UMASS/AMHERST •

31EDht.DDS141bOb

fr***"

xm-

fcV HP *V * ' '^j-iWi' ^[

1 £$*%:

arm

%■$&'■

* A*r-*

;

$? V

IK*

LIBRARY

OF THE

<^\

w

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

no.„4_5.1_1 DATE.5.r L«% k

source. [v'laY§]3alL.„P._.Wtld&-r

AS

354

A47

1ST?

v.17
1879

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

n,.,-,MTTIMM"riI CPDCIAM

The undersigned desires to state, in explanation of the late appearance of this
publication, that the Secretary of the Society, on whom the labor (which is much
greater than could he supposed by any one not having experience in such work ) of pre-
paring the Proceedings for publication has devolved, accepted the office under the most
urgent pressure of the members, after twice declining, and with the understanding that
owing to other imperative engagements, particularly the publication of the History of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, he would be unable to prepare the report of
the Rochester meeting until the work above mentioned should be accomplished.

MARSHALL P. WILDER.

President American Pomoloeical Society.

September 17th, 18th, and 19th, 1879.

E TUT ED BY TU E SECRET A R V

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

1880.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Seventeenth Session

OF THE

American Pomological Society

HELD IN

ROCHESTER. NEW YORK.

September 17th, 18th, and 19th, 1879.

i:dtti-:d by the secreta />■ y

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

1880.

r

sn

E. R. ANDREWS, PKIN'TKH. AQUEDUCT STREET, ROCHESTER, N. V.

• — T^OsVi Of

CIRCULAR.

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Organized 1848.

SEVENTEENTH 8E8SION,

The Western New York Horticultural Society having invited the American Pomological Society to hold its next
meeting at Rochester, New York, the undersigned give notice that the Seventeenth Session of this National Association
n ill he held in that city, commencing Wednesday, Septembi r Sem nteenth, 1879, at 10 o'clock, a. m., and continuing for
three days.

The city of Rochester has kindly granted the use of the Common Council Chamber for the meetings of the Society.
The exhibition of fruit will be on the grounds of the Western New York Agricultural Society, in connection with the
Annual Exhibition of that Society, and it is intended to make this one of the greatest exhibitions of fruit ever seen on
any similar occasion.

All Horticultural, Pomological, Agricultural, and other kindred Associations in the United States and British Prov-
inces, are invited to send delegations as large as they may deem expedient; and all persons interested in the cultivation
of fruits are invited to be present, and take seats in the Convention.

It is earnestly hoped that there will be a full attendance of delegates from all quarters of our country, thereby stimu-
lating more extensive cultivation by the concentrated information and experience of cultivators, and aiding the Society
in perfecting its Catalogue of Fruits. This Catalogue includes fifty States and Territories, most of which have their
columns filled with a great amount of information as to the fruits adapted for culture in the respective locations. Manj
of these are yet incomplete; and it is the object of the Society, from year to year, to till the blanks, and bring its Cata-
logue nearer to perfection. To accomplish this object as fully as possible, the Chairman of the General Fruit Committee,
P. 1! \iaiv. Esq., Rochester, N. Y., will send out the usual circulars of inquiry; and it is desirable that these inquiries
should be answered at an early day. The various State and Local Committees are urged to respond to the circulars as
soon as practicable.

The coming session will derive a special interest from being held in the midst of one of the great fruit-growing
legions of the country, and in a district unequalled in the world for the extent of the nursery interest, in the propagation
of fruit and other trees. It is believed that the city of Rochester is more easily accessible to a larger number of persons
interested in the objects of the Society than any other city in the United States, and a full attendance, and an interesting
session are therefore anticipated. When we consider the importance of fruit culture in North America, its progress
during the last thirty years under the beneficent action of this Society, its moral, social, and sanitary influence, and the
increasing demand for its products both in this country and Europe, rendering it a source of national wealth, we feel
justified in urging the attendance of all who are interested in the welfare of our country and the development of its won
derful resources, in this branch of industry. It is desired, in this connection, that the Vice-Presidents of the several
Stares, Territories, and Provinces, who have not already done so, should (following the plan commenced last year) fur-
nish or procure, as far as possible, short historical sketches Of Che rise and progress of fruit culture in their respective
districts, from their settlement up to the present time, to the end that the forthcoming report may, in connection with
the last, give a complete view of the pomological history of the various parts of the country. State and local Horti-
cultural Societies aic respectfully requested to co-operate and aid in this work.

Arrangements will be made with hotels, and, as far as possible, with the various railroad lines terminating in Roch-
ester, for a reduction of fare. Notice will be given if any concessions arc obtained, Wherever possible, it would be
best thai BUCh arrangements should lie made by the valid is delegations with roads in their localities, a- rates made by

Rochestei roads will apply onlj to their lines.

.Members, delegates, and societies are requested to contribute collection- of the fruits of their respective districts,

and to communicate in regard to them whatever may aid in promoting the objects of the Society and the science' of
American Pomology Each contributor is requested to prepare a complete list of his collecth ind to present the same

with hi- fruits, that a report of all the varieties entered may he submitted to the meeting as early as practicable. A
limited number of Wilder Medals will he awarded to objects of special merit.

Packages of fruits, with the names of the contributors, may lie addressed as follows: " Ami.uk \\ POMOLOGICAL

Society, care of James II Kixi.v. Esq., President of the Western New York Agricultural Society, Rochester, N. Y."
Freight and express charges should he prepaid.

6 PROGRAMME OF BUSINESS.

All persons desirous of becoming members can remit the fee to Thomas P. .Tames, Esq., Treasurer, Cambridge,
Mass. Life-membership, Twenty Dollars; Biennial, Four Dollars. Life-members will be supplied with back numbers
of the Proceedings of the Society as far as possible.

MARSHALL P. WILDER. President, Boston, Mass.

ROBERT MANNING, Acting Secretary, Salem, Mass.

Newspapers and periodicals that take an interest in Pomology are respectfully requested to publish the above.
The Secretary, tor the purpose of -.'curing' a more complete statement of facts, solicits copies of all publications relating
to Fruit and Fruit-growing- in all the States, Territories, and Provinces of North America.

PROGRAMME OF BUSINESS.

(Subject to Revision by the Meeting.)

HOURS OF MEETING.

Wednesday, 10 o'clock in the morning, and 3 o'clock in the afternoon.

Tin ksdav. !l o'clock in the morning, and 3 o'clock in the afternoon.

Friday. !i o'clock in the morning, and 3 o'clock in the afternoon.

Rules foe Speaking. Five minutes, and no person to speak more than twice on the same subject, without leave.

Wednesday, 10 a. m. Introductory Exercises; Appointment of Committees, — viz., on Credentials, on Nomination of
Officers, on Record of Fruits exhibited, and on Award of the Wilder Medal.
3 p.m.. President's Address; Reports of Committee on Credentials, and on Nomination of Officers; Election of
Officers; Reception of Treasurer's Report; Appointment of Place for the next meeting of the Society.

Thursday, '.) A. m. Reports of Standing Committees; Discussion of the Value of Fruits enumerated in the Catalogue,
as indicated by stars, to be called by the Secretary in alphabetical order, as follows: Apples, Pears, Grapes, etc.
At the close of each division, statements relative to new varieties will be received.
:; p. m. Continuation of the morning session.

Friday, !i a. m. Reports of Committees on Fruits exhibited; Reception of Essays and Historical Sketches by Vice-
Presidents and others; Continuation of Discussion on Values of Fruits, as per Catalogue; and Introduction of
Names of New Varieties.
3 p. M. Completion of Discussion. Resolutions, etc.; Adjournment.

ESSAYS.

Invitations have been extended to the following named gentlemen to prepare papers on subjects pertaining to the
work of the Society, which, it is believed, will add interest to the meeting and value to the Proceedings: —

Professor George L. Goodale, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

William Saunders, Esq., Washington, D. C, on Experiments in Fruit Culture.

Professor William J. Real. Agricultural College, Lansing, Mich. , on Distinguishing Varieties

of Apples by the Flowers.
Dr. John A. Warder, President Ohio Horticultural Society, North Bend, Ohio.
Rev. Robert Bl i:\et, President Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, Hamilton, Ontario.
Professor William R. Lazenp.y. Cornell University, Ithaca, V Y.
P. J. Berckmans, Esq., Augusta, Ga.

Isidor Bush, Esq., Buslilmrg. Mo., on Grape Rot in America.
P, T. Quinn, Newark, X. J., on Fruits in New Jersey.
William C. Barry, Esq., Rochester, N. Y.

Thomas Meeiian, Esq., Germantown, Pa., will give an Address on the Sexes of Flowers in Re
hit ion to the Fruitfulness of Orchards, and New Varieties.

\o i e.— The American Pomological Society having voted at the session in Haiti mere, in IST7, to hold its next meeting in Nasb-
\ ille, Tennessee, soon- explanation of the change of place is proper. The Georgia Horticultural Society, in February . passed a reso-
lution authorizing the lion. p. . I. Berckmans, in view of the factthat the last meeting of the Pomological Society was held in a
'Southern city, and the preceding one at the West, to advise with the President in regard to holding the next meeting in a Northern
city. A circular was im liately sent by President Wilder to the members of the Executive Committee, asking their opinion— in

of all the existing circumst :es of the propriety of changing the place of meeting. This proposal met with general approval.

At this stage the President, who had been desirous to have the meeting at Boston, met with a serious accident, falling and breaking
his thigh bone, and being unable to take any active pari In further arrangements for the meeting. Under these circumstances it
was deemed hest to accept the no itation o! the Western New i'ork Horticult lira! Society to meet at ttochester.

The members of the Society will be glad to know that President Wilder is a- comfortable as can i»- expected, and his physician,
as well as himself and friends, entertain strong- hopes of his ultimate recovers .

OFFICERS

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

1879-81.

President.

Hon. MARSHALL PINCKNEY WILDER, Boston, Massachusetts.

first Vice-President, Patrick Barry, Rochester, X. Y.

Vice-Presidents.

Alabama . C. ('. Langdon .. .Mobile.

I bona A, P, R. Spafford Tucson.

Arkansas ('. ('. Bliss.. Little Rock.

California . .B. 8. Fox .San Jos6

._.._._N. C. Meeker Greeley.

>t P. M. Augur . - -Middlefield.

Dakota .. L. D. F. Poore Springfield.

/> laware Edward Tatnall Wilmington.

District Columbia. .William Saunders.. .Washington.
Florida.... H. L. Hart. ..Palatka.

ia Samuel H ape ... Atlanta.

Idaho William II. Drake. -.Boise City.

Arthur Bryant, Sr.. -Princeton.

ia. . S. P. Johnson Irvington.

Indian Territory ..John A. Foreman Muscoga.

/""■'' ... Suel Foster Des Moines.

u .. It. C. Brackett Leavenworth.

Kentucky Tikis. S. Kennedy Louisville.

Louisiana R, H. Day Baton Rouge.

Maim ...Z. A. Gilbert .. East Turner.

Maryland W. D. Brackenridge .Govanstown.

Massachusetts .William C. Strong . Brighton.

'/ '■■' ■- ... T.T.Lyon ... ...South Haven.

Minnesota I. S. Harris La Crescent.

Mississippi. .George S. tiuss. StateLine.

I/' iri 0 1- • • i : • . i IIismann Sedalia.

Montana John Jones Helena.

Nebraska. .. R. W. Furnas Brownville.

.V, ,-,,,!, i L. R. Bradley Carson City.

New Brunswick ...Peter Fisher Woodstock.

Neic Hampshire Waterman Smith... Manchester.

New Jersey William Parry Cinnaminson.

N< ir \l< xico W. F. M. Arny Santa Fe.

New York Charles Downing Newhurg

North Carolina Walter L. Steele. ..Rockingham.

Nora Scotia . C. ('. Hamilton Cornwallis.

Ohio — ...John A. Warder Cleves.

Ontario .. Robert Burnet Hamilton.

Oregon A.J. Dueur Portland.

Pennsylvania Josiah Hoopes West, Chester.

Quebec ... Charles Gibb Abbotsford.

Rliodt Island E. D. Pearce Providence.

South Carolina W. D. Johnson... Marion.

Tennesset . .. B. F. Tranbou . Humboldt.

Texas William Watson Brenham.

Utah. J. E. Johnson St. I leorge

Vermont. .. ..Lawrence Brainerd.Si. Albans.

Virginia . . (1. F. I!. Leighton .-.Norfolk.

Washington. .. Washington Bum Seabeck.

West Virginia . ...D. H. Strother _. Berkley Sp'ngs.

Wisconsin James s. Stickney Milwaukee.

Wyoming .Judgi Carter Carter's Station.

Treasurer.

KDWIN \\ BUSWELL,

Secretary.

ROBERT MANNING,

Boston, Mass.

Salem, Mass

Executive Committee.

Phesiden i and Vv i. Presidents, ex qffi
J.E.Mitchell Philadelphia Pennsylvania

I 'I'm nin k New Vork A u i

J. PC Hyde Newton Massachusetts,

P .1 Berckmans Augusta Georgia.

.1 II Masters Nebraska City Nebraska,

LIST OF OFFICERS.

General Fruit Committee.

Chairman,

P. BARRY.

Rochester, N. Y.

. . - Washington.
. . . San Mateo.
. . -Augusta.

Alabama _R. R. Hunley ..Talladega.

Arizona __ Warren Foote St. Thomas.

Arkansas S. .1. Matthews Monticello.

California . . Dr. J. Strentzel Martinez.

( 'olorado . H. B. Bearce Denver.

Connecticut ... T. S. Gold West Cornwall.

Dakota ..Lott I. Bayi.ef Yankton.

Delaware Edward Tatnall Wilmington.

District Columbia .-John Saul .

Florida P. P. Bishop '.

Georgia _ . P. J. Berckmans . .

Idaho T. W. Bennett ..Boise City.

Illinois O. B. Galusha Morris.

Indiana Allen Furnas Danville.

Indian Territory Willi am P. Ross. Muskogee.

Iowa G. B. Brackett Denmark.

G. C. Brackett Lawrence.

W. A. Huggins... . Glasgow.

...Dr. R. H. Day Baton Rouge.

Maine .. Henry McLaughlin. . Bangor.

Mini/land W. D. BitACKENRiDGE.Govanstown.

Massachusetts . Robert Manning Salem.

Michigan . _H. Dale Adams Galesburg.

Minnesota ....Prof. C. Y. Lacy Minneapolis.

Mississippi . . W. A. Casseli. Canton.

Missouri.- N. J. Colman .St. Louis.

Kansas . . .
Kentucky .
Louisiana

Montana ..J. D. McC'amman Bozeman.

Nebraska . ...J. H. Masters. Nebraska City.

Nevada A. J. Hatch Reno.

New llr a i, sw irk J. L. Inches Frederic-ton.

.V. m Hampshire ...J U4E8 M. Hayes Dover.

Nt w ■/' rsey A. S. Fuller... Ridge wood

New Mexico Thomas J Buel... .. Mesilla.

,\ i u- York E. Moody Lockport.

North Carolina . Edward Kidder Wilmington.

Nova Scotia. Ciiaui.es E. Brown. ..Yarmouth.

Ohio _ M. B. Bateham Painesville.

Ontario D. W. Beadle St. Catherines.

On gon ... Andrew J. Dupur Portland.

Pi iiiisi/lriniiii H. M. Engle Marietta.

Quebec. . . Henry S. Evans Montreal

Rhode Island .... . .Joseph II. Bourne Providence.

South Carolina D. H.Jacques Charleston.

l'i a in ssi, ■ . I . W . Rose.mount Gadsden.

Texas William Watson Brenham.

Utah J. E. Johnson ...St. George.

Vermont 11. G. Root... Bennington.

I 'irginia Franklin Davis Richmond.

Washington C. W. Lawton Seattle.

West Virginia D. 11 Strother Berkley Sp*ngs.

Wisconsin I. C. Plumb Milton.

Wyoming J. A. Campbell Cheyenne.

Committee on Native Fruits.

P. J. Berckmans ..Augusta, Ga. Southern Division.

P. T. Quinn Newark, N.J.I Northern

Chas. Downing Newburg, N. Y. ...

R. Manning.. ...Salem, Moss... .. Eastern

J. II. Masters Nebraska City, Neb. Western "

B. F. Transoi;.. .Humboldt, Trim. _. Western Middle Div.

Franklin Da vis.. Richmond, Va. .. Eastern Middle Div.

\\M. Watson Brenham, Texas South western "

T. T. Lyon. SouthHaven, Mich. Northwestern "

Edmond H. Hart. Federal Point, Flu. Subtropical
Dr. J. Strentzel. Martinez, Col.. ...Pacific

Committee on Foreign Fruits

George Ellwangbr... .Rochester, N. T.

C. M. Hovey .. Boston, Moss

Parker Earle South Pass, 111.

John A. Warder... Cleves, Ohio.

G. F. B. Leighton Norfolk, I 'a.

Edwin Sattertiiwaite ..Philadelphia, Prim.

('. C. Hamilton... Cormoallis, N. 8.

Committee on Synonyms and Rejected Fruits.

John .1. Thomas.. Union Springs, X. Y

John A. Warder ( 'leves, Ohio.

Tyler McWhorter Aledo, III.

Robert .Manning Salem, Moss.

William Saunders.

W. C. Barry

W. M. Howsley

Washington, D. C.

Rochester, .V. Y.

. Leavenworth, Kas.

Committee on Revision of Catalogue.

P. Barry..

Jos] \m I [oopes . ..
Charles Downing

President MARSHALL 1'. WILDER, ex-qffldo.

Robert Manning.
P. .1. Berckmans
Dr. R. H. Day

Rochester, \ P
West Chester, Penn.
Newbnrg, N )'

Salem, Moss.

iugusta, Oa.

Baton Hougi . I a,

LIST OF MEMBERS

Life.

Edwin Allen New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Frank W. Andrews Boston... ... Massachusetts.

Helen V. Austin Richmond Indiana.

E. F. Babcock. Little Rock Arkansas.

(Has. R. Baker . .. Brooklyn. New York.

William E. Baker Wellesley Massachusetts.

George Bancroft. New York . ....New York.

Patrick Barry Rochester New York.

William C. Barry Rochester New York.

IV \Y. Beadle ..St. Catherines Ontario.

W. J. Beal ...Lansing Michigan.

Prosper J. Berckmans .. Augusta Georgia.

Kader Biggs ... Norfolk.. ..Virginia.

Wm. S. Bissell Pittsburg .. .Pennsylvania.

B. Iv. Bliss.. ...New York .. New York

.los. H. Bourne Providence Rhode Island.

E. F. Bowditch Boston Massachusetts.

J. Bra i nerd _ Washington. Dist. Columbia.

Henri A. Breed Lynn Massachusetts.

John R. Brewer Boston Massachusetts.

Alfred Bridgeman . .New York New York.

Francis Brill ...Newark... ... New Jersey.

Cms. E. Brown .Yarmouth. ... Nova Scotia.

l-\u Buchanan New York New York.

S S Bucklin Boston Massachusetts.

Robert Buist ..Philadelphia . .Pennsylvania.

Raphael Bush Bushberg Missouri.

E. W. BUSWELL Boston .Massachusetts.

Charles Hitler New York New York.

James Calder, D. D Agric'l College Pennsylvania.

John S Calkins Los Angeles California.

Geo. W. C impbell Delaware .. ....Ohio.

()ri> Cart Foxborongb Massachusetts.

I it iRLES ( ari'Enter Kelly's Island .Ohio.

Geo. I). Chamberlain Cambridge Massachusetts.

Ben.i. P. Cheney Boston. . Massachusetts.

LEMUEL ClaPP Boston .. ...Massachusetts

Wm. (manning CLAPP Boston Massachusetts.

Edmund S. Clark Framingham .Massachusetts.

I'.dson H. Clark ..-.Newburg... New Jork.

Elizur E. Clark ..... New Haven Connecticut.

James W: Clark Framingham. .Massachusetts.

Asa Clement Dracut ... Massachusetts.

Geo. ^5. Conover Geneva New York.

N.J.Coleman ........St. Louis Missouri.

M. S. Cook Avondale ...Pennsylvania.

Roberi ( orni im~ Philadi Iphia Pennsylvania.

A Cox Walnut City K

■Iso \ J. ( RE88WELL . . Elkton Maryland

Dr. Wm A. M. Ci [.Bert Newburgli New York.

A. P. (i hmtngs New York New York.

Franklin Davis Richmond .. . Virginia.

Hervet Davis Cambridgi Massachusetts.

.1. C. Ban< koi i li.wis New Hamburg New York.

Arthur F. Dexter .. Providence ... Rhode Island.

Alexander Dickinson. .Cambridgep't, Massachusetts.

Robert Douglas Waukegan ... Illinois.

Charles Downing Newburg. New York..

W. S. Dunham New York .New York.

Geo. B. Durfee Fall River Massachusetts.

Parker Earle . ..Cobden Illinois.

Geo. Ellwanger .....Rochester New York.

Charles Ely West Springfii Id .Missouri.

Henry M. Engle Marietta Pennsylvania.

Hiram Engle ... ... Marietta .Pennsylvania.

Aaron ERICKSON ...Rochester ...New York.

John K. Eshleman, M. D ..Downingtown, Pennsylvania.
Arthur W. Felton ..... Wesl Newton. Massachusetts.

E.T. Field Red Bank New Jersey.

John Fisher Batavia New York.

David B. Flint Mount Auburn, Massachusetts

T. S. Force Newburg . . .New York.

C. Gilbert Fowler ... ... Newburg New York.

lit: una rd S. Fox San Jose California.

Jacob Frantz Lemon Place. .Pennsylvania.

Jonathan French Boston Massaehusetl s.

Isaac H. Frothingham ...Boston Massachusetts.

Andrew S. Fuller ..Ridgewood New Jersey.

R. W. Furnas Brown ville .Nebraska.

E. B. Gardette, M. D. . . . . . Philadelphia . . Pennsylvania.

Henry J. Gardner .;. Boston.. Massachusetts

( uaui.es Gibb Abbotsford... Quebec.

T. S. Gold Wes( Cornwall .Connecticut.

s. S Kka\ i:s Geneva New York.

William Griffith North East Pennsylvania.

SAMUEL H. GliUBB ..RoxborOUgh ..Pennsylvania.

T. W. Guv Sulphur Springs Missouri.

William Hacker .... Philadelphia ..Pennsylvania.

0. B. HADWEN ....Worcester Massachusetts.

John S. Haines .. Germantown _. Pennsylvania,

Henry C. Haines .. Germantown.. Pennsylvania.

Ben.i. B. Range Red Bank New Jersi j

Edward Harries Buffalo New York.

Thomas M. Harvey West Grove ..Pennsylvania.

Geo. Haskell Ipswich ...Massachusetts

J. W. HELMER Lockpoil ..New York.

Wm. Herdman Eaton... Ohio.

Dr. F. M. Hf.xamfr . . .New Castle New York.

Geo Hoadley Cincinnati Ohio

C. i.. HOAG LOCkpOrl New Yolk.

ThomasHogg New York New York.

E. S.Holmes GrandRapids Michigan.

Warri n Hoi ton Hamilton Ontario

C M Hove's Cambridge Massachu

John C. Ho Cambridge Massachusetts

John J. Howe . Birmingham Connecticut.

T. s. Hi bbard I''" donia New York.

H. II. Hi nni.w i.i i Wellesley Massachusetts.

10

LIST OF MEMBERS.

John M. Hunter... Ashley- Illinois.

J. F. C. Hyde Newton Massachusetts.

Tinsley Jeter Bethlehem . . Pennsylvania.

James Jones Leiperville... Pennsylvania.

Edward Kendalj Cambridge .. Massachusetts.

Geo. F. Kendall .Cambridge .. Massachusetts.

Joseph H. Kent Russellville_- .Pennsylvania.

Sami el C. Kent Richmond Virginia.

John A. King ... ..Great Neck, L. I. New York.

John II. Kino Washington, Uist. Columbia.

R. B. Koen Memphis Tennessee.

Hartman Rutin Philadelphia Pennsylvania.

A. D. Laing Stratford ...... Connecticut.

C. C. Langdon ..Mobile Alabama.

William Law ton . ... New Rochelle New York.

A. M. Lawyer. Galena Illinois.

G. F. B. Leighton Norfolk .Virginia.

Henry Little Boston Massachus

Elijah H. Like Cambridgeport Mass.

James M. Lyons New Bedford. Massachusetts.

T. T. Lyon South Haven Michigan.

I)a\ id McFer'ron.. UlegbanyCity.Pennsylvania.

William R. Mann Sharon Massachusetts.

Robert Manning.- Salem . Massachusetts.

James II. Masters. ...Nebraska City ...Nebraska.

J. M. McCulloch ..Cincinnati Ohio.

Henry McLaughlin Bangor ... Maine.

Thomas Meehan - .. German town .. Pennsylvania.

F. R. Miller .Sugar Grove. -Pennsylvania.

W.H.Mills Hamilton Ontario.

J. E. Mitchell.....---.-. Philadelphia _ -Pennsylvania.

Silas Moore Providence. . . Rhode Island.

Henry T. Mudd St. Louis ..... Missouri.

D. O. Munson Fall's Church ..Virginia.

David S. Mter Bridgeville Delaware.

I. D. G. Nelson Fort Wayne Indiana.

•I. S. Newman Sparta.. Georgia.

Samuel W. Noble... . .. Jenkinstown.. Pennsylvania.

J. G. Orton, M. I) Binghamton New York.

i barles Osborne ... North Vassalboro . ..Maine.

William Parky Cinnaminson ...New Jersey.

R. B. Parsons Flushing, L. I New York.

William Parsons . Newton ... Massachusetts.

.1 \ in ■ ~ M. Paul . . ..North Adams, Massachusetts.

s \mi el 1! I'avson... Boston Massachusetts.

Edward D. Pearce Providence ... Rhode Island.

John M. Pearson.. Godfrey ... Illinois

SamTJEI/F. PERLEY ... ..Naples Maine.

Jonathan Peri am. ...Chicago Illinois.

William II. Perot Baltimore Maryland,

R. Peters. Atlanta Georgia.

F. K. Phosnix Bloomington . . .Illinois.

I h'.NRY L. Pierce Boston Massachusetts.

William A. I'ile St. Louis ...Missouri.

.1 Pn i.i ring Putnam... ..Boston .Massachusetts.

P. T. (^i inn ...... ... Newark. New Jersey.

I. I). Richardson . Clarksville .Nebraska,

E. A. Ill i in .. Alton Illinois.

Edmund Law Rogers Baltimore Maryland.

Sami el II. I.'i mimi. .Marsha 11 villi- Georgia.

Gurdon W. Russell, M. D.Hartford .... Connecticut.
U.S. Russell. - Milton Massachusetts.

Stephen Salisbury Worcester Massachusetts.

F. G. Sampson Micanopy Florida.

William Saunders .. ..Washington, Dist. Columbia.

Geo I!. Sawyer .....Wiscasset Maine.

W. Scarbc ugh Cincinnati Ohio.

William Schley ..New York New York.

David A. Scott ..New burg . ..New York.

Edward C. Selover Auburn New York.

C. C. Shaw Milford New Hampshire.

J. R. Siiotwell ..Rahway New Jersey.

C. Southworth ...Stotightou Massachusetts.

B, Smith Cuba Missouri.

Benj. G. Smith Cambridge Massachusetts.

W. Smith ... ..... Geneva New York.

Wm. Brown Smith Syracuse New York.

Wm. Eliot Smith.. Alton Illinois.

Wing R. Smith ..Syracuse New York.

Geo. Sparhawk ... Lexington Massachusetts.

Robert W. Starr... Cornwallis Nova Scotia.

Brick Stew art ..Clarksville Tenni

Henry L. Stewart Middle Haddam, Connecticut.

('. W. Spaulding, M. D. ...St. Louis Missouri.

J. L.Stephens . ..Booneville ..Missouri.

W. C. Strong Brighton . Massachusetts.

J. M. Stone Calhoun Station .Mississippi.

Howard Swineford. ..Richmond Virginia.

Edward P. Tapt . . ... . . Providence Rhode Island.

Thomas Talbot ..Billerica Massachusetts.

Edward Tatnall . Wilmington .. Delaware.

John N. Taylor. Brooklyn New York.

Dr. Thomas Taylor . Washington, Dist. Columbia.

Joseph ( >. Taylor. .... Newport Kentucky.

John T. Temple. ..... Davenport Iowa.

.1. J. Thomas .... .... ..Union Springs ..New York.

Milton Thomas . ..Los Angeles California.

Geo ThuRBER.. New York .. New York.

B. C. ToWNSEND New York New York.

F. Trowbridge Milford.. Connecticut.

Carlton A. Uber Christiansburgh Virginia.

Geo. R. Underbill Locust Valley New York.

Jacob Van Gelder Saugerties ......New York.

J. A. Warder, M. D. . .. Cleves ..'. Ohio.

\V. II. Wardwell. Boston .Massachusetts.

William Watson Bienham ..Texas.

1). 15. Wier Lacon Illinois.

Aaron D. Weld ..Boston Massachusetts.

Jesse M. Wellborn Conyers Georgia.

Leander Wetiiekell .....Boston .. Massachusetts.

Joseph V. Whelan ...Montgomery New York.

John B. Whitehead. Norfolk ... Virginia.

Charles O. Whitmore ....Boston — .Massachusetts,

John \\ ' i eland Farmersville Ohio.

Edward B. Wilder ...... .Dorchester. . . Massachusetts.

MarshallP. Wilder ..-.Dorchester.- Massachusetts.
Marshall P. WiJ Di R Jr. .Dorchester . Massachusetts.

Henry T. Williams New York New York.

W. C. Wilson Baltimore Maryland.

( >. F. Winchester New Haven Connecticul

John D.Wolfe New York ..... New York.

A. Work New York New York.

W, II. Yeomans .....Columbia.. .. Connecticut.

.! M. W. Yerrington . Boston . .Massachusetts.
James Younglove . Bowling Green .Kentucky.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

11

Biennial.

E. 1!. Andrews. Rochester .. ...NewYork.

P. M. Augur Middlefield Connecticut.

M. B. Bateham Painesville... Ohio.

Ki>\\ vrd II. Bissell .Richmond Virginia.

William BRO( k -i:\nk Hudson .New York.

A. BRYANT, Sr Princeton .. Illinois.

Rev. Robert Burnet. .. Hamilton Ontario.

1-inoi: Busb Bushburg Missouri.

E. II. Calkin's. Burlington Iowa.

A ai;i>x IV ( 'apex . ..Boston .Massachusetts.

Ethan A. Chase .. ..Rochester New fork.

Howard A. Chase. . Philadelphia.. Pennsylvania.

Lewi^ i ffASJ Rochester New York.

M. V. 1!. Chase. Augusta Maine

B. Wheaton Clark ... ...Lockport. New York.

William II. Coleman . .Geneva New York.

John S. Collins .. Moorestown New Jersey.

D. M. Dewey Rochester New York.

Horace W. Davis Lapeer .. Michigan.

P. C. Dempsey Albany .. Ontario.

Henry B. Ellwanger Rochester New York.

H. II. Farley . ...Union Springs.-.New York.

iMiu Fish Rochester .. ..New York.

Eugene Glen Rochester . .New York.

('. A.6REEN. Clifton .New York.

Leverett Groveh Windsor Ohio.

l)n. C. C. Hamilton. .. Cornwallis Nova Scotia.

Samuel II ape Vtlanta Georgia.

J.J. HARRISON Painesville ...Ohio.

W. T. Wood Richmond Virginia.

('. M. Hooker Rochester New York.

II. E. Hooker. Rochester ...New York.

Abner Hoopes West ( Ihester. .Pennsylvania.

William Howe North Salem New York.

Sylvester Johnson Irvington Indiana.

II. W. Lathrop .Iowa City Iowa.

William S. Little ..Rochester... .. New York.

.1. W. Manning Reading Massachusetts

F. M. Marble. Worcester ...Massachusetts.

T C.Maxwell. . Geneva... New York.

Gustav E. Meissner Bushburg ... ... Missouri

Georgia Moulson Rochester .New York.

Elisiia Moody Lockport... New York.

John B. Moore Concord Massachusetts.

Ambrose F. Page Billerica Massachusetts.

Samuel B. Parsons . Flushing ... New York.

Geo. P. Peffer ..Pewaukee Wisconsin.

Israel Pennington Macon Michigan.

A. M. Purdy Palmyra New York.

Prof. C. V. Riley . Washington, Dist. Columbia.

JamesA. Root Skaneateles . New York.

E. P. Roe . . ..Cornwall ..New York.

I n milotte P. Rogers Baltimore . . . .Maryland.

John Saul ... Washington, Dist. Columbia.

William L. Schapper. .. Philadelphia.. Pennsylvania.

Thomas Smith Geneva New York.

.1. S. Stickney ,-Wauwautosa Wisconsin.

Dr. J. Strentzel Martinez California.

Dr. E. L. Sturtevant.. . .South Framingham .Mass.

Geo. B. Tik.mas West Chester. .Pennsylvania.

F. R. Tkv.v-.oi Humbolt Tennessee.

Geo. W. Trowbridge . Glendale ...Ohio.

Ezra Whitman .Baltimore .Maryland.

S. D. Wii.L.vKi).. Geneva New York.

.1. S. Woodward Lockport... New York.

A. C. Youni ! love Vine Valley .. . . .New York.

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

As Amended September 17, 1879,
AT ROCHESTER, N. Y.

CONSTITUTION.

Article 1. The name of this Association shall
he the American Pomological Society.

2. Its object shall be the advancement of the sci-
ence of Pomologj .

3. It shall consist of Delegates appointed by
Horticultural. Agricultural, and kindred Societies
in the United States and British America, and of
such other persons as take an interest in the wel-
fare of the Association, and arc desirous of promot-
ing its aims.

4. The meetings shall be held biennially, at such
time and place as may be designated by the Society :
and special meetings may be convened at any time
on the call of the President.

5. The officers shall consist of a Presidents First
Vice-President, one Vice-President from every Stale.
Territory, and Province; a Treasurer and a Secre-
tary : and shall be elected by ballot or otherwise at
every biennial meeting.

BY-LAWS.

1. The President shall have a general superin-
tendence of the affairs of the Society during its
vacation; give due public notice t>l' the time and
place of meeting; preside at its deliberations;
deliver an address on some subject relating to
Pomology, al every biennial meeting: and appoint
all committees, unless otherwise directed.

•.'. In case of the death, sickness, or inability of
the President, his official duties shall devolve on
the First Vice-President or such one of the Vice-
Presidents as the Society may elect by ballot or
otherwise.

:;. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys belong-
ing to the Society, and pay over the same on the
written orders of the President.

■1. The Secretary shall, with the assistance of a
reporter appointed by him, keep a record of the
transactions of the Society for publication.

5. There shall be an Executive Committee con-
sisting <>f live members, together with the President
and Vice-Presidents, ex-officio, live of whom shall

constitute a quorum, who shall manage the affairs
of the Society during its vacation.

6. Chairmen of Fruit Committees, for every State,
Territory and Province, and a general Chairman
over all, shall be appointed biennially. It shall be
the duty of each of such Chairmen to appoint four
additional members of his committee, and with
their aid, and with such other information as he can
procure, to forward to the general Chairman one
month before every biennial meeting. State Pomo-
logical Reports, to be condensed by him for publi-
cation.

7. A standing Committee on Native Fruits, con-
sisting of eleven members, shall be appointed by the
President immediately after his election. It shall
be the duty of this Committee to report annually
on native fruits, and also to examine, and before
1 he close of session report on, all new seedling van-
ties that may be exhibited ; and to make an ad
interim report on those that were exhibited in an
unripe condition al the meeting of the Society, but
had subsequently attained a state of maturity : and
on such other seedlings as may have been sub-
mitted to their inspection during the Society's
vacation.

8. A standing Committee on Foreign Fruits, con-
sisting of seven members, shall be appointed, whose
duties shall be similar to those of the committee in
by-law seven.

'.). A standing Committee on Synonyms, consist-
ing of seven members, shall be appointed biennially.

to. Vacancies occurring in committees shall be
tilled by the chairman of each, and in case of his
death or inability to serve, his place shall be sup-
plied by the President of the Society.

11. The members of this Society shall pay four
dollars biennially; and twenty dollars paid at one
time shall Constitute one life membership.

12. The order of business Id' each meeting shall
be arranged by the Executive Committee.

i:J. The Constitution and By-Laws may be al-
tered or amended, at any regular biennial meeting,
by a vote of two-thirds of the members present.

PROCEEDINGS

, OF THE

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

1879.

FIRST DAY— MORNING SESSION.

Rochester, New York, September 17, L879.

The Society met in the Common Council Chamber of the city of Rochester, and in the absence of
the President, the Honorable Marshall P. Wilder, who was prevented from attending, was called to
order by the Secretary.

Dr. John A. Warder, Vice-President for Ohio, was elected to preside during the meeting.

The Hon. C. R. Parsons, Mayor of Rochester, was then introduced, and welcomed the members of
the Society to the city. The Chairman accepted the welcome and thanked the Mayor for it.

Patrick Barry, President of the Western New York Horticultural Society, at whose invitation the
Pomological Society met in Rochester, welcomed the members.

William Saunders of the District of Columbia, H. E. Hooker of New York, and George W. Camp-
bell of Ohio, were appointed a Committee on the Credentials of Delegates.

In the absence of the Treasurer, Thomas P. .lames. E. W. Buswell of Massachusetts was appointed
Assistant Treasurer.

The following Committee was appointed on Fruits Exhibited and on the Award of Wilder Medals:
P. .1. Berekmans of Georgia, Samuel Ha] f Georgia. Sylvester Johnson of Indiana, Rev. Robert Bur-
net of Ontario, M. B. Bateham of Ohio, and William Watson of Texas.

P. Barry stated that the Wilder .Medals were offered by President Wilder personally, for new fruits of
merit or for tine specimens of older varieties.

(in motion ol N. .1. Coleman of Missouri, it was voted that a Committee to nominate officers for the
next biennial term be appointed, consisting of one member from each state.

< > 1 1 recommendation of the Executive Committee, if was voted thai the afternoon be devoted to visiting
tie- Western New York Agricultural Society's Fairgrounds, where the fruits were exhibited, and to hold
an evening session for reading the President's address.

An invitation from D. W. Powers, Esq., of Rochester, to visit his Art Gallery on Thursday evening,
was accepted, with a resolution of thanks.

Mr. Barry, a- Chairman of the General Fruit Committee, presented the Report of that Committee,
which was referred hack to be prepared for publication,

Mr. Barry, from the Committee on the Revisii f the Catalogue, presented a report, which was

ace. pted. Si e page preceding < !atalogue.

It was moved by Mr. Bateham of Ohio, that the thanks of the Society be presented to Mr. Barr} foi
his labors on the Catalogue and as Chairman ol the General Fruit Committee. The motion was
onded b] Rev. Dr. Burnetl of Ontario, and Mr, Strong of Massachusetts, in remarks appreciative of the
work.

1_t REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS.

Mr. Barry replied that such a testimonial was one to be highly valued, and thanked the Society for
this expression of their appreciation of his labors.

Mr. Conover of New York moved that the resolution be drawn up by the Chairman and Secretary,
and engrossed and presented to Mr. Barry, which was unanimously carried.

Agreeably to the above vote the resolution was drawn up as follows, and at the desire of Mr. Conover
it was handsomely engrossed at his expense:

■• The American Pomological Society hereby acknowledges the untiring energy of Patrick Barry, and
the beneficial results of his zeal in its service, especially m the preparation of the Catalogue and the re
ports of the General Fruit Committee, which embody the results of the united efforts of American
Pomologists."

ROBEKT MANNING, Secretary. MARSHALL P. WILDER, President.

The Committee <>n Credentials reported the following delegates:

Arkansas— Slate Horticultural Society — S. II. Nowlin, E. H. Babcock.

Connecticut — State Board of Agriculturt — P. M. Augur, W. H. Yeomans, J. Trowbridge.

District of Columbi v— Department of Agriculture— Hon. William G. Le Due, William Saunders,
John Saul, George P. Needham.

Georgia— State Horticultural Society— P. J. Berckmans, Dr. Samuel Hape.

Illinois — Robert Douglas.

Indiana— Indiana Horticultural Society — Sylvester Johnson. State Board of Agriculture — Mrs.
Helen V. Austin.

Iowa— State Horticultural Society— Hon. H. \V. Lothrop, E. II. Calkins.

Maryland — Maryland Horticultural Society— Ezra Whitman, Edmund Law Rogers. State Agri-
cultural and Mechanical Association — Ezra Whitman. John Merryman, jr. Maryland '.ural Col-
lege— Prof. A. Grabowskii.

Massachusetts — Massachusetts Horticultural Society— William C. Strong, John I>. Moore, Charles
F.Curtis. J. W. Manning. Obadiah B. Hadwen, E. W. Buswell, James W.Clark. Robert Mannin.
Lewis Sturtevant, Josiah Newhall, Aaron D. Capen, Samuel Hartwell. Worcester Count;/ Horticultural
Society — F. M. Marble, William H. Earle, 0. B. Hadwen. Essex Institute. Salem — Eobert Manning.

Michigan — Slate Pomological Society — T. T. Lyon, J. P. "Thompson, J. B. Dumont, Prof. W. J.
Beal, Edward Bradfield, Mrs. J. G. Ramsdell, Israel Pennington.

Missouri — State Horticultural Society — J. C. Evans, Prof. George Husmann, Norman J. Coleman.

New Jersey — State Horticultural Society— E. T. Beebe, J. T. Lovett, j. s. Collins. Burlington
County Agricultural Society — John 15. Collins.

New York — Western New York Horticultural Society—}?. Barry, Rochester; W. C. Barry, Koch-
ester; J. II. Barry. Rochester; Charles P. Barry, Rochester; J. T. Bogue, Batavia; Nelson Bogue,
Batavia; E. A. Bronson, Geneva; Prof. G. C. Caldwell, Ithaca; 0. C. Chapin, East Bloomfield; John
Charlton, Rochester; Lewis Chase, Rochester; L.A.Chase, Rochester: Ulysses Comstock, Brockport ;
George S. Conover, Geneva; C. H. Dann, Warsaw: I). M. Dewey, Rochester ; George Ellwanger, Roch-
ester; H. B. Ellwanger, Rochester; H. H. Farley, Union Springs; George T. Fish, Rochester; Benjamin
Pish, Rochester; E.A.Frost. Rochester; Henry C. Frost, Rochester; E. Glen, Rochester; E.P.Gould.
Rochester; S. Hatch Gould, Brighton; J. W. Gray, Albion; C. A. Green, Clifton; D. II. Henry. Geneva :
L. Henderson, Geneva ; C. L. Hoag, Lockport; C. M.Hooker, Brighton; H. B.Hooker, Rochester: 11.
E. Hooker, Rochester: E. C. Hubbard, Water Valley. Erie Co.: T. S. Hubbard, Fredonia: II. T. Jones,
Rochester: Prof. W. R. Lazenby, Ithaca; W. S. Little, Rochester; T.C.Maxwell. Geneva; George H.
Moody, Lockport,; E. M.Moody, Lockport; Charles Moody, Lockport; Thomas G. Moulson, Rochester:
E. C. Pierson, Waterloo; E. A. Powell, Syracuse ; Henry Quinby, Rochester: Shelby Reed. Scottsville;
['. c. Reynolds, Rochester: James A. Root. Skaneateles"; Josiah Salter, Rochester; W.Brown Smith.
Syracuse; William Smith, Geneva : W. H. Smith, Geneva; S. Stace, Charlotte ; George A.Stone, Roch-
ester; J. S. Stone, Charlotte; John J. Tho,mas, Union Springs: C. L. Van Dusen, Geneva ; S. D. Wil-
lard, Geneva; W. F. Will, Fayetteville ; Benjamin Wing, Rochester ; J. S. Woodward, Lockport: A. C.
Younglove, Vine Valley; F. G. Zimmerman. Buffalo; C. D.Zimmerman, Buffalo. Geneva — George G.
Atwood. F.M.Clarke, W. II. Coleman. George S. Conover, C. W. Folger, Arthur Hammond. D. II.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS AND NOMINATING COMMITTEE. L5

Henry, E. W. Herendeen, E. E. Higley, J. J. .Maxwell. T. ('. Maxwell, Andrew Merrell, \. P.Richardson,
E. C. Selover, William Sesson, Thomas Smith. William Smith, A.. S. Van Dusen, S. D. Willard. New-
burgh Bay Horticultural Society — T. S. Force, A. Bridgeman, Thomas Hogg. Farmers' Club, Bedford,
Westchester Go. — Dr.«F. M. Hexamer.

Nova Si otia — Fruit Growers' Association — Dr. C. C. Hamilton, 1'. R." Crichton, Dr. V. \V. Borden.

Ohio — State Horticultural Society — Dr. John A. Warder, George W. Campbell, M. 1!. Bateham, 6.
\\ . Trowbridge, J. J. Harrison.

Ontario — fruit Growers' Association — Rev. Robert Burnet, P.O. Dempsey, I). W.Beadle.

Pennsylvania — Thomas Meehan, George B.Thomas, Aimer Hoopes. Berks County Agricultural
and Horticultural Society -linn. Frederick Laner.

Rhode [sland— E. I». Pearce.

Texas — State Horticultural and Pomological Association — William Watson.

X.. I. Coleman of St. Louis. Mo., moved that the next meeting of the Societj be held at St. Louis, ami
spoke of the advantages offered by that central city of the Union.

T. T. Lyon of Michigan, in behalf of the Michigan Pomological Society, invited the Society to hold
tie' next meeting in that State, in ease the President did not want it in Boston.

P. Barry of New York, said that he would like to go to Michigan, but President Wilder was in hopes
to ne et the Society again in Boston, lie moved that the subject lie referred to the Executive Committee,
with power to fix the time and place of the next meeting. This motion was unanimously carried.

On motion of Mr. Larry, it was unanimously voted that the Chairman telegraph to President Wilder
the affectionate greeting of the Society, with the hopes for his speedj recovery entertained by all the
members.

The Chair announced that Gen. Le Due, Commissioner of Agriculture, would send copies of his forth-
coming Report to all the members who would send in their names to tie Secretary as desiring it. The
offer was accepted and the thanks of the Society voted therefor.

Mr. Coleman of Missouri, moved to reconsider the vote offered by him that ;i Nominating Committee

oe from each State he appointed. This was carried, and it was voted that the delegation from each
State appoint a member. The Committee was reported as follows : Robert Douglas of Illinois, Chair-
man: Connecticut, P. Trowbridge; District of Columbia, John Saul: Georgia, Dr; Samuel Hape; Indi-
ana, Sylvester Johnson : Massachusetts, John B. Moore : Michigan, W.J. Ileal ; Missouri, X. J. Coleman :
New York. Elisha Moody: Nova Scotia, Dr. C. C. Hamilton : Ohio, G. W. Trowbridge; Ontario, D. W.
Beadle; Pennsylvania, George B. Thomas; Rhode Island, E. D. Pearce: Texas, William Watson.

II. E. Hooker, of New York, moved that the Society adjourn to the evening to give members an op-
portunity to examine the fruit on exhibition at the grounds of the Western New York Agricultural So-
ciety's Fair. The motion was carried and the Society adjourned to half-past ', o'clock.

It; president's address.

FIRST DAY-EVENING SESSION.

The Society met at half-past 7 o'clock, agreeably to adjournment.

E. Moody of New York suggested that the Constitution and By-laws be so amended as to provide
for the appointmenl of a First Vice President. The motion was seconded by W. C. Strong of Massachu-
setts, and favored by Prof. Beal of Michigan. After discussion, the following amendments were passed
by the requisite two-thirds vote:

First, to the Constitution, by inserting after the word " President" in section 5, the words "a First
Vice-President."

Second, to the By-laws, by inserting after the word "on" in section ;.', the words "the First Vice-
President or."

These amendments are incorporated into the Constitution and By-laws as printed on page 1-'.

The Report of the Committee on Nominations was presented by Robert Douglas of Illinois, Chair-
man. The question on the election of the President was taken by a standing vote, and President Wilder
was unanimously re-elected.

The remainder of the ticket presented by the Nominating Committee was then elected. The Com-
mittee presented the name of Patrick Barry of New York, as First Vice-President, and he was enthusi-
astically elected.

The address of the President was next read by Dr. Warder, the Chairman of the meeting.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

Members and Delegates of the American Pomological Society:

Gentlemen: — Having held the office of President of this Association during its whole life, with
the exception of two years out of thirty-one, I regret exceedingly my inability to lie present, and by your
continued favor to occupy the chair, as I expected to do, at Rochester. But Providence seems to indicate,-
by the late accident which has impaired my physical ability, that it is not my duty yet to risk a journey
so far from home.

For twenty-nine years you have elected me as your President, and with a unanimity far beyond my
merit. I most sincerely desire ever to cherish a profound sense of gratitude and thankfulness for the
honor conferred, and the confidence reposed in me. My thanks are especially due for the cordial ami
vigorous support I have received from my official associates. It was my intention to be with you at this
meeting, and to extend to you an invitation to hold our next session iu the city of Boston, when and
where 1 should lay down the high honors which you have so long conferred on me. But my physicians
advise me not to take so long a journey, and incur the labor which would necessarily fall upon me.

Resignation.

With thanks which no language can express lor i lie repeated honors conferred on me. and for your'
kind cooperation and support during this long period of official service, and with the assurance that 1
have no higher ambition than to be associated with you in a cause so honorable, and to he a co-worker
while life should last. 1 deem it. under present circumstances, my duty to tender my resignation as
President of the Society. Under the belief, so often expressed by you, that my official services were
important to the establishment and success of our Society, 1 have willingly conformed to your wishes,
and should my health be fully restored, which I fondly hope will be the case, I will cheerfully respond to
any call you ma\ make ,.ii me. I lie- to assure you that whatever my relations may he to you. 1 shall

president's address. 17

ever entertain ;i lively sense of gratitude to those with whom I have been associated, and an ardent desire
and ambition to promote the welfare and renown of our Society. If honor, distinction, and respecl have
been attached to the office, 1 have bad them lavished on me; if toil, anxiety, and expense, then I claim to
have borne my full share.

Progress.

When 1 reflect on the rapid progress which our Society has made since its establishment — how it has
ris i] From the small beginning of a few States, until its jurisdiction embraces a catalogue of fifty States,
districts and territories, with lists of fruits adapted to each, — how its list of members has increased from
a few dozens to many hundreds of practical and scientific cultivators, and numerous sister associations
have spread over our fair land, from the British Provinces to the Gulf of .Mexico, all working together in
harmony with each other to aid us in our great work of planting throughout our vast domain, gardens,
orchards, and vineyards of the best fruits known, — when I reflect upon the comparatively small value of
the fruit crop of that day. not considered as worthy of a [dace in our national statistics, now rivaling in
value some of the most important crops of our country, I feel an interest that can scarcely be expressed
in words. When we consider the astonishing increase in fruit culture, the immense number of trees sent
from this place and its vicinity, and from other parts, distributed all over this continent, and even to for-

lands— the wonderful increase of peaches, grapes, strawberries, and other small fruits, and the ease
with which they are sent to market — the rapid development of new lands suited to fruit culture, and that
throughout our broad land, wherever the foot of civilization has planted itself, the enterprise of fruit cul-
ture is sure to keep pace with it — it is not easy to estimate its future importance, whether for the produc-
tion of an article of luxury, for home consumption, or for foreign commerce.

In this connection permit me to refer you to the recommendations in my previous address; to the
great increase of fruit culture in our country, and to the revenue arising therefrom. This is constantly
increasing, showing a great augmentation since that time in our shipments abroad. I have not the statis-

it hand, but as an evidence of the fruit shipped from New England — not including those from
Connecticut, which went to New York — we find that more than half a million barrels of fruit were
shipped from Boston, and ports east from Boston, in 1ST*. Of this number fully two hundred and fifty
thousand barrels were grown in New Hampshire alone, three-quarters of the balance were from Massa-
chusetts, and the rest from Maine.

Lessons of Experience.

In that address 1 endeavored to sum up the experience which had been acquired during these years
of our association, and the opinions I had so fully and freely expressed on former occasions on the topics
connected with our art. 1 shall withhold any extended remarks in the present address, and simply refer
to a few of the most important lessons which have been acquired by the experience of the past. I have
often alluded to these before, hut 1 desire to call your attention to them again, and, first the expediency
of

Producing New and Improved Varieties

from seed, either by cross-breeding or from the natural seed of the best known kinds extant. These are
the Inst methods of increasing and preserving a perpetuity of choice fruits, so that they may be adapted
to the various soil- and temperafures of our widely extended and constantly increasing domain. There-
fore, confirming my oft-repeated suggestions, I mosl earnestly desire to enforce them, and thus to obtain
in the future more and more ol those superlative fruits thai grace the catalogues of different sections of

ourcountry. <'l i without fear of disappointment. This is the road that leads to success. Who knows

glorious fruits you may create to bless the generations that are to follow you?

Advantages oj I ross-Fertilization or Hybridization ob Plants.

What wonders ha ichieved in the vegetable kingdom by cross-fertilization in our own time !

But still g to in realized by this arl as time advances, producing new and improved

18 president's address.

varieties of still greater excellence. Instances are so numerous of wonderful improvement by the appli-
cation of this art in the production of magnificent fruits, (lowers, and vegetables, as to need no reference
in detail. I have so often, during the forty years of my own experience, alluded to the importance of this
art as the true means of rapid progress, that I refrain from extended remark, and desire only to repeal
again my former advice, to plmil tin' must perfect mid mature seed of our verji lest fruits, mid as the
means of more rapid progress hi cross-fertilize our finest fruits fir stilt greater excellence. Thus I have
discoursed to you for many years; thus I have promised to do while I live. This is our work, to direct
and help nature on in the course of improvement.

Who thai has witnessed the amazing improvement by the application of this art in the Rose, Camellia,
Dahlia, Azalea, and other plants in our own time, — who that has seen the hybrid grapes of Ricketts, Rog-
ers, Ellwanger & Barry, Moore, Campbell, and other practitioners, can doubt the potent influence of the
cross-impregnation of plants? Who that reflects on the astonishing advance made by hybridization of
the Camellia in France and Italy, the Camellia and Azalea in Belgium, England, and France, and tin-
improvement in the vegetable kingdom generally, can hesitate t" say that- this art is the great secret and
source of the wonderful advance which has been achieved during the last half of the present century?
Who that has seen the magnificent plants in our own conservatories, or the grand plant collections of
England produced by this art, but would exclaim. "Truly, here, al last, have we found the philosopher's
stone!"

This improvement is all within the hand of man, to use it as lie will. The field of progress is end-
less, and it is your duty, gentlemen, to occupy the ground. The same Divine power that gave us the
infinite species of plants and trees, also furnished them with the ability not only to perpetuate themselves,
but under judicious treatment, and a wise selection of parents, to produce indefinitely still better varie-
ties than we now possess. In a word, we must depend mainly on the production from seed for fruits
adapted to the various locations of our vast territory. And what richer legacy can a man leave to the
generations that are to follow him, than a fine, delicious fruit, which he shall have originated by his own
hand. This will be a living monument to his memory when posterity shall recline beneath the shade of
its branches, and pluck the luscious fruit from the trees which he has left them.

Thinning and Packing of Fruit.

The importance of properly thinning our fruit trees when bearing redundant crops is more and more
apparent. To produce fruit that commands a good price in the market has become an absolute necessity.
This is seen especially in that intended for exportation, apples of good size, fair, and properly packed,
commanding in the English market fully double the price of those which had not received such care.
Such, also, is the case in our own markets, Baldwin apples of one grower bringing two to three dollars
per barrel, while his neighbor's, which had received no such attention, brought but a. dollar. To produce
such fruit, trees must not only have good cultivation, but should be properly thinned, excessive produc-
tion being always at the expense of both quantity and quality. This lesson we learned long ago. and I
have often endeavored to impress upon cultivators the importance of following it. Therefore you will
excuse me for calling your attention to it again.

The export trade of our American products is constantly increasing, and among them the fruits of
our country, especially apples, are always in regular demand, and as new facilities are afforded for their
shipment a constant trade will be ensured of great importance and permanency to our commerce. Nor is
this demand likely to fall off. These facts should encourage our fruit growers to devote more and more
of their broad acres to the production of fruits to meet the constantly increasing foreign demand.

Value and Importance oj 01 r Society.

I have often spoken of the salutary influence of our association. The more 1 refleel upon its opera-
tions the more I am impressed with its usefulness, and with the importance of perpetuating it through
coming time. " The idea of voluntary combinations and associations." said .Mr. Webster, "is the great
modern engine of improvement." This power of association, bringing in contact man with man. and
mind with mind, and the information acquired thereby, is of more value than the same information

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 19

derived from books. It is this centralization of experience which has produced by our Society and sim-
ilar associations the great improvement which we have witnessed in our American fruits. Who can
predict what the future influences of our own Society may be when our vast unoccupied territory, suited
to the cultivation of fruits, shall be occupied for that purpose? Let us therefore discharge the duties of
our day and generation, so that our children may have cause to bless our memories, as we now cherish the
names of those who laid the foundations of our Society, and have brought it forward to its present flour-
ishing condition.

Our work is of great magnitude, embracing an entire continent, opening up to us new resources and
demands, and calling for constant and untiring energy ami enterprise. The importance and usefulness
of our association is seen in a review of its work for twenty-seven years, which 1 gave in my last biennial
addn --.

We have made great advances during the thirty-one years of our history, and experience from the
best sources is flowing in to us every day. The spirit of investigation is now thoroughly alive, and we
have opportunities for improvement such as have never been afforded to any other I'omological Association
on the globe. ( lur resources are abundant, and so kindly does nature cooperate with us under the benign
influence of man, that he can mould her aim ist to his will, and make of the rough and acrid wilding a
most beautiful and delicious fruit, and thus we can go' on producing indefinitely as line varieties as we
have ever seen.

When we review what lias already been accomplished, in a country so varied in soil and climate, who
can set bounds to our progress during the remainder of this century, where, by the exchange of personal
experience the representatives from the different parts of our continent become kindly affiliated and
united in the bonds of friendship and reciprocal regard, and by promoting the cause in which we are
engaged have learned to respect each other.

All this has been accomplished without financial aid. except that received front membership, and
occasional sums from individuals to meet deficiejjees. In this connection I desire to state that I have
paid over to tie- treasurer three hundred ami twenty-seven dollars and twenty-nine cents, being the baf-
ance in my bauds of the Downing Monument Fund, with interest to this date. This has been done in
accordance with the consent of the heirs of Mr. Downing and his administrator, and the Committee who
bad in charge the erection of the monument.

But the time has now come when means are wanting to constitute a fund to insure the publication
of proceedings in future. I take the liberty of suggesting the propriety of soliciting from all life mem-
bers who have paid but ten dollars, to forward to the treasurer ten dollars more each, and make their
contributions the same as are required now for life membership. And permit me to add that no better
appropriation of money can lie made, and I trust that when our friends are making donations and
bequests tor benevolent objects, they will remember the American Pomological Society.

( Iatalogue.

Agreeably to our former custom. I have no doubt our Catalogue will receive special attention in
regard to its enlargement and revision. This is one of the most important labors of the Society. Great
advantages have already resulted from it to tin' country and the world, and we owe a debt of gratitude to
Mr. Harry. Chairman of the General Fruit Committee, and his associates, for the intelligence, enterp
and careful discrimination exercised in the preparation and correction of its columns, which posterity
will never forget. This Catalogue is becoming more ami more valuable with every issue, embodying, as it
does, tin- ripest experience of the best cultivators in all parts of our country, and classifying, as it does,
our fruit-. ing from time to time every thing thai i- valuable, and entering upon its pages every

thing thai 1- desirable for tie- various sections of our widely extended continent, and rejecting such fruits
as may, on careful trial.be deemed unworthy of a place in its pages! fnto this Catalogue is condensed
the substance and essence of our proceedings, and all the various State reports, ami with every revision it
may be expected to approximate nearer and nearer to perfection. II this Societj had rendered no other

e than to give to the world its Catalogue of fruits, it would have fulfilled an important mission.
And if 1 were asked again whal was tic most important measure ever adopted by the Society, 1 should
answer a- before, — its <'ti/nl<i<it'<' n/' Fruits. Persevere, then, in this hue of our researches, and you will

2 ( I PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.

embrace in its register every new or old fruit of good quality, with its peculiar adaptation, and whether
worthy of extensive cultivation. Persevere. I say. in your noble work, and you will leave to the genera-
tions that shall follow you richer memorials than those of marble or of brass, that can only perpetuate in
lifeless praise the value of your services on earth.

Insects and Diseases Injurious to Vegetation.

In regard to insects and diseases which are making such devastating progress in our own and other
lands, it is not necessary for me to enlarge, as cultivators are fully aware of the importance of the sub-
ject. Thanks to Harris, Riley, Fitch, Glover, Le Baron, Thomas, Packard, and other entomologists, who
have devoted their lives to the investigation of this subject, and from whom we have already derived so
much benefit in the past, and to whom we look for aid in the future in teaching us how we may arrest
the depredations of insects, and for the remedies for diseases, we have discovered means for the destruction
of many insects and diseases of trees, and we have faith in the ultimate triumph of man in discovering
remedies for, or the means of preventing, most of those that vegetation is subject to from the ravages of
insects. Everlasting vigilance is the price of reward, and this is especially true in contending with the
host of vile creations that we have to meet with in the culture of fruit trees. I desire, however, to call
especial attention to the ravages of that terrible insect, the phylloxera, which is now become of such vast
importance to the grape growers of Europe, and has brought them to a condition little short of desperate.

From the interesting paper by our Mr. G. W. Campbell, Commissioner from the State of Ohio to the
Paris Exhibition of 1878, in the Twelfth Report of the Ohio State Horticultural Society, it appears that
the only reliance of the French vineyardists for overcoming this scourge is the grafting of their varieties
on stocks of the Americau species, among which the Jacquez, supposed to be identical with Longworth's
Cigar Box Grape, is preeminent for health and vigor. Mr. Campbell says, ''The enthusiasm in favor of
the American vines reminds me of the flush times in America, when the 'grape fever' was at its height,
and when grape growing was the all-absorbing question in many parts of this country." Although we
deplore the loss to the French vineyardists, the recognition of the health and vigor of the American spe-
cies cannot but be gratifying to those who have labored so diligently to originate and introduce new and
improved varieties. It is also gratifying to know that, though as a rule the French do not like the flavor
of our wines, they admit some of them to be good, and we believe that with the lapse of time they will be
more and more appreciated. It is matter for great thankfulness that on this continent we have thus far
experienced but little injury from this scourge, and the health of American vines in France affords
strong hopes that we may continue to be exempt.

Since writing the above we are informed that the phylloxera continues its deadly march over the
vine-clad hills of France, having, it is estimated, already destroyed some 900,000 acres of vines, and great
fears are entertained for the safety of the remaining vineyards of that country.

In Memoriam.

Since our last session several members of our Society have closed their pilgrimage on earth, but their
labors in our cause will live to bless the world, and their names will be treasured up in our memory as
benefactors to mankind.

First in order we would remember Hon. Willard ('. Flagg, whose death was announced in a circular
just, as our last volume was going to press. He died at his residence, Moro, Illinois, on Saturday, March
Doth, L878. His memory will ever be cherished by us for his great ability and fidelity as Secretary of the
American Pomological Society, and the various other institutions of our country with which he held
official relations. Few men of his age have held more offices of honor and trust, which were properly
referred to in a closing page of our last issue.

Mr. F. R. Elliott, formerly Secretary of this Society, died at Cleveland, Ohio, in February, 1878. Mr.
Elliot! possessed large experience as a pomologist and horticulturist, and from early life was a contributor
to public journals, and was also the author of several popular works on these specialties. He was one of
our early members, and ever took an active part in the proceedings of our Society. For many years he
was Secretary of our Society, and had a natural facility for accomplishing the work of that officer. He
will be remembered by a large circle of friends throughout the country as one who did much for the pro-

president's address. 21

motion of American horticulture and pomology. We delight to remember him at one time as one of our
most useful men; but misfortune overcame him. We remember his valuable services in the cause we are
seeking to promote, but it is not our province or duty to speak of his misfortunes or frailties. No, let us
rather spread the veil of charity over his grave, and remember the good he had done. Peace to his ashes!

Lemuel A. Wilmot, D. 0. L., our Vice-President for the Province of New Brunswick, died at Fred-
ericton .May 20, 1878. Judge Wilmot, as he is designated in our list of officers, was eminently a repre-
sentative citizen, and in many respects a remarkable man. Few men in New Brunswick, says his
biographer, have had a wider circle of admirers, or have filled a larger place in the eyes of the public. A
far more than ordinary life has passed out from among us. "One of the strong ones sleeps beside his
fathers." He was born in 1809, and from early manhood was actively engaged in public life, having held
many important offices, and was finally advanced to the office of Governor of the Province and Judge of
the Supreme Court. He was deeply interested in public improvements, in rural arts, in the cause of
education, and especially in Sabbath Schools, of which he was a Superintendent. His funeral was
attended bv a large concourse of people, the children of the Sabbath Schools each depositing a flower on
his remains as they passed around his grave. Judge Wilmot was an admirer of the beauties of nature,
and it is said his gardens at Evelyn Grove were the most extensive and finest in the Province. "Flow-
ers." said he, " are beautiful : earth has its joys, still there is nothing true but heavt n .' "

Silas Moore, Vice-President for the State of Rhode Island, died at his residence, near Providence,
several months since. He was one of the older members of our Association, having held for many years
that office. Mr. Moore was one of the oldest nurserymen of New England, well skilled in his business,
highly esteemed for his probity, and had done much for his own and adjoining States to promote the
present advanced condition of American pomology. He was a modest and unpretentious man, much
interested in the welfare of our Society, and had exerted a happy influence on the fruit culture of bis own
and adjoining States. He was a useful man in his profession, and respected as a citizen.

Dr. A. P. Wylie, Vice-President for the State of South Carolina, died at Chester nearly two years
since. Many will remember his interesting and scientific paper on the cross-fertilization of American
and foreign grapes, especially on the different forms of pollen grains, showing how it was not possible for
some kinds to fertilize others. Tbey will also remember the fine specimens of grapes of his own crossing
which he has shown at the various exhibitions of the American Pomological Society, especially the Peter
Wylie, now in much repute at the South. Dr. W. was a modest, unpretending gentleman, and was emi-
nently a man of science, much attached to the cultivation of fruits, and the results of his investigations
are of great interest not only to horticulturists but to vegetable physiologists. His loss will lie much
deplored by all who knew him.

Dr. U. A. Swasey died at Tangipahoa, Louisiana, of yellow fever, September 18th, 1878, in Washing-
ton Parish, at his post of duly as a physician in contending with this fearful disease. Dr. Swasey was
boru ai Saint. Johnsbury, Vermont, but has resided at the South for a long time. He was a strong friend
of the American Pomological Society, and warmly attached to the pleasures of rural life. He was .me of
our Committee on Native Fruits, and on the Revision of the Catalogue. During a long and busy life he
was connected with the agricultural and horticultural press. He was for a considerable time editor of the
"Home Journal," of Louisiana. He published a horticultural journal at Yazoo City, Mississippi; was
connected with the "Rural Alabamian," at Mobile, and took editorial charge of the "Southern Planta-
tion," at Montgomery, lie was a constant contributor to the agricultural and horticultural press, dis-
I" using freely of the knowledge he acquired, and much of the horticultural improvement in the South
is due to his zealous and unselfish efforts to promote the public good.

Although it has not been our custom to refer to others than those who have held official relations
with us. I think it proper also to notice the death of Col. Edward W ilk ins, of Chestertown, Maryland, who
died December, L878. From Col.Wilkins.it will be remembered, the Society received especial courtesies at its
n in Baltimore. At his invitation the Society visited his extensive peach orchard, the dimensions
of which would ast0lli8b the world. It was probably the largest of which we have any record. He was
much attached to fruit culture, and did not confine himself to peaches alone. lie was one of the fathers
of tin- immense peach trade, and Ins orchards were wonderfully successful, lie was .me of the foremosl
horticulturists of Maryland, full of enthusiasm, ami characterized by business-like methods in this and
other walks of life, lb- was universally respected as a progressive man.

22 president's address.

There mav lie others who have held official relations with us, who have died since our last session, of
whom I have not been informed; if so, I trust appropriate resolutions will be passed, expressing our
respect and gratitude for their services in our cause.

Conclusion.

In conclusion, with a heart full of gratitude for the many honors you have conferred upon me as
your President, I now lay down the robes of office with which you have clothed me for twenty-nine years,
feeling assured that though we may die our institution shall live, and, as time advances, others will lake
it up and foster it with the same love that we have entertained for it.

Cherish, then, the friendships and kind sympathies which have existed between us. The cause you
seek to promote is the cause of civilization and humanity. A few more years and those who now occupy
these seats will have closed their labors on earth, but the same earth will bring forth its myriads of fruits
and flowers, and yield its bounteous harvests for the service of those who may come after us.

A few more days, a few more months, and he who now addresses you will have joined the great con-
gregation of the dead, and have passed beyond the horizon of life, but his spirit, shall continue to render
thanks to the Giver of all good for the blessings which have flowed from the influence of our association.
May it live on and on, and be perpetuated as a benefactor of mankind. And what more dutiful or grate-
ful service can we render to our kindred or our country than to hand down to posterity the choicest fruits
we have been enabled to produce for their use. May the success of the past cheer and stimulate you to
greater exertions in the future, and although you may not live to reap the rich harvest which you are now
planting, your children and your children's children shall rejoice in the result of your labor long after
you shall have passed over the river to those celestial fields.

Where the verdure of spring-lime forever shall reign.
And the perfume of flowers Boat o'er the bright plain,
Where tin- noontide of summer and autumn shall blend,
In a harvest of fruits that never shall end.

Dr. Warder. being obliged to retire to fulfill an engagement with the American Agricultural Con-
gress, then in session at Rochester, the chair was taken by Mr. Strong, of Massachusetts, who said that
the Society could not appreciate the address which had just been read without considering the condition
of the writer. He alluded to the accident from which President Wilder was suffering — a broken thigh
bone — and his eighty-one years of age, and pronounced the address an extraordinary one under these
circumstances.

Mr. Barry, of New York, said that in the address which had been read allusion was made to the
progress in fruit culture since the organization of the Society, and that we could only realize what tin-
Society had done when we looked back and examined our lists of fruits before its formation. A l\-w days
since he picked up the catalogue of William Prince's nursery, at Flushing, Long Island, for 1824, and
found that of the long list of pears then in cultivation only three or four are left, and only eight or ten
apples, and of grapes only the Norton, and our fruits are all better.

The Treasurer, E. W. Buswell, then read the report of the former Treasurer, Thomas P. James, as
follows:

Cambridge; September Pith. 1879.
Hon'. Marshall P. Wilder, President of the American Pomological Society :

My Dear Sik: — 1 hand you my Report as Treasurer of the American Pomological Society for the
biennial term, 1877-1879, showing the receipt of funds to he $1,193.76, including the balance on hand,
and the expenditures to he $901. 50, leaving a balance in my hands of $292.26, for which amount I inclose
my check on the Charles River National Bank.

1 hold the Proceedings of the Association subject to your order.

I desire it to he decidedly understood that 1 decline a re-election to the office of Treasurer.

With my sincere wishes for the continued success of the Society. 1 remain,

Most respectfully yours.

THOMAS P. JAMES.

DREASUREr's REPORT. -•*'

TREASURER'S REPORT.

-*- « » '»•

. -. Cambridge, Mass.. September 13th, 1879.

Tit l hi- President ami Members of the American Pomological Society:

Gentlemen: — I append a statement of the receipts and disbursements of the funds of the Society
in my hands as Treasurer for the term 1877-1879, viz.:

RECEIPTS.

1877.

Sept. Balance on hand per last report -_. .. $369 :;?

Cash received, gift of F. H. Smith, $ 1 00

Cash received, gift of Henry C. Haines, . .• . -... 10 00

Cash received, gift of Thomas Meehan, 10 00

Cash received of Marshall P. Wilder, the balance in his hands of the

Downing Monument Fund, - - £ 9o 86

And compound interest .. 236 53

21 no

:Vi] 39

is; ii.

Sept. Cash received for seven life memberships, 820,... .*140 on

Cash received for eighty-four biennial memberships, $4, 336 00

476 00
#1,193 76

DISBURSEMENTS.
1877.

Sept. Cash paid W. C. Flagg, Sec'y, amount refunded for postage, $ 20 00

Oct. Cash paid for printing Circular 1 50

1878.

Jan'y. Cash paid for engraving cuts of apples, pears, &c, on wood and boxwood ', 45

Cash paid for stationery, envelopes, &c --. .. 3 95

Cash paid for postage on medals, and postal cards, $ 1 14

L879.

Sept. Cash paid for postage "ii letters, Proceedings, and postal cards 27 69

May. Cash refunded to E. EL Andrews for postage on Proceedings 12 21

Cash refunded I!. Manning for postage on circulars ... ' 50

60

L878.

Apr. Cash paid E. EL Andrews for printing, paper, and binding the Proceedings,... 775 75

L879.

July. Cash paid Tolman & White for printing circulars, envelopes, and envelopes

Rochester meeting 34 25

Sept. Cash on hand 292 26

81,193 76

The reporl was accepted, and, on motion of George S. Conover, of New 5Tork, the thanks of the
Society were voted to Mr. .lames for his efficient, faithful, and unrequited services as Treasurer of the
Societj siDce its formation.

24 OBJECT OF SEX IN FLOWERS — BY THOMAS MEEHAN.

Thomas Meehan, of Germantown, Pa., editor of the "Gardener's Monthly," then addressed the meet-
iug on the

Object of Sex in Flowers: Its Kelat[on to the Fruitfulness or Orchards,
and the Production of New Varieties.

Mr. Meehan commenced by relating the story to be found in old spelling-hooks, of a philosopher who
claimed that everything was originally made wrong. Reclining under a stately oak, he said: " Now. this
great tree, with strong branches, grows only small acorns, while the feeble vine bears pumpkins. Now, if
I had made things, I would have had the acorns on the vines, and the pumpkins on the oak." While lie
was yet speaking an acorn dropped upon his forehead, and reflecting upon what the consequences might
have been had it been a pumpkin in its place. In- concluded that things are better as they are. .

We laugh at tins philosopher now, but we an- not much better. We see a great deal of apparent
waste in nature which we would save: but as we grow wiser we shall recognize that everything is created
in wisdom. The so-called wastes of nature are mysteries to us, but mysteries which every day of prog-
ress is rendering more clear. Nature always seems to waste more than she uses. Waves go higher than
they need to find the waters* level when beating on the sea-shore, and the extra motion of the small boy
who goes back a few steps before jumping, and forward a few steps after leaping a ditch, were cited as
examples. But there is an actual usefulness in all these seeming wastes. Concerning the fruitl'ulness of
orchards, it is much the same. We see trees blooming like fields of snow, and yet bearing but little fruit.
Why is it? Could not nature have so arranged that every blossom should bear its fruit? In a branch
of chestnut blossoms there are about five catkins, and each catkin contains about five hundred flowers,
and these twenty-five hundred flowers are all males, and all seem produced to fertilize two or three chest-
nuts on the end of the branch. But they cannot fertilize those chestnuts, because they fall before the
pistillate flowers open. Fertilization is effected by a few male flowers which appear later. Some have
endeavored to account for this superabundance of male flowers by supposing that the wind wafts their
pollen to distant trees which arc more forward, and thus cross-fertilization is promoted; but the speaker
questioned the justice of the theory, which would require northern winds to blow southerly dining the
flowering time. Others claimed that fragrance and brilliancy of color are given flowers to attract insects,
and thus cause cross-fertilization. But some fruits have very odorous flowers — Ruius odoratus, for
instance — and are very shy bearers: while the American Black-Cap {Rubus occidentalis), which has
scarcely perceptible petals, and little odor, is remarkably productive. This is the case with the chestnut.
It has sweet odor, and may be attractive to insects, but. for the reasons given, surely not for the purposes
of cross-fertilization. The object of sex in flowers, the speaker contended, is not primarily to perpetuate
the individual. Many species of plants, and some of the lower orders of animals, may be reproduced by buds,
cuttings, offsets, bulbs, tubers, and cells. Mushrooms, for instance, increase to a very small extent by spores,
but for ages continue to develop by the multiplication of cells underground; and the Jerusalem artichoke
has also been propagated by tubers for centuries without change through the agencj of seed. The lied
Dutch currant has been grown by cuttings ever since there was a record of fruits. So we perceive that
Nature can reproduce the individual by division, and retain perfect health and vigor, without using the
seed for an indefinite period of time. But if we are to understand tor what purpose sex is made, let us
suppose the higher orders increased in the same way. by division. One Smith or Jones would divide and
make two Smiths, or any number of Smiths, and all would he exact counterparts of the original in every
essentia], and there would be an unvarying uniformity. No one man could be distinguished from another
man, and there would be endless confusion. We see, therefore, it was essential that Nature should pro-
vide for variety — and this is accomplished through the agency of sex. It is through sex in flowers that
we have variety, and cross-fertilization is a greal aid to this variation in floral nature.

Thus we see that the primary object of sex in (lowers is not to perpetuate the individual, for nature
could do this more cheaply in another way. but to produce variation and increase varieties. Variation is
of more importance to conscious than to low organisms, and thus the sexes become more and more requi-
site the higher the grade the individuals occupy in the scale of being. When increase in varieties is
sought, sex becomes of the highest importance.

OBJECT OF SEX IX FLOWERS— BY THOMAS MEEHAN. ZO

Thus we have a clue to many tilings otherwise unaccountable. When sex was regarded wholly in
the reproductive aspect, very pardonable theories grew. Knight, for instance, believed thai varieties wear
out, and that it is necessary to keep raising new varieties. Sex was regarded as in relation to individual
health, rather than as a necessity of individualization. But independently of the suggestions made, the
speaker said that it is now known that when varieties wear out it is owing to the existence of unfavorable
conditions, and not because they have not been recently raised from seed. Reasoning from these errors,
orchards are supposed by some to be barren some seasons because insects are scarce. But though apples
bear in alternate years, it is not from the agency of insects, as every observing man knows. Barrenness
comes from impaired nutrition. Thinning superfluous fruit, and judicious manuring, are often sufficient
to break up the alternation, regardless of insect agency.

Understanding, then, that variation is the great end and aim of sex, we come to the great question
for the pomologisl — raising new varieties from seed, and the causes specially bearing on variation. Some
species are naturally very fertile, and others more or less infertile. The former are difficult to change by
cross-fertilization, while the latter change quite freely. The most fruitful varieties are changed least by

-fertilization. The study of the laws of sex are, as the speaker said in conclusion, of the highest
importance to cultivators and to this Society.

Prof. W. J. Beal, of Lansing, Michigan, said that many ask, " Why don't apples bear when full of
flowers?" He had made quite a careful examination of many apple blossoms, and was satisfied that
failure is often attributable to feeble stigmas. When they are not vigorous they produce poor pollen.

A vote of thanks was tendered Mr. Meehan for his address, and a copy was requested for publication.
He replied that he was too much engaged to prepare it, or he would at once have made a written address.

| I. X. .1. Colman, of Missouri, said that Mr. Meehan had not explained what the enormous mass of
chestnut blossom, which fell before the female flower was open, was made for. He was sure it would
ify the meeting to have his further views on the use of this immense production.

Mr. Meehan replied that he could not make this clear without introducing theological matters which
were in a measure foreign to the objects of the Society. He would, however, willingly offer his views
in reply to the question, premising that the Society need not be held responsible for them.

In the first place, be said, his studies in nature led him to differ wholly from those who had intro-
duced a theory of natural selection to account for variation, for this implied that the object of all plant
and animal action was solely the good of the plant or animal, lie believed that nature had created the
impression thai every act done was for the individual's good, for there was no other way to make the
labors of life go pleasantly along. The care-worn mother, loaded down with children, often with a dissi-

I husband, her children perhaps near starving, — or watching a devoted husband through long sick-
-perhaps in a large number of cases broke down, and suffered and died for her love years before a

1 v selfish person would have seen her grave. She took pleasure in ali this holy self-sacrifice. Bui

would any one say it was to her individual interest that she should die at thirty when she might have
lived to eighty bul for her generous devotion? There is not a man living who, in spite of the pleasure it
gave tic devotee, would not call this action "self-sacrifice." and praise it, too. She is looking for lie

of others, and so is all nature. We are reaping the benefit of what thousands have suffered for us
in tie- past. It seemed grateful to them to lay down their lives for us, or they would not have done it.
It is jusl the game with all animal and plant life. It is made to do numberless acts, pleasurable enough
in themselves — if we can imagine even plain- to take pleasure in anything— but inconsistent with indi-
vidual good. Insects deposil eggs and die, when, if they had remained in a virginal condition, their lives

would have I n prolonged. Even in plants ii is the same. The Mignonette, the Petunia, and many

Other flowers, bear seed and die. If the flowers are pinched oil' as they appear, the plants endure a greal
number of years. Indeed, trees prevented from bearing fruit live very long. But there is evidently an

de power foreseeing all in the tar-away future, impelling all on. so as to make them work for this
future good, of which they themselves have not the faintest knowledge. The individual is but a solitary
link in tl chain, and he i.< no more conscious of what is the beginning or the end of this chain

than the mosl insensate link that was ever forged. In fact, there was never a more correct expression

26 OBJECT OF SEX IX FLOWERS — BY THOMAS MEEHAN.

than that all tilings are made to work together for good — the good of the whole — ami to this, individual
good, however pleasurable it may seem to be, is made subservient.

Now, to return to the chestnut. There are in the world millions on millions of small animalcules,
enjoying themselves in their way as we are in ours. The speaker had no doubt that it was foreseen by
this immense external power that all these little creatures had to be fed and otherwise provided for. This
small chestnut pollen was just the material for them ; and it fell just where they could get at it and use
it. He could not, of course, say that the chestnut tree was actually made to yield this immense product
of pollen, of no possible use to itself, through all the long generations with the providential end in view
of feeding multitudes of little months yet unborn, but it was just the sort of thing one might expect an
omniscient and benevolent Maker of a universe to do. In his opinion self-sacrifice was just as much a
law of nature as anything involved in the doctrine of " natural selection."

Mr. Meehan's explanation was received with prolonged applause.

II. E. Hooker expressed his gratification at Mr. Meehan's remarks, and thought this law of varia-
tion confirmed a favorite theory of his, that although we may change varieties of plants and animals so
as to render them more subservient to our wants, we make no absolute improvement, for what they gain
in one direction they lose in others.

N. J. Colmau, of Missouri, suggested that flowers w-ere perhaps made for beauty. He thought the
reason why apple trees which are covered with blossoms do not bear fruit might be poor stigmas or female
organs, or it might be due to over-production, causing poor pollen.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SYNONYMS.

27

SECOND DAY -MORNING SESSION.

At 9:30 o'clock, Dr. Warder, the temporary Presi-
dent, called the meeting to order and introduced
Patrick Barry, of Rochester, as First Vice-President
elect.

<>n taking the chair Mr. Barry slated he would
have much preferred to have Dr. Warder preside
until the close of the meeting, and it was only at
that gentleman's request that he consented to act.
Ee would do all he could to make the meeting
successful. He was sorry, as he knew they all
were, that it was necessary to have an additional
officer. A round of hearty applause followed his
remarks.

J. J. Thomas, chairman of the Committee on
Synonyms, presented his report:

Report of the Committee on Synonyms.

The undersigned, as chairman of the Committee
on Synonyms, addressed, and received responses
from, all the members of the Committee, and the
nearly uniform answer was that none had been
determined since the last meeting of the American
Pomological Society. Inquiry was also made of a
number of eminent pomologists not of the Commit-
tee, who returned nearly the same answer. Charles
I (owning remarked, •' I fear there are more syno-
nyms added to our fruits than are proper]}1 disposed
of, and 1 know of no person who takes much
interest in the subject." Robert Manning writes. .
•• Here in .Massachusetts we have settled down on a
few varieties of each species of fruit, whose names
are well established, and there does not Seem to be

much chance for Byi yms. If any oue of these

standard varieties is cultivated under a new mime,
it is quickly detected, before it has time to get
established. The inferior fruits have been quietly
dropped, ami. as you once remarked, it dues not
seem worth while to formally put them into a
ted list to help us to forgel them."

The remark of Mr. Manning, as applied to
Massa . i- true of cultivators throughout

the whole country. A change has occurred of late
years in the aim- and investigations of pomologists.

They care less for examining the tl sands of

named and described varieties of local interest and

of little value, and now direct their attention more
exclusively to finding and fruiting the few among
the very best and most valuable.

It may be well to add the few contributions
furnished under the head of synonyms. 1'. J.
Berckmans states that the Georgia Horticultural
Society pronounces the Ainsden ami Alexander
peaches practically identical, which is substantial!}
in accordance with the general voice of those who
have tested them side by side, both in this country
and in Europe; for although they had a separate
origin, no decidedly distinct mark has been found
to separate them. Tyler McWhorter, of Illinois,
states that "The Red Ox apple of the South has
been erroneously confounded with the Pennock. I
have the lied Ox in bearing, which I obtained from
a very reliable source in the South. It is distinct
from the Pennock. It is brighter in color, and a
much better apple. The growth of the two is
wholly distinct, and it has peculiar crooked shoots."
Dr. Wm. M. Howsley, of Kansas, writes, "I do not
now think of any new synonyms, unless it he that
the Western Beauty and Ohio Nonpareil will prove
to be the same apple — a little more time, however,
will lie needed to decide it."

For the Committee,

J. J. Thomas, Chairman,

Dr. Warder doubted the identity of the Western
Beauty and Ohio Nonpareil, and gave his reasons.

Mr. Thomas said that Dr. Howsley rather sus-
pected than asserted their identity.

The report was accepted.

Prof. W. .1. BEAL, of the Michigan Slate Agri-
cultural College, read the following paper:

Describing Varieties of Apples by their
Flowers.

BY PROFESSOR W. .1. BEAL, LANSING, MICH

At the last meeting of this society, in is;;, I

presented si thoughts on a classification of

apples in which the peculiarities of the flowers
formed an important part, since that time. I have
carefully examined the flowers of about one hundred

i e varieties. Man] of the specimens were taken

from two or more different parts of a tree from two
orchards sevent] miles apart. In many cases a

28

DESCRIBING VARIETIES OF APPI.KS I'.Y THEIR FLOWERS.

large number of flowers were dissected to see how
much they varied in each organ. Drawings were
made which were accurate to a scale. In most
cases a good average petal and the styles with the
stipe were drawn. If there was much variation,
the extremes were drawn. Notes were also taken
of the time of making the drawings.

The tips of the calyx remain with the fruit and
have already been employed lay others in describing
it. The petals are the next within the calyx.
These are large, medium, or small. The Red
Astrachan may be taken as the type of a large
petal, the Roxbury Russet of the medium petal,
and the Talman Sweeting of the small. The length
of the long petal, including the claw or stem, is an
inch — often a little over; the length of the medium-
sized petal is three fourths of an inch; the length
of a short petal is half an inch. Each varies a
little from the figures here given. If a petal were
unusually narrow, it would need to be longer to
rank as large, than it would if it was very broad in
proportion to its length.

In recording the sizes of 87 varieties, I find the
petals of 46 are large, 25 are of medium size, 16
small, 10 are doubtful and are recorded in two of
the above classes. Out of 86 varieties I find 11
with cordate petals, and 75 with petals which are
not cordate. Of 75 varieties I find the petals of 25
have comparatively long stems or claws, and 50
have no claws or claws which are short. The petal
of the Duchess of Oldenburg has a long claw — one
tenth of an inch in length. Out of 83 varieties the
petals of 7 are narrowly oval, 67 broadly oval, or
between this and orbicular, and 10 are ovate.

There are other and intermediate distinctions
which quite generally hold good, and are given in
my notes on each variety.

I have not made any use of the stamens in
describing varieties. They are nearly always twenty
in number and vary in length of filament.

The styles are five in number and situated in the
center of the flower. They unite at the base and
are supported by a stipe or stalk. Of all the organs
of the flower, I think, here are those of most value
for describing varieties of apples. Out of 88 varie-
ties the styles of 25 are hairy or woolly from the
base for more than half of their length. Fifteen are
hairy for about half of their length, and 48 are not
hairy, or hairy for only a short distance at the base.
A few cases of two forms in a variety were found.

Out of 88 varieties recorded, 49 have long styles,
25 styles of medium length, and 11 short. A long

style is four tenths of an inch long; a short one,
two tenths of an inch.

Of 87 varieties noticed, 24 had long stipes, 23 of
medium length, and 40 short. A long stipe is one
sixth of an inch long; a stipe of medium length is
one twelfth of an inch; a short one is one twentieth
of an inch long.

There is much difference in the diameter of the
stipes. Of 85 flowers recorded, 36 had broad stipes,
33 were of medium width, 16 small or narrow. A
broad stipe is one twentieth of an inch in diameter,
a small one one forty-fifth of an inch. No two
certain peculiarities of the petals, styles, or stipes
are always combined throughout all varieties. To
illustrate what I mean: a large petal may be oval or
ovate; it may be cordate or not cordate; it may
have a short claw or a long one. The same varie
ties of shape may accompany a small petal, or one
of medium size.

Again, styles which are hairy for most of their
length, may be long, medium, or short. The stipes
supporting the long styles may be long, or they
may be very short or wanting. They may be
broad, medium, or small. It would not be at all
likely that we could ever find flowers of any two
varieties alike in all respects. Above I note
twenty-two ways, and there are more, of recording
the peculiarities of petals and pistils. These are
variously combined, like figures in permutation. 1
will describe a few varieties by the flowers:

Weslfield Seek-no- further. Petals of medium
size, ovate or elliptical. Claw of medium length.
Styles scarcely hairy at base, of medium length,
slender. Stipe of medium length and narrow. The
styles and stipe are so narrow that they appear
longer than they really are.

Vfe^uVA SctV>w>-\u'cUvCr

'fcWan S w uVv

Talman Sweeting. Petals small, elliptical. Claw
medium. Styles short, densely woolly for most of
their length. Stipe of medium length and breadth.

DESCRIBING VARIETIES OF APPLES BY THEIR FLOWER8.

29

Devonshire Quarenden. Petals medium, ellip-
tical. Claw long. Styles medium, hairy about to
middle. Stipe broad, of medium length.

Bed Astrachan. Petals large, broad ovate. Claw
of medium length. Styles of medium length, hairy
for half their length. Stipe long and broad.

St. Lawrence. Petals medium, broad ovate or
oval. Claw medium. Styles short, stout, and very
woolly. Stipe broad and short.

Herefordshire Pearmain. Petals medium, broad
oval, cordate. Claw medium. Styles long, thin,
bairy above the middle. Stipe short, of medium
width.

Colman, of St. Louis, asked if Prof. Beal would
be able to distinguish the varieties from a number
of blossoms brought to him for inspection, or from
drawings of the same.

Prof. Beal thought he could do so with as much
success as he could judge of the variety by the
external appearance of the apple. But the flower
process, he said, was intended as an aid to present-
methods.

The Treasurer stated that he would be glad to
receive subscriptions, and that the tickets for the
reception at Powers' gallery would be made out
from his receipt book.

\JivOl\->V\V< Uu0.rwAt&.

\Uti (AsWtVuw

Nortliem Spy. Petals small, oval. Claw me-
dium. Styles short or medium, thin, hairy half
way. Stipe medium or short, of medium width.

The questions will arise in the mind of every one,
•• Is this description of apples by the flowers of any
practical value ?" " Will it ever be used ?" This
is my answer: The description of varieties by the
fruit is good as far as it goes, but the varieties have
become so numerous that it is often next to impos-
sible to describe some of them so that any one can
distinguish them with certainty from some others
which they closely resemble. Here is just where
the characters of the flowers will come in and aid
in accurately describing a variety. All the peculiar-
ities of limbs, foliage, flowers, and fruit should be
given in a description of a variety. In a case too
difficult to be otherwise recognised, the flowers can
be examined. To distinguish with accuracy, most
of the points of the flowers need careful measure-
ments with dividers and rule under a stage micro-
be, .pe. The eye alone ean hardly be trusted. There
is no difficulty about it, to one who has a fair
knowledge of botany. Some of the points are
quite small, but this will not prevent a thorough
person from mastering the subject. It only presents
another strong reason why the pomologisl should
also be a good botanisl

K0*\V.M«V

Edmund Law Rogers, of Maryland, asked if
ladies would be admitted as members of the society ;
he proposed to make his daughter a life-member,
which proposition Was warmly applauded.

An affirmative answer was returned.

The Chairman called attention to the value of
the Proceedings of the society, which are given
each member, the membership fee being $4.

The discussion of new fruits was next taken up.

Dr. Hexamek, of Westchester Co., N.Y., asked.
"Is there a standard definition of what constituted
a seedling ?"

Various points were stated; L'obert Manning
thought there was no definite rule established, and
Thomas Meehan thought that " new or rare
fruit" was a term that would better cover the
ground at exhibitions.

New varieties of grapes were now taken up.

Saunders, of the District of Columbia, said
there were few new varieties. He had got a little
tired of new seedling grapes.

Strong, of Massachusetts, said (hat in his state
they had only one new variety of grap< — Moore's
Early. They could produce no such Sobers grapes
as were shown at the Western New York Fair.
Moore's Early was like Concord in quality, and as

;h

discission (U GRAPE?.

nardy, and two weeks earlier. In Massachusetts
the crop was nearly all killed by hail, this war.

Kobert Manning round Moore's Early two
weeks earlier than Concord, both as he had observed
it in Mr. Moore's grounds and in a young vine of
his own.

J. W. Manning, of Massachusetts, knew that
Mini re's Kuril/ was two weeks ahead of ( 'oncord, and
on his ground was free from mildew. It is as hardy
as Concord, and perhaps similar to it.

Maxwell, of Geneva, -aid that he understood
the specimens at the Fair were inferior in flavor to
Warden's Seedling.

Saul, of Washington, said it was large, tine, and
showy, but inferior to Concord as grown at Wash-
ington. He regarded it as inferior to the Delaware
and Iona, but it could be grown where these could
not he ripened.

Strong. — We can't raise Delaware or lona in
Massachusetts.

S. D. Willard, of Geneva, said that in a large
portion of the country good grapes cannot lie
grown, lie did not think enough had been said
about Worden's Seedling. With him it is two
weeks earlier than Concord,on the same trellis, ami
much better.

Crane knew the Cottage to lie a very sweet and
early grape.

J. W. Manning said tie1 Cottage will not com-
pare with Moore's Early.

Charles A. Green, of Clifton, said that Moore's
Early was not as strong a grower with him as
' 'oncord.

T. S. Hubbard, of Predonia, N. Y., said that
there is much dissatisfaction with the taste of
Moure's Early. It is much inferior to Concord.
If he had Concord from the same locality lie could
judge much better.

Georgk W. (.' amit.ii.i. had fruited Moure's Early
this year and compared it with Concord. The
vine is equal to Concord — he could not distinguish
it from that — the flavor is similar, and the skin
tender, and it is at least seven days earlier than
Concord. The vine was young. Tin- cluster is not
larger than Concord.

J. 15. MOORE said thai Moore's Early was three
weeks earlier than Concord, aud has never mildewed
in leaf or fruit. He did not sa\ that il never would
mildew. It equals Concord in productiveness.

In answer to Mr. Meehan, Mr. Campbell said
he had generally found young vines earlier.

Hubbard had found young vines earlier.

Colman, of Missouri, thought grapes ripen later
on a young vine.

President Barry said that where young vines
are very vigorous, the grapes ripen a little later.

Hubbard said that a young vineyard not over-
bearing would ripen earlier.

A. C. Younglove, of Vine Valley, apprehended
gentlemen made this mistake: — A youug Delaware
vine ripens its fruit earlier than an old one, but this
is not the case with Kogers's hybrids and some
others.

Colman said that young strawberries were two
or three days later than old ones.

Willard. — The Worden Seedling has a fuller
bunch when ripe than the Concord, and is fully two
weeks earlier. It is more prolific and uniform, and
has no tendency to drop. It is better than Hart-
ford or ( 'hampion.

Crane, of Lockport, had a very different exper-
ience from Mr. Willard. He had examined Worden
and Concord on the same trellis, and could see no
difference in the time of ripening. On a. trellis of
Delaware, fifty feet long, some were two weeks
earlier than others.

Thomas thought a large number of Co?icords
have been disseminated as Worden. He hail seen
many Wordens, and they were decidedly earlier.

E. Glen, of Rochester, had seen the Worden drop
badly for two years, when the Concord did not.

E. Moody, of Lockport, N. Y., had seen both
together on A. M. Purdy's grounds, and thought
them identical.

Strong thought there are many seedlings of the
Concord, going under that name, that differ con-
siderably from the parent. The Worden had nol
produced as good a bunch as Concord, but it is a
fortnight earlier. It had shown no tendency to
drop.

Br aiifi hi. n. of Michigan, said that some vines
would ripen a week earlier than others, and the
next year a week later.

Campbell, of Ohio, said his experience cor-
responded very nearly with Mr. Willard's. The
Worden ripened a week earlier than Concord, and
had less foxv Savor.

Hubbard saw it some yearns since and thoughl
it. differed so slightly from Concord thai he gave
but little farther thought to il. This year he
noticed that it. was a better grape; the berry is
larger than the Concord, but it is not two weeks
earlier.

DIS( l SSION OF GRAPES

31

Moody said a new white grape, the Niagara, was
originated on Mr. Hoag's ground, in Lockport. 1 1
is earlier than Concord, has the best leaf he ever
saw. and holds its leaves till the last, lie regarded
it as an important acquisition.

