UMASS/AMHERST '»' -«^.' ?%r^^. ■m^^: H^V .A» 'W -L'^^'v mv^^.:^ t? . (C ■ Julv'.\ OF THE American Pomological Society, HELD IX BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, September 14th, 15th and 16th, 1887, TOGETHER WITH THE state: fruit FiE^l^ORTS AND CATALDEUE DF FRUITS, PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY 1888. CKAftL C&S? OFFICERS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1888-Q. PRESIDENT: PROSPER JULIUS BERCKMANS, Augusta, Georgia. FIRST VICE-PEESIDENT : T. T. LYON, South Haven, Micliigau. VICE-PRESIDENTS: Alabama J. S. Newman Auburn. Arizona Wm. A. Hancock .... Plia'ni.x. ArkansaK E. F. Babcock Little Rock. Oaliforma Du. John Sthentzel. Martinez. Colorado A. E. Gipson Greelej'. Connecticut P. JI. Auguu Miildletield . Ddaioare Edward Tatnaw Wiluiington. Diitrict Columhia.. W^i. Saunders Wasliington. Florida Dudley W. Adams. . .Tangerine. (ieorgia D«. Sa.viuel H.\pe. . .Hapeville. Illinois Pakkeu Eakle Cobden. Indiana Sylvester Johnson , .Irvington. Iowa G. B. Brackett Denmarlj. Kansas G. C. Br.\ckett Lawrence. Louisiana Austin W. Rodntree . New Orleans. Maine Geo. B. S.\wyer Wisoasset. Maryland S. T. Jenkins Baltimore. Massachusetts W. C. Strong Brii;liton. Michigan E. H. Scott Ann Artjor. Minnesota J. S. Harris La Cie.scent. Mississippi \V. H. Cassell Canton. Missouri Nor.man J. Colman. . St. Louis. Nebraska Jamks H. Masters.. .Nebraska City. JVew Bransicirk. . . . C. E. Grosvenok Canterbury. yew UampsMrr . . ..Frederick S.myth. . .Manchester. yew Jersey Wm. Pakry Parry. New York C. L. Hoag Lockport. North Carolina J. Van Lindley Pomona. Nova Scotia Rev. J. R. Haht Bridgetown. Ohio Geo. W. Campbell. . . Delaware. Ontario L. Wolverton Grimsby Pennsylvania Josiah Hoopes West Chester. Quebec Robert Jack Chateangay B'sn Rhode Island Joseph H. Bourn Providence. South Carolina ....WD. Johnson .Marion. Tennessee M. G. Senter Humboldt. Texas T. V. Munson Denison. Utah C. E. Johnson Salt Lake City. Vennont Dr. T. H. Hoskins. . . Newport. Viryinia Henry L. Lyman .... Charlottesville. West Virginia David H. Strother. ..Charlestown. Wisconsin James M. Smith Green Bay. Wyoming John W. Hoyt Cheyenne. TREASURER: BENJAMIN G. SMITH, - ■ ■ Cambridge, Massachusetts. SECRETARY: CIIAS. W. GARFIELD, - - - Grand Rapids, Michigan. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE : President and Vice Presidents, ex-oj/icio. Samuel B. Parsons. .Flushing New fork. Dr. 11. H. Cary La Grange Georgia. Chas. W. Garfield. Grand Rapids Michigan. O. P. Rooks Gardenia Florida. David Baird Manalapan New Jersey. FINANCE COMMITTEE : Edward B. Wilder. .Dorchester Massachusetts. H II. Hunxewkli — Boston Massachusetts Robert Manning Salem Massachusetts. LIST OF OFFICERS. GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE: Chaiuman, ANDREW S. F Aliibii.mil J. C. Richardson. . . .Greenville. Arizona Wm. A. Hancock Pha?nix. Arkan>ia!i S. .1. Matthews Monticelln. California Dii. John Strent/.el. Martinez. Colorado D. S. Grimes Denver. Connecticut T. S. Gold West Cornwnll. Dakota E. DeBeli, Sioux Falls. Delaware D. S. Myek Bridgeville. District Golumbin. .John Saul Washington. Florida Geo, L. Taiser Glen St. Mary. Georyiii Samuel Ru.mph Marshallville Jdiilio John H. Evans Lewiston. Illimiix A. C. Hammond Warsaw. Indiana Dr. Allen Furnas. . . Danville. loica C. L. Watrous Des Moines. K'tnxax G. C. Brackett Lawrence. Kentucky A. D. Webb Bowling Groen- Louisiana E. M. Hudson New Orleans. Maine S. L. Boardman Augusta. Maryland Edmund Law Ro(iERS. Baltimore. Massachnsetts Robert Manning . . . .Boston. Michiijau L. H. Bailey, Ju Agr'l College. ^Visconsin A. L ULLER, Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Neil) Brunswick New Hampshire. . . New Jersey New York North Carolina . Nova Scotia .... Ohio Onta rio ....... Pennsylvania . . . Quebec Rhode Island . . . South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia West Viri/iniii . H.vrcH Ith Ridgevvood, N. J. S. D. Hillman Minneapolis. Prof. .1. J. Colmont. Columbus. W. G. Gano Olden. James H. Masters. . .Nebraska City. C. E. Grosvenor Canterbury. James M. Hayes Dover. E. Williams Montclair. Charles A. Green. Clifton. J. Van LiNDj.EY Pomona Charles E. Brown. .Yarmouth. j\L\TTHBw CRAWPORD.Cuyahoga Falls. Alex. McD. Allan. .Godericli. H. M. Engi.e Marietta. Charles Gieb Abbottsford. Joseph H. Bourn Providence. LuTHKR Ransom Columbia. R. B. Koen Memphis. William Watson. . . .Brenham. G. E. Johnson Salt Lake. T. H. Hoskins Newport. Franklin Davis Richmond. D. S. Stuotiier Charlestown. aca . COMMITTEE ON NATIVE FRUITS: Chairman, ..... Okas. A. Green.. .Rochester, N. Y Northern Div J. T. Lovett Little Silver, N. J.. . . Dr. T. H. Hoskins . Newport, Vt Eastern C. L. Watrous. . . .Des Moines, Town .... Niuthwest'rn " Franklin Davis. . Riclnnond, Va East'n Middle " I)k. F. M. HEXAMER, New York City. Wm. W.\tson Rrenhani, Texas Southwestern Div Di!. J. STHENTZEL./)/»r«jrtf£', Ciil Pacific " J. S. Nkwman Auburn, Ala Southern " Chas Gibb Abbottsford, Quebec . . British Provinces. J. H. Hale Glastonbury, Ct Eastern " COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN FRUITS: Geo. El.LWANGER. Prof. J. L. Budd. . H. M. Enole G. B. Buackett. . . . Rocliester, N. Y. . Ames, Iowa. .Marietta, Pa. .Denmark, Toira. D. W. Uir.ADi.E St. Catherines, Out- T. V. MuNsoN Denison, Texas. J . Van Lindley Pomona, N. C. H. B. Vandeman Washington, D. C. Eli M inch Shiloh, N. J: Robert Manning Salem, Mass. COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE AND REJECTED FRUITS: John J. Thomas I' nion Springs, N.)'. William Saunders W asliington, D. C. Robert Manning Salem, Mass. Gharlks Gibb Abbottsford. Quebec. G. li. Buackett Denmark, Lara. L. A. Goodman M''estpiiirt, Mo. Samuel Habe IlapeciUe, Ga. COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF CATALOGUE: President, cx-ojiicio. Andrew S. Fuller Ridgeicood, N. J. Dr. F. JI. Hhxa.mkr New York. T. T. LvoN South Baven, Mich. Louis A. Berck.mans Augusta, Ga. JIenry .M. Englk .Marietta, Pa. Edward IL Bissell Richmond, ]'a. LIST OF OFFICERS. 5 SUB-TROPICAL COMMITTEE: A. H. Manvii.i.e Jacksonville, Fla. Austin W. RouNTREE.J\"ew Orleans, Ln. O. P. Rooks Gardenia, Fla. Dr. Gostave Deteron.JN'cw Orleans, La. Dr. J. C. Neai Archer, Fla. Edgar L. St. Ceran. .Ponchatoula, La. P. W. Reasoser Manatee, Fla. Elwood Cooper Santa Barbara, Cal. Ltjia.n Pii KLPS Sanford, Fla. C H. Wn.cox Oroville, Butte Co., Cal. James Bettxok Itiverside, San Bernardino Co., Cal. COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEETING OF 1889: Dudley W. Adams Florida. A. P. R. Safford Florida. O. P. Hooks " Rev. E. H. Weed A. H. Manville " Dr. H. H. Cary Oa. Dr. R. W. Pierce " E. T. Field y. J. LIST OF MEMBERS. LIFE. Allan, Alex. McD Goderich Ontario. Allen, Abner Wabaunsee Kansas. Allan, David Belmont Massacluisetts. Allen, Edwin New Brunswick, New Jer.sey. Ames, Frederick L Boston Massachusetts. Andrews, Frank W Boston Massachusetts. Atkins, Ohas. G Bucksport Maine. Austin, Mrs. Helen V Palmyra. ..... ..New Jersey. Babcook, E. F Little Rock Arkansas. Baird, David Manalapan New Jersey. Baker, Chas. R Brooklyn New York. Baker, William E Wellesley .... Massachusetts. Bancroft, George Wa.shington. .Dist. Columbia. Barrj , Patrick Rochester New York. Barry. William C Rochester New York. Beadle, D. W St Catherines Ohtario. Beal, AV. J Lansing Michigan. Berckmans, Prosper J Augusta Georgia. Black, Charles Higlitstown .... New Jersey. Bliss, B. K Boston Massachusetts. Bourn, Jos. H Providence Rhode Island. Bowditch, E. F Bo-ston Massachusetts. Brainerd, J Washington , .Dist. Columbia. Brewer, .Tobu R Boston Massachusetts. Bridgeman, Alfred Newburgh New York. Brill, Francis Hempstead, L. I. .New York. Brown, Chas. E Yarmouth Nova Scotia. Buchanan, Isaac New York New York. Bucklin, Simon S Boston Massachusetts. Burnett, Rev. Robert Burlington Ontario. Burnett, Joseph Soiitliboro Massachusetts. Bush, Raphael Bushl>erg Missouri. Buswell, E. W New York New York. Butler, Charles New York New York. Calder, Rev. James. . . .- 102 State St., Harrisburg, Pa. Calkins, John S Los Angeles California. Campbell, George W Delaware Ohio. Care}', Otis Fo.xborough. .Massachusetts. Carpenter, Charles Kelley's Island Ohio. Cliamberlain, Geo. D , Cambridge. . , Massaoluisetts. Cliase, Howard A Philadelphia. .Pennsylvania. CJiase, Lewis Rochester New York. Cheney, Benj. P Boston Massachusetts. Clapp, Wm. Channing Boston Massachusetts. Clark, Edmund S. . 16 Kingston St., Boston, Massachusetts. Clark, Elizur E New Haven Connecticut. Clark, James W Framingham . .Massachusetts. Clement, Asa Lowell Massachusetta. Conover, Geo. S Geneva New York. Colman, N. J St. Louis Missouri. Cook, Daniel C Cliicago Illinois. Cook, M. S Avondale Pennsylvania. Cox, A AValnut City Kansas. Cresswell, Jiio. A. J Elkton Maryland. Culbert, Dr. Wm. A. M Newburgh New York. Cummings, A. P New York New York. Cummings, John Woburn Massac^uisetts. Davis, Franklin Richmond Virginia. Davis, J. C. Bancroft 1621 H St. Washington, D. C. Dexter, Arthur F Providence Rhode Island. Douglas, Robert Waukegan Illinois. Dunham, W. S New York New York. Durfee, Geo. B Fall River .... Massachusetts. Earle, Parker Cobden Illinois. Ellwanger, George Rochester New York. Ely, Charles Cherry Dell Missouri. Engle, Henry M Marietta Pennsylvania. Engle, Hiram Marietta Pennsylvania. Eshleman, John K Dowingto wn . .Pennsylvania. Falconer, William . .Dosoris, Glen Cove, Long Island, N. Y. Felton, Arthur W Bolton Massachusetts. Field, E.T Red Bank New Jersey. Fisher, John Batavia New York. Flint, Charles I, Boston Massachusetts. Flint, David B. . ,358 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass. Force, T. S Newburg New York. French, Jonathan Boston Massachusetts. Frothinghara, Isaac W Boston Massachusetts. Fuller, Andrew S Ridgewood New Jersey. Furnas, R. W Brownville Nebraska. Gardette, E. B Philadelpliia. . Pennsylvania. Gardiner, Robert H Gardiner Maine. Gardner, Henry J Boston Massachusetts. Gibb, Charles Abhottsford Quebec. Goff, E. S Geneva New York. Gold, T. S West Cornwall.. Connecticut. Graves, S. S Geneva New York. Grosvenor, C. E Canterbuij' . New Brunswick. Grubb, Samuel H Roxborough . . . Pennsylvania. Guy, T. W Sulphur Springs. . .Missouri. Hacker, William Philadelphia. .Pennsylvania. Had wen, O. B Worcester. . . .Massachusetts. Haines, John S Germantown. .Pennsylvania. Haines, Henry C Germantown. .Pennsylvania. Hance, Benj. B Red Bank New Jersey. Hancock, Caroline G Free Library, Sacramento, Cal. Plarries, Edward Buffalo New York. Hatkell, George Ipswich Massachusetts. Helmer, J. W Lockport New Yoi-k. Herd man, William Eaton Ohio. Hexamer, Dr. F. M 751 Broadway .... New York. Hoadley, George 120 Broadway .... New York. Hoag, C. L Lockpoi't New York. Hogg, Thomas New York New York. Holmes, Dr. E. S Grand Rapids Michigan. Holton, Warren Hamilton Ontario. Hovey, John C Cam))ridge. . .Massachusetts. Hubbard, T. S Fredonia New York. Hunnewell, H. H Wellesley Massachusetts. Hunter, John M Houston Texas. Hyde, J.F. C 31 Milk St., Boston. . .Mass. Ilgenfritz, I. E Monroe Michigan. Jeter, Tinsley Bethlehem Pennsylvania. Jones, James Leiperville .... Pennsylvania. LIST OF MEMBERS. Kenciall, Edward Cambridge .... JIassachusetts. Kendall, George F Cambridgf-. . ..Massachusetts. Kent, Joseph II Russellville . . . Pennsj Ivania. Kent, Samuel C Richmond Virginia- King, John A Great Neclv, L. I. New Yorlj. King, John H Washington. .Dist. Columljia. Kirlipatvicli, T. J Springfield Ohio. Koen, R. B Jlemphis Tfnnessee. Kuhn, Hartman Philadelphia . . Pennsjdvania. Laing, A. D Stratford Connecticut. Langdon, CO Mobile Alabama. Lanver, A. M Galena Illinois. Leighton, 6. F. B Norfolk Virginia. Lester, J. Erastus Providence... .Rhode Island. Lovett, J. T Little Sih-er New Jerse}'. Luke, Elijah H Cambridgeport Mass. Lyman, Henry L Charlottesville Virginia. I,yons, James JI New Bedford . Massschusetts. Lyon, T. T South Haven Michigan. Mann, William R Sharon Massachusetts. Manning, Robert Salem Massachusetts. Marble, F. M Worcester Massachusetts. Masters, James H Nebraska City Nebraska. McCiilloch, J. M Cincinnati Ohio. MacFerron, David AlleghenyClty.Pennsylvania. McLaughlin, Henry Bangor Maine. Meehan, Thomas Germantown. .Pennsylvania. Miller, F. R Sugar Grove. .Pennsylvania. Mills, W. H Hamilton Ontario. M luld, Henry T Pittsfleld Illinois. Munson, D. O Fall's Church Virginia. Murray, R. D Moultril Florida. Jlyer, David S Bridgeville Delaware. Newman, J. S .Auburn Alabama. Noble, Samuel W Jenkintown ...Pennsylvania. Orton, J. G Binghamton New Yoi k. Osborne, Charles Vassalboro Maine. Parr}', William Parry New Jersey. Parsons, S. B Flushing, L. I. . .New York. Paul, James M North Adams. Massachusetts. PaysoD, Samuel R Boston Massachusetts. Pearson, John M Godfrey Illinois. Perirm, Jonathan. . .156 Washington St., Chicago, Illinois. Perley, Samuel F Naples Maine. Perot, William H Baltimore Maryland. Peters, R Atlanta Georgia. Phelps, Lyman Sauford Florida. Phfenix, F. K Delavan Wisconsin. Pierce, Henry L Boston Massachusetts. Pile, William A St. Louis Missouri. Popenoe, E. A Manhattan Kansas. Putnam, J. Pickering Boston Massachusetts. Quinn, P. T . . . ■. Newark New 1 ersey . Richardson, I. D Clarksville Nebraska. Riehl, E. A Alton Illinois. Rogers, Edmund Law Baltimore Maryland. Rumph. Samuel H Marshallville Georgia. Russell, Gurdon W Hartford Connecticut. Russell, Hfnry S . . . Milton Massachusetts. Sadler, Dr. O. W Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. Salisbury, Stephen Worcester . . . Massachusetts. Sampson, F. G Micanopy Florida. Saunders, William Washington. Dist. Columbia. Sawyer, George B Wicasset JIaine. Scarborough, W Cincinnati Ohio. Scott, David A Newburg New York. Selover, Edward C Auburn New York. Shaw, C. C Milford New Hampshire. Shotwell, J. R Rah way New Jersey. Smith, B Cuba Missouri. Smith, Benj. G Cambridge. . Massachusetts. Smith, W Geneva New York. Smith, Wm. Brown Syracuse New York. Smith, Wm. Elliot Alton Illinois. Smith, Wing R Syracuse New York. Smyth, Frederick Manchester. NewHampshire. Southworth, C Stoughton Massachusetts. Spauldiug, Dr. C. W.. .2648 Olive St., St. Louis. .5Iissouri. Starr, Robert W Lornwallis Nova Scotia. Stewart, Brice Clarksville Tennessee. Stewart, Henry L MiddleHaddam. Connecticut. Stephens, J. L Booneville Massachusetts. Strong, W. C Brighton Massachusetts. Stone, J. M Calhoun Station. Mississippi. Streator, George J Garretsville Oliio. Strother, David H Cliarlestown . . West Virginia. Swan, Robert J Geneva New York. Swineford, Howard Richmond Virginia. Taft, Edward P Providence.. .Rhode Island. Tatnall, Edward Wilmington. Delaware. Taylor, John N Brooklyn -New York. Taylor, Dr. Thomas Washington. Dist. Columbia. Taylor, Joseph 0 Newport Kentucky. Temple, John T Davenport Iowa. Thomas, George B West Chester.. Pennsylvania. Thomas, J. J Union Springs.. New York. Thomas, Miiton Los Angeles California. Thurber, George Passaic New Jersey. Townsend, B. C Bay Ridge, L. I. .New York. Trowbridge, Francis Milford Connecticut. Uber, Carlton A Fall's Church Virginia. Van Gelder, Jacob Saugerties New York . VanLindley, J Pomona North Carolina. Wardwell.W. H Boston Massachusetts. Waterer, Hosea Philadelphia. .PennsylvuHia. Watson, William Brenham Texas. Wier, D. B Lacon Illinois. Weld, Aaron D Boston Massachusetts. Wellborn, Jesse M Conyers Georgia. Whitehead, John B Norfolk Virginia. Wieland, John Knoxville Tennessee. Wilder, Edward B Dorchester. . .Massachusetts. Williams, Henry T Colorado Springs. .Colorado. Williams, E Montclair New Jersey. Wilson, W. C Baltimore Maryland Wolfe, John D New York New York. Work, A New York New York . Yeomans, Wm. II Columbia Connecticut. Yerrington, J. M. W Boston Massachu.setts. Younglove, James Bowling Green. . . Kentuckv 8 LIST OF MEMBERS. BIENNIAL, Adams, Diulley W Taagerine Floviaa. Augur, P. M Middleflelil Connecticut. Bessly, Dr. C. E Lincoln Nebraska. Brackett, George C Lawrence Kansas. Block, A Santa Clara California. Buclier, .T. C Atlanta Georgia. Bailey, L. H. .Ir Agricultural College. .Mich. Bissell, Edwar.l H Richmond Virginia. Brettner, .James Riverside California. Brackett, G. B .' Denmark Iowa. .T5usli, Isadora Bushberg Missouri. Berckmans, Louis A Augusta Georgia. Berckmans, Robert C Augusta Georgia. Jerckmans, P. J. A. .Ir Augusta Georgia. Byers, William Kansas City Missouri. Bell, Levi Orangeburg New York. Beal, Prof. W. .J Agricultural College. .Micb. Boardman, S. L Augusta Maine. Budd, Prof. .1. L Ames Iowa. Crozier, A. A Washington. Dist. Columbia. Carey, Dr. H. H La Grange Georgia. Carpenter, Charles Kelley's Island Ohio. Coe, A. .1 Meriden Connecticut. Craft, N. W Shore. Yuilkin county, North Carolina, Cassell, W. H Canton Mississippi. Crawford, Matthew Cuyahoga Falls Ohio. Cole, C. P .^.tlauta Georgia. Colmont, Prof. .J..J 1,'olunibus Mississippi. Cooper, El wood Santa Barbara California. Davis, Franklin Baltimore Maryland. Deveron, Dr. Gustave New Orleans Louisiana. Dunning, D. M Auburn New York. Eaton, Horace Quincy Massachusetts. Evans, .John H Lewiston Idalio. Frank, Thomas P Buffalo New York. Furnas, Dr. Allen Danville Indiana. Gipson, A. E Greeley Colorado. Green, W.J Columbus Ohio. Green, Charles A Rochester New York. Garfield, Charles W Grand Rapids .... Michigan. Grimes, D. S Denver Colorado. Goodman, L. A Westport Missouri. Hammond, A. C Warsaw Illinois. Harris, J. S La Crescent '.Minnesota. Harrison, J. J Painesville Ohio. Hoskins, Dr. T. II Newport Vermont. Hilborn, A\". W Ottawa Ontario. Hoyt, Stephen New Canaan. . .Connecticut. Hoyt, John W Cheyenne Wyoming. Hatch, A. L Ithaca Wisconsin. Hart, J. R Bridgetown Nova Scotia. Hovey, C. H Boston Massachusetts. Hood, W. F Richmond Virginia. Hillman, S. D Minneapolis Minnesota. Hubbard, Henry G Crescent City Florida. Hoopes, Josiah West Chester., Pennsylvania. Hudson, E. M New Orleans Louisiana. Hayes, Jas. M Dover New Hampshire. Hancock, Wm. A Pha?nix Arizona. Heikes, AV. F Huntsville Alabama. Jack, Robert Chateangay Basin. . . Quebec. Jenkins, J. B Rochester New York. Jenkins, S. T Baltimore Maryland. .Josselyn, Geo. S Fredonia New York. Johnson, Sylvester Irvington Indiana. Jobhson, W. D Marion Soutli Carolina. Johnson, C. E Salt Lake City Ut^h. Koen, R. B Memphis Tennessee. Lines, C. P New Haven .... Connecticut. Long, Elias A Buffalo New York. Matthews. S. J Monticello Ai-kansas. Manning, J. W Reading Massachusetts. Munson, T. V Denison Texas. Marvin, D. S Watertown New York. Minch,Eli Shiloh New York. Manville, R. H Jacksonville Florida. Moon, W. H Morrisville. ...Pennsj'lvania. Monroe, C. J South Haven Michigan. Neal, Dr. J. C Archer Florida. Ohmer, N Dayton Ohio. Patterson, Charles Kirksville Missouri. Parsons, S. B Flushing New York. Perry, John 13 , New York New York. Pierce, R. W Florida. Ransom, Luther Columbia South Carolina. Richardson, J. C Greenville Alabama. Rooks, O. P Gardenia Florida. Reasoner, P. W Manatee Florida. Rumph, Samuel H Marshallville Georgia. Rountree, Austin W New Orleans Louisiana. Riley, C. V. . .Entomologist, Washington, Dist. Columbia. Satterlee, James Lansing Michigan. Scott, E. H Ann Arbor Michigan. Saul, John Washington. Dist. Columbia. Smith, A. M St. Catherines Ontario. Smith, J. M Green Bay Wisconsin. Saunders, William Ottawa Ontario. Sturtevant, Dr. E. Lewis Geneva New York. Starr, C R. H Port Williams. . Novo Scotia. Stevens, Abel F. . . . Wellesley. . . .Massachusetts. Safford, A. P. R Tarpon Springs Florida. St. Ceran, Edgar L Ponchatoula Louisiana. Strentzel, Dr. John Martinez California. Simonds, O. C Wright's Grove, Cook Co., Illinois. Thurlow, T. C Newburyport. Massachusetts. Taylor, E. B. L Rochester New York. Taber, G. L Glen St. Mary Florida. Troop, Prof. J Lafayette Indiana. Vaughan, J. C Chicago Illinois. Van Deman, HE Washington. Dist. Columbia. Watrous, (\ L Des Moines Iowa. Wolverton, L Grimsby Ontario. Webb, A. D Bowling Green. . .Kentucky. Wilcox, C. H Oroville, Butte county, California. Act of Incorporeitiori^. CDMMDNWEilLTH DF MASSACHUSETTS, 1BB7, Section 1. Patrick Barry, of Rochester, New York, Charles W. Garfield, of Graud Rapids, Michigan, Benjamin G. Smith, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, J. J. Thomas, of Utiion Springs, New York, Prosper J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Georgia, Robert Manning, of Salem, Massachusetts, their associates, the OflScers and Members of the Association known as the American Pomological Society, and their successors, are hereby made a corporation under the name of "American Pomological Society," for the purpose of promoting and encouraging the culture of fruit, with all the powers and privileges and subject to all the duties and liabilities set forth in the general laws which are now or may hereafter be in force applicable to such corporations. Sec. 2. Said corporation may, for the purpose aforesaid, have and hold by pur- chase, grant, gift or otherwise, real and personal property to an amount not exceed- ing one hundred thousand dollars. Sec. 3. Said corporation may hold its annual meeting, or any special meeting in any place, state or country it may determine, providing that due notice shall be given to the members thereof of the time and place of said meeting. Sec. 4. Any two of the corporators above named are hereby authorized to call the first meeting of said corporation in the month of September next ensuing, by due notice thereof to each member of said Association. Copy of Bequest From the Will of the Late Marshall P. Wilder. Eleventh. " I give to the American Pomological Society one thousand dollars, the income of which shall be, from time to time, offered in Wilder Medals for objects of special merit. "Also, the further sum of four thousand dollars, for the general purposes of the Society." CDNSTITUTIDN AND BY-LAWS OK THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. CONSTITUTION. Article 1. The name of this Association shall be the American Pomological Society. 2. Its object shall be the advancement of the science of Pomology- 3. It shall consi.st of delegates appointed by Horticultural, Agricultural, and kindred Societies in the United States and British America, and of such other persons as take an interest in the wel- fare of the Association, and are desirous of pro- moting its aims. 4. The meetings shall be held biennially, at such time and place as may be designated by the Society ; and sjsecial meetings may be convened at anj' time on the call of the President. 5. The officers shall consist of a President, a First Vice President, one Vice President from every State. Territory and Province; a Treasui'er and a Secretary; and shall be elected by ballot or otherwise at every biennial meeting. BY-LAWS. 1. The President shall have a general suijeriu- tendence of the aft'airs of the Society during its vacation; give due public notice of the time and place of meeting; j)reside at its deliberations; de- liver an address on some subject relating to Pomol ogy, at every biennial meeting; and appoint all committees unless otherwise directed. 2. In case of the death, sickness, or inability of the President, his official duties shall devolve on the First Vice President or such one of the Vice Presidents as the Society may elect by ballot or otherwise. 3. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys be- longing to the Society, and pay over the same on the written orders of the President. 4. There shall be a Finance Committee of three members appointed by the President at each biennial meeting. 5. The Secretary shall, with the assistance of a reporter api)ointed by him, keep a record of the transactions of the Society for publication. 6. There shall be an Executive Committee con- sisting of live members, together with the Presi- dent and Vice Presidents, ex-offlcio, five of whom shall constitute a (juorum, who shall manage the affairs of the Society daring its vacation. 7. Chairmen of Fruit Committees, for every State, Territory and Province, and a general Chair- man over all, shall be appointed biennially. It shall be the duty of each of such Chairmen to ap- point four additional members of his committee, and with their aid, and such other information as he can procure, to forward to the genei'al Chair- man one month before every biennial meeting, State Pomological Re2)orts, to be condensed by him for 'onblication. S. A Standing Committee on Native Fruits, consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed by the President immediately after his election. It shall be the duty of this Committee to report biennially on native fruits, and also to examine, and before the close of the session report on, all new seedling varieties that may be exhibited; and t,o make an ad interim rejiort on those that were exhibited in an unripe condition at the meeting of the Society, but had subsequently attained a state of maturity; and on such other seedlings as ma}' have been submitted to their inspection during the Society's vacation. 9. A Standing Committee on Foreign Fruits, consisting of eleven members, shall be ajspointed, whose duties shall be similar to those of the com- mittee in by-law eight. 10. A Standing Committee on Tropical and Sub-tropical Fruits, consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed, whose duties shall be similar to those of the committee in by-law eight. 11. A Standing Committee on Nomenclature, consisting of seven members, shall be appointed biennially. 12. Vacancies occurring in committees shall be filled by the chairman of each, and in case of his death or inability to serve, his place .shall be supplied by the President of the Society. 13. The members of this Society shall pay four dollars biennially; and twenty dollars 2)aid at one time shall constitute one life membership. 14. The order of business for each meeting shall be arranged by the Executive Committee. 15. The Constitution or By-Laws may be altered or amended, at any regular biennial meet ing, by a vote of two thirds of the members present. PROCBHDINGS OF THE TWENTY-FIRST SESSION' I IF IIIK AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, CONXENKll IN r.OSTDX. MASSACIUSiyrrS. Septeoiber 1-4, 15 and 16, 18S7. OPENING SESSION WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 14th At 11 o'clock A. M., the Society was calleil to order in cue of the rooms of the Mechanics' Association Building by Mr. W. C. Strong, Vice President for Massa- chusetts. Delegates were present from twenty States and Provinces, including the District of Columbia. The following communication was read from the First Vice President : To the President and Members of the American Poviological Society: Gentlemen : — I sincerely regret that the state of my health at the present moment will prevent me from attending your meeting. More than any other meeting of the Society I desired to be present at this, that I might participate in paying due honors to our late beloved President, and assist in selecting his successor. In all this I am grievously disappointed. Knowing the characters of the members of the Society as I do, I have no fears but that its work will be carried forward with- out interruption. It is established on a broad and firm basis and lias a great and good work to perform. The fruit growing interest of this country has grown to immense proportions, em- ploying a vast amount of capital and labor, and yet it is in its infancy. The foreign demand for our fruits will continue to increase for many years to come — we can supply the world with fine fruits. This National organization is needed to guide this great industry so that it maj^ be both honorable and profitable. This is well understood, and I need not enlarge upon it. Go on, gentlemen, with your good work — no matter who stands or falls, the American Pomological Society must be maintained in full vigor and usefulness. Anything I can do as long as life is spared, will be done cheerfully. With best wishes, yours, P". Barry. On motion, the Society expressed by a rising vote its regret at the unavoidable absence of Vice President Barry. Hon. P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia, was then chosen temporary chairman. In the ab- sence (on account of ill health) of the Secretary, Chas. W. Garfield, of Michigan, A. A. Crozier, of Washington, D. C, was chosen temporary Secretary. The Chair then announced the follow- ing committees : Order of Business — T. S. Hubbard, New York; W. H. Spooner, Massacliusetts; G. W. Campbell, Ohio; Samuel Hjipe, Georgia; J. T. Lovett, New Jersey. 1'2 ADDRESS OF AVELCOME. Ceedentials — W. B. Philbrick, Massa- chusetts; Geo. S. Joselj'n, New York; N. Ohmer, Ohio. Auditing Accounts — J. H. Bouru, Bhode Island; H. M. Engle, Pennsylvania. Eesolutions — S. B. Parsons, New York ; Eobt. Manning, Massachusetts; T. T. Lyon, Michigan. Exhibits and Award or Wilder Medals — F. M. Hexamer, New York; 0. B. Hadvven, Massachusetts; P. M. Augur, Connecticut; T. T. Lyon, Michigan ; C. , L. Watrous, Iowa; Robert Manning, Massachusetts. Dr. Henry P. Walcott, President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, being then introduced, delivered, in behalf of that Society, the following address of welcome. Mr. President : — We do not forget that during all the years of your Society's ex- istence you have honored one of the most prominent members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society with your highest office. While he looked forward to this meeting with pleasing anticipations, he realized full well the chance that he would be able to be here only in spirit, l^et he hoped, having enjoyed so many of the blessings of Providence, that tiiis also might be added. But he has taken meas- ures— dying, even, that the Society shall forever have at its exhibitions some me- morial in honor of his name and of bis work. We cannot forget, and you cannot forget, this beneficent providence of our departed associate. Neither can we forget that the hope which sustained his belief while in the en- joyment of tlie present, that he was to enjoy forever tiie ]u-omises of the future, was that which made hiiu always young, despite the burdens of his almost four- score years. When, nearly forty years ago, the held of pomology became so extended that it seemed to require special workers, this association was formed with the cordial sympathy and support of our Horticul- tural Society, and it has them still. How well yon have done, is shown by your valuable publications. You have done very much in the way of introducing and promoting the cultivation of useful varie- ties of fruits; you have made great pro- gress, also, in the very difficult task of re- jecting useless varieties. Permit me to hope that you will study in the same com- prehensive way the causes which have led to the apparent deterioration of some of our fruits, and of the diseases which periodically cause so mucii destruction. With the highest Hppreciatiou of your work, permit me, in behalf of the Massa- chusetts Horticultural Society, to bid you welcome. The biennial report of Secretary Chas. W. Garfield was tlieu read, accepted and referred to committee on business. Treasurer Beuj. G. Smith then made his biennial report; it was referred to the Auditing Committee, which subsequently reported back to the Society that the ac- counts and accompanying vouchers were found correct. The following is an ab- stract of the Treasurer's statement : REPORT OF the TREASURER. I present herewith a statement of the receipts and disbursements of the Society for the two years ending September 10, 1887, to wit.: KECEIPTS. Balance from old account $1,22() 69 Si.\ty-six biennial nieuibeisliip at i{;4-00 264 00 Three Life memberships— Howard A. Chase, R. D. Jlurrav and O. W. Sadler 60 00 From estate of Marshall P. Wilder 5,000 00 $6,,550 60 DISBUSEMENTS. Ti'easurer's expenses at Grand Rapids $ 5'S 'SO Stenoarapher's expenses at Grand Rapids 39 6.5 W. J."^Beal, serv.ces as Secretary, 1884-5 100 00 Stamps, cards, circulars and programmes for Grand Rapids meeting 25 09 Cuts of grape blossom for proceedings 4 50 Printing 800 copies of proceedings, P. W. Ball. 717 44 Printing 126 copies of fruit catalogue 7 !50 C. W. Garheld, services as Secretary 100 00 Drauslitina bill for incornoration of Society. ... 10 00 Stationery". ." 28 85 Circulars, announcements, etc., for 1886-7 38 30 Postage and ))ostal cards 101 78 Freight and express 14 40 Balance to new account 5 309 88 |6,550 69 SUGGESTIONS GONCEUNING IMPERFECT FERTILIZATION OF THE GRAPE. 13 Ou uiotion of Mr. Hexamer, tlie follow- ing committee on tlie nominations of officers was elected, tlie delegates from each State represented naming the mem- ber lor that State : E. F. Babcock, Arkansas. P. M. Augur, Connecticut. H. E.VanDemau, District of Columbia. E. T. Field, Florida. Samuel Hape, Georgia. C. L. Watrous, Iowa. Henry McLaughlin, Maine. S. T. Jenkins, Maryland. W. H. Spoonei', Massachusetts. 'i'. T. Lyon, Michigan. R. W. Starr. Nova Scotia. A. S. Fuller, New Jersey. F. M. Hexamer, New York. J. J. Harrison, Ohio. W. W. Hilborn, Ontario. W. H. Moon, Pennsylvania. Charles Gibb, Quebec. J. H. Bourn, Rbode Island. T. H. Hoskins, Vermont. A. L. Hatch, Wisconsin. A recess was then taken until 3 p. m. WEDNESDAY- AFTERNOON SESSION. The Society was called to order at 3 p. M. A. S. Fuller, of New Jersey, chair- man of the Committee on Nominations, reported a list of persons nominated for officers of the Society for the ensuing term. On motion of Mr. J. T. Lovett, of New Jersey, the Chair was instructed to cast the ballot of the Society in accord- ance with the recommendations of the committee, which was done. The list of officers appear on an earlier page in this volume. A committee, consisting of Samuel Hape, of Georgia, and J. M. Smith, of Wisconsin, formally notified the President of his election. On taking the chair. President Berckmans thanked the Society for the honor conferred upon him and earnestly solicited the aid of all the mem- bers in maintaining and increasing its usefulness. Mr. W. C. Strong, in behalf of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, then announced that in deference to the ex- pressed wish of the American Society no entertainments had been planned for the meeting, with the exception of a banquet the final evening. He read a communica- tion from Mayor O'Brien in behalf of the citizens of Boston, stating that on the 16th a boat would be at the service of the members of the Society should they de- sire an excursion on Boston Harbor. A message was also received from Mr. H. H. Huunewell, stating that if it was the pleasure of the Society he would be glad to present an invitation for it to visit his estate at Wellesley. On motion the invi- tation of the Mayor for an excursion on Boston Harbor, was accepted for 2 o'clock p. M. on Friday the 16th. The first paper on the programme was then presented : Suggestions Concerning Imperfect Ferliliza- tion of the Grape. BY D. S. Marvin, of Wateetown, N. Y. Grape vines like other i)lants, have been subjected to the changes of natural de- velopment caused mainly by seismic cataclysms, the varying degrees of solar heat, changes of altitude or local environ- ment. The natural causes have recently been much modified by cultivation. One of the marked natural changes has been toward a separation of the sexual func- u SUGGESTIONS CONCEKNING IMPERFECT FERTILIZATION OP THE (iRAPE. tions. We see this exemplitied when we examine the sexual organs, for no one of the fifteen or twenty species with which we have to deal is now perfectly bisexual in all of their varieties. The Delaware is, perhaps, as perfect in its bisexual organs as any variety. Vineyardists have suffered frouj this tendency to a differentiation of the sexual functions, but the specialist who originates new seedlings observes it most. Our vines have all been selected with reference to their dual sexual organs and functions; but, notwithstanding all efforts tor many generations, seedlings still assert a tendency to a final separation of the sexual functions. This brings m'e to the point that I de- sire you to consider. We cannot over- come this natural law of differentiation; then why should we continue to work against a law of nature? Would it not be better to co-operate and endeavor to aid in her lines of activities and see if we can- not find a better way? My idea is to separate the sexes and aid in developing sexual differentiation by cultivating female instead of hermaphrodite plants, with here and there a male plant elevated upon trees or on poles and wires, so that the male plants ruay run above and fill the air with their pollen to fertilize the female plants below. There would result great economy and saving of vital energy that might be turned to the development of more fruit. As it is now the pollen is more or less impotent, failing to fertilize the ovules, and the emasculated clusters are many. I have already made some ex- periments upon these suggested lines of activities, and though the experiments have not gone far enough, to determine the question, yet tliey warrant larger and longer continued experimentation. In the absence of single-sexed vines to operate u])on we must utihze such as we possess; perhaps Creveling and Eumelan will answer for female plants as well as any. Delaware and Hartford will ))erhaps be the best acceptable staminate plants. Better ones may possibly be found in the woods among wild riparia vines. This is doubtless the oldest species of grapes, for it is found upon the gneissoidal strata, our oldest soils; it certainly is the hardiest, for when hybridized with any other it shows its vigor and longevity by dominating the new structures. Its sexual organs are more differentiated or special- ized than any other species, the pollen grains being larger, better developed and more prepotent. As you perhaps know, I am engaged in originating new seedling grapes, which gives me opi)ortunity to see and study this subject. I have already saved a number of separate-sexed vines, and have no doubt of our ability to easily separate plenty of male and female vines. I have not been able as yet to save an exclusively female vine, but I have male vines — the ones chiefly needed at present. True the ovules are still present, but the upper part or stigma is entirely aborted. These vines develop and scatter upon the air a largely increased amount of prepotent ))ollen. Two crops a year — one of pollen in the spring, another of fruit in the fall, each of them containing large amounts of nitrogen and other costly germ elements — exhaust the vital energies of tlie vine and invite the attacks of sporadic diseases. What- ever former conditions may have pre- vailed, nature seems to be curing those inherent defects by specializing sexuality to avoid this exhaustion. There will have to be some nice adjust- ment in blossoming time to accommodate the different species and varieties. Riparia vines blossom too early for most other species; their hybrids will have to be chosen for later kinds. I think that I can already accommodate the early and the medium varieties; those later in blossom- ing will need other male vines. The economies subserved will be putting SUtiGESTIONS CONCEUXlN(i IMPERFECT FERTILIZATION OF THE GRAPE. 15 our practices into a fuller accord with the tendencies of natural development, wherein the functions of fertilization, ovule development and fruit production will all he carried on by the plant in a more natural manner, accommodating sexual tendencies in the direction ol a higher order of plants. The production of pollen as now carried on is burdensome to the plant and ex- hausts its energies at the commencement of the seasoti, while if this work were ])er- formed by separate ])lants all tlie energies would be used aud utilized for maturing a fuller crop of fruit in the fall, while the male vines would have the whole season to recruit and yield a fuller and more vigorous crop of pollen for the coming springtime. The tendency to a separation of sexual functions is so general in all organic structures, animal and vegetable, that we ought to test its applicability to the vine by selecting and cultivating single instead of double sexed varieties, not acting as if we knew more about her laws than nature herself, or seeming to accuse her of doing vain and idle work. Why are separate-sexed vines developed if we are to discard and throw them away? Let us compare Viiis riparia and vinifera in tiieir reproductive organs and functions, their health and vitality. Upon the discovery of America the former was found from Ottawa in Canada to San Antonia in Texas, the verge of the frigid to the border of the torrid zone. The latter was found in the Carolinas, and there only as a hybrid with labrusca. In sexuality riparia is the most specialized s|)ecies we know of, while vinifera is per- haj)s the least; one had vigor enough to spread itself over the major portions of the Atlantic seaboard, the other still re- maining about its centre of introduction. How will we be able to account for this difference, unless upon the theory of the superiority of single over double sexed A'ines? rrue. vinifera was proltably a later introduction, but no one knows this to be the case. What is it that has weakened its vital energies so that it seems to be a failing plant all over Euro])e and the Atlantic seaboard, if we are not to attribute its low vitality to a constant selection of double-sexed plants? Exten- sive hybridizing with other more northern species of both Europe and America has only proved palliative. The way out of the difficulties seems to he through a re- versal of this practice, of saving instead of throwing away single-sexed vines. Many viticulturists have studied the causes of failure, and various remedies have been suggested, but no one hereto- fore seems to have attributed the difficul- ties to their probable true cause, that of virtually double-cropping the vines, a violation of the laws of natual develoi)- ment. Since writing the above T observe that the horticulturist of the Agricultural Col- lege of Iowa, has been studying this ques- tion. He finds that the pollen grains of the male flowers of tiie wild Viiis riparia are about one-fourth larger than the her- maphrodite flowers, and that much of the pollen from the latter is flaccid and will not swell in water, as the pollen from male flowers does. This is because it is im- potent. These important studies go to conflrni my own views. I do not assert that difJerentiation of the sexual functions will cure all the ills of the vine, but that a return to nature's methods may restore lost vital energies. Certainly there. will be no harm in testing the question by actual experiments in the vineyard. Feel- ing the task too great for my own unaided efforts, I have come here to lay this ques- tion before you and ask you to kindly aid in determining the matter. The subject has its practical side, even though it may not result in restoring the failing health of the vine. For every one has observed the poverty of t'he pollen of manv of our cultivated varieties, their 16 THE YELLOWS IN MICHIGAN. failure to set a crop of fruit, and the in- crease of the crop whenever the stigmas have happened to hecome fertihzed with more prepotent pollen from adjoining vines, lam satisfied that there is no exception in the case of the vine to the great law de- veloped hy Mr. Darwin, that plants do really abhor self-fertilization, and that sufficient male vines, elevated above the ordinary vineyard, would prove a paying investment. T. T. Lyon, of South Haven, Michigan, then opened the subject of Peach Yellows, With the following paper: The Yellows in Michigan. The earliest known case, in Michigan, of the disease of the peach tree known as Yellows, is said to have occurred in the vicinity of bt. Joseph or Benton Harbor, Berrien county, about the year 1867, in a single tree of Early Crawford, which had been imported from New Jersey, and which ripened its fruit considerably in advance of the usual season of this variety. This occurred at a time when commer- cial peach culture, in Western Michigan, was a recent interest, and yet mainly con- fined to this vicinity; which, however, had already been densely i)lanted with this fruit. The owner of the tree, ignoiant of the existence of such a disease, supposed him- self the fortunate possessor of a new variety, all the more valuable on account of its earliness, and darker color. It at once attracted general attention; and the tree is said to have been literally cut to pieces, to supply buds to the orchards and nurseries of that region. The result was, tJie rapid and well nigh universal diffusion of the disease through the orchards of that vicinity; and when, as was soon the case, the real nature of the calamity began to dawn upon the minds of those interested, resort was had to various supposed preventives or cures, with the result that, in very many, if not in most cases, entire orchards became diseased; and, within a very few years, the peach growing interest of an exten- sive and densely planted region was utterly swept away. The fact of the adaptation of portions of A^an Buren and Allegan counties, lying further north, to the cultivation of this fruit, was a later discovery ; and when, about 1873 or '4, the disease was first dis- covered in Western Van Buren, twenty miles north of St. Joseph, planters here had taken warning by the experience of St. Joseph, and resorted promptly to the process of cutting out and destroying the affected trees as soon as the disease was discovered. The result of the careful and thorough carrying out of this process has been the apparent eradication cf the disease in some orchards. In casesin which this process has been less carefully and thorougldy applied, and in orchards contiguous to wholly or parti- ally neglected ones, the disease has usu- ally maintained a more or less restricted hut continuous existence, commensurate, apparently, with the thoroughness of the efforts for its extinction, and the near- ness or amount of exposure from without. As with the early experience about St. Joseph, so elsewhere, the omission to apply this remedy seems to have been in- ^'ariably followed by the early and utter ruin of the orchard. These experiences have had the effect to call the earnest and general attention of planters to the disease; and the evi- dences of its contagious character have been so numerous and convincing, that, in tlie peach growing portions of our State, very few planters question its con- tagious character. We have known per- sons who, doubting this, have spared their affected trees, till the fruit could be ripened and disposed of; and yet others THE YELLOWS IN MICHIGAN. 17 who have removed an affected branch or branches, retaining the apparently healthy portions; but, in all such cases, the disease has rapidly spread or increased, and passed beyond the possibility of con- trol, save by the entire destruction of the orchard. With a better knowledge of the disease, coupled with the very general assurance that the heroic remedy already mentioned is the surest, if not the only effective means of arresting it, the more recent spread of the disease northward, along what is known as tlie "peach belt," has been comparatively slow. Although it is now twenty years since its ap|)earan('e in Berrien county ; and perhaps fourteen or fifteen years since its appearance in Van Buren — the next county northward ; few, if any cases are known to exist northward of Kent county — a distance of perhaps sixty miles from its original starting- point. At South Haven, A' an Buren county, where this cutting out and destroying process was first practiced in Michigan, the neglected orchards have nearly or quite disappeared, the ratio of annual loss from the disease has very considerably diminished, and the acreage of peach orchards is rapidly increasing. The same may be said of Allegan county, and of the entire commercial peach growing region further uortli; while the original source of the contagion has now become nearly or quite purged of the disease, and is again planting the peach freely. Tlie disease is believed not to exist in the central and eastern portions of the State. In fact, although, throughout the more southerly portions of the lower peninsula, locations exist, adapted to the successful growing of this fruit, they are so generally isolated from each other, that little danger may be supposed to exist of any atmospheric transmission of the dis- .ease from one to another. Soon after the disease had manifested itself beyond the limits of Berrien county, legislative interference was invoked to provide protection against its inroads; and a law was enacted, which declared diseased or affected trees, as well as fruit, to be void of pecuniary value, and dan- gerous sources of contagion ; and pre- scribed proceedings for their immediate destruction as dangerous nuisances. In the commercial peach growing regions, public sentiment was so far prepared for this step, that the re(iuirements of such law had very generally been voluntarily fulfilled, and the cases calling for the forcible execution of the law, if any. have been exceedingly rare, To a person familiar with the manifesta- tions of the disease, the liability to mis- take is very slight; if, in fact, such liabil- ity can be said actually to exist. While under neglect or starvation, trees may often be found making feeble growths, with pale, sickly foilage; these are so radi- cally distinct from the indications of genuine Yellows, and yet so perfectly correspond with occasional i)ublislied de- scriptions of it, as to create the impression that the writers may have niistaken the results of the attacks of insects or of star- vation for the genuine symptoms of this disease. There has been no lack of persons, among us, who have held that the disease is the result of starvation; and, in addi- tion to the ordinary processes of fertiliza- tion, various secret remedies have been offered; all, however, i)roposiug the use of fertilizers, special or general, as the means of cure. If the microscopic examinations and experiments of Professors Burrill and Arthur have not, in fact, demonstrated that the disease is due to bacteiia in the circulation, they have, at least, so nearly approached such demonstration, and ob- served facts so perfectly coincide with such assumption, that it becomes difficult to escape tiieir conclusion. The neces- 18 THE YELLOWS IN MICHIGAN. saiy inference from this must be that these organisms subsist and increase upon the means of growth supj^hed through the circulation; thus robbing the tree of the material needed for its continued health and prosperity. Such being the case, the result must necessarily be as observed: the tree gradually fails in growth, owing to this clandestine absorption of the needed material. The application of manurial substances, for whichever purpose ap- plied, while supplying this deficiency, and hence renewing the vigor of the tree, at the same time supplies the means of in- crease to the bacteria. It obviously, therefore, becomes a mere question of tiie time when the latter shall i)ecome the dominant consumer, the manurial remedy overridden and the contest ended by the death of the tree from starvation ; it mean- time acting as a propagator and dissemin- ator of contagion. The earliest manifestation of the dis- ease may usually be discovered in the fruit, which becomes prematurely ripe, darker in color, and lacking in fiavor; the pit and the Hesli being very much daiker than usual. This manifestation may oc- casionally be discovered u()on a single brancli, or even in a single fruit; while the remainder of the tree is apparently in ])erfect health; but, that this circum- stance must be held to be deceiitive, ap- pears from the too common fact that, no matter how promptly such affected fruit be removed, the disease is found too surely to manifest itself in the remainder of the tree, at no very distant period. The second indication of the disease, which, in the absence of fruit, not unfre- (juently becomes the first, is manifested in the slender, wiry growths and weak, feeble foilage, which usually appear at the basis of the branches, and upon the older wood. While such growths are more noticeable, where they occur in such i)osi- tions, and upon less vigorous trees, they are by no means confined to such, being often known to appear upon trees in ap- parently vigorous health; which appear- ance however, is never found to continue beyond the year in which the disease is thus manifested. The probability of the correctness of the assumption that the bacteria accom- panying such disease are, in fact, its cause, received strong confirmation to the minds of many of our Western Michigan fruit growers, from the examinations and observations of Prof. Manly Miles, form- erly of the Michigan Agricultural College, and more recently of Amherst, Massa- chusetts; who, last year, spent some time in that region, in the microscoi)ic study of the disease. His examinations developed the fact tbat prior to its manifestations, even in a single fruit, twig or branch, bacteria had, to a greater or less extent, become dis- seminated throughout the circulation; while they were wholly absent in mani- festly healthy trees. These alleged facts, if admitted to be such, seem to strongly emphasize the con- sideration that no proposed remedy or preventive, short of the heroic one here- tofore ])racticed, should be trusted; unless by ])ossibility, it shall be found cajiable of peirneating the entire circulation of the tree, and destroying these nefarious organisms, without essentially injuring the tree itself. W. (3. Strong, Massachusetts: I have had success in treating the Yellows with potash. Is it not reasonable that if we give vigor to a plant it will be more able to resist the attacks of disease-produeing organisms? A. S. FuLLEK, New Jersey : I have been trying for thirty years to make the Yellows grow on my grounds. I have in- troduced it time and again, but by using plenty of potash it has never spread to other trees. Mr. Downing sent me, at my request, buds from trees having the Y'ellows, but the trees I grew from the THE YELLOWS IN MICHIGAN. 19 buds were all healthy. I have frequently observed trees which were said to have the disease known as Yellows, but upon examination I have found them dying from either starvation or parasites. T. T. Lyon: Trees on our richest soils in Michigan take the disease just as readily as others. Trees in the most vigorous growth one year may have the disease the next and be entirely killed. J. C. C.Hyde, Massachusetts: I have made a study of the Yellows for many years. I was humbugged years ago just as they were in Michigan, into introduc- ing the Yellows, thinking that I was getting a new early variety. I have found that trees in vigorous growth, heavily manured, are sure to go with the Yellows. I calculate that we will get only one crop from trees which make an excessive growth. Trees which stand in grass land and ripen their wood well, remain healthy for twenty years or more and pro- duce successive crops of fruit. I have used with good success unleached wood a,shes for the Yellows. I have applied a large quantity of ashes to trees struck with the Yellows, and in some instances the disease has wholly disappeared, in others nearly so. I intend to plant my next orchard on the north side of a hill, fertilize with ashes, but secure only a moderate growth, so that the wood will ripen well. T. C. Thurlow, Massachusetts: I have been for twenty years trying to raise peaches. My last orchard of 5(X) trees did well for several years, when I found a few trees going with the- Yellows. I dug them up or cut them down, and applied lime, but the Yellows spread until I lost the whole orchard. I have found muri- ate of potash an excellent fertilizer for peaches, and animal fertilizers very bad. The latter causes them to winter-kill if nothing more. A. S. Fuller: The soil at my place is a deep sand which has been in cultivation a hundred years. I get a good growth only by feeding. I use potash, a little salt, and old manure. J. A. LiNTNER, New York: In many of the Southern and Western States the Yel- lows is still unknown. Mr. Starr, Nova Scotia: I think the main secret in avoiding the Yellows is in having the wood well ripened. We grow peaches on a small scale, and try to secure a good growth early in the season. H. M. Engle, Pennsylvania: So far as I have seen, it makes no difference in its liability to the Yellows whether a tree is a rampant grower or a weak grower. Sev- eral years ago I bought a few trees and budded from them, and the budded trees nearly all had the Yellows, though the trees from which the buds were taken did not show the Yellows when the buds were cut. On another occasion, I budded from a tree that had not a sign of Yellows, and the young trees the first year showed the disease. I think the cause is not in the exhaustion of the soil; among trees grow- ing side by side on the same soil some will have the Yellows and others not. I have noticed that the disease could always be traced to one or a few trees from which it spread. D. Baird, New Jersey: Last October New Jersey was very dry ; then there was a change in the weather which checked or killed the young growth. This year many of the trees show what seems to be Yellows, in having prematurely ripened fruit. The Secretary read a letter from Mr. Erwin F. Smith, agent of the Department of Agriculture, who was investigating the Yellows in Delaware. No cause was yet determined upon, but there had been much increase in the disease during the last two wet seasons. The next subject was opened by the fol- lowing paper from J. J. Thomas, of Union 20 NOMENCLATUEE. Springs, N. Y., which was read by W. C. Barry : Nomenclature. The Science of Pomology— the syste- matic study and description of fruits— has for the objects of its investigation a most perfect union of the useful and beautiful of vegetable products. It is therefore eminently fitting that the science should preserve in its language the purity and dignity which it properly merits. The American Pomological Society, the most extensive and successful organization of the kind in existence, has therefore an important vocation in preserving in its nomenclature a character for accuracy and truth . An essential part of the w^ork of the Society is the establishment of correct names for the many hundred fruits which come before it for examination and for adoption in its select Catalogue. With- out correct nomenclature, the public is liable to be continually imposed on and misled, the reputation of fine varieties to be seriously damaged, their successful intro- duction and culture retarded, and the bus- iness of the commercial fruit grower mixed with confusion and loss. Next to correct- ness in names, is the employment of those which are appropriate and descriptive, and the rejection especially of all those which are coarse and laudatory, a fault mto which the originators or introducers of new varieties very often fall. Pomol- ogy, which should always haA"e the accu- racy of a natural science, should not allow the use of names of new fruits to degen- erate into peddler's pufting, but on the contrary should be infinitely remote from such degredation. It often happens that a new fruit suc- ceeds best in the locality of its origin, and under the high culture which it receives while yet rare and new. The dissemina- tor adopts the unwise course of giving it a high-sounding name, hoping that every time it is repeated in reports and in cata- logues, it will thus receive additional advertising without cost. If it is widely disseminated, the thousands who culti- vate it are thus compelled to aid in prais- ing its merits, even if it has none, every time they pronounce its name. But the intended purpose of its owner is likely to be defeated, for the impression is conveyed to intelligent persons that the owner dis- trusts the real merits of the variety, and hopes to aid its doubtful character with a bombastic cognomen. Such fruits of established character as the Baldwin among apples, and the Bartlett and Seckel with pears, have never required any spuri- ous aid to help them along. On the other hand the lofty title of King of the Pippins and Batchelor's Glory among apples, and Knight's Monarch and Hacon's Incom- parable among pears, have not given to the fruits they represent a wide adoption, and some fruit growers have not even heard of them. Many of our modern sorts of high laudation will probably be con- signed to the same oblivion, after they have enabled the owners to make an exten- sive and profitable sale. The two leading aims which should be kept in view in giving names to fruits, is to select such as are appropriate, and neat and compact. They may be descriptive of some quality, give the place of their origin, or have the name of the origina- tor. In the names of peaches, for exam- ple, such simple and descriptive ones as Lemon chug and Nivotte are to be greatly preferred to "Admirable" and "Incom- parable,"' which have been given to cei-- taiu nearly worthless sorts. Among strawberries, the old names Crimson Cone and Neck Pine are better than Wizard of the North and Napoleon the Third. Many new varieties of the strawberry have been given names which the American Pomo- logical Society cannot adopt in accord- ance witli its established rules. A large INFLUENCE OF CROSS-FERTILIZATION ON THE FRUIT. 