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LIBRARY

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

NO._-k3_a 3...._ DATE. .4.7.1 S.?_^--

URGE- .15 enjg.Yn j n.-C _^toj .tn.

so

AS

35A

A47

V.21 1887

l«^

DATE DUE 1

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY

Compliments of

BENJAMIN G. SMITH, ^ j -p^ ^y ^

Treasurer. J- -i^^ VT ,^^

Massachusetts,

United States of- America.

^ .1 x^i.1 X i 1 1 ivu i c^}l>Julv'.\

OF THE

American Pomological Society,

HELD IX

BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS,

September 14th, 15th and 16th, 1887,

TOGETHER WITH THE

state: fruit FiE^l^ORTS

AND

CATALDEUE DF FRUITS,

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY 1888.

CKAftL

C&S?

OFFICERS

OF THE

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

1888-Q.

PRESIDENT:

PROSPER JULIUS BERCKMANS, Augusta, Georgia.

FIRST VICE-PEESIDENT :

T. T. LYON, South Haven, Micliigau.

VICE-PRESIDENTS:

Alabama J. S. Newman Auburn.

Arizona Wm. A. Hancock .... Plia'ni.x.

ArkansaK E. F. Babcock Little Rock.

Oaliforma Du. John Sthentzel. Martinez.

Colorado A. E. Gipson Greelej'.

Connecticut P. JI. Auguu Miildletield .

Ddaioare Edward Tatnaw Wiluiington.

Diitrict Columhia.. W^i. Saunders Wasliington.

Florida Dudley W. Adams. . .Tangerine.

(ieorgia D«. Sa.viuel H.\pe. . .Hapeville.

Illinois Pakkeu Eakle Cobden.

Indiana Sylvester Johnson , .Irvington.

Iowa G. B. Brackett Denmarlj.

Kansas G. C. Br.\ckett Lawrence.

Louisiana Austin W. Rodntree . New Orleans.

Maine Geo. B. S.\wyer Wisoasset.

Maryland S. T. Jenkins Baltimore.

Massachusetts W. C. Strong Brii;liton.

Michigan E. H. Scott Ann Artjor.

Minnesota J. S. Harris La Cie.scent.

Mississippi \V. H. Cassell Canton.

Missouri Nor.man J. Colman. . St. Louis.

Nebraska Jamks H. Masters.. .Nebraska City.

JVew Bransicirk. . . . C. E. Grosvenok Canterbury.

yew UampsMrr . . ..Frederick S.myth. . .Manchester.

yew Jersey Wm. Pakry Parry.

New York C. L. Hoag Lockport.

North Carolina J. Van Lindley Pomona.

Nova Scotia Rev. J. R. Haht Bridgetown.

Ohio Geo. W. Campbell. . . Delaware.

Ontario L. Wolverton Grimsby

Pennsylvania Josiah Hoopes West Chester.

Quebec Robert Jack Chateangay B'sn

Rhode Island Joseph H. Bourn Providence.

South Carolina ....WD. Johnson .Marion.

Tennessee M. G. Senter Humboldt.

Texas T. V. Munson Denison.

Utah C. E. Johnson Salt Lake City.

Vennont Dr. T. H. Hoskins. . . Newport.

Viryinia Henry L. Lyman .... Charlottesville.

West Virginia David H. Strother. ..Charlestown.

Wisconsin James M. Smith Green Bay.

Wyoming John W. Hoyt Cheyenne.

TREASURER:

BENJAMIN G. SMITH, - ■ ■ Cambridge, Massachusetts.

SECRETARY:

CIIAS. W. GARFIELD, - - - Grand Rapids, Michigan.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE :

President and Vice Presidents, ex-oj/icio.

Samuel B. Parsons. .Flushing New fork. Dr. 11. H. Cary La Grange Georgia.

Chas. W. Garfield. Grand Rapids Michigan. O. P. Rooks Gardenia Florida.

David Baird Manalapan New Jersey.

FINANCE COMMITTEE :

Edward B. Wilder. .Dorchester Massachusetts. H II. Hunxewkli — Boston Massachusetts

Robert Manning Salem Massachusetts.

LIST OF OFFICERS.

GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE:

Chaiuman,

ANDREW S. F

Aliibii.mil J. C. Richardson. . . .Greenville.

Arizona Wm. A. Hancock Pha?nix.

Arkan>ia!i S. .1. Matthews Monticelln.

California Dii. John Strent/.el. Martinez.

Colorado D. S. Grimes Denver.

Connecticut T. S. Gold West Cornwnll.

Dakota E. DeBeli, Sioux Falls.

Delaware D. S. Myek Bridgeville.

District Golumbin. .John Saul Washington.

Florida Geo, L. Taiser Glen St. Mary.

Georyiii Samuel Ru.mph Marshallville

Jdiilio John H. Evans Lewiston.

Illimiix A. C. Hammond Warsaw.

Indiana Dr. Allen Furnas. . . Danville.

loica C. L. Watrous Des Moines.

K'tnxax G. C. Brackett Lawrence.

Kentucky A. D. Webb Bowling Groen-

Louisiana E. M. Hudson New Orleans.

Maine S. L. Boardman Augusta.

Maryland Edmund Law Ro(iERS. Baltimore.

Massachnsetts Robert Manning . . . .Boston.

Michiijau L. H. Bailey, Ju Agr'l College.

^Visconsin A. L

ULLER,

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Neil) Brunswick

New Hampshire. . .

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina . Nova Scotia ....

Ohio

Onta rio .......

Pennsylvania . . .

Quebec

Rhode Island . . . South Carolina.

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

West Viri/iniii . H.vrcH Ith

Ridgevvood, N. J.

S. D. Hillman Minneapolis.

Prof. .1. J. Colmont. Columbus.

W. G. Gano Olden.

James H. Masters. . .Nebraska City.

C. E. Grosvenor Canterbury.

James M. Hayes Dover.

E. Williams Montclair.

Charles A. Green. Clifton.

J. Van LiNDj.EY Pomona

Charles E. Brown. .Yarmouth. j\L\TTHBw CRAWPORD.Cuyahoga Falls. Alex. McD. Allan. .Godericli.

H. M. Engi.e Marietta.

Charles Gieb Abbottsford.

Joseph H. Bourn Providence.

LuTHKR Ransom Columbia.

R. B. Koen Memphis.

William Watson. . . .Brenham.

G. E. Johnson Salt Lake.

T. H. Hoskins Newport.

Franklin Davis Richmond.

D. S. Stuotiier Charlestown.

aca .

COMMITTEE ON NATIVE FRUITS:

Chairman, .....

Okas. A. Green.. .Rochester, N. Y Northern Div

J. T. Lovett Little Silver, N. J.. . .

Dr. T. H. Hoskins . Newport, Vt Eastern

C. L. Watrous. . . .Des Moines, Town .... Niuthwest'rn " Franklin Davis. . Riclnnond, Va East'n Middle "

I)k. F. M. HEXAMER, New York City.

Wm. W.\tson Rrenhani, Texas Southwestern Div

Di!. J. STHENTZEL./)/»r«jrtf£', Ciil Pacific "

J. S. Nkwman Auburn, Ala Southern "

Chas Gibb Abbottsford, Quebec . . British Provinces.

J. H. Hale Glastonbury, Ct Eastern "

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN FRUITS:

Geo. El.LWANGER.

Prof. J. L. Budd. .

H. M. Enole

G. B. Buackett. . .

. Rocliester, N. Y. . Ames, Iowa. .Marietta, Pa. .Denmark, Toira.

D. W. Uir.ADi.E St. Catherines, Out-

T. V. MuNsoN Denison, Texas.

J . Van Lindley Pomona, N. C.

H. B. Vandeman Washington, D. C.

Eli M inch Shiloh, N. J:

Robert Manning Salem, Mass.

COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE AND REJECTED FRUITS:

John J. Thomas I' nion Springs, N.)'. William Saunders W asliington, D. C.

Robert Manning Salem, Mass. Gharlks Gibb Abbottsford. Quebec.

G. li. Buackett Denmark, Lara. L. A. Goodman M''estpiiirt, Mo.

Samuel Habe IlapeciUe, Ga.

COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF CATALOGUE:

President, cx-ojiicio.

Andrew S. Fuller Ridgeicood, N. J. Dr. F. JI. Hhxa.mkr New York.

T. T. LvoN South Baven, Mich. Louis A. Berck.mans Augusta, Ga.

JIenry .M. Englk .Marietta, Pa. Edward IL Bissell Richmond, ]'a.

LIST OF OFFICERS. 5

SUB-TROPICAL COMMITTEE:

A. H. Manvii.i.e Jacksonville, Fla. Austin W. RouNTREE.J\"ew Orleans, Ln.

O. P. Rooks Gardenia, Fla. Dr. Gostave Deteron.JN'cw Orleans, La.

Dr. J. C. Neai Archer, Fla. Edgar L. St. Ceran. .Ponchatoula, La.

P. W. Reasoser Manatee, Fla. Elwood Cooper Santa Barbara, Cal.

Ltjia.n Pii KLPS Sanford, Fla. C H. Wn.cox Oroville, Butte Co., Cal.

James Bettxok Itiverside, San Bernardino Co., Cal.

COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEETING OF 1889:

Dudley W. Adams Florida. A. P. R. Safford Florida.

O. P. Hooks " Rev. E. H. Weed

A. H. Manville " Dr. H. H. Cary Oa.

Dr. R. W. Pierce " E. T. Field y. J.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

LIFE.

Allan, Alex. McD Goderich Ontario.

Allen, Abner Wabaunsee Kansas.

Allan, David Belmont Massacluisetts.

Allen, Edwin New Brunswick, New Jer.sey.

Ames, Frederick L Boston Massachusetts.

Andrews, Frank W Boston Massachusetts.

Atkins, Ohas. G Bucksport Maine.

Austin, Mrs. Helen V Palmyra. ..... ..New Jersey.

Babcook, E. F Little Rock Arkansas.

Baird, David Manalapan New Jersey.

Baker, Chas. R Brooklyn New York.

Baker, William E Wellesley .... Massachusetts.

Bancroft, George Wa.shington. .Dist. Columbia.

Barrj , Patrick Rochester New York.

Barry. William C Rochester New York.

Beadle, D. W St Catherines Ohtario.

Beal, AV. J Lansing Michigan.

Berckmans, Prosper J Augusta Georgia.

Black, Charles Higlitstown .... New Jersey.

Bliss, B. K Boston Massachusetts.

Bourn, Jos. H Providence Rhode Island.

Bowditch, E. F Bo-ston Massachusetts.

Brainerd, J Washington , .Dist. Columbia.

Brewer, .Tobu R Boston Massachusetts.

Bridgeman, Alfred Newburgh New York.

Brill, Francis Hempstead, L. I. .New York.

Brown, Chas. E Yarmouth Nova Scotia.

Buchanan, Isaac New York New York.

Bucklin, Simon S Boston Massachusetts.

Burnett, Rev. Robert Burlington Ontario.

Burnett, Joseph Soiitliboro Massachusetts.

Bush, Raphael Bushl>erg Missouri.

Buswell, E. W New York New York.

Butler, Charles New York New York.

Calder, Rev. James. . . .- 102 State St., Harrisburg, Pa.

Calkins, John S Los Angeles California.

Campbell, George W Delaware Ohio.

Care}', Otis Fo.xborough. .Massachusetts.

Carpenter, Charles Kelley's Island Ohio.

Cliamberlain, Geo. D , Cambridge. . , Massaoluisetts.

Cliase, Howard A Philadelphia. .Pennsylvania.

CJiase, Lewis Rochester New York.

Cheney, Benj. P Boston Massachusetts.

Clapp, Wm. Channing Boston Massachusetts.

Clark, Edmund S. . 16 Kingston St., Boston, Massachusetts.

Clark, Elizur E New Haven Connecticut.

Clark, James W Framingham . .Massachusetts.

Clement, Asa Lowell Massachusetta.

Conover, Geo. S Geneva New York.

Colman, N. J St. Louis Missouri.

Cook, Daniel C Cliicago Illinois.

Cook, M. S Avondale Pennsylvania.

Cox, A AValnut City Kansas.

Cresswell, Jiio. A. J Elkton Maryland.

Culbert, Dr. Wm. A. M Newburgh New York.

Cummings, A. P New York New York.

Cummings, John Woburn Massac^uisetts.

Davis, Franklin Richmond Virginia.

Davis, J. C. Bancroft 1621 H St. Washington, D. C.

Dexter, Arthur F Providence Rhode Island.

Douglas, Robert Waukegan Illinois.

Dunham, W. S New York New York.

Durfee, Geo. B Fall River .... Massachusetts.

Earle, Parker Cobden Illinois.

Ellwanger, George Rochester New York.

Ely, Charles Cherry Dell Missouri.

Engle, Henry M Marietta Pennsylvania.

Engle, Hiram Marietta Pennsylvania.

Eshleman, John K Dowingto wn . .Pennsylvania.

Falconer, William . .Dosoris, Glen Cove, Long Island, N. Y.

Felton, Arthur W Bolton Massachusetts.

Field, E.T Red Bank New Jersey.

Fisher, John Batavia New York.

Flint, Charles I, Boston Massachusetts.

Flint, David B. . ,358 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass.

Force, T. S Newburg New York.

French, Jonathan Boston Massachusetts.

Frothinghara, Isaac W Boston Massachusetts.

Fuller, Andrew S Ridgewood New Jersey.

Furnas, R. W Brownville Nebraska.

Gardette, E. B Philadelpliia. . Pennsylvania.

Gardiner, Robert H Gardiner Maine.

Gardner, Henry J Boston Massachusetts.

Gibb, Charles Abhottsford Quebec.

Goff, E. S Geneva New York.

Gold, T. S West Cornwall.. Connecticut.

Graves, S. S Geneva New York.

Grosvenor, C. E Canterbuij' . New Brunswick.

Grubb, Samuel H Roxborough . . . Pennsylvania.

Guy, T. W Sulphur Springs. . .Missouri.

Hacker, William Philadelphia. .Pennsylvania.

Had wen, O. B Worcester. . . .Massachusetts.

Haines, John S Germantown. .Pennsylvania.

Haines, Henry C Germantown. .Pennsylvania.

Hance, Benj. B Red Bank New Jersey.

Hancock, Caroline G Free Library, Sacramento, Cal.

Plarries, Edward Buffalo New York.

Hatkell, George Ipswich Massachusetts.

Helmer, J. W Lockport New Yoi-k.

Herd man, William Eaton Ohio.

Hexamer, Dr. F. M 751 Broadway .... New York.

Hoadley, George 120 Broadway .... New York.

Hoag, C. L Lockpoi't New York.

Hogg, Thomas New York New York.

Holmes, Dr. E. S Grand Rapids Michigan.

Holton, Warren Hamilton Ontario.

Hovey, John C Cam))ridge. . .Massachusetts.

Hubbard, T. S Fredonia New York.

Hunnewell, H. H Wellesley Massachusetts.

Hunter, John M Houston Texas.

Hyde, J.F. C 31 Milk St., Boston. . .Mass.

Ilgenfritz, I. E Monroe Michigan.

Jeter, Tinsley Bethlehem Pennsylvania.

Jones, James Leiperville .... Pennsylvania.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Kenciall, Edward Cambridge .... JIassachusetts.

Kendall, George F Cambridgf-. . ..Massachusetts.

Kent, Joseph II Russellville . . . Pennsj Ivania.

Kent, Samuel C Richmond Virginia- King, John A Great Neclv, L. I. New Yorlj.

King, John H Washington. .Dist. Columljia.

Kirlipatvicli, T. J Springfield Ohio.

Koen, R. B Jlemphis Tfnnessee.

Kuhn, Hartman Philadelphia . . Pennsjdvania.

Laing, A. D Stratford Connecticut.

Langdon, CO Mobile Alabama.

Lanver, A. M Galena Illinois.

Leighton, 6. F. B Norfolk Virginia.

Lester, J. Erastus Providence... .Rhode Island.

Lovett, J. T Little Sih-er New Jerse}'.

Luke, Elijah H Cambridgeport Mass.

Lyman, Henry L Charlottesville Virginia.

I,yons, James JI New Bedford . Massschusetts.

Lyon, T. T South Haven Michigan.

Mann, William R Sharon Massachusetts.

Manning, Robert Salem Massachusetts.

Marble, F. M Worcester Massachusetts.

Masters, James H Nebraska City Nebraska.

McCiilloch, J. M Cincinnati Ohio.

MacFerron, David AlleghenyClty.Pennsylvania.

McLaughlin, Henry Bangor Maine.

Meehan, Thomas Germantown. .Pennsylvania.

Miller, F. R Sugar Grove. .Pennsylvania.

Mills, W. H Hamilton Ontario.

M luld, Henry T Pittsfleld Illinois.

Munson, D. O Fall's Church Virginia.

Murray, R. D Moultril Florida.

Jlyer, David S Bridgeville Delaware.

Newman, J. S .Auburn Alabama.

Noble, Samuel W Jenkintown ...Pennsylvania.

Orton, J. G Binghamton New Yoi k.

Osborne, Charles Vassalboro Maine.

Parr}', William Parry New Jersey.

Parsons, S. B Flushing, L. I. . .New York.

Paul, James M North Adams. Massachusetts.

PaysoD, Samuel R Boston Massachusetts.

Pearson, John M Godfrey Illinois.

Perirm, Jonathan. . .156 Washington St., Chicago, Illinois.

Perley, Samuel F Naples Maine.

Perot, William H Baltimore Maryland.

Peters, R Atlanta Georgia.

Phelps, Lyman Sauford Florida.

Phfenix, F. K Delavan Wisconsin.

Pierce, Henry L Boston Massachusetts.

Pile, William A St. Louis Missouri.

Popenoe, E. A Manhattan Kansas.

Putnam, J. Pickering Boston Massachusetts.

Quinn, P. T . . . ■. Newark New 1 ersey .

Richardson, I. D Clarksville Nebraska.

Riehl, E. A Alton Illinois.

Rogers, Edmund Law Baltimore Maryland.

Rumph. Samuel H Marshallville Georgia.

Russell, Gurdon W Hartford Connecticut.

Russell, Hfnry S . . . Milton Massachusetts.

Sadler, Dr. O. W Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.

Salisbury, Stephen Worcester . . . Massachusetts.

Sampson, F. G Micanopy Florida.

Saunders, William Washington. Dist. Columbia.

Sawyer, George B Wicasset JIaine.

Scarborough, W Cincinnati Ohio.

Scott, David A Newburg New York.

Selover, Edward C Auburn New York.

Shaw, C. C Milford New Hampshire.

Shotwell, J. R Rah way New Jersey.

Smith, B Cuba Missouri.

Smith, Benj. G Cambridge. . Massachusetts.

Smith, W Geneva New York.

Smith, Wm. Brown Syracuse New York.

Smith, Wm. Elliot Alton Illinois.

Smith, Wing R Syracuse New York.

Smyth, Frederick Manchester. NewHampshire.

Southworth, C Stoughton Massachusetts.

Spauldiug, Dr. C. W.. .2648 Olive St., St. Louis. .5Iissouri.

Starr, Robert W Lornwallis Nova Scotia.

Stewart, Brice Clarksville Tennessee.

Stewart, Henry L MiddleHaddam. Connecticut.

Stephens, J. L Booneville Massachusetts.

Strong, W. C Brighton Massachusetts.

Stone, J. M Calhoun Station. Mississippi.

Streator, George J Garretsville Oliio.

Strother, David H Cliarlestown . . West Virginia.

Swan, Robert J Geneva New York.

Swineford, Howard Richmond Virginia.

Taft, Edward P Providence.. .Rhode Island.

Tatnall, Edward Wilmington. Delaware.

Taylor, John N Brooklyn -New York.

Taylor, Dr. Thomas Washington. Dist. Columbia.

Taylor, Joseph 0 Newport Kentucky.

Temple, John T Davenport Iowa.

Thomas, George B West Chester.. Pennsylvania.

Thomas, J. J Union Springs.. New York.

Thomas, Miiton Los Angeles California.

Thurber, George Passaic New Jersey.

Townsend, B. C Bay Ridge, L. I. .New York.

Trowbridge, Francis Milford Connecticut.

Uber, Carlton A Fall's Church Virginia.

Van Gelder, Jacob Saugerties New York .

VanLindley, J Pomona North Carolina.

Wardwell.W. H Boston Massachusetts.

Waterer, Hosea Philadelphia. .PennsylvuHia.

Watson, William Brenham Texas.

Wier, D. B Lacon Illinois.

Weld, Aaron D Boston Massachusetts.

Wellborn, Jesse M Conyers Georgia.

Whitehead, John B Norfolk Virginia.

Wieland, John Knoxville Tennessee.

Wilder, Edward B Dorchester. . .Massachusetts.

Williams, Henry T Colorado Springs. .Colorado.

Williams, E Montclair New Jersey.

Wilson, W. C Baltimore Maryland

Wolfe, John D New York New York.

Work, A New York New York .

Yeomans, Wm. II Columbia Connecticut.

Yerrington, J. M. W Boston Massachu.setts.

Younglove, James Bowling Green. . . Kentuckv

8

LIST OF MEMBERS.

BIENNIAL,

Adams, Diulley W Taagerine Floviaa.

Augur, P. M Middleflelil Connecticut.

Bessly, Dr. C. E Lincoln Nebraska.

Brackett, George C Lawrence Kansas.

Block, A Santa Clara California.

Buclier, .T. C Atlanta Georgia.

Bailey, L. H. .Ir Agricultural College. .Mich.

Bissell, Edwar.l H Richmond Virginia.

Brettner, .James Riverside California.

Brackett, G. B .' Denmark Iowa.

.T5usli, Isadora Bushberg Missouri.

Berckmans, Louis A Augusta Georgia.

Berckmans, Robert C Augusta Georgia.

Jerckmans, P. J. A. .Ir Augusta Georgia.

Byers, William Kansas City Missouri.

Bell, Levi Orangeburg New York.

Beal, Prof. W. .J Agricultural College. .Micb.

Boardman, S. L Augusta Maine.

Budd, Prof. .1. L Ames Iowa.

Crozier, A. A Washington. Dist. Columbia.

Carey, Dr. H. H La Grange Georgia.

Carpenter, Charles Kelley's Island Ohio.

Coe, A. .1 Meriden Connecticut.

Craft, N. W Shore. Yuilkin county, North Carolina,

Cassell, W. H Canton Mississippi.

Crawford, Matthew Cuyahoga Falls Ohio.

Cole, C. P .^.tlauta Georgia.

Colmont, Prof. .J..J 1,'olunibus Mississippi.

Cooper, El wood Santa Barbara California.

Davis, Franklin Baltimore Maryland.

Deveron, Dr. Gustave New Orleans Louisiana.

Dunning, D. M Auburn New York.

Eaton, Horace Quincy Massachusetts.

Evans, .John H Lewiston Idalio.

Frank, Thomas P Buffalo New York.

Furnas, Dr. Allen Danville Indiana.

Gipson, A. E Greeley Colorado.

Green, W.J Columbus Ohio.

Green, Charles A Rochester New York.

Garfield, Charles W Grand Rapids .... Michigan.

Grimes, D. S Denver Colorado.

Goodman, L. A Westport Missouri.

Hammond, A. C Warsaw Illinois.

Harris, J. S La Crescent '.Minnesota.

Harrison, J. J Painesville Ohio.

Hoskins, Dr. T. II Newport Vermont.

Hilborn, A\". W Ottawa Ontario.

Hoyt, Stephen New Canaan. . .Connecticut.

Hoyt, John W Cheyenne Wyoming.

Hatch, A. L Ithaca Wisconsin.

Hart, J. R Bridgetown Nova Scotia.

Hovey, C. H Boston Massachusetts.

Hood, W. F Richmond Virginia.

Hillman, S. D Minneapolis Minnesota.

Hubbard, Henry G Crescent City Florida.

Hoopes, Josiah West Chester., Pennsylvania.

Hudson, E. M New Orleans Louisiana.

Hayes, Jas. M Dover New Hampshire.

Hancock, Wm. A Pha?nix Arizona.

Heikes, AV. F Huntsville Alabama.

Jack, Robert Chateangay Basin. . . Quebec.

Jenkins, J. B Rochester New York.

Jenkins, S. T Baltimore Maryland.

.Josselyn, Geo. S Fredonia New York.

Johnson, Sylvester Irvington Indiana.

Jobhson, W. D Marion Soutli Carolina.

Johnson, C. E Salt Lake City Ut^h.

Koen, R. B Memphis Tennessee.

Lines, C. P New Haven .... Connecticut.

Long, Elias A Buffalo New York.

Matthews. S. J Monticello Ai-kansas.

Manning, J. W Reading Massachusetts.

Munson, T. V Denison Texas.

Marvin, D. S Watertown New York.

Minch,Eli Shiloh New York.

Manville, R. H Jacksonville Florida.

Moon, W. H Morrisville. ...Pennsj'lvania.

Monroe, C. J South Haven Michigan.

Neal, Dr. J. C Archer Florida.

Ohmer, N Dayton Ohio.

Patterson, Charles Kirksville Missouri.

Parsons, S. B Flushing New York.

Perry, John 13 , New York New York.

Pierce, R. W Florida.

Ransom, Luther Columbia South Carolina.

Richardson, J. C Greenville Alabama.

Rooks, O. P Gardenia Florida.

Reasoner, P. W Manatee Florida.

Rumph, Samuel H Marshallville Georgia.

Rountree, Austin W New Orleans Louisiana.

Riley, C. V. . .Entomologist, Washington, Dist. Columbia.

Satterlee, James Lansing Michigan.

Scott, E. H Ann Arbor Michigan.

Saul, John Washington. Dist. Columbia.

Smith, A. M St. Catherines Ontario.

Smith, J. M Green Bay Wisconsin.

Saunders, William Ottawa Ontario.

Sturtevant, Dr. E. Lewis Geneva New York.

Starr, C R. H Port Williams. . Novo Scotia.

Stevens, Abel F. . . . Wellesley. . . .Massachusetts.

Safford, A. P. R Tarpon Springs Florida.

St. Ceran, Edgar L Ponchatoula Louisiana.

Strentzel, Dr. John Martinez California.

Simonds, O. C Wright's Grove, Cook Co., Illinois.

Thurlow, T. C Newburyport. Massachusetts.

Taylor, E. B. L Rochester New York.

Taber, G. L Glen St. Mary Florida.

Troop, Prof. J Lafayette Indiana.

Vaughan, J. C Chicago Illinois.

Van Deman, HE Washington. Dist. Columbia.

Watrous, (\ L Des Moines Iowa.

Wolverton, L Grimsby Ontario.

Webb, A. D Bowling Green. . .Kentucky.

Wilcox, C. H Oroville, Butte county, California.

Act of Incorporeitiori^.

CDMMDNWEilLTH DF MASSACHUSETTS, 1BB7,

Section 1. Patrick Barry, of Rochester, New York, Charles W. Garfield, of Graud Rapids, Michigan, Benjamin G. Smith, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, J. J. Thomas, of Utiion Springs, New York, Prosper J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Georgia, Robert Manning, of Salem, Massachusetts, their associates, the OflScers and Members of the Association known as the American Pomological Society, and their successors, are hereby made a corporation under the name of "American Pomological Society," for the purpose of promoting and encouraging the culture of fruit, with all the powers and privileges and subject to all the duties and liabilities set forth in the general laws which are now or may hereafter be in force applicable to such corporations.

Sec. 2. Said corporation may, for the purpose aforesaid, have and hold by pur- chase, grant, gift or otherwise, real and personal property to an amount not exceed- ing one hundred thousand dollars.

Sec. 3. Said corporation may hold its annual meeting, or any special meeting in any place, state or country it may determine, providing that due notice shall be given to the members thereof of the time and place of said meeting.

Sec. 4. Any two of the corporators above named are hereby authorized to call the first meeting of said corporation in the month of September next ensuing, by due notice thereof to each member of said Association.

Copy of Bequest From the Will of the Late Marshall P. Wilder.

Eleventh. " I give to the American Pomological Society one thousand dollars, the income of which shall be, from time to time, offered in Wilder Medals for objects of special merit.

"Also, the further sum of four thousand dollars, for the general purposes of the Society."

CDNSTITUTIDN AND BY-LAWS

OK THE

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

CONSTITUTION.

Article 1. The name of this Association shall be the American Pomological Society.

2. Its object shall be the advancement of the science of Pomology-

3. It shall consi.st of delegates appointed by Horticultural, Agricultural, and kindred Societies in the United States and British America, and of such other persons as take an interest in the wel- fare of the Association, and are desirous of pro- moting its aims.

4. The meetings shall be held biennially, at such time and place as may be designated by the Society ; and sjsecial meetings may be convened at anj' time on the call of the President.

5. The officers shall consist of a President, a First Vice President, one Vice President from every State. Territory and Province; a Treasui'er and a Secretary; and shall be elected by ballot or otherwise at every biennial meeting.

BY-LAWS.

1. The President shall have a general suijeriu- tendence of the aft'airs of the Society during its vacation; give due public notice of the time and place of meeting; j)reside at its deliberations; de- liver an address on some subject relating to Pomol ogy, at every biennial meeting; and appoint all committees unless otherwise directed.

2. In case of the death, sickness, or inability of the President, his official duties shall devolve on the First Vice President or such one of the Vice Presidents as the Society may elect by ballot or otherwise.

3. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys be- longing to the Society, and pay over the same on the written orders of the President.

4. There shall be a Finance Committee of three members appointed by the President at each biennial meeting.

5. The Secretary shall, with the assistance of a reporter api)ointed by him, keep a record of the transactions of the Society for publication.

6. There shall be an Executive Committee con- sisting of live members, together with the Presi- dent and Vice Presidents, ex-offlcio, five of whom shall constitute a (juorum, who shall manage the affairs of the Society daring its vacation.

7. Chairmen of Fruit Committees, for every State, Territory and Province, and a general Chair- man over all, shall be appointed biennially. It shall be the duty of each of such Chairmen to ap- point four additional members of his committee, and with their aid, and such other information as he can procure, to forward to the genei'al Chair- man one month before every biennial meeting, State Pomological Re2)orts, to be condensed by him for 'onblication.

S. A Standing Committee on Native Fruits, consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed by the President immediately after his election. It shall be the duty of this Committee to report biennially on native fruits, and also to examine, and before the close of the session report on, all new seedling varieties that may be exhibited; and t,o make an ad interim rejiort on those that were exhibited in an unripe condition at the meeting of the Society, but had subsequently attained a state of maturity; and on such other seedlings as ma}' have been submitted to their inspection during the Society's vacation.

9. A Standing Committee on Foreign Fruits, consisting of eleven members, shall be ajspointed, whose duties shall be similar to those of the com- mittee in by-law eight.

10. A Standing Committee on Tropical and Sub-tropical Fruits, consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed, whose duties shall be similar to those of the committee in by-law eight.

11. A Standing Committee on Nomenclature, consisting of seven members, shall be appointed biennially.

12. Vacancies occurring in committees shall be filled by the chairman of each, and in case of his death or inability to serve, his place .shall be supplied by the President of the Society.

13. The members of this Society shall pay four dollars biennially; and twenty dollars 2)aid at one time shall constitute one life membership.

14. The order of business for each meeting shall be arranged by the Executive Committee.

15. The Constitution or By-Laws may be altered or amended, at any regular biennial meet ing, by a vote of two thirds of the members present.

PROCBHDINGS OF THE TWENTY-FIRST SESSION'

I IF IIIK

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

CONXENKll IN r.OSTDX. MASSACIUSiyrrS.

Septeoiber 1-4, 15 and 16, 18S7.

OPENING SESSION WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 14th

At 11 o'clock A. M., the Society was calleil to order in cue of the rooms of the Mechanics' Association Building by Mr. W. C. Strong, Vice President for Massa- chusetts. Delegates were present from twenty States and Provinces, including the District of Columbia.

The following communication was read from the First Vice President :

To the President and Members of the American Poviological Society: Gentlemen : — I sincerely regret that the state of my health at the present moment will prevent me from attending your meeting. More than any other meeting of the Society I desired to be present at this, that I might participate in paying due honors to our late beloved President, and assist in selecting his successor. In all this I am grievously disappointed. Knowing the characters of the members of the Society as I do, I have no fears but that its work will be carried forward with- out interruption. It is established on a broad and firm basis and lias a great and good work to perform. The fruit growing interest of this country has grown to immense proportions, em- ploying a vast amount of capital and labor, and yet it is in its infancy. The

foreign demand for our fruits will continue to increase for many years to come — we can supply the world with fine fruits. This National organization is needed to guide this great industry so that it maj^ be both honorable and profitable. This is well understood, and I need not enlarge upon it. Go on, gentlemen, with your good work — no matter who stands or falls, the American Pomological Society must be maintained in full vigor and usefulness. Anything I can do as long as life is spared, will be done cheerfully.

With best wishes, yours, P". Barry.

On motion, the Society expressed by a rising vote its regret at the unavoidable absence of Vice President Barry. Hon. P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia, was then chosen temporary chairman. In the ab- sence (on account of ill health) of the Secretary, Chas. W. Garfield, of Michigan, A. A. Crozier, of Washington, D. C, was chosen temporary Secretary.

The Chair then announced the follow- ing committees :

Order of Business — T. S. Hubbard, New York; W. H. Spooner, Massacliusetts; G. W. Campbell, Ohio; Samuel Hjipe, Georgia; J. T. Lovett, New Jersey.

1'2

ADDRESS OF AVELCOME.

Ceedentials — W. B. Philbrick, Massa- chusetts; Geo. S. Joselj'n, New York; N. Ohmer, Ohio.

Auditing Accounts — J. H. Bouru, Bhode Island; H. M. Engle, Pennsylvania.

Eesolutions — S. B. Parsons, New York ; Eobt. Manning, Massachusetts; T. T. Lyon, Michigan.

Exhibits and Award or Wilder Medals — F. M. Hexamer, New York; 0. B. Hadvven, Massachusetts; P. M. Augur, Connecticut; T. T. Lyon, Michigan ; C. , L. Watrous, Iowa; Robert Manning, Massachusetts.

Dr. Henry P. Walcott, President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, being then introduced, delivered, in behalf of that Society, the following address of welcome.

Mr. President : — We do not forget that during all the years of your Society's ex- istence you have honored one of the most prominent members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society with your highest office. While he looked forward to this meeting with pleasing anticipations, he realized full well the chance that he would be able to be here only in spirit, l^et he hoped, having enjoyed so many of the blessings of Providence, that tiiis also might be added. But he has taken meas- ures— dying, even, that the Society shall forever have at its exhibitions some me- morial in honor of his name and of bis work. We cannot forget, and you cannot forget, this beneficent providence of our departed associate.

Neither can we forget that the hope which sustained his belief while in the en- joyment of tlie present, that he was to enjoy forever tiie ]u-omises of the future, was that which made hiiu always young, despite the burdens of his almost four- score years.

When, nearly forty years ago, the held of pomology became so extended that it seemed to require special workers, this association was formed with the cordial

sympathy and support of our Horticul- tural Society, and it has them still. How well yon have done, is shown by your valuable publications. You have done very much in the way of introducing and promoting the cultivation of useful varie- ties of fruits; you have made great pro- gress, also, in the very difficult task of re- jecting useless varieties. Permit me to hope that you will study in the same com- prehensive way the causes which have led to the apparent deterioration of some of our fruits, and of the diseases which periodically cause so mucii destruction.

With the highest Hppreciatiou of your work, permit me, in behalf of the Massa- chusetts Horticultural Society, to bid you welcome.

The biennial report of Secretary Chas. W. Garfield was tlieu read, accepted and referred to committee on business.

Treasurer Beuj. G. Smith then made his biennial report; it was referred to the Auditing Committee, which subsequently reported back to the Society that the ac- counts and accompanying vouchers were found correct. The following is an ab- stract of the Treasurer's statement :

REPORT OF the TREASURER.

I present herewith a statement of the receipts and disbursements of the Society for the two years ending September 10, 1887, to wit.:

KECEIPTS.

Balance from old account $1,22() 69

Si.\ty-six biennial nieuibeisliip at i{;4-00 264 00

Three Life memberships— Howard A. Chase, R.

D. Jlurrav and O. W. Sadler 60 00

From estate of Marshall P. Wilder 5,000 00

$6,,550 60 DISBUSEMENTS.

Ti'easurer's expenses at Grand Rapids $ 5'S 'SO

Stenoarapher's expenses at Grand Rapids 39 6.5

W. J."^Beal, serv.ces as Secretary, 1884-5 100 00

Stamps, cards, circulars and programmes for

Grand Rapids meeting 25 09

Cuts of grape blossom for proceedings 4 50

Printing 800 copies of proceedings, P. W. Ball. 717 44

Printing 126 copies of fruit catalogue 7 !50

C. W. Garheld, services as Secretary 100 00

Drauslitina bill for incornoration of Society. ... 10 00

Stationery". ." 28 85

Circulars, announcements, etc., for 1886-7 38 30

Postage and ))ostal cards 101 78

Freight and express 14 40

Balance to new account 5 309 88

|6,550 69

SUGGESTIONS GONCEUNING IMPERFECT FERTILIZATION OF THE GRAPE.

13

Ou uiotion of Mr. Hexamer, tlie follow- ing committee on tlie nominations of officers was elected, tlie delegates from each State represented naming the mem- ber lor that State :

E. F. Babcock, Arkansas.

P. M. Augur, Connecticut.

H. E.VanDemau, District of Columbia.

E. T. Field, Florida.

Samuel Hape, Georgia.

C. L. Watrous, Iowa.

Henry McLaughlin, Maine.

S. T. Jenkins, Maryland.

W. H. Spoonei', Massachusetts.

'i'. T. Lyon, Michigan.

R. W. Starr. Nova Scotia.

A. S. Fuller, New Jersey.

F. M. Hexamer, New York.

J. J. Harrison, Ohio.

W. W. Hilborn, Ontario.

W. H. Moon, Pennsylvania.

Charles Gibb, Quebec.

J. H. Bourn, Rbode Island.

T. H. Hoskins, Vermont.

A. L. Hatch, Wisconsin.

A recess was then taken until 3 p. m.

WEDNESDAY- AFTERNOON SESSION.

The Society was called to order at 3 p. M. A. S. Fuller, of New Jersey, chair- man of the Committee on Nominations, reported a list of persons nominated for officers of the Society for the ensuing term. On motion of Mr. J. T. Lovett, of New Jersey, the Chair was instructed to cast the ballot of the Society in accord- ance with the recommendations of the committee, which was done. The list of officers appear on an earlier page in this volume.

A committee, consisting of Samuel Hape, of Georgia, and J. M. Smith, of Wisconsin, formally notified the President of his election. On taking the chair. President Berckmans thanked the Society for the honor conferred upon him and earnestly solicited the aid of all the mem- bers in maintaining and increasing its usefulness.

Mr. W. C. Strong, in behalf of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, then announced that in deference to the ex- pressed wish of the American Society no entertainments had been planned for the meeting, with the exception of a banquet the final evening. He read a communica- tion from Mayor O'Brien in behalf of the citizens of Boston, stating that on the

16th a boat would be at the service of the members of the Society should they de- sire an excursion on Boston Harbor. A message was also received from Mr. H. H. Huunewell, stating that if it was the pleasure of the Society he would be glad to present an invitation for it to visit his estate at Wellesley. On motion the invi- tation of the Mayor for an excursion on Boston Harbor, was accepted for 2 o'clock p. M. on Friday the 16th.

The first paper on the programme was then presented :

Suggestions Concerning Imperfect Ferliliza-

tion of the Grape.

BY

D. S. Marvin, of Wateetown, N. Y.

Grape vines like other i)lants, have been subjected to the changes of natural de- velopment caused mainly by seismic cataclysms, the varying degrees of solar heat, changes of altitude or local environ- ment. The natural causes have recently been much modified by cultivation. One of the marked natural changes has been toward a separation of the sexual func-

u

SUGGESTIONS CONCEKNING IMPERFECT FERTILIZATION OP THE (iRAPE.

tions. We see this exemplitied when we examine the sexual organs, for no one of the fifteen or twenty species with which we have to deal is now perfectly bisexual in all of their varieties. The Delaware is, perhaps, as perfect in its bisexual organs as any variety. Vineyardists have suffered frouj this tendency to a differentiation of the sexual functions, but the specialist who originates new seedlings observes it most. Our vines have all been selected with reference to their dual sexual organs and functions; but, notwithstanding all efforts tor many generations, seedlings still assert a tendency to a final separation of the sexual functions.

This brings m'e to the point that I de- sire you to consider. We cannot over- come this natural law of differentiation; then why should we continue to work against a law of nature? Would it not be better to co-operate and endeavor to aid in her lines of activities and see if we can- not find a better way? My idea is to separate the sexes and aid in developing sexual differentiation by cultivating female instead of hermaphrodite plants, with here and there a male plant elevated upon trees or on poles and wires, so that the male plants ruay run above and fill the air with their pollen to fertilize the female plants below. There would result great economy and saving of vital energy that might be turned to the development of more fruit. As it is now the pollen is more or less impotent, failing to fertilize the ovules, and the emasculated clusters are many. I have already made some ex- periments upon these suggested lines of activities, and though the experiments have not gone far enough, to determine the question, yet tliey warrant larger and longer continued experimentation.

In the absence of single-sexed vines to operate u])on we must utihze such as we possess; perhaps Creveling and Eumelan will answer for female plants as well as any. Delaware and Hartford will ))erhaps

be the best acceptable staminate plants. Better ones may possibly be found in the woods among wild riparia vines. This is doubtless the oldest species of grapes, for it is found upon the gneissoidal strata, our oldest soils; it certainly is the hardiest, for when hybridized with any other it shows its vigor and longevity by dominating the new structures. Its sexual organs are more differentiated or special- ized than any other species, the pollen grains being larger, better developed and more prepotent.

As you perhaps know, I am engaged in originating new seedling grapes, which gives me opi)ortunity to see and study this subject. I have already saved a number of separate-sexed vines, and have no doubt of our ability to easily separate plenty of male and female vines. I have not been able as yet to save an exclusively female vine, but I have male vines — the ones chiefly needed at present. True the ovules are still present, but the upper part or stigma is entirely aborted. These vines develop and scatter upon the air a largely increased amount of prepotent ))ollen.

Two crops a year — one of pollen in the spring, another of fruit in the fall, each of them containing large amounts of nitrogen and other costly germ elements — exhaust the vital energies of tlie vine and invite the attacks of sporadic diseases. What- ever former conditions may have pre- vailed, nature seems to be curing those inherent defects by specializing sexuality to avoid this exhaustion.

There will have to be some nice adjust- ment in blossoming time to accommodate the different species and varieties. Riparia vines blossom too early for most other species; their hybrids will have to be chosen for later kinds. I think that I can already accommodate the early and the medium varieties; those later in blossom- ing will need other male vines.

The economies subserved will be putting

SUtiGESTIONS CONCEUXlN(i IMPERFECT FERTILIZATION OF THE GRAPE.

15

our practices into a fuller accord with the tendencies of natural development, wherein the functions of fertilization, ovule development and fruit production will all he carried on by the plant in a more natural manner, accommodating sexual tendencies in the direction ol a higher order of plants.

The production of pollen as now carried on is burdensome to the plant and ex- hausts its energies at the commencement of the seasoti, while if this work were ])er- formed by separate ])lants all tlie energies would be used aud utilized for maturing a fuller crop of fruit in the fall, while the male vines would have the whole season to recruit and yield a fuller and more vigorous crop of pollen for the coming springtime. The tendency to a separation of sexual functions is so general in all organic structures, animal and vegetable, that we ought to test its applicability to the vine by selecting and cultivating single instead of double sexed varieties, not acting as if we knew more about her laws than nature herself, or seeming to accuse her of doing vain and idle work. Why are separate-sexed vines developed if we are to discard and throw them away?

Let us compare Viiis riparia and vinifera in tiieir reproductive organs and functions, their health and vitality. Upon the discovery of America the former was found from Ottawa in Canada to San Antonia in Texas, the verge of the frigid to the border of the torrid zone. The latter was found in the Carolinas, and there only as a hybrid with labrusca. In sexuality riparia is the most specialized s|)ecies we know of, while vinifera is per- haj)s the least; one had vigor enough to spread itself over the major portions of the Atlantic seaboard, the other still re- maining about its centre of introduction. How will we be able to account for this difference, unless upon the theory of the superiority of single over double sexed A'ines? rrue. vinifera was proltably a

later introduction, but no one knows this to be the case. What is it that has weakened its vital energies so that it seems to be a failing plant all over Euro])e and the Atlantic seaboard, if we are not to attribute its low vitality to a constant selection of double-sexed plants? Exten- sive hybridizing with other more northern species of both Europe and America has only proved palliative. The way out of the difficulties seems to he through a re- versal of this practice, of saving instead of throwing away single-sexed vines.

Many viticulturists have studied the causes of failure, and various remedies have been suggested, but no one hereto- fore seems to have attributed the difficul- ties to their probable true cause, that of virtually double-cropping the vines, a violation of the laws of natual develoi)- ment.

Since writing the above T observe that the horticulturist of the Agricultural Col- lege of Iowa, has been studying this ques- tion. He finds that the pollen grains of the male flowers of tiie wild Viiis riparia are about one-fourth larger than the her- maphrodite flowers, and that much of the pollen from the latter is flaccid and will not swell in water, as the pollen from male flowers does. This is because it is im- potent. These important studies go to conflrni my own views. I do not assert that difJerentiation of the sexual functions will cure all the ills of the vine, but that a return to nature's methods may restore lost vital energies. Certainly there. will be no harm in testing the question by actual experiments in the vineyard. Feel- ing the task too great for my own unaided efforts, I have come here to lay this ques- tion before you and ask you to kindly aid in determining the matter.

The subject has its practical side, even though it may not result in restoring the failing health of the vine. For every one has observed the poverty of t'he pollen of manv of our cultivated varieties, their

16

THE YELLOWS IN MICHIGAN.

failure to set a crop of fruit, and the in- crease of the crop whenever the stigmas have happened to hecome fertihzed with more prepotent pollen from adjoining vines, lam satisfied that there is no exception in the case of the vine to the great law de- veloped hy Mr. Darwin, that plants do really abhor self-fertilization, and that sufficient male vines, elevated above the ordinary vineyard, would prove a paying investment.

T. T. Lyon, of South Haven, Michigan, then opened the subject of Peach Yellows, With the following paper:

The Yellows in Michigan.

The earliest known case, in Michigan, of the disease of the peach tree known as Yellows, is said to have occurred in the vicinity of bt. Joseph or Benton Harbor, Berrien county, about the year 1867, in a single tree of Early Crawford, which had been imported from New Jersey, and which ripened its fruit considerably in advance of the usual season of this variety.

This occurred at a time when commer- cial peach culture, in Western Michigan, was a recent interest, and yet mainly con- fined to this vicinity; which, however, had already been densely i)lanted with this fruit.

The owner of the tree, ignoiant of the existence of such a disease, supposed him- self the fortunate possessor of a new variety, all the more valuable on account of its earliness, and darker color. It at once attracted general attention; and the tree is said to have been literally cut to pieces, to supply buds to the orchards and nurseries of that region.

The result was, tJie rapid and well nigh universal diffusion of the disease through the orchards of that vicinity; and when, as was soon the case, the real nature of the calamity began to dawn upon the

minds of those interested, resort was had to various supposed preventives or cures, with the result that, in very many, if not in most cases, entire orchards became diseased; and, within a very few years, the peach growing interest of an exten- sive and densely planted region was utterly swept away.

The fact of the adaptation of portions of A^an Buren and Allegan counties, lying further north, to the cultivation of this fruit, was a later discovery ; and when, about 1873 or '4, the disease was first dis- covered in Western Van Buren, twenty miles north of St. Joseph, planters here had taken warning by the experience of St. Joseph, and resorted promptly to the process of cutting out and destroying the affected trees as soon as the disease was discovered. The result of the careful and thorough carrying out of this process has been the apparent eradication cf the disease in some orchards.

In casesin which this process has been less carefully and thorougldy applied, and in orchards contiguous to wholly or parti- ally neglected ones, the disease has usu- ally maintained a more or less restricted hut continuous existence, commensurate, apparently, with the thoroughness of the efforts for its extinction, and the near- ness or amount of exposure from without.

As with the early experience about St. Joseph, so elsewhere, the omission to apply this remedy seems to have been in- ^'ariably followed by the early and utter ruin of the orchard.

These experiences have had the effect to call the earnest and general attention of planters to the disease; and the evi- dences of its contagious character have been so numerous and convincing, that, in tlie peach growing portions of our State, very few planters question its con- tagious character. We have known per- sons who, doubting this, have spared their affected trees, till the fruit could be ripened and disposed of; and yet others

THE YELLOWS IN MICHIGAN.

17

who have removed an affected branch or branches, retaining the apparently healthy portions; but, in all such cases, the disease has rapidly spread or increased, and passed beyond the possibility of con- trol, save by the entire destruction of the orchard.

With a better knowledge of the disease, coupled with the very general assurance that the heroic remedy already mentioned is the surest, if not the only effective means of arresting it, the more recent spread of the disease northward, along what is known as tlie "peach belt," has been comparatively slow. Although it is now twenty years since its ap|)earan('e in Berrien county ; and perhaps fourteen or fifteen years since its appearance in Van Buren — the next county northward ; few, if any cases are known to exist northward of Kent county — a distance of perhaps sixty miles from its original starting- point.

At South Haven, A' an Buren county, where this cutting out and destroying process was first practiced in Michigan, the neglected orchards have nearly or quite disappeared, the ratio of annual loss from the disease has very considerably diminished, and the acreage of peach orchards is rapidly increasing. The same may be said of Allegan county, and of the entire commercial peach growing region further uortli; while the original source of the contagion has now become nearly or quite purged of the disease, and is again planting the peach freely.

Tlie disease is believed not to exist in the central and eastern portions of the State. In fact, although, throughout the more southerly portions of the lower peninsula, locations exist, adapted to the successful growing of this fruit, they are so generally isolated from each other, that little danger may be supposed to exist of any atmospheric transmission of the dis- .ease from one to another.

Soon after the disease had manifested

itself beyond the limits of Berrien county, legislative interference was invoked to provide protection against its inroads; and a law was enacted, which declared diseased or affected trees, as well as fruit, to be void of pecuniary value, and dan- gerous sources of contagion ; and pre- scribed proceedings for their immediate destruction as dangerous nuisances. In the commercial peach growing regions, public sentiment was so far prepared for this step, that the re(iuirements of such law had very generally been voluntarily fulfilled, and the cases calling for the forcible execution of the law, if any. have been exceedingly rare,

To a person familiar with the manifesta- tions of the disease, the liability to mis- take is very slight; if, in fact, such liabil- ity can be said actually to exist. While under neglect or starvation, trees may often be found making feeble growths, with pale, sickly foilage; these are so radi- cally distinct from the indications of genuine Yellows, and yet so perfectly correspond with occasional i)ublislied de- scriptions of it, as to create the impression that the writers may have niistaken the results of the attacks of insects or of star- vation for the genuine symptoms of this disease.

There has been no lack of persons, among us, who have held that the disease is the result of starvation; and, in addi- tion to the ordinary processes of fertiliza- tion, various secret remedies have been offered; all, however, i)roposiug the use of fertilizers, special or general, as the means of cure.

If the microscopic examinations and experiments of Professors Burrill and Arthur have not, in fact, demonstrated that the disease is due to bacteiia in the circulation, they have, at least, so nearly approached such demonstration, and ob- served facts so perfectly coincide with such assumption, that it becomes difficult to escape tiieir conclusion. The neces-

18

THE YELLOWS IN MICHIGAN.

saiy inference from this must be that these organisms subsist and increase upon the means of growth supj^hed through the circulation; thus robbing the tree of the material needed for its continued health and prosperity. Such being the case, the result must necessarily be as observed: the tree gradually fails in growth, owing to this clandestine absorption of the needed material. The application of manurial substances, for whichever purpose ap- plied, while supplying this deficiency, and hence renewing the vigor of the tree, at the same time supplies the means of in- crease to the bacteria. It obviously, therefore, becomes a mere question of tiie time when the latter shall i)ecome the dominant consumer, the manurial remedy overridden and the contest ended by the death of the tree from starvation ; it mean- time acting as a propagator and dissemin- ator of contagion.

The earliest manifestation of the dis- ease may usually be discovered in the fruit, which becomes prematurely ripe, darker in color, and lacking in fiavor; the pit and the Hesli being very much daiker than usual. This manifestation may oc- casionally be discovered u()on a single brancli, or even in a single fruit; while the remainder of the tree is apparently in ])erfect health; but, that this circum- stance must be held to be deceiitive, ap- pears from the too common fact that, no matter how promptly such affected fruit be removed, the disease is found too surely to manifest itself in the remainder of the tree, at no very distant period.

The second indication of the disease, which, in the absence of fruit, not unfre- (juently becomes the first, is manifested in the slender, wiry growths and weak, feeble foilage, which usually appear at the basis of the branches, and upon the older wood. While such growths are more noticeable, where they occur in such i)osi- tions, and upon less vigorous trees, they are by no means confined to such, being

often known to appear upon trees in ap- parently vigorous health; which appear- ance however, is never found to continue beyond the year in which the disease is thus manifested.

The probability of the correctness of the assumption that the bacteria accom- panying such disease are, in fact, its cause, received strong confirmation to the minds of many of our Western Michigan fruit growers, from the examinations and observations of Prof. Manly Miles, form- erly of the Michigan Agricultural College, and more recently of Amherst, Massa- chusetts; who, last year, spent some time in that region, in the microscoi)ic study of the disease.

His examinations developed the fact tbat prior to its manifestations, even in a single fruit, twig or branch, bacteria had, to a greater or less extent, become dis- seminated throughout the circulation; while they were wholly absent in mani- festly healthy trees.

These alleged facts, if admitted to be such, seem to strongly emphasize the con- sideration that no proposed remedy or preventive, short of the heroic one here- tofore ])racticed, should be trusted; unless by ])ossibility, it shall be found cajiable of peirneating the entire circulation of the tree, and destroying these nefarious organisms, without essentially injuring the tree itself.

W. (3. Strong, Massachusetts: I have had success in treating the Yellows with potash. Is it not reasonable that if we give vigor to a plant it will be more able to resist the attacks of disease-produeing organisms?

A. S. FuLLEK, New Jersey : I have been trying for thirty years to make the Yellows grow on my grounds. I have in- troduced it time and again, but by using plenty of potash it has never spread to other trees. Mr. Downing sent me, at my request, buds from trees having the Y'ellows, but the trees I grew from the

THE YELLOWS IN MICHIGAN.

19

buds were all healthy. I have frequently observed trees which were said to have the disease known as Yellows, but upon examination I have found them dying from either starvation or parasites.

T. T. Lyon: Trees on our richest soils in Michigan take the disease just as readily as others. Trees in the most vigorous growth one year may have the disease the next and be entirely killed.

J. C. C.Hyde, Massachusetts: I have made a study of the Yellows for many years. I was humbugged years ago just as they were in Michigan, into introduc- ing the Yellows, thinking that I was getting a new early variety. I have found that trees in vigorous growth, heavily manured, are sure to go with the Yellows. I calculate that we will get only one crop from trees which make an excessive growth. Trees which stand in grass land and ripen their wood well, remain healthy for twenty years or more and pro- duce successive crops of fruit. I have used with good success unleached wood a,shes for the Yellows. I have applied a large quantity of ashes to trees struck with the Yellows, and in some instances the disease has wholly disappeared, in others nearly so. I intend to plant my next orchard on the north side of a hill, fertilize with ashes, but secure only a moderate growth, so that the wood will ripen well.

T. C. Thurlow, Massachusetts: I have been for twenty years trying to raise peaches. My last orchard of 5(X) trees did well for several years, when I found a few trees going with the- Yellows. I dug them up or cut them down, and applied lime, but the Yellows spread until I lost the whole orchard. I have found muri- ate of potash an excellent fertilizer for peaches, and animal fertilizers very bad. The latter causes them to winter-kill if nothing more.

A. S. Fuller: The soil at my place is a deep sand which has been in cultivation

a hundred years. I get a good growth only by feeding. I use potash, a little salt, and old manure.

J. A. LiNTNER, New York: In many of the Southern and Western States the Yel- lows is still unknown.

Mr. Starr, Nova Scotia: I think the main secret in avoiding the Yellows is in having the wood well ripened. We grow peaches on a small scale, and try to secure a good growth early in the season.

H. M. Engle, Pennsylvania: So far as I have seen, it makes no difference in its liability to the Yellows whether a tree is a rampant grower or a weak grower. Sev- eral years ago I bought a few trees and budded from them, and the budded trees nearly all had the Yellows, though the trees from which the buds were taken did not show the Yellows when the buds were cut. On another occasion, I budded from a tree that had not a sign of Yellows, and the young trees the first year showed the disease. I think the cause is not in the exhaustion of the soil; among trees grow- ing side by side on the same soil some will have the Yellows and others not. I have noticed that the disease could always be traced to one or a few trees from which it spread.

D. Baird, New Jersey: Last October New Jersey was very dry ; then there was a change in the weather which checked or killed the young growth. This year many of the trees show what seems to be Yellows, in having prematurely ripened fruit.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. Erwin F. Smith, agent of the Department of Agriculture, who was investigating the Yellows in Delaware. No cause was yet determined upon, but there had been much increase in the disease during the last two wet seasons.

The next subject was opened by the fol- lowing paper from J. J. Thomas, of Union

20

NOMENCLATUEE.

Springs, N. Y., which was read by W. C. Barry :

Nomenclature.

The Science of Pomology— the syste- matic study and description of fruits— has for the objects of its investigation a most perfect union of the useful and beautiful of vegetable products. It is therefore eminently fitting that the science should preserve in its language the purity and dignity which it properly merits. The American Pomological Society, the most extensive and successful organization of the kind in existence, has therefore an important vocation in preserving in its nomenclature a character for accuracy and truth .

An essential part of the w^ork of the Society is the establishment of correct names for the many hundred fruits which come before it for examination and for adoption in its select Catalogue. With- out correct nomenclature, the public is liable to be continually imposed on and misled, the reputation of fine varieties to be seriously damaged, their successful intro- duction and culture retarded, and the bus- iness of the commercial fruit grower mixed with confusion and loss. Next to correct- ness in names, is the employment of those which are appropriate and descriptive, and the rejection especially of all those which are coarse and laudatory, a fault mto which the originators or introducers of new varieties very often fall. Pomol- ogy, which should always haA"e the accu- racy of a natural science, should not allow the use of names of new fruits to degen- erate into peddler's pufting, but on the contrary should be infinitely remote from such degredation.

It often happens that a new fruit suc- ceeds best in the locality of its origin, and under the high culture which it receives while yet rare and new. The dissemina- tor adopts the unwise course of giving it

a high-sounding name, hoping that every time it is repeated in reports and in cata- logues, it will thus receive additional advertising without cost. If it is widely disseminated, the thousands who culti- vate it are thus compelled to aid in prais- ing its merits, even if it has none, every time they pronounce its name. But the intended purpose of its owner is likely to be defeated, for the impression is conveyed to intelligent persons that the owner dis- trusts the real merits of the variety, and hopes to aid its doubtful character with a bombastic cognomen. Such fruits of established character as the Baldwin among apples, and the Bartlett and Seckel with pears, have never required any spuri- ous aid to help them along. On the other hand the lofty title of King of the Pippins and Batchelor's Glory among apples, and Knight's Monarch and Hacon's Incom- parable among pears, have not given to the fruits they represent a wide adoption, and some fruit growers have not even heard of them. Many of our modern sorts of high laudation will probably be con- signed to the same oblivion, after they have enabled the owners to make an exten- sive and profitable sale.