('kane said as tar as he had observed it, it is the
most remarkable white grape he ever saw. It would
not do to set it close. It has an enormous cluster.
He never saw an}' mildew on it. It has very strong,
healthy foliage, as thick as Concord, but not as
downy. He found leaves eight by nine inches,
about as thick as those of the Hartford Prolific.
It is a pure native — a cross between the Cassady
and Concord.

Vorxiii.ovK saw it two years ago; once al the
earliest stage of ripening, and again two months
later; the same clusters were hanging, and the ber-
ries had not dropped. The foliage in make-up and
contour is like Hartford Prolific. It is an open
grower, with few laterals, the clusters very uniform.

Eubbard had known the grape for two years,
and was verj favorably impressed with it. li is a
week earlier than Concord, more vigorous, and
equally healthy. He thought it very valuable for
general cultivation.

YotTNGLOVE saw, the night previous, the same
vine that he saw two years ago, and the growth
since had been most wonderful, it had covered a
ten-foot trellis. It was very uncommon to see
.-o vigorous a vine set such a quantity of fruit.
'I'll.- wood is satisfactory in every respect; there is
no symptom of mildew, and it holds its foliage
longer than any other variety.

Crane hail no interest in the grape, and spoke
without fax or or prejudice.

MOODY had a great interest, but no stock.

YOUNGLOVE the same.

swt. — Has the Cassady any foreign blood? It
does not succeed with me.

( ' \ HPBELL — It is a pure native.

Sail said tin- Brighton was worthless in tin1
District of Columbia. It refuses to grow.

Harrison, of Ohio, had fruited Brighton, and
thoughl it an excellent grape in his State.

Hubbard was favorably impressed with it. He
had fruited it. and found it of good quality; as early
a- Delaware, if not earlier; with healthy foliage,
and a strong grower.

Strong said it succeeded quite as well in Ma--
sachusetts a- any of the Rogers's, or better, bul that
is not saying much.

.1. \V. Manning said ii was generally spoken

well of. but had a little mildew with him.

Hubbard spoke of the Prentiss, a new white

grape. He met with il three years ago. and was so
favorably impressed with it that he bought it. It
originated at Pultney, on Keiika Lake, where ii
has borne ten years, and has improved. It is a
good grower — about like Vatawla. The foliage is
good. With him it is liable to leaf-blight on low
ground. It is fully as healthy as Rogers's hybrids, or
any except ('uncord. Very productive, inclined to
overbear. The berry is of medium size and excellent
quality. It ripens with the Concord, and keeps
well into winter or spring: has a firm skin, and
never cracks, and is a good shipper. It is claimed
as a seedling of the Isabella, but he thought it had
traces of Rvhecca blood in it. There is about an
acre in bearing at Pultney. and he would be glad
to have members visit it.

Youxglove visited tie grapes before they were
ripe. He found it attractive, bearing a very large
crop of finely set, compact clusters. All the cir-
cumstances were such as would suit a grape-grower.
It is not so vigorous as Niagara; has the habit of
Eumelan. The clusters are uniform; the berry
smaller than Catawba, anil the growth not equal to
that variety at Pultney, where it succeeds remark-
ably well. The quality is good and it promises
well. Eumelan grows vigorously with him.

The Chairman said the Pocklington was a large,
handsome, white grape, but hardly of medium
quality. He saw it but once, and then perhaps it
was not in good condition.* ,

YOUNGLOVE said it had a very large berry and
cluster. It resembles Irving very much. It was
shown last winter, and some had fallen from the
stem, but this may have been an exception ; others
were not fallen. He had not seen the vines.

Salter, of Rochester, said it ripens earlier than
( 'oncord. It is of fair quality and a strong grower,
and you can grow it easily. Many line grapes we
cannot grow. It is showy.

DAVIS, Of Michigan, said Mr. I 'ockliugl on says
it is as early as the Concord.

GREEN, of Monroe County, said it had ripened in
Washington County. The Lady Washington re-
sembles the Salem.

Campbell said the foliage of the Lady Wash-
ington was of health) appearance.

.1. \\~. M INNING had Seen il growing very vigor-
ously, but it had a little mildew.

Campbell said it was one-fourth foreign.

* I have since sc-en the Pocklington ripened at Rochester

in the ground of \V. Charlton, anil lliiiiU very well of it.—
P B

32

DISCUSSIOJS OF GRAPES.

Saul said any grape with foreign blood in it
should be received with great caution in the South.

Crane asked, "Do gentlemen who speak of
mildew mean of fruit or foliage?"

Sadl — We want clean, healthy foliage; if we do
not have that we cannot, get fruit.

Dr. Hamilton, of Nova Scotia, said it might
seem out of place for him to say anything about
grape-growing, coming as he did from a country
supposed to be surrounded by icebergs — one of the
coldest countries embraced by the Society. An old
Englishman once said to him, "If you can get
good ripe wood, you will get good grapes." He
followed this advice and succeeded. He had grown
Black Hamburg, Sweetwater, Black Cluster, Dela-
ware, Salem, Concord, Isabella, and Diana in the
open air by girdling and close pruning. lie had
fruited Champion for two or three years, and found
it from eight to ten days earlier than any previously
grown. The Warden was also promising well with
them. It shows a material difference from the
Concord. The Ribston Pippin apple comes to
perfection in Nova Scotia, but cannot be grown
successfully in New York. He produces Black
Hamburg about every other year. He has very
handsome bunches this year, but they will probably
not ripen, Robert Starr's girdled grapes were pre-
ferred in flavor to .Michigan grapes, exhibited at
the Centennial.

I-'orck. ol' Newburg, said the Early Dawn did
not do as well this year as heretofore; it had some
mildew. It is an Isabella seedling. He thought if
too early to say much about it.

Strong said it had not the appearance of a
native grape. It resembles Miller's Burgundy.

Campbell, of Ohio, believed the Lady grape to
be a pure Concord seedling. It ripens with him
about two weeks earlier. Its character is like
Concord, but a little better, and he supposed it
could be grown where Concord could.

Saul had found it successful, and two weeks
earlier than Can cor a1.

Augur, of Connecticut, favored disseminating it.
It has no mildew, and is the best white grape they
can grow in his State.

STRONG thought it on the whole the earliest
grape he had.

Salter thought, it fully two weeks earlier than
Concord, and of good quality.

President Barry interrupted the proceedings to
announce that tin- Michigan Pomological Soci
now in session, had sent a greeting by telegram.
The greeting ami response were as follows:

State Fair Ground, ]
Detroit, Mich., Sept. 17, 1 79. j
Marshall I'. Wilder, President of the American
Pomological Society:
The Michigan State Pomological Society, in ses-
sion here, sends greeting and best wishes for the
success of your meeting.

Chaki.f.s W. Garfield,

Secretary.

ANSWER.

IIochestek, September IS, 1879.
Charles IT. Garfield, Secretary of the Michigan
Pomological Society:
Greeting received and heartily reciprocated.
Michigan is well represented here.

P. Barry,
First Vice-President.

Hubbard had fruited tie' Lady two years. It is

healthy and hardy, but not as hardy as Martha.
NTol a very strong grower with him, but two weeks
earlier than Concord, ripening about with Champion.
The skin is very tender and liable to crack, which
renders it less valuable as a market grape, though
good for garden and near market.

Campbell had grown the Lady for a long time.
For two or three years the growth is less strong
than Concord) as it gets older, it is full as strong.
It makes much root, in proportion to the top. He
cut two hundred and thirty-sis feet from one of the
older vines, and left five or six arms.

I >. \V. Beadle, of Ontario, asked whether there
had been two varieties sent out from this country,
known as Champion. One has been sold in Canada,
a-- a new grape, under the name of Beaconsfield.

Campbell thought there was a Southern variety
called i 'hampion.

Hubbard thought the one originating in the
Smith is not known here. Talman's seedling was
christened Champion, and then re-named Beacons-
field, and sold in Ontario.

Colman hoped the discussion would not be
closed till Mr. Husmann could say something of
new Missouri grapes.

Bush, of .Missouri, said the wine-growers of that
-late had come to the conclusion that they must
look to the indigenous varieties of the lower
Missouri and Mississippi valley for their supply.
The grape-rot has caused acres of Concord and
other Labrusca varieties to be grubbed up. The
J-.'sfi rails and lliparia do not make showy clusters
for the table, but produce a good hulk of fruit. If
a large yield to the acre, with few failures, could be
obtained, grape culture, which depended mainly on

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE AWARD <>F THE WILDER MEDAL.

33

wine-making, was assured of a measure of Buccess.
The Elvira has uot been pushed, but is fouud on
everj catalogue. It is the best able to resist disease in
his district, of any grape known. Its fault is that
the bunch is too compact, so much so as to cause
the skin to break. The Noah originated by Mr.
Wasserzieher, at Nauvoo, is rigorous and hardy
enough not to be touched by winter: it is sufficiently
early and sufficiently late. It ripens between Con-
cord and Catawba. The late varieties had favor-
able weather in blooming and their ripening was
hastened. The Noah is a white, transparent grape,
more golden than Elvira, and not so green. It is
compact, but not so compact as Elvira — about the
right degree. It is sprightly, but sufficiently sweet.
No wine has been made from it, but it is thought
that it will prove valuable for the West, east of the
Roeky Mountains.

Campbell saw it grown at Dayton by a German

who was justly enthusiastic about it. Its quality is
more pure than Elvira, and it is less apt to crack.
It is a perfect grape in appearance, and sweeter
than Elvira.

P. J. Berckmans, chairman, presented the fol:
lowing:

Report of the Committee on Fruits Exhib-
ited, and the Award of the Wilder
Medal.
Rochester. N.Y, September 17, Is;'.'.
In the President and Members of the American
Pomological Society:

Your committee appointed on the record of fruit
exhibited and on the award of the Wilder medal
beg leave to report, as follows:

We find on exhibition 859 plates of apples, 517
plates of pears, 16 plates of peaches. 109 plates of
grapes, and 31 plates of miscellaneous fruits ; mak-
ing a total of 1 s:;s plates of fruit by the following
exhibitors, to-wit:

Iowa State Horticultural Society — 370 plate- of
apples.

Wisconsin State Horticultural Society — in plates
of apples, lo plates of pears, I plate of plums, and
2'J plate- of grapes.

Grand River Valley Horticultural Society (Mich-
igan)—59 plates of apples, 1 plate of crabs, 'i plates
of peaches, and 26 plate- of grapes.

fruit Growers' Association of Nova Scotia — 40
plates of apples, I plate of crabs, M plates of peats,

and 20 plate- of plum-.

:;

.Missouri State Horticultural Society — :>'.) plates of
pears, 144 plates of apples, 56 plates of grapes, ami
1 of peaches.

Hon Marshall P. Wilder, of Boston — 126 varieties
of pears.

Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N.Y. — 108 varie-
ties of pears. 43 varieties of apples, and 29 varieties
of grapes.

E. Moody & Son, Lock port, N. Y. — 148 varieties
of apples, 106 varieties of pears, and 'i varieties of
plums.

John Saul, Washington, D. C— 106 varieties of
pears, 1 tig. 1 peach, and 1 apple.

Bush & Son, Bushburg, Mo. — collection of grapes.

T. S. Hubbard, Fredouia, X. Y— 91 varieties of
grapes.

The Jewell Nurseries (Minnesota) — apples and
hybrid crabs.

C. J. Copley, Stapleton, Staten Island, X. Y. — 4
plates of grapes.

W. H. Earle, Worcester, Mass. — pears.

John Charlton, Rochester, N. Y. — pears.

L. V. Peirse, Johnsville, N.Y. — grapes.

Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior, Minn. — crab apples.

0. M. Hooker, Rochester, N. Y.- — collection of
Moore's hybrid grapes.

Dr. William A. M. Culbert, Newburg, N. Y.—
seedling grape.

Chase Brothers and H. E. Hooker — one variety
of grape.

John Pocklington, Sandy Hill, N.Y. — one variety
of grape.

George C. Swan, San Diego, Cal. — lemons.

Niagara Grape Company, Lockport, N. Y. — seed-
ling grape.

Dr. R. B. Clark, New Wilmington, Pa. — seedling
grape.

J. S. Stone, Charlotte, N. Y. — 8 plates of apples.

Edward Bradfield, Ada, Kent Co., Mich. — grape-.

II. E. Hooker, Rochester, N. Y — collection of
grapes.

G. P. Needham, Washington. D. C— figs and
peaches.

Samuel II. Grilbb, Philadelphia. Pa.— pears.

William Haskins, Hamilton. Ontario— collection
of grape.-.

Colman & Co., St. Louis, Mo. —collection of
fruit.

A. J. Cay wood. Marlboro, N.Y.— grapes.

John 1!. Moore, Concord, Mass.— grapes.

Farley & Anderson, Union Springs. X. Y —
grapes.

34

RKPOKT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE AWARD OF THE WILDER MEDAL.

James H. Ricketts, Newburg, N. Y. — 28 plates
of grapes and 2 plates of peaches.

J. G. Burrow, Fishkill, N. Y. — seedling grapes.

M. B. Bateham, Paiaesville, Ohio — peaches.

E. H. Calkins, Burlington, Iowa — fruit.

E. E. Heist, Floyd Co., Iowa— fruit.

C. C. Hamilton, Oornwallis, Nova Scotia — fruit.

We make the following awards of the Wilder
medal, and base our action on the precedent estab-
lished at former meetings of this society:

1. For the largest and best collection of apples
exhibited by a society, to the Iowa Horticultural
Society, silver medal.

2. For the largest and best collection of apples
exhibited by an individual, to E. Moody & Sons,
Lockport, N. Y., silver medal.

3. For the largest and best collection of pears
exhibited by a society, to the Missouri State Horti-
cultural Society, silver medal.

4. For the largest and best collection of pears
exhibited by an individual, to Ellwanger & Barry,
Rochester, N. Y., silver medal.

5. For the largest and best collection of grapes
exhibited by an individual, to T. S. Hubbard,
Fredonia, N. Y., silver medal.

0. To the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, of Boston,
for collection of pears, silver medal.

7. To J. H. Ricketts, Newburg, N. Y.. for Lady
Washington grape, silver medal.

8. To H. E. Hooker, Rochester, N. Y., for col-
lection of grapes, silver medal.

9. To the Missouri State Horticultural Society,
for collection of grapes, silver medal.

10. To the Fruit Growers' Association of Nova
Scotia, for collection of fruits, silver medal.

11. To John Saul, of Washington, ]>. ( '.. for
collection of pears, bronze medal.

12. To Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N.Y., for
collection of grapes, bronze medal.

13. To the Michigan Si;ile Horticultural Society,
for collection of fruit, bronze medal.

14. To M. B. Bateham, of Painesville, Ohio, for
peaches, bronze medal.

Owing to the incomplete condition of many of
the exhibits, your committee may have overlooked
some meritorious fruits that would otherwise have
been noticed.
All of which is respectfully submitted,
P. J. Berckmans,
Sylvester Johnson,
W i i.i.i \ \i Watson,
Samuel 11 aim,,
Robert Burn it,

( 'ommittee.

Saunders asked for the grounds of the award to
the Lady Washington.

Strong asked the same question.

Berckmans said the award was given on the
ground of its being very handsome and finely
grown.

Hubbard thought the award would mislead the
public.

STRONG thought the adaptation to general culti-
vation should be considered.

Bush said if it was given for beauty the Lady
Washington deserved it, but it would be unfortu-
nate if it should lead to misapprehension as to its
value.

Hamilton said the case differs from the offer of
premiums.

Colman said, Suppose a magnificent hunch of
Black Hamburg, or any other variety confined to a
limited locality; it would be advertised all through
the country as awarded over all other competitors.
He moved that the report be recommitted to recon-
sider the Lady Washington.

Saunders moved an amendment to state the
grounds of the award. The amendment was not
seconded.

Mf.khan said that fine specimens of the Clara
grape were exhibited before the Pennsylvania Hor-
ticultural Society, and received a silver medal, and
hundreds of vines were sold, but the variety proved
worthless for general cultivation.

Campbell favored a recommittal.

The motion was carried, and the report was after-
wards presented with the award of the Wilder
medal to J. H. Ricketts for a collection of seedling
grapes, instead of the Lady Washington grape, and
as thus awarded the report was accepted.

The following report was also presented by Mr.
Berckmans, chairman of the committee.

Report of the Committee on Native Fruits.

To the President and Members of the American
Pomological Society :

Gentlemen : Your Committee on Native Fruits
beg leave to submit their Biennial Report, as re-
quired by the By-laws of the Society, as follows:

1st. The general report of the Committee on
Fruits submitted to their inspection during the
vacation of the Society.

3d. The Report on fruit examined during the
present session of the society.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NATIVE FRUITS.

35

3d. The special reports of T. T. Lyon of the
the Northern Division, and B IF. Barl of the Sub-
Tropical Division, as containing valuable informa-
tion concerning these sections.

[The report of M r.Harl is printed with the Essays. |

P. J. 1>ki!( kma ns, Georgia,
William W itson, Texas,
T. T. Lyon, Michigan,
,). II. Masters, Nebraska,
E. H. Hart, Florida,
Charles !><>« mm,. New York,
Robert Manning, Massachusetts.
Standing Committee.

REPORT OX FRUITS Sl/MMITTED TO INSPECTION'
DURING THE VACATION OF THE SOCIETY.

A.PPLES.

Palmer. — Medium size, rather flnl : skin orange-
yellow, washed with deeper orange, and having a
deep carmine cheek and a few minute stripes; calyx
.1. in a shallow and sometimes corrugated basin ;
stalk slender, in a shallow cavity ; flesh yellowish,
coarse grained, sugary and well flavored. Quality
good to very good. Maturity in middle Georgia
middle of June.

This is an excellent early variety and has been
cultivated forupwards of sixty years. It originated
in Washington County. Georgia, and is also known
there under the name of Pear apple.

Hiley's Eureka- — Medium size, oblate; skin deep
orange, nearlj covered with dark crimson, russeted
near the base and calyx, and overspread with nu-
merous small light dots: calyx closed, in a shallow
regular basin ; stalk slender, inserted in a narrow
and deep cavity : flesh white, brittle, juicy, sprightly

vinous. Quality very g 1 to best. Maturity from

mber to April.

Origin on the farm of Mr.. lamb II ih-v, Macon
county. Georgia, where the original was found
growing in the woods. An excellent winter apple.
Tn e a thrifty grower.

Simmons' 8 Red. — Above medium size, slightly
conical; skin deep orange, nearly covered with deep
crimson, with a deeper crimson cheek, and over-
spread with numerous orange dots; calys open in
a regular basin; stalk slender, in a narrow cavity ;
flesh yellow, brittle, a little coarse-grained, sugary,
and with a high pearmain flavor. Quality best.
Maturity from the middle of June t<> tie- middle
of September, or during three months.

< frigin Macon County, Georgia.

PEACHES.

Governor Garland. — Medium size, roundish oval :
skin yellowish while, with a deep purplish crimson
clink, mottled and striped with crimson; flesh
greenish white near the stone and pink near the
skin: tine grained, verj juicy, sub-acid; adheres to
the stone like Amsden. Quality good.

Origin on land of Mi'. Osborn. six miles west of
Bentonville, Arkansas. The tree stands on cold,
flat, post oak land. It was there, in L878, three to
four days earlier than Amsden. Specimens mailed
to the chairman by John B. Gill of Bentonville, on
June 8th, 1S?>. reached their destination on June
14th, in perfect condition: one specimen measured
seven and one-half inches.

Larkin's Early. — Above medium 6ize, oblong;
skin yellowish-white, with a carmine cheek : flesh
fine grained, white, melting, juicy : perfect free-
stone. Quality good. Leaves serrated.

Originated with D. F. Larkin, Hunt's Station,
Franklin County. Tennessee, and is supposed to be
a seedling of Early Tillotson. It matures there one
week before Amsden. Specimens sent to the chair-
man, June 15th, 1818, averaged eight inches in
circumference. This is the largest very early va-
riety which has so far been submitted for report and
it is also a more defined freestone than the average
of early kinds.

Rape's Early. — Originated with Dr. Samuel Bape,
Atlanta. Georgia. It resembles the Alexander in
color and texture of flesh, as well as season of ma-
turity. Perhaps a little smaller, on an average, but
of better flavor and adhering less to the stone.
Leaves serrated.

Gregg's Early. — Originated with J. II. Gregg,
Wyoming, Otoe County, Nebraska. Resembles
Alexander in shape, quality and texture. Ripened
last of June, L8?8.

Governor Wood. — Originated with .1. II. Gregg,
Wyoming, Nebraska. Resembles the above, but is
larger ami ten days later.

PEARS.
Keiffer's Hybrid.— Size medium ; shape variable,
sometimes obtuse pyriform, but more frequently
ovoid; skin smooth, yellow, with a bright vermil-
ion or deep orange cheek, and russet near the base.
Stalk straight, an inch and a half long, inserted in
a slight depression or cavity; calyx closed; flesh
Bomewhat coarse, brittle, gritty at the core, very
juicy, sub-acid, and with a well defined musky aroma.
Qualitj good. Maturity from the end of September
lo the middle of October. Originated with 1'.
Keiil'er, Esq., Germantown, Pa., ami is supposed to

36

REPORT OF THE COMMUTE K ON NATIVE FRUITS.

be a cross between the Chinese Sand and Bartlett.
First production in 1813. The habit and foliage
resembles the ( 'hinese Sand; tree of luxuriant growth
and very productive. It is claimed to be free from
blight.

Specimens were received October 4th from I!.
G. Chase & Co., Geneva, N. Y.. grown upon dwarf
trees two years from bud, and also from John S.
Collins, Moorestown, N. J., October 18th, all in a
good state of maturity.

REPORT ON NEW FRUITS EXAMINED DURING THE
SESSION OF THE SOCIETY.

PEACHES.

Forty-four seedlings originated by J. D. H listed,
Lowell, Kent County, Michigan, from Hill's Chili
crossed upon Hale's Early in 1875. They are in
season between Hale's Early and Crawford's Early
and are all of good quality. The majority are either
reproductions or slightly modified forms of HilVs
Chili.

Wlieatland. — From Daniel Rogers, Wheatland,
N. Y. Very large, yellow ; resembles Crawford's
Late.

Mrs. Brett. — From J. II. Ricketts, Newburg,
N. Y. Large, white with red cheek, very juicy,
sub-acid, very good.

CHAPES.

Lady Washington.— Ovigin&ted by J. II. Ricketts,
Newburg, N. Y. A cross between the Concord and
Aliens Hybrid. Bunch very large, compact, shoul-
dered; berry medium to large, deep yellow, pink
where exposed to the sun; flesh tender, juicy and
sweet, and very good. Vine vigorous, hardy and
productive; leaves large and thick. Promising for
the market and the amateur.

Jefferson. — Also from Mr. Ricketts. Across be-
tween Concord and Tona. First fruited in 1874.
Bunch large, not very compact. Berry of medium
size, dee]) pink, very vinous. Quality best. A
showy variety. Foliage of Labrusca type.

Bacchus. — From the same grower and origin.
An accidental seedling of Clinton. Bunch medium ;
berry medium, blue black, very vinous, and promis-
ing as a wine grape. Foliage of cordifolia type.

Naomi. — From the same grower. A cross be-
tween Clinton and Muscat Hamburg. Bunch
large, loose; berry medium size green tinged with
bronze. Very juicy and high flavored. Quality
best. Foliage of Labrusca type.

No. 1 B. — From the same grower. A cross be-
tween Hartford Prolific and Clinton. First fruited

in 1877. Bunch large, cylindrical. Berry medium,
white, good. Foliage Labrusca.

No. SoJf. — From the same grower. A cross be-
tween Martha and Sultana. First fruited in 187-i.
Bunch large, berry small, yellow, very juicy and
high flavored; seedless. Quality best. Foliage of
vinifera type. Vine vigorous, but only half hardy.

Noah. — Originated by Mr. Wasserzieber, at Nau-
voo, Illinois. A seedling of Taylor. First fruited
in 1876. Bunch medium, compact; berry medium,
yellowish green. Resembles Elvira, but hardly
equal to it in quality. It gives promise of value as
a wine grape.

Dutchess, (named from Dutchess County). —
Originated at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1868. A
hybrid between a White Concord Seedling and
Walter. Bunch large; berry above medium size,
greenish white, flesh breaking, very juicy, vinous.
Quality very good.

Poughkeepsie Red. — Of the same origin as the
preceding. A hybrid of Walter and Iona. Bunch
medium, compact, shouldered ; berry medium, pale
red, vinous, sweet. Resembles Delaware and of
equal quality. The foliage resembles Delaware.

Rochester. — Originated with Ellwanger & Barry,
Rochester, N. Y. An accidental seedling. Bunch
large, compact, shouldered; berry above medium
size, reddish amber, very juicy and of good quality.
Vine hardy and very prolific. The foliage re-
sembles Delaware.

Monroe. — Of the same origin as the preceding.
Bunch medium, com pact. Berry large, blue black,
sub-acid, vinous ; quality good. Vine hardy and
vigorous.

Niagara. — Originated by Messrs. Hoag & Clark,
Lockport, N. Y. First fruited in 1872. A cross
between Concord and Cassady; bunch large, com-
pact, shouldered; berry large, yellowish white : flesh
sweet, and juicy. Quality good. Foliage large,
lolied, very pubescent. Matures with Hartford.

Pocklington- — Originated by John Pocklington,
Sandy Hill, Washington County, N. Y. A seedling
of Concord. Bunch very large, shouldered, com-
pact ; berry very large, yellowish white. Flesh
pulpy, juicy, and vinous. Quality hardly good, but
the specimens were not fully ripe. Two of the
members of the Committee, Dr. Burnet and Mr.
Bateham, stated that they had seen the fruit in
finer condition. A very showy fruit. Foliage very
large and pubescent.

Hybrid Seedling.— From Dr. W. A. M. Culbert,
Newburg, N. Y. A cross between lona and Muscat
Hamburg. Bunch large : berry large, purplish black;
pulp dissolving; quality very good.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NATIVE 1'KI II-.

37

Lavega. — A hybrid seedling. From W. II. Mills,
Hamilton, Ontario. Bunch medium; berry large,
reddish, vinous. Quality very good, vine hardy.

Seedling No. S. — From William Ilaskins, Hamil-
ton, Ontario. Bunch and berry large, white; vinous
and high flavored. Quality best. A hybrid : vine
hardy.

Seedling Xo. 10. — From the same grower. Bunch
and berry small, white, very sweet; skin tough;
quality very good : vine hardy.

Burnet. — From P. C. Dempsey, Albury, Ontario.
A cross between Black Hamburg and Concord.
Bunch large, loose; berry large, purplish, vinous;
very juicy, very good; vine hardy.

Seedling No. 60. — From the same grower. White.
vinous, very good. A hybrid. Hardy

Hybrid Seedlings. — From C.J. Copley, Stapleton,
N. Y.

18 F. — Berry very large : black, good. Labrusca
foliage.

H F. — Bunch large, compact; berry large, green-
ish white, lacks flavor, but may be better in a good
season.

Twenty-one Seedlings. — From W. G. Fulkerson
& Co.. Oriel, Michigan. These originated from a
single bunch of Wilder (Rogers' No. 4), and show
considerable variation in size and color of berries.
ranging from deep blue black to red. While none
are improvements upon the parent, the results are
such that future experiments in this line should be
continued and encouraged.

Prentiss. — Originated by J. W. Prentiss, Pnltney,
Steuben County, N. Y.: is a seedling of Isabella.
Bunch- medium, compact; berry medium, yellow-
ish green ; skin thick: flesh pulpy, but quite dis-
solving, juicy, sweet with some flavor. Quality
good to very good. Belongs to the Labrusca type.
Ripens with Concord and keeps well. The vine is
very hardy and very prolific. A promising white
grape.

Numerous other specimens of new varieties id'
grapes were examined, but being either inferior in
quality or in an unsound c mdition they are not
mentioned in this Report

LEMONS.

ii ivia.— From George C. Swan. San Diego, Cali-
fornia. Specimens very large and of line appear-
and said to contain sixty-five degrees of citric
acid. The Committee not having any means to
test these fruits can only commend the sender for

his interest manifested in the progress of horticul-
tural products.

P. J. BeRCKMAXs,

s lmuel ii ape,
Sylvester Johnson,
Robert Burnet,
M. B. Bat i; ham.
Sub-Committee on Fruits examined during the
Session.

SPECIAL REPORT FROM T. T. LYOX OF MICHIGAN.

P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.

Dear Sir : — In compliance with your request I
herewith send you. for the report of the Committee
of the American Pomological Society on Native
Fruits, the following notes of new fruits which have
e mie under my notice within the past two years.

In the spring of 1878 I received, for trial, a few
plants of the Montclair raspberry, which have this
season produced a full crop of fruit. The plant is
vigorous and stout, not very tall, and possesses the
rare merit of producing very few suckers. The
foliage is strong and healthy. It fruits freely. The
berries are nearly round ; texture rather firm ; color,
when fully ripe, dark, brownish red ; flavor, high
and rich. I regard it as a very promising variety.
It originated as a chance seedling with E. Williams
of Montclair, New Jersey.

In October. IS7S, I received from Clinton Co.,
Michigan, a small box containing one bunch each
of eight distinct varieties of grapes, the history of
which is as follows: In the fall of 1871, Mr. Ful-
kerson of that county, planted the Seeds from a
single cluster of Wilder (Rogers Xo. 4). grape.
From these he saved about sixty plants, of which,
at the time of sending the fruit, only twenty had
yei fruited, and from these the eight varieties sent
had been selected. The bunches varied consider-
ably in size, but all were strongly characteristic of
their alleged parentage: being rather short and
broad. In color they varied from amber to dark
purplish black, and in size of berry from that of
>rd, when well grown, to that of Salem. All
were very free from pulpiness or toughness and
astringency, and all were nearly, if not quite, up to
the parent in quality, while one or two of them
were even better. What was to me the greatest
Burprise was, that so many varieties of so good
average quality should have arisi u from 30 limited
an experiment. I will, if possible, have specimens
of these at the Rochester meel ing,

Aboul the same time 1 received specimens of
Prentiss— & new white seedling of Concord, winch

38

SPECIAL REPORT FROM T. T. LYON.

it is said to resemble in vigor and healthiness.
Bunch rather large, compact: berries nearly round,
except where too closely set; skin thick; pulp very
tender and free from astringency or acidity at the
center, and void of all unpleasant aroma. It gives
indications of being an excellent keeper, and I
regard it as unusually promising.

STRAWBERRIES.

I last year received a few plants of Russell's
Advance, originating with the late Harvey Russell,
originator of Russell's Prolific. The Advance is
claimed to be a cross between Russell's Prolific and
Triomphe de Gand. The plant is very vigorous
and a good bearer; foliage folded, crimped, obtuse :
staminate. Fruit, large, roundish, ovate; bright,
glossy red; borne on tall upright stems; flesh red-
dish, rayed with white; firm, juicy, with a high,
rich flavor; productive. Ripened this season June
loth.

With the above I also received plants of >
Queen, a seedling from the same cross, by the same
person. Plant vigorous, very productive; foliage
nearly flat, large, crimped; staminate. Fruit large
to very large, regular, roundish, flattened. Color
bright red, glossy; borne on strong stems of
medium height. Flesh light pink, paler at center ;
juicy; tolerably firm. Flavor high and rich. I
regard this as one of the most valuable of the newer
varieties.

Bidwell is claimed to have originated here with
H. E. Bidwell, formerly of this place. He exhibited
it here, in 1877,as Centennial; but the Pomological
Society of this place, to avoid confusion with an-
other Centennial, assumed the authority to name it
Bidwell, from the originator. Plant very vigorous.
succeeding well, even on very light soils. Very
productive. Staminate. Fruit very large, long
conical, necked ; sometimes irregular. Color bright
crimson; colors slowly at the tip. Stems tall,
strong, upright. Flesh light pink, paler at center.
Firmness medium; juicy; flavor mild, pleasant.

Shirts is a variety recently originating with a
gentleman of that name in Oceana County, Mich-
igan. It was shown in an imperfectly ripened state
in 1878, and again appeared, in fine condition, at
the June meeting of the Michigan State Pomologi-
cal Society. It was subjected to an examination
by their Fruit Committee, who commended it
highly. Plan! vigorous, with strong, healthy
foliage, bearing I be sun well. Very productive;
staminate. Fruit very large, very long conical :
color bright red. flesh red, pale at center, rather

linn, juicy, mild acid. Very productive. Ripened
with, and a little later than the Wilson.

Frontenac is yet another of the late Harvey Rus-
sell's seedlings, and has only come into fruiting
since his decease. It is a very late variety ; a tall
upright, vigorous grower, and not, so far, a heavy
bearer. Pistillate. Fruit medium in size, nearly
round or flattened conical. Color bright red. Flesh
pale crimson, light center; soft, juicy. Flavor
mild, rich, excellent. Ripened this season June
20th. An amateur fruit.

Marvin is yet another Michigan seedling, believed
to have originated from the crossing of Wilson's
Albany and Triomphe de Gand, and hailing from
Clinton county. Pot-grown plants were sent me in
August, 1878, which have produced a full crop this
season. Plants strong and stocky in habit, and
every way satisfactory; staminate. Fruit large to
very large; longish conical, often eockscombed ;
bright red. Stems medium, strong. Flesh bright
crimson, paler at center, firm, juicy, high flavored,
of tine quality. Commenced to ripen June 20th,
and continued into July. I consider it very
promising as a late market berry.

I use the word staminate fn preference to her-
maphrodite, to indicate perfect blossoms.

PEACHES

originated by J. D. Husted, Lowell, Kent county.
Michigan. Received August 27, 187!' :

Vb. lo. — Originated from cross of Hill's Chili
upon Hale's Early, in 1875. Habit of tree like
Hill's Chili, glands reniform. Fruit fully medium
size. Creamy white ground, in the sun bright red
marbled with darker red; quite pubescent. Flesh
creamy white, faintly tinged with red; red at the
stone. Freestone, adhering slightly at the edge;
juicy; flavor mild vinous, very good. Ripens with
last picking of Hale's Early. Received August 27,
1879.

No. Hi. — Originated from same cross and the
same year, 1875. Tree vigorous; foliage large,
glossy, dark : glands globose. Fruit fully of medium
size, one side enlarged, compressed; slightly pubes-
cent. Color, creamy white ground, with light and
dark red, marbled, and fine red dots in shade.
Flesh pale creamy white, slightly red at the stone :
tender: slightly fibrous: juicy: mild vinous, very
pleasant. Freestone, but adheres a little at the edge
of the pit. Ripens three days later than No. 15,
and a link larger. Specimens received August 27.
1879.

SPECIAL REPORT FROM T. T. LYON.

39

No. 17. — This originated from the same trees of
Early Crawford, Hale's Early and Hill's Chili,

alternated in the row and the pits saved from Half's
Early. Seeds planted in 1874. Fruit rather large,
round. Color creamy white : in the sun dark red,
marbled, with variable sized dark red dots in the
shade. Suture extending nearly around the fruit.
Strongly pubescent, with a rather thick skin. Flesh
pale creamy white, slightly red at pit, firm, but
melting; juice abundant; flavor mild, sweet, rich ;
freestone : use, dessert, perhaps market. Was picked
four days later than No. 15. Specimens received
September 3. 1879.

No. 20. — From the same cross and the same year
as No. 17. Specimens received September 3, 1879.
Size of fruit above medium; form roundish, slightly
compressed, tapering slightly to the apex, one side
much enlarged. Color clear bright yellow, with
blight red cheek, striped and shaded with very
dark red: dots, in shade, dark red, numerous.
Suture extends two-thirds round the fruit; slightly
pubescent. Flesh bright yellow, slightly red at the
pit. very delicate and melting, very juicy; flavor
mildly vinous, rich. Freestone, slightly adherent
at edge. Fully ripe when red. Several days earlier
than Early Crawford which it somewhat resembles.

No. 22. — From the same cross and the same year
as So. 20. Specimens received September 3, 1879.
Size of fruit medium or above, roundish, slightly
elongated, compressed. Color bright yellow,
marbled with dull red in the sun ; dots, in the
shade, dark red. numerous. Suture two-thirds
around the fruit: strongly pubescent; thick skin.
Flesh rather pale yellow; texture delicate, melting,
slightly fibrous; juice abundant; flavor very mild,
vinous: freestone. Use, dessert and probably
market.

No. .'<;. — From the same cross and the same year
as i lie preceding. Specimens received September 3,
1879. Fruit large, nearly round, much compressed.
Color clear yellow, but dark red in the sun, with
numerous large brown spots, and numerous small
dark red dots in the shade. Suture two-thirds

around; skin rather thick; pubescence slight. Flesh
bright yellow, slightly red at the pit; delicate, fine
grained, melting; mildly vinous, rich, with con-
siderable noyau flavor, very juicy; freestone, with
only a slight adherence at the edge. Use, dessert
and probably market.

No. lfi. — From the same cross and same year as
the preceding. Specimens received September 3,
1879. Size of fruit quite large; form roundish
elongated, slightly compressed. Color yellow, with
dull red in the sun, faintly marbled or striped, with
numerous, minute, dark red dots in the shade.
Suture two-thirds around ; very strongly pubescent;
skin of medium thickness. Flesh orange yellow,
dark red at the pit; rather firm, slightly fibrous ;
juicy; flavor a mild mixture of sweet and acid;
freestone. Use, cooking and probably market.

These seven seedlings are all in season between
Hale's Early and Crawford! s Early — a season for
which there has heretofore been a deficiency of
satisfactory varieties for either dessert or market.
There seems to be reason to hope that among these
may be found varieties adapted to supply this want.

All of which is respectfully submitted.
Yours truly,

T. T. Lyon.

South Haven, Michigan.

J. A. Warder presented the following memorial :
To the members of the American Pomological
Society, especially to those who have attended the
sessions, a sad blank has been painfully apparent
upon this occasion. The elevated, earnest and ever
active presence of our former associate, Dr. E. Ware
Sylvester, of Lyons, N.Y., has been sadly missed by
us at our meeting.

President Barry said Dr. Sylvester was a mem-
ber of the Western New York Horticultural Society,
seldom absent, ready to experiment and give results,
active and indefatigable, conscientious and faithful,
and none would be more missed.

The memorial was unanimously adopted.

The Society then adjourned till 2 P. M.

40

THE JAPAN PEU8IMMON, BY WILLIAM SAUNDERS.

SECOND DAY— AFTERNOON SESSION.

The meeting was called to order at 2:30 by the
First Vice-President, Barry.

William Saunders, Superintendent of the gar-
den and grounds of the United States Department
of Agriculture, at Washington, read a paper on
Japanese Persimmons. Grape Culture, Pears, Apri-
cots, Orchard Planting, and Pruning. As only the
first of these subjects was discussed at the meeting,
the portion on the other subjects is printed with
the Essays.

The Japan Persimmon.
By "William Saunders, Washington, D. C.

Some attention has recently been given to the
introduction of improved varieties of the Diospyros
Kaki, or Chinese Date Plum, popularly known here
as the Japanese Persimmon. It appears that in
Japan the persimmon, like our orchard fruits, has
long been subject to improvement by culture and
selection of the best varieties, which are then in-
creased by grafting. The Japanese are now in pos-
session of many tine varieties, differing greatly in
size, shape, and quality : some being oblong, like a
huge acorn, and others flat, closely resembling, both
in shape and color, a large, smooth, red tomato.

About fifteen years ago the Department of Agri-
culture first received persimmon seeds from Japan,
but communication with that country being slower
than it is at present, the seeds were much dried up,
and but few of them vegetated. Some plants, how-
ever, were raised from these seeds. Two of these
were nursed in pots, and ultimately in tubs, until
they became good branching plants, ten or twelve
feet in height. They were wintered in a cool green-
house. They flowered, but set no fruit. Subse-
quently they were planted out. and stood over one
winter apparently uninjured, but the following win-
ter proving more severe, they were both killed to
the ground.

For several years afterwards seeds were procured
annually, from which quite a number of plants have
been produced from time to time. Quite a differ-
ence was found in the ability of these seedling plants
to withstand the cold of winter. Some lew remained

uninjured, while others suffered to the extent of be-
ing killed to the ground, and still others were killed
outright.

Presuming that the plants raised here from seed-
would bear the same relation to the improved varie-
ties in Japan that seedling apples do to the finest
productions of our orchards, efforts were made to
si ■cure a supply of grafted varieties from Japan.
These efforts have been quite successful, so far as to
procure fine, healthy plants, which have made satis-
factory growths. The plants have been freely dis-
tributed, especially in the Southern and South-
western States, our experience as to their hardiness
guiding us as to localities.

During the spring of 1877 five thousand plants
were imported, in ten varieties. A number of plants
of each variety were planted at Washington for the
purpose of testing their hardiness, and the result
shows that there is a like difference in this respecl
among the grafted kinds to that previously found
annmg the plants raised from seed. Some of the
varieties have been entirely destroyed, while the
remaining sorts have not been injured, even in a
slight degree, and are in perfect health.

How far north these plants may be grown will be
a matter for further experiment. But this much is
certain, that the hardier varieties have stood unin-
jured, when in a young state, an amount of cold
several degrees below zero.

Saul said that Perry's Expedition, twenty-five
years ago, brought home five or six Japanese per-
simmons, one of which was planted in the Govern-
ment gardens in Washington, and grew to be a
large tree.

Saunders said it produces fruit now.

SAUL said they were seedlings.

Saunders said that the dried fruit looks like a
date and tastes like a fig.

(ni. max said that Japanese persimmons were
not hardy in St. Louis. Those who buy them will
lie disappointed.

HOOKER planted them a year ago last spring.
They made good growth, but though Well covered

THE GRAPE-ROT, BY ISIDOR BUSH.

41

with snow, they were killed to the ground last winter.

Green said that in Niagara county they were
taking out a large part of the hearing wood of their
apple trees. He would like to know how it suc-
ceeded.

President Barry said it was, in certain cases,
very proper to cut out a portion of the old wood.
This, with plowing and manuring, will often cause
a new growth.

Moody said that the plan spoken of by Mr.
Green is not very extensively practiced.

Mr. Bush, of Missouri, then read the following
paper:

Grape-Rot.

By Hon. Isidob Bush, Bushberg, Jefferson Co., Mo.
Gentlemen of the American Pomological Society:

Your Executive Committee has honored me with
the task to prepare a paper on the "Grape-Rot."

Would that I could report the disappearance of
this pest, or the discovery of a remedy for it, or at
least a definite knowledge of its cause, and of some
preventive measures. As I cannot report to you
either. I had, perhaps, better ask to be excused from
the task.

But are we not just as ignorant about certain
epidemic diseases of the human family ? And is it
not tin' duty of those who have the opportunity to
observe and study them, to give to the world their
experience, the results of their experiments and ob-
servations— unsatisfactory as they may he — so as to
pave the way towards more favorable results, and
to guard at least against quite useless efforts, in ap-
plying false means and methods, recommended by
ignorant though well-meaning men. or. what is
worse, by reputed savants, who suggest remedies
with much show of learning, but often without
actual investigation and experiment?

Two years ago I communicated to you my corre-
Bpondeoce with the United States Commissioner of
Agriculture, asking lor his most earnest investiga-
tion of this disease, through men skilled in micros-
io|i\ anil chemistry, and aided by fruit culturists.
In his reph he kindly promised to give this ques-
tion his l»- 1 at I en lion, -'tn grapple with it. 30 a- to
■ I BCOVer a- Bpeedilj as possible the cause of and
remed) for the rot." I have not been able to learn,
so far. in what this " grapple " consists, or what it
hi- elicited, except, perhaps, an article 111 the Report
of the Department of Agriculture for the year 1 81 ',.
by Mr. Win. McMurtrie, chemist-in-chief, '-On the
conditions in nature which may influence or tend to
the production of mildew and rot." Had the words
"and rot" been left out, I would not have a word

to say against this otherwise valuable article; hut
as a treatise on Grape-rot, it is almost worthless, if
not harmful. Its author knows that " black rot"
is a fungous disease ; but he has probably never seen
a vineyard infected by rot — certainly never carefully
examined and studied the subject. The words
••mill rot" after "mildew" seem, indeed, merely
added wherever they occur in this article, which was
originally written and prepared with a view to the
one variety of fungus alone. As well might one
add to a treatise on typhoid lever the words "and
yellow fever!" By the authoritative character of
chemist-in-chief for the United States Agricul-
tural Department many men, learned and experi-
enced pomologists even, have been, and will be,
misled by his article, to consider mildew and rot as
almost identical, produced by the same causes, and
to be fought by the same methods. Thus our very
esteemed fellow-member, Mr. Bateham, was led to
believe tlte grape-rot problem nearly solved (see his
article under that heading in the Country Gentle-
man of March 6th, 1879), and he was soon followed
in a great number of similar articles by others who
undertook to supplement his ideas — all talking
about "grape-rot and mildew," "mildew and rot,"
as if they were one and inseparable.

Now, both are fungous diseases, but they are
widely different from each other in almost every
particular; both are, perhaps, sometimes called rot
(the one having been, not often, designated as the
brown, the other as the black /"/). but they are
none the less distinct. The first scientific descrip-
tion and proper distinction of the two kinds we
find in the '-Transactions of the Academy of Sci-
ence of St. Louis'* (Vol. II. page 165, proceedings
Sept. 16th, 1861), as follows:

"Dr. Engelmann exhibited specimens and numer-
ous drawings of two species of fungi which infect
our vineyards to such an extent as to materially
diminish the crop and influence the culture of the
grape, at least of the Catawba, in our region. The
first is a species of Botrytis, and perhaps the same
as Berkeley's /.'. viticola. It makes its appearance in
the latter part of June, on the lower downy surface
of the leaves of the Catawba, a variety of Vitis La-
brusca, the only one extensively cultivated here,
forming irregular confluent spots. The horizontal
fibres of the mycelium have a diameter of 0.005
line, liner and whiter than the hair of the down
with which thej are interwoven; the erect fructif-
erous steins, about 0.3-0.4 line high, and a little
thicker than the horizontal fibres, bear numerous
horizontal branches, upwards gradually shorter, the

42

THE GRAPE-ROT, BY ISIDOR BTJSH.

hist divisions of which form very short pedicels,
always two or three together, hearing oblong or oval,
very deciduous spores. 0.008-0.01 1 lines in the longer
diameter. About the same time the mildew appears
on the pedicels, and often also on the young berries
when they are of the size of small peas, or smaller.
Dr. E. never saw it on full-grown berries. Those
attacked on their surface or on their pedicels soon
fall off'; but the most material damage is done by the
mildew infesting the leaves, whereupon the greater
part of the berries will gradually turn yellowish-
brown mi their base, shrivel from that point, assume
a club-shape, and at last dry up entirely, usually re-
maining adherent to the withered racemes. This
he designated as the brown ret."

••The second kind of rot — the blackrot — is brought
on li\ ;i very different fungus, which he believed was
undescribed by botanists. It evidently belonged near
Ehrenberg's genus Nmmaspora, and ought to bear
the name Ampelicidia. It makes its appearance
only on nearly lull-grown berries, exhibiting in the
first stage a discolored spot on the side, but never at
the base of the berry, about two lines in diameter,
with a dark dot in the center. This spot soon be-
comes light-brown, and remains so, while the sur-
rounding part of the berry gets darker, and exhibits
a rough or (under a magnifier) pustulous surface;
. gradually, now, the berry shrivels up and turns black.
The individual fungi are like spherical bodies (0.07-
0.10 line in diameter), formed under the surface in
large numbers, which, growing, elevate, and at last
burst the epidermis, then open at their apex by a
small, jagged hole, and, shriveling with the berry,
eject a more or less curled or twisted thread, which,
moistened, becomes gelatinous, and shows the innu-
merable oval sporules (0.001-0.005 line long) each
imbedded in its coat of mucilage."

"These kinds of fungi are found either on dis-
tinct vines, or sometimes also on the same; they
are very rarely seen on grapes cultivated in yards
and on bouses (in cities), but are very common, not
to say universal, in our gardens and vineyards — in
some seasons more so than in others. It is said
that vineyards further north — e.g., in Northern Illi-
nois— are free from these pests."

" Whether other diseases assist in the destruction
of the grain', as wine-growers will have it, he can-
not, from his own experience, determine lie has
never seen the Erysiphe, which is so destructive to
the gooseberry and to vines in graperies, on grapes
cultivated in the open ground."

To-day, jusl eighteen years after Dr. Engelmann
thus lir-i described these two different and distinct

kinds of fungus diseases, we know but little more
about them, especially about that kind which we
call the grape-rot, than we did then.

We know now, as we did then, that this rot is
caused by atmospheric influences. In midsummer,
whenever the weather is sultry and oppressive,
thunderstorms and rain-showers frequent, the hor-
izon at evenings illumed by continuous flashes of
lightning, and when the vines are dew-drenched in
the morning, then rot will appear, and often disap-
pear and reappear with these phenomena. We may
look on and wonder, powerless, yet knowing

"That the bright hopes of to-day
May be dispelled by next moral"

A coping of boards on the top of a trellis is rec-
ommended, and may be useful by sheltering the
vine from rain and dew; but to make the coping
broad enough would be impracticable and very ex-
pensive. We hear of vines trained against build-
ings, and protected by a broad cornice above, which
are exempt from rot; but I have heard of no one,
so far, who has tried it in vineyards, although it is
certainly a protection against mildew, and was rec-
ommended as such many years ago by Mr. William
Saunders, in bis valuable reports to the U. S. Com-
missioner of Agriculture.

It was then supposed, however, that the Catawba
was, more than any other grape, liable to be attacked
by the rot, and was free from it in the northern
grape region. After all attempts to combat the
disease proved unavailing, the culture of the Ca-
tawba was, most reluctantly, abandoned, and to-day
this favorite variety has almost entirely disappeared
from the vineyards of the entire Missouri and Mis-
sissippi Valley, even so far north as Nauvoo, in
Northern Illinois; but the rot has not disappeared.
We know now that all the varieties of the Labrusca
class, and all crosses with Labrusca (hybrids), and
many varieties also of other classes of grape vines
(Clinton, Cunningham, Eumelan, Herbemont, etc.,)
are often more or less attacked by the rot; espe-
cially the Concord, boldly proclaimed, ten years ago,
by many eminent but over-enthusiastic grape-grow-
ers, as " not subject to disease," has proved of late
years as unresisting to the black-rot as the Catawba.

We know now that sulphuring is of no avail
against rot. Though often recommended, and still
more often tried with great care, it has never b< en
successful ; yet there may be moments when the
spores are accessible to the action of the sulphur.
(See note "on the Anthracnose") Besides, flour of
sulphur, pure and with various admixtures, dry

THE GRAPE-ROT, BY ISIDOR BUSH.

43

and liquid: hydro-sulphide of lime, and other sub-
stances supposed to prevent or destroy fungi, such
as salicylic and carbolic acids, have been tried in
vain : and the simple remedy, proposed by a plain
vintner. Mr. Gottlieb Meyer, near Cincinnati,
namely: to cover the bunches with paper hags as
soon as the first rot begins to show itself, seems, so
far, the only somewhat effective remedy, though not
very practicable, and scarcely cheap enough in large
vineyard culture. Mr. J. M. Younglove, who used
paper bags nine years ago already as a covering of
grapes for exhibition purposes, thinks "the bags do
not afford much protection against mildew and rot."
And .Mr. George \V. Campbell, in his excellent ad-
dress to the Nurserymen's National Convention
June I nth last,) says that he found the grapes in-
closed in paper bags were neither as well colored
nor as high flavored as those that were fully ex-
posed : and lie thinks sacks made from coarse mus-
quito-net tas recommended by Mr. T. S. Kennedy)
superior. Further experiments with these protec-
tors, whether of paper, netting, or muslin, are very
desirable.

We know now that the theory that a plant can be
attacked by the disease i rot) only when in a debil-
itated condition, is unfounded; it infects the most
vigorous vines as much, if not more, than weakly
ones. We know that the exhaustion of the soil is
far from having a strong influence upon this mat-
ter, as we have found it no less on young vines.
planted on virgin soil, and on old vines, richly ma-
nured with all kinds of fertilizers, than on those
growing on poor land.

Consequently, all speculations and suggestions
based on those theories and doctrines are delusive,
and lead only to false presumptions, such as ''that
the Phylloxera is the cause of rot," or that "'the
\ ines rot in direct proportion to the length of time
they have been propagated," or that " the soil must
be thoroughly and deeply drained," and " if put over
tiles laid ^i\ feet below the surface, all the better,"
Ac. &C.

In 1875, is?*;, 18??, and 1878, four successive
. this peel destroyed almosl the entire crops of
mosi vineyards in our region — those on hillsides no
in valleys— old kinds as well as new —
excepting a very few varieties. Cynthiana and Nor
ton's alone have remained so far exempt. Thou-
sands of acres, planted at an expense of over a mill-
ion of dollars, have been abandoned or grubbed
out, bat none of my own. Strong in faith to find by
careful study and observation, if not a direel rem-
edy, yel .-"Hi'' preservative measures, and vari

better adapted to this section, less disposed to rot,
and more valuable than any we have so far, we (my
partners, Mr. Meissner and my son,) have planted
each year some new varieties, regrafted some older
ones with Elvira, Nbah,aui others, mostly of those
belonging to either riparia <<v CBstivalis, which are
indigenous to this section (the lower Missouri and
Mississippi Valley), trusting to nature, and hoping
for a return of favorable seasons. And I am happy
to report the fulfillment of my hopes this season,
which has given us a bountiful harvest of grapes,
of which I have the pleasure of submitting to you
to-day a few specimens.

You will probably ask to what I ascribe the favor-
able change, if you do not yourself draw the con-
clusion that it was the effect of this having been a
very dry season. Perhaps it was; but then, it isare-
maikable fact that the rot had commenced its rav-
ages in our vineyards this year during the latter
part of June, while we suffered here from the se-
verest drouth that I can remember, and stopped,
strangely enough, after we had the first rains in
July- The rot may have been caused, nevertheless,
by atmospheric electricity, as the middle of June
was sultry, threatening rain fur days in succes-
sion, the nights very cool, and thunderstorms, with
rains, were reported from some not very distant
localities.

Be this as it may, I prefer, as yet. to draw no
conclusions, but rather to confess my ignorance,
and to continue, still observing, still studying, and
hoping.

I am strongly supported in this course by our
best European viticulturists, whose attention has
lately been drawn to a similar fungus disease, some-
times appearing in various grape-growing sections
there, called the "Anthracnose " (Sphaceloma ampeli-
num — De Bary), popularly known in France as
"Charbon," in Germany and Switzerland as "Bren-
ner" " Schwarzer Brenner," or " Peek;'' in Italy as
•' Vajolo." This fungus disease is in many respects
so closely allied to our "rot," and so similar to it in
its nat me. that even the learned Professor Planchon,
of Montpelier, thought it "possibly the same as the
black-rot in the vineyards of the United States."

An essay of Mr. R. Goethe, Director of the Impe-
rial I'oniological School at Grafenburg (Alsace),
winch has also been translated into French by Mr.
I.. Reich, a most distinguished viticulturist of
South. 'ni Prance (published, with annotations by
Prof. J. B. Planchon, in the"Vigne Americaine,"
L879), is the latest and mosi important treatise on
this subject; and I hope that the abstracl of the

44

TREATISE OX THE ANTHRACNOSE.

same, which I append hereto, translated for Ameri-
can readers, will be found more interesting and val-
uable than these desultory remarks of

Your obedient co-laborer,

ISIDOR BUSH.

ABSTRACT OF A TREATISE ON THE

Anthracnose (avOpa%, coal ; voaoz, disease).
(Sphaceloma Ampelinum, De Ban*.)

BY M. R. GOETHE,

(Director of the Imperial School for Fruit Culture at
Graefeuberg, near Brumath, Alsace.)

In the month of May there appear on the surface
of young grape leaves more or less numerous spots of
brown color. at first light brown, getting later a deep-
er brown and becoming larger; the spots are more
often found near the edge than in the middle of the
leaves, and finally these leaves look scorched, and
dry up. On older and fully developed leaves the
spots seldom enlarge, but often mere holes appear
in their places. At the same time there will be
seen also on the young shoots or stems small brown-
ish spots or incisions, which soon enlarge and look
as if they had been gnawed by an insect. If these
stains or wounds are merely isolated, vegetation is
not visibly affected thereby, only the shoots break-
easily at the points of attack. In wet, warm
weather the disease shows itself on the young shoots
first; then the spots form on the tendrils and the
leaf stems, and in July, also on the green berries,
producing deep slits on these and often destroying
them or making them at least unfit for wine. (1)

The disease thus described is known as the
"schwarze brenner" (black burner), "charbon,"
"pech" (pitch), and by various other names, where
ever the grapevine is cultivated. In some years en-
tire countries are invaded, and their grape crop is,
for the season, almost completely destroyed: hence
it is justly considered as one of the most terrible
diseases of the vine. It has been noticed that varie-
ties of soft, fast-growing wood are by far more sub-
jecl to it than those of slow growth and hard wood.
and according to present experience in Germany
the Burgunder, Traminer, and Rulander show a
certain resistance. (Mr. Reich affirms the exact-

il) In Missouri we find, preceding our black rot, similar
brown spots appear in May. but mostly sprinkled on the
full grown leaves, and rarely on 'he stems; the spots on

our femes are different from those above described ami
mver produce slits, hut always completely destroy them,
as described by Dr. Engelmann.

ness of this observation for France : there the Espar
is never attacked, while the Aramon and Carignan
suffer much, and the same fact is noticed on Ameri-
can vines, of which the Jacquez is often completely
burned, while Cynthiana and Norton's by its side
are almost exempt.)

The nature of the soil and the exposure of the
vineyard have much to do with the appearance
of this malady, which rages especially on low,
damp places with a cold, compact soil, while it is
rarely found in elevated positions with a warm, dry
soil, and never on steep declivities of mountains.
We will make also the observation that strong
manure, rich in azotic substances increases the dis-
position of vines for the anthracnose. [And also
for black rot.— I. B.]

About the origin of the anthracnose, or about
the time when it first appeared, nothing definite is
known ; (2} our manuals on grape culture hardly
mention it. At the various grape growers' meet-
ings before 1874, the disease was never spoken of,
although it had done material damage. It was only
in 187-t that we learned for the first time, something
positive about this disease, in a communication by
M. De Bary to Dr. Blankenhom, in the " Annalen
der (Enologie," wherein he says: "The disease is
characterized by spots, at first brown, but soon
afterwards black, slightly concave, and surrounded
by a slight swelling. These spots appear on the
green part of the vine, small white points often
show themselves on these spots, especially when ex-
posed to moisture. In the skin, at the points
recently attacked I discovered a very small fungus
scarcely perceptible."

He then describes the form and structure of
these spores, which dissolve in water, but become
hard, like gum. in a dry condition. He thinks that

(2) Prof. J. E. Planchon, who thought that the anthrac-
nose was possibly the same as the rot found on the vines
of the United States, says that while the mere titles of
essays written on this subject would fill many pages, we
are far from having sufficient light on the disputed points
of this study of the various cryptogams described by
Curtis, Berkeley, Engelmann. M. Cornu, De Bary, Targion-
Tozzetti, Arcangelici, Spegazzini, Saccardo, Passerini,
Von Thiitnen and others. Under the name of Anthracnose
it has been first described (scientifically) by E. Fabre and
F. Duval in the " Bulletin de la Societe Centrale d'Agri
culture" of the Herault, France, in 185:1 and under the
name of Brenner (Pech) der Beben by Prof. De Bary in
vol. iv. of Dr. Blankenbom's "Annalen der (Enologie,"
November, 1878. The latter, who is eminent authority on
Cryptogamia, confesses in a letter to Mr. A. Valz. July '.<
1878, that what little advice he could give with regard to
means of fighting this disease would be found very insuf-
ficient. (La Vigne Americaine. March. 1879.)

TREATISE ON THE ANTHRACNOSE.

4:.

their propagation in the open air is promoted by
rain; they germinate in pure water, taking the
ordinary form of filamentous fungi. By placing a
few drops of such water, filled with spores, on the
surface of a green, healthy branch, the germs will
penetrate it within eight days; the same character-
istic spots will then form on the seeded places,
forming new spores, in often repeated experiments
the disease showed it< slf exactly on the places thus
infected and on no other point. Young shoots are
better adapted to this artificial infection than green
berries. These results place it beyond doubt that
the fungus is the cause of the spots and conse-
quently of the damage done by the disease. This
is however a parasite very distinct from the so-called
oidium {Erysiphe Tuckeri). The development of
the fungus here in question, is but very imper-
fectly known. It should be given a new name,
say Sphaceloma Ampelinum, and may be classed
among the Pyremmiycetes.

The description which Dr. Engelmann made of
the black rot of the new world agrees in most points
with the observations made here (in Baden, Ger-
many), on the Anthracnose, but the fungus de-
scribed by him is probably of the form which we
designate under the name of Ci/tispora or JVmmas-
pora, and its relation to the disease with which we
occupy ourselves may be considered problematic.
At all events it is not the form which we know as
cause of this disease, and the short description does
not permit us to say whether this form exists on
the American spots aside from Ncemaspora.

The exactness of the above observation of Prof.
De Barv was confirmed by His (Mr. Goethe's) own
investigations, which resulted in demonstrating the
further development of this dangerous parasite.
By miscropic studies he found the small fungus
a few days after the first appearance of the
spots, spreading the filaments and causing the
brown spots, and then the drying up of the
epidermis. (3

Mr. Goethe then reports that he has made re-
peated experiments, like those of Mr. De Bary, in
sowing anthracnose spores, and always with the
same result. lie invites all who interest themselves
in this subject to try this experiment, and gives de-
tailed instructions for doing it, which we omit for

(3) Black rot decomposes and dries up tin- entire berry,

and not merely the epidermis, wounds or spots on the
shoots or stems are inconsiderable and apparently without
connection \\ iili the rot of the berries; so that I am led to
believe thai we have hert /"■<> tonus of anthracnose, one
identical w iili and one different from the European. — I. B.

want of space and of illustrations, necessary for full
understanding.

Prof. De Bary has demonstrated that the spores
have an envelope which dissolves in water but
hardens in dry air ; so that their propagation in the
open air is effected only by the aid of rain and dew
In observing the development of the disease in the
open air, one would suppose that the spores had
been thrown through the air and thus spread like
other fungi ; but if we take a thus diseased part of
a plant and place it between two panes of glass,
excluding it from all access of air, we shall not find,
even after many days, any trace of spores on the
glass. With other fungi a small infected portion
thus placed would suffice to cause it to be, after a
very short time, surrounded by a whitish dust,
which is nothing else than a number of emitted
spores.

Not so with anthracnose. But if you put a drop
of water on an anthracnosed wound and let it stay
there for a few minutes, you will soon afterwards
discover, under the microscope, a large quantity of
swimming anthracnose spores, an important proof
that practically these spores cannot spread except
by the aid of humidity.

Thus rainy seasons favor the propagation of the
disease not only by being favorable to all fungoid
growth, but by dissolving and spreading the spores.
For the same reason the lower branches of a vine,
trailing on the ground, arc often attacked by
anthracnose, while the higher vines are almost un-
touched. The rain simply carries down the spores ;
but insects carry the spores also from the dew-drops
to the highest ends of the branches. The fact that
the disease is more frequent in valleys and low
positions is also explained by the dew being more
abundant there, and the more succulent growth in
their rich soils (as well as in heavily manured soils)
exposes the vines more to the attacks of the
anthracnose. We must not lose sight, however, of
the fact that some varieties are, under all circum-
stances, more disposed to anthracnose than others.

In dry weather the propagation of spores ceases;
as those carried from the dew-drops by insects can-
not develop and germinate for want of humidity,
and as the growth is less succulent in dry seasons.
In constant fine weather we see the disease dimin-
ish and often disappear altogether, both on branches
and fruit, while on the contrary, in constant wel
weather the malady spreads more and more and
destroys all hope of a crop. At the approach of
fall, when the wood ripens, the disease leaves
scarcely a scar on some canes, hut you can find it

46

TREATISE ON THE ANTH1! .U'MbK.

often on the buds from which next season's growth
will push, which seems to explain the appearance
of its wounds on the young growth in spring.

The work of Mr. Goethe treats at some length of
the winter condition of this cryptogam in the form
of small, round or ovate bodies, called pycnides, in
which numerous spores are conserved until spring,
when tlu-\ receive their germinative power. (4) It
occupies itself then with the different hypotheses on
the anthracnose and its supposed identity with or
distinctions from other fungous diseases of the vine
in Europe. We may well skip this part, the more
so as. according to Profs. Planchon and De Bary
"all conclusions about the relations of the different
forms of anthracnose must lie adjourned until the
study of this delicate question of cryptogamic
micrography shall be more advanced."

Proceeding to his observations on the remedies to
he applied against the anthracnose. Mr. Goethe
says: " We Bnd ourselves in presence of this disease
in a far more difficult position, then with the
odium (Erysiphe Tuckeri), which creeps on the
surface ami can lie fought with external remedies.
In the proper employment of flour of sulphur such
a one has been found for this kind of mildew: but
sulphuring would probably have no effecl on
anthracnose. unless, perhaps, it he employed during
several consecutive days of its first appearance, as
the fungus remains hut a very short time on tin'
surface, ami continues its ravages under the epi-
dermis. The sulphuring would have to be done
immediately after rain and in the morning, as we
know that dew and rain dissolve and spread the
rapidly germinating spores, which would have to he
destroyed before they penetrate tin- under cuticle:
moreover, great precautions have to he taken in
thus sulphuring, partly because the vine is very
sensitive while moist, and partly because the least
movement would only promote the propagation
of the dissolved spore contained in the rain and dew-
drops. (5) Experiments with anhydrous sulphuric
acid have given no favorable result."

(4) In the Swiss monthly for fruit ami wine-growers,
September, 1878, a solution of sulphate of iron, to lie ap-
plied as a wash on the vines, early ill spring before the
pushing out of tin.' Iniils. thus destroying those pycnides, is
strongly recommended ami said to have been perfectly

sflll.

(5) The distinguished Prof. Planchon says: •• li is evi-
dent thai there are moments, as M. De Bary and M. I!.
Goethe have well- recognized, when the spores are accesi-
hle in the action of sulphur, and oilier moments v\ hen the
fungus, having penetrated the tissue, escapes its parasiti
eidal action." 1 must say, however, that I had tried sul-

" Besides, I do not believe that we can succeed in
fighting the Anthracnose with direct means: but I
do believe in preservative measures, — in working to
hinder the development of the disease."

The mas/ efficient remedy would he to plant only
varieties which are less subject to this disease: at
all events we should forego the planting in moist
valleys of any of the varieties which are subject to it.
and reserve them for elevated positions. Vineyards
in otherwise desirable but too moist places, must be
drained.

Another preventive measure would be not In
manure vines too much, especially to avoid azotic
manures, such as fresh, undecompgsed stable dung.
Mineral manures are preferable in low situations.

Further, it will he well to prune the anthracnosed
vines in fall (November), taking care to remove
immediately the spotted cuttings on which there
are any sores producing the pycnides; it will be
best to burn them, utilizing the ashes.

A good precaution consists also in removing the
first shoots in spring on which (he disease appears,
choosing for this operation dry weather, and burn-
ing the shoots at once. If this remedy is objected
to, as too radical, or if the evil has made too much
progress already, it will be well, at all events, to
shorten the ends of the shoots, to promote ripening
of the wood, giving it more resistance. But be care-
ful not to leave the primings on the ground, sup-
posing that the fungus will die with the pieces cut
off. I have found on a stem, kept fifteen days in
my room and completely dried up, a large number
of spores perfectly capable of germination. Where
the vine is trained on posts or trellis the young
shoots should be tied as soon as possible, as experi-
ence has shown that those nearest the soil suffer
most.

In recommending the preceding operations, let
me add that it would he imprudent to perform any
of them in wet weather,in anthracnosed vineyards.
Let me also observe that these remedies may not
have a decided result before several years of such
i reatment.

Possibly we may be fortunate enough to find a
remedy, similar to what the sulphur is against
oidium. Let us all try. and let those who may
obtain any favorable result communicate and pub-
lish it through the special agricultural organs. Let
all friends of grape culture pay attention to [Ins
very dangerous enemy of the Vine.

phuring early and late, with meat care; had il done in our
vineyard by French grape-growers, well practiced and ex-
perienced in successful sulphuring against oidium, hut
found it of no avail against rot. — I. B.

DISCISSION ON GRAPES.

47

Mr. Bateham desired to Bay a few words on this
subject ; and first he distributed to the audience a
number of clusters of Catawba and Tona grapes, cut
from his vineyard, for the purpose of showing the
effects of an attack of the rot the pasl summer;
from three-fourths to seven-eighths of the berries
on each cluster being blackened and dried, while
the resl remained sound; but often, he said, all
were destroyed at one time, or by several visitations
of the disease. He said lie did not think thai any
topic oi' greater importance than this was likely to
conn- up for discussion at this meeting; and the
people of a large portion of the country feel that
they have a right to look to such societies as this for
sonic light on tin- long vexed problem of the causes
of this malady and the means of its prevention.

There are in Ohio, said Mr. Bateham. an aggre-
gate of about ten thousand acres of vineyard, and
in his opinion the crops of one-third of these on an
average have been destroyed by the rot, each season,
tor live years past; and in consequence of repeated
failures not less than a thousand acres of vines per
year have been grubbed up. the past five or six
years. At the same time about half as many acres
of new vines have been annually planted, on the
islands and other localities which have escaped the
disease. This mischief commenced in the State as
much as thirty years ago, when the numerous
Catawba vineyards around Cincinnati, owned by
Nicholas Longworth and his associates, were ruined
by it, after a few years of successful fruitage. Then
it was thought that the Ives's Seedling grape would
prove exempt from the disease, and it was largely
planted in that vicinity for wine, lint after a few
years, this also succumbed to the disease, and the
wine makers hail to look to the islands and lake
shore for their supplies of grapes. In the meantime
it was believed that the " grape for the million" —
the Concord, was proof against all disease. Hence
numerous .-mall vineyards of it, for the markets,
were planted in various parts of the State — in all
perhaps five thousand acres — and these were gen-
erally quite successful until the past four or five
years, within which time the rot has attacked the
(v/ipiite generally. except ma lew lull) localitii 9

of the south-eastern quarter, and on the lake shore
and islands— so that grape-growing seems likely
hereafter to be confined to these favored sections.

Referring to the essay thai had just been read.
Mr. Bateham said the results of his thirty years of
observation accorded in the main with those of his
friend, Mr. Hush. It is evident thai the causes of
grape rol are atmospheric, and not any disease or

debility of the vine, or defect of the soil, or error in
cultivation: and the essayist had misapprehended
the article of his to which he referred, in attributing
to him the opinion that debility of the vine is a
cause of rot. On the contrary, .Mr. Bateham said.
he had found, as a rule, that the more luxuriant
the vines the greater liability to the disease. As to
the causes of grape rot, he did not think there was
as much mystery about it as his friend Bush and
many others feel; and he asserted, as he had else-
where, that he regarded the problem as almost
solved. He wished he could say as much in regard
to i he means of its prevention : but some little pro-
gress is also being made in this direction.

All are agreed that the rot appears during hot
weather in June and -Inly, and soon after rain, or
when the ground is moist, and the growth of the
vines most rapid. At such a time there is. of course,
a rapid flow of sap to every leaf, and the evapora-
tion of water therefore must go on with like rapid-
ity, or the vital processes of elaboration and assimi-
lation will be checked and a plethora of crude saji
must result. Now when a cloudy and sultry day
occurs, as is usual at the time of thunder showers,
with the air reeking with moisture, and no wind or
sunshine, evaporation cannot go on, and the super-
abundant sap becomes stagnant and lacking in
vitality, inviting the attacks of fungus spores
which are lurking everywhere, and at such a time
vegetate with surprising rapidity, as is seen by
mouldiness in closets and cellars, the souring of
milk, and the fermentation of liquids like vegetable
juices — the same as in the grape berry, where the
stoppage of vital action gives opportunity for the
fermentative spores to operate, causing /■<</.

It has been often observed that in a very few hours
after clearing weather begins — witli a rising barome-
ter and a little wind and sunshine, so that evapora-
tion is resumed — the progress of the rot is stopped
as suddenly as it began. It is found, too, that in
seasons of the least rain-fall during .June and July,
there is thegreaiest exemption from rot, especially if
tin re are no thunder showers or " muggy '" weather,
as was the case the past season ovi r a large portion
of Ohio and adjacent States, and hence less general
prevalence ofrot than usual. So, also, we find the
best localities for vineyards are on the islands where
the rain-fall and dews of summer aie less than in
other parts of the Slate, and the air freer from
fungus spores; and in the interior of the stale the
best success is on elevations where the winds have

full scope, ami -la\e\ hill-sides where the water

from summer showers runs quickly off, withoul

48

DISCUSSION ON GRAPES.

reaching many of the vine roots. Vines trained on
buildings also generally escape rot, because usually
the roots are in dry soil, and the fruit is protected
from wet by the projecting roof.

A member inquired how Mr. Bateham would ac-
count for the rot having been more generally preva-
lent of late years than formerly, when the same
conditions of weather prevailed. lie replied that
he did not claim to be able to explain satisfactorily
all the facts that had been observed. It was his be-
lief that the particular kind of fungus spores that
produce the rot are more generally diffused than
formerly, owing to the greater number of vineyards
— just as fungus diseases of apple trees have in-
creased wherever old orchards exist.

Colman had had a good deal of sad experience
with rot, and some of it conflicted with Mr. Bate-
ham's views. He had lost forty or fifty acres. This
year he had fair success. Mr. Bateham is correct
in stating the time when this rot occurs. But he
had never failed to get three, four, or five good crops
without, loss by rot. Young vines will often bear
healthy fruit, while old vines will lose it all. He
has every year planted out a few vines. Why does
not the same weather produce the same effect on
young vines as on old ones ?

Mr. Bateham replied that such was the fact, and
many people were adopting the practice of cutting
down old vines and planting young ones, every few
years, for a home supply of grapes. He thought
the explanation was, that the roots of young vines
being more superficial did not draw so much moist-
ure from the soil in summer time, and hence were
not as liable to cause a plethora of sap. Another
reason might be, that there was not the dispropor-
tion between the amount of root and of vine which
commonly exists in old vineyards, owing to the
systems of annual pruning.

Campbell said the Delaware seemed to be ex-
empt from rot, and some of its seedlings also. lie
thought it worth experimenting with in that direc-
tion.

Bush said there was no rot with Delaware, but
it suffers so much from mildew that they do not
think of it.

Warder mentioned the importance of looking
outside the great Labrusca family for vines. Once
the beautiful hill-sides of the Ohio were covered
with vineyards, tint they are all gone — destroyed 1>\
the rot. They might again he covered if some of
the gentlemen could only discover a grape that
would be subject to neither mildew nor rot. Un-
fortunately the Delaware gave way to mildew if it

did not to rot. For twenty years on the banks of
the Ohio they noticed a small brown spot on the
leaf, ami it grew till it covered the leaves, and they
went by the rot. When you see that spot on your
vine leaves, on the banks of the Geuesee, you may
look out for the rot.

A delegate had heard that a narrow board nailed
over the trellis would protect from rot.

Purdy asked, if the disease is diffused through
the atmosphere, how a board protected the fruit.

Warder said that in Cincinnati you can find
vines protected, but in a vineyard the same pro-
tection does no good.

Saunders said that he had recommended a
coping as a protection against mildew only — not
against rot. He had kept a record of the tempera-
ture under a coping, and found that an unprotected
thermometer went ten or fifteen degrees lower than
one under the coping. The cold condensed the
dew, while the boards prevented loss of heat.

Strong said that in Massachusetts, vines trained
over rocks which retain the heat, are healthy and
free from mildew.

Purdy said he had a vineyard on gravelly soil,
where there has never been any rot. He finds
vines on such soils generally not liable to rot. If
disease is carried through the air, why are not vines
in one locality affected as much as in another?

Bush said the boards prevent the radiation of
heat, The spores of rot and mildew are different.
If berries affected with rot are placed in a box with
sound berries they will not affect the sound berries.
If no water comes on the rot, the spores are not
carried about.

Hamilton, of Nova Scotia, said they bad no rot,
and seldom mildew. The most successful cultivator
has a clay soil, and never manures. Diseases of
fungoid origin, such as diphtheria, have of late
years assumed much greater prominence. These
diseases have to be treated on general principles;
no specific is known, and probably the case will be
the same with these diseases among grape vines.

Warder said that gentlemen quote high author-
ities to show that mildew and rot are not the same,
yet on the banks of the Ohio, at Cincinnati, they
are believed identical. The plant is in the higher
stage on the leaf, and in the fruit we have the
mycelium.

Colman thought there could be no question but
grape-leaf mildew and pear-tree blight came from
an identical cause. The same state of growth and
weather produces both, and when we get at the
cause of one, we shall have that of the other.

lUSOUSSION ON RASPBERBEES.

49

Bateham concurred, and said he would also
include the apple-twig blight. He had recentlj
published these ideas in the Report of the Ohio
Horticultural Society.

Strong mentioned that Saunders pronounced
the pear-tree blight undoubtedly fungoid. Prof.
Farlow has been giving special attention to it, and
believes it fungoid, but has been unable to deteel
any fungus.

Hadwen said that Dr. Farlow fails to discover in
the early stages of blight any fungoid growth, but
later it is apparent. Market gardeners sometimes
find great difficulty in growing marketable lettuce;
but by removing their frames only a few rods, the
difficulty is obviated.

Campbell could not reconcile Dr. Warder's
views as to the identity of grape-rot with mildewj
with the fact that the Delaware is subject to
mildew, but free from rot.

RASPBERRIES

were now taken up for discussion.

Purdt considered Gregg the best black raspberry
under cultivation — later, larger, firmer, and blacker
than Ma in mill h < luster.

Greek said it was a very vigorous grower.

Purdy said he had sent out a few old plants
they were genuine.

Warder said it was discovered by Mr. Ohmer;
he does not claim to have originated it. If you
want to grow raspberries to ship, you will grow
Black Caps. If you want a berry that will sell and
take the fewest to the bushel, plant Gregg j it will
stand up in any market, and attract attention.

Colman spoke highly of Gregg.

Purdy said he had received a berry called Great
Western, senl out from Pennsylvania, and it was
identical with Gregg.

Johnson, of Indiana, coincided with all thai had
been said in its favor. It originated in his State-
Fifteen berries placed in a row measured a foot.

Purdy said he had seen them an inch in diam-
eter. He picked, on an average, three quarts of
Gregg to two of Mammoth Cluster. It is not equal
in quality to Mammoth Cluster; it is not so juicy,
but carries better.

.J. \V. Manning said the Soukegan Black Cap
was larger than Mammoth Cluster, and of fine
quality.

Greek said he bad found /,'elianre a good red
raspberry — of good size and quality.

C. M. Hooker asked if there was any difference
between Cuthiert and Queen of the Market.

Collins, of New Jersey, said he could see no
difference: they are about as large as Reliance.

Colman said Thwack was the best market variety

in his section. Its shipping qualities are remark-
able for a red berry. It is firm, productive, large,
and the hardiest red berry known. Next is Turner
— of better quality, but softer. Next is Southern
Seedling.

Bateham said the '/'/near/,- was twice as large as
Brandywine.

Colman said Thwack sprouts as badly as Turner,
but the sprouts must be treated as weeds.

H. E. Hooker said he could not recommend
Thwack. It is only of middling quality, though
of handsome color. It is an intolerable sprouter,
and only moderately juicy.

Purdy said he found it the most valuable red
raspberry in his plantation. At first he thought it
Brandywine, but found it distinct. It was less
juicy and held out ten days later. It is one of the
poorest flavored. Cuthbert and Queen of the Market
are probably identical.

Johnson said that Thwack threatened to take
possession of his garden. He considered it worth-
less; it produced about one berry to a dozen plants,
and he should get rid of it.

Bateham and others condemned it.

C. M. Hooker said several varieties had been
sent out as Thwack; he had one that was perfectly
worthless. He asked if Henrietta and Amazon
are the same.

Colman said that all red raspberries sucker
badly. It is no more trouble to keep down plants
than to keep down weeds. No variety is so pro-
ductive and profitable as Thwack, if properly culti-
vated. The canes should be cut back to a foot and
a half from the ground.

Purdy said it had two valuable market points
for a red raspberry: hardiness and shipping quality.
He had sent it to Boston.

Johnson said Thwack was perfectly hardy. It
stood last winter when the mercury went 2 1 below
zero, and was alive to the tips, but bore little fruit,
and that not lit to eat.

J. W. Manning said he had fruited the Hen-
rietta. It is a vigorous grower, with thick stems.

and black spines. The fruit is large and of g I

quality.

50

DISCUSSION ON BLACKBERRIES.

Augur said it did not fruit well this year and
last. It is of very good quality.

Purdy said he had grown both Henrietta and
Amazon in the same soil, and could not see any
difference between them. They are the same as
Belle de Fontenay.

Strong said he had Henrietta; it is a most
luxuriant plant, but has shown no tendency to
fruit.

Collins thought the three were the same. He
had had very little fruit.

President Barry had imported it also as Victoria.
Purdy and others said they had more fruit now
than in raspberry time.

Lyon" considered Montclair very desirable. It is
rather a dark color, and suckers too freely.

Purdy said the color was too dark, like Phila-
delphia.

Thomas said the berries were very good, and the
plants very hardy.

Augur thought the quality very good, though
the color was rather dark. He saw it at Mr. Wil-
liams's grounds.

Strong said Pride of the Hudson is worthless
in Massachusetts. It burns with the sun.

Campbell said it did not stand the winter in
central Ohio.

Purdy said it was worthless with him. Others
also condemned it.

Lyon said Turner was very hardy, firm, and of a
bright color — desirable if suckers are kept down.

Green said that Turner was soft with him (at
Clifton, Monroe Co., N. Y.).

Saul said it was one of the best red rasp-
berries. It produces suckers freely, but they can
be easily kept down.

G. W. Trowbridge said it was equal to Thivack
in suckering. The horticultural society to which he
belonged, appointed a committee to examine the
grounds of a man who had supplied the market
almost exclusively in Cincinnati. He called it
Baldwin's Choice, but they recognized it as Turner.
lie ploughs the land to the centre, and plants in
rows six feet apart, like a hedge. No suckers are
suffered between the rows. The canes are topped
at two and a half and three feet, with scythes.
He never saw such a quantity of fruit. He had
thirty-five acres now. Me would not condemn a
variety for suckering; if properly treated, there is
no trouble.

Purdy said Turner was the best flavored and
largest of the hardy red raspberries. If you go

through with a proper cultivator, after the first of
July you will have no more suckers. It increases
in vigor and productiveness after the sixth year.

Colman commended Turner, except that it was
softer than Thwack. Parker Earle has thirty
acres, and sends to Chicago and St. Louis. Thivack
ships better; Turner is a better family berry; both
are perfectly hardy. He cut down to one and a
half feet in the spring.

Augur said he liked it very much after one
year's experience.

Trowbridge said the Turner did not do any
better in hills. The berries were a little larger, but
there were not so many. He had the old canes left
in year after year, and thought it to be a benefit.

Purdy said the object in trimming a raspberry
is to produce stockiness. When red raspberries
are two to two and a half feet high, he goes in and
snips off the tops. Black raspberries he would
trim nearer the ground. After they had become
established, he would trim higher.

BLACKBERRIES.

Purdy thought the Snyder blackberry was cer-
tainly the hardiest, and Taylor the next. Taylor is
of better quality — very sweet aud delicious; it melts
iu the mouth ; it is soft, and does not bear carriage.
It is nearly as large as Kittatinny. Knox is firm,
hardy, and wonderfully productive; a rampant
grower. The fruit is large and short.

Root said Snyder was rather tender, had no core,
and was rather soft.

Warder said the Kittatinny was just what they
wanted in their part of the world. The suckers
take possession of the ground. He asked if any
one had seen any red rust on it.

Trowbridge said there was no red rust on
Snyder, although Kittatinny had suffered in the
same locality. Snyder is perfectly hardy. The
great objection to it is its over-fruitfulness. He
meant to cut down very low next year, say to two
feet, to reduce the number of buds.

Purdy said he had cut it down, and it made no
difference.

Saul said he had found the Kittatinny best of
all— much larger and better than Dorchester.

Dann said he planted Kittatinny seven years
ago, and had had only one crop. It was winter-
killed, while Snyder was perfectly hardy.

DISCUSSION ON BLACKBEIJKIES.

51

Purdt said he had tried Early Wilson on three
different soils, and found that it does best on strong
clay loam. It is not reliable for a crop. Kittatinny
rusts. Dorchester is large, and ripens so that it is
gone in two or three pickings. He thought there
had been two or three kinds sent out for it. It is
valuable for its earliness. Taylor is the best of the
hardy ones.

Strong said Dorchester is of the largest size —
exceeded only by Wilson.

Green said Wilson could be grown by covering.

C. M. Hooker said he had grown Agawam and
Ancient Briton. Agawam is of good quality and
size, but not so hardy as Snyder.

Saul said Wilson was very hardy and very poor.

Collins said the softer and better quality of
raspberries and blackberries are the poorer shippers.
Kittatinny rusts. Dorchester also rusts with him,
but it is very early and of good quality. Wilson's

Early is the variety to produce the fruit to supply
the large markets.

G hover, of Ohio, said he had traveled on the
Eastern Shore of Maryland where the blackberry is
largely planted, and they will have nothing but
Wilson. It is good, large, and ships well.

Colman said that Wilson was tender with him
in Missouri. He grew Lawton and Kittatinny.
He preferred the latter, grown in hedge-rows,
trimmed with corn-knives.

Augur said Wilson killed worse than any other,
but did not rust. Kittatinny winter-killed less.
Snyder was small for market.

Purdy said Early Bumton was too small for
market, but very sweet. He was so anxious that
Knox should be disseminated that he offered to
send a few plants to any member who will send his
address, in order that it might be tested.

Adjourned.

52

ADDRESS OX GRAPE INTERESTS OF MISSOURI.

THIRD DAY-MORNING SESSION.

The society was called to order this morning by
Vice-President Barry, who presided.

S. B. Parsons said there was a great deal of
ignorance all through the country about orna-
mental irees and plants. What flourished North
would not grow South, and vice versa, lie found
Northern greenhouse plants flourishing in the open
air in Georgia. The Pomological Soc es in-

formation on fruits, and he thought it should also
collect information regarding ornamental plants.
If this Society did not do it. he thought a National
Horticultural Society oughl to be formed and meet
at a central point, say at Washington, in the winter,
and the Agricultural Department might publish
their reports. Ornamental culture has gone down
in the last twenty years; rich men preferring to
live in cities instead of large suburban estates which
they ornamented. He moved that the Chair ap-
point a committee to consider the subject and re-
port at a future time.

The motion was seconded by Dr. Warder.

Colman said we were not able now to take up
all the fruits, and if we took up horticulture, we
should be still more hurried. If a committee is ap-
pointed, it should be to consider the expediency of
the movement.

Parsons only proposed to consider the ex-
pediency.

President Barry said that Mr. Parsons was one
of the oldest members of the Society, and therefore
he would put the motion, although he regarded it
as pointing to a radical change in the character and
objects of the Society.

Rogers of Baltimore advised going slowly, as he
found that in union societies the horticulturist
came supreme, and the pomologists secondary.

\l. Manning thought it (inadvisable to take
action after so many members had left.

Bush said the subject hail been brought up at
Philadelphia and Boston, and again at Chicago in
L873.

Berckmans said the subject of Pomology alone
Min--! 100 large for the Soc

Parsons said the Centennial Society had pushed
the National Horticultural Society aside.

The resolution was laid on the table.

George Husmann, of Missouri, was next
called upon to address the meeting on the grape
interests of his State-, and proceeded to give the his-
tory of some of the grape seedlings now flourishing
there. Experiments had been made to find a re-
liable white wine grape which should also be a
healthy stock to work other varieties upon. The
great difficulty in cultivating grapes is their liability
to disease, especially rot and mildew. The phyllox-
era, which i- devastating the vineyards of France,
now also threatens to destroy those of California.
It has been found in Missouri to be best withstood
by the riparia class, to which the Taylor belongs,
and which was introduced when all others had
failed. Its small berries and bunch, and its habit
of shedding its foliage, are much against it. and at-
tention is given to the production of seedlings
from it which would have its quality of withstand-
ing disease and yet be possessed of no: f its de-
Rommel began the attempt and has
produced remarkable results. He regards the El-
viva as among the best. It is already known
throughout the country as a desirable market and
table grape, as well as wine grape. It is an almost
too abundant hearer. It has borne twenty-five
pounds to a vine and six perfect bunches on a
branch. It is very valuable already as a white wine
grape. It produces wine regarded as equal to the
best imported white wine. What is aimed at in
this strain of seedlings is to get a perfectly healthy
plant. Several other admirable seedlings were pro-
duced in the effort to get the perfect grape, ['ore-
most is the Amhrr, It is larger than the Elvira,
not so compact, Inn more saccharine. The speaker
though! it a cross between riparia and Labrusca. It
is oi amber color, a rampant grower, lias a healthy
foliage, and is a great bearer, ripening with the
\rd. It would be most useful at the East.
The Pearl is also a good grape, of a greenish white
color, with a very transparent skin; always sets
well, fruit and foliage all that can be desired. The
Beauty is a cross between Maxatawney and Ca-
tawba, of a dark wine color like Catawba, with
a thick bloom; very handsome. Another is the

DISCUSSION ON PEACHES.

53

Black Taylor, having a flavor somewhat like a
well-ripened plum. .Many think it bas a future in
California) especially as a grape for red wine. There
are many others — among them an Elvira seedling
which Mr. Rommel, its originator, thinks will sur-
pass all the others in quality. Another strain of
or is much larger and looser than Elvira;
very promising for wine, and also for table fruit.
The I hland, originated by Mr. Weydenmeyer, of
Sermann, Mo., is somewhat, like the Elvira, but of
higher saccharine character, making a tine white
wine. In conclusion Mr. liusmann stated that al-
though California over-ruled the West in the pro-
duction of white wines, in the matter of red wines
Missouri and the neighboring States stood unex-
celled, and their efforts should, therefore, be turned
toward producing those resembling the finest Bur-
gundies and Clarets, from the Gynthiana and Nor-
ton's Virginia and a k-w others. These are of the
(Bstivalis class, and as this class is also tree from
lot and mildew, and entirely phylloxera proof, it
should receive much more attention in the South-
western Status than it now does., as the basis upon
which the future of their grape growing must he
founded.

PEACHES.

Early peaches were next discussed.

Sail mentioned the Wilder, one of Mr. Engle's
seedlings. With him it was ripe the eighth of July,
and continued until the fifteenth. It rotted con-
siderably. The Alexander was ripe at the -aim
time — full as early. It is a richer peach than the
Wilder, and high-colored. The Saunders ripens
immediately after. They are all clingstones. The
Alexander is two years older.

Ly<>n had fruited the (filler this year, and found
it no earlier than the Amsden or the Alexander,
It is very similar, and of very good quality. The
ripening may be exceptional.

IIai'i:. of Georgia, said he had fruited the Dotrii-
iinj, Saunders, and Wilder. The Wilder was the
smallest and best; it was four to seven days later
than Downing. The Downing wasthe earliest, and
very tine: it was two to four days the earliest, lb'
had n seven inches in circumference, and found no
rot. This year was not a fair year for peaches,
fnr many of them were all ruined.

Mr. Batehaji said there had Keen a cumber of

extra early peaches produced from seed, and

d within the past few years in Northern Ohio,

near tie- place of in- residence ; ami hai ing the

pect of a good peach crop the pasl summer he

nis for i' -i ing these new ( »hio va-

rieties in comparison with those from other states
A committee was appointed consisting of two other
citizens of Painesville, with himself, and requests
were sent to the growers in other States as well as
• Mho, to send samples when ripe, ami if possible to
send at the came time average specimens of the
Amsden or Alexander as a standard of comparison,
of the times of ripening. The first arrival of such
peaches was July 19th, from Messrs. Engle & Son,
of Pennsylvania (picked and forwarded the l?th),
consisting of eight varieties, viz : Downing, Wilder,
Saunders, Musser, < 'umierland, Amsden, Alexander,
and Beatrice. Most of these were of good size,
nicely colored ami fairly ripe, but Wilder, Saunders,
and Beatrice seeenied a trifle later than the rest,
and a majority of them so nearly like Amsden and
Alexander in ripeness and appearance that even an
expert might think they were all from the same
tree. In their letter the Messrs. Engle stated that
owing to the dry season, or some other cause, the
different varieties of this class had ripened more
nearly together than they had ever done before;
and they were also more alike in all respects; so
that it was a very poor season for judging of their
comparative merits. We found the same was true
of our Ohio varieties. One that we consider earli-
est of all, produced by T. Davison of Painesville,
ripened fully las! war by the 10th of July, and this
year was about ten days later, ripening almost ex-
actly with Alexander, which, by the way, we con-
sider the same as Amsden — and in appearance and
quality seemingly just like the earliest and best of
the varieties from Messrs. Engle. We have another
seedling of our county called the Allen, which last
year ripened next to the No. 1, and this year was a
few days later, along with the main crop of Alex-
ander, and very much like it in other respects. We
received from Ellwanger & Barry specimens of the
Waterloo, which also ripened very nearly with
Alexander, and a week or more later than last year.
It is a very early and handsome fruit. Our com-
mittee gave it up as impossible to make a fair and
critical comparison of the several kinds this season.
We found them all alike in their resemblance to
II, dr's Early; flesh very juicy and adhering to the
stone, which is lighl colored; and all, as far as we
lone observed or learned, are more or less liable to
nil mi the tree when ripening, if the weather or the
soil is unfavorable. We think there is still need of

a g 1 firm fleshed and freestone peach as earlj as

the Alexander or ol hers named.

I'i in.-, -aid thai all these early peaches partook
of the same character. He had picked Alexa
and found lliein not lit to ship the ne\l morning.

54

DISCUSSION ON PEACHES.

This he attributed to their being stung by swarms
of bees and hornets, which he found caused peaches
to rot in a short time. These early peaches might
pay at the South, but will not here, as they come
in competition with those from the South. They
are valuable only for home use. lie sent a load to
market which rotted iu half an hour. He expected
to receive $25.00 for it, and the man only brought
him S3. 00.

Hape said he had no difficulty in shipping
peaches to New York — a thousand miles — and they
arrive in good order. He had sold Amelia in New
York for six dollars a bushel. A friend sent
Beatrice from Atlanta to Paris, and they arrived
sound.

President Barry thought Mr. Purdy must have
let his fruit get too ripe.

Purdy said he did not pick his peaches too early.
Sale's lie picked hard, but they rotted nevertheless.

Lyon found Amsden and Alexander profitable in
spite of Southern competition. He had shipped
Alexander to Chicago, and had no rot. The best
peaches were grown in strong clay.

Purdy said the bees attacked the very juicy ones.

Harrison said Barnard's Early is attacked by
when it begins to ripen, because there are not
as many flowers for bees to work in. He had seen
fifty bees in a single peach. Beatrice is not juicy.

Purdy said he tried to coax bees away with
buckwheat, but that did not save them.

Husmann said Amsden and Alc.ru/idrr were free
from rot in his orchard, and brought S5.50 a
bushel. He had had Amsden sent to him, and
though it was nine days on the way, it came so that
it could be judged of.

Purdy said Amsden did not rot on the tree, but
decayed quickly after it was ripe. Clingstones are
more juicy and keep longer than freestones.

Hape said the Chinese clingstone shows a tend-
ency to rot.

President Barry said when the new early peaches
were fully ripe the flesh parted more freely.

Hape thought the descendants of Hales Early
should be classed as semi-clingstones.

Thomas spoke of the distinction between Melters,
and Pavies, and said that these early peaches were
not true clingstones. He had Amsdens and Alex-
anders free from rot. He thought if they were
picked just at the right time they would do to ship
long distances.

Purdy said be had received some Waterloos from
Ellwanger and Barry, and found that they had

rotted hardly any after three days. It was the
finest of the early peaches.

Saul said Boivers,s Early, which originated in
Maryland, wTas very promising.

Bateham said that location and elevation should
be carefully considered. He had grown Hale's large-
ly and successfully, and had never been troubled
materially with rot on elevated sandy ridges. He
thought the trouble was similar to the difficulty
with grape rot, and the same means would ensure
freedom from both. Peaches would ripen upon
land where you would think they would perish with
drought.

Nowlin, of Arkansas, said Gov. Garland is six
to ten days earlier than Amsden. It is large —
seven and a half inches in circumference, with a
rosy hue and delicious flavor, and very fragrant.

Pt"RDY said he had had specimens of it, but
feared the same objection as to the others. The
experience of his correspondents was the same as
others in respect to rotting.

Saul spoke of the Levi's Late as a very late
yellow clingstone, of fine quality, ripening at
Washington from the middle of October to the
first of November.

Lyon said he had received five varieties, ripening
from Hale's Early to Crawford's Early; all parted
freely from the stone.

Husmann said he had discovered a very valuable
late peach, which surpasses the Heath Cling. It
ripens about October thirteenth, and would keep a
month. He called it October Beauty. It had
white flesh. A painting of it was shown.

Bateham said that in Ohio they needed some-
thing to succeed Hale's Early. Troth's Early is
too small.

Saul thought Rivers's sorts filled a useful place;
they come in after the very early kinds. Early
Leopold, Early Silver, and Early Alfred are really
good. Early Canary, a few days later, is very de-
licious for family use. None are adapted for
market.

Hape said Early Beatrice is apt to overbear,
but when- thinned, it is very attractive. Early
Louise is a little later. Early Rivers is admirable
every way. but has too tender a skin for market.

Lyon said he cared nothing for tenderness. His
fruit is picked at night, and is in the market the
next morning. After Hale comes the Early Craw-
ford.

Green said the Wager originated in Livingston
county and is a good variety. The Golden Mam-
moth comes in late.

DISCUSSION ON STRAWBERRIES.

