., 76 Boulevarde, Lewisham.

McCamley, F., 101 Illawarra Rd., Marrickville.

Macdonald, A., 11 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.

McFadyen, Miss Ella, 1290 Pacific Highway, Turramurra.

McGill, Arnold Robert, 119 Wollongong Rd., Anrncliffe.

McGrane, L. E., 42 Middle Head Rd., Mosman.

MacKenzie, Mrs. V. J., 17 St. Neot’s Avenue, Potts Point.

MacKillop, F. C., “Cumbrae”, Ellamatta Ave., Mosman.

MacKillop, Hugh H., “Cumbrae’, Ellamatta Ave., Mosman.

Mackillop, J. A., F.R.G.S., No. 7 Clytha House, Thrupp St., Neutral Bay.

McLachlan, B., 15 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

McLauchlan, C. F., Flat 5, 10a Yeo St., Neutral Bay.

McMaster, Sir Frederick Duncan, “Dalkeith”, Cassilis.

McNicol, Mrs. Anne, Shoal Bay, via Nelson’s Bay, N.S.W.

McRae, David Beattie, 1 Bradley's Head Rd., Mosman.

Nash, Robert L., 2 Lennox St., Mosman.

Neal, W. D., 66 Dickson Ave., West Ryde.

Neill, Miss F. F., 13 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.

Nettheim, R. F., 21 Thompson St., Mosman.

Nevill, J. J., 26 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

Newth, F. W., 2 Alexander Ave., Mosman.

Newth, Miss J. K., 2 Alexander Ave., Mosman.

Nobbs, A. W., 7 Lennox St., Mosman.

Noble, Rupert F. S., 5 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

Nott, Archibald Allan, 38 Muston St., Mosman.

Oatley, Percy Allan, 4 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

Oakley, P., 12 Redan St., Mosman.

Oberg, Olaf, D.A., Gardeners Rd., Mascot.

81

Orsben, Henry Joseph, 43 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.
Palmer, Lynton Edward, 96 Pitt St., Sydney.

Paterson, J. G., 21 Kardinia Rd., Mosman.

Paton, F. A., 46 Birriga Rd., Bellevue Hill.

Patten, Miss M. K., 27 Richard Ave., Mosman.

Patten, Robert A., P.O. Box 1, Mosman.

Patterson, Mr. William, 14 David St., Clifton Gardens.

Pearce, John E., Kanimbla Valley Rd., Mount Victoria.

Pearse, George, 18 Albert St., Bexley.

Pearson, Richard Browning, ‘“Nelgowrie”’, Coonamble.

Percy, Dr. C. E., 6 Thompson St., Clifton Gardens.

Perkins, R. A., 9 Buena Vista Ave., Clifton Gardens.
Pescott, J. M., 32 Kardinia Rd., Mosman.

Perry, Leonard John, 9 Thompson St., Mosman.

Peters, Robert E., 2 Simpson St., Mosman.

Phillips, Edward Arthur, 68 Prince Albert St., Mosman.
Phillips, Miss H., 32 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

Playoust, Maurice, 22 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

Plomley, E. M., 10 David St., Clifton Gardens.

Pockley, Dr. Eric, c/o Perpetual Trustee Co., 33 Hunter St., Sydney.
Pollock, Ermest Fredezick, “Te Whare’, Carrington Ave., Strathfield.
Ponsford, Mrs. Dorc:hy, “Dandenong”, Bayview Rd., Bayview.
Pointon, Mrs. A., “Yantara’, St. Elmo St., Mosman.
Poolman, Noel K., 6 St. Elmo St., Mosman.

Powell, F. D., 9 David St., Clifton Gardens.

Prior, K. J., 44 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.

Prior, S. B., 9 Milton Ave., Mosman.

Purser, Dr. Cecil, “Ascot”, Grosvenor Rd., Wahroonga.
Pursell, Frank Grenville, 43 Pearl Bay Ave., Beauty Point, Mosman.
Ramsay, J. S. P., “Kalia”’, Gale St., Woolwich.

Ramage, Vivian R., 15 Simpson St., Mosman.

Randall, E. J., 511 Kent St., Sydney.

Raper, Leonard Francis, P.O. Box 284, Lismore.

Rapson, Alan Morris, C.S.1.R.O. Division of Fisheries, Cronulla.
Raves, J. V., 18 Burrawong Ave., Mosman.