The two leading aims which should be kept in view in giving names to fruits, is to select such as are appropriate, and neat and compact. They may be descriptive of some quality, give the place of their origin, or have the name of the origina- tor. In the names of peaches, for exam- ple, such simple and descriptive ones as Lemon chug and Nivotte are to be greatly preferred to "Admirable" and "Incom- parable,"' which have been given to cei-- taiu nearly worthless sorts. Among strawberries, the old names Crimson Cone and Neck Pine are better than Wizard of the North and Napoleon the Third. Many new varieties of the strawberry have been given names which the American Pomo- logical Society cannot adopt in accord- ance witli its established rules. A large

INFLUENCE OF CROSS-FERTILIZATION ON THE FRUIT.

21

number have appended the word "prohfic," requiring every person who names them to announce to the world that the owner regards them pre-eminently productive, and intends that all who name them shall aid in praising their admirable bearing qualities. They may be improved by leav- ing off the objectionable word from Neu- nan's Prolific, Finch's Prolific, Miner's Great Prolific, and others, as well as from such superlative titles as Nigh's Superb, Golden Defiance, Great American, Ar- nold's Pride, Cumberland Triumph, and Durand's Superb. A new peach has the single name " Wonderful," and a new^ raspberry " Superb," neither of which is appropriate and truthful. "Stump the World" is an unsuitable name for even a very fine peach, and "Empire State" for an excellent grape. Easpberry growers have the Golden Queen, the Marvel of our Seasons, and the Pride of the Hud- son. It is but justice, however, to make the passing remark, that the English have rather exceeded the Americans, so far as producing in their prize gooseberries the "Green Ocean," "Wellington's Glory," and "Roaring Lion."

Needless appendages should always be avoided. There are more than 250 names of pears with the word " Beurre " prefixed — a word which will apply so far as the meaning goes, to nine-tenths of all the named varieties; and it is not necessary to require the thousands to write this sterile name every time they have occa- sion to refer to any of them.

The name of a fruit should in most cases consist of a single word ; and hence the simple word Miner is much better for the strawberry than Miner's Great Pro- lific; Cumberland is better than Cumber- land Triumph; and we may pi-operly change Barnes' Mammoth to Barnes, Duchess of Oldenburg to Oldenburg, Big- arreau Mezel to Mezsl, Tewksbury Win- ter Blush to Tewksbury, Miner's Great Prolific to Miner, Hubbardston Nonesuch

to Hubbardston, Shaffer's Colossal to Shaffer, Reine Claude de Bavay to Bavay and Bonne da Puits Ansault to Ansault.

There are occasional instances where double names are quite admirable, such simple ones, for example, as Summer Rose, Willow Twig, Ben Davis, Red Stripe, Jersey Sweet, Fall Pippin, Maiden's Blush, and other names of apples; and Sugar Top, Winter Nelis, Saint Germain, Little Musk, Long Green, Swan's Orange and Green Chisel and others among pears.

We may not desire to engraft the titles of foreign aristocrats and dignitaries on the sorts we cultivate, and we may there- fore properly abridge Duchesse d'Angou- leme to Angouleme, Duchess of Bordeaux to Bordeaux, Duchess of Orleans to Or- leans, and Duchess of Brabant to Brabant. For a similar reason we may object to May Queen and Jersey Queen, Grand Duke and Prince of Berries, for straw- berries; Amber Queen among grapes; Queen of the Market among raspberries; and we should reject such coarse names for so beautiful and refined a fruit as the strawberry, as Jumbo, Big Bob, Black Giant and Capt. Jack.

The last topic of the afternoon w'as then taken up.

hifluence of Cross-Fertilization on the Fruit.

BY A. A. CROZIER.

Most of those who have given atten- tion to this subject believe that there is such influence. Darwin in his "Animals and Plants, Under Domestication," (vol. 1, p. 470) gives a large amount of evidence going to prove that such is the case. But he says that such an effect does not always follow, and that Mr, Knight, a careful observer, had never seen the fruit affected, though he had crossed thousands of apples and other fruits. Dr. Gray says: "It is generally agreed that the alteration of the character of the fruit is

22

INFLUENCE OF CEOSS-FEETILIZATION ON THE FEUIT.

immediate, i. e., that it affects the ovary itself." In a review of some experiments by a Freucli investigator, Mr. Nandin, on cross-fertilization, in the Cucurbi- tacefB (Jour, of Science, sd. ser. v. 24, p. 440) he says that the fact of even an influence of squashes upon melons the same season seems to be well authenti- cated.

Mr. Meehan, after publishing much on this subject in his Gardener's Monthly, re- views the whole question in an article in the Eural New Yorker (1885, June 13 and 20) and concludes that there is not suffi- cient evidence to warrant a belief in the direct influence of pollen, except possibly in the case of Indian corn.

The greatest amount of interest in this country on this subject has been in con- nection with the strawberry. The cus- tom of planting pistillate sorts to be fertilized with staminate varieties has rendered the question of there being any mfluence on the fruit from this source an important one . Most growers who have observed the matter believe that there is such an inlluence, at least at times. At the last meeting of this Society, two years ago, there was a long discussion on the subject, in which experiments at the Ohio Experiment Station were reported, which seemed to show conclusively that the fruit of the strawberry could be changed in character by using pollen from differ- ent varieties. A second set of experi- ments the following year, however, it was stated gave less definite results. The same subject was taken up at the New York Experiment Station and the results gave no evidence that pollen had any direct influence.

To obtain further evidence on the sub- ject I last year planted some sweet corn in the midst of a field of dent As soon as the tassels on the sweet corn appeared, and before any pollen was shed, they were all removed, so that tlie evidence of a cross was conclusive. The resulting ears

were uniform in appearance, with yellow- ish kernels, neither dented nor wrinkled — showing that in corn at least there is an effect the first season . The case of corn and other grains, however, is peculiar in the fact that the ovary or fruit is merely a thin skin investing the seed, so that the influence here may have been only upon the seed, as is known to be the case in all crosses.

To further test the matter I this year planted two varieties of Summer squashes, white and yellow, and cross-fertihzedboth ways, but found no influence on the fruit. At my request Mr. F.E.Skeels, of Grand Rapids, Mich., planted some of the same lot of seed, cross-fertilized in like manner, and obtained the same results. (Ag. Science, vol. 1, p. 228 ) Prof. L. H. Bailey, of the Michigan Agricultural Col- lege, has this year made experiments in the same hne, and writes as follows:

" I have performed many crosses this year, and between such plants that would give unmistakable evidence of the imme- diate effect of pollen, should such effect occur I crossed Hyslop Crab with Duchess of Oldenburg, and got no effect in any way, not even in season of matur- ity or texture. I crossed another Crab with Sweet Eomanite and obtained no immediate effect. By the way, I made a singular incidental experiment on these varieties. Of five crabs I removed four of the pistils and crossed the remaining- one. From these crosses I got two ma- ture apples, but they had seeds in only one cell! I crossed many Crook Neck squashes with the AVhite Scallop or Sum- mer Turban. The squashes are now nearly matured, but there is no immediate effect whatever. In order to test the matter more fully I hybridized two plants, which have exceedingly dissimilarfruits. These are Datura Stramonium and D. inermis. The former has very prickly pods, the latter has very smooth ones. I have made reciprocal hybridizations, but there is no

CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS.

23

immediate effect of polleu. I have never yet seen any immediate effect of pollen. I am very careful in making my crosses, and I know that I have made no mistake. I do all the work myself. I use mauilla bags on both the pistillate aud staminate flowers, and I leave them on the pistillate flowers a week after the operation is per- formed." E. S. GoFF, New York: I performed an

experiment on the subject with some Crescent strawberries on which I could find no stamens. They were placed in three sets in a green-house and covered with mosquito netting. One set was fer- tilized with the Wilson, another with Sharpless and the other with Learning's White. No difference was observed in the berries in the three cases.

WEDNESDAY EVENING SESSION

The Society was called to order at 7 :30 o'clock by President Berckmans. The first subject was:

Climate as Effecting Color in Fruits.

BY DR. B. D. HALSTED, AMES, IOWA.

In considering the influence of climate upon the exterior (and interior) color of fruits it is necessary first to look at the probable origin of color in flowers. The bright and beautiful hues in blossoms were probably brought about for the purpose of attracting insects. These insects were rewarded for their attentions by sweet sips of nectar, while the indulgent plants took advantage of the visits of the insects and secured at the same time the transfer of pollen from one flower to another. No one is able to explain just why one spe- cies has showy white flowers and another a blue or yellow color. Of two species of Lobelia growing side by side in the moist meadow, one has large cardinal flowers while the other bears blossoms of a deep blue color. Similar in nearly everything else, they are strikingly unlike in point of color.

Geology teaches us that the early forms of vegetable life were without flowers, but later on iu the evolution of plants, blos- soms of a rudimentary sort were pro- duced. As time passed — long ages of time — these blossoms became more com-

plex, and colors doubtless developed in them according as they were an aid in attracting insects. The visitation of the insects secured cross-fertilization, and be- fore a body of pomologists it is only necessary to fall back upon cross-fertili- zation, with all its well attested points of superiority over self-fertihzation, to rest upon safe and solid ground. Li short, the botanist of to-day assumes that any dis- l^lay of color in floral parts and all fra- grance of the same were primarily devel- oped by the ancestral plant under the stimulus of certain attendant insects, and for the special purpose of securing a quick and economical transfer of pollen from one flower to another. What gardeners may do with these same plants, at the present day, in the line of " doubling" the blossoms, robbing them of their odor, or introducing a thousand variations and combinations of the old original colors, it is not for me to say. Let us bear in mind that the origin of any particular color iu the early flowers of a geologic plant was seemingly by accident, and the preserva- tion of that color is due to the ancient insects, the eyes of which were attracted by the color. In this way the first faint shade of azure in the Blue Lobelia be- came of service to the plant thus favored, and by law of the survival of the fittest the color deepened in the offspring until

•24

CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FKUITS.

it is uow as much a part of the species as the shape of the coroUa — which latter doubtless underwent many modifications before it arrived at its present comphca- tions, and all under the influence of the insect attendants. In like manner, if we consider the cardinal Lobelia, we will find that the seemingly accidental starting point was a reddish hue which deepened as fast as a deeper shade was found of advantage and became perpetuated in the offspring of those plants wiiich were the better able to survive.

The i)oint has been dwelled upon to show that, as far as floral colors are con- cerned, the determining forces are subtle ones and only indirectly influenced by climate. Flowers of nearly all shades of color are to be found in nearly all parts of the world where vegetation abounds. It needs to be borne in mind that plants, like animals, are plastic, living things, strug- gling under two sets of seemingly antag- onistic forces. One set would make the offspring an exact reproduction of the mother plant. The other set carries with it the element of change. It is to this last group of forces that we are indebted for the wonderful variety which we see everywhere. It is to this last that we may be grateful for the golden thread of adaptation which runs perplexiugly, and yet always with deepening interest, through the woof of all created things.

As we come nearer to the subject in hand we need again to look back into the past, long ages before man wrote history, and inquire for the origin of color in fruits. We mast first consider the wild fruits and speculate upon the probable methods by which their surfaces became bright col- ored. As the floriculturist has been able to greatly change the floral display of plants, so the fruit grower has modified the appearance of the rich and juicy sub- jects under his charge. But in both cases and with equal force, it may be said that without the wild plants and their acquired

qualities and tendencies, nothing worth our thought would have been recorded. We may cast our eyes along the almost endless rows of dishes of pears, apples, peaches, plums and other fruits at our annual exhibitions and claim with pride that these, in all their beauty and variety of form and color, are the work of our hands. The workmanship is attractive beyond measure, but in all our exultation let us not forget that the foundation was laid for us long before the first pair stole apples second hand in the garden of the Lord.

The sole object of flowers is the pro- duction of seed, and a seed is a young plantlet which only needs the necessary conditions to be supplied when it will grow into a structure similar to the mother plant. As far as it concerns us at present, seeds are borne within a wall or covering, which may be thick or thin, dry or fleshy. The covering and its contents are to- gether called a fruit. Next in importance to the production of seeds is their disper- sion. They need to be transplanted to a suitable place for germination. To this end there are many contrivances. Some kinds of seed vessels become dry and tense and will suddenly split and throw the seeds, sometimes for several feet. Other dry fruits, like those of the Maple and Ash, have broad, thin expansions by means of which they are carried long distances by the wind. In a similar manner the Thistle and Dandelion seeds float in airy balloons over land and lake. Many fruits have hooks or barbs by which they cling to the hair or wool of i)assing animals. All of these kinds are fruits without con- spicuous colors. The class which spe- cially interests us has hard seeds sur- rounded by a soft pulp which often abounds in sweets and bright colors. The Cherry may be taken as an illustration. A single seed is surrounded by a stony covering inclosed within a lich juicy pulp, and over all is stretched a firm, bright-

CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS.

25

colored skin. Tl:e whole forms a most tempting morsel for a bird, as every cherry-grower knows too well. The young seed-plant is safely imprisoned within the stony covering and may be car- ried a hundred miles from where it was produced, and then dropped in a favora- ble place for future development. The outer, rich pulp and the inner, indigesti- ble stone were as certainly made for the purpose of seed distribution, through the agency of birds, as were the wings of the maple seeds, the thistle balloons or the burs of tick seeds, beggar's lice, cockle burs, etc. With the strawberry there are many scores of small seeds with hard cov- erings scattered over the exterior of a fragment and luscious, fleshy receptacle. In like manner the blackberry, raspberry, black-cap, and other berries are aggrega- tions of hard seeds, each with a soft rich enveloping pulp. The purpose of the plant is best served when such fruits are eaten by birds, and were not this so, there would be no such expensive provision for carrying out the plan of seed dispersion along the adopted line. If we review the history of the development of a cherry it will be seen that at one time insects vis- ited the fragrant, showy flowers and secured the fertilization of the young seed. Several insects may have taken part in the work. Later on, after the fruit had ripened and the exterior became painted with a showy color, a bird — prob- ably not more than one, for even birds do not, as a rule, " take tid bits at a cherry" — carried it away from the branch on which it grew. The insects did their W'Ork when the cherry tree was like a great giant boquet of blossoms. They carried pollen while they went honey gathering. The bird dispersed the seed and took the soft lucious pulp, as the stipulated pay in that great unwritten code of natural laws whicli cherry trees and robins both understand — tlie orchard- ist with his scare-crows and loaded shot- guns notwithstanding.

We have seen that it is not easy to de- termine why certain colors have devel- oped in the flowers of certain plants. We know from repeated experiences that a very small circumstance at the outset may determine the course of even so great a thing as a mighty river. It can- not be stated, in precise terms, why red raspberries are red and blackberries are black. To say that with the former the prehistoric plants found red, was most favorable in the struggle for life and therefore plants with other colored berries fell behind in the race, while the black- berries, took another line, employing other insects— to say this, is not stating as much as the lover of matters of fact might desire. But this is doing about as well as when we try to explain forms and struc- tures in any branch of organic life. If we attempt to account for the pecuharities of our own nose or face we arrive at the re- sult through the same channel of reason- ing.

It is safe for us to assume that for a particular species of plant under the cir- cumstances existing during its develop- ment the results are in harmony with the surroundings. We are all willing to grant that plants, like animals, are inchned to adhere closely to lines of least resistance, but we sometimes fail to recognize the fact that there are a vast number of these lines, and the one adopted for one species may differ greatly from that of another.

It seems to me that enough has been said to warrant the conclusion that the color of our wild fruits has been developed in much the same manner as that stated for flowers. With blossoms the insect pollen bearers have been the chief stimu- lus and modifiers, while with fruits the birds and other fruit-eating animals liave been the leading factor in determining the ultimate color or combination of colors. If this be true, and it is the ac- cepted view of botanists, it follows tliat our subject is mucli narrowed, at least, so far as our wild fruits are concerned, and

26

CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FEUITS.

as these are the foundation of cultivated fruits, climate must play only a secondary part in determining the color of fruits.

Climate doubtless did exert an influence in developing color, but largely through its shaping the distribution of insects over any given area of the earth's surface and also by furnishing the medium of sun- shine, air and moisture, through which colors arise. Climate embraces a con- sideration of temperature, moisture and winds, and it is easy to see that in this broad view climatology is a subject which touches all forms of life, and at many points. Heat and cold alone are barriers be- tween the extremes of which life is hedged about as by a wall. In like manner mois- ture and dryness say to vegetation thus far and no farther. The rainless desert forbids the growth of land plants upon the one side and the ocean has its shore line upon the other. Climate reaches back of all forms of life, and, in a general way, decides what those forms shall be for any particular locality. The vegeta- tion of the tropics in all its perennial richness, wealth and vigor is not suited to the long arctic night, and the dwarfed herbage of the polar regions could not sustain itself on the banks of the Amazon. Even in our own country one only needs to cross the continent to appreciate the variety of climate we possess. The lines of equal temperature do not keep com- pany with the lines of latitude. Oceans, mountain ranges, prairies, plains and des- erts, all combine to produce a variety of temperature and rainfall that presents a serious unsolved problem in the hands of our climatologists. When I think of one large part of our country being an arid waste covered with sage brush and sand ; another, a mountain range with peaks capped with perpetual snow; another, a treeless billowy sea of waving grass swept by winter blizzards and summer cyclones, while other areas are alternately drenched by floods and cursed by loug continued

droughts — when we think of these and the thousand things which follow in their train it is not strange that no time has been left for the careful, systematic study of the eifect of climate upon the color of fruits.

Those whose names would stand as authorities upon such a topic are almost silent. Mr. Barry in his " Fruit Garden " (page 64-75), says: "The color of fruits depend much on their exposure to the sun's rays. We find that in orchard trees where the heads are dense and a large portion of the fruit shaded and shut out from the sun, there is a great difference in the color, indeed, so great frequently as to make their identity from appearance quite doubtful. Varieties that are natur- ally, when properly exposed to the sun, of a bright red or a glowing crimson, remain green in the shade. The climate, too, seems to have considerable effect on the color. As a general thing we observe that Northern apples are cleaner and brighter than those of the South. Dry soils and elevated situations produce more highly colored fruits than deep and low valleys. ***** rpj^g same circumstances mentioned as favorable to the production of fine flavor. Light, heat, a dry soil and moderate growth seem to be all essential to a fine flavor." It is a matter of common observation that large fruits, like apples, which have been partly shaded by a leaf lying close upon the surface will have the covered portion of a different color from the exposed part, and usually there is an absence of color. The process of " sun printing " is only an ingenious advantage taken of the influ- ence light and shade have upon the sur- face coloration of fruits. Cover all parts of the fruit except the letters and they will be printed red or some other high color. Leave all the surface exposed ex- cept the letters and when the cover is re- moved from these they will be pale upon a bright background. There is frequently

CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS.

27

a bright and dull side to each fruit upon a tree, and these correspond to the sunnj' and to the shady sides. In this discus- sion we need to hear in mind that the sur- face color of fruits is often not more than "skin deep."" The richest blush of the ripe peach may be removed with the thin film of epidermis. Chemists are inclined to the belief that all the many hues in plants may be reduced to four funda- mental pigments, the leading one of which is the standard green (chlorophyll) of ordinary foilage. White, for example, is considered due to the reflection of light, through colorless tissues containing air. Orange is due to the dense deposit of the yellow pigment. Blue and voilet are derivities of the primary, red. Black is onlj' a concentrated violet. Fruits in ripening pass through various shades of color from green to yellow or red, and from red to purple or black. These changes of colorare accounted for by the decompo- sition of the green pigment, with the for- mation of new colors, or the masking of yellow previously dominated by chloro- phyll.

That these changes are not always de- pendent upon the presence of light is well established. Experiments with flowers, for example, have shown that so long as nourishment in abundance is furnished by green leaves exposed to sunshine, the blossoms developed of normal size and color in deep darkness. In like manner many of our fruits are grown with partial exclusion of light, as for example, in ac- cordance with the highly approved i)rac- tice of placing sacks over clusters of grapes. The writer has kejit thick sacks upon apples, which had resulted from cross-fertilization, until mature and the fruit suffered no loss in color.

The consideration of light may be, per- haps, thought by some as a digression from the subject. But light and heat are from a common source, and so intimately associated that it is impossible to decide how much of the color influence should

be ascribe! to each. It is, however, rea- sonable to conclude that, all other things remaining the same, the more of exposure to the sun light, the higher the color of any particular fruit.

Lindley in his " Theory and Practice of Horticulture " (second edition, pages 100- 101), states that if there is a lack of heat, the flavor, sw'eetness and nutritive matter of fruits is reduced. Fruits produced without artificial covering are much deeper in color than those which are de- veloped under glass in highly heated buildings, where fresh air has little access. Some fruits require a high summer heat and this is probably the reason why fruits of high color in regions of extreme sum- mer heat and dryness are inferior in cli- mates with less heat in summer. To quote Mr. Lindley's own words: "Among the immediate causes of the changes that occur in the secretions of fruits are heat and light, without which the peculiar qualities of fruits are imperfectly formed, especially in species that are natives of countries enjoying a high Summer temper- ature. It is found that among the effects of a high temperature and an exposure to bright light is the production of sugar and of certain flavors; and that under opposite circumstances acidity prevails. ***** It is certain that all vege- table secretions, of whatever kind, are im- proved in quality when air has the fullest access to plants. Of this we have abund- ant proof when we contrast the pallid sub-acid pine apples of forcing houses with those ripened out of doors — or whan we compare the brilliant colors and rich perfumes of flowers and fruits formed in thoroughly ventilated hot houses with the same productions taken from glass houses to which the air has very little access." The importance of abundant fresh air for the proper development and high coloring of fruits is sufficiently understood to not require further treatment here. We only need to bear in mind that wholesome air is an aid in painting the red upon the

28

CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS.

cheek of the peach or the hkie upon the surface of the pkim.

Soil also has its influence upon the color of fruits. Prof. Tracy* says: "Certain conditions of soil and climate result in variations which become permanent, even when the plants are removed to other con- ditions. If wax beans are planted on soil deficient in vegetable matter and the plants suffer from want of water, some of the plants will produce pods having a decided color." In another case Professor Tracy wished to secure a stock of white Summer crook necks. From a large stock of yellow crook neck seeds in which there were no wliite spots, he planted a quarter acre on a quality of soil which experience taught yielded the whitest fruit. As a result he had a few plants with white fruit. The seed from these yielded the next year (1885) a crop half of which was white crook neck. In like manner differences in soil conditions influence the qualities, including color, of the fruits of our orchards. Of course it is not understood that a car load of soil brought from a flourishing Florida orange grove to the banks of the Hudson will permit the growing of citrus fruits, out of doors, within the sound of the church bells of New York city. The vine clad and seem- ingly almost poverty-stricken hills of Europe will produce wine that sells for ten dollars per gallon, while the rich val- leys in sight may yield a vintage having no market among the wealthy judges of wines. Striking differences in the quality of a variety of fruit may exist even in the same soil and under the same conditions. This is a sort of "personal equation," a peculiarity of the tree, and for the pres- ent may be left out of sight. But in the case of the squashes and of the vineyards mentioned above, it is a soil influence in some measure at least.

In order to arrive at some figures upon the colors of our fruits, twenty of the va-

*■' Variation in Cultivated Plants," in proc. of (itii Meeting Soc. foi the Prom, of Agl. Sci., pp. 4G-47.

rieties of peaches in tlie last "List of Fruits," of this Society (Eeport of 1886), were selected for the Northern States and twenty for the South. The choice was made upon the basis of the number of stars. Of the twenty most popular in the North, thirteen were white, seven yellow and two green. The favorite Southern sorts were distributed as follows : Yellow nine, white seven, green four. It will be seen that there are nearly twice as many white sorts in the Northern twenty as in the South, and only little more than half as many yellow varieties. Taking ten varieties of plums in the same way: foi the North — green four, yellow seven, red four, and purple five; for the South — green three, yellow five, red seven, purple five. Nearly all the plums are recorded with two colors, as green and yellow or red and purple. In making the summary each color is counted separately. It will be seen that with the Northern sorts yel- low led, while with the Southern varieties red was ahead. By taking twenty varieties of pears it was found that for the North there were nineteen with yellow, twelve green and five red. In the Southern list twenty yellow, ten green and eight red. In other words, there was for the South less green, more yellow and much more red than for the Northern sorts. With grapes it was found that the so-called white (green) sorts are not standard in the South. A somewhat different basis of comparison was taken for the apples. Twenty of the most popular varieties for the whole United States were selected. Of these, fifteen are leading sorts in the North and ten in the South. The fifteen are divided into : Three with red, six green, and eleven yellow. This gives greenish yellow with a tinge of red as the typical Northern color for apples. Of the ten for the South, six have red, three green, and nine yellow. The typical color is therefore reddish yellow with a small mixture of green.

With currants the record shows that

CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS.

29

white sorts are much more the favorites in the North than South. Gooseberries are not extensively grown South, hut red are more successful than green sorts. A comparison of ten sorts of strawberries shows more scarlet in Southern than Northern berries.

All of tbese several results point in tbe same general direction, that is, the color of fruits grown in our " Southern Divis- ion'' as laid down in "Catalogue of Fruits" — namely between latitude 28'-' and 35*^, are more highly colored than those which flourish best in the " North- ern Division," namely between latitude 42° and 49'-\ Take, if you please, two popular sorts of apples, which stand close by each other in the list — the Baldwin and the Ben Davis. The former is a redish-green winter apple, double starred for nearly every fruit growing State north of Illinois, but in the South it has only one star, and that is for Alabama. If those early-ripening apples of Alabama were placed by the side of the hard, long-keepers of Ehode Island the contrast would be striking. The " Ben Davis " has only four stars (singles) for the Northern division, while south of New Jersey it has not less than seventeen double stars, including South Carolina, Georgia, Indian Territory Louisiana and Texas. The color of this popu- lar fruit is a combination of yel- low and red. "Carolina June" is another sort which has the same range as " Ben Davis," and very popular. This is a summer red-striped sort. The "Creening " is a leading Northern fruit, which chaoge its greenish-yellow for yellow as it goes South and West from its home in New England. In the South it has no merit.

These generalizations from well estab- lished tables have their faults, but they accord with the statements made by some of the authorities upon such subjects. My colleague, Professor Budd, who has given a good part of his life to a study of

the influence of climate uyioii the hardi- ness of fruit trees, gives it as a fact of ob- servation that fruits in dry and severe climates are more apt to be of a deep and decided color. Along with this there is a strong tendency to pubescence and bloom . As one passes eastward from France there is a gradual increase in the above men- tioned qualities. The same, he tells me, is true in going westward from New York upon our own continent. Dr. Sturtevant has been a student of variations in fruit, and he is recorded as having said :* " That any fruits are most highly flavored in their most northern localities and larger and finer looking toward the South."

Those pomologists who have compared the specimens of the same variety of fruit which have been brought together from widely separated areas at our national exhibits, I think will bear me out in the assertion that Western fruits are brighter colored than those produced along the Atlantic coast. This is particularly true of apples, and the general prizes secured by Western States for general exhibits maybe sufficient testimony to the fact How much of this difference is to be ascribed to soil and treatment, and how much to atmosphere, heat, moisture, etc., it is not easy to state.

It is ho})ed that what has been said will lead to a discussion of the subject and secure a long list of interesting and im- portant facts as a basis for future com- parison.

In continuance of the same subject, Jos. H. Bourn, of Providence, R. I., pre- sented the following notes :

In every clime, fruits manifest a tend- ency to display color. Every climate is adapted to grow certain classes and varie- ties of classes of the fruits proper. Fruits of a warm climate mature the most rapidly and take on more of the yellow tints than of tiie brilliant hues, while at

* Botanical Gazette, Vol. X., page 3G7.

30

CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS.

the north, a contrary effect, I think, is more frequently noticed, and the brighter shades predominate. Pears grown in CaH- fornia, we recognize as having a paler yellow than the same varieties on the Atlantic coast, influenced in a measure probably by refrigerating influences, while in the vicinity of Norfolk, Virginia, the Angouleme pear assumes the dark shades of red and brown to an intense degree.

Whei-ever a considerable change of cli- mate exists, classes and varieties of fruits are cultivated that are suited to the con- ditions of the locality, and in some in- stances the same kinds adapt themselves to several positions, all of which have their characteristic colors, by which they are recognized at maturity. The skin of most fruits iias shades of yellow and green ground, the former increasing in intensity, with the process of oxidization has caused fermentation, to such a degree as to produce a brown appearance, which is a state of insipid decay. All classes of of fruits have a peculiar stj'le of coloring which belongs to their order, and many are pale in the shade, and more or less ruddy on the sunny side. Apples are light and dark red, crimson, greenish yel- low and orange yellow, greenish white and yellowish white, russety brown and straw color; but are usually shaded, pencilled, striped and marbled with the different hues, sprinkled with white, bronze, russet and black dots, and often have a purple and white bloom. Pears have the different shades of yellow, green, olive, russet, orange, crimson, brown, red, lemon and gray; overspread with blush- ing tints, carmine dots and brownish red in the sun. Cherries are purple, black, red, yellow and amber in color; plums green, lilac, red, yellow, purple and brown covered with a blue, white and lilac bloom ; strawberries are crimson, maroon, scarlet, red and white; olives dark green; pome- granites yellowish orange with a rich red cheek; mulberries are red, black and white; raspberries orange, crimson, yel-

low, red and cream; grapes black, red, amber, white, purple and golden, with a white, lilac and blue bloom ; apricots yel- low, red and orange, while the shades in the peach resemble those in the pear except that the green predominates over the yellow. Now, the nutritive elements of the several fruits grown at the North, are developed in the same scale of pro- fusion as at the South, and their predom- inant form is as decidedly saccharine as in the tropics. All that belongs to the ripen- ing stage is similar; the essential oils and the concentrated elements of seeds and fruits, whether nutritive or aromatic. The distinction observed is that a greater quantity of water is contained in North- ern fruits, while those of the South have more of tlie nitrogenous element to serve as food, and are essentially refrigerant in their action. In the investigation of our subject, we are particularly desirous to know if there is a peculiar state of the atmosphere in regard to heat and mois- ture that prevails in any given place, that exerts an influence on fruit coloring, and whether the same sunbeam has a differ- ent effect as we proceed from the equator towards the poles. The fruits of the warm climates will not aggregate brighter tints than those of the cold; neither are the sun's rays more intense at the South than in our Northern regions and even in Canada during the Summer months. The difference is that our heat has a greater daily range, which renders us capable of greater elasticity in the adaptation of veg- etable forms. Heat is only an agent that affects the colors in fruits, and we must understand some of the probable causes that produce these special hues, in order to ascertain how far they may be influ- enced by climatic conditions.

As fruits advance towards maturity, the green coating changes to the typical color of its kind, and takes on the yellow, blue, purple, red and orange shades, exhibiting varied hues, according to the state of oxygenation which the juices have

CLIMATE AS EFFECTING COLOR IN FRUITS.

31

reached. It has been iutiiuated that these tints may be contained in the tissues, ready to be momentarily brought out, as soon as the juices become sHghtly modi- fied in chemical constitution, resembling autumnal foliage, and changed into color- ing matter by the oxidation of the green granules, which change is simultaneous with the failure of the tissues to elabor- rate chlorophyll where the base of vege- table color is oxidized. During the phys- iological processes of the growth and de- velopment of fruit, heat often causes change of color, without any chemical variation taking place. Nature paints with light also to make fruits attractive; hence the most frequent variations are found where the pov\er of heat and light has been most exercised. Influence of locality, arising from the presence of pecu- liar elements in the soil, the water and atmosphere; the nature of plant food; the photographic action of light, as well as some agency dependent upon chemical peculiarities in theearth, are causes which influence color changes. This coloring matter then seems to be, in no small de- gree, due to absorption, although the hues produced by the dispersion, interfer- ence and polarization of light, aid to frame a true theory of color. The process by which the painting of fruits with color is produced has not, we are aware, yet been solved, but it is not unreasonable to believe that the same causes may have produced the brilliant hues in both fruits and flowers.

Climate, then, is but a single agent, in connection with the complex laws which influence fruit coloring. The scarcity of the brilliant fruits in some seasons, doubt- less, suggested the discussion of the pres- ent subject, and this phenomenon is noticed in the same orchards and upon the same trees, the most vigorous and healthy of which, after they have become estab- lished, usually show the brightest colors. The intense light of cloudless skies, ab- sence of rain and dew, have their influ-

ence. The soil ou which our Iruit trees are planted has efl'ect on the temperature of the air, as produced by the sun's heat, although a portion is lost in evaporation on all trees. Heat on sandy surfaces where orchards are planted, remains longer in immediate contact with the atmos- phere surrounding the trees, than on loam and clay soils ; the upper stratum of the latter, not being heated during the day, nor cooled during the night, in so high a degree as the former. The climatic con- ditions which prevail the present .year, have not been favorable for the produc- tion of high colors in fruits. Perfectly dry air is nearly incapable of absorbing radiant heat; but when charged with aqueous vapor is a good absorber, and makes the combination of air, atmos- pheric vapor and water powerful agents in receiving and diffusing heat. If the sun's rays are a powerful element in caus- ing fruit coloration, the present season ought to have brought out stronger hues; but has not the air loaded with vapor, ab- stracted solar radiation ; or rather has not the sun's heat been absorbed to such a degree in its passage through the atmos- phere as to influence the production of bright tints? I believe the slower growth of Northern trees, and the slower matur- ity of their fruits, do have an effect on their coloring. Late apples and pears hang in the crisp autumnal air and bright sunlight, after they have perfected their growth, as if to obtain a richer gloss of September and October coloring. Fre- quently we observe that fruits which have laid aside their natural functions assume the brightest lines, and specimens that ripen prematurely from unsoundness are generally the most showy. Fruits also sport in color, due not to accident, but to a regular law of progressive modification. Briefly the development of colors then at maturity seems to be related to extra oxi- dation, modified by light and other vary- ing conditions which we do not yet under- stand. There no doubt exist unknown

32

BEHAVIOR OF FRUITS AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES.

laws which cau explain to ns the process by which the painting of nature with color is produced, which physical science has not yet solved. We do know that an innate tendency to variation and change in colors does exist everywhere in nature, and makes useful those tinted coatings to attract afar off the eyes of wandering birds and mammals, as well as for human contemplation and enjoyment.

Climate, without the influence of other agencies, does not bring out brilliant col- oration in fruits any more than it effects their shape and flavor. The character of the climate mainly determines what kind of fruits will abound, for it is climate alone that causes oranges and bananas to flour- ish in the South — currants and gooseber- ries in the North.

In the display thpn of the brilliant col- ors in fruits, nature has poured forth a lavish store of beauty for the pleasure of man, although the utilitarian connection of fruits generally has made us cultivate them more for their pulp and sweetness than for their good looks. Showy fruits are universally more attractive, therefore have a higher commercial value ; and it is this consideration of our subject that no doubt has prompted the present discus- sion. All of us would be pleased to know of a climate where the Lucrative, Rostiezer and Superfin pears can be made as attrac- tive as the Montgeran, Abbott and Clair- geau, or the Rhode Island greening and Hunt russet apples as showy and tempting as the Astrachan or Tompkins King.

The following paper was next presented :

Behavior of Fruits at Different Altitudes.

BY A. E. GIPSON, GREELEY, COLORADO.

The fruit bearing area of our country covers a range of altitude from the level of the sea, and even below, to more than ten thousand feet above. In Colorado there is a difference of nearly five thou- sand feet between the altitudes of the

fruit producing sections. This marked variation gives scope for a wide diversity of experiment, as well as of soil and climate.

The very brief treatment of the subject assigned me will be confined chiefly to ncting some of the "behaviors" in my own State, and T shall assume that trees, as well as fruits, are included in, or con- templated by the topic. It should be re- membered that here in Colorado, we are on the Continental Divide, and have the two great slopes of. the Atlantic and Pacific. It the northeastern portion of the State, away from the immediate vicinity of the mountains, changes in temperature are often sudden and extreme and hence climatic conditions exacting. The hot, dry air of the plains, alternating with the winds from the region of eternal snows, and with the liability to late frosts in spring, combine to render fruit growing uncertain and often unsatisfactory- This is true, notwithstanding a magnificent climate during most of the year. Hence the " iron clads " are sought and regarded as an essential to successful fruit culture.

In the southern, and particularly the western portions of the State, fruits bor- dering on the semi-tropical, can be grown. Peaches, pears, nectarines, olives, apri- cots, California and foreign grapes, in the main, promise exceedingly well, and all this at an altitude nearly one thousand feet greater than that of the City of Greeley, the place of my residence. This fact, then, shows the difference in mean temperature between two great slopes of the continent.

The native fruits are found at different altitudes. The red raspberry, black and yellow currant, strawberry, gooseberry and bearberry, flourish at from six to nine thousand feet and upward. From five to seven and eight thousand feet are the homes of the wild dwarf cherry, ser- vice berry, red and yellow buffalo berry, plum, choke cherry, thorn apple, etc. A comparitively few only of these native

BEHAVIOR OF FRUITS AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES.

33

fruits do well when transplanted to the valleys and lower elevations. This is notably true of the raspberry, gooseberry and strawberry, which fail to respond to the most generous treatment under culti- vation. The plum and dwarf cherry are improved in size and yield by domestica- tion. These fruits are from three to eight weeks later in ripening in the mountains (depending on altitude and local surround- ings) than are the same varieties on the plains and low lands, and while smaller in size are generally conceded to be finer and richer in flavor. It is the old story of the matchless flavor of the wild strawberry, enlarged. In general it may be said that, as altitude increases, the tendency is to- wards a decrease in size, both of tree and fruit, due largely to a shortening up of the growing season, and yet the higher up the more tenacious of life apparently. In the Eocky Mountains, on the very borders of timber line and almost in the midst of perpetual snow, may be found the straw- berry and red raspberry, and it is a com- mon experience to see delicate and beauti- ful flowers in full bloom on the very sum- mit of the snow capped mountain.

A difference of a hundred feet in altitude will often effect tree, plant and fruit noticably. In fact, it may mean the dif- ference between success and failure in certain localities.

It is probably safe to say the best fruits are grown on high land, in cool, airy ex- posures. The claim is likewise made that these situations are generally freer from those diseases and injurious attacks, to which the orchard is liable.

My own locality this season affords a striking illustration of the influence of altitude. In the immediate vicinity of Greeley, which is low down in the Cache La Poudre valley, and surrounded on three sides by bluff lauds as well as sheltered by a thrifty growth of forest trees, blight has appeared with disastrous effect on several varieties of apple (more particu- larly crabs) and pear trees, -^'hile the

higher and more exposed sections are-thus far exempt. It may be stated, in this con- nection, that last Winter and in the early Spring, our section was visited by severe and prolonged dry, hot winds, with quite a marked variation of temperature at times between day and night. To this may be due the rather sudden appearance of blight, although our peculiar location may have considerable to do with the trouble, as is suggested by Professor Budd. Fruit growers in all sections have ob- served the liability of low lands and de- pressions, to severe injury from frosts, where the uplands or more elevated tracts received little or no harm, and this also suggests the danger of obstructing a free circulation of air from the orchard.

A few things have been observed which may or may not be entirely peculiar to the State. First, the high color, clear and smooth appearance, together with the good keeping qualities of our apples, and often the early fruiting of the trees. Probably due largely to the dryness of the air and almost perpetual sunshine of this altitude. Secondly, the freedom of our plum trees from disease, and the fact, that while the curculio sometimes attacks the fruit, little harm seems to be done, aside from slight punctures of the skin. Thirdly, exemption from mildew, grape rot and kindred troubles. Likewise the fact that where the first settings of grapes (the fruit clusters) have been destroyed by late frost, a copious irrigation for two or three days thereafter has caused the fruit to re- set abundantly. This has also been accom- plished to a greater or less extent with strawberries and raspberries.

As illustrating the difference in climate condition between the Atlantic and Pacific slopes at the same altitude, it may be said that in Eastern Colorado many things require Winter protection that do not over the range on the Western side. The season of the ripening of the various fruits is another thing that has puzzled consid- erably the fruit growere of Colorado. The

34

IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES OF HARDY ORCHARD FRUITS.

classifications of other 8tates in tlie same latitude have differed widely from our own experience. Many of their Winter apples ripen in Fall here, and yet some of our Autumn fruits are Summer farther East and so on. Again, in localities sep- arated only by a few miles, a variation of from one to three weeks is seen in the time of ripening of the same varieties. This would seem to indicate that local conditions have more to do with this mat- ter than'latitude. It is liliely also that the same is true of other things referred to in this paper which have been sug- gested as due to difference in altitude. In fact there is a reasonable groand for belief that much of tlie success and many of the reverses in fruit culture are due to a knowledge or lack of knowledge of local requirements and surroundings. Fruits would often behave much better if they were given a fair show.

The next topic was opened by the fol- lowing paper :

Identification of Varieties of Hardy Orchard Fruits.

BY H. B. VAN DEMAN, WASHINGTON, D. C.

All classification of natural objects may be said to be only approximately correct, and strictly arbitrary. The problems pre- sented to the biologist who essays to properly classify the varied forms of na- ture as he finds them, are with additional complications forced upon the pomolo- gist. The establislied rules for such class- ification are frequently found to be unsuit- able. To endeavor to keep pace with this multitude of variations, and to be able to locate their proper places, is a considera- ble part of the work of the scientist.

It was the ability to do this, acquired by continued application to the study of nature, that enabled Agassiz to tell upon sight of a fish scale, the species from which it came. The further we proceed with this classification, the more complex

and difficult it becomes. It is easier to distinguish and separate the natural orders of plants, than the genera and species ; and when the subdivisions of species are reached, even the most learned doctors disagree. At this critical place, and upon this treacherous ground, the pomologist is obliged to make his way. Where the botanist leaves the tangled threads of sci- ence and nature, the pomologist only be- gins to disentangle them. If the botani- cal doctors shake their heads in disagree- ment and confusion, why wonder that the pomologists do likewise.

To be able to recognize every variety of our commonest fruits, is utterly impos- sible even by the most experienced, as we all know full well. However, by carefully studying certain characteristics, and hav- ing a vast deal of experience with speci- mens grown under different conditions of culture, soil and climate, one may become able to generally determine the names of varieties.

To give in a simple way my views of what may be the cardinal points in such classification, is the substance of the hope that inspired this attempt in your jire- sence to-day. I do so because I believe the subject is one M^hich in the face of a deal of ignorance, ought to engage our frequent and thoughtful attent on.

All will agree that certain characteris- tics of fruits are more constant than others. If we will consider \vhich these are, we will have gained one point. To my mind, considering all classes of fruits, there is no one character so fixed as the form. Whether it be an apple, peach, pear, an individual grape, or a cluster of grapes, a strawberry, or a blackberry, this will in the main prove true. And it is true of tlie immature, as well as the fully developed specimens. Let us take the apple or pear, before they are fully out of bloom, and a difference in varieties may be noticed, by their elongated, rounded, or irregular forms.

To some persons all babies are alike,

IDENTIFICATION OF VABIETIES OP HARDY OECHARD FRUITS.

35

but uot SO to the nurse or mother. Nor are all baby fruits alike to the observant pomologist, who like a good foster-father, watches tliem from infancy to ripe old age. A Chenango the size of a marble is not the shape of a Ram bo, nor would a Vicar half so large be taken for a Sheldon. Indeed it would not be hard to tell the difference between such marked varieties even before their petals had expanded. A cluster of the compactly formed Elvira grape could be told from one of Creveling or even Concord when only large enough to be observed at all.

As these tenderlings grow, their pecu- liar forms enlarge rather than change. Even starvation, such as might prevent their reaching more than half size, would not materially alter their sliape. Let this then be our main guide in identifying varieties, which together with others will be dealt with more fully in its proper place. Of course there are frequent vari- ations from the typical form of a variety, which in some cases amounts to a radical change. These may occur from unac- countable sports of nature, or by acci- dent, such as stings of insects or fungus diseases.

Another step will be, to define the several characteristics, and place them in their relative positions. To do this, we will be obliged to take up the several species of fruits in detail; and owing to the largeness of the field, I shall not at- tempt to go further than the hardy orchard fruits, as the title of my paper in- dicates. This will comprise what are usu- ally known as the pomes and drupes. First among these is

THE APPLE.

Observed from a point perpendicular to its axis, au apple in form may be round, flat, conical, oblong or cylindrical; or from either end it may appear round, elliptical, angular, ribbed or scolloj)ed. For more simplicity of description these latter forms may be called regular when round

or nearly so, and irregular when other- wise. Then there are other peculiar forms, such as inclined, as in case of the York Imperial, or unequal, like Cooper and Colvert. In fact, very many apples have one side larger than the other. Twenty Ounce is almost equally remark- able for its regular contour, as if each specimen had been turned in a lathe.

The Basin is the depression which is almost always found at the apex or blos- som end of an apple, and in which the eye is set. It is either wide, narrow, shallow or deep; regular, like that of Fall Pippin, waved as we see in Northern Spy, or folded into wrinkles like yellow Bellflower. In a very few apples, and some of the crabs, it is wanting.

The Cavity is at the opposite or stem end, and is sometimes very deep and nar- row, or wide and sloping like Rome Beauty. Pryor's Red and Pewaukee have the cavity almost filled. In the case of Swaar, Roman Stem and a few others, it IS marked by a peculiar welt, in which case it is described as being lipped.

The core is equally well marked, and usually conforms in a great measure to the exterior shape of the apple. One which is fiat will have a wide or flattened core, and an elongated specimen a pointed or pyriform outline. Some varieties have very small, compact, or closed cores, while others, like Ortley, are so large and open that the seeds may be heard to rattle when the apple is shaken. If the outline of the core meets at the point of the calyx-tube, it is said to be meeting, or if some dis- tance below, it is clasping. In examining specimens, I have found this to be quite uniform in those of one variety.

The Flesh is perhaps the next charac- ter least subject to change. It is made up like all organic substances of single cells, which are large or small, comj)actly or loosely placed, and filled with sugar, starch, acids and water, according to their true individualities. Wlio of us do not know the difference in weight between

36

IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES OF HARDY ORCHARD FRUITS.

Yellow Newtown and Ben Davis, or the color of the flesh of Fameuse from that of Winesap? Or whose taste is so poor that he cannot tell in the dark whether he is eating a rich and spicy Grimes Golden, a melting Primate, or a coarse and acid Oldenburg? Indeed, the whole generation of Russian apples, so far as tested in this country, can be generally distinguished by their coarse texture and lack of spicy aroma. The flesh of an apple may be said to be coarse, fine, tender or firm; white or yellow, dry or juicy; and in flavor, sweet, sub-acid or sour, rich or insipid. Of course the cli- mate where grown and the state of ma- turity have very much to do with the flavor, but less as regards color and grain of the flesh.

The eye which is composed of the calyx and the small cavity which is hid by it, is another reliable mark. If the sepals are long and reflexed as in the fall orange and the crabs, or very short like those of Shannon, there is no trouble to note their difl'erence; but this does not often appear so plainly. There is a difference in the width and length of the calyx-tube also. If the sepals are so constructed and re- lated as to form a closed or an open eye in one specimen of a variety, it is a good indication that all others of the same variety are similarly formed.

Those peculiar little marks on the sur- face of the skin which we call dots, are very likely to be uniform in color, size and shape, on one variety; except their being smaller and closer to each other towards the eye. They are numerous, or scattering, large or minute, dark or light, round, elon- gated or star-shaped, and surrounded with light or green bases. Some are so prom- inent as to be easily felt, and others en- tirely the reverse. Although small, these dots are in no wise to be overlooked.

The seeds may be numerous or rare, large or small, yellowish like Hightop, or gray, brown, or black. In shape they vary also from short and plump, to slender

and imperfect as may be found in King of Tompkins.

The surface is sometimes uneven, lumpy, or pimpled, a good example of which is seen in Twenty Ounce. Again it is smooth and glossy like Wealthy or waxy to the touch. Lowell is often called "Greasy Pippin" from this cause. All grades may be found, from a surface like polished glass, to the rough and rasping coat of the russet?. Its color, is often de- pended on far too miich. Of course it is a striking feature, but it is so often and so easily changed by climate, culture, season or having been grown in open sunshine, or in the shade, that we are apt to be mis- led by it.

If reddish stripes are never displayed, but a mere blush as on the Belmont and IMaiden's Blush, or if no red color appears at all, it is proper to call the variety self- colored, Detroit Black, Lawver, and Carolina June, although very highly colored, will be found upon close inspec- tion to have no stripes ; and are hence pro- perly classed with those that have no red color at aU. The variation is in the de- gree of the blush. Those that are striped or splashed with red in its different tints and shades, form another distinct class, and also the largest. Saint Lawrence is one of the most distinctly marked, and Gloria Mundi one of the least so.

That peculiar and roughened character of tlie skin, which we call russet, forms the third class as regards color, and is the most puzzhng of any. Eoxbury is usu- ally distinct enough, but even its coating varies with the conditions of growth and climate. I have seen American Golden Russet almost as fair and blushing as Tewksbury, and Pryor sometimes heavily russeted, and again as brightly striped as Ben Davis. There are more or less russet marks on nearly all varieties, and especially about the cavity, which is indeed a very good guide to their identity. In some, like Melon, and Hub- bardston, it gives a sort of bronzed ap-

IDENTIFICATION OP VARIETIES OF HARDY ORCHARD FRUITS.

37

pearance to the eutire surface. Another form of it, is a sort of leather-cracked ap- pearance about the basin, which is pecu- liai to very few kinds. I have never seen a specimen of Westfield that did not have it, although in some cases but very slightly.

One of the most peculiar marks is what might be called pin-scratches, running from stem to eye, notably on Tallman and rarely on Iveswick. They never exceed a ve, and in the Northern climates are much more distinct than in the South and West. There are two other external character- istics that ought not to be overlooked. One is a delicate and easily removed sub- stance which we call bloom. The Russian varieties and the crabs are almost invari- ably covered with it. Aside from the beauty it adds to the fruit it is a reliable mark of identity. The other is a grayish- white coating, such as is seen in stripes upon White Pippin and White Winter Pearmain. Sometimes it is suffused and mixed with other colors in such a way as to give a dull color to otherwise bright skin.

The size of all fruits is so varied by cli- mate, culture and the many accidents and exigencies of growth, that we must not lay too much stress upon this point. We see Lady apples as big as average Maid- en's Blush, and Fallawater the same size; and in such cases we are forced to depend on shape, or almost any other indication. Apples may very properly be graded as very small, small, medium, large and very large.

The stem is with some kinds a constant mark, but it often fails to be so. How- ever by examining a number of specimens a very good idea can be had of its typical length and thickness It may be short, medium or long, and stout, or slender. Occasionally there is a pulpy growth upon the stem, which may be denoted as fleshy. While Winter Pearmain has this so pecu- liarly enlarged at the extremity, and so never-failing, as to be a sure indication of

this variety — at least I have never seen a specimen without it. The points of re- semblance between the pomes are so close that but little deviation is necessary, and a repetition of descriptions will be avoided whenever possible.

THE PEAR,

In form may be described as for the apple, except that many kinds may be de- noted as pyriform, instead of "conical," and turbinate, or top- shaped, is very com- mon. Some, like Keiffer, which taper towards both ends, may be called biconi- cal. The definitions of the stem end, or apex, as it should be called in most pears, may be simply pointed like Tyson, de- pressed as the Angouleme, or with the stem deeply sunken when it resembles the "cavity " of the apple. Most of the Asiatic pears are thus formed.

The core differs from that of the apple in being sometimes hard and gritty, and often inclined to rot, before any sign of decay is seen on the surface.

In point of color, there is an almost entire absence of striping with high colors ; although some kinds especially when grown well to the north are quite plainly striped with red.

The stem of the pear, has a much more decided tendency to be set at an angle to the axis of the fruit, and should in such cases be termed inclined. The flesh is apt to be buttery, melting and often granular.

THE QUINCE

Has comparatively few varieties, and these vary but slightly in form. Some have a plainly defined neck to which the stem is attached, if we may call the por- tion of the woody branch that holds the fruit, a stem. Some are more angular than others, but all are slightly so. In size, they vary quite decidedly, Rea being perhaps the largest. The flesh of Portugal is not so tough as that of other varieties and is a lighter yellow, but turns beauti- fully purple when cooked. The skin of all kinds is coated with a

.^8

IDENTIFICATION OP VARIETIES OF HARDY ORCHARD FRUITS.

peculiar pubescence wliicli is easily rubbed off, displaying a smooth surface of an al- most uniform golden color, void of distinc- tive marks of any kind. The season of ripening gives little clew to the name, ex- cept that the Pear shaped and Portugal, are later by some two weeks than most of the others.

THE PEACH.

Is a fruit that has its strains or races, which are, perhaps, as plainly separated as are the crabs from the apples. We all know thedistinctive type of peachescalled Indian, with its peculiarly brownish and striped fruit, and dark-colored twigs. The Spanish and Chinese strains, now coming into successful culture in the South, where our common varieties of the Persian stock fail, have their own peculiarities of tree and fruit. But all kinds are easily divided into clings, semi-clings and free- stones.

In form, they are either round, oblong, pointed like Heath Cling or unequal like Honey, which is decidedly larger on one side. A crease or suture running parallel to the edge of the stone is found in greater or less degree in all specimens, and is worthy so far as it differs in varieties.

In color, the peach is much more con- stant than the apple. It is greenish, cream-colored, white, yellow, red, or blushed, mottled, specked and striped with carmine, in all possible tints and shades. The color of the flesh corresponds quite well with the ground color of the skin which is really only that of the flesh shown through the translucent covering. In texture, however, it is either firm, and inclined to be tough as are most of the clings, or melting like Iiouise. Some kinds are very dry and mealy, and others dripping with juiciness.

Another rehable mark is the color of the flesh at the stone. The variety called Snow has no tint of red even there, nor has any of its seedlings that I have seen. But a great many kinds are red or pink,

when the flesh is either white or yellow. There is a whitish substance attached to the flesh next the stone, which is very bitter and greatly lessens the value of such kinds as have it.

The stone itself, is characteristic in shape and size. That of Amsden is plump and short and Peen To about the shape and size of a very round hazelnut. The Crawfords are long and pointed and very coarsely corrugated, and apt to be split. The seed of Morris White appears as if it had been mashed at the base between the thumb and finger while soft All of the Indian class have the point turned to one side or hooked. The stones bear good marks from which to determine varieties.

The downy coA'ering of the skin differs in length and quantity and when entirely wanting the varieties are called nectarines. In my own experience I have grown nec- tarines from peach seeds.

THE PLUM

Is represented in the orchards of America, by at least five distinct botanical species, and perhaps more. The form in all of their varieties, as with other fruits, is the best key to their identity. Nearly all have a suture, and in some cases it is very marked.

All are characterized by a smooth sur- face, covered with a bloom which varies in thickness, except Prunus Simoni of probable Asiatic origin, and P. glandulosa, which two s])eci'^s are somewhat pubescent like the apricot. It is only, very recently that the latter has been brought into cul- tivation in a small way, but witli good hopes of success.

The flesh of all kinds is yellow or green of different siiades except a few Japanese varieties that are red to the stone.

The character of being cling or free- stone is equally as dependable as in case of the peach. The length of the stem is with the plum more constant tlian witli the other fruits. Some, like Washington, have very long, and others very short

IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES OF HARDY ORCHARD FRUITS.

stems, of which Green Gage is a good example. The character of its attach- ment to the fruit is variable, being some- times set in a rather deep cavity, and sometimes none, but, instead, on an eleva- tion or neck.

The color of the skin is from pale whitish-yellow, to yellow, green, pink, red, purple, blue and black. The laiger and by far the better class of plums be- longs to Prunus domestica or the com- mon European species. Our native species have all of the red and yellow colors, but none of the green, blue or black, so far as I have seen. They are also different from the former, by the character of becoming exceedingly tart when cooked, no matter how sweet to the taste before, and if any are doubtful of this, let them make the experiment.

The varieties of P. Chicasa, seem to have a habit of being earlier in their sea- son of ripening, than P. Americana. Wild Goose is a good example of the former, and Miner of the latter. Kelsey's Japan is so remarkable in size and shape of the fruit, and its leaves and branches so dif- ferent from other cultivated kinds, and being as tender as tlie fig, it is quite clear that it belongs to a distinct species, but just what that species may be, is a query. The varieties of

THE CHERRY,

Of interest to the pomologist, have been variously classified by authors. Downing divides them intD two classes, the first in- cluding the Hearts and Bigarreaus, and the second, the Dukes and Morellos. The former is characterized by a heart shape, a mild or sweet flavor, and rather firm flesh. The color of the Bigarreaus is usually quite fair. Tlie latter class has an oblate form, is never pointed, and the flavor is from a pleasant tart, to a sharp sour.

The cherry usually has a suture, similar to the other drupes, but sometimes a welt in place of it. The Morello type is usu-

ally regular, and without either marks in a special degree. \ ^■

The color of the skin is from whi black, or nearly so.. Notliing short of ex tended experience will enable one to de- termine the soft creamy tint of the depth of red and purple, which belongs to a variety. Even then no one can distin- guish all. The less the number of colors nature has employed in painting a species of fruit, the less tlie points of difference one has to aid him in identifying its varie- ties. This is especially true of the cherry. The flesh in point of color is very nearly like that of the skin. The shape of the seed corresponds with the shape of the fruit in a great measure. The Morellos have it round and the others oval or pointed. The length of the steui does not vary greatly but is most uniform on the sweet varieties. The depression at the base of the stem is not plaiuly contrasted.

THE APRICOT

Is a fruit of which we have very little chance to observe this side the Rocky Mountains. On the other side where the curculio is practically unknown, it is ex- tensively grown, and the varieties are numerous enough to give considerable trouble in identifying them. They repro- duce from seed with comparatively little variation. Their general contour is round, with an occasional elongated or com- pressed form. A well marked suture is peculiar in some kinds, and others have none. The pubescence is universal, and never thick.

The shape of the stone is a vtry good point of recognition, as some are nearly round, and others broad and flat. The taste of the kernel is a reliable index, as some are bitter, and some as sweet as an almond.

The color, is yellow, orange, or a rich cream, with an over-color of red which sometimes darkens into brown. Many varieties are dehcately marked with crim- son and purple dots, and small specks.

40

IDENTIFICATION OF VAEIETIES OF HARDY OKCHARD FRUITS.

The flesh is usually melting, aud colored a little deeper orange or yellow than the skin. It is alnaost free from any inclina- tion to cling, and not red at the stone like the peach.

In all fruits, the season of ripening in a given locality is a guide, but unless we know where a specimen is grown, its state of maturity is of little value. I have at this time (Sept. 10), Carolina June apples fresh from the tree in Northern Michigan and in prime order.

The bearing quality of the tree, is througli a series of years, a help in mak- ing out its variety, and so is the style of the tree and twigs, and the color of the bark. What is known as the quality of a fruit is ganged largely by the taste of the eater; but it ouglit, however, to give some idea of the variety. The peculiar flavor of a Westfield, or an Esopus, is apt to be remembered.

With these random thoughts, although l^oorly expressed, I submit the subject to your consideration, trusting my imperfect treatment of it, may be in some measure excused. Prune it as you like — transplant it to better soil— but let us, I beg you, give this crooked and stunted tree, better culture.

The Secretary in continuation of the subject read the following notes from Dr. W. J. Beal, of Michigan :

New varieties of our leading fruits are multiplying with increased rapidity. As usual in former years, they have been de- scribed— or partially described, by the character of the fruit, the btem and the leaves.

In a good many instances, this descrip- tion is so incomplete that no one can be certain of the variety by a description alone.