00

Hape said the Mountain Rose was spoken highly
of in Georgia.

Saul said Amelia was one of the finest second
railv peaches; two weeks hefore the Mountain Rose,
and good in color and flavor.

Hapk said Amelia is not a very sure cropper,
but when it does hear, is very valuable. It brought
six dollars a bushel in Baltimore. It is very showy,
but not of the first quality. Hape's Early is as
early as Alexander. He was waiting to see it
further before saying much about it.

W. C. Barry said the Early Silver deserved
mention. They had it in bearing, and it ripened just
before Crawford's Early. It was one of the finest,
especially for amateurs. Many of Rivers's peaches
ripen at about the same time, and resemble each
other, so that they cannot be distinguished. Many
of them are of no value, and the list ought to be
reduced. The Early Rivers and Early Silver are
acquisitions. There was not a fair opportunity to
see the Waterloo this year, as the tree was over-
loaded, and the fruit did not ripen so early as last
year. All varieties fell behind in ripening.

Purdy thought a high-colored, yellow, late peach
very important at the North. Something later
than Crawford's Late was wanted.

Saul thought Levi's Late would be what Mr.
Purdy wanted. Bilyeu's Late was highly recom-
mended. Yellow St. John, which ripened August
eleventh, cannot be too highly recommended.

Hape said Bastion's October is a good one.

Husmann said the Cottage was ten days later
than Crawford's Late, and better. It was propa-
gated by his friend Miller at Bluff ton.

II ape said Susquehanna is far ahead of Early
Crawford in quality.

Saul said StonewallJackson was one of the most
beautiful peaches; a creamy clingstone; of good
flavor.

Lyon said the Salway was fine, but he doubted
whether their season was sufficiently long to ripen it.

Saul said it was of a deep yellow color, and very
large.

Van Dusen, of Geneva, said orchardists in Sen-
eca county planted a great many Durilap trees. He
heard a good report of it. It is a seedling, and
comes true from the pit.

Conover had known it fifteen or twenty years.
It has very little merit, but is more hardy than
Crawford's Early. It is smaller, and ripe at the
same time.

Bateham mentioned the Conkling.

President Barry said it is a new and good
peach, ripening early. It is very beautiful, and
free like Crawford's Early. It originated at Spen-
cerport.

Rogers had heard it. spoken very highly of.

Purdy said it was a common remark that peach
trees were short lived. If we commenced right, and
kept out grubs, and headed in, they would live to
old age. He knew of an old tree that was cut
back, and is now full of fruit. The trees were
short lived because they were not cared for. The
age of a tree had much to do with the size of the
fruit. Hale's on an old tree were not half the size
of those on a young one. Young trees, or those
headed back, and manured, produced the largest
and best fruit with him.

Prof. William R. Lazenby, of Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, N. Y., next spoke on the " Relations of
Science to Horticulture." As the subject was not
discussed at the meeting, Prof. Lazenby's remarks,
as written out by him, are printed with other
essays.

STRAWBERRIES.

The discussion of strawberries next followed.

President Barry said he was the first to bring the
Sharpless to public notice. It was produced by Mr.
Sharpless, of Pennsylvania. It is a very fine berry,
and has more than realized his expectations. It
looks like Triomplie de Gand. The berry is firm
enough, and very valuable for its vigor and fruitful-
ness. When very large, it is sometimes a little
irregular in shape. He would not say that the
Wilson was superseded by it.

Lyon said it had been shown in Michigan, and
produced a favorable impression.

Roe, of Cornwall, said he had fruited Sharpless,
and was much pleased with it. It was very vigor-
ous and very firm, but very irregular. It 'appeared
adapted to hill culture. He saw it in New Jersey,
where it was unproductive, lie had tested fifty
varieties this season, and was inclined to place
Charles Downing at the head of all. Duchess was
one of the best early ; Golden Defiance one of the
best late. He had visited, plantations from Florida
up to this coast, this spring, and found the Seth
Hoyden did well as far down as Florida. Neunan's
Prolific was marvellously beautiful at Charleston
and Savannah, and exceedingly productive in hill
Culture. Willi one exception it was the finest In-
ever saw. The Triple Crown was the best he ever
saw. He was testing 140 varieties, and found
Miner's Great Prolific the most promising of new

56

DISCUSSION OF STRAWBERRIES.

varieties. It is good when perfectly ripe. In firm-
ness it compares with the Charles Downing, but the
flavor is not equal to that, though it is larger." The
President Lincoln had done admirably with him
this year, but he found it would not do well in the
hot sun. It threw out vigorous runners. The
Hervey Davis had been very fine, and the Bi dwell
also. The Crystal City was the earliest. The
Crescent Seedling bore enormously, and was good
when it had the sun.

Harrison said he had imported Duchess from
Law son. He wanted to know whether it is the
same as the other.

W. C. Barry said, with him the Miner's Great
Prolific was of poor quality, but his bed was small.

Rob said the quality was good with him.

W. C. Barry said he had Cinderella alongside
of Miners, and it bore a large crop of very fine
fruit, highly perfumed, and of highest quality. The
Continental bore profusely, but the quality was in-
different.

Hape said the Sharpless appeared to succeed
well in Georgia so far. The Monarch of the West
was very promising, but occasionally it burned.
The Crescent Seedling appeared well adapted to
their climate. He regarded Neman's as of the
poorest quality, its only merit being its carrying
properties. Hervey Davis and Caroline have done
very well. Gen. Sherman does not stand the sun.
The Eclipse was a good variety, and stood the sun
well.

Purdy said soil and location had much to do
with the size and quality of every strawberry. On
his land he found delicious fruit where tree leaves
fall in autumn, but on the same patch, not en-
riched, the berries were not fit to eat. He had
Captain Jack in two different localities; on the
east of the roadway the fruit burnt badly and was
poor; on 'the other side there was no sunburn, and
the fruit was very delicious. The Sharpless has a
weak stem, and falls too easily. He was much pleased
with the Pioneer; it is most delicious. The
Prouty overbore ; it is a wonderful yielder. The
Cumberland Triumph is one of the finest appear-
ing. The leaves of the Forest Rose suffer from sun-
burn, and it must be mulched, but the berry is good
in appearance and flavor. The Endieott Seedling
was a failure with him, and western growers stated

thi' same. Neunan is j ■ in growth and quality.

Wilson's Albany is fine when well ripened ; when
properly grown it is unsurpassed. He endorsed all
that was said of Cinderella. The Great American
was a failure with him. The Glendale is i of

the firmest, but second rate in flavor. In shape
and habit it is like Kentucky. The Duncan is
the best flavored early strawberry; it is fine on
good soil, but worthless on poor. Crystal City is
the earliest, but of second quality: it is very robust.
The President Lincoln on heavy soil produced some
fine berries on young plants. The Windsor Chief
was doubly as prolific as Champion : he thought
them different. Miner's was not prolific in runners,
and was of second quality. The Black Defiance is
very delicious, but the color is objectionable.

IlrsMANN said that in Missouri they depended on
Captain .lurk. Cumberland Tri uiujih. Chiuies Down-
ing, and Kentucky. Captain Jack is the best for
shipping ; Cumberland Triumph is the best for
the home market; it is always large and hand-
some, but soft. Charles Downing and Kentucky
are soft but tough. The Windsor chief is very
prolific at Centralia. He fruited it last year, and a
patch five by six feet, matted with vines, bore seven-
teen quarts. It was the most productive of seventy
varieties.

Purdy said he never saw such a mass of fruit on
spring-set plants as the Windsor Chief produced;

Roe said he had the Windsor ('///(/'growing, and
it is wonderfully productive, but he thought it
identical with Champion. Charles Downing could
not detect any difference. He thought it a seedling,
which could not be distinguished from the parent.
Neunan, when thoroughly ripe, was very sweet and
spicy.

Lyon said the originator of the Windsor Chief
claimed it as a hybrid between Champion and
Charles Downing. His fruit was all mis-shapen.
Champion was not cockscombed. Central Michi-
gan ripened strawberries ten days earlier than the
lake shore. A friend of his had accidentally origi-
nated a berry, the Marvin, that is very promising.
The originator claimed it as largest and latest. It
is of good color, and probably a very desirable late
market berry. Cinderella ami Continental are
both promising. Golden Defiance stands hard
treatment. The Black Defiance is adapted to
amateur cultivation. People who buy the Wilson
seldom get a ripe berry ; it is picked when red,
before it is ripe. The Duncan was of the finest
quality, and the first to ripen among a hundred
sons. It must have good soil. The Great Ameri-
can was a failure last year, but a little better this
year. The Bid well is long and conical; the tip
does not ripen, and if it was dry, is apt to harden.
It was at first called Centennial.

DISCISSION OF STRAWBERRIES.

57

Pl'rdt said the French grew well on poor soil,
and poorly on rich ground.

Bush said the Crystal City originated in Mis-
souri, and was i he best berry for their region. It
stands Bcorching suns, and is the very earliest. It
was largely shipped to St. Louis, and would be still
more largely marketed but for the difficulty of get-
ting pickers.

President Barry thought they should cut down
the list of strawberries.

Collins said the Cinderella and Centennial were
fruited near Philadelphia. The latter was the most
productive, and he preferred it to ( 'inderella, which
is not always productive. The Miner's Prolific
is very vigorous and productive, and very promising.

Bateham said he had seen Glendale <>n its native
ground, which is a strong clay loam. It did not
show anything great on his light soil. He did not
think as highly of it as Purdy does. It is rather
coarse, and the large calyx is objectionable. lie dis-
liked the tendency to commend for size and beauty
without regard to quality.

Purdy said it was of second quality.

Hape said the Ru-wll's Advance had given great
satisfaction.

Roe said he had the Duncan so soft in one place
as to be mashed to a jelly on the vine by showers ;
elsewhere it was firm. Glendale was pronounced
by Thurber not very bad and not very good.

Harrison said he preferred Black Defiance to
all others for table use.

Lyon said he had Shirts from the originator; it
is likely to prove desirable.

Purdy said the Philadelphia is very early and
delicious. It is very soft.

W. C. Bakry concurred with Mr. Purdy in re-
gard to the quality of the Philadelphia. He hoped
strawberry cultivators would some time endeavor to
bring their fruit together to compare it. He would
do all he could to that end.

Purdy concurred.

Hubbard said there would be a convention of
strawberry growers at Chicago, June 3d.

Lyon found it difficull to bring berries from
remote parts of the state for exhibition.

Capes thought a national strawberry shofl

of the impossibilities. Though he lived only sewn
mile- from Boston, lie had tailed to exhibit fruit for
premium, simply because the fruit was passed by
on premium day.

BOSH moved that a Committee be appointed by
the ( 'hair to prepare n solutions.

Mr. Bush, of Missouri. Mr. Bateham, of Ohio.
and Dr. Hape, of Georgia, were appointed.

The Secretary presented a paper on the cultiva-
tion of the fig. by G. V. Needham, of Washington,

1). C. It was voted to print it.

President, Bakry said, when the Society was
originated it was never intended to have large exhi-
bitions of fruit at their meetings. Such exhibitions
interfere with the Working of the society, as the besl
men are taken away to serve as committees. He
would like to have exhibitions of large quantities
abandoned, and have only new fruits shown, and
have them thoroughly examined. At present new
fruits could only be catalogued. During the in-
terim the originators of new fruits should send
them to the Commit lie.

Hape agreed with the Chair. The amount of
fruit was too large to be looked through. The
exhibition of new fruits was the most important.
Any entertainment given to the members of the
Society should be deferred till the close of the
sessions. The Committees should inquire into the
habit of trees and plants, as well as the quality of
fruit.

Lyon agreed. He liked the idea of ad interim
examinations.

Bush agreed : the exhibitions should lie not for
the public, but for the Society only. New fruits
are of the first interest, but fruits which succeed
best iu the locality ot the exhibition, or in favorable
seasons, should be shown.

Hape moved that the Executive Committee take
the matter into consideration, for the purpose of
restricting the quantity of fruit exhibited.

Hooker thought they should not exclude non-
members from exhibiting, as the public are inter-
ested in the exhibitions.

Thomas said the Society represented fifty states,
and those who, in one locality saw the exhibition,
were lew compared to all interested. It was taking
a narrow view to have such an exhibition.

The subject was referred to the Executive Com-
mittee.

EESOLUTION OF THANKS.

The Committee on resolutions reported the fol-
lowing, which were adopted :

Resolved. That the thanks of this Society are
hereby tendered to the Western New York Horti-
cultural Socii i for their many courtesies in pro
viding a place for our meeting, and for the verj
pleasant entertainment furnished to us last even-

58

DISCUSSION ON PEACHES.

ing. They are hereby also tendered to D. W.
Powers, Esq., for his liberality in opening his fine
picture gallery and other rooms for our entertain-
ment. Also to the Press of Rochester for their
attention in reporting our proceedings from day to
day.

Hooker said that holding the meeting with the
Western New York Society was an experiment.
He wished to say in behalf of the residents of Roch-
ester, that, the expectations of the Committee had
not been fulfilled.

Several members said the Western New York
Agricultural Society had "gone back" on them in
a way not expected.

President Barry said they had been unable to
carry out their intentions. He did not complain,
except that the President broke his promise to sup-
ply the members with passes, but stated that the
Executive Committee would not grant them.

Hubbard, a member of the Western New York
Society, was ashamed. They were mistaken if they
thought they gained anything. He thought it an
outrage.

Purdy said the Pomological exhibit was all there
was worth looking at on the ground.

H. E. Hooker moved that the final adjournment
be at the close of this morning's session.

Purdy said he was fearful that yellows has been
produced by propagating from the seed of early
peaches.

Lyon said that difficulty could hardly exist.
No tree, budded from a diseased tree, will ever pass
beyond one year from transplanting. The first
mark of the disease is premature coloring and
ripening of the fruit. If there is no fruit, then it
is shown by the appearance of the foliage.

Purdy said he had found inseets on curled
leaves, which afterwards showed the yellows.

Bateham said there was no connection between
the curled leaves and the yellows.

Lyon said the same. There was only one way
to exterminate the disease; that is, to destroy the
diseased trees. A single peach is sufficient to infect
a tree.

Hadwen had grown several generations of peach
trees from seed, and had had no yellows. No trees
from nurseries which might introduce the yellows,
have been planted on the premises.

The Society then adjourned to the call of the
Executive Committee.

RECEPTION AT POWERS ART GALLERY.

59

RECEPTION AT POWERS' ART GALLERY, THURSDAY

EVENING.

In response to the invitation received on Wed-
nesday morning from D. W. Powers, Esq., one of
the most liberal and public spirited citizens of
Rochester, to visit his Art Gallery, about two hun-
dred of the members and friends of the Society, in-
cluding ladies, assembled on Thursday evening and
accepted the proffered hospitality. After an hour
or two had been spent in social conversation or in
wandering through the various apartments of the
gallery and examining the beautiful and costly
paintings, and the extensive collection of stereo-
scopic views, and in listening to the music of the
orchestrion, the company were invited to go up
higher and participate in the festivities of the
banquet hall. As they reached the hall a scene
of beauty was revealed to them. The supper
tables were set around the outer portions of the
room, and down through the centre was set a long,
broad table, bearing in the centre a tall silver stan-
dard hung with luscious grapes and other fruit
interwoven with the choicest flowers. The effect
was heightened by a superb glass candelabrum,
tilled with innumerable wax candles, at either end
of the table. The table between these was covered
with baskets of fruits and other tempting viands,
tastefully interspersed with bouquets and baskets of
roses and other flowers from the various nurseries
and gardens of Rochester. The effect of the whole
was magnificent, and many compliments were be-
stowed on the taste and skill evinced in the design
and arraugement.

The following elaborate and poetical bill of fare
had been prepared :

MENU.
" Pomona loves the Orchard,
And Liber loves the Vine,
Ami Pales loves I he si raw built shed,
Warm with the breath of kine."

-01 ps. ivi.Nors.)

Concord, Eumelan, Delaware, Brighton, Barry, Liridley,

Wilder, Rochester, iona, Catawba, etc.

" Bacchus tirsl from out the purple Grape,
Crushed the sweet poison of misused Wine."

Talman Sweet, Yellow Bellflower, Northern Spy, Twenty
Ounce, etc.

" Bear me, Pomona, to the Citron groves,

Lay me reclined beneath the spreading Tamarind,

That shakes, fanned by the breeze, its fever-cooling fruit."

STEWS.

Beurre d' Anjou, Duchesse d' Angouleme, Clapp's Favorite,

Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, Sheldon, Souvenir du Con-

gres, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Seckel, Josephine

de Malines, etc. Early Crawford, Foster,

Alexander, Stump the World, Oldmixon

Free, Early Rivers, Early Silver,

Surpasse Melocoton, etc., etc.

" A feast fit for the Gods."

RELISHES.

Crabs, Currants, Nectarines, Apricots, Plums, Cherries, etc.

" Pour fourth heaven's wine, Idaian Ganymede,
And let it fill the Dsedal cups like fire."

PASTRIES.

Strawberries, Gooseberries, Raspberries, Blackberries, etc.

SIDE DISHES.

ROSES AND FLOWERS.

" In all places and in all seasons,

Flowers expand their light and soul-like wings,
Teaching us by most persuasive reasons,
How akin they are to human things."

The Fruits in this Bill of Fare are selected from the best
varieties grown in America.

REGULAR TOASTS.
1— The American Pomological Society and its
President :
An organization pre eminent for the blessings it has con-
ferred upon the nation, not only in the progress and de-
velopment of American Horticulture, but in the cultiva-
tion among the people of taste for the beautiful in nature;
guided from its organization, by the wisdom and superior
judgment Of a President (lion. MARSHALL P. Winn i:>
who, in the language of the profession, may lie described

as large, with rich bloom, tender, rich, upright, hardy, tin

i, runs, and a great keept r.

Response by P. Barry, New York.

60

KECEITIoN AT POWERS ART GALLERY.

2 — The Pomology of the East:

The home of the Fathers of American Pomology. To
their early efforts in Horticulture, and in the organization
of horticultural societies, is largely due the greal success
already attained in pomological science throughoul the
land. Future generations will enjoy the fruits of their

labors.

Response by W. C. Strong, Massachusetts.

3 — The Pomology of the West:

The enterprise and skill of its horticulturists have al-
ready made the West the " Seat of Empire" for the pom
ology of the continent. Vast in numbers, indomitable in
energy and zeal, broad in intelligent professional skill, like
their majestic prairies, they inspire us with wonder, and
challenge .air admiration.

Response by Dr. J. A. Wabdeb, Ohio.

4 — The Pomology of the North:

First in the realization of substantial rewards from the
grand results of pomological study: greatest in the extent
of its nurseries, orchards, gardens, and vineyards, and fore-
most in the progressive development of the science of
pomology, its influence is largely felt, and recognised
throughout the American continent.

Response by Samuel B. Parsons, New York.

•"J— The Pomology of the South:

Like the tropical luxuriance of her fruits and plants, her
pomologists already rival their brethren of less favored
sections of (he country in rare and valuable fruits, as well
as in the extent of her horticultural interests. We COl'di
ally greet her worthy representatives here, as we know her
proverbial hospitality would have been extended to US had
this meeting been held, as was expected, in one of her
own beautiful cities.

Response by Dr. Samuel Hape, Georgia.

6 — The Pomology of hie Dominion:

Her .Majesty has no fairer treasure than the pomologists
of her Canadian Dominion offer in the development of
horticultural progress, the fruits of her maritime provinces
excelling in beauty and flavor any other grown on this Con-
tinent. She has the congratulations of this Society lor
her worthy and honored scientific horticulturists.
Response by Rev. Robert Burnet, D. D., Canada.

After full justice had been clone to the good
tilings on the table, Vice-President Barry, who pre-
sided, responded to the first toast, alluding to the
growth of pomology in America, since the first
meeting of the Society in the city of New York,
where he acted as one of the secretaries, more than
thirty years ago. lie also spoke in terms of the
highest respect of the esteemed though absent
President, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, and read the
telegram of greeting sent him agreeably to the vote
of the Society, and President Wilder's reply, as
follows :

Rochester, Sept. 17, 1879.
flora. Marshall P. Wilder:

Dear, Sir: — Your absence is painfully and sym-
pathetically felt by your associated pomologists now
assembled in council, who desire me to express
their regrets therefor and their continued admira-
tion for your spirited devotion to the cause.

Yon have been re-elected by a unanimous stand-
ing vote. Yours very truly,

JOHN A. WARDER,

Vice-President.

DOKC'HESTER, Sept. IS. 1879.

John A. Warder, Vice President of the American
Pomological Society, now in session of Roch-
ester, X. Y.
Please express to the members my deep sense of
gratitude for their long continued confidence as sig-
nified by my re-election as president. I have de-
voted thirty years to our cause, and w hat there is
left to me is at your service.

MARSHALL P. WILDER.

The responses to the other toasts were happy and
appreciative, and at the close of Dr. Burnet's
response to the last regular toast another was pro-
posed in honor of " D. W. Powers, the enerous
Host of the Society." which was responded to by
Hon. Charles S. Baker of Rochester.

ESSAYS AND CORRESPONDENCE.

Fruit Culture in Ontario.
By Rev. Robert Burnet, D. D., Hamilton, President of

the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association.

Ontario is a wide word. To fairly represent the
pn -lit stair and condition of fruit-growing within
its limits is a matter of serious consideration to the
present essayist, both on account of his inability to
do justice to the subject, and from the greal extent
of the territory to be passed under review. A mere
glance at the map of our Western Province of
Ontario will satisfy the enquirer on the latter head.
and, we fear much the final issue will prove to a
demonstration the truth of the former assertion.

Ontario extends nearly from the 74th to the
95th degree of west longitude, and from 4"2i north
latitude to the as yet itnvisited pole. From the
junction* of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers to
Sandwich is a distance of not less than nine degrees
and a halt; this length of country, with tin average
breadth of two hundred miles, will constitute the
territory to be brought under review in a notice of
fruit growing in Ontario.

The constitutional nature of the soil, as well as
»ri ai longitudinal section of our Province will,
at once, indicate the varied conditions attachable to
fruit growing among us.

The Laurentian formation occupies by far the
largest portion of our Province. From the eastern
end of the Great Manitoulin Island, stretching
north by east, till the line fetiches the upper waters
of the Ottawa, down the entire length of the
Ottawa to the township of McNab, and thence
almost in a direct line south to Kingston, thence
wesl to Penetangushene, this Laurentian formation
prevails. It is not profitable for raising fruit on —
uial, the detritus front its rock system
not s& in to contain plant food, either in
abundance or adaptation. The calciferous prevails
to the east of tin- Ime tVoiu McXali. on the Ottawa,
to Kingston; throughout Dundas, Prescott, and
Glengarry, we find the Chazy, Birdseye, Black
I; rer, and Trenton limestones. The N iagara lime-
stone form- a large portion of the peninsula west of
Hamilton, and stretches from Niagara io Owen
Sound. In the centre of this peninsular district is

found the Medina formation, which throughout its
whole extent is admirable for the production of fine
fruit. On the Potsdam and Hamilton group is
found the best fruit. This is illustrated by the
fine productions of Kincardine, Goderich, Windsor,
and for the most part of the northern shore of
Lake Erie.

The geological formation of Ontario is marked
by the presence of other groups, such as the old red
sandstone, Portage and Chemung groups, Onon-
daga limestone, Clinton and Hudson river groups,
not to forget the mention of the Oneida conglom-
erate and lower Helderberg limestone.

That the production of fruit is greatly modified
by the nature of the strata on which it grows, can-
not be doubted. Nectarines flourish and do well
at Kincardine and Goderich as standards, without
protection, while it would he impossible on the
same parallel to raise the trees even, on limestone at
Kingston. We fear too little attention has been
given to this difference of strata throughout our
Province by fruit growers. Had there been more
attention given to this hint, and had more care
been exercised, there would have been fewer com-
plaints of failure in attempts to grow fruit.

It is not long since the subject of fruit growing
began to receive any public attention whatever,
and only through the fostering care of our govern-
ment and the indefatigable efforts of some nursery-
men have present results been attained. In 1S50. a
few public spirited individuals, foremost among
whom where the late Judge Campbell of Niagara,
Dr. Craigie, and Dr. Hurlburt of Hamilton, repre-
sented to the government the necessity of taking
tin- Fruit interests of the Province under its foster-
ing care, and the advantages likely to accrue to the
country from such patronage. fortunately the
men who were appealed to felt the importance of
the representation, and acted accordingly. In
legislating for the agricultural, horticultural aits
and interests of the Province.a clause was inserted
in the Agricultural Act which enabled our volunteer
:\ of fruit growers to get incorporated, and
gave the association representation at the Agricul-
tural Board. From that time to the present, amid

62

FRUIT CULTURE IN ONTARIO, BY REV. ROBERT BURNET.

all changes of men and governments, the interests
of the society have not been overlooked. By a
liberal grant, which from time to time has been
increased, a marked stimulus has been given to
fruit growing, which has enabled the association to
undertake, with success, various important projects,
having for their aim the advancement of horti-
culture.

The position legally given to the association by
the Act of the Provincial Parliament in 1868 by
the passing of the Agricultural Act seemed to
impart new vigor to the society. A commence-
ment was made in recommending the best varieties
of different fruits. In this labor of love the mem-
bers were greatly assisted by the admirable publica-
tions of the American Pomological Society, under
the leadership of the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder,
aided and abetted by the able experience of Mr. P.
Barry, of Rochester, the distinguished chairman of
the General Fruit Committee.

Among the varieties recommended for general
cultivation, were, of pears, Bartlett, Belle Lucra-
tive, Beurre Diet, Doyenne D 'Ete, Duchesse oVAn-
goulemg, Flemish Beauty, Gray Doyenne, Louise
Bonne of Jersey, Napoleon, Rostiezer, Seckel, Shel-
don, Onondaga or Swan's Orange, Tyson, Vicar of
Winkfield, White Doyenne, and Winter Nelis. As
promising well, the Beurre d'Anjou, and Doyenne
Sieulle. For further trial, Ananas d'Ete, Beurre
Bosc, Beurre Giffard, Beurre Superfin, Beurre
Clairgeau, Beurre d'Aremberg, Brandywine, Doy-
enne Boussock, Easter Beurre, Glout Morceau,
Golden Beurre, Marie Louise, Oswego Beurre,
Passe Golmar, Soldat d'Esperin, Urbaniste, Wash-
ington, Columbia. Clapp's Favorite, Edmonds, Pay-
ency, Bergamot d'Esperin, Archduke Charles, and
Fulton, with some others which on trial have been
dropped.

The apples recommended for general cultivation
were, Baldwin, Duchess of Oldenburg. Early Har-
vest, Early Strawberry, Esopus Spitzenberg, Full
Pippin, Fall Jenneting, Gravenstein, Golden Rus-
set of Western New York, King of Tompkins
County. Maiden's /Hush, Northern Spy, Pomme
Grise, Rambo, Rhode /slum/ Greening, Ribston
Pippin, Roxbury Russet, Red Astrachan, /.urge
Yellow Sweet /lough. St. Luwrenee, Swaar, Snow
Apple or Fameuse, Talman Street. Twenty dunce
Apple in- Cayuga lied Streak, and Wagener. For
further trial, Alexander, Benoni, Beauty of Kent,
Bourassa, Colvert, Canada Reinette, Early doe.
English Russet, Golden Street. Hawthornden, /law-
ley, Holland Pippin, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Kes-

wick Codlin, Lowell, Lady Apple, Green Neiotown
Pippin. Primate, Peck's Pleasant, Porter, Pear-
main, Red Detroit, lied Canada, Seek-no-further,
Summer /lose. Autumn Strawberry, Swayzie Pomme
Grise, Telofsky, Vandevere, Yellow Bellflower,
London, Route Beauty, Dominie, Barton, Saxon,
and Yellow Newtown Pippin.

Such was the first attempt of our association to
recommend suitable fruits for Canadian cultivation
in our Western Province. Many, if not most, of
the varieties mentioned were under cultivation by
more or less of our members. We think that there
was scarcely one theoretical recommendation. The
Red Detroit and some others have taken their
proper place after trial. Now we rarely see the
Red Detroit on competitive exhibition. After all,
the Fair Day ordeal is the grand test of fruit excel-
lence. Exhibitors soon find out the reasons of
good judges for classifying certain varieties as first,
second, and third.

The next important movement of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario was to seek the
information to enable them to issue a synopsis of
the different varieties of fruit cultivated in Ontario.
The association requested the Commissioner of
Agriculture to do this, and furnished a series of
questions to be put to and answered by agricultural
and horticultural societies. These queries involved
questions on apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches,
nectarines, apricots, grapes, quinces, strawberries,
raspberries, blackberries, gooseberries, and currants,
and their adaptability to the different sections of
our country; also as to standard and dwarf trees;
the profitableness, hardiness, and tenderness of
lives: diseases and insect pests. A report was also
sought on the nature of the soil, aspect, and temper-
ature. Seedling fruits were not forgotten, and the
questions then put have ever since been the prolific
source of varied and interesting correspondence
regarding unheard of seedling fruits of almost every
kind. The rain-fall and leading features of the
country were also among the subjects on which
answers were asked. On all of these points replies
were received, and a collation made of them by
dividing the country into nine districts allied less
or more by their climatic influences. It would be
impossible to tell the benefits that have arisen from
this arduous labor on the part of the Fruit Growers'
Association of Ontario. Suffice it to say that we
are aware the information has been of immense use
in almost all the districts, in directing intending
planters to the best varieties adapted to their
section. Farmers who have followed the in forma-

FRUIT CULTURE IN ONTARIO, BY REV. ROBERT BURNET.

63

tion given and directions suggested, are now reaping
— not disappointment and chagrin at finding their
fruit not what it was represented to be, but satis-
faction with varieties of fruit adapted to their soil
and agreeable to their taste. In truth, we have
been trying to do what the star list of the American
Pomological Society is doing for the American
fruit grower.

To advance the interests of horticulture in our
Province, the Fruit Growers' Association has been
fertile in devising new and in rewarding old appli-
ances for this purpose. Foremost among the old
and stereotyped measures have been rewards for the
best essays on horticultural subjects. This stim-
ulus has called forth excellent and practical papers
on almost all varieties of fruits, modes of cultiva-
tion, the best means of diminishing insect pests by
capture and destruction, and approved methods of
curing the diseases peculiar to fruit trees and fruit.
Our most intelligent savans have freely entered the
competitive lists, and have in most cases carried
off the proffered palm.

Next to the benefits to be conferred on fruit
growers by the production of essays, come those to
be gained by regular meetings of the association in
different districts throughout the country. In some
instances remarkable revivals in fruit growing have
arisen in almost nameless and neglected districts.
The nomenclature of fruits, which was altogether
neglected, has been largely corrected, and growers
in love with the art of fruit growing have had, by
means of the district discussions, their love greatly
increased, and their knowledge of fruits enhanced.

A gain, though not so perceptible and apprecia-
ted, was derived, too, from the friendly and social
intercourse of the members of our association and
the cultivators sparsely scattered over our extended
country. We are strongly impressed with the good
that is to be derived from the social intercourse of
fruit growers. By all means let there be a social
gathering at meetings for fruit discussions. A
notable instance occurs to us, at this moment:
When our association met for the first time at
Owen Sound, the munificent hospitality of William
Roy, Esq., of Royston Park, caused our gathering
there to be marked and remembered as one of our
red-letter gatherings. The same may lie truth-
fully affirmed in regard t<> the magnificent display
of hospitality at the Quarter Centennial of the
American Pomological Society at Boston, draft a
generous, genial, ami genuine hospitality mi our
fruit meetings, and great benefits will arise both to
the associations and the individual cultival

DISTRIBUTION OF TREES.

Few means that the association has used for
popularizing its objects have been more successful
than the annual distribution of trees and plants
among its members, and yet among all our horti-
cultural efforts, we question if any one in particular
has been more onerous. The good results of the
distribution of the best known and approved varie-
ties of fruit trees and plants have been most appar-
ent. As a sample of our distribution, we have sent
out the Grimes's Golden Pippin, Sioayzie Pommc
Grise, and Tetofsky apples ; the Clapp's Favorite,
Flemish Beauty, and Goodale pears; the •Downing
gooseberry; the Barry, Eumelan, Salem, and Burnet
grapes; the Glass's seedling plum; Arnold's seedling
strawberry, and his seedling apple, Ontario, etc.

The object of making this distribution is to
ascertain how valuable these several varieties may
prove to be in the localities to which they are sent:
hence the distribution is made on the condition
that those receiving them will make a yearly report
to the Secretary thereon, for five years.

As an association we strive to encourage both the
production of new varieties, by hybridizing, and
specimens of good natural fruit, by offering prizes
for seedlings. In this way we have secured some
varieties of first-rate excellence. The inducement
held out by the society called forth the Bradt apple,
said to be a chance seedling. It is a russet apple, of
first-rate quality, and a long keeper. The owner
of the tree has offered it for sale, but owing to every
cent of income we possess having been devoted to
some useful purpose, we have in vain tried to meet
the views of the proprietor. Strange to say,
although it has been offered for sale to the general
public, owing to a want of speculative spirit it
remains still in the owner's hands.

George Leslie Jr., of Toronto; is propagating an
apple, said to be a seedling, raised in the neighbor-
hood of Toronto, of which some judges have said
that its quality is not inferior to the Ribston
Pippin, if indeed it be not that variety itself.

W. H. Mills, of Hamilton, has hybridized various
grapes, and the results give remarkable promise of
very superior sorts. The following varieties of Mr.
Mills's grapes are being propagated by Warren
Hoi ton, Hamilton, viz: the Augusta, a black grape
of very large size, of Bowood Muscat shape, immense
cluster, loose in the bunch, and likely to prove a
valuable grape under glass, or a hardy variety in
a more southern climate than our own. The Ella;
Excelsior; A" Vega, a red grape, medium berry,
close in cluster, larger than the Diana in bunch,

64

FRUIT CULTURE IN ONTARIO, BY REV. ROBERT BURNET.

the sweetest known hardy grape, and most suitable
for the production of wine, as it possesses so much
saccharine matter as to afford alcohol enough to
preserve it. The Sultana, a grape about the size of
Concord in cluster and berry; the parentage is
Muscat Hamburg and Concord. This has a rich,
aromatic, and most pleasant flavor, showing its
Muscat origin, and is so firm on the bunch that it
may be freely handled without any fear of injuring
or breaking off the berries. Mr. Mills, through Mr.
Holton, is disseminating these fruits, and we are
satisfied our country will be greatly benefited when
they have been fairly tested throughout Ontario
and the United States.

I might add. perhaps, that these varieties were
shown at the Centennial, and attracted great atten-
tion for their beauty and quality.

William llaskins, of Hamilton, has produced a
seedling grape of great excellence, which has the
same parentage and similar quality to Mr. Demp-
sey's Burnet- grape, viz: Black Hamburg and Con-
cord. It is not on the market, hut is highly and
favorably spoken of in the Reports of the Commit-
tee on Seedlings of the Fruit Growers' Association
of Ontario. Mr. llaskins lias other seedling varie-
ties of grapes which we hope to hear more of, by
and by. James Clarke, near Belleville, has some
superior varieties of fall and winter apples. P. C.
Dempsey. of Albury, has a variety of very promis-
ing winter apples. The same horticulturist pos-
sesses a large number of seedling grapes of first-
class quality: No. 60; No. IS, a splendid white
grape; No. ■'■'. white, large shouldered hunch with
fine sized berry, a fleshy grape with a fine musky
flavor, which has carried off a prize in competition
with superior seedling grapes. No. 19, known as
the Burnet, black, with bunch and berry equal in
size and flavor to Black Hamburg grown under
glass; parentage, Hartford Prolific crossed with
pollen of Black Hamburg. This seedling has been
disseminated by the Association, and from almost
\ district of our Province we receive acouuts of
its excellence fully sustaining its former high repu-
tation in every respect.

The Class Seedling plum has found a place in
Ellwanger & Barry's Catalogue. Inasmuch as only
tested fruits are issued by that well known and re-
liable firm, we leave this fact to testify to the excel-
lence of this Canadian seedling fruit.

Mr. William Saunders of London, has hybridized
the Doolittle Blackcap with the Philadelphia rasp-
berry; the results are interesting and surprising in
many respects. They are perfect hybrids, — so per-

fecl that there is no predominant feature of either
parent, and yet there is such a blending of the
characteristics of both parents, as to prove the com-
plete hybridization. In taste as well as in appear-
ance this is the case. No. 53, No. 60, No. '■'.'. No.
68, No. 67, No. 69, the belle of the whole, and No.
:<>. were, with others, deemed worthy of propaga-
tion. We can heartily commend Nos. 69 and 70 to
all growers of small fruit as most valuable hybrids;
fruit fine, most prolific, and perfectly hardy.

Mr. Saunders's seedling grapes are in full fruiting
this season ; some of them are very early and many of
them of great promise. Several have unmistakable
traits of their foreign origin, and all proclaim the
great success of the hybridizer. His seedling grapes
are followed in point of excellence, at no great dis-
tant-, by his seedling pears and gooseberries. He
has made a strike in his hybrid black currant. It
is as superior to the Black Naples, as that is supe-
rior to the ordinary cultivated varieties.

James Dougall. the veteran horticulturist of
Windsor, whose fame as a cultivator ami author is
known in the United States, has long stood in the
foremost rank as a producer of seedlings. His noted
seedling peach raised by him in the neighborhood
of Amherstburg, his Goyeau apple, new seedling
plum, and Eliot's Early pear, are only a few of his
established successes in hybridizing seedling fruits.
He has early and late seedling cherries, and goose-
berries which we have cultivated at Hamilton with
success. His Eliot's Early is a fortnight earlier
than the Doyenne d'Ete, and is a much superior
fruit, both in size and flavor.

Charles Arnold, of Paris, has laid the agricultural
and horticultural world under the deepest obliga-
tions by his successes in the production of seedling
grains and fruits. We have only space to mention
his several varieties of new wheats, and early peas.
His hybrid apples, grapes, raspberries, and straw-
berries have attained almost universal approbation.
They are well spoken of by savans in the United
States and Canada. Mr. Arnold's hybridizations of
Indian corn are perhaps the most curious of his
operations. He can color one grain white at the
ha-', purple in the middle, and yellow on the top.
or vice versa. At present he has a seedling pea, not
vet in the market, which will go far to increase his
reputation as a keen horticulturist,— we wish, also,
that it might add to his pecuniary resources.

A i Druiuiuondville. Mr. Biggar has produced a
seedling strawberry, which has received the com-
mendations of our society under the name of the
New Dominion. It i- being extensively cultivated.

FRUIT CI I. II UK IX ONTARIO, 1!Y REV. ROBERT BDRNET.

65

James Cowherd, of Newport, near Brantford, has
for years cultivated several remarkable seedling
apples, which on testing have been found singu-
larly suitable for Nova Scotia.

Isaac Etattenburg, Clinton, Huron, has raised a
remarkable cherry. The trees are perfectly hardy;
not a single bough is injured by the winter. It is
very prolific; the fruit grows in handfuls and keeps
for weeks after it is gathered.

W. II. Reid, of Port Dalhousie, has hybridized
some remarkable grapes, strawberries, and other
fruits. He possesses a white grape, never yet issued
to the market, which has the admirable property of
being easily converted into a raisin grape. It is a
pity that a hybrid of such excellence should be
wrapt up in a -napkin, and not given to the horti-
cultural world. Mr. Reid's strawberries are very
large and beautiful, but we have not seen them
away from his own garden.

W. Mackenzie Ross, of Chatham, has a seedling
apple of promise styled iVo. 1.

William Haskins's Wine Smiling, from the Oporto
crossed with the Black Hamburg, is also worthy of
note, as well as his seedling from the same parent-
age as the Burnet.

Col. McGill, Oshawa, has good seedling rasp-
berries and pears.

D. Hammond, Port Credit, has some seedling
apples of merit.

J. W. Johnson, of Campbellford, has a fine seed-
ling apple.

William Ross of Owen Sound, S. McGammon of
Tweed. A. J. Gregory of Mount Forest, the Hon.
Lewis Walbridge of Belleville, and Mr. Clarke, and
William Scott of the same place, have seedling
apples of less or more value.

Mr. Cannon. Owen Sound, has a number of prom-
ising seedling plums.

Mr. Hood of Fergus, has a seedling crab of great
excellence : sweet, and superior as a dessert fruit to

many g 1 apples placed on the domestic table.

High's Seedling peach was raised in the neighbor-
hood of .Ionian, on the Greal Western Railway,
and is earlier than Alexander and dmsden's Early.
Allen Mover, of the same place, is propagating it.
hi- excellent in color, shape, and flavor.

When a new seedling has succeeded in taking a
prize, the Association grant 3 a " Certificate of Merit"
to promising fruit. The Directors inquire cona m-
ing the character of the fruit, including size, ap-
pearance, andquality ; the habit, vigor, health, hardi-
> 1 1 < 1 productiveness of the tree, or plant, and

its general adaptation to the climate of Onti -

5

They then bestow such certificate as they may think
it worthy to receive.

A fruit which has received a "Certificate of
Merit," maj be offered in competition for the" Hon-
orary Medal." This may be given any number of
times to the same person for different fruits, but
only once for any one fruit.

By these, and similar means, the Fruit Growers'
Association of Ontario advance frnit growing.
They seek to collect, arrange, and disseminate in-
formation on the subject of fruit culture, and these
objects are further secured by holding meetings in
different localities, of which all members receive
notice through the pages of the " Horticulturist."
The discussions on pre-arranged questions are re-
ported and preserved in the Annual Report made
to the government. Generally we have the able
assistance of eminent fruit growers from the other
side of the lines. Prominent among these are E.
Moody of Lockport, and Mr. Jones of Rochester.

The Association has procured in its past history
valuable essays by skilled fruit growers such as D.
W. Beadle, George Leslie, jr., William Saunders,
George Mill of Warwick. J. M. McAnish, P. E.
Buckle', George Peacock, A. Hood, P. C. Dempsey,
William Roy, A. M. Smith, George Elliott, W. H.
Mills, A. B. Bennett, Robert Burnet, David Nichol
and others. These essays are published after hav-
ing been examined and pronounced on by a com-
mittee appointed for that purpose. They form
along with fruit reports, perhaps, the most import-
ant part of the annual report to the government of
Ontario.

Another of the means used to further the ad-
vancement of horticulture is the appointing of com-
mittees to make personal examination of different
sections of the Province, and report upon the pe-
culiar characteristics of the soil, climate, and special
conditions of fruit culture therein. Sonic very
valuable reports on different sections have been
made by these committees, but unqualified success
has not attended this important plan, from the dif-
ficulty of finding men with leisure enough to under-
take a fortnight's labor for the general good. Pew
means, however, are better adapted for the purpose
contemplated, if fully carried out.

Thai fruit cult mists may learn, both with the
eye and ear. the society has illustrated the Annual
Reports with colored lithographs, drawn from
nature, of the new fruits raised bj our Canadian
hybridists. These are sometimes of greal excellence,
and afford a readj and patent way of showing what
new fruits reallj are, They are ■■< repository,

66

FRUIT CULTURE IN ONTARIO, BY REV. ROBERT BURNET.

too, for future times, and serve all the advantages
to be gained from an illustrated book on fruitgrow-
ing, such as Downing's, Barry's, Beadle's, and the
like. The Aniana Society was employed in the
production of the plates, for a number of years, but
of late we have employed native artists, who, though
they fail in coming up to the high and beautiful
coloring and correctness of the Amana and kindred
workers, yet execute our work creditably, and afford
general satisfaction.

The conditions attached to the dissemination of
the trees and plants issued by the Fruit Growers'
Association have not been fully performed. Only
conscientious men, here and there, have come up
to the mark. The' condition is such as to be
easily complied with, only exacting that the mem-
bers will make a report for a few years to the Secre-
tary, as to how the trees and plants succeed with
them. Failure, of course, there is. Complainers
often blame the trees for non-success, while, were
everything known, the blame might more appropri-
ately be laid on the shoulder of the grower himself.

Of all efforts to accomplish our purposes none
have operated so beneficially to the Province, as that
of encouragement to hybridists. We have not per-
haps, a Wilder, a Downing, a Barry, a Thomas, a
Hovey, a Grant, a Ricketts. a Warder, but we can
and do boast of our Dempsey, Mills, Arnold, Don-
gall, Haskins, and Saunders. Their fruit will live
after them, and benefit and bless future generations.
Several of our hybridists are known for their grain,
as well as their fruit hybridizations. Some for their
successes in hybridizing fruits and flowers. Others
again are known and appreciated not merely for
their fruit fancies and efforts, but for their exten-
sive knowledge of fruit diseases and insect pests.
Such knowledge as a rule is brought to bear on our
fruit interests, and few organizations have risen to
eminence in so short a time as the Entomological
Society of Ontario, which numbers amongst its
membership most of our prominent hybridizers and
fruitgrowers. The Fruit Growers' Association has
also endeavored to encourage the drying of fruits,
and the introduction from the United States of
approved fruit drying machines. Little progress,
we regret t<> say. has been as yet made in this direc-
tion. How to utilize our surplus fruits is a ques-
tion that has often engaged the attention of our
Society. Shortly this important matter will claim
the attention of frail growers all over the Province.
as the yield of fruil is year by year growing in
quantity. What is desiderated is a domestic dryer,
and a market dryer. The former is almost as much

needed as the latter. Increasing demand will call
forth the latter ; comfort and usefulness the former.

INTERCHANGE OF FRUITS.

We labor by interchanging fruits with kindred
Provinces and States, to excite our own members
to love for our favorite branch of cultivation, and
to inform others by ocular demonstration, what we
are doing in the way of fruit, and fruit tree pro-
duction. Apples have been sent to the Royal So-
ciety of England, and have merited commendation.
We notably appeared at the Quarter Centennial
of the American Pomological Society, at Boston,
and there exhibited the fruits of our northern
Province along side of those of more southern
climes. Apples have been sent to pomologists in
Nova Scotia, such as Dr. Hamilton of Canard,
George Brown of Yarmouth, and Mr. Starr of Wolf-
ville. In return, we have had theirs for the pur-
pose of comparison. We have been able to note the
different effects of soil and climate on the same
fruits in various localities, and important lessons
have been learned from these interchanges. We
have sometimes thought, were it not imposing too
much on the Committee on Nomenclature of the
American Pomological Society, that it might be
well, for the advancement of pomology generally, to
urge the transmission of old and new varieties of
fruits by all cultivators on the American continent,
to headquarters, to receive the imprimatur of the
Committee, which should then be circulated through
the biennial transactions of the Society. Some
such plan alone can blot out the innumerable
svnonvmes current in almost every northern state,
in Ontario, and throughout the Dominion. An
authoritative declaration from a trustworthy source,
is, in our opinion, the only way to raise fruit grow-
ing to a perfect art. Immediate action is desirable,
as long as we have gentlemen of ability and knowl-.
edge among us, who are capable of accomplishing
the work.

This paper has already attained to greater pro-
portions than we, at the beginning, anticipated.
We cannot conclude, however, without saying, that
we are striving for increased measures and activities
in advancing the fruit interests of the Province.
Recently, we have sent in a recommendation to the
government of the Province to allow us to take flori-
culture and forestry under our wing. Were this
enlargement of our plans and purposes carried out.
and an increased giant given to help us attain our
objects, the usefulness for good of our horticultural
association would only be second to that of the
agricultural societies throughout the Province. In

THE PEAR TREE, NATIVE GRAPES, VXD ORCHARD PLANTING, BY WM. 8AUNDERS.

i!7

the Western New York Horticultural Society al]
these kindred arts are under their supervision, and
the discussions of the society are thereby greatly en-
hanced in value and interest.

We publish the " Horticulturist," which for dis-
tinction^ sake should perhaps be styled the '' I an
adi&n Horticulturist." It is not made up with paste,
scissors, and advertisements, but of bona fide con-
tributions from members in different Provinces of
the Dominion. It is in its second year, and pro-
gresses in usefulness and interest as it grows in age.
Our worthy member of the American Pomological
Society, Mr. D. W. Beadle, is the editor, and from his
pen the pages of our monthly receive no stinted
contributions. It is distributed gratis among the
members of the Fruit Growers' Association, and is
read from one end of the Province to the other.
Already its influence for good is being felt and seen.
A proposition from a well-known and successful
horticulturist, George Mill, of Warwick, has lately
appeared in its pages, urging the establishment of
a Botanical Society, to be in close connection witli
our Horticultural and Fruit Growers' Association.
It is an experiment, but as an experiment, we hope
it will succeed ; whatever lends to heighten human
comfort and happiness deserves the approbation and
help of every one who loves his species and his
country.

Apple and pear lists, small fruits and new seed-
lings, rare plants and flowers, traveling accounts
and unguarded statements of tree sellers, interest-
ing discussions on fruit growing, and occasional
papers on hybridizing, irrigation, local cultivation
of fruits, and tie/ treat me nt of fruit trees are to be
found in its pages. It is doing a good work. Esto
tua.

Ere another biennial meeting comes round, others
are not unlikely to be found to take up and worthily
execute our labors. While the day of work is
vouchsafed to us, let us do witli all our might those
things our hands find to do. The night of death
approacheth when no man can work.

The Pear Tree, Native Grapes, the Apri-
cot, Pruning, and Orchard Planting.

P.Y WILLIAM SAI NULL'S.

Superintendent of He- Garden ami Grounds "i the United

stalls Department of Agriculture at Wash

ington, I). ('.

THE PEAR TREE.

In some pans of the country pear culture is con-
ed a somewhat dubious undertaking, so far as
prospective profits tire concerned. This is mainly

occasioned by the liability of the tree to injury
by what is known as blight. For the past fifty-
years various conjectures have been advanced, and
repeated again and again, as to the nature of this
disease, but it has seldom been referred to the true
true source.

Microscopical examination reveals that it is the
result of fungoid growth, which destroys the bark
and outer wood of the stems on which it may happen
to vegetate. This explanation agrees perfectly with
what we can observe in the spread and progress of
the malady, and acting upon the well-authenticated
influence that sulphur possesses in destroying the
mycelium of fungi, it has been recommended as a
preventive to cover the bark of the trees with a
lime wash containing a certain proportion of sul-
phur. It has also been stated that no blight has
ever been discovered upon branches coated with
this mixture. If this is the case, we have then at
least a partial insurance on our pear, as well as upon
other fruit trees similarly affected : that is, we can
insure the main body of the tree, and the principal
1 iianches as far as they can be reached and conven-
iently coated with the mixture, and the smaller
branches, which are difficult to reach, can be cut
off if they become diseased. A prompt removal of
the affected parts has saved many fine trees which
otherwise would have gone to destruction.

Notwithstanding the indisputable evidence that
the disease known as blight is a fungoid growth,
we frequently meet statements to the effect that the
nature of the disease is still unknown. Objections
are made to the probability of the blight being
caused by fungoid growth, owing to the isolated ap-
pearance of the disease, because, it is argued, if that
is the cause why does it not attack all trees alike,
or all parts of the same tree ? Why should it appear
on one branch and not on the adjoining shoots?
These are questions which it may not be easy to
answer, but it does not follow because they are not
answered that we must ignore the presence of the
disease where it palpably exists. We see the mistle-
toe, another parasite, growing upon a certain branch
of a tree, but we do not deny its existence on thai
branch because every branch is not covered with it.

The mistletoe grows there because its seed was de-
posited al that spot, and fungi are found at. certain
spots for the same reason.

Another drawback to the culture of some of our
best varieties of the pear is tin- tendency of the
fruit to split or crack, which renders it useless,
Various opinions have been advanced with refer-
ence to tie- can-- of this alfeelion. A prevalent

68 THE PEAK TREE, NATIVE GRAPES, AND ORCHARD PLANTING, BY WM. SAUNDERS.

theory maintains that it is caused by a deficiency
of certain mineral ingredients in the soil. Various
remedies, based on this assumption, have been rec-
ommended and tried, but with indifferent success.
We have also heard of its being ascribed to electrical
disturbances of the atmosphere, whatever that may
mean. "Whenever one is at a loss to account ful-
some unusual result, or otherwise unexplainable
phenomenon in vegetation, it is always safe to refer
it either to electricity or to some deficiency or er-
ratic condition of the inorganic matters of the soil.
Nobody will seek to contradict the assertion, be-
cause all are equally ignorant as to its meaning,
and many persons will consider it an evidence of
great erudition and profound wisdom.

It is only repeating a well-known fact to state
that the cracking of the pear is caused by mildew,
just as the cracking of the fruit of the grape fol-
lows the (Allium mildew on the skin of the young
berries. The fruit of the gooseberry is another in-
stance of cracking caused by mildew.

Many years ago I knew a gentleman who, being
extremely partial to the White Doyenne, planted a
number in his garden, but when they came into
bearing the fruit was so badly cracked as to be use-
less. After several years fruiting with the same
result, he lifted a tew of the trees, planted them in
large tubs, and placed them in his orchard house.
Thej afterwards fruited very abundantly, and I
have never seen finer fruit of its kind; it was large
and perfect in every respect. I recall another in-
stance where, in a row of White Doyennes on quince,
which only produced cracked, worthless fruit, one
of the trees was inclosed with sashes from a hot-
bed frame. The sides, hut nut the top of the tree,
were thus protected, but this was sufficient, and
perfect fruit was produced, while the unproti
fruit continued to crack. This was repeated on dif-
ferent trees for several years with the same result.
It is not unusual to find old trees of this variety in
city yards producing perfect fruit. Indeed, the sub-
ject of protection to orchards and vineyards is
greatly overlooked, or underrated. The idea is as
yet rather unpopular, but it will not always be so.

Tin- destructive nature of fungoid growths on
plants and animals is now very well understood.
The investigations of microscopists are familiariz-
ing ns with the destructive power of these agencies.
Imii we all can, possibly, remember the time when
it was hazardous to one's reputation barely to allude
to tie- possibility of mildew causing failure in fruit
crops.

In the Proceedings of this Society at its meeting
in the year L8G0, I closed some remarks which I
made on plant diseases, by the statement that " it is
yearly becoming more apparent that mildew is the
most destructive and widely spread disease that at-
tacks the apple and pear orchards, as well as the
vineyard, and the fruit grower will be forced to
study more closely than ever the causes and effects
of mildew." This paragraph brought me several
letters, suggesting that I was merely ventilating a
hobby. One, as I recollect, stated that there was
no such thing as a plant being injured by mildew ;
that fungoid growths were only found on dead mat-
ter, and advised me to refrain from treating on
subjects that only existed in my imagination, with
other instruction, such as we frequently receive
from a certain class of advice gratis counsellors,
who are not by any means an extinct race.

NATIVE GRAPES.

It is very generally conceded that the culture of
native grapes is not so promising a remunerative
industry as could he desired. New varieties, some
of them possessing merit, are still being announced,
but there is no improvement in their adaptability to
general culture in ordinary localities. It was for-
merly the custom to compare the grape zone, as it
'was called, to that of Indian corn; which was in-
tended to convey the idea that where this crop
would mature, the native grape would also reach
maturity. So far as heat and cold are involved in
temperatures, this criterion is probably nearly cor-
rect, the amount of heat necessary to insure a crop
of corn being also sufficient to mature most of the
varieties of cultivated grapes which have been de-
rived from our native northern species, hut the
numerous failures in profitable grape culture prove
that other factors besides those of heat and cold
have an important influence upon the health of a
vineyard.

To those who are conversant with the history of
the progress of grape culture in the United States
for the past thirty years, and have acquainted them-
selves with the causes of varying failures and suc-
S, it must seem difficult to account for the fact
that grape growers in general have been slow, and
apparently unwilling, to recognize the true reason

for si of the failures which occur. In some of

the earliest reports of the Department of Agricul-
ture the statement was dwelt upon that the greatest
obstacle to complete success in grape culture could
In- referred to the deterioration of the plains conse-
quent upon the injury they sustained from mildew
on the leaves. This explanation of failure was not

THE PEAK TREE, NATIVE GRAPES, AND ORCHARD PLANTING, HV WM. SAUNDERS.

69

generally considered as conclusive. Both grape
growers and authors of treatises on grape culture,
especially the latter, usually referred failures to
some other cause or causes, which were expressed
by the phrase "improper treatment," and this was
considered a sufficient answer to all inquiries re-
garding failures.

This profound explanation was generally accom-
panied by the further advice that by giving vine-
yards "proper treatment" they would be exempt
from failure or loss. When called upon to define
"improper"' and "proper" treatment, the answers
would be often contradictory, and more frequently
unsatisfactory. This want of recognition of the
true source of trouble has been greatly against
progressive grape culture. Varieties of grapes m uch
lauded for their superior qualities have been pro-
cured at great expense and extensively planted, the
result only adding another disappointment to the
planter. It must, I think, be admitted that the
distinguishing feature of a good grape climate is
that in it there is an entire absence of mildew on
the foliage or on the fruit of the vines. While
making this statement somewhat prominent it is
not forgotten that heavy losses are occasioned by
rot in the berry. This disease is not, however, con-
fined to varieties subject to leaf mildew, but it is
equally prevalent in those which are rarely attacked
by it. The causes of mildew are solely atmospheric,
while those favoring rot are more intimately con-
nected with the chemical and physical condition of
the soil and the growth by the roots. We need no
stronger proof of the influence that the presence or
absence of mildew on the leaves of our native
grapes lias upon the determination of their value
than may lie found by turning to the list of the va-
rieties which are most extensively cultivated, when
it will be found that they are valued more because
of their freedom from disease than for the quali-
ties of their fruit.

Again, it is clearly ascertained that the most fatal
species of mildew is caused by dampness, so that
the further statement may be made that where we
find a locality in which grapes are specially remu-
nerative, we -hall find that its climate is character-
ized bj tie' absence of heavy <l-w~. It is only in
iln -e latter localities, and under their special condi-
tions, that tie- besl varieties afford a profitable re-
turn. Where heavj dews prevail during the sunnier
inonths.it has been found unsatisfactory to culti-
vate Buch varieties as the Zona, Walter, Eumelan,
Diana, Croton, Delaware, < atawba, and others of
firsl excellence. Partial success may sometimes be

attained, owing to local conditions of protection
and shelter; and. as has long ago been thoroughly
demonstrated and reported, all these varieties can
be grown to perfection when they are protected
from heavy dews, either by artificial or natural ex-
pedients, such as those of covering the trellis upon
which they are tied by a canopy of boards, canvas,
or glass, oi- by allowing the vines to grow up in
trees whose foliage will protect that of the vine.

But little further progress can be' attained in the
culture of the grape, either for table use or for the
manufacture of wine, until a distinction is practi-
cally recognized between the species and their varie-
ties which are severally best suited for these respect-
ive purposes; In Europe, where all the cultivated
grapes are said to have been produced from one
species, the varieties are numerous, but they are
divided into distinct classes, based upon their val-
ues as regards suitableness for wine, for table use,
or for drying into raisins.

In the United States we have several distinct
native species, from one or other of which have been
originated all the varieties now in cultivation. The
only classification of these which has been presented
looking to the arrangement of varieties under the
species from which they have been produced, will
be found at page 81 of the Report of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture for the year 1809. An attempt
was there made to draw attention to the most val-
uable peculiarities of the different species — peculiari-
ties which are more or less inherited by the varieties
which have originated from them — as also the elim-
inates to which they seemed best adapted. Since
then some attention has been given to the signifi-
cance and importance of the points embraced in
that classification, but the subject is still unrecog-
nized by the majority of those engaged in grape
culture.

The idea that our native grapes would be more
rapidly improved by securing hybrid kinds between
them and the foreign species has long been enter-
tained ; and, although it has constantly been ar-
gued by some that no good result could thus he
obtained, yet, of late years, much attention has
been directed to this mode of improvement, ami. as
was to be expected, varieties of very superior merii
have been produced, many of them equal to the

besi of tli,' foreign varieties, in flavor a- well as in
appearance, hut no variety so produced has yet
prove,! able to maintain itself as worthy of general
cvltivation; in fact, thej are altogether unreliable,
except under condil ems n here even t he foreign
grape can be raised with a g I degree of success.

70

THE PEAK TREE, NATIVE GRAPES, AND ORCHARD PLANTING, BY \VM. SAUNDERS

This is much to be regretted, but it is nevertheless
the truth, that nothing of value and reliability lias
by this means been added to our list of hardy
grapes, and all experience, so far, in this direction,
only tends to prove the wisdom of the advice given
many years ago that the line of improvement should
be confined to hybridizing our native species with
each other, and by selection ultimately procuring
varieties of merit both for table "use and for the
manufacture of wines. But this improvement can-
not be systematically pursued unless accompanied
by a very distinct and clear understanding of the
respective merits of American species.

Until quite recently, varieties of the fox grape
( Vitis Labrusca) have mostly been produced, and
these have been recommended and cultivated both
for wine and table use, and but little attention has
been given t0 the improvement of other species,
notwithstanding that the summer grape. Vitis cesti-
valis, and its varieties, have vastly superior merits
as wine grapes. No better evidence of this fact
need be desired than the estimate given to these
wines in foreign countries. Most of the American
wines which have been specially recognized at for-
eign expositions have been the products of this class
of grapes. But the ultimate value of these grapes
will not be realized until vineyards of them are es-
tablished in localities where they can be ripened.
They require a longer warm season than suffices for
varieties of the Labrusca family ; consequently they
are not successfully grown in localities where the
improved fox grapes are most largely cultivated,
and for that reason the summer grapes are lint little
known; and in the localities where they may be
produced in perfection the culture of wine grapes
has not yet become an established industry.

Among the best known varieties of this eminently
wine-producing species may be mentioned the Le-
noir, Herbemont, Devereux, Alvey, Gynthiana, and
Norton's Virginia Seedling. These varieties yield
wines of very high excellence and of varied quali-
ties. But they can only be grown to perfection in
certain elevated locations in the States of North
Carolina, Virginia, and other States having similar
climates.

It therefore appears probable that in the further
improvement of hardy grapes these peculiarities of
species, and the purposes for which they are best
adapted, must receive more attention than has hith-
erto been given to them.

THE APRICOT.

Although the apricot is one of the most delicious
of stone fruits, and ripens earlier than the peach,

yet it is a scarce fruit in our markets, and is rarely
seen on the dessert table. This may be accounted
for by any one or all of the following reasons:
First, the tree is easily excited to growth in spring,
and a week or two of mild weather will start the
flower buds, which are afterwards destroyed by cold
or frosty weather. This is a very common occur-
rence nmth, and even south, of the Potomac, and
may lie measurably modified by planting on the
north side of buildings or groves of trees, so as to
retard the starting of the buds, and shield them
from the morning sun after a cold night. Then,
when the fruit is set, a second trouble is encoun-
tered in the attacks of the curculio, which punc-
tures the fruit of the apricot with a regularity
similar to that with which it addresses the plum.
Unless measure's are taken to check the ravages of
this insect the crop will certainly be destroyed, and
probably the most decidedly effectual method of
checking .its progress and propagation is that of
planting the trees in an inclosnre where poultry
and hogs are allowed to run at large. Good crops
of plums are secured under these circumstances,
the animals destroying the grubs as they occur in
the fallen fruit.

The third and greatest drawback to apricot cul-
ture is the liability of the trees to loss of branches
by a blight somewhat similar to that which destroys
the pear tree. The earliest history of apricot cul-
ture makes mention of this malady; branches will
suddenly wither and die without any apparent
cause, and so fatal does it become that orchards of
considerable extent have rapidly become extinct
from this disease, for which no effectual remedy
has yet been discovered.

PRUNING.

At the Thirteenth Session of this Society a com-
mittee was appointed to answer the following ques-
tion, viz. : " Does an apple, pear. plum, peach, or
other fruit tree, ever require any pruning whatever,
one or two years from bud or graft, with the head
started at a point indicated by nature; or, in other
words, does a, tree that has never been trimmed or
pruned up any when planted in the orchard, ever re-
quire any pruning whatever (to give the best re-
sults) ; and if so, at what time of its life ? "

The committee on this resolution has not yet
reported. Some correspondence upon the subject
passed among its members at, the time. This corre-
spondence was placed in my hands, and after con-
sultation with the chairman of the committee I have
prepared a lew remarks, based upon that correspond-
ence, and although they are, perhaps, rather general.

THE PEAK TREE, NATIVE GRAPES, AND ORCHARD PLANTING, BY \v.\l SA1 NDER8.

71

yet they are possibly as Bpecific as the nature of the
question will allow. Indeed, the question cannot
be definitely answered except as to a particular tree,
and the nature of the answer would be indicated by
the condition of the tree, and the particular objects
sought to be obtained from it.

Some of the general necessities and results of
pruning may be noted.

In the ordinary practice of removing trees from
nursery rows there is more or less destruction of
roots. The most carefully conducted operation of
this kind will fail in securing all the roots. The
natural relation between the roots and the branches
is thus impaired, and this evil is increased if the
roots are exposed to air and light, because it further
lessens their vitality. The only practicable remedy
which can be made available in securing, to some
imitative extent, the original co-relation that existed
between the roots and the branches, is to remove
some of the latter. Hence, in this case, pruning is
required.

Objections have been made to pruning at trans-
planting, on the hypothesis that the growth of the
roots is dependent upon the immediate action of
leaves, and that, therefore, the removal of the
branches is an injury, because it involves an
abridgement of the foliage, and consequently re-
tards the formation of roots. This reason is faulty;
first, because the growth and extension of roots is
not always due to the immediate and direct action
of foliage, as is proved by the fact that, if a tree is
stripped of its leaves during October, and then trans-
planted, it will be found, if again removed six weeks
or two months afterwards, that it is furnished with
a very extensive system of new roots, although no
leaves have been formed on the tree.

In the second place, this reasoning is faulty inas-
much as it ignores the loss of sap occasioned by
evaporation from the leaves: the larger the leaf sur-
face the greater is the amount of extraction of sap
from the plant, and in the absence of active roots to
supply this evaporation the plant is rapidly ex-
hausted of retained sap. and gradually succumbs if
weakening influences are prolonged, and even
if it should ultimately survive, it may take several
years before a healthy vitality is restored.

Pruning may also be resorted to for the purpose
of invigorating trees that have been b] any means
reduced to a low state of vitality. An increased
vigor can be imparted in these cases by thinning
out weak branches and cutting back the remainder,
as reason may dictate. This should be performed
after the fall of the leaves, and the value of the

treatment will be amply demonstrated in the follow-
ing season's growth.

I have in no instance seen this treatment so con-
spicuously valuable as in the case of worn out,
straggly-branched, and twiggy-limbed peach trees,
so reduced in vigor that their greatest vegetative
effort only culminated in the display of a few weak-
ly-looking blossoms, which were followed by small,
valueless fruit. Trees in this condition, after being
cut back to mere stumps, have sent out new, vig-
orous growths, which in time produced fruit of
superior size and quality to anything they bad
previously borne, even in what might be consid-
ered their pristine days. This kind of pruning
might be economically practiced in many appar-
ently worn out orchards.

Pruning is also useful in enabling the cultivator
to secure a better shape, or form of growth, than
the natural form. The tree may naturally incline
to an upright, compact, pyramidal form, while the
grower considers it more in accordance with his
purposesthat.it should be low and spreading; on
the other band, it may be desired to make uncouth
spreading forms more compact, all of which can
practically be accomplished by judicious pruning.

Finally, pruning may be performed for the pur-
pose of influencing the fruiting condition of trees.
And here I would take occasion to protest against
the pernicious advice that is conveyed in the attrac-
tive axiomatic formula, " Prune in summer for fruit,
and in winter for wood." This sentence conveys
the idea that barren trees can be rendered fiuitfnl
by pruning them in summer. Take the case of the
peach trees mentioned above, which were so thor-
oughly exhausted — reduced to so low a degree of
vitality — that they were not capable of producing
fruit, Is it to be supposed that they could have
been benefited by summer pruning? On the con-
trary, we know that it would only have hastened their
destruction. There is, however, a germ of fact as-
sociated with the ideas which have matured this
advice in regard to pruning in summer, which may
be explained in this wise: Fruit trees, when planted
in a generous, rich soil, very frequently attain a
luxuriance of growth which is incompatible with a
fruitful habit or tendency. This is in accordance
with the acknowledged axiom in vegetable physi-
ology, that "whatever produces excessive vigor in
plants is favorable to the formation of leaf buds,
ami unfavorable to the production of flower buds;"
and on the other hand, "whatever tends to dimin-
ish luxuriance, without injuriously affecting the
health of the plant, is favorable to the production

72

TROPICAL FRUITS BY EDMUND H. HART.

of flower buds." Summer pruning, or the removal
of foliage during the period of active growth, has a
tendency to cheek luxuriance, and to that extent is
favorable to inducing a fruiting condition. A more
correct deduction, therefore, would he indicated in
the statement that " pruning in summer has a ten-
tency to weaken growth, while pruning in winter
has a tendency to strengthen growth."

The truth in the matter is, that both winter
pruning and summer pruning will influence the
production of fruit on trees, but at which of these
periods a tree should be pruned can only be decided
after an inspection of the tree. No general rule
can be given which will apply equally to all trees,
and it is dangerous policy to turn an expedient into
a principle.

The quality of fruit produced can also be regu-
lated to a certain extent by pruning. This is spe-
cially applicable to plants which produce fruit on
young wood, as, for example, the peach tree and the
grape vine. By reducing the amount of fruiting
wood, and thus diminishing the number of flower
buds, the quantity of fruit is, numerically, at least.
reduced, but the quality is vastly increased, while
the aggregate amount of production is not materi-
ally lessened.

The time when it was deemed necessary to make
annual raids upon fruit orchards, and there to use
indiscriminately the knife, the chisel, and the saw.
will be known as the barbaric age in the future
register of pomological historic periods.

ORCHARD PLANTING.

It is a common observation that the outer rows
of trees in established orchards are finer and more
productive than the trees in the interior of the
plantation. This superiority is all the more con-
spicuous if the orchard is bordered by cultivated
fields, and it is fair to presume that the extra luxu-
riance is owing to the trees having a greater extent
of unoccupied soil for the ramification of their
roots. Something is also, undoubtedly, due to the
greater space available for the expansion and spread
of the branches ; but it is in accordance with all ex-
perience in the cultivation of plants that a rotation
of crops is absolutely essential toward securing the
best results of the fertility of the soil. Keeping
these facts in view, it is suggested that an improve-
ment upon the presenl method of planting orchards
would he gained by planting two rows of trees from
18 to 25 or more feel apart, depending upon the na-
ture of the trees, and alternating the plants in the

rows. Then allow a space, varying in extent from
300 feet to any greater distance, before planting an-
other series of rows, and so increase the plantation
as far as may be desired. The intervening spaces
between these double rows of trees would be avail-
able for the cultivation of the ordinary crops of the
farm. The roots of the trees would not only par-
ticipate in the benefits of cultivation, but would
also have, practically, unlimited room for extension
before meeting with other roots of their kind. Im-
mediately under the trees, and for a distance on
each side of the rows, as far as the branches spread,
the surface could be kept in grass. If not sown
down immediately after planting, which might not
he desirable in all cases, it should be done after the
trees attain a fruit-bearing size, or from five to
seven years after setting out. The shelter which
will he afforded to other crops by these orchard
belts will be found valuable as a protection from
winds as well as in forwarding early crops. This
method is particularly applicable to apple and pear
trees.

Tropical Fruits.

By Edmund II. Hart, Federal Point, Florida.

The culture of tropical fruits is a subject which is
awakening a dee)) interest among a portion of our
people. The acquisition of California, and the
opening up of Florida to northern immigration by
the recent civil changes, have made available for us
a large extent of territory suitable to this pursuit.
At the same time, too, the appetite for these fruits is
steadily increasing. A few years ago, the supplies
were small in quantity, poor in quality, irregular
and uncertain. Now, swift steamers and sailing
vessels are constantly pouring into our markets
heavy freights of very excellent tropical fruits, ami.
in the seaboard cities especially, the luscious orange,
melting banana, and aromatic pineapple, in their
respective seasons, tempt the passer-by from every
fruit stand. Nearly all of this comes from foreign
parts, but much of it could be raised at home, and
not only placed before the consumer in fresher and
more inviting condition, hut the growing of it would
afford employment to many of the unemployed, and
add to the general prosperity by keeping at home
large sums now spent abroad.

It is my purpose in this paper to touch briefly
upon those kinds which experience has shown will
flourish within our own limits. For it must be re-
membered that, with the exception of the extreme

TROPICAL FRUITS — BY EDMUND H.HART.

7;;

southern portion of California, and the lower part
of the peninsula of Florida, an occasional visitation
of frost and even thin ice may he expected. People
try to lav down a frost line beyond which the blight-
ing breath of Boreas is not felt, but probably, at
rare intervals, no part of the mainland, at least in
Florida, has escaped a trace of his presence. There-
fore we must choose only the hardier kinds of tropi-
cal fruits, and those which, if perchane* killed to
the ground in winter, will sprout up from the roots
with sufficient vigor to hear in a year, should the
next season prove mild enough not to injure them.

By common consent, the Orange — the fruit of
commerce — stands high above the rest, the queen of
all. The amount of neglect, abase, and mutilation
which this noble tree will endure and yet exist,
ready, whenever these evil influences cease, to spring
into new life, is wonderful. It grows vigorously
and hears well upon soil too sterile to produce al-
most anything else, and even the most superficial
cultivation, and scanty gift of fertilizing materials
will double its yield. It may be profitably raised
for a wide space outside the tropics, and when the
young wood has ripened, and the sap ceases to flow,
will bear uninjured for a short time a temperature
fifteen or twenty degrees below freezing. But when
roused into life by the genial warmth of spring,
even light frosts will cause the tender leaves to
droop and wither, and a few degrees below freezing
will burst the bark and endanger the safety of the
tree. Even should it be killed to the ground, new
shoots usually push up vigorously from the root, and
in two or three years it begins to bear again. The
lemon is not quite as enduring of cold as the orange,
and the lime and citron are more tender still, chiefly
because their period of rest is shorter.

The saying that "apples end where oranges be-
gin" is not strictly true. In California they are
grown side by side, but in Florida little attention is
paid to apples, as they are uncertain, and unworthy
the notice of any but the curious amateur, in com-
parison with oranges as a crop. Like the cherry
and the Gage plum, the apple becomes an ever-
green as you approach the tropics, and devotes its
energies to the production of leaves rather than
fruit.

The surpassing excellence of Florida orange- i-
generally admitted. The soil and climate of that
Stat.' seem eminently congenial, and the trees come
into bearing Bopner, and continue productive lot
than in most countries. The sea islands along the
Bhore of Georgia, and bhe gulf coasl also yield ex-
al fruit. Floridians have long been anxious to

compare the best products of the California groves
with their own, and at the last Florida Slate Fair
premiums were offered, and competition invited
from the Pacific coast. We only hope they did not
send their best, for the specimens exhibited proved
thick-skinned ami very sour. There is some very
fine fruit in Mexico, ami several of the West India
islands, but importers have found that the choicest
— such as would compare favorably with our own —
was unprofitable to handle from its perishable na-
ture. Some experiments have lately been made in
budding the most esteemed foreign sorts on native
stocks, but so far the product has not proved equal
to the best we already had, and even the famous
Navel orange of Brazil, fruited here does not fulfil
our expectations. The delicious and aromatic little
Mandarin orange of the Fast, however, gives gen-
eral satisfaction from its rapid growth, spicv flavor,
early and profuse bearing, and hardiness in winter.

The earliest oranges we at present have in Flor-
ida are ripe enough to begin gathering in Septem-
ber, and late varieties are being brought forward,
which preserve their flavor and abundance of juice
all through the summer, so that it is possible to
have them in the perfection of maturity upon the
trees the year round. Generally the fruit degen-
erates and loses flavor soon after the blossoming
period, and drops during the hot and dry weather
following. The same may be said of the lemon, but
successful efforts are being made to introduce kinds
which may be harvested in summer, when the de-
mand in Northern markets is brisk, the supply-
scanty, anil prices high. The lime is ever-bearing,
and ought to be appreciated here, as in the West
Indies, where it is used in preference to the lemon,
being more pungent and aromatic, and, from its
smaller size, more convenient.

It is only a decade ago that the attention of
northern fruit growers was seriously attracted to
the cultivation of the orange in Florida, and a be-
ginning was made in planting young trees. Pre-
vious to this there were but few bearing trees in
the Stale, since then, sell his have poured in in
large numbers, and trees are being planted by the
million. Where the culture is adapted to the soil,
which varies greatly everywhere in tic State, they
are found to flourish well, and in a few years the
country will be profusely supplied with the Snesl
oranges in the world. Doubtless many will be
shipped abroad, as in the old days of Spanish
dominion, when consignments were senl to Spain

f i St. Augustine, as being choicer than the pro-

ducl of the mother country. During the past winter

74

TROPICAL FRUITS — BY EDMUND II. HART.

Florida fruit has brought at wholesale in northern
markets more than double the price of the best
Valencias.

Some minor industries will also spring up in con-
nection with orange growing, such as the manufac-
ture of marmalade and wine from the sour orange,
and the extracting of perfumes, essences and oils
from the blossoms and peel. The leaves also pos-
sess tonic and anti-febrile properties, and last fall
were sent in considerable quantities to be used by
the yellow fever patients in the southwest. Many
of the groves now planted are seedlings from se-
lected fruit. The product of these usually resemble
the parent and is generally of good quality. It is
claimed by some that these trees grow larger, live
longer, and are more enduring of cold than when
grafted. The latter, however, bear earlier, are more
free from thorns (which scratch the fruit », appear
equally healthy, and. if smaller, may be planted
closer, besides affording greater facilities forgather-
ing the crop, pruning, and destroying insects. As
to the question of longevity, posterity must decide
that, for this generation possesses no such hopes of
life as that ancient Grecian, who, when he heard
that ravens lived two hundred years, went and
bought one to see for himself. There are some
excellent kinds which will not reproduce them-
selves from the seed. Such, of course, can only
be perpetuated by grafting, which must also be
resorted to with the choicest native seedlings,
such as are being named and catalogued by the
Fruit Growers' Association.

Shortly after the great freeze of 1835, which
killed to the ground nearly all the orange trees in
Florida, the scale, or Coccus hesperidum appeared,
and for some years was very destructive to plants of
the citron family. It has been with us ever since,
but owing to the increase of its natural insect ene-
mies, the lady bug ( ( 'occinella), ichneumon fly and
some others, has latterly become so far checked as
to cause no great apprehensions. Several other
kinds of scale and aphis are occasionally trouble-
some, but generally soon vanish before the atten-
tions of the careful cultivator, and the attacks of
their natural foes. To tight these insects with poi-
sons and washes is at best a task of great labor
and partial success, but the entomologist teaches
us what other insects prey upon them, and before
the unceasing assaults of these, the pest is kept
under. On the principle of setting a thief to catch
a thief, we set one bug to catch another bug, and
the coccinella and ichneumon fly may be carried to
infested groves and employed to light for us.

The Fig has not received the attention in this
country, which its many merits deserve. The tret-
is very hardy, bears young, is wonderfully prolific
and lives to a great age. We certainly ought to
produce all that are required for home use in the
dried state, but the moist heat which prevails during
the ripening period in the sections bordering on the
gulf and the Atlantic is unfavorable for earing
them. It is to be hoped that some of the fruit dry-
ing machines will remedy this want. The hardier
sorts of the fig can be raised in a small way north
of its climatic limits, by heeling in and covering
every winter, but the ardent beams of a tropic sun
are needed to fully develop its inimitable sweetness
and richness of flavor. It is one of the most
wholesome of fruits, and when fresh may be eaten
to repletion without ill effects. It makes a most
superior preserve, and the syrup of the light fig,
prepared with refined sugar, is such an exact imita-
tion of white clover honey, in taste and appearance,
as would deceive the most experienced apiarian.

Among the many novelties that attract the eye
of the stranger on his first visit to the tropics, the
Banana or Plantain is particularly conspicuous.
Its majestic port and elegant structure, the vivid
green of its gigantic leaves, waving like banners in
the breeze, its marvellous food producing capacity,
and its historic record, it having been so long in
cultivation, that the seed has disappeared from the
fruit, all combine to invest it with a deep and pecu-
liar interest. Some have been at a loss whether
to consider it as a blessing or a curse to mankind,
for so easily is life sustained upon its bounty that
it has probably done more to encourage idleness
and retard civilization than any other plant in ex-
istence. Within the last decade the importation of
bananas into the United States has greatly increased.
They come chiefly from some of the Bahama and
Caribbean islands, Aspinwall, and Baracoa. It is
very sensitive to frost, and while in South Florida
jt is easily and profitably raised, in the middle and
northern part only an occasional crop, and that, too,
from the coarser and inferior kinds, can be looked
for. To grow well, hot days and warm nights,
with abundance of moisture, are necessary, and I
should think the droughts and cool nights of Cali-
fornia would be unfavorable.

It has been a common error, even among many
intelligent Northern people, to suppose that the
pineapple and banana grow upon trees, and some
popular geographies encourage this belief by pre-
senting illustrations of the banana tree, somewhat
after the style of the palm, with numerous clusters

TROPICAL FRUITS— B? Ko.MUM) II. HART.

75

of fruit hanging here and there among the branches :

whereas the former grows upon a low stalk, like a
cabbage, and the latter from the top of a tapering,
succulent trunk, about as high as a tall plant of In-
dian corn, and a little thicker at the base than a
man's thigh. Each .stalk bears but one cluster, and
is replaced by suckers springing up around the root.
The red-skinned varieties require a season several
months longer than the yellow before blossoming, so
it is scarcely ever possible to ripen them anywhere
north of the extreme southern section of Florida.
From three to four months usually elapse between
the opening of the blossom and the maturity of
the fruit.

The Pineapple can be grown on a small scale
rather further north than the banana, for although
very sensitive to the lightest frost when exposed, its
low growth makes it easy, when closely planted, to
cover a limited patch in winter with a light scaffold
of poles, upon which are laid mats or straw. Under
this shelter tin- plants may be slightly frozen with-
out injury, provided they freeze and thaw in the
dark. Fruit raised in this manner, a little out of
Beason, sometimes brings very high prices. On the
keys of South Florida pineapples of very tine quality
are ripened without protection, and, as the soil and
climate are peculiarly favorable, the cultivation is
extending, and the export of the fruit, both fresh
and canned, will soon assume large proportions.

The Oocoanut grows and bears well as far north
as the Indian River country, and the settlers along
the coast are beginning to establish plantations of
them. Above that latitude it is uncertain, being
one of the most tender of the palms as regards
frost. The immense commercial and economic
value of this tree and its fruit can hardly he over-
estimated, for apart from the value of the wood for
timber, and the liber for cordage. Sir Samuel Baker
telle it- that it yields "a cup of water to the tem-
perate and thirsty traveller; a cup of cream from
tie- pressed kernel: a cup of refreshing and spark-
ling toddy lo lie- early-riser: a cup of arrack to the
hardened spirit-drinker: and a cup of oil, by the
light of which the writer can extol its merits — five
separate and distincl liquids from the same tree."
The trees come iuto bearing at the age of from
seven to ten year-, and annually produce eighty to
a hundred nuts each.

The Pate Palm will endure a nitieh lower tem-

n'e than the cocoanut, and I havi aeen large

trees in Flotilla which musl at some period or other

in their lives have been subjected to a temperature

of llllt tell Or twelve decrees above Zero for a .-In Mt

time without injury. The fruit appears to be much
inferior to that brought from the Mediterranean,
but whether this is owing to an unfavorable soil and
climate is as yet an unsettled question. There never
have been enough of them planted here for a fair
trial. Dates of the lines! quality are produced in
Mesopotamia, where the degree of cold is as great
as anywhere in the Florida peninsula. The Arabs
say I hat it flourishes best with its head in the fire
and its roots in the water, conditions certainly at-
tainable in California, with her long, dry summers,
and systems of irrigation, provided the nights are
not too cool.

Many of the palms will bear slight freezing for a
short time, and upon trial some will undoubtedly be
found to thrive in our semi-tropical regions, but no
one has hitherto felt interest enough in the subject
to experiment with them there as out-door plants.
A short time ago, upon suggesting this subject to
the Department of Agriculture, I received the an-
swer that, although the palm family were of value
to savage races, yet to us, amid our general plenty,
and the appliances of civilization, they would be of
little service. Among those producing useful fruits
we might instance the Palmyra and Doum palms of
Egypt, the Brahea dulcis of Mexico, the Sago and
Oil palms, the Assai, a conserve prepared from which
is to the Brazilian what apple-sauce is to the Yan-
kee; the Piriajo, or Peach palm of the Amazon,
whose fruit is accounted more nourishing than an
equal bulk of fish; the Mouchi, sometimes called
the tree of life, whose apples are the chief support
of certain tribes on the Orinoco; besides others
yielding an infinite variety of useful substances.
The wild date (Phceniz sylvestris), of which I have
a specimen growing in my garden, is very largely
planted in India for making palm sugar, and the
wine of the palm is drunk by a greater number of
the human race than the juice of the grape. Mr.
Louis Baker memorialized Congress a tl-w years
since on the subject of introducing useful sorts of
foreign palms into the United States, but nothing
came of it.

The Olive has been tried sufficiently, both on the
Atlantic and Pacific coasts, to prove its success, but
it requires patience to make tin olive plantation, as
the trees are slow in reaching maturity, and our
people are still content to bring their oil from over
the sea, or express it from their own pindars or
ground peas.

The Guava, perhaps the mosl widely distributed

of all tropical fruits, is highly esteemed as a jelly, a
consei Vi , OJ for eating raw. There are several van-

76

THE RELATION <)E SCIENCE TO HORTICULTURE BY PROF. W. R. LAZENBY.

eties, from the size of a gooseberry to that of ;x large
pear, growing on low, shrubby trees, in astonishing
quantities. The tree dies when the mercury falls
two or three degrees below freezing for a few hours,
but with one season's growth from the old root it is
ready to bear again. If not blasted by the cold, the
crop is certain and very abundant; therefore the
guava is well worth planting where ice does not oc-
cur every winter.

The Japan Persimmon is being fruited both in
Florida and California, besides some other States,
and from the encouraging manner in which the
trees flourish, we have every reason to believe that
it will prove a grand success.

The peaches and pears of Chinese and Japanese
origin promise admirably in parts of the South
where our old familiar types of those fruits have
failed to thrive. Nor must I omit mentioning the
Japan Plum, or Loquat, a tree whose beauty of
foliage, fragrance, and long continuance of bloom,
make it a favorite ornament in gardens, even when
the severity of the winter forbids the expectation of
fruit. This is about the size of a pigeon's egg, of a
delicate amber color, and has a racy flavor, like the
blending together of a juicy cherry and an apple,
and ripens in the spring, when fruits are scarce. It
grows from the ends of the branches in clusters of
from five to forty- When carefully handled it will
keep for two or three weeks, and will probably ere
long be better known in Northern markets than
it is now.

But were I simply to enumerate and define all
the different kinds of tropical fruits, it would swell
this paper, already ton long, beyond all reasonable
limits. We know from what small beginnings our
finest fruits have been elaborated, and when the
same skill, patience, and science are brought to bear
upon tropical pomology, who can tell what forms of
beauty and richness of flavor the future will de-
velop. Many fruits, too delicate to bear the light
frosts of our semi-tropical regions without protec-
tion, as the Pineapple, Papaw, Sapodilla, Star Ap-
ple, Mangosteen, Avocado Pear, Spanish Plum, etc.,
are represented by varieties growing on the cool
and elevated plateaus of the tropics. There is a
strong probability that some of these will flourish
within our present boundaries. There are also
many species of more or less merit, but not widely
known, to be found in Africa. Southern America.
and the Pacific Islands, the collection and improve-
ment of which offer a grand and unlimited field for
the labors of the scientific pomologist.

The Relation of Science to Horticulture.

By Piofessor William R. Lazenby, Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y.

No one in this day, especially no one of your justly
distinguished Pomological Society, will dare to as-
sume that horticulture is a rude, simple matter,
requiring but little intellect and no experience to
enable him to follow it successfully. It is true that
a man may be able to raise good crops of fruit or
vegetables who knows nothing about science and
cares nothing about books or what is taught by
them, yet the watchword of all real horticultural
progress in our day is science, and the American
fruit culturist is beginning to recognize that a
knowledge of the facts of science is the only true,
substantial basis of an efficient and successful prac-
tice of the art of horticulture.

Perhaps it would be well at the outset to under-
stand what we mean by science. Many definitions
have been given but to my mind the simplest,
clearest, and most satisfactory is " classified knowl-
edge.'" Science, then, is classified knowledge and
deals directly with matter and force. For illustra-
tion take what we call the science of Botany. It is
simply a classification of our knowledge of the veg-
etable kingdom. Zoology is a classified knowledge
of the animal kingdom. The former deals with
plants and nothing else; the latter deals with
animals. So we might go through with the entire
list of sciences

Probably there is no art or profession in life that
draws its knowledge from so great a variety of
sources as does horticulture. It is intimately con-
nected with and dependent upon both the natural
and physical sciences. A simple illustration may
help us to understand this relationship. Pic-
ture to yourself a wheel — composed of hub, spokes,
felloe, and tire or rim. Let the hub of our wheel —
the foundation of the structure— represent a common
English education. Coming from this hub or cen-
tre, and radiating in different directions, are numer-
ous spokes. Let these correspond to different
sciences. They are all dependent upon the hub or
common school education: each is more or less
dependent upon the others, yet each may be pur-
sued separately and independently. Coming last
we have the felloe or rim of the wheel, which em-
braces and is dependent upon all the spokes. This
may represent Horticulture.

We will now briefly consider the connection and
dependence of some of the sciences separately. For
instance, here is Geology, which teaches us the origin
and character of all the rocks and the various soils

THE RELATION OF SCIENCE TO HORTICULTURE — BY PROF. \V. R. I.AZENBY.

77

into which they have been formed. Originally all
soils were simply broken and decomposed rock. It
is the province of geology to present as with a bistor]
of these reeks and to show how they were converted
into soils. When we consider that the soil is the
home of the roots of all our fruit plants, we cannot
underrate the value of a knowledge of its origin
and formation. Geology teaches us that we cannot
always decide upon the character of the surface
soil from a knowledge of the rocks lying under-
neath, but it explains to us the phenomena of drift.

Chemistry is another science of vital importance to
the horticulturist. We should not only understand
the nature and constitution of the soil but should
also know the elements of which it is composed.
We need likewise a knowledge of the food which
plants consume, and the laws which govern their
relations to each other. Chemistry is the' key to the
great laboratory of Nature It has already achieved
gnat triumphs over matter, and conferred untold
blessings upon civilized man. Chemistry has taught
us how plants grow and how they feed.. It has. at
least, taught us much in this direction. Through
its lessons we have learned that every crop of grass
or grain, fruit or vegetables, taken from our farms,
draws therefrom a certain quantity of mineral in-
gredients, and until this is restored the soil is the
poorer by just the amount so taken. We maybe
unable yet to indicate the precise proportion of
mineral matter thus abstracted; we may not know
with certainty just what remains ; but we do know
that by a judicious rotation of crops, and a constant
replacement of the elements borne away we prevent
the exhaustion of our soil. Who, unaided by science,
can decide whether the soil does or does not contain
the elements requisite for the perfect development
of wheat or apples, corn or strawberries '. Who can
tell except as he blindly infers from results, what
mineral ingredients are deficient in a certain field,
and what are present in excess? Agricultural
chemistry alone can enlighten us upon this point.

The science of Botany is most intimately related
to horticulture. I do not mean that we should
simply know the names of the different plants that
grow, hut we should have a knowledge of the
practical application of the principles of botany
to the various plants that grow upon our farms.
Botany teaches us the localities, habits, and char
acteristics of nearly one hundred thousand dif-
eieiit species of plants, grouping them into classes,
orders, genera, and species. It teaches n- all
aboul the origin and nature of our valuable grains,
fruits, and flowers. It also informs us of the natural

history of our weeds, and shows us how many of our
most valued fruits and vegetables were originally
derived from plants deemed worthless. It teaches
us about the nature, growth, and development of
moulds, mildews, rusts, smut, etc., showing that
these are nothing but collections of minute plants
of a low order, which reproduce themselves very
rapidly by their seed-like spores.

The relation of Entomology to horticulture is at
once evident to all. The average absolute loss to
the fruit growers of this country from insects reaches
millions of dollars per annum. In many sections,
where the peach and plum once flourished, they
flourish no longer, and cherries are almost annihila-
ted ; currants and gooseberries, have almost ceased
to grow ; apples and pears are stung and worm-
eaten and the trees are destroyed by scores. If
our insect enemies increase as they have done here
during the past ten years, it will not be long before
they are masters of the situation and drive us
wholly from the field. How important then that we
should know something about, their natural history.
A correct knowledge of Natural Philosophy or
Physics is also indispensable to the horticulturist of
this age. He needs to be thoroughly acquainted
with the principles of mechanics, and with the
properties and forces of air, water, light, and elec-
tricity. The cultivation of the soil and the harvest-
ing of crops involves a constant use of power, and
the people of this intellectual age propose to substi-
tute mechanical power for that of human muscle.
The wind which now sweeps over our farms, top-
pling down our chimneys, overturning our fences,
and uprooting fruit trees in its course, will some day
do our most laborious work. The laws which
govern the action of steam and electricity should
also be understood. The importance of a knowl-
edge of meteorology need hardly be mentioned.

Scarcely less important is the great problem of
exchange and distribution, the solution of which
calls for a thorough acquaintance with Political
Economy. Other branches of Bcience might be
enumerated which, if not bo absolutely indispensable
as those already alluded to, are of great value to the
horticulturist.

[f science tells us the causes of the fertility of
river bottoms and where we are to look for soil of
the richest quality; if it goes with us into our or-
chards and gardens, and instructs us as to the
habits of the insects thai attack and destroy our
crops, and shows us the means of protection, il can-
not be considered useless or unprofitable to the fruit
culturist. Lei us disabuse our minds of the idea
thai there is anj conflict any opposition or dis-

7s

FIG CULTURE AT THE NORTH A SUCCESS BY G. E. 3NEED1IAM.

cord — between the principles of science and their
application to the practical affairs of life. No idea
could be more false. Science and art. theory and
practice, have ever been, and must continue to be in
the fullest harmony. Nothing that is really good
or true in theory can ever fail in practice. If fail-
ure occurs, it proves that the theory is false, or the
practice incomplete. All horticultural progress is
the joint work of theory and practice. If horticul-
ture were only looked upon as an art based upon
science, it would be regarded as an intellectual pur-
suit and one that oflfered scope to the brightest
minds and the best abilities.

Fig Culture at the North a Success.

By G. F. Neediiam. Washington, D. C.

Some writer has said. " In a climate like ours
any addition to the luxury of fruits should be
studied. We cannot have many of the productions
of more southern climes, but by a little care we can
have some that are seldom grown."

The vegetable world has been " studied," and the
result is that most of our vegetables have been
gathered from these tropical homes. I propose in
this paper to study one of the tropical fruits, the
tig. from both a theoretical and practical stand-
point. And I make this emphatic statement, that
no other crop can be raised which will give so cer-
tain and so large returns in our middle and north-
ern states, as that delicious fruit, the fig.

1. The fig flourishes in much more unfavorable
climates than our own. In Great Britain, for
instance, figs have been grown in the open air for
more than three hundred years: the original trees
brought from Italy by Cardinal Pole still bearing.
Now, if in that damp, foggy, '• misty, moisl v." at-
mosphere, where melons and cucumbers cannot be
grown, the fig will succeed, how much more will it
flourish in our bright and sunny climate?

2. Tlie climate of the north temperate zone is one
of the best possible for the full development of the
fig. It is a well-known fact that too great heat is
inimical to this plant ; it causes the tree to cast its
fruit. <>ur northern climes are superior to the
southern for another reason — our days are several
hours longer than at the South, which gives a
lengthened and tempered day winch precisely suits

the fig.

3. Countries where Sgs are grown as an article
of commerce are exposed to vicissitudes of climate
similar to those of our Northern Slates. 1 have be-
fore me a letter from a gentleman in .Massachusetts.

in which he says: "I was born in the Levant, and
I was a resident in Constantinople one winter, when
the Golden Horn (the Bosphorus) was frozen over,
and there was a snow-fall of from eighteen to twenty
inches for a couple of weeks without injury to the
fig trees in the vicinity."

4. The reason that the fig yields so abundantly
is not only that it is prolific, but, first, because the
fruit has no insect enemies, and, secondly, the wood
has no blight or disease. Every other species of
frail tree gives the grower u /arid of trouble on ac-
count of these. Of these facts all are too well
aware.

5. Common sense is quite as necessary in fig
growing as elsewhere. A correspondent informs
me that he has " a tig tree with thirty-five sprouts!"
What kind of an apple tree would that be? He
would have to wait a long time for any apples, and
then they would be "small by degrees and beauti-
fully less." If he would cut off all but one of the
sprouts and plant them, by and by he would have
thirty-five trees.

0. The writer of a paper on the cultivation of the
fig (Department of Agriculture, Special Report No.
4 1, .-peaking of fig raising in the Southern and
.Middle States, says: "There are few fruit trees,
with so little trouble in their cultivation, that bear
so abundantly, or yield so much for so little care
as the fig." Again, " The fruit is so great a luxury
and so useful in so many ways that there is no rea-
son why it should not become a very considerable
article of commerce, and thus add to the wealth of
the country."

'•■ If fig growing is so desirable for the Southern
and Middle States, the testimony of Gen. Worth -
iugton is direct to the point, and makes sure the
fact, that fig growing is successful in our Northern
Slates also. After years of cultivating the fig in
Ohio, he says:

" It. is quickly grown, suits our climate admirably,
is easily protected, is a sure bearer, and very prolific.
The trees begin to bear when two years old, and
when four or five they produce from the same area,
with less labor, a greater and more certain crop than
either potatoes or tomatoes. I like them best fresh
from the tree', and often breakfast on them. The
demand by the family is very great. The fig tree is
eminently the fruit for the cottager and villager, and
when its merits and adaptability to our climate be-
come known, it will lie as regularly grown for fam-
ily use all over the Ohio valley as either the potato
or tomato."