21 number have appended the word "prohfic," requiring every person who names them to announce to the world that the owner regards them pre-eminently productive, and intends that all who name them shall aid in praising their admirable bearing qualities. They may be improved by leav- ing off the objectionable word from Neu- nan's Prolific, Finch's Prolific, Miner's Great Prolific, and others, as well as from such superlative titles as Nigh's Superb, Golden Defiance, Great American, Ar- nold's Pride, Cumberland Triumph, and Durand's Superb. A new peach has the single name " Wonderful," and a new^ raspberry " Superb," neither of which is appropriate and truthful. "Stump the World" is an unsuitable name for even a very fine peach, and "Empire State" for an excellent grape. Easpberry growers have the Golden Queen, the Marvel of our Seasons, and the Pride of the Hud- son. It is but justice, however, to make the passing remark, that the English have rather exceeded the Americans, so far as producing in their prize gooseberries the "Green Ocean," "Wellington's Glory," and "Roaring Lion." Needless appendages should always be avoided. There are more than 250 names of pears with the word " Beurre " prefixed — a word which will apply so far as the meaning goes, to nine-tenths of all the named varieties; and it is not necessary to require the thousands to write this sterile name every time they have occa- sion to refer to any of them. The name of a fruit should in most cases consist of a single word ; and hence the simple word Miner is much better for the strawberry than Miner's Great Pro- lific; Cumberland is better than Cumber- land Triumph; and we may pi-operly change Barnes' Mammoth to Barnes, Duchess of Oldenburg to Oldenburg, Big- arreau Mezel to Mezsl, Tewksbury Win- ter Blush to Tewksbury, Miner's Great Prolific to Miner, Hubbardston Nonesuch to Hubbardston, Shaffer's Colossal to Shaffer, Reine Claude de Bavay to Bavay and Bonne da Puits Ansault to Ansault. There are occasional instances where double names are quite admirable, such simple ones, for example, as Summer Rose, Willow Twig, Ben Davis, Red Stripe, Jersey Sweet, Fall Pippin, Maiden's Blush, and other names of apples; and Sugar Top, Winter Nelis, Saint Germain, Little Musk, Long Green, Swan's Orange and Green Chisel and others among pears. We may not desire to engraft the titles of foreign aristocrats and dignitaries on the sorts we cultivate, and we may there- fore properly abridge Duchesse d'Angou- leme to Angouleme, Duchess of Bordeaux to Bordeaux, Duchess of Orleans to Or- leans, and Duchess of Brabant to Brabant. For a similar reason we may object to May Queen and Jersey Queen, Grand Duke and Prince of Berries, for straw- berries; Amber Queen among grapes; Queen of the Market among raspberries; and we should reject such coarse names for so beautiful and refined a fruit as the strawberry, as Jumbo, Big Bob, Black Giant and Capt. Jack. The last topic of the afternoon w'as then taken up. hifluence of Cross-Fertilization on the Fruit. BY A. A. CROZIER. Most of those who have given atten- tion to this subject believe that there is such influence. Darwin in his "Animals and Plants, Under Domestication," (vol. 1, p. 470) gives a large amount of evidence going to prove that such is the case. But he says that such an effect does not always follow, and that Mr, Knight, a careful observer, had never seen the fruit affected, though he had crossed thousands of apples and other fruits. Dr. Gray says: "It is generally agreed that the alteration of the character of the fruit is 22 INFLUENCE OF CEOSS-FEETILIZATION ON THE FEUIT. immediate, i. e., that it affects the ovary itself." In a review of some experiments by a Freucli investigator, Mr. Nandin, on cross-fertilization, in the Cucurbi- tacefB (Jour, of Science, sd. ser. v. 24, p. 440) he says that the fact of even an influence of squashes upon melons the same season seems to be well authenti- cated. Mr. Meehan, after publishing much on this subject in his Gardener's Monthly, re- views the whole question in an article in the Eural New Yorker (1885, June 13 and 20) and concludes that there is not suffi- cient evidence to warrant a belief in the direct influence of pollen, except possibly in the case of Indian corn. The greatest amount of interest in this country on this subject has been in con- nection with the strawberry. The cus- tom of planting pistillate sorts to be fertilized with staminate varieties has rendered the question of there being any mfluence on the fruit from this source an important one . Most growers who have observed the matter believe that there is such an inlluence, at least at times. At the last meeting of this Society, two years ago, there was a long discussion on the subject, in which experiments at the Ohio Experiment Station were reported, which seemed to show conclusively that the fruit of the strawberry could be changed in character by using pollen from differ- ent varieties. A second set of experi- ments the following year, however, it was stated gave less definite results. The same subject was taken up at the New York Experiment Station and the results gave no evidence that pollen had any direct influence. To obtain further evidence on the sub- ject I last year planted some sweet corn in the midst of a field of dent As soon as the tassels on the sweet corn appeared, and before any pollen was shed, they were all removed, so that tlie evidence of a cross was conclusive. The resulting ears were uniform in appearance, with yellow- ish kernels, neither dented nor wrinkled — showing that in corn at least there is an effect the first season . The case of corn and other grains, however, is peculiar in the fact that the ovary or fruit is merely a thin skin investing the seed, so that the influence here may have been only upon the seed, as is known to be the case in all crosses. To further test the matter I this year planted two varieties of Summer squashes, white and yellow, and cross-fertihzedboth ways, but found no influence on the fruit. At my request Mr. F.E.Skeels, of Grand Rapids, Mich., planted some of the same lot of seed, cross-fertilized in like manner, and obtained the same results. (Ag. Science, vol. 1, p. 228 ) Prof. L. H. Bailey, of the Michigan Agricultural Col- lege, has this year made experiments in the same hne, and writes as follows: " I have performed many crosses this year, and between such plants that would give unmistakable evidence of the imme- diate effect of pollen, should such effect occur I crossed Hyslop Crab with Duchess of Oldenburg, and got no effect in any way, not even in season of matur- ity or texture. I crossed another Crab with Sweet Eomanite and obtained no immediate effect. By the way, I made a singular incidental experiment on these varieties. Of five crabs I removed four of the pistils and crossed the remaining- one. From these crosses I got two ma- ture apples, but they had seeds in only one cell! I crossed many Crook Neck squashes with the AVhite Scallop or Sum- mer Turban. The squashes are now nearly matured, but there is no immediate effect whatever. In order to test the matter more fully I hybridized two plants, which have exceedingly dissimilarfruits. These are Datura Stramonium and D. inermis. The former has very prickly pods, the latter has very smooth ones. I have made reciprocal hybridizations, but there is no CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS. 23 immediate effect of polleu. I have never yet seen any immediate effect of pollen. I am very careful in making my crosses, and I know that I have made no mistake. I do all the work myself. I use mauilla bags on both the pistillate aud staminate flowers, and I leave them on the pistillate flowers a week after the operation is per- formed." E. S. GoFF, New York: I performed an experiment on the subject with some Crescent strawberries on which I could find no stamens. They were placed in three sets in a green-house and covered with mosquito netting. One set was fer- tilized with the Wilson, another with Sharpless and the other with Learning's White. No difference was observed in the berries in the three cases. WEDNESDAY EVENING SESSION The Society was called to order at 7 :30 o'clock by President Berckmans. The first subject was: Climate as Effecting Color in Fruits. BY DR. B. D. HALSTED, AMES, IOWA. In considering the influence of climate upon the exterior (and interior) color of fruits it is necessary first to look at the probable origin of color in flowers. The bright and beautiful hues in blossoms were probably brought about for the purpose of attracting insects. These insects were rewarded for their attentions by sweet sips of nectar, while the indulgent plants took advantage of the visits of the insects and secured at the same time the transfer of pollen from one flower to another. No one is able to explain just why one spe- cies has showy white flowers and another a blue or yellow color. Of two species of Lobelia growing side by side in the moist meadow, one has large cardinal flowers while the other bears blossoms of a deep blue color. Similar in nearly everything else, they are strikingly unlike in point of color. Geology teaches us that the early forms of vegetable life were without flowers, but later on iu the evolution of plants, blos- soms of a rudimentary sort were pro- duced. As time passed — long ages of time — these blossoms became more com- plex, and colors doubtless developed in them according as they were an aid in attracting insects. The visitation of the insects secured cross-fertilization, and be- fore a body of pomologists it is only necessary to fall back upon cross-fertili- zation, with all its well attested points of superiority over self-fertihzation, to rest upon safe and solid ground. Li short, the botanist of to-day assumes that any dis- l^lay of color in floral parts and all fra- grance of the same were primarily devel- oped by the ancestral plant under the stimulus of certain attendant insects, and for the special purpose of securing a quick and economical transfer of pollen from one flower to another. What gardeners may do with these same plants, at the present day, in the line of " doubling" the blossoms, robbing them of their odor, or introducing a thousand variations and combinations of the old original colors, it is not for me to say. Let us bear in mind that the origin of any particular color iu the early flowers of a geologic plant was seemingly by accident, and the preserva- tion of that color is due to the ancient insects, the eyes of which were attracted by the color. In this way the first faint shade of azure in the Blue Lobelia be- came of service to the plant thus favored, and by law of the survival of the fittest the color deepened in the offspring until •24 CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FKUITS. it is uow as much a part of the species as the shape of the coroUa — which latter doubtless underwent many modifications before it arrived at its present comphca- tions, and all under the influence of the insect attendants. In like manner, if we consider the cardinal Lobelia, we will find that the seemingly accidental starting point was a reddish hue which deepened as fast as a deeper shade was found of advantage and became perpetuated in the offspring of those plants wiiich were the better able to survive. The i)oint has been dwelled upon to show that, as far as floral colors are con- cerned, the determining forces are subtle ones and only indirectly influenced by climate. Flowers of nearly all shades of color are to be found in nearly all parts of the world where vegetation abounds. It needs to be borne in mind that plants, like animals, are plastic, living things, strug- gling under two sets of seemingly antag- onistic forces. One set would make the offspring an exact reproduction of the mother plant. The other set carries with it the element of change. It is to this last group of forces that we are indebted for the wonderful variety which we see everywhere. It is to this last that we may be grateful for the golden thread of adaptation which runs perplexiugly, and yet always with deepening interest, through the woof of all created things. As we come nearer to the subject in hand we need again to look back into the past, long ages before man wrote history, and inquire for the origin of color in fruits. We mast first consider the wild fruits and speculate upon the probable methods by which their surfaces became bright col- ored. As the floriculturist has been able to greatly change the floral display of plants, so the fruit grower has modified the appearance of the rich and juicy sub- jects under his charge. But in both cases and with equal force, it may be said that without the wild plants and their acquired qualities and tendencies, nothing worth our thought would have been recorded. We may cast our eyes along the almost endless rows of dishes of pears, apples, peaches, plums and other fruits at our annual exhibitions and claim with pride that these, in all their beauty and variety of form and color, are the work of our hands. The workmanship is attractive beyond measure, but in all our exultation let us not forget that the foundation was laid for us long before the first pair stole apples second hand in the garden of the Lord. The sole object of flowers is the pro- duction of seed, and a seed is a young plantlet which only needs the necessary conditions to be supplied when it will grow into a structure similar to the mother plant. As far as it concerns us at present, seeds are borne within a wall or covering, which may be thick or thin, dry or fleshy. The covering and its contents are to- gether called a fruit. Next in importance to the production of seeds is their disper- sion. They need to be transplanted to a suitable place for germination. To this end there are many contrivances. Some kinds of seed vessels become dry and tense and will suddenly split and throw the seeds, sometimes for several feet. Other dry fruits, like those of the Maple and Ash, have broad, thin expansions by means of which they are carried long distances by the wind. In a similar manner the Thistle and Dandelion seeds float in airy balloons over land and lake. Many fruits have hooks or barbs by which they cling to the hair or wool of i)assing animals. All of these kinds are fruits without con- spicuous colors. The class which spe- cially interests us has hard seeds sur- rounded by a soft pulp which often abounds in sweets and bright colors. The Cherry may be taken as an illustration. A single seed is surrounded by a stony covering inclosed within a lich juicy pulp, and over all is stretched a firm, bright- CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS. 25 colored skin. Tl:e whole forms a most tempting morsel for a bird, as every cherry-grower knows too well. The young seed-plant is safely imprisoned within the stony covering and may be car- ried a hundred miles from where it was produced, and then dropped in a favora- ble place for future development. The outer, rich pulp and the inner, indigesti- ble stone were as certainly made for the purpose of seed distribution, through the agency of birds, as were the wings of the maple seeds, the thistle balloons or the burs of tick seeds, beggar's lice, cockle burs, etc. With the strawberry there are many scores of small seeds with hard cov- erings scattered over the exterior of a fragment and luscious, fleshy receptacle. In like manner the blackberry, raspberry, black-cap, and other berries are aggrega- tions of hard seeds, each with a soft rich enveloping pulp. The purpose of the plant is best served when such fruits are eaten by birds, and were not this so, there would be no such expensive provision for carrying out the plan of seed dispersion along the adopted line. If we review the history of the development of a cherry it will be seen that at one time insects vis- ited the fragrant, showy flowers and secured the fertilization of the young seed. Several insects may have taken part in the work. Later on, after the fruit had ripened and the exterior became painted with a showy color, a bird — prob- ably not more than one, for even birds do not, as a rule, " take tid bits at a cherry" — carried it away from the branch on which it grew. The insects did their W'Ork when the cherry tree was like a great giant boquet of blossoms. They carried pollen while they went honey gathering. The bird dispersed the seed and took the soft lucious pulp, as the stipulated pay in that great unwritten code of natural laws whicli cherry trees and robins both understand — tlie orchard- ist with his scare-crows and loaded shot- guns notwithstanding. We have seen that it is not easy to de- termine why certain colors have devel- oped in the flowers of certain plants. We know from repeated experiences that a very small circumstance at the outset may determine the course of even so great a thing as a mighty river. It can- not be stated, in precise terms, why red raspberries are red and blackberries are black. To say that with the former the prehistoric plants found red, was most favorable in the struggle for life and therefore plants with other colored berries fell behind in the race, while the black- berries, took another line, employing other insects— to say this, is not stating as much as the lover of matters of fact might desire. But this is doing about as well as when we try to explain forms and struc- tures in any branch of organic life. If we attempt to account for the pecuharities of our own nose or face we arrive at the re- sult through the same channel of reason- ing. It is safe for us to assume that for a particular species of plant under the cir- cumstances existing during its develop- ment the results are in harmony with the surroundings. We are all willing to grant that plants, like animals, are inchned to adhere closely to lines of least resistance, but we sometimes fail to recognize the fact that there are a vast number of these lines, and the one adopted for one species may differ greatly from that of another. It seems to me that enough has been said to warrant the conclusion that the color of our wild fruits has been developed in much the same manner as that stated for flowers. With blossoms the insect pollen bearers have been the chief stimu- lus and modifiers, while with fruits the birds and other fruit-eating animals liave been the leading factor in determining the ultimate color or combination of colors. If this be true, and it is the ac- cepted view of botanists, it follows tliat our subject is mucli narrowed, at least, so far as our wild fruits are concerned, and 26 CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FEUITS. as these are the foundation of cultivated fruits, climate must play only a secondary part in determining the color of fruits. Climate doubtless did exert an influence in developing color, but largely through its shaping the distribution of insects over any given area of the earth's surface and also by furnishing the medium of sun- shine, air and moisture, through which colors arise. Climate embraces a con- sideration of temperature, moisture and winds, and it is easy to see that in this broad view climatology is a subject which touches all forms of life, and at many points. Heat and cold alone are barriers be- tween the extremes of which life is hedged about as by a wall. In like manner mois- ture and dryness say to vegetation thus far and no farther. The rainless desert forbids the growth of land plants upon the one side and the ocean has its shore line upon the other. Climate reaches back of all forms of life, and, in a general way, decides what those forms shall be for any particular locality. The vegeta- tion of the tropics in all its perennial richness, wealth and vigor is not suited to the long arctic night, and the dwarfed herbage of the polar regions could not sustain itself on the banks of the Amazon. Even in our own country one only needs to cross the continent to appreciate the variety of climate we possess. The lines of equal temperature do not keep com- pany with the lines of latitude. Oceans, mountain ranges, prairies, plains and des- erts, all combine to produce a variety of temperature and rainfall that presents a serious unsolved problem in the hands of our climatologists. When I think of one large part of our country being an arid waste covered with sage brush and sand ; another, a mountain range with peaks capped with perpetual snow; another, a treeless billowy sea of waving grass swept by winter blizzards and summer cyclones, while other areas are alternately drenched by floods and cursed by loug continued droughts — when we think of these and the thousand things which follow in their train it is not strange that no time has been left for the careful, systematic study of the eifect of climate upon the color of fruits. Those whose names would stand as authorities upon such a topic are almost silent. Mr. Barry in his " Fruit Garden " (page 64-75), says: "The color of fruits depend much on their exposure to the sun's rays. We find that in orchard trees where the heads are dense and a large portion of the fruit shaded and shut out from the sun, there is a great difference in the color, indeed, so great frequently as to make their identity from appearance quite doubtful. Varieties that are natur- ally, when properly exposed to the sun, of a bright red or a glowing crimson, remain green in the shade. The climate, too, seems to have considerable effect on the color. As a general thing we observe that Northern apples are cleaner and brighter than those of the South. Dry soils and elevated situations produce more highly colored fruits than deep and low valleys. ***** rpj^g same circumstances mentioned as favorable to the production of fine flavor. Light, heat, a dry soil and moderate growth seem to be all essential to a fine flavor." It is a matter of common observation that large fruits, like apples, which have been partly shaded by a leaf lying close upon the surface will have the covered portion of a different color from the exposed part, and usually there is an absence of color. The process of " sun printing " is only an ingenious advantage taken of the influ- ence light and shade have upon the sur- face coloration of fruits. Cover all parts of the fruit except the letters and they will be printed red or some other high color. Leave all the surface exposed ex- cept the letters and when the cover is re- moved from these they will be pale upon a bright background. There is frequently CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS. 27 a bright and dull side to each fruit upon a tree, and these correspond to the sunnj' and to the shady sides. In this discus- sion we need to hear in mind that the sur- face color of fruits is often not more than "skin deep."" The richest blush of the ripe peach may be removed with the thin film of epidermis. Chemists are inclined to the belief that all the many hues in plants may be reduced to four funda- mental pigments, the leading one of which is the standard green (chlorophyll) of ordinary foilage. White, for example, is considered due to the reflection of light, through colorless tissues containing air. Orange is due to the dense deposit of the yellow pigment. Blue and voilet are derivities of the primary, red. Black is onlj' a concentrated violet. Fruits in ripening pass through various shades of color from green to yellow or red, and from red to purple or black. These changes of colorare accounted for by the decompo- sition of the green pigment, with the for- mation of new colors, or the masking of yellow previously dominated by chloro- phyll. That these changes are not always de- pendent upon the presence of light is well established. Experiments with flowers, for example, have shown that so long as nourishment in abundance is furnished by green leaves exposed to sunshine, the blossoms developed of normal size and color in deep darkness. In like manner many of our fruits are grown with partial exclusion of light, as for example, in ac- cordance with the highly approved i)rac- tice of placing sacks over clusters of grapes. The writer has kejit thick sacks upon apples, which had resulted from cross-fertilization, until mature and the fruit suffered no loss in color. The consideration of light may be, per- haps, thought by some as a digression from the subject. But light and heat are from a common source, and so intimately associated that it is impossible to decide how much of the color influence should be ascribe! to each. It is, however, rea- sonable to conclude that, all other things remaining the same, the more of exposure to the sun light, the higher the color of any particular fruit. Lindley in his " Theory and Practice of Horticulture " (second edition, pages 100- 101), states that if there is a lack of heat, the flavor, sw'eetness and nutritive matter of fruits is reduced. Fruits produced without artificial covering are much deeper in color than those which are de- veloped under glass in highly heated buildings, where fresh air has little access. Some fruits require a high summer heat and this is probably the reason why fruits of high color in regions of extreme sum- mer heat and dryness are inferior in cli- mates with less heat in summer. To quote Mr. Lindley's own words: "Among the immediate causes of the changes that occur in the secretions of fruits are heat and light, without which the peculiar qualities of fruits are imperfectly formed, especially in species that are natives of countries enjoying a high Summer temper- ature. It is found that among the effects of a high temperature and an exposure to bright light is the production of sugar and of certain flavors; and that under opposite circumstances acidity prevails. ***** It is certain that all vege- table secretions, of whatever kind, are im- proved in quality when air has the fullest access to plants. Of this we have abund- ant proof when we contrast the pallid sub-acid pine apples of forcing houses with those ripened out of doors — or whan we compare the brilliant colors and rich perfumes of flowers and fruits formed in thoroughly ventilated hot houses with the same productions taken from glass houses to which the air has very little access." The importance of abundant fresh air for the proper development and high coloring of fruits is sufficiently understood to not require further treatment here. We only need to bear in mind that wholesome air is an aid in painting the red upon the 28 CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS. cheek of the peach or the hkie upon the surface of the pkim. Soil also has its influence upon the color of fruits. Prof. Tracy* says: "Certain conditions of soil and climate result in variations which become permanent, even when the plants are removed to other con- ditions. If wax beans are planted on soil deficient in vegetable matter and the plants suffer from want of water, some of the plants will produce pods having a decided color." In another case Professor Tracy wished to secure a stock of white Summer crook necks. From a large stock of yellow crook neck seeds in which there were no wliite spots, he planted a quarter acre on a quality of soil which experience taught yielded the whitest fruit. As a result he had a few plants with white fruit. The seed from these yielded the next year (1885) a crop half of which was white crook neck. In like manner differences in soil conditions influence the qualities, including color, of the fruits of our orchards. Of course it is not understood that a car load of soil brought from a flourishing Florida orange grove to the banks of the Hudson will permit the growing of citrus fruits, out of doors, within the sound of the church bells of New York city. The vine clad and seem- ingly almost poverty-stricken hills of Europe will produce wine that sells for ten dollars per gallon, while the rich val- leys in sight may yield a vintage having no market among the wealthy judges of wines. Striking differences in the quality of a variety of fruit may exist even in the same soil and under the same conditions. This is a sort of "personal equation," a peculiarity of the tree, and for the pres- ent may be left out of sight. But in the case of the squashes and of the vineyards mentioned above, it is a soil influence in some measure at least. In order to arrive at some figures upon the colors of our fruits, twenty of the va- *■' Variation in Cultivated Plants," in proc. of (itii Meeting Soc. foi the Prom, of Agl. Sci., pp. 4G-47. rieties of peaches in tlie last "List of Fruits," of this Society (Eeport of 1886), were selected for the Northern States and twenty for the South. The choice was made upon the basis of the number of stars. Of the twenty most popular in the North, thirteen were white, seven yellow and two green. The favorite Southern sorts were distributed as follows : Yellow nine, white seven, green four. It will be seen that there are nearly twice as many white sorts in the Northern twenty as in the South, and only little more than half as many yellow varieties. Taking ten varieties of plums in the same way: foi the North — green four, yellow seven, red four, and purple five; for the South — green three, yellow five, red seven, purple five. Nearly all the plums are recorded with two colors, as green and yellow or red and purple. In making the summary each color is counted separately. It will be seen that with the Northern sorts yel- low led, while with the Southern varieties red was ahead. By taking twenty varieties of pears it was found that for the North there were nineteen with yellow, twelve green and five red. In the Southern list twenty yellow, ten green and eight red. In other words, there was for the South less green, more yellow and much more red than for the Northern sorts. With grapes it was found that the so-called white (green) sorts are not standard in the South. A somewhat different basis of comparison was taken for the apples. Twenty of the most popular varieties for the whole United States were selected. Of these, fifteen are leading sorts in the North and ten in the South. The fifteen are divided into : Three with red, six green, and eleven yellow. This gives greenish yellow with a tinge of red as the typical Northern color for apples. Of the ten for the South, six have red, three green, and nine yellow. The typical color is therefore reddish yellow with a small mixture of green. With currants the record shows that CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS. 29 white sorts are much more the favorites in the North than South. Gooseberries are not extensively grown South, hut red are more successful than green sorts. A comparison of ten sorts of strawberries shows more scarlet in Southern than Northern berries. All of tbese several results point in tbe same general direction, that is, the color of fruits grown in our " Southern Divis- ion'' as laid down in "Catalogue of Fruits" — namely between latitude 28'-' and 35*^, are more highly colored than those which flourish best in the " North- ern Division," namely between latitude 42° and 49'-\ Take, if you please, two popular sorts of apples, which stand close by each other in the list — the Baldwin and the Ben Davis. The former is a redish-green winter apple, double starred for nearly every fruit growing State north of Illinois, but in the South it has only one star, and that is for Alabama. If those early-ripening apples of Alabama were placed by the side of the hard, long-keepers of Ehode Island the contrast would be striking. The " Ben Davis " has only four stars (singles) for the Northern division, while south of New Jersey it has not less than seventeen double stars, including South Carolina, Georgia, Indian Territory Louisiana and Texas. The color of this popu- lar fruit is a combination of yel- low and red. "Carolina June" is another sort which has the same range as " Ben Davis," and very popular. This is a summer red-striped sort. The "Creening " is a leading Northern fruit, which chaoge its greenish-yellow for yellow as it goes South and West from its home in New England. In the South it has no merit. These generalizations from well estab- lished tables have their faults, but they accord with the statements made by some of the authorities upon such subjects. My colleague, Professor Budd, who has given a good part of his life to a study of the influence of climate uyioii the hardi- ness of fruit trees, gives it as a fact of ob- servation that fruits in dry and severe climates are more apt to be of a deep and decided color. Along with this there is a strong tendency to pubescence and bloom . As one passes eastward from France there is a gradual increase in the above men- tioned qualities. The same, he tells me, is true in going westward from New York upon our own continent. Dr. Sturtevant has been a student of variations in fruit, and he is recorded as having said :* " That any fruits are most highly flavored in their most northern localities and larger and finer looking toward the South." Those pomologists who have compared the specimens of the same variety of fruit which have been brought together from widely separated areas at our national exhibits, I think will bear me out in the assertion that Western fruits are brighter colored than those produced along the Atlantic coast. This is particularly true of apples, and the general prizes secured by Western States for general exhibits maybe sufficient testimony to the fact How much of this difference is to be ascribed to soil and treatment, and how much to atmosphere, heat, moisture, etc., it is not easy to state. It is ho})ed that what has been said will lead to a discussion of the subject and secure a long list of interesting and im- portant facts as a basis for future com- parison. In continuance of the same subject, Jos. H. Bourn, of Providence, R. I., pre- sented the following notes : In every clime, fruits manifest a tend- ency to display color. Every climate is adapted to grow certain classes and varie- ties of classes of the fruits proper. Fruits of a warm climate mature the most rapidly and take on more of the yellow tints than of tiie brilliant hues, while at * Botanical Gazette, Vol. X., page 3G7. 30 CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS. the north, a contrary effect, I think, is more frequently noticed, and the brighter shades predominate. Pears grown in CaH- fornia, we recognize as having a paler yellow than the same varieties on the Atlantic coast, influenced in a measure probably by refrigerating influences, while in the vicinity of Norfolk, Virginia, the Angouleme pear assumes the dark shades of red and brown to an intense degree. Whei-ever a considerable change of cli- mate exists, classes and varieties of fruits are cultivated that are suited to the con- ditions of the locality, and in some in- stances the same kinds adapt themselves to several positions, all of which have their characteristic colors, by which they are recognized at maturity. The skin of most fruits iias shades of yellow and green ground, the former increasing in intensity, with the process of oxidization has caused fermentation, to such a degree as to produce a brown appearance, which is a state of insipid decay. All classes of of fruits have a peculiar stj'le of coloring which belongs to their order, and many are pale in the shade, and more or less ruddy on the sunny side. Apples are light and dark red, crimson, greenish yel- low and orange yellow, greenish white and yellowish white, russety brown and straw color; but are usually shaded, pencilled, striped and marbled with the different hues, sprinkled with white, bronze, russet and black dots, and often have a purple and white bloom. Pears have the different shades of yellow, green, olive, russet, orange, crimson, brown, red, lemon and gray; overspread with blush- ing tints, carmine dots and brownish red in the sun. Cherries are purple, black, red, yellow and amber in color; plums green, lilac, red, yellow, purple and brown covered with a blue, white and lilac bloom ; strawberries are crimson, maroon, scarlet, red and white; olives dark green; pome- granites yellowish orange with a rich red cheek; mulberries are red, black and white; raspberries orange, crimson, yel- low, red and cream; grapes black, red, amber, white, purple and golden, with a white, lilac and blue bloom ; apricots yel- low, red and orange, while the shades in the peach resemble those in the pear except that the green predominates over the yellow. Now, the nutritive elements of the several fruits grown at the North, are developed in the same scale of pro- fusion as at the South, and their predom- inant form is as decidedly saccharine as in the tropics. All that belongs to the ripen- ing stage is similar; the essential oils and the concentrated elements of seeds and fruits, whether nutritive or aromatic. The distinction observed is that a greater quantity of water is contained in North- ern fruits, while those of the South have more of tlie nitrogenous element to serve as food, and are essentially refrigerant in their action. In the investigation of our subject, we are particularly desirous to know if there is a peculiar state of the atmosphere in regard to heat and mois- ture that prevails in any given place, that exerts an influence on fruit coloring, and whether the same sunbeam has a differ- ent effect as we proceed from the equator towards the poles. The fruits of the warm climates will not aggregate brighter tints than those of the cold; neither are the sun's rays more intense at the South than in our Northern regions and even in Canada during the Summer months. The difference is that our heat has a greater daily range, which renders us capable of greater elasticity in the adaptation of veg- etable forms. Heat is only an agent that affects the colors in fruits, and we must understand some of the probable causes that produce these special hues, in order to ascertain how far they may be influ- enced by climatic conditions. As fruits advance towards maturity, the green coating changes to the typical color of its kind, and takes on the yellow, blue, purple, red and orange shades, exhibiting varied hues, according to the state of oxygenation which the juices have CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS. 31 reached. It has been iutiiuated that these tints may be contained in the tissues, ready to be momentarily brought out, as soon as the juices become sHghtly modi- fied in chemical constitution, resembling autumnal foliage, and changed into color- ing matter by the oxidation of the green granules, which change is simultaneous with the failure of the tissues to elabor- rate chlorophyll where the base of vege- table color is oxidized. During the phys- iological processes of the growth and de- velopment of fruit, heat often causes change of color, without any chemical variation taking place. Nature paints with light also to make fruits attractive; hence the most frequent variations are found where the pov\er of heat and light has been most exercised. Influence of locality, arising from the presence of pecu- liar elements in the soil, the water and atmosphere; the nature of plant food; the photographic action of light, as well as some agency dependent upon chemical peculiarities in theearth, are causes which influence color changes. This coloring matter then seems to be, in no small de- gree, due to absorption, although the hues produced by the dispersion, interfer- ence and polarization of light, aid to frame a true theory of color. The process by which the painting of fruits with color is produced has not, we are aware, yet been solved, but it is not unreasonable to believe that the same causes may have produced the brilliant hues in both fruits and flowers. Climate, then, is but a single agent, in connection with the complex laws which influence fruit coloring. The scarcity of the brilliant fruits in some seasons, doubt- less, suggested the discussion of the pres- ent subject, and this phenomenon is noticed in the same orchards and upon the same trees, the most vigorous and healthy of which, after they have become estab- lished, usually show the brightest colors. The intense light of cloudless skies, ab- sence of rain and dew, have their influ- ence. The soil ou which our Iruit trees are planted has efl'ect on the temperature of the air, as produced by the sun's heat, although a portion is lost in evaporation on all trees. Heat on sandy surfaces where orchards are planted, remains longer in immediate contact with the atmos- phere surrounding the trees, than on loam and clay soils ; the upper stratum of the latter, not being heated during the day, nor cooled during the night, in so high a degree as the former. The climatic con- ditions which prevail the present .year, have not been favorable for the produc- tion of high colors in fruits. Perfectly dry air is nearly incapable of absorbing radiant heat; but when charged with aqueous vapor is a good absorber, and makes the combination of air, atmos- pheric vapor and water powerful agents in receiving and diffusing heat. If the sun's rays are a powerful element in caus- ing fruit coloration, the present season ought to have brought out stronger hues; but has not the air loaded with vapor, ab- stracted solar radiation ; or rather has not the sun's heat been absorbed to such a degree in its passage through the atmos- phere as to influence the production of bright tints? I believe the slower growth of Northern trees, and the slower matur- ity of their fruits, do have an effect on their coloring. Late apples and pears hang in the crisp autumnal air and bright sunlight, after they have perfected their growth, as if to obtain a richer gloss of September and October coloring. Fre- quently we observe that fruits which have laid aside their natural functions assume the brightest lines, and specimens that ripen prematurely from unsoundness are generally the most showy. Fruits also sport in color, due not to accident, but to a regular law of progressive modification. Briefly the development of colors then at maturity seems to be related to extra oxi- dation, modified by light and other vary- ing conditions which we do not yet under- stand. There no doubt exist unknown 32 BEHAVIOR OF FRUITS AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES. laws which cau explain to ns the process by which the painting of nature with color is produced, which physical science has not yet solved. We do know that an innate tendency to variation and change in colors does exist everywhere in nature, and makes useful those tinted coatings to attract afar off the eyes of wandering birds and mammals, as well as for human contemplation and enjoyment. Climate, without the influence of other agencies, does not bring out brilliant col- oration in fruits any more than it effects their shape and flavor. The character of the climate mainly determines what kind of fruits will abound, for it is climate alone that causes oranges and bananas to flour- ish in the South — currants and gooseber- ries in the North. In the display thpn of the brilliant col- ors in fruits, nature has poured forth a lavish store of beauty for the pleasure of man, although the utilitarian connection of fruits generally has made us cultivate them more for their pulp and sweetness than for their good looks. Showy fruits are universally more attractive, therefore have a higher commercial value ; and it is this consideration of our subject that no doubt has prompted the present discus- sion. All of us would be pleased to know of a climate where the Lucrative, Rostiezer and Superfin pears can be made as attrac- tive as the Montgeran, Abbott and Clair- geau, or the Rhode Island greening and Hunt russet apples as showy and tempting as the Astrachan or Tompkins King. The following paper was next presented : Behavior of Fruits at Different Altitudes. BY A. E. GIPSON, GREELEY, COLORADO. The fruit bearing area of our country covers a range of altitude from the level of the sea, and even below, to more than ten thousand feet above. In Colorado there is a difference of nearly five thou- sand feet between the altitudes of the fruit producing sections. This marked variation gives scope for a wide diversity of experiment, as well as of soil and climate. The very brief treatment of the subject assigned me will be confined chiefly to ncting some of the "behaviors" in my own State, and T shall assume that trees, as well as fruits, are included in, or con- templated by the topic. It should be re- membered that here in Colorado, we are on the Continental Divide, and have the two great slopes of. the Atlantic and Pacific. It the northeastern portion of the State, away from the immediate vicinity of the mountains, changes in temperature are often sudden and extreme and hence climatic conditions exacting. The hot, dry air of the plains, alternating with the winds from the region of eternal snows, and with the liability to late frosts in spring, combine to render fruit growing uncertain and often unsatisfactory- This is true, notwithstanding a magnificent climate during most of the year. Hence the " iron clads " are sought and regarded as an essential to successful fruit culture. In the southern, and particularly the western portions of the State, fruits bor- dering on the semi-tropical, can be grown. Peaches, pears, nectarines, olives, apri- cots, California and foreign grapes, in the main, promise exceedingly well, and all this at an altitude nearly one thousand feet greater than that of the City of Greeley, the place of my residence. This fact, then, shows the difference in mean temperature between two great slopes of the continent. The native fruits are found at different altitudes. The red raspberry, black and yellow currant, strawberry, gooseberry and bearberry, flourish at from six to nine thousand feet and upward. From five to seven and eight thousand feet are the homes of the wild dwarf cherry, ser- vice berry, red and yellow buffalo berry, plum, choke cherry, thorn apple, etc. A comparitively few only of these native BEHAVIOR OF FRUITS AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES. 33 fruits do well when transplanted to the valleys and lower elevations. This is notably true of the raspberry, gooseberry and strawberry, which fail to respond to the most generous treatment under culti- vation. The plum and dwarf cherry are improved in size and yield by domestica- tion. These fruits are from three to eight weeks later in ripening in the mountains (depending on altitude and local surround- ings) than are the same varieties on the plains and low lands, and while smaller in size are generally conceded to be finer and richer in flavor. It is the old story of the matchless flavor of the wild strawberry, enlarged. In general it may be said that, as altitude increases, the tendency is to- wards a decrease in size, both of tree and fruit, due largely to a shortening up of the growing season, and yet the higher up the more tenacious of life apparently. In the Eocky Mountains, on the very borders of timber line and almost in the midst of perpetual snow, may be found the straw- berry and red raspberry, and it is a com- mon experience to see delicate and beauti- ful flowers in full bloom on the very sum- mit of the snow capped mountain. A difference of a hundred feet in altitude will often effect tree, plant and fruit noticably. In fact, it may mean the dif- ference between success and failure in certain localities. It is probably safe to say the best fruits are grown on high land, in cool, airy ex- posures. The claim is likewise made that these situations are generally freer from those diseases and injurious attacks, to which the orchard is liable. My own locality this season affords a striking illustration of the influence of altitude. In the immediate vicinity of Greeley, which is low down in the Cache La Poudre valley, and surrounded on three sides by bluff lauds as well as sheltered by a thrifty growth of forest trees, blight has appeared with disastrous effect on several varieties of apple (more particu- larly crabs) and pear trees, -^'hile the higher and more exposed sections are-thus far exempt. It may be stated, in this con- nection, that last Winter and in the early Spring, our section was visited by severe and prolonged dry, hot winds, with quite a marked variation of temperature at times between day and night. To this may be due the rather sudden appearance of blight, although our peculiar location may have considerable to do with the trouble, as is suggested by Professor Budd. Fruit growers in all sections have ob- served the liability of low lands and de- pressions, to severe injury from frosts, where the uplands or more elevated tracts received little or no harm, and this also suggests the danger of obstructing a free circulation of air from the orchard. A few things have been observed which may or may not be entirely peculiar to the State. First, the high color, clear and smooth appearance, together with the good keeping qualities of our apples, and often the early fruiting of the trees. Probably due largely to the dryness of the air and almost perpetual sunshine of this altitude. Secondly, the freedom of our plum trees from disease, and the fact, that while the curculio sometimes attacks the fruit, little harm seems to be done, aside from slight punctures of the skin. Thirdly, exemption from mildew, grape rot and kindred troubles. Likewise the fact that where the first settings of grapes (the fruit clusters) have been destroyed by late frost, a copious irrigation for two or three days thereafter has caused the fruit to re- set abundantly. This has also been accom- plished to a greater or less extent with strawberries and raspberries. As illustrating the difference in climate condition between the Atlantic and Pacific slopes at the same altitude, it may be said that in Eastern Colorado many things require Winter protection that do not over the range on the Western side. The season of the ripening of the various fruits is another thing that has puzzled consid- erably the fruit growere of Colorado. The 34 IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES OF HARDY ORCHARD FRUITS. classifications of other 8tates in tlie same latitude have differed widely from our own experience. Many of their Winter apples ripen in Fall here, and yet some of our Autumn fruits are Summer farther East and so on. Again, in localities sep- arated only by a few miles, a variation of from one to three weeks is seen in the time of ripening of the same varieties. This would seem to indicate that local conditions have more to do with this mat- ter than'latitude. It is liliely also that the same is true of other things referred to in this paper which have been sug- gested as due to difference in altitude. In fact there is a reasonable groand for belief that much of tlie success and many of the reverses in fruit culture are due to a knowledge or lack of knowledge of local requirements and surroundings. Fruits would often behave much better if they were given a fair show. The next topic was opened by the fol- lowing paper : Identification of Varieties of Hardy Orchard Fruits. BY H. B. VAN DEMAN, WASHINGTON, D. C. All classification of natural objects may be said to be only approximately correct, and strictly arbitrary. The problems pre- sented to the biologist who essays to properly classify the varied forms of na- ture as he finds them, are with additional complications forced upon the pomolo- gist. The establislied rules for such class- ification are frequently found to be unsuit- able. To endeavor to keep pace with this multitude of variations, and to be able to locate their proper places, is a considera- ble part of the work of the scientist. It was the ability to do this, acquired by continued application to the study of nature, that enabled Agassiz to tell upon sight of a fish scale, the species from which it came. The further we proceed with this classification, the more complex and difficult it becomes. It is easier to distinguish and separate the natural orders of plants, than the genera and species ; and when the subdivisions of species are reached, even the most learned doctors disagree. At this critical place, and upon this treacherous ground, the pomologist is obliged to make his way. Where the botanist leaves the tangled threads of sci- ence and nature, the pomologist only be- gins to disentangle them. If the botani- cal doctors shake their heads in disagree- ment and confusion, why wonder that the pomologists do likewise. To be able to recognize every variety of our commonest fruits, is utterly impos- sible even by the most experienced, as we all know full well. However, by carefully studying certain characteristics, and hav- ing a vast deal of experience with speci- mens grown under different conditions of culture, soil and climate, one may become able to generally determine the names of varieties. To give in a simple way my views of what may be the cardinal points in such classification, is the substance of the hope that inspired this attempt in your jire- sence to-day. I do so because I believe the subject is one M^hich in the face of a deal of ignorance, ought to engage our frequent and thoughtful attent on. All will agree that certain characteris- tics of fruits are more constant than others. If we will consider \vhich these are, we will have gained one point. To my mind, considering all classes of fruits, there is no one character so fixed as the form. Whether it be an apple, peach, pear, an individual grape, or a cluster of grapes, a strawberry, or a blackberry, this will in the main prove true. And it is true of tlie immature, as well as the fully developed specimens. Let us take the apple or pear, before they are fully out of bloom, and a difference in varieties may be noticed, by their elongated, rounded, or irregular forms. To some persons all babies are alike, IDENTIFICATION OF VABIETIES OP HARDY OECHARD FRUITS. 35 but uot SO to the nurse or mother. Nor are all baby fruits alike to the observant pomologist, who like a good foster-father, watches tliem from infancy to ripe old age. A Chenango the size of a marble is not the shape of a Ram bo, nor would a Vicar half so large be taken for a Sheldon. Indeed it would not be hard to tell the difference between such marked varieties even before their petals had expanded. A cluster of the compactly formed Elvira grape could be told from one of Creveling or even Concord when only large enough to be observed at all. As these tenderlings grow, their pecu- liar forms enlarge rather than change. Even starvation, such as might prevent their reaching more than half size, would not materially alter their sliape. Let this then be our main guide in identifying varieties, which together with others will be dealt with more fully in its proper place. Of course there are frequent vari- ations from the typical form of a variety, which in some cases amounts to a radical change. These may occur from unac- countable sports of nature, or by acci- dent, such as stings of insects or fungus diseases. Another step will be, to define the several characteristics, and place them in their relative positions. To do this, we will be obliged to take up the several species of fruits in detail; and owing to the largeness of the field, I shall not at- tempt to go further than the hardy orchard fruits, as the title of my paper in- dicates. This will comprise what are usu- ally known as the pomes and drupes. First among these is THE APPLE. Observed from a point perpendicular to its axis, au apple in form may be round, flat, conical, oblong or cylindrical; or from either end it may appear round, elliptical, angular, ribbed or scolloj)ed. For more simplicity of description these latter forms may be called regular when round or nearly so, and irregular when other- wise. Then there are other peculiar forms, such as inclined, as in case of the York Imperial, or unequal, like Cooper and Colvert. In fact, very many apples have one side larger than the other. Twenty Ounce is almost equally remark- able for its regular contour, as if each specimen had been turned in a lathe. The Basin is the depression which is almost always found at the apex or blos- som end of an apple, and in which the eye is set. It is either wide, narrow, shallow or deep; regular, like that of Fall Pippin, waved as we see in Northern Spy, or folded into wrinkles like yellow Bellflower. In a very few apples, and some of the crabs, it is wanting. The Cavity is at the opposite or stem end, and is sometimes very deep and nar- row, or wide and sloping like Rome Beauty. Pryor's Red and Pewaukee have the cavity almost filled. In the case of Swaar, Roman Stem and a few others, it IS marked by a peculiar welt, in which case it is described as being lipped. The core is equally well marked, and usually conforms in a great measure to the exterior shape of the apple. One which is fiat will have a wide or flattened core, and an elongated specimen a pointed or pyriform outline. Some varieties have very small, compact, or closed cores, while others, like Ortley, are so large and open that the seeds may be heard to rattle when the apple is shaken. If the outline of the core meets at the point of the calyx-tube, it is said to be meeting, or if some dis- tance below, it is clasping. In examining specimens, I have found this to be quite uniform in those of one variety. The Flesh is perhaps the next charac- ter least subject to change. It is made up like all organic substances of single cells, which are large or small, comj)actly or loosely placed, and filled with sugar, starch, acids and water, according to their true individualities. Wlio of us do not know the difference in weight between 36 IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES OF HARDY ORCHARD FRUITS. Yellow Newtown and Ben Davis, or the color of the flesh of Fameuse from that of Winesap? Or whose taste is so poor that he cannot tell in the dark whether he is eating a rich and spicy Grimes Golden, a melting Primate, or a coarse and acid Oldenburg? Indeed, the whole generation of Russian apples, so far as tested in this country, can be generally distinguished by their coarse texture and lack of spicy aroma. The flesh of an apple may be said to be coarse, fine, tender or firm; white or yellow, dry or juicy; and in flavor, sweet, sub-acid or sour, rich or insipid. Of course the cli- mate where grown and the state of ma- turity have very much to do with the flavor, but less as regards color and grain of the flesh. The eye which is composed of the calyx and the small cavity which is hid by it, is another reliable mark. If the sepals are long and reflexed as in the fall orange and the crabs, or very short like those of Shannon, there is no trouble to note their difl'erence; but this does not often appear so plainly. There is a difference in the width and length of the calyx-tube also. If the sepals are so constructed and re- lated as to form a closed or an open eye in one specimen of a variety, it is a good indication that all others of the same variety are similarly formed. Those peculiar little marks on the sur- face of the skin which we call dots, are very likely to be uniform in color, size and shape, on one variety; except their being smaller and closer to each other towards the eye. They are numerous, or scattering, large or minute, dark or light, round, elon- gated or star-shaped, and surrounded with light or green bases. Some are so prom- inent as to be easily felt, and others en- tirely the reverse. Although small, these dots are in no wise to be overlooked. The seeds may be numerous or rare, large or small, yellowish like Hightop, or gray, brown, or black. In shape they vary also from short and plump, to slender and imperfect as may be found in King of Tompkins. The surface is sometimes uneven, lumpy, or pimpled, a good example of which is seen in Twenty Ounce. Again it is smooth and glossy like Wealthy or waxy to the touch. Lowell is often called "Greasy Pippin" from this cause. All grades may be found, from a surface like polished glass, to the rough and rasping coat of the russet?. Its color, is often de- pended on far too miich. Of course it is a striking feature, but it is so often and so easily changed by climate, culture, season or having been grown in open sunshine, or in the shade, that we are apt to be mis- led by it. If reddish stripes are never displayed, but a mere blush as on the Belmont and IMaiden's Blush, or if no red color appears at all, it is proper to call the variety self- colored, Detroit Black, Lawver, and Carolina June, although very highly colored, will be found upon close inspec- tion to have no stripes ; and are hence pro- perly classed with those that have no red color at aU. The variation is in the de- gree of the blush. Those that are striped or splashed with red in its different tints and shades, form another distinct class, and also the largest. Saint Lawrence is one of the most distinctly marked, and Gloria Mundi one of the least so. That peculiar and roughened character of tlie skin, which we call russet, forms the third class as regards color, and is the most puzzhng of any. Eoxbury is usu- ally distinct enough, but even its coating varies with the conditions of growth and climate. I have seen American Golden Russet almost as fair and blushing as Tewksbury, and Pryor sometimes heavily russeted, and again as brightly striped as Ben Davis. There are more or less russet marks on nearly all varieties, and especially about the cavity, which is indeed a very good guide to their identity. In some, like Melon, and Hub- bardston, it gives a sort of bronzed ap- IDENTIFICATION OP VARIETIES OF HARDY ORCHARD FRUITS. 