Since my contributions to this Society concerning the value of the flowers as an aid in determining varieties of apples and pears, one of my students, W. L. Snyder has reviewed the subject confirm- ing all that those papers affirmed. He has also studied the varieties of many of our leading sorts of strawberries and finds there; also, that the inflorescence and the flowers contain some of the best and most reliable characters for describing varieties.

My colleague. Prof. L. H. Bailey, Jr., has also given attention to this subject, and believes, as I do, that no fruit can be said to be fully and well described without making use of the flowers. A. A. Crozier, of the Botanical Division of the United States Agricultural Department, a former student of mine, has also been studying this subject, and confirms all that has been written. He has been the means of start- ing a collection of the flowers of apples for the herbarium of the Agricultural Department at Washington.

No matter what and how fruit growers describe new sorts in the future, let them not lose sight of the fact, that many of the best peculiarities are to be found in the inflorescence and the flowers and the young fruit.

DISCUSSION.

Chas. a. Green, New York; This is a very valuable discussion ; I remember once of writing to Mr. Downing for the name of an apple, of which I gave a long ac- count. I received the reply that if I would describe the apple he would be pleased to attempt to name it for me. I tried again and found many points which I had at first overlooked. But again I re- ceived the same re))ly. I think we have much yet to learn concerning the art of describing fruit.

THE NOMENCLATURE OF OUR RUSSIAN FRUITS.

41

Then followed a paper on :

The Nomenclature of our Russian FrLiits.

BY CHARLES GIBE, ABBOTSFORD, QUEBEC.

By resolution of youi Society at Grand Rapids, in 1885, I was "given the special work of revising and arranging the nomenclature of American importations of Russian fruits," but it seemed best not to undertake the work at once. Tiiere were too many queries ; too many things supiiosed, but not known. My sugges- tions are now the better for the delay. Since then I liave seen Dr. Edward Regel at St. Petesburg, also his son, Mr. Albert Regel, who had lately returned from Turkestan, and who was his father's cor- respondent when making that general collection of the apples of Russia, from which he selected those sent to the United States Department of Agriculture in 1870. The result is that I can now offer you a correct Russian original of that importation, except two or tliree names, which can only be vaguely guessed at.

It may be remembered that the list sent by Dr. Regel to Mr. Wm. Saunders, of the Agricultural Department at Wash- ington, was lost at the Russian embassy there, and Mr. Saunders was thus forced to issue it in the form in which it was re- turned to him.

I also had, last winter, several inter- views with Count Alexeeff, of Moscow, a

Russian physician and scientist, who has aided me very mucli in this work.

Owing to the confusion existing among the names of these Russian fruits. Prof. Budd and I talked matters over, and I prepared lists of these different importa- tions, and they appeared in a bulletin of the Iowa Agricultural College in 1885, al- though a large number of St. Petersburg varieties interwoven at the last moment, by Prof. Budd, I must not be held ac- countable for.

I have aimed at:

1. A euphonic rendering of the Russian name, leaving no doubt as to the Russian letters composing that name.

2. For use in this country, a Russian name, or a translation, as short and fit as I can suggest, retaining that given in the Department list whenever practicable. I have, however, retained several short Russian names, viz.: Anis instead of Anisette, Arcad instead of Arcadian, Borovioka instead of Mushroom, Repka instead of Turnip; also Reinette rather than Queen. I have also retained the word Naliv, which is applied to the Skvosnoi, Cllasapfel or Klarapfel, or Pomme Trans- parente, and technically does not mean "juicy." Unmusical names like '"Cut Apple" and " Smelhng Apple" I have tliought best to change.

Names in the Russian column in brackets, are names which do not appear in Regel's Russkaya Pomologaya pub- lished in 1868.

42

RUSSIAN APPLE TREES.

RUSSIAN

Imported from St. Petersburg in 1870, by

NO.	SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME.	SUGGESTED RUSSIAN NAME.
1.	Red Astracliao.	Astrachaner rother.
'2.	White Satntner Calville.	Calville weisser sommer.
15.	Avenarius.	Sussapfel von Avenarius.
44.	White Astrachan.	Astrachaner weisser.
5i.	Lniken.	Luikenapfel.
60	Red Piue.	Ananasapfel rother.
61.	Noble Redstreak.	Edler rosenstreifling.
68.	Eai4y Ciiampagne.	Champagner fruher.
69.	Summer Pear.	(Sommer birnapfel.)
70	Winter Pear.	(Winter birnapfel.)
105.	Russian Gravensteiii.	Grafensteiner Russicher.
122.	Revel Borsdorf.	Borsdorfer Revaler.
128.	Slieepuose.	Schafnase.
153.	Transparent Naliv.	Skvosnoi naliv.
157.	White Naliv.	Bielui naliv.
151).	Lemon.	Limonnoe.
1()1.	Longfield.	Langerfeldskoe.
162.	Buschbohn.	Buschbohn.
164.	Heidorn.	Polosatoe Heidorna.
166.	Summer Aport.	Aport lietnee.
167.	Yellow Sweet.	Jeltoe sladkoe.
169.	Green Sweet.	Zelenka sladkaya.
170.	Revel.	Revelskoe.
171.	Winter Glass.	Stekliannoe simovoe.
173.	Earhest.	Skorospielka rannaya.
174.	Little Pipka.	Pipka ( ).
176.	Red Sided.	Krasnobokoe.
177.	Green Streaked.	Zelenka polosataya.
178.	Barloff.	Barlovskoe.
180.	Neelovskoe?	Neelovskoe?
181.	Champagne Pipka.	Pipka champanskaya.
182.	Red Summer ('alville.	Kalvil krasnui lietnui.
183.	Buiiovka.	Burlovka.
184.	Arabka.	Arabkoe.
185.	Anisovka.	Anisovka.
186.	Revel Glass.	Steklianka Revelskaya.
187.	Green Glass.	Steklianka zelenka.
188.	Yellow Arcad.	Arkad jeltui.
190.	Tiesenhausen.	Tiesenhausenskoe.

RUSSIAN APPLE TREES.

43

APPLE TREES.

United States Department op Agriculture.

TRANSLATION (aS PER CATALOGUE.)

Red Astrachan.

White Summer Calville.

Von Toenarius Sweet apple.

Wliite Astraclian.

Luikeu apple.

Red Duck apple.

Noble Redstreak.

Early Uliami)agne.

Summer Pear apple.

Winter Pear apple.

Russian Gravenstein.

Borsdorf Revel apple.

Sheepnose apple.

Transparent Juicy apple.

Juicy White.

Lemon ai)ple.

Longfield's apple.

Buschbon.

Heidorn's Streaked.

Summer O'Porto apple.

Yellow Sweet.

Green Sweeting.

The Revel apple.

Glass Winter apple.

Earliest Early.

Little Pipka.

Red-sided apple.

Green Streaked.

Barloif' s apple.

Negolofi's apple.

Champagne Pipka.

Calville Summer-red.

Burloftka apple.

Arabian apple.

Anisette.

Glass Revel apple

Glass Green apple.

Yellow Arcadian apple.

Tiesenhausen.

RUSSIAN NAME (aS PER CATALOGUE.)

Astrachaner, Rother.

Weisser Calville, Sommer.

Sussapfel von Toenarius.

Astrachaner, Weisser.

Luikeuapfel.

Anasapfel, Rother.

Edler Rosenstreifling.

Cliampaguer, Fruher.

Sommer Birnapfel.

Winter Birnapfel.

(irafensteiner, Russicher.

Borsdorfer Revaler.

Schafnase.

Skvoasnoi Nalin.

Belui Nahn.

Limonoe.

Langerfelskoe.

Busclibon.

Polosatoe Heidorns.

Aport Letny.

Scholtoe Sladkoe.

Sclenka Sladkaya.

Revelskoe.

Stekliannofe Z Simowoe.

Skerospelka Rannaja.

Pipka, Malaja.

Krasnabakoe.

Schlenka, Polosstaja.

Barlowskoe.

Nejolowskoe.

Pipka Champanskaja.

Kalville Kwasnuiletny.

Burlowka.

Arabskoe.

Anisowka.

Steklianka Revels Kaja.

Steklianka Selonka.

Arkad Scholti.

Tiesenhausenskoe.

44

RUSSIAN APPLE TREES.

NO.	SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME.	SUGGESTED RUSSIAN	NAME
196.	Sweet Streaked.	Polosatoe sladkoe.
197.	Crooked Spike.	Krivospitsoe.
198.	Polumiron.	Polumirou.
199.	Waxen naliv.	Naliv roskovoi.
200.	Rosy Repka.	Riepka vosavaya.
20'2.	Hare Pipka.	Saitchia pipka.
203.	Arc ad.	Ark ad.
204.	Rubets.	Rubets.
205.	Karabovka.	Karakovka.
206.	Czar's Thorn.	Tsarskui schip.
207.	Stupka.	Stupka.
208.	Royal.	Korolevskoe.
210.	Wine Rubets.	Rubets vinogradnui.
212.	Borkoff.	Borkovskoe.
213	Stepauoff.	Stepauovka.
214.	Garden.	Sadovskoe.
215.	Kiistoe.	Kustoe.
217.	Sugar Sweet.	Sacharuoe.
218.	Vochin. ,	Vochinskoe.
219.	White Swan.	Bielaya lebedka.
220.	Silken.	Sclielkovka.
225.	Getman's Bean.	Getmauskui bob.
226.	White Rubets.	Rubets bielui.
228.	Yocliin's Crimean.	Krimskoe Vochina.
230.	Titovka.	Titovka.
231.	Golden Arcad.	Zolotoi arkad.
234.	Muscatel.	Muscatelnoe.
236.	Autouovka.	Antonovka.
240.	Lejanka.	Lejanka.
242.	Broadcheek.	Schirokolitchiko.
245.	Borovinka.	Borovinka.
246.	Prolific.	Plodovitka.
247.	Popoff.	Popovka polosatava.
248.	Biel.	Biel.
252.	Aport.	Aport.
260.	Winter Streaked.	Simuee polosatoe.
261.	Repka Aport.	Rieptchatui aport.
262.	Cliarlauioff.	Charlamovskoe.
264.	Scented.	Duchovoe.
265.	Gorke Pipka.	Pipka Gorkaya.
266.	Novgorod Streaked.	Polosatoe Novgorodskoe.
267.	Pear.	Gruscbevka.
268.	Zakoritnoe.	Zakoritnoe.
269.	Rosy Aport.	Aport rosovui.
272.	Little Hat.	Schapotchka.
273.	Autumn Pear.	Gruscbevka osennaya.
274.	Rosy.	Rosovoe.

liUSSIAN APPLE TREES.

45

TRANSLATION (AS PER CATALOtiUE.)

Streaked Sweet.

Curly Spiced apple.

Crossed Barbel.

Waxen Juicy.

Rosy Little Turnip apple.

Hare Pipka.

Arcade.

Cut apple.

Karaboli' apple.

Czar's Thorn.

Stoupka.

Royal.

Cut Wine apple.

Berkoff's apple.

Stepanoff's apple.

Garden apple.

Bushy apple.

Sugar Sweet.

Fokin's apple.

White Swan.

Silken apple.

Getman's Bean.

White Cut.

Vochin's Crimean apple.

Titus apple.

Yellow Arcadian.

Muscatel.

Anthony's apple.

Lieby apple.

Broadleaved.

Mushroom.

Prolific.

Popoff's Streaked.

White.

O' Porto apple.

Winter Streaked.

O'Porto Turnip Seedling.

Charlamotf.

Smelling apple.

Butter Pipka.

Novgorod Streaked.

Pear apple.

Saccharine.

O'Porte Eosy.

Little Hat apjjle.

Autumn Pear ap{)le.

Rosy.

RUSSIAN NAME (AS PER CATALOGUE.)

Polosatoe Sladskoe.

Kriwospizoe.

Polu Miron.

Naleiv Woskowoi.

Repka Rosowaja.

Saitschia Pipka.

Arkad.

Rubez.

Kajabowka.

Zarski Schip.

Stupka.

Korolewskoe.

Rubezuinogradni.

Berkowskoe.

Stepanouko.

Sadowskoe.

Kustoe.

Sacharuoe.

Fokinskoe.

Belaja Tebedka.

Scholkowka.

Getmanski Bob.

Rubez Belui.

Krimskoe Wochina.

Titouka.

Solotoi Arkad.

Muscatelnoe.

An.tonouka.

Teschanka.

Schriokolitschiko.

Borouinka.

Plodowitka.

Popouka Polosataja.

Beel.

Aport.

Simnoe Polosatoe.

Aport Reptsohati.

Charlamowskoe.

Duchowoe.

Pipka Govkaja.

Polosatoe Nowgorodskoe.

Gruscheffka.

Sakarituoe.

Aport Rosowui.

Schapotschka.

Gruscheffka Bsennaja.

Rosowoe.

46

RUSSIAN APPLE TBEES.

NO.	SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME.	SUGGESTED RUSSIAN NAME
275.	Zolotareff .	Zolotarevka.
276.	Half Glassy .	Polusteklianka.
277.	Vargul .	Vargul .
278.	Red Borovinka .	Borovinka krasuaya.
279.	Winter Aport.	Aportovoe simovoe.
282.	Voronesh Eeinette.	Renet Voroneshskui.
283.	Sliist.	Slast.
284.	Kleiner's Glass.	Stekliauka Kremera.
285.	Ribbed Naliv.	Rebristoe ualivnoe.
286.	Kremer.	Kremerskoe .
287.	Riga Transparent.	(Rigaer skvosuoi naliv.)
288.	Raspberry .	Malinovskoe,
290.	Ukraine.	Ukraiuskoe.
295.	Imperial.
304.	Switzer.	Suislepper.
310.		Christapfel .
318.	Muscatel.	Muscatapfel (Livlander Rgl.)
315.	Herren .	Herrenapfel.
316.	Red Reinette	Reinette rothe
317.	White Pigeon	Golubinoe (bieloe not Rgl.)
321.	Sweet Pipka.	Pipka sladkaya.
322.	Cinnamon .	Koritchnevoe .
323	Riepovka	Riepovka
324.	German Calville.	Niemetskui kalvil.
327	Yellow Arcad .	Joltui arkad.
330.	Streaked Naliv.	Polosatoe nalivnoe
332.	■ Early Prolific.	Plodovitka rannaya.
333.	Red Transparent .	(Skvosnoi krasnui.)
334.	Yellow Transparent.	(Skvosnoe jeltiii.)
335.	Green Transparent.	(Skvosnoi zelenui.)
336.	White Transparent.	(Skvosnoi bieliii.)
337.	Serinkia.	Sierianka.
338.	Revel Pear .	Gruschevka Revelskaya
339.	White Reinette.	(,Renet bielui.)
340.	Livland Raspberry .	Himbeerapfel Livlander.
341.	Borsdorf .	Borsdorfer.
342.	Thaler	Gharlottenthaler gelber.
343.	Red Wine .	Weinapfelrother (herbst,Rgl.)
344.	Sultan	Sultanapfel.
350,	Lapouchoe.	Lapouchoe.
351.	Prolific Sweeting.	• Plodovitka sladkaya.
352.	Resonant.	Svonkoe .
354.	Aromatic Spike.	Krivospistoe aromatnoe.
355.	Autumn Aport.	Osenmii aport (Rgl.)
359.	Pickle.	(Motchetchnoe.)

360. Pound.

Funtovoe.

RUSSIAN APPLE TREES.

47

TRANSLATION (AS PER CATALOGUE.)

Zolotorett's apple. Half Glassy. Wargul . Ked Miisbroom Winter O'Porte. Woronech's (name of province) Apple Sweet. Kremer's Glassy. Tnruipy Juicy apple. Kremer's, (seedling.) Kiga Transparent Juicy. Easpberry Ukraine apple. Imperial . Switzer.

Christmas apple. Muscat or Persian apple. Lord's apple. Red Queen. White Pigeon. Sweet Pipka. Browny apple. Turnip apple . German Calville. Yellow Arcadian apple . Juicj' Streaked. Early Prolific. Red Transparejit . Yellow Transparent. Green Transparent. White Transparent. Grayest

Revel Pear apple . While Queen. Lowland Raspberry. Borsdorf

Charlottenthaler i,name of a place) apple. Red Wine apple. Sultan apple. Burr apple. Prolific Sweeting. Resonant apple. Curly Spiced Aromatic. Autum Orange.

Wetting apple, literally apple to be pre- served in water (as done in Russia.) Pouad apple.

RUSSIAN NAME (AS PER CATALOGUE.)

Sototoreftka.

Polu Stekianka.

W^argul

Borowinka Krasnaja

Aportowoge Simowoe.

Renetto Woroneschski .

Slast.

Steklianka Kremer's.

Repristoe Walisonoe.

Kremerskoe.

Rigaer Skwosnoinalin

Malinowskoe.

XJkrainskoe .

Imperial.

Suislepper.

Christapfle .

Muscatapfel.

Herrenapfel.

Rothe Reinette.

Golubinoe Beeloe.

Pipka Sladkaja.

Kovitschneoe.

Repouka.

Neemezki Kalville.

Scholti Arkad

Polosatoe Naliwnoe

Plodowitka Ramaja

Skwosnoi Kiasnoi.

Skwosnoi Schotoi.

Skwosnoi Selennoe.

Skwosnoi Beeloe.

Scrinka.

Gruscheffka Revelskaja.

Reinetti Beelui.

Himbeerapfel, Lievlander.

Borsdorfer

Scharlottentbaler Golba.

Weinapfel, Rother.

Sultan a pf el.

Lapoucb

Plodowitka Cuadkaja.

Swonkoe.

Kriwospizoe Aromatnoe.

Aport Herbst .

Motschetschnoe .

Puntowoc .

48

RUSSIAN APPLE TREES.

NO.	SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME,	SUGGESTED RUSSIAN NAME
362.	Lead .	Svintsovka.
304.	White Vocliin.	Biel Voohina.
367.	Red Streak.	Polosatoe.
368.	Sugar Miron .	Mirou sacharnui.
369.	Pipka .	Pipka.
370.	Swan.	Lebedka.
371.	German Skrute.	Skrute Niemetskui.
372.	Petrovskoe .	Petrovskoe .
374.	Pendant Ear.	Vislouchoe.
375.	Cinnamon Pine.	Koritchnevoe ananasnoe.
377.	Yellow Lemon.	Limonnoe jeltoe.
378.	Hibernal.	Osimui.
380.	Moscow Pear.	- Gruschevka Moskovskaya.
382.	Green Butskaya.	Butskaya zelenka.
385.	Bode	(Bodevskoe)
387.	Good Peasant.	Dobrui krestianin.
393.	Imperial Citron.	Tsitrounoe Tsarskoe.
398.	Enormous.	Krupneena.
399.	Green Crimean.	Krimskaya zelenka.
402.	Borsdorf .	Borsdorf er .
403.	Sweet Anis.	(Anis sacharnui )
406.	Sweet Pipka.	Pipka sacharnaya.
407.	Blackwood	Tchernoe derevo .
408.	General Greig.	General Greig.
409.	Vocbin.	Vochinskoe.
410.	Little Repka	Reipka maleukaya.
413.	Cross.	Skrijapel.
424.	Bergamot	Bergamotnoe
425.	Painted Anis.	Anis rospisnoi.
426.	Svinets.	Svinets .
427.	Anissim .	Anisiniovskoe.
429.	Bosklonotf	(Bosklouovka)
430.	Waxen Arcad.	Arkad kruglui voskovui
433.	Orloff.	Orlovskoe .
437.	Saxonian?	(Saksonskoe)
438.	Painted.	Rospisuoe.
439.	White Crimean	Krimskaya biel.
441.	Rattle.	Gremuschka.
442.	Yellow Calville.	Kalvil jeltui.
444.	Lubsk Reiuette.	Renet Liubskui.
445.	Romianka.	Romianka.
447.	Keiv Reiuette .	Renet Kievskui.
448.	Cardinal.	Kardinal.
450.	Handsome White.	Biel krasavitsa.
451		Vorschtapel .
453.	Beautiful Arcad .	Arkad krasivui
455.	Berry	Riabinovka.

RUSSIAN APPLE TREES

49

TRANSLATION (AS PER CATALOUUE . )

Lead apple.

Wbite Wochins (a name) apple.

Red Streak

Sugar Barbel.

Pipka.

Swan apple.

Skrout, German.

St. Peter's.

Pendent Ear apple

Biowuy Pine apple

Yellow Lemon.

Hibernal apple.

Moscow Pear apple.

Russian Green apple.

Bode's apple.

Good Husbandman apple.

Imperial Citron

Enormous.

Green Crimean.

Borsdorf .

Sweet Anisette.

Saccharine Pipka.

Blackwood .

General Greig.

Wochin's apple.

Little Seedling.

Cross apple .

Bergamotte.

Pointed Anisette.

Apple "Lead."

Annissim's apple.

Bosklonoff's apple.

Round Waxen Arcade.

Orloflf.

Saxonian.

Pointed.

White Krim .

Rattling apple.

Yellow CalviUe .

Lubsk (name of place) Queen .

Redcheeked apple.

Queen of Kiew.

Cardinal .

Handsome White.

Warsztappel.

Beautiful Arcade.

Berry apple .

RUSSIAN NAME (aS PER CATALOGUE.)

Swiuzoffka.

Beel Wochins.

Polosatoe.

Mirone Sacharni .

Pipka.

Lebedka.

blirut, Deiitscher.

Petrowskoe.

Wislowchoe.

Koritschewoe Ananasnoe.

Limonnoe Scholtoe.

Oisimui.

Gruscheffka Moskoloskaja.

Buzkafa Selonka.

Bodewskoe .

Dobrui Krestianin .

Zitsonnoe Zarskoe.

Krupneena.

Krimskaja Selonka.

Borsdorfer .

Anis Sacharnni .

Pipka Saoharnaja.

Tschernoe Drewo.

General Greig.

S. Wochinskoe.

Repka Malenka.

Skrischapfel .

Bergamottuoe.

Anis Rospisui.

Swinez.

Auisimowskoe.

Bosklonowka.

Arkad Kruglni Woskowoi.

Orlowskoe .

Sachoiswan.

Rospisuoe.

Krimskaja Beel

Grimuschka.

Kalville Scholti.

Reinette Liubski.

Romianka.

Ranette Kiluski .

Kardinal.

Beel Krasawiza.

Warschtapel .

Arkad Krasiwui.

Riabinouka .

50

RUSSIAN APPLE TREES.

NO.	SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME
457.	Kluevskoe.
458.	Yellow Naliv.
461.	Eibbed .
462.	Green Rubets .
463.
466.	Acid Repka.
467.	Flat Miron.
468.	Painted White,
469.	Grandmother.
470.	Lapouchoe
471.	Prolific Anis
47'2.	Ostrokoff.
475.	Shepherd
476.	lied Arcad.
477.	Christmas.
478.	Thin Twig.
481.	Mensk .
490.	Glints.
502.	Rambour Reinette .
544	Lapouchoe Naliv.
548.	Meadow Borovinka.
551.	Watermelon .
555.	Red Sweeting.
557.	Revel Streaked.
558.	Early Cinnamon.
563.	Crimean Naliv.
565.	Vorgunok.
566.	Large Transparent .
568.	Melonen.
569.	Rosenhager.
575.	Alabaster.
578.	Leipsic Borsdorf.
579.	Summer Livland .
580.	Winter Livland .
584.	Erdheer.
585.	Zusoff.
587.	English Pippin.
592.	Long Arcad.
595.	Sweet Mensk.
597.	Sandy Glass.
599.	Romenskoe .
600.	Long.
864.	Smoky Arcad .
874.	Sweet Borovinka.
962	Muscatel Reinette.
963.	Livland Muscatel.
964.	Autumn Streaked.

SUGGESTED RUSSIAN NAME.

Kluevskoe . Jeltui naliv. Rebristoe . Rubets zelenui . Pipka postilnaya. Rei])ka kislaya. Miron j)loskui. Biel rospisnaya. Babuschkino. Lapouchoe. Aiiisovaya plodovitka. Ostrokosvkays steklianka. Pastichovka. Arkad krasnui (Rgl.) Roshdestvenskoe . Tonkovietka polosataya. Mtsonkoe. Glintsovo.

Russkui ramburovui renet. Lai)ouchoe nalivnoe. (Borovinka lugovaya.) Arbuzovskoe. Kras sladkaya Revelskoe polosatos Koritchuevoe rannee. Krimskoe nalivnoe . Vorgunok

Krupnui skvosnoi naliv Melonenapfel . Rosenhager. Alabaster weisser Borsdorfer Leipsiger. . (Livlandischer sommer.) (Livlandischer winter ) Erdbeerapfel. Jussow's winterapfel . Pepping Euglischer. Arkad dlinnui. Mtsenskoe sladkoe. Pesotchnoe steklianovoe. Romenskoe, also Ronjiienskoe. (Dlinuoe.) Arkad dimtchatui. Borovinka sladkaya. Reinette rnnscateller. Muscatapfel Livlander. (Herbst strefling.

RUSSIAN APPLE TBEES .

/51

TRANSLATION (AS PER CATALOGUE.)

Kliueff's apple.

Yellow Juice.

Strong-ribbed .

Green Cut

Spreading I'ipka.

Sour Turnip .

Flattened ilarbel.

Pointed White.

Grraudmotlier's apple.

Burr apple

Prolific Anisette.

Ostrekoff's Glass.

Holdfast.

Red Arcade

Clirist Birth apple.

Thin Twig Streaked.

Mzensk apple.

Clay apple.

Russian Ramliour (^ueeu.

Juicy Barr apple

Meadows Mushroom .

Water-melon apple.

Red Sweeting.

Streaked Revel.

Early Cinnamon.

Juicy Krimtarter.

Worguuok.

Large Siib-acid.

Melon apple.

Slender Rose .

Alabaster White .

Leipzig Borsdorf

Summer Lowland

Winter Lowland .

Red Calville.

Zusoffs Winter apple.

English Pippin.

Long Arcade.

Mzensk Sweet

Glassy Sand apple .

Oraensk (name of a place.)

I;ong apple.

Smoky Ar(;ade.

Sweet Mushroom .

Queen Muscatel.

Lowland Muscatel.

Autunm Streaked.

RUSSIAN NAME (AS PER CATALOGUE.)

Ivlinewskoe.

Scholtiualiw.

Rebristoe

Rubez Sclonuiu

Pipka Postillnaja.

Repka Kislaja.

Miron Ploskui

Beel Rospisnaja.

Babuschkmo.

Lapouchoe

Anisowaja Plodowitka.

Ostrekowskaja Steklianka

Postichouka.

Arcad, Rother

Roschdestweuskoe .

Tonkowetka Polosataja.

Mzenskoe.

Glinzowoe.

Russische Rambour Reinnette

Lapouchoe Naliw.

Borowinka Lugouaja

Arbusowskoe

Krass Sladkaja.

Revelskaja Polosatoe.

Konitschenewoe Rannoe.

Krimskoo Naliwnoe.

Wergunoks.

Kruipnui Skworminaliw.

Melonenapfel.

Rosenhager.

Alabaster, Weisser.

Boresdorfer, Leipziger.

Tierlandischer Sonimer .

Tierlandischer Winter.

Erdbeera])fel.

Zusows Wiuterapfel.

Euglischer Pepping.

Arkad Dlimui.

Mzenskoe Sladkoe.

Pesolschnaja Steklianka.

Romenskoe.

Dlimoe.

Arkad Uuimtschataja.

Borowinka Sladkaja.

Reinette Muscateller.

Muscateller Tievlander.

Herbst Streifiing.

62

RUSSIAN APPLE TREES.

NO.	SUCiGESTEl) AMERICAN NAME.	SUGGESTED RUSSIAN NAME
9(i5	8weet Pear.	Gruscbevka sladkaya.
i)m.	Ked-black	T"chernokrasnoe.
967.	Zelonka.	Zeleuoe
968.	Aloe.	Saburovskoe.
969.	Amber.	Yantarnoe.
970.	(Ireen Stranger.	Tcbushenka zelenaya.
971.	Basil the Great.	Vasilui velikui.
972.	Overflowing.	(Tchereztetchnui i
973.		Stekliannoe duchistoe.
974.	iiasuiuoff .	Razumovskui nioschok.
975.	RedTitka	(Titka krasnaya.)
976.	Lipka.	Jjipka
977.		Tchutilotchnoe
978.	Golden White.	Biel zolotovskaya.
979.	Large Long White.	Biel krupnaya prodolgovatnaya
980.	White Pelikanoff	Biel Pelikanovskaya.
981.	White Russet .	Bielevoe jeltosieroe .
982.	White Skrute.	Skrut bielevoi
983.	Transparent Astrachan.	Astrachanskoe skvosnoe.
9S4	Kursk Anis	Anis Kursk ui .
985.	Red Anis	Anis krasmii
986.	Green Anis .	Anis zelenui .
!:)87 ,	\ellow Anis.	Anis jeltiii .
988.	Pine-apple.	Anauasnoe.

RtJSSIAN AfPLE TREES.

53

TRANSLATION (AS PER CATALOGUE.)

Sweet Pear apple

lied-black

Greening.

Aloe apple.

Zantar apple.

Green Citron .

Vasilis Largest

Overflowing.

Shining Aromatic.

Raziimoflfsky's Downy .

Red Teat.

Linden apple .

Aromatic.

Golden White.

Large I^ong White.

Plikanoff Small

White Russet.

Round White.

Red Astrachan.

Koursk's (a name of a place) Anisette

Red Anisette.

Green Anisette

Yellow Anisette

Pine apple.

RUSSIAN NAME (AS PER CATALOGl'E . )

Gruscheffka Sladkaja.

Tucheruokrasnoe

Sclonne.

Saburonskoe.

Zantarnoe .

Tuhuginka Selomaja.

Wassilli Welikui.

Trechtrshromnoc .

Stekliannoe Duschisstoe.

Rasnmowski Noschok.

Tetnekrasnoe.

Tipka

Tuhutilotschnoe.

Beel Solotofskaja.

Beel Krupnaja Prodolgouataja

Beel Plikano CJskaja.

Beelowoe Scholto Seroe.

Skrut Beelowoi.

Astrachanskoe Skwasnoe.

Anis Kurski

Anis Krasnui .

Anis Selanui.

Anis Schaltui .

Anauasnoe.

54

RUSSIAN APPLE TREES.

Scions received by the Iowa State Agricultural College from Dr. Kegel, St. Peters- burg, March, 1879. This collection contained seventy-two varieties. Of these the following either do not appear in the IJ. S. importation of 1870, or else they appear under other numbers.

NO.	SUGGESTED AXrERTCAN NAME.	RUSSIAN NAME.
10.		Rigaer horbst streiHiug.
123.	Revel Pigeon.	Taubenapfel Revaler.
151.	Sugar Miron (3G8 Dep.).	Miron sacharnui.
170.	Revel Glass.	Steklianka Revelskaya. (Revelskoe of Dep.)
191.	Red Petersburg.	Petersburgskoe krasnoe.
243.	Nicolai.	Nasliednik Nicolai .Aleksandrovitch
239.	Zelenka.	Zelenka.
257.	Arabka (184 Dep.)	Arabskoe.
277.	Lead (277 Dep. is Vargul.)	Svinsovka (is 3()2 Dep.)
32S.	Peterhoff.	Peterhovskoe.
35(3.	Round Borsdorf.	Borsdorfer runder.
331.	Pointed Pipka.	Pipka ostrokonetchnaya.
379.	Revel Pear (338 Dep.)	Gruschevka Revelskaya.
428.	Fonaric.	Fouarik nalivnui.
540.	Kalkidon.	Khalkidonskoe.
934.	White Aport.	Aport bielui.
1227.	Gipsey.	Tsiganka.
1260.	Red Raspberry.	Malinovka krasnaya.
1277.	Rosv Voronesh.	Voroneshskui rosovui.

NOTES ON THE ABOVE.

No. 10 might prove the same as 964 Dep. Autumn Streaked. 243, Nasliednik Nico- lai Aleksandrovitch. I am at a loss for a short name for this. Prof. Jatikowski and others give Nicolayer as a synonym, but Dr. Regel never mentions it, neither in liis Russian Pomology nor in any catalogue I have seen. Besides this Andre Leroy states that Nicolayer is said to have originated in the Crimea, while Dr. Regel gives the St. Petersburg and Baltic coast provinces as the home of the N. N. A. Prof. Budd suggested "Throne" because that personage was heir to the throne, and I at the time agreed; yet I fear such a translation is so free as to be open to censure. 239 Zelenka may be 967 Dep. Zeleuoe. 301 Pipka ostrokonetchnaya, the sharply pointed pipka has been erroneously propagated as the Astrachan Pippin.

SCIONS RECEIVED BY THE IOWA STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, From R. Shroeder, Acadamie Petrowskoe Rasumowskoe, Moscow, May, 1879.

	suggested AMERICAN NAME.	foreign nami
1.	Repolovka.	Repolovka.
2.	Hare Pipka.	Pipka saitchia.
3.	Lead.	Svinsovka.
4.	Ostrokoff.	Steklianka Ostrokovskaya.
5.	Royal Table.	Furstlicher tafelapfel.

	SCIONS RECEIVED BY THE IOWA STATE AGRICULTUEAL COLLEGE. 55
	SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME.	FOREIGN NAME.
(').	Grandmother.	Babuschkino.
7.	Osimoe.	Osimoe.
8.	Sweet Cross.	Skrijapel sladkui.
U.	English Boroviiika.	Borovinka Angliskaya.
10.	Ukraine.	Ukrainskoe.
11.	Romenskoe.	Romenskoe.
12.	Vargiilek.	Vargulek.
13.	Mottled Anis.	Anis pestrui.
14.	Anisini.	Anisimovka (see No. 18.)
15.	Cross.	Skrijapel.
K).	VargiiL	Vargul.
17.	Kruder.	Kruder oder bhuier.
18.	Auisim.	Anisimovka (also 14.)
IS).	Blackwood.	Tchernoe derevo (also 58.)
20.	Kursk lleinette.	Renet Kurski.
■21.	Karabovka.	Karabovka.
22.	Blushed Calville.	Kalvil krasnui (also 82 and 180.)
28.	Aport.	Aport.
24.	Sandy Glass.	Steklianka pesotchnaya.
25.	Dansic Pipka.	Pipka Dantsigskaya.
26.	Antonovka.	Antonovka.
27.	Large Anis.	Anis krupnui.
28.	Kluevskoe.	Kluevskoe.
29.	Melonen (or nun.)	Melonen oder nonnen.
80.	Ledenets.	Ledenets.
81.	Good Peasant.	Dobrui krestianin.
32.	Anis.	Anis.
33.	Winter Streaked.	Polosatka simnaya.
34.		(Lal)el lost.)
35.	(Name lost.)
36.	(Name lost.)
37.	White Borodovka.	Biel borodovskoe.
m.	Queen Louise.	Konigin Louise.
39.	Polish Cinnamon.	Koritchnevoe Polskoe. '
40.	Wliite Summer Calville.	Kalvil weisser sommer.
41.	Lejanka.	Lejanka.
42.	Bokovoe.	Bokovoe.
43.	Watermelon.	Arbuzovskoe.
44.	Lipin.	Lipiuskoe.
45.	Royal.	Korolevskoe.
46.	Early Cinnamon.	Koritchnevoe rannee.
47.	Yellow Kiev.	Kievskoe jeltoe.
48.	Cinnamon Pine.	Koritchnevoe ananasnoe (also 101).
49.	Sweet Mensk.	Mtsenskoe sladkoe.
50.	Swan.	Lebedka.
51.	Avenarius.	Pipka sladkaya (Avenarius) (also 78).
52.	Riga Translucent.	Skvosneena Rishkaya (also 157).

m

SCIONS RECEIVED BY THE IOWA STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

	SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME.	FOREIGN NAME.
5:}.	Blackwood.	Tchernoe derevo (also No. 19).
/)4.	Great Mogul.	Vilikui Mogul.
55.	Ked Eukin.	Rukinskoe krasnoe.
5().	Longfield.	Langerfeldskoe.
58.		Gvosditchoe.
59.	Repka Arcad.	Arkad rieptchatui.
()0.	Smoky Arcad.	Arkad dimtchatui.
61.	Melonen (or Bell).	Svonkoe ili dinnoe.
()2.	Richard.	Grand Richard.
VA	Kolomenskoe.	Kolomenskoe.
04.	Yellow Sweet.	Sacharuoe jeltoe.
()5.		Krimskoe vosduchnoe.
(j(j.	Kevel Pigeon.	Revelskoe golubinoe.
67.	Nasiedka.	Nasiedka.
68.	Broad Gieen.	Nalivnoe zelenui schirokui (also 157)
69.	Early Red.	Skorospieloe krasnoe.
70.	German Prolific.	Plodovitka Niemetskaya.
71.	German Ledenets.	Ledenets Niemetskui.
72.	Sugar Miron. »	Miron sacharnui.
7:1	Sweet Prolific.	Plodovitka sladkaya.
74.	Green Astrachan.	Astrachanskoe zelenoe.
75.	Silken.	Schelkovka (also 104).
77.	Sweet Streaked.	Polosatka sladkaya.
78.	Avenarius.	Avenariusa sladkoe (also 51).
79.	King's Stripe.	Kotstrahliger Konig.
80.	Petrovskoe.	Petrovskoe.
81.	Mensk.	Mtsenskoe.
82.	Blushed Calville.	Kalvil krasnui (also 22 and 180).
83.	Pear.	Gruschevka.
84.	Bergadorf.	Bergadorvskoe.
85.	Glass.	Steklianka.
86.	Bielgorod.	Bielgorodskoe.
87.	Her r en.	Herrenapfel.
H8.	Bergamot.	Bergamotnoe.
,S9.	German Calville.	Kalvil Niemetskui.
9:).	Rosy Aport.	Aport rosovoe.
91.	German Skrute.	Skrute Niemetskui.
92.	Svinets.	Svinets.
V):').	Vinnoe.	Vinnoe.
94.	Kalkidon.	Khalkidonskoe.
95.	Fouaric.	Fonarik nalivnoe.
96	Juicy Rihbed.	Rubets rebristui nalivnoi.
97.	Mari)le.	Mramornoe.
98.	Smolensk.	Smoleuskoe.
99.	Long Arcad.	Arkad dlinnui.
100.	Patim.	Putimskoe.
101.	Cinnamon Pine.	Koritchnevoe ananasnoe (also 48).

SCIONS RECEIVED BY THE IOWA bTATE AGHICULTTIUL COLLEGE.

57

SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME.

10'2. Multicolor,

103. striped Calville.

104. Silken.

105. Charlamoff. 1(X). Potainoe.

107. Serinkia.

108. Sweet Aport.

109. Amber.

110. Translucent.

111. Cinnamon Anis.

112. Champagne.

113. Easpberry.

114. Stepanoff.

115. Early Translucent.

116. Heidorn.

117. (Lost. Also 118 andlUJ.) 1-20. Kshev's Miron.

121. Poniavmskoe.

122. Beresina.

123. Polish Prohfic.

124. Champagne Pipka.

125. Striped Xaliv.

126. Early Grandmother.

127. Yellow Sweet.

128. Lemon.

129. Autumn Aport.

130. Blushed Calville.

131. Yellow Prolific.

132. Prolific.

133. White Naliv.

134. Titovka.

135. Russian Gravensteiu .

136. Scented White.

137. Eepka Aport.

138. Borovinka.

139. Repka .

140. Czar's Thorn.

141. Tashkin.

142. Red Sided.

143. Painted Arcad.

144. Marmalade.

145. Early Stripe.

146. Large Prolific .

147. Thaler.

148. Rubets.

149. Revel Glass.

150. Visotskoe .

FOREIGN NAME

Pestruchka

Kalvil polosatui

Schelkovka (also 75) .

Charlamovskoe.

Potainoe.

Lehmapfel (Sierianka.)

Aport sladkui

Yantaruoe.

Skvosueena.

Anis koritchnevee .

Champanskoe.

MaJinovka.

Stepanovka.

Skvosneena skorospielaya.

Polosatka Heidorna.

Miron rshevski .

Poniavinskoe .

Bereziuskoe.

Plodovitka Polskaya.

Pipka Chainpanskaya.

Polosatka nalivnaya.

Babuschkino rannee.

Sladkoe jeltoe.

Limonnoe.

Aport osennee.

Kalvil krasnui (also 22 and 82).

Plodovitka jeltaya.

Plodovitka.

Nalivnoe bielui.

Titovka .

Grafensteiner.

Biel duchovoya.

Aport rieptchatui.

Borovinka.

Riepka

Tsarkui schips.

Taskinskoe.

Krasnobokoe (also 154) .

Arkad rospisnui.

Marmeladnoe.

Polosatka lietuaya.

Plodovitka krupnaya.

Chailottonthalskoe jeltoe

Rubets.

Steklianka Revelskaya.

Visodskoe (Visotskoe Rgl) .

58

SCIONS RECEIVED BY THE IOWA STATE ACilUCULT UBAL COLLEUE ^

SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME
151.	Romauoff.
152.	Breskovka.
153.	Iinperator.
164.	Red Sided
165.	Arabka.
15().	Red Naliv.
157.	Broad Green .
158.	Autumn Streaked.
15U.	Crooked Spike.
1()().	Waxen.
1(51.	Cliristmas.
l&I.	Markovka .
im.	Red Miron .
164.	Yellow Naliv

FOREIGN NAME.

Roiuanovka.

Breskovka.

Irnperatorskoe.

Krasnobokoe ''also 14'2) .

Arabskoe.

NalivDoe krasnoe.

Nalivuoe zelenui scbirokui (also 08).

Herbst streilling.

Krivospitsa .

Voskovoe .

Roshdestvenskee

Markovka,

Miron krasnui.

Nalivnoe jeltui.

Tlie following apples were received by the Iowa Agricultural College from various sources iu Russia.

SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME.

Early Pipka. Voronesh Arcad White Sweet Yinnoe. White Rubets.

Ivory .

Flat Yoronesh Yoronesh Cinnamon Golden Reinette. Rosy Pyritorm .

Sbepherd Bogdauofi'. Bogdanoff's Glass. Crimea.

Russian Calville Persian . Skrute . Neumeister.

English Pippin (same as Lougfield). Livland Muscatel Citronen .

Citronat.

RUSSIAN NAME .

Pipka lietuaya

Yorouesliskoe arkad.

Bieloe sladkoe .

Yinnoe.

Bielui rubets.

Scharik Kremera.

Simnui biel.

Yoroneshskoe Polskoe.

Yoroneshskoe koritclniev.oe

Zolotoi reuet.

Rosovka.

(fruschaobrasnoe.

-leltoe biel (Fischer) ,

Jeltoe biel (Rgl) .

Pasticbovka.

Bogdanofl' (Riepka) .

Steklianka Bogdanoff .

Crimea.

Kalvil Ruskui .

Persian.

Skrute .

Neumeister.

Reinette Scharlock.*

Enghscher pepping.

Muscateller Livlandischer.

Citronenapfel

Citronat,

Streifling edler winter.

(Possible 01 Dep. Noble Redstreak.)

SCIONS RECEIVED BY THE IOWA STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

59

SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAJIE.

Alfriston.

Batiillen . Boiken.

Mueller's Spitz. Baiiiuarin. Grosser Bohn Geflaminter.

Red Jungfern. Possart . Landsburg. Yellow Stettin .

Red Pigeon Red Serinkia. Nitchner's Strawberry. Eiser. Hare's Head

RUSSIAN NAME .

Alfriston .

Moregi . *

Batullen .

Boikenapfel.

Mueller's spitzapfel.

Baumanu's reinette.

Grosser bohnapfel.

Geflaminter.

Langer gruner gulderliug.

Rother jungfern.

Possart's iialivia.

Landsburger reinette.

Gelber Stettiner.

Weisser winter tafelapfel

(probably Taffetapfel weisser winter). Rother winter taubenapfel . Rother Serinkia. Nitchner's erdbeerapfel . Eiserapfel. Hasenkopf (Saitcliia golova) .

Varieties marked * I have been unable to verify in any book or catalogue.

PEARS.

The following four importations were propagated and distributed by the Iowa Agri- cultural (-ollege at first by number; I therefore give them in full.

Pears From Dr. Regel, St. Petersburg, Russia, March, 187!).

No. suggested FOREIGN NAME.

121	Honev
1-2-2.	Autumn Bergamot
125.	Bear .
345.	Long-stem .
347.	Gakovsk.
351 .	Baba.
358.	Juicy Gliva.
3(31	Victorina.
392.	Kurskaya
395.	Red Bergamot,
39().	Flat Bergamot.
418	Early Bergamot.
439	Double Beurre.
508.	Seedless.
513.	Tliin Twig.
51G.	Lemon .
520.	Sapieganka.

FOREIGN NAME.

Gliva medovaya,(Honigbirne"). Bergamot oseunui. Dula medviedevka Dolgokvostka morpsovskaya. Gakovskaya. GrushaBaba. (Tliva otschen sotchnaya. Victorina mnogoplodnaya. Gliva Kurskaya. Bergamot krasnui, " ploskui.

rannaya. Maslitchnaya dvoinaya. Bessemianka. Tonkovietka. Limonnaya. Bergamot Sapieganka.

60

PEARS PROPAGATED AND DISTRIBUTED.

From R. Shroeder,

no. suggested american name.

1 Kursk Berganiot.

2. Goubalt.

3. Seedless

4. Dula.

5. Grella. 6.

7 and 85. Lemou.

8. Houey.

9. Winter.

10. Poltava.

11. and 30 7?i and 76 /«. Sapiegauka

12. Sachariue

13 . Strawberry .

14. Thin Twig.

15. Czar

Moscow, Russia, May 1879.

FOREIGN NAME.

Bergamot Kiirski

Beurre Goubalt.

Bessemianka.

Dula.

Grella.

Krupyanka.

Liinonnaya

Medovaya, (Honigbirne) ,

Osimaya.

Poltavskaya

Sapieganka.

Sac bar nay a.

Semlianitclinaya

Tonkovietka.

Tsarskaya.

From J. E. Fischer, Voronesh, Russia, November 10, 1882

No.

101.

**102.

*103.

*104.

*no7.

**106. *108. "109.

nio.

suggested AMERICAN NAME.

Kurskaya.

Seedless

Early Bergamot.

Autunan Berganiot.

Bear.

Victorina.

Korsun's Bergamot.

Scented.

FOREIGN NAiME

(xliva Kurskaya. Bessemianka. Bergamot rannui. " osennui. Medviedevka. Victorina

Korsun's Berganiot. Uuchovaya. Bergamot vsduti.

From P. G Tret.takoff, Orel, Russia.

No.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

suggested AMERICAN NAME.

Seedless.

Green Bergamot.

Waxen . Sugar .

FOREKiN NAME.

Bessemianka.

Bergamot zelenui .

Kositschka (possibly Kostotclika")

Yoskovaya.

Zucherbirne.

The following were received from West Russia, Poland and Germany

suggested AMERICAN NAME.

White Livland . Large sugar Green Wine Junfer. Pound .

White Livland . Green wine.

FOREIGN N.OIE.

Butterbirne weisse Livlandische.

Zucherbirne giosse

Weinbirne grune.

Junferbirne.

Pfundbirne

Butterbine weisse Livlandesche.

Grune weinbirne.

PLUMS PBOPAGATED AND DISTRIBUTED.

61

SUGGESTED AMERICAN NAME.

Princess.

Father's Keepsake. Bergamotte Rouge. Duchess Precose. Long Green . Gufce Grune. Polish Lemon. Pasovka. Pomerania . Ogonka. Lutovka. Grumkower . Bauvier d'Automn. White Livland. Feigeu . Salzburg.

Warsaw Bergamot. Waxey Vinograd.

FOREIGN NAME.

Princessbiine.

Oicovska.

Bergamotte rouge .

Duchess precose.

Longue verte

Gute grune.

Cytrymova.

Pasovka

Pomeranzeubirne.

Ogonka.

Lutovka .

(irumkower .

Bauvier d'autoujn.

Butterbirne weisse Livlandische.

Feigeiibirne.

Salzburger.

Bergamotte ordinaire (of Warsaw)

Voskovoya.

Vinogradnui.

PLUMS.

The following two collections were received by the Iowa Agricultural College and have been sent out either by number or name.

From Dr. Eegel, St. Petersburg, Russia, Winter of 1881-82.

No. 1.

2. 8.

48. 44

suggested AMERICAN NAME

Black Vengerka. White Nicolas. Early Red .

FOREIGN NAME.

Tchernaya vengerskaya Bielaya Nicholskaya. Krasnaya skorospielkaya.

From J. E. Fischer, Voronesh, Russia.

Yellow Voronesh. Moldavka

Moldavka.

The followiug received from differout sources have been propagated by name only.

White Otschakoff. Wliite Winter. Red Winter. Early .

Black Arabka. Hungary .

Leipsic

Green Reine Claude.

Yellow Aubeit.

Red Aubert .

Livland.

Bielaya Otschakovskaya.

Bielaya osimaya.

Krasnaya osimaya.

Skorospielka .

Tchernaya Arabskaya.

Quetsche de Hongrie (Zwetsche Ungar-

ische ) Quetsche de Leipsic (Zwetsche Leipziger). Reine Claude verte. Dame Aubert jaune. Dame Aubert rouge. Livlandischer bierflaume.

(i2

CHERRIES RECEIVED AND DISTRIBUTED.

CHERRIES.

Many varieties of Clierries 'have of late been imported which were hitherto un- known, or but Uttle known in this country. However, except the Vladimir, Bessar- abian, Lutovka and the Lyonskaya, which last comes to us with any rate a Russian name, they have German or French names, and so need not be mentioned here.

In conclusioij, I would say that we have been in great need of authoritative action in the naming of new foreign fruits We here have a suggestion to our authoritative body. I have been critical upon what work has been done. I cannot refuse to stand shot. Fair criticism should so far bring to light the faults of this work as to bring about its adoption in modified form at the next meeting of the American Pomo- logical Society .

C. A. Green, New York: Which are the most promising Russian fruits for Western New York?

Chas. Gibb: None of the Winter ap- ples equal the Baldwin, Spitzeubarg, or Northern Spy.

W. C. Barry, New York: Is there any variety much harder than Oldenburg? I have seen that bear well after the ther- mometer had been down to 40°.

Chas. Gibb: Those of the Anis type, judging from Russian experience, are hardier.

D. W. Adams, Florida: Two years ago I had forty acres of orchard in Northern Iowa nearly all killed except the Olden- burgs. The trees were mostly twenty to thirty years old. I had also some of the Russian varieties of the Department im- portation of 1870. Of those there was little difference among the varieties of the Oldenburg type. St. Lawrence and Fam- ouse perished The temperature reached 40^', and remained from 2(P to ^O*-" for sev- eral days. This removed the moisture from the twigs, so tliat it produced worse results than a low temperature for a short time would have done. There seems to be something about the bark of the Olden- burg group of varieties which prevents the twigs drying out as much as with other varieties.

Chas. Gibb : I am growing over a hun- dred varieties of Russian and German

apples, and have in some cases the same variety from different localities in Russia. We cannot expect that these varieties will have the same quality here that they do in latitudes 47° to 55° in Russia. We can only try them and determine what they will do

NOTES.

No. 205, Pipka gorkaya is literally the Bitter Pipka, but Mr. Schroeder, of Mos- cow, says it is by no means bitter, and a fine sub-acid apple, which received its name from the town of Gorke, where it originated; and yet if so it should have been named Pipka Goretskaya. 268, Za- koritnoe, which means a dug-out trough, or which might mean a velvety apple, must not be confused with Sacharuaya, Sacharine. 231, Zolotoi arkad. Golden Arcad, must not be mistaken for 188 and 287, Yellow Arcad. 310, Christapfel is a fairly accurate translation of 447 Rosh- destvenskoe. 2'J5, Imperial is not in Re- gel, but might be a translation of 208, Korolevskoe, or of such a name as Tsars- koe. 350 and 554, Lapouchoe, are trans- lated Burr, but Dr. Alexeeff tells me that although (to be more exact) Lapukhoe may mean Burr, yet Lapoukhoe (a dis- tinction I can hardly make in English let- ters) means Great Ears. This latter is that described by Regel, and I have there- fore retained the Russian name. 413, Skrijapel, as it appears in Russian, in

NOTES ON KUSSIAN PBUITS .

03

Kegel, is trauslated Cross. The termina- tion " apel " tlie Kussianized form of "apfel" betokened German origin, but (xermans would not recognize it, and I had said it was not Cross. Itdidnotthen occur to me that it was Danisn. 487, Bachoiswan, puzzles both Dr. Kegel and Mr. Albert Kegel. The name seems un- known to them, and the Doctor can only suggest that it might be intended for Sacharnoe, Sacharine, or perhaps Zakor- itnoe. The apple must have a name, so I have retained the name Saxonian. 551, Arbuzovskoe I have left as Watermelon, even tliough it is named after Mr. Arbu- zoff, Mr. Watermelon. 505, Vorgunok,

must not be confused with Vargulek or Vorgulek. 584, 1 have used Erdbeer in- stead of Strawberry as we have so many strawberry apples. 599, Komnenskoe or Komenskoe? Kegel in his pomology gives tlie former, as coming from Komna, near Moscow; but in Jiis catalogues of late years, he gives Komenskoe, as though from the town of Komensk. Mr. Schroe- der, of Moscow, in his Plodovui Sad, in 1880, adheres to Komnenskoe. Mr. Albert Kegel says he does not know, but says that Romna is not a fruit growing region, and Komensk is; leaving the chances in favor of the latter. I mention this to show that accuracy is not always possible.

64

RELATION OF FOREST DESTRUCTION TO FRUIT DETERIORATION.

THURSDAY-MORNING SESSION.

Promptly at half past niue, President Berckinaus called the Society to order. About seventy-five delegates were present.

T. T. Lyon, chairman of a sub-commit- tee of the Committee on Nominations, presented the following report, whicli was unanimously adopted, and the Secretary instructed to forward a copy to tlie retir- ing First Vice President, Mr. Barry :

The Committee on Nominiitious leai-a with great regret that, owing to the feeble health, together with the de- mands of duty in other directions, j^Fr. Patrick Barrj', the First Vice President of this Society, feels compelled to decline further official connection with it.

In consideration, therefore, of his high position as a pomologist, as well as of his long and eminently valuable official services, your committee recommend the adoption of the following:

Resolved, That the long and eminent services of Mr. Patrick Barry, not to this Society only, but to horticulture generally, entitle him to the gratitude of all interested in pursuits of this character.

Resolved, That while we greatly regret the necessity for such determination, we earnestly hope that he may j'et feel himself enabled to resume the labors so long and so effectively carried on, and that tlic Society as well as the public may yet be permitted to profit by his matured wisdom and wide experience.

President Berckmaus stated that, owing to the increased number of foreign fruits being introduced into cultivation, the Committe on Foreign Fruits should, in his opinion, be increased to a number equal to that on Native Fruits.

On motion of W. C. Strong, the Presi- dent was instructed to appoint a commit- tee of three to take the subject into con- sideration.

The President appointed as such com- mittee, W. C. Strong, of Massachusetts; T. T, Lyon, of Michigan, and Geo. W. Campbell, of Ohio.

On motion of Dr. H. H. (Jarey, of Georgia, the following amendment, to

stand as section nine, was made to the by-laws :

A standing committee on Tropical and Semi-tropical Fruits, consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed, whose duties shall be similar to those of the committee in by-law seven.

The first paper of the morning was then presented :

Relation of Forest Destruction to Fruit Deterioration.

BY (iEO. W. CAMPBELL, DELAWARE, OHIO.

When I consented, at the request of our Secretary, to introduce the subject of the " Relation of Forest Destruction to Fruit Deterioration," I felt obliged to do so, under a partial protest, because I have not the happy — or perhaps I should say, the unhappy — faculty of saying most upon matters of which I know the least. And so I consented, with the understanding, that as I had not made the subject one of special study, my remarks should be rather with the object of eliciting infor- mation from others, than of giving it my- self. That the destruction of our forests has reached a point to cause alarm, we hear from all quarters — and the most obvious effect seems to have been such changes of climate in all sections where the area of our forests has been greatly diminished, that our most valuable fruits which were formerly grown with cer- tainty, can no longer be relied upon. Our winters have become colder, our summers hotter, and all seasons more variable. Extreme and sudden changes of tempera- ture— long periods of drouth, alternated

RELATION OF FOREST DESTRUCTION TO FRUIT DETERIORATION.

Gt

with violent storms of tempest, rain and hail, appear more prevalent — all of wl]ich are disastrous to the successful produc- tion of our finer fruits — notably, the peach, the plum, the finer cherries and grapes; and in some sections, even the once hardy apple, is far less reliable tiian in former years. Especially in the great Northwest, and even in Central Ohio, many kinds of apples that were once grown successfully, have been destroyed when the winter temperature has marked from 3(F to 4(F below zero — either pre- ceded or followed hy sudden changes to several degrees above freezing point. Peaches which thirty or forty years ago were grown with reasonable certainty throughout our whole State, have become, perhaps, the most uncertain of all our fruits. Either the severity (.'f winter kills the trees, or untimely frosts in spring de- stroy the budding bloom, which may have escaped the perils of winter. In my sec- tion, the peach crop has become so very uncertain that scarcely any trees are now planted, except on city lots or in sheltered gardens. I am not prepared to demon- strate that all this is caused by forest de- struction ; but I do believe it can be largely attributed to it; and I do not know any other which is even probable. I have seen it stated, also, that with the destruction of forests, fungus diseases, which injuriously affect our fiuits have largely increased. That pear-blight, and apple-scab, rot and mildew, black-knot and rust, and yellows, are alarmingly pre- valent cannot be denied, but just how much of h can be justly charged to forest destruction, I cannot say. The over- whelming increase also, of insect enemies, I think too, renders it more than probable that the destruction of large ])ortions of forest, has driven these pests from their native haunts, where they once found their homes and their sustenance in the wild fruits of the wcods — to invade and destroy the cultivated j)roducts of our orchards, vineyards and gardens. Either

new foes are coming forward continually, or the old ones are seeking new fields of destructiveness. The Curculio, which was once known only as the destroyer of the plum, now marks with his fatal cres- cent, the peach, the cherry, the nectarine and apricot, as well as the pear, the (|uiuce, and the apple. The cultivated crab apples seem especially suited to his taste.

The birds, also, no longer finding their wonted shelter and sustenance in the rapidly diminishing forests, have changed their habits with their change of location, and in many places have become most serious invaders and destroyers of the fruits of our orchards, our berry fields, our vineyards and our gardens.

I may also refer to the water supply, without which successful fruit growing is impossible. Both in the rains and the dews of Heaven, as well as the springs and fountains of our running brooks are be- lieved to be dried up, or diminished by the work of forest destruction ; and where this destruction is complete, arid and bar- ren plains take the place of vendure and fertility.

A recent writer in the Popular Science Monthly, says:

" ' In two brief centuries, the lumber- men of the United States have destroyed as many trees as the inhabitants of South- ern Europe felled in two thousand years.' It is his opinion, again, that unless this deforesting of our hill slopes is stopped, ' the cotton States will be under the necessity of raising their crops by irriga- tion, while the locust will ravage the plains on the Gulf coast. The soil of the mountain slopes, stripped of their forests, will be washed away by winter rains and thawing snows. Our rivers will become but brooks in the summer, but overwhelm- ing and destructive floods in the spring.' Only sixteen per cent, of our national domain is at present covered with timber, either good, bad or indifferent; and this very small precentage, with our large and

66

APPLE SCAB.

rapidly increasing population, is fast de- creasing."