Raves, Victor Sydney, 18 Burrawong Ave., Clifton Gardens.
Richardson, Harold R., 181 Clarence St., Sydney.

Rigby, Alfred Leslie, 17 Castlereagh St., Sydney.

Roberts, Kenneth Stewart, 3 Richmond Ave., Cremorne.
Roberts, Noel L., 43 Hannah St., Beecroft.

Robertson, Stanley Gladstone, 42 Prince Albert St., Mosman.
Rodd, Norman W., 204 Beecroft Rd., Cheltenham.

Ross, Miss Jean, 5 Stanton Rd., Haberfield.
Roughley, Theodore Cleveland, F.R.Z.S., Fisheries Dept., Chief Secretary’s
Dept., Bridge St., Sydney.

Rush, V. G., 18 Gordon St., Mosman.

Russell, George Ernest Archer, “Archer Russell”, Collaroy.
Sachisthal, N. A., “Charlton”, Boys’ Home, Avona Ave., Glebe Point.
Sadlier, Ronald Clyde, 53 Eton Rd., Lindfield. -

Sagar, H., 1 Simpson St., Mosman.

Sampson, Mrs. R., 102 Birrell St., Waverley.

Saunderson, M., 29 Reiby Place, Sydney.

Sayers, E. C., 455 Marrickville Rd., Dulwich Hill.
Scammell, George, 7 David St., Clifton Gardens.

Scammell, R. B., 10 Buena Vista Ave., Clifton Gardens.

Scott, George, 19 Kardinia Rd., Clifton Gardens.

Scott, R. I., 19 Kardinia Rd., Clifton Gardens.

Scott-Sim, Mrs. Muriel D., 64h Belgrave St., Manly.
Shadforth, Ridley, “Winchester”, Queenscliff Rd., Manly.
Shaffran, John, 9 St. Elmo St., Mosman.

Shaw, Miss Evelyn Morgan, 35 Moncur St., Woollahra.

82

Shaw, C., Vernon, 61 Concord Rd., Concord.

Shellshear, Professor Joseph N., 14 Raymond Rd., Neutral Bay.

Shipway, Bruce, “The Hatchery”, Pemberton, W.A.

Shipway, William Macdonald, 133 Pitt St., Sydney.

Shirley, Miss D., 47 Wolseley Rd., Mosman.

Shirley, William Lancelot, 41 Clifford Ave., Manly.

Simons, Miss Ruth, Spencer Rd., Killara.

Simpson, D., Mrs., 42 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

Simpson, W. H., 2 Effingham St., Mosman.

. Singleton, John Ernest, 3 McLoud St., Mosman.

Smedley, James Michael, 53 Jersey Ave., Mortdale.

Smith, Adrian Bruce, 4 Excelsior Rd., Cronulla.

Smith, Mrs. Amy I., P.O. Box 28, Auburn.

Smith, Colin Campbell, 46 St. Thomas St., Waverley.

Soady, Miss Mary E., c/o Union Trustees, 2 O’Connell St., Sydney.

Solomons, L. W., 9 Margaret St., Manly.

Spain, Ian Alfred Hamilton, 11 Cyprian St., Mosman.

Spears, Frank, 4 Bridge St., Sydney. i

Stach, George Augustus, 75 Cowper St., Randwick.

Spencer, Jack L., 62 Western Rd., Parramatta.

Stewart, Andrew Douglas George, c/o McCarron, Stewart Pty. Ltd., 22
Goulburn St., Sydney.

Stephen, Alfred Ernest, G.P.O. Box 1158 HH, Sydney.

Stewart, Prof. James Douglas, 53 Homebush Rd., Strathfield.

Stinson, E. R. D., 8 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

Stinson, Miss Kathleen Muriel, 8 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

Stewart, Miss Hilda, 25 Murdoch St., Cremorne.