37 pearance to the eutire surface. Another form of it, is a sort of leather-cracked ap- pearance about the basin, which is pecu- liai to very few kinds. I have never seen a specimen of Westfield that did not have it, although in some cases but very slightly. One of the most peculiar marks is what might be called pin-scratches, running from stem to eye, notably on Tallman and rarely on Iveswick. They never exceed a ve, and in the Northern climates are much more distinct than in the South and West. There are two other external character- istics that ought not to be overlooked. One is a delicate and easily removed sub- stance which we call bloom. The Russian varieties and the crabs are almost invari- ably covered with it. Aside from the beauty it adds to the fruit it is a reliable mark of identity. The other is a grayish- white coating, such as is seen in stripes upon White Pippin and White Winter Pearmain. Sometimes it is suffused and mixed with other colors in such a way as to give a dull color to otherwise bright skin. The size of all fruits is so varied by cli- mate, culture and the many accidents and exigencies of growth, that we must not lay too much stress upon this point. We see Lady apples as big as average Maid- en's Blush, and Fallawater the same size; and in such cases we are forced to depend on shape, or almost any other indication. Apples may very properly be graded as very small, small, medium, large and very large. The stem is with some kinds a constant mark, but it often fails to be so. How- ever by examining a number of specimens a very good idea can be had of its typical length and thickness It may be short, medium or long, and stout, or slender. Occasionally there is a pulpy growth upon the stem, which may be denoted as fleshy. While Winter Pearmain has this so pecu- liarly enlarged at the extremity, and so never-failing, as to be a sure indication of this variety — at least I have never seen a specimen without it. The points of re- semblance between the pomes are so close that but little deviation is necessary, and a repetition of descriptions will be avoided whenever possible. THE PEAR, In form may be described as for the apple, except that many kinds may be de- noted as pyriform, instead of "conical," and turbinate, or top- shaped, is very com- mon. Some, like Keiffer, which taper towards both ends, may be called biconi- cal. The definitions of the stem end, or apex, as it should be called in most pears, may be simply pointed like Tyson, de- pressed as the Angouleme, or with the stem deeply sunken when it resembles the "cavity " of the apple. Most of the Asiatic pears are thus formed. The core differs from that of the apple in being sometimes hard and gritty, and often inclined to rot, before any sign of decay is seen on the surface. In point of color, there is an almost entire absence of striping with high colors ; although some kinds especially when grown well to the north are quite plainly striped with red. The stem of the pear, has a much more decided tendency to be set at an angle to the axis of the fruit, and should in such cases be termed inclined. The flesh is apt to be buttery, melting and often granular. THE QUINCE Has comparatively few varieties, and these vary but slightly in form. Some have a plainly defined neck to which the stem is attached, if we may call the por- tion of the woody branch that holds the fruit, a stem. Some are more angular than others, but all are slightly so. In size, they vary quite decidedly, Rea being perhaps the largest. The flesh of Portugal is not so tough as that of other varieties and is a lighter yellow, but turns beauti- fully purple when cooked. The skin of all kinds is coated with a .^8 IDENTIFICATION OP VARIETIES OF HARDY ORCHARD FRUITS. peculiar pubescence wliicli is easily rubbed off, displaying a smooth surface of an al- most uniform golden color, void of distinc- tive marks of any kind. The season of ripening gives little clew to the name, ex- cept that the Pear shaped and Portugal, are later by some two weeks than most of the others. THE PEACH. Is a fruit that has its strains or races, which are, perhaps, as plainly separated as are the crabs from the apples. We all know thedistinctive type of peachescalled Indian, with its peculiarly brownish and striped fruit, and dark-colored twigs. The Spanish and Chinese strains, now coming into successful culture in the South, where our common varieties of the Persian stock fail, have their own peculiarities of tree and fruit. But all kinds are easily divided into clings, semi-clings and free- stones. In form, they are either round, oblong, pointed like Heath Cling or unequal like Honey, which is decidedly larger on one side. A crease or suture running parallel to the edge of the stone is found in greater or less degree in all specimens, and is worthy so far as it differs in varieties. In color, the peach is much more con- stant than the apple. It is greenish, cream-colored, white, yellow, red, or blushed, mottled, specked and striped with carmine, in all possible tints and shades. The color of the flesh corresponds quite well with the ground color of the skin which is really only that of the flesh shown through the translucent covering. In texture, however, it is either firm, and inclined to be tough as are most of the clings, or melting like Iiouise. Some kinds are very dry and mealy, and others dripping with juiciness. Another rehable mark is the color of the flesh at the stone. The variety called Snow has no tint of red even there, nor has any of its seedlings that I have seen. But a great many kinds are red or pink, when the flesh is either white or yellow. There is a whitish substance attached to the flesh next the stone, which is very bitter and greatly lessens the value of such kinds as have it. The stone itself, is characteristic in shape and size. That of Amsden is plump and short and Peen To about the shape and size of a very round hazelnut. The Crawfords are long and pointed and very coarsely corrugated, and apt to be split. The seed of Morris White appears as if it had been mashed at the base between the thumb and finger while soft All of the Indian class have the point turned to one side or hooked. The stones bear good marks from which to determine varieties. The downy coA'ering of the skin differs in length and quantity and when entirely wanting the varieties are called nectarines. In my own experience I have grown nec- tarines from peach seeds. THE PLUM Is represented in the orchards of America, by at least five distinct botanical species, and perhaps more. The form in all of their varieties, as with other fruits, is the best key to their identity. Nearly all have a suture, and in some cases it is very marked. All are characterized by a smooth sur- face, covered with a bloom which varies in thickness, except Prunus Simoni of probable Asiatic origin, and P. glandulosa, which two s])eci'^s are somewhat pubescent like the apricot. It is only, very recently that the latter has been brought into cul- tivation in a small way, but witli good hopes of success. The flesh of all kinds is yellow or green of different siiades except a few Japanese varieties that are red to the stone. The character of being cling or free- stone is equally as dependable as in case of the peach. The length of the stem is with the plum more constant tlian witli the other fruits. Some, like Washington, have very long, and others very short IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES OF HARDY ORCHARD FRUITS. stems, of which Green Gage is a good example. The character of its attach- ment to the fruit is variable, being some- times set in a rather deep cavity, and sometimes none, but, instead, on an eleva- tion or neck. The color of the skin is from pale whitish-yellow, to yellow, green, pink, red, purple, blue and black. The laiger and by far the better class of plums be- longs to Prunus domestica or the com- mon European species. Our native species have all of the red and yellow colors, but none of the green, blue or black, so far as I have seen. They are also different from the former, by the character of becoming exceedingly tart when cooked, no matter how sweet to the taste before, and if any are doubtful of this, let them make the experiment. The varieties of P. Chicasa, seem to have a habit of being earlier in their sea- son of ripening, than P. Americana. Wild Goose is a good example of the former, and Miner of the latter. Kelsey's Japan is so remarkable in size and shape of the fruit, and its leaves and branches so dif- ferent from other cultivated kinds, and being as tender as tlie fig, it is quite clear that it belongs to a distinct species, but just what that species may be, is a query. The varieties of THE CHERRY, Of interest to the pomologist, have been variously classified by authors. Downing divides them intD two classes, the first in- cluding the Hearts and Bigarreaus, and the second, the Dukes and Morellos. The former is characterized by a heart shape, a mild or sweet flavor, and rather firm flesh. The color of the Bigarreaus is usually quite fair. Tlie latter class has an oblate form, is never pointed, and the flavor is from a pleasant tart, to a sharp sour. The cherry usually has a suture, similar to the other drupes, but sometimes a welt in place of it. The Morello type is usu- ally regular, and without either marks in a special degree. \ ^■ The color of the skin is from whi black, or nearly so.. Notliing short of ex tended experience will enable one to de- termine the soft creamy tint of the depth of red and purple, which belongs to a variety. Even then no one can distin- guish all. The less the number of colors nature has employed in painting a species of fruit, the less tlie points of difference one has to aid him in identifying its varie- ties. This is especially true of the cherry. The flesh in point of color is very nearly like that of the skin. The shape of the seed corresponds with the shape of the fruit in a great measure. The Morellos have it round and the others oval or pointed. The length of the steui does not vary greatly but is most uniform on the sweet varieties. The depression at the base of the stem is not plaiuly contrasted. THE APRICOT Is a fruit of which we have very little chance to observe this side the Rocky Mountains. On the other side where the curculio is practically unknown, it is ex- tensively grown, and the varieties are numerous enough to give considerable trouble in identifying them. They repro- duce from seed with comparatively little variation. Their general contour is round, with an occasional elongated or com- pressed form. A well marked suture is peculiar in some kinds, and others have none. The pubescence is universal, and never thick. The shape of the stone is a vtry good point of recognition, as some are nearly round, and others broad and flat. The taste of the kernel is a reliable index, as some are bitter, and some as sweet as an almond. The color, is yellow, orange, or a rich cream, with an over-color of red which sometimes darkens into brown. Many varieties are dehcately marked with crim- son and purple dots, and small specks. 40 IDENTIFICATION OF VAEIETIES OF HARDY OKCHARD FRUITS. The flesh is usually melting, aud colored a little deeper orange or yellow than the skin. It is alnaost free from any inclina- tion to cling, and not red at the stone like the peach. In all fruits, the season of ripening in a given locality is a guide, but unless we know where a specimen is grown, its state of maturity is of little value. I have at this time (Sept. 10), Carolina June apples fresh from the tree in Northern Michigan and in prime order. The bearing quality of the tree, is througli a series of years, a help in mak- ing out its variety, and so is the style of the tree and twigs, and the color of the bark. What is known as the quality of a fruit is ganged largely by the taste of the eater; but it ouglit, however, to give some idea of the variety. The peculiar flavor of a Westfield, or an Esopus, is apt to be remembered. With these random thoughts, although l^oorly expressed, I submit the subject to your consideration, trusting my imperfect treatment of it, may be in some measure excused. Prune it as you like — transplant it to better soil— but let us, I beg you, give this crooked and stunted tree, better culture. The Secretary in continuation of the subject read the following notes from Dr. W. J. Beal, of Michigan : New varieties of our leading fruits are multiplying with increased rapidity. As usual in former years, they have been de- scribed— or partially described, by the character of the fruit, the btem and the leaves. In a good many instances, this descrip- tion is so incomplete that no one can be certain of the variety by a description alone. Since my contributions to this Society concerning the value of the flowers as an aid in determining varieties of apples and pears, one of my students, W. L. Snyder has reviewed the subject confirm- ing all that those papers affirmed. He has also studied the varieties of many of our leading sorts of strawberries and finds there; also, that the inflorescence and the flowers contain some of the best and most reliable characters for describing varieties. My colleague. Prof. L. H. Bailey, Jr., has also given attention to this subject, and believes, as I do, that no fruit can be said to be fully and well described without making use of the flowers. A. A. Crozier, of the Botanical Division of the United States Agricultural Department, a former student of mine, has also been studying this subject, and confirms all that has been written. He has been the means of start- ing a collection of the flowers of apples for the herbarium of the Agricultural Department at Washington. No matter what and how fruit growers describe new sorts in the future, let them not lose sight of the fact, that many of the best peculiarities are to be found in the inflorescence and the flowers and the young fruit. DISCUSSION. Chas. a. Green, New York; This is a very valuable discussion ; I remember once of writing to Mr. Downing for the name of an apple, of which I gave a long ac- count. I received the reply that if I would describe the apple he would be pleased to attempt to name it for me. I tried again and found many points which I had at first overlooked. But again I re- ceived the same re))ly. I think we have much yet to learn concerning the art of describing fruit. THE NOMENCLATURE OF OUR RUSSIAN FRUITS. 41 Then followed a paper on : The Nomenclature of our Russian FrLiits. BY CHARLES GIBE, ABBOTSFORD, QUEBEC. By resolution of youi Society at Grand Rapids, in 1885, I was "given the special work of revising and arranging the nomenclature of American importations of Russian fruits," but it seemed best not to undertake the work at once. Tiiere were too many queries ; too many things supiiosed, but not known. My sugges- tions are now the better for the delay. Since then I liave seen Dr. Edward Regel at St. Petesburg, also his son, Mr. Albert Regel, who had lately returned from Turkestan, and who was his father's cor- respondent when making that general collection of the apples of Russia, from which he selected those sent to the United States Department of Agriculture in 1870. The result is that I can now offer you a correct Russian original of that importation, except two or tliree names, which can only be vaguely guessed at. It may be remembered that the list sent by Dr. Regel to Mr. Wm. Saunders, of the Agricultural Department at Wash- ington, was lost at the Russian embassy there, and Mr. Saunders was thus forced to issue it in the form in which it was re- turned to him. I also had, last winter, several inter- views with Count Alexeeff, of Moscow, a Russian physician and scientist, who has aided me very mucli in this work. Owing to the confusion existing among the names of these Russian fruits. Prof. Budd and I talked matters over, and I prepared lists of these different importa- tions, and they appeared in a bulletin of the Iowa Agricultural College in 1885, al- though a large number of St. Petersburg varieties interwoven at the last moment, by Prof. Budd, I must not be held ac- countable for. I have aimed at: 1. A euphonic rendering of the Russian name, leaving no doubt as to the Russian letters composing that name. 2. For use in this country, a Russian name, or a translation, as short and fit as I can suggest, retaining that given in the Department list whenever practicable. I have, however, retained several short Russian names, viz.: Anis instead of Anisette, Arcad instead of Arcadian, Borovioka instead of Mushroom, Repka instead of Turnip; also Reinette rather than Queen. I have also retained the word Naliv, which is applied to the Skvosnoi, Cllasapfel or Klarapfel, or Pomme Trans- parente, and technically does not mean "juicy." Unmusical names like '"Cut Apple" and " Smelhng Apple" I have tliought best to change. Names in the Russian column in brackets, are names which do not appear in Regel's Russkaya Pomologaya pub- lished in 1868. 42 RUSSIAN APPLE TREES. RUSSIAN Imported from St. Petersburg in 1870, by NO. SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME. SUGGESTED RUSSIAN NAME. 1. Red Astracliao. Astrachaner rother. '2. White Satntner Calville. Calville weisser sommer. 15. Avenarius. Sussapfel von Avenarius. 44. White Astrachan. Astrachaner weisser. 5i. Lniken. Luikenapfel. 60 Red Piue. Ananasapfel rother. 61. Noble Redstreak. Edler rosenstreifling. 68. Eai4y Ciiampagne. Champagner fruher. 69. Summer Pear. (Sommer birnapfel.) 70 Winter Pear. (Winter birnapfel.) 105. Russian Gravensteiii. Grafensteiner Russicher. 122. Revel Borsdorf. Borsdorfer Revaler. 128. Slieepuose. Schafnase. 153. Transparent Naliv. Skvosnoi naliv. 157. White Naliv. Bielui naliv. 151). Lemon. Limonnoe. 1()1. Longfield. Langerfeldskoe. 162. Buschbohn. Buschbohn. 164. Heidorn. Polosatoe Heidorna. 166. Summer Aport. Aport lietnee. 167. Yellow Sweet. Jeltoe sladkoe. 169. Green Sweet. Zelenka sladkaya. 170. Revel. Revelskoe. 171. Winter Glass. Stekliannoe simovoe. 173. Earhest. Skorospielka rannaya. 174. Little Pipka. Pipka ( ). 176. Red Sided. Krasnobokoe. 177. Green Streaked. Zelenka polosataya. 178. Barloff. Barlovskoe. 180. Neelovskoe? Neelovskoe? 181. Champagne Pipka. Pipka champanskaya. 182. Red Summer ('alville. Kalvil krasnui lietnui. 183. Buiiovka. Burlovka. 184. Arabka. Arabkoe. 185. Anisovka. Anisovka. 186. Revel Glass. Steklianka Revelskaya. 187. Green Glass. Steklianka zelenka. 188. Yellow Arcad. Arkad jeltui. 190. Tiesenhausen. Tiesenhausenskoe. RUSSIAN APPLE TREES. 43 APPLE TREES. United States Department op Agriculture. TRANSLATION (aS PER CATALOGUE.) Red Astrachan. White Summer Calville. Von Toenarius Sweet apple. Wliite Astraclian. Luikeu apple. Red Duck apple. Noble Redstreak. Early Uliami)agne. Summer Pear apple. Winter Pear apple. Russian Gravenstein. Borsdorf Revel apple. Sheepnose apple. Transparent Juicy apple. Juicy White. Lemon ai)ple. Longfield's apple. Buschbon. Heidorn's Streaked. Summer O'Porto apple. Yellow Sweet. Green Sweeting. The Revel apple. Glass Winter apple. Earliest Early. Little Pipka. Red-sided apple. Green Streaked. Barloif' s apple. Negolofi's apple. Champagne Pipka. Calville Summer-red. Burloftka apple. Arabian apple. Anisette. Glass Revel apple Glass Green apple. Yellow Arcadian apple. Tiesenhausen. RUSSIAN NAME (aS PER CATALOGUE.) Astrachaner, Rother. Weisser Calville, Sommer. Sussapfel von Toenarius. Astrachaner, Weisser. Luikeuapfel. Anasapfel, Rother. Edler Rosenstreifling. Cliampaguer, Fruher. Sommer Birnapfel. Winter Birnapfel. (irafensteiner, Russicher. Borsdorfer Revaler. Schafnase. Skvoasnoi Nalin. Belui Nahn. Limonoe. Langerfelskoe. Busclibon. Polosatoe Heidorns. Aport Letny. Scholtoe Sladkoe. Sclenka Sladkaya. Revelskoe. Stekliannofe Z Simowoe. Skerospelka Rannaja. Pipka, Malaja. Krasnabakoe. Schlenka, Polosstaja. Barlowskoe. Nejolowskoe. Pipka Champanskaja. Kalville Kwasnuiletny. Burlowka. Arabskoe. Anisowka. Steklianka Revels Kaja. Steklianka Selonka. Arkad Scholti. Tiesenhausenskoe. 44 RUSSIAN APPLE TREES. NO. SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME. SUGGESTED RUSSIAN NAME 196. Sweet Streaked. Polosatoe sladkoe. 197. Crooked Spike. Krivospitsoe. 198. Polumiron. Polumirou. 199. Waxen naliv. Naliv roskovoi. 200. Rosy Repka. Riepka vosavaya. 20'2. Hare Pipka. Saitchia pipka. 203. Arc ad. Ark ad. 204. Rubets. Rubets. 205. Karabovka. Karakovka. 206. Czar's Thorn. Tsarskui schip. 207. Stupka. Stupka. 208. Royal. Korolevskoe. 210. Wine Rubets. Rubets vinogradnui. 212. Borkoff. Borkovskoe. 213 Stepauoff. Stepauovka. 214. Garden. Sadovskoe. 215. Kiistoe. Kustoe. 217. Sugar Sweet. Sacharuoe. 218. Vochin. , Vochinskoe. 219. White Swan. Bielaya lebedka. 220. Silken. Sclielkovka. 225. Getman's Bean. Getmauskui bob. 226. White Rubets. Rubets bielui. 228. Yocliin's Crimean. Krimskoe Vochina. 230. Titovka. Titovka. 231. Golden Arcad. Zolotoi arkad. 234. Muscatel. Muscatelnoe. 236. Autouovka. Antonovka. 240. Lejanka. Lejanka. 242. Broadcheek. Schirokolitchiko. 245. Borovinka. Borovinka. 246. Prolific. Plodovitka. 247. Popoff. Popovka polosatava. 248. Biel. Biel. 252. Aport. Aport. 260. Winter Streaked. Simuee polosatoe. 261. Repka Aport. Rieptchatui aport. 262. Cliarlauioff. Charlamovskoe. 264. Scented. Duchovoe. 265. Gorke Pipka. Pipka Gorkaya. 266. Novgorod Streaked. Polosatoe Novgorodskoe. 267. Pear. Gruscbevka. 268. Zakoritnoe. Zakoritnoe. 269. Rosy Aport. Aport rosovui. 272. Little Hat. Schapotchka. 273. Autumn Pear. Gruscbevka osennaya. 274. Rosy. Rosovoe. liUSSIAN APPLE TREES. 45 TRANSLATION (AS PER CATALOtiUE.) Streaked Sweet. Curly Spiced apple. Crossed Barbel. Waxen Juicy. Rosy Little Turnip apple. Hare Pipka. Arcade. Cut apple. Karaboli' apple. Czar's Thorn. Stoupka. Royal. Cut Wine apple. Berkoff's apple. Stepanoff's apple. Garden apple. Bushy apple. Sugar Sweet. Fokin's apple. White Swan. Silken apple. Getman's Bean. White Cut. Vochin's Crimean apple. Titus apple. Yellow Arcadian. Muscatel. Anthony's apple. Lieby apple. Broadleaved. Mushroom. Prolific. Popoff's Streaked. White. O' Porto apple. Winter Streaked. O'Porto Turnip Seedling. Charlamotf. Smelling apple. Butter Pipka. Novgorod Streaked. Pear apple. Saccharine. O'Porte Eosy. Little Hat apjjle. Autumn Pear ap{)le. Rosy. RUSSIAN NAME (AS PER CATALOGUE.) Polosatoe Sladskoe. Kriwospizoe. Polu Miron. Naleiv Woskowoi. Repka Rosowaja. Saitschia Pipka. Arkad. Rubez. Kajabowka. Zarski Schip. Stupka. Korolewskoe. Rubezuinogradni. Berkowskoe. Stepanouko. Sadowskoe. Kustoe. Sacharuoe. Fokinskoe. Belaja Tebedka. Scholkowka. Getmanski Bob. Rubez Belui. Krimskoe Wochina. Titouka. Solotoi Arkad. Muscatelnoe. An.tonouka. Teschanka. Schriokolitschiko. Borouinka. Plodowitka. Popouka Polosataja. Beel. Aport. Simnoe Polosatoe. Aport Reptsohati. Charlamowskoe. Duchowoe. Pipka Govkaja. Polosatoe Nowgorodskoe. Gruscheffka. Sakarituoe. Aport Rosowui. Schapotschka. Gruscheffka Bsennaja. Rosowoe. 46 RUSSIAN APPLE TBEES. NO. SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME. SUGGESTED RUSSIAN NAME 275. Zolotareff . Zolotarevka. 276. Half Glassy . Polusteklianka. 277. Vargul . Vargul . 278. Red Borovinka . Borovinka krasuaya. 279. Winter Aport. Aportovoe simovoe. 282. Voronesh Eeinette. Renet Voroneshskui. 283. Sliist. Slast. 284. Kleiner's Glass. Stekliauka Kremera. 285. Ribbed Naliv. Rebristoe ualivnoe. 286. Kremer. Kremerskoe . 287. Riga Transparent. (Rigaer skvosuoi naliv.) 288. Raspberry . Malinovskoe, 290. Ukraine. Ukraiuskoe. 295. Imperial. 304. Switzer. Suislepper. 310. Christapfel . 318. Muscatel. Muscatapfel (Livlander Rgl.) 315. Herren . Herrenapfel. 316. Red Reinette Reinette rothe 317. White Pigeon Golubinoe (bieloe not Rgl.) 321. Sweet Pipka. Pipka sladkaya. 322. Cinnamon . Koritchnevoe . 323 Riepovka Riepovka 324. German Calville. Niemetskui kalvil. 327 Yellow Arcad . Joltui arkad. 330. Streaked Naliv. Polosatoe nalivnoe 332. ■ Early Prolific. Plodovitka rannaya. 333. Red Transparent . (Skvosnoi krasnui.) 334. Yellow Transparent. (Skvosnoe jeltiii.) 335. Green Transparent. (Skvosnoi zelenui.) 336. White Transparent. (Skvosnoi bieliii.) 337. Serinkia. Sierianka. 338. Revel Pear . Gruschevka Revelskaya 339. White Reinette. (,Renet bielui.) 340. Livland Raspberry . Himbeerapfel Livlander. 341. Borsdorf . Borsdorfer. 342. Thaler Gharlottenthaler gelber. 343. Red Wine . Weinapfelrother (herbst,Rgl.) 344. Sultan Sultanapfel. 350, Lapouchoe. Lapouchoe. 351. Prolific Sweeting. • Plodovitka sladkaya. 352. Resonant. Svonkoe . 354. Aromatic Spike. Krivospistoe aromatnoe. 355. Autumn Aport. Osenmii aport (Rgl.) 359. Pickle. (Motchetchnoe.) 360. Pound. Funtovoe. RUSSIAN APPLE TREES. 47 TRANSLATION (AS PER CATALOGUE.) Zolotorett's apple. Half Glassy. Wargul . Ked Miisbroom Winter O'Porte. Woronech's (name of province) Apple Sweet. Kremer's Glassy. Tnruipy Juicy apple. Kremer's, (seedling.) Kiga Transparent Juicy. Easpberry Ukraine apple. Imperial . Switzer. Christmas apple. Muscat or Persian apple. Lord's apple. Red Queen. White Pigeon. Sweet Pipka. Browny apple. Turnip apple . German Calville. Yellow Arcadian apple . Juicj' Streaked. Early Prolific. Red Transparejit . Yellow Transparent. Green Transparent. White Transparent. Grayest Revel Pear apple . While Queen. Lowland Raspberry. Borsdorf Charlottenthaler i,name of a place) apple. Red Wine apple. Sultan apple. Burr apple. Prolific Sweeting. Resonant apple. Curly Spiced Aromatic. Autum Orange. Wetting apple, literally apple to be pre- served in water (as done in Russia.) Pouad apple. RUSSIAN NAME (AS PER CATALOGUE.) Sototoreftka. Polu Stekianka. W^argul Borowinka Krasnaja Aportowoge Simowoe. Renetto Woroneschski . Slast. Steklianka Kremer's. Repristoe Walisonoe. Kremerskoe. Rigaer Skwosnoinalin Malinowskoe. XJkrainskoe . Imperial. Suislepper. Christapfle . Muscatapfel. Herrenapfel. Rothe Reinette. Golubinoe Beeloe. Pipka Sladkaja. Kovitschneoe. Repouka. Neemezki Kalville. Scholti Arkad Polosatoe Naliwnoe Plodowitka Ramaja Skwosnoi Kiasnoi. Skwosnoi Schotoi. Skwosnoi Selennoe. Skwosnoi Beeloe. Scrinka. Gruscheffka Revelskaja. Reinetti Beelui. Himbeerapfel, Lievlander. Borsdorfer Scharlottentbaler Golba. Weinapfel, Rother. Sultan a pf el. Lapoucb Plodowitka Cuadkaja. Swonkoe. Kriwospizoe Aromatnoe. Aport Herbst . Motschetschnoe . Puntowoc . 48 RUSSIAN APPLE TREES. NO. SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME, SUGGESTED RUSSIAN NAME 362. Lead . Svintsovka. 304. White Vocliin. Biel Voohina. 367. Red Streak. Polosatoe. 368. Sugar Miron . Mirou sacharnui. 369. Pipka . Pipka. 370. Swan. Lebedka. 371. German Skrute. Skrute Niemetskui. 372. Petrovskoe . Petrovskoe . 374. Pendant Ear. Vislouchoe. 375. Cinnamon Pine. Koritchnevoe ananasnoe. 377. Yellow Lemon. Limonnoe jeltoe. 378. Hibernal. Osimui. 380. Moscow Pear. - Gruschevka Moskovskaya. 382. Green Butskaya. Butskaya zelenka. 385. Bode (Bodevskoe) 387. Good Peasant. Dobrui krestianin. 393. Imperial Citron. Tsitrounoe Tsarskoe. 398. Enormous. Krupneena. 399. Green Crimean. Krimskaya zelenka. 402. Borsdorf . Borsdorf er . 403. Sweet Anis. (Anis sacharnui ) 406. Sweet Pipka. Pipka sacharnaya. 407. Blackwood Tchernoe derevo . 408. General Greig. General Greig. 409. Vocbin. Vochinskoe. 410. Little Repka Reipka maleukaya. 413. Cross. Skrijapel. 424. Bergamot Bergamotnoe 425. Painted Anis. Anis rospisnoi. 426. Svinets. Svinets . 427. Anissim . Anisiniovskoe. 429. Bosklonotf (Bosklouovka) 430. Waxen Arcad. Arkad kruglui voskovui 433. Orloff. Orlovskoe . 437. Saxonian? (Saksonskoe) 438. Painted. Rospisuoe. 439. White Crimean Krimskaya biel. 441. Rattle. Gremuschka. 442. Yellow Calville. Kalvil jeltui. 444. Lubsk Reiuette. Renet Liubskui. 445. Romianka. Romianka. 447. Keiv Reiuette . Renet Kievskui. 448. Cardinal. Kardinal. 450. Handsome White. Biel krasavitsa. 451 Vorschtapel . 453. Beautiful Arcad . Arkad krasivui 455. Berry Riabinovka. RUSSIAN APPLE TREES 49 TRANSLATION (AS PER CATALOUUE . ) Lead apple. Wbite Wochins (a name) apple. Red Streak Sugar Barbel. Pipka. Swan apple. Skrout, German. St. Peter's. Pendent Ear apple Biowuy Pine apple Yellow Lemon. Hibernal apple. Moscow Pear apple. Russian Green apple. Bode's apple. Good Husbandman apple. Imperial Citron Enormous. Green Crimean. Borsdorf . Sweet Anisette. Saccharine Pipka. Blackwood . General Greig. Wochin's apple. Little Seedling. Cross apple . Bergamotte. Pointed Anisette. Apple "Lead." Annissim's apple. Bosklonoff's apple. Round Waxen Arcade. Orloflf. Saxonian. Pointed. White Krim . Rattling apple. Yellow CalviUe . Lubsk (name of place) Queen . Redcheeked apple. Queen of Kiew. Cardinal . Handsome White. Warsztappel. Beautiful Arcade. Berry apple . RUSSIAN NAME (aS PER CATALOGUE.) Swiuzoffka. Beel Wochins. Polosatoe. Mirone Sacharni . Pipka. Lebedka. blirut, Deiitscher. Petrowskoe. Wislowchoe. Koritschewoe Ananasnoe. Limonnoe Scholtoe. Oisimui. Gruscheffka Moskoloskaja. Buzkafa Selonka. Bodewskoe . Dobrui Krestianin . Zitsonnoe Zarskoe. Krupneena. Krimskaja Selonka. Borsdorfer . Anis Sacharnni . Pipka Saoharnaja. Tschernoe Drewo. General Greig. S. Wochinskoe. Repka Malenka. Skrischapfel . Bergamottuoe. Anis Rospisui. Swinez. Auisimowskoe. Bosklonowka. Arkad Kruglni Woskowoi. Orlowskoe . Sachoiswan. Rospisuoe. Krimskaja Beel Grimuschka. Kalville Scholti. Reinette Liubski. Romianka. Ranette Kiluski . Kardinal. Beel Krasawiza. Warschtapel . Arkad Krasiwui. Riabinouka . 50 RUSSIAN APPLE TREES. NO. SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME 457. Kluevskoe. 458. Yellow Naliv. 461. Eibbed . 462. Green Rubets . 463. 466. Acid Repka. 467. Flat Miron. 468. Painted White, 469. Grandmother. 470. Lapouchoe 471. Prolific Anis 47'2. Ostrokoff. 475. Shepherd 476. lied Arcad. 477. Christmas. 478. Thin Twig. 481. Mensk . 490. Glints. 502. Rambour Reinette . 544 Lapouchoe Naliv. 548. Meadow Borovinka. 551. Watermelon . 555. Red Sweeting. 557. Revel Streaked. 558. Early Cinnamon. 563. Crimean Naliv. 565. Vorgunok. 566. Large Transparent . 568. Melonen. 569. Rosenhager. 575. Alabaster. 578. Leipsic Borsdorf. 579. Summer Livland . 580. Winter Livland . 584. Erdheer. 585. Zusoff. 587. English Pippin. 592. Long Arcad. 595. Sweet Mensk. 597. Sandy Glass. 599. Romenskoe . 600. Long. 864. Smoky Arcad . 874. Sweet Borovinka. 962 Muscatel Reinette. 963. Livland Muscatel. 964. Autumn Streaked. SUGGESTED RUSSIAN NAME. Kluevskoe . Jeltui naliv. Rebristoe . Rubets zelenui . Pipka postilnaya. Rei])ka kislaya. Miron j)loskui. Biel rospisnaya. Babuschkino. Lapouchoe. Aiiisovaya plodovitka. Ostrokosvkays steklianka. Pastichovka. Arkad krasnui (Rgl.) Roshdestvenskoe . Tonkovietka polosataya. Mtsonkoe. Glintsovo. Russkui ramburovui renet. Lai)ouchoe nalivnoe. (Borovinka lugovaya.) Arbuzovskoe. Kras sladkaya Revelskoe polosatos Koritchuevoe rannee. Krimskoe nalivnoe . Vorgunok Krupnui skvosnoi naliv Melonenapfel . Rosenhager. Alabaster weisser Borsdorfer Leipsiger. . (Livlandischer sommer.) (Livlandischer winter ) Erdbeerapfel. Jussow's winterapfel . Pepping Euglischer. Arkad dlinnui. Mtsenskoe sladkoe. Pesotchnoe steklianovoe. Romenskoe, also Ronjiienskoe. (Dlinuoe.) Arkad dimtchatui. Borovinka sladkaya. Reinette rnnscateller. Muscatapfel Livlander. (Herbst strefling. RUSSIAN APPLE TBEES . /51 TRANSLATION (AS PER CATALOGUE.) Kliueff's apple. Yellow Juice. Strong-ribbed . Green Cut Spreading I'ipka. Sour Turnip . Flattened ilarbel. Pointed White. Grraudmotlier's apple. Burr apple Prolific Anisette. Ostrekoff's Glass. Holdfast. Red Arcade Clirist Birth apple. Thin Twig Streaked. Mzensk apple. Clay apple. Russian Ramliour (^ueeu. Juicy Barr apple Meadows Mushroom . Water-melon apple. Red Sweeting. Streaked Revel. Early Cinnamon. Juicy Krimtarter. Worguuok. Large Siib-acid. Melon apple. Slender Rose . Alabaster White . Leipzig Borsdorf Summer Lowland Winter Lowland . Red Calville. Zusoffs Winter apple. English Pippin. Long Arcade. Mzensk Sweet Glassy Sand apple . Oraensk (name of a place.) I;ong apple. Smoky Ar(;ade. Sweet Mushroom . Queen Muscatel. Lowland Muscatel. Autunm Streaked. RUSSIAN NAME (AS PER CATALOGUE.) Ivlinewskoe. Scholtiualiw. Rebristoe Rubez Sclonuiu Pipka Postillnaja. Repka Kislaja. Miron Ploskui Beel Rospisnaja. Babuschkmo. Lapouchoe Anisowaja Plodowitka. Ostrekowskaja Steklianka Postichouka. Arcad, Rother Roschdestweuskoe . Tonkowetka Polosataja. Mzenskoe. Glinzowoe. Russische Rambour Reinnette Lapouchoe Naliw. Borowinka Lugouaja Arbusowskoe Krass Sladkaja. Revelskaja Polosatoe. Konitschenewoe Rannoe. Krimskoo Naliwnoe. Wergunoks. Kruipnui Skworminaliw. Melonenapfel. Rosenhager. Alabaster, Weisser. Boresdorfer, Leipziger. Tierlandischer Sonimer . Tierlandischer Winter. Erdbeera])fel. Zusows Wiuterapfel. Euglischer Pepping. Arkad Dlimui. Mzenskoe Sladkoe. Pesolschnaja Steklianka. Romenskoe. Dlimoe. Arkad Uuimtschataja. Borowinka Sladkaja. Reinette Muscateller. Muscateller Tievlander. Herbst Streifiing. 62 RUSSIAN APPLE TREES. NO. SUCiGESTEl) AMERICAN NAME. SUGGESTED RUSSIAN NAME 9(i5 8weet Pear. Gruscbevka sladkaya. i)m. Ked-black T"chernokrasnoe. 967. Zelonka. Zeleuoe 968. Aloe. Saburovskoe. 969. Amber. Yantarnoe. 970. (Ireen Stranger. Tcbushenka zelenaya. 971. Basil the Great. Vasilui velikui. 972. Overflowing. (Tchereztetchnui i 973. Stekliannoe duchistoe. 974. iiasuiuoff . Razumovskui nioschok. 975. RedTitka (Titka krasnaya.) 976. Lipka. Jjipka 977. Tchutilotchnoe 978. Golden White. Biel zolotovskaya. 979. Large Long White. Biel krupnaya prodolgovatnaya 980. White Pelikanoff Biel Pelikanovskaya. 981. White Russet . Bielevoe jeltosieroe . 982. White Skrute. Skrut bielevoi 983. Transparent Astrachan. Astrachanskoe skvosnoe. 9S4 Kursk Anis Anis Kursk ui . 985. Red Anis Anis krasmii 986. Green Anis . Anis zelenui . !:)87 , \ellow Anis. Anis jeltiii . 988. Pine-apple. Anauasnoe. RtJSSIAN AfPLE TREES. 53 TRANSLATION (AS PER CATALOGUE.) Sweet Pear apple lied-black Greening. Aloe apple. Zantar apple. Green Citron . Vasilis Largest Overflowing. Shining Aromatic. Raziimoflfsky's Downy . Red Teat. Linden apple . Aromatic. Golden White. Large I^ong White. Plikanoff Small White Russet. Round White. Red Astrachan. Koursk's (a name of a place) Anisette Red Anisette. Green Anisette Yellow Anisette Pine apple. RUSSIAN NAME (AS PER CATALOGl'E . ) Gruscheffka Sladkaja. Tucheruokrasnoe Sclonne. Saburonskoe. Zantarnoe . Tuhuginka Selomaja. Wassilli Welikui. Trechtrshromnoc . Stekliannoe Duschisstoe. Rasnmowski Noschok. Tetnekrasnoe. Tipka Tuhutilotschnoe. Beel Solotofskaja. Beel Krupnaja Prodolgouataja Beel Plikano CJskaja. Beelowoe Scholto Seroe. Skrut Beelowoi. Astrachanskoe Skwasnoe. Anis Kurski Anis Krasnui . Anis Selanui. Anis Schaltui . Anauasnoe. 54 RUSSIAN APPLE TREES. Scions received by the Iowa State Agricultural College from Dr. Kegel, St. Peters- burg, March, 1879. This collection contained seventy-two varieties. Of these the following either do not appear in the IJ. S. importation of 1870, or else they appear under other numbers. NO. SUGGESTED AXrERTCAN NAME. RUSSIAN NAME. 10. Rigaer horbst streiHiug. 123. Revel Pigeon. Taubenapfel Revaler. 151. Sugar Miron (3G8 Dep.). Miron sacharnui. 170. Revel Glass. Steklianka Revelskaya. (Revelskoe of Dep.) 191. Red Petersburg. Petersburgskoe krasnoe. 243. Nicolai. Nasliednik Nicolai .Aleksandrovitch 239. Zelenka. Zelenka. 257. Arabka (184 Dep.) Arabskoe. 277. Lead (277 Dep. is Vargul.) Svinsovka (is 3()2 Dep.) 32S. Peterhoff. Peterhovskoe. 35(3. Round Borsdorf. Borsdorfer runder. 331. Pointed Pipka. Pipka ostrokonetchnaya. 379. Revel Pear (338 Dep.) Gruschevka Revelskaya. 428. Fonaric. Fouarik nalivnui. 540. Kalkidon. Khalkidonskoe. 934. White Aport. Aport bielui. 1227. Gipsey. Tsiganka. 1260. Red Raspberry. Malinovka krasnaya. 1277. Rosv Voronesh. Voroneshskui rosovui. NOTES ON THE ABOVE. No. 10 might prove the same as 964 Dep. Autumn Streaked. 243, Nasliednik Nico- lai Aleksandrovitch. I am at a loss for a short name for this. Prof. Jatikowski and others give Nicolayer as a synonym, but Dr. Regel never mentions it, neither in liis Russian Pomology nor in any catalogue I have seen. Besides this Andre Leroy states that Nicolayer is said to have originated in the Crimea, while Dr. Regel gives the St. Petersburg and Baltic coast provinces as the home of the N. N. A. Prof. Budd suggested "Throne" because that personage was heir to the throne, and I at the time agreed; yet I fear such a translation is so free as to be open to censure. 239 Zelenka may be 967 Dep. Zeleuoe. 301 Pipka ostrokonetchnaya, the sharply pointed pipka has been erroneously propagated as the Astrachan Pippin. SCIONS RECEIVED BY THE IOWA STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, From R. Shroeder, Acadamie Petrowskoe Rasumowskoe, Moscow, May, 1879. suggested AMERICAN NAME. foreign nami 1. Repolovka. Repolovka. 2. Hare Pipka. Pipka saitchia. 3. Lead. Svinsovka. 4. Ostrokoff. Steklianka Ostrokovskaya. 5. Royal Table. Furstlicher tafelapfel. SCIONS RECEIVED BY THE IOWA STATE AGRICULTUEAL COLLEGE. 55 SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME. FOREIGN NAME. ('). Grandmother. Babuschkino. 7. Osimoe. Osimoe. 8. Sweet Cross. Skrijapel sladkui. U. English Boroviiika. Borovinka Angliskaya. 10. Ukraine. Ukrainskoe. 11. Romenskoe. Romenskoe. 12. Vargiilek. Vargulek. 13. Mottled Anis. Anis pestrui. 14. Anisini. Anisimovka (see No. 18.) 15. Cross. Skrijapel. K). VargiiL Vargul. 17. Kruder. Kruder oder bhuier. 18. Auisim. Anisimovka (also 14.) IS). Blackwood. Tchernoe derevo (also 58.) 20. Kursk lleinette. Renet Kurski. ■21. Karabovka. Karabovka. 22. Blushed Calville. Kalvil krasnui (also 82 and 180.) 28. Aport. Aport. 24. Sandy Glass. Steklianka pesotchnaya. 25. Dansic Pipka. Pipka Dantsigskaya. 26. Antonovka. Antonovka. 27. Large Anis. Anis krupnui. 28. Kluevskoe. Kluevskoe. 29. Melonen (or nun.) Melonen oder nonnen. 80. Ledenets. Ledenets. 81. Good Peasant. Dobrui krestianin. 32. Anis. Anis. 33. Winter Streaked. Polosatka simnaya. 34. (Lal)el lost.) 35. (Name lost.) 36. (Name lost.) 37. White Borodovka. Biel borodovskoe. m. Queen Louise. Konigin Louise. 39. Polish Cinnamon. Koritchnevoe Polskoe. ' 40. Wliite Summer Calville. Kalvil weisser sommer. 41. Lejanka. Lejanka. 42. Bokovoe. Bokovoe. 43. Watermelon. Arbuzovskoe. 44. Lipin. Lipiuskoe. 45. Royal. Korolevskoe. 46. Early Cinnamon. Koritchnevoe rannee. 47. Yellow Kiev. Kievskoe jeltoe. 48. Cinnamon Pine. Koritchnevoe ananasnoe (also 101). 49. Sweet Mensk. Mtsenskoe sladkoe. 50. Swan. Lebedka. 51. Avenarius. Pipka sladkaya (Avenarius) (also 78). 52. Riga Translucent. Skvosneena Rishkaya (also 157). m SCIONS RECEIVED BY THE IOWA STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME. FOREIGN NAME. 5:}. Blackwood. Tchernoe derevo (also No. 19). /)4. Great Mogul. Vilikui Mogul. 55. Ked Eukin. Rukinskoe krasnoe. 5(). Longfield. Langerfeldskoe. 58. Gvosditchoe. 59. Repka Arcad. Arkad rieptchatui. ()0. Smoky Arcad. Arkad dimtchatui. 61. Melonen (or Bell). Svonkoe ili dinnoe. ()2. Richard. Grand Richard. VA Kolomenskoe. Kolomenskoe. 04. Yellow Sweet. Sacharuoe jeltoe. ()5. Krimskoe vosduchnoe. (j(j. Kevel Pigeon. Revelskoe golubinoe. 67. Nasiedka. Nasiedka. 68. Broad Gieen. Nalivnoe zelenui schirokui (also 157) 69. Early Red. Skorospieloe krasnoe. 70. German Prolific. Plodovitka Niemetskaya. 71. German Ledenets. Ledenets Niemetskui. 72. Sugar Miron. » Miron sacharnui. 7:1 Sweet Prolific. Plodovitka sladkaya. 74. Green Astrachan. Astrachanskoe zelenoe. 75. Silken. Schelkovka (also 104). 77. Sweet Streaked. Polosatka sladkaya. 78. Avenarius. Avenariusa sladkoe (also 51). 79. King's Stripe. Kotstrahliger Konig. 80. Petrovskoe. Petrovskoe. 81. Mensk. Mtsenskoe. 82. Blushed Calville. Kalvil krasnui (also 22 and 180). 83. Pear. Gruschevka. 84. Bergadorf. Bergadorvskoe. 85. Glass. Steklianka. 86. Bielgorod. Bielgorodskoe. 87. Her r en. Herrenapfel. H8. Bergamot. Bergamotnoe. ,S9. German Calville. Kalvil Niemetskui. 9:). Rosy Aport. Aport rosovoe. 91. German Skrute. Skrute Niemetskui. 92. Svinets. Svinets. V):'). Vinnoe. Vinnoe. 94. Kalkidon. Khalkidonskoe. 95. Fouaric. Fonarik nalivnoe. 96 Juicy Rihbed. Rubets rebristui nalivnoi. 97. Mari)le. Mramornoe. 98. Smolensk. Smoleuskoe. 99. Long Arcad. Arkad dlinnui. 100. Patim. Putimskoe. 101. Cinnamon Pine. Koritchnevoe ananasnoe (also 48). SCIONS RECEIVED BY THE IOWA bTATE AGHICULTTIUL COLLEGE. 57 SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME. 10'2. Multicolor, 103. striped Calville. 104. Silken. 105. Charlamoff. 1(X). Potainoe. 107. Serinkia. 108. Sweet Aport. 109. Amber. 110. Translucent. 111. Cinnamon Anis. 112. Champagne. 113. Easpberry. 114. Stepanoff. 115. Early Translucent. 116. Heidorn. 117. (Lost. Also 118 andlUJ.) 1-20. Kshev's Miron. 121. Poniavmskoe. 122. Beresina. 123. Polish Prohfic. 124. Champagne Pipka. 125. Striped Xaliv. 126. Early Grandmother. 127. Yellow Sweet. 128. Lemon. 129. Autumn Aport. 130. Blushed Calville. 131. Yellow Prolific. 132. Prolific. 133. White Naliv. 134. Titovka. 135. Russian Gravensteiu . 136. Scented White. 137. Eepka Aport. 138. Borovinka. 139. Repka . 140. Czar's Thorn. 141. Tashkin. 142. Red Sided. 143. Painted Arcad. 144. Marmalade. 145. Early Stripe. 146. Large Prolific . 147. Thaler. 148. Rubets. 149. Revel Glass. 150. Visotskoe . FOREIGN NAME Pestruchka Kalvil polosatui Schelkovka (also 75) . Charlamovskoe. Potainoe. Lehmapfel (Sierianka.) Aport sladkui Yantaruoe. Skvosueena. Anis koritchnevee . Champanskoe. MaJinovka. Stepanovka. Skvosneena skorospielaya. Polosatka Heidorna. Miron rshevski . Poniavinskoe . Bereziuskoe. Plodovitka Polskaya. Pipka Chainpanskaya. Polosatka nalivnaya. Babuschkino rannee. Sladkoe jeltoe. Limonnoe. Aport osennee. Kalvil krasnui (also 22 and 82). Plodovitka jeltaya. Plodovitka. Nalivnoe bielui. Titovka . Grafensteiner. Biel duchovoya. Aport rieptchatui. Borovinka. Riepka Tsarkui schips. Taskinskoe. Krasnobokoe (also 154) . Arkad rospisnui. Marmeladnoe. Polosatka lietuaya. Plodovitka krupnaya. Chailottonthalskoe jeltoe Rubets. Steklianka Revelskaya. Visodskoe (Visotskoe Rgl) . 58 SCIONS RECEIVED BY THE IOWA STATE ACilUCULT UBAL COLLEUE ^ SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME 151. Romauoff. 152. Breskovka. 153. Iinperator. 164. Red Sided 165. Arabka. 15(). Red Naliv. 157. Broad Green . 158. Autumn Streaked. 15U. Crooked Spike. 1()(). Waxen. 1(51. Cliristmas. l&I. Markovka . im. Red Miron . 164. Yellow Naliv FOREIGN NAME. Roiuanovka. Breskovka. Irnperatorskoe. Krasnobokoe ''also 14'2) . Arabskoe. NalivDoe krasnoe. Nalivuoe zelenui scbirokui (also 08). Herbst streilling. Krivospitsa . Voskovoe . Roshdestvenskee Markovka, Miron krasnui. Nalivnoe jeltui. Tlie following apples were received by the Iowa Agricultural College from various sources iu Russia. SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME. Early Pipka. Voronesh Arcad White Sweet Yinnoe. White Rubets. Ivory . Flat Yoronesh Yoronesh Cinnamon Golden Reinette. Rosy Pyritorm . Sbepherd Bogdauofi'. Bogdanoff's Glass. Crimea. Russian Calville Persian . Skrute . Neumeister. English Pippin (same as Lougfield). Livland Muscatel Citronen . Citronat. RUSSIAN NAME . Pipka lietuaya Yorouesliskoe arkad. Bieloe sladkoe . Yinnoe. Bielui rubets. Scharik Kremera. Simnui biel. Yoroneshskoe Polskoe. Yoroneshskoe koritclniev.oe Zolotoi reuet. Rosovka. (fruschaobrasnoe. -leltoe biel (Fischer) , Jeltoe biel (Rgl) . Pasticbovka. Bogdanofl' (Riepka) . Steklianka Bogdanoff . Crimea. Kalvil Ruskui . Persian. Skrute . Neumeister. Reinette Scharlock.* Enghscher pepping. Muscateller Livlandischer. Citronenapfel Citronat, Streifling edler winter. (Possible 01 Dep. Noble Redstreak.) SCIONS RECEIVED BY THE IOWA STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 59 SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAJIE. Alfriston. Batiillen . Boiken. Mueller's Spitz. Baiiiuarin. Grosser Bohn Geflaminter. Red Jungfern. Possart . Landsburg. Yellow Stettin . Red Pigeon Red Serinkia. Nitchner's Strawberry. Eiser. Hare's Head RUSSIAN NAME . Alfriston . Moregi . * Batullen . Boikenapfel. Mueller's spitzapfel. Baumanu's reinette. Grosser bohnapfel. Geflaminter. Langer gruner gulderliug. Rother jungfern. Possart's iialivia. Landsburger reinette. Gelber Stettiner. Weisser winter tafelapfel (probably Taffetapfel weisser winter). Rother winter taubenapfel . Rother Serinkia. Nitchner's erdbeerapfel . Eiserapfel. Hasenkopf (Saitcliia golova) . Varieties marked * I have been unable to verify in any book or catalogue. PEARS. The following four importations were propagated and distributed by the Iowa Agri- cultural (-ollege at first by number; I therefore give them in full. Pears From Dr. Regel, St. Petersburg, Russia, March, 187!). No. suggested FOREIGN NAME. 121 Honev 1-2-2. Autumn Bergamot 125. Bear . 345. Long-stem . 347. Gakovsk. 351 . Baba. 358. Juicy Gliva. 3(31 Victorina. 392. Kurskaya 395. Red Bergamot, 39(). Flat Bergamot. 418 Early Bergamot. 439 Double Beurre. 508. Seedless. 513. Tliin Twig. 51G. Lemon . 520. Sapieganka. FOREIGN NAME. Gliva medovaya,(Honigbirne"). Bergamot oseunui. Dula medviedevka Dolgokvostka morpsovskaya. Gakovskaya. GrushaBaba. (Tliva otschen sotchnaya. Victorina mnogoplodnaya. Gliva Kurskaya. Bergamot krasnui, " ploskui. rannaya. Maslitchnaya dvoinaya. Bessemianka. Tonkovietka. Limonnaya. Bergamot Sapieganka. 60 PEARS PROPAGATED AND DISTRIBUTED. From R. Shroeder, no. suggested american name. 1 Kursk Berganiot. 2. Goubalt. 3. Seedless 4. Dula. 5. Grella. 6. 7 and 85. Lemou. 8. Houey. 9. Winter. 10. Poltava. 11. and 30 7?i and 76 /«. Sapiegauka 12. Sachariue 13 . Strawberry . 14. Thin Twig. 15. Czar Moscow, Russia, May 1879. FOREIGN NAME. Bergamot Kiirski Beurre Goubalt. Bessemianka. Dula. Grella. Krupyanka. Liinonnaya Medovaya, (Honigbirne) , Osimaya. Poltavskaya Sapieganka. Sac bar nay a. Semlianitclinaya Tonkovietka. Tsarskaya. From J. E. Fischer, Voronesh, Russia, November 10, 1882 No. 101. **102. *103. *104. *no7. **106. *108. "109. nio. suggested AMERICAN NAME. Kurskaya. Seedless Early Bergamot. Autunan Berganiot. Bear. Victorina. Korsun's Bergamot. Scented. FOREIGN NAiME (xliva Kurskaya. Bessemianka. Bergamot rannui. " osennui. Medviedevka. Victorina Korsun's Berganiot. Uuchovaya. Bergamot vsduti. From P. G Tret.takoff, Orel, Russia. No. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. suggested AMERICAN NAME. Seedless. Green Bergamot. Waxen . Sugar . FOREKiN NAME. Bessemianka. Bergamot zelenui . Kositschka (possibly Kostotclika") Yoskovaya. Zucherbirne. The following were received from West Russia, Poland and Germany suggested AMERICAN NAME. White Livland . Large sugar Green Wine Junfer. Pound . White Livland . Green wine. FOREIGN N.OIE. Butterbirne weisse Livlandische. Zucherbirne giosse Weinbirne grune. Junferbirne. Pfundbirne Butterbine weisse Livlandesche. Grune weinbirne. PLUMS PBOPAGATED AND DISTRIBUTED. 61 SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME. Princess. Father's Keepsake. Bergamotte Rouge. Duchess Precose. Long Green . Gufce Grune. Polish Lemon. Pasovka. Pomerania . Ogonka. Lutovka. Grumkower . Bauvier d'Automn. White Livland. Feigeu . Salzburg. Warsaw Bergamot. Waxey Vinograd. FOREIGN NAME. Princessbiine. Oicovska. Bergamotte rouge . Duchess precose. Longue verte Gute grune. Cytrymova. Pasovka Pomeranzeubirne. Ogonka. Lutovka . (irumkower . Bauvier d'autoujn. Butterbirne weisse Livlandische. Feigeiibirne. Salzburger. Bergamotte ordinaire (of Warsaw) Voskovoya. Vinogradnui. PLUMS. The following two collections were received by the Iowa Agricultural College and have been sent out either by number or name. From Dr. Eegel, St. Petersburg, Russia, Winter of 1881-82. No. 1. 2. 8. 48. 44 suggested AMERICAN NAME Black Vengerka. White Nicolas. Early Red . FOREIGN NAME. Tchernaya vengerskaya Bielaya Nicholskaya. Krasnaya skorospielkaya. From J. E. Fischer, Voronesh, Russia. Yellow Voronesh. Moldavka Moldavka. The followiug received from differout sources have been propagated by name only. White Otschakoff. Wliite Winter. Red Winter. Early . Black Arabka. Hungary . Leipsic Green Reine Claude. Yellow Aubeit. Red Aubert . Livland. Bielaya Otschakovskaya. Bielaya osimaya. Krasnaya osimaya. Skorospielka . Tchernaya Arabskaya. Quetsche de Hongrie (Zwetsche Ungar- ische ) Quetsche de Leipsic (Zwetsche Leipziger). Reine Claude verte. Dame Aubert jaune. Dame Aubert rouge. Livlandischer bierflaume. (i2 CHERRIES RECEIVED AND DISTRIBUTED. CHERRIES. Many varieties of Clierries 'have of late been imported which were hitherto un- known, or but Uttle known in this country. However, except the Vladimir, Bessar- abian, Lutovka and the Lyonskaya, which last comes to us with any rate a Russian name, they have German or French names, and so need not be mentioned here. In conclusioij, I would say that we have been in great need of authoritative action in the naming of new foreign fruits We here have a suggestion to our authoritative body. I have been critical upon what work has been done. I cannot refuse to stand shot. Fair criticism should so far bring to light the faults of this work as to bring about its adoption in modified form at the next meeting of the American Pomo- logical Society . C. A. Green, New York: Which are the most promising Russian fruits for Western New York? Chas. Gibb: None of the Winter ap- ples equal the Baldwin, Spitzeubarg, or Northern Spy. W. C. Barry, New York: Is there any variety much harder than Oldenburg? I have seen that bear well after the ther- mometer had been down to 40°. Chas. Gibb: Those of the Anis type, judging from Russian experience, are hardier. D. W. Adams, Florida: Two years ago I had forty acres of orchard in Northern Iowa nearly all killed except the Olden- burgs. The trees were mostly twenty to thirty years old. I had also some of the Russian varieties of the Department im- portation of 1870. Of those there was little difference among the varieties of the Oldenburg type. St. Lawrence and Fam- ouse perished The temperature reached 40^', and remained from 2(P to ^O*-" for sev- eral days. This removed the moisture from the twigs, so tliat it produced worse results than a low temperature for a short time would have done. There seems to be something about the bark of the Olden- burg group of varieties which prevents the twigs drying out as much as with other varieties. Chas. Gibb : I am growing over a hun- dred varieties of Russian and German apples, and have in some cases the same variety from different localities in Russia. We cannot expect that these varieties will have the same quality here that they do in latitudes 47° to 55° in Russia. We can only try them and determine what they will do NOTES. No. 205, Pipka gorkaya is literally the Bitter Pipka, but Mr. Schroeder, of Mos- cow, says it is by no means bitter, and a fine sub-acid apple, which received its name from the town of Gorke, where it originated; and yet if so it should have been named Pipka Goretskaya. 268, Za- koritnoe, which means a dug-out trough, or which might mean a velvety apple, must not be confused with Sacharuaya, Sacharine. 231, Zolotoi arkad. Golden Arcad, must not be mistaken for 188 and 287, Yellow Arcad. 310, Christapfel is a fairly accurate translation of 447 Rosh- destvenskoe. 2'J5, Imperial is not in Re- gel, but might be a translation of 208, Korolevskoe, or of such a name as Tsars- koe. 350 and 554, Lapouchoe, are trans- lated Burr, but Dr. Alexeeff tells me that although (to be more exact) Lapukhoe may mean Burr, yet Lapoukhoe (a dis- tinction I can hardly make in English let- ters) means Great Ears. This latter is that described by Regel, and I have there- fore retained the Russian name. 413, Skrijapel, as it appears in Russian, in NOTES ON KUSSIAN PBUITS . 03 Kegel, is trauslated Cross. The termina- tion " apel " tlie Kussianized form of "apfel" betokened German origin, but (xermans would not recognize it, and I had said it was not Cross. Itdidnotthen occur to me that it was Danisn. 487, Bachoiswan, puzzles both Dr. Kegel and Mr. Albert Kegel. The name seems un- known to them, and the Doctor can only suggest that it might be intended for Sacharnoe, Sacharine, or perhaps Zakor- itnoe. The apple must have a name, so I have retained the name Saxonian. 551, Arbuzovskoe I have left as Watermelon, even tliough it is named after Mr. Arbu- zoff, Mr. Watermelon. 505, Vorgunok, must not be confused with Vargulek or Vorgulek. 584, 1 have used Erdbeer in- stead of Strawberry as we have so many strawberry apples. 599, Komnenskoe or Komenskoe? Kegel in his pomology gives tlie former, as coming from Komna, near Moscow; but in Jiis catalogues of late years, he gives Komenskoe, as though from the town of Komensk. Mr. Schroe- der, of Moscow, in his Plodovui Sad, in 1880, adheres to Komnenskoe. Mr. Albert Kegel says he does not know, but says that Romna is not a fruit growing region, and Komensk is; leaving the chances in favor of the latter. I mention this to show that accuracy is not always possible. 