And, on tlie other hand, I find the fol- lowing, from another unknown writer, concerning the planting of trees in Ne- l)raska :

'' Thirty years ago, the man who trav- eled forty miles from the Missouri Eiver reached a country which he reported to he uninhabiLahle. That is all changed now, and one of tiie influences has been the planting of trees. We feel that in our way we are solving the problem, not of re- foresting, as is the case in the older States, but a similar problem, namely, the foresting of a treeless country."

I have, perhaps, said enough to intro- duce this important and interesting sub- ject to the attention of the Society; and if I shall succeed in bringing out more accurate information from others, who have given it more careful attention, my object will have been attained.

DISCUSSION.

C. A. Geeen, New York: Have we any conclusive evidence that these effects are due to the destruction of the forests?

Mk. Campbell: Facts do show that climates have changed, and that fruits we once raised we cannot raise now. In Ohio we formerly raised peaches almost every year; now we cannot get a crop more than one year iii ten.

A. S. Fuller, New Jersey : Scientific observations are not always made so that they can be applied in determining ques- tions of cultivation. Meteorological ob- servations show that after a forest is re- moved about as much rain falls as before, but they do not fully show where it falls nor how long the effect remains. We have reason to believe that cutting the timber lets in the wind, so that the rain does less gooj ; but experiments are rather dillicult to make which would prove this.

T. T. Lyon, Michigan: This matter presents itself to the people of Michigan

in a somewhat different phase from that in other States. We not only have to face the difficulty that lumbermen are sweeping away our forests, but also the fact of extensive and destructive fires originating in the debris left behind. We have Lake Michigan for one of our pro- tections, to be sure, and lumbermen can- not take that; but fruit grow'ers are begin- ning to learn that the forests in their rear have been a great protection against eastern and northeastern winds. Where the forests have been cut we have found that we get a lower range of temperature with an east wind in winter than wo did before.

A. J. Caywood, New York: I think we all have observed that a decrease in the volume of the streams has followed the clearing up of the country.

The next topic was opened by A. L. Hatch, of Ithaca, Wis.:

Apple Scab.

BY a. L. hatch, ITHACA, WIS.

Apple Scab is caused by a parasitic fun- gus (Fusicladium dendriticum). The same fungus attacks the leaves, and is then known as leaf blight or mildew. With seasons favorable for its development Apple Scab has been so bad as to destroy the market value of some varieties, and at the same time so injure the leaves as to seriously weaken the trees. We have known it so severe as to render many kinds valueless for general planting, and trees otherwise hardy have Winter-killed after seasons of its greatest prevalence.

The season of 1882 in Wisconsin was of that character. Of about two hundred bushels of Fameuse apples in our own orciiards there was hardly an apple not badly scabbed. One hundred trees of Haas, eight years planted, large fine trees, lost three-fourths or more of their foliage during a few moist, hot days in June. Thousands of trees in the nurseries three

APPLE SCAIi.

67

and four years olJ, lost nearly all their leaves by the same cause. The season of 1883 was also very bad, and the effects of these two seasons caused the death of thousands of trees that had too little vi- tality to endure the cold of succeeding winters. Trees that endured did not re- cover, generally, to give full crops until 188G.

The development of fungus in the form of Apple Scab and leaf mold, like all other fungi, is most rapid and hurtful in hot, wet seasons. Times of great dryness, however, arrest or entirely stop its growth and it actually occurs that the great drouth of last year and this year in our part of the West has been a great benefit to our orchards. Of course the lack of moisture has been excessive and hurtful in some instances, but the healthy foli- age and smooth fruit is very satisfactory.

A very noticeable feature of Apple Scab is the great liability of some varieties to its attacks and the comparative freedom of other kinds The Fameuse and Tal- mau Sweet are very prone to it through- out the West, both in the fruit and leaves. The foliage of the Haas is often severely hurt while the fruit is not so badly affected. The leaves of the Euglish Golden Russet are also very liable to mold or mildew, and to this cause we attribute the loss cf two hundred trees in our orchards, from three to five inches in diameter, while trees one to two inches through were very little hurt. At the same time, however, the fruit of Golden Russet isvery free from Scab.

At one time we had fifty sorts of Sibe- rian crab apples and hybrids on trial. Nearly all have proved undesirable on account of the foliage being so hurt almost every year with the Apple Scab fungus. Of the varieties least liable to injury by Scab, Oldenburg and otlier Russians are very noticeable. Prof. Budd tells us the reason is found m tlieir thick leaves. It may be tliat the Russian apples have thicker leaves than American sorts, but

we think the true reason why they better resist Scab is because of a better protec- tive coating over their surfaces. What we term protective coating is a cuticle of wax that spreads like a film over the cells of the epidermis or outer surface of the leaf. It is also found on the apples, and may be readily scraped off with a knife. On the fruit it gives gloss and brilliancy and on the leaves, especially toward Autumn, it is a glaze or bronze.

Whatever may produce this protective coating of the leaves and fruit, or what- ever keeps it entire, will assist in defend- ing against Apple Scab. If, however, it is broken or imperfect then the spores of the fungus find ready lodgment. In one in- stance, some Talman Sweets that had scabbed badly years before, were heavily manured and gave fine fruit, while trees not so treated scabbed as ^badly as ever. The same year that we had such scabby Fameuse on thin, exhausted soil, Mr. J. Elliot, thirty miles away, on richer soil, had 1,000 bushels of smooth, marketable fruit.

We have known trees of Fameuse and other sorts to thrive finely and give hand- some fruit for many years where but a few trees were grown. It is perhaps accounted for from the fact that spores of the fun- gus were blown away, whereas had there been more trees near, there might have been a continuous fall of spores from them. We have found that where a single tree might escape Scab for years, a large orchard might be badly hurt. On this plan we have dug out hundreds of crabs and hvbrids from our orchards, and have every reason to believe it was a wise thing to do. Perhaps wild apples may also serve as host plants for the same fungus and make it desirable to destroy them, and tliousands are found throughout the West. Whatever tree, whether apple or pear, that is subject to Scab, will be an injury to the whole orchard because of its furnishing fungus spores for the winds to scatter over other trees.

68

APPLE SCAB.

It is very natural to ask, what is the remedy for Apple Scab? AYe have already indicated some possibilities in that direc- tion. Before we can act intelligently in this matter, it is desirable that a full understanding of the life-history of the fungus be obtained. For that we are in- debted to Prof. Wm. Trelease, published in the first report of Wisconsin Experi- ment Station and illustrated from samples obtained from our orchards.

As one remedy. Prof. Burrill suggests spraying with kerosene emulsion. If the vital parts of tlie fungus are external and in reach of such fungicides it is possible it may be a remedy. If, on tlie other hand, it? growth is internal, like that of peron- ospora, including grape rot, it will be more difficult to affect it. At oue time we scraped off seveml scabs from some grow- ing apples but they invariably grew again. Now if an entire removal of the outer part of the fungus did not destroy it, could we hope to kill its mycelia or roots in the fruit in any other way? One serious dif- ficulty we have to contend with is the early attack of tlie fungus while the fruit and foilage are very small and tender, and before they are well supplied with their protective coat of wax cuticle. If in a moist season when Scab prevails, we take a twig of two or tlu-ee feet of new growth we can notice that the earlier leaves along one half or more of its length are small, weak and defective. This fact points un- erringly to seasons of greatest activity of the fungus. More full observations are desirable and experiments can be hope- fully tried.

Of course we now know enough of this terrible orchard pest to advise for avoid- ing it to plant certain kinds and avoid others— to select good soils and sites — to give good culture and proper fertilizers. And above all this, when great drouths prevail, and burning, parching heats wither the herbs of the field, it is then our trees are clad in beautiful foilage and fair fruit. It is then the apple grower

should bow his head in gratitude to the Cliver of all good, whose dry air and genial breezes so bless pomology.

The subject was contiimed by Mr. E. S. Goff, of Geneva, N. Y., who said:

In the summer of 1885 I commenced, at the suggestion of Prof. Artliui', botanist to our Station, a series of experiments in the use of hyposulphite of soda for the })reventiou of the disease of the apple called Apple Scab, and due to the growth of a fungus known technically as Fusi- cladium dendriticum FcM. These experi- ments were continued through the sum- mers of 1HH6 and 1887, and an absti'act is now given of the results for the three seasons.

The tree selected for the first trial was a specimen of the common Siberian crab that had been very badly infested by the fungus in previous years. On May 5, 1885, one-half of this tree was sprayed with a solution of hyposulphite of soda at the rate of one pound of the salt to ten gallons of water, and the application was repeated on the same half on May 9 and May 15. During the Summer the effect of the application was visible on the foli- age, the leaves appearing less infested by the fungus on the sprayed part than on the other. On September lU a quantity ot fruit was picked from the sprayed part of the tree, and from the part not sprayed ; each lot was assoited into three qualities. In the first were put only the fruits not injured by the fungus; in the second, those injured but slightly, and m the third those more injured.

Expressed muuerically, the results were in per cents. :

sl'H.WKD PAKT

21.5

ViNsrilAVlCD

I'.vitr.

DIFFHK- EKCE.

First quality.. 21.5 10. 11.5

Second quality. 38.5 29.7 8 8

Third quality.. 40. G0.8 20,:}

As a further indication of tlit- beneficial effect of the treatment, I add that one hundred fruits taken from the third qual-

APPLE SCAB.

69

ityof the sprayed part of tlie tree weighed thirteen oiiuces, while the same number from the part not sprayed weighed but eight ounces, indicating that the percent- age of badly infested fruits was not only greatest on the untreated part of the tree, but tlie extent of tlie injury upon the affected fruits was also much greater on that pait.

In liS8() the same tree was treated in the same manner, except that the solution was applied four times instead of three, viz.: April i22. May 0, May 10 and May 17; tlie last application being of half the strength of tlie others.

The results in this case were striking. The sprayed part of the tree bore a fair crop of fruit, while the other part brought no truit to maturity. Both parts of the tree bloomed profusely, and early in the season both had a fair setting of fruit. When the fruit on the sprayed part of the tree had matured, only specimens ruined by the fungus were to be seen on the other part.

The same applications were made upon a tree of the Seckel pear that had been much infested with an allied species of Fusicladium. The results indicated that about six per cent, of tiie fruits were saved from injury by the treatment. The past summer the experiment was repeated on the crab tree, and also extended to seven apple trees of the Fall Pippin variety. The crab tree was sprayed seven times, viz.: May 7, IG, 23 and 30, June 4 and 25, and August 22, all at the rate of one pound to ten gallons, except the first, which was of half that strength, In order to make the experi- ment more complete the treatment was applied to the part that had not been sprayed in the ])recoding years. The sea- son proved rather unfavorable for the de- velopment of the fungus and the fruits were but little injured even on the part of the tree not sprayed. On August 25, a quantity of fruit was gathered from the two parts of the tree, and assorted into

three qualities, as before noted, with the following result, expressed in per cent- ages:

srnAYKD

PORTION.

r.N'si'KAYEn

POUTION.

DIKKKR- KNCE.

First quality. . 87.9 71.8 IG.l

Second quahty. 11.2 25.5 14.3

Third quahty. .9 2.7 1.8

The apple trees were sprayed five times, viz. : On May 11, 21, 23 and 30, and August 22. On September 5, a quantity of fruit was picked from the sprayed portions of all the trees and from the parts not sprayed, and each lot was assorted into three qualities, as noted for the crab tree. I give a summary of the results for the seven trees as follows, in per centages :

SPR.WED POKTION.

UNSPR.WED POKTION.

DlFFEIt-

ENCE.

First quahty. . 59.1 41.8 17.3

Second quality. 3G 1 40. 6 9.5

Third quahty.. 4.8 11.16 7.8

The results show clearly that the hyposulphite of soda proved beneficial in every trial, but in no case has it been a complete preventive. In large orchards much infested with the Scab, the good ef- fects of the applications would undoubt- edly well repay their slight cost, especi- ally where the trees are to be sprayed for the codling moth, as in that case the only additional expense would be tlie very slight cost of the salt. On tiie whole the results offer hope that we may yet be able to combat this disease successfully.

Hyposulphite of soda is a crystahne salt, readily soluble in cold water. It is not poisonous, nor in any sense offensive to use. It may be purchased at the or- dinary village drug store in quantities of ten pounds at about six cents per pound, or if ordered in larger quantities from a wiiolesale house could he had correspond- ingly less.

Notes upon the same topic, giving ob- servations in Canada, were jiresented by Prof. D. P. Peiihaliow, of Montreal:

For the purpose of gaining more exact

70

APPLE SCAB.

knowledge relative to the conditions under which this disease operates, a circular of interrogation was issued during the pre- sent season, to various interested persons throughout Ontario, Quebec and Ver- mont. At the present time of writing, only a portion of the returns are in, but from tliese, we are able to gather informa- tion which, in connection with what is al- ready known, may prove of interest and value.

In notes on this disease, presented by me to the Montreal Horticultural Society at its Winter meeting for 1886, and pub- lished in the twelfth annual report of tiiat Society, the following statements of in- terest at the present time, were made:

"At the time of the last harvest (hSSG), Fameuse ai)ples of prime quality, com- manded five dollars per barrel, while those which were only a little spotted, could be had at two dollars and less, according to the extent of injury. One or two esti- mates will assist us in forming an idea of the loss incurred from this disease. The orchard of Mr. K. W. Shepherd, Jr., at Como, has a bearing capacity of one hund- red barrels. Owing to the spot, however, which affected the entire orchard, the ap- ples were sold for one dollar and fifty cents per barrel, thus representing an extreme possible loss of three hundred and fifty dollars; or if we deduct a reasonable per- centage for seconds and thirds, and also allow for unusual prices as determined by scarcity, there would, even then, remain a margin of loss of a most serious nature."

Mr. C. Gibb informs me that in his orch- ard, which was completely exposed to the prevailing winds, and in which the spot was more pronounced than in any other in his vicinity, the effect w^as so great that his apples brought an average of only twenty-five cents per bushel, or sixty-two cents per barrel. If free from spot, the same. apples would have sold for seventy- five cents per bushel, or in an average year, for more than fifty cents. Out of fifteen barrels he had :

First class 0 barrels.

Second class 1 "

Third class 4

Fourth class 10

The effect of the disease in diminish- ing the size of the fruit is most marked. Mr. Gibb states that the diseased apples were to the normal apples, as to size, in the ratio of 1 :2 or 1 ;3, and since the direct loss in price is at least fifty per cent., the actual loss involved in this orchard, is represented by the ratio of 1 :4 or 1 :(>.

Prof. Treleas,e enumerates thirty-one varieties of apples, which, in the Western States, are subject to this disease. Our inquiries in Canada and Vermont, have so far discovered only six varieties, apart from seedlings, as affected. They are the Fameuse, Mountain Beet, St. Lawrence, Montreal Peach, Canada Baldwiij and Mc- intosh. This list contains three varieties not included in the list of Prof. Trelease, thus making a total of thirty-four varie- ties which are known to spot. From this it would appear probable that, while cer- tain varieties are known to spot much more readily than others, we can hardly consider any variety as being proof against the disease.

Very few incidental disorders are re- ported; that which is of the most serious character, and which has been reported by all our correspondents except one' being a splitting of the bark, together with a more or less blighted or " scalded " apjjearance.

We are as yet unable to trace any rela- tion between the disease, soil, drainage and exposure. These may all exert a more or less important infiuence in in- creasing or diminishing the disease, but the testimony thus far at hand, strongly indi- cates that they are only of secondary ira- l)ortance. While in some cases the dis- ease was well developed in orchards exposed to the prevailing winds, in other cases it was equally prevalent in protected orchards. Similarly, on drained and un- drained lands, on gravel, clay and loam,

THE IMl'KOVEMENT OF WILD FRUITS.

71

the disease seems to have made its ap- pearance without much regard to tliese conditions, or without being imuli iiitlu- enced by them.

One very important point deternnned by our inquiries tlius far, is that altliough an orchard may be very seriously aifected one year, it tnay be wholly free from sjjot the next year; a fact conspicuously illus- trated iu tlie present season as compared with last year. This would tend strongly to show that the disease is in no sense constitutional, and that it is induced by external conditions in which the soil ex- erts only a subordinate influence. We are therefore led to ask if meteorological conditions are specially favorable to jier- iodicity in this disorder? As yet we can- not give very precise information on this point, as a critical comparison of the most marked appearances of the disease, with a meteorological record the same years and localities will be necessary. A compari- son, however, of the meteorology for 188() and 1887, during the critical months of May, June and July may afford some in- dication of what is to be expected :

1886. 1887.

Mean Rel.

Temp. IIuiii.

54.58 63.28 67.75

Mean Temp.

Iltini.

May 54.58 69.7 61.06 57.9

Julie 63.28 72.2 66 25 70.2

July 67.75 73.2 73.48 69.3

A comparison of these figures with the means for twelve and thirteen years is also of interest in this connection :

I88ij with 12 Year.-'. 1887 witli i:^ Vear.s. Mean Rel. Jlean Kel.

Temp. Hum. 'I'emp. Hum.

May 64.18 65.6 54.71 65.00

June 64.32 68.4 64.48 ()H.6

July 68.83 71.4 69.19 71.25

From this we discover a serious appear- ance of the disease to be coincident with a cold, damp Spring, and its disappearance to coincide in the following year, with a warm, dry Spring, favorable to normal growth. Thus there would appear to be a possible foundation for an opinion held by Mr. N. C. Fisk, of Abbotsford, and ex-

pressed to me by him. Speaking of the disease of last year he says that "The Scab, or black spot, on the Fameuse and other apples was caused by the cold and wet weather in the months of May and June (1886). The last May and June (1887), were particularly free from cold and wet weather, and our Fameuse are clean and free from the Scal\ or black spots. I think we can safely maintain that the spots on the different apples are caused by cold and wet in the early part of the season, and that the year 1887 has fully proved the fact."

How far this view is really justified can only be ascertained from more extended inquiries, but this certainly appears to be the direction in which tlie most import- ant results are to be ol)tained.

The next subject taken up was:

The Improvement of Wild Fruits — An Experi- ence with the Amelanchier Canadensis

BY E. S. GOFF, GENEVA, N. Y.

This superb collection of fruits that we have the pleasure of looking upon here to- day is not the product of unaided nature. Had the trees or vines that bore these fine samples sprung up in the tangled forests, or on the uninhabited prairie, they cer- tainly would not have borne specimens fit for exhibition. The qualities tliat make these fruits worthy of so honorable a posi- tion are almost entirely due to the aid that man has given to nature. For centuries the horticulturist has labored to assist Pomona. He has encouraged her well- doing by providing abundance of food, and by removing as far as possible the ob- stacles to her best development. He has ])runed her exuberance in unprofitable di- rections. He has carefully assorted her offerings, sparing only the finest. To-day we are looking upon the cumulative result of all this care and labor.

We do not know what the ancestors of these fruits were when man's intelligence

•i'l

THE IMPROVEMENT OF WILD FRUITS.

first prompted him to foster them; but we have every reason to believe that tliey hoie little comparison to their present estate.

Perliaps some of the wild fruits of our swamps, forests or prairies, are as capable of development as were the unimproved parents of certain of these triumphs of horticulture. Perhaps by applying with systematic effort, the knowledge that has been elicited during the past centuries of experience in developing our orchard and garden fruits to some of the more prom- ising among the wild children of Pomona we may find that they too will readily re- spond to our assistance. The subject is worthy the attention of the experimental horticulturist.

It should not be said that we have already enough delicious fruits. The field of the iiorticulturist is to develop to the utmost all wholesome fruits that can please the palate, and until he has done this, his labor is not completed.

I desire to call the attention of all who are interested in the improvement of wild fruits to the dwarf Juneberry, botanically known as Amelanchier Canadensis. Though very little known in horticul- ture, this modest shrub springs from a most noble family, being a not very dis- tant relative of the apple, pear and quince. Surely, if high connections are any evi- dence of merit, this plant is worthy of our respect. My experience with it be- gan in 18<S'2, when a few plants were pre- sented to the New York Agricultural Ex- periment Station by our esteemed treas- urer, Mr. Benjamin G. Smith. These plants, which were well rooted suckers, were set out in a moderately fertile clay soil, and have since received the same cul- tivation that we give to raspberries. They bore a few samples of fruit in 1883, the next season after setting; a fair crop in lKS4,and a bountiful one in 1885. The crop of 1885 was smaller than that of the ])receding year, and that of the past sea- son was about the same as in 1885. The

plants have now grown into rather strag- gling shrubs about three feet high, and of equal diameter. The stems do not grow thickly, as in the currant and gooseberry, but are quite spreading. Mr. Smith in- forms me that with him the plants attain a height of five or six feet. They propo- gate themselves by suckers from under- ground ateins, like the raspberry, but the suckers do not appear in sufficient num- bers to become at all troublesome.

The fruit is borne on small, irregular racemes, on short offshoots of the pres- ent year's growth, from old wood, or occa- sionally near the base of new shoots. It ripens'the latter part of June, or just as strawberries begin to fail, and continues in use two to three weeks. When fully rii)e it reminds one of very fine samples of the blueberry, being similar to this fruit in color, and in having a persistent and protruding calyx. The larger sam- ples are about half an inch in diameter. It is aminiature pome, with white or faintly pinkish flesh, and its seeds, which bear some resemblance lo those of the apple, are soft, and so small as to be scarcely noticeable in eating the fruit. The flavor is mild and pleasant, but not strongly marked. There is no perceptible taste of acid and not the least astringency, but a pleasant sweetness with a faint inclina- tion toward the aromatic, that makes one regret that it is not more pronounced. No one who has tasted the fruit in my presence has expressed a dislike for it, but almost all have been pleased. Several have offered such comments as "good as far as it goes," or " pleasant, but a little insipid," etc. With sugar and cream, the flavor is perceptibly heightened, and some who have tested it in this way pronounce it delicious. To my own taste, with these additions, it is equal to any of the cur- rants or gooseberries, and to most varie- ties of the cultivated blackberry.

The fruit is sufficiently firm to bear transportation well, and keeps a consider- able time after being picked. I have not

THE IMPKOVEMENT OP WILD FRUITS.

73

yet had the fruit in sufficient quanti- ties to test its qualities for drying- or canning, nor have I tried to dispose of it in market. I should expect that if oflered for sale, it would soon win for itself at least a small circle of friends.

In the climate of Geneva, the shrub ap- pears perfectly hardy. During the five Winters of my acquaintance with it not a terminal bud appears to have suffered from the cold. The fruit is somewhat in- jured by the curculio, but usually only slightly. The stems do not appear to be troubled by any kind of borers.

The most promising field of labor io the improvement of wild fruits is doubtless through the production of seedlings, and through crossing with other varieties or species to promote variation. I find from experiment that seedlings of the Ame- lanchier are very readily grown, by plant- ing the seeds as soon as the fruit ripens, in boxes of compost. I have a number of seedlings now growing that are two years old, and had a large quantity of seed planted the past season. The ))lants grew rather slowly at first and I judge will not bear fruit until three or four years old.

An iujportant question is, can we hope to imi)rove the flavor of the fruit of the Amelanchier by culture and by selection of varieties? It may, perhaps, be ques- tioned whether if in the process of ameli- oration, we have succeeded in heightening the flavor of our cultivated fruits over that of their wild progenitors to any great extent. Possibly we may accomi)hsh this end by working toward a darker colored flesh, for I think we may say as a general rule, that in fruits containing little acid, the darker the flesh, the higher the flavor. I propose to follow this clue in my own experiments.

To our Treasurer, Mr. Smith, is due a large share of the credit for introducing this plant to culture. He has kindly fur- nished me a brief history of it, which I append in conclusion.

Some ten years ago, a description of the

Amelanchier Canadensis written by one Dr. Hall, of Davenport, Iowa, appeared in a Western newspaper. Mr Smith im- mediately wrote Dr. H. asking him if he grew the plants for sale. On receiving an aflirmative reply, he at once ordered two dozen and planted them out in his garden. The third or fourth year after this, Mr. Smith exhibited samples of the fruit at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, receiving a silver mednl for its introduc- tion into Massachusetts. Mr. Smith has been informed that the plants grow indi- genous in the Rocky mountains. Several varieties of Amelanchier Canadensis are known to botanists, but the one under consideration, designated as " oblongifo- lia," is believed the most promising for its foliage, flowers and fruits.

In conclusion, I will say that I am de- sirous of obtaining specimen plants of related varieties of t-iis shrub, in the hope tliat by crossing them with the variety I am noAV growing, I may promote variation in the plants. If any member present can aid me in this, I shall esteem it an especial favor.

DISCUSSION.

T. H. HosKiNS, Vermont: The greatest difficulty in growing the Juneberry at my place, in Northern Vermont, is that the fruit is so attractive to birds.

J. T. LovETT, New Jersey : With me its gieatest enemy is the Cedar apple fungus.

A. J. Caywood: Has any one had a;.y experience with thehigh bush Cranberry?

T. H. HosKiNs: It grows very abund- antly in Northern Vermont, but no one cures to gather it. It has a bitter taste, which, however, is partially removed by freezing.

E. L. Sturtevant, New York: A fruit may be worthless over a large area and yet in a particular locality be of value; Rubus odorata, for examjjle, I have never seen produce a perfect berry in Maine, though it is there one of the njost abund- ant shrubs, but in a certain locality on

74

PROMISING WILD FRUITS.

Seneca lake, N. Y., it is fairly productive, and yields each year a crop of very prom- ising quality, riie Amelanchier, or Shad- berry, of Maine, is of no value with us at Geneva, tliough it has enough points to recommend it for further trial.

H. E. Vandeman. District of Columbia: I have been experimenting with the dwarf varieties of Amelancliier for about fiiteen years, and I have several varieties grow- ing upon my place in Kansas which are abundant bearers, extremely hardy, and have never been troul)led with any fun- gus. I have sold four to five hundred quarts of the fruit it) a season, generally at good prices.

The varieties differ greatly. I have one wiiich I liave called " Success," which came from the mountains of Pennsylva- nia, and which is of unusually fine flavor and very promising.

There is one species of Vaccinium (V. Pennsylvanicum) which it is impossi- ble to transplant witli success in the ordi- nary way. It has to be taken up with the sod. It seems also to require being grown in sod in order to bear properly, as it re- fuses to bear when cultivated.

T. H. HosKiNs: Does the tine variety mentioned come true from seed?

H. E. Vandeman: No sir, there is con- siderable variation in the seedlings.

The next subject was then taken up:

Promising Wild Fruits.'

BY a. S. fuller, RIDGEWOOD, N. -I.

As we can only judge of the future by the past, it may be well in touching upon tliis subject of "Prou)ising Wild Fruits," to casually glance at those kinds which have passed their days of juvenile promise and now take a front rank far in advance of their senile c(jm])etitors from the old world.

For more than twoiiundred years immi- grants from Europe brought witli them the varieties of the grape with which they

were best acquainted, never doubting for a moment their success in this country. Persons born in the United States imbihed the same idea, ignoring and neglecting the native varieties and species, rarely at- tempting to cultivate them or believing they were worthy of the least considera- tion. It is barely fifty years since vine- yardists were awakened to the fact that we possessed native grapes worthy of cul- tivation, and even when such varieties as the Catawba and Isabella were discovered, tlieir importance and intrinsic value were far from being fully api)reciated. But true merit triumphed, and to-day we no longer seek foreign varieties for our vine- yards, their worthlessness for open air cul- ture in the Eastern States has been fully determined by long and hitter experience. It is true that there is yet room for im- provement in our native grapes, but they have long since passed that stage which might be called " promising," and we may rest assured that our native varieties have acquired a permanent position among the most valuable fruits of the country.

THE raspberry.

This is another of our wild fruits which has, despite long neglect and bitter oppo- sition, worked its way to the front, driv- ing its foreign competitors out of the gar- den, held and markets of this country. There are, no doubt, many members of this Society who can well rem.ember the time when no variety of the native Red Raspberry was considered worthy of men- tion in our catalogue among eitlier culti- vated or promising fruits.

We have only to glance over the record of our own work to see bow rapidly opin- ion may change in regard to the value of any kind of fruit.

In the Catalogue of Fruits given in the transactions of this Society, 18o'2, only four varieties of the raspberry are named, and these all foreign. Ten years later (18G2) three native varieties are named, two Black Caps and one Purple, the latter

I'EOMISING WILD FEUITS.

75

known as Catawissa, no native Bed Rasp- berry having as yet been admitted. A half dozeu years later, or in 1868, no change in the list had been made. Nine years later (1877) several varieties of the Black Cap raspberry had been added, also three native red varieties, viz. : Herstine, Susqueco and the Turner. In the last published Catalogue (1885) there are thirty- seven varieties of different species named, twenty-live of which belong to our wild, indigenous species, the remainder are either foreign or seedlings therefrom.

It is now quite evident that we have no further use for any variety of raspberry of European origin, for every merit and de- sirable quality known to belong to this genus have been developed and secured in our pure native varieties.

THE STEAWBEERT.

The history of strawberry culture in this country is almost identical witli that of the raspberry, no real substantial pro- gress having been attained until we began to employ the wild varieties as a founda- tion upon which to build a substantial structure. It may not be comjilete, but it is grand in all its proportions, and emi- nently satisfactory except to those who are born to grumble.

THE BLACKBEEEY.

Our native blackberries seem to have been turned out from the hand of the Cre- ator in a very perfect state, and we have had only to select the best, cultivate and propagate at will, and to an almost unlim- ited extent. Tlie best varieties are good enough, still, tliereis a possibility of some slight improvement in certain directions.

SERVICE BEERY, OR JUNEBEEEY.

The dwarf varieties of the Amelanchier Canadensis have recently been cultivated as a garden fruit, and they are certainly deserving of far more care and attention than they have heretofore received. The species is an exceedingly variable one; the typical form is a tree growing thirty to

forty feet high, with a stem one to two feet in diameter, and from this there are regular descending grades of natural va- rieties, until we reach alow, slender shrub rarely growing more than three or four feet high. It is among the dwarf forms that we find the largest fruit and most productive plants. To improve this fruit we must resort to seedlings from the largest and best to be obtained, and then continue selecting the best from each succeeding generation. The size of the berries may be somewhat increased by grafting the dwarf varieties on strong, healthy stalks of the tree form, or on crab- apple stalks. In some localities the fruit is said to be attacked by a species of fun- gus, but in my grounds it has never been affected by diseases of any kind.

THE CUREANT.

The Missouri currant (Ribes aureurn), yields a number of very distinct varieties some of which produce larger and much milder flavored fruit than the black cur- rant of Europe. The plants are notably very hard and prolific, and I have not been able to discover any good reason why this native wild fruit should not be readily and greatly improved by cultiva- tion and the raising of new varieties from seed.

THE GOOSEBERRY.

Long experience in the cultivation of the foreign varieties of the gooseberry has shown us that we cannot depend upon them for general cultivation in this country, while the native varieties seldom fail to yield a bountiful crop. Our native varieties, however, are not of the best flavor nor of large size; consequently we may place them in tbe list of wild fruits which promise to yield something better.

THE HUCKLEBERRY.

The high bush or swamp huckleberry (vacciuium corymbosum) is probably the best of our native species. Although found most abundant in low moist soils it

7(5

I'EOMISING AVILD FRUITS.

is often quite commou ou high and dry sand hills and stony ridges. The idea seems to have become quite prevalent that this species of the huckleberry will not thrive in ordinary dry garden soils, but I have not been able to trace the error to any trustworthy source or to those who have ^any considerable experience in its cultivation. The bushes are as readily and safely transplanted as other hard wooded shrubs, and require no more care in cultivation than the current aud goose- berry. The varieties may be readily pro- pagated by larger, and new ones may be raised from seed.

THE PERSIMMON.

Among the larger kinds of our neglected, but promising wild fruits, the persimmon should be placed very near, if not at the head of the list. It is a beautiful, hardy and productive tree, well worthy of a place in every collection for ornamental purposes if for no other. Excellent wild varieties exist, which if secured and pro- pagated would soon become popular and in demand among persons who are at all familiar with the taste of a thoroughly ripened persinimou. The recently intro- duced varieties of the Japan persimmon show very conclusively what may be done with oar native species by bestowing upon it proper care and attention. The best of these Japanese varieties are to my taste far superior to the best of the European plums, and I have only to regret that they are not hardy in our Northern States. But by raising hybrids between the Japan varieties and our best natives, we shall without doubt produce a hardy race adapted to general cultivation.

THE PLUM.

The wild plum calls for only a passing notice, as it is well on the way to become one of the most desirable of cultivated- fruits and we may reasonably expect that like the raspberry and grape, it will soon drive its foreign competitor out of the field and market.

THE CHERRY.

The foreign species and varieties of the cherry succeed so well in this country that we have had little need of paying much attention to our indigenous species. The most ])romising species of wild cherries are the wild red cherry. (Prunus Pennsylvanicus) and Dwarf cherry (P. pumila.) These two species have the same inflorescence as the common culti- vated varieties of European origin, and by hybridizing and crossing it is possible to produce a valuable and hardy race of cherries quite distinct from any now known The dwarf species is an excellent subject upon wiiich to experiment, for it is not only exceedingly hardy but the plants are most wonderfully productive. The fruit is of large size for so small a plant, but it is rather inferior in flavor.

THE PAPAW.

P'or large size, productiveness and lux- urious growth of tree, the papaw ranks high among our promising wild fruits. It is not naturally as variable as the persim- mon and it will probably take a much longer time to produce desirable varieties, still, tliis is merely conjecture as experi- ments are wanting to show what may be done with the papaw. There are several species and varieties with which to begin exi)eriments, and is is quite probable that some of the tropical members of this family may be made available in injprov- iug the flavor of our wild species. What has been done with our wild fruits should be sufficient incentive for further and more numerous experiments in the same direction.

DISCUSSION.

W. C. Barry, New York: Do you think the improved American raspberries con- tain foreign blood ?

A. S. Fuller: I cannot trace one of them to any such source. Nearlyall seem to be accidental varieties.

W. C. Barry: Does not the Herstine contain foreign blood?

PRO!\riSINr, WILD FRUITS.

77

A. S. Fuller: Its origin is not well known.

W. C. Barry: How about the Oiange?

A. S. Fuller: It originated in this countrj^ from pure American blood. The origin of the Golden Queen has been asked for. I believe it to have originated as a sport from the Cuthbert. I have seen a stool of Cuthbert bearing a cane of that variety.

President Berckmans : Four or five years ago when the Cuthbert first came around, we had nothing in the way of raspberries that we could depend upon. That variety brouglit a new era in fruit culture to the South. Now our markets are filled with raspberries, and we have sent Cuthberts from Georgia and sold them here in Bos- ton for seventy-five cents per quart.

T. H. HosKiNS, Vermont: A gentlemsn on my right suggests that the birds may carry the seeds of our cultivated European varieties, so that the chance seedlings found, may often be of European origin.

A. S. Fuller, New Jersey: A botanist would have no difficulty in detecting for- eign blood if it were present.

J. T. LovETT, New Jersey: I have sev- eral promisiug seedlings of Ribes aurea. This species is not troubled with the cur- rant worm.

E. L. Sturtev.\xt, New York: I have in a lot of seedling gooseberries, an inter- esting case of atavism. There are five rows, each from seed of a single cultivated variety, yet in each row you can pick out plants exactly resembling the wild goose- berry of the woods. The same holds true with strawberries and other plants. By this law of atavism we often recover lost varieties; in fact, we rarely originate a variety which has not occurred before. Not long since, I had a valuable variety of sweet corn, which I had originated myself. I afterward found that the same thing had been originated before, and was for sale by seedmen. Many of our sup- posed new varieties have existed unrecog-

nized in the wild state. One can pick out as many varieties of the raspberry in the woods of Maine as in a modern garden,

W. C. Barry, New York : I do not think there is any department of horticulture in which so much progress has been made as in the raspberry. Up to the time of the introduction of the Cuthbert tke only fine raspberries were foreign sorts. Still, with all the good points that the Cuthbert has, I do not think it is equal to some of the foreign varieties in regard to quality.

Geo. W. Campbell, of Ohio, then pre- sented a cordial invitation from the man- agement of the Ohio Centennial to meet in connection with their great anniversary celebration during the Autumn of 1888, and if convenient arrange the date of meeting to occur during the week which will be devoted especially to horticulture.

On motion of Mr. Chas. A. Green the invitation was accepted.

Mr. W. C. Stroug, chairman of the committee appointed to take into consid- eration the suggestion of the president regarding tiie committee on foreign fruits, recommended the adoption of a new by- law, to be known as Section 9, which will provide for a committee on tropical and sub-tropical fruits.

On motion of Dr. Samuel Hape, of Georgia, the recommendations of the committee were adopted, and the amend- ments to the by-laws made as recorded on an earlier page in this volume.

Mr. H. E. VanDeman, of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, stated that Commis- sioner Colman had requested him to de- liver to the Society his regrets at not being able to be present at the meeting.

Mr. Chas. Gibb, of Quebec, then intro- duced the subject of the method of desig- nating the relative value of the varieties in the catalogue. He suggested that the numbers one to ten be used instead of stars as at present.

Mr. J. T. Lovett said that such was the method adopted by the New Jersey Horti-

78

DETERIORATION OF OUR SMALL FRUITS.

cultural Society, but tliat it involved a large amount of work, and that it would be next to impossible to do the work thoroughly in a catalogue for the whole country.

H. M. Engle suggested that the stand- ard given by the different State Societies be adopted for that State in tfie catalogue of this Society.

A. S. Fuller: I tliink it would be

much better to take the rating of a State Society than that of the Chairman of our State Fruit Committee.

T. T. Lyon: In Michigan the varieties are graded for the different sections of the State. It would be impracticable to adopt that plan in our catalogue.

On motion of Mr. D. W. Adams the question was referred for consideration to the Committee on Eevision of Catalogue.

THURSDAY EVENING SESSION.

The Society was called to order at 3 p. M., and listened to an address by Dr. Lintner, of Albany, New York, which will be found on a later page. Tiie next paper presented was as follows :

Is the Deterioration of Our Small Fruits a Necessity?

BY J. M. SMITH, OP WISCONSIN.

When the G-reat Father over all placed man upon the earth, he gave him reason- ing powers to aid him in subduing noxious weeds and plants, as well as to aid him in cultivating and improving such as were necessary to his existence and happiness. He also made what we call natural laws, some of which, if carefully obseived, will do much to aid us in our efforts to attain to what we term a higher and a better civilization; for, I hold that he who pro- duces, or is the means of producing, a better variety of fruits than those now in existence, or aids others to better care for and protect those already in use, is aiding in the civilization of our day, and adding no small sum to the happiness of ourrace.

Nature improves very slowly in vegeta- tion, so slowly indeed that in many re- spects she seems to be stationary. For instance, we have no reasons for believing that the wild strawberry of to-day is

either better or worse than it was two thousand years ago. The giant oaks of England, under the boughs of which the Druids performed their religious rites and ceremonies when Julius Caesar, with his Roman legions, invaded England, were no better or worse than some that may be found there to-day. The system of rotation in wild plant and fruit life is very plainly indicated. When a pine forest is cut off or destroyed, it rarely reproduces itself, and when such is the case, the second growth is far inferior to the first. But let such deciduous trees as are adapted to the soil and climate start, and they will grow with great rapidity. Let the forest be destroyed, but the land left uncleared, and thousands of acres of red raspberries will make their appearance. After a term of years they will be followed by black caps. These in turn by black- berries. All of them to disappear in time and give place to something else. Wild strawberries that, in my young days, were plenty in some of the unplowed meadows near my native home, disappeared many years ago, but have reappeared during the last few years.

I am convinced that the more thor- oughly we investigate this subject, the more firmly we shall be convinced that

DETERIORATION OF OUR SMALL FRUITS.

79

tliough our wild fruits and plants may not improve to any perceptible degree, still they do not die out and become extinct. When they are once placed here they are here to stay. They hold their own, and are not annihilated by their Creator.

One point farther : among our wild fruits we find that those that have the best soil, the purest air, the most sunlight, are in- variably (other things being equal) the largest and finest fruit. What is this? and why is it?

Is it not the very plants themselves say- ing to us in their silent but expressive language, " Give us better care. Treat us more tenderly. Give us a better chance than we can have in these tangled woods and wild meadows, and we will yield you more delicious fruits and in larger quanti- ties than you have ever known." Now the question comes to us, if we do this, and pursue some course that will result in some improvement in the plants and their fruit, will the improvement remain with us, or will both plant and fruit degenerate, and in a few years die out or become ex- tinct. It is an undeniable fact that many of our improved plants have, after a term of years, failed to produce fruit in as large a quantity, or of as good a quality as when they were first brought out.

Why is this? Is it a necessity, or is it only the result of our own mistakes, and neglect in the cultivation and care of the improved plants?

If it can be shown to be the latter, then we shall have made a great advance in our ability to hold on to that which is good, until we are certain of something that is still better. What is an improved strawberry plant? We will take it as our standard, and tlie same laws whicli apply here, will hold good throughout the list of our small fruits. We shall all agree that it is the result of a much higher cultiva- tion, or perhaps, a higher civilization would be the more appropriate term than it can receive in its native condition.

Now let it be remembered that its

tendency is' to return to its native state, or at least to go backward. This can he prevented only, by keeping up the char- acter of the plant to as higli a standard as that from which it was originally produced.

If the principles here laid down are true (and it seems to me that they are so evident that they need no argument), we iiere find one of the causes, if not the grand cause, why so many of the new varieties of fruit that are yearly intro- duced to our notice, prove to be nearly or quite, entire failures when carried away from their native homes. These new varieties, or at least, very many of them, are petted to the last degree.

The soil upon which they stand is sur- face drained and underdrained. It is plowed and sub-soiled. It is fertilized with anything and everything that will stimulate their growth. The plants are cared for almost as a mother cares for her new born babe, and with the following re- sult: There is a magnificent showing of veiy large fine looking, but in reality very feeble plants. The fruit is beautiful and perhaps immensely large; but both plants and fruit are produced under a system of cultivation and stimulation combined, that the ordinary grower cannot possibly keep up, and the result is either partial or abso- lute failure to nearly all who attempt its cultivation. We have all seen this over and over again. Thousands and tens of thousands of amateurs have yearly paid out their money for some new and widely advertised variety, and spent time and money in caring for their little pets, and at last discovered that they had lost both time and money. They became discour- aged and concluded that they did not know how to raise berries. The result is that thousands of families all over our country, do without the small fruits, because they verily believe that none but those who are thoroughly skilled in the business can be at all successful in growing them. But here I am liable to be met with the follow- ing objection. The case you have stated

80

PETERlOEATION OP OVR SMALL FRUITS.

does not fit in all cases by any manner of means.

There are varieties that have been widely disseminated and have stood the test for many years, and then have failed. If there is no necessity for their deteriora- tion, howdo you account for the plain and undeniable fact, that some varieties have become almost worthless in many portions of the country where they did well for many years? This is a fair question and should be answered.

Suppose we consider the history of Wilson's Albany Seedling for a few mo- ments. This plant had without doubt the strongest and most marked individuality of any strawberry plant that has ever been sent out in the United States, or per- haps in the entire civilized world. It seems to be perfectly at home, whether upon New England hills or valleys, or upon the more Southern Atlantic coast. It flourished equally well upon tlie cleared timber lands of the West, or upon her broad prairies. It nestled beneath the snows along the sliores of Lake Superior during an almost Arctic Winter, while at the same time it was bearing its load of ripening fruit along the shores of the Gulf oi Mexico. It seemed to be first and fore- most everywhere, and under all circum- stances. I believe it was in 1801 that it was first seen in our Western markets. In 1863 it took almost entire possession of them; and for many years scarcely a case of strawberries except the Wilson could be found. The country became flooded with new varieties, and in hundreds of cases the highest commendation the owner could give his new candidate for public favor was to tell us that it was of better quality than the Wilson, and its equal in all other respects; or that it had some other one quality equal to the Wil- son and its equal otherwise.

Previous to its introduction, strawber- ries were confined to the tables of the favored few; but this modest, beautiful little plant created such a revolution that

it soon became possible for almost every one who had a home, however humble it might be, to have his or her little bed and have a full supply for themselves and fam- ily during its bearing season.

This state of things continued until IKSO, when reports began to be circulated tliat it was failing, and in many portions of the country it no longer bore as in former years. These re])orts increased in number until it is now evident that, in at least many places, it can no longer put forth, undisputed, the claim to be tiie Queen of our small fruits. Now the ques- tion comes to us, why has it deteriorated, and in so many cases almost entirely failed?

Gentlemen, in the farther discussion of this subject, please allow me, whenever necessary, to refer to my own practice, without considering me either egotistical or self-con(;eited, as I can illustrate what I wish to make plain, by so doing, better than in any other way. I have already stated that new varieties must be kept up to at least as high a condition as that where they originated. What are the re- (piirements of the Wilson? One of them is very rich land. A second one, it should be kept entirely alone, as it is not as strong a grower as most other varieties, and is very liable to be over-run and choked to death. The beds need to be renewed nearly or quite every year, because of the fact that where they do something near their best, the vines are so exhausted by their crop that they will yield themselves a prey to the first enemy that attacks them (wltich, with me, is the brown rust), that they will either lie down and die or become so enfeebled that they will be nearly worthless for further cultivation. Another requirement is a change of soil. I have rarely, if ever, known them to do well, when reset on old beds turned under. Other wants might be named, but these are absolute necessities. Have they been complied with? Only in rare cases. On the contrary, the custom has been to get

DETERIOBATION OF OUR SMALL FRUITS.

81

cheap plauts, so cheap, in fact, that no one could possibly afford to grow good ones at the prices for which they were sold. I have seen them packed for shipping, when, if I had wanted to buy, I would not have furnished ground room for such plants, if the owner would have given the plants and cultivated them, and given me the crop for the use of the land. A fair yield in such cases is simply impos- sible. These poor, sickly plauts, have been set in poor, half prepared land. Sometimes set with other and strouger growing varieties, and left to struggle for life with them. Sometimes half culti- vated, and sometimes not. Often left un- protected during our cold and hard Win- ters. The freezing and thawing of early Spring either starts the roots from their places or breaks them off in the frozen earth beneath, either one of which is almost ruinous to the plants. The heavy Spring rains are allowed to run off the beds, or remain upon them, as best it can, without aid or care from the heedless owner. At tbe picking season these poor, half starved, dwarf plants yield one-fourth or possibly one-half of what ought to be considered a moderate crop.

They are then left to struggle along through another year, when in addition to the enemies already named, there are the white grub and the brown cut worms at their roots, and the leaf roller among their leaves, and a species of wire worms in the crowns of the plants, beside other enemies that might bo named, all adding their strength toward the destruction of the already enfeebled plants.

The second season comes, and the yield is less than the first year. Perhaps they are left for the third year, with the hope that a kind Providence will in some way step in and furnish a crop. Vain hope. The result is almost an utter failure. Now, something must be done; and what is it? Some poor, feeble and sickly run- ners put out from these diseased and dying plants and attempt to perpetuate

themselves by making new plants. These new plants, worthless as they are, must be and are used to set new beds, where they are again left to repeat the process al- ready described. Perhaps the parent beds are plowed under and they are reset upon them.

Thus has this forlorn and wretched pro- cess gone on for nearly thirty years until at last the cry has gone forth all over tbe country that the Wilson is no longer a success. It is a failure and some new varieties must be substituted in its place.

Under such treatment could this, or in- deed any other variety of our small fruits do otherwise than fail? My only surprise has been, that it did not fail much sooner than it did, and it has been owing to its almost marvellous vitality that it did not.

Time and again as I have stood over my beautiful beds when they were in full bloom, and the bright green leaves, and the tens of thousands of white blossoms, apparently struggling with each other for the mastery, or when they were laden with fruit, I have said to myself, you beautiful little pets, I wonder that Provi- dence in his rulings has not allowed you all to die outright, and become extinct, to punish us for our ignorance, neglect and stupidity in caring for you. We will now suppose a different course of treatment.

Young, strong and healtliy plants are obtained and set in ground that has been not only drained, but as thoroughly pre- pared as the owner knows how to prepare it. The land naturally rich, is made more so, by being heavily manured. After being set, they are watched and tended with the utmost care. The blossoms are all picked oft' the first season. This does much to- ward aiding the i)lant in perfecting its growth, and preparing itself for a large crop the following year. When they commence throwing out runners, they are trained like the spokes of a wheel, the parent plant being considered the hub. No two of them being allowed to take root in the same place. Tiiis, while it

82

DETEKIOllATION OF OUK SMALL FRUITS.

really gives us a larger number of plauts, also gives us luuch better ones.

When Winter sets in, tliey are covered and put into Winter quarters, the owner feeling sure that they will awake to re- newed life and activity with the return of the following spring. During the entire season they have been watched with jeal- ous care. They have been examined over and over again for spurious plants. If o;'.e has been found, it was destroyed as ruthlessly as if it had been a Canada thistle'or some other of the most noxious of weeds. If the owner wishes to set new beds the following Spring, he selects the choicest of plants from these young beds, and never from'the runners of plants that have been enfeebled by bearing an im- mense crop of fruit. The beds are rarely allowed to produce more than a single crop. New beds are never set upon old ones just turned under; but upon land that has been thoroughly cultivated for a number of years just previous to its being set. In this way they escape the whole horde of grubs, worms and insects that prey upon and ruin liis neighbors beds. Upon such beds they have neither time, opportunity, nor place for breeding pur- lioses. Gentlemen, is there a person pres- ent who believes that under such circum- stances the plants would either have failed or become in any manner deteriorated? I think not.

Such has been substantially my own practice for many years; and if any one of you should visit those beds, beautiful as they are in spite of the terrible droutli they have had to contend with, and say to either of my sons now in charge, your Wilsons are failing, they are fast giving out and you must look for other varieties with which to replace them, I am sure they would be neither rude nor ungentle- manly to you, but would quickly ask themselves the question, is this gentleman an escaped lunatic, or is lie only a fit can- didate for the asylum nearest his home.

A few words as to the practical results

of this cure may not be amisf^ in deciding the question wJiether they are or are not failing.

I first obtained tlie plants in IHGI. The crops from them have been uniformly from large to very large, except when re- duced by my own ignorance or stupidity, or both. In 1875 I measured off an exact quarter of an acre, and found by keeping an accurate account that the yield was 3,175 quarts, or at the rate of 4-16^ bushels per acre.

In 187G a quarter of an acre yielded a very small fraction less than 100 bushels. These were both fair seasons for the vines to do well.

In 18H(), during tlie most severe drouth ever known in that portion of the State unless we except 1887, three and one half acres averaged over 250 bushels per acre. During the season just passed, and one of the most unfavorable ones for strawberries that I have ever known, having in the Spring wliile they were in full bloom a cold damp East wind, that blasted a great many blossoms, and tlien a very severe drouth that shriveled the fruit, the latter followed by a week of showers at the rate of three or four ))er day, and accompanied by the most excessive heat, which rotted and otherwise destroyed thousands of quarts, in spite of every effort that we could make to save them.

Yet, in spite of all these drawbacks, a plat of exactly three acres yielded 21,3U4 quarts, or 223 bushels per acre. A small plat of Wilson, Manchester and Cres- cent, were tested side by side, with a view of ascertaining the value of different kinds of fertilizers upon them. In this case the aggregate result was as follows : Manches- ter yielded at the rate of 232t bushels per acre; Crescent at the rate of 235 bushels ])er acre ; Wilson at the rate of 273f bushels per acre. In this case the varia- tion is at the rate of about forty bushels per acre, in favor of the Wilson. The simple fact is that my sons as well as my- self consider the Wilson as larger, bet-

EETERIOKATION OF OUB SMALL FRUITS.

S3

ter aud stronger plants than when I first obtained them in 18()1.

I have repeatedly obtained new plants from prominent growers and set them near those of my own growing, but never allow- ing them to get mixed. In every case they failed to do as well as those of my own growing, and were destroyed.

Gentlemen, do not all these facts point very strongly in one direction, and that in favor of the perpetuation of our small fruits, provided we do our own work as it should be done. If we do not do it well, we must suffer the penalty.

The law in this case reads about as fol- lows: Give each plant such soil, plant food, care, aud cultivation as will enable it to do its best, or suffer the consequences. It will not do to plead ignorance, want of time, want of fertihzers; in fact no excuse is accepted. The rule has been broken and the effect of it is charged up to us, and deducted from tiie crop. I believe this law to be as invariable as the law of day and night. It bears upon the just and unjust alike.

I once knew a very fine Christian gen- tleman who was engaged in business and whose notes were constantly coming due at the bank, and himself as constantly without the money to pay them. I once spoke to him upon the subject, and he re- plied by saying that he had full faith in Providence, who, he was sure, would not allow him to be ruined. Such faith seemed to me to border upon the sublime. Still Providence worked no miracles to save him, and he was soon driven out of business a bankrupt, and so remained until the end o'f his days. Neither will Provi- dence work any miracles to save our plants and fruits, no matter how strong our faith may be. Neither will ignorant, awkward and stupid labor save them, no matter how much of it we may perfornj, or how honestly and earnestly we may perfornj such labors.

On the contrary, intelligent, skillful care and cultivation will, as I firmly be-

lieve, not only save, but improve them. I can see no signs among nature's laws that tend toward the dying out of our favorite fruits and plants. Neither do I believe there is a law which virtually says to us, work on, use your utmost skill to bring out new and better varieties of fruit than now exist. You shall be rewarded by having many new varieties, some of which shall be better and more beautiful than any ever yet seen upon the earth. After all, neither you nor your children shall enjoy the fruits of your skillful labor and toil for more than a few years. I will cause it to deteriorate and in a few years to either become worthless or to entirely pass away. Its beauty shall fade from your sight. Its fruit shall cease to be a joy aud delight, but shall become like the apples of Sodom to your taste.

That our fruits have in many cases failed after a few years, and many others have from the first failed.assoon as cariiedfrom their native homes, is beyond dispute. But that it has been a necessity, and in accordance with the laws that are irrevo- cable, and entirely beyond our control, I do not believe. • But upon the contrary, as I have tried to show, they are the re- sults of our ignorance, our want of skill and knowledge in their care and cultiva- tion.

A. J. Caywood, New York : I believe that Mr. Smith has done more to teach us right methods of cultivation than any one else in the country; but that old varieties do not die out, but can be preserved by proper cultivation, is, I think, contrary to our experience. There is a time when all varieties die out. The Wilson now fails here where it originated. I think there is something in the Northern climate which has ke})t tlie Wilson from failing with Mr. Smith.

President Bekckmans: Our most valu- able strawberry in Georgia is the Wilson.

Samuel Hape, Georgia: I have culti- vated the Wilson for fifteen years, and I

8^1

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

can see no deterioration where it has been carefully cultivated, acd the genuine Wil?on Las been grown. Strawberry growing is my leading industry. I used to grow only the Wilson, bnt now use Wilson, Sharpless and Crescent.

The President announced that the Treas- urer desired that there be a Finance Com- mittee appointed to take charge of the funds of the Society.

J. H. Bourn, of Rhode Island, moved the following, which was adopted by a two-thirds vote :

The by-laws shall be amended by insert- ing an article to stand as article 4, which shall read as follows : There shall be a Finance Committee of three members ap- pointed by the President at each biennial meeting. The numbering of the succeed- ing by-laws shall be altered as required for the insertion of this article.

IN MEMORY OF MARSHALL P. WILDER.

S. B. Parsons, Chairman of the Com- mittee on Resolutions, presented the fol- lowing ;

Wheueas, It has pleased the Huler of Events to take from us our honored President and valued associate and friend, the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder. Therefore,

liesolved, That we place upon record our high appreci- ation of his character and of his valuable services to our Association. His well tried integrity, his uniform courtesy, his executive ability, united with capacity for work, his e.xceptional readiness with either tongue or pen, his liberality with money, his dignified presence, and the warm sympathy of his nature, were qualities which claimed for hiiu our highest regard and affection. The death of such men is an irreparable loss to every interest for which they have extended the best energies of their lives, and all of us who liave known him must always re- member with pleasure, mingled with sadness for their loss, the exceptional qualities of his eminent personality.

Also the following ;

Whekeas, Since our last meeting we have to mourn the loss of one of the most valuable officers of (jur Society, Mr. Charles M. Ilovey. Therefore,

liesolecd, That we record upon the pages of our his- tory the memory of his great usefulness and of his devo- tion to the interests of Pomology. Men who have thus labored are hard to replace, and the want of his services will cause us long to remember them.

The resolutions were adopted and the Secretary instructed to send suitable copies to the relatives of the deceased members.

THURSDAY EVENING SESSION.

The first paper of the evening was the following :

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

As Affecting tlie Vigor and Healtli of the Plant, and the Yield and Quality of the Fruit.

BY P. M. AUGUR, MIDDLEFIELD, CONN.

If, in fruit culture, we w'ould have sat- isfactory returns, there must be a corres- ponding investment; if the soil deposit be ample, our draft will he honored.

Hence the need of appropriate culture and fertilization. The latter is the ques- tion assigned to me. 'Net the good effects

of abundant fertilization are so much de- pendent upon good culture, that I venture a few remarks of a general nature on cul- ture.

1. Tiie water table in the earth should be so lowered by drainage, if need be, as to secure sutiicient friability and a suffi- ciently high temperature.

2. The surface and subsoil plows, and later in the season the cultivator and hoe, must be used. Stir the ground deeply enough and frequently, to so aerate tlie soil, as to give it its maximum i)ower to nurse and feed the tree or plant in question.

Now, witJi the ])roper texture and tilth in the soil, comes tlie (pieslion of added

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

85

fertility by manures or fertilizers; and liere let me say, nature has her limita- tions. When stoves were first introduced, a man said to his neighbor, " I have bought a stove and it saves half my fuel." His neighbor (a wag said to him. "Then I will buy twosfovesand save the wliole." So with fertilizers tlie law of direct pro- portion has limits; whereas a given amount of a fertilizer is beneficial and profitable, an excess may be, and often is, disastrous. As with a hard worked horse, a peck of oats may be a judicious feed, double that amount would be damaging. Tiierefore the importance of suitable rations, considering both the capacity of the soil and the plant in question.

The good effect of a manure may and should be, two-fold : 1. Its mechanical effect upon the texture of the soil. 2. Its inherent value in plant-food. This last point is one which appears in all the an- alyses made of manures and fertilizers, while the former is, I regret to say, too often overlooked, yet I believe it to be a matter of much importance.

Again, the question of digestibility of fertilizers, if i may borrow a physiological term, should never be overlooked. Chemi- cal analysis would probably show as much or more starch or gluten in a pound of flour as in a pound of bread. Yet the luiman stomach would lespond more readily to the pound of bread, simply because it is more digestible. For the same reason an equal amount of plant food in well compacted stable manure, I believe more readily available than in CaroHna Eock phosphate, potash salts, etc.

It may iiave been supposed by some that I may be writing as a special champion of the fertilizer trade, and that, therefore, I ignore the manure heap as an auxiliary to successful cropping. By no means ; would that we could increase the manure pile fifty fold. I believe in saving all animal and human excrement and urine, "so that nothing be lost." More than this, those

who can easily do so should avail them- selves of city stable manures to the ut- most, as a most important means of in- creasing their crops, but after all this, most growers will feel the need of some- tiiiug more to reach the maximum of pro- fitable production. So the question of fertilizers comes back to us with force and power as one that must be studied in all its aspects.

Healtli and vigor, yield and quality. The first three of these terms naturally go together. The last may, or possibly may not, go with them. It is safe, however, to say that to the com- mercial grower if lie secures the first three he has the ))alm of success. But we want all four, and so far as we may we should take such steps as will tend to secure all. And we may justly conclude that all four of these re- quisites lie nearly in the same line. A stunted tree, or a sickly, feeble looking plant, is not one from which we should expect a high quality of fruit, but the re- verse.