Strempel, E. A., c/o Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd., G.P.O. Box 1535,

Sydney.
Sugars, B. E., 81 Railway St., Rockdale.
Summerbell, L. M., 8 Burrawong Ave., Mosman.
Tait, George Edward, 35 Moruben St., Mosman.
Tanner, Charles, c/o Commonwealth Oil Refineries Ltd., P.O. Box 6,
Williamstown, Victoria.
Taylor, Dr. Arthur Thornton, 175 Macquarie St., Sydney.
Thomas, Mrs. D., 128 Nelson Rd., Nelson, via Riverstone, N.S.W.
Thomas, John, Shell Harbour.
Thomas, Mrs. Madge Isobel, “Antheor”’, Rickard Ave., Mosman.
Thompson, Dr. Harold, M.A., D.Sc., “Aquaforte”’, Ischia St., Cronulla.
Thornley, Miss Gertrude, 37 Auburn Rd., Lidcombe.
Thornthwaite, Ormond Robert, 17 Raglan St., Mosman.
Toy, Miss Jane Errol, 235 Ben Boyd Rd., Cremorne.
Trebilco, A. E. L., 1 Raymond Ave., Turramurra.
Trebitsch, F., 13 Elfrieda St., Mosman.
‘Tremlett, Miss Dorothy, 22 Thompson St., Mosman.
Tremlett, Frank C. G., 22 Thompson St., Mosman.
Trenerry, William Leo, c/o Coml. Banking Co. of Sydney, Mosman.
Turner, Oswald Frederick, “Haddon Hall”, Alfred St., North Sydney.
Utz, Gordon Albert, 6 Silex Rd., Mosman.
Vicars, Robert John, Victoria Rd., Marrickville.
Von Drehnen, Otto, “Wyuna”, Buena Vista Ave., Mosman.
Vowles, Arthur George, 44 Martin Place, Sydney.
Voysey, Cedric Ernest, Grange Ave., Marsden Park, via Riverstone.
Wall, Colman, 23 Bay St., Mosman.
Walker, A. D., “Tregoyd”, Raglan St., Mosman.
Wallis, J. P., c/o A.B.C., National Building, Pitt St., Sydney.
Walters, A. C., 24 Havilah St., Chatswood.
Ward, Miss B., 29 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.
Waterhouse, J., 308 Pacific Highway, Lindfield.
Weaver, Charles Herbert,, 21 David St., Mosman.
Webber, L., 6 Grandview Pde., Epping.

}

83

Webster, Miss Jessica, 2 Buena Vista Ave., Clifton Gardens.
Webster, Miss M., 2 Buena Vista Ave., Clifton Gardens.

Webster, R. J., 2 Buena Vista Ave., Clifton Gardens.

Weymark, John N., 26 David St., Mosman.

Wheelwright, A. H., “Rosedale”, Narrawa, Private Bag, via Crookwell.
Whitley, P. N., 43 The Crescent, Mosman.

White, Mrs. Adrian, 28 Thompson St., Mosman.

Williams, Amos E., Wyoming, Glenbrook Rd., Cooma.

Wills, J. R., 4 Rose Bank Ave., Epping.

Wood, John Roy, 93 Brighton St., Croydon.

Woolacott, Mrs. L. H., lla Everview Ave., Mosman.

Woolfe, J. M., N.S.W. Motors, Hunter St., West Newcastle.
Woolfe, M. L., 2 Wrightson Ave., Bar Beach, Newcastle.

Woolf, R. |K., Cross Keys Hotel, Maitland Rd., Tighes Hill, Newcastle.
Worrell, E. F. A., 134 Cecily St., Lilyfield.

Yates, Reginald Colin, 28 Prince Albert St., Mosman.

Zeck, Mrs. E. H., 694 Victoria Rd., Ryde.

HONORARY ASSOCIATE MEMBERS:
Chisholm, Alex. H., F.R.Z.S., c/o Angus & Robertson Ltd., 89 Castlereagh

St., Sydney.
Malloch, J. R., 5635 North 8th Street, Arlington, Va., U.S.A.
LIFE ASSOCIATE MEMBERS:

Agar, Professor W. E., O.B.E., The University, Melbourne, Victoria.

Chadwick, C. E., Entomoligical Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, G.P.O. Box
36a, Sydney.

Colliver, F. S., c/o Geological Dept., University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Queensland. :

Director, Dominion Museum, Wellington, N.Z.

Ellis, Ralph, Dr., 2420 Ridge Rd., Berkeley, California.

Finlay, Dr. Harold John, Geological Survey Office, Wellington, N.Z.

Hardy, G. H. H., “The Gordons’, Letitia St., Katoomba.

Harford, Mr.s Leone, 33 Henson St., Marrickville.

Hill, Gerald F., Durras, P.O. Benandarah, South Coast, N.S.W.

Hopkinson, Dr. Emilius, C.M.G., Balcombe, Sussex, England.

Houison, J. K. S., 274 Church St., Parramatta.