64 RELATION OF FOREST DESTRUCTION TO FRUIT DETERIORATION. THURSDAY-MORNING SESSION. Promptly at half past niue, President Berckinaus called the Society to order. About seventy-five delegates were present. T. T. Lyon, chairman of a sub-commit- tee of the Committee on Nominations, presented the following report, whicli was unanimously adopted, and the Secretary instructed to forward a copy to tlie retir- ing First Vice President, Mr. Barry : The Committee on Nominiitious leai-a with great regret that, owing to the feeble health, together with the de- mands of duty in other directions, j^Fr. Patrick Barrj', the First Vice President of this Society, feels compelled to decline further official connection with it. In consideration, therefore, of his high position as a pomologist, as well as of his long and eminently valuable official services, your committee recommend the adoption of the following: Resolved, That the long and eminent services of Mr. Patrick Barry, not to this Society only, but to horticulture generally, entitle him to the gratitude of all interested in pursuits of this character. Resolved, That while we greatly regret the necessity for such determination, we earnestly hope that he may j'et feel himself enabled to resume the labors so long and so effectively carried on, and that tlic Society as well as the public may yet be permitted to profit by his matured wisdom and wide experience. President Berckmaus stated that, owing to the increased number of foreign fruits being introduced into cultivation, the Committe on Foreign Fruits should, in his opinion, be increased to a number equal to that on Native Fruits. On motion of W. C. Strong, the Presi- dent was instructed to appoint a commit- tee of three to take the subject into con- sideration. The President appointed as such com- mittee, W. C. Strong, of Massachusetts; T. T, Lyon, of Michigan, and Geo. W. Campbell, of Ohio. On motion of Dr. H. H. (Jarey, of Georgia, the following amendment, to stand as section nine, was made to the by-laws : A standing committee on Tropical and Semi-tropical Fruits, consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed, whose duties shall be similar to those of the committee in by-law seven. The first paper of the morning was then presented : Relation of Forest Destruction to Fruit Deterioration. BY (iEO. W. CAMPBELL, DELAWARE, OHIO. When I consented, at the request of our Secretary, to introduce the subject of the " Relation of Forest Destruction to Fruit Deterioration," I felt obliged to do so, under a partial protest, because I have not the happy — or perhaps I should say, the unhappy — faculty of saying most upon matters of which I know the least. And so I consented, with the understanding, that as I had not made the subject one of special study, my remarks should be rather with the object of eliciting infor- mation from others, than of giving it my- self. That the destruction of our forests has reached a point to cause alarm, we hear from all quarters — and the most obvious effect seems to have been such changes of climate in all sections where the area of our forests has been greatly diminished, that our most valuable fruits which were formerly grown with cer- tainty, can no longer be relied upon. Our winters have become colder, our summers hotter, and all seasons more variable. Extreme and sudden changes of tempera- ture— long periods of drouth, alternated RELATION OF FOREST DESTRUCTION TO FRUIT DETERIORATION. Gt with violent storms of tempest, rain and hail, appear more prevalent — all of wl]ich are disastrous to the successful produc- tion of our finer fruits — notably, the peach, the plum, the finer cherries and grapes; and in some sections, even the once hardy apple, is far less reliable tiian in former years. Especially in the great Northwest, and even in Central Ohio, many kinds of apples that were once grown successfully, have been destroyed when the winter temperature has marked from 3(F to 4(F below zero — either pre- ceded or followed hy sudden changes to several degrees above freezing point. Peaches which thirty or forty years ago were grown with reasonable certainty throughout our whole State, have become, perhaps, the most uncertain of all our fruits. Either the severity (.'f winter kills the trees, or untimely frosts in spring de- stroy the budding bloom, which may have escaped the perils of winter. In my sec- tion, the peach crop has become so very uncertain that scarcely any trees are now planted, except on city lots or in sheltered gardens. I am not prepared to demon- strate that all this is caused by forest de- struction ; but I do believe it can be largely attributed to it; and I do not know any other which is even probable. I have seen it stated, also, that with the destruction of forests, fungus diseases, which injuriously affect our fiuits have largely increased. That pear-blight, and apple-scab, rot and mildew, black-knot and rust, and yellows, are alarmingly pre- valent cannot be denied, but just how much of h can be justly charged to forest destruction, I cannot say. The over- whelming increase also, of insect enemies, I think too, renders it more than probable that the destruction of large ])ortions of forest, has driven these pests from their native haunts, where they once found their homes and their sustenance in the wild fruits of the wcods — to invade and destroy the cultivated j)roducts of our orchards, vineyards and gardens. Either new foes are coming forward continually, or the old ones are seeking new fields of destructiveness. The Curculio, which was once known only as the destroyer of the plum, now marks with his fatal cres- cent, the peach, the cherry, the nectarine and apricot, as well as the pear, the (|uiuce, and the apple. The cultivated crab apples seem especially suited to his taste. The birds, also, no longer finding their wonted shelter and sustenance in the rapidly diminishing forests, have changed their habits with their change of location, and in many places have become most serious invaders and destroyers of the fruits of our orchards, our berry fields, our vineyards and our gardens. I may also refer to the water supply, without which successful fruit growing is impossible. Both in the rains and the dews of Heaven, as well as the springs and fountains of our running brooks are be- lieved to be dried up, or diminished by the work of forest destruction ; and where this destruction is complete, arid and bar- ren plains take the place of vendure and fertility. A recent writer in the Popular Science Monthly, says: " ' In two brief centuries, the lumber- men of the United States have destroyed as many trees as the inhabitants of South- ern Europe felled in two thousand years.' It is his opinion, again, that unless this deforesting of our hill slopes is stopped, ' the cotton States will be under the necessity of raising their crops by irriga- tion, while the locust will ravage the plains on the Gulf coast. The soil of the mountain slopes, stripped of their forests, will be washed away by winter rains and thawing snows. Our rivers will become but brooks in the summer, but overwhelm- ing and destructive floods in the spring.' Only sixteen per cent, of our national domain is at present covered with timber, either good, bad or indifferent; and this very small precentage, with our large and 66 APPLE SCAB. rapidly increasing population, is fast de- creasing." And, on tlie other hand, I find the fol- lowing, from another unknown writer, concerning the planting of trees in Ne- l)raska : '' Thirty years ago, the man who trav- eled forty miles from the Missouri Eiver reached a country which he reported to he uninhabiLahle. That is all changed now, and one of tiie influences has been the planting of trees. We feel that in our way we are solving the problem, not of re- foresting, as is the case in the older States, but a similar problem, namely, the foresting of a treeless country." I have, perhaps, said enough to intro- duce this important and interesting sub- ject to the attention of the Society; and if I shall succeed in bringing out more accurate information from others, who have given it more careful attention, my object will have been attained. DISCUSSION. C. A. Geeen, New York: Have we any conclusive evidence that these effects are due to the destruction of the forests? Mk. Campbell: Facts do show that climates have changed, and that fruits we once raised we cannot raise now. In Ohio we formerly raised peaches almost every year; now we cannot get a crop more than one year iii ten. A. S. Fuller, New Jersey : Scientific observations are not always made so that they can be applied in determining ques- tions of cultivation. Meteorological ob- servations show that after a forest is re- moved about as much rain falls as before, but they do not fully show where it falls nor how long the effect remains. We have reason to believe that cutting the timber lets in the wind, so that the rain does less gooj ; but experiments are rather dillicult to make which would prove this. T. T. Lyon, Michigan: This matter presents itself to the people of Michigan in a somewhat different phase from that in other States. We not only have to face the difficulty that lumbermen are sweeping away our forests, but also the fact of extensive and destructive fires originating in the debris left behind. We have Lake Michigan for one of our pro- tections, to be sure, and lumbermen can- not take that; but fruit grow'ers are begin- ning to learn that the forests in their rear have been a great protection against eastern and northeastern winds. Where the forests have been cut we have found that we get a lower range of temperature with an east wind in winter than wo did before. A. J. Caywood, New York: I think we all have observed that a decrease in the volume of the streams has followed the clearing up of the country. The next topic was opened by A. L. Hatch, of Ithaca, Wis.: Apple Scab. BY a. L. hatch, ITHACA, WIS. Apple Scab is caused by a parasitic fun- gus (Fusicladium dendriticum). The same fungus attacks the leaves, and is then known as leaf blight or mildew. With seasons favorable for its development Apple Scab has been so bad as to destroy the market value of some varieties, and at the same time so injure the leaves as to seriously weaken the trees. We have known it so severe as to render many kinds valueless for general planting, and trees otherwise hardy have Winter-killed after seasons of its greatest prevalence. The season of 1882 in Wisconsin was of that character. Of about two hundred bushels of Fameuse apples in our own orciiards there was hardly an apple not badly scabbed. One hundred trees of Haas, eight years planted, large fine trees, lost three-fourths or more of their foliage during a few moist, hot days in June. Thousands of trees in the nurseries three APPLE SCAIi. 67 and four years olJ, lost nearly all their leaves by the same cause. The season of 1883 was also very bad, and the effects of these two seasons caused the death of thousands of trees that had too little vi- tality to endure the cold of succeeding winters. Trees that endured did not re- cover, generally, to give full crops until 188G. The development of fungus in the form of Apple Scab and leaf mold, like all other fungi, is most rapid and hurtful in hot, wet seasons. Times of great dryness, however, arrest or entirely stop its growth and it actually occurs that the great drouth of last year and this year in our part of the West has been a great benefit to our orchards. Of course the lack of moisture has been excessive and hurtful in some instances, but the healthy foli- age and smooth fruit is very satisfactory. A very noticeable feature of Apple Scab is the great liability of some varieties to its attacks and the comparative freedom of other kinds The Fameuse and Tal- mau Sweet are very prone to it through- out the West, both in the fruit and leaves. The foliage of the Haas is often severely hurt while the fruit is not so badly affected. The leaves of the Euglish Golden Russet are also very liable to mold or mildew, and to this cause we attribute the loss cf two hundred trees in our orchards, from three to five inches in diameter, while trees one to two inches through were very little hurt. At the same time, however, the fruit of Golden Russet isvery free from Scab. At one time we had fifty sorts of Sibe- rian crab apples and hybrids on trial. Nearly all have proved undesirable on account of the foliage being so hurt almost every year with the Apple Scab fungus. Of the varieties least liable to injury by Scab, Oldenburg and otlier Russians are very noticeable. Prof. Budd tells us the reason is found m tlieir thick leaves. It may be tliat the Russian apples have thicker leaves than American sorts, but we think the true reason why they better resist Scab is because of a better protec- tive coating over their surfaces. What we term protective coating is a cuticle of wax that spreads like a film over the cells of the epidermis or outer surface of the leaf. It is also found on the apples, and may be readily scraped off with a knife. On the fruit it gives gloss and brilliancy and on the leaves, especially toward Autumn, it is a glaze or bronze. Whatever may produce this protective coating of the leaves and fruit, or what- ever keeps it entire, will assist in defend- ing against Apple Scab. If, however, it is broken or imperfect then the spores of the fungus find ready lodgment. In one in- stance, some Talman Sweets that had scabbed badly years before, were heavily manured and gave fine fruit, while trees not so treated scabbed as ^badly as ever. The same year that we had such scabby Fameuse on thin, exhausted soil, Mr. J. Elliot, thirty miles away, on richer soil, had 1,000 bushels of smooth, marketable fruit. We have known trees of Fameuse and other sorts to thrive finely and give hand- some fruit for many years where but a few trees were grown. It is perhaps accounted for from the fact that spores of the fun- gus were blown away, whereas had there been more trees near, there might have been a continuous fall of spores from them. We have found that where a single tree might escape Scab for years, a large orchard might be badly hurt. On this plan we have dug out hundreds of crabs and hvbrids from our orchards, and have every reason to believe it was a wise thing to do. Perhaps wild apples may also serve as host plants for the same fungus and make it desirable to destroy them, and tliousands are found throughout the West. Whatever tree, whether apple or pear, that is subject to Scab, will be an injury to the whole orchard because of its furnishing fungus spores for the winds to scatter over other trees. 68 APPLE SCAB. It is very natural to ask, what is the remedy for Apple Scab? AYe have already indicated some possibilities in that direc- tion. Before we can act intelligently in this matter, it is desirable that a full understanding of the life-history of the fungus be obtained. For that we are in- debted to Prof. Wm. Trelease, published in the first report of Wisconsin Experi- ment Station and illustrated from samples obtained from our orchards. As one remedy. Prof. Burrill suggests spraying with kerosene emulsion. If the vital parts of tlie fungus are external and in reach of such fungicides it is possible it may be a remedy. If, on tlie other hand, it? growth is internal, like that of peron- ospora, including grape rot, it will be more difficult to affect it. At oue time we scraped off seveml scabs from some grow- ing apples but they invariably grew again. Now if an entire removal of the outer part of the fungus did not destroy it, could we hope to kill its mycelia or roots in the fruit in any other way? One serious dif- ficulty we have to contend with is the early attack of tlie fungus while the fruit and foilage are very small and tender, and before they are well supplied with their protective coat of wax cuticle. If in a moist season when Scab prevails, we take a twig of two or tlu-ee feet of new growth we can notice that the earlier leaves along one half or more of its length are small, weak and defective. This fact points un- erringly to seasons of greatest activity of the fungus. More full observations are desirable and experiments can be hope- fully tried. Of course we now know enough of this terrible orchard pest to advise for avoid- ing it to plant certain kinds and avoid others— to select good soils and sites — to give good culture and proper fertilizers. And above all this, when great drouths prevail, and burning, parching heats wither the herbs of the field, it is then our trees are clad in beautiful foilage and fair fruit. It is then the apple grower should bow his head in gratitude to the Cliver of all good, whose dry air and genial breezes so bless pomology. The subject was contiimed by Mr. E. S. Goff, of Geneva, N. Y., who said: In the summer of 1885 I commenced, at the suggestion of Prof. Artliui', botanist to our Station, a series of experiments in the use of hyposulphite of soda for the })reventiou of the disease of the apple called Apple Scab, and due to the growth of a fungus known technically as Fusi- cladium dendriticum FcM. These experi- ments were continued through the sum- mers of 1HH6 and 1887, and an absti'act is now given of the results for the three seasons. The tree selected for the first trial was a specimen of the common Siberian crab that had been very badly infested by the fungus in previous years. On May 5, 1885, one-half of this tree was sprayed with a solution of hyposulphite of soda at the rate of one pound of the salt to ten gallons of water, and the application was repeated on the same half on May 9 and May 15. During the Summer the effect of the application was visible on the foli- age, the leaves appearing less infested by the fungus on the sprayed part than on the other. On September lU a quantity ot fruit was picked from the sprayed part of the tree, and from the part not sprayed ; each lot was assoited into three qualities. In the first were put only the fruits not injured by the fungus; in the second, those injured but slightly, and m the third those more injured. Expressed muuerically, the results were in per cents. : sl'H.WKD PAKT 21.5 ViNsrilAVlCD I'.vitr. DIFFHK- EKCE. First quality.. 21.5 10. 11.5 Second quality. 38.5 29.7 8 8 Third quality.. 40. G0.8 20,:} As a further indication of tlit- beneficial effect of the treatment, I add that one hundred fruits taken from the third qual- APPLE SCAB. 69 ityof the sprayed part of tlie tree weighed thirteen oiiuces, while the same number from the part not sprayed weighed but eight ounces, indicating that the percent- age of badly infested fruits was not only greatest on the untreated part of the tree, but tlie extent of tlie injury upon the affected fruits was also much greater on that pait. In liS8() the same tree was treated in the same manner, except that the solution was applied four times instead of three, viz.: April i22. May 0, May 10 and May 17; tlie last application being of half the strength of tlie others. The results in this case were striking. The sprayed part of the tree bore a fair crop of fruit, while the other part brought no truit to maturity. Both parts of the tree bloomed profusely, and early in the season both had a fair setting of fruit. When the fruit on the sprayed part of the tree had matured, only specimens ruined by the fungus were to be seen on the other part. The same applications were made upon a tree of the Seckel pear that had been much infested with an allied species of Fusicladium. The results indicated that about six per cent, of tiie fruits were saved from injury by the treatment. The past summer the experiment was repeated on the crab tree, and also extended to seven apple trees of the Fall Pippin variety. The crab tree was sprayed seven times, viz.: May 7, IG, 23 and 30, June 4 and 25, and August 22, all at the rate of one pound to ten gallons, except the first, which was of half that strength, In order to make the experi- ment more complete the treatment was applied to the part that had not been sprayed in the ])recoding years. The sea- son proved rather unfavorable for the de- velopment of the fungus and the fruits were but little injured even on the part of the tree not sprayed. On August 25, a quantity of fruit was gathered from the two parts of the tree, and assorted into three qualities, as before noted, with the following result, expressed in per cent- ages: srnAYKD PORTION. r.N'si'KAYEn POUTION. DIKKKR- KNCE. First quality. . 87.9 71.8 IG.l Second quahty. 11.2 25.5 14.3 Third quahty. .9 2.7 1.8 The apple trees were sprayed five times, viz. : On May 11, 21, 23 and 30, and August 22. On September 5, a quantity of fruit was picked from the sprayed portions of all the trees and from the parts not sprayed, and each lot was assorted into three qualities, as noted for the crab tree. I give a summary of the results for the seven trees as follows, in per centages : SPR.WED POKTION. UNSPR.WED POKTION. DlFFEIt- ENCE. First quahty. . 59.1 41.8 17.3 Second quality. 3G 1 40. 6 9.5 Third quahty.. 4.8 11.16 7.8 The results show clearly that the hyposulphite of soda proved beneficial in every trial, but in no case has it been a complete preventive. In large orchards much infested with the Scab, the good ef- fects of the applications would undoubt- edly well repay their slight cost, especi- ally where the trees are to be sprayed for the codling moth, as in that case the only additional expense would be tlie very slight cost of the salt. On tiie whole the results offer hope that we may yet be able to combat this disease successfully. Hyposulphite of soda is a crystahne salt, readily soluble in cold water. It is not poisonous, nor in any sense offensive to use. It may be purchased at the or- dinary village drug store in quantities of ten pounds at about six cents per pound, or if ordered in larger quantities from a wiiolesale house could he had correspond- ingly less. Notes upon the same topic, giving ob- servations in Canada, were jiresented by Prof. D. P. Peiihaliow, of Montreal: For the purpose of gaining more exact 70 APPLE SCAB. knowledge relative to the conditions under which this disease operates, a circular of interrogation was issued during the pre- sent season, to various interested persons throughout Ontario, Quebec and Ver- mont. At the present time of writing, only a portion of the returns are in, but from tliese, we are able to gather informa- tion which, in connection with what is al- ready known, may prove of interest and value. In notes on this disease, presented by me to the Montreal Horticultural Society at its Winter meeting for 1886, and pub- lished in the twelfth annual report of tiiat Society, the following statements of in- terest at the present time, were made: "At the time of the last harvest (hSSG), Fameuse ai)ples of prime quality, com- manded five dollars per barrel, while those which were only a little spotted, could be had at two dollars and less, according to the extent of injury. One or two esti- mates will assist us in forming an idea of the loss incurred from this disease. The orchard of Mr. K. W. Shepherd, Jr., at Como, has a bearing capacity of one hund- red barrels. Owing to the spot, however, which affected the entire orchard, the ap- ples were sold for one dollar and fifty cents per barrel, thus representing an extreme possible loss of three hundred and fifty dollars; or if we deduct a reasonable per- centage for seconds and thirds, and also allow for unusual prices as determined by scarcity, there would, even then, remain a margin of loss of a most serious nature." Mr. C. Gibb informs me that in his orch- ard, which was completely exposed to the prevailing winds, and in which the spot was more pronounced than in any other in his vicinity, the effect w^as so great that his apples brought an average of only twenty-five cents per bushel, or sixty-two cents per barrel. If free from spot, the same. apples would have sold for seventy- five cents per bushel, or in an average year, for more than fifty cents. Out of fifteen barrels he had : First class 0 barrels. Second class 1 " Third class 4 Fourth class 10 The effect of the disease in diminish- ing the size of the fruit is most marked. Mr. Gibb states that the diseased apples were to the normal apples, as to size, in the ratio of 1 :2 or 1 ;3, and since the direct loss in price is at least fifty per cent., the actual loss involved in this orchard, is represented by the ratio of 1 :4 or 1 :(>. Prof. Treleas,e enumerates thirty-one varieties of apples, which, in the Western States, are subject to this disease. Our inquiries in Canada and Vermont, have so far discovered only six varieties, apart from seedlings, as affected. They are the Fameuse, Mountain Beet, St. Lawrence, Montreal Peach, Canada Baldwiij and Mc- intosh. This list contains three varieties not included in the list of Prof. Trelease, thus making a total of thirty-four varie- ties which are known to spot. From this it would appear probable that, while cer- tain varieties are known to spot much more readily than others, we can hardly consider any variety as being proof against the disease. Very few incidental disorders are re- ported; that which is of the most serious character, and which has been reported by all our correspondents except one' being a splitting of the bark, together with a more or less blighted or " scalded " apjjearance. We are as yet unable to trace any rela- tion between the disease, soil, drainage and exposure. These may all exert a more or less important infiuence in in- creasing or diminishing the disease, but the testimony thus far at hand, strongly indi- cates that they are only of secondary ira- l)ortance. While in some cases the dis- ease was well developed in orchards exposed to the prevailing winds, in other cases it was equally prevalent in protected orchards. Similarly, on drained and un- drained lands, on gravel, clay and loam, THE IMl'KOVEMENT OF WILD FRUITS. 71 the disease seems to have made its ap- pearance without much regard to tliese conditions, or without being imuli iiitlu- enced by them. One very important point deternnned by our inquiries tlius far, is that altliough an orchard may be very seriously aifected one year, it tnay be wholly free from sjjot the next year; a fact conspicuously illus- trated iu tlie present season as compared with last year. This would tend strongly to show that the disease is in no sense constitutional, and that it is induced by external conditions in which the soil ex- erts only a subordinate influence. We are therefore led to ask if meteorological conditions are specially favorable to jier- iodicity in this disorder? As yet we can- not give very precise information on this point, as a critical comparison of the most marked appearances of the disease, with a meteorological record the same years and localities will be necessary. A compari- son, however, of the meteorology for 188() and 1887, during the critical months of May, June and July may afford some in- dication of what is to be expected : 1886. 1887. Mean Rel. Temp. IIuiii. 54.58 63.28 67.75 Mean Temp. Iltini. May 54.58 69.7 61.06 57.9 Julie 63.28 72.2 66 25 70.2 July 67.75 73.2 73.48 69.3 A comparison of these figures with the means for twelve and thirteen years is also of interest in this connection : I88ij with 12 Year.-'. 1887 witli i:^ Vear.s. Mean Rel. Jlean Kel. Temp. Hum. 'I'emp. Hum. May 64.18 65.6 54.71 65.00 June 64.32 68.4 64.48 ()H.6 July 68.83 71.4 69.19 71.25 From this we discover a serious appear- ance of the disease to be coincident with a cold, damp Spring, and its disappearance to coincide in the following year, with a warm, dry Spring, favorable to normal growth. Thus there would appear to be a possible foundation for an opinion held by Mr. N. C. Fisk, of Abbotsford, and ex- pressed to me by him. Speaking of the disease of last year he says that "The Scab, or black spot, on the Fameuse and other apples was caused by the cold and wet weather in the months of May and June (1886). The last May and June (1887), were particularly free from cold and wet weather, and our Fameuse are clean and free from the Scal\ or black spots. I think we can safely maintain that the spots on the different apples are caused by cold and wet in the early part of the season, and that the year 1887 has fully proved the fact." How far this view is really justified can only be ascertained from more extended inquiries, but this certainly appears to be the direction in which tlie most import- ant results are to be ol)tained. The next subject taken up was: The Improvement of Wild Fruits — An Experi- ence with the Amelanchier Canadensis BY E. S. GOFF, GENEVA, N. Y. This superb collection of fruits that we have the pleasure of looking upon here to- day is not the product of unaided nature. Had the trees or vines that bore these fine samples sprung up in the tangled forests, or on the uninhabited prairie, they cer- tainly would not have borne specimens fit for exhibition. The qualities tliat make these fruits worthy of so honorable a posi- tion are almost entirely due to the aid that man has given to nature. For centuries the horticulturist has labored to assist Pomona. He has encouraged her well- doing by providing abundance of food, and by removing as far as possible the ob- stacles to her best development. He has ])runed her exuberance in unprofitable di- rections. He has carefully assorted her offerings, sparing only the finest. To-day we are looking upon the cumulative result of all this care and labor. We do not know what the ancestors of these fruits were when man's intelligence •i'l THE IMPROVEMENT OF WILD FRUITS. first prompted him to foster them; but we have every reason to believe that tliey hoie little comparison to their present estate. Perliaps some of the wild fruits of our swamps, forests or prairies, are as capable of development as were the unimproved parents of certain of these triumphs of horticulture. Perhaps by applying with systematic effort, the knowledge that has been elicited during the past centuries of experience in developing our orchard and garden fruits to some of the more prom- ising among the wild children of Pomona we may find that they too will readily re- spond to our assistance. The subject is worthy the attention of the experimental horticulturist. It should not be said that we have already enough delicious fruits. The field of the iiorticulturist is to develop to the utmost all wholesome fruits that can please the palate, and until he has done this, his labor is not completed. I desire to call the attention of all who are interested in the improvement of wild fruits to the dwarf Juneberry, botanically known as Amelanchier Canadensis. Though very little known in horticul- ture, this modest shrub springs from a most noble family, being a not very dis- tant relative of the apple, pear and quince. Surely, if high connections are any evi- dence of merit, this plant is worthy of our respect. My experience with it be- gan in 18oston, for 118 va- rieties of pears. Dudley VV. Adams, Tangerine, Fla., for 2 varieties of Japanese Persimmons, and 2 varieties of lemons, notably well grown. Lincoln Grange, for 21 varieties apples; 11 varieties of pears; 5 varieties peaches; 5 plates of Eaton grapes ; 5 plates Hayes grapes; 1 plate Barberry. HONORABLE MENTION. Warren Fenno, for 4'2 varieties of pears. Edward B. Wilder, for 45 varieties pears. Smith & Kerman, St. Catharines, Ont., for 17 varieties of peaches, instructive as grown in the extreme northern limit of peach culture. J. M. Hawks, Hawks Park, Fla., for 2 varieties of lemons, and 2 varieties of Japanese Persimmons. W. W. Thompson, Smithville, Ga., for 3 varieties of lemons, and 1 variety of lime, 1 plate of Keiffer pear. John B. Moore & Son, Concord, Mass., for exhibit of Eaton and Hayes grapes. C. C. Shaw, Milford, N. H., for m varieties of apples. P. P. Brooks, for 15 varieties of apples grown by Cliristopher Grastorf, Wells- ville, N. Y., under A. N. Cole's system of subirrigation. FEUITS EXHIBITED. 89 OTHER EXHIBITS. Clias. S. Smith, Lincoln, Mass., lo VLirieties of peaches. David L. Fiske, Grafton, 9 varieties of peaches. A. L. Hatch, Ithaca, Wis., -2 plates of McMahon's white apple. Wm. A. Springer, Fremont, Wis., 2 plates of Wolf Eiver apples. Samuel Hartwell, Lincoln, Mass., 4 varieties of peaches. R. Jack, Chateangay Basin, 1'. Q., Canada, 1 plate Alexander apple, 1 plate Famense. P. M. Augur, Middlefield, Conn., 1 plate Late Crawford peaches. Mrs. Thos. Christian, Dorchester, Mass., box of raspberries, from this season's canes. C. A. Green, Rochester, N. Y., 1 potted plant of Jessie strawberry in bearing, also ])hotograi)lis of a field of plants of the same variety, and a photograph of the Wilder pear. W. C. Strong, Brighton, Mass., (5 plates of Niagara grapes grown by the Niagara Company, Lockport, N. Y. G. W. Campbell, Delaware, O., 4 plates of Woodruff Red grapes. Jenkins, McGuire & Co., Baltimore, Md., " The Ripe Fruit Carrier " shipping crate. SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE MASSACHU- SETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR GENERAL DISPLAY OF FRUITS OF ALL KINDS. Lincoln Grange ^25 FOR COLLECTION OF APPLES E. F. Babcock, Russelville, Ark $25 Worcester Grange 15 C.C. Shaw 10 COLLECTION OF PEARS. Ellwanger & Barry $25 C. H. Hovey 15 Warren Fenno K • COLLECTION OF PEACHES. C. S. Smith $25 Sujith & Kerman 15 David L. Fisk 10 COLLECTION OF NATIVE GRAPES. T. S. Hubbard Co $25 E. Williams 15 F. M. Hexamer, (). B. Hadwen, P. M. Augur, T. T. Lyon, C. L. Watrous, RoBT. Manning, Committee. The Committee on Native Fruits made the following report: Report on New Fruits. To the F resident Atiierican Pomological Society: The committee on new native fruits re- spectfully report as follows : The chairman, upon invitation, during the season of 1886, visited the grounds of C. Engle, of Paw Paw, Michigan, who has, for niany years, been engaged in the origination of seedling peaches. He has, more recently, been engaged in cross fer- tilization, with the purpose of improving the hardiness of the fruit buds of early and Late Crawford, using, in several of these crosses, the ])ollen of Hale's Early upon Late Crawford. A seedling of this cross is now fruiting, said to be in season about August 18th. Specimens of this were subsequently shown at the Michigan State Fair and received a premium, and a recommendation as worthy of trial. It is described as follows : The tree is hardy; fruit very large, roundish, slightly elongated, mottled and obscurely striped with briglit red; flesh creamy or greenish white; texture melt- ing, fibrous, juicy, vinous, sprightly, rich; very good to best, uses, market and des- 90 NEW FRUITS. serfc; freestone, Avery large and excel- lent early peach, adapted to till the hiatus between Hale's Early and Early Crawtord. At the request of the originator the com- mittee named it Pearl. At the same fair a seedling grape, origi- nated by C. P. Chidester, of Olivet, Mich- igan, was recommended as worthy of trial. It is described as follows : A cross of Con- cord upon Delaware. Ihe bunch and borry resemble Concord, the color being that of Deliware. The quality is excel- lent. The fruit ripens with Delaware. The vine is vigorous and seems hardy. The committee thought it very valuable, and, with the approval of the originator, it was named Lyon, in honor of the presi- dent of the Michigan State Horticultural Society. Mr. Robert Manning, of Massachusetts, reports: " It is not, in my opinion, wortlj while to mention a parcel of seedling fruits, whicli will probably never be heard of again. The only ones that appear to me to be worthy of mention are the Bel- mont strawberry and the Eaton grape. The Belmont is, I believe, a seedling from the Sharpless, and resembles it in size and quality, but is of better shape. The flesh is firm ; it keeps well and is thought de- sirable, both as a market and family va- riety. It is rather late. Tlie plants are strong growers and very productive." " The Eaton is a black grape, which has attracted much attention. In size of bunch and individual berries, and in gen- erally attractive appearance, it excels any other native grape shown at our (Mass. Hort. Soc?) exhibitions. Its quality is good — about on a par with that of Con- cord, if I recollect rightly." F. M. Hexamer, of New York, reports the Gold strawberry as a promising va- riety, embracing most of tlie good quali- ties of the Jewel, with a better flavor. Dr. Samuel Hape, Hapeville, Ga., exhib- its a supposed natural seedling of Vitis rotundifolia — on the branch, which he proposes to name Eden — claimed to ma- ture earlier than any other of its class. Levi Bell, Orangeburg, N. Y. : A new fall sweet apple; fair size, dark red with many dots; a fair sweet apple of good (juality. It is said to be a great bearer. Specimens shghtly affected with bitter rot. Eli Minch, Shilol), N. J.: A reputed new seedling; a yellow apple of good size, rather tart; apparently a tolerable culi- nary variety. J. D. Cole, Deerfield, N. J. : Grange apple; a winter apple of the size, form and color of Rhode Island Greening, ap- parently a good keeper; mild in flavor, but too unripe to fully show its character. C. R. H. Star, Port WilHams, N. S. : Pear — A supposed seedling, but known for fifty years; size medium; obovate, clear yellow with a bright red cheek; stem an inch long; flesh fine grained, tender, melting, juicy ; decays soon at the core; flavor vir.ous. From the same: Plum — Size some- what above medium; nearly round; dark purple with a blirish white bloom ; cling- stone; flesh greenish yellow; moderately juicy; quality medium. Thos. A. Dawson, Worcester, Mass.: Apple — Below medium in size; form, ob- late, dark red with many yellowish dots; a beautiful fruit; sprightly, subacid ; prob- ably a midwinter fruit. E. F. Babcojk, Russelville, Ark., shows G8 varieties of seedling apples selected by hiin in that State. After carefully look- ing over them and testing a few of those deemed most promising, the committee felt compelled to limit their report to the collection as a whole. The committee regard the exhibit as a very attractive one, and creditable to both the exhibitor and the State. J. Van Lindley, Pomona, N. C, two seedling pears originated eight years since. Lucy Duke, large golden russet, pyriform; yet too immature to judge of its quality. Beaufort, size medium, in NEW FEUITS. 91 form similar to Winter Nelis; said to keep iuto Winter; yet immature. Smith & Ivermau, St. Catharines, Out. : x\pple — Said to be a seedhng of Fameuse, a Winter apple yet immature. Allen Moyer, St. Catharines, Ont. : Similar in bunch, berry and quality to Delaware; said to be earlier than that variety and less sprightly in flavor. Smith & Kermau: Peach — Similar in appearance and season to Smock free. Illinois City, Iowa. No. 1 — Marie Ijouise, best of the collec- tion. No. ;] No. G— Marguerite. No. 8 — Illinois City. No. 9 — Emma. No. 10— Bertha. No. 19— x\lphonse. No. 22— Warder. The committee could only commend these, or any of them, in case they shall prove to possess valuable qualities aside from those manifest in the specimens shown. J. T. Macomber, Grand Isle, Vt., ex- hibits an alleged hybrid between Strigosus and Occidentalis, which gives less evi- dence of value than Shaffer and several other similar varieties. Wm. A. Springer, Fremont, Waupacca Co., Wis: Apples — Blaine, a fine looking fruit, but of indifferent quality. E'ghtman- A sprightly winter apple, yet immature. Alden — A fine looking acid fruit. Martha— A bright red late autumn fruit, rather acid. Waite — A.September apple of indiffer- ent quality. Waupacca — A good looking oblate apple, of good size, but below medium in quality. Manning — A yellowish apple of more than medium size and medium quality. Crocker — Similar in a])pearance to Pc- waukee, very mild in flavor. Geo. W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio: Grapes — Cross between Worden and Walter; bunch and berry small, compact, black with blue bloom ; sweet with tender pulp. Improved Delaware— Manifests little if any improvement so far as the fruit is concerned. Bettina — Hybrid between Hartford and Muscat Hamburgh ; in appearance and quality, intermediate between the two. Peerless— Hybrid between Hartford and Muscat Hamburgh ; greenish; bunch long, not shouldered ; apparently not fully ripe. Seedling of Worden, fertilized by Dela- ware and Purity pollen mixed; green; quality — apparently not fully ripe. Worden and Delaware Seedling ; sweet, but very foxy. Seedling of Niagara; extra early; yel- lowish. Not apparently valuable. With a Concord Seedling; a medium sized greenish grape of indifferent quality. A. S. Fuller, Kidgewood, N. J. : Antoi- nette grape, one of the Miner Seedlings; greenish ; bunch and berry above medium ; vinous; slightly foxy. Luther Eames, Framingham, Mass. Cross between Concord and Delaware bunch and berry large-; double shouldered light amber; pulp tender, with a slight Muscat flavor; the history should be sup- plied. J. F. LeClare, Eochester, N. Y. : Dia- mond grape; Seedling by Jacob Moore; buncli and berry medium (first fruiting on two year vines); color, light green; qual- ity good, though not fully ripe. T. E. Burke : Chance Seedling grape, at Ottawa, Ontario; berry medium; bunch very large and compact; long double shouldered: pale green; whitish bloom; not fully ripe ; flavor vinous. Jas. M. Paul, North Adams, Mass. : Seedling grape, said to be very early. Bunch and berry below medium ; pale green; bunch loose; pulp very tender; quality good. T. T. Lyon. F. M. Hexameb. 92 PLACE OF NEXT MEETING. On motion of E. T. Field, of New Jer- sey, the Executive Committee was au- thorized to till any vacancies which might occur in the list of Vice Presidents. Place of Next Meeting. Dr. H. H. Carey, of Georgia, presented an invitation for the Society to hold its next meeting in the State of Florida, and suggested for the date February, 1879. Dr. Samuel Hape, of Georgia, heartily seconded tlie invitation, and called atten- . He should be informed of the method of preparation and of application of the hest insecticides. 7. He should experiment with such remedies and preventives as his own ob- servation and experience may suggest. 8. He should avail himself of the pub- lications in economic entomology relating to fruit pests. These have become num- erous and cannot fail of proving of great service. The first three of what I have named asreciuisites of the successful fruit-grower, viz.: Names of insects, recognition of new forms and discrimination between foes and friends — may be largely met by the use, in connection with observation of the living insects, of the volume en- titled, " Insects Injurious to Fruits," by William Saunders. It is an exceedingly valuable compilation of most that is de- sirable to be known, for practical uses, of our fruit insects, and has been prepared by a gentleman, whose long experience as a fruit culturist, together with a high reputation as an entomologist, had in every way fitted him for the work which has been so successfully accomplished. The volume — an octavo of over 400 pages with illustrations on almost every page — is published by the well-known publishing house of J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, of whom it may be ordered. SOME PESTS OF THE I'OMOLOGIST. 109 For the fourth requisite — for some knowledge of the orders in which insects are grouped, aud in addition, a compre- hensive idea of the famihes in which the orders are divided, I would recommend the purchase of Dr. Packard's " Guide to the Study of Insects." It is a large octavo of over 700 pages, abounding in illustrations, and is well adapted to the wants of those who desire some accurate and general knowledge of the insect world. The eighth edition was pubUslied in 1&S3, by H. Holt & Co., 29 W. Twenty- third street, New York City; price $5. For the fifth requisite — a knowledge of the manner of feeding, it is necessary in the employment of remedies to be able to distinguish between biting insects, the Mandibulata, which are provided with mandibles, or jaws, and sucking insects, the Suctoria, furnished with a proboscis for extracting the sap of plants. The former are killed by the application of poisonous substances to the surface of the leaves or other parts of the plants on which they feed, while the latter, living only on the interior juices, are entirely unaffected by such applications. Of this last class, are all of the plant-lice, or Apliides, the scale insects, bugs proper, and, in short, all comprising the extensive order of Hemiptera. Against these the strongest arsenical preparations are of no avail, but they are vulnerable to applica- tions that will affect them through their breathing pores, as, for example, kerosene, which closes these pores and produces suffocation. INSECTICIDES. The sixth requisite named, is a knowl- edge of insecticides, and of the means for applying them. Not many years ago the only known methods of combatting insect pests, were hand-picking, beating from shrubs or jarring from trees on sheets spread under- neath, attracting to lights or fires, and taking up and burning the infested plants. As insects multiplied and more ample means for their control were required, in- secticides, so called, were discovered. ■Twenty years ago, when a beetle whose home was in the Eocky mountains, had, at the approach of civilization, abandoned its wild Solanum food-plant for the more nutritious cultivated one, and was rolling eastward over the Western States as steadily and as irresistibly as a tidal wave, the timely discovery by a citizen of Illi- nois that Paris Green was an effectual remedy for it, at once brought under con- trol the ravages of the devouring pest, and made the continued cultivation of the potato a possibility. Ten years thereafter London purple, a residuum in the manu- facture of an aline dyes, was found to be almost equally efficacious against the Colorado beetle ; and, as the fruit of experiments since conducted, we have now in these two arsenical compounds, insecticides effective against nearly all of the mandibulate insects which feed ex- posed on such vegetable substances as we or our domestic animals do not require for food. The need of reaching the large order of suctorial insects which are not affected by the arsenites, led to the discovery of the value of kerosene as a destroyer of insect life. It was found to be fatal to every insect to which it could be applied. As in its undiluted state it is also fatal to vegetation, means were sought, aud were speedily found, for reducing it to any de- sired degree. Often as the methods of preparation of what are known as "kero- sene emulsions" have been published in our agricultural and horticultural jour- nals, it may be of service to you to give the most approved method in a single short sentence. The best emulsion for general use is jiro- duced by violently agitating through the rose of a force-pump until emulsified in a homogeneous mass, two parts of kerosene to one part of a hot soap solution, made by dissolving a half pound of common soap in one gallon of water. 110 SOME PESTS OF THE I'OMOLOGIST. The ordinary dilution of the above emulsion for use, is with nine parts of cold water. Of the various other insecticides with which the fruit-grower will find it to his advantage to be familiar, as hellebore, pyrethrum, carbolic acid, coal tar, tobacco, etc., I will not speak, but will refer you to publications in which they are fully discussed, and which constitute a part of that literature of economic entomology, which should find place in the library of each one of you. The necessity of limiting the si/.e of this volume, com- pels the presentation of au ahstract of the concUulins pages of tliis paper, prepared hy its author and used with his permission. PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO FRUIT INSECTS. After paying a high comi)liment to the Entomological Division of the Depart- ment of Agriculture at Washington, for the admirable work it had accofcnplished in the study of insects, discoveries of insecticides, and invention of machines and devices for their application, the speaker commended the ])ubhcations of tlie Division, in the annual report of the Entomologist, Prof. Riley, and in its oc- casional bulletins (fifteen now issued), as of great value to the fruit-grower. There should be no difficulty in getting the an- nual reports, either from Representatives in Congress or from the Commissioner of Agriculture, as they are included in the report of the Commissioner, of which Congress annually orders an edition of four hundred thousand copies. Of the other publications in economic entomology of w^hich commendation was made, was the following: The four reports of the United States Entomological Commission. The Bulletins of the above Commis- sion, especially No. 7, on " Insects In- jurious to Forest and Shade Trees," by Dr. Packard. Reports of Dr. Fitch on the Noxious and other Insects of the State of New York. Reports of Prof. Riley (nine) on the In- sects of Missouri. Reports on the Insects of Illinois, four- teen in number. The American Entomologist, three volumes. The Practical Entomologist, two volumes. The special value of each of the above to the fruit-grower was pointed out, as also their general character, where they were to be obtained, and the price, when known. In conclusion, tlie speaker expressed his belief that the means he had indicated for meeting insect depredations were not difficult to employ. Compliance with the requisites that he had made would not only yield a pecuniary reward, but at the same time add to mental wealth, enlarg- ing and enriching the mind by opening uj) to it new sources of pleasure as one is led from the simple contemplation of the beautiful, curious and wonderful forms of insects, to their various habits, and the surprising instincts or the shadowing of reasoning powers so frecjuently displayed The study of the myriad insect world, even apart from its utility, could not fail of being a fascinating adjunct to the l)leasurable pursuit of fruit-growing. HONESTY IN TESTIMONIALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Ill SUPPLEMENTARY PAPERS. The following valuable papers were pre- sented by their titles, the time of the con- vention being too fnlly occupied to have them read at length. Honesty in Testimonials and Recommenda- tions. BY M. CRAWFORD, CUYAHOGA FALLS, OHIO. This is a subject of special importance to Horticulturists. Being a progressive people, they are anxious to keep up with the times and raise the best that can be obtained; and they are obliged to depend largely upon the testimony of others in regard to the merits of the stock they buy. Horticultural societies have done much to encourage the raising of new fruits and many of these are introduced each season. The fact that a variety is new, however, is not sufficient to secure its ready sale. It must possess merit or have the reputation of doing so, and this reputation, whether deserved or not, is gained by means of testimonials. Let us notice a few of the ways in which new fruits obtam a better name than tliey are able to sustain. A fruit-grower originates some new- variety which, in his estimation, possesses great merit. Nor is he alone in his opin- ion. He favors his friends with samples of the fruit, and some of them pronounce it the best they have ever seen. A few are permitted to fruit the new variety — probably under very favorable conditions — but if they discover faults in it, the owner is so possessed with the idea of its superiority that they dislike to un- deceive him, and so they say what good they can and leave the other part unsaid. They speak the truth but not the whole truth, and the new variety becomes popu- lar only to be cast aside when others find out the faults which those who have tested it already know, and ought to have told in the beginning. Years ago it was customary to obtain testimonials from preachers, as such were supposed to be entirely reliable, but fruit- growers have learned that however truth- ful preachers may be they are not neces- sarily experts, and their testimony is not always conclusive. The same is true of many others who mean well but are not competent judges. They recommend new varieties in strong language because in their narrow experience they have seen nothing better. Others are premature in their judgment and write before theyhave had the means of informing themselves. For instance, a man becomes interested in the strawberry and plants a hundred varie- ties in the fall, three or four plants of each. The following June he publishes a report to enlighten the people, but the people would be better off without it. Sometimes the man who can tell about a new thing is at a premium, and this in- duces 6ome to tell more than they know — to give information whicli they hojie to gain at a future time. It is often the case that where new scrts are sold at a high price, they receive ex- traordinary cultivation, and this brings out tlieir best points, and so the reports concerning them are more favorable than they are later, when the commercial grower gets possession of thenj. Still more miscliievous is the custom of giving new varieties extraordinary cultivation before tliey arc; dissiminated at all, thus obtaining wonderful specimens and allow- ing the pubhc to believe that they were 112 THE CEANBEKKY INDUSTRY. produced by ordinary lueanF. It is all right to give high culture, but when the results are exhibited the method by wliich they were gained should be reported. I ast of all, a man may give a false tes- timonial for profit. He may be a silent partner, or he may have the promise of a share of the gains in consideration of his influence. It is a lamentable fact tliat there are a few men who will lie for money, and the mischief they do in horticulture is incalculable. In contrast with these, and at the same time in harmony, we find those horticultural gossips who rarely test a new thing, but are always ready to con- demn what they have not seen for the sake of the dear public. If it is wrong for one class to over-praise, and thus in- duce the public to buy things not worth their price, it is also wrong for the other to speak ill without reason, andthusdeter people from ])urchasing a really good thing. Both classes are false witnesses, and both have a strong tendency to dis- courage enterprise in horticulture. Perfect truthfulness is the most import- ant characteristic of a testimonial. The honest course is the right one, and it is the safest and best for all concerned. iVny other results in loss of time, money, and confidence on the part of the purchaser, and the loss of all self-respect and, finally, of trade on the part of tlie seller. Heretofore it has been very difficult to get new varieties fairly tested. Few know this unless they have had the experience. Originators have found, to their sorrow, that in too many cases their seedlings in- trusted to others for trial have been prop agated with all haste, so as to have a stock ready at the time of introduction. This state of things has led to much of the dis- honesty in testimonials, of which com- plaint is made; but we are now on the eve of better times in this res])ect. At the experiment stations originators can liave their seedlings tested by experts without risk, and the people can get the exact standing of all new sorts. Several of these stations have been in existence for years, and the number is about to be increased. Those already established are in the hands of men who are entirely dis- interested and eminently reliable. No man ever did more to encourage the raising of new varieties than the late President Wilder, and we must concede that he acted wisely. Progress can be made in no other way. But this good work is being brought into disrepute by dishonesty in testimonials and recom- mendations. It is possible to remove this difficulty now that the State has provided means by which new varieties may be im- partially tested, and correct reports given. If a grower has a new fruit that he medi- tates introducing, let him show his confi- dence in it by sending it to the stations for trial. We require fertilizers to be an- alyzed by the State — why should not new fruits bear the State testimonial? The Cranberry Industry. BY EEV. .lOHN H. BEAKELEY, PH. D., BOEDEN- TOWN, N. J. The cranberry is the fruit of an ever- green woody vine {Vaccinium, Macrocar- pon) having upright fruit stems, and grow- ing in wet places, chiefly in and on the margin of peat bogs. Its edible qualities have been known time out of mind, as the aboriginies of our country were accus- tomed to gather the wild fruit as a part of their winter stores. The early settlers, too, soon learned to appreciate it. More than two centuries ago, one of these, writing from Burlington county. New Jer- sey, giving a description of the wonderful productions of their new home, says: " There grows in the swamps a berry about the bigness of a cherry, which make excel- lent sauce to be eaten with the wild tur- kies and deer, which abound in the same swamps." And yet, strange as it may seem, neaily two hundred years were suf- fered to elapse before serious efforts were made to rescue it from its native swamps THE CRANBERRY INDUSTRY 113 and place it under cultivatiou. The time came, however, during the fifth decade of the present century, when some earnest, far-seeing men on Cape Cod determined to test the matter fully, and such was their success that before the middle of the century had been reached, they had clearly demonstrated that the wild cranberry could be cultivated with profit, and that the unsightly marshes where it grew nat- urally could be transformed into veritable gardens of great value. To effect this, however, much fruitless effort had to be expended, many failures recorded, and much ridicule endured by tlie entlnisiastic few wlio believed that it could be done. So Massachusetts has the honor of show- ing to the country how vast tracts of use- less territory may be placed undej- culti- vation and add largely to the food supply of her increasing millions. New Jersey soon learned the art, but so recently, that at the close of the late war she had com- pai atively but a small area under cultiva- tion. And still more recently Wisconsin began to turn her marshy lands to account. Others of the New England States, with New York also, and some of the Western States besides Wisconsin, have lands upon which the wild vine grows naturally, and nave engaged in the culture of this fruit. And as the supply increased the demand has increased with wonderful rai)idity. The wild berries formerly gathered from the swamps, amounting annually to only a few scores of bushels in any one neigh- borliood, seemed to be in light demand, and met with only a slow sale. Within the past half century a merchant in Bur- lington (bounty. New Jersey, thought he saw a chance for speculation by getting up a corner in the crop, and purchased all that could be had, which was doubtless less than 100 bushels, paying for them sixty-two cents per bushel. But the de- mand fell below his expectations, and he lost money by the transaction. Jjut since cultivation has become a success, the de- mand has grown immensely, and last year's cro]) of more than a half luillion bushels all went into consumption at re- munerative prices. Tlie early cultivators having discovered that where sand was spread over vines growing naturally, it not only stimulated the growth of the vines, but also increased the size of the fruit and added very largely to the quantity — hence sand appeared to be the great desideratum, and for the time was looked upon as the only requisite for successful culture. Swamps were cleared up and covered with a coating of sand in which the vines were i)lauted. These usually grew rapidly, covering the entire surface in four or five years, when they would yield a fair crop, and continued to do this in some instances for several years. But soon they began to languish and lose their liealthy, vigorous appearance. Evi- dently something was needed. That something was found to be winter flowage. Arrangements had accordingly to be made to cover the vines with water during the winter. But in many cases this could not be done, either because the land was too high or there was an insufliciency of water. Such bogs ceased to be productive and much loss was thus incurred. But another difficulty soon arose, ren- dering Winter flowing absolutely neces- sary. There exists in our swamps a small cream colored moth, the larvce of which feed on the leaves of the whortleberry and cranberry and which lias become known to science in recent years asTei-as (formerly Tortrix) O.njcoccana. A space thickly covered with cranberry vines is a most in- vitingfieldforthisinsignificffnt little moth, furnishing abundant pasture for her num- erous progeny. As a consequence they so multiplied as in many instances to destroy every green thing on the most pronjising bogs, giving (hem the aspect of having been scorched by fire. Hence the name "fire worm," given it in some localities. It is also known as the " vine worm " or " web worm." A careful study of tjio habits of this insect, made known the fact that 114 THE CRANBERRY INDUSTRY. there were three hroods each year, aud that the parent moth which continues the species emerges in Autumn, survives the Winter, and deposits its eggs usually be- tore the 1st of May. So where a bog is entirely submerged during the Winter and the water held until this period, which can be done without injury to the vines, it serves as a complete protection against this pe-t. But scarcely had the cranberry grower learned to combat successfully the fire worm before a new and more formida- ble enemy appeared, known scientifically as the Aiicliylopera vacciniana, with the coaamon name the same as the Teras, but with very different habits. The perfect form is a small gi'ay motli, much smaller than the Teras. It has but two broods in a year. The last brood of moths emerge about the first of August, deposit their eggs on the under side of the cranberry leaves, and in the course of five or six days die. The eggs are covered with a varnish impervious to water, so that the regular Winter flowing of the vines has no effect u])on them, but after the water is withdrawn in the Spring the larva? hatch and enter upon their work of destruction. This they do effectually, the second brood often being sufficiently numerous to de- vour the young fruit as well as the leaves. To stay their progress various remedies have been tried with greater or less suc- cess. White