So far as healthful vigor goes, it goes in the right direction to secure yield, size, beauty, and we may say quality. A farmer once applied to the dealer to buy his pota- toes, which were under size, hence he could not get full price. The farmer said, " I ought to have full price for I only had fifty bushels per acre." Then said the dealer, "I don't want them at any price; if you had a crop of two hundred bushels per acre, I would much rather takethem." Peaches, sixty-four to the basket, are worth in cash four times what those are which require two hundred for a basket; I mean, of course, in a commercial sense.

I believe no man, no chemist, has yet sufiicieiit data to say you must use just so mucli nitrogen, so much potash and so niucli phosphoric acid to secure just so much starch, sugar, and so much good flavor in your fruits. It may be said that an excess of chlorine in muriate of potash injures the quality of tobacco leaf and in-

86

COMMERCIAL PEKTILIZERS.

teiferes with the full normal production of sugar in our fruits. It may be; I do not deny, neither can it be absolutely affirmed. Still there are some reasons for thinking so.

I behave that the wild grape in our for- ests, and the same under garden culture, have shown a difference in sugar some- what remarkable. This, however, may be considerably due to the increased heat in the soil and to culture, drainage and tlie better aeration of the soil.

Taking theory for what it is worth, and practical experience for the lessons it teaches, and we may safely arrive at a few conclusions which will be sound and of value :

1. Commercial fertihzers should always be used to supplement and never to sup- plant our home manures.

2. They should be used only in such rations as are safe and healthful, never passing the maximum of a truly economic application.

Perfection in any production depends upon the perfection of its integral parts. So if we desire perfection in fruits, we must supply in the best aud most availa- ble form the elements needed in the de- sired article.

In this respect the previous manage- ment of the area should be known. Also its probable dehcieucy in any important requisite. I believe in using all those ele- ments that the ]ilant and fruit require to attain perfection and which the soil prob- ably lacks. Again, it is better to supply a little more than the estimated need of the plant than to fall short. But we should endeavor to prevent parasites, both insect and fungus, and proujote the health of the plant as truly as of an animal. A liberal application of manures to any soil or crop should be an added reason for the best possible culture to accompany it, be- lieving as we do that heavy manuring can- not compensate for neglect in culture.

Finally, I believe in such manuring of the soil as shall leave it better as well as

secure an immediate benefit, year by year. The idea of betterment should always accompany our plans. Thus by a wise rotation of crops and by an occa- sional plowing in of some green crop, the natural resources of the soil will increase, be readily available and combine to secure health, vigor, yield, quality and produc- tiveness, and so of course pecuniary suc- cess— the great idea that underlies all our plans, present and prospective.

Charles A. Green, New York : Why do you give the caution in regard to the use of commercial fertilizers?

P. M Augur : I believe that in the appli- cation of nitrate of soda, and perhaps with some potash salts, there is a limit which it is not best to pass.

Charles A. Green: In my opinion there is no such thing as gluttony in plants; a plant will not take up more than it wants.

James Paul, Massachusetts: We all know, however, that an excess of certain manure, while it may not check the growth of the plant, will lessen the pro duction of seed, and diminish the size of roots or tubers.

President Berckmans, Georgia: I think a plant can absorb too much plant food for the greatest production of fruit, but so far as a healthy growth is concerned, I do not think that it can. Whenever a vine, for example, has grown sufficiently to exhaust its superabundance of food it becomes fruitful.

A. S. Fuller, New Jersey : I certainly think there can be too much manure used. On clay, for example, I could safely use three times as much bone dust as on my sand.

T. C. Thurlow, Massachusetts: I think as a general thing we nurserymen are more deficient in knowing how, and how much manure to apply, than in anything else. Desiring to fertilize five acres of worn out land for grapes, I bought a ton of bone black, half a ton of muriate of potassium, and three hundred pounds of

COMMEECIAL FEBTILIZEKS.

81

nitrate of potassium. The cost of these amounted to ten dollars per acre. I mixed the fertilizers, applied to the laud, liar- rowed in, and planted in potatoes, obtain- ing a good crop. In addition to the above a handful of wood ashes was applied to each hill. The potatoes left the land in good condition for the grapes.

Charles A. Green, New York : In West- ern New York we have not yet learned the value of commercial fertilizers. Our great nurserymen still use chiefly farm yard manure, for which they send great dis- tances and pay three to four dollars a load.

James Paul, Massachusetts: I have had good success with all the commercial phos- phates. We use four to five hundred pounds of super-phoirphate per acre for potatoes, with or without farm-yard ma- nure. One of my neighbors used four times the above ciaantity, and as a result obtained a very poor crop.

H. M. Engle, Pennsylvania: It is im- portant to know what the soil lacks, as well as what the fertilizer contains. There is a difference also in the requirements of the different crops.

P. M. Augur, Connecticut : Some twenty years ago I had an orchard winter-killed as a result of a too free application of stable manure. I now use no stable ma- nure, and cease cultivation by mid-sum- mer. I once lost a patch of Cuthbert raspberries by late cultivation. After an orchard comes into bearing I do believe, however, that we can afford to use nitro- genous commercial fertilizers.

H. M. Engle, Pennsylvania: I think it best, as a rule, to cultivate raspberries later than other fruits. I have noticed that those canes which ate produced late in the season bear the best the following year.

A. S. Fuller, New Jersey: I am satis- fied that a late growth of raspberries is to be encouraged. The trouble all tlirough the South is, that in summer the loaves burn so that the canes do not mature. In

the mountains of New Mexico I have seen snow upon the bushes when they were full of leaves and fruit, and yet there was a good crop the following year. This ability of late growths to endure cold is especially true of red raspberries, but also to some extent of black raspberries and blackberries.

P. M. Augur: I migbt say in regard to heading in to prepare trees for winter, that we have abandoned it, as we believe that trees so treated are less hardy and bear less fruit.

Chas. a. Green, New York: I would like to ask the question now, what is the best strawberry?

A. S. Fuller, New Jersey: Charles Downing is the best for market.

Chas. A. Green : At Barnesville, Ohio, Sharpless is the favorite. The Wilson is of no value with us, on account of leaf- blight and having small berries.

T. C. Thurlow, Massachusetts: The Wilson for the first fifteen years was our favorite, and still a large part of our growers raise it. Sharpless, Manchester and Crescent are grown considerably.

T. S. Hubbard, New York: We sell three times as many Wilson plants as any otlier. The variety is improved by an oc- casional change of locality.

H. M. Engle, Pennsylvania: Sharpless is the favorite with us. It has the best foliage. The foliage of the Downing turned brown so much that it had to be abandoned.

A. J. Caywood, New York : The Wil- son gives a good crop on only the first one or two pickings with us; after tliat the berries are small. It is not prized on the Hudson.

J. Van Lindley, North Carolina: In Middle North Carolina the Sharpless is the most grown. In the Eastern part of the State several new sorts are being raised, among whicli is tlie Westbrook, which is paying well. Hoffman is also largely grown.

88

FRUITS EXHIBITED.

J. R. Hart, Nova Scotia: Tlie Wilson is grown for its name, the Bharpless be- cause it is large, but when people begin to know what they want they ask for Charles Downing.

D. W. Adams, Florida: In a consider- able portion of Florida the Wilson is wearing lionors that belong to some other variety. The Nona is one of these. I have yet to find in our State where the true Wilson lias been a success.

P. M. AuGUK, Connecticut : The Wilson has been very generally abandoned with us. I believe its value can be kept np, however, by proper cultivation, and by preventing its bearing the first year.

J. E. Hart, Nova Scotia: Triumi)h De Gaud gives me best satisfaction.

Chas. a. Green, New York: I agree with Mr. Fuller in regard to Charles Downing. Tt is my favorite for quality.

FRIDAY iVlORNING SESSION.

Report of the Committee on Fruits Exhibited.

To fJi,fi President and Members of the American. Pomoloc/tcal Societi/:

Your committee on fruits exhibited re- port the following awards:

WILDER MEDALS — -SILVER.

E. F. Babcock, Russelville, Ark., for 58 named varieties apples, 68 varieties seed- ling apples and 15 seedling peaches, col- lected in the State of Arkansas, most of which are handsome in appearance and well grown.

Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y"., tor 130 varieties pears.

T. S. Hubbard Co., Fredonia, N. Y , for 1G5 varieties grapes.

E. Williams, Montclair, N. J., for 50 plates of grapes of noteworthy excellence.

A. J. Caywood, Marlborough, N. Y., for Black Delaware, Ulster, White Concord and Poughkeepsie grapes, cross-mated by the exhibitor.

liUONZE MEDALS.

The Worcester Grange, for 77 varieties of apples.

Charles H. Hovey, ]>oston, for 118 va- rieties of pears.

Dudley VV. Adams, Tangerine, Fla., for

2 varieties of Japanese Persimmons, and

2 varieties of lemons, notably well grown.

Lincoln Grange, for 21 varieties apples; 11 varieties of pears; 5 varieties peaches; 5 plates of Eaton grapes ; 5 plates Hayes grapes; 1 plate Barberry.

HONORABLE MENTION.

Warren Fenno, for 4'2 varieties of pears. Edward B. Wilder, for 45 varieties pears.

Smith & Kerman, St. Catharines, Ont., for 17 varieties of peaches, instructive as grown in the extreme northern limit of peach culture.

J. M. Hawks, Hawks Park, Fla., for 2 varieties of lemons, and 2 varieties of Japanese Persimmons.

W. W. Thompson, Smithville, Ga., for

3 varieties of lemons, and 1 variety of lime, 1 plate of Keiffer pear.

John B. Moore & Son, Concord, Mass., for exhibit of Eaton and Hayes grapes.

C. C. Shaw, Milford, N. H., for m varieties of apples.

P. P. Brooks, for 15 varieties of apples grown by Cliristopher Grastorf, Wells- ville, N. Y., under A. N. Cole's system of subirrigation.

FEUITS EXHIBITED.

89

OTHER EXHIBITS.

Clias. S. Smith, Lincoln, Mass., lo VLirieties of peaches.

David L. Fiske, Grafton, 9 varieties of peaches.

A. L. Hatch, Ithaca, Wis., -2 plates of McMahon's white apple.

Wm. A. Springer, Fremont, Wis., 2 plates of Wolf Eiver apples.

Samuel Hartwell, Lincoln, Mass., 4 varieties of peaches.

R. Jack, Chateangay Basin, 1'. Q., Canada, 1 plate Alexander apple, 1 plate Famense.

P. M. Augur, Middlefield, Conn., 1 plate Late Crawford peaches.

Mrs. Thos. Christian, Dorchester, Mass., box of raspberries, from this season's canes.

C. A. Green, Rochester, N. Y., 1 potted plant of Jessie strawberry in bearing, also ])hotograi)lis of a field of plants of the same variety, and a photograph of the Wilder pear.

W. C. Strong, Brighton, Mass., (5 plates of Niagara grapes grown by the Niagara Company, Lockport, N. Y.

G. W. Campbell, Delaware, O., 4 plates of Woodruff Red grapes.

Jenkins, McGuire & Co., Baltimore, Md., " The Ripe Fruit Carrier " shipping crate.

SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE MASSACHU- SETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR GENERAL DISPLAY OF FRUITS OF ALL KINDS.

Lincoln Grange ^25

FOR COLLECTION OF APPLES

E. F. Babcock, Russelville, Ark $25

Worcester Grange 15

C.C. Shaw 10

COLLECTION OF PEARS.

Ellwanger & Barry $25

C. H. Hovey 15

Warren Fenno K •

COLLECTION OF PEACHES.

C. S. Smith $25

Sujith & Kerman 15

David L. Fisk 10

COLLECTION OF NATIVE GRAPES.

T. S. Hubbard Co $25

E. Williams 15

F. M. Hexamer, (). B. Hadwen, P. M. Augur, T. T. Lyon, C. L. Watrous, RoBT. Manning,

Committee.

The Committee on Native Fruits made the following report:

Report on New Fruits.

To the F resident Atiierican Pomological

Society:

The committee on new native fruits re- spectfully report as follows :

The chairman, upon invitation, during the season of 1886, visited the grounds of C. Engle, of Paw Paw, Michigan, who has, for niany years, been engaged in the origination of seedling peaches. He has, more recently, been engaged in cross fer- tilization, with the purpose of improving the hardiness of the fruit buds of early and Late Crawford, using, in several of these crosses, the ])ollen of Hale's Early upon Late Crawford. A seedling of this cross is now fruiting, said to be in season about August 18th. Specimens of this were subsequently shown at the Michigan State Fair and received a premium, and a recommendation as worthy of trial. It is described as follows :

The tree is hardy; fruit very large, roundish, slightly elongated, mottled and obscurely striped with briglit red; flesh creamy or greenish white; texture melt- ing, fibrous, juicy, vinous, sprightly, rich; very good to best, uses, market and des-

90

NEW FRUITS.

serfc; freestone, Avery large and excel- lent early peach, adapted to till the hiatus between Hale's Early and Early Crawtord. At the request of the originator the com- mittee named it Pearl.

At the same fair a seedling grape, origi- nated by C. P. Chidester, of Olivet, Mich- igan, was recommended as worthy of trial. It is described as follows : A cross of Con- cord upon Delaware. Ihe bunch and borry resemble Concord, the color being that of Deliware. The quality is excel- lent. The fruit ripens with Delaware. The vine is vigorous and seems hardy. The committee thought it very valuable, and, with the approval of the originator, it was named Lyon, in honor of the presi- dent of the Michigan State Horticultural Society.

Mr. Robert Manning, of Massachusetts, reports: " It is not, in my opinion, wortlj while to mention a parcel of seedling fruits, whicli will probably never be heard of again. The only ones that appear to me to be worthy of mention are the Bel- mont strawberry and the Eaton grape. The Belmont is, I believe, a seedling from the Sharpless, and resembles it in size and quality, but is of better shape. The flesh is firm ; it keeps well and is thought de- sirable, both as a market and family va- riety. It is rather late. Tlie plants are strong growers and very productive."

" The Eaton is a black grape, which has attracted much attention. In size of bunch and individual berries, and in gen- erally attractive appearance, it excels any other native grape shown at our (Mass. Hort. Soc?) exhibitions. Its quality is good — about on a par with that of Con- cord, if I recollect rightly."

F. M. Hexamer, of New York, reports the Gold strawberry as a promising va- riety, embracing most of tlie good quali- ties of the Jewel, with a better flavor.

Dr. Samuel Hape, Hapeville, Ga., exhib- its a supposed natural seedling of Vitis rotundifolia — on the branch, which he

proposes to name Eden — claimed to ma- ture earlier than any other of its class.

Levi Bell, Orangeburg, N. Y. : A new fall sweet apple; fair size, dark red with many dots; a fair sweet apple of good (juality. It is said to be a great bearer. Specimens shghtly affected with bitter rot.

Eli Minch, Shilol), N. J.: A reputed new seedling; a yellow apple of good size, rather tart; apparently a tolerable culi- nary variety.

J. D. Cole, Deerfield, N. J. : Grange apple; a winter apple of the size, form and color of Rhode Island Greening, ap- parently a good keeper; mild in flavor, but too unripe to fully show its character.

C. R. H. Star, Port WilHams, N. S. : Pear — A supposed seedling, but known for fifty years; size medium; obovate, clear yellow with a bright red cheek; stem an inch long; flesh fine grained, tender, melting, juicy ; decays soon at the core; flavor vir.ous.

From the same: Plum — Size some- what above medium; nearly round; dark purple with a blirish white bloom ; cling- stone; flesh greenish yellow; moderately juicy; quality medium.

Thos. A. Dawson, Worcester, Mass.: Apple — Below medium in size; form, ob- late, dark red with many yellowish dots; a beautiful fruit; sprightly, subacid ; prob- ably a midwinter fruit.

E. F. Babcojk, Russelville, Ark., shows G8 varieties of seedling apples selected by hiin in that State. After carefully look- ing over them and testing a few of those deemed most promising, the committee felt compelled to limit their report to the collection as a whole. The committee regard the exhibit as a very attractive one, and creditable to both the exhibitor and the State.

J. Van Lindley, Pomona, N. C, two seedling pears originated eight years since. Lucy Duke, large golden russet, pyriform; yet too immature to judge of its quality. Beaufort, size medium, in

NEW FEUITS.

91

form similar to Winter Nelis; said to keep iuto Winter; yet immature.

Smith & Ivermau, St. Catharines, Out. : x\pple — Said to be a seedhng of Fameuse, a Winter apple yet immature.

Allen Moyer, St. Catharines, Ont. : Similar in bunch, berry and quality to Delaware; said to be earlier than that variety and less sprightly in flavor.

Smith & Kermau: Peach — Similar in appearance and season to Smock free. Illinois City, Iowa.

No. 1 — Marie Ijouise, best of the collec- tion.

No. ;]

No. G— Marguerite.

No. 8 — Illinois City.

No. 9 — Emma.

No. 10— Bertha.

No. 19— x\lphonse.

No. 22— Warder.

The committee could only commend these, or any of them, in case they shall prove to possess valuable qualities aside from those manifest in the specimens shown.

J. T. Macomber, Grand Isle, Vt., ex- hibits an alleged hybrid between Strigosus and Occidentalis, which gives less evi- dence of value than Shaffer and several other similar varieties.

Wm. A. Springer, Fremont, Waupacca Co., Wis: Apples — Blaine, a fine looking fruit, but of indifferent quality.

E'ghtman- A sprightly winter apple, yet immature.

Alden — A fine looking acid fruit.

Martha— A bright red late autumn fruit, rather acid.

Waite — A.September apple of indiffer- ent quality.

Waupacca — A good looking oblate apple, of good size, but below medium in quality.

Manning — A yellowish apple of more than medium size and medium quality.

Crocker — Similar in a])pearance to Pc- waukee, very mild in flavor.

Geo. W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio: Grapes — Cross between Worden and

Walter; bunch and berry small, compact, black with blue bloom ; sweet with tender pulp.

Improved Delaware— Manifests little if any improvement so far as the fruit is concerned.

Bettina — Hybrid between Hartford and Muscat Hamburgh ; in appearance and quality, intermediate between the two.

Peerless— Hybrid between Hartford and Muscat Hamburgh ; greenish; bunch long, not shouldered ; apparently not fully ripe.

Seedling of Worden, fertilized by Dela- ware and Purity pollen mixed; green; quality — apparently not fully ripe.

Worden and Delaware Seedling ; sweet, but very foxy.

Seedling of Niagara; extra early; yel- lowish. Not apparently valuable.

With a Concord Seedling; a medium sized greenish grape of indifferent quality.

A. S. Fuller, Kidgewood, N. J. : Antoi- nette grape, one of the Miner Seedlings; greenish ; bunch and berry above medium ; vinous; slightly foxy.

Luther Eames, Framingham, Mass. Cross between Concord and Delaware bunch and berry large-; double shouldered light amber; pulp tender, with a slight Muscat flavor; the history should be sup- plied.

J. F. LeClare, Eochester, N. Y. : Dia- mond grape; Seedling by Jacob Moore; buncli and berry medium (first fruiting on two year vines); color, light green; qual- ity good, though not fully ripe.

T. E. Burke : Chance Seedling grape, at Ottawa, Ontario; berry medium; bunch very large and compact; long double shouldered: pale green; whitish bloom; not fully ripe ; flavor vinous.

Jas. M. Paul, North Adams, Mass. : Seedling grape, said to be very early. Bunch and berry below medium ; pale green; bunch loose; pulp very tender; quality good.

T. T. Lyon.

F. M. Hexameb.

92

PLACE OF NEXT MEETING.

On motion of E. T. Field, of New Jer- sey, the Executive Committee was au- thorized to till any vacancies which might occur in the list of Vice Presidents.

Place of Next Meeting.

Dr. H. H. Carey, of Georgia, presented an invitation for the Society to hold its next meeting in the State of Florida, and suggested for the date February, 1879.

Dr. Samuel Hape, of Georgia, heartily seconded tlie invitation, and called atten- <tion to the liberality of the railroads of the South toward the pomological inter- ests. In Georgia, delegates to such meet- ings are carried free both ways.

D. W. Adams, of Florida, promised a warm reception by the people of that State, and that everything possible would be done for the success of the meeting.

On motion of Chas. A. Green, of New York, the invitation to hold the next meeting of the Society in Florida, was unanimously accepted, the date and loca- tion to be determined by the Executive committee.

Discussion of New Fruits.

APPLES.

Yellow Transpare7it. — T. H. Hoskins, Vt. : At anyplace on Lake Memphrem- Hgog, in Northern Vermont, the Win- ters are less severe in some respects than where this variety lias been tried in Iowa, and the summers are not as dry, but with me it has given good satis- faction and been perfectly hardy. I started in 1869 or 70 with scions from the Department of Agriculture.

T. T. Lyon, Mich.: In a recent West- ern trip, I found several different varie- ties grown under this name.

T. H. HosKiNs: My only authority is the name under which I got it. It ripens through August, is very handsome, free from spots or cracks, not badly attacked by codling moth, being nearly as free from the moth as Oldenburg. With good

culture, which it requires, it is fully medium in size. It is a good sliipper. If picked just as it begins to color it will keep three weeks. It is hardly as good in quality as Early Harvest, but nobody complains of it. There are several closely related varieties, called the Yellow Trans- parent family, which includes the Eed Duck, Sweet Pear, Charlottenthaler, White Transparent and Grand Sultan. The Yellow Transparent is much the hardiest of them all. Charlottenthaler is generally consideied the largest, but I think there is little difference in this re- specit. The White Transparent is the smallest and best in quality. They are all dwarf, early bearers, not very long lived, and will bear planting as near to- gether as 15 feet. Mine are planted l'2x20. All seem to be subject to bark blight like the crabs, but they are ironclad as to the •effect of winter aud summer on the trunk.

J. T. LovETT, N. J. : It bears so heavily that it is rather small, but it is otherwise very desirable.

J. M. Smith : It is promising in Wis- consin.

Eli Minch, N. J. : In Southern New Jersey it does well aud it is considered the best of its class.

Delaivare Winter. — D. S. Myer, Del. (by letter): Introduced aud named by Wm. P. Corsa, Milford, Del. My trees in nursery rows appear identical with Law- ver, and fruit of it which I have tested aj)- pears the same.

J. T. Lovett,N. J.: The trees differ in shape, growth and foliage from the Lawver.

H. E. Van Deman, D. C. : The outward appearance of the fruit is much like the Lawver but it is somewhat flatter and the flesh is very yellow. I think they are not the same.

Wealthy. — James Paul, Mass.: It is a late keeper. TJie best I ever saw were growing on tlie table lands of ihe Green Mountains.

T. H. Hoskins, Vt. : Have grown it for

DISCUSSION OF NEW FRUITS.

93

fifteen years. Sold last year 1,000 bushels. My experience with it is favorable, except that it is not very soaad in the trunk and forks of the limbs. It should therefore be top- worked.

'i'. T. Lyon, Mich. : Witliin a few days I have liad occassion to observe this tree in fruit iu Minnesota, Iowa and Wisconsin, and I find this general complain! , that the tree is very liable to summer blight, and consequent injury in Winter.

A. L. Hatch, Wis.: Peter Gideon, of Minnesota, the originator of the Wealthy, says that it contains crab blood. This no doubt accounts for the liability of the trunk to crack in Winter, for its being affected by summer blight, and for its remarkable success when top grafted on the crab.

D. S. Marvin, N. Y. : Very satisfactory in Northern New York. More hardy than Oldenburg. With us it is a FaU apple.

Chas. GiBu, Quebec: 'J'he tree shows no weak points with us. The fruit is of good quality, but drops before ripe with comparatively slight winds.

McMahon's White. — A. L. Hatch, Wis. : Originated in Wisconsin, probably from seed of the Alexander. It lias the best record for hardiness of any apple in general culture in tlie West. It has stood five severe Winters wiih me in Wisconsin. It might blight on rich soil, but on moderately rich soil. I know of no apple in the West its equal for money making. Its season is Fall, and some mav undervalue it on that account, but I think we would have done better in the past had we grown chiefly the hardy Fall varieties.

Wallace Howard. — P. J. Berckmans, Ga. : One of the finest apples cultivated in the South.

Eli Minch, X. J.: One ofi the most beautiful.

Wolf River.-T. H. Hoskins, Vt. : Less hardy than its parent, Alexander, but otherwise like it.

A. L. Hatch, Wis. : Originated iu East-

ern Wisconsin, where it is perfectly hardy, but it is not hardy in the Western part of the State.

C. L. Watrous, la. : Not hardy in Cen- tral Iowa.

T. T. Lyon, Micii. : Almost if not quite identical with the Alexander. It is ques- tionable whether it is best to introduce two varieties so near alike into the cata- logue.

C. L. Watrous, la.: The trees of the two varieties have hardly any points of identity. The Wolf Eiver is a very thrifty, and the Alexander, a slow grower.

Fa nn J/. —Cnks. A. Green, N. Y^. : Mr. Charles Downing sect me scions of it, and recommended it as superior to Red As- trachan.

H. M. Engle, Pa. : It is later than Red Astrachan. It is red and very showy. It originated in Pennsylvania, and was in- troduced by Dr. Eastman of that State.

Barnes Stripe. — Charles Girb, Quebec : It is handsom.e and of good quality. It was imported from Manchester, England, and has been grown under wrong names, among others that of Winter St. Law- rence, given by the Montreal Horticul- tural Society.

Scott's Winter. — T. H. Hoskins, Vt. : A long keeper, and hardy iu Northern Ver- mont.

Chas. Gibb, Quebec: Hardy, a good bearer, of good size and coloi, and as suc- cessful a winter apple as we have.

T. H. Hoskins, Vt. : Keeps until Yel- low Transparent ripens, but is not of the highest quality for dessert.

Shaiv. — C. C. Shaw, N. H. : A chance seedling which came up in a rocky pasture at Miltord, New Hami)shire. It is light red, conical, mild subacid , and ripens in Sep- tember with the Gravenstein. The origi- nal tree is low and resembles the Baldwin. When grafted it grows rampant and bears better. It was named by the New Eng- land Horticultural Society, Shaw's Fa- vorite.

Salome. — T. T. Lyon, Mich. : I saw it in

94

DISCUSSION OF NEW FRUITS.

February at the New Orleans Exposition. It was of fair quality, and I should think it a promising market sort if the tiee is pro- ductive and hardy.

Samuel Hape, Ga. : I should call it in- sipid.

Ma?m.—T. T. Lyon, Mich.: We have too many better.

H. E. VanDeman, D. C. : It looks as bad as it tastes.

T. H. HosKiNS, Vt. : It is not ironclad.

Northwestern, Greening. — H. E. VanDe- man, D. C: Resembles Lowell, but not as good in quahty. I think it would sell. It is said to be hardy.

T. T. Lyon, Mich. : It is not hardy in the Northwest.

C. L. Wateous, la. : Not hardy.

Jacob Sweet.' — T. C. Thurlow, Mass.: Promises to be our best late keeping Winter apple.

J. T. LovETT, N. J.: It is handsome, of line qu ility, fully as large as Early Bough, and a splendid grower.

PEARS.

Comet.— T. T. Lyon, Mich. : As shown two years ago at Kochester it was very beautiful, of good size, but poor quality.

Keifer.—E.. M. Engle, Pa.: Good for anything except to eat

A. S. Fuller, N. J. : Tlien I must have the wrong variety.

P. J. Beckmans, Ga. : It is a great deal better in quality South than North. It is very productive and bears young. It is a most valuable fruit for cooking and mar- ket, and will answer for dessert. I should 1)6 very sorry to see it condemned for the Southern States.

J. VanLindley, N. C. : It is one of our most valuable fruits. Ripens in October.

J. T. LovETT, N. J. : It does best top grafted. In New Jersey, it has been used to work other varieties on, but it is not a success for that purpose, as other varie- ties do not unite readily with it.

P. M. Augur, Conn. : Most of the peo- ple in my State condemn it. It is a great

bearer, and if properly thinned it is of much better quality, and to some tastes quite acceptable. Its taste is somewhat peculiar.

Le Gonte. — P. J. Berokmans, Ga. : Like the Keiffer, it suits some sections bet- ter than others. It is not usually managed properly. If allowed to ma- ture gradually off the tree, it is a real dessert quality. It is remarkably vigorous, and in Southwestern Georgia and Fljrida there are trees which produce wonderful crops. Your people in Boston have paid as high as $16 a case for them. It was first thrown out, then accepted for Massachusetts.

Mr. Coe, Conn. : In Central Connecti- cut it proves as well as in Georgia. It is larger and of better quality than Keiiler, but rots at the core.

II. H. Carey, Ga. : lis growth in Southwestern Georgia is remarkable, often amounting to twelve feet a year. I have seen trees sixty feet in height. They are usually cut back.

G. B. Brackett, la. : I have seen it grow twelve feet from a cutting the first season.

Bessemianka. — Chas. Gibb, Quebec: Tliis is the best of our Russia pears. Its foliage is perfect, and its hardiness for four years in orchard with me has been all that I could desire. It is of medium size, of the Bergamont form, but not buttery.

T. H. Hoskins, Vt. : Appears as liardy as the Wealthy apple. Stands when all the well known American and European varieties are killed.

A. L. Hatch, Wis. : The Russian pears fail to stand the Winter in nursery rows with us.

G. B. Brackett, la.: Of thirty varie- ties I have but three left, and Bessemianka is the hardiest. Sapieganka is uearly as hardy.

Sapieganka . — C. L. Watrous, la. : This badly winter-kills with me at DesMoines, where Bessemianka is hardy.

Chas. Gibb, Quebec : It is the chief

DISCUSSION OF NEW FRUITS.

95

pear of Poland and Western Eussia, some- wljat better in quality, but less bardy than Bessemiaoka. Some of the other Eussian pears are hardy, others not. I do not know whether we have in this country the Bergamont pear of the Volga or not.

Hoosac. — James Paul, Mass. : Origi- nated by Mr. Foot near me at North Ad- ams. Have seen it growing at his place and think well of it.

J. r. LovETT, N. J. : Has fine Hesb.

Wilder.— CuAS. A. Green, N. Y. : One of the best new early pears. Superior to Gif- ard, red cheeked, rather small, not inclined to rot at the core. The tree is vigorous. It originated in Ohio.

Presidefit Durand. — Mr. Bissel, Va. : It is one of the fevv late pears which is liked for the Richmond market.

Madame YonSieholdt. — P.J. Berckmans : No better in quality than the old Chinese Sand pear. Not very desirable, except for cooking.

J. T. Lovett, N. J.: It is larger than the Sand pear.

Micado. — P. J. Berckmans, Ga. : A good canning pear, and one of the finest grow- ers.

J. T. Lovett, N. J. : Pyriform, and larger than Madame VonSieboldt.

W. C. Barky, N. Y. : The names were given by a European traveller, who brought them to this country.

Grand Isle. — T. H. Hoskins, Vt. : Very ])roductive, medium size, very fine, free from disease, and very profitable in tbe Champlain valley.

CHERRIES.

Windsor.— Y^. U. Barry, N. Y.: Good, solid and worthy of cultivation.

Dye House. — W. C. Barry: A nice lit- tle early sort.

T. T. Lyon, Mich. : Poor.

T. H. Hoskins, Vt. : Fair quality, but small.

Montmorency. — P. J. Berckmans, Ga. : One of the few adapted to Middle Georgia and South Carolina.

Wragg. — C. L. Watrous, la. : Found by Mr. Wragg of my State in an orchard grow- ing near another tree — supposed to be a sprout. Hardly distinguishable from the Morello. It is generally supposed to be of Russian origin, because at one time some Russian trees from Ellvvanger and Barry were planted at that place. Some, however, have tiiouglit it a seedling of Morello. It seems to be hardy.

RUSSIAN CHERRIES.

C. L. Watrous, la. : Have found some of them hardy.

Chas. Gibe, (Quebec : There are a good many cherries of Poland and Eastern Ger- many wbich have not j^et come to this country. These are of the Spanish type. In Russia, however, there are only dwarf Morellos. They are grown there in im- mense quantities. I have some of tbem on trial. I have had specimens three years running on trees three feet high, and they are not on Mahaleb stock. The greatest trouble with the cherries of that class is that tbey turn red some time be- fore getting ripe, so that they are liable to be taken by birds.

Louis Phillippe. — Mr. Taylor, N. Y. : As good as any of the large red sour sorts on our grounds.

PLUMS.

Kelsey. — P. J. Berckmans, Ga. : I first introduced it from California. I do not believe that it will ever be worth anytbing nt^rth of New York, and probably not north of the lower part of New Jersey. Witli us, and in Florida, it is very valuable. It is of the best quality, largest size, very productive and vigorous. I consider it the most promising new variety of that class that we liave received in the Soutbern States for many years. It comes at a season when our fruits are scarce. Ripens too late for the Nortii.

J . T. Lovett, N. J. : Winter-killed with me last Winter for the first time in four years.

*J6

DISCUSSION OF NEW FRUITS.

H. E. VanDeman, D. C. : I do not be- lieve that it will do much farther north than the fig. In Northern Tennessee trees killed to the ground.

Botan. — J. T. Lovett, N. J. : Ripens early, is beautiful, of fine quality, wonder- fully productive and hardy.

H. E. VanDeman, D. C: I have re- ceived specimens from Santa Rosa, Cali- fornia, of the red and yellow Botan. The latter a pronounced Washington, the former Lombard.

Prunus Simoni. — C. L. Watkous, la.: Not hardy.

W. C. Bauuy, N. Y. : A strong and hardy grower with us, but of no value, being so badly stung by the curculio.

Marianna. — Samuel Hape, Ga. : Earlier and smaller than Wild Goose. Grows readily from cuttings.

0. L. Watrous, la. : To be hardy with us it must be top grafted. Does well on Miner.

Bohinson. — P. J. Berckmans, Ga. : Comes between Wild Goose and Newman. The latter is the latest of the Chicasa group, smaller than Wild Goose, and not so good in quality.

Blachnan.—H. E. VanDeman, D. C..- The plum sold under that name by nur- serymen has never yet produced a single blossom. There is another, how'ever, which does fruit.

H. M. Engle, Pa. : We received it with a glowing description of its fruit; but it has not yet borne with us.

Moore's Arctic. — T. H. Hoskins, Vt. : The only hardy plum I have. Probably a seedling of Lombard. It is a little smaller and less red, but otherwise hke that va- riety. With me it is proof against cur- culio.

J. R. Hart, N. S. : Not curculio proof. Almost the only plum raised in New Brunswick. It is laid down in Winter.

RUSSIAN PLUMS.

Chas. Gibb, Quebec: The importations from Moscow were from Southwestern

Russia, and did not contain any of the plums we saw on the Volga, so that it now appears that there are noue of the Volga plums in this country.

Marster. — J. R. Hart, N. S. : Originated in South Carolina four years ago, A mod- erate grower, hardy, prolific, fair quality, purple, ripening in September. It is nearly free from black knot.

JDe Soto. — G. B. Brackett, la. : Best in quality of our native plums. At the head of the list for Iowa.

J. J. Harrison, O.: One of the best bearers we have.

Victoria. — J. H. Bourn, R. I. : Third quality, but fine appearance.

■ A. S. Fuller, N. J. : It is more than fifty years old.

A. J. Caywood, N. Y. : We are discour- aged with ])lum growing on the Hudson, on account of the black knot.

Rcbt. Manning : The same is the case in Massachusetts.

peaches.

Keij/jort White. — J. H. Bourn, R. I. : A good late sort.

T. T. Lyon : There are better sorts for Michigan.

A. S. Fuller, N. J.: An old sort re- introduced, and of much value in the South.

Samuel Hape, Ga. : A good shipper and keeper.

Peen-to. — P. J. Berckmans, Ga. : A va- riety over fifty years old, of which tha orange growers of Florida are just begin- ning to learn tiie value. It blooms too early and is therefore worthless north of the orange belt.

BidioelVs Early. — P. J. Berckmans: One of the long forms, originated from seed of Peeu-to. It is claimed that it blossoms later, and hence is more reliable.

H. E. VanDeman, D. C. : I have posi- tive information of a Peen-to tree produc- ing long peaches. Bidwell, as well as the Peen to, is unreliable north of Florida.

Stevenson's Rareripe. — H. H. Carey,

DISCUSSION OF NEW FEUITS.

97

Cxa. : Larger, when well grown, than

Crawford, better in quality, and a good

grower. T. T. Lyon, Mich.: Not worth having

on the hst.

Chas. Black, N. J. : A fine late peach of fair size, hirgely grown in my State, ripening between Crawford's Late and Smock.

Albright.— J. VanLindley, N . C. : Orig- inated in my county. Like Heath Cling, but a month later.

H. M. Engle, Pa. : That which I have under that name is a white free stone of the Mixon type, about the size of the Mixon and coming about with Smock and Sal way.

quinces

Champion.— T. T. Lyon, Mich.: Of large size, a heavy and early bearer, but will not ripen in Michigan.

A. J. Caywood, N. Y. : We cannot ripen it on the Hudson.

H. M. Engle, Pa. : Fihsthe place when other quinces are gone.

S.AMUEL Hape, Ga. : Li our latitude its lateness makes it very profitable.

GRAPES.

Moore's Early. — A. L. Hatch, Wis. : Can it be grafted, and is it fruitful?

T. C. Thurlow, Mass. : Nearly as fruit- ful as Concord with me.

S.AMUEL Hape, G-a. : No earlier with me than Concord, but a little larger. It differs somewhat in different locations.

J. H. Bourn, R. I.: Its only value is earliness.

T. T. Lyon, Mich.: Used in Michigan as an early market grape, bnt not sufli- ciently productive.

W. C. Strong, Mass. : With most grow- ers it is less productive than Concord.

A. J. Caywood, N. Y. : We can safely recommend it for our northern regions. It is large and coarse, but a sure bearer and produces a fair crop.

T. S. Hubbard, N. Y. : In Western

Now York it sometimes bears a heavy crop.

Worden. — Samuel Hape, Ga. : A splen- did variety.

Mr. Taylor, N. Y. : It drops.

G. B. Brackett, la.: One of the best.

T. T. Lyon, Mich.: Taking the place of Concord.

T. S. Hubbard, N. Y. : Earher than Concord, better in quality, a larger berry and better cluster.

Empire State. — Samuel Hape, Ga. : Re- cently introduced near Atlanta, and doing well.

Geo. W. Campbell, O. : It was planted in Central Ohio as soon as introduced, and has been one of freest fiom mildew. It is of fine quality, the best of any white grape that I have met. I doubt its being a pure native. Hartford and Clinton are claimed as its parents. It is less produc- tive than Niagara, but fully as hardy and more healthy.

A. J. (Haywood, N. Y.: Originated in my neighborhood. I fear we shall be dis- appointed with it. With a full crop the clusters are small. The skin has an un- pleasant taste.

T. C. Thurlow, Mass. : With us it mil- dews.

Coe. — Samuel Hape, Ga. : Fine quality, as vigorous as Delaware, of the same sea- son, with smaller bunch and larger berry.

Woodrxif'.—T. T. Lyon, Mich. : A prom- ising market grape, originating in Michi- gan.

George W. Campbell, O.: Seems to be hardy and healthy. Has large La- brusca, mildew resisting foliage. The clusters, as I have seen them exhibited, are large, and the berries large. Perhaps it has a little too much of what has been called the " native aroma," which some, however, like.

Chas. A. Green, N. Y. : Bunch small, quality \)(nn\ very pulpy and foxy, butpro- ductive and handsome.

G. B. Brackett, la. : Fruiting the first

98

DISCUSSION OF NEW FRUITS.

time iu our State it is all that we can de- sire, especially in leaf.

T. S. Hubbard, N. Y. : There were, as I saw it at Ann Arbor, Michigan, where it originated, a few fine clusters on a vine, the others being loose and small.

It is a strong grower and appears healthy, hardy, and free from rot. With me it is fruiting this season and doing well, the clusters seeming better than at Ann Arbor.

Jewell. — H. E. VanDeman, D. C. : Very early with medium sized berry, of good quality and small clusters.

Geo. W. Campbell, O. : Much like Early Victor, clusters no larger, berries a little larger, quality better, and about one week earlier, ripening with Moore's Early.

Early Victor.— G-&0. W. Campbell, 0.: Originated by Mr. Burr, of Leavenworth, Kansas. Hardy, of fair size, and produc- tive. Eipens nearly with Hartford and Champion, but of better quality.

T. S. HuBRAED, NY.: I saw the Early Victor, and also the Jewell at Mr. Burr's place in July last. The Early Victor was doing better there than with us. The Jewell was not very promising, so far as I could see.

At this point the President announced that the la\v.i of Massachusetts required the formal acceptance by a corporation of its charter, and that the Secretary of State be notified of the fact.

The cliarter was then read by the Sec- retary, and on motion was unanimously adopted by the Society.

On motion of W. C. Strong, the funds of the Society in the liands of its Treas- urer were directed to be transferred to the treasury of the corporation.

Galceron. — Samuel Hape, Ga. : Named for a Spaniard who originated it near At- lanta. The finest berry I have ever shipped.

Behnont. — J. H. Bourn, E. I.: x\ fine berry of first quality.

Dr. H. H. Carey, of Georgia, offered the following resolutions, which were unani- mously adopted :

Jicnolved, That the thanks of the Aniei'ic;m Pomologi- cal Society are due, and are herebj- tendered, to tlie City of Boston for the refined and elegant hospitalities ex- tended to our Society during the session of the convention in their city.

Ri'Kolved, fdiiher, That the thanks of this Society are most heartily tendered to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for its many courtesies, the use of its hall, excur- sion and banquet tendered ; and to the Committee of Arrangements for its excellent forethought in arranging so completel3' for our convenience and comfort.

FRIDAY AFTERNOON.

The Society, upon invitation of Mayor O'Brien, spent the afternoon in a pleas- ant excursion to Deer Island, Boston har- bor. The members improved the oppor- tunity iu comparing personal notes and making new acquaintances.

On the return trip, the Society ex- pressed its ap])reciation of the courtesy of the city officials by the following reso- lutions, presented by Dudley W. Adams, of Florida :

Whereas, The American Pomological Society has re- ceived from the City of Boston, the high compliment and great pleasure of this excursion. Therefore be it

Jicsolft'.d, That we fully appreciate the spirit and social value of this friendly and courteous act.

Resolved, That we hereby tender His Honor, Mayor Hugh O'Brien, and liis associates, our sincere thanks, with the assurance that we shall carry to our widely scat- tered homes pleasant memories of their hospitality.

STRAWBERRIES. " ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^

Jennie.— Cnk^. A. Green, N. 1.: At

Rochester it is doing very nicely, grow- The banquet at the Revere House,

ing healtliy and vigorous. It has borne given to the visiting Pomologists by the

some fruit all through tlie season. Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

Dorchester. — J. H. Bourn, R. I.: Of made a pleasant finish to the sessions of

high (luality, beautiful and firm. the week. The tables were laden with

TOASTS AND RESPONSES.

99

good things, and beautifully decorated with fruits and flowers.

Dr. H. P. Walcott, President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Societj', in calling the company to order, reminded the members that more than two hundred and sixty years ago Blackstone, the first set- tler of Boston, planted an orchard on the southern slope of the bill upon which they were assembled. After calling atten- tion to some of the progress made in Pomologjf since that time, he introduced the toast-master of the evening, Hon. Chas. L. Flint, of Boston.

In assuming bis duties Mr. Flint asked the company to rise in memory of the late President, Marshall P. Wilder.

The first toast, " The American Ponio- logical Society " was then presented, and the Hon. P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia, the newly elected President, was called upon to respond. Mr. Berckmans said:

When our respected and lamented friend (Mr. Wilder) last visited the South, in a response to the Mayor of Richmond he used these words : " While our exports are now mainly granite and ice, I assure you our hearts are as warm as ever." I wish to say that we have found it so since our stay amoi:g you. You have been more than generous to us. I wish also to express the appreciation of American Pomologists for the work of your Society. Without the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, the American Pomological Society would not have existed. Your members have been the leading spirits in American Pomology. Among your names, that of Mr. Hovey will remain connected with some of the most valuable fruits in culti- vation, Hovey Seedling, which was the pioneer of successful strawberry growing at the South. The next toast, " The Commonwealth of Massachusetts," in the absence of Grov. Ames, was responded to by Hon. Geo. B. Loring. He had ex- ])ected, he said, to respond for the New England Agricultural Society, of which he was proud to be a member.

The State had always encouraged agriculture in all its branches. It organ- ized the first Board of Agriculture, and the second, if not the first, successful Horticultural Society. The system of land tenure which was the pride of the nation, is the one which had its origin in Massachusetts. He was glad to help wel- come the fruit growers from all parts of the country to these scenes of early horti- cultural efforts, and the land where so many of our best varieties originated.

Hon. Charles L. Flint, in the unavoid- able absence of Mayor O'Brien, responded for the "City of Boston." He regretted that the toast fell to him, as every one who responds to it is sure to be accused of bragging. On the 10th of October, 1G39, the first Pomological exhibition in the United States was held in the city of Boston, the fruit being brought from Governor's Island in the harbor, ''there being not one apple or pear tree planted in the whole country, but upon that Island." It w^as here, only five years after the landing of the pilgrims, that the first free school was established, which, to- gether with the first church, still lives. It was here that the dogma that taxation and representation are inseparable, was enunciated by the fathers of this town, more than a hundred years before the declaration of independence.

The " Pennsylvania Horticultural So- ciety, the Pioneer on the Continent," in the absence of Mr. Eugle, who was cho- sen to respond, was omitted.

Mr. S. B. Parsons, in speaking for the New York Horticultural Society, referred to the interest taken in Horticulture by persons in other pursuits, and paid a trib- ute to the memory of Marshall P. Wilder.

Rev. Mr. Hart, of Nova Scotia, re- sponded for the Dominion of Canada. He claimed to be a descendant of the Tories who fled from Boston about the time of the famous tea party, and he now came back to another tea party when the inter- national feeling was more amicable. We

100

TOASTS AND KESPONSES.

are as earnest, he said, in our efforts at fruit culture as are you. Our mothers gath- ered sorrel to make fruit pies, waiting till the apples grew. We have succeeded with some things; our Baldwin apples and Bartlett pears are even better than yours, and through the efforts of Mr. Saunders and our newly established experiment sta- tions, we hope to make fruit growing still more successful.

" The Pomology of the South " was re- S])onded to by Dr. Samuel Hape, of Geor- gia. He referred to the time ten or twelve years ago when the Society met for the first time after the war, in Faneuil Hall, and to the warm reception then given to the delegates from the South. He had read Mr. Grady's famous speech in New York, and he felt like adding that in no time, and among no people, had a con- quered people received such magnanimous treatment at the hands of the conquerors as the South had received at the hands of the North. He was glad that fruit grow- ers recognized no sectional lines, and that the Society had honored the South by electing one of its most respected citizens as its President; and he said that two years hence the Southern delegates would endeavor to give the visiting fruit growers as warm a welcome among the orange groves of Florida as they had received here.

"The Pomology of the West" called out Mr. C. L. AVatrous, of lovva. He said that the people of the West were busy and prosperous, but that they were always glad to get back to the cupboard of their mother, and that if any had been gone so long that none of their friends re- mained, they still sent the message "give

my love to the hills." Our fruits, like ourselves, lie said, had their origin in tlie East, and we have much trouble in find- ing those fully adapted to our climate, but we shall -succeed. No race whose sires date back to New England, will live in any country without having an abundance of fruit of some kind.

F. M. Hexamer, of New York, spoke for the Agricultural and Horticultural Press. He referred to Boston as the cradle of horticultural journalism in America, and to the need for the spread of horticultural information among the people. He be- lieved that the principles of agriculture and horticulture should be taught in the public schools. The power of observing well, he said, is the most important ele- ment of an education, and nothing is so well adapted to develop this power as the pursuits of agriculture and Iiorticulture.

Dudley W. Adams responded to the toast, "The Pomology of Florida." He, too, was a son of Massachusetts, and with others who liad left their New England homes would be on hand to welcome them at their next meeting in "the land where tlie mango grows."

The respouse to the concluding toast, " TheNewEnglandAgricultural Society, ' was made by its Secretary, Hon. Daniel Needham, who expressed his pleasure in being premitted to assist in welcoming so many of the fruit growers from other parts of the country. That Society had co- operated, he said, in the twenty-four years of its existence, with all efforts to advance the interests of agriculture and horticulture, and had always received the hearty sympathy and support of the Mass- achusetts Horticultural Society.

SOME PESTS OF THE PO!\rOLOGIST.

101.

SOME PESTS OF THE POMOLOGIST.

BY .r. A. LINTNER, ALBANY, N. Y.

Tlie large attendance at this conven- tion, the several States of the Union represented, the distinguished men par- ticipating in it, the high order of the dis- cussions and papers that have heon pre- sented, the exhibit of fruit tliat is made — all bear testimony to the widespread interest of the present day in fruit culture and the great advance that has been at- tained therein.

PROGRESS IN POMOLOGY.

It is not my province to do more than mention the progress made in fruit-culture within a few years past. This privilege belongs to those who have been active participants and agents in its stimulation and remarkable growth. We can not but recognize its results in the many fruits it has given us previously unknoM'n in our markets — varieties far surpassing those which we formerly enjoyed, and an abundance such as we had never dreamed of, bringing them within reach of all.

EVILS ATTENDING PROGRESS IN POMOLOGY.

Yet this has not been attained without attendant evils. Here, as elsewhere, in all that pertains to the advancement of our race — at every step of progress, a penalty has been incurred and exacted. It is patent to all that the development of Pomology into a science and an imi)ortent industry of our country, lias only been accomplished through a great increase of plant diseases and a remarkable multipli- cation of insect pests. These two evils follow as a necessary consequence of the advance made : They are connected there- with as inseparably as cause and effect. And what part they are to play in the future in retarding, arresting or ruining

fruit-culture, must depend upon the man- ner in which they are met by the enhght- ened fruit-grower.

NEED OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY.

You do well, gentlemen, in calling to your aid whatever science is able to do for you in the investigation of the serious evils to which I have referred. It is of the utmost importance that you should know each one of your enemies, whether it be a soil constituent, a vegetable, or an animal — its character or nature, whence it proceeds, how it acts, and above all, the most economical and efficient means for overcoming it. You particularly need the best skill of the chemist, of the botanist, the mycologist, and the entomologist. Their services are freely at your com- mand, whether asked for of our Scientific schools. Agricultural Colleges, State Ex- periment Stations, the United States Dei)artment of Agriculture at Wasliington or of our State Entomologists.

DEMANDS OF SCIENCE ON THE POMOLOGIST.

But let me remind you that you too have an important part to perfoim in this needed observation, study and investiga- tion of plant diseases and insect injuries. You are brought face to face with them, day after day, more intimately, more con- tinuously, and I may add, more advant- ageously than is possible for the scientist to be. Your trained eyes are quick to detect the first indication of disease or injury; and you should be able to discern its nature, to the extent, at least, that you may promptly summon to your aid, if aid be needed, that particular scientific investigation which the occasion demands. And what a broad field of co-operation

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SOME PESTS OF THE POMOLOGIST.

with the specialist is open, if, when through the aid extended, you have been led in the proper direction, you not only faithfully follow the course marked out for your guidance, but also test the value of experiments that will naturally be sug- gested by the failure or partial success that meets your efforts.

The sciences that are lending you their cordial co-operation have a claim upon you, yes, have a right to demand this at your hands. Upon you is chargeable the curse that surely is hanging over, if not already fallen upon fruit-culture in our country — "in the sweat of thy face shaft thou eat " fruit! I do not overstate when I say that the great increase of plant diseases and insect ravages that you are experiencing is the direct result of the enormously increased production of fruit, and the large area in which fruit crops are massed.

IMMENSE FRUIT PRODUCTION — NO OVER PRO- DUCTION.

Compare the pi'oduction of fruit to- day with what it was in the childhood of any here present, both in variety and quan- tity. To go back farther than many of you are able — in my childhood an orange was a rarity ; a peach was seen at inter- vals of years. I only knew one variety of cherry; our apples did not exceed a score, and pears a half score. Now, freight trains of fruits of almost countless varie- ties are rolling over our country, carrying the delicious and healthful products to central marts, whence they may be dis- tributed to every home in our land, and even find their way beyond the oceans that bound our continent. No wonder, it may be remarked in passing, that under such production, prices may, at times, be- come very low, and the cry is heard, " raising fruit does not pay!" A promi- nent member of one of our horticultural societies recently made this remark in a l)ublic address: "There is such an over- production of these fruits [referring to a

certaia class] that they will no longer pay, unless some insect pests will come and re- lieve us of half the crop." What a ridic- ulous, pitiable, senseless statement to make! Markets that will yield remuner- ative prices are, and wall continue, to be found to enterprising, energetic, sagacious business men. If not already existing, thej^ may be built up, and the demand will follow^ There can be no over-pro- duction, for the retarding houses, canner- ies and evaporators springing up in all our fruit regions will keep pace with produc- tion. The desire for, the need of, whole- some fruit will ever be in excess of its growth. As its price falls — to quote the words of a fruit dealer in Philadelphia, wJio last September received and sold in three daye 665,000 pounds of grapes — "everybody wants it." Should an unu- sually favorable season give a yield be- yond the possibility of gathering, trans- portation, or preservation, why not try the experiment of giving the freedom of your orchards to " the poor, wliom ye have always with you," and see if it is not almost as good to give as to receive.

It does not appear to be known what the aggregate value of the fruit crop in the United States amounts to, but surely that must be a safe estimate tliat places it at be- tween two hundred and three Jumdred millions of dollars annually.

LARGE AREAS DEVOTED TO FRUIT CROPS.

This enormous production which is but the natural outgrowth of the discovery of the peculiar adaptation of the soil and climate of many portions of our country to fruit culture, lias compelled its cultiva- tion in larger areas than anywhere else in the world. An apple orchard on the Hud- son river, at Greenport, N. Y., covers ;]00 acres. At Orchard Hill, in Georgia, is a peach orchard of 790 acres, and 84,000 bearing trees. The vineyard of Leland Stanford, at Vina, California, has 4,000 acres in vines in a tract of six miles long by two wide.

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103

How does this massing of crops tend to promote an increase in insect ravages? Let me illustrate it by what I have else- where written of our apple insects :

" Two hundred years ago not even the wild crab, the earliest representative of the apple, existed in this country, and consequently there were no apple insects. Later, when a few apple trees became the adjunct of the simple homes of the early settlers, those of onr insects to which they offered more desirable food than that on wiiich they had previously subsisted, were obliged to wing their way often for many miles in search of a tree npon which to deposit their eggs. If birds were then abundant, how few of the insects could safely accomplish such extended flights. But in the apple orchards of the present day — some of them spreading in an almost unbroken mass of foliage over hundreds of acres — ©ur numerous apple insects may find the thrifty root, the vigorous trunk, the succulent twig, the tender bud, the juicy leaf, the fragrant blossom, and the crisp or mellow fruit spread out before them in broad array, as if it were a special offering to insect voracity, or a banquet purposely extending an irresistible invita- tion to the tent-caterpillar, the codling- moth, the canker worm, the striped-borer, the bark-beetle, the twig-borer, tlie leaf- aphis, the bark-louse, the root-louse, and every other of our two hundred species of apple insects. Here they may luxuri- ate as nowhere else. The required food is greatly in excess of insect need. Care- ful cultivation has made it the best of its kind; appetite is stimulated; development is hastened ; broods are increased in num- ber; individuals are multiplied beyond the conservation of parasitic destruction; fa- cilities of distribution are afforded with hardly a proper exercise of locomotive organs, and when these almost useless members have become aborted, as in the wingless females of the bark-louse {Myti- laspis -poniicorticis) and the canker-worms {Anisopteryx vernata and A. pometar ia) ,

the interlocking branches afford conven- ient passage from tree to tree."

INCREASE IN PLANT DISEASES.

The same causes, viz., high culture, enormous production, and massing in large areas, inevitably promote plant dis- eases. Let me, in passing, simply name a few of these, since they are so intimately connected with insect attack, being often its precursor or sequence — and then leave tliem to be discussed by those to wliom their study properly belongs.

Of the more than two hundred species of fungi known to infest the grapevine, special attention has beea called within tlie last few years, to tbe following, from the serious losses that they have occas- sioned : The Downy Mildew [Perenospora viticola); the Powdery Mildew {Uncinula spiralis); the Black Rot {Physalospora Bidivellii). Anthracnose {Spliaceloma ampelinum) is a comparatively new grape disease in this country, but one long known in Europe, which attacks the vine, the leaf and the berry.

Of other well-known and destructive diseases, are the Peach Yellows (no satis- factory cause or cure for which has yet been discovered) ; the Peach-leaf curl {E.roascus deforvians) ; tbe Plum-rot {Monilia fructigena) ; the Black-knot {Plowrightia morhosa) of the plum and cherry; the Plum-leaf fungus (Sejdoria cerasina), affecting also the cherry, and the apricot and peach slightly, causing often one-half of the leaf to die and fall away in rounded holes, as in examples recently re- ceived by me from an orchard in Canada ; tlie Apple rust (Baistelia venicillata) ; the Apple and Pear scab {Fusicladium den- d r it icum a.nd F.pyrinuin); the Pear-blight so extensively written of and but lately shown to be caused by the bacteria which has been named Micrococcus amylovorus, also infesting the apple and several other fruits; the Tomato-rot in green fruit (probably Cladosporium fulvum); the Gooseberry blight; the Raspberry rust

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SOME PESTS OF THE POMOLOGIST.

iCtroma nitens) ; and the Spot disease or leaf-blight of the strawberry {Ramularia Tulasni). The causes and cures of these and of many others associated with theru, are deserving, from their great economic importance, of the study that is being given to them. Valuable results are ex- pected from the establishment about a year ago of a Mycological section in the Department of Agriculture at Washing- ton, specially charged with the study of the fungus diseases of plants, and it was very fitting that this section should have received the cordial endorsement of your Society so promptly given it.

New diseases are being discovered from time to time. A very remarkable one has lately been reported to the State Horti- cultural Society of California. The writer names it, " Paralysis of Apricot Trees." It had been observed by him in three dif- ferent cases in three years, in apricot and apple trees that had been grafted on other stock. They were of exuberant growth, in healthy fohage and were bearing abund- antly normally developed fruit. It is de- scribed as follows:

" In the morning the trees appeared to l)e in full health; shortly after 10 o'clock the leaves suddenly became weak and every leaf, without exception hung life- less on the tree. In the afternoon the fruit and bark began to shrink, and in forty-eight hours all the leaves and young shoots were entirely withered and the fruit shrunken and nearly dried up. Two trees were tested with the knife, and it Avas found that the paralysis and death had taken place from the grafting-point upward."

INCREASE OF INSECT RAVAGES.

Passing now to insect pest evident to every fruit grow each successive year, the growing choice and perfect f inggieater. He can no lou^ insect as an insignificant obj almost unworthy of regard.

s — it is surely er that, with

difficulty of ruitisbecom- ^er ignore the ect in nature,

The myriad

hosts confront him on every side and de- mand his attention. They claim the choicest products of his labor — not a tithe of them , which might, perhaps, be granted, but the entirety. It is a struggle for mas- tery, in which he must conquer the insect, or the insect will conquer him.

The primary causes that have necessi- tated this w^arfare have been given you in general terms, but the consequences of these might not extend much beyond a multiplication of the individuals of a spe- cies. But beyond this, another serious element is forced upon us, viz., a contin- ual increase in the number of species prey- ing upon fruits.

FOOD-HABITS OF INSECTS.

You all know that our noxious insects are divisible into many groups, indicated by the food-plants upon which they sub- sist. Thus we have our grass insects, our grain insects, insects infesting 'our forest trees, those infesting our flowering plants, those attacking garden vegetables, along list of household pests, those that live upon our domestic animals, etc., etc. In- sects are more or less particular in their food. There are those that confine them- selves to a certain species of plant and will starve rather than change to another. Very many will feed upon allied plants as associated by structure and character in a genus or a family ; while others, polypha- gous species, as they are termed, extend their range through different and often dissimilar orders of the vegetable world.