And what is t rue of that state is true of the whole
North.

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF FRUIT CULTURE IN MASSACHUSETTS — HT ROBT. MANNING. 79

S. In the Scriptures the vine and fig tree are very
often mentioned in connection. (By the way, the
fig will flourish where the vine grows.) And I ask
that all my readers will join with me in a very loud
Laus Deo at the near approach of the promised
good time, when in all our broad land, north and
south, '• the)' shall sit every man under his own vine
and tig tree, and none shall make afraid," because
all enjoy their God-given rights!

'J. Believing as I do that the general cultivation
of this fruit will be so great a benefaction, and add
so much to the comfort of the people, I am prompt- ,
ed to write this paper, that if possible I may induce
some, without delay, to make a beginning in culti-
vating this unequaled fruit.

The Ficus Carica of Linnrens (belonging to the
Bread Fruit family) is indigenous in Asia and
Northern Africa. With us it is a deciduous shrub,
which can be propagated by cuttings as easily as the
currant. It fruits when very young, and different
varieties bear white, black, brown, green, blue, or
other colored fruit, which varies in size from that of
a hickory nut to that of a Bartlett pear. The tree
should lie planted in a moderately rich soil. Too
rich soil causes the tree to run to wood. By select-
ing suitable varieties the ripening season may be ex-
tended from July till frost.

Planting. — In the spring tat the time of coin
planting), throw up one or more ridges eight feet
wide and sixteen inches high in the centre. Stake
off, on the top of this, distances ten feet apart. At
these stakes dig holes at right angles to the ridges,
say two feet long and ten inches wide. Throw the
top soil in a pile, and throw the sub-soil away.
Replace the soil in the holes in the form of a mound
one inch below the level in the centre and six
inches below at the ends. Then separate the roots
into two parts. Net the trees at the centre point
with the inots extending right and left down the
mound. Fill up with any good soil and tread down
thoroughly.

Protecting. — In the autumn, before danger from
severe frost, prepare tie trees for winter quarters, by
cutting the roots growing lengthwise of the ridges
with a sharp spade, not disturbing the original
roots that were planted. Lay down the trees (lengtb-
I the ml- o ng down the branches that

uu\ need il ; then cover with earth, in this latitude
two inches deep; in that of Boston four inches deep.
No matter how old tie- trees, by this method of
planting they are laid to resl verj easily. Only
with older trees after the branches are pegged down

it will be best to till in the ii, terstices with leaves
and then cover as before.

I think 1 hear the objection that this is " too
much trouble." We do not hesitate to grow other
luscious fruits on that account, and the necessity of
winter protection will be atoned for by the consid-
erations before named. It cost about one cent each
to protect the trees of my fig orchard this fall, a
man and a boy laying down and covering over a
hundred per day.

After Treatment.— In the spring, at the time
before noted, remove the earth from the trees and
raise them to their positions. Thus it will be seen
that the care of the trees is not great, and the whole
operation is quite simple. The unripe figs that were
buried with the wood will form the first crop of the
next year.

How to eat Figs. — In the East they take the
fruit in the left hand, with a knife cut off a thin
slice from the large end, and then peel the fruit.
Fresh ligs and cream make a dish fit to set before —
an American sovereign. Fig preserves are also
most delicious.

Drying the Fruit.— The method is as follows :
The fruit is put into baskets, which are dipped for
two minutes into strong potash lye, and then into
clear water. The lye eats off the tough and gummy
coating, and improves the color of the fruit. The
figs are then placed on hurdles and dried in the
sun or by artificial heat, and wheu sufficiently soft
to press closely they are packed in boxes.

Boot Pruning. Should the soil be too rich it
will be necessary to root prune the trees at the time
of laying down. This is done by cutting off with
a sharp spade a portion of the original roots. The
necessity for this will occur when the tree is woody
and long jointed.

Historical Sketch of Fruit Culture in
Massachusetts.

By Robert Manning, Salem, Mass.

The completion of the history of the firsl half
century of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
on which 1 washing busied, suggests some mention
of the history and progress of pomology in Massa-
chusetts. The firsl settlers, both of the Plymouth
and the Massachusetts colonies, very earh com-
menced tie- cultivation of fruit trees, and one of an
orchard of apple trees planted at Marshfield by
Peregrine White, the first Englishman horn in \.u
England, endured until within a few years. The

80

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF FRUIT CULTURE I>' MASSACHUSETTS BY ROBT. MANNING.

pear trees planted aboui LG40 by Governor Prince
and Anthony Thacher, and wliich arc still stand-
ing, were fully nut iced by me in the "Proceedings of
the American Pomological Society," for 1875. Many
other trees planted by the first settlers, or before
l 700, are still standing, and many more are remem-
bered as having perished since 1800. Among those
remaining are large trees of the Hightop Sweeting
apple. The first settlers in Barnstable and Yar-
mouth, with scarcely an exception, planted pear
live- near their dwellings, which have enabled anti-
quaries to identify localities otherwise doubtful.
The Red Kentish was the only cherry, and the
Damson the only plum, cultivated. These and
other trees were raised from seeds brought from
England. The Sugar pear, probably a French
variety, brought, perhaps, from Arcadia, was intro-
duced aboul L680. The Rhode Island Greening
apple was introduced about 1705. Up to 1750 few
apples, excepl seedlings, were cultivated in the Old
Colony, but all the Hightop Sweetings were grafted
trees. Among the ancient seedling apples were the
Foxwell, Pig Nose, Bachelor's Button, Pearmains,
and others, and among seedling pears, the Ewer
and Aunt Desire. The poorer sorts of fruit were
early grafted with better kinds.

The founders of the Massachusetts Colon} as
early as March, 16x9, thought "to provide to send
to New England Vyne Planters, stones of all sorts
of fruites, as peaches, plums, filberts, cherries, pear,
aple. quince kernells, pomgranats; also currant
plants." From Josselyn's account in 1671, it
would appear that these seeds bad sprung up ami
prospered. He mentions particularly, apple, pear,
quince, cherry, plum, and barberry trees. The
country was replenished with large orchards, and
be bad observed that seeds or suckers produced as
fair and good fruit without grafting as the trees
from which they were taken. Cider was very
plentiful.

The EndlCOtt pear tree, and other ancient trees
at Salem, are fully mentioned in the paper in the
" Proceedings "of this society for ls;;>, before referred
to. Endicott's correspondence with John Win-
throp, governor of .Massachusetts, and bis son John
Winthrop. governor of Connecticut, show that all
were much interested in the cultivation of fruit
trees. An orchard was planted by the elder John
Winthrop on Conant's island in Boston Harbor,
which was granted to him for that purpose, and was
known as "The Governor's Garden." Josselyn
mentions receiving in L639,"hall a score very fair
Pippins broughl from thence." The records of the
colony mention the receipi of the rent lor the island

in 1640, which was paid in apples. William Black-
stone, the first settler of Boston, planted apple trees
near his residence which bore fruit as late as 1705.
An incidental proof of the attention given to fruit
culture is found in a law passed by the court of the
Massachusetts colony in 16 Hi. that any one robbing
a garden or orchard, or injuring or stealing any
graft or fruit tree, should forfeit treble damages.
We have the record of the gathering in Cambridge,
in L646-48, of several varieties of apples, the Long,
Blaekston's, Tankerd, Kreton Pippin, Long Red,
Russetin, ami Pearmains, which were all ripe in
August. "Apricoks" were gathered July 20th, and
"Great Pears" August 1st. but what pear, ripening
at that season, could deserve the name of "great,"
must be a puzzle to modern pomologists.

The fruit of an apple tree, which, with an acre of
land was given to the apostle Eliol by the Indians,
was exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society in 1833. Eliot deceased in 1690. In
Dorchester are trees of the Black Pear of Worces-
ter, said to lie more than two centuries old, and an
equal age is attributed to a row of Hiuit Russet
apple trees on one of the Hunt farms in Concord.
• in the Bacon farm in Richmond are four healthy
trees remaining from an apple orchard planted
probably as early as 1770. On the Clapp estate in
Dorchester (where the Clapp's Favorite pear origi-
nated), I have seen an apple tree which is said to
be two hundred years old. This estate has been in
the Clapp family since the settlement of the coun-
try : and like the Hunt estate at Concord, the
Endicott and Pickering estates at Salem, and that
on which the Allen pear tree (also at Salem) stands,
is a gratifying instance of stability, in a country so
given to change as ours.

'the Roxbury Russet apple probably originated
soon after the settlement of tile country. The orig-
inal tree is said to have stood on what was afterwards
the Warren homestead, the birthplace of General
Warren, of Hunker Hill fame, in what is now War-
ren street, Roxbury. The first settlers of Stoning-
ton. Conn., went from Roxbury, as early as 1649,
and tradition states that they brought this apple at
a\ei\ early date. It was more largely planted in
eastern Connecticut than any other variety, and
trees a hundred years or more of age are still stand-
ing there. It was introduced into Ohio in L796, by
Israel and Aaron Waldow Putnam, who got the
scions from their father. General Israel Putnam, at
Pom fret. Conn. It was cultivated in Ohio under the
name of Putnam Rvsset, and was for many years
without a rival as a market fruit in that state, whole
orchards being planted with it.

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF FRUIT CULTURE IN MASSACHUSETTS BY ROBT. MANNING.

81

In 10G1 it was stated that the canker worm had
for four years devoured most of the leaves of the
apple trees in Boston. They were again very de-
structive in 1770. In 1665, 1686 and 1708 fasts
wen' held in Salem for deliverance from caterpillars,
palmer worms, and other destructive insects.

A paper in the "Philosophical Transactions," by
Paul Dudley, F. R. S., and Chief Justice of Massa-
chusetts, who resided at Roxbury, gives a vivid idea
of the extent to which fruit culture had attained in
1726. He says: "Our Apples are without Doubt as
good as those of England, and much fairer to look
to, and so are the Pears, but we have not got all
the sorts. Our Peaches do rather excel those of
England, and then we have not the Trouble or
Expence of Walls for them, for our Peach Trees
are all Standards, and I have had in my own Gar-
den seven or eight hundred fine Peaches of the
Rareripes growing at a Time on one Tree. * * *
1 have seen a fine Pearmain at a Foot from the
ground measure ten Feet and four inches round.
This tree in one Year has borne thirty-eight Bushels
by Measure of as fine Pearmains as I ever saw in
England. A Kentish Pippin at three Foot from the
Ground, seven Foot in Girt; a Golden Rossetin
six Foot round. The largest Apple Tree that I
could find was ten Foot and six Inches round, but
this was no Graft,

"An Orange Pear Tree grows the largest and
yields the fairest Fruit. I know one of them near
forty Foot high, that measures six Foot and six
Inches in Gill, a Yard from the Ground, and has
borne thirty Bushels at a Time: and this year I
measured an Orange Pear, that grew in my own
Orchard, of eleven Inches round the Bulge. I have
a Warden Pear Tree that measures five Foot six
Inches round. One of my Neighbors has a Berga-
mot Pear Tree that was brought from England in a
Box, about the Year 1643, that now measures six
Foot about, and has borne twenty-two Bushels of
fine Pears, in one Year. About twenty Years since
the Owner took a C'yon, and grafted it upon a com-
mon Hedge Pear; but the Fruit does not prove
altogether so good, and the Rind or Skin is thicker
than that of the Original.

"Our Peach Trees are largeand fruitful, and bear
commonly in three Years from the Stone. I have
one in my Garden of twelve Years' Growth, that
measures two foot anil an Inch in Girt a Yard
from the Ground, which two fears ago, bore me
m-ar a Bushel of line peaches. Our common Cher-
ries are not so good as the Kentish Cherries ol
England, and we have do Dukes or Heart Cherries,
unless in two or three Gardens."
6

Justice Dudley had examined an apple tree in
his own town, which bore a considerable quantity
of apples, especial bj everj other year, bul never had
a blossom. Probably it was similar to the varieties
with petalless flowers known in our own day. This,
by the way, is the earliest notice we have of the
alternate hearing of the apple, lie speaks of the
making of cider in great quantities; in one town of
two hundred families nearlj ten thousand barrels
were made. "Molosses," also, was made by boiling
down the juice of sweet apples, especially of a sum-
mer variety, which was also used for fattening
swine.

At this time, and later, the residences of the
wealthy inhabitants of Boston bad gardens at-
tached, in which fruit trees were cultivated on
espaliers, as in Europe. This method of culture
survived until, perhaps, a generation ago, hut being
found unnecessary, has been abandoned.

The Baldwin apple first fruited about the middle
of the last century, but was not brought into notice
until after the commencement of the present cen-
tury. The original tree stood, probably, in Wil-
mington, though one account locates it in Tewkes-
bury. The Hubbardston Nonsuch sprang from seed
about 1780, and was introduced to notice about
1828*or 1830. The original tree was standing in
1871 in the town from which it took its name.

The first regularly educated gardener in this
vicinity, of whom we have any account, was George
Heusler, a native of Landau in Alsace. He lived
at first in Newburyport, and afterwards at Salem,
and practiced his profession in other towns in
Essex county. A bill from him to Nathaniel Sils-
bee, of Salem, in 1799, will give some idea of the
trees planted at that time, ft was for six plum
trees, two each of Simiana, Tmperatrice, and Bo-
nvm Magnum; twelve peach trees, three each of
BrattaVs While, Early Purple, Red Magdalen, and
Noblesse; twelve Lombardy poplars, and twelve
large leaf poplars. The price of these was thirty-
three and one-third cents each.

In 1700 John Kenrick commenced his horticul-
tural improvements at Newton by planting a quan-
tity of peach stones, lie was acquainted with the
process of grafting, but not of budding, and the
trees for his orchard were planted in their natural
state. About 1794, having learned to bud, he be-
gan a commercial nursery, adding apples, cherries,
and other fruit trees to his Btock. This was the
first nursery in the vicinity of Boston. In 1833 he
associated with him hi- eldei son, William. The
red currant was cultivated bj them for the manu-
facture of wine, of which they made, in L826, thirty.

82

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF FRUIT CULTURE IN MASSACHUSETTS— BY ROBT. MANNING.

six hundred gallons. William Kenrick continued
the nursery business after the decease of his father
in 1833. lie was author of the "New America
Orchardist." of which the second edition was pub-
lished in 1835. His younger brother, John A.
Kenrick, also engaged in the nursery business.

Early in the present century large importations
of fruit trees, of the highest reputation in Europe,
were sometimes made by wealthy amateurs, in the
hope of increasing the number of superior varieties,
but these Impes were, to a great extent, disap-
pointed. Among one hundred and fifty varieties
imported into Boston about 1805, by Eben Preble,
the only desirable kinds were two cherries, the
Black Tartarian and White Tartarian, and a single
pear.

In 1814 a writer in the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural Repository furnished the following list of the
best varieties of fruits — the earliest "select list"
which has come under our notice — and remarked,
that as much greater encouragement had been
given in the metropolis to the raising of good fruit
than previously, and as the inhabitants of our
larger towns began to discriminate the varieties
and to pay liberal prices for the best, it Mas hoped
and expected that greater attention would be paid
by cultivators to the quality of the fruit which they
raised. It was thought that there was then in the
Slate nearly every good variety of the pear known
in France.

Peaches. — Early Ann, While Magdalen, lie//
Magdalen, Noblesse, Old Newington, Swalch, Cath-
erine, Lemon Clingstone, Vanguard, Blood.

Cherries. — May Duke, English, Black Heart,
Bigarreaus, Black Tartarian.

Apples. — Rhode Island Greening, lied Nonsuch,
Nonpareil, Newtown Pippin, Roxbury Russet,
Spitzenberg, Baldwin.

Pears. — Little Muscat, Catherine, Jargonelle,
Sn miner Bergamot, Brockholst [Brocas?] Bergamot,
Brown Beurre, St. Michael, Monsieur Jean, Rousse-
line. Winter domi Christian, Virogouleuse, Colmar,
Chaumontelle, SI. Germain. The last wasdescribed
as the most profitable, the most uniformly good, and
the best fjpr keeping.

The nursery established by Jonathan Winship at
his residence in Brighton, was next to the Kenrick
nursery the oldest in Boston. In 1823Roberl Man-
ning commenced the establishment of his Pomologi-
cal Garden at Salem, with the design of collecting
specimen trees of such varieties of fruits, both native
ami foreign, as were hardy enough to endure the
inclemency of our winters, identifying and testing

them, and selecting for propagation such as proved
worthy. In pursuing this object he opened, in con-
nection with William Kenrick, a correspondence
witli Dr. J. B. Van Mons of Belgium, receiving
from him the many line varieties which he had
originated, and with Robert Thompson, the head
of the fruit department in the Garden of the Lon-
don Horticultural Society. Trees and scions were
also drawn from all the prominent nurserymen and
other cultivators in Europe and America. Though
the obstacles to importing trees and scions, in-
dependently of the difficulty of obtaining the
newer and choicer varieties from sources to be
depended on. Mere much greater than at present,
Mr. Manning pursued his chosen work with such
ardor that at the time of his death in 1842,
his collection of fruits was far larger than had
previously been made by any American pomolo-
gist, amounting to nearly two thousand varie-
ties of apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries,
and apricots; pears forming by far the larger part,
lb also established a nursery for the propagation
and sale of such varieties as proved worthy. To
him, more than to any other one in his day — per-
haps it would be just to say more than to all others
— were the public indebted for the introduction of
new and choice fruits, for the identification of the
different varieties, for the correction of their nomen-
clature, and the testing of their qualities, and he
was the highest authority in regard to the names
and synonyms of fruits. It was he who, in 1830,
discovered the identity of the Bartlett pear — the
origin and history of which had been a perplexing
problem to fruit growers, many considering it a
native fruit — with the Williams's Bon Chretien of
the English pomologists. In 1838 he published the
■■ Book of Fruits," containing descriptions of fifty-
one varieties of apples, eighty-one pears, fifteen
peaches, twenty plums, and fourteen cherries, select-
ed from those tested by him. His work was taken
up at his death by his son of the same name, who
for some years continued to identify, test, and dis-
seminate the valuable fruits cultivated by his father
and himself.

In 1823, also, John Lowell, of Roxbury, who then
stood at the head of the horticulturists of Massa-
chusetts, published an account of the scions of fruit
trees received by him from Thomas Andrew Knight,
president of the London Horticultural Society.
These comprised the Urbaniste, Marie Louise, Na-
poleon, and Passe Colmar pears; the Black Eagle,
Elton, Dozvnton, and Waterloo cherries, and the
Coe's Golden Drop plum. Samuel G. Perkins, of

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF FRUIT CULTURE IX MASSACHUSETTS BY ROBT. MANNING. 83

Brookline, also received from the London Horticul-
tural Society, strawberry plants aud scions of new
fruits.

It was at about this time that the decay of the
fine old varieties of the pear was noticed. In 182G
Mr. Lowell stated that the Chaumontelle, Virgou-
leuse, St. Germain, Summer and Winter Bon Chre-
tiens, and St Michael were generally in a diseased
or desperate state.

Although the progress of horticulture was more
rapid after the commencement of the present cen-
tury than before, it should not be understood that
such instances as we have quoted were general, or
that trees and scions had been imported to any con-
siderable extent. In 1820, seedling apples, pears,
plums, peaches, and cherries were to be found in
abundance where there was any market, and some
were very good, but the orchards contained few
grafted trees, the great object then being the pro-
duction of cider, and a superior apple was scarcely
known beyond the farm where it originated. Dr.
James Thacher, of Plymouth, who published the
" American Orchardist " in 1821, stated, as a re-
markable fact that the first settlers bequeathed to
their posterity a greater number of orchards in pro-
pDrtion to their population than were to be found
in the Old Colony when he wrote. The private
gardens were better than the nurseries. In 1822
Mr. Lowell complained of the destitution of exten-
sive nurseries of fruit trees, and a year later of the
scarcity of any other than wild strawberries, black-
berries, etc., in the markets. In 1824 he said
'■'There never was a more rapid progress than we
haw made in horticulture, and yet there is no one
point in which we are more defective." In August,
L 825, the private garden of John Prince, at Rox-
bury, produced for dessert eleven varieties of pears,
four each of plums, apples, and grapes, and two of
apricots, besides oranges, mulberries, and musk-
melons. Hut it was thought at that time that there
were not more than twenty market farmers in the
vicinity of Boston who gave much attention to fruit
as a source of profit Yet the progress of horticul-
ture had been so rapid since the beginning of the
century as to inspire the hope of improving it still
more rapidly, and this hope led to the formation of
tie- Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1829,
and its history is thenceforward the history of hor-
ticulture in the Stat.-. A glanceal themosl promi-
nent fruits shown at the exhibitions of this society
will give an idea of the progress of pomology in
Massachusetts.

The now popular Downer cherry was shown bj
Samuel Downer, the originator, in L829, and

the Belle et Magnifique by Gen. Dearborn, the Presi-
dent of the Society. The Urbaniste pear which
was shown for the first time, and the Marie Louise,
Napoleon, Passe Colmar, Vapiaumont, Bartlett,
Forelle, Vicar of Winkfield (then called Burgo-
master), and Beurre Diel, which were then recently
introduced, were shown. Of native pears the
Heatlicote, Dix, Wilkinson, and Lewis had never
been shown before, and the Bel re. Clapp (not
Clapp's Favorite). Gushing, liar rani, Hadley and
Fulton were of recent introduction. Keens's Seed-
ling strawberry was introduced in 1830, and re-
ceived the prize for the best specimens. The
nectarine and apricot seem to have been produced
more easily than at present. Many very fine apri-
cots, mostly Moorparhs, were shown. Foreign
grapes also were then more cultivated in the open
air than now and seem to have succeeded better,
and a dozen varieties were shown. Of native
grapes there were only the Isabella and Catawba.
The Williams, Benoni, Porter, and Hubbard-ftm
Nonsuch apples (natives), and the Ribslon Pippin
(foreign), made their appearances. John Prince
sent fifty-five varieties of apples. Samuel Perkins
sent on the Kith of October a Duchesse oV Angouleme
pear, the only product of the tree, and probably the
first one grown in America. It was pronounced
superior to the St. Michael. Mr. Perkins also ex-
hibited on the 31st of July, forced specimens of the
Lewis, or Boston, nectarine, a new variety, origin-
ated in Boston, of which he said, "This fruit was
painted, some years since, by my order, and sent to
the Horticultural Society of London; but I have
understood that doubts have been entertained as to
the correctness of its coloring, it being thought too
brilliant to be natural. You will see, however, by
the specimens I shall present you, that there is no
deception on that score." Magnificent specimens
of the same fruit from the old trees planted by Mr.
Perkins, were shown by his son in 1851. The
Beurre d'Aremberg, Golden Beurre of Bilboa, and
Andrews were also shown for the first time. The
first specimens of the Dearborn's Seedling pear were
sent by President Dearborn. August 13. 1831. The
fruits shown at the annual exhibition this year, were
pronounced by Nicholas Longworth superior to
those he had seen at New York or Philadelphia.
The winter of 1831-32 was very destructive to fruit
trees, the Baldivin apples especially suffering. July
13. 1833, Messrs. Winship showed thirteen varieti s
of currants, and Samuel Walker seventeen varieties
of gooseberries. Angnsl 24th, ten persons presented
forty-two dishes of plums, in tweuty-five varieties.
Robert Manning's collection comprised sixteen va-

M

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF FRUIT CULTURE IN MASSACHUSETTS BY ROBT. MANNING.

rieties. Jacob Tidd showed a bunch of the Horatio
or Nice grape, weighing six pounds and seven
ounces.

The next winter, inquiries having been made for
such information, the Fruit Committee published a
list of fruits adapted to the climate of New Eng-
land, which may be interesting for comparison with
the lists of the present day. The native varieties
are marked with a star.

Apples. — Early Harvest, Red Margaret, Bough,*
Summer Rose* Summer Queen,* Summer Pear-
main* Drop d'or. Fail Pippin. Doctor or Dewitt,*
Hawthornden, Pennock's Bed Winter,* Baldwin,
Lady or Pomme d'Api, Yellow Bellflower* Rib-
stun Pippin. Rhode Island Greening,* Roxbury Rus-
set,* Red Astrakhan, Kilham Hill,* Williams's
Favorite* Murphy,* Hubbardston Nonsuch,* Ort-
ley,* Porter's Favorite,* Epes's Sweet* Benoni,*
American Red Juneati mj* Stump or Boxford,*
Lyscom,* Jonathan.* Wine,* Yellow Ingestrie, Red
Ingestrie.

Pears. — Little Must,-. Amire Joannet, Madeleine.
Epargne or Jargonelle, Skin/ess, Julienne. Long
Green, Rousselet de Rheims, Prince's Sugar or
Lowry's Bergamot, Moorfowl's Egg, Autumn Ber-
gamot (English), Washington,* Buffum,* Seckel,*
Harvard,* Red Bergamot (French), Chaumontel.
Beurre Bid, Beurre Knox, Bleecker's Meadow,*
Hnr/hii. Capiaumont, Gushing* Diz,* Duchesse
d'Auijoiileme. Fulton * Ifeathcnte.* (Iran Sylvanche,
Johonnot* Napoleon, Passe i 'olmar, Raymond,* St.
Ghislain, Urbaniste, Wilkinson,* Coluiar Sou vera in,
Burgomaster [now Vicar of Winkfield], Summer
Thorn, Andrews* Dearborn's Seedling* Surpasse
Virgalieu, Naumkeag* Golden Beurre of Bilboa,
Wilbur,* Cumberland * /{nights'* Seedling* Cap-
sheaf* Winter Orange,* V Echasserie.

Plums. — Green Gage, Washington,* Prince's Im-
perial Gage* Orleans, Smith's Orleans. Bingham,
Elfrey,* Coe's Golden Drop, Bleecker's Gage,* Italian
Damask. Peach. Semiana (of Boston), Royale de
Tours. Pond's Si ailing*

Cherries. — May Duke. Black Tartarian. Black
Heart, White Bigarreau, Davenport* Graffion, Late
Duke. Pointer's Late Red* /Hack Eagle, Belle de
Choisy, White Tartarian.

Peaches — Freestone. — Early Ann. Early
Royal George, Large Early Red Rareripe, ( 'oolidge's
Favorite,* Morris's White* Oldmixon, Crosse Mig-
iioniie. Red Magdalen. Yelloir Rareripe, Yellow
Alberge, Malta, or Belle de Paris, Belle de Vitry,
Nivette, President,* George I V.,* While Blossom, or
Snow. Van Zaudt's Superb,* Washington* Yellow

Red Rareripe,* Teton de Venus, Heath (Ken-
rick's),* Wells's Seedling* Hoffmanns Favorite*
Barrington.

Clingstones. — Kennedy's Lemon* Old Newing-
ton, Williamson* Spanish, Hgslop's,* Heath*
t 'ongress*

The Committee said they did not wish it to be
understood that the above list contained all the
fruits worth cultivating; but they preferred to
recommend a few sorts known by experience to be
good, rather than a large number of doubtful kinds
whose merits had not been sufficiently tested. All
the kinds had been shown at the meetings of the
Horticultural Society, and bearing trees of most of
them were growing in the gardens of members of
the Committee. There were some kinds in the list
which, though it would be very desirable for every
grower to possess a single tree of each, could by no
means be recommended for extensive cultivation,
while others might be cultivated to any extent de-
sired. It will be observed that but a very small
part of the varieties on this list are now in cultiva-
tion. The scarcity of good late pears will also be
noted.

At the Annual Exhibition in 1834, Robert Man-
ning sent a collection of forty-four varieties of pears,
embracingmany of thenewkindsthen recentlyintro-
duced into the country, and the beginning of those
great collections of pears which were both a conse-
quence and a cause of the high estimation in which
this fruit has been held in Massachusetts. The
Duchesse d' Angouleme pear had become celebrated
for its uncommon size and beauty, and its excellent
flavor and productiveness.

In 1835, Samuel Walker exhibited seventy varie-
ties of gooseberries, thirty-four of which were named.
October 3, Samuel G. Perkins showed Duchesse d'
Angouleme pears, one of which weighed nineteen
ounces. The Columbia Virgalieu was exhibited by
Bloodgood & Co., of Flushing, N. Y. In 1836, Mr.
Manning's collection of pears comprised seventy
varieties, among which the Belle Lucrative and
Beurre Soscappeared for the first time. The Win-
ter Xelis was coming into notice, and was highly
praised. In 1837, Mr. Manning showed the Ros-
/ie:er and Louise Donne of Jersey pears for the first
time. In 1S38 his collection at the Annual Exhi-
bition comprised eighty-four varieties, and Benja-
min V. French's collection of apples sixty-eight
varieties. Among the fruits noted this year as new
nr superior, were the Duchesse d' Angouleme, Henry
I V. Marie Louise, Beurre Ducal. Co/den Beurre at'
Bilboa, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Alpha, Rostiezer,

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF FKflT III.TIUK IN MASSACHI >l"n'S — BY ROUT. MAXMSli.

Petrc, Queen Caroline, Beurre Crapaud, Beurre
Spence, Beurre Bronzeov Fig of Naples, and. Beurre
d'Amanlis pears: and the Early Red Margaret,

Pennoek, and Murphy apples. The new plums
were the Bed Apricot, Huling's Superb, Morocco,
and Dunne's Purple. Pineapples were cultivated
by Hon. John Lowell, Hon. Thomas H. Perkins,
and John P. Gushing.

On the 59th of June, 1839, Hovey's Seedling straw-
berry was first exhibited, and in the words of the
Committee "promised to take rank with the most
desirable'- — a promise which it has fulfilled for forty
years. This is believed to have been the first at-
tempt in this country to improve the strawberry by
cross-fertilization. In 1840 the Flemish Beauty was
shown by Robert Manning for the first time under
that name. It had for twenty years been cultivated
as the Barnard pear — a name which it acquired in
the same way as the Williams's BonChretien acquir-
ed the name of Bartlett. August ?, 1841, Eliphalet
Thayer, of Dorchester exhibited the first cultivated
high bush blackberries, — the variety now known as
the Dorchester. In 1842 the Elizabeth pear, was
shown by Robert Manning who received it from Dr.
Van Mons. and by his permission named it. It was
called by A. J. Downing, Manning's Elizabeth to
distinguish it from a pear afterwards raised by Gov-
ernor Edwards, of New Haven, which he named
Elizabeth. The Tyson pear, a native of Philadel-
phia, was shown by William Oliver. In 1843 the
Diana grape was shown by Mrs. Crehore, the origi-
nator ; the Lawrence pear by Wilcomb & King, of
Flushing. X. Y. ; the Doyenne Boussock from Mr.
Manning's Pomological Garden ; the Mother apple
by Calvin Haskell ; the Lady's Siveet by C. & A. J.
Downing, of Newburg, N. Y , and the Northern
Spy by Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester, N. Y.

In 18 1 1 the display of plums was remarkably fine ;
August 24th there were sixteen dishes of Washing-
tons from as many contributors ; several of the
largest averaged three and one-eighth ounces in
weight. On the 31st there were seventy dishes in
thirty varieties (the Washington .-till taking the
Lead), from twenty-two contributors. Thecurculio,
and still more the black knot, have deprived us of
such exhibition- in the present generation. The
Van Mons Leon le Clerc pear, which hail been her-
alded with extraordinary praise, was fruited this year
by Several cultivators, and was thought worthy of

all tl nuns bestowed upon it. hut later the

trees proved so unhealthy that it has gone entirely
out of cultivation. As another instance of the dis-
appointment experienced in regard to highly praised

European varieties, we may mention the Knight's

Monarch pear, which was extolled by William Ken-
rick, and others as highly as the Van Mons Leon
If Clerc, but when the true kind was, after years
spent in procuring it, and the reception of many
erroneous kinds, finally obtained and tested, it proved
not to have a single characteristic fitting it for cul-
tivation here. Not so with the Beurre d? Anjou,
which was fruited this year by Marshall P. Wilder,
and has every year oince risen in estimation until
now, when it ranks as perhaps on the whole the
best of all pears. The Paradis d'Automne was first
fruited this year at Manning's Pomological Garden.

At this time all new fruits, particularly all new
varietiesof the pear, native or foreign, were zealously
sought and added to the collections of amateurs or
nurserymen for the purpose of testing their qualities
and ascertaining their synonyms, for not only were
the most desirable kinds unknown, but there was
great confusion and perplexity in regard to their
nomenclature. The fruit growers of this day have
but a faint idea of the vast amount of time, care,
labor, and money spent in making the collections
from which has been obtained the information now
so easily accessible to any one who would plant an
orchard or a garden. As one of the results of this
zeal there were exhibited at the annual show in
1845, from Robert Manning's Pomological Garden,
two hundred and fifty varieties of pears, fifty of
which had never before fruited in this country. In
1846 the Doyenne d'ete pear appeared. Samuel G.
Perkins exhibited magnificent specimens of pears
from trees trained on walls — a method of culture
which soon afterwards went out of use.

July 26, 1847, John Fisk Allen exhibited a col-
lection of twenty-two varieties of foreign grapes. In
the course of his experiments he tested under glass
four hundred varieties. Mr. Allen also made fre-
quent exhibitions of forced peaches, nectarines,
plums, cherries, and figs. Specimens of the crop of
1849 from the retarding house were shown Febru-
ary '.'. ls">(», and the first of the crop of 1*,30 on the
23d of March. The Houghton's Seedling goose-
berry, the first of those native varieties which have
proved so valuable for their exemption from mildew.
was shown by Josiah Lovett on the lib of August.
The Onondaga pear was sent by Ellwanger & Barry,
of Rochester, X. Y. Rttlesof 1'onmlogy for guidance
in naming, describing, and introducing new fruits
were this year adopted by many horticultural soci-
. including that of Massachusetts. By these
rule,- the "Catalogue of the London Horticultural
Society" was established as the standard European

86

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF FRUIT CULTURE IN MASSACHUSETTS — BY ROBT. MANNING.

authority, and " Downing's Fruits and Fruit Trees
of America," as the standard American authority
on the names of fruits.

In 1848 the Howell pear was brought to the notice
ofcnltivatorshere by specimens from the original tree
at New Haven, Conn., shown at the Annual Exhibi-
tion of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. At
this exhibition Marshall P. Wilder showed two hun-
dred varieties of pears ; Robert Manning two hundred
and sixty of pears, and one hundred and eighteen
of apples, and John Fisk Allen thirty-three varieties
of foreign grapes. This year the American Pomo-
logical Society was established, largely through the
influence of Massachusetts pomologists, the lead
being taken by a Committee of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, consisting of Marshall P.
Wilder, the President, Samuel Walker, and Eben
Wight. The season of 1849 was one of the most unfa-
vorable ever known here for fruit, and consequently
we have nothing of note to mention. In 1850 John P.
Cushing exhibited magnificent specimens of White
Doyenne, Gray Doyenne. Brown Beurre,and several
newer pears from trees under glass and on walls,
and as espaliers and standards. The Flemish Beauty
pear showed signs of the blight which has since af-
fected it. At the Annual Exhibition Benjamin V.
French presented a collection of one hundred and
forty-one varieties of apples, all finely grown, and
an exhibition in itself. This and the next year
several large collections of strawberries were shown.
The Jenny Lind strawberry was 6rst shown in 1851
by Isaac Fay the originator, and the Beurre Gif-
fard pear by Joseph S. Cabot. An interesting col-
lection of nearly two hundred varieties of fruits,
nuts, etc.. among which was the Doyenne da Cornice
pear, came from Andre Leroy of Angers, France.
The shows of foreign grapes at this time were very
large; besides John Fisk Allen, whose extensive con-
tributions have been mentioned, Hovey & Co., Wil-
liam C. Strong, and Joseph Breck exhibited forced
grapes in large quantity and variety, while many
other cultivators occasionally placed on the tables
specimens of superior quality.

In 185-2 the Dana's Hovey pear was shown by
the originator, Francis Dana, the Sheldon by Hovey
& Co., and the Ileum- Clairgeau by two growers.
Marshall P. Wilder exhibited two hundred and six-
ty varieties of pears, Hovey & Co. two hundred and
fifty, and Benjamin V. French one bundled and
sixty pears and one hundred and eighty apples. In
185*3 Mr. Wilder's collection comprised three hun-
dred and ten varieties of pears and Messrs. Hovey's
three hundred — numbers which were not again

reached for several years. Mr. Wilder exhibited
the Beurre Superfin pear, and E. W. Bull the Con-
cord grape. The crop of plums, which was very
abundant in 1852, was this year almost an entire
failure. This was the beginning of that scarcity of
plums, which, owing to the destruction of the trees
by the black knot, has continued with but little im-
provement to the present day.

July 22, 1854, Ignatius Sargent exhibited several
bunches of Black Hamburg grapes, which weighed
upwards of four pounds each, and one weighing
seven pounds. September 9, John Fisk Allen pre-
sented specimens of Allen's Hybrid grape, the first
cross between the native and foreign species, the
Rogers' hybrids having first fruited in 1856. From
this time the great interest in the improvement in
the native grape which has already resulted in the
production of many valuable kinds, may lie dated.
The meeting of the American Pomological Society
was held in connection with the Annual Exhibition
of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society this year.
The Delaware grape was brought to the notice of
pomologists here in 1855. In 1850 II. H. Huune-
well sent beautiful specimens of the Stan-wick nec-
tarine, which, on testing by the Committee proved
superior to any they had ever tasted. The Wash-
ington Strawberry apple and Rebecca grape were
reported as new and promising acquisitions. In
1857 the Versaillaise currant was first shown by
William ('. Strong. The Lawton blackberry was
also exhibited. In 1859 specimens of Wilson's Al-
bany strawberry were presented, which, the Com-
mittee said "did not on trial commend themselves
for their quality."

In I860 Marshall P. Wilder and Hovey & Co.
each exhibited three hundred varieties of pears, a
larger number than has since been shown at any ex-
hibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
We have before referred to the zeal shown in col-
lecting all the best varieties of this and other fruits.
The growers and the committees of the society had
long been engaged in testing and recording their
qualities, ami in selecting the best for general culti-
vation, and the year at which we have now arrived
may be considered as closing the era of collections.
It should not be understood that the large collec-
tions were abandoned, but rather that, having
served their purpose, they were gradually diminish-
ing, and were no longer shown except on such
special occasions at the meetings of the Pomolog-
ical Society. The prizes which were offered in
1845, '4»i. -4r. '52 and '53 for the largest collections,
had been discontinued, and the offers were for col-

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF FRUIT CULTURE IN MASSACHUSETTS — BY ROBT. MANNING.

87

lections of thirty, twenty, or ten varieties. In 1876
the offers were for single dishes of specified varieties.
The Clapp's Favorite and Mount Vernon pears
were first mentioned in I860.

The year 1861 was memorable as one of the

most unfavorable for fruit culture ever known ;
not only was the crop of the year extremely
small, but many trees were killed outright, and
others severly injured. 1S62 was as propitious
to the fruit grower as the previous year had
been unfavorable : fruit of all kinds was so plen-
tiful as to cause dull sales and low prices. The
crop of currants was so abundant that in some
places it could hardly be given away, and one farmer
who brought into Boston a load of Bartlett pears.
found the prices offered so low that, rather than sell
them, he invited the newsboys to help themselves.
The ninth session of the American Pomological So-
ciety was this year held in Boston, at the same time
with the annual exhibition of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society. In 1863 and 1864 we have
the record of unusually large and interesting collec-
tions of native grapes, including many new seedlings,
and in the latter year, of many seedling pears, from
Dr. S. A. Shurtleflf, Messrs. F. & L. Clapp, and
Francis Dana. The President Wilder strawberry
was first shown in 1866, and the Frederick Clapp pear
(Clapp's No. 22), and Moore's Early grape in 1872.
In 1873 the meeting of the American Pomological
Society was again held in Boston, at the invitation
of the Massac!) usetts Horticultural Society. At
this meeting Marshall P. Wilder exhibited four
hundred and four varieties of pears, and Hovey &
Co. three hundred and twenty-eight. It is not
probable that so large collections will ever be
shown here again. The Souvenir du Congris and
Beurre de VAssomplion pears were this year exhi-
bited by Marshall P. Wilder. The Hervey Davis
strawberry, the best of several seedlings raised by
John B. Moore, was first shown in 1876. In this
year the pomologists of Massachusetts, through the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society and Worcester
County Horticultural Society, took an active part
in contributing to the pomological exhibition in
connection with the International Centennial Ex-
hibition at Philadelphia, in commemoration of the
independence of the United States. The number
of dishes of pears at this exhibition, from Massa-
chusetts, was eight hundred and sixty-threi — more
than from all the other states together, affording
new proof that no part of our country is more
favorable for the growth of this fruit than Eastern
Massachusetts.

The preceding summary of the rise and progress
of fruit culture in the State has been drawn mainly
from the "History of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society," mentioned in the beginning of this report.
We have passed very rapidly over it, especially the
later years, and those who desire further informa-
t ion are referred to the "History." Among those who
have been most largely instrumental in the im-
provement of fruit culture in the State, besides the
gentlemen already named, may be mentioned, as
active within the last sixty years, Governor Chris-
topher Gore, Samuel W. Pomroy, Hon. John C.
Gray, Enoch Bartlett, Gorham Parsons, John
Heard. Jr., Cheever Newhall, Charles Lawrence,
Elias Phinney, Zebedee Cook, Jr., John C. Lee,
John M. Ives, Aaron D. Williams, Aaron D. Weld,
E. Hersey Derby, Elijah Vose, Thomas II. Perkins,
David Haggerston, Thomas Mason, James Arnold,
Ed ward M. Richards, Leonard Stone,Josiah Sticknev,
Frederick Tudor, Otis Johnson, Samuel Downer Jr.,
John Gordon, Asa Clement, and James F. C. Hyde.
Marshall P. Wilder began to form his collection of
fruit trees in 1832. The Messrs. Hovey began in
1828 to collect native grapes (of which about half a
dozen varieties were then known], and also plums
and strawberries, but their present nursery and
collection of fruit trees was commenced in 1810.
We should not omit to mention here John Wells.
Samuel Appleton, John A.Lowell, Theodore Ly-
man, Josiah Bradlee, and John P. (lushing, who,
by the establishment of premiums for the best
specimens of fruit, have done much for the im-
provement of this branch of horticulture.

Besides the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
the many other horticultural and agricultural soci-
eties in the state have done much to extend a taste
for and promote a knowledge of fruit culture. Ex-
hibitions vying with those of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society were for many years held by
the Essex Institute at Salem. Among the fore-
most may also be named the Worcester County
horticultural Society, in which the late John
Milton Earle, one of the founders of the American
Pomological Society, stood preeminent for his
knowledge of fruits and their cultivation, and for
his sagacity in identifying the varieties, which
gained for him in the society the title of "Nomen-
clator" of fruits. The horticultural societies of
\cu Bedford, Cambridge,. and Newton also deserve
particular mention for their part in the advance-
ment of fruit culture in the state.

The New England Fanner or Georgical Diction-
ary, by Dr. Samuel Deane, published in 1790, and
the New American Gardener, by Thomas Green

ss

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF FRUIT CULTURE IN MASSACHUSETTS BY ROBT. MANNING.

Fessenden, published in 1828, contained much in-
formation on fruit culture. Besides the later works
of Messrs. Thacher, Kenrick, and Manning, which
have been already noticed, we may mention John
Fisk Allen's Practical Treatise on the Culture and
Treatment of the Grape Vine, in 1846; the Ameri-
can Fruit Book, by Samuel W. Cole, in 1849 ; A
Practical Treatise on the Management of Fruit
Trees, by George Jaques, in 1S49 ; and The Culture
of the Grape, by William C. Strong, in 1800. The
later volumes of the Massachusetts Agricultural
Repository, which was began in 1793, and discon-
tinued in 1832, contained many articles on the
culture of fruit, by John Lowell, and others. Much
attention was also given to this subject in the New
England Farmer, published from 1822 to 1840. In
1835 two periodicals, devoted especially to horti-
culture, were established in Boston, the Horticul-
tural Register, successively edited by Thomas G.
Fessenden, J. E. Teschmacher, and Joseph Breck,
which continued for but four years, and the Maga-
zine of Horticulture, by Charles M. Hovey, which
he continued to edit for thirty-four years, and which
exerted much influence in promoting the progress
of pomology. Mr. Hovey also commenced the pub-
lication, in 1848, of the Fruits of America, with
colored plates and full descriptions of the best
varieties of fruits. Two volumes, including ninety-
six varieties, were completed. The Transactions of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society also contain
much information on the progress of fruit culture,
and from 1847 to 1852 they were enriched with
colored plates, in the best style of art, of select
fruits, with full descriptions.

To attempt a recital of the improvement in fruit
culture in the last fifty years in this State would
occupy too much space, but we may briefly call atten-
tion to a few points. One of these is suggested by the
remarks of the Fruit Committee in connection with
the select list of fruits published in 1834, " that
there are some kinds embraced in this list which,
although it would be very advisable for every
fruit grower to possess a single tree, could by no
means be recommended for extensive cultivation."
To-day, a variety which cannot be recommended
more highly than this, cannot be recommended at
all. As to the improvement in varieties, a mo-
ment's comparison of that list with the lists of to-
day is sufficient to show an almost immeasurable
advance. In no fruit has the improvement been
greater than in the native grape, of which, up to
L843, when the Diana appeared, there were only
two kinds, the Isabella and Cataioba, generally culti-
vated. In 1853 the Concord was introduced, the

first hybrid (Allen's) in 1854, and the Rogers hy-
brids in 1856, and it is only from this time that we
can date any general effort at improvement. When
we consider the vast number of improved varieties
originated since, then the number of ardent experi-
menters still at work, with both hybridized and
pure native seed, and that the quarter of a century
in which such wonderful results have already been
attained is but a small period in the life of a race,
we are justified in expecting results as far beyond
those now achieved as those are beyond the chance
seedlings of fifty years ago. And here we may
allude to the culture of the foreign grape, in which
Mr. Allen was most prominent, but which is less
extensively carried on now than a generation ago;
a result which we must attribute chiefly, if not
solely, to the abundance of the improved varieties
of native grapes.

In the pear, while varieties of the finest quality,
unknown fifty years ago, are abundant at all sea-
sons, we are most struck with the improvement in
the late kinds. When we consider that half a cen-
tury ago the Winter Bon Chretien, Virgoulev.se,
Colmar, Cliaumontel, and St. Germain were the
best winter pears; that the majority of them were
breaking pears, and that these were in a diseased or
decaying state — such fruits as the Winter Nelis,
Lawrence, Beurre d' An/on, Dana's Hovey, Beurre
Langelier, and Josephine de Malines will appear
priceless acquisitions. The fact that it is utterly
useless now to recommend any other than a melt-
ing or buttery pear as a dessert fruit, shows greater
progress than the present generation are aware of,
for they do not know that less than fifty years ago
many of the pears most highly recommended were
of breaking texture.

We may note also that while all the fine old
winter varieties mentioned above are of foreign
origin, two of the fine new kinds named are natives
of this country, and while one of these (the Law-
rence), is an accidental seedling, the Dana's Hovey
is the result of a careful attempt to produce im-
proved varieties by sowing the seeds of the best
kinds. This leads us to consider the great number
of native pears produced, where in 182S, Mr. Lowell
said that though it was thirty-three years since he
turned his attention to horticulture, he could enu-
merate no valuable table pears, the evidence of
whose origin in this country was to be deemed un-
questionable, <'\rept the Seckel, Jdhonnot, Lewis,
Heathcote, and a seedling from Dr. Alfred Baylies
of Taunton. It is impossible now to estimate the
number of native pears which have been introduced
to notice, but three cultivators in this State alone,

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF FRUIT CULTURE IN MASSACHUSETTS— BY ROM'. MANNING.

Si)

Mr. Dana, the Messrs. Clapp, and Dr. Shurtleff,
have originated, not accidentally, but from carefully
selected seeds, more than a hundred varieties, which
at the time when Mr. Lowell wrote, and indeed
later, would have been deemed valuable acquisitions
and worthy of general cultivation. Yet so exacting
are the cultivators of our day that it is not prob-
able that more than a tithe of these will ever be
generally known and valued. And it should be
remembered that the experiments of Mr. Dana were
the first to show the incorrectness of the opinion
generally entertained on the authority of Van Mons
and Poiteau, that fruits deteriorate when raised
from the seeds of the best kinds, and that improved
varieties can only be obtained by sowing the seeds
of the wild pear through successive generations.

As to testing fruits, ascertaining the best varieties,
and correcting their nomenclature, we may say that
this work has been substantially accomplished, with
regard to the fruits now or formerly extant, but in
a way different from what was anticipated fifty years
ago. The pomologists of that day had visions of
lists of all known fruits, in which the quality,
merits, and desirability for cultivation of every
variety should be carefully stated, and its synonyms
noted, with ;< rejected lists," comprising such as
were deemed unworthy of cultivation. But instead
of this, not merely the absolutely worthless kinds,
but those unworthy of cultivation in comparison
with superior varieties, have been quietly dropped
and forgotten, except as their record may be found
in Downing's and other works on pomology, or as a
few may be kept in cultivation for the sake of old
associations or by the partiality of cultivators for a
particular flavor. The nomenclature of the com-
paratively small number retained for general culti-
vation from the great collections formerly grown,
is well established, and their synonyms are well
known. The work of testing the merits of such
new candidates for places in the list for general cul-
tivation is small when compared with that already
performed, and pomologists are so exacting in their
requirements of such candidates, that additions to
the list must be few and slowly made.

Among all the improved varieties produced we
can hardly say that we have made any advance in
quality over the fines! varieties of pears known two
hundred years ago, such as the White Doyenne,
Brown Beurre, ami Saint Germain, in their best
estate. But the Seckel is a unique variety, and in
the honied sweetness of the Belle Lucrative and
Da/id's Ilnvei/, and in the Beurre Superfin and
Frederick Clapp, with their spirited and refreshing

vinous juice, we seem to have types of new classes
of pears. .Many others might be named which have
greatly increased the variety of flavors at our des-
serts, yet we can hardly say that they are absolutely
superior to the old varieties above mentioned. Nor
does it appear to me that we are likely to produce
kinds superior to them, but must content ourselves
with extending the season, with new early and late
varieties which shall be equally good, and with pro-
ducing new types and flavors.

In regard to culture we would mention one or two
points which have not been generally noted. First,
the great improvement in the stocks on which fruit
trees, especially pears, are grafted. Writers on fruit
culture, even as late as 1845, when the first edition
of Downing's " Fruit and Fruit Trees of America,"
appeared, described the stocks used for pears as
seedlings or suckers, though the former were much
preferred ; but to-day the nurseryman who should
send out pear trees grafted on other than seedling
stocks would soon find his business at an end.
When pomology was first attended to here in a sys-
tematic manner, and large collections of pears were
attempted, the zealous collectors were obliged both
in making their collections and in propagating them
for dissemination, to use such stocks as they could
get, and the best attainable were often suckers with
one-sided roots, having few branches and no fibres
— such as would be instantly rejected now by the
merest novice in fruit culture. Many of these were
utterly incapable of making a tree and the grafts
placed on them became in a few years stunted, aged,
and decrepid. We cannot doubt that this point is
destined to receive more attention, and that in the
future such stocks will be used as are found best
adapted to the grafts to be placed on them, and the
soils in which they are to be planted.

Another point to which we would refer is the in-
crease in the size of pears. We have few data upon
which to estimate this, but from such as I have
been able to obtain I infer that a gradual increase
in the size of pears — so gradual as to be scarcely ap-
preciated— has taken place in the last thirty or forty
years, which may be placed to the credit of im-
proved culture.

If 1 were asked what is the most remarkable fea-
ture of the penological progress of the present day,
I should point to the production of such "strains"
(to use a. florist's expression), as the improved pears
of the growers before alluded to— Messrs. Dana,
Clapp. Shurtleff, and others, in which, whatevermay
be the proportion of good to worthless kinds, it is
certainly far greater than was obtained from chance

90 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF FRUIT CULTURE IN MASSACHUSETTS — BY ROBT. MANNING.

seedlings half a century since. The sudden ap-
pearance of the new class of early peaches, of which
the Alexander and Waterloo may be taken as repre-
sentatives, is perhaps even more remarkable. We
seem to have arrived at, or at least to be approach-
ing, though by a different road, the time which Van
Mons foretold, when the seed of his improved varie-
ties would yield only superior kinds. The improved
varieties of the potato, of which the Earl;/ Rose
was the first, and the extraordinary success of some
growers of the gladiolus in producing fine seedlings,
are similar instances in other classes of plants.
Viewing these advances and the improvement in
the native grape we are tempted to forecast the
future and attempt a prediction of the results to lie
achieved in the next quarter or half century. "To
place in the earth," said Dr. Van Mons in 1843, in
a letter now before me, "the stone of a peach of not
less than the third renewal is to say, 'in three years
I shall eat your fruit, which will be a thousand
times better than the best in the world.'" We know
that the improvement of stone fruits is easier and

more rapid than that of the pomaceous fruits, and
perhaps with the former Dr. Van Mons's predictions
may not be fulfilled to the letter, but does not the
improvement already made in the different species
of fruits point in that direction ? And may we not
hope not only to make such advances, but to dis-
cover the laws which govern them, so that the po-
mologists of the future when planting a seed will
not only be assured of the excellence of its product,
but will be able to predict its season of ripening and
other characteristics ? These speculations may seem
presumptuous to some, and it is with diffidence that
I put them forth, and yet it does seem, in the light
of what has already been achieved, that such results
are not too much to expect. There are those now liv-
ing who will have the opportunity to judge of their
correctness, and perhaps the reality of fifty years
hence will be as far beyond what the most sanguine
can now imagine, as our present attainments are
beyond the anticipations of the pomologists of half
a century ago.

REPORTS OF STATE FRUIT COMMITTEES.

Report of the General Fruit Committee.

Tn the President and Members of tin American Pomological
Socit ly:

Gentlemen: — The undersigned, on behalf of tin- General
Fruit Committee, respectfully report that on the 1st of
May last, 1879, the following circular was addressed to
the several chairmen of the State Fruit Committees:

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

(Organized 1848.)

To

i'Ii. linn, id Fruit Committee for state of

Dear Sir: — At the last meeting of the American Pomo-
logical Society, held in the city of Baltimore, September,
1877, you were appointed Chairman of the Fruit Commit-
tee of your State. The duties of this committee are defined
in the Society's By-laws as follows:

"State Fruit Committees, consisting of five members
each, for every State, Territory and Province represented,
and a general chairman over all, shall be appointed bi-
ennially. It shall be the duty of the several State Fruit
Committees to forward the general chairman, one month
before every biennial meeting, Slate Pomological Reports,
to be condensed by him for publication."

It is customary for the Chairman of the Slate Fruit Com-
mittee to select his associates, and you are respectfully re-
quested to organize your committee at the earliest moment
practicable, if not already done, by selecting the most com-
petent and trustworthy persons in different sections of your
State to aid you in collecting the information desired by
the Society. This information you will arrange in the
form of a report, and transmit to me as early as the 20th of
August next, that I may he able to present the Report of
the General Fruit Committee on the opening of the session,
which is announced to beheld in Rochester, on September
17th, 18th, and 19th, 1ST'.).

The nature of the information desired may be briefly
stated as follows:

1st— Species of Fruit. What Species of fruit, as
Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry, &c, &c, are grown

successfully in your State?

2d. — Varieties of Phuits. What varieties of these
fruits have been found, by experience, best adapted to the
soil and climate of your State and iis various parts! The
degrees of merit should be stated according to the scale
adopted in the Society's Catalogue, viz: those worthy
of cultivation designated by one *; those of great su-
periority and value by two **; those of more recent
introduction and giving promise of excellence f. In
this connection you will please examine the lists of va

rieties, if any, recommended in the Society's Catalogue,
for your State, and suggest such changes or additions as
may, in your judgment, be necessary.

3d.— New Native Varieties.— If there are any new
varieties of recent origin in your State, giving promise of
excellence, you will please make special note of them.

4th. — Synonymes. — Give as much information as may be
in your power in regard to the different names by which
the same fruit is known in your State.

5th— Obstacles to Successful Fruit Culture. What
are the chief obstacles to successful fruit culture in your
State, as regards soil, climate, insects, diseases, &c, and
what remedies have been most effectually employed?

6th. — Culture and Pruning. What treatment of the
soil of fruit tree plantations, and what system of pruning,
have yielded, in general, the best results?

7th. — Storing and Keeping Winter Fruits. — What
methods are most successfully practiced?

8th.— Packages. — What sort of package has been found
most advantageous, especially for shipment to distant
markets, and especially to Europe?

9th. — Statistics. — If convenient, statistics showing the
extent and progress of fruit culture in your State.

The Committee desire to make these State Reports as
perfect an exhibit of the condition of fruit culture as may
be possible, and, by their aid, continue the work of per-
fecting the Society's Catalogue. Your active co-operation
i- respectfully solicited.

It is hoped that the fruits of your State will be well
represented at Rochester.

Truly yours,

P. Barry,
Chairman General Fruit Committee.

Rochester, X. Y., May 1, 1879.

In response to this circular, the following reports have
been received.

Most of the States which do not report at this time have
reported fully at the last and previous sessions.

The changes in the catalogue recommended in these re-
ports have been made as far as the committee thought it
advisable at present. In some cases quite new and com-
paratively untested suits have been recommended, but,

it is thought well to give them a longer, and more exten-
sive trial before placing them in the catalogue, so that it
may not be necessary to remove them in a short time.

The reports from a • Slates consist merely of changes

in the catalogue; these it is not necessary to publish.
Respectfully submitted,

I'. Harry,
rirman (it' in rut Fruit Committee.

92

REPORT FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Report from New Hampshire.

Dover, N. H., August 20th, 1879.
P. Barry, Esq. : Dear Sir— In making this, my first re-
port, to the American Pomological Society, I have some
misgivings of my ability to deal as successfully with the
subject as my predecessor, Mr. Copp, who has had a half
century's experience in fruit culture, and in the nursery
business. But during the past two years I have noted as
far as possible, the fruits that are cultivated here, and have,
by correspondence and otherwise, endeavored to ascertain
the merits of the various fruits cultivated, and the condition
of fruit culture in different parts of the State. For the
northern part of the State I appointed as my associate on
the committee, Mr. John A. Marston, of Central Sandwich,
a gentleman much interested in pomology, who sends me
a report for the counties of Carroll, Grafton, and Belknap,
and which I append, hoping it will be published in the
Proceedings of the Society over his signature. The reports
from other sources I embody in my report. My aim prin-
cipally will be to perfect as far as possible the list of fruits
found in the Catalogue for our State, this being the object
of the Society, if we understand its workings correctly.
We shall take our staple fruit first.

The Baldwin still ranks first; nine-tenths of all the graft-
ed trees in the State are of this variety. In the Catalogue
New Hampshire has but one star for this variety; another
should be added. The Early Harvest, a very good early
fruit, both for dessert and cooking, is not marked; it should
have one star. The Early Strawberry, also unmarked,
should have one star. Fall Wint . an excellent late fall
. apple, ripening at a season when there are but few good
apples, and commanding the highest price in the market,
should have two stars for our State. The /.'<</ Canada, or
Old Nonsuch, unmarked, should have one star, as it is con-
sidered by all as of superior quality; the tree, however, re-
quires good culture. The Sumrru r Pippin should have one
star, while the Twenty Ounce, which is unmarked, should
have a dagger. Of Crab Apples, New Hampshire's column
is unmarked. In all parts of the State these succeed,
even in the extreme north, and are much esteemed
for preserving, and we should give each of the following
varieties one star: Transcendent, Hyslop and Bed Siberian.

With this fruit, where the varieties cultivated are almost
numberless, it is difficult to select a half-dozen or dozen
suited to all parts of the State. Much depends upon the
locality. In the southeru part of the State more varieties
succeed than in the interior. While some varieties like
the Flemish Beauty do well there, in the southern
part of the State it is worthless, cracking so badly
that we should erase one star from the catalogue. The
Buff urn, a fine tree, forming a regular head and succeeding
finely wherever grown, should have two stars. The
Beu en- d'Anjou, introduced by the honored president of
the Society, succeeds uniformly well wherever planted,
and should have another star added for our State. Day-
enne Boussock and Duchesse d'AngouUme should each have
one star, the latter being our best pear on the quince stock.

The Fulton, Kirtland, and Osband'8 Slimmer should each
have one star; the Merrinm two stars. The Souvenir <lu
i 'main's, new in our State, is a fine fruit, specimens of
which we saw and tested last autumn at the Rochester,
N. H.. town fair, weighing twelve ounces. Of the hardi-
ness of the tree we cannot speak, but we think it should
have a dagger, as it is worthy of trial.

Of new varieties, Oliver Dodge, Esq., President of the
Nashua Horticultural Society, has a new seedling which
he calls the Preddex. It is well recommended for hardi-
ness and earliness. I have a seedling raised from seed of
the Eumelan, which is earlier than that variety and hardy,
but whether it will be better than the older varieties, I
cannot as yet tell. Of the grapes recently introduced the
Lady, Brighton, Warden, Mva re's Early, and Champion-prom-
ise well and should be each marked with a dagger in the
catalogue. We should mark the Perkins and Telegraph
each with a star. In regard to grape culture in New
Hampshire the climate is against us, as we are somewhat
north of the grape zone. Yet by careful pruning and cov-
ering in winter we get good grapes almost every year.
There is a manifest improvement in the culture of this
fruit, especially amongst farmers. Formerly they seemed
to think that there was some mystery connected with
pruning and cultivating this fruit, which could only be
solved by a skilled gardener.

Until recently this fruit can scarcely be said to have had
an existence in our State, for its cultivation has been much
neglected, owing to its tenderness. But to-day there are
more peach trees hearing in New Hampshire than there
has been for twenty-five years. In many localities they
succeed well and we think if there is anything hardy New
Ilainpshiie might be a peach producing State.

STRAWBERRIES.

Around our large cities and towns much of this fruit is
raised for market, and the variety mostly grown is the
Wilson's Albany.

OBSTACLES.

The numerous insects which prey upon the fruits are the
greatest obstacles to successful fruit culture. The canker
worm (.1 nisojiti ■ry.r pometaria), has ravaged the orchards in
the Merrimack Valley, around Manchester and Concord
and in portions of Rockingham and Stafford counties. The
remedies usually applied, such as tarring the trees or using
the patent protector are only effectual when given daily at-
tention. The borer (Saperda bimttata), is a destructive in-
sect and needs much watching. The best method of
destruction is b}' cutting out or killing with a wire where
the trees are large; on smaller trees the plan given by Mr.
Marston in his letter will be found excellent. The pear
has fewer enemies than the apple; cracking, however
does much damage; the blight has not visited us to any
great extent. The most formidable enemy to the grape is
the rose bug (Melalontha). The best method of destruction
is hand picking.

REPORT FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE.

93

REPORT FROM CARROLL, GRAFTON, AND BEL-
KNAP COUNTIES.

Mr. Hayes: Dear Sir — Yours received; having written
several parties in regard to fruit, has caused my delay in
answering.

1st. Species of Fruit — Apple, Pear, Cherry, and Grape;
also small fruits, such as currants, berries, &c.

2d. Varieties.— Here is a list sent me by William C.
Fox, Esq., of Wolfboro; not given in the order of merit:

APPLES.

Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Roxbury Russet, North-
ern Spy, HubbanUton Nonsuch, Danvers Winter Sweet,
Qravenstein, Fail Harvey, Early Harvest, Siceet Bough,
Golden s,reet, Red Astrachan, Sops of Wine, and Williams.

PEARS.

Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Ur-
baniste, Sheldon, Beurre d'Amanlis, Beurre cPAnjou, Seckel,
White Doyenne, Rostiezer, Lawrence, Vicar of Winkjield,

Duchesse d'AnyouUme.

PLUMS.

Green Gage, Washington.

CHERRIES.

Early B&hmond, Whiti Ox-Heart, Red Ox-Heart.

GRAPES.

Concord, Creveling, Delaware, Btumelan, Sweetwater, Roy-
i rs's 19, Merrimac.

NEW VARIETIES.

Atple. — The MUding originated in New Durham, X. H.
[This variety is spoken of by Mr. Copp in the report for
1877. J. M. H.] Large, juicy, mild, sub acid; keeps good
until February; an excellent apple and great favorite. Mr.
Pox also writes, " I have a purple plum which originated
from a Green Gage stone. Hardy, good grower, and pro-
lific; fruit medium, of good quality, and seldom troubled
by curculio. "

OBSTACLES.

In some parts of Carroll county, the black knot is
injuring the natural cherries, and occasionally the imported
varieties, and plnm trees. I learn of no remedy except
cutting out. Curculios, currant worms, rose bugs, are all
more or less troublesome. Hand picking and hellebore are
the best remedies. The most destructive insect is the apple
tree borer (Sapi rda bivittata. ) A good and cheap method to
prevent this insect from injuring trees is to take a strip of
wire netting such as is used for doors anil windows, six or
eight inches wide and of sufficient length to go around
the tree anil leave a space of an inch between the tree and
netting; turn the ends of the strip so they will clasp like
pipe, clasp it around the tree and press the lower
end into the earth and rill the upper end around the tree
with wool or cotton. The eggs are mostly laid here in
June and July. After the season of laying is over the
screens can lie laid aside for next season. A lew may go
in above tin- screen but tiny need never be overlooked.
Tin- cost is bin a tew cents, ami no tools an- Deeded ex-
cept -ii'ai- to 'in the netting, as ii can lie bent with the

Angers over the edge of a board. I lODSiderable damage i-

done by bark lice, though but few farmers are aware of it.
The soil of both Carroll and Grafton counties is well
adapted to fruit culture. It is granitic except the western
part of Graf ton, which is calcareous and slaty. The climate
is severe for tender varieties. 1 was informed by Col. T.
J. Whipple, of Laconia, Grafton Co., that thousands of
dollars had been expended in testing varieties of fruit in
that vicinity. He gave me the following list in the order
of merit :

pears.

Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, Seckel, Dearborn's Seedling,
Sheldon, and Wadleigh.

GRAPE.

Northern Muscadim .

CHERRY.

Late Duki .

PLUM.

Lombard.

But little attention is paid to fruit culture in Carroll
county, and that little to the apple. There is, however, an
increase of interest. Grafton is doing much better.
I remain yours truly,

John A. Marston.
Central Sandwich, Carroll Co., Aug. 10, 1879.

Fruit culture, we think, is making some progress through-
out the State. Much money has been expended with much
loss. Worthless trees have been sold; but we hope there
is an end to this, as the legislature at its last session passed
an act that every fruit tree agent selling trees raised out of
the State should pay a liceuse of fifty dollars into the State
Treasury. With this enactment, and others of a similar
nature, and with better care of orchards and more thorough
cultivation we see no reason why fruit culture may not be
one of our leading industries.

Respectfully submitted,

James M. Hayes,
Chairman State Fruit Committee.

SOUTH-EASTERN NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Mr. Hayes:— In giving you some idea of the condition of
fruit culture in this section of the State, my -remarks must
be of a general character, as from want of time I am unable
to go into the particulars your printed inquiries call for,
but give my ideas of the business as it appears to me. One
of the greatest obstacles to successful fruit culture is want,
of care and attention on the part of the grower. First
in not selecting good and healthy trees. The culls of nur-
series sold by subscription will never give satisfaction or
place the grower in the front rank with those who achieve
success in the business. Those who have done the best
have purchased good standard trees — the best that could
be had at a first-class nursery. Care was then taken to
set them in locations and soils suited to their growth and
development. It will not do to attempt to reverse the laws
of nature, as is often done by those who attempt fruit
culture. There are drawbacks enough in the business with
good trees ami suitable locations and soils, without making
mule by our want of brains in trying to do what nature
never intended should he dune. Many seem to think when
a tree has been sel, thai their duly is done and no further at-
tention is needed. Granted thai both soil anil location are

94

REPORT FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE.

right, no greater mistake could be made. The drought of
summer, the cold bleak winds of winter, the ravagi s of
insects and the liability to injury from roving animals, are
all subjects which present themselves to careful fruit
growers almost daily. To such an extent has this been
found true, that it has been said that eternal vigilance is
the price of successful fruit culture. This is not theory,
but can be shown by the practice of those who have made
the most money in the business. Those who have had
crops of apples in the odd years, which sell for a high
price, and are called lucky by their neighbors, have, in
every case, so far as my observation goes, been men who
have given the subject earnest thought and spent long days
of patient labor in caring for their orchards with a fixed
purpose in view. I have tried in vain to find an orchard
which has been cared for with only ordinary care, or
treated with neglect, that has ever produced fruit in the
odd years, or been the source of any considerable income
to the owner at any time. It is singular that when the
road to success is so plain and certain, so few compara-
tively engaged in the business should ever find it. An
orchard to be successful and profitable should be as care-
fully tended as a cornfield. Plant food in some form should
be added to the soil where needed, and but few places can
be found in this State or any other, where, if intelligently
done, it will not be found to pay. The surface should be
made mellow and free from grass, and be harrowed fre-
quently during the summer months. The whole benefit
of the soil should be given to the trees, without attempting
to get other crops from the land devoted to orchards. If
one cannot devote the land set to trees where they shall
arrive at maturity, wholly to their benefit, he cannot hope to
attain the best results. However much the advocates of
leaving an orchard in permanent grass may claim as the
benefits of such a course, it has never been successful in
this State. We might as well expert a man to flourish
with a hangman's rope about his neck, as a tree to do well
with a strong cordon of grass roots drawn close about its
base at tbe surface of the ground. The strong growth of
blue grass on the prairies is capable of destroying the tim-
ber by thus choking. It is apparent that a like pi ss

could but damage a fruit tree, which is much more delicate
in its organization.

In this section id' the State formerly a much larger acre-
age was devoted to apple orchards than at present — 1S44-
46-50-rJ2-55-G0-()2-?U-?4-To-7S were years which produci d
large crops of apples. In each of tbe years mentioned,
they were so plentiful as to sell at very low prices. During
some of the other years there were scarcely any apples; in
others a partial crop, which sold at a high price, and it was
always on the orchards of those who had given the inosl
care and attention to their trees. From '62 to '70 were
years of scarcity, when it was supposed that there had
been a change of climate and this would prevent the further
growth of apples in this section. The succeeding large
crops have shown how little foundation tie re was tor any
such calculation. During those years we were visited by
the canker worms, which destroyed many orchards. We
made the mistake of allowing them to get a foothold and
become numerous before taking active measures to check
and destroy them. It is an easy task to subdue them on
their first appearance, if the work i~ attended to by all
who have apple tree- in the neighborhood, but when the'.

become numerous the work is one of great difficulty. Gas
tar was used extensively to catch the grubs, and when care-
. Used it would be difficult to tell which was the most
fatal to the trees, the tar or the canker worms. Tin pro-
tectors filled with oil proved the most effectual. Bands of
paper covered with printers' ink also did a good business.

There is at present a greater disposition to attend to the
orchard in an intelligent manner that I have ever known
at any previous time. Most of the improved varieties
which have been introduced within a few- years are suc-
cessfully grown. Pear culture is not so general as that
of the apple, but with good care they might be grown in
great abundance. A dry soil well cultivated, to which a
liberal amount of manure is applied— either barnyard,
bone, or ashes, or all combined, has never failed of mak-
ing good crops. There is a general impression that a
greater amount of manure may be applied with profit to
the peat than any other fruit tree. Cases of over-manuring,
resulting in damage, are unknown. The pear blight has
done comparatively little or no damage. Nothing like the
destruction reported in other places has ever been known
here. Of injurious insects, the pear slug and August cat-
erpillar are the most troublesome. A fixed determination
on the part of the grower will generally rid an orchard of
them. The Bartlett, which was one of the first varieties
introduced, has maintained its popularity, and is considered
the most profitable for the market, and has shown no signs
of deterioration in yield or quality. The Finnish Beauty
in some years has ripened in good condition, but more
often cracks and mildews, and is not recommended for
general cultivation. The same is true of the White Duyenne,
which was once our most popular variety; its cultivation
is now abandoned.

The most of the varieties which have gained popular
favor among fruit raisers have been successfully grown in
this vicinity, and their cultivation has been attended with
profit; and the profit has generally been in a direct ratio
to the care and attention bestowed.

Plums are not generally grown, the Curculio being the
greatest enemy to successful culture. I am satisfied that
good care is all that is needed to produce good crops. A
tree which had been set six years on my premises produced
last year a barrel of Washington plums. This year all of
my trees set at tbe same time are loaded with fruit. An
exhibitor at our State Fair, a few years ago. who had been
very successful, stated that the curculio would never
trouble trees set on the north side of buildings near the
foundation, and the trees would be very fruitful.

Peaches have at times been extensively grown in this
section of the State. They ate not a very certain crop,
owing to the severe cold of our winters; but when grown
are of the best quality.

( iHERKiEsare grown with success, and with only tie' most
ordinary care.

There is no reason why in this section of the State any
family having a small tract of land may not have enough
fruit for family consumption, orenterintoa more extended
business for the market, with a good chance of pioiit if
the same amount of care and intelligence is used that is
required in any other business which is successful.
Respectfully,

Wakren Bkowx.

Eampton Falls, Rockingham Co., N. H.

REPORT FROM MASSACHUSETTS.

95

Report from Massachusetts.

We have little in the way of new fruits to add to the re-
ports of former years, and it seems hardly worth while to
repeat what has already been stated — perhaps more than
once — in former reports. The season of 1878 was favor-
able for most fruits, but the strawberry crop was injured
by frost while the plants were in bloom, and the weather
in August being cool, cloudy, and wet, was unfavorable to
the ripening of native grapes and at the same time tended
to the growth of mildew. The crop of pears in 1879 was
unusually abundant. The hope expressed in our last re-
port that the visitation of pear blight, which for the two
years preceding, had been unusually destructive here,
might be only temporary, has not been realized. Some
orchards have suffered severely; among others the Messrs.
Clapp's beautiful young orchard of a hundred trees of
Glapp's Favorite, mentioned in our report for 1875, has
been entirely destroyed. Still these cases are exceptions
to the general rule, and we continue to hope that the causes
producing them may pass away, and that we may enjoy
the same exemption from blight as in former years.

STRAWBERRIES AND OTHER SMALL FRUITS.

The Charles Downing continues to increase in popularity
both as a market and a family variety. The Hervey Hurt*
has proved a vigorous grower, not so " leggy" as the
Charles Downing, but stocky; and the fruit is of excellent
quality. In 1878 the first prize for the best new straw-
berries was awarded to Marshall P. Wilder for two seed-
lings, the Hero and Abundant, and the second prize to
George S. Harwood for President Green and Duke of Edin-
burg. In 1879 the Hero was thought not to be so good as
the previous year. The Sharpless has not been sufficiently
tested to give a decided opinion upon it.

Of other small fruits we have little that is new to record.
Our cultivators have tried so many highly praised varieties
only to find them no belter than the older kinds, that they
are shj of planting new varieties. The Wachusett black-
berry seems to be coming into favor for its productiveness,
hardiness, and comparative freedom from thorns. The
Davison's Thornless is for the same reasons one of the most
desirable Black Cap raspberries, though the Gregg is un-
doubtedly the largest and finest of this class, which, how-
ever, has found little favor here. The Caroline bus been
tested by President Wilder, and has proved of very good
quality. It is of orange color, like Brinekle's Orange, and
h-s~ seedy than most of the class.

Fruit of the Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifoUa, or
Dwarf June Berry, has been shown. The plant in flower
and fruit presents a pleasing appearance in the garden, and
though the fruit is of rather insipid flavor it may perhaps
be -o developed as to possess more character.
plums.

This fruit has continued to be more exempt from the
black knot than formerly, and there is more encourage-
ment to cultivate it, but the specimens -how n are not equal

in si/e and beauty to those of thirty or forty year i r0

The comparative freedom from the black knot may per

haps be accounted for by the scarcity of the fungus I Sphcs

ria morbosa) which causes it. and this may be owing to the
destruction of the trees on which it formerly grew, the evil

thus working its own cure.

APICES.

In regard to varieties, those mentioned in former reports,
both as standard kinds and as giving promise, have had
their positions confirmed by later experience. The Wash-
ington Strawberry, the Washington Royal or Palmer Green
ing, and Mother, may be especially mentioned as less culti-
vated than they deserve to be. The subject of the alter-
nate bearing of apples has been much discussed, and the
evidence appears conclusive that the bearing year can be
controlled with certainty by any one who is willing when
his trees begin to bear to pluck off the blossoms in the even
year, but that it is a great labor and of little use to pluck
the blossoms from old trees in which the bearing year has
become fixed. The bearing of trees has also been changed
from the even year of excessive abundance to (lie odd year
of comparative scarcity by tempests, late frosts, and canker
worm and other insects, greatly to the advantage of the
owner of the trees. The evidence also goes to show that
trees propagated from scions taken from a tree which bears
the odd year will produce their fruit in the odd year. But
the crop is more liable to reduction of the quantity and in-
jury of the quality in the odd than the even year, there
being as many insects, but much fewer apples; and so far
as the codling moth, or any insect which operates directly
on the fruit is concerned, the unwelcome change from the
odd to the even year is much easier than the desirable
change from the even to the odd year.

The exportation of apples from New England has as-
sumed so large proportions as to be worthy of notice.
Carefully collected statistics show that, from September 1,
1878, to March 1, 1879, there were shipped from Boston to
Liverpool 140,500 barrels, and to foreign ports other than
Liverpool 14,500 barrels, making a total of 155,000 barrels
from Boston to foreign ports. During thesame time there
were shipped from Boston to other places on the coast —
largely to Philadelphia and Baltimore — 101,327 barrels,
making the total shipment from Boston 810,327 barrels.
The most eligible varieties for shipping are the Grareimtiiu
and Hubbardston Nonsuch for earlier, and the Rhode Island
Greening, Baldwin, ami Boxbury Russet for late. The Ni w-
taint Pippin, which is the best known and most highly
esteemed American apple abroad, cannot be recommended
for New England culture. It cannot be too often repeated
and enforced that to secure the highest profit only the best
cultivated and most perfect specimens, picked and packed
in the most careful manner, should be shipped. It is true
that for all markets the best fruit affords the highest profit,
but it costs just as much to transport a barrel of apples of
second quality from Boston to Liverpool as it does a bar-
rel of first quality, and where the transportation i- so huge
an item in the cost to the consumer, the fact that the best
fruit affords the best profit is doubly emphasized. We
would urge upon all growers anil exporters of apples, a- a
matter of the utmost importance, that the reputation of
American fruit should be kept up to the highest standard.

Besides the standard varieties whose reputation is well
established and known, we may mention as a most desira-
ble early variety the Supr&nn de Quimper, The Souvenir

<hi Congris, though magnificent in appearand', of lj 1

quality, and a vigorous grower, has, as yet, shown no signs
of superseding or indeed of rivalling the lliirtlttt, with

96

REPORT FROM RHODE ISLAND.

which it ripens. The Doyenne du Cornice continues to grow
in estimation; in quality it is one of the richest pears, and
in size and beauty when well ripened is surpassed by few.
The Frederick Clapp and the Harris, two of the Messrs.
Clapp's seedlings, are both of the highest quality, though
of very different character, the former being exceedingly
juicy aud vinous, and the latter sweet and rich. The
Mount Vernon is so subject to overbear that attention must
be given to thinning the fruit if it is desired to see it in its
best estate. As a late variety, to succeed the Beurre WAn-
jou, Lawrence, Wintt rNelis, and Buna's Honey, Joseph im dt
Malines is undoubtedly best, and is rapidly growing in
favor. One of the Messrs. Clapp's seedlings, No. 64, is still
later; of large size, oblong ovate pyriform, handsomely
colored, and sweet, and though not of the highest quality
has been thought, especially considering its beauty, to be
desirable as a very late variety. It has been shown in good
condition the 19th of April. The Dudley pear is a new
seedling of promise. It was originated at Boston High-
lands by the gentleman whose name it bears. It is of the
size and general appearance of the Beurre Did, and in
quality will rank as " very good" if not "best." It is an
autumn pear. Specimens of that valuable market variety,
the Merriam, were shown in 1879, from the original tree,
which is still vigorous, though it measured eight inches in
diameter fifty years ago. It bore six barrels of pears in
in 1879.

GRAPES.

The Brighton has fruited, and so far promises to succeed
here. The Wordeii seems to be an improved Concord: the
foliage presents a more glossy and refined appearance, and
the fruit is somewhat superior. Moore's Early outside of
the grounds of the originator, proves to have all the ad-
vantages over the Concord in point of earliness, that has
been claimed for it, and is fully equal in quality. The Fran-
cis B. Hayes, another seedling by Mr. Moore, formerly known
No. 31, has been named for the President of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society. It is a white grape of excel-
lent quality. The Champion can only be recommended for
its earliness. The Zona in favorable locations seldom fails
to ripen, and when well matured is considered fully equal
to any other native grape in quality — if indeed it is not supe-
rior to any other. The Eaton's Seedling, originated by the late
Calvin Eaton, of Concord, N. H., has attracted much at-
tention. The bunch is very large and handsome; it has
been grown to weigh one pound, six and one-half ounces.
The largest berry measured an inch in diameter. It is a
black grape, very juicy with some — but not bard — pulp-
it resembles the Concord in quality, but has less of the
native odor. Many other new grapes have been brought to
our notice, but it is thought best to confine this report to
such as are grown here.

For the Committee,

Robert Manning.

Report from Rhode Island.

The Committee to revise the list of fruits recommended
for cultivation in Rhode Island for the year 1879, respect
fully suggest the following changes:

Two Stars. — Dyer.

GRAPES

Tiro Stars. — Delaware.

RASPBERRIES.

Two Stars. — Franconia.

STRAWBERRIES.

Two stars. — Charles Downing.
PEARS.

Two Steirs. — Beurre Giffard, Dana's Horey, Rostiezer
Seckel.

That the following have one star:

APPLES.

One Star. — Baker, Famcuse, Jonathan, Summer Queen.

GRAPES.

One Star. — Creveling, Lindley or Rogers's 9, Merrimac or
Rogers's 19, Rebecca, Union Village.

STRAWBERRIES.

tho Star — Downer's Prolific, Jucunda, Boy den's No. 30.

PEARS.

One Star.— Belle Lucrative, Beurre Clairgeau, Doyenne du
Comic. St. Michael Archangel.
That the following have a dagger:

STRAWBERRIES.

Dagger. — Monarcli of the West, Crescent, Rocky Hill,
Triumph, Captain Jack.

PEARS.
Dagger. — Mount Vernon, Souvenir du Congres.
That the following be stricken from the list:

APPLES.

Early Red Margaret, Ramsdell's Sweet.

GRAPES.
Diana.

STRAWBERRIES.

Fillmore, Jenny Line). LongworWs Prolific, Triomphe de
(land.

PEARS.

Ananas d'Ete, Beurre d'AmanUs, Beurre Dkl, Clout
Mbrceau, Jalousie, Julienne, Napoleon, Osband's Summer,
Ott, St. Ghislain, Vicar of Win k field. Wilbur.

Your committee desire to call your attention to two seed-
ling raspberries, called Narragansett and Jolls's Seedling,
raised by John F. Jolls, of Providence, and regarded by
them as worthy of general cultivation.

The rest of the list stands as last corrected in the year
1877.

I have been assisted in correcting the lists of fruits the
present year by the Hon. Edward D. Pearce, Robert Cush-
man, A. B. Knapp, A. \V. Godding, S. W. Manchester,
Benjamin W. Ham, and J. F. Jolls.

Respectfully submitted,

Joseph H. Bourne,
Member General Fruit Committee,

For State of Rhode Island
Providence, August 22, 1879.
To P. Barry, Chair/nun. &c

REPORT FROM CONNECTICUT.

97

Report from Connecticut.
LIST OF FRUITS.

APPLES.

For general culture in the order of ripening:

One Star. — Fall Pippin, Northern spy, Westfield 8eek-no-
F art her.

Two Stars. — Red Antra chan, Eur!;/ Harvest, Sweet Bovgh,
Golden Sweet, Porter, Qravenstein, Fameuse, Hubbardston
Nonsuch, Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Roxbury Russet.

Dagger. — Hurlbut, Lady's Sweet.

Local, or partially tested for special purposes.

One Star. —American Golden Russet.

Dagger.— Chenango Strawberry, Primate, Mexico, Cogswell,
Baiter, Excel, Yellow BeUfiower, Red Canada, Peck's Fleas-
ant, Buruham Sweet, Green Siceel, Belden Sweet, Palmer
Greening.

PEARS.

One St<ir. — Doyenne d'Ete, Osband's Summer, Beurre Gif-
fard, Rostuztr, Dt a rim m's Seedling, Clajip's Favorite, Onon-
daga, Doijtiuu Bou.isock, Bill, Lucrative, Howell, Paradis
if Automne, Louist Bonne of Jersey, Beurre Base, Beum
Clairgeau, Dana's Hovey, Winter Nelis, Vicar of Winkfield.

Two Stars. — Bartlett, Seckel, Sheldon, Beurre d'Anjou,
Lawrence.

Dagger. — Doyenne du Cornice.

PEACHES.

One Star. — Coolridge's Favorite.

Two Slurs. — Tvth's Early, Slump the World, Large Early
York, Mountain Rose, Foster, Oldmixon, Crawford's Early,
Crawford's Lute.

Dagger, — Snow, Yellow Rareripe.

CHERRIES.

One Star. — Early Purple Guigne, May Duke, Early Rich-
mond, Black Eagle, Cue's Transparent, Elton, Gov. Wood,
Belle de Choisy, Rockpori Bigarreau, Black Bigarreau,

Two Stars. — Block Tartarian, Downer's Late Red.

PLUMS.

One Star. — Lombard.

Two Stars. — Green Gage, Imperial Gage, Smith's Orleans,
Bavay's Green Gage, McLaughlin, Coe's Golden Drop.

QUINCES.

Apple, Pear, Champion.

GRAPES.

One Star. — Delaware.

Too Stars.— Hartford Prolific, Concord.

Dagger. — Moon's Early, Tees' Seedling.

CURB \NTS.
La Versaillaise, Cherry. Red Butch, White Crop,
RASPBERRIES.

Naomi(tTue),Clarke, Brinckli't Orange, Mammoth Cluster.

-I l: \\\ BERRIES

Two st, us.— Wil on, t h v> a Downing.
Dagger. — RusseWs Prolific, Crescent Seedling, Monarch of
the West, Triumph, ,i, Gand.

T. S. Gold,

E. II. Hyde,
P. M. A.UG1 i:.

G. II II.U.E,

Edwin HoYT,

t 'ommittt

NOTES ON FRUITS IN CONNECTICUT.

ATPLES.

The crop of apples in our State in 1878 we think, in
quality, as a whole, the best on record. The crop of 1874
was larger in the aggregate, but not equal in quality. We
are pleased to say that more interest is felt and more ran:
given to orchards than formerly. This interest is increas-
ing, and many old orchards are being grubbed out and
better ones are being planted, and some model orchards
are now found in Connecticut,

The Baldwin, R. I. Greening, and Roxbury Russet are
still the leading orchard winter varieties.

PEARS.

Pears are successfully raised in all parts of the State,
and the trees are seldom, to any great extent, affected by
blight, although this disease does here and there appear.
Yet, as a whole, the trees are healthy, and productive of
fruit of excellent quality.

The Bartlett, the Seckel, the Onondaga, and Beurre d'An-

jou, are, perhaps, raised to a greater extent than most

other varieties, though nearly all the choice varieties of

pears do well under good culture. The Flemish Beauty,

White Doyenne, and Beurre Diel seldom prove satisfactory.

THE PEACH.

There is now more interest taken in growing the peach
than heretofore. With a healthy stock of trees, planted on
new land, where no peach trees have preceded them, and
with good care and culture and judicious management,
success is probable. The early peaches are most]}' unprof-
itable in Connecticut. We consider the Mountain Rose,
Oldmixon, Barnard, Stump the World, and Hill's Chili,
among the most hardy peaches.

The prime requisites are these: 1st. Trees of inherent
good health. 2d. Suitable soil and situation. 3d. Moder-
ate growth from year to year. 4th. Winter mulching to
guard against extreme changes in temperature. 5th. Thin-
ning to avoid overbearing.

The plum, apricot, and nectarine are not raised to any
great extent, although with skill and the destruction of the
curculio it can he done.

THE QUINCE.

In many of the towns bordering on L. I. Sound the
quince is raised with much profit, and with skillful man-
agement it can be grown in all parts of the State.

One of the great obstacles to quince growing is the ban r,
whose ravages are very extensive. Another difficulty is
the black knot, similar to that on the plum, and requiring
the same treatment. Another trouble is the slug; and Mill
another serious one is leaf blight. Still, with all these
difficulties to encounter and overcome, the raising of the
quince may be made profitable if properly attended to.

Varieties: The Appli or Orangi quince and Pear quince.

Several new varieties are coming forward, prominent
among which is the Champion, which is promising.

CRAPES.

The Hartford Prolific, Concord, and /<- 1 still stand ahead
in point of success. The Warden and Moore's Early prom-
ise well; and among the white grapes the Martha and Lady
promise well. While on the other hand the Crolon, the

98

REPORT FROM MICHIGAN.

Tona, the Eumelan, the Walter, the Brighton, and several
others mildew so badly as not to be of much value to the
common grower.

THE CRANBERRY.

Cranberries are still raised with success in Essex, Madi-
son, Lyme, Clinton, Westbrook, Norwich, Woodstock, and
other localities. The great obstacles seem to be the rot
and the ci'anberry worm. An investment in cranberry
growing should be made with intelligent caution, as many
attempts have been failures.

Small fruits are raised with decided success in our State.
Among these the strawberry is first in importance.

Requisites for Success: 1st. Land in the highest fertility,
which has had two or three years of clean culture to guard
against the white grub. 2d. Cleau, thorough culture of
the crops throughout the first season, at the end of which
mulch properly with lowland meadow hay, letting the
plants through in spring, but not removing till after the
crop.

Varieties: Wilson, Duncan, Duchess, Crescent, Charles
Downing, Seth Boyden, Champion, Col. Cheney, Capt. Jack,
Cumberland Triumph, Forest Hose. New varieties that
promise well: Glendale, Sharpless. The Oreat American
has done well on heavy soil, with high culture, the past
year. »

THE RASPBERRY.

The Doolittle, Mum moth Cluster, and Gregg are now
among the Black Caps most in favor. The red and yellow
varieties are not much raised for market, though successful
in garden culture.

There is much to encourage and little to hinder any ju-
dicious and reasonable attempt in raising fruit in Connecti-
cut. The demand for good fruit is constantly increasing,
and prices are, in the main, remunerative. On no product
of the soil does good care and culture pay better than in
producing choice fruit.

We are glad to repeat that the prospect of Connecticut
in this respect is highly encouraging.

Report from Michigan.

To the Secretary of the American Pomological Society:

Dear Sir — As delegate from this Slate, appointed by the
State Pomological Society, I thought it best to collect such
facts as would illustrate the fruit growing capacities of
Michigan, and I proceeded through the medium of the
Pout and Tribune, with which I am connected as agricul-
tural editor, and through tin' Homestead, and herewith
send you letters and comments, which you are at liberty to
use as your own and as you please. I call your attention
to the following digest of these letters.
Very Truly,

J. P. TnojrrsoN.

REPORT FOR THE ROCHESTER SESSION OF
THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY.
On August 15th The Post and Tribunt sent the follow-
ircular to many of the leading fruit growers in the
State:

Tin Post and Tribune will send a representative to the
meeting of the American Pomological Society at Roches
ter, commencing September 17. We desire to present

there some facts relative to the fruit growing capacities
and standing of Michigan, and therefore ask you the fol-
lowing questions, hoping that you will promptly reply:

1. The Strawberry — Has strawberry culture increased
in your vicinity aud is it profitable? What is its extent,
your market, and your experience with new varieties'? Do
you think it best for strawberry growers to stick to the

Wilson f

2. What do you regard as the most profitable fruit
grown in your section? Why?

3. Tin Apple — What are the best six winter apples for
your neighborhood V What is the most profitable winter
apple? How does the Baldwin succeed? The Rhode Island
iir,, King/ The Northern Spy f The Bed Canada? How
do you store for winter ? Do you cultivate your orchard?

4. Is fruit culture on the gain in your section? Does
it add to the value of home and farm property for selling
purposes?

5. The Pi iu-Ii and the Grope — What do you regard as the
best varieties of these fruits for Michigan? Is their culti-
vation profitable?

G. What are the prospects of the fruit crop of 1879 in
your section?

The responses have been numerous and we proceed to
give as full a synopsis of this valuable correspondence as
our limited space will allow:

BARRY COl'NTY.

Mr. A. Ryerson, of Hastings, regards the apple as the
most profitable fruit grown in that section. He says: We
are remote from market and are subject to local freights;
we have a factory in our city that can work up 1,000 bush-
els of apples per day, and they are worth from 12A to 20
cents per bushel. I considei the Baldwin, Northern Spy,
and Talman's Sir,,/ the most profitable and they are the
best yielding. I store in open barrels for winter. Fruit is
quite an item in our farm products; it adds much to the
value of our farms. I cultivate my orchards. Fruit cul-
ture is on the gain. Fruit is very promising with us.

BliRRIEN COUNTY.

Mr. C. E. Reeves, of the Benton Harbor Palladium writes:
Strawberry culture is increasing there. Wilson does not
pay as well as the Chas. Downing, which is probably the
the favorite now; Jucunda does best on land with clay sub-
soil and water near the surface; very profitable with some.
Blackbeiries have proved profitable, but are cut short by
drought this year. Baldwin and Greening apples do well ;
Northern Spy and Bed Canada are little grown. Orchards
have too many varieties for profit. Few store for winter
market; those who do, barrel in orchard and roll into the
cellar. Fruit growing is on the increase here. Peaches
are "played out " hen' at present. Grapes are doing well;
Concords are the favorite and about the only ones grown
for market. Delaware, Salem, Agawam, and Hartford are
considered good. Thomas Archer, of St. Joseph, sent me
Saturday a bunch of Champion grapes, very fine, and ten
days earlier than the Hartford. Fall apples are an average
yield; winter apples, one-quarter full crop. Grapes and
pears abundant. Peaches none.

Mr. H. C. Sherwood, of Lakeview farm, Watervliet,
says: Strawberry culture has increased considerably of
late; this year prices have ruled too low to make it very

REPORT FROM MICHIGAN.

99

profitable. Chicago is our principal market. Wilson is the
leading variety; however I believe that some varieties
ripening later will prove more profitable.

The peach is the most profitable fruit because you can
get the most money for the least labor. The Rhode Island
ing, Roxbury Russet, King of Tompkins Co., Baldwin,
Wagener, and Northern Spy are the best six apples, and
the most profitable at present is the Baldwin, which suc-
ceeds well; the Rhode Island Greening splendidly; the
North m Spy well, except does not bear very young. I
Store apples for winter in fruit house, it being a cellar
under a carriage house, situated on a hill-side, so that the
entrance to the fruit bouse is on a level with the outside.
It is lined inside four inches from wall and packed with
sawdust; also filled in between the joists overhead; the
temperature is easily kept at very near freezing point by
means of ventilators; the apples are placed in barrels and
keep almost perfectly; the last shipment was made this
season July 8th, and sold at $3.25 per bushel. My orchards
are cultivated, having uo other crop except fruit the third
year; some hoed crop usually bears up to the third year.

Fruit culture is decidedly on the gain in this section,
both in quantity and quality. No improvements put upon
the land add so much to the value of farm property for
selling purposes as well cultivated orchards.

The most profitable varieties of peach have been Craw-
Early and Lot, . Smock, Stump the World, Oldmixon
and Safe's Early. Grapes, Concord and Delaware. The
cultivation of the peach and grape has been very profit-
able with me, the peach netting one season, above all
expenses of picking and shipping, a little over $400 per
acre for a whole orchard of 10 acres. Grapes have done
nearly as well. I have only a small vineyard and it has
receiver] the best of attention.

The prospects are favorable for a fine crop of all kinds
of fruit for this year.

CALHOUN COUNTY.

Mr. .Jeremiah Brown, near Battle Creek, writes: The
increase in strawberry culture has been fully 50 per cent.
within the last three years. Battle Creek is our main de-
pendence for a market. I have tested several new varieties.
They are ill larger and better than the Wilson, and this year
brought from 50 to 100 percent, more, and sold readily
when the Wilson was a drug. The sooner the Wilson is
discarded the belter it will be for consumers ami growers.
I say most emphatically to growers — do not stick to the
Wilson.

The most profitable fruit is the Snyder blackberry. It
is perfectly hardy, very productive, and in quality is bet-
ter than the much lauded Kittatinny, but not equal to the
Lawton, which i- the best the earth has ever produced
when fully ripe. The Kittatinny needs as much protec-
tion B

My choice for the best six varieties of winter apples is
as follows; Newtown Pippin, Nortliem Spy, Baldwin,
Rhodi :>;!, Red Canada, Jonathan. I prefer

flour barrels and a good cellar for storage. Good cultiva-
tion of the orchard gives me more and larger apples.
IIol's are very useful in an orchard. The Baldwin and

ire rathei tender. Next to the

Spy I prefer the Red Canada. The peach and

the grape an- profitable to a certain extent for market pur-

poses, and absolutely necessary to family- comfort and
health. I regard the grape as one of the healthiest
fruits; the best time to eat them is in the morning before
breakfast.

The fruit crop for 1879 may be considered good for
grapes, pears, and early apples; winter apples are almost
failure. For home use and market the Concord is the a
grape for the amateur and people used to the fruit of
Delaware and Din mi.

CASS COUNTY.