helebore, when properly ap- plied, will destroy most of them. Hold- ing the water till the middle of May and then drawing it slowly, so that as it grows warm on the Inargiu, it will hatch and drown the larvae, has been found to an- swer on bogs where the fall is not too great. Kerosene emulsion also has been used with good results where the vines are free from grass. But the only remedy which has proved completely successful is re-flowing the bog after the larvae have hatched in the Spring, say from the 15th to the 20th of May. Hence the necessity of a good supply of water, so that the vines may be covered in two or three days, or what is better still, reservoirs of suffi- cient capacity to fill the bogs in a very short time. From these considerations it may be seen how important is an abundance of water in cranberry culture. Bat there are other obstacles in the way of successful culture. Prominent among these is the disease known in New Jersey as the "scald." This made its appear- ance about fifteen years since, and but few bogs have escaped its ravages. A number of theories have been devised to explain its origin, but up to the present no satis- factory explanation has been given. Many remedies also have been suggested and tried, no one of which has proved effec- tual. The aid of the general government was invoked and an expert was sent to the cranberry region to investigate the mat- ter, but no practical information has been elicited. Many thousands of bushels are annually destroyed by it. Last year the owner of a large bog reported his crop prospect in August at 8,000 bushels, but at the close of the season he informed me that he had gathered only half that iiuan- tity, the "scald" having taken about 3,000 bushels, and an early frost 1,000 bushels. Some years it is worse than others, much depending upon the char- acter of the weather. Often it begins in July ; at others it is delayed till after the middle of September. Late frosts in May or June not unfre- quently destroy the tender shoot develop- ing from the fruit bud, while scarcely a season passes without a portion of the fruit being destroyed by early frosts be- fore it is gathered. I have now named the leading obstacles in the way of successful cranberry culture, a part of which may be avoided by a judi- cious selection of lands about to be planted in vines, while others cannot be provided against by any human foresight. The conditions most likely to secure success are these : A peat or muck bog, THE OliANl'.ERIiY INDUSTRY. J15 so situated that it can be thoroughly drained ; sand near by which is to replace the turf, roots, etc., when removed; water for Winter fiowiug with a dam sufficiently high, that all the vines may be covered. In addition tlie water supply must be suf- ficent to reflow the bog in two or three days, or it must be so located that reser- voirs may be constructed for this purpose. Many bogs now yielding fair crops of fruit annually do not possess all these requisites, and as a consequence are in danger of the attacks of insect enemies, without means of protection should these make their ap- pearance. The cost of planting in vines a bog pos- sessing all tlie reciuirements necessary to success, will vary from ^250 to $500 or more per acre. Much will depend upon the length and height of the dam re- quired, the distance the sand has to be brought and the cost of reservoirs for re- fiowing. In \Yisconsin much has been done in simply improving natural bogs at a cost of from ^10 to f 20 per acre. This may seem to be an economical arrange- ment, but experience has shown that money so expended is less likely to make satisfactory returns than an equal amount expended on lands which possess all the requisites of a really good bog. For three or four years after the vines have been planted, it is necessary to re- move the grass and weeds which spring up among them. By that time the vines will have taken complete possession of the ground, and but little attention will be re- quired. One of the sedge grasses (Garex Cullata) and two or three rushes often dispute the ground with the vines for years, and if not removed, will do serious injury. A light crop may be expected the third year after planting, and a full one tlie tourth or fifth year. Ordinarily a bog will continue in full bearing from ten to twelve years, without showing signs of deterioration. Bye and bye, however, the vines will begin to die on small sections. These dead vines the careful culturist will remove at once, and plant with new vines. And taking the hint that the vitality of the vines is becoming exhausted, he will have recourse to the measure necessary for the restoration of this vitality. The usual method is either to mow off the old vines and thus get a new growth from near the root, or cover them with a new- coat of sand. The latter method is more frequently practiced than the former, as it does not involve the necessity of the loss of a crop or two in the renovation of the bog. In this way a bog may be kept up for an indefinite period of time. Cultivation has improved both the size and quality of the berry, the cultivated berry losing the slight acidity wdhch char- acterizes the wild one. In New Jersey 100 bushels per acre is considered a fair yield for an entire plantation. But on small tracts the yield is sometimes much greater than this. I have known three bushels gathered from a single square rod, being at the rate of 640 bushels to the acre. Two years ago, I gathered -1,100 bushels from thirteen acres, being over 300 bushels to the acre. But such a yield is not common. The number of well defined varieties of the cranberry, depending ui)on shape, size and color, has not been fully ascertained, I am acquainted with ten of these, but this does not cover the whole list. In New Jersey, when a new bog is to be planted, the custom has been to procure the vines from the neighboring swamps, where they grow naturally, no attention being paid to the variety. But in New England consid- erable attention has been given to the selection of, and propagation of choice varieties, and in this way more saleable berries have been secured. Prominent among these is the Early Black, known to the trade as Cape Cod berries. While a poor keeper, being among cranberries what the Fall Pippin is among apples, and inferior to some other varieties as a sauce producer; yet ripening early, and being highly colored, it commands an extra 116 THE CEANBEERY INDUSTEY. price in tlte market. And now it has be- come quite common in New Jersey for persons putting out new bogs to plant with the Early Black vines from New England, so that in a very few years we may rea- sonably look for an over production of Early Blacks. Some other varieties, re- markable for their size, have been brought under cultivation, for which extra prices aie obtained. Besides differing in shape, color and size, cranbeiries also vary in their culinary properties. While the highly colored, over ripe berries are usu- ally preferred because of their appearance, careful observation bas shown that varie- ties not so highly colored make a more delicate sauce and m greater quantity than the over-ripe ones. The question naturally arises, has cran- berry culture been a financial success dur- ing its experimental period now in pro- gress. Some doubtless have made money in this line of business. Those who were fortunate enough to secure locations where the rot did not make its appearance, or where it was not very destructive, and who have water sufficient for flowing and re-fiowing, usually get very satisfactory returns for their investments. But I fear these do not constitute the majority of growers. A large portion of the vines planted in New Jersey, and doubtless in other cranberry regions, are on grounds not fully adapted to the purpose. The few successful ventures have been widely published, and many have rushed into the business without sufficient care in the selection of suitable grounds. Ignorance and haste have thus been the cause of much loss. And yet scarcely a year passes without witnessing a large addition to the acreage planted in vines. On this account intelhgent cranberry growers have for years feared an over production of this fruit. This fear was realized in 1885. Being an unusually fine growing year, with an exemption from hurtful frosts, more than three-fourths of a million of bushels were harvested. The largest cron of any preceding year had fallen short of 500,000 bushels. The supply thus largely exceeding the demand, prices were very low, and few growers received enough for their crops to pay for the gathering and marketing. Last year a severe frost de- stroyed nearly the entire crop in the West, thus preventing a repetition of the dis- heartening results of tlie precG>diug year. A writer in the Western Farmer sums up the situation in Wisconsin in the follow- ing words: "In 1885 there was such a great over production that hundreds, if not thousands, of barrels were dumped into Lake Michigan in Chicago, and the grow- ers had even to pay the charges for haul- ing their crops into the lake. * * * * We have had three years of liard times; one brought a very small crop at $10 per barrel, the next brought the largest crop ever produced, and fetched to many less tlian its cost of raising, while last year brought no crops at all to many. * * * Think of it that after the fruit is put into barrels and shipped at a cost of about ^3 per barrel, the honest commissioner sends you before next Spring $1.30 per barrel, which were the products many re- ceived for the great crop of 1885, luiving been worse than the last year's crop, when we had no crop at all." Indeed it is doubtful whether cranberries can be grown witli profit in AVisconsin except in a very few favorably located situations. Frost often does much harm, sometimes sweep- ing away almost the entire crop, and when this does not happen it is liable to be so large and prices so low as not to pay tlie cost of gathering and marketiDg. During the past ten years considerable effort has been made to introduce this fruit into Europe, specially into England, and to some extent also into Grermauyand France. The result of these efforts, how- ever, has not been satisfactory. N. E. Frencli, Esq., tlie able statistician of tlie American Cranberry Growers Association in liis report on the very large crop of 1885, uses the following language: "At THE CRANBEURY INDUSTUY. 117 the comnienctment of tlie season, the Fruit Growers Trade Coiupauy looked u])oa the great crop and the inevitable low prices as an opportunity for a largely increased export trade. They iiad several years ago, when prices were low succeeded in exporting nearly 2,000 crates witiiout loss, and iioped to more than double tliat small figure the present season. " Siiipinents were made to Liverpool, London, Glasgow and Burmingham. " The first reports were very favorable and increased sliipments were hurried for- ward, but soon there was a peremptory cable message with one word ' Stop.' " The upshot of the whole business is that about 1,200 crates seem to have glutted the entire United Kingdom, and are likely to bring loss upon the company. " At Dresden, Saxony, there are so many resident Americans, that a grocer who caters for them gives us an older every fall for a small lot of cranberries and cranberry sauce. When filling this order last fall, we concluded to venture by the sauje ship a consignment of twenty-five crates to Hamburg. In due time our con- signee advised that he had offered the fruit for sale, and the best bid he could get was 4s per crate, which he declined, and sent the lot to Liverpool, where he noticed they were quoted at 10s, and wliere they were finally sold at 8s. * * * "At present the persistent efforts of the last ten years to introduce cranberries abroad liave had very little effect beyond what Americans across the sea require." Not very encouraging truly, still persever- ance may yet reap its appropriate reward. Cranberry culture is still in its infancy. Much has yet to be learned before it can be fully depended ui)on as a certain source of income. Doubtless much land will continue to be i)lanted in vines, which is not fully adapted to the purpose, aiid which consequently will result in loss. Over-production also will at time cast its dark shadow over tlie entire industry. New insects, too, with unknown habits will continue to appear as in the past, and perplex the most intelligent cultivator, and new diseases blight the fairest prom- ises. And yet, I sincerely believe that the cranberry industry has a grand future be- fore it. Where this delicious fruit has come into use, there seems to be no article of food to take its place. Alike welcome on the table of the rich and the poor, there are but few other articles of food so universally sought after. To the man with a good appetite or a poor appetite, it is alike welcome. And when its anti- scorbutic properties become more fully known, its use must become greatly ex- tended. It ought to be, and doubtless will be, before many years, introduced into the navies of the world, and no vessel will enter upon a long voyage without an ample supply of cranberry sauce among its stores. With an abundance of this anti-scorbutic at hand there will be little danger of scurvy, that disease so dreaded on chipboard. The fact that it may be so prepared in the form of a most delicious sauce as to keep in perfect condition for years renders this possible. That it may be so kept even in warm climates, I give the following letter, from the steward of the Duke of Edinburgh, to whom the agents of the Fruit Growers Trade Com- pany* had sent a case of their sauce: H. M. S. iSultan. Basika Bay, Aug. 18, 1877. Dear Sir: The preserved cranberries you kindly sent me in February, 1876, for service on board this ship, have only now been brought into use, and I find them excellent. They have had a good trial, having passed through two summers in the Medi- terranean, and being as good now as when brought on board. I have no hesitation in giving them a place among the best preserves on board ship. Your ob't servant, W. Gardneij. '■- A Stock Company, Frenrli ct On., jigents, ISO Keaile street, New York. 118 FRUIT BREEDING AND SEED EXTINCTION. Tlieu with a cautious extension of the any great achievement. We would have planting, sufficient to meet the increasing to content ourselves, in all likelihood, with demand from year to year, but not enough an enumeration of the successes gained to overstock the market, the industry in diffusing an interest in horticultural may be made to produce satisfactory re- matters, and in the increased production turns to those engaged in the business. of various fruits. Then perhaps we sliould I append a summary of the crops of the have to acknowledge to ourselves that tiie country for tlie past four years, taken apparent success in producing new fruits from the proceedings of the American has come more from tlie attention that Cranberry Growers' Association. has been given, wliereby desirable hap- ■|^gg(; penings have been preserved and dissemi- New Jersev ^'^-"^ 000 bushels uated. If such be the fact, and I believe New England 28.5',000 " i^ to be so, it is time to have it generally Vfestem^Qt&tea.......... 12^000 " ^^^o^'^ i" o^"<^er that there may be a stronger public support of efforts designed Entire crop 552,000 " to induce a real progress. 18S5. Science has been truly defined as syste- New Jersey 198,125 bushels matic knowledge, or, asis better expressed. New England 280,879 " knowledge reduced to a system. There AVestern States 264,432 " has been all too little ol this in the pur- suit of liorticulture, and yet analogically Entire crop 743,436 ' reasoning upon conditions of success 1884. would lead us to believe that a systematic New Jersey 124,648 bushels study of tlie tree as well as of its fruit. New England 130,583 '' and of the physiology of plant seeding Western States 24,783 " and variation, would suffice to furnish — ^ \ " methods of practice which might be of Entire crop 280,014 " ^^.^^^ promise. That tliere has been some 188^3. little desultory work done in this direction New Jersey 118,524 bushels i am willing to acknowledge, Init the self- New England 141,964 " interest of practical horticulture should Western States 135,507 " lead to the demand, that, at pubhc insti- T^ ,. oTTTTTZ << tutions designed for the benefit of agri- Entire croi) 39.-) 99o .. -. , .■ ^i. ,i i.- n ' ' culture and horticulture, the essentially scientific work should be attempted, and Fruit Breeding and Seed Extinction, ^^ ^^'Oi'l^ °^ t^'^ character which is now so well done by amateurs and professionals BY DB. E. LOUIS STUETEVANT, DiEECTOR NEW [^ practical life should bc left with those YORK AGRiCTTLTUEAL EXPERIMENT STA- wlio do this already sufficiently well. TiON, GENEVA, N. Y. There is room in horticulture, and a If we should seek to tabulate modern pressing need, for the highest scientific achievements in horticulture, we would talent, and attempts like those represented have to confess how little has been accom- by Dr. Englemann's work upon grapes of phshed commensurate with the number of the Bushburg catalogue, and of Mr. Mun- workers and the large held over which son upon the grape in Texas, should re- efforts have been attempted. If we should ceive official commendation and encour- ask ourselves fairly in what respect we agement on the part of this association, of the present excel those of the past, I In the present lack of thoroughness in think we w^ould find it difficult to ])rove horticultural knowledge and in the nearly FRUIT BREEDING AND SEED EXTINCTION. 11<» complete ignorance that we are in con- cerning the co-relations between inward and outward properties, it ill becomes me to assume mastery, and hence I do not care to discuss the co-relations between seed extinction in fruits (and quality) in any otlier point of view than that of a student. In the transactions of the Mass- achusetts Horticultural Society for 1880, is an essay entitled " Seedless Fruits," which incorporates the evidence that I had gathered up to date, showing that there is a very strong probability that such a co-relation exists. Since 1880 T have collected evidence which strengthens the position therein taken, and while I have shown a strong theoretical probability in favor of this view, yet I am sorry to say that I ana unable at date to offer tlie evidence of decisive test. Of the many attempts made in this direction, the results of all can be interpreted as favorable to this view and not as antagonistic, and this, per- haps, in the present state of knowledge upon these questions, is as good a success as can reasonably be expected. To recall to mind to this expert audience thefact that the sweetest and boniest peaches are apt to have a split stone, that those accidental plums which have a split stone are of sur- passing excellence for their variety, that the best of cherries are apt to have the stone deficient in a well developed embryo and that in general a lessening of seed ac- companies exceeding high quality in other fruits is but to suggest a line of trial which all analogical and test reasoning al- ready at hand justifies; and this is, that, in attempting to raise seedlings for the best improved varieties we should make special effort to obtain seed from the split kernels in peaches or plums; from tbose varieties of apples and pears which exhibit a deficient seeding, and from the nearly seedless fruits of the grape, current, gooseberry, etc. Tbe same line of thought concerning the co-relation between seed extinction and quality, suggests also the allied thought, which has as well many analogi- cal facts in its favor, that a method for obtaining early varieties should be legiti- mately attempted in the line of planting the seed of unripe fruits. It is within the bounds of a reasonable probability that by growing the seed from unripe strawberries, an unripe peach or an unripe apple, the chances of increased earliness would be very much enhanced, and if we can escape the penalty of too great an enfeebled state of the plants, practical gain may be ulti- mately looked for with confidence. The doctrine of heredity, f.-specially that branch which is included in the name atavism, has also a close relation to tbe present subject, but the theme is too vast for the present discussion. Heredity is a force that holds species to their type. Hybridity tends to deviate from the type and promote atavism. Heredity in turn tends to purge the species of hybrid con- tamination. Within this conflict of op- posing heredities, seed extinction, or the tendency thereto, seems to be a usual i^ro- duct. We may hence reasonably assume that as seed extinction is an accompani- ment of weakening powers of opposing heredities, planting seed from nearly seed- less fruits would frequently ^Iyb us seed- lings in which heredities have become neutralized and in which the acquirements gained through cultivation would exert a greater power. So far, therefore, as my present knowd- edge justifies, I feel that I am safe in recommending to the intelligent seeker for new varieties, high culture, hybridiza- tion and the use of seed from resulting fruits which contain seed diminished either in number, size or protective cover- ing. V2() THE RELATION OF SEED rRODtlCTION TO CULTIVATION. The Relation of Seed Production to Culti- vation. BY L. H. BAILEY, .IK. There seems to be a considerable con- fusion of opinion concerning the sup- posed relations between seed production and cultivation. There is a very general notion that production of seeds lessens in direct i)roportion to the departure, through cultivation, of the plant from the first, or wild type. This supposition, it occurs to me, is but partly true, and even Y\'hen true, is misleading. For the present purpose the relation of seed production to cultivation can be suffi- ciently studied under three general heads, tiie first of which discusses selection more particularly. By the term seed produc- tion I mean to refer to the seed product of the individual fruit, not to that of an entire infioresence or plant. 1. Seed production lias increased, as a rule, In tliose plants ivhlcli are cultivated for their seeds. Man would naturally and almost unconsciously select for sowing those seeds which are borne in the most productive fruits. In this way a slow, but continuous, selection has augmented seed production, many times, no doubt, almost mdependently of cultivation. Examples of this increase may be found in certain tropical plants, and beans and peas. Of course the converse of this rule will be true in those cases in which man desires a lessening of seed i)roduction in order that some advantage may be gained for the seeds that remain. 2. Seed production Jias decreased, as a, rule, in those plants which are propa.f/ated exclusively or nearly so hy parts, other than seeds, which nature uses in their propaga- tion. Under this caption may be cited the banana, sweet potato, potato, horse- radisli, some onions, and others. As a rule, all wild plants which propagate readily by tubers, offshoots, or similar means, produce comparatively few seeds, or in some instances, none whatever. In this connection it is only necessary to cite the instances of quack grass upon certain soils, Canada thistles, and some potamo- getons, in suppoit of this proposition. The production of seeds and fruit is an exhaustive process, demanding much of the plants vitality, and if this vitality is early diverted into growth of other organs necessarily the fruit and seeds must suffer. This explains whj the early varieties of potates produce fewer seeds than the late varieties. The tubers form earlier in the life of the plant and the plant energy is diverted before the blossoms a])pear. If the tubers are not allowed to form, the plant ijroduces flowers and fruits abund- antly. This has been proved by Thomas Andrew Knight. For the same reason, flowers on young and thrifty fruit trees do not set fruit, although the tlowers may produce good pollen and perfect pistils. Luxuriant growth make the first demand upon the young tree and seed production suffers. Cultivation lessens seed produc- tion and fruit productions in some of these cases simply because it exaggerates the opposing methods of propagation by de- manding larger tubers; but the cultiva- tion, of itself, is not opposed to seed pro- duction. The case of the banana is uuicjue in this section, inasmuch as the rootstock is not the part especially demanded by man. Yet there is reason to believe that in this case selection, rather than cultivation, has had the most to do with the seedless character of this singular fruit. Perhaps a discussion of this case should fall more properly under tiie nest caption. 3. Seed production bears no inwiediate relation to cultivation i7i those plants lohich are cultivated, for the flesh or pulp of their so-called fruits. As a rule, the cultivated varieties of apples contain more seeds than the wild plants of Europe. Forty speci- mens of the wild crab (Pyrus Mains) of Central Europe produced an aggregate of 250 seeds, or an average of 0 2-5 seeds to each fruit. Forty Northern Spys con- tained 481 seeds of an average of 12 1-40 THE DELATION OF SEED PRODUCTION TO CULTIVATION. 121 to the fruit. Norniallv, tlie apple should I am disposed to regard the seedless contain ten seeds, two in each cari)el, but apples and pears in the light of seminal some of these Spys had fifteen seeds and sports, exactly aualagous to red ai)i)leH, one had eighteen. Yet some other varie- long apples, or other forms of variation ; ties of apples contain fewer than the nor- and I should not expect to find this char- mal number, while some are almost en- acter to possess much stronger heredit- tirely seedless. There is generally a slight ability than form or color. Relative seed increase in seed production as fruits deve- production can be well studied in the lop awav from the first type, especially if tomatoes, as we have the wild type, or very the fruiis become larger. This is a natural near it, and numerous monstrous varieties consequence of the increase in size though for comparison. I submit a table of seed it bears no constant ratio to this increase, production in tomatoes : No. of fruits in tLe pound. Red Cherry 101 Kimrli riit/ic OS King Humbert 1 King Humbert ^ J4 Criterion "1 Conqueror 6 I-arge Red "> Fran- i/ross rotlu- 5 llubbard-s Curled Leaf 7 liouge i/ro8$e luttiee ; 8 Tom Thumb 8 Improved Large Yellow l^i Persian 5 The Cook's Favorite 10 Boston Market 0 Fulton Market 0 New York Market 0 Troi)hy 5 Trophy 5 Trophy G C'irdinal 4 fjivingston's Favorite G New Red Apple .5 Tildeii 11) Par;igon I Paragon I Ktnery. 4 Acme .") Mikado J Krench Ui)right ■", .Vverage No. of seeds in a fruit. 7,312 73 2-5 4,830 71 1-3 645 92 1-7 70.3 07 l,0!t.5 156 8-7 1,315 203 1-2 1,754 250 4-7 1,480 396 1,310 187 1-7 1.608 201 1,502 187 3-4 2,250 173 1,398 279 3-5 1,457 145 7-10 1,100 184 1-3 1,441 240 1-0 925 1.54 1-6 880 177 1-5 702 140 3-5 1,4,50 241 2-3 941 235 14 1,166 194 t-3 1,S65 273 1,696 169 3-5 763 190 3-4 1,180 295 781 195 14 1,256 351 1-5 435 217 1-2 .-.83 116 3 .■) « II EKE THE VARTETT WAS OBTAINED. Agricultural College (Henderson). Prussia. Agricultural College (It(imon). Prussia. Agricultural College iOrei/ori/). England. England. Prussia. Agricultural College {NeUi.t). France. Agricultural College (Ji(i(eson). Agricultuial College {Thorburn). Agricultural College {Nellu). Prussia. Agricultural College (Uuwuon). Agricultural College {Gregory). Agricultural College [yellis). England. England. Prussia. Thorburn, N. Y. England. Agricultural College (Gregory). Agricultural College {Gregory). Agricultural College (JJendemon). Prussia. Agricultural College (/iiiwson). Prussia. Agricultural College (Ifendemon). Agricultural College (Thorlnrrn). V2.2 REPORT FROM ARKANSAS. Here the lowest average seed produc- tion is in the Cherry tomato, which is very nearly, if not exactly, the original foraj. There is a general, but uncertain, increase upon this average as the varieties depart from this variety. Yet this increase bears no relation to the extent of departure. Let ns compare the Cherry and the Mi- kado. The fruit of the Mikado is about fifty times heavier than that of the Cherry, yet the seed production is only three times as great. If similar comparisons are made between the Cherry and other varieties we shall find other degrees of dissimilar- ity between development in number of seeds and size and weight of fruit. In other words seed production in all fruits which fall under this third caption, is an incidental variation, the same form, color, size, flavor, texture and other characters. REPORT OF THE STATE FRUIT COMMITTEES. Report of General Fruit Committee. To the President and Members of tlie A iner- ican Pomological Society: Gentlemen: — The undersigned, on be- half of the General Fruit Committee, re- spectfully reports that in tbe mouth of November, 188G, and again in the month of June of the present year tlie usual cir- culars were addressed to the several chair- men of the State Fruit Committees. Up to the present time responses au'l reports have been received from eighteen States and Territories. It is hoped and expected that before the proceeding are ready to be published that the reports from several other States, which are lack- ing, will be sent in. In two or three in- stances the circulars failed to reach the chairmen as addressed and were returned. In some cases absence from home or change of occupation prevented the chair- men from giving the subject their atten- tion. I can only repeat what was said in the report of I'SSl : " I would suggest that all the chairmen of the State Fruit Committees be notified of their appointment immediately after the meeting at which tbey are appointed, and asked to signify their intention to accept or decline, and in such cases, where they decline, or cannot serve, the Execu- tive Committee be instructed to fill the vacancy at the earliest moment possible. The labors of the State Committees are of great importance to the Society, and therefore the greatest care should be exer- cised in selecting tlje several chairmen, not only with reference to qualifications, but also their willingness to serve." I take this opportunity to sincerely thank the various chairmen who have labored so assidiously to make a good report. Their labors entitle them to be regarded as public benefactors, and I hope they will continue their laudable and im- portant work. Eespectfully submitted, W. C. Barry, Chairman General Fruit Committee. ARKANSAS. Reported by S. J. Matthews, of Monti- cello, Chairman of the State Fruit Com- mittee. Eeferring to my former reports, of which this is only intended as a slight supple- ment, would say: My deprecation, two years ago, of the practice of planting the extra early peaches, to the well nigh total neglect, not only of other varieties of peaches, but also of other kinds of fruits, is in need of double emi)hasis at the present time. Peaches of the Alexander or Amsdentype REPORT FROM ARKANSAS AND CALIFORNIA. 123 have never paid here since they ceased to be a novelty, while now their superabund- ance, added to their tendency to rapid de- cay, render them decidedly unprofitable. We should plant, not only for home use, but for market, varieties to make a suc- cession of ripening throughout the season. The notion has prevailed that it was use- less to plant any sort for marketing in the Northern cities, which ripened later than the date at which the extra early sorts ripened in the latitude of those cities. This, however, is a mistake, since climate considerations render competition in peach growing, that is much north of us very insignificant. The following have proved the best market sorts here : Hale's, Troth, Rivers, Stump the World, Thurber, Old- mixon (free and cling), Columbia, Van Zandt, Mountain Rose, Picquett, Heath, Eaton's Golden and Austin's Late. The present season has added to the proof of the great value of our high hills for peach orchards. For while in other situations there were failures, for the most part total, caused by late frosts; in the hills, with scarcely an exception, there were an average of two heavy crops of peaches. The apple, except in the northwestern counties, is too much neglected as a market fruit in this State. True, that only in those counties can the late-keep- ing sorts be raised to profit. But Summer and Fall apples succeed to perfection nearly everywhere in this State, and they ship much better than peaches, frequently bring as much in the market and, except on high hills, are a much surer crop. Recommended for market: Astrachan, Red June, Horse, Taunton, Buckingham, Carter's Blue, Shannon, Horn, and Bac- caliuus. Pears, in a general way, are unprofitable. Tbe LeConte, thus far, being an excep- tion. It has been in bearing here, to some extent, two seasons, and has borne well, carried well and sold well. But consider- ing its coarse texture, insipid flavor and the extent to which it has been, and con- tinues to be, planted, my advice regard- ing it would be "go slow." CALIFORNIA. Reported by Dr. J. Strentzel, of Marti- nez, Chairman of the State Fruit Com- mittee of California. I beg to present a bird's-eye viev/ of the advancement of fruit culture in California. The progress is rapid, owing to the facili- ties of intercourse by railroad travel, spreading broadcast all desired inforuja- tion regarding the unique climate of tbe Pacific slope — the richness of its virgin soil and the wonderfully multifarious re- sources which attract the accumulations of Eastern capital to be freely employed in building up homes embellished by all the resources of art, as resting places for the lucky ones to enjoy life under most pleas- ing conditions. With this transference of wealth the energy of the old settlers is stimulated to substitute the varied fruit industries for the primitive routine of grain growing. Close study is required in a careful selec- tion of varieties most desirable for popular demand, to supply less favored regions with the most delicious fruits in Pomona's gift. We find the sunny, sheltered spots nourishing citrus fruit unconfined to the Southern part of the State, but extending the tributaries of Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and along the coast range to the ncrthern boundary of the State, dispelling the old myth of the golden garden of the Hesperides, for our thermal gardens are found on a line of 800 miles, tendering a home to the tree clothed in living green, star decked and crowned with gold. Vineyards, by the thousand acres, now cover slopes formerly used for grazing. The raisin industry is extending with un- exampled rapidity, doubhng on last year. Our wine is gaining favor, and it is not questionable that sound table wines will 124 REPORT FROM CALIFORNIA AND CONNECTICUT. be the potent means to reduce the use of ardent spirits, and the twin habit in evil, that of tobacco. We find the ohve bending under a load of fniit on saplings three to four years from planting. The process of drying and packing figs, so well adapted to be carried on in small homesteads, is constantly improving and expanding. Necessity, the great inciter to invention, is converting the fruit of 100,000 prune trees to rival the best French productions. It was feared that this year's crop of apri- cots, unusually abundant, would go to waste, but as the season passes we find them all utilized by exporting in the fresh state, by canning, etc., with not enough left to supply demands for the dried fruit. The same conditions are applicable to peaches. The demand for dried pears being lim- ited, lucious Bartletts crowded the market and considerable quantities have been wasted. Through efforts, mainly of Mr. Hatch, of Solano, the i^roduction of a very choice quality of almonds is assured. The process of common grafting, now recognized as practicable with walnuts, will expand nut growing to be a most lucrative industry. The Allegretti process of preserving fruit is gaining recognition and promises to be the means of protracting the keep- ing of fresh fruits. By the happy blending of the interest of the grower with that of the transpor- tation companies, over-production has been measurably averted by securing daily conveyance at reduced rates. Car loads of our surplus fruit are now distributed to the Eastern markets, finding a ready sale, and the demand is increasing. CONNECTICUT. Reported by P. M. Augur, Middlefield, Chairman of the State Fruit Committee. In reporting for Connecticut fruits, there are no very striking developments to report during the past two years. The apple now as in the past, is the king of fruits; is this year above the aver- age through the State, both in quantity and quality; its importance is more and more manifest, in a sanitary view, and as a food and luxury for the people. Far too great a proportion of the crop in every full bearing year is lost, which should be sold, used or evaporated. We, as a people, have yet much to learn in the economic handling of the apple crop; the relative value of varieties is now much as in the past. Our most profitable Autumn apples are the Gravenstein and Fall Pippin. The most valuable Winter varieties, Baldwin, R. I. Greening, Roxbury Russet, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Talmau Sweet, Pound Sweet. Our Summer apples are profitable only to a very limited extent ; the Primate is the best Summer apple but the Red Astrachan most profitable. We have several new seedlings claiming value, of which it is yet too early to speak. Any new apple must have most decided merit now to gain the attention of the American Pomological Societ.y. In pears the Bartlett heads the list as a valuable variety, followed in value by the Anjou, Seckel, Clapp's, Boussock, Onon- daga, Dana's Hovey, Lawrence. The peach crop is the most abundant in the annals of the State, and there is much encouragement to continue a judicious planting of this most delicious fruit. Our best list is, Oldmixon Free, Crawford's Late, Mt. Rose, Stump the World, Reeves' Favorite, Stevens' Rareripe, Crawford's Early, ranking in value in the order stated. There is too much loss in the very early peaches from rot, and of very late ones from frost. Plums are very subject to curculio depredations and black-knot; the first can be controlled, the second in certain locali- EEPOBT FROM CONNECTICUT. vzn ties involves more difficulty. We need to have a good list of plums not subject to the black-knot. The Chickasaw varieties seem so far to be entirely exempt. Among our plums the Lombard and Shropshire Damson, would be most profitable only for their extreme tendency to be covered with black-knot. The German Prune, Smith's Orleans, Bradshaw, Pond's Seed- ling, Reine Claude and Bavay's, Coe's Crolden Drop, and nuxuy others do admir- ably in skillful hands. Apricots and Nectarines are not a suc- cess in common hands. A few choice varieties of the Russian ap])les we think worthy of trial, particularly the Gibb, Alexis, Catherine, Alexander, Nicholas and J. L. Budd; tliese give a succession and we think under the circumstances will be liked, though we do not wish to speak too confidently. The cherry is a good fruit and sliould receive more attention, it should be canned a thousand times more than it is. A prime list of sweet cherries is Coe's Transparent, Black Tartarian, Gov. Wood, Downer's Late Red, and of sour cherries, Early Richmond, Montmorency, Ordinare, and large fraited Montmorency, with many other varieties doing nearly or quite as well. The quince is for preserving or canning a most delicious and healthful fruit and succeeds well in proper soil and with proper cultivation. Orange, Champion, Pear and Meech's are the leading var- ieties. Meech's Quince is promising, but in our latitude is somewhat liable to kill back in Winter, at least it has so troubled us; perhaps as the trees grow older they may stand better the effects of Winter. The grape is a most important fruit, easy of culture, and quite valuable as a fruit, for the million. In a list for every- body to have we would mention the Con- cord, Worden, Brighton, Moore's Early, Martha, Pocklington, Hayes, Herbert, Rogers' 39. Delaware is excellent in good hands, Niagara where the conditions are all right, but it is subject to mildew and somewhat to Winter-killing, so is Empire State. Vergennes Winter-kills and mil- dews. We are looking to the Ulster as one of much promise. Wilder, Merrimac, Pren- tiss, Salem, Agawam and Lindley all need sheltered arbors to guard against mildew and rot, while to cover an arbor or walk for shade, the Backus is unequalled. The Pocklington and Martha are both as hardy and nearly as productive with us as the Concord. SMALL FRUITS. The strawberry heads the list, and is successful in good hands all over our State. For a light soil the Crescent, Chas. Down- ing and Sharpless are leading varieties. For a heavy soil and high culture the Jewel must head the list for productive- ness, size and beauty; to this may be added, Belmont, Ontario, Lida, Gipsy and Sharpless. Perhaps the Crescent may bear more neglect than almost any variety, but the good cultivator will in no case tol- erate any -neglect. The Jewel makes plants sparingly, hence choose the most prolific plants for stock, and few persons will have cause to complain. For currants the Fay, Versaillaise, Cherry and Red Dutch are the best varie- ties, and for white, the White Grape ; but no white currant is received with favor by the general market. Raspberries. — Onr list for blacks is Springfield, Thornless, Souhegan, Gregg, Nemaha. For reds, Cuthbert, Reliance, Turner, Rancocus. Yellow, Golden Queen and Caroline, (and where protected) Brinckle's Orange. Blackberries. — Snyder, Erie, Taylor; the Wilson, Kittatinny, Wilson Junior and Early Harvest winter-kill too frequently to be trusted in our latitude. MuLiiERRiEs. — The Downing and New American are both very productive and certain to ripen fruit for six successive 126 REPOET FROM FLORIDA. weeks; the Downing is better but less hardy. Gooseberries. — Downing's and Smith's Improved are productive and hardy. The industry is large and productive and prom- ises welL In fruit, as a whole, the current year is of more than average iiroductiveness. FLORIDA. Reported by Edmund H. Hart, of Fed- eral Point, Chairman of the State Fruit Committee of Florida. Since your last session, there is perhaps no State in which fruit culture has made greater progress than in Florida; and enigmatical as it may seem, this condition of things has been brought about, in a great measure, by a disaster that, at the time, threatened to wipe out entirely the most extensive and important of our in- dustries, the growing of citrus fruits. On the 9th of January, 1886, there drove down upon us a cold wave from the ice fields of the Northwest, of such intensity as to wrap in a mantle of snow even the semi- tropic portions of the Union. The dwell- ers at Manatee, far down towards the extremity of our peninsula, where the like had not been seen before by any living person, were astonished at day-break to find the roofs of their houses whitened by this Arctic blanket. Grave apprehensions of the killing to the ground of all citrus trees were most fortunatelj^ not realized, for being in a dormant state from previ- ous cold weather, the injury resulting was mostly coniined to the partial loss of some of their tops, and at this period of writing they have nearly or quite recovered their former dimensions. Lemons and limes, which are more tender than the orange, suffered the most; in many cases being cut to the ground. The succeeding crop of oranges was es- timated by the most competent judges, as likely to reach seven hundred thousand boxes, but, to the surprise of all, about a million and a half were sent to market. One notable effect of the freeze, how- ever, is manifest, especially in the cooler portions of the State, in the increased attention paid to general farming, and the raising of fruits other than the orange. The Kelsey and other Japanese plums have been tried and found to succeed be- yond our most sanguine expectations. The Kelsey, in particular, has exhibited astonishing vigor of growth, productive- ness and size of fruit. Specimens from districts where the orange flourishes in perfection have attained proportions and coloring surpassing those grown in a more northern latitude, which indicates a spe- cial preference for, and an adaptability to a tropical climate, and places it in the same position with respect to plums that the Peen-to holds among peaches. It has already created a sensation. The Le Conte pear grows and has fruited well in the heart of the orange country. The same may be said of the Peen-to and Honey peaches, and seedlings raised from them. Some of these are an improvement upon their parents and open up a prospect for the development of a sturdy and numerous race of tropical peaches. Extensive orchards of the fruits above mentioned are being planted in all but the still undeveloped lower portions of the State. Many varieties of foreign and northern grapes are also being tried with increased prospects of success, and a very satisfactory beginning has been made in the manufacture of wine, which, it is thought by competent judges, can be pro- duced as cheaply and of as good quality as in the famous wine growing districts of France, when our cultivators shall have attained the requisite experience and skill. The Japan persimmon succeeds so ad- mirably upon stocks of our native diospy- ros, which spring up abundantly every- where, that some have been encouraged to plant extensive orchards of tliis delicious and attractive fruit. The most serious drawback to its cultivation arises from the ravages of birds upon the maturing crops. REPORT FROM FLORIDA AND GEORGIA. 127 From a small beginning the cultivation of strawberries has, in tlie last two or three years, expanded to such proportions as to outweigh in importance, in some communities, all other branches of horti- culture. Hitherto it was not thought possible to ship them to Northern cities unless in refrigerators, but last Winter many shipments were made with satis- factory results simply by express or fast freight, without the use of ice, tlie only essential requisite aside from rapid transit being careful stowage and thorough ventilation in suitable cars. The Newnan, Hoffman and Crescent are i)re- ferred ; but when not attacked by mildew, to which they are liable some years, the old Federal Point surpasses all in pro- ductiveness. Of all branches of Pomology, however, the growing of citrus fruits must always take the lead in Florida. The testimony of impartial judges to their un- surpassed excellence, and to the pre- eminent congeniality of surrounding con- ditions is well nigh unanimous. The shipping season may be expanded so as to extend over the whole year. Lemons are large enough to begin upon in July, the earliest oranges in September, and some of the late-ripeuing oranges, notably Hart's Tardiff maybe left without injury upon the trees throughout the fol- lowing summer. Experiments have dem- onstrated the practicability of keeping oranges and lemons many months in cold storage, without impairment of quality, and it is claimed that the same end may be achieved by the application of various anti-septic preparations. In the present experimental condition of fruit culture here, it is as well, perhaps, not to attempt any recommendation of special varieties until further trials shall have enabled your correspondent to speak with confidence. In the Northwest counties where climatic and telluric con- ditions resemble those of Southern Ala- bama and Georgia, quite a large variety of apples and pears may be successfully grown. These, of course, would mostly be failures in Central and Southern Florida. It is suggested that by grafting upon stocks of the sturdy oriental pears, a fair measure of success may be achieved with some of the Northern pears and apples, even to the borders of the tropics. GEORGIA. Reported by Samuel H. Rumph, of Mar- shallville, ('hairman of the State Fruit Committee of Georgia. Fruit culture is still on the increase in this State. The apple and grape seems to take the lead in the northern portion of the State, the peach and plum in the mid- dle, and the Le Coute pear Jiolds sway in Southern Georgia. We have the largest crop of apples ever known here, and the orchards generally have a vigorous and healthy appearance. Peaches the lightest crop for many years, in fact almost a total failure. They commenced blooming about February 15th and most of the varieties were in full bloom by March 1st. This being the natural time for blooming with us, every indication bespoke a fine crop,but on March 30th, when the leaves were half grown, and the young fruit w^as from one-fourth to one inch in diameter, we were visited by a severe frost, which destroyed the crop entirely, only in a few very favored localities. It is generally conceded that Houston and Macon counties shipped more peaches the present season than the re- mainder of the State combined, and there was not over one-tenth of a cro]) in those counties. The greatest obstacles to successful peach culture here are late Spring frosts and the curculio. We think the Elberta peach should be placed on the list of peaches in catalogue with (* *) two stars for Georgia, as there are more young trees being planted of this variety in the State than any other, and 128 REPORT FROM INDIANA. it is one of the most profitable varieties we have. The Le Coiite pear crop was very fine in Southern Georgia this season, and there were thousands of bushels shipped at pay- ing prices, but the crop was light in Mid- dle Georgia, and an entire failure in the Northern portion of the State. Blight has been reported on the Le Conte to a linaited extent from every section of the State this season. INDIANA. Reported by A. Farnas, of Danville, Chairman of the State Fruit Committee of Indiana. It is pretty well known that the apple crop with us is practically a failure, never more so, and but once since we have had trees large enough to bear, have we come so near an entire failure. With this condition of apple growing it seems to be difficult to obtain much in- formation from other parts of the State. Apples. — There has some sort of un- accountable change taken place, not only ill the health and tlirift of some varieties of trees, but also in the fruit it- self. In my boyhood days I can well re- member when the Yellow Belflower was an enormous fruit, immense crops and of the finest quality. Now these have not been a good crop over the country in thirty years. The A'andervere Pippin, was in almost every collection, and was very popular as a good cooking apple. But now it rots and falls prematurely, so much so that generally it is worthless. The rotting of this variety began in isolated localities while others near by appeared healthy. I noticed this in the demand for the tree. For instance, south of me the demand for this tree ceased some ten years before they gave it up north. Eawle's Janet was extensively disseminated in " early times." This tree is measurably healthy yet, but the fruit is much smaller and rots badly on the tree. About the first variety to fail was the White Winter Pearmain. This commenced specking or scabing a quarter of a century ago. The old Golden- russet or Bullock's Pippin, used to be my ideal of excellence, but now the tree is exceedingly tender, and it is a rare thing to find a smooth specimen of fruit. Later on the Ben Davis promised better and we all planted -Ben Davis. The first results were very satisfactory, bearing early and heavy crops. But this too has proved tender and is falling into disfavor. The White Pippin had a temporary run but was found to not bear well. One old var- iety stays with us, that is the Winesap, which I now think is in better condition than formerly. Taking them nearly in the order of their ripening we have Red Astrachan, not productive but seems to be hardy. Maid- en's Blush, though not very hardy still holds its deserved popularity. Grimes' Golden Pippin promises to be a good thing. Indiana Favorite promises well, seems hardy and the quality is desirable. Ross' Nonpareil is hardy, productive and desir- able, but would be better if it was a better keeper. Duchess of Oldenburg seems entirely at home with us, healthy good grower, bears early and freely, large and showy, and if not good, beats uotiiing a long way. Talman Sweet is the hardi- est tree with us, but certainly not as good in quality as we were led to expect from the praise it gets from the Eastern States. The Jarminite tree is very healthy, re- sembling the American Pippin, though in quality of fruit much superior, being a long keeper and generally gives com- plete satisfaction. Pears. — The pear crop tliis year is much better in proportion to the apple crop than might be expected. The crop might be put at from one-fourth to one-half crop. Few, however, have many trees, as the severe Winters, blight, and leaf bliglit, and other causes not easily explained, have taken almost all of our trees. Bartlett has REPOET FROM INDIANA AND IOWA. 129 been more extensively planted than any other variety. In early times standard Bartletts did well, yielding successive heavy crops, but now but a few crops at most are to be expected, and the trees die. The same might as well be said of Flem- ish beauty. Le Conte is tender and Keiffer has not proved satisfactory. Peaches. — Where there are trees there is fruit this season, for the first in four or five years. A peach is a peach with us. I am writing in Central Indiana, and this remark applies to us and North of us, but does not in the South, among the hills, where trees are set by the thousand for market. The South part of this State has the honor of originating the famous Flee- nor. Plums. — These fruits were of little value until the Wild Goose was introduced — which in most cases has been a success. The Miner gives us an occasional late crop. Just now the Kobiuson is all tlie go. It is only another variety of Chicka- saw, but for crops, and early bearing, I never saw its equal. Ten days or two weeks later than Wild Goose, and smaller but quality the same. Cherries. — Outside of the Early Rich- mond and English Morello, nothing has been extensively introduced that was worth anything. Strawberries are at home on our soil. The most popular here are Crescent, Cum- berland, Green Prolific, and on new, rich and damp soils the old Wilson's Albany, especially for market. Easpberries. — These always succeed well if the season is not too dry; especially is this true of the Black Cap. From what I can learn our markets deal less in the red varieties than any other. You may take a walk through our markets and never see ared berry. Mammoth Cluster and Gregg are the principal varieties, though I pre- dict a good demand for Shaffer's Colossal. Currants and gooseberries are rendered almost worthless by the depredations of the currant worm. Obstacles to Fruit Culture.— These, with the apple, are sudden freezing of the sap with the first frosts. The same with the pear, causing blight, with the peach the intense cold of our changeable Winters. Grapes have for many years rotted badly until this year. This was supposed to be on account of the unprecedented drouth. Concord, Delaware, Ives, Wor- den, Clinton and many other varieties have done well. IOWA Reported by G. B. Brackett, of Den- mark, Chairman of the State Fruit Com- mittee of Iowa. I regret that I cannot give a more cheerful report on the Horticultural out- look of this part of the country. Since my last report two years of the severest drouth ever known since the settlement of the State have added greatly to the test conditions of our climate and very materially to the discouragement of the growing of orchard fruits. In the North- ern part of the State almost everything less hardy than Oldenburg, Tetofsky and Fameuee, have been swept away. The effect has been to dampen the ardor and enthusiasm of the most zealous fruit- growers and to turn more than ever their attention to the work of obtaining more hardy varieties. Some are looking to the importation of apples from Russia, with the expectation of finding something that will witlistand our climate, while others are expecting more satisfactory results from crossing our best varieties with these hardy sorts from Russia. Now with these two classes of experi- menters in the field, there is no doubt but what a great change will be effected in the orchard fruit adapted to this great North- west. The rei)orts from different i)arts of the State as to the behavior of these Russian apples are quite confiicting, R. P. Si)eer 130 REPOET FROM IOWA. from the North writes : " Of the Kussian apples which 1 liave tried longest, the Silk- enleaf (a cooking apple) is most valuable. The Noble Redstreak, is very promising. I believe from four years experience with 130 varieties of the Russian apples, that many of them will ]irove valuable in the north half of Iowa." From Central Iowa Mr. C. L. Watrous writes: " For the last six years I have been trying to find among the importa- tions from Russia something to meet our wants. I have planted for trial more than 300 varieties of the ap]ile, some twenty- five or more of tlie pear, and as many of the cherry, all the plums I could get^ with trees and shrubs too numerous to mention. Of the apple trees a few have fruited, and with a single exception the fruit has been of the lowest quality; thin, sour and poor, with too often a twist of bitterness simply atrocious. As to hardi- ness, and healthfulness these 300 trees have not averaged as well as the common old varieties. It is tlie opinion of my foreman, in which I concur, that at least four-fifths of these liave shown such signs of inferiority as to stamp them worth- less here. Of all the jiears only one has proved sound and healthy. This has not fruited. Of the cherries, many have suf- fered from Winter injury. The Russian Apricot has fruited. The men in the nursery characterized the fruit as " sweet- ened Wool," so insipid and fibrous was it. The Mulberry has fruited abundantly and is utterly unfit for use." Notwithstanding the uncertainty about these foreigners, thousands are planting them before they have been tried sufficiently to sort out the valuable varie- ties from the worthless, and great will he their disappointment when they come into beaiing. Few, if any of them that have fruited have proved to be long keepers, and the (piality of the fruit is generally found to be far below our old sorts. It has taken forty years to find out that many of our old varieties would not stand the test of our trying climate, and how can we decide upon the merits of these new comers in the short time they have been among us. The statement which I make in my last report in reference to the Southwestern part of this State is verified by further in- vestigation. Many nurserymen are now turningtheir attention to rendering these old sorts more hardy by top-Avorking them on to hardy stocks, and one of the best stocks for this purpose is found in what is called the Virginia Crab (not Hewes), which is ])erfectly hardy and blight i)roof. There is a growing interest in the pro- duction of seedling fruits, and to encour- age this new enterprise our State Horti- cultural Society is offering very liberal premiums for such fruit as shall come up to a certain standard of perfection, as pre- scribed by rules and regulations which have carefully been prepared and pub- lished in the annual reports of the Society. Of the varieties of apples grown in the Western and Southwestern part of the State the Oldenburg, Wealthy, Fameuse, Fall Wine, Roman Stem, Wine Sap, Ja- net and Grimes' Golden, are the favorites. Others less liardy, such as Maiden's Blush, Benoni, Lowell, Wagener and Ben Davis, are still grown and are profitable, as they bear young and are prolific. The Ben Davis will continue to be grown as a market apple until something better is found to take its place. Native plums are grov/n more than any thing else, being less liable to the attacks of the curculio and more hardy than the European varieties. The De Soto, Wolf, Rolling Stone, Forest Garden and Wild Goose are considered the best. Of grapes the Wordeu heads the list for productiveness and profit, though not so well known or so extensively grown as the Concord. The Lady, Moore's Early, El- vira, Pocklington and Woodruff's Red are gaining in favor as they beccme better known. REPORT FROM IOWA AND KANSAS, ISl Of raspberries the Turner, Gregg, Tyler, Shaffer aud some others are extensively and profitably grown. The liat of strawberries that do well all over the State is a long one, but the Cres- cent still leads for productiveness aud pj'ofit. KANSAS. Reported by CI. C. Brackett, Lawrence, Chairman of State Fruit Committee of Kansas. This State has had ten consecutive years of abundant fruit crops, preceding that of liSSG, wliich was an exceptional one and rather light, and yet during that year the crop was not a failure, as the fol- lowing statistics compiled from reports received at the Secretary's office of the State Horticultural Society show (100 representing a full crop.) Apples 58 per cent. Cherries 59 " " Pears 40 " " Plums CO " " Grapes 78 " " Blackberries 76 " " Currants 59 " " Gooseberries '. 