CHANGE OF FOOD-PLANTS.

Thus it is that the fruit grower not un- frequently has to contend with some in- sect depredator quite new to him and to his locality. He submits it, as he should, to some autliority in entomology, and it is found to be a species previously known as subsisting on some other food-plant. Chance, it may be, has brought it to an apple tree, and it at once finds in its ma- terial, food more agreeable and attractive to it than that on which it had hitherto

SOME PESTS OF THE POMOLOGIST.

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fed. It becomes an apple tree insect, aud displays under the stimulating effect of its changed diet, far more destructive habits than those that before pertained to it. To illustrate: A little bark-boring beetle {Scolytus rugulosus), v/hich for sev- eral years has been known to us only as destroying cherry, peach and plum trees, has been discovered by me the present year as working in large numbers beneath the bark of apple trees and quickly killing thein by running its galleries over and around the truLk until it is completely girdled.

INTEODUCTION FROM ABROAD.

Again, the new pest proves to be an in- troduced species, brought over from Eu- rope through some commercial avenue, readily planting itself in its new home, and spreading from thence over the coun- try as broadly as the area of its food-plant or suitable climatal conditions will permit. And almost without exception, a species thus introduced from abroad, unattended by its natural parasites and freed from other enemies that had learned to prey upon and control it, is at once transformed into a pest of such magnitude, that its harmfulness in the old world is in marked contrast with its ravages in the new.

SPREAD OF SCALE INSECTS.

In illustration of the evils often attend- ant upon a change of food-plants and extension of range, and also, the increased destructiveness of introduced species, we may refer to the struggle which the fruit growers of California are at the present time undergoing with insect pests, and notably, with scale insects, which have followed the recent extended culture of the citrus fruits, particularly the orange, in that State.

Attack by the members of this family, known as the Goccidce, is always dreaded, as they multiply with amazing rapidity, and are protected during nearly all of their life by a shield-like covering, which is impervious to such applications as ordi-

narily suffice to destroy more exposed forms. They are not even amenable to the poison of arsenical preparations,which are our best insecticides wherever they may be safely employed, as they find their food in the juices of plants, extracted by means of a needle-like proboscis driven through the bark or epidermis of the leaf. The scale insect, which is especially en- listing wide-spread attention in Califor- nia, receiving the most careful study, and, from the difficulty of its control, exciting great alarm, is known as "the fluted scale," or the cottony-cushion scale, from the peculiar and conspicuous cotton-like mass attached to it and sheltering its eggs. Scientifically it is known as Icerya Purchasi Maskell. AustraUa, South Afri- ca, New Zealand and California are its only localities, so far as known to us. Its original food plant is believed to have been an Acacia — thorny trees or shrubs belong- ing to the Leguviinosce, of which we have no native species north of Texas. On an Acacia imported from Australia it was in all probability introduced into California in 1868 or 1809. From this plant it spread to various orchard and ornamental trees, garden plants, weeds, etc. A few of these may be enumerated as showing the possi- ble range of some of these pernicious scales: Orange, lemon, quince, pomegran- ate, apple, pear, peach, apricot, fig, straw- berry, grape, hawthorn, walnut, oak, pine, cypress, laurel, locust, elm, willow, ivy, rose, verbena and box. According to a writer in New Zealand, "it attacks all sorts of plants." It is proving particu- larly destructive to the orange, entire plantations of wliich have been com- pletely destroyed. Not yet overspread- ing the entire State, the most earnest efforts are being made to arrest its distri- bution. Laws have been enacted, under which fruit inspectors have been ap- l)ointed, whose duty it is to enforce the laws, and even to search out the infested trees and compel tlieir destruction.

The interest taken in this crusade

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SOME PESTS OF THE POMOLOGIST.

against insect pests in California, and the desire to conduct it in the most efficient manuer, is shown in the following extract from an address recently made by the Secretary of the California Horticultural Society :

"Every effort is being made by Horti- culturists to resist the spread of fruit- pests. Every method suggested by reli- able scientists and fruitmen is being thoroughly tested. Usually not much urging is required to induce the owners of pest-ridden orchards to try the latest dis- coveries, as they are only too willing to attempt the eradication of their insect enemies. In this way many new applica- tions are being discovered. If we can succeed iu checking the ravages of the pests, this State is bound to become the orchard of the world." — (Pacific Rural Press, August 20, 1887, p. 145).

It is devoutly to be hoped that the " Australian bug," as it is sometimes called, together with the Eed Scale {Aspidiotus auraiitu) also introduced from Australia, and other of its associates, may not become distributed over the United States, to add to the already almost over- whelming number of our fruit insects.

There is little diinger of the introduc- tion this side of the Rocky Mountains of the larger number of the Californian scale-insects, through the fruit whicli is being brought eastward, for nearly all of them are fixed to the plant upon which they subsist during their entire life ex- cept a brief period following their hatch- ing from the egg. The Icerya, or Fluted Scale, unfortunately possesses habits more favorable to its spread, for it remains free and travels about during the greater part of its existence. In its last stage — accord- ing to Prof. Riley, to whom we are in- debted for thft elaborate study of this insect as given in his last annual report *

* Report of the Couiiiusskmer ot Agiicultuie for lS8(j, pp. 465-403, pi. i V. See al.so : Tlie Icerya or Fluted Scale, Bulletin 15, U. S. Dept. Agricul., Division of Entomology, 1887, pp. 40.

— and just before the production of its eggs, it shows a disposition to travel in search of some place of concealment, as beneath rough bark. Under this impulse, it might leave the tree and find a conven- ient hiding-place in some fruit package, and there be conveyed by rail to a distant locality. The common mode of distribu- tion of scale-insects is through the sale of scions and nursery stock. I do not know if these are being brought from California eastward. If such a business has been inaugurated (of which there would seem to be no need), every effort should be made to suppress it, as it would not be possible to institute such a system of in- spection for the detection and destruction of infested stock, as has been adopted by several of the countries of Europe to pro- tect them from the introduction of the terrible Phylloxera pest.

I have dwelt at some length on these scale-insects, in consideration of their ex- treme virulence and the harm that will attend their spread. When they have been allowed to gain the footing that they now have in California, it is not possible to exterminate them. The most that can be accomplished is to reduce their num- bers, and to exclude them from localities now free from their presence. I believe that the Icerya has not yet shown itself in the orange groves of Florida. When- ever it shall do so, unless it be met as promptly as we are accustomed to deal with a rabid animal, it is safe to predict that the orange culture of that State is doomed. Arizona is just giving promise of becoming a wonderful fruit region. As yet, it is almost free from fruit-pests. Peaches, it is claimed, can there be eaten from the tree from June to December. If so, with proper railroad facilities, we in our Eastern cities could enjoy the delici- ous fruit ditring one-half of the year. How desirable it is that such pros))ects should not be blighted by peruiitting an influx into Arizona of the scale and other

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pests winch it is possible to exclude, for years, at least.

NUMBEK OF INSECT PESTS.

I have referred cothelargenumberof our fruit-pests, in species, of perhaps equal importance withthenumber of individuals, since each one of the species requires separate study that is particular life-his- tory and habits may be learned, and thereby a knowledge obtained of the best method of deahng with it. If a noxious form, then the most efficient means for its destruction is to be sought; if ben- eficial, in the great service that it renders in preying upon injurious species, as do entire families like those of the Ichneu- mens. Lady-birds and others — in that case study must be made of how it may best be protected and its multiplication pro- moted.

Of the three hundred and twenty-five thousand species of insects known to science through name and description, as existing in the world, twenty-five thous- and (2o,()00) belong to the Uuited States. Of these, fifteen thousan.l, at least, would be regarded as injurious, from preying upon material serviceable to man. The amount of harm inflicted by many of these is inconsiderable; and probably not exceeding one-half of the number, or from seven thousand to eight thousand may justly be regarded as insect pests.

The number of fruit insects cannot be definitely stated. Four years ago I pub- lished a list of one hundred and seventy- six species of insects depredating on the apple. Since then I have enlarged the list one-fifth, making it to contain at pres- ent two hundred and ten species. Doubt- less a thorough examination of published and manuscript records of food-plants, and direct observations in the orchard, would extend the number to nearly if not quite three hundred. Witli this as a basis, we may safely conclude that the number of fruit insects in the Uuited States is at least one thousand.

AN UNKNOWN CUHBANT INSECT.

And every year is adding to the num- ber. Several new ones have come under my observation the present year. To one of these, of more than ordinary interest to me, I will ask your attention, in the hope that if its operations are wide-spread, the unknown insect inflicting the injury may be discovered while engaged in its oviposition, by some one of you, as other- wise its identification may elude us for years.

During the latter part of May and early in June, the tips of the new and more vig- orous shoots of both the black and the red currant were observed, in gardens at Albany and vicinity, to be girdled, drop over, wither, and finally to break off and fall to the ground. The girdling is done by five or six sharp, deep and rather long incisions in the same plane, nearly sur- rounding and severing the stalk, and seeming as if made by strong mandibles. It is entirely different from the two cir- cles of punctures made by the well-known raspberry cane girdler, Oberea bimaculata oliv., and moreover, the oviposition is within the tip that falls to the ground — not in the standing cane. It would there- fore be difficult to rear the insect from the egg, deprived, as it would be, in confine- ment, of its natural conditions. The girdling is probably done during the night.

HOW INSECT RAVAGES ARE TO BE MET.

And now, to proceed to the more prac- tical part of my paper: What must the nurseryman and the fruit grower do, that they may effectually meet these annually increasing insect ravages; the plant dis- eases of rust, smut, blight, mildew, etc., to which I have referred, belong to, and are left for, others to discuss.

I need not urge upon the members of this Society the importance of their re- cognition of the amount of harm to which they are exposed from insect injuries. Individual exi)erience has taught the ab- solute necessity of such recognition. Car-

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tain it is, thai he who will heieaiter achieve the best success in the growth of fruit or fruit trees, will be he who has best informed himself of insects and how to deal with them. In the hands of such, the business will continue to be profitable, while the thriftless, careless and ignorant will have to seek other occupation, more congenial to his ciuiet tastes and easy- going nature.

While the fruit grower has not the op- portunity for becoming a technical ento- mologist, he may at least acquire such a general knowledge of the elements and applications of economic entomology as are taught and explained in scores of pub- lications issued gratiiitously during the last few years by several of the States and the General Government, for the sole and only purpose of diffusing broadcast knowl- edge so important to individual and na- tional prosperity.

May I venture to offer what seems to me, from my stand-point, some reasonable requisites of the successful fruit-grower of the future?

1. He should be acquainted with all of the more common insects that occur, or are liable to occur in his vicinity — their names (not necessarily their scientific ones), the nature of their injuries (if in- jurious), their more important habits, and be able to identify them in their different stages.

2. He should be so familiar with liis ordinary visitants that he would detect the advent of an unusual or new form, so that it could be promptly submitted for such study as it might need.

8. He should be able to distinguish be- tween his insect friends and foes, that he might not unwittingly destroy the former, or employ such remedies against the latter as to involve both classes in a common destruction, accomjilishing tiiereby more harm than good.

4. He should be able to refer them to tlie orders to which they belong in classi- fication, that he might speak or write of

them uudersfcaudiugly and properly — not grouping all under the name of " bugs." The commonly accepted orders are but seven and may he easily learned. They are these :

Ilymenoptera — IJees, wasps:, hornets, .ants, saw-flies,

t. etc.

3.

.3.

4.

'). etc.

(1.

etc.

Lepidoptera — Butterflies and hiotbs.

Diptera — Flies, mosquitoe?, gn:its, etc.

Coleoptera — Beetles.

Heniiptera — Plant-lice, scale-insects, tree-hoppers,

Orthoptera — Crickets, grasshoppers, etc. Nenroptera — Dragon- flies, May-flies, caddis xvorms,

0. We should know the manner of in- sect feeding, so as to employ the proper class of insecticides.

(">. He should be informed of the method of preparation and of application of the hest insecticides.

7. He should experiment with such remedies and preventives as his own ob- servation and experience may suggest.

8. He should avail himself of the pub- lications in economic entomology relating to fruit pests. These have become num- erous and cannot fail of proving of great service.

The first three of what I have named asreciuisites of the successful fruit-grower, viz.: Names of insects, recognition of new forms and discrimination between foes and friends — may be largely met by the use, in connection with observation of the living insects, of the volume en- titled, " Insects Injurious to Fruits," by William Saunders. It is an exceedingly valuable compilation of most that is de- sirable to be known, for practical uses, of our fruit insects, and has been prepared by a gentleman, whose long experience as a fruit culturist, together with a high reputation as an entomologist, had in every way fitted him for the work which has been so successfully accomplished. The volume — an octavo of over 400 pages with illustrations on almost every page — is published by the well-known publishing house of J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, of whom it may be ordered.

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109

For the fourth requisite — for some knowledge of the orders in which insects are grouped, aud in addition, a compre- hensive idea of the famihes in which the orders are divided, I would recommend the purchase of Dr. Packard's " Guide to the Study of Insects." It is a large octavo of over 700 pages, abounding in illustrations, and is well adapted to the wants of those who desire some accurate and general knowledge of the insect world. The eighth edition was pubUslied in 1&S3, by H. Holt & Co., 29 W. Twenty- third street, New York City; price $5.

For the fifth requisite — a knowledge of the manner of feeding, it is necessary in the employment of remedies to be able to distinguish between biting insects, the Mandibulata, which are provided with mandibles, or jaws, and sucking insects, the Suctoria, furnished with a proboscis for extracting the sap of plants. The former are killed by the application of poisonous substances to the surface of the leaves or other parts of the plants on which they feed, while the latter, living only on the interior juices, are entirely unaffected by such applications. Of this last class, are all of the plant-lice, or Apliides, the scale insects, bugs proper, and, in short, all comprising the extensive order of Hemiptera. Against these the strongest arsenical preparations are of no avail, but they are vulnerable to applica- tions that will affect them through their breathing pores, as, for example, kerosene, which closes these pores and produces suffocation.

INSECTICIDES.

The sixth requisite named, is a knowl- edge of insecticides, and of the means for applying them.

Not many years ago the only known methods of combatting insect pests, were hand-picking, beating from shrubs or jarring from trees on sheets spread under- neath, attracting to lights or fires, and taking up and burning the infested plants. As insects multiplied and more ample

means for their control were required, in- secticides, so called, were discovered. ■Twenty years ago, when a beetle whose home was in the Eocky mountains, had, at the approach of civilization, abandoned its wild Solanum food-plant for the more nutritious cultivated one, and was rolling eastward over the Western States as steadily and as irresistibly as a tidal wave, the timely discovery by a citizen of Illi- nois that Paris Green was an effectual remedy for it, at once brought under con- trol the ravages of the devouring pest, and made the continued cultivation of the potato a possibility. Ten years thereafter London purple, a residuum in the manu- facture of an aline dyes, was found to be almost equally efficacious against the Colorado beetle ; and, as the fruit of experiments since conducted, we have now in these two arsenical compounds, insecticides effective against nearly all of the mandibulate insects which feed ex- posed on such vegetable substances as we or our domestic animals do not require for food.

The need of reaching the large order of suctorial insects which are not affected by the arsenites, led to the discovery of the value of kerosene as a destroyer of insect life. It was found to be fatal to every insect to which it could be applied. As in its undiluted state it is also fatal to vegetation, means were sought, aud were speedily found, for reducing it to any de- sired degree. Often as the methods of preparation of what are known as "kero- sene emulsions" have been published in our agricultural and horticultural jour- nals, it may be of service to you to give the most approved method in a single short sentence.

The best emulsion for general use is jiro- duced by violently agitating through the rose of a force-pump until emulsified in a homogeneous mass, two parts of kerosene to one part of a hot soap solution, made by dissolving a half pound of common soap in one gallon of water.

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SOME PESTS OF THE I'OMOLOGIST.

The ordinary dilution of the above emulsion for use, is with nine parts of cold water.

Of the various other insecticides with which the fruit-grower will find it to his advantage to be familiar, as hellebore, pyrethrum, carbolic acid, coal tar, tobacco, etc., I will not speak, but will refer you to publications in which they are fully discussed, and which constitute a part of that literature of economic entomology, which should find place in the library of each one of you.

The necessity of limiting the si/.e of this volume, com- pels the presentation of au ahstract of the concUulins pages of tliis paper, prepared hy its author and used with his permission.

PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO FRUIT INSECTS.

After paying a high comi)liment to the Entomological Division of the Depart- ment of Agriculture at Washington, for the admirable work it had accofcnplished in the study of insects, discoveries of insecticides, and invention of machines and devices for their application, the speaker commended the ])ubhcations of tlie Division, in the annual report of the Entomologist, Prof. Riley, and in its oc- casional bulletins (fifteen now issued), as of great value to the fruit-grower. There should be no difficulty in getting the an- nual reports, either from Representatives in Congress or from the Commissioner of Agriculture, as they are included in the report of the Commissioner, of which Congress annually orders an edition of four hundred thousand copies.

Of the other publications in economic entomology of w^hich commendation was made, was the following:

The four reports of the United States Entomological Commission.

The Bulletins of the above Commis- sion, especially No. 7, on " Insects In- jurious to Forest and Shade Trees," by Dr. Packard.

Reports of Dr. Fitch on the Noxious and other Insects of the State of New York.

Reports of Prof. Riley (nine) on the In- sects of Missouri.

Reports on the Insects of Illinois, four- teen in number.

The American Entomologist, three volumes.

The Practical Entomologist, two volumes.

The special value of each of the above to the fruit-grower was pointed out, as also their general character, where they were to be obtained, and the price, when known.

In conclusion, tlie speaker expressed his belief that the means he had indicated for meeting insect depredations were not difficult to employ. Compliance with the requisites that he had made would not only yield a pecuniary reward, but at the same time add to mental wealth, enlarg- ing and enriching the mind by opening uj) to it new sources of pleasure as one is led from the simple contemplation of the beautiful, curious and wonderful forms of insects, to their various habits, and the surprising instincts or the shadowing of reasoning powers so frecjuently displayed The study of the myriad insect world, even apart from its utility, could not fail of being a fascinating adjunct to the l)leasurable pursuit of fruit-growing.

HONESTY IN TESTIMONIALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

Ill

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPERS.

The following valuable papers were pre- sented by their titles, the time of the con- vention being too fnlly occupied to have them read at length.

Honesty in Testimonials and Recommenda- tions.

BY M. CRAWFORD, CUYAHOGA FALLS, OHIO.

This is a subject of special importance to Horticulturists. Being a progressive people, they are anxious to keep up with the times and raise the best that can be obtained; and they are obliged to depend largely upon the testimony of others in regard to the merits of the stock they buy.

Horticultural societies have done much to encourage the raising of new fruits and many of these are introduced each season. The fact that a variety is new, however, is not sufficient to secure its ready sale. It must possess merit or have the reputation of doing so, and this reputation, whether deserved or not, is gained by means of testimonials.

Let us notice a few of the ways in which new fruits obtam a better name than tliey are able to sustain.

A fruit-grower originates some new- variety which, in his estimation, possesses great merit. Nor is he alone in his opin- ion. He favors his friends with samples of the fruit, and some of them pronounce it the best they have ever seen.

A few are permitted to fruit the new variety — probably under very favorable conditions — but if they discover faults in it, the owner is so possessed with the idea of its superiority that they dislike to un- deceive him, and so they say what good they can and leave the other part unsaid. They speak the truth but not the whole

truth, and the new variety becomes popu- lar only to be cast aside when others find out the faults which those who have tested it already know, and ought to have told in the beginning.

Years ago it was customary to obtain testimonials from preachers, as such were supposed to be entirely reliable, but fruit- growers have learned that however truth- ful preachers may be they are not neces- sarily experts, and their testimony is not always conclusive. The same is true of many others who mean well but are not competent judges. They recommend new varieties in strong language because in their narrow experience they have seen nothing better. Others are premature in their judgment and write before theyhave had the means of informing themselves. For instance, a man becomes interested in the strawberry and plants a hundred varie- ties in the fall, three or four plants of each. The following June he publishes a report to enlighten the people, but the people would be better off without it.

Sometimes the man who can tell about a new thing is at a premium, and this in- duces 6ome to tell more than they know — to give information whicli they hojie to gain at a future time.

It is often the case that where new scrts are sold at a high price, they receive ex- traordinary cultivation, and this brings out tlieir best points, and so the reports concerning them are more favorable than they are later, when the commercial grower gets possession of thenj. Still more miscliievous is the custom of giving new varieties extraordinary cultivation before tliey arc; dissiminated at all, thus obtaining wonderful specimens and allow- ing the pubhc to believe that they were

112

THE CEANBEKKY INDUSTRY.

produced by ordinary lueanF. It is all right to give high culture, but when the results are exhibited the method by wliich they were gained should be reported.

I ast of all, a man may give a false tes- timonial for profit. He may be a silent partner, or he may have the promise of a share of the gains in consideration of his influence. It is a lamentable fact tliat there are a few men who will lie for money, and the mischief they do in horticulture is incalculable. In contrast with these, and at the same time in harmony, we find those horticultural gossips who rarely test a new thing, but are always ready to con- demn what they have not seen for the sake of the dear public. If it is wrong for one class to over-praise, and thus in- duce the public to buy things not worth their price, it is also wrong for the other to speak ill without reason, andthusdeter people from ])urchasing a really good thing. Both classes are false witnesses, and both have a strong tendency to dis- courage enterprise in horticulture.

Perfect truthfulness is the most import- ant characteristic of a testimonial. The honest course is the right one, and it is the safest and best for all concerned. iVny other results in loss of time, money, and confidence on the part of the purchaser, and the loss of all self-respect and, finally, of trade on the part of tlie seller.

Heretofore it has been very difficult to get new varieties fairly tested. Few know this unless they have had the experience. Originators have found, to their sorrow, that in too many cases their seedlings in- trusted to others for trial have been prop agated with all haste, so as to have a stock ready at the time of introduction. This state of things has led to much of the dis- honesty in testimonials, of which com- plaint is made; but we are now on the eve of better times in this res])ect.

At the experiment stations originators can liave their seedlings tested by experts without risk, and the people can get the exact standing of all new sorts. Several

of these stations have been in existence for years, and the number is about to be increased. Those already established are in the hands of men who are entirely dis- interested and eminently reliable.

No man ever did more to encourage the raising of new varieties than the late President Wilder, and we must concede that he acted wisely. Progress can be made in no other way. But this good work is being brought into disrepute by dishonesty in testimonials and recom- mendations. It is possible to remove this difficulty now that the State has provided means by which new varieties may be im- partially tested, and correct reports given. If a grower has a new fruit that he medi- tates introducing, let him show his confi- dence in it by sending it to the stations for trial. We require fertilizers to be an- alyzed by the State — why should not new fruits bear the State testimonial?

The Cranberry Industry.

BY EEV. .lOHN H. BEAKELEY, PH. D., BOEDEN- TOWN, N. J.

The cranberry is the fruit of an ever- green woody vine {Vaccinium, Macrocar- pon) having upright fruit stems, and grow- ing in wet places, chiefly in and on the margin of peat bogs. Its edible qualities have been known time out of mind, as the aboriginies of our country were accus- tomed to gather the wild fruit as a part of their winter stores. The early settlers, too, soon learned to appreciate it. More than two centuries ago, one of these, writing from Burlington county. New Jer- sey, giving a description of the wonderful productions of their new home, says: " There grows in the swamps a berry about the bigness of a cherry, which make excel- lent sauce to be eaten with the wild tur- kies and deer, which abound in the same swamps." And yet, strange as it may seem, neaily two hundred years were suf- fered to elapse before serious efforts were made to rescue it from its native swamps

THE CRANBERRY INDUSTRY

113

and place it under cultivatiou. The time came, however, during the fifth decade of the present century, when some earnest, far-seeing men on Cape Cod determined to test the matter fully, and such was their success that before the middle of the century had been reached, they had clearly demonstrated that the wild cranberry could be cultivated with profit, and that the unsightly marshes where it grew nat- urally could be transformed into veritable gardens of great value. To effect this, however, much fruitless effort had to be expended, many failures recorded, and much ridicule endured by tlie entlnisiastic few wlio believed that it could be done. So Massachusetts has the honor of show- ing to the country how vast tracts of use- less territory may be placed undej- culti- vation and add largely to the food supply of her increasing millions. New Jersey soon learned the art, but so recently, that at the close of the late war she had com- pai atively but a small area under cultiva- tion. And still more recently Wisconsin began to turn her marshy lands to account. Others of the New England States, with New York also, and some of the Western States besides Wisconsin, have lands upon which the wild vine grows naturally, and nave engaged in the culture of this fruit. And as the supply increased the demand has increased with wonderful rai)idity. The wild berries formerly gathered from the swamps, amounting annually to only a few scores of bushels in any one neigh- borliood, seemed to be in light demand, and met with only a slow sale. Within the past half century a merchant in Bur- lington (bounty. New Jersey, thought he saw a chance for speculation by getting up a corner in the crop, and purchased all that could be had, which was doubtless less than 100 bushels, paying for them sixty-two cents per bushel. But the de- mand fell below his expectations, and he lost money by the transaction. Jjut since cultivation has become a success, the de- mand has grown immensely, and last

year's cro]) of more than a half luillion bushels all went into consumption at re- munerative prices.

Tlie early cultivators having discovered that where sand was spread over vines growing naturally, it not only stimulated the growth of the vines, but also increased the size of the fruit and added very largely to the quantity — hence sand appeared to be the great desideratum, and for the time was looked upon as the only requisite for successful culture. Swamps were cleared up and covered with a coating of sand in which the vines were i)lauted. These usually grew rapidly, covering the entire surface in four or five years, when they would yield a fair crop, and continued to do this in some instances for several years. But soon they began to languish and lose their liealthy, vigorous appearance. Evi- dently something was needed. That something was found to be winter flowage. Arrangements had accordingly to be made to cover the vines with water during the winter. But in many cases this could not be done, either because the land was too high or there was an insufliciency of water. Such bogs ceased to be productive and much loss was thus incurred.

But another difficulty soon arose, ren- dering Winter flowing absolutely neces- sary. There exists in our swamps a small cream colored moth, the larvce of which feed on the leaves of the whortleberry and cranberry and which lias become known to science in recent years asTei-as (formerly Tortrix) O.njcoccana. A space thickly covered with cranberry vines is a most in- vitingfieldforthisinsignificffnt little moth, furnishing abundant pasture for her num- erous progeny. As a consequence they so multiplied as in many instances to destroy every green thing on the most pronjising bogs, giving (hem the aspect of having been scorched by fire. Hence the name "fire worm," given it in some localities. It is also known as the " vine worm " or " web worm." A careful study of tjio habits of this insect, made known the fact that

114

THE CRANBERRY INDUSTRY.

there were three hroods each year, aud that the parent moth which continues the species emerges in Autumn, survives the Winter, and deposits its eggs usually be- tore the 1st of May. So where a bog is entirely submerged during the Winter and the water held until this period, which can be done without injury to the vines, it serves as a complete protection against this pe-t.

But scarcely had the cranberry grower learned to combat successfully the fire worm before a new and more formida- ble enemy appeared, known scientifically as the Aiicliylopera vacciniana, with the coaamon name the same as the Teras, but with very different habits. The perfect form is a small gi'ay motli, much smaller than the Teras. It has but two broods in a year. The last brood of moths emerge about the first of August, deposit their eggs on the under side of the cranberry leaves, and in the course of five or six days die. The eggs are covered with a varnish impervious to water, so that the regular Winter flowing of the vines has no effect u])on them, but after the water is withdrawn in the Spring the larva? hatch and enter upon their work of destruction. This they do effectually, the second brood often being sufficiently numerous to de- vour the young fruit as well as the leaves. To stay their progress various remedies have been tried with greater or less suc- cess. White helebore, when properly ap- plied, will destroy most of them. Hold- ing the water till the middle of May and then drawing it slowly, so that as it grows warm on the Inargiu, it will hatch and drown the larvae, has been found to an- swer on bogs where the fall is not too great. Kerosene emulsion also has been used with good results where the vines are free from grass. But the only remedy which has proved completely successful is re-flowing the bog after the larvae have hatched in the Spring, say from the 15th to the 20th of May. Hence the necessity of a good supply of water, so that the

vines may be covered in two or three days, or what is better still, reservoirs of suffi- cient capacity to fill the bogs in a very short time.

From these considerations it may be seen how important is an abundance of water in cranberry culture.

Bat there are other obstacles in the way of successful culture. Prominent among these is the disease known in New Jersey as the "scald." This made its appear- ance about fifteen years since, and but few bogs have escaped its ravages. A number of theories have been devised to explain its origin, but up to the present no satis- factory explanation has been given. Many remedies also have been suggested and tried, no one of which has proved effec- tual. The aid of the general government was invoked and an expert was sent to the cranberry region to investigate the mat- ter, but no practical information has been elicited. Many thousands of bushels are annually destroyed by it. Last year the owner of a large bog reported his crop prospect in August at 8,000 bushels, but at the close of the season he informed me that he had gathered only half that iiuan- tity, the "scald" having taken about 3,000 bushels, and an early frost 1,000 bushels. Some years it is worse than others, much depending upon the char- acter of the weather. Often it begins in July ; at others it is delayed till after the middle of September.

Late frosts in May or June not unfre- quently destroy the tender shoot develop- ing from the fruit bud, while scarcely a season passes without a portion of the fruit being destroyed by early frosts be- fore it is gathered.

I have now named the leading obstacles in the way of successful cranberry culture, a part of which may be avoided by a judi- cious selection of lands about to be planted in vines, while others cannot be provided against by any human foresight.

The conditions most likely to secure success are these : A peat or muck bog,

THE OliANl'.ERIiY INDUSTRY.

J15

so situated that it can be thoroughly drained ; sand near by which is to replace the turf, roots, etc., when removed; water for Winter fiowiug with a dam sufficiently high, that all the vines may be covered. In addition tlie water supply must be suf- ficent to reflow the bog in two or three days, or it must be so located that reser- voirs may be constructed for this purpose. Many bogs now yielding fair crops of fruit annually do not possess all these requisites, and as a consequence are in danger of the attacks of insect enemies, without means of protection should these make their ap- pearance.

The cost of planting in vines a bog pos- sessing all tlie reciuirements necessary to success, will vary from ^250 to $500 or more per acre. Much will depend upon the length and height of the dam re- quired, the distance the sand has to be brought and the cost of reservoirs for re- fiowing. In \Yisconsin much has been done in simply improving natural bogs at a cost of from ^10 to f 20 per acre. This may seem to be an economical arrange- ment, but experience has shown that money so expended is less likely to make satisfactory returns than an equal amount expended on lands which possess all the requisites of a really good bog.

For three or four years after the vines have been planted, it is necessary to re- move the grass and weeds which spring up among them. By that time the vines will have taken complete possession of the ground, and but little attention will be re- quired. One of the sedge grasses (Garex Cullata) and two or three rushes often dispute the ground with the vines for years, and if not removed, will do serious injury. A light crop may be expected the third year after planting, and a full one tlie tourth or fifth year. Ordinarily a bog will continue in full bearing from ten to twelve years, without showing signs of deterioration. Bye and bye, however, the vines will begin to die on small sections. These dead vines the careful culturist will

remove at once, and plant with new vines. And taking the hint that the vitality of the vines is becoming exhausted, he will have recourse to the measure necessary for the restoration of this vitality. The usual method is either to mow off the old vines and thus get a new growth from near the root, or cover them with a new- coat of sand. The latter method is more frequently practiced than the former, as it does not involve the necessity of the loss of a crop or two in the renovation of the bog. In this way a bog may be kept up for an indefinite period of time.

Cultivation has improved both the size and quality of the berry, the cultivated berry losing the slight acidity wdhch char- acterizes the wild one. In New Jersey 100 bushels per acre is considered a fair yield for an entire plantation. But on small tracts the yield is sometimes much greater than this. I have known three bushels gathered from a single square rod, being at the rate of 640 bushels to the acre. Two years ago, I gathered -1,100 bushels from thirteen acres, being over 300 bushels to the acre. But such a yield is not common.

The number of well defined varieties of the cranberry, depending ui)on shape, size and color, has not been fully ascertained, I am acquainted with ten of these, but this does not cover the whole list. In New Jersey, when a new bog is to be planted, the custom has been to procure the vines from the neighboring swamps, where they grow naturally, no attention being paid to the variety. But in New England consid- erable attention has been given to the selection of, and propagation of choice varieties, and in this way more saleable berries have been secured. Prominent among these is the Early Black, known to the trade as Cape Cod berries. While a poor keeper, being among cranberries what the Fall Pippin is among apples, and inferior to some other varieties as a sauce producer; yet ripening early, and being highly colored, it commands an extra

116

THE CEANBEERY INDUSTEY.

price in tlte market. And now it has be- come quite common in New Jersey for persons putting out new bogs to plant with the Early Black vines from New England, so that in a very few years we may rea- sonably look for an over production of Early Blacks. Some other varieties, re- markable for their size, have been brought under cultivation, for which extra prices aie obtained. Besides differing in shape, color and size, cranbeiries also vary in their culinary properties. While the highly colored, over ripe berries are usu- ally preferred because of their appearance, careful observation bas shown that varie- ties not so highly colored make a more delicate sauce and m greater quantity than the over-ripe ones.

The question naturally arises, has cran- berry culture been a financial success dur- ing its experimental period now in pro- gress. Some doubtless have made money in this line of business. Those who were fortunate enough to secure locations where the rot did not make its appearance, or where it was not very destructive, and who have water sufficient for flowing and re-fiowing, usually get very satisfactory returns for their investments. But I fear these do not constitute the majority of growers. A large portion of the vines planted in New Jersey, and doubtless in other cranberry regions, are on grounds not fully adapted to the purpose. The few successful ventures have been widely published, and many have rushed into the business without sufficient care in the selection of suitable grounds. Ignorance and haste have thus been the cause of much loss. And yet scarcely a year passes without witnessing a large addition to the acreage planted in vines. On this account intelhgent cranberry growers have for years feared an over production of this fruit. This fear was realized in 1885. Being an unusually fine growing year, with an exemption from hurtful frosts, more than three-fourths of a million of bushels were harvested. The largest cron

of any preceding year had fallen short of 500,000 bushels. The supply thus largely exceeding the demand, prices were very low, and few growers received enough for their crops to pay for the gathering and marketing. Last year a severe frost de- stroyed nearly the entire crop in the West, thus preventing a repetition of the dis- heartening results of tlie precG>diug year. A writer in the Western Farmer sums up the situation in Wisconsin in the follow- ing words: "In 1885 there was such a great over production that hundreds, if not thousands, of barrels were dumped into Lake Michigan in Chicago, and the grow- ers had even to pay the charges for haul- ing their crops into the lake. * * * * We have had three years of liard times; one brought a very small crop at $10 per barrel, the next brought the largest crop ever produced, and fetched to many less tlian its cost of raising, while last year brought no crops at all to many. * * * Think of it that after the fruit is put into barrels and shipped at a cost of about ^3 per barrel, the honest commissioner sends you before next Spring $1.30 per barrel, which were the products many re- ceived for the great crop of 1885, luiving been worse than the last year's crop, when we had no crop at all." Indeed it is doubtful whether cranberries can be grown witli profit in AVisconsin except in a very few favorably located situations. Frost often does much harm, sometimes sweep- ing away almost the entire crop, and when this does not happen it is liable to be so large and prices so low as not to pay tlie cost of gathering and marketiDg.

During the past ten years considerable effort has been made to introduce this fruit into Europe, specially into England, and to some extent also into Grermauyand France. The result of these efforts, how- ever, has not been satisfactory. N. E. Frencli, Esq., tlie able statistician of tlie American Cranberry Growers Association in liis report on the very large crop of 1885, uses the following language: "At

THE CRANBEURY INDUSTUY.

117

the comnienctment of tlie season, the Fruit Growers Trade Coiupauy looked u])oa the great crop and the inevitable low prices as an opportunity for a largely increased export trade. They iiad several years ago, when prices were low succeeded in exporting nearly 2,000 crates witiiout loss, and iioped to more than double tliat small figure the present season.

" Siiipinents were made to Liverpool, London, Glasgow and Burmingham.

" The first reports were very favorable and increased sliipments were hurried for- ward, but soon there was a peremptory cable message with one word ' Stop.'

" The upshot of the whole business is that about 1,200 crates seem to have glutted the entire United Kingdom, and are likely to bring loss upon the company.

" At Dresden, Saxony, there are so many resident Americans, that a grocer who caters for them gives us an older every fall for a small lot of cranberries and cranberry sauce. When filling this order last fall, we concluded to venture by the sauje ship a consignment of twenty-five crates to Hamburg. In due time our con- signee advised that he had offered the fruit for sale, and the best bid he could get was 4s per crate, which he declined, and sent the lot to Liverpool, where he noticed they were quoted at 10s, and wliere they were finally sold at 8s. * * *

"At present the persistent efforts of the last ten years to introduce cranberries abroad liave had very little effect beyond what Americans across the sea require." Not very encouraging truly, still persever- ance may yet reap its appropriate reward.

Cranberry culture is still in its infancy. Much has yet to be learned before it can be fully depended ui)on as a certain source of income. Doubtless much land will continue to be i)lanted in vines, which is not fully adapted to the purpose, aiid which consequently will result in loss. Over-production also will at time cast its dark shadow over tlie entire industry. New insects, too, with unknown habits

will continue to appear as in the past, and perplex the most intelligent cultivator, and new diseases blight the fairest prom- ises. And yet, I sincerely believe that the cranberry industry has a grand future be- fore it. Where this delicious fruit has come into use, there seems to be no article of food to take its place. Alike welcome on the table of the rich and the poor, there are but few other articles of food so universally sought after. To the man with a good appetite or a poor appetite, it is alike welcome. And when its anti- scorbutic properties become more fully known, its use must become greatly ex- tended. It ought to be, and doubtless will be, before many years, introduced into the navies of the world, and no vessel will enter upon a long voyage without an ample supply of cranberry sauce among its stores. With an abundance of this anti-scorbutic at hand there will be little danger of scurvy, that disease so dreaded on chipboard. The fact that it may be so prepared in the form of a most delicious sauce as to keep in perfect condition for years renders this possible. That it may be so kept even in warm climates, I give the following letter, from the steward of the Duke of Edinburgh, to whom the agents of the Fruit Growers Trade Com- pany* had sent a case of their sauce: H. M. S. iSultan. Basika Bay, Aug. 18, 1877.

Dear Sir: The preserved cranberries you kindly sent me in February, 1876, for service on board this ship, have only now been brought into use, and I find them excellent.

They have had a good trial, having passed through two summers in the Medi- terranean, and being as good now as when brought on board. I have no hesitation in giving them a place among the best preserves on board ship.

Your ob't servant,

W. Gardneij.

'■- A Stock Company, Frenrli ct On., jigents, ISO Keaile street, New York.

118 FRUIT BREEDING AND SEED EXTINCTION.

Tlieu with a cautious extension of the any great achievement. We would have

planting, sufficient to meet the increasing to content ourselves, in all likelihood, with

demand from year to year, but not enough an enumeration of the successes gained

to overstock the market, the industry in diffusing an interest in horticultural

may be made to produce satisfactory re- matters, and in the increased production

turns to those engaged in the business. of various fruits. Then perhaps we sliould

I append a summary of the crops of the have to acknowledge to ourselves that tiie

country for tlie past four years, taken apparent success in producing new fruits

from the proceedings of the American has come more from tlie attention that

Cranberry Growers' Association. has been given, wliereby desirable hap-

■|^gg(; penings have been preserved and dissemi-

New Jersev ^'^-"^ 000 bushels uated. If such be the fact, and I believe

New England 28.5',000 " i^ to be so, it is time to have it generally

Vfestem^Qt&tea.......... 12^000 " ^^^o^'^ i" o^"<^er that there may be a

stronger public support of efforts designed

Entire crop 552,000 " to induce a real progress.

18S5. Science has been truly defined as syste-

New Jersey 198,125 bushels matic knowledge, or, asis better expressed.

New England 280,879 " knowledge reduced to a system. There

AVestern States 264,432 " has been all too little ol this in the pur-

suit of liorticulture, and yet analogically

Entire crop 743,436 ' reasoning upon conditions of success

1884. would lead us to believe that a systematic

New Jersey 124,648 bushels study of tlie tree as well as of its fruit.

New England 130,583 '' and of the physiology of plant seeding

Western States 24,783 " and variation, would suffice to furnish

— ^ \ " methods of practice which might be of

Entire crop 280,014 " ^^.^^^ promise. That tliere has been some

188^3. little desultory work done in this direction New Jersey 118,524 bushels i am willing to acknowledge, Init the self- New England 141,964 " interest of practical horticulture should

Western States 135,507 " lead to the demand, that, at pubhc insti-

T^ ,. oTTTTTZ << tutions designed for the benefit of agri- Entire croi) 39.-) 99o .. -. , .■ ^i. ,i i.- n

' ' culture and horticulture, the essentially

scientific work should be attempted, and

Fruit Breeding and Seed Extinction, ^^ ^^'Oi'l^ °^ t^'^ character which is now so

well done by amateurs and professionals BY DB. E. LOUIS STUETEVANT, DiEECTOR NEW [^ practical life should bc left with those YORK AGRiCTTLTUEAL EXPERIMENT STA- wlio do this already sufficiently well. TiON, GENEVA, N. Y. There is room in horticulture, and a If we should seek to tabulate modern pressing need, for the highest scientific achievements in horticulture, we would talent, and attempts like those represented have to confess how little has been accom- by Dr. Englemann's work upon grapes of phshed commensurate with the number of the Bushburg catalogue, and of Mr. Mun- workers and the large held over which son upon the grape in Texas, should re- efforts have been attempted. If we should ceive official commendation and encour- ask ourselves fairly in what respect we agement on the part of this association, of the present excel those of the past, I In the present lack of thoroughness in think we w^ould find it difficult to ])rove horticultural knowledge and in the nearly

FRUIT BREEDING AND SEED EXTINCTION.

11<»

complete ignorance that we are in con- cerning the co-relations between inward and outward properties, it ill becomes me to assume mastery, and hence I do not care to discuss the co-relations between seed extinction in fruits (and quality) in any otlier point of view than that of a student. In the transactions of the Mass- achusetts Horticultural Society for 1880, is an essay entitled " Seedless Fruits," which incorporates the evidence that I had gathered up to date, showing that there is a very strong probability that such a co-relation exists. Since 1880 T have collected evidence which strengthens the position therein taken, and while I have shown a strong theoretical probability in favor of this view, yet I am sorry to say that I ana unable at date to offer tlie evidence of decisive test. Of the many attempts made in this direction, the results of all can be interpreted as favorable to this view and not as antagonistic, and this, per- haps, in the present state of knowledge upon these questions, is as good a success as can reasonably be expected. To recall to mind to this expert audience thefact that the sweetest and boniest peaches are apt to have a split stone, that those accidental plums which have a split stone are of sur- passing excellence for their variety, that the best of cherries are apt to have the stone deficient in a well developed embryo and that in general a lessening of seed ac- companies exceeding high quality in other fruits is but to suggest a line of trial which all analogical and test reasoning al- ready at hand justifies; and this is, that, in attempting to raise seedlings for the best improved varieties we should make special effort to obtain seed from the split kernels in peaches or plums; from tbose varieties of apples and pears which exhibit a deficient seeding, and from the nearly seedless fruits of the grape, current, gooseberry, etc.

Tbe same line of thought concerning the co-relation between seed extinction and quality, suggests also the allied thought, which has as well many analogi- cal facts in its favor, that a method for obtaining early varieties should be legiti- mately attempted in the line of planting the seed of unripe fruits. It is within the bounds of a reasonable probability that by growing the seed from unripe strawberries, an unripe peach or an unripe apple, the chances of increased earliness would be very much enhanced, and if we can escape the penalty of too great an enfeebled state of the plants, practical gain may be ulti- mately looked for with confidence.

The doctrine of heredity, f.-specially that branch which is included in the name atavism, has also a close relation to tbe present subject, but the theme is too vast for the present discussion. Heredity is a force that holds species to their type. Hybridity tends to deviate from the type and promote atavism. Heredity in turn tends to purge the species of hybrid con- tamination. Within this conflict of op- posing heredities, seed extinction, or the tendency thereto, seems to be a usual i^ro- duct. We may hence reasonably assume that as seed extinction is an accompani- ment of weakening powers of opposing heredities, planting seed from nearly seed- less fruits would frequently ^Iyb us seed- lings in which heredities have become neutralized and in which the acquirements gained through cultivation would exert a greater power.

So far, therefore, as my present knowd- edge justifies, I feel that I am safe in recommending to the intelligent seeker for new varieties, high culture, hybridiza- tion and the use of seed from resulting fruits which contain seed diminished either in number, size or protective cover- ing.

V2()

THE RELATION OF SEED rRODtlCTION TO CULTIVATION.

The Relation of Seed Production to Culti- vation.

BY L. H. BAILEY, .IK.

There seems to be a considerable con- fusion of opinion concerning the sup- posed relations between seed production and cultivation. There is a very general notion that production of seeds lessens in direct i)roportion to the departure, through cultivation, of the plant from the first, or wild type. This supposition, it occurs to me, is but partly true, and even Y\'hen true, is misleading.

For the present purpose the relation of seed production to cultivation can be suffi- ciently studied under three general heads, tiie first of which discusses selection more particularly. By the term seed produc- tion I mean to refer to the seed product of the individual fruit, not to that of an entire infioresence or plant.

1. Seed production lias increased, as a rule, In tliose plants ivhlcli are cultivated for their seeds. Man would naturally and almost unconsciously select for sowing those seeds which are borne in the most productive fruits. In this way a slow, but continuous, selection has augmented seed production, many times, no doubt, almost mdependently of cultivation. Examples of this increase may be found in certain tropical plants, and beans and peas. Of course the converse of this rule will be true in those cases in which man desires a lessening of seed i)roduction in order that some advantage may be gained for the seeds that remain.

2. Seed production Jias decreased, as a, rule, in those plants which are propa.f/ated exclusively or nearly so hy parts, other than seeds, which nature uses in their propaga- tion. Under this caption may be cited the banana, sweet potato, potato, horse- radisli, some onions, and others. As a rule, all wild plants which propagate readily by tubers, offshoots, or similar means, produce comparatively few seeds, or in some instances, none whatever. In this connection it is only necessary to cite

the instances of quack grass upon certain soils, Canada thistles, and some potamo- getons, in suppoit of this proposition. The production of seeds and fruit is an exhaustive process, demanding much of the plants vitality, and if this vitality is early diverted into growth of other organs necessarily the fruit and seeds must suffer. This explains whj the early varieties of potates produce fewer seeds than the late varieties. The tubers form earlier in the life of the plant and the plant energy is diverted before the blossoms a])pear. If the tubers are not allowed to form, the plant ijroduces flowers and fruits abund- antly. This has been proved by Thomas Andrew Knight. For the same reason, flowers on young and thrifty fruit trees do not set fruit, although the tlowers may produce good pollen and perfect pistils. Luxuriant growth make the first demand upon the young tree and seed production suffers. Cultivation lessens seed produc- tion and fruit productions in some of these cases simply because it exaggerates the opposing methods of propagation by de- manding larger tubers; but the cultiva- tion, of itself, is not opposed to seed pro- duction.

The case of the banana is uuicjue in this section, inasmuch as the rootstock is not the part especially demanded by man. Yet there is reason to believe that in this case selection, rather than cultivation, has had the most to do with the seedless character of this singular fruit. Perhaps a discussion of this case should fall more properly under tiie nest caption.

3. Seed production bears no inwiediate relation to cultivation i7i those plants lohich are cultivated, for the flesh or pulp of their so-called fruits. As a rule, the cultivated varieties of apples contain more seeds than the wild plants of Europe. Forty speci- mens of the wild crab (Pyrus Mains) of Central Europe produced an aggregate of 250 seeds, or an average of 0 2-5 seeds to each fruit. Forty Northern Spys con- tained 481 seeds of an average of 12 1-40

THE DELATION OF SEED PRODUCTION TO CULTIVATION.

121

to the fruit. Norniallv, tlie apple should I am disposed to regard the seedless

contain ten seeds, two in each cari)el, but apples and pears in the light of seminal

some of these Spys had fifteen seeds and sports, exactly aualagous to red ai)i)leH,

one had eighteen. Yet some other varie- long apples, or other forms of variation ;

ties of apples contain fewer than the nor- and I should not expect to find this char-

mal number, while some are almost en- acter to possess much stronger heredit-

tirely seedless. There is generally a slight ability than form or color. Relative seed

increase in seed production as fruits deve- production can be well studied in the

lop awav from the first type, especially if tomatoes, as we have the wild type, or very

the fruiis become larger. This is a natural near it, and numerous monstrous varieties

consequence of the increase in size though for comparison. I submit a table of seed

it bears no constant ratio to this increase, production in tomatoes :

No. of fruits in tLe pound.

Red Cherry 101

Kimrli riit/ic OS

King Humbert 1

King Humbert ^ J4

Criterion "1

Conqueror 6

I-arge Red ">

Fran- i/ross rotlu- 5

llubbard-s Curled Leaf 7

liouge i/ro8$e luttiee ; 8

Tom Thumb 8

Improved Large Yellow l^i

Persian 5

The Cook's Favorite 10

Boston Market 0

Fulton Market 0

New York Market 0

Troi)hy 5

Trophy 5

Trophy G

C'irdinal 4

fjivingston's Favorite G

New Red Apple .5

Tildeii 11)

Par;igon I

Paragon I

Ktnery. 4

Acme .")

Mikado J

Krench Ui)right ■",

.Vverage No. of seeds in a fruit.

7,312	73 2-5
4,830	71 1-3
645	92 1-7
70.3	07
l,0!t.5	156 8-7
1,315	203 1-2
1,754	250 4-7
1,480	396
1,310	187 1-7
1.608	201
1,502	187 3-4
2,250	173
1,398	279 3-5
1,457	145 7-10
1,100	184 1-3
1,441	240 1-0
925	1.54 1-6
880	177 1-5
702	140 3-5
1,4,50	241 2-3
941	235 14
1,166	194 t-3
1,S65	273
1,696	169 3-5
763	190 3-4
1,180	295
781	195 14
1,256	351 1-5
435	217 1-2
.-.83	116 3 .■)

« II EKE THE VARTETT WAS OBTAINED.

Agricultural College (Henderson).

Prussia.

Agricultural College (It(imon).

Prussia.

Agricultural College iOrei/ori/).

England.

England.

Prussia.

Agricultural College {NeUi.t).

France.

Agricultural College (Ji(i(eson).

Agricultuial College {Thorburn).

Agricultural College {Nellu).

Prussia.

Agricultural College (Uuwuon).

Agricultural College {Gregory).

Agricultural College [yellis).

England.

England.

Prussia.

Thorburn, N. Y.

England.

Agricultural College (Gregory).

Agricultural College {Gregory).

Agricultural College (JJendemon).

Prussia.

Agricultural College (/iiiwson).

Prussia.

Agricultural College (Ifendemon).

Agricultural College (Thorlnrrn).

V2.2

REPORT FROM ARKANSAS.

Here the lowest average seed produc- tion is in the Cherry tomato, which is very nearly, if not exactly, the original foraj. There is a general, but uncertain, increase upon this average as the varieties depart from this variety. Yet this increase bears no relation to the extent of departure. Let ns compare the Cherry and the Mi- kado. The fruit of the Mikado is about fifty times heavier than that of the Cherry,

yet the seed production is only three times as great. If similar comparisons are made between the Cherry and other varieties we shall find other degrees of dissimilar- ity between development in number of seeds and size and weight of fruit. In other words seed production in all fruits which fall under this third caption, is an incidental variation, the same form, color, size, flavor, texture and other characters.

REPORT OF THE STATE FRUIT COMMITTEES.

Report of General Fruit Committee.

To the President and Members of tlie A iner-

ican Pomological Society:

Gentlemen: — The undersigned, on be- half of the General Fruit Committee, re- spectfully reports that in tbe mouth of November, 188G, and again in the month of June of the present year tlie usual cir- culars were addressed to the several chair- men of the State Fruit Committees.

Up to the present time responses au'l reports have been received from eighteen States and Territories. It is hoped and expected that before the proceeding are ready to be published that the reports from several other States, which are lack- ing, will be sent in. In two or three in- stances the circulars failed to reach the chairmen as addressed and were returned. In some cases absence from home or change of occupation prevented the chair- men from giving the subject their atten- tion. I can only repeat what was said in the report of I'SSl :

" I would suggest that all the chairmen of the State Fruit Committees be notified of their appointment immediately after the meeting at which tbey are appointed, and asked to signify their intention to accept or decline, and in such cases, where they decline, or cannot serve, the Execu- tive Committee be instructed to fill the

vacancy at the earliest moment possible. The labors of the State Committees are of great importance to the Society, and therefore the greatest care should be exer- cised in selecting tlje several chairmen, not only with reference to qualifications, but also their willingness to serve."

I take this opportunity to sincerely thank the various chairmen who have labored so assidiously to make a good report. Their labors entitle them to be regarded as public benefactors, and I hope they will continue their laudable and im- portant work.

Eespectfully submitted,

W. C. Barry, Chairman General Fruit Committee.

ARKANSAS.

Reported by S. J. Matthews, of Monti- cello, Chairman of the State Fruit Com- mittee.

Eeferring to my former reports, of which this is only intended as a slight supple- ment, would say:

My deprecation, two years ago, of the practice of planting the extra early peaches, to the well nigh total neglect, not only of other varieties of peaches, but also of other kinds of fruits, is in need of double emi)hasis at the present time. Peaches of the Alexander or Amsdentype

REPORT FROM ARKANSAS AND CALIFORNIA.

123

have never paid here since they ceased to be a novelty, while now their superabund- ance, added to their tendency to rapid de- cay, render them decidedly unprofitable. We should plant, not only for home use, but for market, varieties to make a suc- cession of ripening throughout the season. The notion has prevailed that it was use- less to plant any sort for marketing in the Northern cities, which ripened later than the date at which the extra early sorts ripened in the latitude of those cities. This, however, is a mistake, since climate considerations render competition in peach growing, that is much north of us very insignificant. The following have proved the best market sorts here : Hale's, Troth, Rivers, Stump the World, Thurber, Old- mixon (free and cling), Columbia, Van Zandt, Mountain Rose, Picquett, Heath, Eaton's Golden and Austin's Late.

The present season has added to the proof of the great value of our high hills for peach orchards. For while in other situations there were failures, for the most part total, caused by late frosts; in the hills, with scarcely an exception, there were an average of two heavy crops of peaches.

The apple, except in the northwestern counties, is too much neglected as a market fruit in this State. True, that only in those counties can the late-keep- ing sorts be raised to profit. But Summer and Fall apples succeed to perfection nearly everywhere in this State, and they ship much better than peaches, frequently bring as much in the market and, except on high hills, are a much surer crop. Recommended for market: Astrachan, Red June, Horse, Taunton, Buckingham, Carter's Blue, Shannon, Horn, and Bac- caliuus.

Pears, in a general way, are unprofitable. Tbe LeConte, thus far, being an excep- tion. It has been in bearing here, to some extent, two seasons, and has borne well, carried well and sold well. But consider- ing its coarse texture, insipid flavor and

the extent to which it has been, and con- tinues to be, planted, my advice regard- ing it would be "go slow."

CALIFORNIA.

Reported by Dr. J. Strentzel, of Marti- nez, Chairman of the State Fruit Com- mittee of California.

I beg to present a bird's-eye viev/ of the advancement of fruit culture in California. The progress is rapid, owing to the facili- ties of intercourse by railroad travel, spreading broadcast all desired inforuja- tion regarding the unique climate of tbe Pacific slope — the richness of its virgin soil and the wonderfully multifarious re- sources which attract the accumulations of Eastern capital to be freely employed in building up homes embellished by all the resources of art, as resting places for the lucky ones to enjoy life under most pleas- ing conditions.

With this transference of wealth the energy of the old settlers is stimulated to substitute the varied fruit industries for the primitive routine of grain growing. Close study is required in a careful selec- tion of varieties most desirable for popular demand, to supply less favored regions with the most delicious fruits in Pomona's gift. We find the sunny, sheltered spots nourishing citrus fruit unconfined to the Southern part of the State, but extending the tributaries of Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and along the coast range to the ncrthern boundary of the State, dispelling the old myth of the golden garden of the Hesperides, for our thermal gardens are found on a line of 800 miles, tendering a home to the tree clothed in living green, star decked and crowned with gold.

Vineyards, by the thousand acres, now cover slopes formerly used for grazing. The raisin industry is extending with un- exampled rapidity, doubhng on last year. Our wine is gaining favor, and it is not questionable that sound table wines will

124

REPORT FROM CALIFORNIA AND CONNECTICUT.

be the potent means to reduce the use of ardent spirits, and the twin habit in evil, that of tobacco.

We find the ohve bending under a load of fniit on saplings three to four years from planting.

The process of drying and packing figs, so well adapted to be carried on in small homesteads, is constantly improving and expanding.

Necessity, the great inciter to invention, is converting the fruit of 100,000 prune trees to rival the best French productions. It was feared that this year's crop of apri- cots, unusually abundant, would go to waste, but as the season passes we find them all utilized by exporting in the fresh state, by canning, etc., with not enough left to supply demands for the dried fruit. The same conditions are applicable to peaches.

The demand for dried pears being lim- ited, lucious Bartletts crowded the market and considerable quantities have been wasted.

Through efforts, mainly of Mr. Hatch, of Solano, the i^roduction of a very choice quality of almonds is assured.

The process of common grafting, now recognized as practicable with walnuts, will expand nut growing to be a most lucrative industry.

The Allegretti process of preserving fruit is gaining recognition and promises to be the means of protracting the keep- ing of fresh fruits.

By the happy blending of the interest of the grower with that of the transpor- tation companies, over-production has been measurably averted by securing daily conveyance at reduced rates. Car loads of our surplus fruit are now distributed to the Eastern markets, finding a ready sale, and the demand is increasing.

CONNECTICUT.

Reported by P. M. Augur, Middlefield, Chairman of the State Fruit Committee.

In reporting for Connecticut fruits, there are no very striking developments to report during the past two years.

The apple now as in the past, is the king of fruits; is this year above the aver- age through the State, both in quantity and quality; its importance is more and more manifest, in a sanitary view, and as a food and luxury for the people. Far too great a proportion of the crop in every full bearing year is lost, which should be sold, used or evaporated. We, as a people, have yet much to learn in the economic handling of the apple crop; the relative value of varieties is now much as in the past.

Our most profitable Autumn apples are the Gravenstein and Fall Pippin.

The most valuable Winter varieties, Baldwin, R. I. Greening, Roxbury Russet, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Talmau Sweet, Pound Sweet.

Our Summer apples are profitable only to a very limited extent ; the Primate is the best Summer apple but the Red Astrachan most profitable.

We have several new seedlings claiming value, of which it is yet too early to speak. Any new apple must have most decided merit now to gain the attention of the American Pomological Societ.y.

In pears the Bartlett heads the list as a valuable variety, followed in value by the Anjou, Seckel, Clapp's, Boussock, Onon- daga, Dana's Hovey, Lawrence.

The peach crop is the most abundant in the annals of the State, and there is much encouragement to continue a judicious planting of this most delicious fruit. Our best list is, Oldmixon Free, Crawford's Late, Mt. Rose, Stump the World, Reeves' Favorite, Stevens' Rareripe, Crawford's Early, ranking in value in the order stated. There is too much loss in the very early peaches from rot, and of very late ones from frost.