Mr. B. Hathaway, of Little Prairie Ronde, originator of
the Michigan strawberry, furnishes a letter of great value,
from which we make free extracts: The cultivation of the
strawberry has increased in this part of the state, especially
on the line of the various railroads. I think it evident that
the past crop has been altogether beyond the needs of the
market— of any market that can be reached with so tran-
sient a fruit as the strawberry.

One grower on the line of the Michigan Central railroad
told me that a large portion of his crop, several acres, did
not net more than about two cents a quart after paying
freights and commissions. Fortunate!}- for myself, I had
only a small plantation — a half acre or so— and being off
the lines of railroad I was enabled to realize a fair price
for what I had to sell, getting from five to six cents a
quart, or about four cents on the vines.

These prices would make the strawberry a paying crop
if there were any certainty of their being maintained.

We have a number of varieties that can be depended
upon, with good culture, for 160 bushels to the acre, or a
bushel to every square rod of ground; this, at three cents
a quart on tlte vines, would amply pay, if the market were
only certain.

That we have varieties that will wholly displace the
Wilson as yet seems doubtful. That we have those that
can successfully compete with it, especially in prolonging
the season, is evident.

Which are the successful competitors among the newer
sorts it will take several years yet to determine, even if in
the meantime others more valuable than any we have do
not come to the front, which to me seems highly probable.

Apples have heretofore been the best paying fruit that is
grown to any extent here, and must I think continue to
pay where any fruit crop pays. " Why?" This crop
approaches more nearly to the cereals in its marketable
character than the other fruits. The winter soils, at least,
can lie held for months and shipped to distant parts of the
country, while the more tender fruits must be sold at once
and in a near market.

The Baldwit is manifestly the most popular sort among
growers, and jusl at this time is probably the most popu-
lar in the market and the choice of dealers.

The tree of this variety is a little tender here; otherwise
it could be planted with a greater certainty of profit than
any other sort that has been as well tested.

The Rhodt Island Oreening, while still popular in the

market, is not productive, in this part of the Stale at least,
and must be discarded.

The Northern Spy has been for me the most profitable
kind grown. It has borne more fruit over a series ,,t
than the Baldwin, and holding my crop until spring
as I usually have done, it has paid me well.

100

REPORT FROM MICHIGAN.

The Red Canada is the apple of the future in the minds
of some fruit growers. While not as productive as the
Baldwin or Spy, its keeping qualities make it more desira-
ble to handle than those sorts ; and though the tree is
rather slender when grown in the usual way, when worked
on a more vigorous variety, as the Spy, it has given the
best of satisfaction.

The Baldwin, the Northern Spy and the Red Canada are
three of the six most profitable winter apples for us, no
doubt. The other three it is more difficult to name. It is
prdbable that a vote of the leading growers of the State
would name the Wagener as the fourth on the list.

From my own experience I do not hesitate to name the
Hubbardston Nonsuch as the fourth, if, indeed it should
not be placed more nearly the first, It is more reliable
here than any other sort, and has a larger proportion of
marketable fruit than the Baldwin even. While of the
best quality for a mid-winter apple, it does not hold,
grown here, until spring as well as is desirable.

But with the introduction of the patent evaporator this
soil is bound to come to the front, not only for its quality,
certainty of production, and large size, hut no less for its
universal fairness and fine shape for working up with the
least waste.

I will name the Wagener as the fifth on the list, though
not without some reservations.

From its early fruitfulness and great productiveness it
has been among the paying sorts. It does not, however,
keep quite as well as it should for an apple to hold through
winter, and the tree from its early and continued bearing
never attains a large size, and the indications are that it
will fail sooner than other popular sorts.

The sixth soil I will not pretend to name.

While a good orchard of 100 trees, together with a gen
eral assortment of other fruits, as pears, cherries, grapes,
etc., will very materially enhance the salable value of the
farm, a very large orchard of apples does not now add a
proportionate appreciation.

There is a very general feeling prevalent that the fruit
business, as a certainly profitable investment, is not so safe
as it was thought to he some years ago; in fact, that it is
already overdone.

As for grapes, we can grow them in greater perfection,
no doubt, in the interior of the Slate than they can he
grown in the peach belt, or on the borders of Lake Erie
ami the islands, our greater summer heat being favor-
able to the better ripening of this fruit. We need, how
ever, especially with the finer sorts, to resort to protection
in winter, which must of necessity limit the production.
Even with this drawback there is so much invested in
grape growing that it is far from being more than moder-
ately remunerative.

As to the best varieties, the Concord is more generally
grown than any other, and is more productive and certain
than any other sort except the Delaware. With me the
latter is not only as productive— producing as many pounds
to the vint — as the Concord, but is more certain. This is
not, however the most common experience. My land is
loo strong for Concord, but seems to just suit the Delaware
and the h>na. This latter does generally well with me,
lint has lo have protection in winter.

CLINTON COUNTY.

From Harry Marvin, of Ovid, the originator of the Mar-
mi strawberry, we learn that the culture of this fruit has
grown from one acre in 18T0 to about 30 acres in 1ST!). He
markets in East Saginaw. He says: Most new varieties
are humbugs. The Jucunda is the best berry except one;
sold this year in East Saginaw for 12 cents, the Wilson sell-
ing at the same time for 4 cents. Sold the Marvin at the
same time for 12£ cents. The Martin will yield double
the amount to the acre that the Jm-uiida does; the Marvin
will yield more the Wilson. Others may cling to the Wil-
son, hut I shall grow very few of them hereafter, and berry
growers will be compelled to give them up from the fact
that they cannot grow them for 2 and 4 cents a quart. I
consider the matted row system of culture a nuisance. 1
adhere to the hill system as the best; they can be picked
cheaper, are double the size, and dry weather will not
use them so bad.

Let us have a berry show next year at Cleveland, Ohio.
Not a few quarts, but the best one bushel and the best hills
of berries, and if there is any berry that will beat the Mar-
vin I want it. I think we can show the best bushel and
the best hills, although we have had but very little rain
here this summer. Will you suggest a berry show to the
Rochester meeting, and I will for Michigan take the starch
out of those eastern chaps. They have sold us humbugs

enough.

DETROIT.

Mrs. L. L. Farnsworth, of Detroit, says: I planted a bed
of the Sharpless strawberry last fall, and by properly pre-
paring the soil and careful observation had the finest ber-
ries probably ever raised in Detroit, and they have been
admired by all who have seen them. I do not cultivate
the Wilson, and would not have them in my garden! Do
not cultivate the orchard, but cultivate around the trees
and mulch every fall with old manure, and sometimes with
lime and leached ashes, and find the quantity and quality
of fruit increased thereby. I also last year scraped the
trees and then washed with soap suds.

EATON COUNTY.

Mrs. R M. Cook, of this county, says: Eaton county is
decidedly a wheat and grazing county and the farmers can
raise apples without interfering with their other pursuits,
and apples are a very essential element of food for the
family and stock, and they are profitable for market pur-
poses. The six most popular apples are: Baldwin, North-
i rn Spy, Rhode Maud Greening, Boxbury Russet, Golden
Russet, and Talman's Sweet. The Bed Canada is also popu-
lar. The Northern Spy, Rhode Island Greening, and the
Rtissets are considered the most profitable apples. The
Baldwin succeeds admirably. We store in good cellars in
shallow bins for winter use. Orchards are generally cul-
tivated or severely pastured with swine.

The peach is pretty much killed out of Eaton county
but those that have been reset are doing well. I think we
need a hardy variety.

Grapes do well everywhere. The Concord and Delaware
are the besl selling varieties. The prospect for a fruit
crop is about middling. The swindl ng fruit peddlers
have hail a very damaging effect on fruit culture in our
county. I think if some of the best nurserymen in our
state would give some of their choice popular fruit stock
to some careful individuals, and get them to do the best

REPORT FROM MICHIGAN.

101

with it, it would do more toward a general distribution of
fruit stock throughout our county than hundreds of dol-
lars spent in any other way.

Mr. A. D. Benliam, of Olivet, says: Apples are the
most profitable fruit for Eaton county, and the Baldwin, the
Spy, Wagener, Red Canada, Rhode Island Greening, and
Peck's Pleasant are the best for winter. 1 store in a will
ventilated cellar. The Early Beatrice peach showed very
well this year, first fruiting. The Crawford's Early and
are our market peaches. Grapes, Concord first and
' ■/ last — then in between are Rogers', 15, Agawam,

Delaware and Diana Fruit is very abundant and adds
greatly to the pleasure of farm life. We have an orchard
of plums and about one-half of them bore this year for the
first time and we gathered 10 bushels of very fine ones—
principally/"*/" al Go. Lombard, and Yellow Egg. We
shook the tree and caught the curculio.

Mr. C. E. Must, of Ionia county, reports: Strawberry cul-
ture is on the increase in Ionia county, and has been for the
past ten years profitable. There were about 750 bushels
raised about this place this season, and about the same
amount consumed in the place. 1 raised :>~0 bushels on my
grounds, and have IT varieties, and the Wilson, all things
considered, is the best thing with me. The grape crop has
been the most profitable here for the past few years. Why?
Because there is the most money made with the least
amount of labor, and the Concord has never failed here.
The best six varieties of winter apples are the Northern
Spy, Baldwin, Bhod\ Island Greening, Wagener, Golden
, and Grimes's Golden Pippin. Canada /.'.'/withers
badly and is a shy bearer. Baldwin, Northern Spy, and
Greening succeed well here except during
those two cold winters, the Baldwin and Greening winter-
killed some. The Wameuse (Snow) does remarkably well
here for early winter. Fruit culture is on the gain in this
section and adds materially to the value of home and faun
properly for selling purposes. The best variety of grape
is the Concord, without a doubt, for Michigan, and ils cul-
tivation is profitable. The best varieties of peach for
Michigan are the C'rawfords, Hill's Chili. Early York, Rich-
mond, Early B Otrice and most of the hardy early rate tii -
Don't want anything later than Crawford's I. iti for this cli-
mate. Peach cultivation is profitable in certain localities.
The prospect of the fruit crop this season here is good.
Grapes and peaches never better.

KAI.AMA7.oo COUNTY.

Mr. F. S. Sleeper, of this county, reports-. Summer and
autumn apples are very abundant; winter apples will be a

very short crop. The more tender varieties of the peach
were destroyed by a frost late in .May. Of the more
hardy varieties there will be an abundant yield. Grapes
promise a fair yield. In locations where it can be grown,
the cultivation of the peach is profitable, and tie i
der, Hale's Early, the Crawford, Oldmixon, Witts I'luU are

favorite-. lb' mulches hi- old orchard and Uses ii as a
hog pasture, which he esteems ire. Cultivates

young orchard thoroughly until .Inly 1st, and then sows to
buckwheat For winter, picks the fruit carefully by hand
and places it in storeroom above ground, keeps as CO >l as
'le, without freezing, in same place about three
weeks, t lien barrel- and pia ' Baldwin is

most profitable. The Greening is especially liable to the

attacks of the codling moth, and hence there are many
windfalls. Tin peach in favored localities is a most profit
able fruit; the apple in all others.

Mr. J. >[. Stearns says: The culture of the strawberry
is gradually increasing, and proving very remunerative.
There are in the neighborhood of 25 acres cultivated in ibis
vicinity, but this town affords market for many outside of
this, as thousands of quarts were sent here from the town
Of Plain well this season. As regards varieties, 1 hold the

Wilson to be the best market variety; Chas. Downing for fam-
ily use. We consider peaches the most remunerative of any
one variety of fruit, as they have been a sure crop for the
past few years, and have brought extravagant prices. The
apples, Baldwin, l!<<i Canada, Ben, Dun's, Wagener, and
King of Tompkins County; most profitable winter apple,

B.i'rhr/'ii; Griming poor; Xnrtht m Sjiy good; also Red
Canada Store for winter in new barrels, headed up
tight. We consider it quite important that they should be
new, never having been used for any other purpose.

We consider cultivation in fruit growing as essential as
in growing corn.

There is quite a perceptible reviving interest in fruit
growing, especially peaches and apples, as quite extensive
new plantations are being set in the last year or two. Well
cared for and choice selections of fruit add very materi-
ally to the selling value of home and farm property. We
have known a number of instances where it has added 50
per cent, to selling value.

Peach and grape we value in the order mentioned: Con-
cord, Delaware, lees's Seedling, for market. For amateur
culture would add Iona, Agawam, Salem, Wilder, Diana,
Martha. Peaches, — The four varieties for market that I
received first premium for at our state fair last year were
Crawford's Early and Late, Oldmixon (free) and Hill's Chili.
To extend the list, we would add Snow's Orange, Jacques's
Ran ripe. Of the new varieties we have fruited, we think the
1 lander and Early Hirers are going to prove very valuable.

The cultivation of the above fruits has proved very prof-
itable. There will be a very full crop of all kinds of fruits,
except apples, which I think will be sufficient for home
consumption.

KENT COUNTY.

Mr. G. W. Dickinson, of the town of Grand Rapids,
believes that the most profitable fruit grown in Kent
county is the peach, because the climate and locality are
well adapted to it, especially on the elevated sites. lie
says: "The Baldwin is the most profitable apple grown —

the six best are Baldwin, l!<>i Canada, It. I. Greening, Jona-
than,Peck's Pleasant, &nd lYorthern Spy. We pick our win-
ter fruit when ripe and dry, pack in barrels with care,

head up and turn on the side, and leave the barrels in
the orchard until freezing weather; then store iii a well
ventilated cellar until they are wanted for use. The early
varieties of the peach are Alexander, Ainsii, n's June, Craw-
ford's Early, Barnard; the later, Oldmixon (free), Stump the
World, Crawford's l.<n,, Oldmixon (cling). Grapes — Con-
cord, Delaware, lona, Adirondack, Eumelan, Allen's Hybrid
(white), Diana, Isabella. The prospects of fruit here are
good, except the apple, which is not so full i last eason."
Mr. s. N. Pearsall believes the apple the most profitable,
on account of it- keeping and transporting qualities. The
in has not succeeded as well as the Greening and the
Spy.

102

REPORT FROM MICHIGAN.

MANISTEE COUNTY.

Mr. S. W. Fowler, of Manistee, writes: The strawberry
is cultivated extensively in tliis vicinity, aud is, perhaps,
one of the most profitable crops grown. Some of our
fruit growers market from 50 to 400 bushels of strawber-
ries each year, at an average of about 10 cents per quart.
They not only supply our market, but ship to Milwaukee and
Chicago, realizing large profits. The Wilson is a favorite,
but most of our growers plant a variety. The most prof-
itable fruit grown at present in this vicinity is undoubtedly
the plum, as the yield is large, fruit perfect, and the market
always good. Several hundred dollars worth of plums are
often picked from treeson a single acre ; but of course apples
are the stand-by here, as they are in most other fruitgrowing
regions. The Baldwin, Northern Spy, Peck's Pleasant,
Golden Russet, Bed Canada, and, in truth, most varieties do
well here. Orchards do better when properly cultivated,
and with young orchards cultivation is almost a necessity.
A good orchard doubles the value of most farms, and our
people are beginning to realize that fruit is as necessary on
a farm at least as pork, and much more profitable. The
peach and grape do well here. Among the peaches the Moun-
tain Rose, Hale's Early and Crawford are favorites. With
grapes the Concord and Delawares do well. The prospects
for this season are not Haltering. The extreme dr. night has
seriously injured and retarded the development of fruit of
all kinds, so we shall not realize half a crop.

MASON COUNTY.

Mr. George C. McClatchie, of Ludington, says: Straw-
berry culture has increased. It is profitable; the demand
has always exceeded the supply. The Wilson is the best
market berry here. Peaches and plums are most profita-
ble. The six best winter apples are Baldwin, Golden Rus-
set, Rhode Island Greening, Red Canada, Northern Spy, and
Taiwan's Sweet. The Baldwin succeeds on elevated loca-
tions, and is the most profitable apple grown; the next
most profitable is the Golden Russet. The Greening and
Northern Spy succeed. Red Canada is not grown much.
Many bury their apples in pits, out-doors, and they keep
finely. I cultivate my orchard. Fruit culture is increas-
ing rapidly here, and adds materially to the value of our
homes. The Sale's Early and Barnard peaches are the
most profitable. The Concord grape- is best here; the Dela-
ware and Hartford Prolific succeed. All are profitable. All
fruit is abundant this year, except apples.

MONROE COUNTY.

Mr. E. H. Reynolds remarks that he is well pleased with
the Monarch of the West, Centennial, Kentucky, Champion
strawberries — would not discard Wilson— but would prefer
the Champion to the Wilson.

The most profitable fruit is the apple, on account of its
abundant bearing, and the length of time it has in the
home and foreign markets.

Best six winter apples for our neighborhood are Red
Canada, Baldwin, Jonathan, Peck's Pleasant, Rhodi Island
Greening, Northern Spy; for foreign markets the Golden
Russet.

To store apples for winter, pack carefully in barrels,
with heads tight; place them in a cold, dry cellar, near
freezing temperature. I give my orchard an early cultiva-
tion. A late culture 1 consider not good for orchard or
nursery, as late wood does not mature for winter. Fruit

culture is increasing, and adds much value to home and
farm property in selling or otherwise.

Peaches — Some of'the best varieties for Michigan are the
( rawford's Early, ( 'rawford's Lute, Hill's I %Ui, Fostt r. Smock,
Oldmixon, Jacques's Rareripe, Alexander, Amsden's June,
Barnard, ami some others.

I find the following varieties of standard pears profitable
with me: Flemish Beauty, Bartlett, Glapp's Favorite, Shel-
don, Beurn d'Anjou, Beurre Clairgeau, Seekel, Onom
and others.

Grapes are profitable. There are from one to two hun-
dred acres of vineyards in and about Monroe, nine-tenths
of which are Concord, the grape for profit and for the mill-
ions; the Delaware is best for quality, but not for profit.
The prospects of pears, peaches, and grapes are good; ap-
ples one-third of a crop. Small fruits arc good.
OTTAWA COUNTY.

George Seagrove, the superintendent of Mr. Hunter Sav-
idge's orchards at Spring Lake, says: Strawberry culture
has not increased; profitable with the Wilson only; extent
about thirty acres; market principally Milwaukee. Peaches
and grapes are the most profitable, because they are t>< I
adapted to our soil; we seldom fail on grapes, and this is
the third successive season for peaches. The best six win-
ter apples for profit are Baldwin, RhocU him,, I Greening,
i,,.::,, , Russet, Wagener, Belmont, Westfield Seek-no-Further.
The Red (',111,1(1,1 does not succeed with us. We cultivate
our orchards. Fruit culture is on the gain, and adds value
to farm property. The most popular varieties of peaches
grown here are the Crawford's Early, Crawford's l.al, , Hill's
Chili, Oldmixon, Barnard, Slam/, the World, Smock
Grapes — Delaware and Concord, while considerable atten-
tion is being paid to the Iona and Salem. The prospects
are first-rate with everything, except apples.
OCEANA COUNTY.

Mr. ('. A. Sessions writes: Strawberry culture has di-
minished in this county. It has been unprofitable to the
growers. I would stick to the Wilson if I were growing
strawberries for profit. I regard the plum as the most
profitable fruit grown in this county on account of its pro-
ducing large crops and selling for a good price. The
Greening, Golden Russet, Peck's Pleasant, Baldwin, Stark,
Northern Spy, are the best apples. Store in cellar. I am
satisfied and convinced of the fact that we do not cultivate
our orchards enough. I cultivate mine; I am increasing
yearly the amount of cultivation. Fruit culture is increas-
ing rapidly, and adds greatly to the value of farm property.
In this locality the Hale's Early peach seems to be perfect ;
He' Crawford's Early. Barnard, Oldmixon do well. Grapes
are not grown much. The crop of peaches will be very
large this year; plums about an average; apples average;
grapes full. The small fruits were good.

SHIAWASSEE COUNTY.

Mr. J. B. Barnes, of Owosso, writes: The strawberry
culture has more than trebled within the last live years in
this vicinity. The crop is mostly grown in the towns
upon the railroad. Within an area of leu miles we have
several fields, from one to fifteen acres, under cultivation.
At eight cents per quart, everybody eats strawberries, and
the consumption is immense. Most of the strawberries
grown in this vicinity are consumed at home. If we have
a surplus, the Saginaws are always ready to receive all tha

REPORT FROM MICHIGAN.

103

we send. Sometimes 100 crates go down on the morning
train. I have cultivated most of the new varieties, but
have uever Found a berry that has as many good qualities
as the Wilson. Give the Wilson the same treatment that
you give the dear-bought and far-fetched varieties, and ii
will match them any time. For private use there are
other varieties that I should prefer to the Wilson; for in-
stance, the Cumberland Triumph. This is a new variety,
and for table use is unsurpassed; is quite as prolific and
much larger than the Wilson, but it lacks the firmness of
the Wilson. Persons who grow strawberries to ship I
would advise to stick to the Wilson. One year with an-
other, I consider strawberry culture the most profitable.
Why! Because we have a ready market. It is the first
fruit offered in market, anil any man, woman or child that
has a dime is bound to have a dish of strawberries and
cream, not only one day, but as long as the crop lasts.

Fruit culture is on the gain, and adds vastly to the value
of farm property for selling purposes. The Owosso grape
stands head and shoulders above any other variety that I
have upon my ground. Then follow the Delaware, Con-
cord. AfariAa (white); Toon. If a man has these five varie-
ties he is all right. Apples are one-third of a crop. The
strawberry was SO abundant that all the growers lost
money. Peaches, pears, and grapes are a medium crop.

THE ST. JOSEPH FRUIT SECTION.

Mr. R. C. Tate, President of the Lake Shore Fruit
Growers' Association, believes that there is a considerable
increase in the culture of the strawberry, so much so that
the market lias been glutted most of the season, and con-
sequently the prices ranged too low to be of much, if any,
profit to the grower. He says:

The principal market for fruit grown in this locality is
I liicago, which is the great distributing point of the North-
west.

I think the Wilson is being cultivated too largely, and if
two thirds of the land now occupied by the Wilson was
used for the culture of newer and better varieties, there
would still lie sufficient of the Wilsons to meet the demand
for that class of berries, and improve the price, not only
of the Wilsons, but of many other kinds, which are far be-
low their value by the overstock ami low value attainable
for the Wilson, I being of the belief that in all large cities
there is such a demand for a first-class berry as would en-
courage the growers and make the business profitable.

I regard the blackberry as the most profitable fruit
grown in Ihi- section, for the following reasons: Its com-
parative exemption from winter-killing on this side of
Lake Michigan; also the Sandy soil of this locality seems
to be favorable to its growth and productiveness. It does
not require expensive cultivation, nor does it need much
mat ure and a plantation once well established will last for

pears without renewal with even ordinary care.

I consider the following the best winter varieties of ap-
ples with which I am acquainted, -landing in my estima-
tion about as follows; Baldwin, Greening, Red Canada,
Wagi '■■ r, /:■ Imont, etc.

The Baldwin succeeds well here, is a hardy, healthy tree,
and a great bearer, the fruit keeping well with me up lo

midsummer. The Rhodt Island Greening does nearly as

well as the Baldwin, but is not so g 1 a keeper; but I

think this is caused partly from its growing unusually

large on this sandy soil. I know hut little of the North* I n
Spy; it is not extensively grown here.

The /,'<</ Canada stands with us as about on a par with
tiie Greening, or nearly so.

1 pack apples in barrels, and store in a cool cellar, with
an even temperature — say :i"> lo 10 degrees.

We find it necessary to cultivate our orchards on the
sandy soil of this locality, though it is my personal belief
that a little less cultivation and a little more mulching
would be better.

Fruit culture is on the gain in this section, but not to a
very large extent. The territory occupied as peach orch-
ards a few years ago is now principally taken up in the
culture of small fruits. Fruit culture undoubtedly adds
to the value of property viewed from any standpoint.

Peach growing has been comparatively abandoned in
this section on account of yellows, and at least nine-tenths
of the orchards have been grubbed out. I consider this
the best locality for grape culture, taking everything into
consideration, to be found in the United Slates, probably
excepting California. The Concord and Hartford Prolific
still continue to be standards here, though many of the
new varieties (now being tested) are very promising.

The fruit crop of 1879, in my judgment, will not prove
to be more than half an average one, principally caused by
the severe frost in May last, and the very dry summer
which still continues here.

VAN BUREN COUNTY.

Mr. A. C. Glidden, of Paw Paw, says: Strawberry cul-
ture has increased, and for that reason is not profitable.
Our market is limited to Paw Paw and its vicinity, and the
consumption is not equal to the supply. Yes, people will
buy the Wilson as soon as anything, and wouldn't pay an}'
more for a strawberry as large as a tomato and as sweet as
a Crawford. Peaches are the most profitable, because the
location is favorable and competition limited. The best
varieties of apples are the Baldwin, Northern Spy, Oolden
Russet, Red Canada, and half-a-dozen other varieties equal
to the Greening. The Baldwin is the most profitable, and
succeeds well ; Greening poor bearer; Northern Spy gaining
in favor; Red Canada losing prestige. We store in cellars,
packed in barrels. Orchards not generally cultivated.
Fruit culture is at a standstill, except for peaches.

Peaches for succession and profit: Alexander, Early
Rivers, Hale's Early, Mountain Rose, Crawford, Snow's Or-
ange, Jacques, Oldmixon, Stump, Crawford's Lot,, Hill's
Chili, Smock, Free. Grapes — Concord and Delaware. Their
proper cultivation i- exceedingly profitable. Apples are
slim. Grapes and peaches good.

Mr. A. G. Gulley, of South Haven, also -ays: Straw-
berry culture is increasing here each year. Cannot give
the average, but about 250 bushels per day were shipped

from Ibis porl Ibis year. Chicago was our market. I n i
a grower has a home market, and can select hi- customers,
the Wilson is by far the best.

The peach is our mosl profitable fruit, because it does
well here. We have a good market, and it cannot he
grown everywhere For apples, 1 he besl -i\ are Baldwin,

Island Greening, Northern Spy, Red Canada, 11*".'/-
ener, Golden Russet; Baldwin the mosl profitable. All
varieties would do well. Apples here are sold in the fall.

Our orchard- an cultivated. In this section the following

peaches are the best; Alexander, Amsden's, Early Louise,

104

REPORT FROM MICHIGAN.

Hale's Early, Crawford's Early, Richmond, Foster, Craw-
ford's Late, Jacques's Rareripe, Oldmixon Free, Hill's Chili,
and Smock Free. The Concord and Delaware grapes are
very profitable. Apples are light, but fine. All other
fruits very good.

WASHTENAW COUNTY.

At the meeting of the Washtenaw County Pomological
Society, held at the court house, President Scott in the
chair, Secretary Ganzhorn read the following letter, ad-
dressed to The Post finil Tribune, which was fully endorsed
by the meeting:

Strawberry culture is steadily increasing here, and I
consider it profitable. In the present season it was esti-
mated that 100 bushels were consumed here daily; all
grown here. Thus far the new varieties have gained no
foothold here. After a few years' trial they succumb to
the Wilson. The new varieties that were introduced within
a year or two, of course cannot be fairly judged till after
a few years' trial. Some of our growers feel sanguine
that some of them will make a stand. My first choice is
the Wilson, next the Jucunda, for market. I am cultivat-
ing an acre, 95 per cent, of which is the Wilson. I like
the Charles Downing and Monarch of tin West, but cannot
endorse them yet as market berries. The Wilson will re-
turn more money for the labor and skill applied than any
other variety I have tested.

On elevated ground the most profitable fruit grown here
is the peach. Why? More bushels of peaches are grown
to the acre than there are apples. One bushel of peaches
sells for about, the same money as five bushels of apples.
This is the fourth crop of peaches here hand running, the
trees bearing a little more every year, thus increasing the
yield of fruit according to the increase of growth of wood.
The apple yields to its full capacity about every other year,
whereas the peach is more uniform in its yield, or, rather,
steadily increases its crop. The peach tree bears much
younger than the apple, The peach is the most salable
of all fruits.

Best six winter apples to my own taste are R, <l Canada,
Jonathan, Wwdt Island Greening, American Golden Russet,
Yellow Bellflower and Baldwin. The lasl mentioned is the
most profitable winter apple by a large percentage. The
Baldwin succeeds well on elevated ground. Rhodt Island
Greening succeeds well: so do the Noil/urn Spy and Red
Canada. I store my apples in barrels, with both heads in.
I cultivate the ground clean.

Fruit culture is on a steady gain here, It largely adds
to the value of property, and secures quicker sales of the
same.

Amsden's June, Hale's Early in moderate quantity, on
dry soil, on account of being liable to rot, Troth's liar!;/,
C, wford's Early, Oldmixon, Crawford's /.a/,. Hill's Chili,
and Smock Free, I consider Hie most profitable and best
list of peaches that ripen in succession for this locality.

Concord grape for profit; in addition lor family use I
grow the Hartford, Delaware, Salem, Wilder, Iona, and
Wartha. I consider the peach very profitable; the grape
moderately so.

Berries of all kinds were abundant. Cherries yielded
well. Apples light, readies very heavy. Grapes a full
crop. Pears are plenty, coining mostly from young lives.
Tics over fifteen years old are rarely found. Quinces

are bearing well. The culture of this fruit and the plum
is strongly increasing.

Prof. Emil Baur, of Ann Arbor, says:

Strawberry culture is not overdone; average four cents
per quail. Wilson the best, for market; population not
cultivated enough to know the difference between it and
the finer varieties. The finer sorts of pears are the most
protitabh fruit; cooking pears are plenty. Cultivate peach
and pear orchard. The best peaches are Early Ricers,
Amsden'sJune, CrawforoVs Early, Crawford's Late. Peaches
are also profitable, as well as pears, but there is danger
that the business will be overdone. The best varieties of
grapes are the Concord and Martha, both very hardy and
productive. Grape culture is not profitable since the farm-
ers went into the business, and our wild fanatics, who
never learned the uses and abuses of alcoholic beverages,
and whose sad experience dates itself mostly from bad
whisky, condemn even our native wines, which compare
well with those of Ohio, and are beneficial, especially our
red wines, if used very moderately.

The curculio, that French gourmand which consumes
our stone fruit and also attacks our best pears, should
receive especial attention from our pomological societies.

ORCHARDS AT GRAND TRAVERSE.

Grand Traverse Bat, Mich., Aug. 20.
The first plant of apple trees made in the northwest was
on Mackinac island, when that was occupied for fur-trad-
ing purposes, and a portion of the orchard, known as the
Houseman, originally ten acres in extent," still remains.
From this orchard the Indians introduced the fruit along
the shores of northern Michigan, and many of the trees
raised by them from seed are now standing, particularly
from Mackinac to Little Traverse bay, and the Indian
seedlings may also he found in some of the cultivated
orchards of the peninsula. There is one curious fact about
these trees, which an old settler tells me. The habit of the
Indians was to remain in a clearing as long as their squaws
could cultivate fruit successfully, but as soon as the June
grass got a good hold of the soil they sought new places,
the old ones returning gradually to the " forest primeval."
The apple trees planted in these deserted spots are the ones
now found near the shores of Lake Michigan, and they
have taken on the peculiarities and habits of the forest
trees, by which they are surrounded, growing to excep-
tional heights, and yet, in their very tops, above tall, bare
trunks, giving forth fruit yearly. The Indian seedlings
were, as may be supposed, the first to be introduced on the
peninsula. It was not till about twenty-five years ago that
there was any particular effort made to cultivate the fruit-
As the whites began to grow in population and new blood
came in, orchards were planted, some of them considerable
in size: bui these were as a source of good living only, and
not for any commercial purpose. The first man to lay out
an orchard extensively was Mr. H. R. Ilaight of Rochester,
N. Y., who located at Bowers's Harbor, on the west side
of the peninsula, and had about ten acres, mostly apples,
under cultivation. The land was low, however, anil in the
hard winter of 1874-5 most of the trees, which had been
heavily pruned, perished. That winter destroyed many
trees, and one hears if alluded to whenever conversing
with orchard men. The mercury went down lo 18 degrees
below zero. The first real commercial venture in fruiting

REPORT UKOM MICHIGAN.

105

was made by Mr. George Parmelee, who began planting in
1869. He established himself on the high land near the
peninsula, upon a site widely commanding extensive water
views and sweeping landscapes. There are in sight fchetwo
bays which his land separates, and also Lake Michigan,
and in clear weather conspicuous points al a far distance
ln> ind the waters are to be seen. The highest elevation
of his farm is 170 feet above the level of the bay. Mr.
Parmelee planted the first commercial peach orchard in
western .Michigan, not far from St. Joseph. In order to find
the right spot for his orchard he started out with a spade
and a chart from the land office at Washington to examine
the -nil along the east coast of the lake. There was not
then a single settler from St. Joseph to New Buffalo, a dis-
tance of twenty eight miles, over which he went, carefully
spading till he found tin- spot for his peach trees, which he
had to get in the dormant bud. His principal variety was
the Crawford, and he met with very great success. It was
an experiment of very considerable doubt among all fruit
growers, whether peaches could be cultivated profitably,
but with the confidence of a man who understands him-
self, Mr. Parmelee had no question as to the results. He
tells me that in that orchard he believes he raised the
largest crop of peaches to the acre that was ever raised up
to that time in the United States. The only data he had
of previous crops was from a report of the Agricultural
Bureau, when it was conducted in the Patent Oflice, which
named the largest crop to the acre as having been culti-
vated in Maryland. From one block of forty-one trees he
gathered a few over l.KHt baskets, or about twenty-eight
basket- to the tree, and half-bushel baskets were then in
use. Many Maryland and Jersey men visited him, and
were astonished at the yield. He planted 110 acres alto-
gether, and these are now managed by thirteen different
owners.

Coming to this peninsula, Mr. Parmelee sought water
surroundings, good elevation, and a latitude the same as at
St. Paul, Minn. He wants high ground, because the
atmosphere out-doors in cold weather obeys the same law it
doe- ir. a closed room, unless the wind blows hard — cold
air seeks lower places anil draws off the hills. " A cubic
foot of water," quoting his observations. " contains vastly
more latent heat than a foot of air, and to lower the tem-
perature of a foot of water one degree an amount of heat
i- given off sufficient to raise a great many feet of air the
same amount, and il is because the air is a poor conductor
and the water holds so much latent heat, that it is not
sooner cooled down. The deep bay is a vast reservoir of
heat which it receives from the sun's rays ami gives off
-lowly through the winter. This may explain how the
water temper- the atmosphere here. We have our lakes,
but no Gulf Stream. No country has milder winters than
it- latitude would indicate unless there is water to the
north of it." Certain it is that there is no trouble from
frost* here ordinarily; the "hard winter" already alluded
to being an exception, and the coldest nf any on record in

tie- State. In planting, Mr. Parmelee -ays In- due- not
believe in forest protection, as he want- hi- tier- to get
lie- benefit "I all tie- wind that blows. lie suffer- from no
excessive wind fall of fruit. There an- now in this orch-
ard farm in; acre- of fruit trees, 104 acres being planted

with apples, ten witli pears, and two with cherries. There
are 4,150 apple trees, 1,100 peat trei -. ami 200 chi rr]

Mr. Parmelee planted fifteen acres of peaches originally,

but the haul winter injured them, and he abandoned their
Cultivation. The growing trees are in the most healthy
condition. The entire orchard is plowed up anil seeded to

corn every year, 125 acres of com altogether being raised;

but much of this planting is done by neighboring farm-
ers, who either work on shares or have the full benefit of
the crop raised. Some growers plant the orchards with
rye or wheat, but Mr. Parmelee believes in corn, as far less
exhaustive to the soil and more replenishing.

There are seventy -five varieties of apples, the most de-
sirable being the Golden Russet, northern Spy, Rhode
Island (';,■, i ning, Baldwin, and Maidt n's Blush, more of these
being cultivated than any others; yet the Grimes's Gold* n,
Exiijiiis Spitzenberg, King of Tompkins County, Swaar, and
other varieties are considered choice. The early apples
are sold north in the Superior country, and the winter ap-
ples go to Chicago, principally in the spring, being shipped
by water, the freight being only twenty-five Cents a barrel.
Last spring the price in Chicago was $-1.00 a barrel, which
was lower than at any time in twenty years. The year
before. Mr. Parmelee sold his winter crop through for
$6.00 a barrel. Twelve varieties of pears are cultivated,
the specialties being Bartlett, flemish Beauty, and Beurre
d'Anjou. These are marketed in Chicago. Those varie-
ties which color up handsomelyr — notably the Bartletts and
Flemish Beauties — bring prices fully up to those obtained
for the selected California pears, which are the only ones
brought from the Pacific coast. They are put up in one-
third bushel boxes, and are sold at $1.50 a box. The
varieties of cherries are the May Duke, Elton, Y<!!<nr Span-
ish, Black Tartarian, Knight's Early Black, and English
MoreUo. Some sell as high as twenty-five cents a quart,
but the average price is from sixteen to eighteen cents.
Mr. Parmelee picked about 3,400 quarts this summer.

Mr. H. G. Reynolds has sixty-five acres. His orchard
was started about 1871. It is planted largely with pears,
and there is a good variety of peaches and cherries. Upon
this place Mrs. Tracy, whose son was formerly associated
with Mr. Reynolds, and now lives close by, has established
a flower seed garden, which she cultivates extensively for a
Detroit establishment. One of the best of the oldest farms
is that of \V. A. Marshall, who ha- seventeen acres in orch-
ard, but goes enthusiastically and successfully into the cul-
tivation of small fruits. He has ten acres of apple trees,
which were originally planted by E. P. Laddof New York
State. His vineyard is considered one of the finest in the
State. He will have a large crop of grapes this year.
Much of his farm is in a clearing made by the Indian-,
it covers altogether 210 acres. Mr. Ladd started a new
orchard near by when he sold out to Marshall, and is meet-
ing with encouraging success. He has gone somewhat exten-
sively into the cultivation of hops, and I am told that hops
raised on this peninsula arc of such superior flavor and
streimtli that brewers consider them fully equal to the best
English Imps. Among the other largest growers of fruits
for commercial purposes are: ('. P. Awry, thirty live
II. K. Iirinknian, sixty; A. K. Montague, forty;
E. K. Wait, t hilly; and there arc a large number who have

from five to ten acres each. Near Traverse City Judge J.
<;. Ramsdell cultivates thirty acres. Be i- a large grape-
grower, and besides apple and pear trees be has 1,000 pi

and 700 plum trees. There arc altogether 5,100 cleared

106

REPORT FROM MICHIGAN.

acres on the peninsula. Much of this, however, is low
land, and a large portion for some distance back from the
bay shores is a beach formation, dry, sandy, and hardly
capable of being made productive. Taking the available
land for cultivating purposes, the proportion devoted to
fruit culture is surprisingly large, as no fewer thau 900
acres, as the best attainable statistics show, are applied to
tree-planting, largely apples.

THE ST. JOSEPH FRUIT REGION.

This letter is from the famous St. Joseph fruit region, for-
merly the great peach section; now devoted to small fruits
for Chicago market. I send it to show how quick and
easy it was to change from the peach to small fruits. The
peach was killed out by the yellows.

THE MICHIGAN LAKE SHORE FRUIT REGION AND ITS
PRODUCTS.

Since the general loss of peach trees by the " yellows"
in Berrien county the culture of strawberries and other
varieties of small fruits has increased to a very large ex-
tent. Berrien county is the southwest county of the State,
commonly known as the St. Joseph region. The great sup-
ply of Chicago has come from this county, formerly peaches
— now small 'fruit*. The acreage of strawberries in Ber-
rien county is about 4,000, from which nearly 100,000
bushels have been sent to the Chicago market during the
present season. Net profit on strawberries, $60,000. The
crop was cut short fully one-third by frost early in May,
which retarded our crop about ten days, thus bringing our
berries into market with the fruit from localities north of
us, where no injury to the crop was sustained by frosts.

The supply of strawberries sent to Chicago from Michi-
gan has been much in excess of the remunerative demand.
The sales in Chicago have been made at an average of
about eighty cents per case of sixteen quarts, from which we
must deduct for picking twenty-four cents, case ten cents,
freight five cents, drayage one cent, commission ten per
cent., making the total expenses about fifty cents, thus
leaving thirty cents net to the grower. Many new varieties
have been tried and rejected; so far no strawberry has been
introduced which can take the place of the Wilson in the
Chicago market. The Triomphe de Gand is conceded to
be the best berry in quality, but will not grow on light
soils, and will not produce more than one-third as much
per acre, under the most favorable circumstances, as the
Wilson. The Monarch is grown quite extensively, but
finds little favor in the Chicago market. It must be picked
while the "comb" is very green to carry well, and, like
many " fancy" varieties, is often held by Chicago commis-
sion men for fancy prices until they are obliged to sell for
less than a good Wilson. A large portion of the straw-
berries sold in Chicago are re-shipped to northern and
western points; and until a berry is introduced having the
great bearing and long carrying qualities of the Wilson,
little change will be made by the fruit growers of Berrien
county. The Sharpless, Seneca Queen, and one or two
other varieties which claim popular favor will be thor-
oughly tried ; and if a hitler market berry than Wilson's
Albany can be introduced, the rooting out and destruction
of the old fields of Wilson, which have held place during
so many years, will prove of great advantage to the fruit
growers of western Michigan.

The most profitable fruit grown in Berrien county this
season is the Lawton blackberry. The culture of this
fine fruit is not attempted to a great extent, even in this
favored locality, excepting upon the high lands contiguous
to the lake, where a total failure seldom occurs. Failures
occasioned by winter killing have been so frequent upon
the low lands back from the lake that the cultivation of
the Lawtnn has been generally abandoned except in the
most favorable locations. The Lawton, berries from this
section have sold in Chicago at an average of about $1.80
per case, the cost of marketing being the same as for straw-
berries. I suppose there are about 12,000 acres planted to
small fruits in this county.

In consequence of the low prices last year, and the dying
out from natural causes and removal of the old fields of
Philadelphia raspberries, prices have been well sustained
this season. The Clarkeh&a not proved prolific in this local-
ity. The Turner and Mammoth Cluster, red ami black, are
now the favorite varieties for the Chicago market; two and
one-half cents per quart is paid for picking, and thirteen
cents for 33-pint cases. Raspberries have sold in Chicago
at an average of $1.60 this season.

The Baldwin is the best variety of winter apple grown
in this county, and very few of the other varieties have
been planted by market growers during the past ten years.
It never winter-kills in the lake shore region, is very pro-
lific, and sells well in the western market. The Red Can-
ada, is grafted quite extensively upon poor varieties and
fast growing stocks, and proves a first-class market variety,
but is not as prolific as the Baldwin. The Spy is slow in
coming into bearing, but succeeds very well on our best
soil. The Rhode Island Greening does not do well in the
vicinity of the lake shore. Those who are the most suc-
cessful in preserving winter apples pick them carefully,
place them in bulk uuder cover until near winter, when
they are packed in tight barrels and kept as near the freez-
ing point as possible.

All fruit growers cultivate their orchards in the lake
shore country, but clover is often grown in the older orch-
ards, and plowed under the second year.

The experience of early fruit growers in this region soon
taught them that more kinds of the different varieties of
fruit were planted than would prove profitable for market,
and very many varieties which were not adapted to this
region were removed or engrafted with other sorts.

The varieties of peaches grown here, ripening in the
order named, were Hale's Early, Troth's Early, Early Bar-
nard, Oldmiron, Crawford's Early and Late, and Smock.
Several new and valuable varieties originating here will
unfortunately be lost by the general destruction caused by
the peach yellows.

Isabella and Catawba grapes were planted formerly, but
have given place to varieties which do not require so long
a season to mature. Hartford, Diana, Salem, and fata are
grown I" some extent; but the greater part of vineyards
planted during the past live years is composed of Delaware
and Concord.

Doyenne tVEte, Bartlett, and Fit mish II auty arc the favor
ite varieties of pears.

During the past sixteen years Chicago and the country
west of Lake Michigan has received from the St. Joseph
fruit region the greater part of its supply of peaches and
small fruits, and fruit growing in Berrien county has been

KKPORT FROM MICHIGAN.

107

and is still a business of vast magnitude, and has proved
profitable to the growers. Our fruitgrowers have not been
very communicative. Like all persons engaged in suc-
cessful business, they have been absorbed in their occupa-
tion. They soon learned to reject I henries regarding varie-
ties of fruit and modes of cultivatiou, and have learned
the best varieties for our locality and markets by their own
experience.

Much controversy existed formerly between different
sections in the "fruit belt," each claiming to be the very
buckle in the belt; but the advent of peach yellows has
proved a great leveler, and the millions of trees which
have succumbed to this dread disease in the lake shore
fruit region during the past five years has taken much of
the pride, profit, and glory of Berrien county. Trees
which have withstood summer heat and winter cold during
the past twenty years, together with the younger trees,
have been wiped out of existence; but fruit growers do not
despair; they believe that the cause of the disease will dis
appear with the entire eradication of the peach, and that
as in other localities which have been devastated by peach
yellows, we shall be enabled in due time to again grow the
peach with immunity from disease. In the meantime our
lands are being renovated by clover, and other varieties of
fruit are more extensively grown. It has been demonstra-
ted that no other locality can compare with Berrien
county in supplyingthe Chicago markets with small fruits
at the time of such fruits maturing in this latitude. Being
next door neighbor to Chicago, with lines of boats leaving
St. Joseph and Benton Harbor late in the evening, and
arriving in Chicago in the early morning, and equal facili
ties for transportation being afforded by the " fruit train "
which runs from Holland to Chicago every night through
the fruit season, we are enabled to place our fruits in Chi-
cago in the finest condition. The only damage to the small
fruit interest of Berrien county is the "killing the goose
which has laid the golden egg" by over-production.

W. A. Brown,
Secretary Michigan Lake Shore Fruit Growers' Association.

REPORT OF CHAIRMAN OF MICHIGAN FRUIT
COMMITTEE.

Galesburg, Mich., Sept., 1879.

P. Barry, Chairman of General Frvit Committee, Am

Pomological Society:

Dear Sir: — In sending report for Michigan, permit me
again to indulge in the so often repeated remark that
" Michigan grows more or less all the fruits of the tem-
perate clime."

The " fruit belt " entirely surrounds that portion of the
State known as the lower peninsula. The earlier discover
era of this " belt" supposed it to be of very limited extent,

and commencing at or near the south-western limit of the
Slate, lo extend Dearly due north, ending at or near the
mouth of the St. Joseph river, and reaching inland from
the eastern shore of Lake Michigan but a few miles. Sub-
sequent explorations traced it north along the margin of
the lake to South Haven. We have now reached a dis-
tance from the starting point of onlj about forty miles. Il
was soon discovered that the limit bad not been reached in
this direction, and Saugatuck, at the mouth of the Kala

mazoo river was found equally well entitled to the claim
of being within its embrace. Energetic fruit culturisls,
not satisfied with the already and often prescribed limits
of (his "belt," pushed their way still further, passed the
Grand river, with Spring Lake and Fruitport at its conflu-
ence with Lake Michigan, thence on again due north,
through the counties of Muskegon, Oceana, Mason, Man-
istee, Benzie, and Leelenaw, on Lake Michigan, complet-
ing the line along the eastern shore. It now takes one
grand sweep around the margin of Grand Traverse bay,
through the counties of Grand Traverse and Antrim,
where, up to the present time, the settlement of the coun-
try nearly ceases. This latter strip of the belt is now well
known to American pomologists as the " Traverse region,"
and is justly celebrated for the very superior quality and
productiveness of the apple, pear, cherry, and plum; and
wherever the grape has been tested in good hands, it has suc-
ceeded well. Indeed it would be difficult to find any vine-
yards in the State excelling in hardiness, productiveness,
or quality of fruit those of Judge Ramsdell, at Traverse
City, and this nearly up to and within the parallel of 45
degrees north latitude.

We may still trace our way along this "belt" across the
State southeasterly to the Saginaws, skipping, of course,
the extreme northeastern counties, where but few settlers
are as yet found, and those principally engaged in the lum-
ber trade, and consequently but little has been done in an
agricultural or pomological way. In fact but little is done
in agriculture or pomology until we reach the St. Clair river;
but from thence on south past Lake St. Clair, and along
the Detroit river to where the River Raisin drops its waters
into Lake Erie, may be found some of the oldest as well as
the more modern evidences of successful fruit culture.
Here at the mouth of the Raisin, and within the limits of
the city of Monroe may be still seen standing, and appar-
ently in perfect health, numbers of pear and apple trees,
planted by the early French settlers upwards of a century
ago. Here are also found the vineyards of the Raisin val-
ley, now numbering in extent of acreage as much, perhaps,
as one half of the balance of the whole State combined.
The plantations have increased from a few acres (not ex-
ceeding three or four) in 1863, to near 500 in 1878. But
we are still tracing this " fruit belt" of Michigan, and must
necessarily pass through the great apple producing coun-
ties of Lenawee, Hillsdale, Branch, St. Joseph, and Cass,
to the place of starting in Berrien. We have now nearly
made the circuit of the State proper, following the line of
the lakes and rivers that form its boundary; we have yet
to define its breadth. Suppose two persons starting with a
view to determine this — the one commencing anywhere on
I lie eastern border of the State, on the great rivers that
divide the State from the Dominion of Canada, and pur-
suing a westerly course; the other from the western, along
the shore of Lake Michigan, taking his way eastward, they
might clasp hands across the principal meridian which
divides the Slate in halves, north and south, and congratu-
late themselves each on having found the margin. This is
tin- length and breadth of the ureal " fruit belt" of Michi-
gan, and it is sheer presumption to attempt to define any
other.

'Plie history of fruit culture and its progress in 'he Slate
ha been too fully dwelt upon in former volumes of the
Soi i' M, through the able pens of T. T. I.yon and Othl re,

108

REPORT FROM MICHIGAN.

in require anything further al my bands, and leaves me
to considei specifically the queries advanced by the circu-
lar of the General Chairman. First:

SPECIES OF FRUIT.

The apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, apricot, necta-
rine, ami quince, comprise the species of larger fruits,

all of which are grown successfully, and many to a very
great extent. Some, however, require special localities
and treatment in culture to warrant their planting to any
greal extent. Of the small fruits, grapes and strawberries
are more largely grown than any other species; of the
the former, the acreage loots up to about 1,400, for market

purposes, and of the latter not less than 1,(100. Raspberries

and blackberries come next; the formei nearly equaling
the strawberry in acreage, while the latter must approxi

mate to marly half thai amount Of currants and goose-
berries, but few are grown beyond the family wants of
farmers and gardeners, although the gooseberry, owing to
the improved American varieties which ale lice from mil

dew, has begun to appear in our markets to quite an ex-
tent, and especially has this been the case during the lasl
two years. The fig is also grown in the open air by laying
down the lops for winter protection, but not sufficient to
warrant their being quoted in the markets. For miscel-
laneous fruits and nuts of native and introduced species, 1
refer you to section lo of the Michigan Pomological So
eiety'.s Catalogue of Fruits, for 1878, herewith accom-
panying. The comparative merits of varieties in the dif

ferent localities will also be found in the same 1 k by re

ferring to the starring column, the columns of use anil

value, and the remarks appended.

NEW VARIETIES.
It is with great reluctance 1 am induced lo offer any ad-
ditions whatever to the already overstocked and superllii
0US list now before the public, but al the request of some
intelligent members of the Stale Pomological Society, 1
insert the following among straw berries only. The\ are

as yet but little known outside the immediate locality of
their origin. The following give promise of being valu-
able acquisitions: Bidwell, Shirts, and Windsor.

SYNONYMS.

Under this head 1 refer you to the paper of Mr. Lyon
accompanying this report. All Other synonyms arc of loo
local and unimportant account lo be considered.

OBSTACLES TO m CCESSFUL FRUIT CULTURE.

Unsuitable selection of varieties; want of drainage in
soils. Fruit trees will stand a large amount of rain fall
during the summer, when the trees require all the nourish-
ment possible, lo perfect their foliage and fruit, bill when

this is accomplished and they go to rest at the close of

their summer labors, they require a soil comparatively dry;

hence the necessity of underdraining. The importance of
elevation for orchard sites is universally considered essen-
tial to success. Cultivation in early season, say till July

1st, and then again in laic autumn, is essential to prepare

and ripen the wood of fruit trees sufficiently lo withstand
some of out severe winters. Of insects we have the usual
number and variety. The codling moth among the apples
is of more damage lo the fruit interest in Michigan in dob

lars and cents, than all others of whatever name and

nature. The canker worm, where it makes ils erratic ap
pearance, is perhaps the most injurious to the tree

DIES.
Bandage the trees, and pasture with swine to pick up
all fallen fruit, for the first. For the canker worm, all the

appliance's lo prevent the female ascending the trunk of
the tree, are in use here, but latterly the use of Paris
in water, at the rate of a tablespoonful to three or four
gallons of water, sprayed anong the foliage of the trees
with a hand force pump has proved the most effectual.
In Kalamazoo county I have known of ils appearance
during the last ten years, at least four or live times ami in
different localities, in numbers sufficient to nearly defoliate
the entire orchard; in each case few if any, appeared the
following season, and thereafter none nave appeared. A

very valuabl 'chard near Kalamazoo village was entirely

denuded of foliage about eight years ago. No canker

worm has since appealed, and the orchard itself is in a

verp prosperous condition. The rose chafer has ap-
peared during the last two years in large and increased
numbers. Hand picking (as they infest all fruits and most

flowers), is largely practiced on low plants and vines, ami

Paris green applied as for the canker worm are tin- best
remedies yel practiced. Yellows in the peaches has
proved very destructive along the sandj shores of Lake

Michigan, and in some cases has spread inland lo a limited

extent. Prompt extermination, and fear of future legis-
lative action by our ponderous Solons at our State capitol
are marly sufficient to eradicate the disease. Blight in

the pear has destroyed, within the lasl live years, half to

three quarters of all the pear trees, in I he Stale. We have

tried all remedies from Cox to Brainard, without avail.
We are now looking lowards our legislature, as for the yel-
lows in the peach, for a potent remedy.

(i i.ri i;i \\i> pri STING.

Thorough cultivation in early summer, and mulching

the ground heavily with barnyard manure, which is the

nearest approach lo cultivation, with special fertilizers
where sufficient bam manure cannot be obtained, are in
practice only by those who can reporl fruit culture al a
profit.

Tin' "shortening in" of the peach, as much for thinning
the fruit as for preserving Hie form of I he ire.', is much in
practice among peach growers. In general, short trunks
wiih low heads lo fruit trees, are becoming more and more

the rule in this State, especially since Ihe cutting away of

the forests, and the comparatively level surface of the

country is annually subjecting us to more violent winds.

STORING imi KEEPING FRUITS

Common farm house cellars and barrels or bins for the
apple i-- ihe almost universal manner in practice. There
are, however, several fruit houses on ihe refrigerator plan,
with ice as ihe foundation for a supply of cold air. One
such, at Battle ('reek, belonging to Hilling Brothers of
Philadelphia, of 10,000 barrels capacity, has proved en-
tirely successful and a good investment on a large outlay
for building and fixtures— costing $30,000. A few others
h i\ e been ei ecled on the Cape plan.

PACK vGES.

Common barrels for the apple— no shipments to Europe

in a direct commercial way baskets of various forms for
peaches, pears, and grapes, each holding one-fifth lo one-
fourth bushel ; square quart boxes for all berries, shipped
in crates holding sixteen boxes each. These are Ihe forms

REPORT FROM WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

109

and sizes almost universally adopted for handling the fruit
crop throughout the State. The baskets, boxes, and crates,
by improved machinery in their manufacture, are now
furnished so cheap that it is no object to the shippei or
grower to look after their return, and in all cases are sold
with the I'ruit.

SI \ 1' 1 - 1 1 < S.

Pew localities have reported under this head, and at
al ii is nearly impossible to gain any extended in-
formation in this direction. Berrien county and Muske
gon have sent the following:

Berrien County exports foi 1877, by water to Chicago

and other polls west of the laki

; - of apples, - - - - 75,882

One half bushel crates of strawberries, 128,840

raspberries, - - 40,771

■• ■■ " blackben - I 1,876

" cherries, - - 6,946

One-fourth bushel baskets of grapes, - 13,663

( third bushel cases oi • - 5,731

One-fourth bushel baskets of quinces, - 700

peaches, - ■ 422,225

Other fruits not classified, - 6,000
l',\ railro

mull bush, baskets peaches, pears and grapes, 65,335

One-half bushel crates ol berries, - 15,41
apples, ----- 8,038

Tin tbove does not include railroad shipments, except

from St. Joseph anil Benton Harbor Larue amounts were

taken by railroad from small stations not taken in this

estimate, nor does it include the amount taken liy wagons

to In i

For 1878, Hie different kinds of fruit were not kept sep-
arate by the warehouse men; but of the one half bushel
crates of strawberries, raspberries, ami blackberries, 184,
;?.", were shipped; of peaches, grapes, &c, 103,312; bar-
rels of apple-, s 1,968.

Muskegon county, 100 miles north of Berrien, lias with-
in the la-t two or three years been making rapid stride- in

fi-uit culture; 20,000 peach me- were planted this season,

besides large quantities of apple, pear, plum, &c. Straw-
berry culture has assumed large proportions in the la-t two

yeat-; the number of acres at present amount, to at least
two hundred.

I in- shipments foi 1878 were;

One-half bushel crates of strawberries, - 12,000

" " raspberries, 4,000

one fourth bushel basket) - 8,000

The shipments lor 1879 were;

i ine-hali bushi I i rav berries, - - 26,000

■ • pberries, 8,000

Estimated ;

OUrtU bushel h:i - - 15,000

1,000

Other small fruits, - 1,500

All wit hin a radius of live miles of Muskegon < in .

A wool in It has now I'

her,- the-,- two years, anil no B rape b d be ie

the advent ol the Delaware, tl, i much prom

is this. There is a vine within stone's throw ol where

1 am now writing, cat rj ing aii enormous crop of the t

superb fruit on,- would wish to see, and bo marly ripe
(Sept '.'ili, a- to excel in quality any othei of at I

dozen varieties of the best sorts. I would not hesitate to
give it one star for Michigan.

In closing this report permit me to state that at no for-
mer period in the history of our State has the planting ol
fruit-bearing lives ami vines, for the use of marketing,

equaled the present in extent ami variety; miris it pos ible
to foretell when or where I he limit of profitable fruit cul-
ture will end, since at present, as beret,, fine, the demand

i- in advance "I the supply. The advanced stage of fruit

culture in Michigan is largely due to the inlluonce exerted

among the people through the several Horticultural and

Pomological Societies organized within her borders, at the
head of u hicb stands the Stale I'omologieal Society. The

local societies can be considered hardly less influential in

the vicinity of their organization than the Stale Society at
large.

The principal local societies are the Grand River Valley
Horticultural Society, located at Grand Rapids; the South

Haven I'omologieal Society, al South Haven; Ihel'cnin
sular Fanners' Club, at Traverse City and Old Mission;
the Douglass Pomological Society, at Saugatuck; the
Lenawee Farmers' Club, at Antrim, and the Washtenaw

Horticultural Society, at Ypsilanti.

The delegates chosen to represent the Michigan Slate

Pomological Society al the Rochester meeting of the

American Pomological Society, were Prof. W. .1. Heal,
\Y. K. Gibson, Mrs. .1. G. Ramsdell, J. P. Thompson and
Israel Pennington, with Mr. T. T. Lyon, President of the

Society, as ( ihairman.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

H. Dale Adams,
Chairman of Michigan Fruit Committee.

Report from Washington Territory.

Seattle, Augusts, 1879.
P. Barry, RoeTiester, A'. )'.

Dear Sin: — I hardly know how to commence to write
a report of this territory ; one reason is, we have two dis-
tinct climates. Western Washington T< nil, ,i\ has just
such a climate as England, Scotland, or Ireland . and East-
ern Washington Territory is like that of some pan- of
California or Nevada. In Eastern Washington Territory
peaches and grapes can be grown to perfection, and I be-
lieve ail other kinds of fruits. In Western Waslm

Territory we can raise all kinds of fruits that are adapted

to a cold climate, to perfection, with Ihe exception of
grapes and peaches; but those are worse this season than
usual, as we had no good weather until the middle "f .Inly,

There was some frost the 3d of July; the season has been

SO wet and backward that our fruit crop is very short this
year. The strawberry crop would have been ver\ ,,o,l

had ihe weather been favorable after thej had commenced
io ripen ; it rained most every day, and in consequence there
was only about one half of the fruit gathered, and that

had not its natural llavor, and nearly all our fruit is more

Or le-- stunted this seas n account of the weather. If

we were near enough to exhibit a collection of our fruits
this year, we should make a very poor showing la I
year we could compete with any part of the world.
I'll,- cherrj Crop this yeat i- almost a total failure, and
what there were had not their proper flavor I'

110

REPORT FROM WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

apples and pears the same. A great many of them look
us though they had been stunted on one side; the fruit
was not injured by the frost as it has been some other
years. The trees all blossomed, seemed full, and mostly
set well, and a great deal of it grew to a head one-quarter
size, and one side of the fruit would stand still and the
other side grow and then fall off. The peaches all set
full and hung on until about the first of July and then fell
off. There are three or four trees that stand in warm,
sheltered places, so loaded down with peaches, that I am
satisfied it is all on account of the cold weather.

1st Question — We can raise apples, pears, plums, cher-
ries, and all the small fruits to perfection; but peaches and
grapes only in favorable localities.

2d. — This is a hard question to answer, as there is such
a conglomeration of varieties; every person has a different
name; but we are getting things in a little better shape
now. Most of the trees that have been raised heie have
been raised by inexperienced men, so that it is no won-
der that there is such a mixture of names. The young
trees that have been propagated since I came here are just
commeucing to bear. The varieties that do best in this
immediate vicinity are as follows:

Bed Astrachan, Sinn inn- Row, Early Harvest, Bed June,
Qravenstein, Fall Pippin, Dutch Mignonne, Bambo, on dry
land ; Bwaar, Golden Sweet, Golden Russet, Waxen {Belmont),
i'lUmr BeUeflower, King of Tompkins County, Northern Spy;
these are good varieties that do well here and are generally
grown, and will grow on almost any soil; but there are
several other varieties that grow very well on some soils,
but the European varieties, I think, will do better than
most of the American varieties. I have three or four of
them that will fruit this year, and two years hence, if all
is well, I can tell more about them.

NEW VARIETIES.

3d. — There was a gentleman sent me seven different
seedlings for me to pass my judgment on ; there were five
of them very good, but he did not send me his name, and
I do not know where he lives. I expect to find him this
fall at the fair.

The varieties that are mostly grown here are Early
Madeleine, Bartlett, Early Butter, Flemish Beauty, Louis,
Bonne of Jersey, Winter Nelis, Vicar of Winkfield, and they
all do well. I have a great many other varieties, but not
bearing yet.

CHERRIES.

The varieties that are mostly grown here are Kentish,
May Hoi,,, <;,,,-. Wood, Black Tartarian, Boyal Ann {Napo-
leon), and Black Republican. The flavor of the Black Re-
publican is improved very much by grafting on the wild
stock. You would think it to be ;i different variety, and I
don't think there is anything to equal it in flavor. I have
several varieties, but not fruited yet. The cherries all do
splendidly here.

PLUMS AND PRUNES

All do well here. I do not think there is any part of the
world that can beat us in raising the plum and prune.

The principal varieties that are grown here are Coe's Golden
Drop, Peach Plain, fin, n Gage, Jefferson, Bradshaw, Yellow
Magnum Bonum, Columbia, German and Italian Prunes.
I have several others on the way, but not fruiting yet.

PEACHES.

There are but few peaches raised as yet; most of those
that have been raised are seedlings of no great merit. I
have some fine fruit on Early Bivers that will be ripe in
about one week from this date; last year they were ripe by
the last of July; it is a splendid peach. I have most of
them grafted on the plum stock, and my seedling, that is
Lou-ton Perfection, proves to be a splendid peach for this
climate. I have seventeen other varieties; some of them
look very promising, but have not fruited yet. The peach
trees are all affected with the curled leaf.

GRAPES.

We have a poor climate for grapes. I have several
varieties, but the Concord proves to he the only one, as yet,
with me, except one that I fruited last year, called the
Galar, that I got from St. Louis three years ago, and that
I think will be a good grape for this climate. There have
been some others that have fruited in favored locations,
such as Sweetwater, Hartford Prolific, and Delaware.

BLACKBERRIES.

They grow larger here than 1 ever saw them before,
and bear a tremendous crop — Lawton, Kittatinny, and
Dorcliester.

RASPBERRIES.

They cannot be beaten in any county; all varieties do
well excepting the Blackcap varieties, and they, I think,
are worthless heir

STRAWBERRIES.

I suppose I have tried fifty varieties, and the varieties
that I find do best are the Triomphe de Gand, .Luanda, Mon-
arch of the West. Peabody's Seedling, Helled, Leon, Lawton's
Pineapple, and another new seedling that I have raised.
Mr. Slawson, of Oregon, named it Lawton's Seedling; it
gets away with anything else that 1 have; it is a very
strong grower, and carries very long and strong fruit
stalks — from eighteen to twenty inches long — and a great
many of the trusses remain there till after the fruit is
ripe. It is a great bearer, and a great deal of the fruit is
very large. Mr. Slawson, of Portland, said that it beat-
any other variety that he has seen yet. I have them on
rich soil; I will try them on different soil next year.

Mr. Saunders sent me out, two years ago the Evans,
Eancka, and Seth Boyden; they are worthless in this cli-
mate. A year ago last fall I sent for Charles Downing,
ami that proves to be worthless also. I have one of
Rivers's European varieties here that is a splendid fruit.
About large strawberries, I think I had some Monarch of
tin West that were three inches through and nine inches in
circumference. That may seem astonishing, but such is
the fact, and all our fruits, and if it was so that we could
bring a collection of our fruits then we should astonish
everybody there, as there are but a very few people who
believe that we can raise' such large fruits here. I can
liiul ripe strawberries from the last of May up to Christmas.

5th. — The great trouble with the apple trees is, they grow
too late in the fall, and the frost comes sometimes and
catches the sap and freezes it. and then the trunk of the

REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA.

Ill

tree is covered with black spots. I have not found a rem-
edy as yet; it is worse on wet land than on dry. The
great trouble is, the trees grow too late in the winter. Some
seasons the roots commence to grow in January; but I
think when the country is thoroughly drained and the soil
in a better state of cultivation this will be avoided.

I should like to write a great deal more, but I think I
should take up too much space in your proceedings.
I remain your respectfully,

0. \V. Lawton.

Report from Pennsylvania.

P. Barry, Esq., Chairman General Fruit Committee,
American Poinological Society.

Dear Sir: — In reporting on the status of Pomology in
this State, I am at a loss how to avoid too much repetition
of my former reports. Not insinuating, however, that our
State is not making some progress in practical knowledge
of fruit culture, but her progress appears not so rapid as that
of some other States. Being one of the leading mining
and manufacturing States, capital and enterprise have been
applied largely in that direction, some of which might be
employed with equal benefit in fruit growing enterprises.
Considering the thousands of acres within her borders so
well adapted to the growing of fruits in great variety, it
seems rather unaccountable that so large a proportion of
fruits consumed within her borders, are grown in other
States.

The general uncertainty of the apple crop in our State
for a number of years has led to the belief, with many,
that they can no longer grow apples with profit — that we
can buy cheaper than raise them. On the other hand the
more progressive are not willing to yield to fate, for we
have cheering evidence of increased planting of fruit trees
of all kinds, and also inquiries and discussions how to
overcome the most serious obstacles to successful fruit
growing. Our planters are slowly but surely learning to
make their own selection of fruit trees, instead of buying
and planting what the tree agent has to sell : the conse-
quence is a knowledge of fruits best adapted to their own
soil and locality, which is an important matter in fruit
culture everywhere.

.More attention is also paid to the habits of destructive
insects, which are of all the drawbacks in fruit culture
one of the greatest. Valuable seedlings, both new and
old, are looked up and tested more than at any previous
period. There are also renewed inquiries and discussions
with regard to the management of orchards and fruit trees
generally ; all of these with other auxiliaries necessary to
successful fruit culture, should both elevate and make
profitble so noble a calling.

We need for the eastern section of our State a few vari-
eties of good, reliable winter apples in addition to Smith's
Cider and York Imperial, which are now the leading ones.
For the middle section and higher altitudes those excel-
lent northern winter apples seem to be well adapted, such
as . V >riin in Spy, Baldwin, Rhodt Island Greening, Early
Spitzenburg, Golden Russet, Roxbury Russet and others
The apple crop was a general failure the past season, ex-

cept in the north-western counties where it was mostly a
full one, but the extreme warm weather late in the season
caused winter fruit to ripen unusually early, and much
was lost by premature decay.

were above an average crop, but like the apple crop,
had to be hurried to market on account of early ma-
turing. The consequence was low prices, considering the
short crop of apples. Dartlett continues to be the leading
pear, but there are indications that too large a proportion
have been planted for profit, as it ripens in the midst of
the peach season. A few good, reliable winter pears are
wanted for this section. Pears have proven to be more
reliable than apples, and were it not for the prevalence of
blight would be much more extensively planted.

were a fair crop on healthy trees, and have fruited satis-
factorily further north and on higher altitudes, of late,
than we had expected. The introduction of a number of
new and valuable varieties, especially early kinds, which
has lengthened the peach season at least two weeks, since
the advent of Hale's Earli/,h&s also induced more extensive
planting. Planters are learning that the borer is not so
formidable an enemy, if he is only properly looked after.
The greatest drawback to success, however, is yellows, the
prevention of which is pretended by few, and its cure by
none. One exception, however, has come to notice which
may be of general interest. A gentleman who isa close
observer, and who has planted, attended, and fruited some
thousands of peach trees with marked success, informed
me that several of his trees were affected by genuine yel-
lows to which he applied back pruning, i. e. cut away the
entire top to a few stubs of the largest limbs ; this was
done three years ago. The trees have now fine tops and
have shown no signs of yellows since they Were cut back.

Of this fruit there is increased planting notwithstanding
the many failures, which are generally caused by the curcu-
lio, but the success with which many meet, by proper atten-
tion, no doubt stimulates a disposition to plant, and those
who by example demonstrate that plums can be successfully
grown, despite the curculio, deserve the honor of pioneers,
beside the profit they derive from their success.

OF CHERRIES AND GRAPES

I can say little in addition to my former reports. The
many new and valuable varieties of the latter keep up a
lively interest, at least in the dissemination of vines, mostly
for the purpose of testing, which must eventually produce
results of general interest.

SMALL Flil ITS

(especially strawberries), have received an increased stim-
ulus in consequence of the new and excellent varieties re-
cently introduced, among which are Sharpless, Orescent,
Great Prolific, and Cumberland, with other new candidates
coming in for popular honors ; all of which cannot help
but make strawberry culture of unusual interest for a
while.

112

REPORT FROM DELAWARE - OHIO.

With all the the encouraging features of progress in fruit
growing in our State, there is yet much ignorance in regard
to essential matters. There is still a large proportion of
planters who will plant only in certain signs. Some dig
holes as for setting posts, wherein they crowd the roots,
and set the trees deeply so as to prevent them from being
blown over by storms ; others apply stable manure to the
roots when planting, and cast reflections on nurserymen
when their trees die. There are comparatively few, who
can he induced to head in the branches of trees at plant-
ing. We still find too many young orchards growing iu
sod or among grain. These are some of the artificial
drawbacks to successful fruit culture. The natural ones
continue to be yellows, blight, codling moth, curculio,
and borers.

With regard to changes in the Catalogue, the FaUawater
has certainly lost some of its reputation in our State, and
is not entitled to more than one star. The popularity of
Smokehouse would much better entitle it to double Mais
than the former. Among crabs, Transcendent and Hyslop
certainly deserve one star. Among peaches, Alexander is
certainly entitled to one star, and Smock Late (Beers's Smock)
to two. Among raspberries, Brandywim is better entitled
to double stars than either Philadelphia or Herstine ; Tur-
ner promises well. The strawberry list will no doubt be
enlarged with Sharpless, Crescent, Cumberland, Great Pro-
lific, and others, with star or dagger.
Respectfully submitted,

11. M. Englb, Chairman.

Report from Delaware.

Wilmington, Del., Aug. 15, 1879.
P. Barry, Esq., Chairman General Fruit Committee:

Dear Sir:— Immediately on the receipt of your first cir-
cular I made every endeavor to form the State committee
by asking the aid of several prominent fruit growers in
other parts of the State, but up to the present writing 1
have not had a single response. A report from the upper
county would be but a repetition of that from south-eastern
Pennsylvania, the soil and climate being much the same in
either section. I was anxious therefore to give a promi-
nence to the opinion of intelligent growers from the south-
ern section. If then you accept this as a report at all it
should be as an informal one, and of a sectional character.

We have a number of small orchards, some of which are
quite successful, whilst Others of the same varieties are
mostly failures. With a selection of good bearing varie-
ties, of a suitable soil, and (which is of the most impor-
tance) a northern exposure, the crop is a good biennial one.
A cold, wet, or even damp clay soil is almost death to the
apple, while a gravelly loam supplies all its needs. The
greal drawbacks, in this latitude, are the late spring frosts,
occurring often while the trees are in blossom. A north-
ern exposure retards the blooming, and very often saves
the crop.

PB \US.

Pears, until recently, have been grown successfully, but

within the hist three years who! chards have been swept

away by blight, and planters have become most discour-

aged. No variety has been exempt. The only prevention,
and that but a partial one, is the heavy application to the
soil, of wood ashes. I have seen as a result of this a crop
of perfect, high flavored pears from those already badly
cracked the same season. The ashes were applied even so
late as when the pears were nearly half grown, at the rate
of three or four hundred bushels per acre.

In the lower part of New Castle county and in both the
other counties, the cultivation of the peach is well known
to be a success, so far as the amount of fruit is concerned,
but since the days of the Reybolds and Clarks, it has not
been a paying crop. The generality of growers will ad-
mit that for a period of years a grain crop on the same land
would have been equally, if not more remunerative.

PLUMS.

Plums are but little grown, the curculio taking not a
share, but the whole crop. No tree gives a better promise
in the setting of the fruit, but there the prospect ends.

CHERRIES.

The cherry i~ still cultivated in the northern section of
the Slate, hut have fallen off greatly in the last ten or fif-
teen years, owing to the cracking of the trunk.

SMALL FRUITS.

The various small fruits are more or less successfully
grown, more particularly blackberries and strawberries.

A new variety of cherry, originated some years ago with
Mr. Joseph Forman, near this place, is valuable on account
Of late ripening, never rotting on the tree, and continuing
a full month in eating condition. It is of good size, black,
rich, and sweet. It litis been very little disseminated.

I have some hesitation in touching the fruit catalogue
for our State, as some varieties which succeed in our sec-
tion are not so valuable in the southern portion. There
arc some varieties, however, that, so far as I can learn, do
well in both sections.

I send the above more for your own information than as
a committee report, and as an evidence that as an individ-
ual 1 have not lost my interest in pomology. I hope you
will not insert it as a report.

Yours respectfully,

Edward Tatnall.

Report from Ohio.

P. Barry, Esq., Chairman, efec, General Fruit Committee:
I send you herewith a few alterations which the Com-
mittee of our State Horticultural Society desire to have
made in the Ohio column of the fruit list. Our State
embraces so wide a range of latitude, with such diversity
of soils and lakeand river influences, that it is impossible
to compile a list of fruits that will be adapted for all sec-
tions. This is specially true of apples, and hence our
Society found it necessary to divide the State into a num
ber of districts, and after consultation with experienced
orchardists in the various sections, made out separate lists
for each district.

I have pleasure in stating that we find evidences of the
continued progress of fruit culture in our State. We note
. pi i tally the fact that the use of fruit as food is constantly

REPORT FROM OHIO.

113

increasing among the masses of the people in all our towns
and cities. This we think is evidence of progress in intel-
ligence and civilization. The consumption of berries and
Other Summer fruits, it is believed has increased at least

fifty per cent, in the past five years, in most of our towns
and cities. This is largely owing to the increase and
cheapening of production, caused by improvement in the
varieties of fruits and in the methods of cultivation.

Our crops of summer fruits are also more reliable and
uniform than those of the autumn. We continue to meet
with Obstacles and occasional failures in our orchard and
vineyard culture, as mentioned in my report of I iS7 7. The
worst obstacle to pecuniary success with our apple crops, is

THE ALTERNATION OF BEARING YEARS.

This evil has been increasing forquite a numberof years
past, and will doubtless continue to increase as the trees
grow older. In fact it has become quite obvious that a
large share of the orchards in the State have already past
the age of profitable existence, although the trees may con-
tinue to produce large crops of indifferent fruit every
alternate year. A- this occurs the same year in all parts of
the State, of course there is such a surplus at these times as
to prevent any profitable sale of the fruit. The fault of
alternate hearing is not common with young orchards or
those in a thrifty condition; hence the most obvious reme-
dy and means of prevention are, to plant new orchards in
place of the old ones, and keep the trees thrifty by judi-
cious cultivation, especially after they have come into full
bearing. Of course something can be done towards lessen-
ing the evil, by thinning off the fruit in the fruitful seasons,
so as not to let the trees over-hear, hut this can on]}'
be done on a small <<:a\e, for home purposes.

THE CODLING MOTH

is, of course, the next great obstacle in our apple orchards;
hut the more intelligent and enterprising of our people are
learning how to overcome this enemy, with very little ex-
pense or trouble, namely: by the hog and sheep method —
keeping enough hogs in the orchard to consume the wormy
fruit, as it falls during summer — or, if the orchard is too
large for the number of hogs, have a small flock of sheep,
and turn them in for a day or so, two or three times a
week. Some of our large apple glowers are finding this
practice of immense benefit. For people who have hut
few apple trees or cannot make a hog pasture of their or-
chard, the band method of stopping the mollis is the best
known remedy for wormy fruit.

PLUM CULTURE.

Many of our fruit grower- supposed that the curculio

Was the only serious obstacle in the way of profitable plum

culture, and hence when it was seen that tlii- enemy could

aptured, large orchards of this fruit were planted.

But it ba been found thai failures from winter killing

combined with over-bearing, ale more jerious difficulties.
Often, too. the premature shedding of the leaves i

after dry ami hoi weather, and then the sap starts afresh in
autu an, unfitting the tree's to withstand the winter. The
mean-, of prevention, of course are, to thin off the fruit

when set too full, so a9 to prevent over-bearing, and to
mulch the ground heavily to lessen the effects of heat and
drought. Much too, can be gained by greater care in the
selection and preparation of the ground for plums, to
secure as much exemption as possible from liability to suf-
fer from drought.

PEAR TREE BLIGHT.

Very much of the so-called blight is caused by injury to
the trees in winter, and this is often in consequence of the
premature falling of the leaves, as in the case of plum
trees, above mentioned; and the methods of prevention
are the same, viz: avoid letting the trees over-hear, and
keep the surface of the ground well mulched both in sum-
mer and winter. I have yet to see the first case of blight
or winter killing where these rules have been full}' observ-
ed. On the subject of the cause and nature of real blight
I may say something in another place, in connection with

THE CAUSES OF GRAPE ROT.

This malady has seemed to be increasing in Ohio and
the adjacent States for some years past, and there has been
almost endless discussion in regard to thecausesof the evil
and the means of its prevention; hut no very definite con-
clusions have been reached, excepting that, I believe,
nearly all our vineyardists are convinced that the rot is in
some waj' produced by the weather or atmospheric agen-
cies, and is not the result of any inherent disease in the
vine, or defects of the soil or the methods of culture; al-
though the mischief may he increased by these agencies.

In accordance with this view, it is found that the rotting
of grapes has not occurred this season in this eastern por-
tion of our lake shore, where the drought was continuous,
with very little relief, until the 1st of August; but in the
section between Cleveland and Sandusky, where one or
two heavy showers occurred, with sultry and damp weather,
about the middle of July, there was much rot; and again
at the western end of the lake, around Toledo and on the
islands, the rain and sultry weather did not occur and the
vineyards are exempt from rot. The same facts are re-
ported in a numberof the interior counties, where there
are numerous small vineyards, mostly of the Concord
variety, and the fruit was remarkably healthy until heavy
thunder showers, followed by hot and sultry weather late
in .Inly, brought a ruinous visitation of grape rot — but the
mischief ceased as soon as the weather became clear and
i he atmosphere dry. It is now believed that the compara-
tive exemption of the island vineyards from visitations of
I he rot is mainly owing to the almost entire absence of
dews on those islands during the summer months, together
with a light average Of rain-fall. So, too, in accordance
With this theory, we find that, oilier things being equal, the

besl locations for vineyards are on hill-sides or summits,
where there is the freest circulation of air, and where the
greati si amount of water from summer rains runs quickly
off the surface without reachiDg the roots of the vines.
Hence, also, we find grapes exempt from rot where the

.iiv trained against buildings, especially on the sides
least exposed to 'iiiiiiniT rains, or where largely sheltered
by a projecting cornice or roof.

M. H. Bateham.

Painesville, O.

114

REPORT FROM INDIANA — KENTUCKY.

Report from Indiana.

Danville, Ind., Sept. 6, 1879.
P. Barry, Chairman General Fruit Committee, American

Pomological Society.

Dear Friend — Some peculiar troubles beset the horti-
culturist of Indiana this season. First, last winter a very
heavy snow fell on the ground before it was frozen. This
was very fine for strawberries, but while the sap was quite
active in the apple and pear trees in consequence of this
warmtb around the roots, the mercury suddenly fell to 22
degrees below zero. I was quite apprehensive at the time,
of damage to apple and pear trees, and soon thought that
I could detect the effect, and so reported; but others (and
I thought better judges), said that the result would not be
serious, and the prompt start to grow in the spring some-
what quieted my apprehensions; but the sequel shows that
orchards, as well as nursery trees were more or less dam-
aged. Particularly is this true of young apple and pear
orchards of thrifty growth. The Early Richmond cherry
is similarly affected. Peach trees were mostly killed out-
right, or are so damaged that they might as well be dug
up. I should qualify these remarks as more especially
applicable to the northern and middle third, while in the
southern third, and especially among the hills, the peach
tree is not so seriously damaged.

strawberries.

For the last two seasons the first setting of our straw-
berries was killed by frost, but nearly an average crop in
both cases was gathered. Of this fruit, for market,
especially for shipping, the Wilson's Albany, maintains its
original popularity, and yet if my experience is worth any-
thing, it is poorly rooted and short-lived. Of the newer
varieties, Crescent, Sharpkss, Cumberland Triumph, Mon-
arch, Captain Jack, &c, as far as tried are more or less
admired. But I will try the "fleece wet and dry," before
reporting anything positive.

raspberries.

Of raspberries, the first that would " pay" for market
was a Doolittle, but Mammoth < 'lust, e has supplanted it, and
now it does look very much as if the Gregg might in turn
supplant the Mammoth Cluster. I have tried most of the
red varieties, of which Philadelphia is the best. Most of
the others are worthless and some of them nuisances

GRAPES.

For several years the grape crop has been almost a com-
plete failure; but now we have in some instances a full
crop, while, perhaps, none would go below half a crop.
fimi ■■</•(/, Ives, and Clinton are the "stand-bys."

PLUMS.

The Wild Goose plum is worthy of notice, from the
simple fact that it has fruited with us where most of the
others have proved failures. The Miner has borne, in a
few instances, quite satisfactorily; but it has not been
planted extensively enough to give an opinion yet, of its
final fitness for us.

pea its.

Of pears I will briefly say, that out of twenty-five best
sorts, none of them have been profitable and most of them
tender. The Anjov. is the hardiest; tree for tree by the
side of Ben Davis AppU they appear equally healthy and

smooth. Buffiim will come next, and Seckrt third. Bart-
hit has been the most popular, and perhaps is yet, but is ten-
der with us. Flemish Beauty has been the strongest com-
petitor of the Bartlett, but it drops badly, which, however,
is partly obviated by early picking.

APPLES— NEW VARIETIES.

Of new varieties of apples among us, perhaps 1 might
mention the Missouri Pippin, which appears on short trial,
to be exceedingly hardy, and maintains its reputation for
earl)' bearing.

Our crop of apples is about half the average, while there
is not a fourth of a crop of pears.

OBSTACLES.

The biggest drawback with us in apple growing is
insects; the next is winterkilling of the trees.

PACKING AND STORING.

We pack in new, clean barrels, and keep as cool as pos-
sible so as not to freeze.

A press of business will most likely keep me from your
meeting, which I very much regret. I am sure your meet-
ing will be interesting and instructive.
Very truly.

A. Furnas

Report from Kentucky.
Mr. P. Barry, Chairman of General Fruit Committee.

In compliance with your request, and in performance of
my duty as Chairman of the State Committee, I forward
you report, as given below :

Apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, grapes, straw-
berries, raspberries, and gooseberries, all succeed well in
Kentucky.

THE APPLE.

Is more extensively planted, and receives more attention
than all the other species of fruit, combined.

Varieties — Early Harvest and Bed June for their season
(June and July), deserve two stars. King, and Summer
Pearmain deserve two stars, season, July and August. For
fall, Ferris and Fall Queen merit two stars. For early
winter. Winter Cheese, II: u Dan's, and Romt Beauty, are ex-
cellent varieties. For long keepers, none yet have been
found to surpass the Shockley, Limine Twig, and the Abram.
The Shockley and Limine Twig are of inferior quality. The
Abram, when properly stored so as to exclude the air from
it, is of superior flavor. The Winesap is a valuable apple
and is rapidly gaining public favor.

TIIE PEAR

Does not receive tin' attention in Kentucky that its good
qualities so justly merit for it.

Varieties — The Bartlett stands prominent; Clapp's Favor-
ite and Duchesse are fine varieties. The Seckel, in some
localities, is a favorite.

THE PEACH

Succeeds best on high and dry situations.

Varieties— George 1\ '., Crawford's Early, and Late, Heath
Fret and Cling, are good old sorts. Alexander, Amsden's
June, Early Hirers, Early Beatrice, and Early Louise, being
new, are now the most popular varieties.

REPORT FROM KENTUCKY.

115

TITE PLUM

Seldom fails of bearing good crops of fruit, but most
varieties are destroyed by the curculio. The Wild Ooosi is
freer from the ravages of this little pest than other varie
ties; hence most all others have been discarded

THE CHERRY

Seems to have fewer enemies than an}' other species of
fruits, and the hardy sorts, Dukes and Morellos, never fail
producing good and abundant crops. The trees do better
in sod laud.

THE GRAPE

Is especially adapted to the soil of Kentucky. Wild grapes
grow abundantly in the forest, and some of these are of
very good size and fair quality. Of the domesticated sorts,
the Concord, Iris's Seedling, Hartford Prolific, and Norton's
Virginia are the best varieties.

THE STRAWBERRY

Is the most popular and the most profitable of all the small
fruits, and in the greater portion of Kentucky soil it
seems to be perfectly at home.

Varieties — Charles Downing, Wilson's Albany, Kentucky,
and Monarch, are the best. Some of the varieties of later
introduction have been tried, and as a general thing have
given satisfaction; but as yet they have not been thor-
oughly disseminated over the State.

THE RASPBERRY

Grows wild in some portions of the State and produces
fruit in great profusion, of superior quality. The Black-
cap varieties are mostly cultivated.

THE GOOSEBERRY

Is a very profitable fruit, and the improved American sorts
never fail of producing good crops. The English varieties
do not succeed here — they mildew.

THE C nil! A NT

Is worthless, neither the soil nor climate suits it.

THE APRICOT

Does not succeed here; the fruit is either killed by vernal
frost or is destroyed by the curculio.

THE OBSTACLES

To successful fruit culture are. cold winters, late spring
frost, and destructive insects.

NEW VARIETIES.

Mr. G. T. Ebeline has produced a grape from the seed,
which bids fair to be a valuable acquisition.
Respectfully,

\V. A. HUGGIHS.

Mr. P. Barry — Dear Sir — I enclose you a report from

Mr. G T. Ebeline, on the peach and grape, and his simple

and easy mode of culture for the latter. I have visited

Mr Ebeline's vineyard, and find his plan a very successful

one; also, 1 Bend you a report of Mr. Jacob Molder, on the

Grape and its Culture. Mr. Molder, like Mr. Ebeline, is

extensively engaged in the growing of grapes. These two

gentlemen arc the best and most thoroughly posted men in

Southern Kentucky on the Bubjectof the grape.

Yours truly,

W. A. Hi ....in-.

Cave City, Kentucky.

P. S.— The above reports were not received in time to

end in with my regular report.

REPORT ON THE PEACH AND GRAPE BY G. T.
EBELINE, OF HORSE CAVE, KV

THE PEACH

In this and the adjacent country is very much neglected on
account of its not bearing every year. Yet, within the last
ten years we have had five full crops and two partial crops.
1 think this not so very discouraging when we consider
the unprecedented cold winters and late springs of the last
four years. Still, there are some very fine young orchards,
especially around Horse Cave, in Hart county. Our knob
lauds contain situations for peach orchards that cannot be
excelled in the State.

THE GRAPE.

It is with pleasure I give you a report of this truly royal
fruit. I am engaged in the culture of grapes and the
manufacturing of wine in Horse Cave. My vines bear
more or less abundantly every year. The fruit here at-
tains a perfection rarely found anywhere else, and of the
finest quality. I have had a great deal of experience with
the grape, both in Europe and in various sections of this
country. I consider this portion of Kentucky the para-
dise of the grape. The most valuable varieties for all pur-
poses are Concord, Iris's Seedling, Hartford Prolific, and
Norton's Virginia seedling. The culture is simple: we
train to trellis, and give them one good pruning in the
spring before the sap rises, pinch back one time in May,
and the result is an annual crop of grapes. No manure is
necessary, as our lands are rich enough without it. In the
future I will report on a new seedling grape, which is of
great promise.

Yours truly,

G. T. Ebeline.

REPORT OF JACOB MOLDER, OF SMITH GROVE,
KY., ON THE GRAPE AND ITS CULTURE.

Ives's Seedling is the most profitable grape for this
latitude:

1st. — It is a rampant grower and free from mildew or
rot.

2d. — It is the best wine grape, making a rich red wine,
with a good body and a fine flavor.

3d. — It is the best market grape. It ripens fifteen days
earlier than the Concord; has a thick skin, is of fine flavor
and good aroma. The Concord is next best; large in
bunch and tender berry. Good for market and for wine,
but subject to mildew and rot. The juice registered this
season 19 per cent, sugar, and 81 per cent. acid. Its wine
wants aroma. Diana for profit stands next (omitting the
Martha); Delawan first in quality but last in profit.

CULTIVATION.

Keep the soil well stirred and free from weeds during
the season of active growth, A low humid soil, a north-
ern slope, and a proximity of trees have a tendency to pro-
mote rot and mildew. Propagation from plants that
habitually rot their fruit, will cause rot. Disease in vines
is hereditary. All honest nurserymen will avail themselves
of all information lending to the production of constitu-
tional health.

TRAINING.

The low stump system is the best for this climate. By
this mode tit.' stock is protected from the sun, and blight

116

REPORT FROM ILLINOIS.

is prevented. I lose ten per cent, of my vines every six
years on my wire trellis, from blight, but I have never lost
a vine on the stump system from such a cause. The roots
and soil are shaded by the system, and injury is prevented
from drought, &c. The grapes ripen better and rot less.
Yours, &c,

Jacob Molder,

Smith's Grove, Ky.

Louisville, Ky., Sept. 10. 1879.
Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, President, (at Rochester,

N. Y.)

Dear Sir:— I regret much my inability to be with you
at the meeting on the 17th inst., of the American Porno-
logical Society. I have been expecting to send a delegate
from Kentucky, but at the last moment he decliues to go
alone (as he is too modest a man to assume unaided so
much responsibility!, and the determination of the rail-
roads to make no reduction in the rate of fare, has pre-
vented others from joining him.

lam sorry the fruit season has been so bad this year,
that, after gathering together our best, we concluded there
was nothing in the whole lot worth sending. I inclose a
report of the Kentucky Horticultural Society— the chief
organization in the State — and promise that at your next
meeting, we shall tie able to present you with a full and
complete report. Our people, as well as those throughout
the South, require organization and co-operation, in order
to produce results either useful or practical. As it is, each
one enjoys the fruits of his own vines and orchards, but
the world at large knows nothing of the surpassing excel-
lence of these productions. It will only be through the
influence of local societies co-operating with the American
Pomological Society, that a change from the present feel-
ing of indifference can be effected. The change must
necessarily be slow and gradual, for the people have to be
educated to appreciate fruit culture as alucrative business,
especially adapted to their climate and fertile soil.

Should your Society determine to meet the next time at
a place as far south as St. Louis, Cincinnati, or Louisville,
allow me to suggest that the time of meeting be made from
the 15th to the 25th of August, so as to meet during the
flood tide of our peach and grape season.

Wishing you a pleasant meeting, and presenting to you
personally my highest n gards, I am, dear sir,
Truly and respectfully yours,

Thomas S. Kennedt,
Vict President/or Kentucky.

Report from Illinois.

Champakjn, Ills., Aug., 15, isi7:i
P. Barry. Esq . ' hairman General Fruit Committee, .
Pomoloi ical s <ci '.■•'■ /.'■ 1 'testi r, 3'. T.:
Dear Sir: — At therequest of <>. 15. Galusha, I have the
pleasure to transmit the following items in regard to fruit
growing in this State. Owing to our varied soil and cli-
mate, we find grow ing in 0 ir state, and in great profusion,
strawberries, currants, gooseberries, raspberries, black-
berries, grapes, cherries, pears, peaches, plums, and ap-
ples. In most pari- of the Slate the local markets arc well
supplied with the above and in many sections fruit grow-

ing is followed for profit, and the products are sent to the
commercial centres.

The varieties of fruit that have been tested are only lim-
ited by the number placed upon the market, and the fail-
ure of many who have engaged in the business is traceable
to the fact that, instead of confining themselves to a few
of the well tried sorts, they have wandered off after all of
the highly extolled but untried varieties. Space will not
allow or time permit me to name all the varieties that are
really desirable, and I shall confine myself to a list that
has generally been found desirable in the greater part of
our State.

Red Aslrachan, Sops of 117;/-. Early Harvest, Keswick
Codlin — for cooking. Red Jv.ru. and Benoni, for summer.
Lowel, Rambo, Stannard, Fameuse, Viead the list for autumn.
Bi n Davis, Willow Twig, Smith's < '»/, ,>. RawU 's Gem '. Jona-
than, Domine, Rome Beauty, Minkler, and Lilt
are the profitable winter sorts.

CHERRIES.

Early Richmond, Largt English Morrello, F.,m Kentish and
Wood have proven hardy. The Bigarreaus, and Heart
cherries succeed only in a few places and cannot be de-
pended upon.

Currants and gooseberries succeed well in all parts and
any of the varieties in general cultivation succeed.

Were it not for the blight, pear growing would form an
important part in fruit raising. But as the trees are short
lived, tie- business is not carried on to any great extent.
It, Louise Bonne, Flemish Beauty, Howell, and C
He are found to do the best generally, and are profi-
tably grown for market. There is a diversity of opinion
as to which is the most desirable, dwarf or standard trees.
Our own experience has been that when dwarf trees have
been set below the union of stock and graft, they have
given the best satisfaction.

PEACHES.

It is only in the southern parts of the State that peaches
are grown with any degree of profit. The Crawfords are
the main reliance, while Early York, Oldmizon, Heath
. and Smock are extensively planted.

STRAWBERRIES

have received considerable attention, and many new kinds
have been tested. The Wilson and Charles Downing are the
ones planted for market. Of the newer varieties Orescent
ing and Capt. Jack have many admirers.

RASPBERRIES.

The Doolittle and Mammoth Cluster stand at the head of
the list of Blackcaps, and Turn,, heads the list for red.
The Gregg '• 1 xtolled, and a gentleman in Douglas

county has five acres of this variety in bearing. The berry
i- some larger than Mammoth Cluster and canes stronger.
We think them a little more productive and well worthy
■ if extensive cultivation.

BLACKBERRIES.

The Kittatinny and Lawton are productive whenever
they are not injured by the winter. But in central and

REPORT FROM ILLINOIS.

117

northern Illinois this docs not happen oftener than about
one year in five. The Snyder seems to be perfectly hardy,
having borne annually for the past ten years, and is being
planted to the exclusion of all others,
GRAPES.

The Concord grape comprises four-fifths of all grapes
planted. The Ives's Seining does well, as does also the
Hartford.

The principal obstacles to fruit growing are the lack
of knowledge of the business and the planting of too
many varieties, especially of autumn apples. Many sup-
pose that all that is necessary to success in fruit grow-
ing, is to plant the stock and await results. With low
prices and markets well supplied, it is necessary that,
the closest attention be given to the growing and market
ing of fruit to make it profitable to the producer.

The canker worm has made its appearance in several
parts of the State and is spreading very rapidly. Paris
green dissolved in water and applied with a force pump,
has been quite effectual in cheeking the ravages of this
insect. Apple orchards must be cultivated to keep the
trees in a healthy and growing condition, or the soil fertil-
ized in some manner. Clover is an excellent fertilizer if
left on the ground or plowed under, but it is too often
made into hay and the orchard robbed of its benefit. Dr.
L. S. Pennington of Whitesides county has practiced sow-
ing buckwheat in bis orchard for the past twenty years
with satisfactory results.

In a commercial orchard there should be but few varie-
ties and these to consist of early varieties, say one fourth,
and the remainder winter. Autumn apples should not be
planted, however good the quality, as the market is usually
glutted at this season, and the fruit will keep but a short
time. Early apples ran always he- sold at a profit.

In conclusion we would say that fruit growing has not
made many people in this State wealthy, but to those who
have been patient and careful cultivators, the results have

been satisfactory. We have had much to contend with in
determining what to plant, for in our eagerness to get the
best, we have tried everything, ami as might have been
anticipated we had many failures.
Yours truly,

Albeht DuNliAP.

Warsaw, 111., Aug. 1"), 1879.