83 " " Raspberries 77 " " Strawberries GS " " The present year's crop will be a partial failure, as shown by the following crop re- port, made up on August 1st. Apple 4(i per cent. Cherry 87 " " Pear 43 " " Plum 4.S ■' " Grape 81 " " Blackberry 58 " " Currant 22 " " Gooseberry 34 " " Raspberry 54 " " Strawberry 44 " •' Of varieties of apples, the Early Harvest, Carolina June, Cooper's Early White, Clienango, Maiden's Blush, Lowell, Jona- than, "Winesap, Ben Davis, Smith's Cider, Rawle's Genet, Missouri Pippin, still lead as the most profitable sorts, and are very productive. Tlie York Imperial is rapidly gaining favor as a commercial variety, the tree having been proved hardy and pro- ductive. The Early Richmond cherry constitutes the main planting and crop; among pears the Bartlett, Howell, Anjou, Seckel and Lawrence are safe to plant; among plums the Wild Goose leads; Kittatinny, Sny- der and Taylor are our most valuable blackberries. Currants. — Red and White Dutch, White Grape, and for the western coun- ties a native black variety, which is very hardy and vigorous, and produces a heavy crop of very large berries. Gooseberries. — Pale Red and Hough- ton, and for the irrigated districts in the western portion of the State, the old English varieties seem to thrive. Raspberries. — For first early the Sou- hegan is hardy and immensely productive, followed in season by McCormick, Gregg and Shaffer. The last proves one of the most hardy both in Winter and Summer and very productive. Strawberries. — Crescent, Chas. Down- ing, Miner and Atlantic are satisfactory sorts. The main requisite to success here, as in other States, is in a deep and thorough tillage of the land before plant- ing, and frequent cultivation during the growing season. The present year's grape crop is quite heavy. The Concord has been mainly planted and is tlie most reliable, although other old varieties succeed in special loca- tions. Many of the newer sorts are prov- ing successful in the Arkansas river val- ley, and other locations where sand forms a large part of the soil. Such as the Pocklington, Niagara, Morris' Early, Lady, Elvira, Lady Washington, Duchess, Sa- lem, Highland, Black Defiance, Jefferson, Victor, etc. New Varieties. — The Cullen, an apple which resembles the White Pearmaiu, but is of much better quality, a very late keeper, and exempt from that almost fatal disease the " Scab." A new peach, origin Montgomery 132 EEPORT FROM KANSAS AND MINNESOTA. couuty, and undoubtedly of the Alexander strain, but much larger and more produc- tive than that variety and ten days earlier than the Amsden. Araspberry called the Lotta, a uniformly very large, glossy black berry, much larger than the Gregg, fine form, very sweet, flesh firm and juicy, a fine shipper. Plant a very strong grower, healthy, and en- dured the extreme cold of the Winter of 1886 and '7, without injury even to the tip end of the canes. MINNESOTA. Eeported hy S. D. Hillmau, of Minne- apolis, Chairman of State Fruit Com- mittee of Minnesota. The American Pomological Society has done and is doing a grand work for the promotion of American Pomology. It is perhaps, unnecessary to say that its influ- ence has been felt to a marked decree in the "North Star" State. Our report mast necessarily be some- what brief. The fruit crop in Minnesota the past season has been unusually light; several causes have contributed to this result, among them being late frosts, drouth and insect depredations. The drouth, while perhaps not nearly so pro- tracted or severe as in several other West- ern States, was quite damaging in its effects upon small fruit products. Grapes are a good crop and remarkably fine. Last year the season as a whole was a fruitful one. Apple orchards produced an abundant crop of fruit. Native plums were remarkably abundant also, while for the present season the crop is nearly a total failure. In the variable and peculiar climate of Minnesota, much persevering effort is re- quired on the part of Pomologists in order to attain the best results in the produc- tion of choice varieties of fruit. We have here a goodly number of intelligent, earnest and enthusiastic fruit-growers. who, for several years past, have been carefully experimenting and pursuing a line of patient investigation and research in order to develop and advance this good work. The necessity of this pains-taking effort is each year more and more appar- ent. Quite liberal appropriations are made from time to time by the Legisla- ture to aid the cause in various ways. Experiment Stations have been estab- lished in different localities in the State and the work begun and being carried for- ward is accomplishing good results. The Minnesota State Horticultural Society, which is now of age, having been organized twenty-one years ago, has done much for the cause of pomology, not only in the State but throughout the entire Northwest. Its meetings are well at- tended ; the discussions at its annual gath- erings are usually animated and of an in- teresting nature. The number of local or county organizations is on the increase, and these are doing efficient work. So far as Minnesota seedling apples are concerned there are no varieties as yet that meet with popular acceptance and favor like that accorded to our well-known Wealthy. It may be questioned whether we shall soon produce a larger seedling winter fruit, possessing greater merits, when hardiness of tree, fine quality of fruit and beauty of appearance are con- sidered. True it is there are some prom- ising candidates for public favor, but time will be required to fully test their merifs. Peerless originated in Eice county, a seedling of Oldenburg, appears to be a promising varietJ^ The tree has borne some ten or twelve crops of fruit and has proved to be hardy and productive. Oakabena, originated in Nobles county, is also promising. The tree has a diame- ter of seven and one-half inches a foot above the ground; top round, symmetri- cal, well balanced, of strong and healthy growth; fruit medium size, fine form, yel- low, shaded and striped with red; flesh crisp and juicy; quality as good or better REPORT FROM MINNESOTA. 133 than Wealthy. The tree has borne five crops of fruit. How well it may succeed ou other soil, with different surroundings, is yet to be determined. In this connection we may add, in the language of Prof. J. L. Budd, of Iowa, that " an apple that will endure our test Winters well must maintain perfect foliage during our hot, changeable Bummers and must be as determined in habit of ripen- ing its wood as the Box Elder or. Hickory ; it must have a bark that will absorb water readily in wet times in Autumn or early Winter; it must hibernate in Winter and have a cell structure practically incapable of freezing." There can be little doubt that Eussian apples, especially the newer sorts, are gain- ing steadily in favor among our leading or- chardists. Our experience here accords entirely with that of the distinguished Horticulturist of Vermont, Dr. T.H. Hos- kins, who says: "These apples are, as a class, very much hardier against adverse climatic influences and especially against Winter's cold, than those previously grown on this continent." Kussian fruits, where given a fair trial, are succeeding finely, producing large and showy crops of fruit. Mr. Andrew Peterson, Waconia, reports for last sea- son : " Hibernal, Ostrokoff's Glass, Ohar- lamoff and Winter Lowland, as usual bore a heavy crop of fruit; Christmas and Red Cheeked did not bear so much.'' Mr. Chas. Luedlofl, of Carver County, has some fine specimens of fruit this sea- son. He reports the varieties that with- stood the test of Winter best were: Rus- sian Green, Ostrokoff's Glass, Lieby, Kurski, Smelling apple. Round Wassen, Arcade, Switzer, Charlamoflf, Beel, St. Peter, Milton, Red Lake, Lake Winter. Mr. A. W. Sias, at Rochester, has num- erous varieties and reports the six best: Autumn Streaked, Russian Green, Juicy Streaked, (xreen Transparent, Red Cheeked, Wliite Russet. Mr. Wm. Somerville, of Olmsted County, has some forty-five varieties of new Rus- sians and is enthusiastic as to his success with them thus far. One unknown variety, very productive, large and showy, took the blue ribbon at the State fair last year. It is estimated there has been over ^200,000 worth of all kinds of nursery stock disposed of in our State the past year, fully one-half unfitted for this cli- mate. This money parted with for trash, worse than thrown away, gives cause for discouragement to mauy new beginners in fruit-growing and home adornment. In accordance with action taken at the annual meeting of the State Horticultural Society, a bill was drafted and passed by the Legislature for the purpose of prevent- ing fraud in the sale of nursery stock. This law appears to give very general sat- isfaction. It may not be the best means for accomplishing the end had in view, but is certainly worthy of a fair trial. First — Species of fruit grown success- fully, viz. : Apple {Pyrus Mains), Siberian Crab {Pyrus haccata), American Crab {Pyrus coronaria). Plum — {Prunus Americana) Wild Red and Yellow. Cherry — (P. Pennsylvanica) Wild Red Cheriy, (P. serotina) Wild Black, (P. Vir- giniana) Choke Cherry, (P. cerasus), Red Garden Clierry. Grape — {Vitis Lahrusca, V. (estivalis, V. Gordifolia). Strawberries — {Fragaria Ghilensis, F. vesca, F. Virginiana). RuBus — (Strigosus) Wild Red Rasp- berry. RuBUS — {Idceus) Garden Raspberry. RuBUS — {occidentalis) Black Raspberry. RuBUS — {odoratus) Purple Flowering Raspberry. RuBus — {villomH and Canadensis). Ribes — [ruhrmn) Red Currant. RiBES — (Floridum) Wild Black. Ribes — {nigrum) Garden Black. Vaccinium — Cranberry, Blueberry. Amelanohier — Juneberry, Serviceberry. Amelanchier — Canadensis, Shadbush . 134 REPORT FROM MINNESOTA AND MISSISSIPPI. Second — Varieties best adapted to Min- nesota soil and climate: **01denburg. **Wealtliy. 'Autumn Streaked. *White Russet. *McMahan White. *Hibernal. *Red Cheeked. *Red Anis. *Russian Green. *Antonovka. *Titovka. *Soiree. *Synonym. *Giant Swaar. fWhite Pigeon. tWhiteTransparent. tClreen Transparent. fKoursk's Anis. fBrett No. 1. fBrett No. 2. fBrett No. 3. tOkabena. f Houston. tPhkanoff Small. fRosy Little Turnip apple, t Lie by. Siberian Crab or Hybrids. — ** Whitney No. 20. **Early Strawberry. **Beacher Sweet. **Florence. **Power's Large Red Siberian. **Orange Crab. *Martha. *Sweet Russet. *Gideon No. Ci. *Byer's Sweet. *Orion. *Virginia. jDartt's Hybrid, f Sylvan Sweet. Plums. — **De Soto. **Harrison's Peacli. ** Weaver. **Forest Garden. **Rolling- stone. **Syu. Minnesota. **Wild Rose. *Rockford. *Cheney. *La Due. Cherry.— *Osthem. * Wild Black. *Wild Red. *Chokeberry. Grapes— **Worden. **Moore's Early. ** Concord. ** Delaware. ' Brighton. *Rogers' No. 39. *Lady. *Janesville. Strawberries. — **Crescent Seedling. **Downer's Prolific. *"Manchester. **01d L-on Clad. **Hart's Minnesota. * Wil- son's Albany. fJessie. Raspberries. — **Red. **Brandywine. **Turner. *Cuthbert. **Black Caps. **Ohio. *Gregg. *Doolittle. Blackberries — **Ancient Briton. **Sny- der. * Stone's Hardy. fThornless. Dewberries, — **Cook's Hardy. *Lucre- tia. tMammoth. Currants.— **Red Dutch. **White Grape. **Victoria. **Long Bunch Hol- land. **White Dutch. MISSISSIPPI, Reported by W. H. Cassell, of Canton, Chairman of the State Fruit Committee. As fruit growing for commercial pur- poses is largely on the increase and likely soon to be a leading industry in this State, I shall vary this report somewhat from those previously sent by giving it a trend in that direction, yet endeavoring to keep within the purview of the rules. The varieties grown are, for the most part, those which have been well tested, and known to succeed best, and hence the number is comparatively small. The orchards for general purposes embrace a greater number of varieties and call for a few changes in the catalogue. After enumerating the suggestion of changes for the catalogue, Mr. Cassell says: Sucker State, among strawberries, has been tried for two or three seasons with uniformly good results, and is by some preferred to Wilson as a market berry. Another season will probably give this and the Finch * *. Sharpless is very large, of excellent quality and fine for family or near market. Our growers have been afraid of Crescent, thinking it would not carry to Northern markets, but the past two seasons have demonstrated its suc- cess in this particular, and its heavy crops have made it highly remunerative to those who have tried it, so that it is now being planted extensively. The season just past has been a profitable one to strawberry growers generally ; and, from the inquiry now for plants, we judge there will be a large increase in the acreage planted the coming season. Raspberries are being grown to a limited extent for market. Turner and American Black being the principal varieties. Gregg, Ohio, Marlboro and Cuthbert are also planted to some extent. Ohio and Marl- boro should have f. This crop is not con- sidered so safe nor so profitable as the strawberry. Blackberries are so abundant in the woods that only a few of the improved kinds are cultivated — none for market. I tried Lawton years since, but it rusted badly and I gave it up. Kittatinny has borne several crops, is of tine size, excel- lent quality, and a profuse bearer. Wil- REPORTS FROM MISSISSIPPI. 135 sou Junior on trial — will fruit next year. Dewberries (wild) bear large crops and fine berries, in the alluvial soil iu the Mis- sissippi river bottoms, and tolerable crops elsewhere, ripening with the raspberries. Of the cultivated kinds Lucretia, Mam- moth and Bartle, bore heavy crops this season and may be said to promise well. Grapes are being planted for family use and to some extent for market; the varie- ties for market being chiefly Concord, Ives, Moore's Early and Delaware. The Scuppernong and varieties are being planted for family use and for wine. A small but interesting experiment in tile draining has been tried here by Dr. N. C. Orrick. He constructed an arbor nine feet wide and planted on either side, nine feet distant, in well prepared borders, the following varieties: Wilder, Elvira. Ni- agara, Triumph, Goethe, Delaware, Cyn- thiana, Peter Wylie, Lady, Martha, Max- atawney, Agawam, Herbemont, Mo. Ries- ling, Montgomery and Pearl. Soil a mu- latto clay. Before draining the growth of the vine was not satisfactory, and the fruit rotted largely. Since draining the vines Jiave grown better, are more healthy and the fruit does not rot. Considerable attention is being paid in certain localities to the planting of pecan orchards, several parties having from 100 to 1,000 trees planted. In most cases the site for these is low and fiat, and generally too wet for fruit trees of most kinds. I have seen pecans of excellent quality grown in this State. For market, however, the strawberry among the smaller, and the peach among the larger fruits, are being grown in much the greatest quantities. In peaches. Yel- low St. John, Foster and the Crawford's — high-colored, yellow-fleshed varieties — are most largely grown; then Tillotson, Mountain Rose, Thurber, Stump t)te World and Oldmixon Free, with a good share of Picquett's Late, Salway and Smock in smaller quantities, about com- plete the list of profitable market varieties. Some grow Early River's, and many have Alexander and Amsden already planted several years since, but there is a general "turning away" from anything earlier than Tillotson or St. John, as not suffi- ciently reliable. In apples, for profit, few will venture beyond Astrachan, Early Harvest and Carolina June. Few pears of any kind except Bartlett, and not many of these, had for some time been planted for market, until the intro- duction of the so-called blight-proof varie- ties Le Conte and Kieffer. Under the positive assurance that these were blight- proof, the Le Conte absolutely so, a new impulse was given to the planting of pears, especially of these two varieties, which were said to bear early and pro- fusely, and the fruit of fair quality; until there are to-day probably more than 250,000 trees planted in the State, much the larger proportion being of the Le Conte; and the planting continues. This season, however, has shown some blight on the Kieiler and also on the Le Conte. Absolute immunity from blight, in the latter, was promised by the nurseries of Thomasville, Ga., provided the trees were on their ow'n roots, that is, grown from cuttings in a direct line from the original tree, and having none of the blood of the European stock in them. But these " pedigree" trees have shown some blight this season, as also the grafted Le Contes, yet this has been to a very limited extent, even when grown near Bartletts that were blighting badly. Plums come next in value, the Wild Goose proving profitable in many in- stances but failing in others. The Mari- ana, from its success in Texas and else- where South, is being planted to a con- siderable extent. Kelsey's Japan, which has fruited the past two seasons, gives promise of being a great acquisition, and there is considerable demand for trees of this variety to plant tlie coming season. It is certainly of very tine quality, and of 136 REPOKT FROM MISSISSIPPI AND MONTANA. large size, and also a handsome fruit. The " Gage " family of |plums, Priuius domes- tica, are of little value to us, giving only partial crops in the Northern portion of the State. The fig has been shipped in some in- stances to the Northern markets, but the results have not been sufhciently remuner- ative to induce extensive planting. This fruit has possibilities which must in time command attention by growers south of the 33d parallel, where it can be grown without protection. Japanese Persimmon. — This fruit has been planted for market by one party near Crystal Springs, who has several hundred trees about four years in orchard. I saw them a few days since, and many were bending under a heavy crop of these large fruits which were just beginning to color. Its commercial value remains to be tested. Packages. — For strawberries, quart boxes in six gallon crates are generally used, and sometimes pint boxes early in the season; for raspberries, pint boxes; for apples and pears, barrels and third bushel boxes; for peaches, third bushel boxes. This season a new package was used to some extent for the finer speci- mens, and with fair satisfaction. It con- sisted of a half bushel crate containing four oval flat baskets holdini: one gallon each, and furnished with wire handles that drop in packing. It is claimed that the finer specimens sold better in this l)ackage than in the third bushel box. Plums are shipped in third bushel boxes and strawberry crates. Statistics are difficult to obtain. The largest shipping points for fruits in this State, are Madison, Terry and Crystal Springs on the I. C. R. E. The last named place reports 4,000 crates of straw- berries, and 20,000 boxes of peaches this season. The heaviest shipments from this point are in vegetables, of which from three to five car loads of tomatoes alone were shipped daily during the height of the season. Terry generally sends a good many more peaches than Crystal Springs, nearly twice as many. Owing to the late spring frosts there was not a full crop at either place, and north of these nearly all the peaches were destroyed except in a few forward localities. Apples, pears and plums shared the same fate. Madison shipped about 5,000 crates of strawberries, with light shipments of other fruits also. MONTANA. Reported by J. D. McCammau, of Bo- zeman, Chairman Territorial Fruit Com- mittee of Montana. After enumerating suggestions for the compiler of the fruit catalogue, the report answers questions sent out by the general chairman as follows: New Native Varieties. — We have raised sfrveral new varieties of apples from seed, not named. Some of these are very valu- able and others are promising. Obstacles. — The chief obstacles we en- counter are mice, moles and rabbits ; these vermin sometimes destroy the growth of years. Culture and Pruning. — We prefer top- dressing and frequent stirring of the soil with the plow — and the system of pruning pursued by us with best results is to pre- serve low branches. Storing and Keeping Winter Fruits. — As yet no regular system of storing such fruits has been required, as fruits raised in this county fine a ready market within the Territory before the season has fairly closed. We have found no difficulty in keeping late apples throughout the Win- ter in common cellars or root houses. Packages. — We ship ai3ples and other large fruit in common forty pound boxes, without loss, while berries arrive at our markets in good condition packed in East- ern crates made to hold two dozen quart boxes. Statistics. — I cannot now give the amount of land devoted to fruit culture, REPOKT FROM MONTANA. 137 or the number of trees planted. There are at least thirty bearing and profitable orchards now in this county — and in two or three years theie will be many more, as every farmer who can afford to do so, is purchasing and setting out trees from year to year*. This is especially the case in the Bitter Eoot valley, which is the principal fruit producing district in the county. Eastern nurserymen have taken thousands of dollars out of this valley in the last few years in exchange for young trees. In our own orchard (W. E. Boss & Bro.) at Pine Grove Farm, in this valley, we have now standing about 3,000 healthy apple trees, of which 1,500 are in full bear- ing and have 3,000 more as yet mere strip- lings— and will continue to set out from year to year. We have 100 pear trees (ten in bearing) ; fifty plum trees in bearing and twenty-five cherry trees all in bear- ing. Of grape vines we have twenty pro- ducing fruit. This orchard was com- menced as the "pioneer" fourteen years ago, and we ship now as much as 1,000 (40 lb.) boxes of apples per season. Of the various kinds of small fruit we culti- vale three acres, and have marketed an- nually 2,000 boxes. Ours is of course the largest fruit producing farm in the county, but it will not be many years before every farmer has his own orchard, either great or small. Raising Strawberries for Profit in Montana. BY M. WISNEE. The climate of Montana is eminently favorable to the production of strawberries and the methods and systems in use else- where, will probably succeed here, the only difference being more water is re- quired than in the States where rain is more abundant. I prepare the ground with special reference to that fact. Sup- posing the plowing and harrowing has been well done, with a single or double shovel plow run furrow, four feet apart, following the uneveness of the ground in such a way as to give a uniform grade or fall to the furrows, which should be barely enough to cause the water run. This can best be done by using for every fourth furrow, a device in common use, called a triangle, the intermediate rows conforming to the triangled row near enough for practical purposes. Ground thus prepared, even on steep and rough hill sides, can be irrigated without wash- ing away the plants. Now set the plants eighteen inches apart in the edge of the furrow on the lower side, scoop out a place with the hand, spread the roots fairly well, cover with two inches of soil, and press firmly, even to striking a smart blow with the fist or stepping on them. Now turn on water and give them a good soaking, and as often as once a week irri- gate— soak the ground full. I use the matted row system, hence do not under- take to keep runners off, but keep the weeds out the first season. By fall there will be an increase of at least ten to one. I have had as high as fifty to one from the Crescent. Spring is the best time to plant, the cool weather and occasional showers bring them on rapidly. The second year will give the best crop, after which they will deteriorate, and I would advise replanting, although at the present writing my third crop looks like a field of buckwheat in bloom, so plentiful are the blossoms, but the berries are sure to be undersized. The Crescent is the best berry I have found out of twelve leading varieties. The Crescent is deficient in pollen and re- quires some fertile berry to mix with it. I use Jucunda about one to five, or one row in five, if preferred. In gathering I endeavor to pick over the field once in three days during the height of the season, l)icking all that are fairly red. Soon as a field has been gone over turn on the water and soak the ground full. The more water tlie more berries, and larger. In gathering, great care should be taken to keep the berries in the shade. 138 REPORT FROM MONTANA AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. I use full quart boxes, square, with a rim on the bottom to protect the lower tier and insure ventilation. Use sixteen box crate; tliey cost when made and filled with boxes thirty-five cents per crate. One half of this is freight from St. Paul, Minn., to Bozeman. The price obtained for strawberries heretofore has been very satisfactory, have been in good demand at from fifteen cents to twenty-five cents per quart. The market being very limited, however, it is not likely if many should raise them to sell, that more than seven cents could be obtained for them. During the fruiting season have the surface constantly damp and dark colored with the moisture that comes from be- neath. Water Them! water them! ! WATER THEM ! ! ! NEW HAMPSHIRE. Reported by James M. Hayes, of Dover, Chairman of State Fruit Committee. There has been but little new to report to the Society from our State within the two years past. Not but what gradual improvement in fruit growing is percepti- ble. Perhaps, however, the pear does not succeed as well as formerly. Many varie- ties that a few years ago were thought of much value, are now worthless from crack- ing. The Anjou, as I reported in 1885, is gaining in favor from year to year and bids fair in a short time to occupy the same place with pears that Baldwin does with apples. Of new varieties, the Shaw apple, origi- nating with C. C. Shaw, of Milford, N.H., was exhibited at the Boston meeting of the present month. It is a medium-sized apple, having somewhat the appearance of the Graveijstein and ripening the same time. It is thought it may prove valu- able. The Russian apricot has been widely disseminated here, and has proved quite hatdy; it has not fruited as yet, so I can- not, from experience, speak of the quality of the fruit. I have no changes to sug- gest in the fruit catalogue at present; there are some varieties of fruit that do not succeed here, that in other parts of the State thrive admirably. Among insects the canker worm ap- peared to be on the increase two years ago, but the present season it has been scarcely noticed. The severe Winters, or some other cause, has stopped its depre- dations. The pear trees are many of them affected with some kind of a leaf blight, so that they are denuded of their foliage in midsummer. In bringing this very short and imper- fect repoit to a close, it might be well to allude to the encouragement to our or- chardists to continue in the business, from the fact that there is much better demand for their products since the exportation commenced to Europe. With this in- creasing from year to year, and with new markets at home, our orchards will be as remunerative as any other branch of agri- culture. NEW JERSEY. Reported by Andrew S. Fuller, Chair- man of State Fruit Committee of New Jersey. I have very little to add to my former reports. Among the hundreds of new varieties of fruit brought forward annually and often highly extolled by their pro- ducers and those engaged in selling the plants, scarcely one per cent, remain in favor long enough to be admitted into the catalogue of this Society. The old adage that " a new broom sweeps clean," is applicable to the new fruits of the country. It is certainly true that we are making some progress, but it is only in a few of the formerly long neg- lected genera, such as the raspberry, black- berry, strawberry and grape, and within about three decades we have reached a point, beyond which our further advance EEPOET FKOM NEW JERSEY. 139 is likely to be slow, unless we devise or discover some system of cultivation at present unknown. New Jersey can probably safely boast of possessing as great a variety of soil, cli- mate, exposure, togetber with as many different species of noxious insects and diseases as any State in the Union. Still, witli all these favorable and unfavorable conditions and enemies the fruit growers do, somehow, manage to raise considerable fruit for market. Tlie soutiieru part of tlie State gave promise, a few years ago, of becoming a fi'iiit growers paradise, bat insects and dis- eases have somewhat paralyzed both the enthusiasm and efforts of the fruit grow- ers of South Jersey, and in seeking infor- mation for this report I have received some notes from Mr. x\lex. W. Pearson, cf Vineland, a man whose knowledge and long experience entitles his word to great weiglit in this matter, and for tliis reason his notes are given almost entire, and as a fair representation of the condition of pomological affairs in the Southern half of this State. FIEST — SPECIES OF FKUIT. All species of fruit suited to the temper- ate zone are grown in Vineland. SECOND — VARIETIES OF FRUITS. Apples. — Early suiuujer api)les succeed best and are most profitable. Fall and Winter apples, though the trees grow well and are considerably planted, mature the fruit too early. It will not keeji well in Winter. The Red Astrachan is prob- ably tiie most desirable apple to grow here. It sells best in ujarket. Pears. — The Bartlett is most growi:, as it is a reliable bearer, always sells. Shel- don and Lawrence tlireaten to be failures, as they are afflicted with fungi, attacking both the leaves and the fruit. Anjou grows vigorously, but is late coming into bearing — trees eighteen to twenty years old just beginning to fruit.' The Kieff'er pear succeeds especially well here. Its fruit is of better quality than when grown farther North. We consider it as good as the Bartlett for the table, and better than any other sort for preserving and for canning. It is hardy — an early and full bearer, and, as I have marketed it, sells better than any other variety. For example, in the Autumn of 1886 I sent very fine Anjous to Philadel- phia and they sold for fifty cents per bushel. Late in October I sent Kieffers there which sold for three dollars per bushel. After growing fruit, for market, for twenty years, I would, in orchard plant- ing, set almost exclusively the Astrachan apple and the Bartlett and Kieff'er pears, principally the Kieffer. Peaches. — Of the old standard sorts all do well, and only need care and plenty of manure to be made profitable. Peach cul- ture has not been profftable to growers here, but it is the fault of the man rather than the tree. Plums and Cherries — Grow thriftily and bear abundantly, but the fruit is liable to damages by insects and by rot. Grapes. — All varieties of the grape grow very thriftily and fruit abundantly, but the foliage is late in the summer, de- stroyed by the mildew, and the fruit is ruined by the black rot. Grape culture may be called a failure in this region on account of these " grape diseases." The Concord grape fails almost totally every year to mature its fruit. Vines looking splendidly in June are stripped of foliage and fruit by mildew and rot in September. The Ives seedling has been until the sum- mer of 1887 tolerably healthy. This year it rots nearly as badly as the Concord. The grape known here as the " Ironclad " has hitherto been apparently fungus proof. Third — There are no new native varie- ties which are attracting special attention in this region. Fifth — The obstacles to successful fruit culture are insects and fungi. The cod- 140 REPORTS FROM NEW JERSEY AND NEVADA. ling moth, the curculio, the rose bug, the root borers, the slugs, worms and cater- pillars which infest all fruits, and which are yearly becoming more numerous and destructive. Apple and pear tree blights, blackberry cane blight, raspberry cane blight— fungi attacking the plant and leaf, strawberry leaf rust, etc., etc., and fungi parasitic on the fruit. Each plant has its especial enemy, and each fruit also. The culture of the red raspberry is nearly abandoned, owing to the blight, Phonia letlialis, which destroys the fruit- ing cane. A new cane blight, not yet identified or named, has destroyed three- fourths of the plantations of the Wilson blackberry in 1887. There is no disease of the fruits, either of raspberry or black- berry, or strawberry ; only of the plants. On the other hand there seems to be no serious disease of the plant — in the grape — but ruin of foliage and fruit. In tree fruits, both plant and product are liable to disease. The former blights, the latter is prone to rot. Various remedies for these various evils have been tried, with but little success. There is also an increasing tendency to opinion tbat the peculiar prevalence of fungus diseases of plants, in this region, is due to deficiencies in the soil of cer- tain elements of plant growth. It is hoped that when tbose elements, particu- larly lime and potash, are supplied, the health of fruit plants will be better con- served. A. W. Pearson. NEVADA. Reported by B. F. Leete, of Reno, Chairman of the State Fruit Committee of Nevada. Pursuant to the following call : NATIONAL POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. There will be a meeting of the State Committee of the National Pomological Society at my office in Block A, North Virginia street, Reno, Saturday, August 27th, at 12 M. A full attendance of the committee is earnestly desired. The business of the committee will be to report to the National Society, to be convened in Boston in September, the va- rieties, so far as known, of apples, cher- ries, grapes, peaches, pears, plums, straw- berries, and otber berries and fruits best adapted to the latitude, altitude, soil and climatic surroundings of our State, to- gether with such other matters, touching the pomological interests of our State, as may be presented for consideration. B. F. Leete, Chairman Committee of Nevada. Of our committee, composed of Messrs. R. P. M. Kelley, nurseryman, Reno; W. W. Morton, orchardist, Reno; Enoch Morrill, orchardist, Reno ; John Guthrie, orchardist, Winnemucca, and the Chair- man, all were present, except Mr. Guthrie, who resides at Winnemucca, about 225 miles distant. Our State is comprehended between parallels 36 and 12 North, and meridians 114 and 120 West, varying in altitude from 3,800 feet to 10,000 feet above the level of the Pacific ocean. Our rainfall varies with altitude, from two to sixty inches per annum. Our temperature varies from zero to 95 degrees, our coldest weather being generally a period of about twelve days in the last days of November and in De- cember before Cliristmas. During this season our ice crop is made. January is commonly a pleasant month ; February the buds often start on our trees and grass grows; March is cold, blustering — some times small fall of snow and thin ice formed ; April is warm when March is cold, and vice versa, and usually the last days of May, 20th to 25th, bring cold nights and often thin ice. Before this May chill buds are out and trees and flowers are blooming or out of blossom, and by this freeze our fruit is killed in the earliest observable fruit form. Ail varieties of fruit trees that flourish in the United States as far South as the Carolinas flourish here; our trees do not Winter-kill. All of the berries and small REPORTS FROM NEVADA AND NORTH CAROLINA. 141 fruits flourish, and when the late May frosts pel mit, bear bountifully of the most succulent and excellent varieties — large, handsome and very perfect fruit. Every seedlingvariety produces very perfect and excellent fruit after its kind. It is prac- tically true to say there was never a poor peach grown in Nevada. Seedling peaches here produce choice fruit, as a rule, which is not the rule in New York and other Atlantic low coun- tries. Our atmosphere is dry because there is no water to moisten it. The enemy and the only known enemy to fruit culture in Nevada lies in our cli- matic surroundings, and is due to altitude and lack of rainfall. Warm growing weather in January or February is suc- ceeded by cold, freezing weather in March or April; May usually warm, and trees blooming in the early days, succeeded by cold days, frost and sometimes ice. Usu- ally our fruit trees blossom very full, and many varieties bear annually. In the judgment of your committee the great need of fruit growers in this State is late blooming varieties, or varieties that will not be affected by 30 degrees Fah- renheit for a continued period of twenty- four hours, when the tree is in blossom or the fruit in its earliest observable form. To the latter class belongs the Summer Bellsflovver, a Fall apple, in the orchard of Mr. A. B. Williams, Reno. This year the fruit in its early form, about the size of May Duke cherries, withstood the late frost and freeze, and is in medium bearing. The Limber Twig is a good regular bearer and hardy with us, but a poor fruit. [Tlie report here details suggestions for the Catalogue, and then proceeds.] None of these are in full bearing this year, not carrying 4 per cent, of the usual crop, owing to the late Spring frost that occurred about the first days of June this year, the cold continuing through sev- eral days. Mr. W. W. Morton, of our committee, reported a seedling apple, tree large size, ten years old. From first bearing year had fruited well every year, and is in full bearing this year; variety, choice Winter, January to June; color, red, size of Spitz- enberg — flesh white, flavor of Newtown pippin; tree tall, thrifty grower. The committee named it Morton. We look to and ask the advice of the National Society in selecting varieties to suit our climate and fruit largely and regularly. We want quantity in fruit. Our climate is sandwiched — warm grow- ing January or February, cold March or April, early May warm, fruit and flowers blooming and iced last days of May, closes the incongruous opening of the year, and closes out our fruit of the varieties gener- erally relied upon. NORTH CAROLINA. Reported by J. Van Lindley, of Pomona, Chairman of the State Fruit Committee of North Carolina. In my report I will only note a few changes since report of 1885. This year, 1887, has proved to be the poorest fruit year ever known in this State, on account of the long, cold frosty weather after fruit had bloomed out. I cannot make the ex- hibit I intended to make this year. Pear blighted very badly in 188G, nearly all varie- ties. The Seckel, Early Green Sugar, Au- gouleme, Clairgeau seem to be clear of blight. The LeConte and Kieffer were brought forward as blight-proof pears, but out of 24 LeConte, on their own roots, grown from cuttings planted in 1882, seven have blighted during the past two years, and out of forty Kieffer, planted at the same time, budded on common French pear stock, only three have blighted, so I consider the Kieffer nearly blight proof, and it is a valuable pear for our State. It bears very young, is very prolific and quality good. No blight has appeared this year on any varieties. Some new plums are being added. Mari- 142 EEPORT FROM NORTH CAROLINA. anna, of the Wild Goose type, seems to be a promising variety; am well pleased with its growth and hardy appearance. Also of the new foreign plums from China and Japan, Pranus Simoni, Botan and Kelsey's Japan, they seem to be promising sorts for the Soutli generally. To the Strawherry add Hoffman Seed- ling, Early Canada, May King and Parry. For further report I will send you that of S. 0. Wilson from Eastern North Caro- lina, and George E. Boggs, of the extreme western part of the State. They are members of the committee. REPORT OF S. O. WILSON. Mr. Wilson first details the markings on varieties for the catalogue of fruits. In speaking of grapes he says : All Labrusca, j3j]stevalis, Riparia and Rotundifolia va- rieties do well; but all of Rogers and Ar- nold's Hybrids rot badly, except in favor- able seasons. Of new native varieties he remarks : McCuller's Winter apple, origin, Wake County, North Carolina; fine flavor and excellent keeper, specially- adapted to the eastern and southern sections of the State. The greatest obstacles to success are late Spring frosts, insects, and poor culture. As to storing fruits and packages, he says: Great abundance of Winter ai)ples grown in the western part of the State, kept in dry earth, and in general a very undesirable method. Strawberries are packed in square quart baskets, crated in 32's, grapes in ten and fifteen-pound bas- kets, peaches, five-eights slatted crates. We have no method of collecting sta- tistics, but we have abundant evidence that the interest in horticulture has in- creased 100 per cent, in the last ten years. Grape-growing has increased 600 per cent, in ten years ; varieties mostly planted for market, Concord, Ives, Champion, Martha, Delaware. REPORT OF GEORGE BOGGS, WAYNEVILLE, N. C. Tlie eleva,ted plateau of land lying be- tween the Blue Ridge on the east and the Smoky Mountains on the west, embracing thirteen counties known as " Western North Carolina," offers advantages for fruit culture rarely equaled. The river valleys have an elevation of from 1,600 to 2,000 feet above the ocean, and these, with the uplands and mountain sides (the mountains being for the most part fertile to their peaks), with northern and south- ern exposures, give a variety of soils and climatic conditions well suited to the suc- cessful culture of all fruits known to tem- perate regions. But few apples, comparatively speaking, have been even tested, and the older- bearing trees consist, for the most part, of Nickajack, Buff and Camac, but of late years others have been introduced, and are steadily supplanting these in more re- cently planted orchards. The Nickajack, with a few virtues, has some faults that render it unfit for culture. The tree is ratlier tender and a shy bearer. The fruit is hardly second-rate in quality and not specially attractive in appearance. It is a good keeper, of good size and a good shij)- per. The Buff' is a large, briglit striped apple, showy but of poor quality. In fact, it soon becomes so dry as to be well nigh unfit to eat. These two apples have done not a little harm in prejudicing many against apples grown in this section. The Camac, like the Buff, is a native, but a far better apple. It bears early and abund- antly, and on rich, sandy loams the fruit is of fair size and of good quality, though lacking in richness. It is an excellent keeper, but lacks color for a market sort. Careful observation convinces me that we should plant mainly of varieties that originate near the old Mason and Dixon Line. Rawle's Genet does well, saving its tendency to rot. The Ben Davis and Winesap, more recently introduced, suc- ceed admirably. Pears. — But little grown, and yet I have seen as fine specimens of Bartletts grown here as I ever saw grown in re- gions noted for pear culture. REPORT FROM NOVA SCOTIA. 143 Peaches'. — Peaches do well at the lower altitudes, but are often killed in the bud at higher elevations. Plums. — Have found none in cultiva- tion, saving small Damson and Wild Goose. Finer kinds would undoubtedly do well if planted and cared for. Grapes. — Both soil and climate are ad- mirably adapted to grapes. Small fruits do well. Owing to sudden changes, with severe frosts this Spring, the fruit crop is almost a complete failure. NOVA SCOTIA. Reported by Charles E. Brown, of Yar- mouth, Chairman of the Provincial Fruit Committee of Nova Scotia. I have endeavored to discharge my duty as Chairman of the Fruit Committee for this Province of the American Pomolog- ical Society, by inviting contributions to report from Eev. J. R. Hart, of Annapo- Hs County, Prof. H. Y. Hind, ot Hart County, and C. R. H. Starr and E. W. Starr, of Kings County, sending each copies of the circulars forwarded to me. Mr. C. R. H. Starr attended at the London Colonial and Indian Exiiibition last year, as Commissioner in charge of Canadian fruit, and from the experience thereby gained, should have material worthy of permanent record. All the above are resident in the three chief fruit counties of the Province, whence alone laige shipments of apples are made by steamer to England through several months of the year. From a Provincial Government crop report for August, 1887, I extract the fol- lowing: "Last year the apple crop was reported from the fruit counties at fully ■twenty per cent, above the yield of any previous year, and the fruit of excellent quality, the most promising market sorts being Baldwin, Northern Spy, Graven- stein, Nonpariel, Rhode Island Greening, Ribston .Pii)pin and Golden Russet; lots of the last named brought the highest prices at the late Winter sales in Eng- land.'' This year reports from several districts in these counties, as well as from nearly all tlie other counties oi the Prov- ince, quite generally agree in predicting a crop considerably below the average; frost, cold, high winds, insect enemies and drouglit being variously assigned as causes fur the diminished yield, bloom having been abundant. Nearly all the counties report rapid annual extension of orchards in tlie district. New orchards have been planted equal in extent to the entire area of the old. The member.^ of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Associa- tion look forward to the time when the whole Annapolis Valley, 400 square miles, will be one continuous orchard, producing an annual revenue of tliirty millions of dollars. Extracts from report for 188G of Nova Scotia Fruit Growers" Association (report for 1887 not yet published) : " What are the best six varieties of ap- ples to cultivate for foreign markets, naming them in the order of merit? Non- pariel, Gravenstein, Ribston Pippin, Tompkins King, Blenheim, Golden Rus- set." "The cranberry bogs of Aylesford will yet equal in value the dyked marshes of Cornwallis, or the orchards of Annapolis. Fifty acres between Kingston and Kent- vilJe have been prepared and planted dur- ing the past season." " It was found that pear blight and peach yellows did not exist where potassium chloride was applied. The conclusion ar- rived at was, not that potossium chloride was a specific in the sense of beiiig antag- onistic to the growth of the blight, but simply that the soil, not having sufficient potash to supply the trees, rendered them liable to the disease." Profit of Plums. — Sharp & Shear, of New Brunswick, a year ago, from their small orchard sold 1,0(X) bushels of plums for !ii> 1,000 at their own door, and last year 1,500 bushels for $6,0C0. Fred F. Mitchel, of Grand Pie, the fourth year from plant- 144 REPORT FROM NOVA SCOTIA. ing, raised from the Weaver Plum tree two aud a quarter bushels, and sold tliem for ^10.69. In previous reports I have commended the Ontario apple, a hybrid originated by the late Charles Arnold from the North- ern Spy and the Wagener. Further ex- perience confirms my good opinion of this variety; the original tree is a strong, thrifty grower, with large, thick leaves, and an annual bearer, the fruit above me- dium in size, and with me keeps sound un- til July. A number of scions set in 1884 are all bearing this year. The variety was distributed some years since by the Onta- rio Fruit Growers' Association, and must have had extensive trial in Ontario. If it succeeds elsewhere as here, it should go on the list of valuable apples, and merits two stars for Nova Scotia. Canada Bald- win takes the lead, in my small nursery, of a considerable number of varieties, for strong, annual growth, size and thickness of leaf; the fruit I have seen in March at an exhibition in Halifax, a hrilliant, solid red, and a good dessert apple in quality. It has not yet fruited with me; has one star for New Brunswick alone; must be grown in Canada, and has probably been overlooked; should have at least one star for Nova Scotia. Swayzie Pomme Gris is so dainty a dessert apple and a fairly long keeper, that it merits extensive trial aud propagation, wherever it will succeed, and is product- ive; should be on the list; once known, its quality could command the highest mar- ket price. Tetofsky gives me a surprise this sea- son, every tree of it on my own grounds bears a heavy crop of fair, well grown ap- ples. At our last County Exhibition I found one dozen Grimes' Golden of unusual size, quite double several of the other dozens. Asking of the exhibitor : "How did you grow these so large?" The reply was: "By top grafting the Holley," a very large native seedling. An Anecdote of Nomenclature, — Many years ago, in sending to the Massachusetts Horticulture Society a collection of Nova Scotia apples, obtained from several grow- ers, I received a gentle reproof for send- ing to the city of Boston, in the State of Massachusetts, an apple named Stonewall Jacksoia. Some years subsequently, the late lamented Charles Downing wrote to me for specimens of the Stonewall Jack- son apple of Nova Scotia, the obtaining of which led to a correspondence with the grower, which decided the fact that the variety originated with a Mr. Jackson, in whose stone wall the tree grew, hence the name. See3dAppeudix,Downing's Fruits. I have looked carefully over the list of apples in report for 1885, aud do not ob- serve any other desirable change in mark- ing, nor does my experience and observa- tion of the last two years suggest any other remark on apples, pears, peaches or plums. As to the last in this county, the unusually dry and warm season has been so favorable to the increase of caterpillars, that many of the trained trees are reduced to the bare branches, every leaf devoured , the fruit withers and falls and the crop is lost. In currants, Fay's Prolific and Lee's Prolific merit the star for Nova Scotia. Among a large number of English goose- berries on tj-ial, and successfully grown here, the Yellow Amber is by far the best in quality, productive, free from mildew, of medium size, thin skinned, and when fully ripe, delicious. Industry should have a star if it goes on the list. Many of our growers value the Manchester strawberry as productive and profitable, and further experience shows that the Sharpless may be grown with success m the most parts of the Province. Give one star to each. Mr. P. D. Kinney contributes the en- closed paper on small fruits, with the best wishes for such a meeting of the Ameri- can Pomological Society as would have gratified our late venerated President, and for its continued usefulness aud pros- perity. REPORT FROM RHODE ISLAND. 145 RHODE ISLAND. Reported by Joseph H. Bourn, of Prov- idence, Chairman of the State Fruit Com- mittee of Rhode Island. In the variable climate of Rhode Island uncertainty is proverbially attached to out-door fruits. Of the new varieties of the grape, Eaton and Niagara appear to be adapted to our New England climate. Ulster and Em- pire State vines are doing well ; the former falls from the bunch when fully ripe; the latter may prove to be too late in maturing. Strawberries have yielded not half their usual crop, owing to the decaying of the berries, when they v?ere most abundant, caused by excessive moisture. A few good old strawberries we still value, like the Downing and Miner, and we are sorry to report the Sharpless as having fruited poorly; the Manchester has be- haved indifferently, and the Pioneer has rusted badly. The May King has been as good as any early kind ; the Downing, Miner, Jewell and Parry for medium ; the Belmont, Jersey Queen and Mount Vernon for late. The varieties Jewell and Belmont took the grand prizes both here and in Boston, and they were truly splendid. The varieties Henderson, Dan- iel Boone, Cornelia, Vick, Indiana, Crim- son Cluster, Bubach No. 5 and Sucker State do not warrant commendation, while the Itasca, Dewey, Jessie, Gold and Dor- chester are novelties. A new native seed- ling called Early Rhode Island, has been marketed this year, of the color and size of the Crescent, and firm. The Alexander peach riponed July '20th and promises to be our best and most use- ful early variety. When our peach trees produce more flowers than are needful, we find it beneficial to preserve the strong- est, and pick off the inferior blossom buds; and summer pinching and thinning out the young wood, also aids the ripening and coloring of the fruit. Fruit culture in Rhode Island, as else- where, makes the best progress where the ability of the trees and vines to resist frost, and not the degree of cold, can be determined by the favorable or unfavora- ble previous condition of soil, climate and locality. Overtaxing the capabilities of our trees is one of the greatest injuries to the quality of our fruits, for timely thin- ning improves the size and flavor, pro- longs the lives of the trees and carries a fair compliment of fruit of the highest market value to maturity. A tendency to gather late-keeping ap- ples prematurely is too frequently ob- served among our orchard growers. None but sound, clear skinned, fully developed fruit will keep plump and juicy; should be moved as little as possible and not come in contact with substances that communi- cate objectionable flavors. Flavors in Fruits.