Plums are very subject to curculio depredations and black-knot; the first can be controlled, the second in certain locali-

EEPOBT FROM CONNECTICUT.

vzn

ties involves more difficulty. We need to have a good list of plums not subject to the black-knot. The Chickasaw varieties seem so far to be entirely exempt. Among our plums the Lombard and Shropshire Damson, would be most profitable only for their extreme tendency to be covered with black-knot. The German Prune, Smith's Orleans, Bradshaw, Pond's Seed- ling, Reine Claude and Bavay's, Coe's Crolden Drop, and nuxuy others do admir- ably in skillful hands.

Apricots and Nectarines are not a suc- cess in common hands. A few choice varieties of the Russian ap])les we think worthy of trial, particularly the Gibb, Alexis, Catherine, Alexander, Nicholas and J. L. Budd; tliese give a succession and we think under the circumstances will be liked, though we do not wish to speak too confidently.

The cherry is a good fruit and sliould receive more attention, it should be canned a thousand times more than it is. A prime list of sweet cherries is Coe's Transparent, Black Tartarian, Gov. Wood, Downer's Late Red, and of sour cherries, Early Richmond, Montmorency, Ordinare, and large fraited Montmorency, with many other varieties doing nearly or quite as well.

The quince is for preserving or canning a most delicious and healthful fruit and succeeds well in proper soil and with proper cultivation. Orange, Champion, Pear and Meech's are the leading var- ieties.

Meech's Quince is promising, but in our latitude is somewhat liable to kill back in Winter, at least it has so troubled us; perhaps as the trees grow older they may stand better the effects of Winter.

The grape is a most important fruit, easy of culture, and quite valuable as a fruit, for the million. In a list for every- body to have we would mention the Con- cord, Worden, Brighton, Moore's Early, Martha, Pocklington, Hayes, Herbert, Rogers' 39. Delaware is excellent in good

hands, Niagara where the conditions are all right, but it is subject to mildew and somewhat to Winter-killing, so is Empire State. Vergennes Winter-kills and mil- dews.

We are looking to the Ulster as one of much promise. Wilder, Merrimac, Pren- tiss, Salem, Agawam and Lindley all need sheltered arbors to guard against mildew and rot, while to cover an arbor or walk for shade, the Backus is unequalled.

The Pocklington and Martha are both as hardy and nearly as productive with us as the Concord.

SMALL FRUITS.

The strawberry heads the list, and is successful in good hands all over our State. For a light soil the Crescent, Chas. Down- ing and Sharpless are leading varieties. For a heavy soil and high culture the Jewel must head the list for productive- ness, size and beauty; to this may be added, Belmont, Ontario, Lida, Gipsy and Sharpless. Perhaps the Crescent may bear more neglect than almost any variety, but the good cultivator will in no case tol- erate any -neglect. The Jewel makes plants sparingly, hence choose the most prolific plants for stock, and few persons will have cause to complain.

For currants the Fay, Versaillaise, Cherry and Red Dutch are the best varie- ties, and for white, the White Grape ; but no white currant is received with favor by the general market.

Raspberries. — Onr list for blacks is Springfield, Thornless, Souhegan, Gregg, Nemaha. For reds, Cuthbert, Reliance, Turner, Rancocus. Yellow, Golden Queen and Caroline, (and where protected) Brinckle's Orange.

Blackberries. — Snyder, Erie, Taylor; the Wilson, Kittatinny, Wilson Junior and Early Harvest winter-kill too frequently to be trusted in our latitude.

MuLiiERRiEs. — The Downing and New American are both very productive and certain to ripen fruit for six successive

126

REPOET FROM FLORIDA.

weeks; the Downing is better but less hardy.

Gooseberries. — Downing's and Smith's Improved are productive and hardy. The industry is large and productive and prom- ises welL

In fruit, as a whole, the current year is of more than average iiroductiveness.

FLORIDA.

Reported by Edmund H. Hart, of Fed- eral Point, Chairman of the State Fruit Committee of Florida.

Since your last session, there is perhaps no State in which fruit culture has made greater progress than in Florida; and enigmatical as it may seem, this condition of things has been brought about, in a great measure, by a disaster that, at the time, threatened to wipe out entirely the most extensive and important of our in- dustries, the growing of citrus fruits. On the 9th of January, 1886, there drove down upon us a cold wave from the ice fields of the Northwest, of such intensity as to wrap in a mantle of snow even the semi- tropic portions of the Union. The dwell- ers at Manatee, far down towards the extremity of our peninsula, where the like had not been seen before by any living person, were astonished at day-break to find the roofs of their houses whitened by this Arctic blanket. Grave apprehensions of the killing to the ground of all citrus trees were most fortunatelj^ not realized, for being in a dormant state from previ- ous cold weather, the injury resulting was mostly coniined to the partial loss of some of their tops, and at this period of writing they have nearly or quite recovered their former dimensions. Lemons and limes, which are more tender than the orange, suffered the most; in many cases being cut to the ground.

The succeeding crop of oranges was es- timated by the most competent judges, as likely to reach seven hundred thousand boxes, but, to the surprise of all, about a million and a half were sent to market.

One notable effect of the freeze, how- ever, is manifest, especially in the cooler portions of the State, in the increased attention paid to general farming, and the raising of fruits other than the orange. The Kelsey and other Japanese plums have been tried and found to succeed be- yond our most sanguine expectations. The Kelsey, in particular, has exhibited astonishing vigor of growth, productive- ness and size of fruit. Specimens from districts where the orange flourishes in perfection have attained proportions and coloring surpassing those grown in a more northern latitude, which indicates a spe- cial preference for, and an adaptability to a tropical climate, and places it in the same position with respect to plums that the Peen-to holds among peaches. It has already created a sensation.

The Le Conte pear grows and has fruited well in the heart of the orange country. The same may be said of the Peen-to and Honey peaches, and seedlings raised from them. Some of these are an improvement upon their parents and open up a prospect for the development of a sturdy and numerous race of tropical peaches.

Extensive orchards of the fruits above mentioned are being planted in all but the still undeveloped lower portions of the State. Many varieties of foreign and northern grapes are also being tried with increased prospects of success, and a very satisfactory beginning has been made in the manufacture of wine, which, it is thought by competent judges, can be pro- duced as cheaply and of as good quality as in the famous wine growing districts of France, when our cultivators shall have attained the requisite experience and skill.

The Japan persimmon succeeds so ad- mirably upon stocks of our native diospy- ros, which spring up abundantly every- where, that some have been encouraged to plant extensive orchards of tliis delicious and attractive fruit. The most serious drawback to its cultivation arises from the ravages of birds upon the maturing crops.

REPORT FROM FLORIDA AND GEORGIA.

127

From a small beginning the cultivation of strawberries has, in tlie last two or three years, expanded to such proportions as to outweigh in importance, in some communities, all other branches of horti- culture. Hitherto it was not thought possible to ship them to Northern cities unless in refrigerators, but last Winter many shipments were made with satis- factory results simply by express or fast freight, without the use of ice, tlie only essential requisite aside from rapid transit being careful stowage and thorough ventilation in suitable cars. The Newnan, Hoffman and Crescent are i)re- ferred ; but when not attacked by mildew, to which they are liable some years, the old Federal Point surpasses all in pro- ductiveness.

Of all branches of Pomology, however, the growing of citrus fruits must always take the lead in Florida. The testimony of impartial judges to their un- surpassed excellence, and to the pre- eminent congeniality of surrounding con- ditions is well nigh unanimous.

The shipping season may be expanded so as to extend over the whole year. Lemons are large enough to begin upon in July, the earliest oranges in September, and some of the late-ripeuing oranges, notably Hart's Tardiff maybe left without injury upon the trees throughout the fol- lowing summer. Experiments have dem- onstrated the practicability of keeping oranges and lemons many months in cold storage, without impairment of quality, and it is claimed that the same end may be achieved by the application of various anti-septic preparations.

In the present experimental condition of fruit culture here, it is as well, perhaps, not to attempt any recommendation of special varieties until further trials shall have enabled your correspondent to speak with confidence. In the Northwest counties where climatic and telluric con- ditions resemble those of Southern Ala- bama and Georgia, quite a large variety

of apples and pears may be successfully grown. These, of course, would mostly be failures in Central and Southern Florida. It is suggested that by grafting upon stocks of the sturdy oriental pears, a fair measure of success may be achieved with some of the Northern pears and apples, even to the borders of the tropics.

GEORGIA.

Reported by Samuel H. Rumph, of Mar- shallville, ('hairman of the State Fruit Committee of Georgia.

Fruit culture is still on the increase in this State. The apple and grape seems to take the lead in the northern portion of the State, the peach and plum in the mid- dle, and the Le Coute pear Jiolds sway in Southern Georgia. We have the largest crop of apples ever known here, and the orchards generally have a vigorous and healthy appearance.

Peaches the lightest crop for many years, in fact almost a total failure. They commenced blooming about February 15th and most of the varieties were in full bloom by March 1st. This being the natural time for blooming with us, every indication bespoke a fine crop,but on March 30th, when the leaves were half grown, and the young fruit w^as from one-fourth to one inch in diameter, we were visited by a severe frost, which destroyed the crop entirely, only in a few very favored localities. It is generally conceded that Houston and Macon counties shipped more peaches the present season than the re- mainder of the State combined, and there was not over one-tenth of a cro]) in those counties.

The greatest obstacles to successful peach culture here are late Spring frosts and the curculio.

We think the Elberta peach should be placed on the list of peaches in catalogue with (* *) two stars for Georgia, as there are more young trees being planted of this variety in the State than any other, and

128

REPORT FROM INDIANA.

it is one of the most profitable varieties we have.

The Le Coiite pear crop was very fine in Southern Georgia this season, and there were thousands of bushels shipped at pay- ing prices, but the crop was light in Mid- dle Georgia, and an entire failure in the Northern portion of the State. Blight has been reported on the Le Conte to a linaited extent from every section of the State this season.

INDIANA.

Reported by A. Farnas, of Danville, Chairman of the State Fruit Committee of Indiana.

It is pretty well known that the apple crop with us is practically a failure, never more so, and but once since we have had trees large enough to bear, have we come so near an entire failure.

With this condition of apple growing it seems to be difficult to obtain much in- formation from other parts of the State.

Apples. — There has some sort of un- accountable change taken place, not only ill the health and tlirift of some varieties of trees, but also in the fruit it- self. In my boyhood days I can well re- member when the Yellow Belflower was an enormous fruit, immense crops and of the finest quality. Now these have not been a good crop over the country in thirty years.

The A'andervere Pippin, was in almost every collection, and was very popular as a good cooking apple. But now it rots and falls prematurely, so much so that generally it is worthless. The rotting of this variety began in isolated localities while others near by appeared healthy. I noticed this in the demand for the tree. For instance, south of me the demand for this tree ceased some ten years before they gave it up north. Eawle's Janet was extensively disseminated in " early times." This tree is measurably healthy yet, but the fruit is much smaller and rots

badly on the tree. About the first variety to fail was the White Winter Pearmain. This commenced specking or scabing a quarter of a century ago. The old Golden- russet or Bullock's Pippin, used to be my ideal of excellence, but now the tree is exceedingly tender, and it is a rare thing to find a smooth specimen of fruit. Later on the Ben Davis promised better and we all planted -Ben Davis. The first results were very satisfactory, bearing early and heavy crops. But this too has proved tender and is falling into disfavor. The White Pippin had a temporary run but was found to not bear well. One old var- iety stays with us, that is the Winesap, which I now think is in better condition than formerly.

Taking them nearly in the order of their ripening we have Red Astrachan, not productive but seems to be hardy. Maid- en's Blush, though not very hardy still holds its deserved popularity. Grimes' Golden Pippin promises to be a good thing. Indiana Favorite promises well, seems hardy and the quality is desirable. Ross' Nonpareil is hardy, productive and desir- able, but would be better if it was a better keeper. Duchess of Oldenburg seems entirely at home with us, healthy good grower, bears early and freely, large and showy, and if not good, beats uotiiing a long way. Talman Sweet is the hardi- est tree with us, but certainly not as good in quality as we were led to expect from the praise it gets from the Eastern States.

The Jarminite tree is very healthy, re- sembling the American Pippin, though in quality of fruit much superior, being a long keeper and generally gives com- plete satisfaction.

Pears. — The pear crop tliis year is much better in proportion to the apple crop than might be expected. The crop might be put at from one-fourth to one-half crop. Few, however, have many trees, as the severe Winters, blight, and leaf bliglit, and other causes not easily explained, have taken almost all of our trees. Bartlett has

REPOET FROM INDIANA AND IOWA.

129

been more extensively planted than any other variety. In early times standard Bartletts did well, yielding successive heavy crops, but now but a few crops at most are to be expected, and the trees die. The same might as well be said of Flem- ish beauty. Le Conte is tender and Keiffer has not proved satisfactory.

Peaches. — Where there are trees there is fruit this season, for the first in four or five years. A peach is a peach with us. I am writing in Central Indiana, and this remark applies to us and North of us, but does not in the South, among the hills, where trees are set by the thousand for market. The South part of this State has the honor of originating the famous Flee- nor.

Plums. — These fruits were of little value until the Wild Goose was introduced — which in most cases has been a success. The Miner gives us an occasional late crop. Just now the Kobiuson is all tlie go. It is only another variety of Chicka- saw, but for crops, and early bearing, I never saw its equal. Ten days or two weeks later than Wild Goose, and smaller but quality the same.

Cherries. — Outside of the Early Rich- mond and English Morello, nothing has been extensively introduced that was worth anything.

Strawberries are at home on our soil. The most popular here are Crescent, Cum- berland, Green Prolific, and on new, rich and damp soils the old Wilson's Albany, especially for market.

Easpberries. — These always succeed well if the season is not too dry; especially is this true of the Black Cap. From what I can learn our markets deal less in the red varieties than any other. You may take a walk through our markets and never see ared berry. Mammoth Cluster and Gregg are the principal varieties, though I pre- dict a good demand for Shaffer's Colossal.

Currants and gooseberries are rendered almost worthless by the depredations of the currant worm.

Obstacles to Fruit Culture.— These, with the apple, are sudden freezing of the sap with the first frosts. The same with the pear, causing blight, with the peach the intense cold of our changeable Winters.

Grapes have for many years rotted badly until this year. This was supposed to be on account of the unprecedented drouth. Concord, Delaware, Ives, Wor- den, Clinton and many other varieties have done well.

IOWA

Reported by G. B. Brackett, of Den- mark, Chairman of the State Fruit Com- mittee of Iowa.

I regret that I cannot give a more cheerful report on the Horticultural out- look of this part of the country. Since my last report two years of the severest drouth ever known since the settlement of the State have added greatly to the test conditions of our climate and very materially to the discouragement of the growing of orchard fruits. In the North- ern part of the State almost everything less hardy than Oldenburg, Tetofsky and Fameuee, have been swept away.

The effect has been to dampen the ardor and enthusiasm of the most zealous fruit- growers and to turn more than ever their attention to the work of obtaining more hardy varieties.

Some are looking to the importation of apples from Russia, with the expectation of finding something that will witlistand our climate, while others are expecting more satisfactory results from crossing our best varieties with these hardy sorts from Russia.

Now with these two classes of experi- menters in the field, there is no doubt but what a great change will be effected in the orchard fruit adapted to this great North- west.

The rei)orts from different i)arts of the State as to the behavior of these Russian apples are quite confiicting, R. P. Si)eer

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REPOET FROM IOWA.

from the North writes : " Of the Kussian apples which 1 liave tried longest, the Silk- enleaf (a cooking apple) is most valuable. The Noble Redstreak, is very promising. I believe from four years experience with 130 varieties of the Russian apples, that many of them will ]irove valuable in the north half of Iowa."

From Central Iowa Mr. C. L. Watrous writes: " For the last six years I have been trying to find among the importa- tions from Russia something to meet our wants. I have planted for trial more than 300 varieties of the ap]ile, some twenty- five or more of tlie pear, and as many of the cherry, all the plums I could get^ with trees and shrubs too numerous to mention. Of the apple trees a few have fruited, and with a single exception the fruit has been of the lowest quality; thin, sour and poor, with too often a twist of bitterness simply atrocious. As to hardi- ness, and healthfulness these 300 trees have not averaged as well as the common old varieties. It is tlie opinion of my foreman, in which I concur, that at least four-fifths of these liave shown such signs of inferiority as to stamp them worth- less here. Of all the jiears only one has proved sound and healthy. This has not fruited. Of the cherries, many have suf- fered from Winter injury. The Russian Apricot has fruited. The men in the nursery characterized the fruit as " sweet- ened Wool," so insipid and fibrous was it. The Mulberry has fruited abundantly and is utterly unfit for use."

Notwithstanding the uncertainty about these foreigners, thousands are planting them before they have been tried sufficiently to sort out the valuable varie- ties from the worthless, and great will he their disappointment when they come into beaiing. Few, if any of them that have fruited have proved to be long keepers, and the (piality of the fruit is generally found to be far below our old sorts. It has taken forty years to find out that many of our old varieties would

not stand the test of our trying climate, and how can we decide upon the merits of these new comers in the short time they have been among us.

The statement which I make in my last report in reference to the Southwestern part of this State is verified by further in- vestigation.

Many nurserymen are now turningtheir attention to rendering these old sorts more hardy by top-Avorking them on to hardy stocks, and one of the best stocks for this purpose is found in what is called the Virginia Crab (not Hewes), which is ])erfectly hardy and blight i)roof.

There is a growing interest in the pro- duction of seedling fruits, and to encour- age this new enterprise our State Horti- cultural Society is offering very liberal premiums for such fruit as shall come up to a certain standard of perfection, as pre- scribed by rules and regulations which have carefully been prepared and pub- lished in the annual reports of the Society.

Of the varieties of apples grown in the Western and Southwestern part of the State the Oldenburg, Wealthy, Fameuse, Fall Wine, Roman Stem, Wine Sap, Ja- net and Grimes' Golden, are the favorites. Others less liardy, such as Maiden's Blush, Benoni, Lowell, Wagener and Ben Davis, are still grown and are profitable, as they bear young and are prolific. The Ben Davis will continue to be grown as a market apple until something better is found to take its place.

Native plums are grov/n more than any thing else, being less liable to the attacks of the curculio and more hardy than the European varieties. The De Soto, Wolf, Rolling Stone, Forest Garden and Wild Goose are considered the best.

Of grapes the Wordeu heads the list for productiveness and profit, though not so well known or so extensively grown as the Concord. The Lady, Moore's Early, El- vira, Pocklington and Woodruff's Red are gaining in favor as they beccme better known.

REPORT FROM IOWA AND KANSAS,

ISl

Of raspberries the Turner, Gregg, Tyler, Shaffer aud some others are extensively and profitably grown.

The liat of strawberries that do well all over the State is a long one, but the Cres- cent still leads for productiveness aud pj'ofit.

KANSAS.

Reported by CI. C. Brackett, Lawrence, Chairman of State Fruit Committee of Kansas.

This State has had ten consecutive years of abundant fruit crops, preceding that of liSSG, wliich was an exceptional one and rather light, and yet during that year the crop was not a failure, as the fol- lowing statistics compiled from reports received at the Secretary's office of the State Horticultural Society show (100 representing a full crop.)

Apples 58 per cent.

Cherries 59 " "

Pears 40 " "

Plums CO " "

Grapes 78 " "

Blackberries 76 " "

Currants 59 " "

Gooseberries '. 83 " "

Raspberries 77 " "

Strawberries GS " "

The present year's crop will be a partial failure, as shown by the following crop re- port, made up on August 1st.

Apple 4(i per cent.

Cherry 87 " "

Pear 43 " "

Plum 4.S ■' "

Grape 81 " "

Blackberry 58 " "

Currant 22 " "

Gooseberry 34 " "

Raspberry 54 " "

Strawberry 44 " •'

Of varieties of apples, the Early Harvest, Carolina June, Cooper's Early White, Clienango, Maiden's Blush, Lowell, Jona- than, "Winesap, Ben Davis, Smith's Cider, Rawle's Genet, Missouri Pippin, still lead as the most profitable sorts, and are very productive. Tlie York Imperial is rapidly gaining favor as a commercial variety, the

tree having been proved hardy and pro- ductive.

The Early Richmond cherry constitutes the main planting and crop; among pears the Bartlett, Howell, Anjou, Seckel and Lawrence are safe to plant; among plums the Wild Goose leads; Kittatinny, Sny- der and Taylor are our most valuable blackberries.

Currants. — Red and White Dutch, White Grape, and for the western coun- ties a native black variety, which is very hardy and vigorous, and produces a heavy crop of very large berries.

Gooseberries. — Pale Red and Hough- ton, and for the irrigated districts in the western portion of the State, the old English varieties seem to thrive.

Raspberries. — For first early the Sou- hegan is hardy and immensely productive, followed in season by McCormick, Gregg and Shaffer. The last proves one of the most hardy both in Winter and Summer and very productive.

Strawberries. — Crescent, Chas. Down- ing, Miner and Atlantic are satisfactory sorts. The main requisite to success here, as in other States, is in a deep and thorough tillage of the land before plant- ing, and frequent cultivation during the growing season.

The present year's grape crop is quite heavy. The Concord has been mainly planted and is tlie most reliable, although other old varieties succeed in special loca- tions. Many of the newer sorts are prov- ing successful in the Arkansas river val- ley, and other locations where sand forms a large part of the soil. Such as the Pocklington, Niagara, Morris' Early, Lady, Elvira, Lady Washington, Duchess, Sa- lem, Highland, Black Defiance, Jefferson, Victor, etc.

New Varieties. — The Cullen, an apple which resembles the White Pearmaiu, but is of much better quality, a very late keeper, and exempt from that almost fatal disease the " Scab."

A new peach, origin Montgomery

132

EEPORT FROM KANSAS AND MINNESOTA.

couuty, and undoubtedly of the Alexander strain, but much larger and more produc- tive than that variety and ten days earlier than the Amsden.

Araspberry called the Lotta, a uniformly very large, glossy black berry, much larger than the Gregg, fine form, very sweet, flesh firm and juicy, a fine shipper. Plant a very strong grower, healthy, and en- dured the extreme cold of the Winter of 1886 and '7, without injury even to the tip end of the canes.

MINNESOTA.

Eeported hy S. D. Hillmau, of Minne- apolis, Chairman of State Fruit Com- mittee of Minnesota.

The American Pomological Society has done and is doing a grand work for the promotion of American Pomology. It is perhaps, unnecessary to say that its influ- ence has been felt to a marked decree in the "North Star" State.

Our report mast necessarily be some- what brief. The fruit crop in Minnesota the past season has been unusually light; several causes have contributed to this result, among them being late frosts, drouth and insect depredations. The drouth, while perhaps not nearly so pro- tracted or severe as in several other West- ern States, was quite damaging in its effects upon small fruit products. Grapes are a good crop and remarkably fine.

Last year the season as a whole was a fruitful one. Apple orchards produced an abundant crop of fruit. Native plums were remarkably abundant also, while for the present season the crop is nearly a total failure.

In the variable and peculiar climate of Minnesota, much persevering effort is re- quired on the part of Pomologists in order to attain the best results in the produc- tion of choice varieties of fruit. We have here a goodly number of intelligent, earnest and enthusiastic fruit-growers.

who, for several years past, have been carefully experimenting and pursuing a line of patient investigation and research in order to develop and advance this good work. The necessity of this pains-taking effort is each year more and more appar- ent. Quite liberal appropriations are made from time to time by the Legisla- ture to aid the cause in various ways. Experiment Stations have been estab- lished in different localities in the State and the work begun and being carried for- ward is accomplishing good results.

The Minnesota State Horticultural Society, which is now of age, having been organized twenty-one years ago, has done much for the cause of pomology, not only in the State but throughout the entire Northwest. Its meetings are well at- tended ; the discussions at its annual gath- erings are usually animated and of an in- teresting nature. The number of local or county organizations is on the increase, and these are doing efficient work.

So far as Minnesota seedling apples are concerned there are no varieties as yet that meet with popular acceptance and favor like that accorded to our well-known Wealthy. It may be questioned whether we shall soon produce a larger seedling winter fruit, possessing greater merits, when hardiness of tree, fine quality of fruit and beauty of appearance are con- sidered. True it is there are some prom- ising candidates for public favor, but time will be required to fully test their merifs.

Peerless originated in Eice county, a seedling of Oldenburg, appears to be a promising varietJ^ The tree has borne some ten or twelve crops of fruit and has proved to be hardy and productive.

Oakabena, originated in Nobles county, is also promising. The tree has a diame- ter of seven and one-half inches a foot above the ground; top round, symmetri- cal, well balanced, of strong and healthy growth; fruit medium size, fine form, yel- low, shaded and striped with red; flesh crisp and juicy; quality as good or better

REPORT FROM MINNESOTA.

133

than Wealthy. The tree has borne five crops of fruit. How well it may succeed ou other soil, with different surroundings, is yet to be determined.

In this connection we may add, in the language of Prof. J. L. Budd, of Iowa, that " an apple that will endure our test Winters well must maintain perfect foliage during our hot, changeable Bummers and must be as determined in habit of ripen- ing its wood as the Box Elder or. Hickory ; it must have a bark that will absorb water readily in wet times in Autumn or early Winter; it must hibernate in Winter and have a cell structure practically incapable of freezing."

There can be little doubt that Eussian apples, especially the newer sorts, are gain- ing steadily in favor among our leading or- chardists. Our experience here accords entirely with that of the distinguished Horticulturist of Vermont, Dr. T.H. Hos- kins, who says: "These apples are, as a class, very much hardier against adverse climatic influences and especially against Winter's cold, than those previously grown on this continent."

Kussian fruits, where given a fair trial, are succeeding finely, producing large and showy crops of fruit. Mr. Andrew Peterson, Waconia, reports for last sea- son : " Hibernal, Ostrokoff's Glass, Ohar- lamoff and Winter Lowland, as usual bore a heavy crop of fruit; Christmas and Red Cheeked did not bear so much.''

Mr. Chas. Luedlofl, of Carver County, has some fine specimens of fruit this sea- son. He reports the varieties that with- stood the test of Winter best were: Rus- sian Green, Ostrokoff's Glass, Lieby, Kurski, Smelling apple. Round Wassen, Arcade, Switzer, Charlamoflf, Beel, St. Peter, Milton, Red Lake, Lake Winter.

Mr. A. W. Sias, at Rochester, has num- erous varieties and reports the six best: Autumn Streaked, Russian Green, Juicy Streaked, (xreen Transparent, Red Cheeked, Wliite Russet.

Mr. Wm. Somerville, of Olmsted County,

has some forty-five varieties of new Rus- sians and is enthusiastic as to his success with them thus far. One unknown variety, very productive, large and showy, took the blue ribbon at the State fair last year.

It is estimated there has been over ^200,000 worth of all kinds of nursery stock disposed of in our State the past year, fully one-half unfitted for this cli- mate. This money parted with for trash, worse than thrown away, gives cause for discouragement to mauy new beginners in fruit-growing and home adornment.

In accordance with action taken at the annual meeting of the State Horticultural Society, a bill was drafted and passed by the Legislature for the purpose of prevent- ing fraud in the sale of nursery stock. This law appears to give very general sat- isfaction. It may not be the best means for accomplishing the end had in view, but is certainly worthy of a fair trial.

First — Species of fruit grown success- fully, viz. : Apple {Pyrus Mains), Siberian Crab {Pyrus haccata), American Crab {Pyrus coronaria).

Plum — {Prunus Americana) Wild Red and Yellow.

Cherry — (P. Pennsylvanica) Wild Red Cheriy, (P. serotina) Wild Black, (P. Vir- giniana) Choke Cherry, (P. cerasus), Red Garden Clierry.

Grape — {Vitis Lahrusca, V. (estivalis, V. Gordifolia).

Strawberries — {Fragaria Ghilensis, F. vesca, F. Virginiana).

RuBus — (Strigosus) Wild Red Rasp- berry.

RuBUS — {Idceus) Garden Raspberry.

RuBUS — {occidentalis) Black Raspberry.

RuBUS — {odoratus) Purple Flowering Raspberry.

RuBus — {villomH and Canadensis).

Ribes — [ruhrmn) Red Currant.

RiBES — (Floridum) Wild Black.

Ribes — {nigrum) Garden Black.

Vaccinium — Cranberry, Blueberry.

Amelanohier — Juneberry, Serviceberry.

Amelanchier — Canadensis, Shadbush .

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REPORT FROM MINNESOTA AND MISSISSIPPI.

Second — Varieties best adapted to Min- nesota soil and climate: **01denburg. **Wealtliy. 'Autumn Streaked. *White Russet. *McMahan White. *Hibernal. *Red Cheeked. *Red Anis. *Russian Green. *Antonovka. *Titovka. *Soiree. *Synonym. *Giant Swaar. fWhite Pigeon. tWhiteTransparent. tClreen Transparent. fKoursk's Anis. fBrett No. 1. fBrett No. 2. fBrett No. 3. tOkabena. f Houston. tPhkanoff Small. fRosy Little Turnip apple, t Lie by.

Siberian Crab or Hybrids. — ** Whitney No. 20. **Early Strawberry. **Beacher Sweet. **Florence. **Power's Large Red Siberian. **Orange Crab. *Martha. *Sweet Russet. *Gideon No. Ci. *Byer's Sweet. *Orion. *Virginia. jDartt's Hybrid, f Sylvan Sweet.

Plums. — **De Soto. **Harrison's Peacli. ** Weaver. **Forest Garden. **Rolling- stone. **Syu. Minnesota. **Wild Rose. *Rockford. *Cheney. *La Due.

Cherry.— *Osthem. * Wild Black. *Wild Red. *Chokeberry.

Grapes— **Worden. **Moore's Early. ** Concord. ** Delaware. ' Brighton. *Rogers' No. 39. *Lady. *Janesville.

Strawberries. — **Crescent Seedling. **Downer's Prolific. *"Manchester. **01d L-on Clad. **Hart's Minnesota. * Wil- son's Albany. fJessie.

Raspberries. — **Red. **Brandywine. **Turner. *Cuthbert. **Black Caps. **Ohio. *Gregg. *Doolittle.

Blackberries — **Ancient Briton. **Sny- der. * Stone's Hardy. fThornless.

Dewberries, — **Cook's Hardy. *Lucre- tia. tMammoth.

Currants.— **Red Dutch. **White Grape. **Victoria. **Long Bunch Hol- land. **White Dutch.

MISSISSIPPI,

Reported by W. H. Cassell, of Canton, Chairman of the State Fruit Committee.

As fruit growing for commercial pur- poses is largely on the increase and likely

soon to be a leading industry in this State, I shall vary this report somewhat from those previously sent by giving it a trend in that direction, yet endeavoring to keep within the purview of the rules. The varieties grown are, for the most part, those which have been well tested, and known to succeed best, and hence the number is comparatively small. The orchards for general purposes embrace a greater number of varieties and call for a few changes in the catalogue.

After enumerating the suggestion of changes for the catalogue, Mr. Cassell says:

Sucker State, among strawberries, has been tried for two or three seasons with uniformly good results, and is by some preferred to Wilson as a market berry. Another season will probably give this and the Finch * *. Sharpless is very large, of excellent quality and fine for family or near market. Our growers have been afraid of Crescent, thinking it would not carry to Northern markets, but the past two seasons have demonstrated its suc- cess in this particular, and its heavy crops have made it highly remunerative to those who have tried it, so that it is now being planted extensively. The season just past has been a profitable one to strawberry growers generally ; and, from the inquiry now for plants, we judge there will be a large increase in the acreage planted the coming season.

Raspberries are being grown to a limited extent for market. Turner and American Black being the principal varieties. Gregg, Ohio, Marlboro and Cuthbert are also planted to some extent. Ohio and Marl- boro should have f. This crop is not con- sidered so safe nor so profitable as the strawberry.

Blackberries are so abundant in the woods that only a few of the improved kinds are cultivated — none for market. I tried Lawton years since, but it rusted badly and I gave it up. Kittatinny has borne several crops, is of tine size, excel- lent quality, and a profuse bearer. Wil-

REPORTS FROM MISSISSIPPI.

135

sou Junior on trial — will fruit next year.

Dewberries (wild) bear large crops and fine berries, in the alluvial soil iu the Mis- sissippi river bottoms, and tolerable crops elsewhere, ripening with the raspberries. Of the cultivated kinds Lucretia, Mam- moth and Bartle, bore heavy crops this season and may be said to promise well.

Grapes are being planted for family use and to some extent for market; the varie- ties for market being chiefly Concord, Ives, Moore's Early and Delaware. The Scuppernong and varieties are being planted for family use and for wine. A small but interesting experiment in tile draining has been tried here by Dr. N. C. Orrick. He constructed an arbor nine feet wide and planted on either side, nine feet distant, in well prepared borders, the following varieties: Wilder, Elvira. Ni- agara, Triumph, Goethe, Delaware, Cyn- thiana, Peter Wylie, Lady, Martha, Max- atawney, Agawam, Herbemont, Mo. Ries- ling, Montgomery and Pearl. Soil a mu- latto clay. Before draining the growth of the vine was not satisfactory, and the fruit rotted largely. Since draining the vines Jiave grown better, are more healthy and the fruit does not rot.

Considerable attention is being paid in certain localities to the planting of pecan orchards, several parties having from 100 to 1,000 trees planted. In most cases the site for these is low and fiat, and generally too wet for fruit trees of most kinds. I have seen pecans of excellent quality grown in this State.

For market, however, the strawberry among the smaller, and the peach among the larger fruits, are being grown in much the greatest quantities. In peaches. Yel- low St. John, Foster and the Crawford's — high-colored, yellow-fleshed varieties — are most largely grown; then Tillotson, Mountain Rose, Thurber, Stump t)te World and Oldmixon Free, with a good share of Picquett's Late, Salway and Smock in smaller quantities, about com- plete the list of profitable market varieties.

Some grow Early River's, and many have Alexander and Amsden already planted several years since, but there is a general "turning away" from anything earlier than Tillotson or St. John, as not suffi- ciently reliable.

In apples, for profit, few will venture beyond Astrachan, Early Harvest and Carolina June.

Few pears of any kind except Bartlett, and not many of these, had for some time been planted for market, until the intro- duction of the so-called blight-proof varie- ties Le Conte and Kieffer. Under the positive assurance that these were blight- proof, the Le Conte absolutely so, a new impulse was given to the planting of pears, especially of these two varieties, which were said to bear early and pro- fusely, and the fruit of fair quality; until there are to-day probably more than 250,000 trees planted in the State, much the larger proportion being of the Le Conte; and the planting continues. This season, however, has shown some blight on the Kieiler and also on the Le Conte. Absolute immunity from blight, in the latter, was promised by the nurseries of Thomasville, Ga., provided the trees were on their ow'n roots, that is, grown from cuttings in a direct line from the original tree, and having none of the blood of the European stock in them. But these " pedigree" trees have shown some blight this season, as also the grafted Le Contes, yet this has been to a very limited extent, even when grown near Bartletts that were blighting badly.

Plums come next in value, the Wild Goose proving profitable in many in- stances but failing in others. The Mari- ana, from its success in Texas and else- where South, is being planted to a con- siderable extent. Kelsey's Japan, which has fruited the past two seasons, gives promise of being a great acquisition, and there is considerable demand for trees of this variety to plant tlie coming season. It is certainly of very tine quality, and of

136

REPOKT FROM MISSISSIPPI AND MONTANA.

large size, and also a handsome fruit. The " Gage " family of |plums, Priuius domes- tica, are of little value to us, giving only partial crops in the Northern portion of the State.

The fig has been shipped in some in- stances to the Northern markets, but the results have not been sufhciently remuner- ative to induce extensive planting. This fruit has possibilities which must in time command attention by growers south of the 33d parallel, where it can be grown without protection.

Japanese Persimmon. — This fruit has been planted for market by one party near Crystal Springs, who has several hundred trees about four years in orchard. I saw them a few days since, and many were bending under a heavy crop of these large fruits which were just beginning to color. Its commercial value remains to be tested.

Packages. — For strawberries, quart boxes in six gallon crates are generally used, and sometimes pint boxes early in the season; for raspberries, pint boxes; for apples and pears, barrels and third bushel boxes; for peaches, third bushel boxes. This season a new package was used to some extent for the finer speci- mens, and with fair satisfaction. It con- sisted of a half bushel crate containing four oval flat baskets holdini: one gallon each, and furnished with wire handles that drop in packing. It is claimed that the finer specimens sold better in this l)ackage than in the third bushel box.

Plums are shipped in third bushel boxes and strawberry crates.

Statistics are difficult to obtain. The largest shipping points for fruits in this State, are Madison, Terry and Crystal Springs on the I. C. R. E. The last named place reports 4,000 crates of straw- berries, and 20,000 boxes of peaches this season.

The heaviest shipments from this point are in vegetables, of which from three to five car loads of tomatoes alone were shipped daily during the height of the

season. Terry generally sends a good many more peaches than Crystal Springs, nearly twice as many. Owing to the late spring frosts there was not a full crop at either place, and north of these nearly all the peaches were destroyed except in a few forward localities. Apples, pears and plums shared the same fate. Madison shipped about 5,000 crates of strawberries, with light shipments of other fruits also.

MONTANA.

Reported by J. D. McCammau, of Bo- zeman, Chairman Territorial Fruit Com- mittee of Montana.

After enumerating suggestions for the compiler of the fruit catalogue, the report answers questions sent out by the general chairman as follows:

New Native Varieties. — We have raised sfrveral new varieties of apples from seed, not named. Some of these are very valu- able and others are promising.

Obstacles. — The chief obstacles we en- counter are mice, moles and rabbits ; these vermin sometimes destroy the growth of years.

Culture and Pruning. — We prefer top- dressing and frequent stirring of the soil with the plow — and the system of pruning pursued by us with best results is to pre- serve low branches.

Storing and Keeping Winter Fruits. — As yet no regular system of storing such fruits has been required, as fruits raised in this county fine a ready market within the Territory before the season has fairly closed. We have found no difficulty in keeping late apples throughout the Win- ter in common cellars or root houses.

Packages. — We ship ai3ples and other large fruit in common forty pound boxes, without loss, while berries arrive at our markets in good condition packed in East- ern crates made to hold two dozen quart boxes.

Statistics. — I cannot now give the amount of land devoted to fruit culture,

REPOKT FROM MONTANA.

137

or the number of trees planted. There are at least thirty bearing and profitable orchards now in this county — and in two or three years theie will be many more, as every farmer who can afford to do so, is purchasing and setting out trees from year to year*. This is especially the case in the Bitter Eoot valley, which is the principal fruit producing district in the county. Eastern nurserymen have taken thousands of dollars out of this valley in the last few years in exchange for young trees.

In our own orchard (W. E. Boss & Bro.) at Pine Grove Farm, in this valley, we have now standing about 3,000 healthy apple trees, of which 1,500 are in full bear- ing and have 3,000 more as yet mere strip- lings— and will continue to set out from year to year. We have 100 pear trees (ten in bearing) ; fifty plum trees in bearing and twenty-five cherry trees all in bear- ing. Of grape vines we have twenty pro- ducing fruit. This orchard was com- menced as the "pioneer" fourteen years ago, and we ship now as much as 1,000 (40 lb.) boxes of apples per season. Of the various kinds of small fruit we culti- vale three acres, and have marketed an- nually 2,000 boxes. Ours is of course the largest fruit producing farm in the county, but it will not be many years before every farmer has his own orchard, either great or small.

Raising Strawberries for Profit in Montana.

BY M. WISNEE.

The climate of Montana is eminently favorable to the production of strawberries and the methods and systems in use else- where, will probably succeed here, the only difference being more water is re- quired than in the States where rain is more abundant. I prepare the ground with special reference to that fact. Sup- posing the plowing and harrowing has been well done, with a single or double shovel plow run furrow, four feet apart, following the uneveness of the ground

in such a way as to give a uniform grade or fall to the furrows, which should be barely enough to cause the water run. This can best be done by using for every fourth furrow, a device in common use, called a triangle, the intermediate rows conforming to the triangled row near enough for practical purposes. Ground thus prepared, even on steep and rough hill sides, can be irrigated without wash- ing away the plants. Now set the plants eighteen inches apart in the edge of the furrow on the lower side, scoop out a place with the hand, spread the roots fairly well, cover with two inches of soil, and press firmly, even to striking a smart blow with the fist or stepping on them. Now turn on water and give them a good soaking, and as often as once a week irri- gate— soak the ground full. I use the matted row system, hence do not under- take to keep runners off, but keep the weeds out the first season. By fall there will be an increase of at least ten to one. I have had as high as fifty to one from the Crescent. Spring is the best time to plant, the cool weather and occasional showers bring them on rapidly. The second year will give the best crop, after which they will deteriorate, and I would advise replanting, although at the present writing my third crop looks like a field of buckwheat in bloom, so plentiful are the blossoms, but the berries are sure to be undersized.

The Crescent is the best berry I have found out of twelve leading varieties. The Crescent is deficient in pollen and re- quires some fertile berry to mix with it. I use Jucunda about one to five, or one row in five, if preferred. In gathering I endeavor to pick over the field once in three days during the height of the season, l)icking all that are fairly red. Soon as a field has been gone over turn on the water and soak the ground full. The more water tlie more berries, and larger. In gathering, great care should be taken to keep the berries in the shade.

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REPORT FROM MONTANA AND NEW HAMPSHIRE.

I use full quart boxes, square, with a rim on the bottom to protect the lower tier and insure ventilation. Use sixteen box crate; tliey cost when made and filled with boxes thirty-five cents per crate. One half of this is freight from St. Paul, Minn., to Bozeman. The price obtained for strawberries heretofore has been very satisfactory, have been in good demand at from fifteen cents to twenty-five cents per quart. The market being very limited, however, it is not likely if many should raise them to sell, that more than seven cents could be obtained for them.

During the fruiting season have the surface constantly damp and dark colored with the moisture that comes from be- neath.

Water Them! water them! ! WATER THEM ! ! !

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Reported by James M. Hayes, of Dover, Chairman of State Fruit Committee.

There has been but little new to report to the Society from our State within the two years past. Not but what gradual improvement in fruit growing is percepti- ble. Perhaps, however, the pear does not succeed as well as formerly. Many varie- ties that a few years ago were thought of much value, are now worthless from crack- ing. The Anjou, as I reported in 1885, is gaining in favor from year to year and bids fair in a short time to occupy the same place with pears that Baldwin does with apples.

Of new varieties, the Shaw apple, origi- nating with C. C. Shaw, of Milford, N.H., was exhibited at the Boston meeting of the present month. It is a medium-sized apple, having somewhat the appearance of the Graveijstein and ripening the same time. It is thought it may prove valu- able. The Russian apricot has been widely disseminated here, and has proved quite hatdy; it has not fruited as yet, so I can- not, from experience, speak of the quality

of the fruit. I have no changes to sug- gest in the fruit catalogue at present; there are some varieties of fruit that do not succeed here, that in other parts of the State thrive admirably.

Among insects the canker worm ap- peared to be on the increase two years ago, but the present season it has been scarcely noticed. The severe Winters, or some other cause, has stopped its depre- dations.

The pear trees are many of them affected with some kind of a leaf blight, so that they are denuded of their foliage in midsummer.

In bringing this very short and imper- fect repoit to a close, it might be well to allude to the encouragement to our or- chardists to continue in the business, from the fact that there is much better demand for their products since the exportation commenced to Europe. With this in- creasing from year to year, and with new markets at home, our orchards will be as remunerative as any other branch of agri- culture.

NEW JERSEY.

Reported by Andrew S. Fuller, Chair- man of State Fruit Committee of New Jersey.

I have very little to add to my former reports. Among the hundreds of new varieties of fruit brought forward annually and often highly extolled by their pro- ducers and those engaged in selling the plants, scarcely one per cent, remain in favor long enough to be admitted into the catalogue of this Society.

The old adage that " a new broom sweeps clean," is applicable to the new fruits of the country. It is certainly true that we are making some progress, but it is only in a few of the formerly long neg- lected genera, such as the raspberry, black- berry, strawberry and grape, and within about three decades we have reached a point, beyond which our further advance

EEPOET FKOM NEW JERSEY.

139

is likely to be slow, unless we devise or discover some system of cultivation at present unknown.

New Jersey can probably safely boast of possessing as great a variety of soil, cli- mate, exposure, togetber with as many different species of noxious insects and diseases as any State in the Union. Still, witli all these favorable and unfavorable conditions and enemies the fruit growers do, somehow, manage to raise considerable fruit for market.

Tlie soutiieru part of tlie State gave promise, a few years ago, of becoming a fi'iiit growers paradise, bat insects and dis- eases have somewhat paralyzed both the enthusiasm and efforts of the fruit grow- ers of South Jersey, and in seeking infor- mation for this report I have received some notes from Mr. x\lex. W. Pearson, cf Vineland, a man whose knowledge and long experience entitles his word to great weiglit in this matter, and for tliis reason his notes are given almost entire, and as a fair representation of the condition of pomological affairs in the Southern half of this State.

FIEST — SPECIES OF FKUIT.

All species of fruit suited to the temper- ate zone are grown in Vineland.

SECOND — VARIETIES OF FRUITS.

Apples. — Early suiuujer api)les succeed best and are most profitable. Fall and Winter apples, though the trees grow well and are considerably planted, mature the fruit too early. It will not keeji well in Winter. The Red Astrachan is prob- ably tiie most desirable apple to grow here. It sells best in ujarket.

Pears. — The Bartlett is most growi:, as it is a reliable bearer, always sells. Shel- don and Lawrence tlireaten to be failures, as they are afflicted with fungi, attacking both the leaves and the fruit. Anjou grows vigorously, but is late coming into bearing — trees eighteen to twenty years old just beginning to fruit.'

The Kieff'er pear succeeds especially well here. Its fruit is of better quality than when grown farther North. We consider it as good as the Bartlett for the table, and better than any other sort for preserving and for canning. It is hardy — an early and full bearer, and, as I have marketed it, sells better than any other variety. For example, in the Autumn of 1886 I sent very fine Anjous to Philadel- phia and they sold for fifty cents per bushel. Late in October I sent Kieffers there which sold for three dollars per bushel. After growing fruit, for market, for twenty years, I would, in orchard plant- ing, set almost exclusively the Astrachan apple and the Bartlett and Kieff'er pears, principally the Kieffer.

Peaches. — Of the old standard sorts all do well, and only need care and plenty of manure to be made profitable. Peach cul- ture has not been profftable to growers here, but it is the fault of the man rather than the tree.

Plums and Cherries — Grow thriftily and bear abundantly, but the fruit is liable to damages by insects and by rot.

Grapes. — All varieties of the grape grow very thriftily and fruit abundantly, but the foliage is late in the summer, de- stroyed by the mildew, and the fruit is ruined by the black rot. Grape culture may be called a failure in this region on account of these " grape diseases." The Concord grape fails almost totally every year to mature its fruit. Vines looking splendidly in June are stripped of foliage and fruit by mildew and rot in September. The Ives seedling has been until the sum- mer of 1887 tolerably healthy. This year it rots nearly as badly as the Concord. The grape known here as the " Ironclad " has hitherto been apparently fungus proof.

Third — There are no new native varie- ties which are attracting special attention in this region.

Fifth — The obstacles to successful fruit culture are insects and fungi. The cod-

140

REPORTS FROM NEW JERSEY AND NEVADA.

ling moth, the curculio, the rose bug, the root borers, the slugs, worms and cater- pillars which infest all fruits, and which are yearly becoming more numerous and destructive. Apple and pear tree blights, blackberry cane blight, raspberry cane blight— fungi attacking the plant and leaf, strawberry leaf rust, etc., etc., and fungi parasitic on the fruit. Each plant has its especial enemy, and each fruit also.

The culture of the red raspberry is nearly abandoned, owing to the blight, Phonia letlialis, which destroys the fruit- ing cane. A new cane blight, not yet identified or named, has destroyed three- fourths of the plantations of the Wilson blackberry in 1887. There is no disease of the fruits, either of raspberry or black- berry, or strawberry ; only of the plants. On the other hand there seems to be no serious disease of the plant — in the grape — but ruin of foliage and fruit. In tree fruits, both plant and product are liable to disease. The former blights, the latter is prone to rot.

Various remedies for these various evils have been tried, with but little success.

There is also an increasing tendency to opinion tbat the peculiar prevalence of fungus diseases of plants, in this region, is due to deficiencies in the soil of cer- tain elements of plant growth. It is hoped that when tbose elements, particu- larly lime and potash, are supplied, the health of fruit plants will be better con- served. A. W. Pearson.

NEVADA.

Reported by B. F. Leete, of Reno, Chairman of the State Fruit Committee of Nevada.

Pursuant to the following call :

NATIONAL POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

There will be a meeting of the State Committee of the National Pomological Society at my office in Block A, North Virginia street, Reno, Saturday, August 27th, at 12 M.

A full attendance of the committee is earnestly desired.

The business of the committee will be to report to the National Society, to be convened in Boston in September, the va- rieties, so far as known, of apples, cher- ries, grapes, peaches, pears, plums, straw- berries, and otber berries and fruits best adapted to the latitude, altitude, soil and climatic surroundings of our State, to- gether with such other matters, touching the pomological interests of our State, as may be presented for consideration.

B. F. Leete, Chairman Committee of Nevada.

Of our committee, composed of Messrs. R. P. M. Kelley, nurseryman, Reno; W. W. Morton, orchardist, Reno; Enoch Morrill, orchardist, Reno ; John Guthrie, orchardist, Winnemucca, and the Chair- man, all were present, except Mr. Guthrie, who resides at Winnemucca, about 225 miles distant.

Our State is comprehended between parallels 36 and 12 North, and meridians 114 and 120 West, varying in altitude from 3,800 feet to 10,000 feet above the level of the Pacific ocean. Our rainfall varies with altitude, from two to sixty inches per annum. Our temperature varies from zero to 95 degrees, our coldest weather being generally a period of about twelve days in the last days of November and in De- cember before Cliristmas. During this season our ice crop is made.

January is commonly a pleasant month ; February the buds often start on our trees and grass grows; March is cold, blustering — some times small fall of snow and thin ice formed ; April is warm when March is cold, and vice versa, and usually the last days of May, 20th to 25th, bring cold nights and often thin ice.

Before this May chill buds are out and trees and flowers are blooming or out of blossom, and by this freeze our fruit is killed in the earliest observable fruit form. Ail varieties of fruit trees that flourish in the United States as far South as the Carolinas flourish here; our trees do not Winter-kill. All of the berries and small

REPORTS FROM NEVADA AND NORTH CAROLINA.

141

fruits flourish, and when the late May frosts pel mit, bear bountifully of the most succulent and excellent varieties — large, handsome and very perfect fruit. Every seedlingvariety produces very perfect and excellent fruit after its kind. It is prac- tically true to say there was never a poor peach grown in Nevada.

Seedling peaches here produce choice fruit, as a rule, which is not the rule in New York and other Atlantic low coun- tries. Our atmosphere is dry because there is no water to moisten it.

The enemy and the only known enemy to fruit culture in Nevada lies in our cli- matic surroundings, and is due to altitude and lack of rainfall. Warm growing weather in January or February is suc- ceeded by cold, freezing weather in March or April; May usually warm, and trees blooming in the early days, succeeded by cold days, frost and sometimes ice. Usu- ally our fruit trees blossom very full, and many varieties bear annually.

In the judgment of your committee the great need of fruit growers in this State is late blooming varieties, or varieties that will not be affected by 30 degrees Fah- renheit for a continued period of twenty- four hours, when the tree is in blossom or the fruit in its earliest observable form. To the latter class belongs the Summer Bellsflovver, a Fall apple, in the orchard of Mr. A. B. Williams, Reno. This year the fruit in its early form, about the size of May Duke cherries, withstood the late frost and freeze, and is in medium bearing.

The Limber Twig is a good regular bearer and hardy with us, but a poor fruit.

[Tlie report here details suggestions for the Catalogue, and then proceeds.]

None of these are in full bearing this year, not carrying 4 per cent, of the usual crop, owing to the late Spring frost that occurred about the first days of June this year, the cold continuing through sev- eral days.

Mr. W. W. Morton, of our committee, reported a seedling apple, tree large size,

ten years old. From first bearing year had fruited well every year, and is in full bearing this year; variety, choice Winter, January to June; color, red, size of Spitz- enberg — flesh white, flavor of Newtown pippin; tree tall, thrifty grower. The committee named it Morton.

We look to and ask the advice of the National Society in selecting varieties to suit our climate and fruit largely and regularly. We want quantity in fruit.

Our climate is sandwiched — warm grow- ing January or February, cold March or April, early May warm, fruit and flowers blooming and iced last days of May, closes the incongruous opening of the year, and closes out our fruit of the varieties gener- erally relied upon.

NORTH CAROLINA.

Reported by J. Van Lindley, of Pomona, Chairman of the State Fruit Committee of North Carolina.

In my report I will only note a few changes since report of 1885. This year, 1887, has proved to be the poorest fruit year ever known in this State, on account of the long, cold frosty weather after fruit had bloomed out. I cannot make the ex- hibit I intended to make this year. Pear blighted very badly in 188G, nearly all varie- ties. The Seckel, Early Green Sugar, Au- gouleme, Clairgeau seem to be clear of blight. The LeConte and Kieffer were brought forward as blight-proof pears, but out of 24 LeConte, on their own roots, grown from cuttings planted in 1882, seven have blighted during the past two years, and out of forty Kieffer, planted at the same time, budded on common French pear stock, only three have blighted, so I consider the Kieffer nearly blight proof, and it is a valuable pear for our State.

It bears very young, is very prolific and quality good.

No blight has appeared this year on any varieties.

Some new plums are being added. Mari-

142

EEPORT FROM NORTH CAROLINA.

anna, of the Wild Goose type, seems to be a promising variety; am well pleased with its growth and hardy appearance. Also of the new foreign plums from China and Japan, Pranus Simoni, Botan and Kelsey's Japan, they seem to be promising sorts for the Soutli generally.

To the Strawherry add Hoffman Seed- ling, Early Canada, May King and Parry. For further report I will send you that of S. 0. Wilson from Eastern North Caro- lina, and George E. Boggs, of the extreme western part of the State. They are members of the committee.

REPORT OF S. O. WILSON.

Mr. Wilson first details the markings on varieties for the catalogue of fruits. In speaking of grapes he says : All Labrusca, j3j]stevalis, Riparia and Rotundifolia va- rieties do well; but all of Rogers and Ar- nold's Hybrids rot badly, except in favor- able seasons.

Of new native varieties he remarks : McCuller's Winter apple, origin, Wake County, North Carolina; fine flavor and excellent keeper, specially- adapted to the eastern and southern sections of the State. The greatest obstacles to success are late Spring frosts, insects, and poor culture. As to storing fruits and packages, he says: Great abundance of Winter ai)ples grown in the western part of the State, kept in dry earth, and in general a very undesirable method. Strawberries are packed in square quart baskets, crated in 32's, grapes in ten and fifteen-pound bas- kets, peaches, five-eights slatted crates.

We have no method of collecting sta- tistics, but we have abundant evidence that the interest in horticulture has in- creased 100 per cent, in the last ten years.

Grape-growing has increased 600 per cent, in ten years ; varieties mostly planted for market, Concord, Ives, Champion, Martha, Delaware.

REPORT OF GEORGE BOGGS, WAYNEVILLE, N. C.

Tlie eleva,ted plateau of land lying be- tween the Blue Ridge on the east and the

Smoky Mountains on the west, embracing thirteen counties known as " Western North Carolina," offers advantages for fruit culture rarely equaled. The river valleys have an elevation of from 1,600 to 2,000 feet above the ocean, and these, with the uplands and mountain sides (the mountains being for the most part fertile to their peaks), with northern and south- ern exposures, give a variety of soils and climatic conditions well suited to the suc- cessful culture of all fruits known to tem- perate regions.

But few apples, comparatively speaking, have been even tested, and the older- bearing trees consist, for the most part, of Nickajack, Buff and Camac, but of late years others have been introduced, and are steadily supplanting these in more re- cently planted orchards. The Nickajack, with a few virtues, has some faults that render it unfit for culture. The tree is ratlier tender and a shy bearer. The fruit is hardly second-rate in quality and not specially attractive in appearance. It is a good keeper, of good size and a good shij)- per. The Buff' is a large, briglit striped apple, showy but of poor quality. In fact, it soon becomes so dry as to be well nigh unfit to eat. These two apples have done not a little harm in prejudicing many against apples grown in this section. The Camac, like the Buff, is a native, but a far better apple. It bears early and abund- antly, and on rich, sandy loams the fruit is of fair size and of good quality, though lacking in richness. It is an excellent keeper, but lacks color for a market sort.

Careful observation convinces me that we should plant mainly of varieties that originate near the old Mason and Dixon Line. Rawle's Genet does well, saving its tendency to rot. The Ben Davis and Winesap, more recently introduced, suc- ceed admirably.

Pears. — But little grown, and yet I have seen as fine specimens of Bartletts grown here as I ever saw grown in re- gions noted for pear culture.

REPORT FROM NOVA SCOTIA.

143

Peaches'. — Peaches do well at the lower altitudes, but are often killed in the bud at higher elevations.

Plums. — Have found none in cultiva- tion, saving small Damson and Wild Goose. Finer kinds would undoubtedly do well if planted and cared for.

Grapes. — Both soil and climate are ad- mirably adapted to grapes.

Small fruits do well. Owing to sudden changes, with severe frosts this Spring, the fruit crop is almost a complete failure.

NOVA SCOTIA.

Reported by Charles E. Brown, of Yar- mouth, Chairman of the Provincial Fruit Committee of Nova Scotia.

I have endeavored to discharge my duty as Chairman of the Fruit Committee for this Province of the American Pomolog- ical Society, by inviting contributions to report from Eev. J. R. Hart, of Annapo- Hs County, Prof. H. Y. Hind, ot Hart County, and C. R. H. Starr and E. W. Starr, of Kings County, sending each copies of the circulars forwarded to me. Mr. C. R. H. Starr attended at the London Colonial and Indian Exiiibition last year, as Commissioner in charge of Canadian fruit, and from the experience thereby gained, should have material worthy of permanent record. All the above are resident in the three chief fruit counties of the Province, whence alone laige shipments of apples are made by steamer to England through several months of the year.

From a Provincial Government crop report for August, 1887, I extract the fol- lowing: "Last year the apple crop was reported from the fruit counties at fully ■twenty per cent, above the yield of any previous year, and the fruit of excellent quality, the most promising market sorts being Baldwin, Northern Spy, Graven- stein, Nonpariel, Rhode Island Greening, Ribston .Pii)pin and Golden Russet; lots of the last named brought the highest

prices at the late Winter sales in Eng- land.'' This year reports from several districts in these counties, as well as from nearly all tlie other counties oi the Prov- ince, quite generally agree in predicting a crop considerably below the average; frost, cold, high winds, insect enemies and drouglit being variously assigned as causes fur the diminished yield, bloom having been abundant. Nearly all the counties report rapid annual extension of orchards in tlie district. New orchards have been planted equal in extent to the entire area of the old. The member.^ of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Associa- tion look forward to the time when the whole Annapolis Valley, 400 square miles, will be one continuous orchard, producing an annual revenue of tliirty millions of dollars. Extracts from report for 188G of Nova Scotia Fruit Growers" Association (report for 1887 not yet published) :

" What are the best six varieties of ap- ples to cultivate for foreign markets, naming them in the order of merit? Non- pariel, Gravenstein, Ribston Pippin, Tompkins King, Blenheim, Golden Rus- set."