Morrison, Philip Crosbie, M.Sc,, 9 Maroona Rd., Brighton S.5., Victoria.

Moss-Robinson, Leslie H., “Exon Vale’, Narara, N.S.W.

Palmer, J., 82 Bridge Rd., Glebe.

Sears, Miss C., c/o Bank of N.S.W., cnr. King and George Sts., Sydney.

Thackway, A. E. J., “Wyoming”, Albyn Rd., Strathfield.

Thom, Leslie Alexander, 124 Belmore Rd., Hurstville.

Thomas, Andrew David, 17 Millicent Ave., ‘Toorak, SE2, Vicoria.

Wilkinson, John Wrixon, Wood St., Warwick, Queensland.

Williams, Godfrey Herbert, Aberpergwyn, South Wales, Great Britain.

Wright, Phillip A., Wallumunbi, Armidale.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS:

Aguilar, Miss Grace, G.P.O. Box 2920, Sydney.

Barnett, G. W., 32 Shelley St., Campsie.

Barrett, Charles, “Maralena”, Maybury Ave., Elsternwick, Victoria.

Baxter, A. J., 69 Victoria St., Potts Point.

Boardman, W., B.Sc., Zoology Dept., University of Melbourne, Carlton,
Victoria.

Bold, A., 12 Carlton St., Carlton, Victoria.

Border, A. J., G.P.O. Box 1839K, Sydney.

Bouchier, Mrs. Bertha, 191 Nicholson Pde., Cronulla.

Boulton, E. C., 26 Enmore Rd., Newtown.

Brandon, Miss G., “Haegren”, Collins Rd., St. Ives.

Brodie, Mrs. 15 Botany Rd., Bondi Junction.

84

Brookes, Albert E., 178 Balmoral Rd., Mt. Eden S.2, Auckand, N.Z.

Brown, Dr. A. Galion. Colac, Victoria.

Browne, Mrs. R. B., 113 Pacific Highway, Hornsby.

Burgh, Mrs. Ada May, 42 Warialda St., West Kogarah.

Butters, Miss Elizabeth, 28 Toxteth St., Glebe.

Carlaw, A. G., 35 Arlington St., Five Dock.

Carter, Alan Norval, Box 2, “St Ronan” , 10 Berkeley St., Hawthorn, Vic.

Catford, A. R., 11 Station St., Pymble.

Catts, Peter, c/o Mrs. Kay, 358 Victoria Rd., Marrickville.

Chief Inspector of Fisheries and Game, 605 Flinders St., Extension, Melb.

Cleland, Prof. J. Burton, 1 Dashwood Rd., Beaumont, Adelaide, S.A.

Clewett, J. W., Elwin St., Peakhurst.

Colefax, Alan, Dept. of Zoology, University of Sydney.

Coleman, Mrs. Edith, 72 Blackburn Rd., Blackburn, Victoria.

Crofts, Miss Winifred, 20 Croydon Rd., ” Croydon.

Dew, Miss Barbara, 16 Wallaroy Rd., Double Bay.

D’Ombrain, Athel F., 435 High St., West Maitland.

English, Miss Kathleen M. I., “Loana”’, Mt. Morris St., Woolwich.

Ferguson, Thomas L., 21 Orwell St., Potts Point.

Forbes, Dr. Arthur Duncan, Nyngan, N.S.W.

Fraser, A. J., Chief Inspector of Fisheries, 108 Adelaide Terrace, Perth, W.A.

Gadsden, Mrs. E. J., 7 Greenknowe Ave. ., Potts Point.

Galley, Ronald Mitchell, c/o Scottish Union & National Insurance Co., 11
Hamilton St., Sydney.

Gannon, Gilbert Roscoe, “Bushlands”, Livingstone Ave., Pymble.

Gilbert, Percy A., “Dacelo”’, Colin St., Lakemba.

Goddard, N. C., 47 Carey St., Marrickville.

Goldsmith, Mrs., Vista St., North Parramatta.

Graham, David H., 28 Whites Line East, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.

Halstead, Dr. Bruce W., Dept. of Medical Zclosy, School of Tropical and
Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda, Calif., A

Hanger, L., 15 Hawkins St, Marrickville.

Hargreaves, E. A., 15 Harbour St., Mosman.

Herriot, S. T., c/o 15 Robinson St., Kogarah.

Hilder, Master I., “Craigend”, Loftus St., Loftus.