— All classes of fruit have their characteristic flavors, modified by locality and soil. Varieties in the sev- eral classes are usually so distinct as to be readily recognized by taste, unaided by other senses. The flavor of small fruits is the best, when the berries are ta- ken fresh from the vines, canes and bushes, and grapes must mature be- fore they are gathered, or they will not ripen at all. Some think that North- ern fruits have a higher flavor than those raised at the South and West; whereas, if they should eat the same varieties that have matured, and that have just been gathered in those regions, they would no doubt taste as refreshing, and the peaches, plums and grapes may have an improved and more delicious flavor. Our native strawberries, raspberries, peaches, plums and grapes taste better tons because they are fresh and ripe. I am inclined to be- lieve that soil, locality, methods of culti- vation and age of trees, more influence the flavors of the apple than other classes of fruit. Young trees have usually fairer and larger specimens; but the juices from the fruits of trees of older growth are in- clined to be of richer flavor. Varieties of 146 REPORT FROM RHODE ISLAND. the apple in our Northern latitudes, that do not. mature until cool weather, are recognized as having a more sprightly taste than the same kinds that ripen earlier at the South, and often than those that are grown on young trees on the fresh Western loam ; wliich may result from a slower process in ripening, affecting the constituent parts; to ingredients in the soil, aud climatic conditions, varied hy heat, hy cold and moisture. Old Apple Trees. — The old apple oi'- chards of Ehode Island are fast disap- pearing. Trees planted a hundred years ago and more njay still be found bearing defective fruit; but their removal is de- manded because they are unsightly, un- healthy and unjirofitahle. Tillage can no longer be an assistant to nature in per- fecting her work. Tiie stinted growth, the hollow trunk, the decayed and moss- covered branches, the exhausted condi- tion of tlie soil are all indications of an impaired vitality, and the trees only en- cumber the ground as relics of former generations. Obstacles to Pe.ui Culture. — Diseases incident to the pear tree are tijought to be better understood than formerly. Damp soils, we know, are not adapted to pear culture; and those that are over-rich often force the tree into so excessive luxu- riant growth, as not to ripen the wood. Too much moisture in the ground causes the fruit to fall prematurely, and what re- mains, on the tree is deficient in flavor. An excess of rain at the ])eriod of flower- ing is often so injurious as to prevent the development of the pollen grains and their transfer to the stigmas of the blossoms. Parasitic i)lants often cover. tlie limbs and foliage of our ])ear trees, and appro- priate ttie sap intended for their support. Innumerable fungi also attack the wood, bark, foliage, aud fruit. At the same time we are apt to find other causes of un- healthliness as to suggest whether the ex- istence of parasitic fungi is tlie cause or only the consequence of previous disease. No variety should ever be recommended for cultivation that does not possess health or freedom from constitutional disease, hardiness, or the power of resisting the extremes of heat, cold and drought. No tree can long remain healthy when injured by the extremes of temperature; and dis- eased trees will be injured and destroyed sooner in a climate and soil that is not congenial to them. Helps and Hindrances to Strawberry Growth. — In disseminating strawberry in- formation, we are slowin imparting prom- inence to new varieties; knowing that this fruit generally does best where it originated, and that it often takes three to five years to decide upon its merits. The best results in strawberry culture can be obtained by observing a few plain rules after we have ascertained wliat are suitable varieties to giow. An abundance of strong bloom, followed by clusters of fruit, are all that is desired to assure us that our strawberries have been grown properly, and success will follow high culture and be especially secured if the right kind of nourishment is applied at the period of flowering and at the time of the coloring of the fruit. Strawberry plants grow well in old gardens aiid in light sandy soil, but bear little fruit; they drain the earth of moisture, take up the minerals and other valuable earthy constituents. They like land that has recently been broken up; and clay forked in about six inches of the top soil, helps to retain on the surface many of the youngest and most active feeding fibres. A firm upper stratum of earth no doubt encourages floriferousness, while early mulching keeps down the weeds, holds moisture, feeds the fibres, and forms, after being washed by tlie rain, a good bed for the berries to rest upon. So few new strawberries of first- class merit . that crop freely are raised from seed that these (lualities seem almost to be incom- patible, and no uniform results to ascer- tain what influence the i)ollen hasousize, REPORTS FROM RHODE ISLAND AND WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 147 color and flavor, has been obtained by ex- periments. We do not discard varieties of the strawberry because they are supplanted always by those of better quahty, but for the reason that they do not maintain their character for healthfuluess, hardiness and productiveness. This lack of vitality may be due to enervating methods of propaga- tion; the mutations of seasons or chmatic influences may contribute to these results while some of the rusts, mildews, rots and otlier fungus elements may be of a recent origin. Thick planting, where the crowns are never as productive as they should be, is a great injuiy to strawberry culture. A crop is frequently lost by the depredations of slugs and beetles, also by wet, if the weather is moist at the ])eriod of ripening. Decay is witnessed when there is too dense fohage, which is avoided by having every stool stand clear, so that the crowns may ripen. Some varieties will degener- ate more than others by incessant propa- gation from the same stock and from per- petual growth upon the same spot. The strawberry plant is much affected by the soil in which it grows, and kinds that are prolific in one locality will not bear freely in another. In wet, cold land, the fruit sets thinly; a cool, damp autumn is not propitious to the ripening of the crowns, while late varieties are frequently prevented by drouth from setting their blooms. Blind plants, we observe, oftener appear in plantations formed with run- ner plants than from those that are forced. A question for consideration arises, how beneficial the mulching of strawberries may be solely as a means of promoting moisture in the soil. Any covering of the earth, although it may prevent evapora- tion, will as surelv prevent the absorption of heat. The surface of the earth is de- prived of the action of the sun and air, agencies most useful in elaborating plant- food. It is not difficult to see how amulch tiiat simi)ly retains moisture will counter- act the beneficial effects of heat, light and air; that while it checks evaporation, it also retards the chemical action of the soil. The use of decaying substances for a mulch should always be avoided, for that portion in contact with the ground is apt to mildew and encourage fungus growth, which neither indicates nor pro- motes healthful vegetation. Strawberries are far too numerous in variety ; a list of the best for flavor, bear- ing, coming in early and keeping up the season's supply, is all that is desired. With new kinds, the tendency is to at- tach importance to size and weight of crop, rather than to good edible proper- ties. Keady purchases are made of the large and good looking new varieties from the glowing descriptions which are annu- ally made; that results in a number that are acid or flavorless. Extensive experiments were made last year in sowing the seed of the native strawberry, without any deviation, except a marked increase in size of foliage and quantity of fruit on enormous stems; and this bed of a quarter of an acre was in close proximity to domestic varieties, re- ceiving the same attention. These re- sults lead to the conclusion that rarely is there any deviation in free nature where a large amount of cross-fertilization is tak- ing place among various individuals of the ssme species, the tendency of which is to repress variation. WASHINGTON TERRITORY. Keported by C. W. Lawton, of Seattle, Chairman of the Territorial Fruit Com- mittee of Washington Territory. We have had an abundant crop of ap- ples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches and quinces this year. Mr. Andrew Nelson, on the east side of the lake, has five acres of strawberries, from which he gathered this season 2,500 gallons of fruit. Mr. H. D. French has two acres in strawberries, and his crop reached 1,400 gallons, and 148 REPORT FROM WEST VIRGINIA. this, too, fiotu plants set out five years ago. Mr. Nelson has also about one thousand fruit trees of various kinds, and they look promising, all being healthy and vigorous. Apricots are always killed by frosts in the Spring, and the January growth on quince trees is sometimes cut off by the same. The cherry crop this year was injured by a long and severe drouth, and the plum crop was also injured in some localities. WEST VIRGINIA. Reported by D. H. Strother, of Charles- town, Chairman of the State Fruit Com- mittee of West A^irginia. The fertile lands of West Virginia on the eastern and western sloj^es of the Al- legheaies, in the valleys between the ranges, in the sheltered coves, level ter- races and elevated plains of these moun- tains, afford so great a variety of soils^ climates and accidental advantages that all the fruits belonging to the temperate zone may be successfully cultivated some where in the State. This broken topography has at the same time so isolated much of the population, and divided the populated districts from each other so inconveniently, that it has hitherto been impossible to obtain any satisfactory or comprehensive statistics on the subject of fruit growing in the State at large, and the following report is made up chiefly of personal experience in the eastern counties, observations made at different times in the central and west- ern districts, and such meagre informa- tion as I have been enabled to glean from correspondents. Since 1866 Iruit culture in this State has greatly improved and extended, and in spite of many disappointments and local failures, it continues to progress, while proper methods of culture and ada])tatiou of varieties to soil and climate require more earnest and intelligent attention. Nomenclature. — The catalogue names of the standard varieties most generally disseminated, and whose fruit is easily known and recognized, are generally pre- served and current among cultivators. The nomenclature of native seedlings and new varieties introduced experimentally, is involved in confusion and uncertainty. People lose the labels and forget the titles of the trees; orchards are transferred by sale and purchase with no record of the plantings. Nurserymen and travelling agents fill specific orders from stock they may happen to have on hand without the slightest regard to identity, so that after waiting from seven to ten years, the cul- tivator finds a fruit entirely different from what he had anticipated, and to him nameless. Hence, a great proportion of the fruit raised in this country is dis- tinguished by a local name, or has none at all. Obstacles and Enemies. — Probably the most formidable obstacle to successful fruit culture in this State is carelessness and lack of proper information on the subject. Next, the uncertainties and ex- tremes of the climate, late Spring frosts and occasional intensity of the cold in Winter. Insects, native and imported, of many species known to entomologists, are very numerous and destructive. The more isolated and secluded regions are less in- fested. Where the cultivator makes a continued and energetic defence against these pests he is generally successful. Culture and Pruning. — Orchards that are regularly cultivated and fertilized like cabbage beds yield the most regular and abundant crops. Wlien young, the space ground is usually utilized by sowing it in oats, rye or grass, omitting this as the trees spread, when most farmers leave the ground in grass, which saves trouble, but in my judgment does not produce the best results. Apple trees, as most other tree fruits, are left to grow naturally, and pruned from the beginning with a pen- REPORT FROM WEST VIRGINIA. 149 knife, at any season that may be con- venient, never permitting a superfluous or misplaced twig to grow larger than one's finger. Peach trees are generally left to grow as nature dictated. Pears, cherries and plums are trimmed to shape early, and then let alone, so are quiuces. Storing and Keeping Winter Fruits.— Apples are usually stored in callars, pits or sheltered rooms, where they may be kept dry and wont freeze; sometimes in barrels, often in heaps, covered with hay or straw. As a rule, apples of the same varieties ripen earlier and will not keep so long as in the North. I have packed the Winter Sweet Paradise in December, in barrels wifh ground plaster, storing it in a cool, dry room, sheltered from frost. I opened the barrel in June the year follow- ing and found the fruit, with few^ excep- tions, in perfect condition. We ate the last of them on July 9th, most of the specimens of high flavor and without blemish. The plaster was afterward available as a fertilizer. Pears are stored to ripen in drawers, on shelves or spread on floors and covered. I have eaten delicious Vicars in February, ripened on the garret floor. I know of no other fruits that are kept fresh. Apples, peaches, grapes and small fruits are exported to the Northern cities, in the boxes, barrels, crates and baskets in com- mon use elsewhere. Statistics. — From the causes explained in the introduction to this report, I have not any reliable data on this subject. Mr. Strother closes his report with a very complete list of suggestions for the catalogue. Note and Suggestion In the catalogue accompanying the present volume, a few of the newer varie- ties have been omitted, although appear- ing in the reports of tlie Chairmen of the State Fruit Gommittees. It has been thought best not to place them in the catalogue until more fully tested and their merits become better known. In a few instances their correct names have not been fully determined, and in others no description has as yet appeared in any standard pomological works. I would al- so suggest that those who send in the names of new fruits send with the same a full description of the fruits, or at least one to correspond with the plan adopted in the catalogue. This will save the general chairman a vast amount of work in look- ing for descriptions in catalogues and po- mological works ; and further, it fre- quently occurs that no description of new and local varieties has ever appeared in print, and in some instances those that have been published are not to be de- pended upon as authentic or trustworthy. A. S. Fuller, Chairman General Fruit Committee, Eidgewood, N. J.- CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. PLAN OF CATALOGUE. The arrangement of the names of varieties in the Catalogue is alphahetical and according to the nomenclature adopted hy the Society. Synonyms are given in a few instauces where it seemed necessary, and these are placed under the adopted names in italics. The columns are arranged tiius: In the first the names of varieties, in the next seven columns the description, and in the remaining columns the States or Districts. The State or District columns are not placed in alphahetical order, as in the octavo editions, but are grouped in Divisions somewhat similar in climate, and other charac- ters affecting fruit cultui'e. Thus: 1. — Northern Division — between 4'2° and 49 '^. 2. — Central Division — between 35 ^ and 42°. 3. — Southern Division — between 28° and 35 ° . The State or District in which a fruit is recommended for cultivation is designated by a star (*), and if the variety is of great superiority and value, two stars (**); if new or recently introduced and promising, by a dagger (+). I. Al^PLES. Explanation of AnmtEviATiONS. — The Size is undeistood by 1. for large; m. for nieduini, and s. for small. Tlie FouM— r. c. for roundish conical ; ob. for oblong ; r. ob. for roundish oblate ; fl. foi Hat or oblate ; r. for roundish. The Co). ^ y. r. for yellow and red; r. s. for red striped; g. y. for greenish yellow; rus. for russeted; y. rus. for yellow and russet. The Quality— g. for good; v. g. for very good; b. for best. The Use— F., fruit valuable for all family purposes; K. M., valuable for kitchen or market purposes; F. M., family and market. The Season— S. for summer; E. A. for early autumn; L. A. for late autumn, and W. for winter. All these characters of course only designate lead- ing positive features, and vary in their distinctness according to soil and climate in which they are grown. The OnioiN is shown by Rus. for Russian ; Eug. for English ; Am. for American ; Ger. for German ; F. for foreign. VI CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES. DESCRIPTION. I.— N. DlT.- 1 2 3 4 9 10 11 }^ I 14 15 IG 17 18 U) 20 21 32 3:i 24 25 26 27 3S 2!) 30 31 32 33 34 35 3(i 38 39 40 41 43 43 44 45 4G 47 48 49 50 51 53 53 54 NAMES. a Alei son's Euvl}' in Alexander American Beauty American Golden Americnii Unkleii Pippin. American Summer American Summer Peiinuaiii. Arnold's Beauty m. Aromatic Carolina 1. Autumn Bo\igli iii. Autumn Swaar m. Bailey Sweet 1- Bak- Baldwin !■ Baltimore "i- C'lilile's Oillifloiier. Maliankii. Baltzby " '• I5eauty of Kent 1- Belden Sweet m- Belmont ''■ Ben Davis 1 Niiw York I'ippiii. ]5enoni '"■ Bentley's Sweet ui. Berksliiie Spy m- Betlilemite 1- Bevan's Favorite m , Black Aiiple m. Jerney Black. Blenheim Pip|)in 1 Blue Pearmain 1 Boaum '• Bouvassa lu- Bowen's Favorite ni Bower's Nonpareil 1. Bowling's Sweet i>i. Broadwell "i- Brittle Sweet m. Brown 1 Nottinijham Drown. Bruce's Summer 1. Buckingliam .^ 1. Fall Qnecn vf Keiiliieki/, Bachelm; Equinetcly. fc. o < e < p 01 3 m. r. y- y- g- K. S. 1. r. c. r. s. ' g. K. M. E. A. 1. r. ob. y- r. (V. g. F. M W. 1. r. ob. g- y- i-y- g- F. M. W. m. ob. y. r. 1 b. F. S. fl. 11. r. c. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. r. c. r. c. r. ob. r. c. r. c. r. c. r. c. r. ob. r. ob. r, c. 1'. ob. fl. c. II. r. ob. r c. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. 37 BufE 1. Buflingtou's Early m. Bullock's Pippin s. American Golden Itasset. Burlington Pippin m. Cadwaflader's Colden ni. Calef Sweet 1- Calkin's Pippin 1. Camack Sweet ui. Camptield ui. Canada Baldwin m. Canada Reinette 1. Cannon Pearmain m. Carolina June m- Carolina lied June. Carolina Watson m. Carter's Blue 1. m. m. Cane Creek Sweet . Chattahoochee Chenango • ••: ni. r. ol). r. ob. II. r. c. 11. c. r. ob. r. ob. I', c. r. ob. r. ob. , ob. r. c. r. c. r. c. 11. c. r. ob. r. fl. 1 ob. c. y- I-- y- >■■ g-y g- y- r. s. V. r. ,^- g V. g. r. y. V. g P. F. P. P. P. M. K. M. P. AL P. M. W. A. E.A. L. A. L. A. W W. W. y- r. s. y. y" !■■ y- '•• y- '■• g.y- r. s. y- !•• V. r. d. r. y. r. r. y. r. y. r. r. y '• V. r. P. M A. K. M. L. A. P. P. M. K. M. W. w. w. V. g. P. M. S. V. g. P. M. \V. V. s- P. E.W. P. M. W. P. S. P. W. b. T- g V. s W. W. L. A. L. A. A. ^V. L. A L A. E.A. L. A. S. g. P. M. E.AV. P. M. M. M. M. M. F. M. M. P. M. F. P. M. y. r. g. F. y- g- F. y. rus. b. P. M. v. g. P. jM. g. K. M. ,v- g g. , F. M. g. P. M. g. M. K V- g- V. g. p. M v. g. F. r. s. V. g. P. M g y. r. g. M. U. r. vl g P. M. y- g. P. y. g. M g. r. V. g. P. M. y- >•■ y- y- y- '■• y- g- !■• r. g y- r. s. W. s. w. w. w. ^Y. AV. w. w. AA'. W. W. s. s, E..A.. \\'. E.A. Am. Am. Am. Rus. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. .A.m. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Eng. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Eng. Am. Ger Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. N.S. Am. Am. Can. P. A. Am. Am. Am Am.. ■J-3 3 5 Z J5 Maine. New Hampshire Vermont. II .a ^ * ** * * * * '. '. * * . . i * * * ^■^ ^,: ^^ '^^ ^:i: -i:^: f ** ^:* * >!: * * . . * * . . t * . . * . . . . ! • ■ • • , ' . .1 * . . 3 Aloderate bearer; showy; Ivardy. 5 Slender grower, but healthy. 13 In Vermont adapted only to the Southern and Western parts of the State south of Burlington. CATALOGFE OF FKUITS — APPLES. Vll Between 48° and 49° II.— Cektral DivisioK.— Betweti t3° III. -^I'r « c ~ _____ . . --- , 3 . . * -. 3 4 * 0 :;■>!'■ S .- 9 10 .. 11 ■■ * J.J ** ****** 13 .. * :; 14 15 .. i: * * 10 * IT .. * . 18 .. * * * 19 * * •>.: H: 20 + t 21 . o2 2:i 24 . 25 26 .. i- 27 28 29 30 31 32 .. 33 .. * 34 . ■^" 35 .. 36 .. * * ** ** * _ * : ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 ** * 50 51 52 53 54 -j- * g -.r- i:^- -. : :_•_■.— j^L ■ ,1^- _:_:_u 13 A hardy tree; very piwUittive. i- Vi.luablesl.ippi. 45 Valued for stock and cider. 15 A coarse, showy fiuit. 2U Fine winter vsuRty 49 Esteemed hoiith and West, i; Fine for tabic, ; too tender for shipijing. 23 Resembles Newtown Spitzenburgh. 51 V alued at the ^>oiiIli. Vlll CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES. DESCRIPTION. I.— ]S. Div. NAMES. 55 56 57 58 59 00 Gl 63 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Cli mango Strawberry, Sherwoocrs Favorite. Clark's Pearman .' in . Clayton 1- Clyde Beauty I- Cooper 1- Cooper's Market ni . Cooper's Early m. Cooper's Early White. Cogswell ""■ Cole's Quince 1- Colvert 1- Cornell's Fancy ni. Cox's Orange "i- Co.c's Oranije Pippin. Cracking 1- Creek m- Cross. CuUasaaa ■• • Curtis Sweet D.invers Sweet Daivters Winter Sweet. Dean ni. 1. ni. Detroit Red "i Disharoon ui- Dominie >" Drap d'Or 1- Dutch Mignonne ni. m. 78 Dyer 79 80 .81 82 83 84 85 86 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 9(1 97 98 99 1(1(1 101 102 103 104 105 PonutiC Ji(tf/nl. Early Harvest "i Early Margaret in Early Red Margaret. Early Joe s Early Pennock 1 Early Strawberry s Eai ly Ripe ". m Edgar Red Streak 1 Walbrii]ge- Edward's Early English Russet m I'oiighkcepsic Utixset. Esopus Spitzenburg 1 Etowah ni Cooper's Red. Eustis "1 Eutaw r. ob. V. V. g. M. c. y- '■• g- p. M. r. c. g. r. g- P. M. r. ob. g- y- g- j\r. r. c. V- r. g- M. r. y- g- i\l. r. ob. y- I" 1). P. M. r. ob. g. y. V. «-. P. M. r. ob. y. r. H-. P. M. ob. y- '•• P. M. ob. y- !■ V- g P. r. ob. y- K. ri. c. y- '■■ V. g- P. M. r. ob. r. s. "■ g- P. M r. c. y. s. K- M. r. c. y. r. g- K. r. oil. g- y- V. g. J^'. Ai 11. r. s. V. g. P. M r. ol). r. a. P. M r. c. g- g- P. M r. i.b. 'i. r. V. e. P. M r. ob. y- V. g. P. 1. ol). r. s. g- M. r. g- y- V. g. P. r. ob. g- y- V. g. P. M r. r. s. V. g. P. M fl. y. r. b. P. r. c. g- fX. M. r. r. s. V. t;-. P. r. ob. y- cr P. r. ol). r. s. V. S P. r. c. y. I'us. V. g. P. M. lb. y. r. y. r. b. P. M. ob. r. ob. r. s. v. g. .ii a y •S X .5 5 2S X a; ^ ". JX +i — ' r .^ c o ' t 6 c f ^ vi ■ Z i. ^ ■i^ S, " JZ z ?: S 2; > ?; c; Eveuins Party ni. Ewalt ". 1- Excel I- Pallawater !■ Korti icatder, Talpehoeken. VM Harvey 1. I'^ill Jennetini; 1 Pall Orange 1. Pall Pippin 1- 1/oUaiiil I'ippiii, erroneoudy. Fall Q'leen ni. Ilii.ss. Gross J'onimii'r. Pall Wine m. Kaiueu>c m- Piiniine de Neiye, Snow Apple. Pa'iiily ni- Paniiy , "i- Pcrdinand 1- fl. r. ob c. r. c. r. ob. (1. r, r. ob. ob. c. r. ob. r. ob. H. c. tl. II. r. y r. y. r. g- y- g- y- g- y- y- !■• g- y- y- >■■ V. g. p. M. g. ]\r. v.^o. P. M. g^ M. g. .M. g- M. g. K. .M. V. g. P. n g. p. M. b. P. V. g. P. M. V. g. M. V. g. P. J\I 75 Pi'oductivc :ind hardy. 7f> \'ahU' I Icr dessert. 79 Succeeds host on strong soils 81 A delicious table sort ; tree of .'■ 82 Popidar market sort. 83 Continues a longtime after ripe W. Am W. Am W. Am. * L. A W. Am A. Am W. Am ** * W. Am. .... *.. .. * .. L. A. Am. * L. A. Am. E. A. Eni:. * L. A. Am. W. Am. S. Am W. Am ..,.. .. I.. A. Am '..' *!..:.. AV. Am * * . ■ * . . E. A. Am. E. W, Am. A. Am. W S. (ier. * W. Gei-. * . . . . K A F * ** * ** I S. Am. ***** * *: * * S. Ger. ..... *..!.. S. Am. ....,* *|. . S. Am. . . . . * *'..'..'.. S. Am. * * * *' * S. Am. W. Am. S. Am. W. Eug. .... *..*.. * W. Am. * . . t * * . . . W. Am. E. \\. Am. * . . A. Am. W. Am. W. Am. W. Am. W. Am. ; I,. A. Am. f . . * . . . . *.. . E. A. Am. * .. t L. A. Am. * . . .. L. A. Am. * .. t ■■ * *** A. Am. , . ** L. A. Am. . . *..**...... ^\* p * ** ** ** ** * * S. Am. S. Am. W. Am. uuall growth. ninsr; often called h'ed Junealiug CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES. IX Between 43 ° and 49 o II. — Centrai. Division. — Between 35 ° and 42 ° III- s. Div. 15 et 2S° & 35° 55 56 57 58 59 60 (il 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 m 97 98 '10 3 O O a c o T * 't * >< s 25 ** * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * ** a O * * * * * * * d 3; i * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * * j a » P s !_! t ;;r .... .... ** * ** '. si Q OS a g a o r—t d Q * * 1 a c a a * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * 53 * * * * * * ** * * ** ** * o a •^ a i- a •^ ** * * * ** * * * * ** * * *a '5i > * * * * * * ** ** ** 03 n 1 O 1 * * * * * !a O * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * 03 n a * 'i * * * * * * * * * .i '3 ^ n ^1 ** ** ** ** ** o; a> tn a a * ** ** ** a ^^ * ** * * * * * * ** 03 O * * ** * * ** ** * * ** ** * * * ** 3 O * ** '* * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * 03 CO .a 0) Z ** ** + ** * * ** 5-2 * *'. . *i * * '. '. * ' ' 'a * * * * * * * * * * * * * 03 .2 'a •^ "oa O * * '* ** ** * * ** * CO s 1 a ** * ** ** ** * 03 o * ** ** * * 33 § < * * * * * * * * * * * * * c 2 1 s a 2 CO □ 33 * * ** ** ** '5. c *cfl X 1 i * ** * ** 5 'cC CO 3 S O ® * * * ** * * * ** ** ** ** ** * * ** * 6 •A a o < 100 101 102 103 104 105 * ** * ■* * * * **:*.. . .1.. * * 1; ; * * * * * ** * * ** * * * ** * * * 102 A hardy tree; one of tlie best of llii- Xmtli ami \\ l■^t. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES. DESCRIPTION. I.— M . Div. H M P :5 lOG 107 108 109 110 111 ll'i 113 114 115 NAMES. S p: o o O O Feiiis Fink Fourth of .July Faust's Winter, Faust Foundling Fulton Gabriel Ganlen Royal Garretson's Early Gilpin Oarthonse, Little Bomanite. Gofl m. ni. m. 111. ni. ni. 111. r. fl. fl. r. ob. r. r. ob. rt. r. ob. :■. ob. r. c. r. e. y. r. r. s. y. r. y- '•■ g-y- '•■ y- y '•■ y- y- '•• F. M. M. M. "if'." M. M. F. K. M. W. Am. L. W. Am. ►< 0) o f/) o CO a J3 a i .3 (/J M 33I5 ::^ C8 > e c s:^ CO O x a a, , a. •A Zi S|^i> ^ — - — , — « s. w. A. W. L. A. S. A. W. Ger. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. 154 1.55 1.5G 157 158 159 160 161 162 Horse, Haas. Hubbardston Eubhardston Nonsuch. Hunt Russet. Huntsman's Favorite . Hurlbut . Irish Pippin. Jefferson County. Jefferis. Jersey Sweet Jewett's Red. Je/wett's Fine Eed. Jonathan Julian. Junaluskee Kentucky Red. Kentucky Red Streak. Brndford's Best. Kentucky Keswick Codlin Key's Fall Kinnaird's Choice Kinney's Winter Kirkbridge Kirkhridge White. Klaproth Lady Apple Lady's Sweet r. c. y. r. V. g. F. M. ti. c. w. r. g. K. . ob. g. V. g.| P. M.i r. c. Ig.y.dr' g. r. c. r. c. y. r. g-y- Ul. r. rus. V. g- ill. fl. y- ■■■ g- m. ob. g-y- g- m. fl. y-r. g- s. fl. y. r. V. g. 1. r. y. r. V. g. M. F. M. F. M. K. M. K. M. F. M. F. M. w. Am. s. Am. w. Am. A Am. L. A. E. A. Eng. E. W. Am. W. Am. W. E. A. E. A. Am. W. F. W. Am. 107 Valuable as a very late keeper and for cider. 108 Very hardy tree and handsome fruit. 113 Of a delicious pear flavor. 122 Ripens early and keeps late. 123 One of the best south. 130 One of the most profitable of market sorts. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES. XI Between 43° and 49 0 II. — Central Division — Between 35 ° and 42° II t.- -S. Div.- -Bet. 28 °&35° u ^ 106 107 108 109 no 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 lis 119 120 121 132 123 124 125 12(5 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 :61 162 o '^ V a c * ** ** 't * * z; t * * * ** ** ** * * * * * t '* ** * * * * ** * ** * * * * 6 n O * * * * * '* '•J i t * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * ** * * * * d '- ** * * * * 03 1 i C3 ca a O o ■3 i c * * * a 5 1-, o * * t * ** :3 '5 OS > * * * * * * * * * * * * t * * * <6 * * ** * * ** * * * * 6 Q •3 C S s ** ** * * * * ** > * * * * * * * * * * * * n o * ** * * ** 5 * * * * * * ** * * ** ** * * * ** ** * * a 53 a 't * ** * t * * * * * ** * * .2 a > ii * * * .a a a; * * ** i* ** ** ** * * * * * « 00 a; a a ** ** I * so .£ 't * ** * * * * ** t t * ** * * * si * * * * * ** * * * * * ** * "i * . '. *'. . ** * * * ** ** * * * ■ii-i *'■■ * ** ** 03 CC cn a * * * * ** * * * :: * * * ** * 50 o * * X * * * * * * * * * > * 'a .c "a O * * * * * . . i *i ■ ' 1 * * * * * OS a CO O 1 ** * * ** * * ** * ** ** O * * * * ** * * * * * ** * ** * * * - S < * * * * * * * * ** * * * '* * * * * * * 33 33 ■3 s 00 33 X s < * ** * * ** ** ** ** * ■3. c CC * * * * * ** * t a .2 £ * ** ** * * ** *^: ** * * ** ** * ** * * * * CO * ** * * * * ** ** ** S3 132 Valued only for cider. 133 A delicious dessert apple. 142 A hardy tree and fine fruit. Supposed to be identical with Golden Russet of Mass., but not fully decided. 148 Very valuable for market or stock. xu CATALOGUE OF FKUITS — APPLES. DESCUIPTION. l.—N. Div.— 5; S a 163 164 165 i 166' 167 168 I 169 I 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 1»4 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 300 201 202 303 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 NAMES. m Lansingburg 111. Late StrawljeiT}' lu. A'ltumn Stratnherry- i Lawyer 1. ' Limber Twig m. Long Island Russet m. Lome .~ 1. ! Marquis of Lome. I i Loudon Pippin I I. Lowell 1. Orange, Tallow Pippin, Queen Anne, Michigan Oolden Pippin. Lyscom 1. Maiden's Blu.sU m. Major ' 1. Mangum m. Mann m. Mauomet m. i Mary Womac I 1. Muston's Red m. Marston's Med Winter. Mason's Orange v. 1. Mason's Stranger m. Mattamusket s. Maverack Sweet m. Maxy m. McAfee's Nonsuch 1. Large Striped Pearmain. Mcintosh Red m. McLellan m. Mellinger m. Melon m. Mexico ni. Milam m. Milden or Milding 1. Minister 1. Missouri Pippin 1. Missouri Jieejicr. l\Ionmoutli Pippin I. Red Cheek Pippin. Jloore's S weet m . Mother m. Munson Sweet m . Orange Siceet. Nansemond Beauty m. Newtown Pippin 1. Albemarle Pippin, Brooke' » Pippin. Newtown Spitzenburg ni- Vandevere of JSl'ew York. Nickajack I. Nonpareil Russett ni. Northern Spy 1. Northampton m. Oakland m. Oakland Covnfy Seek-no-Further. Oconee Greening m. Ohio Nonpareil 1. Ohio Pippin 1. Shannon. Oldenburg m. Duchess of Oldenburg. Orange Pippin m. Ortley | m. 166 Hardy and productive Southwest. 172 A profitable market sort. 176 A valued sweet apple. ^ q < -,- < 0 r. fc U t-^ Oj r, H. y- '■• s- M. W. r. y- I-- V. g. F. M L. A r. ob. y ■•■ V. g. F. M. W. r. ob. y- !•• g- M. W. r. rus. K. VV. r. fl. g- '•• ^- g F. M. W. fl. y. r. g- M. W. r. c. gy- v.g. F. M. E.A r. g-y- g- F. M. E.A r. g-y- 2;. K.M. E.A r. H. g- r- ^- g- F. M. W. r. ob. y. r. V. g. F. M. W. r. ob. y- !•• ^- g- F. M. W. r. ob. V. r. V. g. F. M. E.A r. fl. y- >■■ V. g. F. M W. r. c. r. s. "■'■ g- F. w. ob. y- ff. F. M. w. H. y- r. V. g. F. M. w. fl. y^ '•■ g- F. M. w. r. ob. y- r. ^- g- M. w. r. c. g- I'- g. F. M. w. r. ob. y- '■• V. g. F. M. w. r. ob. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. r. ob. r. ■ fl. ob. r. ob. fl. r. oil. r. c. fl. r. ob. r. ob. r. ob. ob. ob. y- >•■ "■ g- y- 1- "■ g- r. s. V. g. y. r. b. r. s. v. g. r. s. g. y- r. V. g. r. s. g. y- '■• g- V. r. V. g. F. M. W. F. M. W. F. M. W. P. M. E.W F. M. W. F. M. A. K. M. W. F. M. E.W K. M. L. A. M. W. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am N. S. Am. Am Am Am Am Am Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. y- '■■ y- g- r. s. g-y- r. ob. y. r. r. ob. r. r. c. fl. r. ob. ob. y. r. ob. y. r. r. ob. y. r. r. s. V. g- y. r. r. s. y. r. P'. M.| P. M.' F. M. F. F. W. W. w. E.W. w. S A. g. F. M. L. A. y- 1'- y- g- y- g. M. g. F. M. g. F. M.' A. W. Am. Eng. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Rus. Am. Am. .-Si i.S >■ e .H (i £ C a, X Q, 1^ z ;zi s 2; > tn ■6 1 *^ 0) 0 > * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * ** * * ** * ** * * * * * ** ** □ i if * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** 't '* " ** * * * ** SQ s 5 ** OS Q ;; c "^ a % * * a & O * if* * i !i > a 1 a .Oh * * ** * *.■■ 1 * I * * * ** s |Zi * ** * * * ** ** * ■■^■■ ^: '* * * * * * ** '* '* 1 "o J3 O * * * "* * * * 3 * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * ** 03 a c * * * * ** 'i * * * * * t * * '* '3 It . . ** ** * ■■ ** .. ** ■ 'I' ■ * ** .'* * V to a- □ c ^_ ** "i * * 1 * * ** "i * ** ** * t i* ** 'i ■■ .. * •s a o * * * ** * * ** * * ** * * * Up ** '* si b ** * * * * * ■j'j C 1- * ** ** t .. "i * * * * * * o t '* •• ** 5 * * * '* * C3 SB "S * >:- * * ** * * * ** .s O __ o CO * ** 't as "5l c • Perry Russet i "i- Pewaukee '• Phillip's Sweet 1 £"• Pickard's Reserve m- lot 1- & "m S ! ° P5 J O O f^ 1 o o < m CO S "^ ,M i o r. ob. ' y. r. v. g. F. M. W. Pil Pittsburg Pippin 1 Pleasant Valley '" Pleasant Valley Pippin. , Plumb's Cider lu Pomme Grise I >* Porter. 1. Premium lu. President '• Primate "'■ Progress '" Prother's AVinter '"■ Pryor's Red '■ Pumpkin Sweet ' '• Lyman'ti Pumpkin Sweet, Pound Sweet. Pyle's Winter Pi/le's Bed Winter. Ramsdell's Sweet Ramljo Rawle's Genet Red Astrachan Red Canada Old Koyisuch, Itichfield Nonsuch, Steele's Red Winter of Some. Red Cathead Red Crab Red Ranee Red Winter Pearmain Bumco7nbe. Red Stripe Rhode Island Greening Rhode's Orange Ribston Pippin Richard's Graft Ridiie Pippin Robinson's Superb Robertson's White Rock Pippin Lemon. Rockport Sweet Romanite, of the South Roman Stem Rome Beauty Roxbury Russet Saint Lawrence Sarah r. c. fl. r. r. c. fl. r. ob. r. ob. r. ob. fl. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. ob. r. c. r. oil. r. c. r. ob. c. r. ob. 1 r. obi. Saxton Fall Stripe. Sheppard's Sweet Sl'.iawassee Beauty Shockley Simmons' Red Red Everlasting. Smith's Cider i 1 m. m. m. 1. m. m. m. 1. 1. m. m. y. s. V. g.' F. M r. s. V. g. g- y- V. g.| rus. g. r. s. g. [ I r. s. V. g.| I !■■ .y- g- g. y. r. V. g. I g- y- i^- g- ; g. y- v. g. ff. y- '■■ g- y. rus. b. y. £■ y y- y- '■ y' •■ y- F. F. M. F. M.' F. M.; F. M. F. F. M.t F. M.I P. M.' K. M. F. F. M. V. g.' F. M.i g. F. b. ' F. g. '; F. M. F. M. F. M. K. M. g- V- .g- g- A. A. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. A. vv. A. E.W. A. E. A. W. L.W. W. E. W. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. o a- 5 ■ • t; t^ .. *..! ti. 1. ' r. ob. i r. s. \v. g. F. M.! AV. ob. fl. r. c. r. r. ob. r. c. r. \ r. ob. r. ob. ob. c. r. ob. r. ob. r. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. c. r. ob. r. c. r. r. r. ob. fl. fl. r. ob. r. c. fl. r. c. ob. r. ob. y. r. j g. } K. M.| y. r. !v. g.| F. M., y. r. V. g.j F. M.| y. r. j g. I K. M.I y. r. ' b. : F. M. y. r. ' g. I F. M.! r. ; Cider , r. s. Iv. g.: F. M. y. r. g. ; F. M.! I y. r. g. ' K. M. g. y. V. g. F. M. y. r. . g. I F. y. r. [v. g.i F. M. r. s. IV. g.| F. M. y.rus.l g. I M. ' g. I F. M. g. y. g. I F. M. y. I....' M. g. y. IV. g.! F. y. r. jv. g.| F. M. y. rus. V. g.l F. M. y. r. 1 g. j M. y. rus.lv. g.' F. M. y. r. ,v. g.l M. r. s. V. g.l F. M. y. r. 1 g. I F. L. A. L A. AV. S. AV. Am. Am. Am. 'f." F. F. M r. s..| g. r. y. |v. g. y. r. I g. ' F. M y- !•• Iv. g.| y. r. F. M. 1 W. *' *i . . . . *;..!.. ****' « * *i I * >K * * *• *' Vi-*' * * . !• ■ **■ * **'**!**: **** *. * * 212 A new variety, originated in Nebraska. 217 Very hardy. 224 A tree of small growth ; succeeds well at the north. 330 Valued chiefly for its keeping qualities. CATALOGUE OF FEUITS — APPLES. XV B-tweea \i° and 49 0 1 II — Central Division Between 35 ° and 42 ° III.-- -S. Div. -Bet . 28° & 35° ti « a 312 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 3 O o 1* a a * * ** * * ? •1. ** \] '* * * * ** * * * * ** .2 :: o * * * * * ** * ** * c s i.2f * ,** ! * * * ** ** * * * * ** ** * * * * * * * !i * ** * * " d a a * I5 0 03 a *-» a 0 si .2 5 l'.'. 1 . 0 S3 C c c X * * * □ o 1 i.2 1 c > P4 1/ * * * ** ** 1 I . (D * * ':: *i * ** * * * * ** d a □ ■6 * * ** * ** ** * * * ** **| r- i" * 1 , 3: 1 ; 6 3 * * 1 1 03 ; * ** . (• • j- * '. * ' a So' i, ^ s » g .1.. '/) a a '3 a * * * * ** * * ** ** ** ** * * 03 * 1.. * ** ** * ** :: * * * * * : c X * * i* * ** ** ** 'i * * ** * ** CC 21 >» ': * * * * ** * ** * * ** en 03 X □ 03 '* * * ** ** * * '* * d ** .. ** ** '.'.\ ..1 P * * * * * * * * * _ 1 1 1 S3 ■ '.£ 03 £ * ** ** 1 OS a 93 1 1 >- c 'S .* a X ■3 0 ** ** OD i n i~ ** ** * ** :: ** * '0. c. i a a *w 'a to s 1 § N ..j.. * ** . * * * ** * * *** * * '. '. ' * *** *** + ** * * * * . . 227 228 229 230 'SI • • 1 1 1 ' * 1 . .1 1 . * • J. * ■ * * * * * * r ■ 1** ■* ** ** ^ ^ 1 *I 1 't * * * 233 233 234 235 236 237 ** * * * * * '* ** * * * ** * ** ** * ** * *** ** ** * * * * * * * * ** ! ! i ' ' 239 240 241 242 '>4S * * '. '. ** * ■■ * * ^ ** * * * * * _ 1 1 244 245 246 247 '>4S 't * 249 25(1 251, 253 253 ''54 ** ** ..1 1 ■ "1 . . j * * * * * * * * t * '. **> * > * * ** i 1 ** 255 256 ''57 ..J *1 II * 'i * 1 1 1" 258 259 26ol 261 9W>. ;;i ** * l"l * 't * ** * * * 203 264 ** ** 240 B?st of all for cider. 242 Extensively grown Soutli and \\'est. 248 A long lieeper. 253 Enliiely distinct innii Gilpin or yiiockley. XVI CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES. OESCUIPTION. NAMES. 2 p :z; 265 206 267 268 309 27U 271 272 273 274 27.5 270 277 278 279 380 281 282 2831 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 293! 293 294 I 295! 296 297 298 299 300 301 .302 303 304 305 806 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 o o O < P ai O o kq «■ , 'Jj o . o i < i =» s c I.— N. Div.— P ',03 I *- pq, ■ c= I !■ I w a. , X ■ ^ :2; IS la I Smokehouse Somerset, of Maine Soiuerset, of New York Sops of Wine Ho mi 111/. Soulard Southern Porter Spice Russet Stansill Stark Stevenson's Winter Summer Bellefleur Summer Ilagloe Summer King Summer Queen Summer Pound lloyal Summer Pippin Ghamplain Nyaek. Summer Rose Summer Seek no further Sumui'-r Sweet Paradise Susan's Sjiice Sutton Beauty Striped Sweet Striped Stceet Pippin. Swaar Sweet Belle et Bonne Sweet Bough Large Yellow Bovjli. Sweet Pear Sweet Winesap Taunton Tetofsky Tewkshurj' Wi ter TewJcsbury Winter Blush. Tillaquah Tinmouth Talman Sweet Tompkins King Ming of Tompkins County. Townsend ". Hocking. Trenton Early Twenty Ounce Twenty Ounce Apple, Cayuga Red Streak, Utter Vande vere Victuals and Drink Virginia Greening AVagener Warfield Washington Wash ington Strawberry. Washington Royal Water Waugh's Crab Wealthy Webb's Winter Wellford's Yellow Western Beauty Orosh, Summer Ramho, Etc. Westfield Seek-nofurther White Doctor White Juneating, May, Early May, Etc , 1. m. s. m. ni. m. s. m. 1. m. ui. 1. m. 1. 1. m. >•• '■■ .?• r. ob. fl. r. s. V. g. r. c. ;y- rus. v. g. r. y. r. , g. m. 1. m. m. 1. m. 1. m. m. 1. m. s. m. m. ui. m. 1. m. m. 1. 1. m. 1. 1. m. m. s. m. m. s. 1. ; r. Ob. r. c. fl. c. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. ' r. c. : r. ob. a. r. c. r. c. ob. c. r. ob c. r. fl. r. ob. r. ob. r. ob. r. ob. ob. r. c. fl. r. c. fl. c. fl. r. fl. fl. r. r. r. ob. r. r. ob. fl. ob. fl. r. ob. fl. r. c. r. ob. r. 0. r. c. r. ob. r. r. ob. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. r. I y- r. I g. y- jv- g y. rus. V. g, g-y- I g- I y' ■■• i g- y- y- r. s. y. r. ! y. r. iy. rus. y- r. y. Y. 'y- g-y- y- '■• r. s. r. s. g- g- V- g- g- g- b. V. g. k- g- i^- g- |V- g- K. M. F. F. I K. M.;: I M. F. Mi F. P. F. F. F. M. K. M. F. M. K. M. M. K. M. F. F. M. F. ^^- i F. M.I F. M. W. S. E. A. E. A. Am. Am. Am. Eng. 'I'ir L. A. S. w. w. w. w. A. S. s. s. E. A. L. S. S. s. I E.A. ' A. E. W. E.W.' Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Au). Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Aui. Am. Am. Am. g. y. ! b. I F. M.I W. y. rus.>v. g.i F. i E.W. g. y. 'y. g.' F. M.[ S. y- r. y- ■•- y- r. y- 1- g-y- y- !•■ V. g.! I = I V- g-l F. M. g. i F. M.' g- K- V. g.' F. M. F. V. g.l K. M. V. g.l F. M. A. W. A. S. w. w. w. w. AV. 1 Am. ; I Am. '\ Am. :'** Am. Am. Am. Rus. 1 Am. "t* V V H^'4' 'f^ I**; *t * g- M. Am. ,|. . Am. II. . i Am. Ii * Am. !;**■ Am y- ; g- ; p. I s. r. s. |V. g.l F. M. L. A. * **[ * * * I.. . r. s. y- r- y. rus. g-y- y- >■- y- y- r. g-y- y- !•- r. s. r. y- g-y- r. s. y. r. j g-y- g-y- I F. K. M. F. M. F. F. M. A. W. W. W. W. A. V. g.l F. M.l E.A. "■ g- g- V. g. g- g- M. F. Cider F. M. F. M. V. g.l F. M. b. I F. M. g. K. M. g. I P. M.I W. E.W. W. W. W. W s. w. E.A. S. An!. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. CATALOGUE OF FKUITS — APPLES. XVll Between 43 ° anJ 49 o II.— Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 42 ° III— S. Di v.— Bet. 2b° & 35° n S Sl 5 ? = ' S S , 5 5?.^ ? O " C 'J:' ^^ f •— .B — -5^SSS^-:i^O a;^CS>^5 a 'o = = ,^ M H iS :^ ,s ;zi ,w o p .^ iO i:C p ■< ,i, ►^ "< S ■ 205 2«i; . 2(j7 2«S * .. * .. *' * * ** +^ ** :|e 269 270 271 :j73 273 274 275 270 277 278 279 280 * * ** *.. * * * * >ir ^ ** * 3(c* ** 281 . . * * 282 . . * -J ***** * ******* * ** t :'•:!- 283 . . * . . 284 . . 285 . . * . * * ■.; t 280 287 . . * . . 288 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 289**** * 290 * ** *' *' *' ' *' *!' ■ * *' *■ * * * ::^:!: * * 291 . * . . . . ..*.*.. 292 ..*... . *' . . . ■■■"^'' ii ** **; * * ** ** _ * ..1 293 ....*!***.. * 294 . . *!..;* * * **i * . . 295 29G * . * 297 **l * *.**' j 1 ' * * 1 1 *, * *i *i *; *i *;**, , , *ii * 298 !!'**' * 299 . . * . . 300 . . . . 301 . . ** * *'..'....'"'.. * . . * . . . ' . . * . . * * * * .,: * *l ■ * -i *' *| 1 |l *' 1 *i ' *l' . * . . * . * * * ** * ; * * * * ** * * ** . . 303 304 . . * . . 305 * 1 ' . . '■■ * 1 ' ' ' * 300 . . * * * *i *i * . 307 308 . . * . . 309 . . * , . mo * * * 311 312 .. .. * ''****■■ ' ' * * ** 314 * * 315 * * 310 * * . . 317 .. * .. 318 * * ' * * ' 1 * **_♦* ** . . * . . **| . . XVIU CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES — CRABS. DESOKIPTION. NAMES. £5 319 32U 321 322 32:! 324 32o White Paradise Lady Finger. AVhite Pippin Wbite Wiutev Pearmaiii Wliite Rambo Williams' Favorite g S Willis 1. m. m. 111. 1. Willow Twig ; m- James Biver. 320 Wine. 327 328 329 330 331 333 333 334 335 336 337 Ilay'ii Wine, Pennsi/lvania lied Streak. Winesap Winter Sweet Paradise Wolf Kiver Wythe Yiites Yellow Bellefleur Yellow .1 line ^ i^ NantahaUe. \ Yellow Trans]iarent ™ York Imperial I ' Yopp's Favorite ' Zachary Pippin ■ ■ ' r. fl. ] r. oh. I r. c. r. oil. r. c. i r. r. c. r. r. ob. fi. r. 0. fl. m. '■• ! 1. r. ol). 1. r. ob. ni. 11. s. fl. 1. ob. m. :■. ob. g-y- y- >■• g-y- y- M. V. g. P. M. 'v. g.l F. M. 1 g- , M. g. ■ M y. r. Iv. g. K. M. y. r. g. , K. M. y. r. V. g. F. M. g- y- V. g. F. r. g. F. M. r. s. V. g. F. y. r. g. I F. M. g. y. V. g.| F. M. y- g- : F- y. g. y. r. g. 1 P. M. y- I g- F. r. s. v. g.. P. M. W. W. w. L. A. S. s. w. y. r. V. g. F. M. W. W. w. w. w. w. w. s. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. E. S. Rus. W. I Am. A. ' Am. E. W. Am. I.— IN. Div. « K II.--APPLES-CRABS. DESCRIPnON. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 n 18 19 20 31 3a NAME. Beecher Sweet Briar Sweet (of Wisconsin), Byer's Beauty Cheny Conical Early Strawberry Glover's Early Hyslop Lady Elgin Lake Winter JLirengo Minnesota Montreal Beauty S O o r. fl. r. c. r. 1. 1. 1. 1. V. 1. 1. Orange ! "j- Orion ' Red Silierian Spitzenburg Sweet Russet Sylvan Sweet Transcendent Whitney Yellow Sil)erian m. r. ob. r. r. fl. ob. r. ob. r. ob. r. r. r. y r. y. r. g. r. V. g. r. s. g. >•• j g- y- ]•- V. g, !■■ y- W- g y- '■- g- r. c. r. fl. r. ob. r. fl. r. y- «•• y- I'- o. r. s. r. y. rus. y. r. y- r- r. y- V. g g- g- ^-g e. F. M P. M. F. M. K. P. M, F. P. M P. M P. P. M F. M P. M P. M P. M P. M P. P. M P. M M. P. M o Hi < E. A. A. E. A. A. L. A. S. P3 c A. L. A. W. W. L. A. A. L. A. L. A. A. E.A. A. A. S. A. Am. Am. Am. P. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Eng. P. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. P. I.— N. Div. 325 Valuable for late keeping. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES — CRABS. XIX Bet ween 43 » and 49 o 11. — Dektral Division — Between 35 ° and 4 30 III.- -S. Div.- - Bet. 2ti° & 350 s B 5n P :z; 319 3-3II 331 322 333 324 335 338 337 328 22y 330 331 333 333 331 335 336 337 3 n . t >^ S i. ■A * * * * * * d a • • a 5) * * c i * * ** ** o a * 11 03 a .. a :: a o C 33 is **1 1 3 'a ; > ** ■+■ ** 1-5 e a; * •i £ * ** * t 6 Q * ** ** 'a * ** * ** a 1 o * ** 6 5 * ** * * ** c s ►-1 * * ** * a 'a '3) >- ** 1 -* ** ** ** * i2 a a V * ** ** CO □ * ** * * * * * ** ** * * * * *-- c * ** * ** * ** * * * * EC "a; ** ** ** X c * ** ** * ** ■f d 7~ * ** * * * * * * > * 5 * * * * ** "c ** ** :: "3. J * * * * * * * * ^ ^ 1 > a s ** •• * ** ** '9- a .~ = jj — .2 ■» .1 = * * * * * ** CO Pi ** ** 0 21 03 <1 II.-APPLES-CRABS Between 42 ° and 49 ° II. — Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 43 ° III.— S.Div.— 28° and 35° pi 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 3 0 S * % * * * * * * 0 d 3: i * * * * ** s u * * * * * * * ** * 0 CO 0; a a i ** ** a d 0 ■ * d 0 a > ■ji * * * * z; 0^ 1 * ** •i ** Q * . . '* * ■ '1 S3 _a "3 a 0 2; 0 a c a * a > 1 0^ CO y: X a ,2 CO •• * * * * 'i- 3 0 :: * a CO z; .2 a 0 a' a a ■h * * * * a ■pi o> * * * * 3 a < i 1 CO -5 'B. 1 :: a a _a : 50 ** * * d 0 s a a 0 M < XX CATALOGUE OF FEUITS — APEICOTS — BLACKBERRIES. III-APRICOTS. The columns explain as follows; Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— r., roundish ; r. f., roundish flattened; r. o., roundish oval ; ob. c, oblong compressed. Color — y. o., yellow, shaded to deep orange in the sun; o. r., orange, with a red cheek; o., orange. Quality— g., good ; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — All apricots being valued for the dessert, the letter F. will signify that it is extra for the dessert, and F. M. that it is valued for the dessert and at the same time profitable for market. Season — E., early; IM., medium; L., late iu season of ripening. Origin — F., foreign; Am., American. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. I.-N. Div.— St H n S p a ft. < a 'A o <; 'i, 2 « o o > C z; * '5 a .... > CO to X J 1 03 *« •a o K 1 Bieda m. s. m. s. m. r. r. o. r. f. ol). c. '■• "■ r. '•■ r. r. f. '■■ r. o. r. f. o. o. o. r. o. r. o. r. y. o. "y- o. r. y. o. y. 0. y- r. y. o. y. o. V. g V. g. 1). 1). b. b. g- g- b. V. g. »■• g- b. V. g. F. M.^ E. F. M. E, F. Am. " H F. M. JI. F. 4 Large Early F. E. ! F. 1 5 F. F. M. F. F. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. F. M. M. F. L. P. fi 7 Muach ^luscii . E. M. L. M. M. M. L. I F. F. F. F. F. 1 S <) Peach 10 Red Masculine 11 Koval 19, St. Ambroise 13 Turkey ni. r. IV.-BLACKBERRIES. These columns explain as follows: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — ob. c, oblong conic; r. c, roundish conical or oval; ob. ov., oblong oval. Color— -b., black. Quality — g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — F. M., family and market; M., market. Season — M., medium; E., earl,v ; L., late. Origin — Am., American; F., Foreign. DESCUIPTION. I.-N. Div.— « 0/ « NAMES. ^ ! 1 c 1 e; c s 3 jq B s B o s 1- > a3 c 3 CO o a o 5 u c/j fcl B th J3 55 t» £ o c 1 p CC o '± ^5 H ■^, * K 1 Ancient Briton 1. 1. ob. ov. ob. ov. b. b. V. g. V. g. F. M. F. M. M. M. Am. Am. 2 Barnard 3 Brunton's Early m b. a;- P. M. V. E. Am. 4 Dorcliester m. m. 1. 1. ob. c. ov. r. c. ov. b. b. b. b. b. g- b. S- M. P. M. P. M. M. M. V. E. M. L. Am. Am. Am. Am. * * * * * * * * * * ** '* * * * fi Eirl}' Harvest (i Kittatinnv * 7 New Roclielle, or Lawtoii * 8 Sable Queen !1 Snyder m. r. ov. b. V. 8-. F. M. E. Am. 10 Stone's Hardy 1. 1 ob. b. b. g- g- P. P. M. Am. Am. * * 11 Taylor Tnijlor's I'l-olifc. 12 Wachusett m. ob. ov. b. V. g. P. M. M. Am. * t 1R m. 1. ob. ov. b. b. g- V. g. P. M. Am. Am. * * * * 14 Wilson's Early M. E. * 15 Wilson Junior 1. ob. ob. b. V- g. M E. Am. 4 Of fine flavor. 6 Rusts badly in many places. 12 Almost thornless and valued on that account. CATALOGUE OF FKUITS — APBICOTS — BLACKBERRIES. XXI III-APRICOTS. The coUimus explain as follows: Sr/.K— I., large; m., medium ; s., small. Fon.\r— i-., idiimlisli ; r. f., roumlitb flattened; r. o., roundisli oval ; ob. c, oblong compressed. Color— y. o., yellow, sliaded to deep orange in the sun; o. r., orange, with a red clieek; o, orange. Qu.\uty— g., good ; v. g., very good; b., best. Use— All apricots being valued for the dessert, the letter F. will signify that it is extra for the dessert, and F. M. that it is valued for tlie dessert and at the same time profitable for market. Season— E., early ; M., medium ; L., late in season of ripening. OiuciiN- F., foreign; Am., American. Between 43" and 49 o II.— Central Division — Between 36 0 and 43 ° 111 S. Div.— Bet.38° &35» » n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0^ c s >< S * * * * * * * * '* * 5 * * * .2 s si £ a c B X c M >. 5 d d o .1 a: a 3. o '5 53 > * * * * * * * ;-< s a '* * d * * .2 a > * * C3 □ "c 3 i * 6 5 * * i a »— i * * * 33 '3 •5) -a: 1 ** ** ** a; X '/J t£ C s 1- * * ** * _a I— ( * * * * "* * c X i * * * 03 .M to 2 .a * * * ** ** * to « X B tS ** * * * * * * ■ ■ > 1/ ■• 33 'b * * ** ** * C3 .s 2 o CIS ** 03 •3. c m O <1 c O r- g t— 1 fZ — < * * * 'x r, * '* ca" a 'to ** ** ** ** c B O .2 IV-BLACKBERRIES. The columns explain as follows: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Fou.m — ob. c, oblong conic; r. c. roundish conical or ov:d ; ob. ov., oblong oval. CoLOn- b., black. Quality — g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — F. M., family and market; M., market. Season — M., medium; E., early; L., late. Origin — Am., American ; F., foreign. Between 43 <> and 49 ° II. — Central Division.— Between 35° and 42° III.— S. Div.— 28 ° and 35 ° ti s n iz; 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3 O 3J a> B * * * * * * * ** * * * * 5 * 5r. "3 * * * * * * * '7j c 1 > * * * 53 a- ** ** * :: 1 til B s 6 a S B "x * B 5c 5 =3 B > to C a * * * * * CO V ■-5 e z * * * * * ** * d d * * * * > B d o * 't * § B * ** if 5 'It > r. o * * * * * * * o '? X. D :- e a; •A .. * * 9 C § X a. Z a 5 > CO 1 >— t a ■a o 1 2 3 4 Arch Duke Belle Magnitique Belle de Choisy 1. I. m. m. 1. I. 1. 1. 1. m. Ml. m. m. m. ni. s. 1. m. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. m. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. m. 1. .lb. li. r. h. r. r. h. oil. b. ob. h. r. h. r. b. r. h. r. r. r. r. r. h. r. h. r. r. h r. ob. h. h. r. h. r. h. ob. h. ob. h. r. ob.' h. r. ob. h. r. r. h. r. ob. h. r. h. ob. h. r. r. ob. h. ob. b. r. r. ob. h . r. ob. h. r. h. d. r. 1. r. a. m. y- !•• y. r. d. r. d. r. b. d. r. y- a. m. a. m. d. r. y- !■■ d. r. 1. r. y^ '■■ d. r. y. r. y. r. y- '■■ d. r. d. r. r. d. r. d. r. d. r. d. V. d. r y- ■"• d. r. y. r. r. d. r. d. r. Ir: a. m. d. r. d. r. d. r. D. KM. D. K. M. 1). F. H. F. M B. F, M B. F. M. H. F. M. G. F. M. H. F. M. G. , F. M. D. I K. M. H. F. M. K. M. H. F. M. H. F. M. M. K. M. B. F. M. D. 1 F. M. B. 1 K. M. H. , F. M. B. F. M. H. F. M. D. , K. M. (}. K. D. K. M. B. F. M. D. K. M. M. K. M. M. K. M. B. F. M. H. F. M. H. 1 F. M. D. ! F. M. K. M. H. i F. M. H. ■ F. M. D. 1 F. M. B. 1 F. M. D. 1 K. M. H. 1 M. B. M. L. L M. E. M. M. M. M.' L. L. M. L. L. E. E. M. M. L. M. M. E. L. M. L. M. E. M. L. M. JL M. M. L. M. L. L. E. M. L. L. 1 F. F- ; F. F. F. F. , F. Am. P. F. F. Am . F. Am. P. F. F. i ^- 1 F. Am. Am. F. * * * * '* ^ Bigarreau 1 *' * * ** fi Graffion, Yellow Spanish. Black Eagle * t 8 9 10 Black Heart Black Republican, LuelUnq Black Tartarian ' ... Buttner's Yellow * 'i * * * ** * * * ** . . ** ** * * * "i * * 11 13 18 Carnation Coe's Transparent Donna Maria * * * * * 14 Downer's Late * 15 16 17 18 19 Early Purple, Early Purple Guiyn.e Early Richmo.)d Elton Eugenie, Hiiipress Eugenie Florence * * * 20 21 Governor Wood * Hovey * Kniglit's Early, Knight's Early Black ** * ** i* * * * * It: * ** * * ■>ri>; Late Duke 24 25 9fi Late Kentish Louis Phillippe Mezel, Bigarreau of Mezel F. F. P. I: F. F. Am. Am. F. F. Am. Am. F. Am. F. Am. Am. ..... 27 28 39 RO Monstrueuse Mezel, Bigarreau Gauhalis. May Duke ..... ..,.. * __1 *i * Montmorenc}' Lar*Te * . * Morello English Motello, Large Morello. Napoleon * 81 Royal Ann, in California and Oregon. Csceola 83 Ohio Beauty ■■ .. 83 Olivet 84 Plumstone Morello 85 Pontiao ..1..I.. 8fi Red Jacket 87 Reine Hortense "i" * * 88 Kockport * 39 Royal Duke . ... 40 Tecumseb 41 Windsor 7 A fine old variety, but by many supposed to be superseded. 18 Very hardy and productive. 16 Believed by many to be identical with Early May of the West; not fully settled. CATALOGUE OP FRUITS— CHERRIES. XXUl V.-CHERRIES. The columns explaiu as follows: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — ob. b., obtuse heart shape; r. ob. h., roundish obtuse heart shape; r. h., roundish heart shape; r., roundish or round. Color — 1. r., lively bright red; d. r., dark red, almost black; a. m., amber mottled with red; y. r., yellow ground shaded and marbled with red. Class — H., Hearts, or tender fleshed sweet cherries; B., Bigarreau, or firm fleshed cherries ; D., Dukes, having a character in tree and fruit midway between the Hearts and Morellos; M., Morellos, having acid fruit and the tree of small, slender growth. Use— F., family, for dessert; F. M., family or market; K. M., for cooking or market; M, market. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin — F., foreign; Am., American. Between 42 ° and 49 ° 11 — Centr.^l Division .— Between 35 ° and 43 <■ IIII- -S. Div.- -Bet. 28° & 35° § o 1 o 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 1.5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 33 36 37 38 39 40 41 3 a * * ** * ** * * * * * * >< z; * * * * * * ** ** * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 O * * * * * ** * * * * * * a 3: _^ * * * * * * ** * * * * * * ** * * ** * * * ** * * * : id ■ 33 a o ** [5 a a i '■'■ 53 O c a 1 bo a S 1 . c a 2 60 a * * * * * * * * * o * ** * * * ** 1^ 1 > 'i a a * * * ** * * * * ** * 1** 1 * ** 1 1. . * * + * * ** + 30 5= •A * * * * * * * * ■ • * * * * '* * * ** ** •5 53 * * * * * * '* * * * ** * •• * ** * '.I X "c > * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * s 3 iz; ** '.'■ ** * * * * ** 6 * * * * ** * * * * ** ** ** ** '* ** * * * * *: t s a * * * * * * * * * * '5 > * * ;; '■'■ >> c * ** ** ** * ■i Oj XI iXi a 1 0 ** ** ** * * * * * 'S a * * * •• t * ** * ** * * « * * ** ** ** 3 * * * ** * ** ■ ■ * oi .a CO C3 aJ * ** * ■■'.■■ * t * * 't ii ■A-- t 5S a — * ■V >^ 't 't * * t '* '* ■5 ** ** t 6 * * 1 1 :: •• : c ■.1 * * ii- t * * * * * 0 -a ! 0 j-XI * :: '3b * * '* * s x < * * * * 1 1 0 •• 0 ♦J a; c CO a -a •< * * ■■\- 'S. 3 'x X Vj X i so 'x 0 2 d a) 1. i . 1 OS a 0 N 5 25 An old excellent sort; little known. 38 The latest ripening large sweet cherry. XXIV CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — CURRANTS- — GOOSEBERRIES. VI-CURRANTS. The coUimiis explain: Size — 1 , large ; m., medium ; s., small. Form — witli referento to form of bunch — 1., V. 1., very long; .s., short; m., medium. CoLOU — r., red ; b , black ; w., white. Quality — a., acid ; m. a., moderately acid; V. a., very acid. Use — K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market; M., market. Season — E., early ; M., medium; L , late. Origin — Am., American; P., foreign. NAMES. DESCHIPTION. I.— IN . Div. p S5 5 •< P M M P ■A i < CO 2 5 O c > o * * 1. . * * * * CO a m a; a X * * ** * CO £ K ii ** c > * * * * * i * * * * CO 1 = * ** t * i ** * I— f 1 1 1. 1. 1. s. 1. 1 i. 1. 1. m. m. 1. 1. m. m. 1. s. s. s. 1. m. 1. 1. 1. m. m. s. V. 1. 1. 1. r. b. r. b. r. r. li. r. r. T. r. r. r. w. w. m. a. 111. a. V. a. m. a. m. a. ni. a. III. a. m. a. "1. a. m. a. a. a. m. a. m. a. F. M. M. K. M. M. M. M. K M. M. F. M. M. F. M. K. M. M. F. M. M. M. L. F. M. E. F. M. E. M. M. F. M. L. F. M. E. F. M.I E. F. F. F. F. Am. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. * 0 Bl;ick Naples o * S Cberry * 4 "i Black Enylisfi. Fay's Prolific t 6 7 Kuight's Red, KnighVs Large Red Lee's Prolilic H Palluau Fertile de Palluau ') 10 Red Dutch * 11 Red Grape I'^i * IS Victoria . 14 Maby Castle. White Dutch * 15 White Grape . * VII-GOOSEBERRIES. The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; .s., small. FouM —r., round ; o., oval; r. o., roundish oval. Color — r., reddish, when fully ripe; g., greeni.sh yellow, when fully ripe. Quality — g,good; v. g., very good ; b, best. Use — K., kitchen; M., market. Season — E., early; M., medium; M. L., medium late. Origin — Am, American; F., foreign. NAMES. ■n DESCRIPTION K 1 •s. o s O >• H < o C/J < m z 2 S o 1 9 Crown Bob m. 0. b. r. 0. r. o. o. r. r. 0. 0. b. 0. 0. r. r. V. g. 2". K. M. K. K. M. M. M.L. E. M. E. E. M. M. M. F. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. F. •-t Houu-hton 4 Mountain m. m. r y- r. r. S- g- t 1 M. g. ] K. M. v'. g K. M. V. g. K. M. V. g. K. M. V. g. K. M. 5 6 Pale Red 7 8 Cluster, American Seedling. Roaring Lion Smith's, Smith's Improved Wliitesiiiith I.--N. Div.— n a ,< > X Z * * ** * * * * * * ** d 5 * * * * * * * d s s * ** * * ** * * ** ** ** c 'x c * * * "* * * * * * * 32 a. 3 i * * ** * ** ** ** A a 3 3 o d o fen .H '-3 /) 3! t o ** '* * .3 "a 1 1 "* ** ** * * ** * * ** =: o> * * * * * * * * "* * * d Q □ * * * * * * .5 t 'i a w * * * . .2 5 * * * '* ** * * * * 5S c 1 c ■■ * * * * S3 '3 > •• ** * ** * * (1> 1 2 3 * ** * CD '3 a * * * * * * * * * * o X X i * • • * i 03 Jl (A _K .3 * * ** * * * CO CQ C 33 * ** * * * * ** d -3 33 * ** t . . ** ** * * * * * * > C3 O * ** ** * * * * c« c "o S3 O 33 33 5 i3 1 is if . .!. . .... 00 '/I X 33 » 1 5 VII-GOOSEBERRIES. The columns explain: Size— 1., large ; m., medium; s., small. Form— r., round ; o., oval ; r. o., roundish oval. Color— r., reddish, when fully ripe ; g., greenish yellow, when fully ripe. Quality— g, good ; v. g., very good ; b, best. Use— K., kitchen; M., market. Season— E., early ; M., medium ; M. L., medium late. Origin— Am , American ; F., foreign. Between 42 ° and 49 ° II.— Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 42 ° III.— S.Div.— 2S°and 35° » » 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 i 'i * J! 0 * * '* * * 5 * * '* a 3: ** * * 3 J * 33 1 a * «— « 3 2 3 Ml 3 d d 2 c "x d to O * "3 33 > a a * * * ** * a. "^ S X a '* * 1 ** d a c .2 3 '5n .h: * * * * S3 a 5 s * _d o * ** * ** si C □ >— < "t 33 >> 3 01 i* (L x vt % a X ** ** 'c * 0 * 5 o ■/J 't s; u -2 X z; * * CO K CO a 33 ■f * t * * d ■3 * * ** * 2 * '* 3: > 2; 33 ^■1 1 1 0 a 'pi 0 CD 1 < 33 0 >> c 1 2 s c si < ■5. ■Jj s ^S3 *x ' X '3 M C X -J H d X S C3 8 New and promising. 9 One of the best of all the foreign large sorts in Its immiiniiy from mildew. XXVI CATALOGUE OF FEUITS — GEAPES, NATIVE. VIII-GRAPES, NATIVE. Tlie columns explain as follows: Size— with reference to tlie berrj', 1., large; m., medium ; s., small. Form — with reference to bunch and berry, s. r., short bunch, round berry; 1. r., large and round ; m. r. o., medium bunch, roundish oval berry; m. r., medium bunch, round berry. Coi.on — b., Ijlack or nearly so when fully ripe; r., reddish or coppery-brownish red ; j'., greenish white or yellowish. Quality — g., good ; v. g., very good ; b., best. UsE — T., table; M., market; W., wine. Se.\son — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin — See next page. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 iri Ifi 17 is 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2C 27 28 29 Ml 31 32 33 34 3.1 3H ' 37 3S 39 40 ' 41 42 43 44 45 4fi 47 4S 49 .'■)() NAME. Agawani, Uogei-s' yo. lH Barry, lioijcis' A'o. i.i' Brighton Catawbii Champion . TiiUmaii'ti tieedliii'j. Clinton Concord (Jottage Creveling Cynthiana '. . . . Dehiware Diana Dracut Amber Duchess Early Victor Elsinburg Elfira Essex, Roffers' iV«. 41 Eumelan - Coethe, Jlogers' 3^«. 1 Hartford Uniifurd P Herbemont M'arren, EU-. Herbert, Rogers^ No. 44 lona DESC.RIPnON. 1. lU. oUJii Isabella Ives Janesville .Jefferson Lady Lady Washington Lindley, Rogers' No .'/ iMassasoit, Rogerx' No. j' . . . Martha Naxatawney Merrimac, Rogern' No. 1U . . Moore's Early Niagara Noali Norton's Virginia Perkins Peter Wylie Pocklington Prentiss Rebecca S.ilera, Rogers' No. 52 Scuppernong Telegraph Christine. Triumph Vergennes Walter m m. 1. 1. 1. V. 1. Wilder, Rogers' No. 4. Worden o ■i. r. r. c. r. V). g- r. I.p. V. g. n. 1 r. . o. r. 1). b. ni. 1. 1 r. li. 1). li. g- Ml. 1 r s. , o r. b. b. r. V. g ''■ g- b. S. I 1- . 0. r. r. V- g. g- 111 r. w. V. g m r. b. V. g. 111 r. b. V. g- 1. III. 1. m. ni. m. I. 1. m. 1. 1. l.r.o lu. r. o. 1. r. 111. r. o. in. r.o, 111. r. o r. m. r. r. 1. r. o 111, r.o 111. r. s. r. ni.r. o s. r. r. \v. b. b. g. 1). r. 111. r. r. 1. m. r. S. r. ■. r. 111. 1 . 0. T. M. T. M. T. T. IL W. ]M. T. W. T. M.AV. T. J\L r. ^y. T. M. W. T. M. M. T. T. M. T. W. T. M. r. . T. W. M. ■i ' ''^- . T. M. T. M. W. T. M. M. W. T. M. b. b. w. w. b. r. w. g- 1^- g- g- g- M. M. M. M. g- g- g- V. g. g- ^- g- V. .g V. g. V. g. ^- g- b. V- g- g- T. M. M. W. T. M. T. M. T. M. W. ^Y. T. M. T. o < 5 5 c M. M. 10. L. K. L. E. K. M. j\l. L. V. E. M V. E. E. L. M. M. L. E. M. L. L. M. V.E. M. E. M. M. M. M. M. M. V.E. M. L. L. E. Hyb. Hyb. Hyb. l.ab. Lab. Pup. Lab. Lab. I.— N. Div. & a] CO 25 3-1 1 K a) 1 Q; I a la T. M. M. T. M. M. T. U. M. M. W. M. T. M. E. T. L. T. M. E. T. M. W. M. T. M. M. T. M. E. * * ** * * * * * . . . .*■.., * *' * i.aii. 1 .Est. ' V X. Lab. Lab. Hyb. Lab. xEst. Kip. X. Hyb. Lab. Hyb. Lab. .Est. Hvb. Liib. Lab. * * ;■ * ■fj't ** * '* ** * * * * ■ ■ t * * * * * * * ** * ** ** * * t ** \ * * Lab. Lab. Hyb. Lab. Hyb. Hyb. Hyb. Lab. Lab. Hyb. Lab. Lab. Rip. X. .Est. Lab. Hyb. Lab. Lab. Lab. Hyb. Vulp. Lab. Hyb. Lab. Lab. Hyb. Lab. i- ■ '* * ** * ** 't ** ** ■f * t * * * * * * "* * * * * * * * * 3 A hybrid variety of great excellence. 4 Suited only to clayey loams and cer- tain localities. 10, 17 and 38 are wine grapes of great promise in Jlissouri. 5 Valued for earliness and hardiness but of a very poor quality. 6 Hardy everywhere. 2.5 Valueless at the West. 26 Valued for dark wine. 7 Successful over a wider rage of soil andclimate than any other variety. 9 Bunches loose. 36 Resembles Concord ; a little earlier. 44 Tlie more known the better liked. CATALOGUE OF FKUITS — GRAPES, NATIVE. XXVll VIII.-GRAPES, NATIVE. Obigin.— TMb list contains snch grnpes only as are of Amoricnn oHpin: they are eithsr cultivated varieties of one of tho followinK American species of native wild grapes: Vi'ie Kiparia, Vitis jEetivalis, Vilis Labrneca. Vitis Vulpiiia, or croeees between varieties of these species, or hybrids between these and ihe Vitis Vinifeia (foreign K'apfs)- And as it is believt-d that the Hpecies native to any locality are best adapted to produce tsatisfactory results in that locality, it has been thonplit useful to desiRuate in the column for origin the species to which each variety belongs, as folh)WM:— Lab., Li!d)rusca, native of New England; ext<'udH to South Carolina and into th(* AllcKhnny moun- tuins. .^t.. .'Estivalis, native of the Middle and Sonlliern Stales, on uplands, Itip.. Kiparia, native of Lower. t'anada; extendb west to Ne- ^rafka, south to Texas; prefers river banks Vulp.. Vnlpina. native ot Southern States, not further north than Maryland. Tennessee and Arkansas.xafier one of the species denotes a cross with a variety of some olber species. Hyb., Hybrid, between a foreign variety and one of the native species. Between 42 ° and 49 ° fl.— Cektral Division.— Between 35 ° and 42 ° 'Illl— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 35° H f> S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 IG 17 18 19 ?.o 21 22 23 24 23 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 3S 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 3 \^ l a. i 4 4 4 * ** ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5 * * * * * * * * * c S ** ** * * * * t i * * * * * * * * * * *3 5 1 * ** * -■'. * * ** '* ** * ■f 't ** ** 5 X * ** ** [• • * ■ - i* J ' ■ C 1.5 > ' d o > 1 5c ?- ^\ ** ^^ ** •• s 5 > O c * ** ** ** * * ** * "t t ♦ ** 1 > •n 53 S X * * 't ** '* ** ** i * * * ■■'.