P. Barry, Esq., Chairman Fruit Committee, American
Pomological Society :

Dear Sin: — I received a note from my friend (), I>.
Qalusha, ten days ago, requesting me to send you anj items
that might be of interest to the American Pomological
8oi iety immediately; but absence from home and pressing
business engagements have prevented until the last moment.
What [ enclose is so very brief and crude that 1 fear it will

be of no Use to you. .Make any disposition of it you may

think best.

\ i-i-i i -

There are at least three hundred varieties of apples
grown in central Illinois, but Ilie following list includes
about all that are' worthy of cultivation:

-i MMICIt.

Tiro Stars.— Bed Astrachan, Sops of Wine, Duchest of
oi,i, nburg.

One Star.— Bed June, Early Harvest, Sweet Bough, Golden
Sweet, Sweet June, Early Joe, Summer BeUflower, Benoni.

KM. I..

Two Stars. — Maiden's Blush, Fall Wine.
One Star.—Bambo, Slannard, Fall Pippin, Hubbardston
Wonsuch, Bailey Sweet, Fall Orange.

WINTICK.

Two Stars. — Ben "Davis. Jonathan, Red Canada.

One Star.— Bawle's Genet, Winesap, Willow, Rome Beauty,

Yellow Helljloirer, Pn/or's Red, Grime's Golden, Peck's Pleas-
ant, Ladies' Sweet, Winte) Sweet Paradise, Baldwin, Fulton.

Quite a number of very promising seedlings are found
growing along the Mississippi Bluff in central Illinois.
Those that promise well are being tested by some of our
prominent horticulturists, and we believe thai among them
will be found varieties of great value. One in particular,
a seedling of Bawle's Hem l, called Wythe, is a hardy
productive tree ; an early bearer of large fruit id' good
quality, and only lacks the color of the Ben Doris to make
it its equal in popularity.

Our variable el imate —particularly the arctic winters
that now and then visit lis — is the greatest obstacle to suc-
cessful fruit growing. At least ten per cent, of the orch-
ard trees in this section of country were fatally injured by
the terrible cold of last winter.

Insects are increasing upon us, the codling moth,
canker worm, borer, and curculio being the most trouble-
some.

PEAKS.

Pear growing is under a cloud, the blight having been
very destructive for several years. Yet now and then we
find an old pear orchard, or isolated tree, that is healthy
anil productive. Why this is so, while later planted trees
invariably die in a few years after planting, we shall not
undertake to explain.

PEACHES.

A peach crop cannot be relied on oftener than every
other year. Yet in favored locations they are considered
profitable.

CHERRIES.

The Early Hoy is the only cherry now planted for mar-
ket purposes, and even this variety is not supposed to en-
rich the planter very rapidly.

GRAPES.

The number of vineyards is yearly decreasing, yet
enough grain's are still grown to keep the price below the
cost of production. Com, ml is the only kind now grown
to any extent.

s\T M.I. FRUITS.

All the small fruils are grown ill great abundance, and
are so cheap as to come within the reach of all. Snyder
blackberry has proved itself hardy, and is being largely

planted. Wuimi&nd Turner are more extensively grown

than any oilier raspberries. Wilson is still the standard

strawberry, but Orescent seedling is being extensively
planted

Very truly yours,

A. C. Hammond.

118

REPORT FROM IOWA.

Report from Iowa.

Mr. P. Barry, Chairman General Fruit Committee, Ameri-
can Pomological Society:

Dear Sir — From the reports received from my associates
who were appointed with reference to taking in as much
of the state as possible, and from personal observation and
information gathered from various sources, I am enabled
to send you the following condensed report :

The apple crop of 1878 was light, generally, over the
state, but in the counties of Lee, Des Moines, Henry, and
Louisa, located in the south-eastern corner of the state, the
crop was never better, and at the low price of 50 cents to
$1.50 per barrel gave a handsome return. Thirty thousand
barrels were shipped from this (Lee) county, and about
the same from Des Moines. This year's crop (18?!)) will be
a light one over the state, caused partially by late frost.

The apple is our principal fruit, and with a proper selec-
tion of varieties, it may be grown successfully nearly all
over the state, but it must be borne in mind that, with the
wide range of latitude and diversity of soil, the varieties
most reliable in one section may not be well suited to
another. Hence our State Society long since found it
necessary to divide the state into three divisions, Northern,
Central, and Southern, and have adopted lists for these
different sections, and revised them from year to year.
From the

NORTIIEHN DISTRICT

Mr. 0. G. Patten writes: Tetof sky very hardy ; a good bearer,
but is not of sufficiently high quality to merit more than
one star. Duchess of Oldenburg is of great value here, ami
cannot be given too many stars. Red Aatrochan, Saxton,
Fameuse, St. Lawrence, Sweet Pear, Haas <>r Gros Pommu r,
Plumb's Cider, Raman Stem, Talman's Swt et, English Golden
Russet, deserve one star. Bailey's Sweet, Willow, Jonathan,
Titter's Red, and Pewaukee are all worthy of cultivation
here, when top-worked on a hardy stock. Wealthy is the
most promising of any new variety yet introduced, and
should be double starred. Allen's Choice gives promise of
a valuable long keeper.

PEARS.

The hardiest known here are the Flemish Beauty and
Early Bergamot.

PLUMS.

The Miner is the only variety of value, except the De
Soto and other native varieties.

CHERRIES

The Early Richmond is the only variety worthy of cul-
tivation.

RASPBERRIES.

Doolittle, Mammoth Cluster, Turner, ami Philadelphia,
are the best yet tried, and with heavy mulching are
perfectly successful.

GRAPES.

Concord, best; Delaxcari and Clinton worthy of cultiva
tion; Janesville very early and productive.

BLACKBERRIES

Barnard, hardiest known here.

STRAWBERRI] -

Of all sorts, Wilson and Green Prolific best; Red Jacket

very large, and prolific bearer; Crescent gives promise of
great value.

The obstacles to the successful culture of the large fruits
is their lack of ability to perfectly withstand our climate.
Give us a list of hardy varieties, and I would not give a
tig for the best essay on soils and their adaptation to fruit
culture, that could be written. No insects that give us
serious difficulty. To be successful in the culture of large
or small fruits we must cultivate until the first of June,
or seed the orchard to clover and mulch heavily. Our
fruit growers have not half learned the value of mulch.
Early pruning during the last half of June, for four or
five years after the orchard is set, gives the best results.
Pear and cherry should be seeded to grass, and mulched
sufficiently to insure a moderate growth.

From

EASTERN CENTRAL DISTRICT.

Hon. Suel Foster reports: Apple crop very light. Sum-
mer varieties selling at from 40 to 75 cts. per bushel. Best
varieties, hardiness and productiveness considered, are the
Ben Davis, Duchess of Oldenburg, Wealthy, and Warfield.

PEARS.

Not profitable. Flemish Beauty, Bartlett, Beurre d'
Anjou, Seckel, and a few others, do best.

CHERRIES,

Light crop; have not found them profitable. Early
Richmond and Emjlisli Morello most profitable.

GRAPES.

Concord is a sure crop, and sells for from 2J to 4 cts. a
pound. Wine is made to some extent.

BLACKBERRIES.

are but little grown. Barnard stands the winter best,
Snydt r being planted.

RASPBERRIES.
We consider this our best crop of small fruits, in qual-
ity, quantity, and profit, as well as the cheapest to the
consumer; and when I get a dish of Turner raspberries,
with the cream from my Aldernev cow and a little sugar, I
have my best luxury of fruit. Turner, Doolittle, Mammoth
fluster, and Philadelphia are the best varieties.
STRAWBERRIES.

Varieties producing good crops were Kentucky, Green
Prolific, Wilson, Charles Downing, Downer's Prolific, and Ida.

From the

WEST CENTRAL DISTRICT.

Mr. H. C. Raymond, of Council Bluffs, writes: I have no
new information about apples. The last winter was quite
severe on mosl kinds of trees, but apple trees received the
least injury, as far as my observation goes. Many vine-
yards were badly injured, mostly Concord; but the grape
crop at the present, as a whole, promises about two-thirds
of an average.

I think the cause of the injuty was dry soil throughout
the winter, combined with hard freezing, there being very
little snow to protect the soil. The apple crop of this year
is almost a total failure. The trees were quite full of blos-
som buds, but just before they were ready to open they
dried and fell off. Plums affected in the same way. 1
noticed in the orchard, for a few days, millions of flies or
bugs, similar to chintz bugs, that seemed to be eating or
sucking at the buds, and especially at the leaf buds.
Whether these were the cause of their dropping, I am una-

REPOKT FROM IOWA MISSOURI — NEBRASKA.

119

hie to say, but it appears probable. Late frosts killed the
Early Richmond cherry blossoms, and English Morello went
the same way as the apple buds. Pears and peaches a
failure, with but a light crop of plums. No gooseberries,
with hut few raspberries, blackberries, or currants.
Snyder Blackberries killed when fully exposed. Of 100
Leih cherry trees, one, two, and three years old, nearly all
are dead. Strawberry beds suffered by the winter, even
when covered. From this year's experience I am much
pleased with Captain Jack.

The obstacles to successful fruit culture in this section
are, 1st, a dry atmosphere; 2d, hard freezing when ground
is bare and dry; 3d, late frost in spring; 4th, blight; 5th,
insects innumerable — no name for them except legion. No
remedies have yet been employed that are applicable to
large plantations.

SOUTHERN DISTRICT.

Apple crop light; about one-half the average. Among
the newer varieties that are most promising, I mention the
Wealthy and Grime** Golden Pippin. The latter is unsur-
passed in quality for an early winter apple, is productive,
and commands the highest price in market.

Our State Horticultural Society has recently made a large
importation of scions from Russia, with a view to obtain
ing some valuable hardy varieties that will withstand our
northern climate. We hope to give you a favorable report
from this experiment in a short time. We believe, how-
ever, that this mania for Russian apples is running too
high altogether, for the interest of fruit growing. The
unscrupulous " Tree Tramp " is already taking advantage
of it to dispose of his spurious trees at ruinous prices,
thereby destroying public confidence. From information
gathered from all parts of the state, it appears that the
Might is prevailing to an extent hitherto unknown in this
state. Very respectfully yours,

G. B. Brackktt,
Denmark, Lee Co., Iowa. Chairman Fruit Com.

Report from Missouri, on Grapes.

P. Barry, Esq., Rochester, N. Y.

Dear Sir. — You had encouraged me to submit to you,
as chairman of committee on revision of catalogue, some
suggestions as to the lint of native grapes. I beg leave,
therefore, to say that Groton and IsraeUa might uow be
stricken from the list; the former cannot retain the dagger,
except in a very few localities; the latter would, on in-
quiry, scarcely retain a single star. On the other hand, I
would add, 1st, Brighton, about which you know more
than we do here; 2d, Cottage, deservedly liked where
known; just as hardy and prolific as Concord, fully one
week earlier; better than Hartford Prolific, etc.; 'M, Oyn
thiana, our best red wine grape, in appearance quite simi-
lar to Norton's Virginia, but more juicy, making a finer
wine; 4th, Elvira. Though but live years elapsed since we
introduced it, it is now the leading variety in Missouri and
Illinois for white wine, and succeeds admirably in Ohio,
and other states of the Central Division. Every one who
tried it would give it two Btars. For the Noah 1 predict a
still greater popularity; it is too new to receive more than
our >tar, which Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri will now
already accord to it, and take it oil' from WaUi
Respectfully yours.

Isidor Brsn

Report from Nebraska.

Nebraska City, Aug. 11th, IST'J.

P. Barry, Esq., Chairman General Fruit Committee.

Dear Sir.— After a residence of twenty-four years in
what was once known as the Great American Desert, I am
fully convinced from my own experience and observation,
and from the experience of others with whom I have come
in contact in the state, that fruit growing can be made
successful in nearly all parts of our state. It is undoubt-
edly true that some varieties will not succeed in all parts
of the state equally well, but there are men in each
locality who are willing to experiment with varieties, and
ascertain what varieties are adapted to their locality. I
have taken some pains to make inquiry of persons living
in different parts of the state, engaged in fruit growing,
to ascertain what changes would be necessary in fruit list
already adopted lor our state, and will make such changes
as are deemed necessary.

Species »/ Fruit: Apples, pears, peaches, plums, cher-
ries, grapes, apricots, strawberries, and raspberries have
been more or less successfully grown.

APPLES.

Apple trees have not borne so bountiful crops for the
last two years as they did the two years previous. In 1879
our apples scabbed badly, and some varieties very much
injured by it, while other varieties were almost free from
it This year our apples were very much injured by an
insect, which attacks the buds just as they begin to expand
in the spring, and continues its work of destruction until
the tree is in full bloom, destroying many buds entirely
before that time; in some cases nearly all. It is called the
false chinch bug or little-lined plant-bug {Phytocoris line-
aris, of Harris).

The following varieties of apples are entitled to one
star, to-wit:

One Star. — Baldwin, Benoni, Ilia,-/: Apple, Buckingham,
Chenango Strawberry, Dyer, Evening Party, Mother, Smith's
( ''ill r, and Sops of Wine.

The following should be stricken from the list; English
Russet, and Willotr Twig.

GRAPES.

The following grapes should be placed on the list with a
dagger, on trial;
Dagger. — iindley, Merrimack, and Wilder.

PEACHES.

One Star. —Alexander.

Dagger. — Amsden, Chinesi Cling, Early Beatrice, Early
TiUotson, Early Newington (free), Lemon (cling), Morris's
White, Snoic.

PEAKS.

Dm Star.Sheldon.

PLUMS.

Hi,, Stir. — Coe's Golden Drop.

STRAWBERRIES.

ii,,i Star.— Charles Downing.

Dagger. — Cumberland Triumph, E<>nst Rose, Crescent
Smiling (too sof I tor distant market; very productive).

NATIVE FRUITS.
There arc several seedling peaches that arc worthy of
notice. In my last report I spoke of two that promised

120

REPOI5T FI!OM KANSAS.

well, grown by Mr. J. IT. Gregg. They have both proven
very productive varieties, and of good quality, and they
are very hardy, standing the last severe winter better than
most varieties. The Otoe County Horticultural Society
named the earliest of them Gregg's Early; it ripened last
year, July 1st. The other was named Governor Wood, and
ripened July 10th to 20th.

There is a tree, supposed to be a seedling, on the farm
of Mr. Moore, which is a large peach of good quality,
ripening July 1st, to 10th; also another, grown by Mr.
Pen, of Dunbar, in this county, ripening the first ten days
of July. I will look after them, and if worthy of a place
in our list, I will further inform you.

I will be with you next month, if I can make the neces-
sary arrangements. Yours truly,

J. II. Masters,
Chairman Fruit Committet

Report from Kansas.

Lawrence, Aug. 20th, 1879.

P. Barky, Esq., Chairman of General Fruit Committee
American Pomological Society:

Dear Sir : — At the urgent request of our aged and
highly esteemed friend, Dr. Win. M. Howsley, of Leaven-
worth, your appointee, I very reluctantly undertake the
work assigned to this office of reporting to your Society
the conditions of horticulture in this State for the year
of 1ST9, and before touching upon the questions submitted
in your circular of May 1st, 1879, I desire to state that this
report will be a summary of the reports of the vice-presi-
dents of over sixty counties in this Stale, reporting annu-
ally through the Secretary's office in the State Horticultu-
ral Society, the condition of the fruit crops being reported
semi-annually.

I find from an examination of the reports made for this
State, prior to this date, and by a comparison with the sum-
mary of our county reports, many changes must be made
in your published fruit list for this State for the year 1877,
to secure a conformity of the two, and properly present
the State Fruit hist in the published reports for your soci-
ety for Hie year 1*79 — such changes will be designated in
their proper places.

With reference to questions in your circular:

1ST. — Sr-ECIES OF FRDIT.

Apples, apricots, blackberries, cherries, currants (in
special localities), gooseberries, grapes, nectarines, June-
berries (in special localities), quinces, raspberries, and straw -
berries are successfully grown in this State. Pears and
plums succeed in localities, but are planted with some
hesitation.

2ND. — VARIETIES OF FRI'ITS.

See columns of catalogue.

3RD.— NEW NATIVE VARIETIES.

Several very promising apples, very early peaches and
valuable varieties of blackberries and raspberries have
originated in this State, which are being fully tested by
the Experimental Commission of the State Horticultural
Society, the results of which will be given to the public
in proper time.

4TH. — SYNONYMS.

It will be very difficult to determine anything of value
in this direction at present, as this Slate has been largely
stocked with the various kinds of fruits by reckless " tree
peddlers" who unhesitatingly manufacture varieties to
meet the calls of their customers. Their accommodations
in this respect are remarkable. However I will contribute
two items which may lie of some interest: First, a synonym
of the Eawle's Genet, viz: " Copperschmidt." I obtained
this from several " Switzers" who had lived on the west-
ern borders of Switzerland, where they claimed it was a
common apple, under the synonym here given. They also
slated that they had met the same variety in France, the
eastern portion, and that it was there called the "Copper-
schmidt." They readily recognized the variety, when
shown them, taken from ray Genet orchard. If we accept
the history of the introduction of the Rawle's Genet, as
found in the published report of the American Pomologi-
cal Society for the year 1871, from the pen of Dr. Wm. M.
Howsley, this information maybe of some value in con-
ned ion therewith, and would seem reasonably reliable.
Second item isasynonymof the Cole's Quince, viz: "Turn-
oil Lane." Downing records a variety bythis name, which
Certainly is not the Cole's Quince, yet the Cole's Quince has
been distributed in this State by well-informed potnolo-
gists residing outside of Kansas, under the synonym given
above.

fJTH. — OBSTAI LES TO SUCCESSFUL FRUIT CULTURE.

I am not aware of any obstacles to a successful fruit
culture in this Stale other than occur in other slates. The
lack of an extensive and general dissemination of practical
knowledge among our people, with reference to the adap-
tation of varieties to our peculiar climate and proper cul-
ture, are the main obstacles. The insects common to or-
chards in the more eastern States, arefound here, but not in
numbers to cause any serious injury. The Codling moth
can be controlled with the band method of capture, if
promptly attended to. The round headed apple and peach
tree borer are easily reduced to so few in numbers by an
energetic and prompt use of knife and probe, immediately
after the oviposition period closes as to cause no material
hindrance to success. The flat headed apple tree borer is
only troublesome during seasons of protracted drought dur-
ing the months of July and August. Constant and thorough
cultivation of the ground during the fore part, and heavy
mulching the latter part, sustains a vigorous flow of sap,
which the infant borer cannot endure, and thus the danger
is averted

Blight has caused much discouragement to pear culture,
and in some' localities apple orchards have been much in-
jured, but has not been disastrous since 1872, Late
spring frosts seldom occur to the injury of the fruit crop.

Soils. — The upland prairies, sheltered either naturally or
artificially by groves of trees, and the second grade of bot-
tom lands along the streams, an- well adapted to some of
the classes of fruits. These soils upon the uplands arc
composed of decayed limestone, vegetable matter, and in
cases oxide of iron, and produce the heaviest crops of fruit
of I he finest quality. In such locations orchards are the least
liable to attacks of diseases. The wood-growth is not as
strong, but healthy. The soil of the second grade bottom
land is composed largely of vegetable matter and line sand

REPORT FROM IT A If.

121

of great depth, affording excellent under drainage. The
wood-grow tli is very slicing and more liable to injury from
extremes of weather. The fruit of orchards planted in
such soils attains to a very large size, and with winter

varieties fails oftener in high color. Such fruit dor-- nut
keep as well as that grown upon uplands.

(JTH. — CULTURE ami PRUNING

The culture of all classes continues from early spring
until the first of August.

Prm, /'in; — We have experiments, pro an. I eon, but the
most successful orchardists use the knife to shape a low
spreading head, to protect the bodies from the summer's
sun and open the heads sufficiently to secure a free circu-
lation of air. These methods of treatment secure the best
condition of tree, and afford the finest quality and quan-
tity of fruit.

7TH. — STORING AND KEEPING WINTER FRUITS.
Very few orchardists attempt to carry fruit through the
winter in quantities more than sufficient for family use-.
Such use shallow bins, constructed in cool, ventilated eel
lars.

Sill. — PACKAGES.

Small fruits, including cherries, are packed in quart
boxes, and these in twenty four box crates for shipping
Peaches and grapes are shipped in baskets, of one-third to
one-half bushel capacity. Pears in ventilated crates, and
apples in barrels. The demands of European markets have
not, to my knowledge, reached this •■ far off western State.''

9tH.— STATISTICS.

Reference to the assessors' annual returns toT our State
Board of Agriculture, affords the following statistics:

In 1874. No. acres in orchards 101,237.24

" vineyards 2,680.18

In 1877. No. acres in orchards,. 10."), 871. 42

" vineyards 3,304.

• small fruits, 3,534.46

In 1878. The report gives only the number of trees in

orchards, as follows, 14,933,118

Trees in bearing, - 7,242,399

Trees not " - 7,690,729

Total number of apple trees . 5,076,475

pear " 196,624

' peach " .. 8,307,940

plum " 319,280

cherry " 1,032, in:'

The following shows the increase of orchards in this
State for one year only, 1*77 ami is;- ■

Total number for 1878, 14,933,118

' 1877, 13,112, Oss

[ncrease, 1,821,030

This Slate is becoming fully organized into County Hor
ticultural Societies, through the labors of iic State Horti-
cultural Society, with which they arc in full and active
co-operation in the work of collect ing ami disseminating
valuable information throughout the Slate to secure the
highest developeiuent of its horticultural resources. The
desire of our people for such information i- general, and
annually becoming more intense.

Very respectfully, &c.,

G. I ' Hi; II RETT,

Asa't < 'ommUtee.

Report from Utah.

The territory of I'lah extends north ami south about 400
miles, with a depression or chain of valleys extending its

whole' length, with corresponding chains of mountains on
either side, from which How streams of water, that form
rivers, which either How into lakes or lose their waters in
the sands, the only exception being the IiioYirgen river,
which rises in the extreme southern portion of the terri-
tory, south of "the rim of the basin," and empties its
water into the Colorado. The Sevier river rises almost in
a stone's throw of the rise of the Yirgen, but this is inside
the basin, and Hows north, losing itself in the desert sands
of Millard county. The width of the territory is only
practically counted to cover the valleys tit for settlement
and grazing.

The altitude of settlements throughout the territory is
most wonderfully varied, ranging from 7,700 feet above
the sea level at Rabbit Valley, in Wahsatch county, to 2,900
at St. George, in Washington county, the interval being
filled in with every shade of climate between the two
extremes.

Apples, pears, and other most hardy fruits are raised in
most of the settlements where the altitude is not more than
7,000. Those ranging no more than 6,000, grow peaches,
plums, and cherries, also. Those not over 5,000 grow also
grapes, nectarines, and apricots.

At Salt Lake City the altitude is 4,350, about an average
of all the settlements, or rather warmer than the average.
Here all the fruits named, together with most varieties of
edible berries grow profusely and to great excellence.

In most of the settlements of Southern Utah, south of
the rim of the basin, all the fruits named grow to perfec-
tion, and also the fig, almond, pomegranate, prunes, and
all exotic grapes make rapid and healthy growth, bear pro-
fusely, and ripen perfectly in the open air. The writer
has imported and grown about 150 varieties, and found
but one that would not stand out unprotected through any
ordinary winter, and the exception is the Ziinti. Currant
vine.

At the altitude of from 4,000 to 5.000 feel the climate,
so far as fruit is concerned, is very much like Western
New York, nearly all valuable varieties doing well, but
far less troubled with enemies to fruit. The codling moth
more or less infests most of the orchards in the territory .
there is no other enemy, except in some instances the
green fly on the grape. In most eases our fruit scions have
in -i! brought from New York. .Many varieties of our
be I fruits are from the orchards of Charles Downing, and
Messrs. Ellwanger <S Harry. In the hot South, we have to

be more careful in our selections or our fruit is valueless

Among the varieties that ml on the tree, are tasteless, or
po ess othei serious defects, are the Maiden's Blush,
Northern Spy, Sweet Bough, (shy bearer), &c. The ffliodt
hi, mil • jrows large, but i- a fall apple.

For early appb- ihe following seem to do well in all
mountainous vales, viz: Early Harvest, Red June,
Astraclutn, G den Sweet (rather shy bearer). Early ./<•< ,
Washington Strawbt rry.

Foi summer and fall, Porter, GravenstMn, Twenty 0
Bhodi Ixin mi Greening, Lady's S Ra/mbo, Ben Davis,

Baldwin, &c

122

REPORT FROM CALIFORNIA.

Our best winter keepers are Wlrite Winter Pearmain,
Rawle'n Genet, Newtown Pippin, Higgins's Bed Winter, Orion's
Seedling.

Many varieties that will keep all winter in a climate of
5,000 feet altitude, are only late fall apples here at an alti-
tude of 3,000 feet.

We have never eaten better pears than grow here in the
south; the whole territory seems happily adapted to the
growth of pears. The Doyenne </' Etc is prolific and ripens
here the 10th to 15th of June. The Bartlett grows very
large and bears regular crops, often weighing from sixteen
to twenty ounces. Flemish Beauty grows so large it falls
badly by winds; Seckel grows to its highest flavor, The
Winter Nelis excels all others in keeping qualities.

Peaches attain in Utah their greatest excellence. A
great many eastern varieties are cultivated, but our best
fruit is generally grown from seedlings raised here from
choice seed. Among the many found worthy of name,
are, Sayers's Favorite, Garrington, Strawberry, Johnson
Yellow.

PRUNES AND PLTJMS

Are of natural and easy growth, are prolific and large.
Many imported varieties, and as many seedlings are culti-
vated, free from disease and insects.

CHERRIES

Fruit finely at an altitude of 5,000 or 6,000 feet, Few
varieties are worth growing here; they bloom profusely
but bear little fruit.

Grow luxuriantly and produce well, bearing two, and often
three crops yearly. The White Isehia seems the hardiest,
most prolific and excellent.

ALMONDS,

Mostly seedlings, are hardy, thrifty, and bear abundantly,
both hard and soft shell, in great variety.

Seem to "the manor born" here, and throughout the in-
terior and coast ranges of mountains, growing large and
delicious, with little care. All the Muscat family attain
perfection in the south, while the hardier varieties are sub-
stituted at greater elevations. Among the 150 varieties we
have experimented with, we find Gros Colman the largest,
Sultana smallest, Muscat Hamburg the best flavored, Reint d,
Nice the handsomest, White Chasselas the earliest, Verdel
i he latest, Bowood Muscat one of the best for raisins, Mus-
cat Hamburg best for table and wine.

Of every variety find a natural climate and home some-
where in Utah.

Very truly yours,

J. E. JonNsoN.
St. George, Aug. 20, 1879.

Report from California.
P. Barry, Esq., Gliairman General Fruit Committee Amer-
ican Pomological Society:

SiR' — In compiling the biennial report of the Fruit Com-
mittee for California, to avoid a repetition of former state-
ments, I have confined myself mostly to facts having a
universal bearing on fruit culture as exemplified here,
which derive their importance from new conditions of
climate, soil, and commercial relations, and the demands
of consumers. To meet those demands we must resort to
the propagation of new varieties perfectly adapted to our
requirements, the means at our command being the dis-
covery of chance seedlings and hybridization, and the
restoration to pristine vigor of old cultivated varieties.

The raising of seedlings is apparently surrounded by
favorable conditions — extra size of fruits grown in virgin
soil, a warm climate, many varieties being commingled —
the seedlings coming earl}' into bearing, and withal the
great care and alertness of our nurserymen to observe fa-
vorable indications of future development; still the success
in that line is not commensurate with our efforts, and few
acquire notoriety or gain extensive planting. The most
noteworthy of them, the Early May peach, begins to be
superseded by the Alexander. Some others, claimed as
valuable, require a longer trial to establish their merits.

Among apples we have a Skinner, of excellent flavor,
but deficient in size and lacking the red cheek now in
request.

Bernard Fox's seedling pears, once under your observa-
tion, are kept secluded for further trial. Another of our
extensive nurserymen in the line of pears is disappointed;
he took seed of many choice varieties, and selected the
most promising seedlings by outward indications, from a
nursery of over 200,000 trees, transplanted them carefully,
and attended to all their wants, but they prove themselves
most incorrigible wildings.

No superior grape seedling is yet brought to notice.
Thus our efforts are more contracted and point to artificial
hybridization as a shorter cut to originate not only new
but valuable varieties by commingling the merits of two in
one kind.

Regarding the deterioration of old cultivated varieties,
it is manifest that many unfavorable conditions will have
such tendency — a given variety subjected to great cli-
matic changes, and often suffering for want of nourish-
ment and proper pruning, from overbearing, drought, in-
jury by insects, — conditions which not only check the
growth of young wood, but impair the constitution of
propagating germs, transmitted from generation to gen-
eration by the use of scions either grafted or budded;
this is further augmented by the use of unsuitable stocks,
the seedlings of sweet and sour varieties, stout and slen-
der growers, summer and winter varieties, are used for
nursery stocks, and the result must be unfortunate. It
appears as if the efforts of many nurserymen were con
centrated on supplying the ever increasing demand for
fruit trees at the lowest price, and in unlimited numbers;
happily most all so disseminated factory trees are short
lived and soon make room for new efforts.

The impetus given to fruit culture by the increasing
demand for export, and also for dried and canned fruit
of the best kinds, exercises a salutary influence*by limit-
ing the number of varieties grown for special uses; thus

KII'mRT FROM CALIFORNIA.

123

our nurserymen can more safely confine themselves to
the propagation of a few choice, instead of an endless
number of indifferent kinds, exceedingly difficult to keep
up to their identity or true original name.

The long extent of our sea coast, favored by a mild,
equable and humid atmosphere, the arid interior plains
modified by intervening spurs of traversing mountain
ranges with their varied climatic peculiarities, and all
with the greatest diversity of fresh, unworn soil, admit of
the profitable and successful culture of indefinite numbers
of varieties, eaeli finding a desirable home, if the selection
i- guided by experience. This makes it a difficult task to
classify the merits of any, except on general principles.
The popular demand is for large showy fruit, for bright.
rosy-cheeked acid apples. Bartlett and Winter Nelis are
pre-eminent among pears; Black Tartarian and Napoleon
Bigarreau among cherries. Several varieties of prunes,
Cos's Golden Drop, and Egg plums are in request. Man}'
other fruits receive close attention, Olives and nuts in
variety are extensively planted. The Japan Persimmon is
on trial in nearly every orchard, and the beauty of its
large, glossy foliage will secure for it an abiding place.

The Citrus family requires more than a passing notice
from the importance it begins to assume in our national
economy. The unsurpassed beauty of a well-formed
orange tree, with its ever-liviug foliage, starry blossoms, and
golden fruit, corrective of many ills that flesh is heir to,
justifies any commendation that may have a tendency to
promote its universal culture through the extent of our
land. However restricted in orchard culture to certain
well defined localities, as a house plant it should find a
place almost in every nook hallowed by aesthetic care for
plants and flowers. It is multiplied with extreme ease
from seed, bearing fruit more or less true to kind, and
these seedlings are, by many growers, preferred to budded
or grafted ones. Laudable and persistent efforts are being
made to disseminate the best improved varieties, but so
far with indifferent success, for the imported trees are of
stunted growth, the fruit very often inferior in size and
flavor; hence arose the mooted question as to seedling
versus grafted oranges. Many of our seedling trees pro-
ducing fine-flavored fruit, have been propagated by
grafting or budding, but those worked-over trees also are
frequently a failure. Yet this only shows the necessity
for further investigation, because some of the grafted trees
make a luxuriant growth, come early into bearing, and the
fruit is of the most desirable, rich, and uniform quality.
It is not to be wondered at, that the orange tree whose
natural range extends into the tropics without one icy cm-
brace through life — the surrounding atmosphere teeming
witii moisture, — and with its roots imbedded in the richest
mould to unknown depths, should demur to the hard
changeof being transplanted into adobe soil with an imper-
vious substratum of cold clay — where the summer winds
are often hot and arid, and the airs of winter bitingly cold;
and should at last simply dwindle to death. Rut there is
a remarkable vitality and almost human adaptability under
unfavorable conditions that makes it possible to extend
the culture of thi through the temperate zone with

commensurate success.

Unfortunately the cupidity of man has baffled this
beneficent provision of nature by inhuman treatment.
With the first demand for the tree, enormous numbers of

seedlings were grown, far beyond present requirements;
they remained several years in the nursery rows, and were
then grafted or budded with foreign kinds or those grown
here accredited of choice quality, and every effort was
made to stimulate excessive growth. When required they
were taken up roughly in squares of adhering soil six to
ten inches in diameter, and as much in depth, bundled up
in canvass and transmitted to their destination. Thus
transplanted, if receiving great care by mulching, shading,
and copious watering, they emitted new rootlets towards
the surface, and made a promising growth; but a canker
was eating at the vitals, the cut end of the tap-root,
often one inch and more in diameter, seldom sent out new
roots or healed over, but a dry rot extended slowly upward
from the wound, rendering it only a matter of time for the
trees to perish. Here are the causes of decay plainly vis-
ible; it is not because the trees are budded or grafted, but
because, being shorn of roots when transplanted, they can
not repair the mutilation. The lesson is: plant only
young, full-rooted orange trees.

Several other kinds of semi-tropical fruits, such as
Guavas, and others now on trial, appear well adapted to
our climate. Mr. G. P. Risford, indefatigable in his
efforts to introduce new varieties of commercial value, finds
the Pistachio nut and Jujube tree doing well. The
Martinique and Chinese Dwarf Bananas are a measurable
success throughout the warm belt in our State. All such
enterprises of experimenting with foreign fruits are the
more commendable, as they seldom pay the expenses of a
first trial, and are frequently benefactions bestowed on
fellow-man in a most disinterested manner.

Many other rare fruits and plants are on trial. This
week there is a magnificent specimen of the Victoria Regia
Lily in blossom in the conservatory of the San Francisco
park, where a few years ago were to be found only the
most incorrigible kind of sand dunes, but now become a
delight for our population, and, as one of the pleasant signs
of the times, a comforting assurance to our neighbors that
we are not entirely depraved.

The fruit crop for the season is very abundant, with
prices very low, giving a great impetus to canning and
pri erving operations. The grape crop, as regards quan-
tity, does not come up to early anticipations, being in
some localities injured by spring frosts, cold winds spread-
ing the o'idium in low places, and a few scorching
hot days burning the exposed bunches; still in many
vineyards there will be a full average. The preparation
of raisins and making of wine is on a healthy increase,
and must eventually advance the State to the front rank as
a wine-producing country, if the incidental protection
heretofore extended to that industry is not cheeked by ill-
advised legislation, that would be more detrimental to the
vigneron than the dreaded phylloxera, which here is ap-
parently confined to sandy or exhausted soil, and will be
counteracted by the facilities for grape culture being so
widely extended, favored not only by the climate, but by
the great extent of fresh, cheap land, eminently adapted
for viniculture, ready to be taken for the asking, and con-
verted by common industry and perseverance into thriving
garden-tracts. All desiring to do so can plant the fig tree,
the olive, and the vine, and enjoy the fruits of their labor
— -and lot oratory to the contrary notwithstanding.

Another climatic peculiarity favoring the wine-inlenst

124

i:i:pi>irr fboji Arkansas.

is beginning to be appreciated; the great expense of deep
and large cellars fur the making and keeping of wine is
now shown as superfluous; wooden or adobe storehouses
of cheap const ruction above ground are all that is required
to store the product, to ripen and make it ready for
market.

The expensive sulphur cure for the grape oi'dium and
other fungoid growths and also insect pests promises,
judging from analogy, t'i be superseded by the cheaper
and more efficient process of washing the vine ami dor-
mant buds with a solution of copperas (sulphate of iron.)

In conclusion, it must be gratifying to every pomologist
to notice an increasing desire for the dissemination of rare
and choice fruits to be within the reach of all. Modes of
culture are closely scanned, and the products artistically
prepared for the taste of consumers; but this would lie all
in vain if not assisted by unrestricted commercial relations.
The ramifications of the modern railway and steam navi-
gation systems bound in one communion by the telegraph,
make the rapid and available exchange of thought and
supply of our wants one of the predominant trails of mod-
ern civilization. How could it be otherwise possible to
utilize the vast productive capacities of a young State on
the confines of old civilization? sun-burnt and arid Cali-
fornia within a generation gaining the ability to supply
distant nations with their daily bread, to clothe them with
soft wool, to refine their gustatory pleasures with delicious
fruits, to cheer them up with generous wine!

In order to show, though faintly, on what scale this is
done, I submit to you the statement from the Sacramento
"Record Union" of the export fruit trade by rail, during
one week ending the 9th instant. "Omaha, Denver and
Cheyenne are the main distributing points westward, and
Chicago, St. Louis, Philadelphia and New York for the
country east of Omaha. All along the way between Sacra-
mento and Cheyenne there is a constantly growing trade
wdiich draws mainly upon Sacramento. This local trade
embraces the chief points of consumption and local distri-
bution in Nevada, Utah, Wyoming and Colorado. The
fruit shipments said week amounted to 260 Ions, and
assorted vegetables lit) tons, requiring 38 cars for trans-
portation." San Francisco is the distributing centre for
the interior of the State and up and down the const from
Mexico to Alaska, to China and Japan, besides the enor-
mous amount consumed by her population, and canned
and dried for export. We are indebted to the generosity
and public spirit of a worthy votary of Pomona, G, P.
Risford, Esq., for the following statistical data of the fruit
trade of San Francisco.

CANNED DCBING 1878.

Table fruits.
Pie fruits,
Jams and jellies,
Tomatoes,

1 'i .)

String Beans,

Miscellaneous,

Cans Total,

Raisins— G 6. Briggs produced, boxes,
Others

Total 20 lb. boxes,

1,. leu. 01 10
1,100,000
375,000
2,500,000
250,000
1 si i,ou0
250,000

6,155,000

31,000
44,000

rs.ooo

Oranges, California growth, 1878 — Received from 1st of
January to August, 50,954 boxes, averaging 250 oranges
each, or 12,738,500.

Lemons, of 240 in box, boxes, - 3,810

Limes, of 1,000 " " 1,326

To this amount should be added over one-fifth more used
up for local consumption.

Of almonds, the estimate is over 500 sacks. Of walnuts,
2,500 sacks.

The supply of small fruits is very abundant. Straw-
berries, raspberries, and blackberries are very fine; during
the height of the season sell at prices often not paying the
expenses of picking and transportation. Apples, peare,
plums sell at prices scarcely remunerative to the orchard isi.
Still the outlets of trade arc broadening and in time all we
can raise will be readily absorbed by the hungry mouths
of foreign nations. It is criminal to withhold that boon
from the suffering poor of human kind, when it only de-
pends on the legislatures of the States and the Union, exer-
cising their duty in controlling the exactions of public
Carriers. While a ear load of wheat is transported for one
hundred dollars a given distance at a fair profit to the car
rier, why should a car load of fruit lie charged for the
same service nine hundred dollars and more?

J. Stuentzel,
Alhambra, Contra Costa Co., Cal., Aug. 3, 1879.

Report from Arkansas.

Monticello, Ark., Aug. 1st, 1880.

To P. Barry, Esq., Chairman General Fruit <;>niiuiiti<
Ann rican Pomoloi ca ' Soeit ty:

The Fruit Committee for Arkansas respectfully report:
That almonds, apples, apricots, blackberries, clx i
currants, figs, gooseberries, grapes, melons, mulberries, nec-
tarines, peaches, pears, papaws, persimmons, plums, pome-
tes, quinces, raspberries, and strawberries all grow in
this Slate, either indigenously or under cultivation.

VARIETIES.

See columns of catalogue.

Pears continue to fire-blight so badly that they are not

to be planted except as an experiment. Thefollowing are

the must exempt from the malady, viz: Beurre d'Anjou,

ood, Doyenne Boussock, Finnish Beauty, Kirtland,

Lawrence, Seckel, Tyson, Zoar Beauty.

The only new variety of fruil worthy of note, in this
Stale, is (he dm; n,i>r Garland peach, originated by Dr.
R. Thurston of Van Buren; a freestone, said to be earlier
and larger than Amsden.

The Shannon apple, the most popular winter variety in
the Northwestern part of the State, and succeeding admi-
rably as afall ripening sort further south, is said by some
to be identical witb the Belmont, and by others to be the
Pippin.

Tii. ' peach which produces itself from the si ed,

i- called the S okes peach In

REPORT FROM GEORGIA.

125

Tlio Alexander and Amsden's June, if nol identical, are
sd nearly alike that it would seem they had as well be con-
solidated and one of the names dropped.

Obstacles to successful fruit culture arc the blight in
pear, apricol unci apple trees, especially in the two Brsl
named . the peach tree borer, the late spring frosts, curcu-
lio, grape rot, and grape mildew, The vine seems, here,
exempt from the attack of the phylloxera. Sometimes leaf
galls may be seen on young vines obtained from a north-
ern nursi i\ the next summer alter transplanting, but not
afterwards.

The Delawari , Ives,Gynthiana, and Norton are measurably
exempt from rot, and all of them but the Delaware from
mildew. The Concord, though the most productive of all
for the first one or two crops, rots badly when the vines
become older. The Flowers, Scuppernong, Thomas, and
Other varieties of the rotundifolia species are unfailing from
any cause, and in every way satisfactory.
Very respectfully, &c ,

S. J. Matthews,
Chairman.

Report from Georgia.

P. Bakrv, Esq., Chairman Fruit Committee American
Pomoi ■ i ty :

Dear Sin — A series of frosts which occurred from April
3rd to Ttli last, caused the partial destruction of the fruit
crop of the State. Still as is usual with late spring frosts,
while certain sections will suffer to a large extent, others
escape almost entirely. There seems to he no possibility
thi zones which escaped, as the damage is located
in certain belts all over the State. In middle Georgia, in
sections bordering the Central and Southwestern railroads,
fruit was abundant, the peach crop especially being of full
average. In southeast and north Georgia, the failure was

general.

PEARS.
Pears were abundant in the coast region, especially in

the vicinity of Savannah and on the i tediate sea-shore.

From many years experience, pear trees seem to he less
affected by blight than those further inland, and the fruit
attains to greater perfection, Among tile varieties which

prove to be remarkably successful in south Georgia is the

LeConU or Chine* pear. It is a very vigorous grower and

readily propagated from cuttings, retains its foliage late,
and has not been affected by blight in south Georgia so

far. In quality the fruit classes as good, and, although not

ranking with many of our popular market sons, its regular
size ami shape iii- given it a ready sale in the markets of
New fork and Boston at from $4 to s 5 per crate. Mr. L.
Varnadoe of Tic isville, who propagated trees by cut-
lings from the original tree introduced in Libertj county
I,-. Major Let 'on i. , shipped this summer one hundred and
fifty bushels from tweh e I

GRAPES,
The grape crop upon the whole was very good; although
frost injured the new growth, a second Btarl was soon made
and most varieties produced abundantly. The crop was
free from mildew or rot. Perhaps the finest display of
Dative ' r made south was due to Mr. E. R. An

thony of Macon. Georgia. At the exhibition of the State
Horticultural Society in 1878, he exhibited twenty-eight

varieties; and al the same plate, on July JSOth last, he had
forty varieties, every one being of remarkable size and fine
appearance. Many bunches of ( 'oncord weighed a pound and
a half. Two bunches of Black Eagle weighed three pounds,
and demonstrated that middle Georgia can produce grapes
in the greatest abundance and perfection.

Wine making is beginning to be followed.upon an ex-
tensive scale. Among the most successful growers are
Messrs. Schneider & Staronski of llawkinsville, Ga., whose
cellars, wine house, and equipments are models of neatness
and perfection. Their crop of Delaware in 1878 was six
hundred gallons per acre, the vineyard being in its third
year. They find ready sale for all their product at good
prices. Mr. W. W. Woodruff of Griffin, Ga., is a large
producer of Concord, and lias been very successful. In
Thomas county, Messrs. John Stark and H. H. Sanford
produce also largely, all their wine being readily sold in
their immediate vicinity. The production of Scuppernong
wine is also increasing rapidly. The model vineyard of
this variety is that of Mr. Taylor near Savannah.

The growing of early peaches for northern markets is
assuming gigantic proportions, some of the orchards
numbering four hundred acres. The earliest shipments of
Alexander were made two years in succession by Mr. S.
H. Rumph, on May 19th, 1878, and May 20th, 1879. The
prices received for first-class fruit shipped north between
May 21st and July 30th,ranged from $4.50 to $12 per bushel.
Our fruit growers are aware that they have every advan-
tage that soil and climate can give, and are striving to ex-
cel in the production and marketing of early peaches. We
are now experimenting with every new early peach that is
introduced; it will be some time ere we can arrive at a con-
clusion as to what varieties are the most desirable for us
as very early, but so far the Alexander has given excellent
results, and the variety is planted more extensively than
any other. As a matter of curiosity it may be mentioned
that ashipmentof Ghim -. Cling peaches made to New York
in July, 1878, netted the shipper sixteen cents a peach. Our
markets are now supplied with peaches from the 20th of
May to November, or upwards of live months in the year.

Of plums there was a moderate crop, the Wild Ooose
being the most profitable early shipping variety. The
avi rage returnsof plumsshipped to New York in Mayand

June being $10 per bushel, deducting cost of packing and
express charges and commission, the net returns are $6.50
per bushel. The Wild Ooost plum yields abundantly and
is almost entirely free from attacks of the curculio, the
damage done by that insect being searreh perceptible.

We < annot produce any plums other than those belonging

t0 thi type, owing to ravages of the curculio.

SI I; \W 'BERRIES.

ire cultivated in an increased ratio, the

ii still the most desirable foi all pur-

Monarchoftht West is our largest early variety, and

ining in popularity. Following these we mention as

led well in many localities, Creed at, Capt.

126

REPORT FROM MISSISSIPPI.

Jack,Cumberland Trivmph,Black, Defiance, Prouty's Seedling,
Sharpless. The Great American, although not producing
the extraordinary berries obtained in New Jersey, has given
fair results, the fruit being among the best in quality. The
Nunan is cultivated extensively in the vicinity of Savan-
nah for shipping north. This variety is of local value;
valuable for the immediate coast belt, but almost worth-
less for the middle region.

.MULBERRIES.

Of late years many farmers have planted large orchards
of Hicks* Everbearing mulberry, for the purpose of supply-
ing summer food for hogs. This variety begins to mature
its fruit early in May, and continues to yield an abundant
succession of cr-ops during summer. The results have
proven very remunerative, both as lesseningthe cost of pro-
duction of the meat as well as keeping the animals in good
health. Among the new varieties is the Stubbs mulberry,
originated in Laurens county, Ga. Its fruit is very large
and of a vinous, subacid flavor; it is perhaps the most pro-
lific of its class, but the fruit does not last so long as the
Hicks.

FIGS.

Figs are cultivated in great quantities both in the middle
and coast regions. A very good article of dried figs is
produced by the aid of various fruit dryers, and nothing
prevents this being conducted upon an extensive scale as
a commercial product.

ORANGES

are being successfully grown in the section bordering
Florida and on the immediate coast.

japan medlars [ErUbotrya Japonica)

have of late years made their appearance in the Savannah
market, and from the prices they netted, this fruit is very
profitable for the section on the immediate sea coast.

JAPAN PERSIMMONS

have been planted five years ago, but being seedlings have
not produced fruit so far. Trees bloomed profusely last
spring, but late frost prevented setting of fruit. Grafted
trees were introduced in 1878, and are fruiting in some
localities. The trees have stood the cold of our severest
winters as well as the most extreme beat on record here,
hence they may be considered as perfectly hardy in lower
and middle Georgia.

It is difficult to arrive at the exact ratio of increase of
fruit culture in our State, but taking as a basis the partial
reports made by the Commissioner of Agriculture of Geor-
gia, as well as the shipments made by railroads and ex-
press companies, we are safe to say that the number of fruit
trees planted during the past two seasons has been double
the number planted in the two preceding years.

The early peaches have of late been shipped in third
bushel crates. Plums in similar packages. Pears and
apples in bushel crates. Grapes in three and five pound
boxes, and strawberries in quart baskets.

Our State Horticultural Society's sessions and exhibi-
tions have been well attended, and from the large quantity
of fruit exhibited has demonstrated that every fruit of the
temperate zone finds a congenial home in some section of
the State, besides this, many of the fruits of the subtropical

zone attain sufficient perfection to remunerate for their
cultivation. The varieties of fruits succeeding in Georgia
are too numerous to be all "mentioned here; our State Hor-
ticultural Society publishes annually a revised catalogue,
giving complete lists of the various classes and varieties
adapted to the three geographical divisions. This cala
logue can be obtained by addressing Mr. T. L. Kinsey,
secretary, Savannah, Ga.

Respectfully submitted,

P. J. Berckma.ns,
Chairman suite Fruit Committee.

Report from Mississippi.

Canton, Miss., Aug. 23, 1879.

P. Barry, Esq., Chairman General Fruit Committee,
Rochester, X. Y.:

Dear Sir: — In making a report on fruit culture in this
State each successive effort seems to reveal greater obstacles
to anything like exactness or completeness, such as I should
like; the facilities for the thorough performance of the
work being so limited. Until recently, fruit growing was,
in general, a sort of accident, or " side issue," except with
a few zealous amateurs. The trees were generally raised
from seeds or sprouts, or bought from tree peddlers. A
professional grafter would occasionally come along with
cions of "splendid kinds," and thange the heads of pear
and apple trees. Several reliable nurseries existed in vari-
ous parts of the State, but the difficulty of transportation
confined their sales almost wholly to their immediate local-
ities. Almost every family had an orchard, especially of
peaches and figs, and frequently apples, with sometimes
pears and other fruits; but as labels were not often saved.
it would be impossible to learn the varieties from them,
though much excellent fruit was being produced. Along
the Mississippi river and on the southern coast a limited
quantity of fruit was grown for market before the war,
but the introduction of railroads, especially the two prin-
cipal roads traversing the State north and south through
almost its entire length, and rendering distant markets
accessible, gave the first general impulse to the systematic
planting of extensive orchards for commercial purposes.
We need yet State and county horticultural societies to
collect and disseminate important facts in fruit culture
before the fruit committee can do the State justice in this
respect or make other than a meagre report. Interest in
this matter, however, is increasing, and we hope these aids
will soon spring up among us, but for the present wc must
couteut ourselves with the best information we can other-
wise obtain.

I wish I could promise a fine delegation to your meet
ing in September next; but the " late unpleasantness" so
depleted the fortunes of many of the lovers of fruit culture
here, that they can hardly yet spare the time and means
necessary for the occasion. As to an exhibition of our
fruit, I would say that most of our finest fruit is ripe and
gone before the middle of September, so that at best a very
partial exhibit could then lie made, and this season the
fruit crop of the State is almost an entire failure. With
this much in general, I now proceed to the more specific
part of my r< port and will give, as best 1 may, the iufor-

REPORT FROM MISSISSIPPI.

127

mation desired, in the order indicated, in your circularof
May 1st.

1st. As to species op fruit, I stated in my last report
that apples, pears, peaches; apricots, nectarines, plums, and
quinces (to which I should have added mulberries) and also
grapes, raspberries, strawberries and blackberries are gen-
erally grown, while south of 33° figs and pomegranates
succeed, and near the coast oranges and lemons thrive.
I have seen the Japan plums (MespUus or Eriobotrrya) also in
bearing in the southern portion of the State. In the north-
ern portion cherries and gooseberries are grown to a lim-
ited extent.

2nd. Varieties. — This is difficult to answer exactly.
We have such extremes of latitude, a part of the State
merging into a sub. tropical climate, that many fruits suc-
ceeding well in the northern portion of the State fail in
the southern, and vice versa. We should need two or three
columns in order to " star" many fruits with exactness.

Give two stars each to Early Harvest, American Summer
Pearmain, and Horse. Buckingham, one star; same for .Red
Siberian and Trawcendant Crabs. Dagger to Benoni.

APRICOTS.

No change from catalogue.

BLACKBERRIES.

No change.

CHERRIES.

Valueless here (Canton) except an occasional crop from
a MoreUo. At Oxford, Wm. Turner, an intelligent culti-
vator says: Gov. Wood, Elton, and Early .1/"// do best of the
finer kinds, and that all the pie cherries (Morellos ? C.) do
well.

CURRANTS.

Do not know that they succeed anywhere in the State.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Houghton's Seedling is said to succeed at Oxford; all
valueless in southern Mississipi.

GRAPES.

Give Seuppi nuiiig two stars. Norton's Virginia is said to
do well as a wine grape at Columbus. No other changes.

NECTARINES.

Generally uncertain on account of curculio, though some-
times good crops.

FIGS

Do well in the southern half of the State; need protection
in the noil hern part. No changes since last report.

MULBERRIES.

Common variety plentiful in the woods. Finer kinds not
much grown, bul two trees in this county (Madison) bear
well and the fruit is good.

POMEGRANATES.
All the varieties do well in the southern half of the
-

ORANGES AM> LEMONS
Ale grown with more or less Success along the Gulf coast.

Have made repeated efforts to get definite information as
to varieties, culture, and extent of crop, but without suc-
cess so far.

Give Early TWotson two stars. One star each for Amsden
and Alexander, if they do not prove identical. Amelia is
with me flavorless and disposed to rot. Does well in some
parts of the State. Hale'* Early does better as trees acquire
age. It was as sound on old trees last year, which was
exceedingly wet, as Tillotson, Yellow St. John, or Troth's
Early, but all varieties rotted a good deal. The crop, ex-
cept seedlings, a general failure this year. No other
changes to suggest here.

PEARS.

Give Columbia, and Rostkzer each one star. The Duehesse
stills holds the pre-eminence.

PLUMS.

Give Chkksaw two stars. Wild Ooo.se still maintains its
high reputation.

QUINCES.

Give Chinese one star. It will probably get another on
further trial. Have seen it weigh two pounds, and beard
of much heavier. ' Tree seems vigorous and healthy; fruit
quite acid, and makes a most excellent preserve.

RASPBERRIES.

One star for Turner's Red. Gregg grows very finely; no
fruit yet. Mammoth Cluster best so far.

STRAWBERIE8.

Wilson's Albany still leads the van. Capt. Jack promises
finely with me. Kentucky promises well; Charleston also.
J. N. Drane of Durant, this year picked 6000 quarts from
2% acres, variety Wilson's Albany. For further informa-
tion concerning the strawberry,^ refer with pleasure to
the accompanying report from Dr. H. E. McKay, of Mad-
ison Station, which he prepared at my request. He is a
large and successful grower, and you will find the report
in every way reliable. .

3rd. New Native Varieties.— The Messrs. Stack-
house, of Crystal Springs, report a new plum, and also a
new clingstone peach. See their letter.

4th. Synonyms.— Lack of horticultural societies and
facilities for comparing fruits, gives nothing to offer here.

5th Obstacles.— Were I asked what is Me obstacle to
successful fruit culture in this Slate I should say neglect.
The diversity of both soil and climate is considerable. The
soil varies from the barren sand of the coast, to the inex-
haustible alluvium of the Mississippi river bottoms; from
the light pine hills to heavy black prairie; from the bluffs
of the western limit to the tlatwoods of the interior; some
requiring manure, and others drainage, while still others
with ordinary cultivation and attention will produce very
line fruit. These extremes of soil, however, affect fruits
variously, and some which do well in one soil, are out of
place in another. It will lake' time, experience, and patient

Investigation, to obtain full lists of fruits best adapted to
these different soils. An obstacle might be too much wel

for one variety, 01 too little strength of soil for another.
These conditions are being observed."

128

REPORT FROM MISSISSIPPI.

Our seasons are moderately regular, and the climate
generally favorable to llie production of fruit, though ex-
tremes sometimes occur— and drought prevents full (level
opment, or wet causes rot; the latter notably last year,
when most of the peach crop was lost from continued
rains. A considerable part of that shipped rotted on the
way to market, entailing loss on the shippers. Last winter
an unprecedented cold spell occurred which destroyed
many fig trees and the whole crop of peaches, except some
hardy seedlings. A "cold wave" seems to have passed
over this part of the State, covering a degree of latitude
and having its central point or lowest temperature about
Jackson, where it is claimed the thermometer registered
8° Fah. on January 5th. It stood 4° here (Canton), and
from the greater destruction of shrubbery at Jackson it
must have been lower there. Within the past twenty-five
years I have never seen it lower than 6° Fah. here, and
that only once. Generally it does not go below 10" or 12°
Fah. during the winter here.

Peach trees suffer from the borer and tent caterpillar;
and the fruit from curculio to some extent, especially in
old orchards. Borers are dug out; caterpillars crushed.
The same attention given to other crops will insure suc-
cess here. We have no " yellows."

Pear trees blight considerably on all soils. D't.-lnss, ,
Witlti r Ni lis, S ckt ', and a native variety called the Jefft i-
son are mostly exempt. No remedy known. Hope the
approaching session of the Society may develop some
greatly needed remedy. Borers will get into the quince
stock of dwarf pears, if planted too shallow, and girdle the
tree. Curculio sometimes stings this fruit and apples also,
to a small extent. A certain insect, common on hickory
trees, will sometimes cut off brandies of the pear from one-
fourth inch to one inch thick, in August and September.
Grapes are subject to rot in wet seasons. Concord and
Ives, among those that have been tesled, suffer least in this
respect, except the Scuppernong and its family, which
nothing seems to hurt.

I should add perhaps, thai birds depredate more or less
on all varieties. Lawton blackberry witli me is subject to
orange rust. •

The quince suffers from blight and borer. The Chinese
variety promises belter health than any other so far. Not-
withstanding these drawbacks, most of the kinds of fruit
enumerated above do pretty well if ordinary attention and
cultivation are given, and some beat tolerable crops in spite
of neglect.

6th. The plow and hoe do the cultivating; too frequent-
ly nothing is done. An annual thinning of branches is
the pruning mostly given, except the cutting back at time
of transplanting, and this cutting back is not done half the
time. Training is seldom practised.

7th. Winter fruits are yet scarce with us. The family,
especially the children, generally "store successfully" all
the late fruit before Christmas.

8th. The larger fruits are generally packed for shipment
in one-third bushel boxes. Apples sometimes in barrels;
berries in Leslie's and Ilalleck's quart boxes and crates.
No shipments to Europe that we know of.

9th. It is next to impossible, with the general interest in
such matters at ibis lime, to give an approximate estimate

of the quantity of the different fruits grown in the State,
even for market purposes or shipping. The heaviest ship-
ments are probably made on the line of the N. O., Chicago
& SI. Louis railroad; .Messrs, H. W. A' S. H. Stackhouse, in-
telligent fruit growers and shippers at Crystal Springs,
have furnished some statistics from that section. I en-
close their letter, as their statements can be depended on.
As a sort of guess estimate I would say that one fourth
million boxes of peaches, pears, apples, and plums were
shipped lasl year, 1ST8, and there are probably one million
tnes and vines now planted for market purposes, many
not yet in bearing. Cannot even guess at berries and trop-
ical fruits. W. C. Tucker, an old and successful grape
glower near Columbus, and who knows more about the
grape crop, probably, than any other man in the Slate,
savs, there are about four hundred acres in vineyards in
the State, four fifths of which are Scuppi rnong.

Fruit culture, especially in peaches and strawberries, is
certainly increasing; and if better time to northern markets
could be bail on our railroads, a half million trees would
probably be planted for market in the next two years, and
the strawberry acreage doubled in same time.

I should have added, perhaps, when treating of the va-
rieties of the peach, that owing to the fact that a tolerable
frail can generally be grown from the seed, and several
excellent varieties reproducing themselves with consider-
ble accuracy in this way— together with the comparative
certainty of the crop, and the superior hardiness of the
tree, a good many private individuals continue the plant:
ing of seeds for their main crop of this fruit. Last week I
saw in a neighboring county (Yazoo) several orchards, the
trees of which were literally breaking down with the
weight of Hie crop; several varieties being of excellent
flavor.

Hoping this may lie of some service in accomplishing
the end desired, I remain,

Very respectfully,

Wm. H. Cassell,

Chairman, &c.

Crystal Springs, .Inly 30, 1*79.
W. H. Cassell, Esq. :

DEAR Sir;— According to promise I will send you the
statistics as nearly as possible.

Last year there were shipped from Crystal Springs about
40,0110 boxes uf peaches, from Terry about 35,000, and
from Hazleheart about 15,000 boxes. There are planted
out between this place and Canton about 200,000 fruit
trees. We have over twenty acres in strawberries; about
one acre in Turner's red raspberry, which bids fair to be a
success. What we call the Ard field-plum is one of our
earliest ami finest plums, and originated on our old p
which was called the Ard place. It is a very early and
line plum, of a rather green color when fully ripe, juicy,
and of a delicious flavor. Know of no peach except
whal is called the Parker peach, which came up from a
seedling mi Mr. Parker's plate, about three miles south
of this place. Peach ripens after the Crawford's Late; is
largei and liner than the Crawford, of a most beautiful red
rather round, and of an exceedingly delicious
flavor. The onlj objection is that it is a clingstone

REPORT FROM MISSISSIPPI.

129

peach, but it is certainly one of the most magnificent and
firmest peaches I have ever seen, and brought $2.50 per
one-third bushel box in Chicago market this season.

The effect of last year's cold was very apparent on all
budded fruit, and, except in some localities, it was an en-
tire failure. Seedlings are just as abundant as ever. Mr,
Fleming's budded orchard is an exception. His orchard
is located on a high eminence, entirely surrounded by
woods; soil sandy, and of a deep loam. His trees are full
of peaches, and owing to there being a scarcity of peaches,
have brought splendid prices. It seems then locality has
much to do with peach trees being able to resist cold
weather.

Believe we have given you about all the facts and stat-
istics we have in our possession at this time, and you can
compile and arrange to suit yourself. See no change that
can be effected in the stars.

Yours truly.

II. W. Stackhouse,
S. EL Stackhouse.

STRAWBERRIES IN MISSISSIPPI.

SOIL, VARIETIES, AND CULTIVATION.

Probably no State in the Union has a greater diversity of
soil, or soil better suited to the health, growth,' and per-
fection of not only most of the larger fruits, but also
equally well adapted to the more tender and delicate
smaller fruits.

That we may give a brief, but necessarily imperfect
sketch of these soils, we will divide the whole State into
three sections, by two parallel lines running east and west
across it. Beginning in the northern section, we have in
the northwest the rich alluvial and loamy bottoms of the
Mississippi and its tributaries, with their adjacent rolling
lands of sandy loams on a clay basis, gently merging into
the heavier, closer table lands of the centre; thence to the
rich, black, limy prairies of the northeast. Coming to
the middle or marly section, we have on the east the gen-
erous, quick sandy loams, underlaid with clay. Of the
rolling and better grades of pine lauds, reaching the centre
along the line of the N. O., St. L., and C. RR., we have
the rich, marly, heavier, and more retentive table lands,
with compact yellow and red clay basis. On the west the
rich, limy hills of magnolia, beach, holly, etc., that in
many places extend to the banks of the Mississippi. In
the southern section the rich alluvials and loams of the
Mississippi and its tributaries, and the thinner, lighter,
quicker soils of the pine lands of I lie south ami southeast.

From this brief sketch the intelligent, practical fruit
grower will see that our lands are well suited to nearly the
whole list of large as well as small fruits. Coming
directly I" tic strawberry — the fruit of our choice and of
our correspondent — I would say in general terms that
Mississippi has long been the home of the typical berry.
To verify this Btatement we need only listen to the pioneer
Mississippian tell of the great "water bucketsl'ul" be bad

gathered from the fields and prairies, in by gone years. If

by nature Mississippi has long been the home of the
typical berry, may tint the skillful touch "f art make her
the Eden and paradise of improved varieties and improved
culture? This we believe will prove true especially of the

marly, compact, retentive table lands of the central portion
of the State, where we confidently believe that finer fruit
and larger crops can be produced at a smaller cost than
anywhere else in the States.

Two seasons in the past five years we have gathered an
average of 11)11 bushels per acre from land that, with good
cultivation, would not have yielded over twenty bushels of
corn per acre, or exceeding half a bale of cotton; and tbis
was done without using five dollars' worth of any fertilizer
per acre, but other seasons, on the same quality of land
and similar culture, we have not averaged more than forty
to fifty bushels per acre. We have gathered, some
seasons, heavily of choice fruit for forty days, with not
exceeding half an inch of rain-fall during the whole time.
This could not be done on other than a compact, retentive
clay basis, thoroughly and deeply sub-soiled the previous
season. It is, however, a fact that our fruiting season is
much longer than in higher latitudes; never less than forty
and rarely more than ninety days — average about sixty.
This Season I shipped my first pickings to Chicago on the
ninth of April, and my closing to Vicksburg on the tenth
of July. Average time for commencing to pick in this
latitude about the fifteenth of April. We gather our
earliest and latest pickings from Wilson's Albany — the so-
called earlier varieties all having failed or changed in this
quality in this latitude. Our planting season extends
from the first of October until the last of March, whenever
the land can be found in good order. We prefer, how-
ever, October and November for early, and February and
.March for late plantings. Both plantings will give some
fruit the following season-— from one-fourth to one-sixth of
a crop, but growing close to the ground it is too sappy and
trash}' to be valuable for the market. The time we wish
to plant being near, we select good, medium, clean up-
land, plough thoroughly and deeply, throwing into beds
three and one-half feet apart, and about four inches above
the general level. The plants being ready we smooth off
the tops of these beds with a small harrow, and set the
plants in the centre, twelve to fifteen inches apart and
about one inch deeper then they originally set in the
ground.

As soon as these recent plantings have given the bulk of
their first bearings, which will usually be by the tenth or
fifteenth of May, we should commence working them with
the plow and hoe, and as early as practicable use the sub-
soil plow freely until the whole of the space between the
rows shall be thoroughly broken and pulverized, not less
than eight, and, if practicable, twelve inches deep. After
this the plow and hoe should be used to stir lie ground
and keep gra8S and weeds down, and the earth well up to
the stools until about the middle of .Inly, when further
cultivation with both should cease, anil the grass be
allowed to grow for winter protection and for mulching
berries in the spring. Older settings are treated much the
same, only we have to allow mass and weeds to grow until
the fruiting season is over. As far as practicable, we utilize
the crab grass for winter protection and mulching. In
piny sections pine straw is utilized for the same purposes.

Alter testing some twenty to twenty-live varieties, cover-
ing the most approved of the old standard varieties and
those of the new and fancy held in the highest estimation,
1 should do violence to the facts and to my own convic-
tions, if I should fail to place Wilson's Albany at the front,

130

REPORT FROM TEXAS.

anil say tliat as yet it has no equal or successful rival in
this latitude as a market, berry and safe carrier to distant
markets.

To bestow unmeasured praise, as many of our plant
growers and nurserymen do, on the new and fancy
varieties, many of which, I am free to say, are charming
and most Valuable acquisitions, and pass Wilson by with
the simple remark that it is a good old market variety, too
well known to need further notice, is doing cruel injustice
to this noble old king of varieties, and is well calculated
to conceal the real truth, and lead the inexperienced in a
direction where they will never learn or appreciate the
many and overshadowing virtues of this grand old variety .
successful on almost every kind of soil and in every lati-
tude from Maine to California and Mississippi to Florida.
Banish it from our lists and culture and you remove the
" beacon light" that lures us on to the goal of success and
noble daring in strawberry culture — your humble corre-
spondent even daring to plant and cultivate most thor-
oughly fifty acres for the coming season, with tha full
belief that it is as safe as auy staple of the country.

Next comes Captain Jack, which, besides being strong,
vigorous, and hardy as a plant, gives us an abundant yield
of choice fruit, suited for either near or distant markets.
In this latitude, grown on rich land with high culture
(which Wilson does not need, and which often endangers
its health and success), Captain Jack gives larger and much
finer looking berries than Wilson, and no berry I have ever
handled stands up and holds its beauty longer. The
blending of the golden tinted seed cells, with the brilliant
red, gives it a rich, delicate, polished finish, not equaled
by any other berry I have ever seen. Well understood
and skillfully managed it will, from this latitude, prove a
" trump'' in the market.

For home use and near local markets, Monarch of tin
West and Cumberland Triumph give great satisfaction.
Monarch being better tested than Cumberland, is very much
liked. The flavor and eating qualities of both are first
class, and their average size the largest of any of the
large varieties; are strong, vigorous growers, giving very
satisfactory crops. The Monarch is very early, while
the Cumberland is the latest yet tested in bringing in its
main crop.

Crescent Seedling gives great promise, and deserves to be
fully tested.

Sharpless is not yet tested.

Great American, Forest Rose, Pioneer, Kerr's Lai- Pro
lific, Essex Beauty, President Lincoln, Ducliesse, and many
others tested, have no superior merits not fully covered by
the above named varieties, and should not be recommended
for southern culture.

At Crystal Springs, Charleston is liberally grown by my
friend Dr. Stackhouse and sons, who credit it with large
crops, coming in a few days earlier than Wilson.

As yet we have no especial enemy to strawberry culture,
unless it be our long, hot, and sometimes dry summers
which often prove destructive to high culture on rich land.
A judicious and intelligent application of manure in the
fall or early winter, so that it will be well near exhausted
by the end of the fruit season, will increase the yield and
give a little largei and liner berry in appearance; but the
berries grown on our close clay lands, with very little, if

any, fertilizing, have better color and more solidity, and
will carry longer than if made larger- and apparently finer
on rich land or by liberal fertilizing.

In favorable, or even moderately favorable, seasons we
can cany either Wilson or Captain Jack forty-eight to sixty
hours in fine order. My berries have been re-shipped in
Chicago and sold in Omaha in good order, thus showing
the great solidity and firmness of small fruits grown on
compact, retentive, medium clay lands. This station
shipped about 25,000 quarts this season, and has seventy-
five acres from which to ship next season. The acreage
along the line of the N. O., St. L., and C. RR. from Man
chac. La., to Milan. Tenn., is estimated at 500. We
prefer Hallock's quart boxes, put up into sixteen or twenty-
four quart crates, for carrying long distances.

My experience with the raspberry is too limited to
justify any definite report. I will, however, say that
Turner's red raspberry gives good promise, and, contrary
to the general expectations, I carried it in good order to
Chicago this season, making my first shipment the fifth of
.May. But it is proper to state that this was one of the
coolest and most favorable seasons we ever have for ship-
ping long distances, and after it warmed up to our usual
temperature for May I made no further distant shipments.

Auy further facts bearing on these or kindred subjects
will be cheerfully answered by addressing me at Madison
Station, Madison county, Mississippi.

Respectfully submitted,

H. E. McKay.

Report from Texas.

P. Barry, Esq., Chairman General Fruit Committee:

Dear Sir: — The fruit crop of Texas, as an average for
the past season, has been small, owing to the extreme large
crop of the past two years. This summer has been excess-
ively dry and hot, and fruit has not been as good as usual,
but sold at better prices than last year. Fruit growing is
largely on the increase.

PEACHES.

Peaches pay well, and many persons are planting large
orchards for market. Our home markets — Austin, Galves-
ton and Houston, in this section, and the newer cities of
Dallas, Waco, Sherman, and Dennison, consume nearly all
we can grow. We made our first, shipment at Bernham.
May 12th, of forty boxes of Amsden, Alexander, and
II, at rice. All these ripened about the same lime here.
We had ripe specimens as early as the first of May, in
Washington County. We have all the newer peaches:
Saunders, Wilder, Downing, Briggis Hal Mai/, Honeywell,
Master, Bowers's Early, etc., anil find that Amsden, Alex-
ander, and Honeywell, ripen about the same time, and are
so nearly alike that when mixed it is almost impossible to
see any difference, except what is made by extra. care and
richer soil. All parts of our State, except, perhaps, some-
places near the coast, produce splendid peaches.

Our people are fast coming to the conclusion that it pays
best to buy good trees from reliable men. Our State is
overrun every year by speculators in trees, who humbug
the people with worthless trees, and of course many who
buy such are disappointed, and talk against nursery grown
lives; bul the splendid results of some orchards planted

REPORT FROM TEXAS.

131

with good trees, show them the folly of buying from men
they know nothing about, and very soon our fruit men
will know what to plant and where to get their trees.
Then we hope Texas peaches will be plenty in the cities of
the Western States.

Pears do well here. We had a tine display at our State
Fair in Houston, last July. We can grow splendid fruit
here, but we cannot keep it, even in a cool cellar; it will
rot soon after taking from the trees. Out of over 200 sorts
tested here, we think Howell stands first for large crops
and fine fruit, Duehesse (VAngouleme next, then perhaps
Bartleit These three are about all that we can recom-
mend as good in every part of the State. About Houston,
llmii; Diet is very tine; so, in other places other kinds do
extra well. /v< Nbnnes at Brenham is a fine bearer, so
are Ednwndt and General Todleben.

Apples are a great success in Eastern Texas. In the
southern part of our State they are doubtful. We do get
tine crops of Bed Astrachan and Early Harvest; they arc
worth all the rest here.

PLUMS.

Of plums, we can get fruit from the Wild Goose only.
All the others, as far as we have tested here (Washington
Co.). will do no good. In Eastern Texas the Gage varie-
ties do well, and in the northwest good crops are grown of
the other varieties.

APRICOTS.

Apricots do well about Corsicana and in parts of Payette
County, but here they will not bear; the trees grow finely
but set no fruit.

ALMONDS.

Almonds do well in some places, but are not reliable.

FIGS.

Figs bear heavy crops all over the State.

(iUAPEB.

Grapes are a great success when they are taken care of;
but we have no market for them, and our people in general
prefer lager beer to wine, so we have no large vineyards.

CURRANTS AND BERRIES.

Currants and gooseberries are not a success with us.
cap raspberries and strawberries do well in some
places with suitable attention, and blackberries appear to
do well nearly everywhere.

Our State Horticultural and Pomological Society will
stimulate the production of tine fruit, and as our State
gets tilled up with good men, and our railroads are com
pleted, opening up markets for our products, Texas must
take a stand in the front rank of fruit-producing countries.
Respectfully submitted,

W. Watson,
( ltairm an StaU Fruit Committee.
Brenham, Texas. S, pt 9, 1-::'

REPORT FKoM SOUTH TEXAS.
P. Barry, Chairman Fruit Committee, American Pomol»gi.
cat Society:

Dear Sir:— Your circular was duly received. On ac-
count of the isolation of this locality from the genera] sys-
tem of railroad communication in our State, the organiza
tion of a Stale Committee from this point seems impracti
cable. Also, as the settled portions of our State extend
over eight degrees of latitude, and from tide-water level
on the Gulf of Mexico to the elevated region of the upper
Red River,— as both latitude and altitude from the gull'
northward combine to form a succession of isothermal
zones with varied products — it would be found quite im-
practicable for a State committee to form a combined
report. I would suggest that Texas be divided into at
least three zones or districts, something after the plan
adopted by the Georgia association. Under the circum-
stances, I have concluded it best to make an individual
report of South Texas, or the coast region.

APPLES.

I have been testing about sixty varieties. All varieties
here, as standards, grow with wonderful rapidity for the
first two years. They then assume a dwarfish habit. Of
the whole number tested, seven varieties bear well; of
these, three are subject to rot before ripening, while three
others seem exempt and one is partially exempt. The
rotting begins by a minute fungoid growth, discernable
only under a strong magnifier. The little speck gradually
compromises the whole sample. We have found no rem-
edy. The varieties which are never affected are Red May,
ripens June 1st to 20th; Sally Grey, August; Stevens (seed-
ling). July. The variety only sometimes affected is Lin-
coln's Wonder, from Alabama — ripens in August; our
largest and best apple. Fifty miles above us this fungus
does not appear. Dwarf apple trees are worthless here.

PEARS.

Few have planted pears. Oldest trees seen are twenty-
seven years old dwarfs. Growth excellent; no blight. I
am testing fifty varieties. Tront and Washington grow
and bear well, but are subject to the fungus like apples.

Two Stars. — Duchesne d'Angouleme, August; simply splen-
did. Ripens well; always makes sample twelve inches in
circumference. Beurre Dose, July.

One Star. — Flemish Beauty, Bartlett, August; Doyenne
d'Ete, last of May and early in June; Early Cluster, July —
probably the Harvest.

Dagger. — Henry IV., Andrews, Beurre Giffard, Beurre
Goubault.

PLUMS.

European varieties worthless. Succeed perfectly with
/ 'hickasaw type.

I'ii., Stars.— African, .Tune 1st; large, round, russet
when ripening, dark red when ripe; juicy, a sprightly
flavor.

Two Stars.— Golden Beauty. Bright golden yellow for
six weeks before ripening; a gooseberry flavor; very small
and may be an old variety, but cannot hear of it anywhere.
Is evidently a cross with European; came from cuttings of
a German on lied River, whom 1 cannot find. Seed ten
di ' and splits with very light force, which imperfection I
have thought might have been brought about by long
-railing— August 26th here. Leaves of a yellow cast;

132

REPORT FROM TEXAS.

ornamental and, useful for preserving and its unusual
time of ripening.

Two Stars. — Indian Chief, July here. Wild Goose, June
1st here.

Dagger. — Dt Caradeuc, June; Bill, Early Hid, May 6th;
medium to large.

CHERRIES

Grow off well in spring, mature a crop of leaves, shed
leaves and put out a second crop of leaves, become ex-
tremely dwarf, bear a couple of years, and die. Not
profitable.

Gooseberries and currants, are total failure.

Dagger. — Almonds, .Madeira nut; Olive tree, full of
promise.

FIGS.

Figs, raised without protection, are perfectly successful.

Ont stuf. — /,"//, Taenia.

Two stars. — Celestial, Magnolia (probably Brown Turkey).

OK WOKS.

Not yet largely planted. I have been watching orange
culture here twenty-eight years. I am led to believe that

when planted in sheltered places (to avoid our worst north-
ers), it is well worthy of our care. The orange tree is
injured once in about five or six years, while between these
injuries we get two or three good crops.

Northern and eastern varieties, in short the entire strain
of peaches from that direction, winch, for convenience
of designation we will call the Persian Strain, are un-
profitable here. About once in seven or eight years a few
varieties will make a passable crop — say one-third to one-
half of a bushel, but. usually they produce only from one
or two peaches to two dozen at a crop. As we advance
northward both latitude and altitude are gained simul-
taneously, and some varieties arc more productive. If we
were dependent solely upon varieties of the Persian strain,
the peach would be a practical failure here. But from
the stock introduced by the Catholic missionaries from
Spain, over two hundred years ago, we have built up a
very good peach list. For convenii nee of designation we
call this the Spanuh Strain Varieties of this strain are
entirely successful wherever tested in this Slate. I believe
its introduction all along the Gulf coast aDd on the coast
of Georgia and North Carolina would be of gnu value,
and we question whether it could not be profitably carried
northward. By request of .Mr. P. J. Berckmans of Geor-
gia, I have given him descriptions of several varieties of
this strain, to be presented to your committee on Southern
Fruits.

From experience here, and from correspondence with
practical men in Florida, I learn also that some varieties
of the Chinest Strain are hardy and productive side by side
with the orange and lemon, sugar cane and rice. This
strain seems to be essentially southern In two or three
ye it more our experiments with this strain, obtained from
Mr. P. J. Berckmans. of Augusta, Ga., will be such as to
enable us to make a more full report. At present we can
say that the JJmui/ peach in our orchard is very produc-
tive of the choicest fruit, SO sweel that the TUlotson, if eaten

after it, is really sour to the taste. It ripens with the Earlg
TiUotson, June 8th; some samples gathered May 27th. Of
the Peen-To, or Flat peach, we have the highest hopes.

While we feel that in laboring for the last twenty-five
years with the Spanish strain we have been gleaning pearls
from a valuable book of nature, we also feel that in taking
hold of the Chinese strain we open a new volume that will
richly reward a careful study.

Respectfully,

G. OXDERDONK.

Mission Valley, Victoria Co., Texas.

Mission Valley, July 29th, lsi'.'
Mr. P. Barry:

Dear Sir: — In looking over the inclosed report I find
that I have omitted grapes.

I planted about sixty varieties in an experimental vine-
yard. The collection included every variety in cultivation.

Labrusca. — Many members of this family died before
the close of the second year. Concord, Catawba, and Tele-
graph bore two or three good crops. The Telegraph sud-
denly died: Catawba and Concord declined, never again
giving a paying crop, and dying at fifteen years old.
Isabella grew wonderfully at first, bore three or four good
crops, but never ripened a cluster entire. Here and there
a berry ripened, one at a time, and about half would not
ripen at all. When treated as free runners, died in five
years; short pruned lived as long as Catawba.

Cordifolia. — All died the tilth year, after one crop.

Uotundifolia. — Have never given good sui

Hybrids. — Has followed in the track of the patents they
most resembled.

Vim'/, ni. — All killed by phylloxera.

Northern Aestivalis. — Good early promise, but worthless.

South rn - Aestivalis. — Black July (syn. D, vereux, Lincoln,
Sumpter, Sherry, />'/»< Crape, Lenoir incorrectly.) Grows
well, lint is a light bearer; never tots

IJii.ii, r. — Ripens irregularly.

Cunningliam. — (Long.) Grows and bears well; always
rotted.

'l'iro stars. — Lenoir. — (Syn. Black Spanish, Jacques, Cigar
Box, Ohio). Grows well: does well in the dryest and
poorest limy soils as well as upon the richest and best.
Bears well; never rrtls. tin account of the unusual
amount of coloring matter in the juice, it is much valued
in France. Absolutely proof against phylloxera.

Bobson's Seedling. — So closely resembles Louisiana as to
be pronounced identical by Prof. Panchon, of France.
Grows well and bears well, but rots.

'I'm,, Stars. — Warren. — (Berbemont). If you allowed an-
other star I would give it. Grows in almost any soil; very
productive; our best.

Dagger. — Harwood. — Closely resembles the Warren, hut
is twice as large. Dunn. — Closely resembles Warren, in
wood and leaf is a trifle larger; considerably paler, and
about ten to fifteen days later. Will be introduced to the
public next year.

Respectfully,

G. Onhehdo.nk.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF THE CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.

13;}

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE

ON

REVISION OF THE CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.

T<i (/>•• Members of the American Pomologieal Society:

Gentlemen: — The Committee on Revision of the Cata-
logue respectfully report the following changes in the
catalogue of 1875 :
There were stricken out:

apples, 11.

No.
2 — Abram,
4 — All-Summer,
5 — American Pippin,

2::- Black Oxford,

27 — Bohannan,

86— Ballet,

4— Haas.

No.

Go— Detroit Red,
72 — Early Chandler,
175— M ichael Henry Pippin,
J^s Noil hern Sweet,
248— Summer Kambo.

28— Miles.

20— Gridley,

CRAB, 1.

GRAPE, 1.

CHERRIES, 2.

38— Tradescant's lil'k Heart

BTRAWBERRIES, 4.

7— Col. Ellsworth,

23-

-Napoleon III,

14-Ida,

25-

-Peabody.

There were added

APPLES, -1(1

:: — American Beauty

140-

-Irish Pippin,

4 — " Golden Pippin,

171-

-Mann,

6 — Arnold's Beauty,

175

-Marston's lied Winter,

7 — Aromatic Carolina,

182

-Mellinger,

21— Berkshire Spy,

is)

-Mexico,

30— Bower's Nonpareil,

192

-Nansemond Beauty,

33— Brittle Swei

198

Northampton,

34— Brown,

Phillip's Sweet,

64 Cross,

2 1 2

-Pleasant Valley Pippin

88— Dean,

'JIT

President,

85— E istis,

-Pyle's Red Winter,

99 Fanny,

231

-Red Ranee,

118— Golden Dixie,

837-

-Richard's Graft,

•21,' — Rockport Sweet,

248— Sarah,

245 — Somerset of .Maine,

25G— Somerset of New York,

259— Southern Porter,

260 — Spice Russet,

273 — Sutton Beauty,

274 — Striped Sweet Pippin,
276— Sweet Belle et Bonne,
286 — Transparent Zoar,
207— Water (N.Y.),
302— Western Beauty,
316— Wythe (Ills.),
322— Zachary Pippin.

CRAB, 1.

2 — Brier's Sweet of Wisconsin.

cherry, 1.

19 — Empress Eugenie.

PEACHES, 20.

2 — Alexander,

3 — Alexandra Noblesse,

5 — Amsden's June,
13 — Briggs's May,
20— Cook's Late White,
21— Counts,

24— Crockett's Late White,
27— Dull Yellow,
28— Early Albert,
29 — Early Admirable,

31 — EarlyGrosse Mignonne
44— Harker's Seedling,
47 — Honeywell,
52 — Incomparable,
74 — Pavie de Pompone,
75 — Petite Imperial,
78— Prince of Wales,
79— Princess of Wales,
84 — Richmond,
95— Strawberry.

PEARS, 11.

22— Bonne du PuitsAnsault
38— Doctor Llndley,

•17 — Eastern Belle,
50 — Forteri ought to be
Foote's Seckel,

51— Frederick Clapp,

57 — Harris,

58— Helen Gregoire,

73— Madame Andre Leroy,

T~> Madame Trevve,
88— Petite Margin-rite.

108— Therese Appert.

CI I MS, 9.

:; Belgian Purple,

."] Blue [mperal t it e,

6 — Boddaert's Green Gage,

18 — De Caradeuc,

19— De Monlfort,

20 — Denniston's Superb,
30— Hudson Gage,
48— Oulin's Golden Gage,
56 Reagle's Gagi

134

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF THE CATALOGUE OF FRI'ITS.

QUINCE, 1.

3 — Chinese.

RASPBERRIES, 3.

4 — Brandywine, 25 — Turner.

16— Imperial Red,

STRAWBERRIES, :i.

3

11-

-Burr's New Pine,
-Forest Rose,

27— Sterling.

Total number of varieties stricken out:
Apples, - 11 Strawberries,

Crab, 1

Grape, 1 Total, -

Cherries, • 2

Total number of varieties added:
Apples,
Crab,
Cherry,
Peaches,
Pears, •
Plums,

40

Quince,

1

Raspberries,

1

Strawberries.

20

11

Total,

9

4
19

1
3
3

89

Total number

Apples,
Crabs,
Apricots,
Blackberries,
Cherries,
Currants,
Gooseberries,
Grapes, native,
" foreign,
Nectarines,
< (ranges and Lemons,

)f varieties in catalogue 1877:

- 322 Peaches, -
13 Pears,

- 11 Plums,
7 Quinces,

Raspberries,

Strawberries,

Mulberries,

Figs,

Pomegranates,

37
13

9

37
33

6

Total,

107
IIS

72
5

25
30

5
18

4

874

Marshall P. Wilder, Prest. ex-officio.

Patrick Barry,

Josiah Hoopes,

( 'iiaules Downing,

Robert Manning,

P. J. Berckmans,

Committee on Revision of Catalogue.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.

PLAN OF THE CATALOGUE.

The arrangement of t Ik- names of varieties in the Catalogue is alphabetical and according to the

nomenclature adopted by the Society. Synonyms are given in a few instances where it seemed necessary,
and these are placed under the adopted names in italics.

The columns are arranged thus: In the first, the names of varieties, in the next seven columns the
description, and in the remaining columns the States or Districts.

The State or District columns are not placed in alphabetical order, as in the octavo editions, but are
grouped in Divisions somewhat similar in climate, and other characters affecting fruit culture. Thus:
1. — Northern Division — between 42° and 49°. 2. — Central Division — between 35° and 42°. ■'!. — South-
rn Division — between 28° and 3-J.

The State or District in which a fruit is recommended for cultivation is designated by a star (*), and
if the variety is of greal superiority and value, two stars (*k). if new or recently introduced and promising-
by a dagger if).

APPLES.

Explanation of Abbreviations.— The Size i- understood by 1. for large; m. for medium, and s. for small. The
Form — r. c. for roundish conical; ob. for oblong; r. ob. for roundish oblate; li. for flat or oblate; r. for roundish. The
Color — y. r. for yellow and red; r. s. for red striped; g. y. for greenish yellow ; ins. lor russetted ; y. ins. for yellow and
russet. The Quality — g. for good; v. g. for very good; b. for best. The Use— F. fruit valuable for ail family purposes;
K M valuable for kitchen or market purposes; P. M. family and market. The Season— S. forsummer; E. A.forearl)
autumn; L. A. for late autumn, and \V. for winter. All these characters of course only designate leading positive fea.
tures, and vary in their distinctness according to soil and climate in which they are grown. Tin' Origin is shown by
Kits, for Russian; Eng. for English; Am. for American; Ger. for German; F. for foreign.

VI

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS APPLES.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

1,-NORTHERN DIVISION-Between 42°

»

g

s

m
m

11!
1.
1.
1.

m.
m.
1.

m.
m.
1.

1.

1.
m.

1.
1.

,11
1.
1.

m.
m.
in.
1.

m.
m.

1.

1.

1.

1.
in.

1.

m.
m.
m.

1.

1.

1.

1.
m.

m.

I.

111.

111.

1.

m.

111.

111

1.

111.

111.

111.

111.

1.

1

1.

111

in

in

1.

c

fa

q

Eh

S

z

m

<

m

g

3
S

0

s

z
0

-
>
z

-:■:
K#

*
*

*

-

=
Zl

z

*

t

*

—
**

z
>

-::■

#

DO
X

A
#

*

--

*

■6

1

—
*

— '

z

-
—

t

*

1
1

>

z

*

*

v:-v>

*

-::■
*

#

*
*

*
*

*
*

*

Z

•X-

*

*
*

*

Z

*

*

*
*

*

*
#

*
t

*
*

*

*

*

*

*
*

3

1

Alerson's Early _

r.
r. c.
r.ob.

roll,

ob.

tl.

il.

r. c.
r.ob.
r. c.
r.ob.
r. e.
r. e.

r.ob.

r. e.
r. e.
r. C.
r. e.

r.ob.
r.ob.
r. c.
r.ob.
tl. c.
fl.

r.
r.ob.
r. e.
r.ob.
r. c.

tl.

r.
r. c.
r. c.

tl.

y.
r. s.
y. r.

g. y-

y. r.
y. r.
y. r.
g.y.
g.y.
r. s.
y. r.
V. g.
r. y.

y-

r. s.

y-

y r.
y. r.

y- >■•
g-y

r. s.

y- '■■

y. r.
d.r

y-

y. r.
r.
y. r.
y. r.
y. r.
y. r.

g-y-

r. s.
r. s.

v-g-

g-

v-g-

v.g.

b.

v.g.
v.g.
v.g.
v.g.
v.g.

v-g-
v.g.

v-g-

g-
g-
ff-
1).

g-

v.g.

v.g.
v.g.

b.

g-

n-

g-

v.g.

g-
v-g-

o\

v.g.

fr

v.g.
v.g.
v.g.

K.
K.M.
P.M.
F. M.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.
F. M.
KM.
F. M.
F.M.

F. M.
E.M.

F.
F.M.

KM

F. M.
F. M.

F.
F. M.

F.

F.

F M
F M

M.

M.

M.
F. M.

M.
F. M.

F.
F. M.

S.

F. A.

W.

w.

s.
. w.

A.
E. A.
L. A.
L. A.

VV.

W

W.

L A.
W.

\V.

W.

s.

W.

E.W.

W.

s.
w.

w.
w.

w.

L. A.
L. A.
W.
L. X
1,. A
E. A.
L. A.

S.
E.W

W.

s.
w.

w.
w.

w.
w.
w.

w.

s.
s.
E. A.
s
w

E. A.

W.
W.
W.
L. A.
W.
A.
W.
W.

Am.
Rus.
Am.
Am
Am.
Am
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am,
Am.
Am.
Am.

Eng.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am,
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Eng.

A m
Ger.
Am.

\in.
Am
Am.
Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.
A 111 .
Am.

Am.
N. s
Am.
Am.
F.
Am.
Am.
Am
Am.

Am.
Am.

Am.

Am.
Am.

Am.
Am
Am.
Am.

'-'

3
4
5
0

Alexander.

American Beauty

American Golden Pippin

American Summer Pearmain

Ann ild's Beauty . .

Aromatic * Carolina .:

**

8
ii

10
11
12
13

14
15
10
17
18

19

20
•?1

Autumn Bough

Autumnal Swaar,

Bailey Sweet

Baker

Baldwin...

Baltimore

Cable's GHUiflower. Mahaska.

Baltzley

Beauty of Kent .

Belden Sweet.

Belmont

Ben Davis

X, w York Pippin.

Benoui n,

Bentley's Sweet.

Berkshire Spy

*
*

i.i

Bethlehemite

23

"4

Bevan's Favorite

Black Apple.

25
26

27
28

2:i

m

./. rsey Black,

Blackshear

Blenheim Pippin.

Blue Pearmain •. ..

lion urn ....

Bourassa

Bower's Nonpareil

#

;n

Bowling's Sweet

32
34

Broadwell

1>i it tie Sweet.

Blown

--

35

Nottingham Brown.

Brace's Summer

Buckingham

36

r.ob.

r.ob.

H.
r. c.

tl. c.

r. c.

r.ob

r.ob,

r. C.

r. c.

r. e.

tl. e.

r.ob.

r.

11.

ob. e.

r.ob

e.
I- c

r.ob.

r. e

r.

r.ob.

1' oh

y-r.

y. r.

y-

V. Ills

y. r.
y. r.

y-

g. r.

s y-

r. s.
r. s.
g.y.r
g. r.

y-
y-

g. r.

y

y. r.
g r.

g-3
y. r.

y.

! 1
sr. y.

v.g.

»-

g-
b.

v.g.

g-

g-

g-
v.g.

v-g-
v-g-

g-

v e

g-

g-
v-g-

v.g.
g.

S'-

to'

b.
v g.

F. M

F.

F.

F. M.

F. M.
F. M.
F. M
M.K.
F. M.

F.
F. M.

M.
F.M

F.

M.
F.M.

M.

F. M
1' M

M.

M.

M.
F. M.
F.M.

37

Full Queen ofKt Mucky, Bachelor, Egui-

miih/.

Bull' ...'.

38
39

40
41

4'>

Buffington's Early .......

Bullock's Pippin

ican a "hi, a Busst 1.

Burlington Pippin

Calkins' Pippin

Oamak Sweet..

--

4.'!
44
45

4<;
1;

IS

4!l

1 Jumpfield _.

Canada Reinette

('amum Pearmain. .

Carolina Red June

olina Watson.....

Carter's Blue . .

( lane 1 'nek Sweet

-

51

52
53

Chattahoochee

( Ihenango St rawberry.

Sherwood's Favoritt .

Clark's Pearmain . . _

( tlayton

■x

54

55
56

Clyde Beauty

per

1 noper's Market

58

59

< tooper's Early Whiti

< logswell

Cole's Quince

m

Slender grower, but healthy.
A liurily tree; very productive.

1: \ i- larso* show \ fruit.

!* Fine for table ; too tender for shipping1.

is Valuable shipping sort.

'.'ii Fine Winter variety.

'.".' [{rsenililrs N.wtnw 11 Spitzenberg.
iT Liable to drop, at the West.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS APPLES.

Vll

and 49°.

II. -CENTRAL DIVISION.-Botween W and i:>.°.

III- SOUTH. DIV -Bet. 28" and 35°.

i

2
3

4
5

(i
7
8
9

10

11

12
13

14
15

,ii
17

is

1!)
-'II
•.'1
22
23
24

23
28
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

35
36

37
38
39

40
41
42
43

41
4")
46
47
4s
49
50
r,l

52

:,:;

.-,1

56
57
58
59

7.

3

X

Sk

St

7

-*•

*
X

X
X

3

5

■-:-
xx-^:

*

>

*
■::-

-:■:■
XX

*
X

#

*

* »

*
K

■:•:■

■:-:
*

X

X
*

-

*
*

*

XX

-•
>

X

*

X

X

■:■:
X

*
X

*

::

If

-

*
*

*

■::■
*

:>x-
xx

*
*

X

#
#

■::
X

*

*
*

*

»

*

':■-::■
:.-•::•

X
*

*
X

*

*
*

x
x

>
i
—

X

XX
Me

x-xx-
X*

XX
X*

7
■::■

XX

x--x-

XX
X

/

:■•;:•

X
*

*
X

*

*

X

xxx

X

■:,
X

*

x-x:

*
X

-X-

*
XX

1
X

:-
*

-

t

X
X

x-
XX*

X*
#

1

•

-:■;
*

XX

*
X

X*

X

— '

••:■

*
X

>

i

_
x-
*

#

■:;■
*

*

*

x
X

-x-x

::-:;■
IHI

*
*

Ml

x-x

IHI

*
X

:--::■

*

#

*
X

XX

*

■X-

x

<

*

X
X

»

■>:■

*

■::-

x:-

X

*

*
*

X
X

#
*

X

*

■:-:

x

>.

>
X

»

X

-x
*

X

*

XX

■: X

/

7

:■>:

X

::
XX

*

*

XX

x-::
x-

■x-
XX

*

xxx

*

XX

*#

■X

*

*

XX

*

XX

X

X

•X

X
X

*

X

•/.

s

•x-

X

*

■:■-..'
IX

X
X

X

a
■:■■

>

3
<

43 Valued lor stock and cider.

(0 Esteemed South und West.

48 Vulucd at the South.

vni

CATALOGUE OF FKUITS APPLES.

NAMES

DESCRIPTION.

1— NORTH DIVISION-Between 42°.

a
a

m
□3

o

r.ob.
ob.

r.ob.
tie.
r.ob.
r. c.
r. e.
r.ob.

11.
r. c.
r.ob.
r.ob.
I. oh.
r.ob.

r.
r.ob.

r.

11.
r. e.

r.
r.ob.
r.ob.

q
3

6-

<

X

f.'m.

F. M.

K.
F. M.
F. M.

M.

K."
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F.M.

F.

M.

M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

M

F.

F.

F.

z

2
1.