Hill, Charles, 2 Grafton St., Woollahra.

Holmes, Alex, 24 Attunga St., Bellevue Hill.

Hoskin, E., Flat 1, 253 Pacific Highway, North Sydney.

Jackson, Mrs. E. J., 282 Anzac Pde., Kensington.

Johnston, Mrs. P. R., 15 Fairfax Rd., Mosman.

Jones, Robert G. M., 129 Queen St., Woollahra.

Kaltenbach, Mrs. R., 188 Morrison Rd., Ryde.

Kaltenbach, Miss D., 188 Morrison Rd., Ryde.

Keast, John Campbell, 313 West Botany St., Rockdale.

Kelly, Barry, 80 Mintaro Ave., Strathfield.

Kennedy, Colin, 24 Richmond Ave., Cremorne.

Kershaw, R. C., “Manorama”, Clarence Point, West ‘Tamar, ‘Tasmania.

Kerslake, Mrs. J., 29 Nundah St., Lane Cove.

Kerslake, R., 29 Nundah St., Lane Cove.

Kitchen, G., 7 Castle St., Blakehurst.

Laseron, John, 15 Hill St., Balgowlah.

Leggett, Miss Maude W., 11 Norman St., Woodville, S.A.

Leithhead, David, 174 Darley St., Penrith.

Le Souef, J. C., ‘Kyabram Cordial Co., Kyabram, Victoria.

Library, Dept. of Agriculture, St. George’ s Terrace, Perth.

Lonngren, O. E., 8 Gloucester St., Burwood.

Lovett, Miss Margaret Darnill, 90 French St., Maroubra.

Lowe, Mrs. Norman E., 56 Bradley’s Head Rd., Mosman.

Maher, S., 48 ee Joseph Banks Rd., Bankstown.

Mann, John § .. Biological Section, Lands Dept., Sherwood, Brisbane.

Marshall, John M. J., 27 Paul St., Waverley.

Merrett, ’ Albert William, 67 Castlereagh St., Sydney.

85

Messmer, Mrs. P. R., 64 Treatts Rd., Lindfield.

Mills, G. W., 3 Denman St., Hurstville.

Mincham, V. Hans, Hammond, South Australia.

Mutton, F., 16 Empress St., Hurstville.

McDougall, William Alexander, Dept. of Agriculture and Stock, Brisbane.

Mackay, Roy David, 17 Wellington St., Newtown.

McMichael, D. F., 88 Macquarie Rd., Auburn.

MacNamara, John, 46 Alt St., Ashfield.

McNeill, Frank A., Australian Museum, College St., Sydney.

MacKnight, K., 10 O’Connell St., Sydney.

McSwiggan, Thomas James, 50 Railway Pde., Penshurst.

Nicholson, E., 115 Bacon St., Grafton.

Nicol, A., 70 Salisbury Rd., Rose Bay.

Northmore, Sir John, Judges’ Chambers, Supreme Court, Perth, W.A.

Nubling, Erwin, 34 Plummer Rd., Mentone, Victoria.

Oberg, Miss Gwenell, 33 Dudley St., Dobroyd Point, Haberfield.

Oliver, A. W., c/o Union Bank, Sydney.

Oliver, Dr. W. R. B., 26 Ventnor St., Seatoun, Wellington, E.5, N.Z.

Paul, Hector George, c/o H. Jockel, Matthews Chambers, ‘The Corso, Manly.

Pearce, Alan Lindsay, Menagle St., Picton, N.S.W.

Peir, P. A., 49 Gloucester St., Rockdale.

Rayment, ‘Tarlton, F.R.Z.S., “Bow-worrung”’, Bath St., Sandringham, Vic.

Ridley, D. M., 78 Innes Rd., Balgowlah.

Robbins, D., 50 Dennis St., Lakemba.

Roberts, J. E., 35 Shaftesbury Ave., Burwood.

Robinson, Angus Hargreaves, “Yanjettee’, Coolup, West Australia.

Rutland, Mrs. K., 17 Riley St., North Sydney.

Sampson, R., 102 Birrell St., Waverley.

Seaward, William ‘Trotman, “Myala”’, Scone.

Seward, N. H. Pty. Ltd., 457 Bourke St., Melbourne.

Shand, Richard, Tregurtha, 20 Lynwood Ave., Killara.

Sharland, Michael S. R., 141 Hampden Rd., Hobart, ‘Tasmania.