- * * * * •i- -3 * ** 1** * * t * * ■* * 't * pi > * * ** ■** ': ** ■f ■* 't ** * * t ^ ^ 1 'f . .1 3e O 1 ^ z ** * * * * * t * * * * * * ** * 3 * * ! * * * '** *.t ** ' * * 't * * * * * T * * * ** * * * * * 't ■■ > X 1 '** *: ** ** * ** * * ** ** ** ■■ >- ** * ** ** ** '* t ** ** ■■ \'S c '** ** ** ;1- *i ** * ** '* ** I .5 c * * * * ** * * ** * "t ] *: ** ** * * I I'd * * * * * ** ** * * i ea z * ** ** H t * * * * 't 't t 1 X C * + * * + f t * t * •5 ** :!; t t 4 *♦ 5 * 't •• 1 '3 o ** . . ** a a> O l~ ** ** i* ** * ** * < r * * ** * ** ** > a sr a < '* -J: ** s a; 1 ** 33 c ** t 1 ** + * + * ** d u X a a o N < 11 •"•ants rich soil and hiirh culti:re. 22 Miikes the finest of white nine. 24 Unreliable except in a few locations. '2'.) \'aliial)le for earliness and hardiness. :'.l One of tlie most valuable of this class. 52 Very lilie Concord, but a trifle earlier and some think better. XXVUl CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — GEAPES, FOREIGN — NECTARINES .IX-GRAPES, FOREIGN. As the Foreign Grapes are for cultivation under glass, they are not subject to those variations induced by climate or soil, and tlierefore thev may be i egarded as equally adapted to all localities. Very few of the local committees have made any report in reference to these Grapes. The list below contains such as have been already adojited by the Society, with a few others very generally esteemed. In California, Utah and sections of the Southern States, they require no artificial protection or heat; it has, therefore, been thouglit unnecessary to tabulate the States and Territories relative to them; but taking the old catalogue, and simply adding to it a column relative to variety as adapted to a cold house, or its want of fire heat, in our Northern States, the old form is continu-d. The columns explain: 1st— The Color of the fruit; 2d— Fl.woii; 3d— Season of maturity ; 4th — Cold for a variety that does well without fire heat; Hot for a variety wanting fire heat. In flavor, the only distinction between those that are simply sweet, as the Chasselas or Hamburgs, and those having a distinct musky aroma, as the Muscats. o 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 25 20 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 NAMES. Color. Fl.wor. Barbarossa ' Black , Prince. Albert, Brizola. Black Champion Black Black Damascus Black Black Froutignan , Black Black Haml)urg Black . Black . Black . White . White . White . Sweet , Season. Black Prince , ISIack July Bowood JIuscat Buckland Sweetwater > Calabrian, Calahrian Maixiti Raisin de Calahre. Canon Hall Muscat Chasselas Mu.sque, or Joslin's St. Albans Muscat blanc hativc ( ?). Duke of Magenta Golden Hamburg Stockioood O. Hamburg. Golden Champion Grizzly Frontignan Red Frontignan, Red Constantiu. Gros Colman Lady Down^s, Lady Doiones' Seedling Muscat of Alexandria Muscat of Hamburg Mrs. Pince's JIuicat, M's. Pince's Black MuKcat. Queen of Nice Red Chasselas Rose Chasselas. Red Lombardy Rio Virsin Royal Muscadine Silver Frontignan, Early Silver Frontignan White Nice West St. Peter's Wilmot's Hamburg ; Dutch Hamburg, Wilmot's Black Hamburg. White Sweetwater Butch Sweetwater, etc. White Frontig-an White Gonstantia, Muscat blanc. Zinfindal Sweet . , Sweet . . Muscat . Sweet . , Sweet . . Sweet . . M uscat . Sweet . . Sweet . . White . White . Black . White . Muscat . Muscat . Sweet , Sweet . Amber Red and Sellow. Purple Black . White . Black . Black . White . Red .. Red White . White . White . Bl.ick . Black . White . White . Black . Sweet . . Muscat . Sweet . . Sweet . . Muscat . 51 uscat . Muscat . Sweet . , Sweet . . Sweet . . Jl uscat . Sweet . . Sweet . . Sweet . . Sweet . , Muscat , Sweet . , Very Late Early Late Late Medium. . Medium. . Early Medium. . Medium. . Late ViKERT. Late . Early Early Late . Medium. . Medium. . Late Very Late Late Medium. . Late Medium. Medium. Earlv .... Early .... Late Very Late Medium. . Early . . , Medium. Jledium. Hot . Cold Cold C(dd Cold Cold Cold Hot. Cold Hot . Hot . Hot . Hot. Hot. Hot. Hot. Cold Hot . Hot. Hot. Hot. Hot Hot. Cold Hot. Hot. Hot . Hot. Cold Hot. Hot. Explanation same as for Apricots. XI-NECTARINES. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. I.— N. Div.— 2* a o fa o o O >• 1 (5 'A 5 S o .5 o > o C 12; a t X n c a OS X X =3 CO i i d CO » ■a o 1 Boston 1. 1. r. 1. m. 1 1" 0 1 let Late Dwarf Late COI.OK. Black Black Black Black Quality. Second First . . First . . First . . Brown First . . Yellow I Second Violet Blue Black Brown Pale Violet Green First First First First First Yellow First . . Violet First . . Violet Second White First . . Purple First . . Wliite Second White : Second Brown First . . Brown First . . Reddish . . Deep Red Violet Red First . . Third . . First . . Second i^l7.\:. .Medium Small .. First I Very Large . . Medium Medium Medium Small .. Medium Medium Large . . Medium Small .. Small .. Medium Large . Medium Large . . Large Very Large , Very Large . Small ... .. MtiLBERKlES — No. 1 bears three months. No. 2 Best. No. 3 Very tart. Explanation same as for Apricots. XI-NECTARINES. Between 42 ° and 49 ° II. — Central Division. — Between 35 ° and 42 ° III.— S. Div.— 28 ° and 85 ° d s P3 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 U c c 5 o * * * * * * 5 B 3: * * * * a 1 _ 93 o . ..I.. a 33 a til a 6 .3 a s c d bo 0/ O 43 > a a * St 1-5 « z t a 0 Q <« * * 03 "a > S3 a 1 .a 0 * * .2 0 S3 a a '■5 a * * '3 t > f a £ a a CO .. ** CO a 2 0 V) '* C5 2 C 2i 1 11 .a 5 > 1 a ■3 « 1 0 00 ■ C3 u 0 0) CS 03 s < CS 0 0 c CS a a CO B 03 t 1 1 □ '35 2 i 0! d 0 < XXX CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — ORANGES AND LEMONS. XII-ORANGES AND LEMONS. THE FOLLOWING LIST WAS PREPARED BY MR. E. H. H.\RT, OP FLORIDA. Tlie coliiiutis e.xplain: Size— 1., large; m., nietlium; s., small. For.m — ov., oval ; r., round ; li., flattened ; obi., oblong. Quality— f., fair; g., good ; v. g., very good ; b., best. SE.isoN—E., early ; M., medium; L., late. Origin— P., foreign ; N., native. . » S ^i 1 2 3 4 .") (i 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24' 351 26! 27' 28 29 I 30 t 311 32, 33 34! 35; 36! 37-1 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 47 49 .50 DESCRIPTION. I- -N. Div.— Bet. 42° and 49° II. — Cent. Div. Bet. 35° and 42° NAMK.S. >• F- X '/:. a ?r C P w c CO C III.— SoDTH Div. — Between 28° and 3.5° ^ =£1 r: ^ - = .* ~ »; "^ o < <5 ^ t- ?i 1^ to c F. F. F. F. F F. C. F. C. C. F. F. y- w. y- y- y- w. y- g- §■■ w. y- !■''■ j.m. j-v. m.j. j-f. j- m. ]•'■■ j-v- m. j.r. L. E. V. E. L. M. M. E. V. E. M. M. V. E. M. Am. Am. F. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. George the Fourth Grosse Mignonne Boyal Kensington. Ilaine's Early....". Hale's Early Marker, Harker's Seedliny 1 Heath Cling 1 Hill's Chili m Honeywell m Hoover's Heath Hoover's Late Ueath. Hyslop Cling 1 Indian Blood Cling | 1 Indian Blood Freestone I 1 Incomparable 1 .Jacques ! F. F. C. F. F. F. F. C. F. F. P. F. C. C. F. F. F. F. F. F. C. F. F. w. s. j. h. w. m.j.v. w. m.j. y- J-v. y- : j-f- w. j s. M. L. M. M. L. L. y- y- w. w. o- w. y- y- y- y- w. g- w. y- y- J- !•■ m. j. r. m.j. m.j. m.j.v. j- ^• m. j.r. s. j. j- I'- J-'P- m. j.r. s. j. h. s. j. m. j. r. »■ J- s. j. h. L. s. V.L. E. g- M. s ST- E. i o* E. ' S. V. E. I r. L. S. ]. w. y- m. J. r. j- ■^■ w. y. m.j. j- V. E. L. M. M. V. E. V. E. M. V.L. L. E. V.L. L. L. M. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. P. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. *, * CATALOGUE OF FEUITS — PEACHES. XIII-PEACHES. XXXIU The columns explain: Size — 1., large; ni., medium; s., small. Class— F., freestone; C, clingstone. Colou— rela- tive to the flesh, w., white or pale color ; y.. yellow or yellowish ; g., greenish white, red at stone. Quality— j. v., juicy, vinous; ni.j.r., melting, juicy, rich; s. j., sweet, juicy; s. j.li., sweet, juicy and high tlavored. Glands— s., serrated, without glands; g., glands, gluhose; r., glands, reniform. Season — the season of maturity, as Early, jNIedium or Late; those designated as Early, ripen in lat. 43 ^ previous to or about Sept. 1st ; Jledium, those ripening from 1st to 1,'jth of September ; and Late those after that period ; a few of the Very Early and Very Late are so designated— E., early ; M., medium; L., late; V. E., very early ; V. L., very late. Origin — Am., American; F., Foreign. Between 42 ° and 49 ° 11. — Central Division. — Between 35 ° and 42 ° 1 III— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 85° M a s s 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 84 3 O :j a * ** ** ** ** 5 * * * * * * ** * ** ** * * * ** * * * * * * ' * 2 3 OS '. '. * ::|:. ** ' ] * * * * * -1 * * * ** * * * * * — .. :: :: ■ 1 ^ S -5 c a c at C ** * 'c C ' X * •i !** * * * i * 'i :: 5? i * * * ** * 1 i Q '■'■ ** ** * ** * o Q ■a a ** * * * ** ** "i ** * □ at > * * ** ** * ** * S3 . a- 1 03 * * 't * ** * * *: ** * * ** * 3 * * * ** ** 't * * * * * * * '.5 'a B ** * **** ** . . * * ** ■J ** ** * ** ** * ** ** * r 1. UJ CO Of a c a, * ** ** * * ** ** ** * * ** ** ** ** * ** ** * '* * * * * * * * * * ** ** 1 g i ** ** * * ** ** * * * * ** * * ** * 'A * * 't * ** ** * ** * K CO C ** ** "t * * * * * * * ** * c _c * * : * * S3 > , :: i 03 '5 o **| ** ^■ * ..1 * a a o ** ** ** ** ** ** ** i* ** i* * * ** 'I O •• **: *! ** ** ** ** ** * * * ** ** * ** * * 1 s: j £ **\ 1 *■'.■ ** ** ** :^::1c ** * 1 ' 1 i 1 ^ ^ < . . : . . ' 1 ; . . ** ! ! ** . . . . ** * 1 V ' * . . '. . * . . . . * M y. X X ;i ** * * * * * ** * ** * * * * ** ** c c: *x « — X . ! ** * * * '* '* *' * ** ** * * * * d a a < 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 * * * * * * ** * * * ** * * * ** ** ** ** ** ii ** ** * * * ** ** * * * ** * * * ** ** 't ** '.'. 5 Tliis originated in South Carolina and differs from Ihe .Missouri Amelia. 18 Berckmans thinks it is the same as Sliangliae. 28 Heseiiibles Lemon Cling. XXXI V CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEACHES. D NAMES. DESCRIPTION. 52! I 53J 54 55; 56 57 58! 5'J 60 61 63 63 64; 65 66 67, 68 €9, 70 71 73 73 74! 751 76 77 78i 79I 80 81, 83i f3 841 85; 87 88: 891 90! 911 93 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 lool lOl'i 102! 103 104 105] 1061 107; 108 10il| 110; 111! 112 Kenrick's !Heatli 1. F. Heath Freestone. ; Keyport White ' 1. 1 F. Lady Parliam m. F. La Grange , 1. F. Lari^e Early York ' m. \ F. Large White Cling , 1. C. Late Red Rareripe 1. F. Late Admirable v. 1. F. Lemon Cliug 1. ( !, Leopold 1 1. F. Leupold Freestone. Louise ra. F. Early Louise. Malta 1 Mammoth Freestone v. 1. Mitchell's Mammoth 1. MoUl-n's White 1. Montgomery's Late 1. Ml. m. QQ « U) 0 < iJ yi 0 0 0 w. w. w. w. y- g- y- y- 1. m. I. F. F. C. F. F. F. F. F. C. F. C. C. F F F. F. F. F. C. F. F. F. F. C. F. F. C. o Ill- j- j. V. s. j h. s. j. h. s. j. s. j. h. m. \\. j- ^■ j- ■^• m. j. m. j. r. < C5 00 O Am. Am. Am. V. L. V.L. V. L. Am. V. E. ! Am. L. M. M. L. M. M. Am. Am. F. Am. F. Eng. F. Morris' White Mountain Rose Noblesse Nugent's Ju^e , Oldmi.xon Free Oldniixon Cling 1. Pavie de Pompone 1. Petite Imperial 1 Pic-quett's Late 1. President 1. Prince of Wales 1. Princess of Wales 1. Pucel le de Malines 1. Raymond Cling I 1. Red Cheek Melocoton ! 1. Reeves' Favorite 1 . Richmond m. Rivers ! 1. Early Rioerx. Rodman's Cling 1. Royal George m. Salway 1. Scott's October m. Shockley's Early Smock 1. F. Snow m. F. Snow's Orange m. j F. Stump the World j 1. F. Strutevant I m. F. Strawberry m. F. Suscjuelianna 1. F. Thurl)er 1. F. Tillotson 1. F. Early Tilli'lKim. Tippecanoe 1. I C. Troth's Early m. I F. Tuskena Cling, Lemon 1 A^an Zandt m. F. Van ZandVa Superb. Ward' Late 1. I F. Ward's Late Free. Washington Cling m. , C. Waterloo !l-m.' F. Wheatland 1. F. Wheeler's Early s. 1 F. White Imperial I m. [ F. 111. ; F. 1. I F. 1. F. g. w. w. w. r. w. w. w. y- !■■ g- w. w. w. y- w. w. r. m. J. s. j. m. j. m. j. r. s. j. s. j. ■;:j;i,v m. j. r. m. .i. m. J. V. s. j. m. j. r. ni. j. m.j. V. m. j. L. L. L. M. M. M. V.E. M. M. L. L. M. M. M. M. M. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. F F. Am. I.— N.DiT. Jli 0 -rt & H D pq d^ K,2 !> &!.2'&|S I o a; i oi a; I a* z; |zi S 2i ^ y- y- '■• w. p. y- w. w. y- r- V. m. j. 111. j. m. r. i- V. m. j. r. m. j. g. ' M. g. M. r. i M. r. E. r. 1 b E. M. i V. L. Am. Ami. Am. Eng. Am. P. Am. y- w. y- w. J- ^■ s. j. m. j. s. j. h. s. 3. h. m. h. s. j. V. m. j. r. m. j. 1. j. V. s. j. L. M. M. L. M. M. M. E. V.E. L. E. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. w. w. Yellow Alberge , Yellow Rareripe Yellow St. John Fleita's, Flafer'.H St. John. y- '■■ w. y- w. r. w. y- y- m.j. r. r. j. s. m. j- s. j. s. j. h. m. j. m. j. r. s. j. r. M. L r. L. g. V. E. r. M. ...i V. E. g. E. g. , E. g- E. g. ; V. E. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. An,. Am. F. Am. Am. « * ft * 05 I{e.semliles Heath Cling, butlater. 105 One of the earliest. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEACHES. XXXV Between 43 " and 49 ° II.— Central Division.— Between 35° and 42 ■> lII.-8.Div.- Bet. 26 °&35<' a a s 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 6.S 69 70 71 73 73 74 75 76 77 78. 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 103 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 a o c; V a a 6 O >> & * * * * * * * * * ** * ** * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * o a o * * 1 * ** * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * ;; * * * ** '* * * * * * * * CO c X i a- d a :: ;; .. as o Q as a S c o S c ai T3 •■1 d c as a o i .5 '5 1 en C c "* * * * 'i * ** * * ** * ** ** * * * * * i ** '* * * * * * * * * * * * X "Z * ** * * ** ** * 't ** ** * * ** ** * ** * * d Q a •a * * ** * * t t ** ** * * * * * ii * * * * •3 'So * * * ** * * * ** ** ii * * * i* ** ** * * * 03 a o f o * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * ** * * .2 5 * ** * * * t ** * ** * 't ii ** * * * * ** * * OS C .2 ■3 c ** * * * * '* * ** * * * * * * '3 t > ** ** ** .. ** i* * o ** ii * ** * i * * ii *i ** \\ * *i * ** ** ** ** 6 a c ii * ■i ii ii ** ** * * * ** ii _ en '5 * i * i i t ** ** ** ie* *; i * * ii * * i OS •c 3 £ m * ** "i * * i * * * '* * '* * * * ■i i * i * i * * M X) ;; '■'■ 't * i m a a 'i * 'i 't * 'i ;; t 'i * * * * i * d O 3 n i ■i "i * i •a CO > * ■ 03 "a a O ii * i * * ii, ** * ** '*i *i *• 'i ■»* ii i * a 1 1 s & it* ii ;: ** ** * ii ** •• ': ** ii * ** ** i* OS c * i* * * ** * ii ii ** *i * * ** * * ii i*l * ** * * * * * i * * ** 03 3 a OS < ** ii ii * ** ii ■f ii ii ii * 'i if* 03 O 1" % g a .. :: □ ««) ** * "i ii * * ** ** i ** ** * * * ** ii| ifif ** ** ** 'a. CL ii * * ii * ii * ii ** ** * * ** * * ** * * * i ** 03 □ ■a I ii * ii -. '* i * * * * i 'i •i * * * S * ii ** ii * ** ii ** ** ** ** * ** * ** 'i ** ** ^■ ii s 12; a s XXXVl CATALOGUE OF FEUITS — PEARS. XIV-PEARS. The columns e.xphiia as follows: Size— s., sm.ill ; 1., large; m., medium. FonM— p., pyriform ; r. o. p., roundish obtuse pyriform ; r. a. p., roundish acute pyriform ; ob. p., obtuse pyrform ; ob. o. p., oblong obtuse pyriform ; r., round- ish ; r. ob., roundish obtuse. Color— y. g., yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet red cheek ; y r., yellow and russet; y., when mostly yellow or yellowish. Qu-\i.ity— g., good ; v. g., very good ; b., best. Use— P., valuable family dessert; K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market. Season— S. summer ; L. S., late summer; A., autumn; E. A., early autumn; L. A., late autumn; W., winter. Origin— Eng., Lnglish ; Am., American; F., French; Fl., Flemish ; B., Belgium ; H., Holland. DESCRIPTION. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 NAME. Q a Abbott . . Amanlis . Beurre (TAinaidin Ananas d'Ete Andrews Angouleme .. Anjou . . . . Ansault . . Bacliman Duchesne cVAixjouleme. Beurre d'Aiijoti. Bonne du Putts Ansiiull. Dr. Bachman (loral.) oil. p. y. r. V. g. F. E. A. r <). p. y.g. g. M. E. A. p. y.g. V. g. F. M. E. A. p. y-g. V. g. F. E. A. u. b. o. p. y. V. g. F. M. A. ob. p. y.g. V. g. P. M. L. A. L. S. Bartlett Baronne de Jlello m. Belle Lucrative m. Fondante d'Automne. Bergen i . Beurre Goubadlt m. Beurre Piecoce m. Bilboa m. Oolden Beurre of Biihoa. Bloodgood ui. Bordeaux mi. Duchesse de Bordenur. Bosc 1. Beurre Bosc. Boussock I 1. Doyenne Boussock. Brandywine m. Brialmont 1. Brignais m. Beurre de Brignais, Des Nonnes. British Queen 1. BuHum m. Caen de France ' m. Catillac 1. Cliambers m. Clairgeau j 1. Beurre Clairgeau. Clapp's Favorite | 1. Columbia 1- Comice 1 Doyenne du Comice Dallas Ol) P- y- '■■ b. F. 1 0 b. r. a r. o o. p. ■ !>■ • P- y- '■• y'g V- g- '■• g- b. P.M. F. M. P. Dana's Hovey Dearborn Dearborn's Seedling Diel Beurre Diel. Dix Doyenne d'Alencon Duclness Precoce Easter Beurre p. y. r. ol). r. ol). p. P- r. o. p. r. ob. ob. p. r. ob. ob. p. r. o. p. ob. p. r. a. p. ob. p. P- o. b. o. p. r. o. p. r. o. p. ob. p. r. ob. p. r. p. r. ob. p. ob. p. r. p. p. y. r. r. ob. p. y- g- g- g-y- g- y-i-- g- y- '>'• .g- y. r. V. g. y- 1- g- y.r. 1). y. r. V. g.i y-g-v- g-' y.r.;v. g.] y. V. g.' y-'\^- g- ly-g-l g- !y.r.v. g. y- I g- i y- , g- ; y '"-I g- I y-g' ^- g' I y- ' s- y-g- •*■ y-g- y-g- y- y.r. y. y.r. y-g- y- 1"- b. "■ g- g- V- g- F. M. P. P.M. P. P. M. P. M. P.M. F. M. [ P. M. ■' P. P.M. M. P. M. K. M. P. M. M. P.M. I M. K. F. M. P. M. P. P. P.M. P.M. P. M. F. M. F. L. S. E.A. E.A. E.A. L. S. S. E.A. S. w. L. A. E.A. S. A. E. .A. Am. B. II. Am. F. Am. Eng. B. PI. Am. P. P. Am. P. B. B. Am. B. I.— N. Div. & .1 = 'S < — ■ .— ro ti fl X ^^i iJ5 'l^ ;:z; > 'S ;Ph A, E.A. W. W. S. L. A. S. w. L. A. L. A. W. S. L. A. L. A. W. E.A. W. Eng. Am. ! P. P. Am. P. Am. Am. P. Am. Am. Am. B. Am. P. B. t.. t- -■ t-- *•• «9|C 4:*, **,*;)( I** 4= *, ;le**j*4: I •i^'t^ -Pi ^ , St* I T^'l^ I** I*:: * * * * ** ** * 11 Not profitable for market. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEAKS. XIV-PEARS. XXXV]] The columns explain as follows: Size — s., small; 1., large; m., medium. Form— p., pyrifonu ; r. o. p., iDuodisli obtuse pyriform ; r. a. p., roundish acute pyriform ; ob. p., obtuse pyrform ; ob. o. p., oblong obtuse jiyriloi-m ; r., round- ish; r. ob., roundish obtuse. CIolor — y. g., yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet red cheek ; y )■ , yellow and russet; y., when mostly yellow or yellowish. Quality — g., good; f. g., very good ; b., best. UsK—F., valuable family dessert; K. M., kitclien and market; F. M., family and niarket. Season — p. summer; L. S., late sumiDer ; A., autumn; E. A., early autumn; L. A., late autumn; W., winter. Origin — Eng., Lnglisli ; Am., American; F., French; Fl., Flemish; B., Belgium; H., Holland. Between 42 ° and 49 ° 1 II.— Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 43 ° 1 III.— S. Div.— 28 ° and 35 ° 1 1 ' 1 I 1 1 1 6 \a. 1 1 1 1 1 1 cd ' ?-> I 1 1 ! 03 Q lh ° C 1 . i ^ 5 ^ •§ -Sf § z; o ^ ^ 53 1 0/ o c i *— 1 33 a g 1 o 12 oil c 1 d fib CL O □ > c a ■-3 i| «3 ■a c X 1 > 1- O It: o .£ ,5 C3 C i''3 Q 1— 1 £ CO to a a (U . .2 'o h5 1 1 CO K CO C -5 33 5 33 ■3 > "p o s s « c O iiCID 33 0 C3 1^ • ^ 1 i a i ^ - a- M ■ « 1 a. c o < 1 .. * * * 2 .. * * * * 1 1 * .... 3 .. ***... t .1 4 ''..:.. * t * * * 5 * «* *,**! .. * ** ** ** ** ** * ** 1 *» * ** ** ** ** * **i**!**i * 1 i **' ** **** * ** * ** g ** ** * ** * ** ** * ** 1 ' *: * * ** ** ** * 1 i i **j**j** * *! ** ** * * * ** 7 .. * .. t .. 8 .. * y ** ** * ** * * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** * * ** *t- 10 .. * * ..i:;^ *'..!..'.. ' . . 1. . J 1 ***** . . ' * ** ** ** * **j** ** * ** *• * * . . ' * ** * ** ** ** * **.... 12 ** . 13 * * * * *^: 14 :i: 15 . . * . . * * * :;■ ^; * 16 .. * * * * * * * ** * **' *i * ** * ** * t * * !** * * 17 t + * . . j. . . . t ■■ ..i .. 18 * ** * * . . * * * * * * * * * * * * ** ■A-- ** 19 ***| * * . . * ** *j< * * _ ** * ** * * * * ** * * ■ * . . 20 .. * * *!• • .. * . . ** *i..I *l * * * t . * ■i * 21 1 •■ tl-- 1 ..L. 23 . . * . . *'. . * . . ' * -.i: *H.: 23 . . * . . * 24 * * * * * * * * * * *i *l * * * * * * * * ** * ■A- ' 25 . . * . . . . 1 . . 28 . . * . . , ..|..-..'| * *.. ..:.. 1_ 27 L 1 ** t 28 * * * * * ** * ** * * t * * * * +1 •• *:»;** ** ** 29 *** * * + * ** * * * * t t * t * * t **: ■ •■•if,;* * ** -'-;■ 30 .. * * * * * * '** .. ..'..il..(.. 1 ^ 31 * * .. * * .. . . ' * ' . . 32 . . * . . if. f ' 33 *** * * * * 1 .,||..l 34 * * * * .. t * * * * * * * * ** * * * * *• * * 35 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *'■ . . * , , ■ *i * * ** 36 * * * 37 * * 1 * * 1 **l ** * - 38 • ■1 1 .. ** 89 * * * •• •• •- t * ** * * * * ** * * * * * *\ . (=*' * * * * 39 I'.equires very high cultivation. XXXVill CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEA] IS. DESCRIPTION. l.—S.DiY. NAMES. £ 40, 41 42 4) 44 4.i 4ij 47 4S 49 50 51 52 58 54 55 56 57 58 59 CO CI 62 es 64 65 ee 68 C9 70 79 80 81 82 S3 84 85 86 87 88 89 ~ i =- k ° c 5 £ *s 5 M ^ ca i s = = « c =1- =^ a. 0/ ^ J Z ^; S Z, > ^ K Eastern Belle ni . Emile d'Hejst 1. Epine Dumas ni. Belt E]nne Dumas, Due de Bordeaii. Flemish Beauty 1. Fontenay m. Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee. Foster's Seckel s. Frederick Clapp ni . Fulton ^. Giffard m . Beurre Giffard. Glout Morceau 1 . Goodale 1. Gray Doyenne ni. Hardy 1. Beurre Hardy. Harris iii . Helen Gregoire ni. HeDkel...T 1. Hosenschenk m. Moore's Pound. Howell 1. Jaminette ni. John Williams ni. Jonah 1. Winter Jonah. Josephine of ilalines ni. Julienne s. Kieffer ]. Kingsessing 1. Kirtland m. Knight Ill . KnighVs Seedling. Langelier m. Beurre TMngelier. Lawrence ni. Le Conte I. Lindlej' ni. Dr. Lindley. Louise Bonne of Jersey 1, Madeleine m. Madame Andre Leroj' 1. Madame Eliza 1. Madame Treyve ni. Manning's Elizabeth s. Marie Louise ]. Margaret m. Petite Marguerite. McLaughlin 1. Merriam m. Mount Vernon ni. Napoleon 1. Onondaga 1. Swan's Orange. Osband's Summer s. Ott s. Paradise of Autumn ]. Paradis 'd Automne. Passe Colmar 1. Pinneo or Boston , s. Poiteau 1. Nouveau Poiteau. i oil. p. oh. 1). r. o. p. r. ob. p. r. a. ]i. oil. p. r. ob. p. r. ob. P- ob. p. oil. p. r. ob. p. o. 1). o, p. r. o. p. r. ol). p. r. ob. r. p. 1'. oil. V. r V. g. y. 1. liT y. g. V. g. y- r. V. g. y. r. b. >■■ 1' y. r. V. g. y- ?■ \'- g- y- g- V. g. V. ir. y. r. h. y g- \'- g- y. r. V. g. y- g- "•'■ g- y. r. V. g. y- g- y. g. V. g. y- r- g- .... V. g. .... g- F. F. F. F. M. F. M F. M. F. M. F. F. M. E. A. Am. L. A. B. L. A E A. A. E. A. E. A. A. B. F. Am. Am. Am. F. 1'. ob. p. r. ob. r. o. p. oil. Jl. r. ob. r. ob. y. r. V. g. y- g- \ . r. g. 'y- g- y. r. V. g. y- g- F. :m. F. M. F. M. F. F. F. M. F. M. F. M. f! il'. F. M. F. M. K. M. F. M. F. M. 51. I.. A. A. L A. E. A. E. A, E. A. E. A. S. E. A. W. AV. W. AV. S. A. E.A. E.A. A. ob. p. y. r. V. F. M. W. r. o. p. ob. p. r. ob. ob. p. P- o. b. o. p. r. a. p. r. o. p. ob. p. P- ob. p. ob. p. r. ob. r. o. p. ob. p. ob. p. r. p. r. r. a. p. r. o. p. r. ob. P- y. r. V. g. y- g- y- g- -f- g- y. g. V. g. y- g- ■>'■ g- y. r. V. g. y. r. V. g. y. r. V. g. y. r. V. g. y. r. r. g. y. g. b. y- g- "•'■ g y- !•■ g- y- I- •r- g- y- g- y- g- ^-- g y- g- ^- g- y- g- g- y. r. V. g y- g- F M. M. F. F. M. F. M. F. F. M. F. F. F. F. F. M. F. M. F. M. M. F. M. F. F. F. M. "m.' AV. S. E.A. E.A. S. E.A. A. L. S. S. A. S. AV. A. L. A. A. S. s. E.A. AV. S. L. A. Am. F. Am. F. B. Am. Am. Am. F. F. F. F. B. F. B. F. Am. Am. Am. B. L. A. Am. Am. Am. B. B. Am. B. * t * * * ****** * * t.. * :t Am. * . *** . . ** * Am. Am. F. t-- * t Am. * * * * Am. t- t * . * F. * * ***** * * * * :: ..::,■■■■ * * * * * * * * * ** ** * * * * *l * * * * * ** *i**! * 51 Fails in Eastern States. 59 Supposed to be Columbia. 68 58 An old variety ; very healtbj' and 61 Tiie finest late winter melting pear, 71 productive. where it succeeds. A hardy tree; valuable. Very productive and profitable. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEAKS. XXXIX Between 42° and 49 ° /.I.— Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 43 ° I| III— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 35° !£ f£ B p ;? 40 41 42 43 41 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 50 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 73 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 3 < * * * * * * ** * * * * * * ** * ** * * * * ** * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * .2 15 a O ** * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * d 33 ic * ! ** * * * 't * * * * * * * * * 'i * * * * a ■s a o ** * * * 00 C * 5? c Q a C3 a c .2 g o 6 "a •a f-4 d a * * * d & ?J * * * * * 1 > c a (2 't * * * * * * * * * * ** * ,'t '* * * i * * * * ** * % i: a * . . * * ■ ■ ** * ** ' ' ** **,** * * * * * * * * * *!** * * * . . '* ** * * * * * * * *c > * * * ** * * ** * * ** OS a 1 5 o * * '* '* 1 03 a .2 -2 ** ** * * "* * * * * * * **, * * t * * * ** * ** * * * * * * * * * * ' h! 'St kL 0) .« .ifi to t> fj CO S £'§ ** ** * '*'** ' \ * * ** . . ** * * . '. . ti**!* * *** . . * * ** * 00 it t— I -H ** ** * '* * * *r* **:** t|.. . . * * * **[** *, * . . * r*;'* 1 * * 1 ' *** ■E s o * * * t * t * ; * ea CO 01 ** ** * ** t * ** * "i ** * X X to □ ** ■f * * 't ■f ** ** * i 6 ■a 73 _C o ** ■• ** ** '** 03 * * * * 93 « Of " oe "3 "s O ** 'i * ** *' * * * * CQ s 1 6 1 ** •■ * * ** * ** * * pi * * * * ** * * * ** * * ** 1. . * < * 03 S X < * * ** ** '. ! * 1 * ^ . f B a 1 to 03 to B a ** * * * 'c. ! CO » i * * * t * * + 1 * i 33 1 * * * * ** * a ■ * ** * 6 1 ' * 1 03 O N i r * 47 A hardy, productive trpe. 49 Unreliable at tlie Kortb. 73 Some say liable to blight. 77 A capital pear but unreliable. 78 Superior to Summer Doyenne. 80 Valuable for market. xl CATALOUUE OP FBUITS — PEAKS. DESCUIPnON. I.-N. Div. a a p 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 NAME. Pound Belli Angevine, Winter Belt, Uveddie's St. Oerinnin. Pratt Quimper Sxipreme de Quimper. Reading Keeder Br. lu'.eder. Rostiezer Riitter St. Ghislain St. Michael Archange Seckel Slieldon Souvenir du Congres Sterling Stevens' Genesee Summer Doyenne Boycnne d' Jilt. Superfin Beurre Superfn. Tlierese Appert Triumpli of Jodoigne Triomphe de Jodoigne. Tyson Upper Crust (local) Urlianiste Vicar Vicar of Winlcfield, Le Cure. Wasliington White Doyenne Virgalieu. Wilbur Willermnz Winter Nelis Windsor Summer Bell. m. ui. m. 1. ill. ). s. o K o 1-1 o O < P o X m. m. (ill. |). r. p. oil. p. r. o. p. P- r. oil. P- r. p. 1". '■• p. y. r. r. i ''■ r. o. p. 1 '•■ P- ; ob. o. p. ■ ob. p. r. a. p. r. P- ! ''■ ob. o. p. j ob. p. i '■ ■• g- V- g y- g-j g- y-g-^ I'- y- g i^'- g- K.M. :\r. F. F. M. F. F. y. g.iv. g. F. y. g. V. g. F. " yr V. g. F. y. r.iv. F. y. r.jV. g. F. y. g.jv. g F. M, y. g. b g. riis. pour F. .V. g. f!'m. y- ! g- K- M- y. :V. g. F. JI. y. g.l b. F. M. [ y- r. y. r.] y- I'. F. M. F. M. M. W. E. A. S. \v. L. A. t>. A. E. A. A. A. A. S. E. A. E. A. S. L. S. A. S. s. A. W. E. A. A. E. A. W. W. s. Am. 15. Am. Am. ~ 5. a ai 'O P I fc- CO O 3 te jS [■^ <> ,S X * * f ■ ■ H. *i * F. * ** * Am. Am. F Am. * * ** '■■ ■*! * * ** ** ***** .. * t * Am. * F. B * * * Am. B. * * * * * F. * ** ^;: * F. * Am. * B. 1 1 *! B. * . . * * *: * * 94 Delicious, but too small to meet the present market wants. 101 One of the largest and most beautiful melting peais. lOS A hardy tree. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEAKS. xli Betweea 43 ° and 49 ° 11.— Cestrai. Division.— Between 35 » and 43 ° in.- -S. Div.- -Bet.3tio&35o cs C3 S D 90 91 93 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 118 114 115 116 117 ♦J 3 O *J V a c * ** ** * * * * * z; * ** * * '* ** ** * * * ** ** * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * a 3) 't * * * * * * He * * * * * .2 X C -A * * * 03 1, a c -5 5 is d o an :S * * * 5. 5 ** * * * ** 7i 3 > i- 1 I * * * ■ * * * * * ** ^^ S * * ** * * ** * * * * X \ .2 ^ f'.2 :^ o ■• f . . ** * . . ** . . ** ** ''■ t * * ** * ** * * * * 1 '■3 * * ** * * * * * * * * * * '3 > t ** * ** ** * .a * ** ** * * ** ** '* ** a; i! ^r * ** * ** * * i* ** 00 a 1 * ** ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .1 * * * * * * si .5 * * * * * * en 33 X c 33 ** * * * * * ** * 6 33 ** ** * '_ A 3: > Zi * * '? * * ** * ** * * * * * ** a % * ** ** ** ■* ** * 3! ii * * ** * * ** * i * ** 3! 5 O a c 2 X -< * * ' * t "li * * ** * i t * S3 a :i i Z JL *** * ** * . . . . ■*i:: i > 25 a 1 113 One of the best, but variMble in the Eastern and Middle States. 116 Of rare excellence; requires aire ere profitable. 117 Of poor quality, but prolitable for market in some places. xlii CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PLUMS. XV-PLUMS. The columns e.xplain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — r., roundish ; o., oval; r. o., roundish oval: o. ob., oval obovate. ColOU — p., purplish or very dark ; r., reddish or copper color; y., yellow; g. y., greenish yellow; y. v., yellowish with shades or spots of red. Quality — g., good ; v. g., very good ; b., best. Use — F., family ; M., market. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Ouigin — Am., American; F., foreign. DESCRIPriON. NAME. o o < 1 C o CO ■<: a 3 S Admiral Bavay's Green Gage llcitie Claude de Bavay. Belgian Purple Bleelier's Gage Blue Imperatrice Boddo I.— N. Div. J£ I ?• i C a ^ il ; La >lS|=3 m. m. r. o. r. o. o. ob. Jtert . y. g. r. "•'■ g' F. F.M. F.M. F.M. F. M. M. M. L. JI. F. Am. F. F. 7 Boddwrt's Green Gage. Bradshaw 1. m. m. p. m. 1. 1. 111. m. s. m. 111. 111. 1. m. s, 1. in. 0. ob. 0. o. r. r. 0. r. o. r. 0. o. r. r. r. o. r. o. r. o. r. o. r. p. y. r. r. y- '■■ 11- y- '■■ p- p- r. P- y. r. " P- V. r. g y- p- y- r. p. p- g. M. V. g. F. s. F. M. g. M. V. g. F.M. V. g F. M. g. M. g. F.M. g- F. g- M. g. F. M. V. s..'. F. M. V. g. F. M. V. ST. F. M. g: M. g. F. g. F.M. g- F. JI. L. V. L. L. L. L. M. M. M. L. E. E. M. M. E. E. E Am.? F. Am. Am. F. F. Am. F. F. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. F. * * '* ■ * 1 *l ' ' *l 8 q Bryanstone Gage Canawa, Peach Leaved • -1 * :.'.. +.: in Cliiciiasavv ;:i-iri *: 11 12 IS Coe's Late Red Coe's Golden Drop Columbia ii 14 Copper 15 Ifi Cruger's Scarlet Damson "I'i ■1 .. *|..^.. 17 De Caradeuc 18 De Montfort If De Soto 20 21 9,0, Denniston, Denniston's Superb Domine Dull Drap d'Or 23 24 9,n Duane's Purple Early Favorite Eldridge * 26 9,7 Eltry Forest Garden s. m. 1. 1. o. r. o. r. o. r. r. r. 0. o. r. p- r. P- g-y- g-y g-y- g- y- g-y- y- g. F. M. v.V F. M. g. ' F. M. g. F.M. b. F. V. c. F.M. g: F.M. b. ' F. M. g. F. E, M. M. M. E. M. M. E. Eng. Am. F. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. F. \ 0,8 German Prune ** *■ * * . '. * '* t 0,9 General Hand * SO Green Gage ** * * 31 Hudson Gaee m. 1. 1. m. 33 33 34 Huling's Superb Imperial Gage Imperial Ottoman * * * ** 35 Indian Cliief 36 37 Italian Prune, Fellemhery Jefferson 111. 1. m. m. 1. m. ni. 1. in. 111. m. 111. 1. m. i. 1. 1. o. 0. r. r. o. r. r. o. r. ob. r. obi. 0. r. 0. 0. r. r. r. o. r. o. p- y- '•- y- '•- p- g- y- r. p. r. y- '■- r. g-y- p- 1-. !■- g- r. ,g-y- p- y. r. g. F. M. b. F. M. V. g.^ F. g- F. b. 1 F. g. M. g- : F. )). F. M. M. \ M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. E. M. M. M. E. M. F. Am. F. F. Am. Am. j F. 1 Am.,' Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. P. P. F. * "i * '* * -■■:. * * 38 July Green Gage 39 Kirke's 40 41 Lawrence's Favorite Lombard * **r* * * 42 43 Long Scjirlet, Scarlet Gage McLaughlin *l 1 . * 44 Miner g- g- g- g. F.M. M. F.M. P. M. * * 1 45 40 Monroe Moore's Artie * * * * * 47 48 40 Nota Bene (Corse') Orleans, Bed Bamnftk ' I- g- i F. V. g.j F. M. g. ; M. g- ' M. 50 Oullin's Golden, OulUn^s Golden Gage 51 Peacli 59 Pond's Seedling, Ponthill * CATALOGUE OF FRUITS— PLUMS. xliii XV-PLUMS. The columns explain: Size — 1., large; ui., medium; s., small. Form— r., roundish ; o., oval; r. o, roundish oval ; o. ob., oval obovate. Color — p., purplish or verj- dark ; r., reddish or copper color; y., yellow; g. y., greenish) yellow : y. r., yellowish with shades or spots of red. Qdalxty— g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use— F., family: M.. market. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin — Am., American; F., foreign. Between 43 ° and 49 ° II. — Central Division.— Between 35° and 42° III— S. Div.— 28 ° and 35 ° i a "A 1 2 H 4 5 e 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 25 20 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 3 O u (L C B 3 ** ** * ** ** * ** ** * * * * ** * ** * * * * * * * * ** * * ** * * ** ** ** ** ** * * ** c i * * * * * * a o * * * ** ** * \ * * * * * * * * * * ** 'i * * a 'ji a 1 1 c X 03 a a i d 5 aC * * * * * * * * □ ,t O * ** * * ** * i* * _> >.. c c a* i '* 1 * * * * ** * t >> CO S a; Z * * * i * 'i * 1^ a ■a r * * * * > C8 "c u X :j C * * ■• o * * * * * 'i * ** * i X s * * * * * * .. '* 2 c I' > ■Ji ■* * ** ** *<: ** ** ■■ y * * * i 0/ X :o 1 ** * * * * * * * * * * * . * ;; X * * * * * * ■ • * * 3 c ■Ji i * * * s z; * ** * * * X X X M * •* * c f ** X 5 * * * X > :: X 'a "x O ** * *i ** * a o 5 * . ■ 03 * ** * * X s X * * i c >> 1 c c CO c < ** ** ** * * * c i ** * X c X c •i * ■* CO S X •i "i! * c o *x IS 5 ' 1 a o N xliv CATALOGUE OP FRUITS — PLUMS — QUINCES. NAMES. DESCRIPTION. .1.— N.Div.— K P S q3 1 o 5 >• < p m i DQ 2 S o 33 Tu > * ■? f. 3 s a: 2; o3 c 1 * * a- § a * 1 3 -a X XI 1 •a a •a o K 53 Prince Engelbert 1. m. m. m. HI. m. ni. 1 m. 1. m. g. 1. m. m. 1. o. o. o. r. r. oh. r. 0. r. r. r. r. o. o. o. Ob. o. r. 0. p- y. P- P P- g-y- p- p- p- r. r. P r. p. g-y- gy- y- '•• . f- g- ^- g- b. \'- g- g- g- ^- g- g- s- g- V. g v.g. g- g- F. M F. M. F. F. M. F. M F. M. F. M. M. F. M. M. F. F. M. F. M. M. M. M. M. E. M. M. E. M. M. M. E. E. M. L. M. L. F. Am. F. f * 54 55 PriQce's Yellow Gage 50 Purple Gage Purple Favorite Reagles' Gage Richland Quackenboss Ko^'ale Hative 57 58 59 60 fi1 Am. Am. Am. Am. F. F. Am. Eng. Am. F. F. F. * * 62 63 Royale de Tours Schenectady Catherine . . 64 Shropshire Damson '*i"* 65 Smith's Orleans ** 66 St. Catherine . ... . . 1 ■ ■ 67 68 St. Martin, St. Martin's Quetsche Shar[5's Emperor, Victoria * 69 Temple 70 Transparent, Transparent Gage ni. m. 1. m s. 1. r. ob. 0. r. o. flat. o. 0. g-y- p- g-y- r. y- "■- g- V. g. ^- g- g- g- F. JI F. M. F. M. M. F. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. F. F. Am. Am. Am. i ** ** * * 71 Waugenheim 73 73 Washington Weaver * * * 74 Wild Goose 75 Yellow Egg, White Magnum Bonum * XVI-QUINCES. The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., m'ldium; v. 1., very large. Form — ob. p., oblate pyriform ; r., round, ish; r. ob. p., roundish obtuse pyriform. Color — y., yellowish or yellowish green. Qn.^LiTT — t., tender; h. t., half tender. Use — IC, kitchen; !M., market. Se.\son — E., early; E. to L., early to late. Origin — Am., American; P. foreicn XA.MES. Angers Apple or Orange. Champion Chinese Pear Poi-tugal V. 1 Rea 1 1. 3 A new variety not extensively tested. V. I, DESCRIPTION. S o ob. p. r. ob. p. ob. P- ob. p. r. ob. p. < P t. h. t. g- h. t. g- t. b. t. o m < M. K. EtoL, M. K.iE.toL. M. K.! L. K. I M. K.i M. K.i M. K.i L. L. E. E. F. Am. P. Am. F. Am. I — N. Div. ja Oi o e Oi ■»-' •c o o CO a S 93 1 ■ffl ►-H OS p. s □ ^ b CD CO ■S o a; a- a 2; Z ^ ^ > ^ » * ■f * * * * * * * 4 Large and valuable at the South, in strong soils. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PLUMS — QUINCES. xlv Between 43° aQci49° 11.— Ckntkal Division.— Between 35° and 42° in.— S.Div.— Bet.28° &35° si m a 3 z; 53 54 55 50 57 58 59 69 61 C3 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 5 V g * ** o z; ** * * ** * ** * * * * ** * * if* * * * o 1 * * * « i * * * * .. ** 't * .2 *ao C i g 0; a a ** * 53 O • ■ a 1 :: ■o 1 a * * d a 0/ o ** *i * 'a a >■ ">, •J) 1 * ** * * * * -s S * * * 3 s s * * 'J □ ■d * 2 '5 '5) * d 33 o * ** 6 O * * ** * * * * a a as '■3 a * * * * 'S > ** * o 3 a ** a> a a ** * CQ *o a 1— 1 * * * * * n * * 'i 3 O 00 X * * * ** * .a CO X * * * QO in a 33 4 ■ ■ d 1 S 6 * ** * .d p * * o3 •a s > a- 1? 33 "S ** * B 1 o * * * * '* t> 3 • • * ** a I < * '* * ** p ,0) "a a ** CO i a 'E. i 'x X * ** S3 a *x '5 * * 03 33 ** * ** 5 a; z; 0) a o N XVI-OUINCES. The eolumns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; v. 1., very large. Form — ob. p., oblate pyriform; r., round- ish; r. ob. p., roundish obtuse pyriform. Color— y., yellowish or yellowish green. Qu.\LiTy—t., tender ; h. t., half tender. Use— K., kitchen ; M., market. Se.\son—E., early; E. to L., early to late. Origin— Am., American; F., foreign. Between 42 ° and 49 ° II.— Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 42 ° III.— S. Div.— 28 ° and 35 ° pi n S u 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 3 u 1 a a o * * * * * o & Z5 * ** ** 33 a O * a u 3 o * * * a a o o 33 a> a a 3 2 o 53 a 60 a a 3 >> 6 ■a a 2 a a io CL 5 03 "a > a a * * * * * CO V a) * & a * * d Q •3 a 33 3 .2 'a > * a 33 S * t 6 o * * * * ** si a 33 a ** 33 'a '1 > J. * 3 3 0) 03 33 a a * ** "i CO 2 33 o 3 O § '* ... CO 33 z; * CO i * d O 5 5 '* 33 > 33 25 a .3 ** 03 a o 33 3 '5b 5 * * * * * 33 a s < S3 'fc- O £ •c E- c 03 C CQ X CO a 33 1 'i * '* 33 a 3 * s 6 o CD S5 1 xlvi CATALOGUE OF FEUITS — RASPBERRIES. XVII-RASPBERRIES. Tlje columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Fou.M — r., roundish; r. c, roundibli conical; c, conical; ob. c, obtuse conical. Color — b., black; r., redisb; p., purplish ; y., yellow. Quality- — g., good; v. g._ very good; b, best. Use — M., most profitable for market; F. M., of value for family and market; F., mostly valued for the family dessert. Season — E., early; L., late; M., medium. Okigin — Am., American; F., foreign. DESCKIPTIOK. n s p iz; 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 NAMES. q o I American Black (c), Doolittle .« Brandywine, Susqueco n\ Caroline Clarke Cuthbert Queen of the Market Fastolf Fontenay, Belle de Fontenay Four Seasons Red 1 Merveille de Quatre Saisons, Ocioher lied. Franconia 1 French m Golden Queen 1 Gregg (c) V. Hansell m Herstine , 1 Hisililand Hardy ni Hornet 1 Hudson River Antwerp 1 Imperial Red I ni Knevett 1 McCormick (c) m Mammoth Clunter. Marlboro . . .• 1 Miama (c) m Montclair Ohio (c) Ohio Everbearinn Orange r. r. c. r. olj. r. r. oli.c. 1'. c. c. r. c. r. c. r. r. c. r. ob. ; ob. c. r. ob.c. c. ('. r. ol). c. ob. c. r. c. r. (c) Brinckle's. 1. m. m. I. Palluau 1. Philadelphia m. Purple Cane (c) ni. Reliance 1. Shaffer's Colossal (c) v. 1. Smith's (o) V. 1. Souchetti 1. Souliegan (c) m. Superb 1. Thwack 1. Turner I m. Tyler m. r. r. r. ob. r. r. c. r. r. r. r. r. b. r. V- V. r. r. r. r. l'- r. y- b. r. r. b. V. v. g. V. g. V. .«■. ^'- K- S- •V. g. h. b. b. V. g. r. g- P- t^- b. S- y- g- h r. ^- g- p. r. g- 1 r. S- 1 b. V. g.i M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. P. F. F. M. F. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M.: F. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M.I F. M. F. M F. F AI. M. F. M F. M F. M F. F. F. M, F. M, F. M. P. M. M. M. M. E. M. M. L. L. M. M. M. M. V. E. M. E. M. M. M. M. L. M. M. M. M. L. M. M. M. M. E. I.— N.Div. -iS 0/ m c3 » s s p o n >— X n m 0) K C o c m V I a <]' s Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. F. F. F. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. ! F. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. \ Am. Am. Am. Ami. M. F. M. Am. M. Am. M. Am. M. Am. M. Am. M. 1 P- Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. * . . *j *, * *' * * *; * * * * * i*s- ' t Note — Those designated thus (c) are varieties of Blackcap {Robus occidentalism 7 Best of Autumnal bearing sorts. 26 Valued for family use. CATALOGUE OF FKUITS — EASPBERRIES. xlvii XVll-HASPBERRlE^ Tlie columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., iiiedium; s., small. FoKM^r., roundish; r. c, roundish coniciil ; c, conical; ob. c, obtuse conical. Color— b., black ; r., reddish; p., purplish; }'., yellow. Qu.\lity— g., good ; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — JI., most profitable for market; F. M., of value for family and market; F., mostly valued for the family dessert. Season— E., early ; L., late; j\I., medium. Okigin— Am., American; F., foreign. Between 43 ° and 49 ° | /I.— Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 42 ^ III-S. Div.- -Bet. 28° & 35^ m K) s 5 !? 1 2 3 4 5 (i 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 25 20 27 28 29 30 81 32 33 34 35 86 37 38 ? K> c c ■* * t * * 't * * * i Z, * * * * ** * * ** * * t * * ** * * * * is* * * * "i * g * i* * * * * * * * * * * ♦* * * 'i * Q to u ** ** ** ** ** * ** * * t ** X i c .5 ** * ii * ** 3 Q 5 5 s 1! O ** "c > c a * ** ** * * * ** ** * * * * 'i '* * X "S ? * * * * * ii ** * * * • • * i * ii * C3 ** ** ii * t i ii ii d * * * * X ? i "i □ O c * ** * * ** i * * ii * "i ii * ** * i i '5. > a i c ** ii 0/ 0- J- s c -■^ ** i ii .. i * * ** ** + ii * 'i 03 c * i ** i 'i i 1 i •■ * ** •i '* "" i ** 03 « Of * ii i "i 't 6K, a ** * * ** ii ii * * ** ii * * C c "c O ii i* ii i * > 12; '5 o 58 c 1 C CO •i ** ** • • ii * "u c ?. i* * * •2 c ii X X < ** .. X •— •X , S ~ c ■*:'* t-. * . . i o x 111 08 a o N < xlviii CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — STRAWBERRIES. XVIII-STRAWBERRIES. ThecohiinnsexpliUQ: Size— 1., large ; s., small ; m., medium. Sex - H., bermapbrodite; P., pistillate. Color— d. c, deep ciiinson; d. s., deep scarlet; b. s., bright scrarlet ; w. t., whitish tinted with red ; 1. c, light crimson. Form— r. c. roundish conical ; o. c, obtuse conical or coxcomb form ; c, conical ; r., roundish ; r. o. c, roundish obtuse conical. P'lesh— s., soft; f., firm; m., medium. Season— E., early; 51., medium; L., late; E. L., early to late. Origin— Am., American ; F., foreign. P 9i 10 j 11 13' 1.3 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 NAMES. Bid well V. Black Defiance 1 Captain .Tack Champion Windsor Chief. Charles Downing Col. Cheney Crescent Cumberland v. Gumberlancl Triumph ■ Downer's Prolific m. Duchess 1. Duncan m. Finch 1 Glendale 1 Great American 1 Gypsy m. Hart's Minnesota m. Hervey Davis 1 Hovey 1 Rovey''s Seedling. James Vick lu Jersey Queen v. Jucunda 1 Kentucky 1 Manchester 1 Miner's Prolific v. Miner's Great Prolific. Monarch v. Monarch of the West. Mount Vernon '. 1 Neunan 1 Neunnn's Prolific, Charleston. Old Iron Clad 1 Phelps'' Seedling. I Pioneer 1 Piper's Seedling i I Primo m Russell's Advance j 1 Seneca Queen 1 Seth Boyden 1 Sharpless v. Shirts V. Trinmphe de Oand 1 Triple Crown i 1 H. H. H. P. Truitt's Surprise Wilder Wilson President Wilder. Wilson's Albany. H. H. H. H. P. H. P. H. H. P. H. P. II. II. P. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. DESCRIPTION. o O O b. s. (1. r. d. r. d. c. H. d. s. P. b. s. P. b. s. H. b. s. b. s b. b. s b. d. c. c. b. s. b. s. c. b. .s. 1). s. 1). s. s. c. b. r. 1. s. 1. s. c. s. c. d. c. r. b. r. b. c. 1. c. d. c. d. r. d. s. d. c. « o r. c. r. c. r. c. r. c. r. c. r. o. c. r. r. c. r. c. o. c. r. c. o. c. r. c. '4, O H c. j f. M. r. o.c. f. M. r. c. ' f. : L. r. m. L. c. f. M. o. c. f. M. r. c. in. M. r. c. s. M. m. f. f. f. f. m. E. E. E. M. L. M. M. E, M. M. M. L. L. L. M. M. r. o. C! m. c. , f. r. c. c. r. c. o. c. o. c. c. o. c. c. o. c. r. o. c. L. M. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. .\m. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. M. Am. Am. Am. M. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. P. Am. Am. Am. Am. m. M. E. L. L. m. L. f_ M. 1 M. M. M. M. M. M. f. E. L. I.— N . Div. 35 a. 0. ^ *1. . !. . i * . . r *i '. [ * * ** 4 Valuable late sort. 14 Needs good soil and higli cultivation. 18 An old a^d highly valued sort. 27 Cbielly grown for market at Charleston and other points South. Quality medium to poor. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — STRAWBERRIES. xlix XVIII-STRAWBERRIES. The coluiuns explain:. Size — 1., large; s., small; m., medium. Sex— H., liermaphiodite; P., pistillate. Color — d. c, deep crimson; d. s., deep scarlet; b. s., bright scrarlet; w. t., whitish tinted with red ; 1. c, light crimson. Foum — r. c, roundish conical ; o. c, obtuse conical or coxcomb form ; c, couical ; r., roundish ; r. o. c, roundish obhise conical. Flesh — s.,soft; f.,13rm; m., medium. Se.\so>; — E., early; M., medium; L., late; E. L., early to late. Origin— Am., American ; F., foreign. Between 42 " and 49 0 11 — Cektkal. Division — Between 85 ° and 42 ° lU.- -S.Div. -Bet. 26 °&3oO a z; 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 *-> 3 B * ** * * * * * * * * * ** ** * * * 't * >> i * * * * ** "i ** '* * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * 2 o * ** 3 * * * * * * * * * '* * ** ** * * * * * * * * * ** J- ** * ** * ** ** ** ** 3S * ** * * ** si 03 a 1) S * * * * a & a. 1 > t ** * Jr. I i* .. * 'f ** -5 f z ** * * ** ** * * »* ** i t ** :■■■ * * ** ** * ** c ** * ** T 5 * * ** * * ** * :!: ** t * * * ** t ** c ** * t 33 "a z * 0^ a; a * * * * 'c * "t ■f * .. ** * t ** ■J. t. * * * * 2:; * * * * CO ** * ** * ** * * ■3Z * * ** ** St* t * * s 'c 1 ** ** ':: '* ** it ** * * ** '* * ** p ;; ■■ * ■5 * * " ** * ** * * ** =3 S * * 'i * :;: \\ '* * 1 a o N <; 35 Has made a first rate record over a large portion of 41 Unrivaled as a market sort in most parts of the the country. country. Quality poor. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS. Catalogue: OF Native and Introduced Species of Fruits and Nuts, ' IJSr THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. Note— The following Catalogue is intended to include all species of introduced Fnu'ts and N^ds growing orculti- ▼ated in the open air in any part of the United States or the Dominion of Canada, that have proved to be or promise to be of value to the grower. The "stirring" of this first table has necessarily been done with insufticient data, and any information that will help to perfect it or to make additions to the list itself will be thankfully received. NAMES. K m p 1 2 3 4 5 (J ^! 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19| 20 21' 23 23] 24 25 26 27 as 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 BOTANICAL. COiMMON. '■}■■ Achras sapota I Sapodilla Plum Amelancier Canadensis I Service Ananassa sativa , Pine Apple Anona Cherimolia Cherimoyer Anona squamosa Sweets-op Anona muricata Soursop Asimina.triloba Pawpaw Berberis' vulgaris Barberry Cactus opuntia Indian Fig Carica Papaya West Indian Pawpaw . Carya alba Shell bark Hickoiy . . . Carya olivajf ormis Pecan Carya sulcata Large Shell bark llick< Castanea vesca European Chestnut Castanea Americana I American Chestnut Castanea pumila ■ Chinquipin Citrus Aurantium Orange Citrus Limonum Lemon Citrus Limetta Lime Citrus medica i Citron Cocus nucifera ' Ccx-oa nut CoryKis Americana American Hazel Corylus Avellana Filbert Corylus rostrata Beaked Hazei-nut Cydonia vulgaris Quince Cydonia Sinensis Chinese Quince Diospyros Virginiana Persimmon Diospyros Kaki Japanese Persimuum Diospyros Te.\ana Black Persimmon Briobotrya Japoiiica Loquat Fagus ferruginea , Beech Ficus Carica Fig Fragaria vesca ' Alpine Strawberry Fragaria Virginiana ' American Strawberry Fragaria Chi'lensis South American Strawberry . Gaylussacia resinosa , Black Huckleberry Gaylussacia frondosa Blue Dangleberry Grias caulifloni Anchovy Pear Juglans cinerea i Butternut Juglans nigra Black Walnut Junglans regia I European Walnut Laurus Persea Avocado, or Aiigator Pear . . Mespilus Germanica , Medlar Morus rubra I Ked Mulberry Morus nigra i Black Mulberry Morus alba ' White Mulberry. Musa panidisiaca .1 Plaintain I.— N. DiT. '« M o ^ iJz; IS [a j C I X 1^ N. * *i * * 3 a ■a N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS. Catalogue: OF Native and Introduced Species of Fruits and Nuts, IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. Note — The following Catalogue is inteudetl to include all species of introduced Fruits and JS'uta growing or tulti- ▼ated in the open air in any part of the United States or the Dominion of Canada, that have proved to be or promise to be valuable to the grower. The "starring" of this first table has necessarily been done with insufficient data, and any information that will help to pel feet it or make additions to the list itself will be thankfully received. Between 42 ° and 49 ° JI. — Central Division. — Between 85 ° and 42 ° III— S. Div.— Bet. 2S° & 35" i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 !) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 33 24 25 26 27 28 29 80 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 3 □ s o i * * * * * if * * * S * * * * '* * * a O * * * "i * * * * 1 c .§• s * * * * * * '* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * d 3 O X * * * * '* * * * s a a ;; * * ■ :3 O * 3 ■• a S o 6 ■3 - * a o bn a '* d & t O * * 3 > a a V * * * * * * * '* * * * * £ 0) * * * * * * * * * * 5 & Q '* * * '* * * * '* * * * * * * * * * Q ■a □ .3 ">> ■* •• * '* * * * * * * 'a > * * * * * * :: * * "* * * * '* 03 a "3 '3 o .a 3 * * * * * * * '* '* * * * .2 3 O * * * * * * * * * * * 53 a * * * * "* "i "i '* 'i '* '* * '3 > * * * * * * * * * * * ill ^£ * * * * * * ■■ * * * Zi 53 "3 ■53 * * * * 03 a 1 03 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '* * * * * * * * "i * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '* * * * 03 3 33 .a < * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 33 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * B *n at a '■B * * * * * * '* * * S! Q < * 'i '* * * * * * * * * * '* * * * * * * 'E. 'x cn i * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * t * * * 53 B 53 'x * * * :: * * * * * * * * * x * * * ■ ■* * * * * * * * * * * 6 u 0) & It * * * * * 03 a 0 •< * lii CATALOGUE OF FKUITS AND NUTS. I.— N. DiT. NAMES. p BO TANIC'AL. 48 49 50 5L 53, 53 54 55! 56' 57 58 59 60 61 63 63 641 65 6Gj 67 08 69 1 70 71, 72' 73 74' 75 76 77 78' 79; 80! 811 82 83' 84 85 86' 87 88 89 90 COMMON. a 3 o N. Musa .eapientuni Banana . . . Olea Europea Olive Pliojaix ductylifera 1 Date Palm . Podophylluin peltatum May Apple . Primus ( Amygdalui") cominuuis : Almond , Prunus (Amygdalus) Persica ' Peach i Primus Armenlaca ^ Apricot Prunus domestica I Garden Plum Prunus iiiaratima \ Beach Plum ' N. Prunus Americana Wild red and yellow Plum N. Prunus Chicasa Chickasaw Plum , N. Prunus cerasus Garden red Cherry (Morello, etc.) , Prunus avium Bird Cherry (Heart, etc ) ' Prunus pumila | Dwarf Cherry 1 N. Psidium pyriferum j Guava i Punica Granatum | Pomegranate . Pyrus communis ] Pear Pyrus Mains ' Apple Pyrus pruuifolia j Siberian Crab > Pyrus coionaria ■ American Crab N. Pyrus rivularis i Oregon Crab N. Ribes Grossularia j English Gooseberry , Ribes hirtellum j Houghton Gooseberry, etc i N. Ribes rubrum i Red Currant ] N. Ribes nigrum 1 Black Currant ' N. Rubns occidentalis ' Black Cap Raspberry N. Rubus Idceus I European Raspberry Rubus strigosus I Wild Red Raspberry N. Rubus villosus ; Blackberry N. Rubus canadensis 1 Dewlien-y N. Shepherdia argentea j Buffalo Berry N. Tamarindus Indica Tamarind Vaccinium Pennsylvauicum | Dwarf Early Blueberry N. Vaccinium canadense : Canada Blueberry N. Vaccinium corymbosnm j Swamp Blueberry N. Vaccinium tenelum Soutliern Blueberry ^ N. Vaccinium raacrocarpa American Cranberry N. Vitis vinifera Vitis Labrusca (U CO ^ r X & a !!i OJ 0' K ^ > g — — — * . .' * * * *i *) European Grape Northern Fox Grape (Concord, etc.) , N. Vitis tcstivalis '• Summer Grape (Flerbeniont, etc.) | N. Vitis cordifolia j Winter Grape (Clinton, etc.) N. Vitis vulpina ! BuUace Grape (Muscadine, etc.) ! N. Zizvphu~ s .tivus , .Tu.iubp *i *i * *i * * *! *| * CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS. liii Between 43 ° and 49 ° ' 11.— Central Division.— Between 35° and 42° III.— S. Div.— 28 ° and 35 ° i p )z; 48 49 50 51 58 53 54 65 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 3 o •§ a c a "* if * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '* * •• O ;>! % •i "i * * * * * * * * * : * *■ "i St: * * .2 33 C o * * * * 'i * * * * * * * * * * * a 3 o i * * * * * * * * "* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * i * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "* '* * a- Q c * * * * '* '* * '* * CO O * * * * * * * * * * eg a a '* "* * '* * * ti a a c t * * '* '* 6 OS ■a * * a .1 J3 CD 33 * * '* * * * * * * * a bn ?- O * * * "i * * * * * * * * 33 a si > 1 □ n * * * * * * ' * * * * * * * * * * 1 * * >> a> i~ s & 1- * "i * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Q * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 93 "a '5, u > * • • * * * '* * * * * * * * * * * * * * = 5 t o * '* * * * * * * * * * * 'i * * * * * .2 O * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 'i * * OS C a 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * > * * * * * * * * * * "i * * * * * .. * * a * * * * * * * * * "i * * * * * * * * <6 $ en * a a '* "i * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .2 'S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 03 fl O (— ' * '* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 O * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 03 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '* * * S3 en * * * * * * * * * * "* * * * ■ • * * * 6 •a oe t.. _c ■3 '± * * i * * * * * * * * * * 3J '* ** * * * * * * * * * * 33 •a > - ** * * •• * * * * * * s 0 * ** ** * * * * * * * * * 05 C 1 '6 3 * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * j* 33 ■& 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * OS a < * * * * * * * * * * * * * '* * * * * * * * * 1 * * * * * * * * "i * * * * * * * * * * * c as a ■• * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * S .=■ S S Jl * * * '* '* * * * * * * *1 * * * * * * * * * *^ * ■ * r ' . . * * * * * * * * * * '* *|* *' * *: * i I * * * * * ■* * * * * * * * * * * ® ^ s. * . . * * * ** * * '* * * * * * *i * *| * *' * * * . * * * . . * * 08 a 0 < * * ** * CHANGES IN NOMENCLATURE. Tlie followiag lists comprise all the names whicli have been cbiinged in the Society's Catalogue: APPLES. NAME KE.JECTED. NAME ADOPTED. American Golden Pippin American Golden. American Summer Pearman American Summer. Carolica Red June Carolina June. Chenango Strawberry Chenango. Cooper's Early White Cooper's Early. Cox's Orange Pippin Cox's Orange. Danver's Winter Sweet Danver's Sweet. Duchess of Oldenburg Oldenburg. Early Red Margaret Early Margaret. Hubbardston Nonsuch Hubbardston. Jewett's Fine Red Jewett's Red. Kentucky Red Streak Kentucky Red. King of Tompkins County Tompkins King. Kirkbridge White Kirk bridge. Large Yellow Bough Sweet Bough. Marquis of Lome Lome. Marston's Red Winter Marston's Red. Otoe Red Streak Otoe. Pleasant Valley Pippin Pleasant Valley. Pyle's Red Winter Pyle's Winter. Striped Sweet Pippin Striped Sweet. Tewksbury Winter Blush Tewksbury Winter. Twenty Ounce Apple Twenty Ounce. CHERRIES. Bigarreau of Mezel Mezel. Early Purple Guigne Early Purple. Empress Eugenie Eugenie. Knight's Early Black Knight's Early. C0RRANTS. Fertile 'd Angers Angei-s. Fertile de Paliuau Palluau. Knight's Large Red Knight's Red. La Versaillaise Versaillaise. GOOSEBERRIES. Smith's Improved Smith's. Woodward's Whitesmith Whitesmith. GRAPES. Hartford Prolific Hartford. FOREIGN GRAPES. Calabrian Raisin Calnbrian Early Silver Frontignan Silver Frontignan. Lady Downes' Seedling Lady Downes. Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat Mrs. Pince's Muscat. Wilmot's Black Hamburg Wilmot's Hamburg. PEACHES. Amsden's June Amsden. Austin's Late Red Austin's Late. Cole's Early Red Cole's Early. C'lok's Late White Cook's Late. Crackett's Late White Crackett's Late. Early Albert Albert. Early Beatrice Beatrice. Early Louise Louise. Early Rivers Rivers. Early Tillotson Tlllotson. PEACHES. NAME REJECTED. NAME ADOPTED. Barker's Seedling Barker. Hoover's Late Heath Hoover's Heath. Van Zandt's Superb Van Zandt. Ward's Late Free Ward's Late. PEARS. Belle Epine Dumas Epine Dumas. Beurre Bosc Bosc. Beurre Clairgeau Clairgeau. Beurre d'Amanlis Amanlis. Beurre d'Anjou Anjou. Beurre de Brignais Brignais. Beurre Diel Diel. Beurre GifEard GiSard. Beurre Hard}- Hardy. Beurre Langelier Langelier. Beurre Superfin Superfin. Bonne du Puits Ansault Ansalut. Dearborn's Seedling Dearborn. Doyenne Boussock Boussock. Doyenne d'Ete Summer Doyenne. Doyenne du Cornice Comice. Dr. Bacbman Bachman. Dr Lindley Lindley. Duchesse d'Angouleme Angouleme. Duchesse de Bordeaux Bordeaux. Golden Beurre of Billboa Billboa. Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee Fontenay. Jo=iephine de JIalines Josephine of Malines. Knight's Seedling Knight. Louise Bonne de Jersey Louise Bonne of Jersey Nouveau Poiteau Poiteau. Paradis d'Automme Paradise of Autumn. Petite Marguerite Margaret. Supreme de Quimper Quimper. Triomphe de Jodoigne Triumph of Jodoigne. Vicar of Winkfield Vicar. Winter Jonah Jonah. PLUMS. Boddairt's Green Gage Boddffirt. Denniston's Superb Denniston. Oullin's Golden Gage Oullin's Golden. Transparent Gage Transparent. QUINCES. Rea's Seedling Rea. RASPBERRIES. Belle de Palluau Palluau. Belle de Fontenay Fontenay. Knevett's Giants Knevetr. Merveille de Quartre Salsons Four Seasons Red. STRAWBERRIES. Cumberland Triumph Cumberland. Hovey's Seedling Hovey. Miner's Great Prolitic Miner's Prolific. Monarch of the West Monarch. Neunan's Prolific Neunan. President Wilder Wilder. Wilson's Albany Wilson. INDBX. Pages. Act of Incorporation 9 Adams, D. W., Remarks by 100 Altitude Affecting Fruits 33 Amelancliier Canadensis Tl, 75 Apple Scab 66 Apples, Classification of 35 Discussion on New 93 Apricots, Classification of 39 Arkansas, Report from 183 Augur, P. it., on Commercial Manures 84 Report by 134 Bailey, L. H., Paper by 130 Biinquei at Revere House 98 Barry, P., Letter from 11 Resolutions Concerning 64 On Color in Fruits 36 Barry, W. C, Statement of 122 Beal, Dr. W. J., on Classification by Flowers 40 Bequest by Mr. Wilder 9 Berckmans, P. J , Remarks by 99 Blackberry Improvement 75 Boggs, George, Report by 143 Bourn, J. H., on Color in Pruit.s 29 Report by 145 Brackett, G. C, Report by. '. 131 Brackett, G. B., Report by 129 Brakeley, John H., Paper by 113 Brown, Charles E., Report by 14:! By Laws of the Society 10 California, Report from 123 Campbell, Geo. W., on Forests and Fruits 65 Cassell, \V. H., Report by 134 Catalogue of Fruits I Suggestions About 77 Cherries, Classification of 39 Discussion on New 95 Ru.ssian 95 Classification of Fruits 34 Climate Effecting Color of Fruits 33 Color in Fruits 33 Influenced by Heat 31 Commercial Fertilizers 84 Committee, Auditing 12 On Business 12 Committee on Credentials 12 Exhibits 11 Nominations 13 Resolutions 13 Committees, Announcement of 11 List of Standing 4 Connecticut, Report from 124 Constitution of the Society 10 Cranberry Industry 112 Crawford, M., Paper by Ill Cross Fertilization 21 Crozier, A. A., on Cross Fertilization 21 Secretary, pro tern 11 P.\GES. Cultivation and Seed Production 120 Currant, Improvement of 75 r>eterioration of Small Fruits 78 Discussion on Peach Yellows 17 On Dwarf Jimeberry 73, 7.5 Forests and Fruits (iG Fruits Running Out 83 Manures : 87 New Fruits 92 Russian Apple.e 62 Promising Table Fruits 76 Election of Officers 13 Excursion to Deer Islan port from 145 Rumph, Samuel H., Report by 1S7 Scab, Apple o6 Seed Extinction and Fruit Breeding 118 Production and Cultivation 120 Sexual Differentiation in Grape 14 Smith, J. M., Paper by 78 Smith, B. G., Report by 12 Standing Committees, List of 4 State Fruit Reports 123 Strawberry Improvement 75 Yields 82 Strawberries, Discussion on New 98 Strentzel, Dr. J., Report by 123 Strother, D. H., Report by 148 Sturtevant, Dr. E. L., Paper by 118 Supplementary Papers Ill Testimonials, Honest HI Thomas, John J., on Nomenclature 20 Tomato Experiment 121 Treasurer, Report of 13 Tropical Fruit Committee 64 VanDeman, II. E., on Identification of Varieties 34 Walcott, H. P., Remarks l)y 12, 99 Washington Territory, Report from 147 Watrous, C. L., Remarks by 100 West Vireiuia, Report from 148 Wilder Medals Awarded 88 Wilder M. P., Resolutions Concerning 84 Bequest of 9 Wild Fruits, Improvement of 11 Promising 74 Wilson, S. Otho., Report by 142 Wilson Strawberry Culture 80 VVisner, M. Report by 137 Yellows in Michigan !•> ^4' If- Vlf^^i- '*f^ ?^riv- fc^ I' ' o'j *^>i, h' k$l ■r- :<- r\ "J .«^4 v;:t^ :^JtJ^. ^/t^J