<

a

rJ2

3

5

>

t
#

■:.-->.-

-

-:■:-

-x-

X*
IHS

*

*

t

t
t

-:-:-■;:-

t

#

i
**

X

7

-

**

*
*

>

■>:-

*

-:;-:■,-
#

*

*
*

*

rl-4f

■::■

**
#

~

J.
*

-:,-

*
*

*
*

—
c

_rt
/

i

z

--

#
*

**
#

#

::

~Z

Z
_

t

■>:■

:;-::■

*

::■■::-

-;:-x-
t

|

**
*
*

»*

-X-

*
*
*#

**

t

-x-
*

XX

#

03

*

*

-■-

■X-

■x-
*

*
*

*

x

X

=1

~z

*

it

IHf
*

x-x

*

*

#
*

*
*

t

X-

»

-x-

*

X-
X*

x>
*
*

-X-

d

60
ill
6fl

Col vert

Cornell's Fancy -

1.

m.
1.

m.
1.

m.
1.
m
m.
m.
in.
1.
in
in.
rn.
in.
in
s.
1.

s.
111.
1.

y. r.
y- 1'-

y-
y-r.

r. s.

y-s-

y- '■■

g. y.

r. s.

g-

g. r.

y-

r. s.

y- '•■
g- y.
g- y.

1'. s.

y. r.

S-
r. s.

y-
y- >'•

e-

s-
g-

v. g.
v. g.

g-

g-
v-g-
v. g.

g-
v. g.
v. g.

g-

g-

V. g

v-g-

v-g-
b.

g-

V. g.

g-

v. g.

L. A.
LA.

1. A
W.

S.

w

L A.

W.
E A.

A.

W.

s
w.

s.

E. A.

S.

s.
S.

s.
s.
s.
w.

s.
w.

w.

E W.
A.
W.
W.
W.
W.

E A
E A.
1. A.
L. A.

A.

L. A.

W.

s.
s.

A.

W.

I, W.

s.
w.

A.
W.

I. A

S.
A.

w.

W.

s.
w.

s.
w.

L. A.
W

w.
w.

Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Gei
Ger.
Rus.
F.
Am.
Ger
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Eng.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am
Am.
Am.
Am

Am.
Am
Am.
Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am,
Am.
Am
Ger.
Am
Am
Am,
Am
Am.
Am.
Am

Am.
\m
Am.

Am
Am.
tier.

Am.

Am

63

Creek -

64
65

Cross -

66
67

68

Curtis Sweet -

Danvers' Winter Sweet - -

Dean

• -

(ill

70
71
72
73

74
75
76

Dominie

Drapd'Or...

Dutch Mignonne - - .

Duchess of Oldenburg

Dyer, or Pomme Royal

Early Harvest -

**

77

78

71

Early Pennock

80

81

89

Edgar Red Streak

WaVbndge.

**

83

84

English Russet -

PSughkeepsu Bussi t.

111.

1.
111.

r. c.

ob.

r.ob.

y ins

y. r.
r. s.

v. g.
b.

V. g.

F. M

F. M.
F.

85

Eustis

87

88

Evening Parly

Ewalt ..

111.
1.
1.
1.

1.

1.
1.
i.

m.
m.
m.

in.
in.
1

m.
m.
m.

fl.

r.
ob.c.
r. c.

r.ob,

fl.

r.
r.ob.

ob.c
r.ob.

r.ob.

fl.c.

11.

fl.
r.fl.

fl.
r.ob.

r.

y- '■

y. r.

g. y-

g- y-

g.y.

y- >•■

g. v

y. r

>'■ )'■
r. s.

y- «••

r. s.

°y-

y. r
y. r.
r. s.

V. g.

g-

V. g.

g-

g-
g-
g-

v g.
[T

h
v. x;.

v. g.

v. g.

g-
g-

g-

a-

F. M.

M.
F. M.

M.

M.

M
KM.
F. M.

F. M

F.

F. M.

M.
F. M.

F. M~
M.
M.

81

110

itl

Fallawater.

F'ornwalder, Tulpeliocla n.

Fall Harvey-. ...

Fall Jenneting

93

Full Orange

114

95
96

it

18

Pall Pippin

Holland Pippin, erroneously.

Fall Queen, or llass, Gros Pommier

Fall Wine....

Fameuse

Pomme di Neige, Snow Aj>j/!< .

#*
##

11

Fanny ..-.

100

Ferdinand

101
109

Ferris

Fink . .

103

1114

Fourth of July

Foust's Winter ...

105

infi

Foundling

Fulton . ..

m.
m.
m.

m.
in.

s.

m.

1.
in.

m
1.

1.

1.

in.
in
in.

r.ob
tl.
r.ob.
r.ob.
r. c.
r. e.

r.

fl.
r.ob.
r.ob.

r.
r oh
r.ob.

tl.
r.ob.
r.ob

y>'-
g- y.
'■■ y
y '■
y-

y. r

1'. s.

3 >'■
g. y.
y nis.

g y-

y. r.
y. r.

g- y.
g- y

g- y.

g-
g-
g-
b.

-

o-
&■

V. g.

V. .-
v. g,

< g
g-

V. g.
V. g.

<T

S"
V. ff,

F.
M.
M.

F.
K.
M.

F. M
KM
F M
F. M
F. M.
F. M
F. M.
F. M.
KM.
1

107
108
109
110

111

Gabriel - . ....... —

Garden Royal .... . .

Garretson's Early.

i (ilpin

GuirthouiH . Littlt BomaniU .

--

11 9,

Goff

113

114
115

Golden I>ixie ... ... ...

Golden Russet of Western New York. .

**

116

117
1 18

Granite Beauty ...

Gravenstein

i treen Cheese. .. ...

--

119

120

Gn en Sweet

i irimes' < lolden

--

"0 Productive and hardy.

73 0 »t ( he most hardy variel ies.

7i Valued for dessert.

7". Succeeds besl on strong soils.

" \ delicious table sorl ; tr< i small

growth.

78 Populai market sort.

79 ' Continues a long time ripening :

often called Red Juneating,

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS \H'I.1>

IX

and 49°.

II.— CENTRAL DIVISION Between 35 ind

III.— SOUTH. DIV.-Bet.28° and 35°.

5

Z

60
61
63

63
(14
65
66
67
68
69
711
71
72
7::
74
7-1

76

77
7s
79
80
81

82
83

84
85
86
87
88
89
90

91
92
93

!)4

95
96
97

98
99
1011
101
102
103
mi
105
106
107
108
109
110

111
112
118
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

S3

7"

33

-

*

*
*

*
**

*

*

*
*

-
Z
it

r.

a
3

6

■a

zi

~7.

a
*

*

■::■
*.

*

31

C

■::-
*
*

•

s

>

>.

**

-::■

■:■:-:;
-:-
«

-x-
*

*

XX
■::-

#

•;••
XX

*

as

>
-

z
*

*

■::-
xx

-::-

-:.-

**
*

*
*

d

Q

*
**

-::-
■:,-

*

*

*

*
**

d

Q

— ;

-:■:■■::-

*
*

*

*

*
*

*

x-xx
#

*

*
#

xxxx

**

::-

St

XX

■::-

-:■.-
•:-:-

XX

x-
-::-

**

*
*

*
*

«

-:•■

*

-
-

z

5

#

*

*
*
**

*
*

*
*

*

*

*
*

*
*

*
*
*

*-
*

::-

*
*

-

#

*

-::■
*

-;;■
x

-::■

*

■:■:-

*
*

#

::- If
K

1

Ti

OD

1.

<

>.

c

3

a
##

V*

xxxx

**
*
*

*

*

■:: *

xx

si

y
/

r-

**
*-#

xxxx-

(HI

A

':

a

*

XX -X

**
*
*

*
*

*

-:•:■
*
*

1

*

**

-/.■
■:■:-

-
Z

#

xxxx-

*
*

*#

**

*

-::
#

■X-

*
*

•:■:■
**

C
/
x

**

#
•X-
#

*
#

xx
-x-

::■
*

**

#

»

*

s

z

-X--X-

*

*

*

*

*

t

*
**

*

*

-X--X-

-

-
/.

r,

#

*
#

*

*

-x-

*
#

*
#*

*
*

*

*

—

*

*

*
*
*

*

*

-x-
*

*
#

*

*
*

>
*

#

*
#

■x-
x-x-

5H(

-X-
*
iHi

*
■X-

-X-
*

*

a

B
P

5

z
r.

■■■■■
ex*

-X-
XX

XX XX

«
-X-

*

xxxx
*

*

XiXX-

*
*

■X-

XX

*

x-x

-

<

*

*

■X-

*

*

*
*
*

*

*

*

*

#
*

*

*

*

XX

*

■-

z

■-

t
-

*

XX

-x-xx-

*

x:

'5.

Z-

1
1

7
/

~-

XX

xxxx

X

X-

XX

X

XX

*

a

'7
:

XX

*

*

#
*

*

*-x-
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx

*
*

*

*

XX
XXX

*

xxxx
*
*

XX

*
*

xx ::•
xxxx

XX

x;

1

X

'-

*

-x
-X-*

x:-X'

:■:■
xxxx

c

X

z

a

□
c

<

in A hard; tree ; one oi the best for i he

h and \v.->t.
i"-.' Valuable :i- a i erj late keeper.

ry hardy 1 1 . dsome fruit.

his i ii ;l delicious pi

i n Rlpene eai \\ i keeps late.

us One ..I the beal South.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS APPLES.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION-.

I.-N3RTH. DIVISION Between 42"

IS

B
«

S
P

a

S3

f.

m

3

0

►J

I*

<

a"

X

o
■si
<
a
j.

z

s

o

7
>

-::

-::■■::■
*#

-::■
■::

1

2

*

#«

1

!
**

»
*

j.
*

*
#

*
*

*

*
*

«

*
t

*
tttt

J.

t
*

*

*

*
*

*

*

#
#

IHi
*

*
*

3

##
1

I

•X-

t
#

#*

*
*

*

#*

*

*

*

*

*
#

*•

*

*

*

*

*

*
*

#

■:;•
*

*

*

#
*

-K-

#
*

*
*

#

*

**

*
*

"fl

z
-

fl

121

Gully -

fi.

11.

r.

ti.
r.ob.
r.ob.

r.
r. c.

r.

r.ob.

r.
r.ob.

11.
r.

r. c.

r.ob.

ob.

r ob.

r.
r oh.
r.ob.

r.
r.ob.
r. c.
11. e.
rob.
r. c.
r. c.

r. c.
r.
fl.

S- 3 ■
y. r.

'• >'■

S )

- 3
r. s.
y. r.

y- !••
g- y-.

y. r.
g. \
y. r.
y. r.

g. r.
y. r.

y. r.
y. rus.

y-

y. r.

1'. s.

y- r.
y. r.

y '■

r.
y. r.
w. r.

g-

y. r.

g.y il r

g- y-

rus.
y r.

v. g.

V. g.

g-

V. g

.-
g.

g.
V. i£.
V. g.

g-

g-

v. g.

V. g.

IP'
o-

V. g.
V. g.
V. g.

5-

v. g,

»r

O*

V. g.

V. g.
p"

"'.

IP
&■

v. g.

s

<v_

"".

v.g

i

F.

F.
F.M

F.

KM

M.

1 'hi.')

F.
F.M.

K.

KM

K.

F.M.

F.M
KM.

F.M
F. M
F.M
F.M.
F.M
F.M
F.M.
F. M
F.M
F.M.

K.
F.M.

M
F.M

K.M

F.M
F.M.

W.

W.

A.

E. A.

,; ,\
\v.

L. A
L. A.

S.

w.

L. A.
\V

L.W.

s.

w.

w.

W.

L.'A.

B. \\
w

E. A.

F. A.
W.

\Y.
S.
W
1,. A.
A

E A

E.W.
W.
w
w

E A

E. A.
W.
YV
W.

s.

L. A.

W
w
W.

w

F. A.

E. A
E. A

W

W

W
E. A

W

W.

W

W

W

W

w

Am
Am
Am.
Ain
F.
Am.

Am
Am.

Am.

F.

Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am
Am
Am.
Am
Am.
Am.

Am.

Eng
Am.
Am.

Am.

A in
F.

Am.
Am.

\m

Am.
Am.

All!

A in
Am

Am.
Am.

Am
Am.
Am.
N.S
Am
\ tn
\ tn
Am
Am.

122

Hall -

123

1.

in.
m
1.
s.
ni.
s.

m.
1.
in.

in.

ni.

1.

1.

in.
1.

ne
in.
in.
in.
in
in.
m
in.
in.
1.
in.

r.

in
in.

124
125
126

127
128

1"'.)

Haskell Sweet

Hawtborndeu1 ---

Hartford Sweet .

Iligbv Sweet

#

130
131
132

Sweet June.

Hockett's Sweet.

Holland Pippin

Holly

133

I'M

Hoover

Black ( 'oal.

--

135

Horse _

130
137
138

Haas.

Hubbardston Nonsuch

Hunt Russett -

139

140

141
142

Hurlbul --

Irish Pippin

Jefferson County ...

--

143
144
1 15
146

Jersey Sweet . ..

Jewett's Fine Red.

Jonathan ...

*

147

148
14!)

150
151

Junaluskee ....

Kentucky -

Kentucky Red Streak

Bradford's /!, st.
Keswick ( lodlin . — -

Key's Fall -- -

L52
153

Kinnaird's Choice

154
1 55

King of Tompkins County

1.

in.
in.

s.

1.

Ill

1.

ill.

1.

m.
ni.

1.

1.

1.
in.

1.

m.
in.
m.

1

1.

in.

in

r.
ob.

11.

fl.

r.
r. fl.

oil.

r.

r.ob.
r.ob.

r.

a.

r. e.

r.

r.
r.fl.
r.ob.

r.ob.

r.ob.
r. 11
r. tl.

r. e.

fl.
11.

r.ob.
r c.

y. r.

g- y-

y. r.
y. r.

y. r.
y. r.

-'■ y.

y- >'■
y- r.

y. r.

rus.
y. r.

g- y.

g- y-
g- y-

g. r.

y. r.
y. r.
y. i.
y. r.
a i
r. s.
y. r.
y. r.
y. r.

"' V

V. g.

ir
-'

g'

V. g

v. g

g-

v g.

V. g,
V. g

O"

.-■

"

V. g.

g-

g'

v. g.

V g.
V. g
V. g.

v. g
V, g
V. g

V, g

ir

F.M
KM
K.M
F.M
F.M.
M.
F.M.

F.M

F M.
M.
K.
M

F. M

F.M
K.M
F M
F M
F.M.
F.M
F. M
F. M

F.
F M
F.M.

M
F M

#

156
157
158

1 59
100

Klaprotli -

Lady's Sweet . -.

Lansingburg

161

163
163

164

Sinn ni< r Sir, , t llnmjli.

Late Strawberry

. 1 ni, nun Strawberry.
Lawyer.

Limber Twig .. .

*

165
166

Loudon Pippin

Lowell

Or,' a fn\ Tallow Pippin, Queen Anne,
Michigan Ooldt n Pippin.

#

168

10!)
170
171
172
173
174

i ;5

170
177

Maiden's Blush

Major

Mangum

Mann -

Mano et

Mary Womac -

Marquis of LoVne

Marston's Red Winter

Mason's Stranger

*

178
17!)

Maverack Sw eet

Mnxj

in.
in.

12") One of the most profitable of market
sorts.

127 Valued only lor eider.

128 A delicious dessert apple.

137 A hardy tree unit the- fruit. Supposed
io in' identical with Golden btusset of

Mass., but not fully decided.

143 Very valuable for market or stoelc.
WS Hardj ami productive South-west.
lii^ A profitable market sort.
172 A valued sweet apple.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

XI

and 49".

II.— CENTRAL DIVISION-Bet.ween:i.Vand 42°.

III.— SOUTH DIV.-bet. 28* and 35°.

2

3
S
P

121
122
123
124
125
12(5
127
128
129

130
131
132
L33

134
135

136
137
138
139
140
141
142
14:1
144
145
146
147
148
149

150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160

161

162
163
104
165
166

16?
16b

Hi!)

170

171
17'.'
173
174
175
176
177
178
179

~7.

-

■::-

-

z

*

5
*

-
>

_

*
#

-:■:■•"■
*

*

*X
*

-::•■;:
■::■

>.

*

*

»

-

i

-::■
-:;

-::■
*

*4

-
-

3

■::-
*

*
*

*

■:h:

::■■::■

'5

>

*

::-

*
*

-::
•::-

■::■•:;
■:■:■

*
*

a

_'
c

-::■-::-
*

-:-
-"-

*

■:;
Ji-
lt*

*

*

*
#

•:■:■

#
**

s
c

*

v.-

■::-

*
*

*

#
*

*

*

#

*

#

**

'3

>

#

*

*

*#

^2

**

»

::■
■:-

■::

#
*

:: •::■
*

**

-:'■::

::

l'

/
/

B
r-

->::•

■::-•:■
1

*#

**
**

■::■

■:;■■::

X

*

**

t
*

•::■
-::■

*
»

t

-:■:■

#

::■-.■

>

*
#

*

*
**

*

*

*
t

#*

**

7

»

■::■
*

■;:-
#

*

■::-

»
t

*

3

*
#

#
*

t

':■
-;:■

i

*
•::■
*

*
K

*
*

1

##

If*
**

—

*

*
■:■:-

■X-

*

*

*

*
*

#
*

>
25

z.
—

-:'■
#

*

#

*

*

■::•
*

*
*

-
r.
*

*

**

*
**

-::-::

s

3

*

*-x-

;:-

-::-

•:.•■
#

1

■::-
If

#

i

K

*

*
*

*

#
*

*
*

*

*
*

-:■:-
*

*

*

■::

1

-.:■
■::•

■-

—

/

**

*
**

#

'E

' /

X

1
J

-.-
*

X

'a

5

: :■

*

*

*
*

*

*

*

■::■

*
*

##

*

*

-::•::

«

*

*
#

i
X

*

*

*

_

y

eedUng from li:iciib.^. which It resembles.

xn

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

l.-NORTH DIVISION-Between 42°.

-
-
-

-

B
s:

c

C
—

>
&
v. g.

V. g.

II.'

V. g.
V. g.

g.

v. g.

g

II

g-

v. g.
V. g.

1.
g.

tr

il

V. g.

a

V g.
V. g.
V. g.

V. g

V g

v g

0

g

N '-

tr

■- ■

v. g

V. g.

v. g

b.

b.

v. g.

s-
II.

g-
g-

v. g.

g-

V. g.

&■

v. g.

v.g
g-

1).

g'

v.g.
e-

£
V, g

tr.

a
/.

F. M

F. M.
F M
F. M.
F M
KM
F. M.
K.M.
F. M.

K.

F. M.
KM.

F. M.
F. M.

F. M.

F. M.

F. m.

F. M

F.

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F. M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M
K.M.

F.
F. M.
F. M

F.

F.
F. M
F. M.
F M
CM.

F. M.
K.M.
F. M.
F. M.
K.M.
F. M.

F. M.
Cidei
F. M.
F. M.

K.M.

F. M.
F.

IS

c

3
5

o
_
I.

>
*

-:■:■

ft*

1

ft

-'■:■

■:■:■

-

'i

j.

r
-

-

##

ft*

t

ftft

t

ft*
ft-
ft
*

ft*

"7

=
>

**

-:.-■

#*

r

V

f-

:■

■;:

.■

—
o

#
#

■::-
ft

■:■:■ ■

3

o
O

Y

t

-:■--::-

i

#

o
#

-:.■■::■

*
**

-:<-
-:v
*

#
##

c

5
*

#

■:-
»#

*

08
--I

U

s

*

*
'#
*

*

*

*

#

::■■:;

■::-
-::-

■::-x
*

*

■:;-
■

B

S
7

5

180

181

182
183
184
185
180

McAfee's Nonsuch.. ....

Largi Stripi d Pearmain.

McLellan. . . ...

Mellinger

Melon .

Milam... .

Milden, or Milding

1.

m.
in.
m.

m.
1.

1.

1

in.
ni.
in.

in
1.

in.

1.

m.

1.
m
m.

1.

m.
m,

in
in.
m.
m.

1

m
in.

1.

1.

m.
m.
s.

1.
m.

1.

m.
m.
m.

1.

1.

1.

in.
in.

1.

1.
in

1.

1. nil.

r. oli.
r. c.
r. ol>.

r oil

r.
fl.
ob.

11.

r. ob.

r. c.

fl.

r. oli.
r. ob.

r. ob.

r. oli.

r.

r. c.

rl.

ob.

r. ob.

oil.

ob.

r. oli.

rl.

r.

r, c.

a.

r. oli
r. ob
r. ob
(1.
r. ob.

r. c.
r. ob.

ob.

r. c.
r. ob.

r c
r. ob.

c.
r. ol>
r.olil.

r. ob.

ob.

fl.
r. c.

r.
r. ob.

r. c.
r.

r. oli.
r. ob.

ob. c.

r. oli.
r. oli.

y '

y r.
r. s.
y. t.
r. s.
r. s.
y. r.
r. s.
y. r.

r.

y- '■

3

g y

y. i.

r. s

y g.
y. r.

r. s.

y-

y. r.

y-

g- y-

y. r.
r. s.

g y.

HIS.

r. s

r. s.

a y. r

g- y-
s- y-

y. ins.
g. y.

y

y-
M-y

y-

y ■'■
y >'■

y-

r. s.
y. r.
y. r.
y. r.
y r.
y. i.

i r.

r. s.
y. r.

j . i.
g. y.
y. r.

W.

w.

E.W.
W.
A.

w

A W

L. A.
W.

w.
w.

L. A.
W.

w.

w.

w.

w.
w.

E.W.

A.
L. A.

A

W.

w.

A.
W.
W.
W.

w
w
w.
w.
w.

A.

w.

W.
E. W

A.
E. A.

W.
LAV

W.
E.W.

W.
L. A.

I.. A.

w.

s.

w.

L. A.

I.. A
E W

w

S.
W.

s

\ m

A m.
Am
Am.
Am,

Am.
Am.

Am

Am.
.Yin
Am

Am.

A 01

\m

Am.

Eng
Am
Am
Am.
Am.

Am

Am
Am
Am.
Am
Am

Am
Am
Am.
Am.
F.
Am.
Am
Am
Am
Am.
Am,

Am.

Am.

Am

F.

Am.

\m

Am
Am

Am

187

188

189
190
191

/,'. d i 'hi • I. Pippin

Moore's Sweet . _.

Mother

192
198

194

195

196

197
198

Orangi Sweet.
Nansemond Beauty
Newtown Pippin .-.

Albemarli Pippin, Brooke's Pippin.
Newtown Spitzenberg .. . - . .... . ...

Vandt vere, of N< w York.
Nickajack ...

Missouri Pippin.

Nonpareil Russet.

Northern Spy -

*

199

200
201

9m

Oconee Greening.

Ohio Nonpareil

Orange Pippin..

Ortley

"08

White Bellflower, Woolman's Long.
( »toe Red Streak

204
205
200
207
208
209
210
911

Peach Pond Sweel ..

Puck's Pleasant . ...

Perry Russel

Pewaukee ...

Philip's Swi el

Pickard's Reserve

Pilot

*

212
213
214

" 1 .".

Pleasant Valley Pippin

Plumb's Cider.. - ...

Pommt Grise .n

Porter.

*
*

"10

Premium . ...

217

218
219
220
221

President. -

Primate

Progress . . . ....... . . . .

Protber's Winter

Pryor's Red

223

224
225

220

227
■>"N

Lyman's Pumpkin Sieet t.

Pyle'sRed Winter

Ramsdell's Sweet

Rambo . .

Rawle's Genel ....

Red Astrachan . . . - ....

*
»*

229

Old NonsucJi, BkJtJield Nontueh, Steele's
Hi il Winter of some
Red Cathead. .. ..

..

":il

Red Ranee

m.

in.

m.

1.
m.

232

233

23 1

285

1 led Winter Pearmain ..........

Buncombe.

Red Stripe

Rhode Island Greening

Rhodes' Orange

.-

183 One of the most delicious apples; tree 195 'This apple is known South and West by 202 An old varietj : extensively planted ai
apoorgrower. over forty different nan iei the West twenty or more years since.

[90 Esteemed whereknown, 200 Esteemed where known.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

Mil

ami 19C.

11.— CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35" mid 42'.

111.— SOUTH. DIV.-Bet. 2»° and 35°

•A

180

181
182
183

184
185
186
187
188

189
L90
191

192
193

194

195

196

107
198
199
200

■.'01

203

203

■Jul
205
206
207

209
210

211

212

213
214
215

'J1H
217
218
219
220
221
222

823

22 i

22<i
227
228

231
232

234
235

-

i.

aj

~

*
*

q

z

T

Z

3

-

i

-:■:-
•

0

z
=1

5

*

XXXX

*

*

#

■••■■•■■-

2

'5

-
>

#

*

*

*
*

*

*
*

x

*

-:■:-
-x-

•>:•;:■

-
-

**

*

*

*
-s-

i-

j

Q

*

*
*

-::■
*

::•;:■
x

Q
?t

-:-
;x
*

#*
*

*
*

*
*

*

*
**

X-XX

>

*

XX

S

*
*

■::■::-
■::■

*

■':■

#

:;■::■

■»«
-x-

-::■

*
*

*

*

*
*
*

*
*

*

XX

x

**

x-x-

*

-'

■::■
*

*

*

*
#
t

•::■
*
*

XX

■::•

x

::■■;:•
*
x ■::■
#

x

■:-:

d

c

5

—

>

X

-

x:-xx
*

*

i

*

>.
-

-::■-::■

*

*
**

*
*

**

*

**
*

*#
*#
*#

::■*

-

=
Z
'-

*

■:.■
#

*

X*
H

0
C

■::■

*

■': x

*

*
*

■::-

#

*
« ::■
##

■::■::
:■: x

a

c

■::■
■::

*

*

■::•
*

(HI

*

xxx

7.
y

*

-x-;x

+

*

*
*#

•X-

XX

W#

its

#

A

t

xx

*

t
t

t

-X-

*

■:;■

y
/.

■r-
#

*
*

*

•::■

■::-■::■

C

#
*

#

*

■:-:-
*

■a

i

o

*

■::-

**

•::■
*

*

vS

■::■

C3
C
_"

z

'-

-::■
SHf

■x*

X-
*»

c
]

#

iHf

X

#

-

*

*

#
*

#

*

*
*
*

*

*

*

fe

—
-

r:

-a

-
i.

<

*

*

■x-x

/
1

*

XXX

x

-
C

3
*

#

x:-:x

-X-

*
#

XX-

*
*
*

*

■X- X'

*

: X'
x

X

x;x:

Xv

x
x;-xx

-
_

.•ic; \ in" variety; originated in Nebraska
jii \ till- •■! small growth; Bucceeds well
hi the N'orlh.

220 Valued chieflj t>n- n- kei pins hixi i i.

:::>i Best •■! al

332 Extensively grown South and Wesl

XIV

CATALOGKE OF FKUITS APPLES.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

1. -NORTH. DIVISION -Between 42°

&

a

3

to

o3

0

g

-

<
&

H

50

-

K

O
%
<

3D

_

a
O

s

c
;.
r.

-
%
Z

**

*
*

X

11
3

-
SHE

t

■1

**-
*

—

-

#

-:: ■■::-

t

*

>

If*

#

*

«*

/-

a>
/.

~Z
~
%

•x.

-

#

**

■::-

*

—
C

J.

-

**
*

*
*

■::-

*-

*

a
Z

Z

*
*

2
>

?■

*

*
*#

*

*

*
*

#

*

*

Z
#*

*
*

«

c

CS

:l

"ir
ie

#

*

*
**

*

■::■

*
*

*
*

*

#

**

*
*

B
1

z

5

2;iG
237

•>:;s

Kill -hm Pippin . ...

Richard's Graft

Ridge Pippin ..

in.

m.

1.

1.

m.

m.

m.
s.
111.
1.

111.
1.
1.
111.

m.
m.

s.
1.
1.
111.

s.

m.

111.
m.
S.
m.
1.

in.
111.
1.

in.
1.
1.
111.

r.

r.oli.
1. e.

r.ob.

c.

r. ob.
r. c.

r.

r.
r.ob.

fi.

fl.
r.ob

r. e.

tt

r. e.

r.ob.

r.ob.

tl.
r. e.

r.

r.ob
r. e.

tl. e.
r.ob
r. c.
r.ob.

c.
r.ob.

tl.
r. e.
r. e.

nil C

r.

r.

fi.
r.ob
r.ob
r.ob
r.ob.
r. e.

tl.
r. c.
fl.c.

tl
r.fl.

fl.

r.
r.ob.

r.

r.ob.

fl.

ob

tl.
r.ob.

fl.
r. c.

r.ob.

y. r.

r. s.

y. rus.

g. y-
y-

g. y.

y. r.

y rus.

y r.
y. rus.

y. r.

r. s.

y t.

r. s.
r. y.
y ''.
y. r.
y. r.
r. s.
y. rus.
y. r.

y. r.

y-

y. rus.
g y.
y. r.

y-
y-

r. s.
y. r.
y. r.
y" rus.
y. r.

y. r.
g.y.

y. r.
r. s
r. s.

g. y.

v. rus.

y-

r. s.
y. r.
y. r.
y. r.
y. r.
y. r.

.1- v

r s

y

r. s.

y. r.

y. r

\ rus

y- r.

y-

y '

V. g.

V. g.

%■

g-

S-

v- g-
v. g.

V. g.

g-

V. g.

v. g.

v. g.

g-

s-

V. g.

-

ir
&■

g-

V. g.
V. g.

&■

(r

&■

V. g.

v- g-
i

&
g-
g-

V. g.

-

g.
g.

1).

V. g.

tr

»•
V. g
V g

b.

v. g.
v. g.

g-

g-

v. g.

g-

v g

V. g.

-

V. g.

-
1.

!

F.M.
F.M.

M.
P.M.
P.M.

M.

P.
F.M.
P.M.

M.
F.M.

M.
F.M.

F.

P.
F.M.
F.M.
F.M.
K..M.

F.

F.
K.M.

M
F.M.

F.

F.

F.

F.
F.M.
K. M.
F.M.
KM.

M.
K.M.

F.

F.

F.
P.M.
F.M.
F.M.

F.

F.

M.
F.M.

K.
F.M.
F.M:

F.
KM.

M.

F.
F.M.

F.K.

M

F.

M.

F.
F.M
F.M.

M.

w.

E A.
W.

1. A.

W.

W.
L. A.

W.

A.
E. A.

A.

L. A.
W.
W.

w.
w.

s.
E. A.
i: A.

1, A

S.

w.
w

A.

s.

s.
s.

E. A.

K S.

S.
E. A.

A
E.W
K W.

W.
E.W.

A.

A.
S.
W.
W.

w.

w.

s

s.

K A.

A.
W.
W.
W.
W.
A
E A

W.

Eng
Am.

\ Ml

Am.

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.

Am.
Am.
\ in
Am.
Am.
Am.

Eng

Am

Am.

Am.

Am
Am.
A m.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am
Am.
\m
Am
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am

Am.
Rus
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am

Am.
Am.

Am.

A 111.

Am
Am.
Am.

A 111

Am.

289
240

'-•41

243

■Ml

Robinson's Superb

Robertson's White ...

Rock Pippin .

Li mon.

Rockport Sweet

Rornanile, of the South

Roman Stem

"4:,

Rome Beauty

246

°47

Roxbury Russet.

Saint Lawrence

248

250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257

258
•250
2G0
261
262
?63

Sarah .

Saxton . . .

Fall Strii

Sheppard's Sweet

Shiawassee Beauty

Shockley . .. ...

Smith's Cider

Smokehouse -

Somerset, of Maine.

Somerset , of New York ...

Sups of Wine

Hominy.

Soulard .-.

Si hi hem Porter

Spin- Russet

Stansill

Stark

■'iil

Summer Bellfleur

265

Summer Hagloe

Summer King

267

268

■>ii'i

Summer Queen

Summer Pound Royal..

Summer Pippin

--

";n

Champlain.

271
"7"

Summer Sweet Paradise

1.

m.
in
1.
1.
111
111.
m
1.
in.

2 7:;
274
275
276
PI77

Sutton Beauty

Striped Sweet Pippin

Swaar

Sweet Belle et Jim me..

Sweet Pear

--

278
279
280

•>si

Sweet Winesap

Taunt on _

Tetofsky

Tewksbury Winter Blush

*
*

•>n->

Tillaquah...

111
ill.
111.
111.

111
1.

in.

m.

1

1.
in.

1

1.

m

284
285

■■si;

Tininoutli . .

Taltnan's Sweel

Hocking.
Trenton Early

->:-*

287

"SS

Twenty ( >unce Apple.

{ d Streak.
Utter...

#

»S'I

Vandevere

290
391

Victuals and Drink..

Virginia Greening

292
293
294

295

Wagener

Wartield
Washington
Washing
Washington R 13 al

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS -APPLES.

x\

and W.

II. CENTRAL DIVISION. Betwi i and 43°

III -SOUTH. DIV— Bet. 28' and 35'\

N 1 MBKK.

Minnesota
Dakota,
Montana.
\\ voming.

- B >>

S " 7

> t £
Ha >. J: '

z 2 z • • s

JS ~ M - s -

^ := r i. z q

- .£

1 | -

*

5 5

a

>

0

-a
-

S

4

-
-

Z

3

■ S
S J* -

-

s -

i - ^ -i :

a' ~

■S -

. o '=
■~ 5 . « .- i

g E - .2 = •■
- = - ;?|SgS

1 S =3 I S JB S | *

•

'1 "5 S I .2

- c - - -

3 ^ ^- a <!

":i(i

-- # -- -

°:ir

238

1

-- #

240

- - #

241

w

243

.. i

#*#*---

°44

* *

* *

* *

* *

#

::■ ;:

*

-::

245

* * * # -

;: - -

246

"47

* - -

24!l

250

251

252

** * *

* *

* --

-;:•

•:■:-

253

* ** * * -

-• -- # ----#----«

254

** **

257 « .. .

* - --

* -

#

-■

*«

*# - - * - - -

TlTP wit 'A"H'

258

259

260

262

# -

t -

*

263

::•

264

*

265

'>(»;

»«

+

267

-• * -•

:

t - ■

■:■:-:■:

--##--

2<;s

260

■370

•J 71

•--*-• * # #

** * --

#

* •-

-;■■-:

-::-

* # # * -

-*-•* *---

•372

273

2 4

* --

* - -

--

*

275

•-*#»-

- -- # # # -- --

277

278

* -•

*

270

280 * .

281

** *• - -

* - -

28 1 ,
285

* # --

#

k - -

•;:■

-::-

* -K- i

286

*

*

*

* - -

--

- # -

• * -- * ----#----

288

289

-:■:•

290

291

N - - - -

■::

» » t » -

? ..

293

# - ■ *

distinct from Gilpin oi Bhockley.

XVI

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES — CRABS.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.-N0RTH. DIVISION.-Between 42°.

a
s

a
z;

m

■z

m.

s.
m.
m.

s.

1.

1.

1.

s.

m.

1.

m.
m.
m.

1.
m.

1.

m.

1.
m.

1.

in.

1.
1.
1.

-
fa

q
O

>

<
U

X1

si
c

■/-

<
a

03

2

s

5
c

2

z
■~
j.

■r.
>

z

-

1
-

ffl

*

'—
j.

C
=
-

-
->:-■::-

c

53
>

ir

1

~z

J.

c;

ca

j.
f

-

*

—

-

rt
r.

5

*

-::■■;;-

o

O

t

z
>

2;

■::■
*

*
*

*
*

*

*

c

=i

-X-
*

■::-

'7

290
297

298
299

Water... .... .

Waugh's Crab - -

Wealthy

Webb's Winter

r. e.
r. c.
r. ob.

r.
r.ob.

r. oli.

r. e.
r. ob.

r.
r.fl.

r.ob.
r. c.
r.ob.
r. c.
r.
r. c.

r.

r.

r.ob.

fl.

fl.

ob.
r. ob.

fl.
r. c.

fl.

y. r.

r. s.
r. s.

y-

g.y.

r. s.

y. r.

g-y-

g-y.

y. r.

g y

y. r.

g-y-

y. r.
y. r.

y- >••
y '■•

y. r.

g-y-

r. s.
y. r.

g-y-

y.

y-r-
y

r. s.

v.g.

g-

v.g.

g-

g-

v.g.

b.

6"

%•

s-

v.g.
v.g.

g-

g-
v-g-

g-

v.g.
v.g.

V g.

v.g.

g-

v.g.

-

g-
g-

v.g.

F.
Cider
F. M.

F.

M.
F. M.

F. M.
K.M

F. M.
M.

F. M.
F. M.

M.

M.
K.M.
K.M.

F. M.

F. M

F.

F.
F. M
F. M.

F.

F. M.

F.
F. M.

E.W.
W.

W.

w.

w.

s.

w.

E. A.

s.
w.

w.
w.

L. A.

s.
s.
w.

w

w.
w.
w.
w.
w.

s
w.

A
E.W

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.

Am.
Am

**

::-*

800
301

302
303
304
305

306
30?
308
308
310
311

313

Wellford's Yellow.

Western Beauty —

Grosh, Summer Rambo, etc.

Westfleld Seek -no-further

White Doctor ...

White Juneating, May, Early .May, &c
White Paradise

Lady Finger.

White Pippin .

While Winter Pearmain. - ...

White Rambo.. ...

Williams' Favorite. -

Willis Sweet.

Willow Twig-

James Rivt r.
Wine ....

*

313

814
315
316
317
318

Hay's Wine, Pennsylvania Red Streak.

Winesap. ... .-

Winter Sweel Paradise ...

Wythe

Yellow Bellefleur . ... .. .. ...

*

319

NantahaU < .

320

Yopp's Favorite. . . . .

311 Valuable for late keeping.

II.

APPLES — CRABS.

NAMES

DESCRIPTION.

1.-N0RTH. DIVISION-Between 42°.

OS

a

05
55

a

S3

■7.

s.
1.

s

s

IS

o

fa

r.fl.
r.

-

o
_

C

g-

v-g-
g-

a

X

:

X

-<

a

c

L
1.

■X-
#

-:■;

—

'5

*
t

■Z-

=

=

5

—

oj

CO

r
.-

7
J.

Zi

-r
j.

0

r
c

-X-

*

>

lU

*

*
#

*
*

5

-

-::■

*

*

c

=

1

2
3
4

Byer's Beauty. .

Brier's Sweet (of Wisconsin).

Cherry. _

Glover's Early ... . .

r.

'•■ y.

y. r.

F. M.

F. M.

K

E. A.
A.
A

Am.
Am.

F.
Am.
A in
Am.
Am.
Am.

F
A in
Am
Am

F.

*

5

Hyslop ..

1

r.

roll.

r.fl.

r.ob.

r.

r.
y. r.
y. r.
y. r.

r.

g-
v.g.

-
-
-

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

A.
L. A
W.
A.
A

6

7
8

9

1(1

Lady Elgin. . . .
Marengo. . .
Montreal Beauty . ...
Red Siberian ...
Spitzenberg .

1.
1.
I.

in.

*

*.

11
12
13

Sylvan Sweet
Transcendent
Yellow si in ii. hi

1
1.

Ill

r.fl.
r.ob.

r

y. r.

y i
y

-
g.

F M S
F M A.
F M \

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS APPLES CRABS.

XVI 1

and 49°.

II.— CENTRAL DIVISION.-Between 35° and «°.

III,— SOUTH. DIV,— Bet. 38° and 35°.

m

a

a
p
25

290
297
298
299
800
301

302

303
304
805

306
307

308
309
310
311

312

313
314
315

316
317
318

319
320
321

:
-

t

-

-

7t
C

r.

1

a
S
-.

a

d

a

:i

a

-:■:■

B
C
--I
-

5

*
«

2
'5
s

|

-
*

#

-:■;■

■X-.v

-::-
-:■:■
-::-:■:-

>>

i.

■—

25
#

-

Q
*

■::-

*

_
-

—
3

*
*

X

**

-::-

-::-■::■

S

5

>

*
##

■:>
*#

03

25

t

5

*
*

*
*

#

-::-

■X-
#

93

c

#
*

*

*

X

-:.■-::-
#

*

-

>

-

-:■:■*
x*

X*

*

#
#

-X-:-
XX
XX

X

U
.-

X*

*

XX

QQ

a
=

#

X
X

X

**
*

X
X

*

XX
X«

*

—

5

CO

X
XX

*

X

•:■:■

XX

#

*

**

:;«
**

-
/

X*

-::-■>.-
*
XX

O

-

5

*

*
#

x

*
*

*

>
25

*

si

*
*

X

X

■:.-

XX

3

_

/

X
XX

XX

'5.
£

*

*

-:■:-

#

<
*

*

•:■:-
*
X

5

,0*

CO

7!
*

#

X*

'5.

"7
i

/

X

X
*

=8

7

-:
*

x*

#

•::-

XX
XX

x#

u

><

2
3

s

■5

II

APPLES — CRABS,

i

rfMTRai nivKinN

|i|

—SOUTH

niv

— Bt't.2S° and 35°.

■ UkllllUM. wixviviii

K

a
=
S
p

21

1

2

3

4

5

6

T

8

9

in

11

12

13

7-

z

"■

si.

-

/

>

99

>

a;

>

*

-
—

-i

>

o

—

z

0

25

a

3

*

' =
>

1

13

w

X

i*

c

-

*

-::■

■::-

c

/

3

"53

■::-::■
4HI

/
>'

t

t
*

*

a

■o

a

-

>

1)

25

—

"(3
O

75
_

7.

13

si

<

a

'-

E-i
«

CO

<
«-:■;•

X
CO

T
*

3

-5

a

u
S

25

a

B
<

xvm

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS APRICOTS AND BLACKBERRIES.

III. -APRICOTS,

The columns explain as follows: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — r. , roundish; r. f. , roundish flat-
tened; r. o. , roundish oval; ob. c, oblong compressed. Color — y. o., yellow, shaded to deep orange in sun ; o. r. , orange,
with a red cheek; o., orange. Quality — g. , good; v. g. , very good; b., best. Use — All Apricots being valued for the
dessert, the letter F will signify that it is extra for the dessert, and F. M. that it is valued for dessert, and at same time
profitable for market. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late in season of ripening. Origin — F., foreign; Am.,
American.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

1,- NORTHERN DIVISION-Between 12"

2
a
s

a

SI

7.

m.

s.
1.
m.

1.
1.
s.
1.
s.

1.

m.

M

o

o
o

>*

-

<
p

V. g.
V. g.

\>.

b.
b.

b.

b.

v- g.

b.

V Li

H

&

F.M.
F. M
F.M

F.

F.
P.M.

F.

F.M.
F.M.

F.
1' \1

S5
O

<

m

ce

E.
E.
M.
E.
M.
L.
E.
L.
M.
M.
L.

z
3
2
o

F.
Am.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.

d

O
U
03

>

Z

>
25

-

6

5
>

GO

t

J

-

—

i
--

r

|S
a

*
*
#

*
*

*
*

*

2
3

5

a
-

*

d

o
o

1

Breda . . . . . .

r.
r. o.
r. f.
ob.c
r. o.

r.

r,
r. f.

r.
r. f.

r.

0.
0.

o. r.
o. r.
o. r.
y. o.

y-

y. o.
y. o.
y- o.

y "

o

Earl}' Golden . .

8

Hemskirke . ........

4

Large Early

5

7

Large Red

Moorpark

Musch Musch

--

8
9

Peach

Red Masculine

-

10
11

St. Ambroise

Turkey.-

IV. — BLACKBERRIES.

The columns explain as follows: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — ob. c. , oblong conic, r. c, round-
ish conical or oval; ob. ov. , oblong oval. Color— b., black. Quality — g., good, v. g., very good; b., best. Use —
F. M , family and market; M., market. Season — M., medium; E., early; L.,late. Origin — Am., American; F., foreign.

DESCRIPTION.

1,— NORTHERN DIVISION-Between «°

^

£

NAMES.

m

O

<

a

2

O

<

g

3

•A

O

-

^
^

a
—

r

1

o

GO
X

X

0

p
-

.5

'7

o
u

0

o

■-

go

5

-

i>

D

X

..

—

-

1*

c

£

K

&H

O

Of
v g-

F.M.

CO

o

Z

*;

--

/.

>

"-.

•— ■

a

O

S

1

Ancient Briton.. .

1.

ob.ov

b.

M.

Am.

2

Barnard

1.
111.

ob.ov
ob. c.

b.
b.

v- g-
b.

F.M.
F.

M
M.

Am.

*

3

Dorchester. ...

4

Kittatinny

1.

r. c.

b.

b.

F.M.

M.

Am.

b

New Rochelle or Lawton .

1

ov.

b.

V. g

M

1,

Am.

(i

Snyder

111.

r.ov.

b.

F.M.

E.

Am.

i

\\ achusett

111.

nil OV

b.

v- g.

F.M.

M.

\m

8

Wilson's Early

1

ob (iv

b.

V. g

M.

E.

Am.

-:-.-

~-

#

--

*

--

4>

:i Of fine flavor.

Almost thornless, and valued on that account.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS APRICOTS AND BLACKBERRIES.

XIX

III. — APRICOTS.

The columns explain as follows: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s. , small. Form — r. , roundish; r. f. , roundish flattened;
r. o., roundish oval; ob. c., oblong compressed. Color — y. o., }rellow, shaded to deep orange in sun; o. r., orange, with
a red cheek; o, orange. Quality — g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — All apricots being valued for the dessert,
the letter P. will signify that it is extra for the dessert, and P. M. that it is valued for dessert, and at same time profitable
for market. Season — E. , early; M., medium; L., late in season of ripening. Origin — F., foreign; Am., American.

and 49°.

II -CENTRAL DIVISION.-Between 35* and 43°.

III- SOUTH. DIV.-Bet. 28" and 35= .

H

a
s
p

z
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
It

-
:

d

o

-^
ea

OS

c
z

bi.

3

~x,

5

>

*

■:■:■
*

-X-

>.
7

~

z

*

1J

a
*

'J

-

r.
-.

~-

*
#

#

#

it

d

-

o
O

Z

c

—

#
*
*
ft*

c
*

*

'3

>>

_£
o

#*

-::-'■;-
-::-■?:-

X

y.

C

#

-:■:-

-::-::■■
#

*
#

-:■:-
*

*

■:■:-

c3

c
j.

i

*
*

o3
/,

Z

*
*
*
**

#

K

o3

X

C
7Z

**

*

*

:

5

03
>

z

o
oj

#
*

**
#

-'
a

o

C

B
c
i.

'5

o

d
E

r:

fe

s
2

-
J.

c
it!

*
*

*

"5
g,

'5

/

'oQ
EC

*

*

d
-

'7

3
►J

>;x-

#*

C

z

n

3

s

■3

IV. — BLACKBERRIES.

The columns explain as follows: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— ob. c, oblong conic; r. c, roundish
conical or oval; ob. ov., oblong oval. Color— b., black. Quality— g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use— F. 51.,
family and market; 51., market. Season— 51., medium; E., early; L., late. Origin— F., foreign; Am., American.

and 49°.

II— CENTRAL DIVISION.-Between 35° and 42".

111.— SOUTH. DIV.-Bet. 28° and SJV

B

a

p
Z

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

7

%

0

—

a

z

3

T

*

*

H

0

7T

?.

>

z
-

■:<■
**

-

1

->:■

-::■■;:-
*

:-

c

::
■;:■-::

d

*
*

;:■

5

>

*

-■

o

_

Z

g

3

**
*
*

*

d

■5

•::•
■■/■

d

>

z

.v. If

#

-i
0

c

-::■
*

t

7.
/.

■::■

■;<■-;:■

T

:•'

—

#
at

::-

d

>

z

d
a

*

>:■«

-■:■-

-:'•-■■

c

z
1-

-1

0

•::-
*

d

E

<

— "
C

u

c

-
y.

<
#

-::■

'7

■x-
•>:■

oi

c

-

•X-

•

-
'-

d

z

d
C

■5

XX

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS CHERRIES.

V. — CHERRIES.

The columns explain as follows: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — ob. h., obtuse heart shape; r. ob. h.,
roundish obtuse heart shape; r. h., roundish heart shape; r. , roundish, or round. Color — 1. r. , lively bright red; d. r. ,
dark red, almosl black; a. in., amber mottled with red; y. r., yellow ground shaded and marbled with red. Class — H.,
Hearts, or tender fleshed sweet cherries; B., Bigarreau, or firm fleshed cherries; D., Dukes, having a character in tree and
fruit midway between the Hearts and Morellos; M., Morellos, having acid fruit, and the tree of small, slender growth.
Use — F. family, for dessert ; F. M., family or market; K. M., for cooking or market; M. , market. Season— E., early;
M. , medium; L., late. Origin — F., foreign; Am., American.

m

p

'A

!)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1?
18
19
•2()
21
22
23
24
£5
20
27

28

29
30
31
32

:::;
34
35
36

::,

NAMES.

Arch Duke

Belle Mugnifique.

Belle de t'hoisy. . .

Belle d'Orleans

Bigarreau

Graffion, Yt llow Spanish.
Bigarreau of Mezel

ifonstreust dt Mezel, bigarreau Gaubalis

Black Eagle

Black Heart.

Black Republican, Luelling... __.

Black Tartarian

Buttner's Yellow _

Carnation

Coe's Transparent _

Donna Maria _

Downer's Late. .

Early Purple Guigne .

Early Richmond

Elton

Empress Eugenie

Governor Wood

Hovey ._

Knight's Early Black

Late Duke

Late Kentish _

Louis Phillippe ...

May Duke

Morello

English Morello, Large Morello.
Napoleon

Royal Ann, in California and Oregon.

Osceola

Ohio Beauty...

PI n nisi on.- Morello

Pontiac _

Red Jacket....

DESCKIPTION.

Reine Hortense .

Rockporl .

Royal Duke
Tecum eh

ob.h.

r. h.

r.

r. h.
ob.h

ob. h

ob.h

r. h.

r. h.

r. h.

r.

r.

r.

r.

r. h.

r. h.

r.

r. h.

r obh

r. h

r. h

ob.h.

ob. h

r.

r.

robh

r. h

r obh

r. h.
ob.h

r.
ob. h
ob. h

r.
rob h

r.
ob.h

d. r.
1. r.
a.m.

y-r-
y. r.

d. r.

d.r.
d. r.

b.
d. r.

.V-
a.m.
a.m.
d. r.

.V- r
d. r.
1. r.
v. r.
d. r.
y. r.
v. r.
d. r.
d. r.

d. r.
d. r.
d. r.

y. r.

d. r.
v. r.
d. r.

d.r.

y- r.
1. r.
a.m.
d. r.
d. r.

<
D

D.
D.
D.
H.
B.

B.

B.

H.

G.

II

G.

D.

H.

M.

H.

H.

M.

B.

D.

II .

B.

II.

D.

G

D.

1).

M.

B.

II

II.

M.

II.

H.

li

13.

D.

II.

K.M.
K. M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.

F. M.

F. M
F. M
F. M.
F. M
F. M
K. M.

F.
K.M.
F. M.
F. M.
K.M.
F. M.
F. M.
F M.
F M.
F. M.
K.M.

K.
K.M.
K.M
K.M.

F. M.

F. M.
F. M.
K.M
F M
F. M
F. M
F M
K.M
M.

o

w
<
a
on

L.
L.
M.
E.
M.

M.

M.

M.

M

L.

L.

M.

L.

L.

E.

E.

M.

M.

M.

M.

E.

L.

M.

L.

E.

L.

M.

M.
M.
L.
M.
L.
L.
E.
M.
L.

F.
F.
F
F
F.

F.

F.

Am.

F.

F.

F.
Am.

F.
Am.

F.

F.

F.

F.
Am.
Am.

F.

"f.

F.
F.
F.

Am.
Am.

F.
Am,
Am,

F.
Am.

F.
Am

l.-NORTH DIVISI0N.-Between43°.

8 & line old variety, bul by many supposed to be superseded.
11 Very hardy ami products e,

t; Believed bj many to be identical with Early Mayo) the West;
not fully settled.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — CHEP.KIES.

XXI

V. — CHERRIES.

The columns explain as follows: Size — 1., large; in., medium; s., small. Form — ob. h., obtuse heart-shape; r. ob. b.,
roundish obtuse heart shape; r. h., roundish heart shape; r.. roundish or round. Color — 1. r.. lively bright red; d. r.
dark red, almost black; a. m., amber mottled with red; y. r., yellow ground shaded and marbled with red. Class II.,
II irts, or tendei fleshed sweet cherries; B., Bigarreau, or firm fleshed cherries; I)., Dukes, having a character in tree
and fruit midway between the Hearts and Morellos; M., Morellos, having aeid fruit, and the tree of small, slender
growth. Use— F.. family, for dessert; F. 31., family or market; K. M., for cooking or market; M., market. Seasok—
E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin — F., Foreign; Am., American.

aud 49°.

11 -CENTRAL DIVISION.-Between 35° and 43°.

III.— SOUTH. DIV-Bet. 38« and 35°.

C

>>

5
a

$

Z

r

X
0J

-

it

f.

si

B

3=

|

0

5

d
S

>

DC

V

Z

6
Q

-
—

d

>

O

03

o
z

z

a

OQ

3

■2,

en

co

3Q

"0

c

r
/

d

it

7.

T

QD

7

0

a

P

03
—
33

>

C

-

c

s

'3
3

E

<

^

E

:

0J

-

<

"7.

T.

~
J.

03

/

a

6
-

1

z

d

a

<

1

*

--

--

*

--

--

--

#

--

*

--

*

--

ft

*

--

*

--

-::-

'J
3

*

*

#

*

*

*

*

*

ftft

*

*

*

*

--

*

*

#

*

--

*#

--

*

*

--

*

*

-

--

4

*

*

--

*

*

--

*

*

5

*

--

-■•:,

*

--

#

--

--

*

■::-

--

-

*

*

*

6

*

#

t

t

:>.:

7
8

■•;■■

*

#

--

--

--

*

#

--

**

--

*

--

-.

ft

#

--

#

*

*

*#

9

10
11

*

**

#

#

**

-

::■

*

X*

*

*

ft

*

--

#

--

**

12

13

X

^

*

--

--

*

--

#

*

*

--

*

-:;-

#

*

-:.'-

*

--

*

14

*

<

--

--

--

t

--

t

t

1

15

1(5

■-->:■

-•

--

#

-

--

*

##

-::-

-

*

*

*

*

*#

■:■:-

**

X

*

17

*

#

**

*

*«

#

*

--

*»

*

-:■:-

**

X*

■::--:>

x#

*

ftft

**

18

*

*

*

--

*

*

**

■::■

--

--

*

*

..

*

*

1!)
20

*

*

*

--

**

--

*

-■■■

K

--

«*

■::-

*

*

*

--

.-

■"

21

22

#

#

•:■:•

*

■:;■

23

*

*

-.

*

24

**

XX

25
26

27

*

*

#

-::■-::•

-::■

•

*

■::-

*

--

#*

*

--

*

X

X

--

*

I

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

■::

XX

X*

*•

*

a

*

28

*

**

*

*

--

*

■:■:■

--

->:-

--

--

if

--

X

--

»

*

*#

29

1

#

80

*

31

*

--

t

T

H

82

»

::i

■V.-

*

--

--

#

--

#

*

--

--

*

.-

**

-X-

#

-■/.-

#

*

**

*

36

1

--

*

M

T

*

*

::;

*

38

ft

*

*

i'i Aii old excellent sort ; little known.

38 The latest ripening large sweet chei 1 j

XX 11

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS CURRANTS GOOSEBERRIES

VI. — CURRANTS.

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s. , small. Form — with reference to form of bunch — 1., long;
v. 1., very long; s. , short; m., medium. Color — r., red; b., black; w., white. Quality — a., acid; m. a., moderately
acid; v. a., very acid. Use — K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market; M., market. Season — E., early;
M., medium; L., late. Origin— F., foreign.

-
-

p

i

2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

NAMES.

Black Naples

Cherry .._

Common Black

Black English.
Fertile de Palluau. .
Fertile d' Angers - . .
Knight's Large Red

La Versaillaise

Prince Albert

Red Dutch

Red Grape ...

White Dutch

White Grape

Victoria

Raby Castle.

DESCRIPTION.

1

-NORTH.

DIVISION,-

-Between 4311

■=

71

_;

"Z

-

=

„*

«

t-1

o

z,

f

PC

3)

=

z

»

*.

-

o

5
bl

O

a

<*

o

-<;

si

co

a

>

S

a

S

-

J.

=

■z

-

5

-

*

o

o

m

m
to

«

_

w

o

uz

—

-

z.

—

- —

£

co

fr

O

Gr-

P

K.M.

O

'A

A

*

A

>

fe

#

'■J

*

*

1.

s.

b.

in, a.

M.

F.

#

1.

s.

r.

v. a.

M.

M.

F.

#

«■-

*

##

s.

s.

b.

m. a.

K.M

M.

F.

#

1.

1.

r.

a.

F.M.

M

F.

*

1.

1.

r.

m. a.

F. M.

M.

F.

_.

->:-

#

._

■X-

*

1.

m.

r.

m. a.

F.

M.

F.

._

..

■x-

..

__

*

1.

1.

s.
1.

r.
r.

a.
m. a

M.
M.

M.
L.

F.
F.

--

--

##

--

#

■»

-x-

-x-

*

--

*

m.

m.

r.

in. a.

F.M.

E.

F.

#

■X-

*

*

*

#

*

##

#

m.

m.

r.

m. a.

F.M.

E.

F.

#

#

m.

m.

w.

in. a

F.M.

E.

F.

-::-

-X-

*

#

--

*

#

#

-X-

m

m.

w.

m. a.

F.M.

E.

F.

..

#

..

*

*■

-x-#

1.

v. 1.

r.

a.

F.M.

L.

F.

#

*

-x-

**

*

VII. — GOOSEBERRIES

The columns explain: Size — 1 , large; m., medium; s., small. Form — r., round; o., oval; r. o., roundish oval.
Color— r., reddish, when fully ripe; g., greenish yellow, when fully ripe. Quality— g., good; v. g., very good; b.,
best. Use — K., kitchen; M., market. Season— E., early: M., medium; M. L. , medium late. Origin — Am., Ameri-
can; F., foreign.

DESCRIPTION.

1— NORTH. DIVISION-Between 42°

J4

a

a

~

a

is

Zl

^

«

c

X

-

^

^"

-

NAMES.

tx

o

~

~

-

1.

'Z

-

CO

3

fc

a

0

*

H

z

C/3

>

Z2

>

5

£

E

v.

V.

.i

Z

>*
&

bj

O

o

./;

O

CD

a

a>

OJ

OJ

-

i)

g:

co

fe

o

O*

&

CO'

O

2i

A

s

z;

>

%

'

o

21

'■'

^.

1

1

ol,

r.

v. g.

K.M.

M.

F.

•)

Downing .

in

r. o.

g-

v. g-

K.

M. L.

Am

*

#

*

#

*#

:i

r.

a

KM

E.

Am.

-X-

.-

IHf

-.

■X-

#

#

#

#

#

--

l

1.

0.

r.

g

M

M

Am.

5

m.

r.

y

K.M.

E.

Am.

(i

Bale Red, Cluster, Am- Seedling

m.

r. o.

r.

V. g.

K.M.

E.

F.

1

ob.

r.

\ ■ g

K M

M

F

#

8

S in i ih's Improved -

1

0.

g.

V n.

K.M

M.

Am

#

\

I

#*

.

'.)

Woodward's Whitesmith .

1.

0.

<>■

V. tr.

K \l

M.

H'

;: A little liable ti> sunburn or blister.

4 A strong growing bush berry with a very thick skin.

ii An old sort, entirely free from mildew— more upright
than Houghton.

CATALOGUE OF FBOITS — CURRANTS — (iOOSEBERRIES.

XX 111

VI. — CURRANTS.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— with reference to the form of buncb— 1.,
long., v. 1., very long; s., short; m., medium. Color— r., red; b , black; w., white. Quality— <i., acid; m. a., mod-
erately acid; v. a., very acid. Season— E., early; M., medium; L. . late. Use— K. St., kitchen and market; P. M .
family and market; 51., market. Origin — F. foreign.

and 49".

1.

CE

NT!

AL

DIVISION-

-Between :r

0 and 42°

II

-SOUTH DIV

,-bet.28

' and 35°.

a
a
B
2
a

1

2
3

4
5

0

7

8

0

10

11

12

13

3

z
f.
33

-
*

*
*
*

■::-

o

03

3

si

ej

a

o

«3

si

0

-,

d

:

to

-

0
SB

0)

5
**

*
*

'3

S3

>

-
-

*

**

■:;-
*
*

>>

3J

X

33

—

Z,
*

*

#

■:■-
*

si

s!

*
#

s
->:-
s

Q
1

-:.-
-:;■

*

-::■
*

5>

o

3

0

25

5

*
#

#
*

*

'■3
#

;;-

-;:
*

3
'3

>

Zi

y

3
*

s.

a>

a
~

■:■:-

3D

o

*

*

*

03
>

C

*

*
*

*

*

5
j.

#

*
#

33

a>
Zi

K

*#

*

*
*
#

*

33

33

0

■2,

*

**
#

*

o
—
33

o
O

-
#

*
«

*

*

s
—
-
>

z

■::-
*

**

->

*
*

*
#

si

o

_

5

33

5
O

93

<

2
3

c

Eh

S3
C

<

-

'7

X

3D
/.

0

Eh

c
-

s
z

30
=3
C
S3

<

VII.— GOOSEBERRIES.

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; in., medium; s., small. Form — r., round; o., oval; r. o., roundish oval.
Color — r., reddish, when fully ripe; g. , greenish yellow, when fully ripe. Quality — g., good; v. g., very good; b., best.
Use — K.. kitchen; M., market. Season — E., early; M., medium; M. L., medium late. Origin — Am., American; P.,
foreign.

and 49".

11. CENTRAL DIVISION-Belween 35° and 42°.

111.— SOUTH. DIV.-Bet.28°anda5°

d
a

~
o
z

l
2
3
4
.i
6
7
H
9

e
'•*.

S

bi

>

-

s

3

T

03

*

-
>

-

*
*

*

+

*

-
33

25
*

si

*

>

*
•

03

a
c

—

c
z

0

O

#

*
*

*

1

#

r.
1

c

>
_

■_2,
**

i-

BO

■-

■:■;■;:■

+

%

*

7

CO

s

z.

»
t

-X--K-

X

_^

t

*
t

3

#
*

S3

si

—

o

C3
=

T

r.

03

B

33

-
5,

fe

3^.

£

C
33

—

X
X
03

-

as

'x

C
-

K

E-

>

z

03
B

-5

- New and prumisiiif;.

9 One of the best of all the foreign large sorts in its immunity from mildi »

XXIV

( VI'ALOGUE OF FKUITS GRAPES, NATIVE.

VIII .-G RAPE S— N A T I V E .

The columns explain as follows: Size — with reference to the berry, 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form —
with reference to bunch and berry; s. r., short bunch, round berry; 1. r., large and round; m. r. o., medium bunch,
roundish oval berry; m. r., medium bunch, round berry. Color — b., black, or nearly so when fully ripe; r., reddi*h
or coppery-brownish red; g., greenish white or yellowish. Quality — g.. good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — T..
table; M., market; W., wine. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin — Am., American.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.-N0RTHERN DIVISION- Between 42"

a

a

•z

fit
-7

s

0

fa

S

o
ij
o
o

<

CO

o

CO

<
m
an

g

3

3

o

.2

33

>

Z

*

X

ft

ft

*
*

-
j

K
2

c

*
**

ft
*

#*
ft

t

*

t

—

—

5
—

s
a

Z

#

t

*

0
>
ft

*

**
*

ft

ft*

*
*

CO
X

7.

oq

*

ftft

*

*

j
~-

#
#

**
*

_

:

**

*

T

>

*
*

*

t

*
*

t

*
*

#

*
*

d
o

#
*

*
*
#

*
*

a

03

tu

c

i

ft

ft

*
ft

#
ft*

ft

t

*-:■:■
*

ft

ft
ft

ft

ft
ft
ft
ft

z

l

2

3

4

Adirondac _

Agawam .

Rogers' No. 15.

Alvey

Barry ._ . . .

m
1.

R.
1.

1.
1.
1.

s.

1.
1.

m.

s.
s.

m.

m. r.

s. r.o.

m. r.
r.

r.

m.r.o

r.

m. r.
1. r.

r.
m.r.o
1. r.o.

r.

- I 0
m. r.

r.

r.

r.

1. r.o.

m.r.o
m. r.
m. r. o
s. r.o.
m.r.o
m.r.o

b.
r.

b.
b.

d.p
r.
b.

b.
b.

b.
b.

g-
1).

r.

b.
w.
b.

b.

g-

b.
b.
r.
b.
b.
b.

*■ g-

g-

v. g.

g-

v- g-
b.

g-

v. g.

g-

V. g.

b.
v. g.

b.
v- g-
v- g.
v- g-

g-

v. g.

v. g.

g-

V. g.

b.

V. g.

g-

g-

T.
F. M.

T.
T. M.

T.

T.M.W

M.

T.W.

T. M. W

T. M.

T.

T.

W.

T.M.W

T M.

T.

W.

T. M.

T.
T. W.

M.

T. W.
T.M.W

T.
T. M.
M. W.

E.
M.

E.
M.

E.
L.

E.

L.
M.
E.
E.
E.
M.
M.
L.
E.
L.
M.

M.
L.

E.
L.
L.
M.
L.
M.

Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
\m
Am.
Am.

Am
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

*

5

Rogt rs' No. 43.

6

7

Catawba

Champion

8

Tollman's Seedling.
Clinton.-

in

Concord. -_..._

**

n
i°

Creveling. ......

(niton

«

i'i

Cynthiana ..

14
15

1(1

Diana ...

Elsinburgb

**

17

Elvira . .. .

18
10

•s' No. 41.
Eumelan ...

1.

m.
1.

1

s.
m.
m.
1.
m.

--

"0

Goethe

21
22
23
24
25
9,fi

1: ■ • rs' No. 1.

Hartford Prolific

Herbemont, Warrt n. it-..

I "it a

[sraella ._

Isabella . ._

*
*

27

W

8 I '. S, i dling.
Lady ..

1.
m.

1.

1.

m.
1.

1.

s.
s.

1.

m.

in.
1.

1.
1.

1.

in
1
1

r.

m.r.o

m. r.

s. P.

m.r.o

s. r.

r.
r.

m. r.
r.
r.

s. r.
r.

r.

in r i.

s. r.o.

s. r.
1 r.

w.
r.

r.

O"

&•

g-

b.
b.

w.

b.

r.
w.

S-
b.

r.
b.

b.

r

b.
b.

g-
g-

g-

g-

v. g.

g-

g-

i-
g-

V. g.
V. g.

g-
g-

V. g

ir

b.

g.

T. M.
F. M.

F. M

M W.
T.
M.

T. M.
W.
W.

T. M.

T.

T.
M.

W.

T. M.

M.

T.M.W
T. M.

T M

E.
M

M.

M.
M.
M.

V. E.
L.
L.
E.

M.
M.

M
E.

M.

M.
M.
E

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.

Am.

Am.
Am.

Am

1

--

*

1

if

t
*

#

-X-

■:■:■
*

■::

#

t

t

#

t

#

-::■
#

■:■:■
#

*

-

*

t

«

■::■

t
ft«

-:■:■

*

*
*

*

ft
ft
t

#
*

*

-::■

29
30
31

Lindley

Rogers' No 9.
Massasoit

Rog< rs' X". 3.
.Martha

#
**

32

::::

Maxatawney

.Merrimack .

B . rs' No. 19
Moore's Karl v. . ..

*

;;•>

Noah ...

;;i;

Norton's Virginia

R7

Perkins

38

Peter Wvlie

39

40

Doctor Wylie.

Rebecca

Salem _

--

41

■■>' No. 22.
Scuppemong .. .

42
43

Telegraph . .

a in
Union Village

t

II
45
4(i

Ontario.
Walter .. .'

Worden . .

t
ft»

l. Unreliable.

3. Too small.

j. A hybrid variety oi ureal excellent i

ii. Suited "iily to clayey loams and oert

tocalit ies.
T. Valued for earliness and hardiness.

8. Hardy everywhere.

9. Succeeds everywhere.

11. Bunches loose.

12. A promising white variety, unci'i-tain.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS GRAPES, NATIVE.

XXV

VIII.— GRAPES— NATIVE.

The columns explain as follows: Size — with reference to the berry, 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form —
with reference to bunch and berry; s. r., short bunch, round berry; 1. r., large and round; m. r. o., medium bunch,
roundish oval berry ; m. r., medium bunch, round berry. Cot.or — b. , black, or nearly so when fully ripe; r., reddish
or coppery -brownish red; g., greenish white or yellowish. Quality — g., good; v. g. , very good; b., best. Use — T.,
table; >[.. market; \\\, wine. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin — Am.. American.

and 49°.

II.— CENTRAL DIVISION.-Between 35° and 42°.

III.— SOUTH. DIV.-Bet. 28° and 35°-

K

a
a

o
Z

1
2

3
4

5
6

7

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
i6
1?
18

19

20

21
22
23
24
25
26
27

28
29

30

31
32
33

34
35

36

37
38

39

40

41
42

43

44

r.
n;

7f

r
*

Si

d

-

d

■a

*

-

-

■::■-»
{Hf

■X-

*
■:■:-

d

>
>.

-

-
*

-:>
■::-
-::-

-::■
■:■:-

a

-:■:■

-!r

■Je-
ff*

#

■::-
*

t

*

Z

Z

#

*

-::■

*

t
*

*

>

-

o

■::■

-::-:-:■

#

■:■:■

#

*

t

_
-

—
-

-:■:-

#

->-

-:-:-

**
#

::

•::■
-::-

*

-::■

#
*

#

t
*

2

5

If*

*
*

#*

t

*#

i

-

"5
-

—
><

*

6

6

*

■:■:-:■:-

**

•;-

-:•.-
-::-

*
#

*

*

■::-
*

*

d
-

-:■:-

■:■:

■::■
*

#
*

*
1

_C8

'3

>(

--

*

-:-
**

JHf

■::•

SHf

if*

*

K*
**

t

--
_s

It*

■v-

*#

l

■:-:■

**
«

*

■;;-;>

T
If*

X*

*

t

-:■:

-

=

:.■■::-
;■.-■:-:-

*#
*

*

-*■:-:-

*
#*

*

n

■::
•:■:-

#
*

■:■:-

:■:-*
*

1

*

-;■:•

#

*
#

t

■::■

d

*
**

:;::

#*
If*

-::-
■::■

c

/:

-::■

■::■
*

*
#

#
#*

t
If*

-
-

*

*

**

■:■:■

*#

*

t

*

*
*

*

*

+

#

t
T

+
t

■/!
i

P

■:;■■

*

*
*

t

1
t

d

•a

t

5

t

*

*
*

!

*

t
1

3
—
-

-

z

3

_
t

C3
p

o
1

*
-;:■

»
*

w*

->:■
#

A-"
t

IHf

*

*

**
jHf

-

E

*

■::-

-:■:-*
**
**

JHf

#

*
#*

#
*«

*
*

JHf

-:■:■

<

*
**

*
*

*

*

«*

5
**

-::-::■
**

JHf

*

**

JHf

-::

O

/'

V

#

-:■:-

#

**

#
#*

—

7
/
*7

#

■::■

5
*

■:■:■

#

-x--:v

■/.'

K

#

■H--.v

*

--

d

O
N

<

13, IT and •!■'>. are nrine grapes "i grreat pro-
mise Id Mo.

14. Wants rich soil and \\\z\\ culture.

22 Mukis the Urn -i 'ii white wine.

23. Unreliable except in :i few locations. 34. Resembles Concord ; a little earlier.

'Z'k Valuelessai the West. 39. The more known the better liked.

26. Valued for dark wine. 46. Very Uke Concord, bul a trifle earlier

i:. Vines require age to give perfect fruit. and a e think better.

XXVI

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS GRAPES AND NECTAKI M>.

IX.— GRAPES — FOREIGN.

As the Foreign Grapes are for cultivation under glass, they are not subject to those variations induced by climate of
soil, and therefore tliey may be regarded as equally adapted to all localities. Very few of the local committees have made
any report in reference to these Grapes. The list below contains such as have been already adopted by the Society, with
a few others very generally esteemed. In California, Utah and sections of the Southern Slates, they require no artificial
protection or heat; it has, therefore, been thought unnecessary to tabulate the States and Territories relative to them;
but, taking the old catalogue, and simply adding to it a column relative to variety as adapted to a cold house, or its want
of fire heat, in our Northern Slates, the old form is continued.

The columns explain: 1st — The Color of the fruit; 2d — Flavor; 3d — Season of maturity ; 4th — Cold, for a variety
that does well without fire heat — Hot, for a variety wanting fire heat. In flavor, the only distinction is between those
that are simply sweet, as the Cbasselas or Hamburg's, and those having a distinct musky aroma, as the Muscats.

No.

9
10

11

12

13

14

15

It!
17

18
19
20
21
22
23
24

25
26
27

28
29
30

31

32

33

NAMES.

Barbarossa

Princi Alb< rt, JJii:nlii

Black Champion

Black Damascus

Black Front ignan

Black Hamburg

Black Prince

Black July

Bowood Muscat

Buckland Sweetwater ...

Calabrian Raisin

Raisin ill Calabre.

Can i, on Hall Muscat

Cbasselas Musque, or Joslin's St. Albans

Muscat hhi in- lliitirr (?).

Due de .Magenta

Early Silver Frontignan

Golden Hamburg

Stockwood 0'. Hamburg.

Golden Champion _.

Grizzly Frontignan

Eal Frontignan, Bed Gonstantia.

Gros Colman

Lady Dow lies' Seedling .__

Muscat of Alexandria

Muscat Hamburg

Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat

Queen of Nice .

Red Chasseias

Rose (7kix.ii las.

Red Lombardy

Rio Virgin . .

Royal Muscadine

White Nice

West St. Peter's

Wilmot's Black Hamburg

Dutch Hamburg.
White Sweetwater .

Dutch Sweetwater, &c
White Frontignan

White Gonstantia, Muscatblanc.
Zinflndal ...

Color.

Black.

Black.
Black.
Black.
Black.
Black.
Black.
White.
White.
White.

White.
White.

Black.
White.
White.

Amber.
Red & Yellow.

Purple.
Black.
White.
Black.
Black.
White.
Red.

Red.

White.
While.
Black.
Black.

White.

White.

Black.

Flavor.

Sweet.

Sweet.
Sweet.
Muscat.
Sweet.

Sweet.

Sweet.
Muscat.
Sweet.
Sweet,

Muscat.
Muscat.

Sweet.

Muscat.

Sweet.

Sweet,
Muscat.

Sweet,
Sweet,
Muscat,
Muscat.
Muscat,

Sweet.

Sweet,

Sweet.
Sweet.
Sweet.
Sweet.

Sweet,

Muscat,

Sweet.

Season.

Very Late.

Early.

Late.

Late.
Medium.
Medium.

Early.
Medium.
Medium.

Late.

Late.
Early.

Early.
Early.
Late.

.Medium.
Medium.

Late.
Very Late.

Late

Medium.

Late.

Medium.
Medium.

Early.

Late.

Very Late.

Medium.

Early.

Medium.

Medium.

Vinery.

Hot.

Cold.
Cold.

Cold.
Cold.
Cold.
Cold.
Hot.
Cold.
Hot.

Hot.
Hot.

Hot.
Hot.
Hot.

Hot.
Hot.

Cold.

Hot.
Hot.
Hot.
Hot.

Hot.

Hot.

Cold.
Hot.
Hot,
Hot.

Cold.

Hot.

Hot,

XI. — NECTARINES

Explanation same as fur Apricots.

DESCKIPT

ION

1,— NORTH. DIVISION-Between 42°

J*

ci

W

a

s

NAMES

>■

r

"i

J.

~7

CO

52

c

g

f

^

f

p

a

c

s

2
O

*

/

cq

ci

—

=

—

-

>

"E

:i

0

ps

at

CD
1.

0

r. o.

D

C?

V. ST.

F.

M.

o

fc

s

1)

>

-

X

O

ft

o

£

1

1 Inst on . ._ .

o. r.

Am

2

Downtnn ... . .

1.

r. o.

o. r.

V. g.

F.

E.

F.

3

Early Newington

1.

r. o.

o. r.

v. g.

F.

E.

Am.

4

Early Violet

1.

r.

o. r.

b.

F.
F.

E.
L.

F

F

fj

6

Stanwick

1.

r. o.

o. r.

g-

F.

L.

F.

--

#

-V-

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS MULBERRIES, FIGS, POMEGRANATES, NECTARINES. XX vii

.— M ULBERRIE S— F I G S— P OMEGRANATES.

The following list of mulberries, figs and pomegranates was prepared by Mr. P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia. In Cali-
fornia and many sections of the Southern States, the fig and pomegranate are grown as readily as the apple in the Middle
States.

No.

Names.

Season.

Color.

Quality.

Size.

1

MULBERRIES.

Hicks' Everbearing

Downing-.

Early.

Early.

Late.

Medium.

Medium.

Medium.
Early.

Early.

Early.
Medium.
Medium.
Medium.

Early.

Black.

Black.
Black.
Lilac.
Black.

Second.
First.

First.
Third.
First.

-i

3

Persian Black

4

Persian White

5

Johnson

1

FIGS.
Alicante..

2

Angelique

Yellow.
Violet.

Blue.

Blue.

Brown.

Pale Violet.

Green.

Second.

First.

First.
First.

First.
First.

Small

3

Jaune Hative.
Brunswick..

Very Large.
Medium.

4
5

Madonna, Constantinopl .

Black Genoa ... __

Black Ischia ..

6

Brown Smyrna.

7
8

9

Celestial .

Green Ischia

White Ischia, Gfreen Italian.
Jaune Hative (see Angelique)

Small.
Medium.

10

Lemon .

Early.
Medium.
Medium.

Late.

Medium.

Medium.

Medium.

Late.

Early to late.

Early.
Early.

Late.

Late.

Yellow.
Violet.
Violet.
White.
Purple.
White.
White.
Brown.
Brown.

Reddish.

Reddish.

Violet.

Red.

First.
First.
Second.
First.
First.
First.
Good.
First.
First.

First.
Third.

First.
Second.

11

Violet, long

12

Violet, round.

13

Nerii ._

14

Pregussata

15

White Marseilles

US

White Genoa

17
18

Superfin de la Sausaye

Turkey

Medium.

1
9,

Brown Turkey.

POMEGRANATES.

Sweet

Acid

Lrrge.
Very Large.
Very Large.

Small.

3

Violet

4

Dwarf

Mcluerries-No. 1 Bears 3 months. No. 2 Best. No. 3 Very tart.

X I .— N ECTARINES.

Explanation same as for Apricots.

and 49°

II.— CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35° and 42°.

111.— SOUTH. DIV.-B. 28° and .35°.

a

9

-

l

2
3
4
5
6

ori

3

X

r.

r,
Z

5

-

0

\i

7
-
-
—

=

a
z

t
_

-

>.

U

i.

-

~

-

-J

-
<

-
*

-::■

.2

~-
-

0
2!

5

d

*

*

C
[3

>

V

-
-

X

/.

£

Z
Hi

/

3
O
/

■>;■

j2
/-

-

3

*
*

6

c

c

3

5

>
Z

_d

3
_

—
o
1)
3

5

£

_tj

/

r:

'3.

7
/.

T.

I

'55

c

/'

o

N

3

XXV111

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS ORANGES, LEMONS AND PEACHES.

XII.— ORANGES AND LEMONS.

DESCRIPTION.

1,-NORTH, DIVISION-Between 43°

-^

1-

_

._

K

-

s

S3

QJ

Td

-

p

NAMES.

a

s

o

;-

<

o

eft

s

c

>

3
-

a;

-

s

ha

o

~7

1

f*

c

-

j.

3
o

CO

o3

c

fc

O

P

3

P

02

5

23

z

^

_

z

>

~

-

o

Z

-

^

£

1

Brazilian .

P.

8

4

5

Sicily Lemon

XIII .— P E A C H E S .

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m.. medium; s., small. Class — F., freestone; C, clingstone. Color—
relative to the flesh, w., white or pale colored; y., yellow or yellowish; g. , greenish white, red at stone. Quality — j.v.,
juicy, vinous; m. j. r., melting, juicy, rich; s. j., sweet and juicy; s. j. h.. sweet, juicy and high flavored. Glands — s.,
serrated, without glands; g., glands globose; r., glands runiform. Season — the season of maturity, as Early, Medium
or late; those designated as Early, ripen in hit. 43 deg. previous to or about Sept. 1st ; Medium, those ripening from 1st
to 13th Sept., and Late those after that period; a few of the Very Earl}' and Very Late are so designated — E., early; M.,
medium; L., late; V. E., very early; V. L., very late. Origin — Am., American; F., Foreign.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

i.-NORTH DIVISION-Between 42°

H

a

p

Z

a

CS3

CQ

<
►3

O
0

o

<
p
c?

*• .i

Ml. j.V

ni.j.r
8. j-
j v.
j. m.
j- v.
j- v.
s. j.

j-

m.
j- r.
j v.
m.j.r
j- v.

CO

Q

<
j
3

go

a

z

5

K
O

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.
Am.

Am.
F.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.

a

o

:_

03
-
>

a

Z

/

S3

s

z

>

-
j

CO

*

3

c

c

CD

*
*

z

5

*

d

O

o

/

5

1

Allen's October

g-
g-
r.
g,
r.
r.

g-
r.
r.

r.
r.

g-
r.

L.
V. E.

M.

E.
V. E.

L

L.

E.

L.

M.

M.

E.
V E.

M.

M
V. E.

M.

2

Alexander

m.

1.
1.

m.
1.
1.

in.
1.
1.

m.
1.

m.
1.
1.

m.
1.

F.
F.
F.
F.
C.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
C.
F.
C.
C.
F.
F.

w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.

y-
y-

y-
j-

w.

y g-
g-

w.

y.

3

4

Alexandra Noblesse

Amelia ..

5

Amsden's June

6

7

Austin's Late lied

Baldwin's Late . __

8

Barnard

9

10
11
1°

Beer's Smock _

Bellegarde .

Bergen's Yellow

Bordeaux _

13

14

Brigg's May

Catharine

-

15

( Jhinese Cling

l(i

17

ColeV Early lied

Columbia ...

is

Cim's Cling _

1!)

Coolidge's Favorite

1.

in.
1.
1.
1.

in.
1.

1.
1.

F.
F.
C.
F.
F.
F.
C.

F.
C.

W.

w.
w.

y-
y.
w.

y. v.

g-
y.

«. j.h.

Ill', j.v

111. j.

j- v.

j- v.

s.
j- r.

in j.r
m. j.

-■

g-

g-

g-
g*

M.

L.
Jl
M.

L.

L.

L.

V. L

E.

Am.
Am

Am
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.

-:■:--::-
-X-

-:■:--;:■

->:-:■:

Irvf

*
*

■:.--x-
*

20
?,1

Cook's Late White

Counts .

go
S3

Crawford's Early

Crawford's Late

94

Crockett's I, ale While

95

Deming's ( (range

•M\

Deming's .s', pi.
Druid Hill ...

27

Duff Yellow

This originated in South Carolina, and differs from the Missouri Amelia.
Kesembles Lemon Cling.

16 Berckmaus thinks it is same as Shanghae.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — ORANGES, LEMONS AND PEACHES.

XXIX

XII. — ORANGES AND LEMONS.

and iSf.

II.— CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35° and «°.

HI-SOUTH. DIV- Bet. 28° & 35°.

s

M
S

p

a
i

o

3

4
5

sj

z

3D
U

S

-»

s

■^

=1

3

—

z
3

^:
39

5

2

>

i

V

3h

33

5

33

-

-
-

■a

-

s

3

?o

>

2
p

c
Z5

5

3

3

>

3D

a

a;
■/<
/.

a
=

o

T-

Z
X

/

3

5*
33

z,

3D

_z

0

"J

-

5

z;

~z
_

5
1.

3

3

53

g

53

—

*

*

j.
i-

J.
1

7

*
*

-;■:-
*

3d

-X-
*

6
21

3

XIII. — PEACHES,

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Class— F., freestone; C, clingstone. Color—
relative to the flesh, w., white or pale colored; 7., yellow or yellowish; g., greenish white, red at stone. Quality— j. v.,
juicy, vinous; m. j. r., melting, juicy, rich; s. j., sweet and juicy; s. j. h., sweet, juicy and high flavored. Glands—
s., serrated, without glands; g., glands globose; r., glands reniform. Season— the Season of maturity, as Early, Me
dium or Late; those designated as Early, ripen in hit. 43 deg. previous to or about Sept. 1st; Medium; those ripening
from 1st to loth of Sept., and Late, those after that period; a few of the Very Early and Very Late are so designated—
E., early; M., medium; L., late; V. E. very early; V. L., very late. Origin— Am., American; F., foreign.

||

qoiitu

niv lift "s° \- 350.

_

03

03

5"!

-

"

-

Tt

Z.

3

6

=

-

>>

>

C

-

~

tJ

._J

z

B

a
a
2

09
7.

r.

si

60

3

-

-
>

-

—

a

~-

53
-

es'

= 1
>

3

-■
_■
J.
/.

CD

/;

3

z

-

T
5;

/

a

S3

—

-
s

-
_

-1

-

-

3;

EH

-

J.

—

si
03

/'

y.

53

£

"-

-

^

1

-1
5

z
-

>

z

3

61

>.

z

3

3

1

^
^

:_
H

5

z

-

>

S5

_

h

<

5

^

<

/
/

-

'C

<

1

#

2

*

*

■;:■

-.;

*

JHf

*

3

4

*

;■:■

)Hf

**

::-::-

*#

--

■:-.■-:■:■

it

*

-::-

--

5

*

*

-::-

fr#

v>

6

-;:■

-;:-

JHf

T

*

»-::■

If*

-::-

#

*

if

--

8

*

*

-:;■

9

*

**

10

-::-

-;:■

*

11

■:■■

*

-.

--

*

■■:-

*

■::■

#

*

•-

12

*

*

-:-:-

13

*#

14

**

**

15

*

*

ft*

IfJ,

##

--

-

--

#

#

--

*

--

--

v:--:.-

-

*-:;

--

■:■:■

#

*

JHf

--

1C

*

#

*

-::■

**

-:<■

*

*

17

»

#

**

--

#

iMI

JHf

JHf

--

■::•

v>™

JHf

*

18

•::-

1!)

*

*

-;:-

*

-•'■

•;■:-

20

:■

21

jHf

22

JHf

■;:-->:

**

•*

*#

X*

-::-

-::-*

**

**

*."

fr}f

■;■:-

*

*>-:;

*

■-

-::-

--

*«

»«

**

-

"-

If

*

*

"■

-•::

;■'■■■

jHt

■•■..v.

■■■;

*

<Hi

■-■:■

■::

■'■;:

*

»«

--

--

#

*

■x-x

#

-v-

jf

■::■

::

""

24

*

25

*

-::■

ff

26

*

*

■>,■

*

■li-

*

*

#

ff

'!.-

--

--

XXX

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS PEACHES.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.-N0RTH. DIVISION-Between 42°

a

a

S

D

a
o3

X

<

5

M

0

o
O

<

X

O
<

5

S3

0
m

<

a

£

c

5
o

q

X

z

z

'£

5
a

i.
"7
-

n

-

3
E

>

v.'

-

7

«

■::-

1

■::-
*

—

—
Z

-:■:-
#

-

P

Z

4-

z

>

*

*
*

t

*
*

d

5

-s

C
-
-J

z

~

*
*

*

-:■:-
#

-:■:-

*

#*

#

.9

"3
a
o
o
z

28
Si)

Early Albert

Earl y Ad m i rable . .

m.
I.

F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
C.
C.
F.
F.
F.

F.
F.
F.
C.
F.
F.

w.
w.
w.
w.
w.

g-

p. y
g-

w.

y-

y-
y-

y-

w.

g.

w.

y-
g.

III j.V.
Ill', j.

m j.

111. j.V.

m. j.

j- v-

m. r.

m.j.r.

m.j.r.
s. ]•
j- '••
j- v-

in jr.

s.j.h.

s. j.
m.j.r.

8- j-
s.j.h.

r.

g-
r.

e-

r.

g-

!'.
S.
s.
r.

g-
g-

o-

tV

g-
g-
g-
r.

E.

M
V. E.

E.

E.

E.

E.
V. E.
V. E.

L.

E.

L.

M.

M.

V. E.

V E.

M.

V. L.

F.
F.

En a

f:

Eng

Am.
Eng
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am .
Am.
F.

A in
Am
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

30

Early Beatrice

31

33

Early Grosse Mignonne

Early Lou ise .

m.

m.

1.

1.

m.

m.

m.

I.

1.

m.

1.

m.
m.
1.
1.

m.
m.

-

33
34

Early Newington Free

Early Rivers

--

3,1

Early Tillotson .

:;<i

Early York

37

Eaton's Golden .

•38
39

Flrwellen . .

Fost er

40
41

1 leorge the Fourth

Grosse Mignonne ...-

--

42

Moyal Kensington.
Haine's Early Red

43

44

Hair's Early

Harker's Seedling

--

4.T

Heath Cling..

4fi

Hill's Chili -.

47

Honeywell .

w.

s. j-

E.

48

Hoover's Late Heath . .. ... ..

49

Hyslop Cling

1

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

1.

m.
1.

m.

1.

1.

v 1

C.

c.

F.
C.
F.
F.

F.
F.
F.
F.
C.
F.
F.
C.
F.

F.
F.
C.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
C.
C.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
C.
F.
F.
F.
0.
F.
F.
C.

w.

y-

m.j.r.

j- v.

r.
r.

V. L
L.

Am.

Am.

■-

--

--

*

i

*
*

*

*

■::■

*«

##
##

*
*

#
*
*
If*

■X-

#
*

*

*

#

■:■:-

*

*
*

*
*

-;:■

#

'.■■
#

50

Indian Blood ( 'ling

51

Indian Blood Freestone

52

Incomparable

w.

}'•

w. r.

g-
w.
w.
w.
w.

y- g-
y-
y-

&■

g. w
w.

w. r.
w.
w.
w.

g-
w.
w.
w.
y.

w.

w.

w.

w. r.

y-

y. r.

w.

w.

w.
>'• r-

y-

m. j.
j- v.
j- v.

m. j.

j- v.
s.j.h.
s.j.h.

s. j.
s.j.h.
m. h.

j- v.

j- v.

m.j.r.
m. j.

8- j-

m. j.
in j. r.

■s ].
s. j.

s.l h.
m.j.r.
m.' j.

ill. j.V.

s. j-
m.j.r.
m. j.

Ill j.V.

m. j.

j- v.
in j.
m. j.

i v-

m.j.r.

in.' j.

r.
r.
r.

r.
r.
r.
g-
g-
g.

a
»•

r.

r.

s.

r.
r.
r.

g-

s.

g.
g-
r.
r.

('•
r

,r.
s.

g-
g-
r.
r.
s.
r.

L.

M.
L

V. L
V. L
V. L
V. E.

M.
M.
L.
M.

M.

L.
L
L.
M.
M.
M.
M
M.
L
L.
M.
M.
M
M
M.

M
M.
M.
L.
E.
M.
V I,

Am.
Am
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.

F.
Am

F.

F.

Am
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

F.
Am.
Am.

F.
Am .
Am.
Am.

F.

F.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
F.
Am.

53

Jacques _

54

Ken rick's Heath

55

56

57

Heath Vreestoru .

Keypoit White,

Lady Parham

LaGrange

--

58
59
00

Larue Early York

Large While Cling

Late Red Rareripe

--

61

Late Admirable ...

62

Lemon Clins

1.
1.

1.
v.l

1.
I.

1.

m.
m.

1.

1.

1.

I.

I.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1

1.

1.

m.

1.

m.

1.

m.

63

Leopold I .. .

64
65
66

67
68

Leopold Freestone.

Malta .

.Mammoth Freestone
Mitchell's Mammoth ..
Molden's White
Montgomery's Late

69

Morris White . . .

70

.Mountain Rose .

71

Noblesse

72

Oldmixon Free

73

Oldmixon Cling

74
75
76

Pavie de Pompone

Pelite Imperial .

Picquett's Late . _

77

President

78

Prince of Wales

79
80

Princess of Wales
Pueelle de Malines

--

81
82
83

Ravmond ( lling

Red Cheek Melocoton . .

Reeves' Favorite .. .

--

84

Richmond .

85

Rodman's Cling.

si;

Roval < Jeorge . .

S7

ss

Salw ay

Scott's October

so

Shockley's early

90

Smock

I.
m.

F.

F.

y-

\v

8- .1-

r.

i.

L
M.

Am.
Am

'

-■:-

*

91

Snow

..

is Resembles Heath Cling, but later.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS —PEACHES.

XXXI

and 49°.

II— CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35° and 42°.

lll.-SOUTH. DlV,-Bet. 28° and 35°.

2
pq
s
-

is
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41

42
4::
44
45
46
47
4S
49
50
51
52
53
54

r,r,
56
.-.7
58
59
60
61
62
63

64
65
66

67
68
69

70

71

72

78

74

7r,

76

77

78

7'.i

80

si

82

-

84

85

86

87

88

89

'.mi

91

a

3

=

=

i

a
3
_i
a

-

a
=
a
—

=

-

=
-.

5=

-=

=
o
Sc

£

T
a

a
o

he
p

5

«

a

a
>

=

=

*

«

*
*

ft

«
*
*

*

■::•

ft

-:r-:>
*

»

•
ft*

>.

aj

/

—

■::-

ft
*

*

ft*

ft
ft
ft
*

::■

*

ft

■::•

—
a

_a

-
fHt

-::-
*

*
**

*

t

ftft
*

*
*

_
-

a

>.

—

-

-
t

ft-
ft
ft*

*
ft*

-::-■:■:-
ft

*

*
»*
*

*

*
t

ft*
ft*

ft-
ft

ft-
ft

X

-

Si

ft

*

#
#
*

ft
ftft

»

ft
#
*

*

*

ft-
ft ■::-

*

#

*
*

a

p
a

^

ft
ft-
ft
*

ft*

*

*»

ft

ft*

*
#

#
*

*

*
*

*

ft

■"-
ft

ft

d

3

ft

--
t

ft
ft

*
*

*

*

*

*

ft*

*

T

if*
*

*

•

::■-:

a
a
—

*
*

*

ft-
ft*

ft*
#

#
*

*

ft

•

*

ftft

If

*

*

ja

"7

-

It*

If*

ft-
ft*

ft*

»ft
ft*

ftft

-::->:
#*

ft-::-

_>

:--:;-

:■::■

ftft
ft*

*

#*

**
#

ftft
ft

ft*

*

*

ft*

**

«-:■:-

ft-
ft;:

/
i

H

*

*

ft*

::-■::■
ft*

It*
IHf

ftft

#

*#
**

#

ft*

ft

*

ftft

ftft
ft*

-::-::
-::■

CO

0

*

*

ft*

*ft

*

ft

■::-

*

ft

*-■:-
■::■■;:-

•:■:-

■::-::■

o3

a
/.

*
*

*

*
*

#

*

*

-:>

#

-

_>

1

T

•
t

*

*

**

t

an

a
j.

2.
1

::-

-::-

**

■::-■::■

*

::-

*
*

-

■:;-

#

#
*

*

*

a
>

a

B

■::■
ff

*•::-

jHf

-::■

*

■::■

-::--!:
*

-
=

3

a
_

**

-:■:--::-
■::■-;:-

*

■:■:•

-::-:-
•::-

-::■>:■
*

-::■:-
-::-

■:■:-::

■:;■
#

ff

a
:l

:

CJ

21

n

-::-
t*

>Hf

■::■

--::■
ft

■::-
it
:-::

;;■::

**

*

-::--::■

-::-::
-::■::
ff
ffft

";:
-::
-::-

■:.-

■::-

a

-£
<

**
IHf

JHf

*#
*

*#
**

-.--::■

*

*Hf
t

a
5

c
—

/

-
f
-

Si

<

■:-:-

■■:.-

IHf

■::-

IHf

■::■

-::-

fHt

IHf
*

*

-::--::■
»

::
-:■
-::-
*#

#4f

■::-

-::-::

■:;--:.■
-:■:-

JHf

::■

ft

*

»H

—
—
i.
i

i
/

*

■::-
■::-

-::■

ft

-::■

ft
ftft

ft*

ftft
-

.>ft

fHt

*

ft':

ftft

ft
ft

ft

-

-
i

C

-::-
ft-
ft

ft
ftft

**

ftft
ft

ft*

ft-
ft
*

#

ft-
ft

a

-

«

s

ft

ft

-::-

ft
*

ft*

ft
ft

ftft

ft

■::-
ftft

ft-
ft

ft-

i
2,

c3
O

<

XXX 11

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEACHES — PEARS.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

1.— NORTH. DIVISION.-Between 42°

s

B

5

a'
s:

CO

111.

1.

111.
111.

1

1.
Ill

o

6
y.

w.

y-

w.

y

y-

w.

<
p
a

x
0

<

5

la

0

X

<

a

CO

g

5
o

2
c

o

3

6

—

H
O

=

Z
>

7.

=

~Z
a

a:

/

3

p
*

S

c
O

**

c
*

6

5

3.
#

d

'7
y

£

92
93

Snow's Orange ...

Si um)i tht.' World

F.
F.

F.
F.
F.
C.
F.

in. j.

s.j.b.

B.j.h.

111. j.
B-j V

j- v.
s. j-

r.

ir
o*

g-

r.

»•

r.

IT

M.

L.

M.

M

M.

L.

E.

Am.
Am
Am.
\m
Am.
Am.
Am

--

94

Sturtevant .

95

Strawberry

96

97

Susquehanna... ... . .

Tippecanoe .

--

'.IS

Trolli's Early .. .......

99

Tuskena Cling.. . _. ...

111(1

III
1.

m.

F.