Sharp, J. H., 1 Moore St., Campsie.

Sims, Victor, 28 Linda St., Belmore.

Sheldrick, K. G., 3 Keeyuga Rd., Huntley’s Point, Gladesville.

Stevens, R. C., Lot 41, Bridge St., Rydalmere.

Stowar, A., 8 Chisholm St., Auburn.

Swann, R. G., 285 Livingstone Rd., Marrickville.

Swann, Mrs. R. G., 285 Livingstone Rd., Marrickville.

Swinfield, J., 170 Northam Ave., Bankstown.

Thomas, I. M., Dept. of Zoology, University, Adelaide,S.A.

Turnidge, Frederick, 17 Tycannah St., Northbridge.

Vance, J. L., 4 Rawson St., Mosman.

Viney, Lewis Charles, c/o Messrs. John Lees Pty. Ltd., 10 Shields St.,
Launceston, Tasmania.

Waite Agricultural Institute, University of Adelaide, Private Mail Bag, Ade-
laide.

Wall, Mrs. Nina, 23 Bay St., Mosman.

Ward, P. H., c/o “Hillcrest”, Quirk St., Dee Why.

Wells, Henry C., 27 Goode St., South Perth, West Australia.

Weeding, Rev. Benjamin J., 5 York St., Henley Beach, South Australia.

Weymouth, Miss L., 23 Forsythe St., Killara.

Wood, W. J., 61 Milson Rd., Cremorne.

Woods, S. W.,. 17 Antwerp St., Bankstown.

Woodlands, Harold, G.P.O. Box 989H, Adelaide, S.A.

Zoological Board of Victoria, Royal Park, Parkville, Melbourne, N.2.

JUNIOR MEMBERS:

Burgh, Master Philip H., 42 Warialda St., West Kogarah.
Burgh, Miss Robin May, 42 Warialda St., West Kogarah.
Hallwood, Master A., 130 Norfolk Rd., Epping.

86

Hamblion, Master W., 15 Flinders Rd., Earlwood.
Hanger, Master W., 15 Hawkins St., Marrickville.
Harvey, Master Brian, 7 Pacific St., Clovelly.
O’Brien, Master J., 41 Meymott St., Randwick.
Roberts, Master C., 25 Henson St., Marrickville.
Wood, Janet Ferguson, 40 Trevellyan St., Cronulla.

Members will oblige by notifying the Honorary Secretary of any changes
of address.

87

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;
CONTENTS ai"
Page ie
Seventieth Annual Report 20000) ae ao a i
Officers forthe Year'-1950-5) 56 3. ee a ae ee ee 2 4
Presidential Address: “Some Mites and Ticks,” by E. H. Zeck ..... 3
eee
Dr. As: Waterhouse “35 Sonne! i ho ae ee 9
H. s° Mort. ae Oe en 10
Reports of Sections:
Budgerigar: Section: ae Bees a a Se ee 11
Marine Zoological-Section 06 esa eee re . 13
Omnithological Section i...) ae sie EN OCR ge OR * 14
General: Zoological Section: icc a es ae ees 17 re
Sylabus “of : Sectional “Meéetings<5 5.252 ace er Os em 1 Reo
apers: :
Z Classification of Australian Boidae, by E. Worrell __..... 20
Basic Work on the Life Cycle of Some Australian Snails, .
by MecLauchlan = si3) 2 ae eee tae eae 26
Venomous Land Snakes of New South Wales, by A. I. Ormsby 37
Note on the Food of a Bandicoot, by K. C. McKeown _....... 42
Marine Shell Collecting, a G: Thornley Seco es es eee 44
A New Species of Volute, by G. Thornley _..... eA SSB | 53
Aquarium «Notes, by Je. Ivey tac <2) Gan nak Shy Sealine si 55
New Races of Jalmenus icikas, by E. O. Edwards... aus 58
New Fish Names and Records, by G. P. Whitley .... _.... 61
Moas, ‘by.'T. Inedale sie 5 ce 0 ics ee cee pee tis 69
Gould and Audubon, by T. Iredale ..... __...... ee eee tae a 79°
Book "Biewiewss 3002 Shs ae oi th eee as rena acca eR 71:

List ‘of . Members --'5 face 52 ys ae ee 7308

Wholly set up and pins in Australia by Excelsis ee 545 George Sei SS By |

Sydney, New South Wales