F.
('.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.

w.

w.

y- r-

\v. r.
w.

y-
y-
y-

m.j.r.
r. j. s.
in. j
m. j.
m.j.r.
s. j.

i t.

g'

r.

r.

g-

g-
-

M.

L

L.
V. E.

E.

E.

E.
V. E

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am
F.
Am.

t

*

■If

--

*

101

Ward's Late Free

in"

Washington Cling

108

Wheeler's Early

104
1 oa

m.
m.
1.
1.

11111

KIT

Yellow St. John

Fleita's Flitters St. John.

XI V. — PEARS.

The columns explain as follows: Size — s., small; 1., large; m , medium. Form — p., pyriform; r. o. p., roundish
obtuse pyriform; r. a. p., roundish acute pyriform; ob. p., obtuse pyriform; ob. o. p., oblong obtuse pyriform; r., round-
ish; r. ob., roundish obtuse. Colou — y. g., yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet red cheek; y. r., yellow and
russet; y., when mostly yellow or yellowish. Quality — g., good; v. g., very good; b. , best. Use — F., valuable family
dessert; K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market. Season — S.. summer; L. S.. late summer; A., autumn;
E. A., early autumn; L. A. late autumn; \\\, winter. Origin — En., English; Am., American; F., French; Fl., Flem-
ish; B., Belgium; II., Holland.

DESCRIPTION.

1— NORTH. DIVISION.-Between 42°

a

fa

£

i.

—

a

P5

NAMES.

tr.

~

=

>>

□

s
p

a

-■*.

0

<J

a"

z

o

X

3

>

3

-

g

-
—

B

7.

5

-
-

C
>-

-
b3

■j.

3
w

p

X

a

c

z>

:.

QJ

^

X.

fa

»

<y

fa

cc

O

Z

25

--.

/.

>

>:

r£

u

r<

z

^

1

Abbot 1

m.

ob.p.

y. r.

v.g.

F.

E. A.

Am.

t

o

Ananas d'Ete _

1

P-

P-

y.g-
y.g.

F M

E A

H

3

Andrews ... .

1.

v.g.

F.

E. A

Am.

I

i

4

Bartletl .

1.

ob.o p

V.

V g.

F. M.

L. S

En.

*

*

*

##

-:.---

*->:-

*

##

5

Baronne de Mello

m.

r.a.p.

y. r.

V. "'.

F. M.

lv A.

1!

6

Belle Lucrative

Fondante </'.! utomne.

in.

r o.p.

y-g'

b.

F.

E. A.

Fl.

--

*#

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

--

7

Belle Epine Dumas _.

Due de Bordeaux.

m.

r.o.p

y-

v.g.

F.

L. A.

--

--

-•

#

-•

*

--

t

--

8

Bergen

1.

p. y. r.

y-g

g.

F. M. E

Am.

Island.

9

Beurre Bosc

1.

1'

y. r.

b.

F. M.

1. A

B.

1

->;-

#

#

■:f*

*

#

*#

*

#

_.

III

Beurre < lairgeau

1

P-
ob.p

y. r.

1 e

M

I, A

F.

11

Beurre d'Anjou .

1.

v.g.

F. M. L A

F.

1

#*

*#

9Hf

-.'-■:-

**

##

-:■■

•■■'.-

1SJ

Beurre d A man lis

1.

r.o.p

y.g.

g-

M I'.. A

B.

..

-

_.

_-

_.

i::

Beurre de Brignais..

I), s Nonnes

in.

rob

y.

v.g.

F. |E. A.

-"

--

--

*

--

#

*

--

14

Beurre Diel. ...

1.

ro.b.p

y. r.

v.g.

V. M

L. A

B.

jt

15

Beurre Giffard

in.

P-

y.g.

v.g.

F. M.

S.

F.

..

#

*

~r

*

**

*

■■■■■-

#

#

-_

HI

- v.

V. <T.

%■

v.g.

F

L S

F

17

Beurre Hardy. _

-

1.

ob.p.

F. M.

E. A.

'

.-

■:■

-V-

-X-

--

X

-:■:-

*

6 Nol profitable for market.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS —PEACHES PEARS.

XXX111

and 49".

II.— CENTRAL DIVISION.-Between 35° and 43°.

III -SOUTH. DIV-Bet.28° and 35°.

a

-
s
p

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

101

105

106

107

s

7

3

s

5

5

-T

3

7
S

5

5

>

-.

J

~

It*

*

*

-:;■

■:.-
■::■

>>

l>

CO

•s

CD

Z

#

*

<d*

7J
Q

#

#

JHt

■::-

*

Q
«

#

*#
*

*

bj.
>

*

**
*

#

.-

a
p
s

Z

*

#
*

*

3

55
*

*
#

*

■::■
*

-

5

*

d
S
'{3

P>
m

i —
**

JHt

#

s

V

*

#*

**

*#

::■■::■

CD

CD

-

a
c

CU

EH
*
#

-/
C

B

*

55
*

ft

-:■;-

is
ft*

3

;
/

X

ft
*

■::

a:
Z

)Hf

#

X

c

cc
Li

*

5
*

*

c

-

■:■:-
*

*

—
-
>

Z

:

a

-::-:■:-
ft

*

55
■::■

cc

C

O

3
fHf

5

**

-

C

fHf

ft*

-x
5

-X--X-

C8

5
cj

##

*
*

**

O

5

>.

r-

H
—

CO

«

CC

s

—

<i

55

IHf
ft*

**

CO

*

*

*

#

■::■

*
If*

CS

/
-J

*

#

5
*

*

5s

X

CT

>-.
cu

iHf

if

■::-:;

*
*

"s.
CD

Z

a
a
o

XIV. — PEARS.

The columns explain as follows: Size — s., small; 1., large; m., medium. Form — p., pyriform; r. o. p., roundish
obtuse pyriform; r. a. p., roundish acute pyriform; ob. p., obtuse pyriform; ob. o. p., oblong obtuse pyriform; r., round-
ish; r. ob.. roundish obtuse. Color — y. g. , yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet-red cheek; y. r., yellow and
russet; y., when mostly yellow or yellowish. Quality — g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — F., valuable family
dessert; K.M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market. Season — S., summer; L. S., late summer; A., autumn;
E. A., early autumn; L. A. late autumn; W., winter. Origin — En., English; Am., American; F., French; Fl., Flem-
ish; B., Belgium; H., Holland.

and 49°.

II.— CENTRAL DIVISION.-Between 3.5° and 42°.

Ml, — SOUTH. DIV.-Bet.2S" and 35°.

d
m
a
a

1

2
3
4
5
6

7

8

9

10
11
12
13

14
15
16
17

ri
Z

3

z

j

-j-

z

0

d
z

--i
a

7

>
*

a
z
be
p

O

-::■*
*

=
>

■7-

-
PL,

::-::-
■::■

;:■
■::
<Hf

■::■
-;:■

s-
*

>-.

CD
CO

%

*

*

**
#

iHf

*

CD

r.

~z
*
**

*

*
#
*

*

■::-

-

—
>

t

#

■:<-*

IHf

-X-

#

#

■::■*

'5

>

■:;-::
■::■

-::■
■::-

#

*
*

C5

*
*

#

-X-

*
*

*
*

::
::

;:-::■

■::
*

-

CO

CD
>

JHf

-:>-::■

*

*

#

t

*

*
It*

CD
CD
CO
CO

CD

Z

H

-:■:-::-
-x-x-

•x-
■x-

#*
#

■J.

' z

*

t

#
*

*

9Hf

*

*
*

*
*

:

X
X

5-
*

*
*

*

C3

/
S

z

5-5-

*

55

*

55

/

cc:
j.

C
cr
■^

JHf

*

*
t

6

5

*

*

5

>

z

c

X-5-
5

5 5
5

*

5

5'X

03

"c
5

I.

-■/.-
**

55

5-5

5-

'5

c

*

5
55

55

*

55
55

*
*

E

TZ

54;

**

-z

5
*

C

i-

CD

X

K
-.
C

<

5
*

Z.
a,

X
X

*
*

5-
*

ce

zt
1

C
iJ

*

*
*

r-
*#

5
**

55

-

z

C3
S

o
s

•5

XXXIV

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS PEARS.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

.-

WRTH DIVISION

-Between 4X

o

«

a

B

s
p

a

o

o
►J
c
O

>■'

<
s
C

/-

zi
o

<

CO

s

o

-

s.

-
>

-::■

•

*

-:■:-

t

*

J.

—

*

»

*
**

*

*■

#
*

*

t

*
*

*

—

*
t

##

*
*

**

*
*

t

-

*

5
B

*
*

*
*

#

**
*

-:■:-

:/

i

j
i
-

*

**

*

*
#

t

#
#

t

*

*

*

*
*

**

*
*

-s
*

»

-\-
*

T

-:■;

-c

c

"x

:_
Z

*

*
*

*
#

rr

?

B

Z

c

#
*

t

#
*

>

IS

#

*
*

*

*
*

-:-

*
**
##

*

t

*

*

#
*
*
*

*
*
*

#

■-:■-
*
*

*

*

**

#
*

*

*

c"

-

5

#

*

#
*

*

*

**

*
*

--

*

-
-

T

S

*

*
*

#
*

**
#

*
*
*

t

*

*

*

a-

*

*
*

*

*

*
*

*

d
-

O

18
1!)

Beurre Langelier.

Beurre Precoce . ..

in.

in.

m.

m.

m.

m.

1.

1.

m.

m.

1.

in.

1.

1.

1.

s.
1.

ob.p.

ob.p.

r. p.

r.

Oil. p.

r. ob.
ob.p.
ob.p.

1.0. p.

ob.p.
r. a. p.
ob.v.
ob.o.p.
r. o. p.
ob.p.

r. j>.
ob.p.

y. r.

y- 1-

y. r.
y. r.
y. r.

y- g-
y- '•

y. i.

y. g.

y. r.

J-

y-
y-g-

y-

y-g-
y- .«■■

y-

y-

v. g.
g-

V. g.

v-g-
b.

v-g-

V. g.

v- g-
g-

V. g.

g-
g-

v-g.

g-
v- g-

b.
v. g.

b.

F. M.
F. M.

F.

F.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

M.
F. M.
KM.
F. M.
F. M.
M. K.
F. M.

F.

F.
F. M.

W.

S.

A.

S.
L. S.

s.

A.

A.
E.A.

W.

w.

s.

S.

w.

L. A.

w.
s.

L. A.

F.

F.

F.
Am

F.
A in.

B.
Eng
Am

F.

F.
Am
Am.
Am
Am.
Am.
Am
Am.
Am.
Am

F.

B.

F.

B.

F.

F.

F.

B.
Am.

B.

B.
Am.
Am
Am.

\m

F.
Am

F.

B.
Am.

Am.
F.

Am.
F.

Am
Am
Am.

Am
F.
F.
F.
B.
F.

B.

Am
Am.
Am.

B.

B.

SO

Beurre Supertin. ...

21
22

Bloodgood

Boune de Puits Ansault

--

23
24

Brandywine _.

Brialuiont

--

25

British Queen

26
27
28
29

Buffum

Caen de France

Cat lilac

Chambers

--

30
31

33

C'lapp's Favorite :

( lolumbia

Dallas

t

33
34
3a
36

I learborn's Seedling

Dix

Dr. Bachman (local)

--

37

Doctor Reeder ..

s.
in.

1.
m.

1.

s.

1.
in

1.

1.
m.

1.

1.

s.
in.

s.
m.

1.

1.

m.
m.
m.

1.
m.

1.

m.

m.

m.

m.

s.

1.

in.

m.

m.

1.

m

1.

1.

m.

s.

1.

1.

m.

m.

1.

1.

r.o.p.

r. ob.

r.o.p.
r. p.

r.o.p.

r.o.p.

ob.o.p

r.

p.y.r.
r.ob.p

ob. p.

ob.p.
r.ob.p.

ob.p.
r.ob.p.

r. ob.

P.

ob. p.

ob. p.

r.
ob.o.p.

r.o p.
r.ob.p.

r. ob.

r. p.
r.a.p.
r. ob.

r.ob.p
r.ob.
ob.p.
r. ob.
r. ob.

r. op.

ob.p.

P-

ob CI.]).

r. a. p.
r.o.p.
ob.p.

P-

ob.p.

r. ob.

r. o. p.

nil. p.
P-

y- >■•
y- g-
y- 1'-
y- >'■
y- g-
y- g-
y-

y. r.

y-g-

y. r.
y. r.
y. i

y- g-
y- '••
y-
y- '•■

y-

y-

y- <---

y. r.

y- r-

y-g-

y. r.

y-

y-g-
y. r.
y- '■•

y- 1-
y.

y-

y. r.

y-

y. r.
y- g-
y- g-

y. r.
y. r.
y. r.

y- '■•

y. r.

.V- g-
y. r.

y. r.
y.
y.

b.

v-g-
v-g-
v. g

b.
v. g.
v-g

g-

g-

V. g.

v- g-

b.

v-g-

b.

b.
v. g,
v-g-

g-
v.g.

b.
v-g-
v-g-
v-g-

g-

v.g-

v.g

v- g-

V. g.

V. g-

cr

g-

v- g-
g-

v- g-
v- g-

v- g-

V. g.

v- g
V. g.

v- g-
v- g-

V. g

g-

v. g-

g-
g-

F.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.
F. M.

M.
F. M.

F.

F.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

F.

F.M
F. M.

F.

F.

F.

M.

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.M
F. M.
F. M.
F.M.

M.

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.
F.M.

F.

F.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F.M.

M.

M.

LA.
E.A.
E.A.

W.
I.. A

S.

A.

W.
E. A.

W.

E. A.
L. A.

F. A
E.A.
E. A.

A.
E. A.
L. A.

A.
L. A.
E. A.
E. A.
E.A.

S.

E. A.

A.

W.

W.

W.

S.

E. A.

E. A.

A.

W.
E.A.

S.
E. A.

A.
L. S.

S.

A.

W.

A.
L. A.

A.
L A.

38

Doctor Lindley ._

39

40
41
43
43
44
45
46
47

Doyenne Boussock

Doyenne d'Alencon . .. ... .

Doyenne du Cornice

Doyenne d'Ete ...

Duchesse d'Angouleme

Ducnesse Precoce

Easter Beurre _

Eastern Belle

*

48

Emile d'Heysl

49
50

Flemish Beauty . .

Foster's Seckel

#*

51
52
53

Frederick Clapp _

Fulton .

Golden Beurre of Bilboa.

--

54

Glout Morceau

55

Goodale

56

Gray Doyenne .

57

58

Harris

Helen Gregoire

59

Henkel

60

Hosensclienck

61
63
63
64

M, •,,,-, 's Pound.

Howell...

Jalousie de Pontenay Vendee

Jaminette

--

65
66
67

Josephine de Malines

Julienne... __ _.

Kingsessing ..

--

69

Kiit land

Knight's

--

70

71

Knight's Seedling.

Lawrence

Louise Bonne de Jersey

*

73

.Madeleine ._

73
74
75

76

Madame Andre Leroy

Madame Eliza .

Madame Treyve __

Manning's Elizabeth

77

Marie Louise

78

McLaughlin

79

80
81

Merriuni

Mount Vernon _

Napoleon.

--

S3

Nouveau Poiteau

--

37 Delicious, but too small to meet the present 85 The finest late winter melting pear, where

market warn-. it succeeds.

56 I-'.iil- in Eastern States. TO A hardv tree; valuable.

63 An old variety ; very healthy and productive. 71 Very productive and profitable.

79

Some say liable to blight.
A eapital pear, but unreliable.
Hardy and promising.
Valuable for market.

CATALOGUE OF FKUITS PEAKS.

XXXV

and 49".

11.— CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35" and 42°.

II.— SOUTH. DIV. — Bet. 28° and 35°.

B 3 j ^ ~ c - —

| 5 s * 8 a S 5 1

Q g .2 c 2 .
>•■«=•= 3 V ._• §
% ai -a . 3 2- >> £ ■ s -• .S 5 -• fi » Br « "H

~ == ~ .5 - -■ = _ = * o „• o £ 7 £ _• V 5 ,= 6J. 5 5 = = J ~ 22 « §

18 .. *

19

#

* * # -- --

20 *

- ##*•---* #•■-----# * * # *-• *--# *

21 „ „

22 .

23 . -

i

24 .. f

25

26

*****----*********--*--**•

* * * *-■*----

27 . ..

28 .

29 .

30 . f

**--*tt*--t*ttt t *

+ f

31 .. „

32

33 f

34 ,

35 .

-#*#--###*#*#■##*----#--# #

36

+ + .. .

37 .. +

::s

39 ... . .

-* * * *--******--* # ***#--*--* -■

40

41

42

*#*#**#-- * * * * ** * - - # * * - - "* - - * «
■* ** ****-- ** * ************#*--*--***•*

' -- t -- -

,., ■ * *

45 : :; .. ;: - :.

46 .. .. .. ^ ..

47

48 .... f .

t

49

50 .

*** * * --**

51 . .. ..

52 „

53 .. *

54 . .. .. *

55

56 .

57

58 .

59

60 . . ..

61 .... , <

62 .

E- ## ####--#* * * #####*##■*## " # - - * * "

#* - - - - - - - - # ###*-- - -

63

64

65

* * + •-** t + t --

67 .. ._ .. #

69 :: :;:: * :

70

-**#-•************--*•-* *

71 ' * ***

72 * *

73 * *

74

75

76 ..

77

78

79

*<i . t .

""' +:: "" T -;:;;; ;; ;;;;;; ;;

81

82

46 Requires very hi(jh cultivation.

52 A hardy, productive tree.

54 Unreliable at the North.

XXXVI

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEARS — PLUMS.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

1,

-NORTH.

DIVISION,-

-Between 42°

IS

m

a

B

CO

o

M
o
-
o
O

E-

<

■X

o

m

<

CO

2
5

o

z

-
>

c

*

-

-
22

#

1)

~7

a

-

*

*

t

**

*

*

t

#

*

—
>

*

•X-

*

■r.

Qi
J.

'Z

—
X

*

*
#

-X-

*
*

j

<D
*

**

t

*

35
c

*
#

«-#
#*

*
*

#

*
#

#

*
*

*

*
*

*

#
*

7t

he
#

*

H

O

CO

m

Onondaga

1.

s.

ob.p.

r. p.

r.
r.a.p.
r.o.p.
ob.p.
r.ob.

P-

ob.p.
ob.p.

P-

r.ob.

P-

r. p.
r.
r.

p. y. r.

r.

r. p.

ob.o.p

ob.p.

r.a.p.

r.

P-

P-

ob.o.p

ob. p.

r.
ob.p.

ob.p.
P-

y-g-

y-g-
y-g-

y-r-

y-

y-g-
y-g-

y-

y- ■'•

y. r.

y-g-
y-g-

y-

y-g-
y-g-
y-g-
y-g-
y-g-

y-

y-g-
y-r.
y g-
y-g.

g rus.

y. °\

y.

y-
y-g-

y- 1'-

y. r.

y-r-

g-

v.g.
v-g-

g-

v-g-
g-

b.
g-
g-

g-
g-
b.

v-g-

g-

g-

b.
v.g.
v.g.
v.g.
v.g.
v-g-
V-g-
v.g

b.

I i'

v.g.

g"

v-g-
b.

g-

&•

»r

o-

b.

F. M.

F.
F.
F.
M.
F.

K. M

M.
F. M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F.M.

F.

F.
F. M.

F.

F. M
K.M.

F.M

F. M

F.
M.

F.M.

F M.

M.

L. A.

S.

S.

E. A.

W.

s.
s.
w.

E. A.
W.

S.
A.

i-;. a

A.
A.
A.

S.
E. A.
E. A.

S.
L. S.

A.

S.

s.

A.

W.

E. A.
A.

E. A.
L. A.

W.

w.

s

Am.

Am.
Am.

B.

B.

F.
Am.

Am.
Am.

Am.

B.

F.
Am.
Am.

F.
Am.
Am

B.

F

B.
Am
Am

B.

F.

Am.
F.

Am.

B.
Am

B

84
85

Swan's Orange.

Osband's Summer

Ott_.

*

80
87
88

Paradis d'Automne

Passe Colmar

Petite Marguerite

1.
1.

m.

s.
1.

m.

1.

s.
m.
m.

1.

s.
m.

1.
m.

1.

m.
m.

1.

m.
m.
m.

1.

m.
m.

s.

1.

1

m.

1.

--

89
90

91

Pinneo or Boston

Pound

Belle Angevine, Winter Belle, Uvedale's
St. Germiiiu.
Pratt

--

92
9H

Reading . ..

Rostiezer. .

94

Rutter

95

St. Gbislain.

90
97

St. Michael Archange

Seckel _

--

98

Sheldon

"

99
100
101

Souvenir du Congres

Sterling ... _

Stevens' Genesee

--

Wfl

Supreme de Quimper . _

103

Therese Appert .

104
105

Triomphe de Jodoigne

Tyson . . _ _ .

100

Upper Crust (local)

107
108

Vicar of Winktield

--

109
110

Le Cure.

Washington .

White Doyenne.. .

--

111

Virgalu u
Wilbur. __

11fl

Willermoz. .

113
114
115

Winter Jonah

Winter Nelis _

Windsor

*

Summer Bell.

XV,

PLUMS

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— r., roundish; o., oval; r. o., roundish oval;
o. ob., oval obovate. Color — p., purplish or very dark; r., reddish or copper color; y., yellow; g. y., greenisb yellow;
y. r., yellowish with shades or spots of red. Quality — g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — F., family; M.,
market. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin — Am., American; F. , foreign.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.-N0RTH. DIVISION.-Petwcen 42°

K
H

a

s
p

2;

co

-

M
O

_;
o
O

;-'
<

D

7<
O

<

m

CD

S
o

z
~

-
-

1

z-

-
-

—

2

c

z

-
-:■;-

en
/.

?.
■/.
■f.

CB

-

—

z

-a
c

*
*

z
-

5
*

3

*

*

*
**

a
'7

B
;

5

i

9

1.

1.

m.

m.

1.

1.

r.

r. o.

r. o.

o. ob.

r.

o. ob.

g-y-

g-y.
y-
p-

g. r.
r. p.

b.

v.g.
v.g.
v.g.

v g.

g-

F.

F.M.
F. M.
F.M
F. M.
M.

L.

M.
M.
L.
M.
M.

F.

F.

Am.

F.

F.

Am.?

■::-

--

#
*
*

-

3
4
5

Beint < 'lavde it' Bavay.

Belgian Purple

Bleeker's Gage

Blue Imperatrice

0

7
8

Boddart's Green Gage ..

Bradsbaw _

Brill

--

9

Bryanstone Gage

m.

o.

y. r.

v. g.

F.

L.

F.

t

t

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS PEARS PLUMS.

XXXV11

and 19°.

II.

-CtNTRAL DIVISION-

-Between 35° and 43°

III

-SOUTH.

niv

-

Bet. 28

" and 35°.

a

a

83

8-1
85
86
87
88
89
90

91

92

93

'.it

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

103

109

110

111
112
113
114
115

33,'

0

-'
3

33

5
3

0

a

s

*
*

So

f

ft
ft

*
**

2

-
-
>

-::■

*
*

ft-
ft-

*
ft
ft
*

ft
ftft
-:.-

ft

■:;-
*

ft

ftft

>>

-
—

-
*

*
*

*

#

33

a

ft
*

*

**
*

ft

*

ft:;

_

0

r~.
S,

#

*
*

ft-
ft
*

ft
«ft

iHi

-::-ft

*

■::-

*
*

ft
ft-
ft

E

5

>

*

*

*
*
*

*

*
*

ft-
ft-

33

B

r.
-

5

#

*
*

*

*
#

ft

ftft
t
*
*

ft

*
*

*
*

ftft

33
73

-r

*

*
*

-::-

*

ft-::-
*

*

ft

ft
ft

ft
*

*

-

y.
i*

t

-:: ft

ftft

#*

ft

Zi

;:-:>
**

*

ftft
*

ftft
#*
*

Z
j.

ir
*

*

*

*
*

ftft

:.-

ftft

i.
O

#
*

*

ftft

ftft

ft-
ft

■::-
ft-
ft

ft

i

c

*
*

*

#

*

*
*

*

*

*
*

*
*

*

ft

c3
j.

t

*
*

*

*

#*
#

::
*
ft

33

".

#

ftft
*

*
*

d

5

#
*#

33

03

>

73

c

0

73
_

-::■

*

ft-
ft

ft

ftft
ft

ftft

*

#

ft

ft-
ft ft

03

~

&

OS
_

*

ftft

*
ftft
«

03

'--■

'J

*

#
*

*

*

*
#

#

I

9
<
*

ft

3

—

B
-<

#

#
*

-:-:-
*

o.

"7

X

Si.
#

ft

*

ft

*
*

•::-

s
#

»
*

*

QO

t:
CD

E-

ftft
**

#

d

_CJ
L

OS

□
o

S3
<

99 One of the largest and most beautiful

melting pears; very promising.
105 A hardy Tree.

110 One of the best, but variable in 114 Of rare excellence ; requires age ere profitable,
the Eastern and Middle States. 115 Of poor quality, but profitable for market.

XV. — PLUMS.

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — r., roundish; o., oval; r. o., roundish oval;
o. oh . oval obovate. Color— p., purplish or very dark; r., reddish or copper color; y., yellow; g. y., greenish yellow;
y. r.. yellowish with shades or spots of red. Quality — g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use— F., family; M.,
market, Season— E , early; M., medium; L., late. Ohioin— -Ain., American; F., foreign.

.t^o ftnH i->o

lil

-SOUTH

niw

.—Bet

28

°nnd ;«c.

-
-

1

2

3

4
5
6

7
8
9

-

V

-
-
a

S

-Li

3

-J.

"7

-:;

*-:■:

>

>.

Z
-

*

/.
>

*

oi

a

—

s

'3

>

5
*

ft-

03

a
c

»

-
-•

■aj

y

30

#

3

-7

X

03

-

5
*

—

33

>

2

_
■::-

ft

oj

~z

73
_

1

S3

'S
3

03

<

ft

03

5

:

cy

-
■c

<

7

i

ft

B
'7

3

-J

*

3i

-
E-

■:■:■

d

'S

3.

03'

g

XXXV1U

CATALOGUK OF FRUITS PLUMS.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

II

-NORTH DIVISION—

Between

42

a
m

s

o

s
OQ

a

o

«
o

-1
o

o

>•

3

<

a?

p

F. M.

M.
F. M.
F. M.

M.
F. M.

F.

M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

M.

F.
F. M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

2;
o

<

H

02

s

g

s
o

o
02
-
>

>

#

*

5
I

*

03

Z

Z

*
*

*

*

*
*

*

7

-
./.

Z
Z

*

*
*

*

c

a:
:l

C

#
t

*

*

*
*
*

a

o

/

J;

11)

m.

s.

m.

1.

1.

m.

m.

s.

m.

m.

1.
m.

s.

1.

m.
s.

1.

1.

s.

o.
r.

0.

r.

0.

r. o.

0.

r.
r.
r.
o.
r.

0.

r. o.

0.
0.

r. o.

r.

r.

y- ''•

p-
y- '■■

p-

p-

r.
P-

y-r.
p-

g-y-
p-
y-

r. p.
P-

P-
P-

g-y-
s- y-

g-

g-

v-g-

V. g.
a

g-

g-

g-

g-

v-g-
v-g-

o*

a-

g-

&•

g-
g-
g-
g-

b.

V. L.
L.
L.
L
M.
M.
M.
L.
E.
E.
M.
M.
E.
E.
E.
M.
M.
M.
M.

Am.
Am.

F.

F.
Am.

F.

F.
Am.
Am.

F.
Am.
Am.

F.
Am.

F.
Eng.

F.
Am.

F.

11

1°

13

14

15

1fi

17
18

Damson

--

19

9,0

De Montfort _

9,1

22

Drap d'Or

93

9-4

Early Favorite.

9,5

Elfry

?,fi

27
28

General Hand

--

9,9

30

m.
1.
1.
m.

r.

r. o.

0.

r.

g-y-
g-y-
g-y-

y-

v-g-
g-
b.

g-

F. M.

F. M.

F. M.

F.

E.
M.
M.
E.

Am.
Am.

Am.
F.

#

--

*

"-

*

#
*

#

*

v>vr

#

*

*

31
3'',

Huling's Superb

--

33

34

35

m.

1.

m.
m.

1.

m.
m.

1.
m.
m.
m.
1.
m.

1.
1.
1.

1.

m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.

1.
m.

1.
m.

0.

o.

r.
r. o.

r.
r. o.
r. ob.

r.

obi.
0.

o.
r.

r.

r. o.
r.

0.

0.
0.
0.

r.

r. ob.
r.
o.

r.

r.

r. o.

o.

0.

ob.

0.

1'. o.

p-

y-r-

y- '■■

p-

g- y-

r. p.
r.

y. r.
r.

g- y-

r.

I'- g-

r.

g-y-

p

y->'-

p-

y.
P-
p.
P-

g-y-
p-
p-
p-

r.
r.

P-

r. p.

g- y-
g-y-

y. r.

g-

b.

V. g.

g-
b.

g-

©•

b.

&■

g-

&•

°*.

g-

v-g-

5"

S-

v-g-

v-g-

b.

v-g-

b.
v. g.

g-

g-
v. g.

g-
g-
g-

V. g.

v-g-

g-
g-

F. M.

F. M.

F.

F.
F. M.

M.

F.

F. M.

F. M.

M.

F. M.
F.

F.

F. M.

M.
M.

F. M
F. M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

M.
F. M.

M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.
E.
M.
M.
M.
M.

M.
M.
M.
E.
M.
M.

M.
E.
M.

M.
E.
M.
M.
E.
M.
M.
M.
E.
E.
M.
L.
M.
L.
L.
M.

F.

Am.

F.

F.
Am.
Am.

F.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
F.

F.
F.

F.

F.
Am.

F.

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.

F.

F.

Am.
Fug.
Am.

F.

F.

F.

*

*

*

*

*#
#

--

:;-
-:■:-

*

-x-

*

t

-:;■

*
*

*

#

■:■:■

*

*

#

*
#
#

t

*
*

#

#
*

*

*

#

#

*
**

*

■:■>
#
*

#
*

*
*

Rfi

F'ellemburg.

37

R8

3'1

40
41

Lombard

#

4?

Scarlet Gage.

4::

Miner

#

44

45

40

47

48
49

Red Damask.

Oulin's Golden Gage . .

Peach

50

51

Fontlull.
Prince Engelbert --

52

53

Prince's Yellow Gage

Prune d'Agen

"-

54
55
50

57

Purple Gage _ . .

Purple Favorite

Reagles' Gage

Richland

_.

58

5!)
(10

Royale Hative

Royale de Tours

CI

Schenectady Catharine

63

1.
m.

m.
1.

04

St. ( 'at.harine

65
66

07

St. Martin's Quetsche

Sharp's Emperor, Victoria ...

Temple

OS
0<(

Transparent Gage

m.
in.
1.

r. ob.

o.
r. o.

o.

0.

g- y-

P-

g y

y. i .
y.

V. g.

g-

v-g-
g-

or

F.

M.
F. M.

M
F. M

M.
M.
M.
M
M.

F.

F.

Am.

......

--

-V-

•-

4:-

#

--

■:■: ■>:■

i

*

*

-:■:-

**-
1

70
71

Washington

"

72

Yellow Egg, White Magnum Bonum

1.

-:■:-

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS PLUMS.

XXXIX

and 19°.

II.— CENTRAL DIVISION-Between 35" and 43-.

III- SOUTH. 0IV,-Bet. 28° and 33".

m

a
s
6

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
20
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

36
37
38
39
40
41

42
43
44
45
46
47

48
49
50

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
(Hi
67
68
69
70
71
72

=3

C
/

s

*

it
3

0

g
3
>>

z

js

s
c

So

03

*
*

*

*

*
*

*

*

*

c
z

5

*
*

*

*
#
X-K

*

*

.£

'=

n
>

I?

a

*

*
~-

-x-»
*

*

-:-:■

*

■>:-

*
*

a)

a)
-:

o>

Z

*

*

-:;

*

X

*
■/.■

"3
-

*

*

X

*

-
c

JE
>i

3

*
#

#
#

::•

■::■

>
*

*

a
o

O
25

d
O

*
*

*
*

*
*

■:■:-::-
::■

*

•::
-:■:-

X#

*

»

■:•:■

OS
~

—

*
*

*

*

■>:-
#

#

*

:•:

OS

>
"7.

*

-::

-■:■:-
*n

*s
**

**

*

CJ

33"

#
*

-:■;-«
-:■:-

IHI

OJ
VJ

V

c

s

*
*

*■::
■>:-

so

*
*
*

*

*
*

■::-

*

*

-:■:-

-:;•

K

■::-
*

t

■::•

::■

cj

:

#
*

*
*
*

■:■:-

*
*

3
v.
to

*

-::■

*
*

■::■

*

•::■
*
it

>.
os

-H
•A

*

•::■
;:

*

*

*

C3
y.

M

*
#

*

6

"3
O

-

*

#

*
#

*

03
—

>

—
c

_

**
#

#
*

*

*
**

iHt

■:>*

-X-

cj

a
o

-
_

o
X!

K

■:■:■

::

*
#

*

J!

'3

3

o

##

#
*

*
*

*

**
#

OS

B
-

*
*

*

*
#

*»

-:
3

5

c

QJ

0

-5
-

--

00

03

c

-a:
<

**
**

■::■

-::■
*

'o.

Z-

' /.
1

/.

(A

*x
*

*

oj

I
O

*

-::-
-:■:■

D3

M

e-

*
#
*

:: :■:
IHI

d

-

03

a

o

'C

xl

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS QUINCES AND RASPBERRIES.

XVI.— QUINCES.

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; v. 1., very large. Form — ob. p., oblate pyriform; r., roundish;
r. ob. p., roundish obtuse pyraform. Color— y., yellowish or yellowish green. Quality — t., tender; h. t., half tender.
Use — K., kitchen; M., market. Season — E., early; E. to L., early to late. Origin— Am.. American; F., Foreign.

DKSCEIPTtON.

I.-NORTH. DIVISION-Between 42°

-

j

£

60

-=

„

P

NAMES.

>

"5
c

5
I.

-

a

X

~

-

if

=

'7

H
V.l.

3

oh. p.

o

<
p
C?

m

y.

P

7,
0

w
<

'A

co

g
2
o

F.

>

c

-

.2

t

—

>

a:

—
O

i;

=

*

1

Angers _ . ._

t.

M.K.

K.toL.

9,

Apple or Orange . .

1

r.

y.

v.

h t

\l Is

E.toL.

;i

V 1

ob. p.
ob.

h. t,

VI. K.

K.

L.
L.

Am.

F.

--

*

4

Chinese ...

v.l.

5

Pear

1.

P-

v.

g.

M K

L.

Am.

*

(i

Portugal

V 1

oil. p.

r. oli. p.

y-

y.

t.
h. t.

M.K.
M IC.

E.
E.

F.
Am.

--

--

--

#

f :-■:.-

-::-

T

Pea's Seedling

1.

3 A new variety not extensively tested.

4 Large and valuable at the South, in strong soils.

XVII.— RASPBERRIES.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— r., roundish; r. c, roundish conical; c,
conical; ob. c, obtuse conical. Color— b., black: r., reddish; p., purplish; y., yellow. Quality— g., good; v. g.,
very good; b., best. Use— M., most profitable for market; F. M., of value for family and market; F., mostly valued
for the family dessert. Season— E., early; L., late; M., medium. Origin— Am., American; F., foreign.

-

s
p

9
10

11
12
13
14
15
10
1?
18
11)
20
21
22
'.'::
','4

■J.-.

2ti

27

28

NAMES.

American Black (c)

Belle de Palluau

Belle de Fontenay

Brandy wine — Suequeco

Catawissa

Clarke

Davison's Thornless (e)

Delaware _

Fastolff

Franconia

French

Golden Thornless (c)

Golden Cap (e)

Gregg (c)

Herstine —

Hornet

Hudson River Antwerp ... ...

Imperial Red

Knevett's Giant

Merveille de 4 Saisons — October Bed

McCormick (c) — Mammoth Cluster

.Miami (c) ---

( (range — Brinclcles -

Ohio Everbearing (c)

Philadelphia-...

I'm pie ('ane(c)

Smith's (c).

Turner ,

DESCRIPTION.

1.
m
m
m
m
1.
1.
1.
ra
m.
m.
v.l.
1.
1.
1.

m.
1.
1.

in.
m.
I.

m.
in.
in.

in

S

o

r.
c.

c.
1\ c.

r.

r.

r.

r.
r. c.
r. c.

r.

r.

r.

r.
o. b.

c.

c.

r.

oh. e

r. c.

ob. c.

r.

c.

c.

r.

r.

r.

r.

o

o
O

b.

r.
r.
r.

P-

r.
b.
r.
r.

P-
r.

y.
y-

b.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
b.
b.

y-
i).

p.

i'

b.

>

Eh

iJ

<

H

P

/.

y

P

g-

M.

v. g.

F.

%•

V.

K-

F. M

K-

F.

a'.

V. M

R-

F. M

K-

F. M.

v g.

F.

v. S-

F. JVJ

v- K

F.

R-

F.

o*

F.

g-

F. M.

v. g.

F. M

V. g.

F. M

h.

F. M

h.

F. M.

b.

F.

v. g.

F.

v- 8-

F M

K-

F. M

b.

F.

s.

1 M

g.

M.

M

g.

F. M

tr

F. M

a

M
M.
L.
M.
L.
E.
E.
M.
M.
M.
\l
M.
M.
M.
M
M.
M.
M.
M.
L
L.
M.
M
L.
M.
M.
M.
M

-NORTH DIVISION-

-Between 42

-L

1

1

—

—

__.

—

'=

1

s

-

f

■a

^;

=

a

/.

i;

a;

!H

z

'i

I

-

^i

■-

= i

0

3

>

>

.—

>

-

>;

•=

r

s

=

-

i

o

s.

~.

s-

>

%

LI

-

A

-

~

£

Am

*

-:■:-

#

■V-

*

F.

-:-:-

..

..

F.

X

Am.

Am.

-

■:■:-

--

--

Am.

--

--

-.:--,r

--

■«■

*

■K-

#

#-

--

v>-^

--

Am.

..

-•■■-

#

--

--

..

--

--

*

#

Am.

F.
F.

#

--

*

--

X

*

*»

*

*

*

--

Am

..

*

::

Am.

#

--

Am.

*

*

Am

Am.

*

**

..

F.

-.

-

--

..

;:-

.._

..

#

Am

_.

-_

--

*

--

--

..

*

--

*

--

Am.

F.

..

~r

--

■'■'-

#

*

F.
Am

*

.

■■■--■■■

--

-■'-

*

-::-

*

#

#

-:.-

**

Am.

-:■:-

*

Am

..

..

#

#

#

*

*

ff#

*-

■:■:■

*

,

Am

-::-

--

#

Am.

-:■:-

*

.-

#

*

-::-::-

**

Am

*

#

Am

-:.-

Note— Those designated thus (c) are varieties of Black Cap {liitlutx occidentalis),
; Bi tof autumnal bearing sorts. 18 Not profitable.

5 Deep, rich soil, or not profitable ; bears a small crop in autumn, VJ Profitable market sort.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — QUINCES AND RASPBERRIES.

xli

XVI. — QUINCES.

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; v. 1., very large. Form — ob. p., oblate pyriform; r., roundish;
r. ob. p., roundish obtuse pyriform. Color — v., yellowish or yellowish green. Quality — t., tender; h. t., half tender.
Use — K., kitchen; M., market. Season — E , early; E. to L., early to late Origin — Am., American; F., Foreign.

and iD".

.

CENTRAL DIVISION -

Ili'lWri'll

35

'and 43".

II

-SOUTH.

DIV

(et.28

°&a5°

M

_

7i

-

1*

>.

5
b
s
-

r.

X

3

5

*

.*-,

SO

>>

>

6

o
M

7

i-

z
-1

Z

>

3

0
3

«,

^

p

d

5

5

3

3

>

as

J.

li

_1>

W

d

?

5
c

y.

s

.a
/.

z;

X
X

1

3

-

>

-

4

3

3

<

—

<

s

CO

-

3

s

1

a

3
4

*:;-

■::■

--

*

*

--

#

--

*

*

*

*

*

#

**

"-

--

*#

#

*

--

*

:.-x

*

#

*

5

G
7

*

-

*

*

• -

*

#

->

*

--

XVII. -RASPBERRIES.

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — r., roundish; r. c.. roundish conical; c.
conical; ob. c, obtuse conical. Color — b., black; r., reddish; p., purplish; y., yellow. Quality — g., good; v. g.
very good; b., best. Use — M., most profitable for market; F. M., of value for family and market; F., mostly valued
for the family dessert. Season — E., early; L., late; M., medium. Origin — Am., American; F., foreign.

and 49°.

II.— CENTRAL DIVISION- Between 45° and 42°.

III. SOUTH. DIV.-Bet.28°&35°.

«

a
a
S

-

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

10

17

18

111

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

7
2cj

:
Q

o

-

i

■3

7

T.
5

5

-
-

-:■:-
SHE

*

*-::-
*

*

*
X

*

5

•-3

s
Z

*

■:■
*

*

*
*

*

•

Q
*

*
*

Q
Q

—

*

*

*

*

»
X

-::■

>

*

>:

-'
=

_
c

6

5

*

*
*

*

»
*
*

*

**
*
*

—

*

*

*

::-

:■:•

= 1.

>

X

V

*
*

y

=

M

9H(

CO

s

::-
*

*

:':■/,

**

*

■;:■■::
*

OS

o
*

*

#

■>:■

7
X

*

*

*
#

-"

J
I

*

K

■;:■
::
-;■:-

-

5

#
#

*

::

>

c

■:■:■::

*

<!

i<

■y.

X

od

<

Z-

t
j
j
■i

%,
*

*

»

::■

-
7

K

-■:■

-::
-::

#

CO

'S

-
'-

cu

a
o
s

<

II Recently Introduced and regarded as one of tin- ln'st and inns! profitable.

?.i Valued for family use. 25 Very productive.

2+ Not profitable. 26 An old variety, by many thought to be superseded.

xlii

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS STRAWBERRIES.

XVIII. — STRAWBERRIES.

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; s., small; m., medium. Sex — H., hermaphrodite; P., pistillate. Color —
d. c, deep crimson; d. s., deep scarlet; b. s., bright scarlet; w. t., whitish tinted with red; 1. c. light crimson. Form —
r. c, roundish conical; o.c, obtuse conical or coxcomb form; c, conical; r., roundish; r. o. c, roundish obtuse conical.
Flesh — s., soft; f., firm; m., medium. Season — E., early; M., medium; L..late; E. L., early to late. Orkiix — Am.,
American; F., Foreign.

K

s

3

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

2:;

'.'4
£5
26
27
28
29
30
31

32
33

■JA
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
4-->
46
47
48

NAMES.

Agriculturist

Bidwell

Black Defiance

Captain Jack

Champion

Charles Downing

( !ol Cheney

Crystal City

Crescent

Cumberland Triumph.

Downer's Prolific

Duchess. -.

Duncan

Forest Rose

General Sherman

Glendale

Glossy Cone

Golden Defiance

Great American

Green Prolific

Hervey Davis

Hovey's Seedling

Jenny Lind

Jucunda

Kentucky

Lennig's White

Longworth's Prolific ..

Matilda

Miner's Great Prolific .
Monarch of the West..

Neunan's Prolific

Charleston.

Nicanor

Pioneer

President Wilder

Prouty

Rocky Hill Triumph ..

Russell's Prolific

Russell' Advance

Seneca Chief

Seneca Queen

Seth Boyden...

Sharpies-;

Springdale.

Triomphe de < land

Triple Crown

Victoria

Wilson's Albany

Windsor Chief.

DESCRIPTION.

a

GO

P.

II.
H.
H.
P.

II.
P.
II.
P.
H.
II.
H.
II.
II.

P.
P.
P.
H.
P.
H.
P.
H.
II
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.

H.

II
II
P.

P.
H.

II.
H.
II.
II.
H.
II.
II.
II.
H.
P.

o
U

d. c.
b. s.
d. r.
d. r.
d. c.
d.s.
b. s.
I.e.
b. s.
b. s.
b. s.
b.r
b. r.
b. s.
b.r.
b.r.
c.
b.r.
d. r.
I.e.
b. s.
b. s.
d.c.
b. s.

I), s.
w. t.
1. c.
d. c.
c.
b. r.
I. s.

b. s.

c.
b. s.
b. r.
b. r.

r.

c.
d c
d. c.

r.
b.r.
b. c.
1. C.
d. c.
I. c.
d.c

(1. c.

-

c

r. c.

c.
r.o.c.
r. c.

r.

c.
o. c.

c.
r. c.
r. c.
r. c.
r. c.
r. c.

C

r.

r.

r.

r.
r. c.
r.o.c.
o. c.

r.

c.
o. c.
r. c.
r.o.c.

r.

r. c.

r.o.c

c.

r.o.c.
r.

r.o.c.

c.
r. c.

c.
c.

o. c.
o. c.

c.
o. c.

c.
r c.
r. c.

r.

f.

f.

f.

f.

m.

f.

f.

m.

m.

s.

s

f.

s.

f.
f.
f.
f.
f.
f.

s.
f.
f.
f.
f.
f.
s.

f.
f.

11).

f.
f.

f.

111.

f.

111.

f.

c

■J.

<

H
CO

M.

M.

M.

L.

L.

M.

M.
V E.

iM.

M.

E.

E.

E.

M.

31.

L.

M.

L.

M
M. L

M.

M.

E.

L.

L.

M.
L 31.

M.

M.

M.

M.

E. L.
M.
M.
M.
31.
M.
L

f.

L.

111.

L.

f.

M.

f.

31.

s.

31.

f.

M.

f.

M.

f.

31.

f.

E. L.

I.

L.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am
Am.

F
Am.

F.
A m
Am.

I. -NORTH DIVISION— Between 12°.

-

5 5

i£

5and 48 valuable late sorts. ^

s. VI and 13, promising early varieties.

22 An old and highly valued sort.
19 Needs good soil and high culture.

2i> Only \ allied for the amateur.

32 One of the best early sorts, aud fine for canning.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — STRAWBERRIES.

xliii

XVIII. — STRAWBERRIES.

The columns explain: Size — !., large; s., small; m., medium. Sex — H., hermaphrodite; P., pistillate. Color

d. c., deep crimson; d. s., deep scarlet; b. s., bright scarlet; w. t.. whitish tinted with red; 1. c, light crimson. Form

r. c, roundish conical; o c, obtuse conical or coxcomb form; c, conical; r. , roundish; r. o. c, roundish obtuse conical.
Flesh — s., soft; f., firm; m., medium. Season — E., early; M., medium; L.,late; E. L. , early to late. Origin — Am.
American; F. , Foreign.

and t9°.

II.— CENTRAL DIVISION.-Between 35° and 42°.

III.— SOUTH. DIV.-Bet. 28" and 35°.

B

m

-
s

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

13

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

34

35

26

27

38

39

30

31

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42

4:;
it
45
46
47
48

3

03

aj

*

*

*

33

a

as
S
S3

C

■=i

a

0
o
>>

0

•a

5

:l
7

*

*

*

-

5

#

**

**

-~.

•s

*

*

*

*

it
*
t

t

*

K

*
»■:;■

>>

—

#

■;:•

-X-

*
#

t

;>;x

t

*

-

a

*
*

*

*

*

::::■

d

a

*
»*

#

t

#

#

t

**
#

>
#

*

-:■:
*-x-

C5

O

o

■:■:-

5

*
*

*
#

t
*
#*

#

t

5
a

—

#

**
*

*

t

.5

-i

>

CO

3
B

#

*
*

X-*

■■:-;:

V

'J

03

it
#
*

**

*

#

:■:-■::

CO

*

**
*

*

t

33

*
*

**
*

xx-

3
C
i.
-ji

*

*

t

*

*

*
*

t

#

t

#

t
t

#

t
t

:;■■:;-
■:■:■

X

/"

P

*
*

t

#

t
#

**

<3

5
3
'■J

1*
t
*

#

#

t

#

t

t

#

*

•c

-
>

-::-■>:■

33

B

5

93

#*

#

*

if

■::-:<■

'jjj

O

2J

3
*

*

*

ft*

*
*

**

-X-

#

■x-x-

■X -X

—

3

33

-
X

33

<i

*
*

ft*

' 1.
If.

'vi
J.

*

t

#

t

*

*
*

*

*

*

X-

-

3

-5

*

*

*
#

-X-
*

-/.

33

-

*
#

6

--

3J

s

C3

a

3
.S

'E

i1.' Haa made a first rate rci-< ml ovor n lur^c portion of the country.
31 Chiefly grown f'>r market at Charleston and other points south.
Quality medium to poor.

47 Poorquallty; unrivaled usn murketsort
in most parts of the country.

xliv

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NDTS.

CAT A LOGUE

NATIVE AND INTRODUCED SPECIES OP FRUITS AND NUTS,

In the United States and Canada

Note. — The following Catalogue is intended to include all species of introduced Fruits and Nuts growing or culti
rated in the open air in any part of the United States or tlie Dominion of Canada, that have proved to be or promise to
lie valuable to the grower.

The " starring" of this first table has necessarily been done with insufficient data, and any information that will help
to perfect it or to make additions to the list itself will be thankfully received.

g

s
s

o

1,— NORTH. DIVISION-Betiveen 43°

m
p

NAMES.

3
I
>

o

J.

—

—

-

a
3

"7

>

j

Z
-

}.

T
O

3

Z

C

c
c
O

5

s

o

c

'S3

0

K

BOTANICAL.

( OMMON.

5

1

Achas rapota..

Anielanchier Canadensis

Ananassa sativa

Anona Cherimolia ..

9:

Service

X.

*

#

-;:-

#

*

#

-::-

#

#

*

*

3

4

5

6

muricata

Asimina triloba ...

Berberis vulgaris

Cactus opuntia

i arica Papaya'. ..

Carya alba . . -

7
8

Papaw

N.

■x-

#

*

#

--

*

9
10

11

Shell-bark Hickory

Pecan ... . . .

Large Shell-bark Hickory .. ...

N.
N.
N.

*

#

a

#

#

*

#
*

12
13
14

Carya olivseformis

Carya sulcata ..

--

15

Castanea Americana

Castanea puinila ..

N.
N.

--

--

*

*

*

#

#

*

#

--

1(i

Chinquapin ..

17

18
19

Citrus Limonum

Citrus Limetta

?o

21

9,9,

Corylus Americana . .

American Hazel . . ...

Filbert

N.

#

*

23

?4

Cory 1 us rostrata _-

Cydonia vulgaris

Beaked Hazel-nut

N.

--

--

--

#

#

*

*

#

*
*
*

9,5

°n

"7

Diospyros Virginiana

Diospyros Kaki .. ...

Diospyros Texana

N.

28

?,q

N.
N.

•:•:-

*

■::-

#

#

*

#

#

*

*

*

30

Faa;us ferruginea

Beech _.

31

32
33

Fragaria vesca

Fragaria Virginiana

Alpine Strawberry .

American Strawberry ...

South American Strawberry

Black Huckleberry ...

Blue DaDgleberry

N.
N.
N.
N.
N.

*

*

*

-X-

#

*

#

#

*

*

*
*

*
*

--

:;i

Fragaria Chilensis

35
Rfi

Gaylussacia resinosa

Gaylussacia frondosa

--

37

Griaa caulifiora

Rfl

N.
N

--

-•

#

#

*

#

*

#

*
*

#

*
*

*
*

Rfl

Juglans nigra

Juglans regia

Lain us Pevsea .

Black Walnut...

40

41

Medlar

4°

l:;

.Morns rubra

Red Mulberry

N.

*

#

*

■:■:-

#

#

44

Black Mulberrj

4r>

4fi

Musa paradisiaca..

47

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND JNUTS.

xlv

CATALOGU E

NATIVE AND INTRODUCED SPECIES OF FRUITS AND NUTS

In the United States and Canada

Note.— The following Catalogue is intended to include all species of introduced Fruits and Nuti growing or culti-
vated in the open air in any part of the United States or the Dominion of Canada, that have proved to be or promise to
be valuable to the grower.

The " starring " of this first table has necessarily been done with insufficient data, and any information that will
help to perfect it or to make additions to the list itself will be thankfully received.

and 49°.

II,— CENTRAL DIVISI0N-Between35° and 42".

III.— SOUTH DIV.-bet. 28° and 3i°

m

a

s

1
2
3
4
5
0
7
8
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2(1
27
28
29
30
31
::■.'
33
::t
35
36
37
38
39
In
41
42
l:;
II
45
46
47

z
/.

ZJ

*

*

a

*

*

*

z
■::■

—
«

a

o

*

z
-i

f
*

.2

>

c

_
Pn

-::■

*

■:■:-

*

#

■::-
*

*

■::■
*

*

CO

*-3
S£

CP

*

*

*
*

#

*

■::■
*

#

p
i

a
*

#
*

*

*
*
*

*

*

--

*

*
*

*
#

*

■:■:■
*

*

*

'6

33
#

-:■:-
*

•X-

*

#

*

:•:■

3

*

*
*

*

ft

#

*

*
*

■::■
*

*

si
-

3

o

2i

*

*
#

*
*

*
*
*

*
*

*

*

*
*
*

*

*

#

#

*

*
*

2

*

*

*

*
*

*

*

*
*

*

*

*
#

■:■■•

zz
-

"7

*

*
*
*

*
*

■:•:-
*
*

•::■
*

-::-

s

■2,
*

*
#

*

*
*

*

*
*

*

*

*
#

0}

CO

cu

*
*

*

*

#
#

#
*
*

O

*

*
*

#

*
*

*
*

#
*
*

■::■
*

*
*

*

*

■:.-

y.
*

*

*
*

*

■::■

*

#

*
#

#

■A
a

3J

*
*

*

*

*
*

crj
7.
33

#

#

-::■
*

O
#

— '

>

*

■::-

■::■

C3

O

o

*

■::-

-:■:■
#

v.
■::-

r.
'So

z>
O

*

*
*

*

*
*

-:■:■

i:
<

*
*

*

#
K

•::-

-:;-

::-

*
*

*
*

#

*
*

*

*

#

::

■::

■::■

0

cu
c

33

*

*

*
*

*

::-
::-

c&

CO

•<

*
*

*
#

::-
■X'-

00

/

*
*
*

#

*
*

03

X

5

#
#
*

*
*

*
*

#
*

*

*
*

*

*

*

-
'■

?
*

*

-::■

03

a
o

<

*

XI VI

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS.

Origin.

1. -NORTH. DIVISION-Between 42°

a
a

o

NAMES.

s
o
r,

>

z

iz;

%

-

03

J

>

CD

CO

J.

1.

—

j

3

5

d
to

a

o

BOTANICAL.

COMMON.

it

48

Olea Europea

Phoenix dactylifera

Olive .

49

Date Palm .

50

51

Podophyllum pel tat urn

May Apple

N.

#

*

*

#

#

-:■:-
-:■:-

*
*

#

52

PruDus (Amygdalus) communis

Prunus (Amygdalus) Persica

Prunus Armeniaca

Prunus domestica .

AlmoLd

53

Peach

*

#

*

#

#

54

Apricot

55

*

*

*

*
*

■X-

*

*
*

51 J

Prunus maritima

Beach Plum

N.
N.

N.

57
58

Prunus Americana .

Prunus Chicasa

Wild Red and Yellow Plum

*

59

lid

Prunus cerasus

Prunus avium _. ..

Garden Red Cherry (Morello, &c.)..

*

lil

Primus pumila . .....

Psidium pyriferum

Punica Granatum

Dwarf Cherry

N.

63

G uava . . .

«a

Ii4

Pyrus communis

Py rus Malus

Pyrus prunifolia

Pjtus coronaria -

Pear

-:■:-
#

#

-■■>
#

-:■:-

#

#
*

*
*

*

*

-:■:-

-::■

*

#

-:•:■

*
*

-:■:-
->:■
#

*

*

*

■;■.-
*

*
#

■K-
#

-:■:-
•:.-
-:■:-

-A-

:■:■

#

■■::-

-X-

*

-X-
#

*
*
*

*
■X-

65

Apple.. . .

*
*

*
*

*

*

*

-:■;-

66
67

Siberian Crab ...

N.
N.

68

Pyrus rivularis

69

Kibes Grossularia

70

Kibes hirtellum

Houghton Gooseberry, &c.

Red Currant.. .

Black Currant .

N.
N.
N.

N.

N.
N.

N.
N.

71

Kibes rub rum

72

Kibes nigrum ._

Kubus oceidenialis

Kubus Idseus

Rub us strigosus

*

73

74

75

Blackcap Raspberry.. . .

Wild Red Raspberry

Blackberry

Dewberry . .

Buffalo Berry

76

77

Kubus villosus

Rubus canadensis _

#

78

Shepherdia Argentea . ...

Tamarindus Indica...

Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum

Vaccinium Canadense

Vaccinium corymbosum

Vaccinium tenelum

Vaccinium macrocarpa

Vitis vinefera ..

Vitis Labrusca

79

80
81
82
83

Dwarf Earl v Blueberry. .

Canada Blueberry

Swamp Blueberry

Southern Blueberry.

N.
N.
N.
N.
N.

--

-•

-:■;■

-:■:-

•:■:-

-:■;■

■a-
#

*

-:■>

#

T.'
*

*
*

84
85

American Cranberry

*

86

Northern Pox Grape (Concord, &c. i
Summer Grape (Herbemont, &c )...

Winter Grape (Clinton, &c.)

Bullace Grape (Muscadine, &c.)

Jujube

N.
N.
N.
N.

*

-:■:■

#

#

-;■:■

-;■:■
*

x

-:•:-
-:;-

-::■
*

■::-
■:■:■

87
88

Vitis aestivalis

Vitis cordifolia

*

89
90

Vitis vulpina _ .

Zizvphus sativus _. .

The above " Catalogue of Native and Introduced Fruits and Nuts," was a favorite idea with Mr. Flagg, the late
lamented Secretary of our Society, and was prepared by him just previous to his decease. Had he lived he would have
made some alterations, but as this is now rendered impossible, it is presented as left by him.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS.

xlvii

and 4'.i°.

II.— CENTRAL DIVISION -Between 85° and 43°.

III. -SOUTH. DIV,-Bet. SS°and 35°.

H

3

s

a

z

48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71

r>

73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

r

ft

*

ft
ft

*

*

*
#

*
*

3S

ft

*
*

ft

*
ft

*
ft

ft
#

*

*
ft

*
ft

3
*

#
*

ft
*

ft

ft
*

3:

—

#

#

ft
#

#
*
*

#

c

it

5

*
*
#

*
*
*

#
*

*

*

*
*

>

ft

*

*
■::■

ft

*

-:■:-
*
*

*

ft
ft
ft
*

ft

-::■

-:-■
*
ft

>-,

:-
/.

—

z>
Z

*

*
#

*

*
ft

#

ft
ft

*
*
*
*
*

ft
*

#

*
ft
*

A)

-

*

ft*

ft
ft
*

*

ft

*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
ft
*
*
*
*

*

#

*
*
*
*

-

*

*

#
ft

*
*
*

*
*
*

*

#
*

*

-

>

ft
*
*

*

*

*

*
*
*
*

*
*

*

ft
*

s

a

p

-
_

ft

ft
*
*

ft
*

*
*
#

*
*

*

*

*

*

ft
*

5

*

*
*
*

*

*
*

*
#
*

*
*
#

#

-::■

ft
X

*

ft

ft
#

*
*
*

*

ft

ft
*

*
*
*

>

>

ft

*

ft
*

*

#
*

*

*

*
*
*
*

*
*

ft
*

ft

*
ft
ft

*

*
ft

#
ft
ft

*
*
ft
#

*
ft

ft
*
*

i.

*

*

ft
*

*

*
*

*
*
*

*

#
*
ft

*
ft

*
*
*

□D

•X

*
ft
ft

ft

*
*

*
*
*

*
*
*
*

ft
ft

ft
*
ft

*

*
*

ft

*
*

*
*

*
*
*
*

*
*

*
*
*

o

1
00

~,

ft

ft
ft
*

*

*
*

ft
ft
*

*
*

ft

ft

ft
ft

*

.2

z

#

*
#
*

*

#
ft

*

*

ft
ft
*

*
ft

*
ft
ft

oo*

>'

*

*

*

*

ft
*

*

ft
#

*
ft
#

*

ft
*
#

d
-r

c

O

*
*

*
#

*
*

*

*
*
*

*
*
#

—
*

*

*

*

#

*
*

*
*

>
Z

*

»*
#

*
*

*

*
*
*
*

o

#

■:■:■■»
*

*

*
*

*

■::-
-:-
*

a

-

5

0

/

*
*

*
*

#

-::■

-

3

o

•J

-::■
ft

*
ft

*

ft
ft
ft

03

OS

<

ft

ft

ft
ft

ft

ft
ft
ft
ft

ft
ft
ft

*
ft

ft
ft

*
ft

ft
ft
ft

>.

/-

ft
ft

ft

*

ft
#
*

/

*/

p

i2

*
ft

ft
ft

ft

ft

ft
ft

j.

:

i

i

*
ft

ft
*

ft

ft

ft
ft

3

ft

ft

*

*

ft
«■

-:■

v.

E-

*

ft

ft

ft

ft

ft
ft

6

s

1

z

ft
ft*

ft
ft

ft

cS

s
o

ft
ft

ft*

ft

INDEX.

Page.

Adams, H. Dale, Michigan Fruit Report 107

Address of President Wilder 16

Advantages of Cross Fertilization.. 1?

Almonds 122, 181, 132

AmeJanchier Canadensis 95

Amendment to Constitution and By-laws 16

Anthracnose, by M. R. Goethe ... 44

Apple — Abram 114

American Golden Russet 97

Allen's Choice 118

American Summer Pearmain 127

Bailey Sweet 117, 118

Baker 96, 97

Baldwin 81, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102,
103, 104, 105, 106, 111, 117, 119, 121

Belden Sweet.. 97

Belmont 102, 103, 124

Ben Davis 101. 114, 116, 118, 121

Benoni.. 83, 116, 117, 119, 127

Black 119

Buckingham. ..119, 127

Buruham Sweet 97

Chenango Strawberry 97, 119

Cogswell 97

Dan vers Winter Sweet 93

Domine 110

Duchess of Oldenburg 117, 118

Dutch Mignonne - 110

Dyer 96, 119

Early Harvest— 92, 93, 97. 110, 114, llii, 117, 121,
127, 131.

Early Joe.... 117, 121

Early Red Margaret !ni

Early Straw beiry. .... 92

English Golden Russet. lis

English Russet 110

Esopus Bpitzenburg. 105

Evening Party. 119

Excel 97

Fallawater ..112

Fall Harvey 93

Fall Orange 117

Fall Pippin .97, 110, 117

Fall Queen. in

Fall Wine 92, 117

Fameuse.... ...96, 97, 101, 116, 118

Ferris 111

Fulton 117

Page.
Apple— Golden Russet— 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 110.

111.

Golden Sweet 93, 97, 110, 117, 121

Goyeau 64

Gravenstein 93,95,07, 110, 121.

Green Sweet 97

Grimes's Golden Pippin 101, 105, 117, 119

Gros Pommier 118

Haas, or Gros Pommier _ 118

Higgins's Red Winter 122

Hightop Sweeting 80

Horse .- --- 127

Hubbardston Nonsuch— 81, 83, 93, 95, 97, 100, 117

Hunt Russet - -- 80

Hurlbut 97

Hyslop Crab - 92, 112

Jonathan 96,99, 101, 102, 104, 110, 117, 118

Keswick Codlin. 116

King 114

King of Tompkins County 99, 101, 105, 110

Lady's Sweet... 85, 97, 117, 121

Lincoln's Wonder 131

Limber Twig. - 114

Little Romanite 116

Lowell HO

.Maiden's Blush ..105. 117, 121

Mexico 97

Milding. 93

Minkler 116

Missouri Pippin Ill

Mother 85.95,119

Newtown Pippin 95,99, 122

Northern Spy. 85, 93, 97, 98,99, 100, 102, 103, 104,

105. 100, 110, 111, 121.

( )hio Nonpareil 27

Ohio Pippin 124

Old Nonsuch... 92

Ortou's Seedling 12B

Palmer Greening. .95, 97

Peck's Pleasant 97, 101. 102, IK

Pewaukee. 118

Plumb's Cider. lis

Porter , -.83, 97. 121

Primate 97

Pryor's Red 117

Rambo 110, 116, 117. 121

Ramsdell'a Sweet 96

Rawle's Qenel 116, 117, 122

Red A.strachan.-9S, 97, 110, 116, 117, lis, 12 1,1 j

1

IXDEX.

Page.
Apple— Red Canada— 92, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,
106, 117.

Red June 110, 114, 1113, 117, 121

Red May 131

Red ox 27

Red Siberian Crab 92, 127

Rhode Island Greening— 80, 93, 95, 97, 98,99, 100,
101, Hi'-'. 103,104, 105, IDC 111, 121

Ribston Pippin 32, 83

Roman Si cm IIS

Rome Beauty 114, 1 Hi. 117

Roxbury Russet 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 111

Sally Grey 131

Saxton. US

Shannon 124

Shockley 114

Skinner 122

Smith's Cider 111. 116, 119

Smokehouse. ._ 112

Sops of Wine ...93, 116, 117, 119

Staunard 116, 117

Stark - 1H2

St e vens 131

St. Lawrence - 118

Summer Bellflower 117

Summer Pearmain ... 114

Summer Pippin _. . 92

Summer Rose 110

Summer Queen 96

Swaar -105, 110

Sweet Bough 93, 97, 117, 121

Sweet June. 117

Sweet Pear 118

Talman's Sweet. 98, 100, 102, 118

Tetofsky lis

Twenty Ounce 92, 121

Transcendent Crab... .92, 112, 127

Utter'sRed ... 118

Wageuer 99, 100, 101, 102, 103

Washington Royal 95

Washington Strawberry 86, 95, 121

Warfield.-.. 118

Waxen 110

Wealthy 118, 1 19

Westfield Seek no Further 97, 102

Western Beauty 'J 7

White Winter Pearmain.. _. 122

Williams 83, 93

Willow 117,118

Willow Twig ..116, 119

Winesap 114.117

Winter Cheese 114

Winter Sweet Paradise.. 117

Wythe 117

Yellow Bellflower . 97. 104, 110, 117

York Imperial 111

Apple Tree Blight 49

Trees, Pruning 41

Apples, Flowers of

Devonshire Quarenden 28, 29

Duchess of Oldenburg 28

Northern Spy 29

Paoe.

Apples, Red Astrachan 28,29

Roxbury Russet 28

St. Lawrence 29

Talman's Sweet 28

Westfield Seek no-further I 28

Apples, Ancient Seedling 80

List of Superior in 1835 - 85

Select list of, for Ontario 62

Select list of, in 1814 82

Select list of, in 1833 84

( latalogue of vi

( rali. Catalogue of .. xvi

In Arkansas.- 124

Connecticut - 97

Delaware .:. 112

Illinois 116, 117

Indiana 114

I«.wa ...118, 119

Kentucky 114

Massachusetts H5

Michigan. ...98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106

Mississippi 127

Nebraska 119

New Hampshire 92, 93, 01

( iiit ario: 62, 63

Pennsylvania - 111, 112

Rhode Island 96

Texas 131

Utah --- - 121

Washington Territory 110

Apricot, the - 70, 131

Moorpark -. 83

Apricots, Catalogue of xviii

Augur, P. M. , Connecticut Fruit Report 97

Avocado Pear - 76

Banana, Culture of, in California 123

Culture of in Florida 74

Barnes, J. B., Michigan Fruit Report 102

Barry, P., Address of Welcome. 13

Reporl of General Fruit Committee 91

Batehara, M. B., Ohio Fruit Report. 112

Baur, Emil, Michigan Fruit Report .- 104

Beal, Prof. W. J., Describing Varieties of Apples by

the Flowers 27

Benham, A. D. , Michigan Fruit Report . . 101

Berckmans, P. J., Georgia Fruit Report 125

Blackberries, Catalogue of -- .xviii

Discussion of — -• 50

In Delaware .- --- 112

Illinois - 116

Iowa 118, Hit

Massachusetts 93

Michigan 99, 103, 106

Mississippi - 128

Texas -- -- 131

W ashington Territory 110

Blackberry, Agawam ..... 51

Ancient Briton 51

Barnard US

Dorchester - 50, 51, 110

Early Burnton. -- 51

Early Wilson — . ■'!

INDEX.

Page.

Blackberry, Kittatinny 50,51,99, 110, 116

Knox. 50, 51

Lawton 51, 86, 99, 100, 110, 116, 128

Snyder 50, 51, 99, 117, 118, 119

Taylor 50,51

Wachusett 95

Book of Fruits 82

Bourne, Joseph H., Rhode Island Fruit Report 90

Brackett, G. B., Iowa Fruit Report 118

Brackett, G. ('., Kansas Fruit Report 120

Brown Warren, Report from South Eastern New

Hampshire 93

Brown, W A., St. Joseph Fruit Region 106

Brown, Jeremiah, Michigan Fruit Report 99

Burnet, Rev. Robert^, D. D., Fruit Culture in Ontario 61

Bush, Hon. Isidor, Grape Rot 41

.Missouri Grape Report 119

Canker Worm.. 80

Cassell, William H., Mississippi Fruit Report . 126

Cherries, Catalogue of xx

In California _ 123

Connecticut 97

Delaware 112

Illinois 110, 117

Iowa 118, 119

Kentucky 115

Michigan KU

Mississippi . . 127

New Hampshire 93, 94

Ontario - 65

Pennsylvania -- 111

Texas'. 132

Otah 121

Washington Territory 110

Cherries, Select List of, in 1814 82

Select List of, 1823 82

Select List of, 1833 84

Cherry, Belle De Choisy . ._ 97

Belle et Magnifique 83

Black Bigarreau 97

BlackEagle 97

Black Republican 110

Black Tartarian 82,97, 105, 110, 123

Coe's Transparent - 97

Downer's Late Red 83, 97

Early May .117, 127

Early Purple Guigne s7

Early Richmond 93,97, 114, 116, 118,119

Elton ... 97', 105, 127

English Morello 105, 116, 118, 119

Governor Wood .., 97, 110, 116, 127

Knight's Early Black .#—~ . 105

Late Duke 93

Late Kentish --- 116

Leib - - U9

May Duke .. 97, 105, 110

Napoleon Bigarreau 110, 128

RedKenttah 80

Red <>n Hearl - 93

Rockport Bigarreau 97

Royal Ann mi

Page.

Cherry, White Ox-Heart 93

White Tartarian 82

yellow Spanish 105

Circular calling meeting. 5

Circular addressed to Chairman of State Fruit Com-
mittees 91

Cocoanut, Culture of, in Florida 7f>

('"in in it tec on Credentials 13

i in Fmits Exhibited and Award of Wilder Medals, 13

<>n Nominations 15

On Synonyms 27

Constitution and By-Laws _. 12

Cook, Mrs. R. M., Michigan Fruit Report 101

Cranberry _. 9s

( nil ant, ( licny _. __ 97

La Versaillaise ...HO, 9?

Red Dutch 97

White Grape 97

( lurrants, Catalogue of _ xxii

In Connecticut 97

Texas 131

Date Palm, Culture of, in Florida .. 7f>

Describing varieties of Apples by their Flowers, by

Prof. W.J. Beal 27

Dickinson.K. W., Michigan Fruit Report 101

Discussion of New Fruits 29

Distribution of Trees 03

Dwarf J une Berry. . . 95

Ebeline, G. T , Kentucky Fruit Report .... 115

Election of Officers 16

Elliott, F. R., Memorial of 20

Encouragement to Hybridists 00

Engle, H. M., Pennsylvania Fruit Report.. Ill

Essays 61, 67, 72, 70, 79

Exhibitions of Fruits, Discussion of .' 57

Farnsworth, Mrs. L. L., Michigan Fruit Report 100

Fig Culture at the North a Success, by G. F. Needham 78

Blue [schia... 132

Brown Turkey 132

Celestial 132

Magnolia 132

White Ischia. 122

Pigs, Catalogue of xxvii

Culture of, in Florida 74

In Georgia 125, 126

Texas 131, 132

Mississippi .120, 127

Dtah. 122

Firsl day, Morning Session 13

First day, Evening Session 16

Plagg, Hon. Willard C, Memorial of 20

Fowler, S. W . Michigan Fruit Reporl 102
Fruit Culture in Massachusetts, History of, by Roberl

Manning 79

Fiona-, A , Indiana Fruit Report 1 14

Glidden, A. C, Michigan Fruit Report 103

i loethe, M R . A.nthracnose It

Cold, T. S., Conn, client Fniil Report 97

Hi

INDEX.

Page.

Gooseberries. Catalogue of xvii

Exhibition of in 1835 84

In Kentucky 115

Mississippi 107

Goooseberry, Houghton's Seedling.. _ S3, 127

Grape, zEstivalis 32

Labrusca ..32, 48. 52

Riparia 32

Adirondack 101

Agawam .... 98,101

Allen's Hybrid 80, 101

A 1 vey 70

Amber 52

Augusta 63

Beaconsfield .. 32

Beauty . 52

Cluster . 32

Black Eagle 125

Black Hamburg ...3.'. 34. 86

Black July 132

Black Taylor 53

Bo wood Muscat.. 03,122

Brighton .31, 92, 96, '.is, 119

Cassady 31

Catawba . 31, 33,52,69,83, 106, 132

Champion 30, 32, 92, 96, 98

Clara. - 34

Clinton _ .114, 118

Concord— 20, 30, 31, 32, 3:!. 52, 86, 03, 96, :i7, lis, 99,
100, 101, 102, 103. 104. 106, 110, 114. 11.-),
117, lis, 119, 12.1. 128, 132.

Cottage 30. 119

Creveliug 93. 96

Crotou 09.97,119

Cyutliiana 53,70,119

Delaware— 30. 32. 48, 69, 86, 93, 00, 97, 98, 00, 100,
101, 102,103, 104, 100.110. 115, 118,125

Devereux ._ 70

Diana ....32, OH. 85, 00, 101, 100, 115, 132

Early Dawn :!2

Eaton's Seedling. .. 90

Ella -. 03

Elvira 33,52, 53, 119

Eumelan 31,69,92,93,98,101

Excelsior ... 03

Flowers 125

Francis B. Hayes 96

lialar 110

Gros Colman ... 122

Hartford Prolific— 30, 31, 97, OS, 102. 103, 104, 100,
110. 115, 117, 119.

Harwood -. . 132

Herbemont ... 70

Iona 30, 69, 00. OS, loO, 101, 102, 103, 104, 100

Isabella 31,32,83,101,106,132

Israella 119

Irving. :;i

Ives's Seedling.... 97. 101, 114. 115, 117, 125, 128

Janesville . 118

Lady. 32, 92, 97

Lady Washington 31.34

La Vega 63

Page.

Grape — Lenoir . 70, 132

Lindley, or Rogers's No. 9 96, 1 19

Louisiana . _ 132

Martha .32, 97, 101, 103, 104, 115

Maxatawney .. 52

-Merrimack, or Rogers's No. 19 ... 93, 96, 119

Miller's Burgundy _. _. 32

Moore's Early 29. 30, 87, 92, 96, 97

Muscat Hamburg 122

Niagara _ 31

Noah 33, 119

Northern Muscadine. 93

Norton's Virginia. 53, 70, 115, 119, 125, 127

Owosso 103

Pearl _ _ 52

Perkins.. ._ _ 92

Pocklington 31

Preddex _ . 92

Prentiss _ . 31

Rebecca 31, 86, 96

Reine de Nice 122

Robson's Seedling 132

Salem 31, 32, 98, 101, 102, 104, 106

Scuppernong . 125, 127, 128

Sultana - 64, 122

Sweetwater. . 32, 93, 110

Taylor ._ 52

Telegraph 92. 132

Thomas 128

Uhland 53

Union Village _ 96

VerdeU. _ 122

Walter 69, 98, 119

Warren _ _ _ . 132

White Chasselas _ _ 122

Wilder .101, 104, 119

Wine Seedling 65

Worden 30, 32, 92, 96, 97

Grape Mildew ._ .32, 69

Rot, by Hon. Isidor Bush 41

Rot, Discussion of.. 48

Rot 113

Grapes, Catalogue of xxiv

Discussion of 29, 47

Rogers's 29, 31, 86

Seedling, by George Husmann 52

In Arkansas _ 125

( California _ _ 122

Connecticut __ (17

Georgia.. I-.",

Illinois _ 117

Indiana... 114

Iowa us

Kentucky 115

Massachusetts... 96

Michigan.... 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106

Mississippi 127, 128

Missouri ;_ _ 119

Nebraska.. 119

New Hampshire -.. ,.92. 03, 94

• Miiario __ 63, 01. 05

Pennsylvania.. Ill

Texas" 1 32

Utah 122

Washington Territory no

INDEX.

liii

Page.

Guava ...75, L23

Gulley, A. 0-., Michigan Fruit Report 103

Hale, G. H., Connecticut Fruit Report 97

Hammond, A. C, Illinois Fruit Report 110

Hart, Edmund II., Tropical Fruits 72

Hathaway, B., Michigan Fruit Report 99

Hayes, James M., New Hampshire Fruit Report 92

Hoyt, Edwin. Connecticut Fruit Report.- 97

Higgins, \V. A. Kentucky Fruit Report _. 114

Husmaun, George, Grape Seedlings 52

Hyde, E II., Connecticut Fruit Report 97

Insects 92, 93, 108, 113, 117. 120

Insects and Diseases Injurious to Vegetation 20

Interchange of Fruits 00

Invitation from D. W. Powers 13

James, Thomas P., Treasurer's Report 22, 23

Japan Plum 70

Johnson, J. E., Utah Fruit Report 121

Jujube Tree 123

Kennedy, Thomas S., Kentucky Fruit Report . 110

Kenrick, John 81

Ladies Admitted as Members 29

Law ton, 0. W., Washington Territory Fruit Report.. 109
Lazenby, Prof. William R., The Relation of Science

to Horticulture 70

Lemons 127

Lemons, Catalogue of xxviii

List of Members 9

Loquat , 76

Lowell John, _, 82

Lyon, T. T.. of Michigan, Special Report on New

Fruits 37

Mangosteen _ 76

Manning, Robert ._ 82

Manning, Robert, Historical Sketch of Fruit Culture

in Massachusetts 79

Massachusetts Fruit Report _ 95

Marston, John A., Report from New Hampshire 93

Marvin Harry, Michigan Fruit Report 100

Massachusetts, Fruit Cultivation, by Robert Manning 79
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Fruits Exhib-
ited before the ...83, 84, 85, 86. 87

Masters, J. H, Nebraska Fruit Report 119

Matthews, S. J., Arkansas Fruit Report 124

McClatchie, George C, .Michigan Fruit Report 102

McKay, EL E . Strawberries in Mississippi 129

Medlars, Japan.. _ 120

Meehan, Thomas, Object of Sex in Flowers 24>

Members, Biennial 11

Members, Life 9

Memorials of Deceased Members 20

Molden, Jacob, Kentucky Fruit Report 115

Moore, Silas, Memorial of.. 21

Mul her lies. Catalogue of xxvii

[n Georgia _ 126

Mississippi 127

Mulberry, Hicks's Everbearing . . 12b

Stubbe .. 120

Nectarine, Lewis oi Boston. s:;

Stanwick. 86

Nectarines, Catalogue of ., xxvi

Needbam.Q I' , Fig Culture at the North a Success 57, 78

Page.
Nut, Madeira _ 132

Pistachio, in California 123

Object of Sex in Flowers, by Thomas Meehan 24

i Mli. ris ami Standing Committees 7, 8

Olive,.. 75, 132

Onderdonk, G., Texas Fruit Report 131

Ontario, Fruit Cultivation in, by

Rev. Robert Burnet, D. D. 61
Orange 127, 132

Culture of in California... . ... 123

In Florida 7a

Georgia . 126

Oranges, Catalogue of xxviii

Orchard Planting 72

Orchards at Grand Traverse 104

Ornamental Trees and Plants, Discussion of 52

Papaw _ 70

Peach— Allen 53

Alexander— 27, 53, 54, 101, 102, 103, 112, 114, 119, 122,
125. 127, 130.

Amelia 54. 55, 127

Amsdeu's June— 27, 53, 54, 101, 102, 103, 104, 114, 119,
124, 125, 127, 130.

Barnard... 97, 101, 102, 100

Barnard's Early 54

Beatrice 53, 54

Beer's Smock ... 112

Bilyeu's Late 55

Bowers's Early- 54, 130

Briggs's Red May... 130

Bustion's October.. 55

Carrington . 122

Chinese Cling 54,119, 125

Columbia _ 124

Conkling 55

Coolidge's Favorite 117

Cottage 55

Crawford's Early— 54, 55, 97, 99, 101, 102, 103. 104,

105, 106, 114, 116.
Crawford's Late— 55, 97, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104. 105,
106, 114, 116.

Cumberland 5;{

Downing _ 53, 130

Dunlap 55

Early Alfred 54

Early Beatrice ..101, 114, 119, 130

Early Canary 54

Early Leopold.. 54

Early Louise 54, 103, 114

Early May 122

Early Newington 119

Early Rivers 55, 101, 103, 104, 110, 111

Early Silver _ 54, 55

Early Tillotson 119,127, 132

Early York 101

Foster ... .91,102,104

George IV. 111

Golden Mammoth .".I

Governor Garland 54, 124

Gover Wood. _. 120

Gregg's Early ...120

Hale's Early— 53, 54, 99, 101, 102,10::, 101 106, 111. 127

liv

INDEX.

Page.

Peach— Hape's Early - - - - 55

Heath Free .."114

Heath Cling . 54, 114, 116

High's Seedling - - - 85

Hill's Chili 97, 101, 102, '103, 104

Honey.. 132

Honeywell - 130

Jacques's Rareripe 101, 102..103, 104

Johnson Yellow 122

Large Early York 97,110

Lawton Perfection 110

Lemon. - 119

Levi's Late 54, 55

Morris's While 119

Mountain Rose .... 55,',97, 102, 103

Musser - 53, 1 30

October Beauty 54

Oldmixon... 97, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104. 100, 116

Penlo 132

Richmond 101, 104

Sal way 55

Saunders 53, 130

Sayer's Favorite - - . 122

Smock 99, 102, 103, 104, 106, 116

Smock, Late - 112

Snow 97, 119

Snow's Orange 101, 103

Stokes 124

Stonewall Jackson . . . 55

Strawberry 122

Stump the World 97,99,101, 103

Susquehanna - - - 55

Troth's Early 54, 97, 104, 106, 127

Wager _ 54

Waterloo 53, 54, 55

Wilder . 53, 130

Yellow- Rareripe -- 97

Yellow St. John 55, 12,7

Peach Trees, Age of - - - - 55

Peaches, Catalogue of xxviii

Discussion of 52, 53

Chinese and Japanese 76

In Arkansas . _ 124, 125

( lonnecticut 97

Delaware - 112

( leorgia — - -- 125

Illinois 116, 117

Kentucky... 111, 115

Michigan 99, 101, 103, 104, 106

Mississippi 137, 128

Nebraska 119

New Hampshire 92,91

Ontario 65

Pennsylvania .- Ill

Texas 130, 132

Utah... 122

Washington Territory 110

Rivers's 54

Select List of in 1814 82

Select List of in 1833 84

Yellows in 58, 107

Rear, Allen 80

Ananas d'Ete.. _ 96

Andrews 83, 131

Page.
Pear— Bartlett— 82, 83, 93, 94, 95, 97, 105, 106, 110, 111,114,
116, 118, 122, 123, 131.

Belle Lucrative 84, 96, 97

Bergamot 81

Beurre d'Amanlis 93, 96

Beurre d'Anjou.. 85, 92, 93, 96, 97, 105, 114, 118, 124

Beurre d'Aremberg . 83

Beurre de l'Assomption 87

Beurre Bosc 84, 97, 131

Beurre Clairgeau 86, 96, 97

Beurre Diel 83, 96, i»7, 131

Beurre Giffard 86, 96, 97, 131

Beurre Goubault 131

Beurre Superfin 86

Black, of Worcester 80

Bloodgood 124

Brown Beurre 86

Buffum 92,114

( 'apiaumont. _. 83

Chinese 125

Clapp -. 83

Clapp's Favorite 80,86,95,97, 114. 116

Columbia 84, 127

Cushing 83

Dana's Hovey 86, 96, 97

Dearborn's Seedling 83, 93, 97

Des Nonnes .. 131

Dix 83

Doyenne Boussock 85, 92, 97, 124

Doyenne d'Ete ....85, 97, 106, 122, 131

Doyenne du Cornice . 86,96,97

Duchesse d'Angouleme.83, 84, 92, 93, 114, 127, 128, 131

Dudley 96

Early Bergamot 118

Early Butter 110

Early Cluster 131

Edmonds 131

Elliot's Early 64

Endicott 80

Flemish Beauty— 85, 92, 93, 94, 97. 105, 100, 110, 114,
116, 118, 122, 124, 131.

Eorelle -- 83

Frederick Clapp 87,96

Fulton . 83,92

General Todleben 131

Glout Morceau ... 96

Golden Beurre of Bilboa 83

Gray Doyenne . 86

Iladley 83

Harris 96

Harvard -- 83

Heathcote 83

Henry IV. - 131

Howell 80, 97, 110, 131

Jalousie 90

Jefferson - 128

Josephine de Maliues .. 96

Julienne 96

Kirtland... 92, 124

Knight's Monarch 85

Lawrence. 85, 93, 96, 97, 1 24

Lewis 83

Louise Bonne of Jersey... 84, 93, '.'7. 110, 116

i\m:\.

lv

Page.
Pear — Madeleine 1 10

Manning's Elizabeth 85

Marie Louise 83

Merriam _. 92, 96

Mount Vernon 80, 96

Napoleon 83, 90

Onondaga 85, 97

Orange 81

Osband's Summer. 92, 90, 97

Ott -.- 90

Paradis d'Autome 85, 97

Passe Colmar - 83

Petre --- 83

Rostiezer 84,93,90,97. 127

Seckel. 93,96,97, 114, 118, 122, 124, 128

Sheldon .... 80, 93, 97, 119

Souveuir du Congres 87, 92, 95, 90

St. Ghislain 90

St . M ichael Archangel - 90

Sugar _ 80

Suprfime de Quimper . . - 95

Trout 131

Tyson 85, 124

Drbaniste -. 83,93

Van Mons Leon le Clerc . . 85

Vicar of Winkfield 83, 93, 96, 97, 110

Wadleigh 93

Warden - 81

Washington "- — 131

White Doyenne 68, 86, 93, 94, 97

Wilbur _ 96

Wilkinson 83

Williams's Bon Chretien 82

Winter Nelis 84, 96, 97, 110, 122, 123, 128

Zoar Beauty 124

Avocado 70

Improvement in the 88

Tree Blight - 48,49,07, 113

Tree, the, etc., by William Saunders. 07

Pears, Catalogue of xxxii

Chinese and Japanese 70

In Arkansas

California- - 122,

Connecticut -

Delaware

Georgia ---

Illinois. - HO,

Indiana

[owa -

Kentucky

Massachusetts

Michigan ....102, 105,

Mississippi - 127,

Nebraska.

New Hampshire 92, 93

< Intario .- 62

Pennsylvania ..

Rhode Island

Texas — - ---

Utah

Washington Territory

Decay of old varieties
Increase in size of

Select list of for Ontario.

124
123

97
112
125
117
114
118
114

95
106

r.-s

119

94

. 63

111

96

131

122

111)

83
89
62

Pears— Select list of, in 1814 82

in 1833 84

Superior, list of in 1835 84

Pearsall, S. N., Michigan Fruit Report 101

Persimmon, the Japan 40, 76, 126

Discussion of. 40

Pineapple 85

Culture of in Florida 75, 76

Place of next meeting 15

Plum, African _ 131

Ard 128

Bavay's Green Gage 97

Bill 132

Bradshaw 110

Chickasaw 125, 127, 131

Coe's Golden Drop 82, 97, 110, 119, 123

Columbia 110

Damson 80

De Caradeuc 132

De Soto 118

Early Red. 132

Glass Seedling .... 04

Golden Beauty 131

Green Gage 93, 97, 110

Imperial Gage 97, 101

Indian Chief 132

Jefferson. 110

Lombard 93, 97, 101

McLaughlin 97

Miner ...•_ 114, 118

Peach 110

Smith's Orleans 97

Washington 85, 93

Wild Goose .114, 115, 125, 127, 131, 132

Yellow Egg 101

Yellow Magnum Bonum . 110

Japan 76

Spanish 76

Plums, Catalogue of xxxvi

In Connecticut 97

Delaware.. - 112

Georgia 125

Indiana... 114

Iowa ---- 118

Kentucky 115

Massachusetts 95

Michigan ...101, 102, 108

Mississippi 127

Nebraska - 119

New Hampshire 93, 94

Ohio -113

Ontario -• 64

Pennsylvania Ill

Texas. 131

(Jtah... 122

Washington Territory 110

Select list of, in 1833 84

Superior, list of in 1835 --- 85

Pomegranates— Catalogue of... xxvii

In Mississippi --- 127

Pomological Garden, Salem 82, 85

Producing New and Improved Varieties 17

Program me of Business 6

lvi

INDEX.

Page.

Prunes 122

German and Italian 110

Pruning TO

Quince. Apple 97

Champion 97

Chinese . . .127, 128

Orange 97

Pear.. 97

Quinces, Catalogue of xl

In Connecticut 97

.Mississippi 127

Raspberry — Amazon 49, 50

Baldwin's Choice 50

Belle de Fontenay 50

Brandy wine. _ 49, 112

Brinekle's Orange ... . 95, 97

Caroline 95

Clarke.... 97, 100

Cuthbert... 49

Davison's Thorn less 95

Doolittle 98,114,110,118

Franconia . ... 96

Great Western _. 49

Gregg 49,95, 98,114, 110.127

Henrietta 49, 50

Herstine 112

■Toll's Seedling 96

Mammoth Cluster... 49, 97, 98, 106, 108, 114, 116, 127

Miami 117

Montclair 50

Naomi 97

Nanagansett . . 96

Philadelphia ' 106, 112, 118

Pride of the Hudson . 50

Queen of the Market ... 49

Reliance... ■... 49

Southern Seedling 49

Souhegan Black Cap 49

Thwack 49,50

Turner .49, 50, 112, 116, 117, 118, 127

Victoria 50

Raspberries, ( latalogue of. xl

Discussion of . 49

In Connecticut 97,98

Delaware 112

Illinois 116, 117

Iowa . 118

Indiana ... .. 114

Kentucky ... 115

Massachusetts .. 95

Mississippi 127, 128. 130

Michigan . 106

Ontario 64, 65

Pennsylvania ._ 112

Rhode Island .... ... 96

Washington Territory .. 110

Reception at Powers's Art Gallery ... 59

Reeves, C. E. , .Michigan Fruit Report 98

Relation of Science to Horticulture, by Prof. William

R. Lazenby __ ._ 76

Report from Arkansas 12:!

California 122

Report from Connecticut ■. _ 97

Delaware _. 112

Georgia 125

Illinois 115

Indiana _. 114

Iowa 118

Kansas 120

Kentucky 114

Massachusetts 95

Michigan 98

Mississippi. 126

Missouri, on Grapes 119

Nebraska 119

New Hampshire 92

Ohio 112

Pennsylvania 111

Rhode' Island 96

Texas 130

Utah 120

Washington Territory ... 109

Report <>f Chairman of Michigan Fruit Committee ... 107

Committee on Credentials 14

the Committee on Fruits Exhibited, and the

Award of Wilder Medals :;:;

the Committee on Native Fruits... 34

Committee on Nominations 16

on Revision of the Catalogue.13, 133
on Synonyms by J. J. Thomas.. 27

General Fruit Committee 13, 91

on Fruits submitted to inspection during the

vacation of the Society 35

on New Fruits examined during the session

of the Society ... 36

of Treasurer ...\_ 22,23

Commissioner of Agriculture . 15

Resolutions of Thanks 57

Reynolds, E. II.. Michigan Fruit Report 102

Rust, C. E.. Michigan Fruit Report 101

Ryerson, A., Michigan Fruit Report 98

Sapodilla 76

Saunders, William, The Japan Persimmon 40

Saunders, William, The Pear Tree, Native Grapes, the

Apricot, Pruning, and Orchard Planting 67

Seagrove, George, Michigan Fruit. Report 102

Second Day — Afternoon Session 40

Second Day — Morning Session .... 27

Sessions, C. D., Michigan Fruit Report 102

Sherwood. II. O, Michigan Fruit Report... 98

Sleeper, F. S., Michigan Fruit Report 101

Spanish Plum ._ 76

Stackhouse, II. W. and S. H. , Mississippi Fruit Report 128

Star Apple 76

Stearns, J. N., Michigan Fruit Report 101

St. Joseph Fruit Region.. 106

Stocks, Improvement in 69

Strentzel, S. , California Fruit Report 122

Straw berry. Abundant 95

Belle de Leon . 110

Bidwell ........' ...56, Ids

Black Defiance . 56,57, 126

Boyden's No. 30 96

Captain Jack . .56, 96, 98, 114, 116, 119, 125, 127, 130

Caroline 56

Centennial 56, 1 02

Champion 56,98, 102

INDEX.

Ivii

Straw berrj -Charles Downing— 55, 56, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101,

104, 110, 115, 111), 118, 119.
Charleston. . . 127, 130

Cinderella - - 56, 59

Col. Cheney 98

Continental ......... -56, 57

Crescent Seedling 56 ,96, 97, on. ill. 112, 114.116,
117, lis, no, 125, 130,

Crystal City.. --. 56, 57

Cumberland Triumph— 56, 98, 103, ill, 112, 114, 119,
126, 130

Downer's Prolific - .

....96, lis

Duchess - . .

55, 56, 0s, 130

Duke of Edinburg

... . .95

Duncan ..

56, 57, 98

Eclipse

.. 56

Endicott Seedling . ...

...... 56

Esses Beauty ...

.. 130

110

96

Forest Rose

56, 0s. 119, 130

French

... 57

56

56, 57, 98

55, 56

( freat American. .....

56, its, 126, 130

< iital Prolific.

.... .111. 112

Ureen Prolific .

118

Hero

...... . ... 95

Hervey Davis.

. 56, 87. 95

Hovey's Seedling

Ida

... 85

.lis

. 86, 96

Jucunda . . ...

96, OS, 100, 104, 110

Eeens's Seedling.

83

Kentucky

56, 102, 115, 118, 127

Kerr's Late Prolific

130

Lawton's Pineapple . .

110

Lawton's Seedling . . .

... Ill)

Longworth's Prolific .

... 96

56, 100

Miner's Prolific .....

. .... ....55, 56 5 i

Monarch of the West-

-56, 96, oo, 102, 104, 106, 110,

114, 115, 125, 130

New Dominion ... .

. 04

Nunan's Prolific

. . 55, 56

Xunan ...

. . 126

Peabodj - Sei dling . .

110

Philadelphia

57

Pioneer

50, 130

President Green

. 95

President Lincoln

56, 130

President Wilder

B7

Prouty's Seedling

56, 126

Rancka

110

Red Jacket

lis

Strwberry— Rocky Hill 96

Russell's Advance a?

Russell's Prolific .......... 07

Seneca Queen ...... 106

Seth Boyden 55, 98, 110

Sharpless 55 56, 95, 98, 106, 111. 112, 114, 126, 13(1
Shirts ....... 57, 108

Triomphe de Hand 55, 96,97, 106, 110

Triple Crown 55

Triumph . . . . 96

Wilson's Albany 55, 56, so. 92, 07. os, 99, 100, 101,
102, 103, 104, 106, 114. 115, 116,
117, 1 is, 125, 127, 130.
Windsor .... . ... 108

Windsor Chief 56

Strawberries, Catalogue oi xlii

Discussion of . ............ 55

In Connecticut 97, 98

Delaware ......... 112

Georgia . 125

Illinois ...... .. .-. 116, 117

Indiana 114

Iowa . .. lis, 110

Kentucky ............ . 115

Massachusetts ... 0>

Michigan 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106

Mississippi. . . . - ... 127. 129

Nebraska . . 119

New Hampshire..-- 92

Ontario 05

Pennsylvania 111

Rhode Island 96

Washington Territory .. . .. ... 110

Strawberries, National Show of . 51

Swasey, Dr. II. A., Memorial of 21

Sylvester, Dr. E. Ware, Memorial of . . ." 39

Synonyms, Report of Committee on. ......... 21

Tate. I! C. Michigan Fruit Report .. 108

Tatnall, Edward, Delaware Fruit Report . 112
Telegram from Michigan Pomological Society and

Answer ' :S'.'

Telegram to President Wilder and Answer - 15 60

Testimonial to Mr. Barry 14

Thanks, Resolutions of 57

Thinning and Packing of Fruit 18

Third Day — Morning Session . . 52

Thomas, .1. J., Report of the Committee on Synonyms 27

Thompson, J. P., Michigan Fruit Report ....... 98

Treasurer's Report 22, 23

Tropical Fruits, by E. II Hart . 72

Watson, W , Texas Fruit Report 130

Wilder, President. Address of 16

Wilder, President. Telegram to and Answer from 15, 60

Wilkins. Col. Edward, Memorial of 21

Wilmot, Lemuel A . Memorial of. 20

Winship Jonathan 82

Wvlie, Dr. A. P Memorial of 21

■ .

f*f7fl

Vi -"t

■--*»'"'

/*#r '

> \: '

iff.

**ffi

^LJV . "^

l>Jt8M

nfl»^^

; -.*#*■

&

~

9 ▼ ,

.iWiS

3Mr *-

S^ft

1* ' ■

4<*

•■"

.jfcy

-

**Ni