"The cranberry bogs of Aylesford will yet equal in value the dyked marshes of Cornwallis, or the orchards of Annapolis. Fifty acres between Kingston and Kent- vilJe have been prepared and planted dur- ing the past season."

" It was found that pear blight and peach yellows did not exist where potassium chloride was applied. The conclusion ar- rived at was, not that potossium chloride was a specific in the sense of beiiig antag- onistic to the growth of the blight, but simply that the soil, not having sufficient potash to supply the trees, rendered them liable to the disease."

Profit of Plums. — Sharp & Shear, of New Brunswick, a year ago, from their small orchard sold 1,0(X) bushels of plums for !ii> 1,000 at their own door, and last year 1,500 bushels for $6,0C0. Fred F. Mitchel, of Grand Pie, the fourth year from plant-

144

REPORT FROM NOVA SCOTIA.

ing, raised from the Weaver Plum tree two aud a quarter bushels, and sold tliem for ^10.69.

In previous reports I have commended the Ontario apple, a hybrid originated by the late Charles Arnold from the North- ern Spy and the Wagener. Further ex- perience confirms my good opinion of this variety; the original tree is a strong, thrifty grower, with large, thick leaves, and an annual bearer, the fruit above me- dium in size, and with me keeps sound un- til July. A number of scions set in 1884 are all bearing this year. The variety was distributed some years since by the Onta- rio Fruit Growers' Association, and must have had extensive trial in Ontario. If it succeeds elsewhere as here, it should go on the list of valuable apples, and merits two stars for Nova Scotia. Canada Bald- win takes the lead, in my small nursery, of a considerable number of varieties, for strong, annual growth, size and thickness of leaf; the fruit I have seen in March at an exhibition in Halifax, a hrilliant, solid red, and a good dessert apple in quality. It has not yet fruited with me; has one star for New Brunswick alone; must be grown in Canada, and has probably been overlooked; should have at least one star for Nova Scotia.

Swayzie Pomme Gris is so dainty a dessert apple and a fairly long keeper, that it merits extensive trial aud propagation, wherever it will succeed, and is product- ive; should be on the list; once known, its quality could command the highest mar- ket price.

Tetofsky gives me a surprise this sea- son, every tree of it on my own grounds bears a heavy crop of fair, well grown ap- ples.

At our last County Exhibition I found one dozen Grimes' Golden of unusual size, quite double several of the other dozens. Asking of the exhibitor : "How did you grow these so large?" The reply was: "By top grafting the Holley," a very large native seedling.

An Anecdote of Nomenclature, — Many years ago, in sending to the Massachusetts Horticulture Society a collection of Nova Scotia apples, obtained from several grow- ers, I received a gentle reproof for send- ing to the city of Boston, in the State of Massachusetts, an apple named Stonewall Jacksoia. Some years subsequently, the late lamented Charles Downing wrote to me for specimens of the Stonewall Jack- son apple of Nova Scotia, the obtaining of which led to a correspondence with the grower, which decided the fact that the variety originated with a Mr. Jackson, in whose stone wall the tree grew, hence the name. See3dAppeudix,Downing's Fruits.

I have looked carefully over the list of apples in report for 1885, aud do not ob- serve any other desirable change in mark- ing, nor does my experience and observa- tion of the last two years suggest any other remark on apples, pears, peaches or plums. As to the last in this county, the unusually dry and warm season has been so favorable to the increase of caterpillars, that many of the trained trees are reduced to the bare branches, every leaf devoured , the fruit withers and falls and the crop is lost.

In currants, Fay's Prolific and Lee's Prolific merit the star for Nova Scotia. Among a large number of English goose- berries on tj-ial, and successfully grown here, the Yellow Amber is by far the best in quality, productive, free from mildew, of medium size, thin skinned, and when fully ripe, delicious. Industry should have a star if it goes on the list. Many of our growers value the Manchester strawberry as productive and profitable, and further experience shows that the Sharpless may be grown with success m the most parts of the Province. Give one star to each.

Mr. P. D. Kinney contributes the en- closed paper on small fruits, with the best wishes for such a meeting of the Ameri- can Pomological Society as would have gratified our late venerated President, and for its continued usefulness aud pros- perity.

REPORT FROM RHODE ISLAND.

145

RHODE ISLAND.

Reported by Joseph H. Bourn, of Prov- idence, Chairman of the State Fruit Com- mittee of Rhode Island.

In the variable climate of Rhode Island uncertainty is proverbially attached to out-door fruits.

Of the new varieties of the grape, Eaton and Niagara appear to be adapted to our New England climate. Ulster and Em- pire State vines are doing well ; the former falls from the bunch when fully ripe; the latter may prove to be too late in maturing. Strawberries have yielded not half their usual crop, owing to the decaying of the berries, when they v?ere most abundant, caused by excessive moisture. A few good old strawberries we still value, like the Downing and Miner, and we are sorry to report the Sharpless as having fruited poorly; the Manchester has be- haved indifferently, and the Pioneer has rusted badly. The May King has been as good as any early kind ; the Downing, Miner, Jewell and Parry for medium ; the Belmont, Jersey Queen and Mount Vernon for late. The varieties Jewell and Belmont took the grand prizes both here and in Boston, and they were truly splendid. The varieties Henderson, Dan- iel Boone, Cornelia, Vick, Indiana, Crim- son Cluster, Bubach No. 5 and Sucker State do not warrant commendation, while the Itasca, Dewey, Jessie, Gold and Dor- chester are novelties. A new native seed- ling called Early Rhode Island, has been marketed this year, of the color and size of the Crescent, and firm.

The Alexander peach riponed July '20th and promises to be our best and most use- ful early variety. When our peach trees produce more flowers than are needful, we find it beneficial to preserve the strong- est, and pick off the inferior blossom buds; and summer pinching and thinning out the young wood, also aids the ripening and coloring of the fruit.

Fruit culture in Rhode Island, as else-

where, makes the best progress where the ability of the trees and vines to resist frost, and not the degree of cold, can be determined by the favorable or unfavora- ble previous condition of soil, climate and locality. Overtaxing the capabilities of our trees is one of the greatest injuries to the quality of our fruits, for timely thin- ning improves the size and flavor, pro- longs the lives of the trees and carries a fair compliment of fruit of the highest market value to maturity.

A tendency to gather late-keeping ap- ples prematurely is too frequently ob- served among our orchard growers. None but sound, clear skinned, fully developed fruit will keep plump and juicy; should be moved as little as possible and not come in contact with substances that communi- cate objectionable flavors.

Flavors in Fruits.— All classes of fruit have their characteristic flavors, modified by locality and soil. Varieties in the sev- eral classes are usually so distinct as to be readily recognized by taste, unaided by other senses. The flavor of small fruits is the best, when the berries are ta- ken fresh from the vines, canes and bushes, and grapes must mature be- fore they are gathered, or they will not ripen at all. Some think that North- ern fruits have a higher flavor than those raised at the South and West; whereas, if they should eat the same varieties that have matured, and that have just been gathered in those regions, they would no doubt taste as refreshing, and the peaches, plums and grapes may have an improved and more delicious flavor. Our native strawberries, raspberries, peaches, plums and grapes taste better tons because they are fresh and ripe. I am inclined to be- lieve that soil, locality, methods of culti- vation and age of trees, more influence the flavors of the apple than other classes of fruit. Young trees have usually fairer and larger specimens; but the juices from the fruits of trees of older growth are in- clined to be of richer flavor. Varieties of

146

REPORT FROM RHODE ISLAND.

the apple in our Northern latitudes, that do not. mature until cool weather, are recognized as having a more sprightly taste than the same kinds that ripen earlier at the South, and often than those that are grown on young trees on the fresh Western loam ; wliich may result from a slower process in ripening, affecting the constituent parts; to ingredients in the soil, aud climatic conditions, varied hy heat, hy cold and moisture.

Old Apple Trees. — The old apple oi'- chards of Ehode Island are fast disap- pearing. Trees planted a hundred years ago and more njay still be found bearing defective fruit; but their removal is de- manded because they are unsightly, un- healthy and unjirofitahle. Tillage can no longer be an assistant to nature in per- fecting her work. Tiie stinted growth, the hollow trunk, the decayed and moss- covered branches, the exhausted condi- tion of tlie soil are all indications of an impaired vitality, and the trees only en- cumber the ground as relics of former generations.

Obstacles to Pe.ui Culture. — Diseases incident to the pear tree are tijought to be better understood than formerly. Damp soils, we know, are not adapted to pear culture; and those that are over-rich often force the tree into so excessive luxu- riant growth, as not to ripen the wood. Too much moisture in the ground causes the fruit to fall prematurely, and what re- mains, on the tree is deficient in flavor. An excess of rain at the ])eriod of flower- ing is often so injurious as to prevent the development of the pollen grains and their transfer to the stigmas of the blossoms.

Parasitic i)lants often cover. tlie limbs and foliage of our ])ear trees, and appro- priate ttie sap intended for their support. Innumerable fungi also attack the wood, bark, foliage, aud fruit. At the same time we are apt to find other causes of un- healthliness as to suggest whether the ex- istence of parasitic fungi is tlie cause or

only the consequence of previous disease.

No variety should ever be recommended for cultivation that does not possess health or freedom from constitutional disease, hardiness, or the power of resisting the extremes of heat, cold and drought. No tree can long remain healthy when injured by the extremes of temperature; and dis- eased trees will be injured and destroyed sooner in a climate and soil that is not congenial to them.

Helps and Hindrances to Strawberry Growth. — In disseminating strawberry in- formation, we are slowin imparting prom- inence to new varieties; knowing that this fruit generally does best where it originated, and that it often takes three to five years to decide upon its merits. The best results in strawberry culture can be obtained by observing a few plain rules after we have ascertained wliat are suitable varieties to giow. An abundance of strong bloom, followed by clusters of fruit, are all that is desired to assure us that our strawberries have been grown properly, and success will follow high culture and be especially secured if the right kind of nourishment is applied at the period of flowering and at the time of the coloring of the fruit. Strawberry plants grow well in old gardens aiid in light sandy soil, but bear little fruit; they drain the earth of moisture, take up the minerals and other valuable earthy constituents. They like land that has recently been broken up; and clay forked in about six inches of the top soil, helps to retain on the surface many of the youngest and most active feeding fibres. A firm upper stratum of earth no doubt encourages floriferousness, while early mulching keeps down the weeds, holds moisture, feeds the fibres, and forms, after being washed by tlie rain, a good bed for the berries to rest upon. So few new strawberries of first- class merit . that crop freely are raised from seed that these (lualities seem almost to be incom- patible, and no uniform results to ascer- tain what influence the i)ollen hasousize,

REPORTS FROM RHODE ISLAND AND WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

147

color and flavor, has been obtained by ex- periments.

We do not discard varieties of the strawberry because they are supplanted always by those of better quahty, but for the reason that they do not maintain their character for healthfuluess, hardiness and productiveness. This lack of vitality may be due to enervating methods of propaga- tion; the mutations of seasons or chmatic influences may contribute to these results while some of the rusts, mildews, rots and otlier fungus elements may be of a recent origin.

Thick planting, where the crowns are never as productive as they should be, is a great injuiy to strawberry culture. A crop is frequently lost by the depredations of slugs and beetles, also by wet, if the weather is moist at the ])eriod of ripening. Decay is witnessed when there is too dense fohage, which is avoided by having every stool stand clear, so that the crowns may ripen. Some varieties will degener- ate more than others by incessant propa- gation from the same stock and from per- petual growth upon the same spot.

The strawberry plant is much affected by the soil in which it grows, and kinds that are prolific in one locality will not bear freely in another. In wet, cold land, the fruit sets thinly; a cool, damp autumn is not propitious to the ripening of the crowns, while late varieties are frequently prevented by drouth from setting their blooms. Blind plants, we observe, oftener appear in plantations formed with run- ner plants than from those that are forced.

A question for consideration arises, how beneficial the mulching of strawberries may be solely as a means of promoting moisture in the soil. Any covering of the earth, although it may prevent evapora- tion, will as surelv prevent the absorption of heat. The surface of the earth is de- prived of the action of the sun and air, agencies most useful in elaborating plant- food. It is not difficult to see how amulch tiiat simi)ly retains moisture will counter-

act the beneficial effects of heat, light and air; that while it checks evaporation, it also retards the chemical action of the soil. The use of decaying substances for a mulch should always be avoided, for that portion in contact with the ground is apt to mildew and encourage fungus growth, which neither indicates nor pro- motes healthful vegetation.

Strawberries are far too numerous in variety ; a list of the best for flavor, bear- ing, coming in early and keeping up the season's supply, is all that is desired. With new kinds, the tendency is to at- tach importance to size and weight of crop, rather than to good edible proper- ties. Keady purchases are made of the large and good looking new varieties from the glowing descriptions which are annu- ally made; that results in a number that are acid or flavorless.

Extensive experiments were made last year in sowing the seed of the native strawberry, without any deviation, except a marked increase in size of foliage and quantity of fruit on enormous stems; and this bed of a quarter of an acre was in close proximity to domestic varieties, re- ceiving the same attention. These re- sults lead to the conclusion that rarely is there any deviation in free nature where a large amount of cross-fertilization is tak- ing place among various individuals of the ssme species, the tendency of which is to repress variation.

WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

Keported by C. W. Lawton, of Seattle, Chairman of the Territorial Fruit Com- mittee of Washington Territory.

We have had an abundant crop of ap- ples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches and quinces this year. Mr. Andrew Nelson, on the east side of the lake, has five acres of strawberries, from which he gathered this season 2,500 gallons of fruit. Mr. H. D. French has two acres in strawberries, and his crop reached 1,400 gallons, and

148

REPORT FROM WEST VIRGINIA.

this, too, fiotu plants set out five years ago.

Mr. Nelson has also about one thousand fruit trees of various kinds, and they look promising, all being healthy and vigorous.

Apricots are always killed by frosts in the Spring, and the January growth on quince trees is sometimes cut off by the same.

The cherry crop this year was injured by a long and severe drouth, and the plum crop was also injured in some localities.

WEST VIRGINIA.

Reported by D. H. Strother, of Charles- town, Chairman of the State Fruit Com- mittee of West A^irginia.

The fertile lands of West Virginia on the eastern and western sloj^es of the Al- legheaies, in the valleys between the ranges, in the sheltered coves, level ter- races and elevated plains of these moun- tains, afford so great a variety of soils^ climates and accidental advantages that all the fruits belonging to the temperate zone may be successfully cultivated some where in the State.

This broken topography has at the same time so isolated much of the population, and divided the populated districts from each other so inconveniently, that it has hitherto been impossible to obtain any satisfactory or comprehensive statistics on the subject of fruit growing in the State at large, and the following report is made up chiefly of personal experience in the eastern counties, observations made at different times in the central and west- ern districts, and such meagre informa- tion as I have been enabled to glean from correspondents.

Since 1866 Iruit culture in this State has greatly improved and extended, and in spite of many disappointments and local failures, it continues to progress, while proper methods of culture and ada])tatiou of varieties to soil and climate require more earnest and intelligent attention.

Nomenclature. — The catalogue names of the standard varieties most generally disseminated, and whose fruit is easily known and recognized, are generally pre- served and current among cultivators. The nomenclature of native seedlings and new varieties introduced experimentally, is involved in confusion and uncertainty. People lose the labels and forget the titles of the trees; orchards are transferred by sale and purchase with no record of the plantings. Nurserymen and travelling agents fill specific orders from stock they may happen to have on hand without the slightest regard to identity, so that after waiting from seven to ten years, the cul- tivator finds a fruit entirely different from what he had anticipated, and to him nameless. Hence, a great proportion of the fruit raised in this country is dis- tinguished by a local name, or has none at all.

Obstacles and Enemies. — Probably the most formidable obstacle to successful fruit culture in this State is carelessness and lack of proper information on the subject. Next, the uncertainties and ex- tremes of the climate, late Spring frosts and occasional intensity of the cold in Winter.

Insects, native and imported, of many species known to entomologists, are very numerous and destructive. The more isolated and secluded regions are less in- fested. Where the cultivator makes a continued and energetic defence against these pests he is generally successful.

Culture and Pruning. — Orchards that are regularly cultivated and fertilized like cabbage beds yield the most regular and abundant crops. Wlien young, the space ground is usually utilized by sowing it in oats, rye or grass, omitting this as the trees spread, when most farmers leave the ground in grass, which saves trouble, but in my judgment does not produce the best results. Apple trees, as most other tree fruits, are left to grow naturally, and pruned from the beginning with a pen-

REPORT FROM WEST VIRGINIA.

149

knife, at any season that may be con- venient, never permitting a superfluous or misplaced twig to grow larger than one's finger. Peach trees are generally left to grow as nature dictated. Pears, cherries and plums are trimmed to shape early, and then let alone, so are quiuces.

Storing and Keeping Winter Fruits.— Apples are usually stored in callars, pits or sheltered rooms, where they may be kept dry and wont freeze; sometimes in barrels, often in heaps, covered with hay or straw. As a rule, apples of the same varieties ripen earlier and will not keep so long as in the North. I have packed the Winter Sweet Paradise in December, in barrels wifh ground plaster, storing it in a cool, dry room, sheltered from frost. I opened the barrel in June the year follow- ing and found the fruit, with few^ excep- tions, in perfect condition. We ate the last of them on July 9th, most of the specimens of high flavor and without blemish. The plaster was afterward available as a fertilizer.

Pears are stored to ripen in drawers, on shelves or spread on floors and covered. I have eaten delicious Vicars in February, ripened on the garret floor. I know of no other fruits that are kept fresh.

Apples, peaches, grapes and small fruits are exported to the Northern cities, in the boxes, barrels, crates and baskets in com- mon use elsewhere.

Statistics. — From the causes explained in the introduction to this report, I have not any reliable data on this subject.

Mr. Strother closes his report with a very complete list of suggestions for the catalogue.

Note and Suggestion

In the catalogue accompanying the present volume, a few of the newer varie- ties have been omitted, although appear- ing in the reports of tlie Chairmen of the State Fruit Gommittees. It has been thought best not to place them in the catalogue until more fully tested and their merits become better known. In a few instances their correct names have not been fully determined, and in others no description has as yet appeared in any standard pomological works. I would al- so suggest that those who send in the names of new fruits send with the same a full description of the fruits, or at least one to correspond with the plan adopted in the catalogue. This will save the general chairman a vast amount of work in look- ing for descriptions in catalogues and po- mological works ; and further, it fre- quently occurs that no description of new and local varieties has ever appeared in print, and in some instances those that have been published are not to be de- pended upon as authentic or trustworthy.

A. S. Fuller, Chairman General Fruit Committee,

Eidgewood, N. J.-

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.

PLAN OF CATALOGUE.

The arrangement of the names of varieties in the Catalogue is alphahetical and according to the nomenclature adopted hy the Society. Synonyms are given in a few instauces where it seemed necessary, and these are placed under the adopted names in italics.

The columns are arranged tiius: In the first the names of varieties, in the next seven columns the description, and in the remaining columns the States or Districts.

The State or District columns are not placed in alphahetical order, as in the octavo editions, but are grouped in Divisions somewhat similar in climate, and other charac- ters affecting fruit cultui'e. Thus: 1. — Northern Division — between 4'2° and 49 '^. 2. — Central Division — between 35 ^ and 42°. 3. — Southern Division — between 28° and 35 ° .

The State or District in which a fruit is recommended for cultivation is designated by a star (*), and if the variety is of great superiority and value, two stars (**); if new or recently introduced and promising, by a dagger (+).

I. Al^PLES.

Explanation of AnmtEviATiONS. — The Size is undeistood by 1. for large; m. for nieduini, and s. for small. Tlie FouM— r. c. for roundish conical ; ob. for oblong ; r. ob. for roundish oblate ; fl. foi Hat or oblate ; r. for roundish. The Co). ^ y. r. for yellow and red; r. s. for red striped; g. y. for greenish yellow; rus. for russeted; y. rus. for yellow and russet. The Quality— g. for good; v. g. for very good; b. for best. The Use— F., fruit valuable for all family purposes; K. M., valuable for kitchen or market purposes; F. M., family and market. The Season— S. for summer; E. A. for early autumn; L. A. for late autumn, and W. for winter. All these characters of course only designate lead- ing positive features, and vary in their distinctness according to soil and climate in which they are grown. The OnioiN is shown by Rus. for Russian ; Eug. for English ; Am. for American ; Ger. for German ; F. for foreign.

VI

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. DlT.-

1

2 3 4

9

10 11

}^

I

14 15 IG 17

18

U) 20 21 32 3:i 24

25

26 27 3S 2!) 30 31 32 33 34

35 3(i

38 39

40 41 43 43 44 45 4G 47 48 49

50 51 53 53 54

NAMES.

a

Alei son's Euvl}' in

Alexander

American Beauty

American Golden

Americnii Unkleii Pippin.

American Summer

American Summer Peiinuaiii.

Arnold's Beauty m.

Aromatic Carolina 1.

Autumn Bo\igli iii.

Autumn Swaar m.

Bailey Sweet 1-

Bak-

Baldwin !■

Baltimore "i-

C'lilile's Oillifloiier. Maliankii.

Baltzby " '•

I5eauty of Kent 1-

Belden Sweet m-

Belmont ''■

Ben Davis 1

Niiw York I'ippiii.

]5enoni '"■

Bentley's Sweet ui.

Berksliiie Spy m-

Betlilemite 1-

Bevan's Favorite m ,

Black Aiiple m.

Jerney Black.

Blenheim Pip|)in 1

Blue Pearmain 1

Boaum '•

Bouvassa lu-

Bowen's Favorite ni

Bower's Nonpareil 1.

Bowling's Sweet i>i.

Broadwell "i-

Brittle Sweet m.

Brown 1

Nottinijham Drown.

Bruce's Summer 1.

Buckingliam .^ 1.

Fall Qnecn vf Keiiliieki/, Bachelm; Equinetcly.

fc.

o

< e <

p 01 3

m.	r.	y- y- g-	K.	S.
1.	r. c.	r. s. ' g.	K. M.	E. A.
1.	r. ob.	y- r. (V. g.	F. M	W.
1.	r. ob.	g- y- i-y- g-	F. M.	W.
m.	ob.	y. r. 1 b.	F.	S.

fl. 11.

r. c. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. r. c. r. c.

r. ob. r. c. r. c. r. c. r. c.

r. ob. r. ob. r, c. 1'. ob. fl. c. II.

r. ob. r c. r. ob. r. c. r. ob.

37 BufE

1.

Buflingtou's Early m.

Bullock's Pippin s.

American Golden Itasset.

Burlington Pippin m.

Cadwaflader's Colden ni.

Calef Sweet 1-

Calkin's Pippin 1.

Camack Sweet ui.

Camptield ui.

Canada Baldwin m.

Canada Reinette 1.

Cannon Pearmain m.

Carolina June m-

Carolina lied June.

Carolina Watson m.

Carter's Blue 1.

m.

m.

Cane Creek Sweet . Chattahoochee

Chenango • ••: ni.

r. ol).

r. ob.

II. r. c.

11. c. r. ob. r. ob. I', c. r. ob. r. ob. , ob. r. c. r. c. r. c.

11. c. r. ob.

r.

fl. 1 ob. c.

y- I-- y- >■■ g-y g- y-

r. s. V. r.

,^- g V. g.

r. y. V. g

P.

F.

P.

P. P. M. K. M. P. AL P. M.

W.

A. E.A. L. A. L. A.

W

W.

W.

y-

r. s. y.

y" !■■ y- '••

y- '■• g.y-

r. s.

y- !••

V. r. d. r.

y. r.

r. y. r. y. r.

r.

y '•

V. r.

P. M A. K. M. L. A.

P. P. M. K. M.

W.

w. w.

V. g. P. M. S. V. g. P. M. \V.

V. s- P. E.W. P. M. W.

P. S.

P. W.

b.

T- g V. s

W.

W. L. A. L. A.

A.

^V. L. A L A. E.A. L. A.

S. g. P. M. E.AV.

P. M.

M.

M.

M.

M. F. M.

M. P. M.

F. P. M.

y. r. g. F.

y- g- F.

y. rus. b. P. M.

v. g. P. jM. g. K. M.

,v- g

g. , F. M. g. P. M. g. M. K

V- g-

V. g. p. M v. g. F.

r. s. V. g. P. M

g y. r. g. M.

U. r. vl g P. M.

y- g. P.

y. g. M

g. r. V. g. P. M.

y- >•■

y-

y- y- '■•

y-

g- !■•

r.

g y-

r. s.

W.

s. w.

w. w. ^Y.

AV.

w. w.

AA'. W. W.

s. s,

E..A..

\\'. E.A.

Am. Am.

Am. Rus. Am. Am.

Am.

Am. Am. .A.m. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am. Eng. Am. Am. Am.

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

Eng.

Am. Ger

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am. Am.

Am. Am. Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

N.S.

Am.

Am.

Can.

P.

A.

Am.

Am. Am Am..

■J-3 3 5 Z J5	Maine. New Hampshire Vermont.	II .a ^
* ** * *	* * '. '.
*
* . . i *	* *

^■^ ^,: ^^ '^^ ^:i: -i:^:

f ** ^:* * >!:

*	* . . * * . .
	t
*	. . * . . . .
!
• ■ • •	, '

. .1 * . .

3 Aloderate bearer; showy; Ivardy. 5 Slender grower, but healthy.

13 In Vermont adapted only to the Southern and Western parts of the State south of Burlington.

CATALOGFE OF FKUITS — APPLES. Vll

Between 48° and 49° II.— Cektral DivisioK.— Betweti t3° III. -^I'r

« c ~

_____ . . --- ,

3 . . * -.

3

4

*

0

:;■>!'■

S .-
9
10 ..
11 ■■	*
J.J ** ******
13 ..		* :;
14
15 ..	i: *	*
10 *
IT ..	* .
18 ..	* *	*
19	* *	•>.: H:
20	+	t
21 .
o2
2:i
24 .
25
26 ..		i-
27
28
29
30
31
32 ..
33 ..	*
34 .	■^"
35 ..
36 ..	*

*

** ** * _ *

: ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **

38 39

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

** *

50 51 52 53

54 -j- * g -.r- i:^- -. : :_•_■.— j^L ■ ,1^- _:_:_u

13 A hardy tree; very piwUittive. i- Vi.luablesl.ippi. 45 Valued for stock and cider.

15 A coarse, showy fiuit. 2U Fine winter vsuRty 49 Esteemed hoiith and West,

i; Fine for tabic, ; too tender for shipijing. 23 Resembles Newtown Spitzenburgh. 51 V alued at the ^>oiiIli.

Vlll

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— ]S. Div.

NAMES.

55 56 57 58 59 00

Gl 63 63 64 65

66 67 68 69 70 71

72 73 74 75 76

Cli mango Strawberry, Sherwoocrs Favorite.

Clark's Pearman .' in .

Clayton 1-

Clyde Beauty I-

Cooper 1-

Cooper's Market ni .

Cooper's Early m.

Cooper's Early White.

Cogswell ""■

Cole's Quince 1-

Colvert 1-

Cornell's Fancy ni.

Cox's Orange "i-

Co.c's Oranije Pippin.

Cracking 1-

Creek m-

Cross.

CuUasaaa ■• •

Curtis Sweet

D.invers Sweet

Daivters Winter Sweet. Dean

ni. 1.

ni.

Detroit Red "i

Disharoon ui-

Dominie >"

Drap d'Or 1-

Dutch Mignonne ni.

m.

78 Dyer

79 80

.81 82 83 84 85

86

88 89

90 91 92 93 94 95

9(1 97 98 99

1(1(1

101 102

103 104 105

PonutiC Ji(tf/nl.

Early Harvest "i

Early Margaret in

Early Red Margaret.

Early Joe s

Early Pennock 1

Early Strawberry s

Eai ly Ripe ". m

Edgar Red Streak 1

Walbrii]ge-

Edward's Early

English Russet m

I'oiighkcepsic Utixset.

Esopus Spitzenburg 1

Etowah ni

Cooper's Red.

Eustis "1

Eutaw

r. ob.	V.	V. g.	M.
c.	y- '■•	g-	p. M.
r. c.	g. r.	g-	P. M.
r. ob.	g- y-	g-	j\r.
r. c.	V- r.	g-	M.
r.	y-	g-	i\l.
r. ob.	y- I"	1).	P. M.
r. ob.	g. y.	V. «-.	P. M.
r. ob.	y. r.	H-.	P. M.
ob.	y- '••		P. M.
ob.	y- !■	V- g	P.
r. ob.	y-		K.
ri. c.	y- '■■	V. g-	P. M.
r. ob.	r. s.	"■ g-	P. M
r. c.	y. s.	K-	M.
r. c.	y. r.	g-	K.
r. oil.	g- y-	V. g.	J^'. Ai
11.	r. s.	V. g.	P. M
r. ol).	r.	a.	P. M
r. c.	g-	g-	P. M
r. i.b.	'i. r.	V. e.	P. M
r. ob.	y-	V. g.	P.
1. ol).	r. s.	g-	M.
r.	g- y-	V. g.	P.
r. ob.	g- y-	V. g.	P. M
r.	r. s.	V. g.	P. M
fl.	y. r.	b.	P.
r. c.	g-	fX.	M.
r.	r. s.	V. t;-.	P.
r. ob.	y-	cr	P.
r. ol).	r. s.	V. S	P.

r. c. y. I'us. V. g. P. M.

lb.

y. r. y. r.

b. P. M.

ob.

r. ob. r. s. v. g.

	.ii		a
	y		•S		X
.5	5 2S		X		a;
^	".		JX	+i	— '
r	.^			c	o '
t	6	c	f	^	vi ■

Z i. ^ ■i^ S, " JZ

z ?: S 2; > ?; c;

Eveuins Party ni.

Ewalt ". 1-

Excel I-

Pallawater !■

Korti icatder, Talpehoeken.

VM Harvey 1.

I'^ill Jennetini; 1

Pall Orange 1.

Pall Pippin 1-

1/oUaiiil I'ippiii, erroneoudy.

Fall Q'leen ni.

Ilii.ss. Gross J'onimii'r.

Pall Wine m.

Kaiueu>c m-

Piiniine de Neiye, Snow Apple.

Pa'iiily ni-

Paniiy , "i-

Pcrdinand 1-

fl.

r. ob c. r. c.

r. ob.

(1.

r, r. ob.

ob. c.

r. ob. r. ob.

H. c. tl. II.

r. y r. y. r.

g- y-

g- y- g- y- y- !■•

g- y-

y- >■■

V. g. p. M. g. ]\r.

v.^o. P. M. g^ M.

g. .M. g- M.

g. K. .M.

V. g. P. n

g. p. M.

b. P.

V. g. P. M.

V. g. M.

V. g. P. J\I

75 Pi'oductivc :ind hardy.

7f> \'ahU' I Icr dessert.

79 Succeeds host on strong soils

81 A delicious table sort ; tree of .'■

82 Popidar market sort.

83 Continues a longtime after ripe

W. Am

W. Am

W. Am. *

L. A

W. Am

A. Am

W. Am ** *

W. Am. .... *.. .. * ..

L. A. Am. *

L. A. Am.

E. A. Eni:. *

L. A. Am.

W. Am.

S. Am

W. Am ..,.. ..

I.. A. Am '..' *!..:..

AV. Am * * . ■ * . .

E. A. Am.

E. W, Am.

A. Am.

W

S. (ier. *

W. Gei-. * . . . .

K A F * ** * ** I

S. Am. ***** * *: * *

S. Ger. ..... *..!..

S. Am. ....,* *|. .

S. Am. . . . . * *'..'..'..

S. Am. * * * *' *

S. Am.

W. Am.

S. Am.

W. Eug. .... *..*.. *

W. Am. * . . t * * . . .

W. Am.

E. \\. Am. * . .

A. Am.

W. Am.

W. Am.

W. Am.

W. Am. ;

I,. A. Am. f . . * . . . . *.. .

E. A. Am. * .. t

L. A. Am. * . . ..

L. A. Am. * .. t ■■ * ***

A. Am. , . **

L. A. Am. . . *..**......

^\* p * ** ** ** ** * *

S. Am.

S. Am.

W. Am.

uuall growth.

ninsr; often called h'ed Junealiug

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

IX

Between 43 ° and 49 o

II. — Centrai. Division. — Between 35 ° and 42 °

III-

s.

Div.

15

et

2S° & 35°

55 56 57 58 59 60 (il 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 m 97 98 '10

3 O O a c o T * 't *

>< s 25 ** * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * **

a O * * * * * * *

d 3; i * * * * * * * * * : * * * * * * * * *

j a » P s !_! t ;;r .... .... ** * ** '.

si Q

OS a g

a

o r—t

d Q * *

1 a c <u Ol *

c > a a * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * *

53 * * * * * * ** *

* ** ** *

o a •^ a i- a •^ ** * * * ** * * * * ** * *

*a '5i > * * * * * * ** ** **

03 n 1 O 1 * * * * *

!a O * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * *

03 n a * 'i * * * * * * * * *

.i '3 ^ n ^1 ** ** ** ** **

o; a> tn a a * ** ** **

a ^^ * ** * * * * * * **

03 O * * ** * * ** ** * * ** ** * * * **

3 O * ** '* * * * * * ** * * * * * * * *

03 CO .a 0) Z ** ** + ** * * **

5-2 * *'. . *i * * '. '. * ' '

'a * * * * * * * * * * * * *

03

.2 'a •^ "oa O * * '* ** ** * * ** *

CO s 1 a ** * ** ** ** *

03 o * ** ** * *

33 § < * * * * * * * * * * * * *

c 2

1 s a

2 CO □ 33 * * ** ** **

'5. c *cfl X 1 i * ** * **

5 'cC CO 3 S O ® * * * ** * * * ** ** ** ** ** * * ** *

6 •A

a o <

100 101 102 103 104 105

*

** *

■*

* *

* **:*..

. .1..

* * 1; ;

* *

* *

* **

* * ** * * *

** * * *

102 A hardy tree; one of tlie best of llii- Xmtli ami \\ l■^t.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— M . Div.

H M

P

:5

lOG 107 108 109 110 111 ll'i 113 114 115

NAMES.

S p:

o

o O

O

Feiiis

Fink

Fourth of .July

Faust's Winter, Faust

Foundling

Fulton

Gabriel

Ganlen Royal

Garretson's Early

Gilpin

Oarthonse, Little Bomanite. Gofl

m. ni. m. 111. ni. ni. 111.

r. fl.

fl. r. ob.

r. r. ob.

rt.

r. ob. :■. ob. r. c. r. e.

y. r.

r. s. y. r.

y- '•■ g-y- '•■ y- y '•■ y- y- '••

F. M. M. M.

"if'." M. M. F. K. M.

W. Am.

L. W. Am.

	►<		0)
	o			f/)
o	CO a		J3 a	i .3
(/J	M		33I5	::^
C8 >	e	c	s:^	CO
O	x	a a, , a.
•A	Zi	S|^i>	^
—	-		— ,	—

«

s. w.

A.

W.

L. A.

S. A. W.

Ger. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

154 1.55 1.5G 157

158 159

160 161 162

Horse, Haas. Hubbardston

Eubhardston Nonsuch. Hunt Russet. Huntsman's Favorite . Hurlbut . Irish Pippin. Jefferson County. Jefferis. Jersey Sweet Jewett's Red.

Je/wett's Fine Eed. Jonathan Julian. Junaluskee Kentucky Red.

Kentucky Red Streak. Brndford's Best.

Kentucky

Keswick Codlin

Key's Fall

Kinnaird's Choice

Kinney's Winter

Kirkbridge

Kirkhridge White.

Klaproth

Lady Apple

Lady's Sweet

r. c. y. r. V. g. F. M.

ti. c. w. r. g. K.

. ob. g. V. g.| P. M.i r. c. Ig.y.dr' g.

r. c. r. c.

y. r.

g-y-

Ul.	r.	rus.	V. g-
ill.	fl.	y- ■■■	g-
m.	ob.	g-y-	g-
m.	fl.	y-r.	g-
s.	fl.	y. r. V. g.
1.	r.	y. r. V. g.

M.

F. M. F. M.

K. M.

K. M. F. M. F. M.

w.	Am.
s.	Am.
w.	Am.
A	Am.
L. A.
E. A.	Eng.
E. W.	Am.
W.	Am.
W.
E. A.
E. A.	Am.
W.	F.
W.	Am.

107 Valuable as a very late keeper and for cider.

108 Very hardy tree and handsome fruit. 113 Of a delicious pear flavor.

122 Ripens early and keeps late.

123 One of the best south.

130 One of the most profitable of market sorts.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

XI

Between

43° and 49

0

II.

— Central Division

—

Between 35 °

and 42°

II

t.-

-S. Div.-

-Bet. 28

°&35°

u ^ 106 107 108 109 no 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 lis 119 120 121 132 123 124 125 12(5 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 :61 162

o '^ V a c * ** ** 't * *

z; t * * * ** ** ** * * * * * t '* ** * * * * ** * ** * * * *

6 n O * * * * * '*

'•J i t * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * ** * * * *

d '- ** * * * *

03 1 i

C3

ca a O

o ■3

i c * * *

a 5 1-, o * * t * **

:3 '5 OS > * * * * * * * * * * * *

t * * *

<6 * * ** * * ** * * * *

6 Q •3 C S s ** ** * * * * **

> * * * * * * * * * * * *

n o * ** * * **

5 * * * * * * ** * * ** ** * * * ** ** * *

a 53 a 't * ** * t * * * * * ** * *

.2 a > ii * * *

.a a a; * * ** i* ** ** ** * * * * *

« 00 a; a a ** ** I *

so .£ 't * ** * * * * ** t t * ** * * *

si * * * * * ** * * * * * ** * "i

* . '. *'. . ** * * * ** ** * * * ■ii-i *'■■ * ** **

03 CC cn a * * * * ** * * * :: * * * ** *

50 o * *

X * * * * * * * * *

> *

'a .c "a O * * * * * . . i *i ■ ' 1 * * * * *

OS a CO O 1 ** * * ** * * ** * ** **

O * * * * ** * * * * * ** * ** * * *

- S < * * * * * * * * ** * * * '* * * * * * *

33

33 ■3 s

00 33 X s < * ** * * ** ** ** ** *

■3. c CC * * * * * ** * t

a .2 £ * ** ** * * ** *^: ** * * ** ** * ** * * * *

CO * ** * * * * ** ** **

S3

132 Valued only for cider.

133 A delicious dessert apple.

142 A hardy tree and fine fruit. Supposed to be identical with Golden Russet of Mass., but not fully decided. 148 Very valuable for market or stock.

xu

CATALOGUE OF FKUITS — APPLES.

DESCUIPTION.

l.—N. Div.—

5; S a

163 164

165 i

166'

167

168

I

169 I

170

171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178

179 180 181 182 183 1»4

185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193

194

195

196 197

198 199

300

201 202 303 204 205

206

207 208

209

210 211

NAMES.

m

Lansingburg 111.

Late StrawljeiT}' lu.

A'ltumn Stratnherry-

i Lawyer 1.

' Limber Twig m.

Long Island Russet m.

Lome .~ 1.

! Marquis of Lome. I

i Loudon Pippin I I.

Lowell 1.

Orange, Tallow Pippin, Queen Anne, Michigan

Oolden Pippin.

Lyscom 1.

Maiden's Blu.sU m.

Major ' 1.

Mangum m.

Mann m.

Mauomet m.

i Mary Womac I 1.

Muston's Red m.

Marston's Med Winter.

Mason's Orange v. 1.

Mason's Stranger m.

Mattamusket s.

Maverack Sweet m.

Maxy m.

McAfee's Nonsuch 1.

Large Striped Pearmain.

Mcintosh Red m.

McLellan m.

Mellinger m.

Melon m.

Mexico ni.

Milam m.

Milden or Milding 1.

Minister 1.

Missouri Pippin 1.

Missouri Jieejicr.

l\Ionmoutli Pippin I.

Red Cheek Pippin.

Jloore's S weet m .

Mother m.

Munson Sweet m .

Orange Siceet.

Nansemond Beauty m.

Newtown Pippin 1.

Albemarle Pippin, Brooke' » Pippin.

Newtown Spitzenburg ni-

Vandevere of JSl'ew York.

Nickajack I.

Nonpareil Russett ni.

Northern Spy 1.

Northampton m.

Oakland m.

Oakland Covnfy Seek-no-Further.

Oconee Greening m.

Ohio Nonpareil 1.

Ohio Pippin 1.

Shannon.

Oldenburg m.

Duchess of Oldenburg.

Orange Pippin m.

Ortley | m.

166 Hardy and productive Southwest. 172 A profitable market sort. 176 A valued sweet apple.

^	q	<	-,-	<
0			r.
fc	U		t-^	Oj
r, H.	y- '■•	s-	M.	W.
r.	y- I--	V. g.	F. M	L. A
r. ob.	y ■•■	V. g.	F. M.	W.
r. ob.	y- !••	g-	M.	W.
r.	rus.		K.	VV.
r. fl.	g- '••	^- g	F. M.	W.
fl.	y. r.	g-	M.	W.
r. c.	gy-	v.g.	F. M.	E.A
r.	g-y-	g-	F. M.	E.A
r.	g-y-	2;.	K.M.	E.A
r. H.	g- r-	^- g-	F. M.	W.
r. ob.	y. r.	V. g.	F. M.	W.
r. ob.	y- !••	^- g-	F. M.	W.
r. ob.	V. r.	V. g.	F. M.	E.A
r. fl.	y- >■■	V. g.	F. M	W.
r. c.	r. s.	"■'■ g-	F.	w.
ob.	y-	ff.	F. M.	w.
H.	y- r.	V. g.	F. M.	w.
fl.	y^ '•■	g-	F. M.	w.
r. ob.	y- r.	^- g-	M.	w.
r. c.	g- I'-	g.	F. M.	w.
r. ob.	y- '■•	V. g.	F. M.	w.

r. ob. r. ob. r. c. r. ob. r. ob.

r.

■ fl.

ob. r. ob.

fl.

r. oil.

r. c.

fl.

r. ob. r. ob.

r. ob.

ob. ob.

y- >•■ "■ g-

y- 1- "■ g-

r. s. V. g.

y. r. b.

r. s. v. g.

r. s. g.

y- r. V. g.

r. s. g.

y- '■• g-

V. r. V. g. F. M. W.

F. M.	W.
F. M.	W.
P. M.	E.W
F. M.	W.
F. M.	A.
K. M.	W.
F. M.	E.W
K. M.	L. A.
M.	W.

Am.

Am.

Am. Am. Am

N. S.

Am. Am

Am Am Am Am Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am.

y- '■■ y- g-

r. s.

g-y-

r. ob. y. r.

r. ob.

r. r. c.

fl. r. ob.

ob. y. r. ob. y. r. r. ob. y. r.

r.	s.
V.	g-
y.	r.
r.	s.
y.	r.

P'. M.| P. M.' F. M.

F.

F.

W. W.

w.

E.W.

w.

S A.

g. F. M. L. A.

y- 1'-

y- g- y-

g. M.

g. F. M. g. F. M.'

A. W.

Am.

Eng. Am. Am. Am.

Am. Am. Am.

Rus.

Am. Am.

.-Si i.S >■ e .H (i £ C a, X Q, 1^ z ;zi s 2; >	tn	■6 1 *^ 0) 0 <A
;;:: :::'.\'*		t
I..'..'
*' !
*
* *

(T	K.	W.	Am.
h.	F.	M.	w.	Am.
g-	K	M.	L. A.	Am.
V. e.	F.	M.	W.	Am.
^- g-	F.	M.	W.	Am.
b.	F.	M.	W.	Am.

* * * t • . . ■ * *	* * * *
. t	■; t

9:	*
	* *
	t
** * 1 ^,i* * . .	*

*# ** * -if. *

.. T.

**l *!**' itc if

*!**!**!** **| 4:1**

177 A seedhng from Ranibo, which it resembles.

188 One of the most delicious apples ; free a poor grower.

196 Esteemed where known.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

Xlll

Between

42

"a

nd49

O

II.

- Cemkai. Division. — Between 35° ami 42°

HI-

S. Div.-Bet. 2b° & 35°

Si a a a u iz; 163 ie4 11)5 100 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 188 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211

3 _o *^ tl a c o *

A >> * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * ** * * ** * **

* * * * * ** **

□ i if * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** 't '* " ** *

* * **

SQ s 5 **

OS Q ;;

c

"^

a % * *

a & O * if* *

i !i > a 1 a .Oh * * ** * *.■■ 1 * I * * * **

s |Zi * ** * *

<i tm SI ■s- 3, 'X Q * * ** ** 't * ** '*

o Q a * ** ** * * ■* ** * *

> * ** ** * ■■^■■ ^: '* * * * * * ** '* '*

1 "o J3 O * * * "* * * *

3 * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * **

03 a c * * * * ** 'i * * * * * t * * '*

'3 It . . ** ** * ■■ ** .. ** ■ 'I' ■ * ** .'* *

V to a- □ c ^_ ** "i * *

1 * * ** "i * ** **

* t i* ** 'i ■■ .. *

•s a o * * * ** * * ** * * ** * * * Up ** '*

si b ** * * * * *

■j'j C 1- * ** ** t .. "i * * * * * *

o t '* •• **

5 * * * '* *

C3

SB "S * >:- * * ** * * * **

.s O __ o CO * ** 't

as "5l c <h t * * t * *

c .a < * * * * ** t * * ** * * * * ■■i-

c

B g •S »— < **

X CA J- 1 * * *

'ic X 'x * 't

C3 c *x O * * **• ■i * * * ** * *

* * i:: ** * *

1 X

a o

201 This apple is known in South and West by over forty different names. 211 An old variety ; extensively planted 207 Ksteemed where known. at tlie West 25 or more years since.

209 One of the most hardy varieties.

XIV

CATALOGUE OF FKUITS — APPLES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— ^ . Div.

212

213 214 215 216 217 218 219 230 221 223

233 224 225 326 237 228 229 230 231 232

233

234 235 236 237 238

239 240 241 243

243 244

245 246 247 248 249 250 251

352 353

254 255 256 257 258 259

260 261 262 263

364

NAMES.

White BeWower, Woolman't Long.

Otoe Red ." m-

Otoe Red Streak.

Peach of Montreal m-

Peach Pond Sweet i m.

Peck's Pleasant | ">•

Perry Russet i "i-

Pewaukee '•

Phillip's Sweet 1 £"•

Pickard's Reserve m-

lot 1-

& "m

S ! °

P5 J

O O

f^ 1 o

o

< m CO

S "^ ,M i

o

r. ob. ' y. r. v. g. F. M. W.

Pil

Pittsburg Pippin 1

Pleasant Valley '"

Pleasant Valley Pippin. ,

Plumb's Cider lu

Pomme Grise I >*

Porter.

1.

Premium lu.

President '•

Primate "'■

Progress '"

Prother's AVinter '"■

Pryor's Red '■

Pumpkin Sweet ' '•

Lyman'ti Pumpkin Sweet, Pound Sweet.

Pyle's Winter

Pi/le's Bed Winter.

Ramsdell's Sweet

Ramljo

Rawle's Genet

Red Astrachan

Red Canada

Old Koyisuch, Itichfield Nonsuch, Steele's Red Winter of Some.

Red Cathead

Red Crab

Red Ranee

Red Winter Pearmain

Bumco7nbe.

Red Stripe

Rhode Island Greening

Rhode's Orange

Ribston Pippin

Richard's Graft

Ridiie Pippin

Robinson's Superb

Robertson's White

Rock Pippin

Lemon.

Rockport Sweet

Romanite, of the South

Roman Stem

Rome Beauty

Roxbury Russet

Saint Lawrence

Sarah

r. c.

fl.

r. r. c.

fl. r. ob. r. ob. r. ob.

fl. r. ob.

r. c. r. ob. ob. r. c. r. oil. r. c. r. ob.

c.

r. ob.

1 r. obi.

Saxton

Fall Stripe.

Sheppard's Sweet

Sl'.iawassee Beauty

Shockley

Simmons' Red

Red Everlasting. Smith's Cider i 1

m. m.

m.

1. m. m. m.

1.

1. m. m.

y. s. V. g.' F. M

r. s. V. g.

g- y- V. g.|

rus. g.

r. s. g. [

I r. s. V. g.|

I !■■ .y- g-

g. y. r. V. g.

I g- y- i^- g- ; g. y- v. g.

ff. y- '■■ g-

y. rus. b. y.

£■ y

y-

y- '■ y' •■

y-

F. F. M.

F. M.'

F. M.;

F. M.

F. F. M.t F. M.I P. M.'

K. M. F.

F. M. V. g.' F. M.i g. F. b. ' F. g. '; F. M.

F. M.

F. M.

K. M.

g-

V- .g-

g-

A. A. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W.

A.

vv.

A. E.W.

A. E. A.

W. L.W.

W. E. W.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

o

a- 5

■ • t; t^

.. *..! ti.

1. ' r. ob. i r. s. \v. g. F. M.! AV.

ob.

fl. r. c.

r. r. ob.

r. c.

r. \ r. ob. r. ob.

ob. c. r. ob. r. ob.

r. r. ob. r. c.

r. ob. c.

r. ob. r. c.

r.

r. r. ob.

fl.

fl. r. ob.

r. c.

fl. r. c.

ob.

r. ob.

y. r. j g. } K. M.|

y. r. !v. g.| F. M.,

y. r. V. g.j F. M.|

y. r. j g. I K. M.I

y. r. ' b. : F. M.

y. r. ' g. I F. M.!

r. ; Cider ,

r. s. Iv. g.: F. M. y. r. g. ; F. M.!

I y. r. g. ' K. M. g. y. V. g. F. M. y. r. . g. I F. y. r. [v. g.i F. M. r. s. IV. g.| F. M. y.rus.l g. I M.

' g. I F. M.

g. y. g. I F. M.

y. I....' M.

g. y. IV. g.! F. y. r. jv. g.| F. M. y. rus. V. g.l F. M.

y. r. 1 g. j M. y. rus.lv. g.' F. M. y. r. ,v. g.l M. r. s. V. g.l F. M.

y. r. 1 g. I F.

L. A.

L A.

AV.

S. AV.

Am.

Am.

Am.

'f."

F. F. M

r. s..| g.

r. y. |v. g.

y. r. I g. ' F. M

y- !•• Iv. g.|

y. r.

F. M. 1 W.

*' *i . . . .

*;..!.. ****' «

* *i I * >K

* * *• *'

Vi-*'

* *

. !• ■ **■ *

**'**!**:

****

*. * *

212 A new variety, originated in Nebraska.

217 Very hardy.

224 A tree of small growth ; succeeds well at the north.

330 Valued chiefly for its keeping qualities.

CATALOGUE OF FEUITS — APPLES.

XV

B-tweea \i° and 49

0

1

II

—

Central Division

Between 35 °

and 42 °

III.--

-S. Div.

-Bet

. 28° & 35°

ti « a 312 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225

3 O o 1* a a * * ** * *

? •1. ** \] '* * * * ** * * * * **

.2 :: o * * * * * ** * ** *

c s i.2f * ,** ! * * * ** ** * * * * ** ** * * * * * * *

!i * ** * * "

d a a *

I5 0

03 a *-» a 0

si .2 5 l'.'.

1 . 0 S3

C c c X * * *

□ o 1

i.2 1 c > P4

1/ * * * ** **

1 I . (D * * ':: *i * ** * * * * **

d a □ ■6 * * ** * ** ** * * * ** **|

r- i" *

1 , 3: 1

; 6 3 * *

1 1 03 ; * ** . (• • j- * '. * '

a So' i, ^ s » g .1..

'/) a a

'3 a * * * * ** * * ** ** ** ** * *

03 * 1.. * ** ** * ** :: * * * * *

: c X * * i* * ** ** ** 'i * * ** * **

CC 21 >» ': * * * * ** * ** * * **

en 03 X □ 03 '* * * ** ** * * '* *

d ** .. ** ** '.'.\ ..1

P * * * * * * * * *

_ 1

1 1 S3 ■ '.£

03 £ * ** ** 1

OS a 93

1

1 >- c 'S .* a X ■3 0 ** **

OD i n i~ ** ** * ** :: ** *

'0. c. i

a a *w 'a

to

s

1 § N

..j..

* ** . * * * ** * *

*** * * '. '. ' * *** *** + **

* * *

* . .

227 228 229 230 'SI

• • 1 1

1 ' * 1 . .1

1 .

*

• J.

* ■ * * * * * *

r ■ 1** ■* ** **

^ ^ 1 *I 1 't

* * *

233 233 234 235 236 237

** * * * * * '* **

* *

* ** * ** ** * **

* *** ** ** * *

* * * * * *

** ! ! i ' '

239 240 241 242 '>4S

* * '. '. ** *

■■

* *

^ **

* * * * *

_ 1

1

244 245 246 247 '>4S

't

*

249 25(1 251, 253 253 ''54

** ** ..1 1 ■ "1 . . j

* * * *

* *

* * t

* '. **> * > *

*

**

i

1 **

255 256 ''57

..J *1 II * 'i

*

1 1 1"

258 259 26ol 261 9W>.

;;i

**

* l"l

*

't *

** *

* *

203 264

**

**

240 B?st of all for cider.

242 Extensively grown Soutli and \\'est.

248 A long lieeper.

253 Enliiely distinct innii Gilpin or yiiockley.

XVI

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

OESCUIPTION.

NAMES.

2 p :z;

265

206 267 268

309 27U 271

272 273 274 27.5 270 277 278 279 380

281

282

2831

284

285

286

287 288 289

290 291 293! 293

294

I

295! 296 297 298

299

300 301

.302 303 304 305 806 307 308

309 310 311 312 313 314 315

316 317 318

o

o O

< P

		ai
		O
		o
kq	«■ ,	'Jj
o		.
	o i
< i =»	s	c

I.— N. Div.—

P ',03 I *-

pq,

■ c= I

!■ I w a. , X ■ ^

:2; IS la I

Smokehouse

Somerset, of Maine

Soiuerset, of New York

Sops of Wine

Ho mi 111/.

Soulard

Southern Porter

Spice Russet

Stansill

Stark

Stevenson's Winter

Summer Bellefleur

Summer Ilagloe

Summer King

Summer Queen

Summer Pound lloyal

Summer Pippin

Ghamplain Nyaek.

Summer Rose

Summer Seek no further

Sumui'-r Sweet Paradise

Susan's Sjiice

Sutton Beauty

Striped Sweet

Striped Stceet Pippin.

Swaar

Sweet Belle et Bonne

Sweet Bough

Large Yellow Bovjli.

Sweet Pear

Sweet Winesap

Taunton

Tetofsky

Tewkshurj' Wi ter

TewJcsbury Winter Blush.

Tillaquah

Tinmouth

Talman Sweet

Tompkins King

Ming of Tompkins County.

Townsend ".

Hocking.

Trenton Early

Twenty Ounce

Twenty Ounce Apple, Cayuga Red Streak,

Utter

Vande vere

Victuals and Drink

Virginia Greening

AVagener

Warfield

Washington

Wash ington Strawberry.

Washington Royal

Water

Waugh's Crab

Wealthy

Webb's Winter

Wellford's Yellow

Western Beauty

Orosh, Summer Ramho, Etc.

Westfield Seek-nofurther

White Doctor

White Juneating, May, Early May, Etc ,

1. m.

s. m.

ni. m.

s. m.

1. m. ui.

1. m.

1.

1. m.

>•• '■■ .?•

r. ob.

fl. r. s. V. g. r. c. ;y- rus. v. g.

r. y. r. , g.

m.

1. m. m.

1.

m. 1.

m.

m.

1.

m.

s.

m. m. ui.

m. 1.

m. m.

1.

1. m.

1.

1.

m. m.

s. m. m.

s.

1.

; r. Ob.

r. c.

fl. c.

r. ob.

r. c.

r. ob. ' r. c. : r. ob.

a.

r. c. r. c. ob. c.

r.

ob c.

r.

fl. r. ob. r. ob.

r. ob.

r. ob.

ob.

r. c.

fl.

r. c.

fl. c.

fl.

r. fl. fl. r. r.

r. ob.

r.

r. ob.

fl.

ob.

fl. r. ob.

fl. r. c.

r. ob. r. 0. r. c. r. ob.

r. r. ob. r. ob.

r. c.

r. ob.

r.

I y- r. I g.

y- jv- g

y. rus. V. g,

g-y- I g-

I y' ■■• i g-

y- y-

r. s. y. r.

! y. r.

iy. rus.

y- r.

y. Y.

'y- g-y- y- '■•

r. s. r. s.

g- g- V- g- g- g-

b. V. g.

k- g-

i^- g-

|V- g-

K. M.

F.

F. I

K. M.;:

I

M. F. Mi

F.

P.

F.

F. F. M. K. M. F. M. K. M.

M. K. M.

F.

F. M. F.

^^- i

F. M.I

F. M.

W.

S. E. A. E. A.

Am. Am. Am. Eng.

'I'ir

L. A.

S.

w. w. w. w.

A.

S.

s. s.

E. A. L. S.

S.

s. I

E.A. ' A.

E. W. E.W.'

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Au). Am. Am. Am.

Am. Am. Aui. Am. Am. Am.

g. y. ! b. I F. M.I W.

y. rus.>v. g.i F. i E.W.

g. y. 'y. g.' F. M.[ S.

y- r. y- ■•- y- r.

y- 1- g-y- y- !•■

V. g.!

I = I

V- g-l

F. M.

g. i F. M.'

g- K-

V. g.' F. M.

F.

V. g.l K. M. V. g.l F. M.

A.

W. A. S.

w.

w. w. w.

AV.

1 Am. ;

I Am. '\ Am. :'**

Am. Am. Am. Rus.

1 Am.

"t* V V H^'4' 'f^

I**; *t *

g-

M.

Am. ,|. .

Am. II. .

i Am. Ii *

Am. !;**■

Am

y- ; g- ; p. I s.

r. s. |V. g.l F. M. L. A.

*

**[ *

* *

I.. .

r. s.

y- r- y. rus.

g-y-

y- >■-

y-

y- r.

g-y- y- !•-

r. s. r.

y- g-y-

r. s. y. r. j

g-y- g-y- I

F. K.

M.

F.

M.

F. F. M.

A. W. W. W. W. A.

V. g.l F. M.l E.A.

"■ g- g-

V. g. g- g-

M.

F. Cider

F. M. F. M.

V. g.l F. M.

b. I F. M. g. K. M.

g. I P. M.I

W. E.W. W. W. W. W

s. w.

E.A.

S.

An!. Am.

Am. Am.

Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am. Am. F.

CATALOGUE OF FKUITS — APPLES.

XVll

Between 43 ° anJ 49 o

II.— Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 42 ° III— S. Di v.— Bet. 2b° & 35°

n

S Sl 5 ? = ' S

S , 5 5?.^ ?

O " C 'J:' ^^ f •— .B —

-5^SSS^-:i^O a;^CS>^5

a

'o = =

,^ M H iS :^ ,s ;zi ,w o p .^

iO i:C p ■< ,i, ►^ "< S ■

205

2«i; .

2(j7 2«S

* .. * ..

*' * *

** +^ ** :|e

269 270 271 :j73 273 274 275 270 277 278 279 280

* * **

*.. * * *

*

>ir ^ ** * 3(c* **

281 . . * * 282 . .	* -J ***** *	******* * ** t	:'•:!-
283 . . * . . 284 . . 285 . . * .	* * ■.;
t
280 287 . . * . . 288 * *	* * * *
* * * * * * *
289**** * 290 *	** *' *' *' ' *' *!' ■ * *' *■ * *	* ::^:!:
* *
291 . * . . . . ..*.*..
292 ..*... .	*' . . . ■■■"^''	ii ** **; * * ** ** _ *	..1
293 ....*!***.. * 294 . . *!..;* * * **i * . . 295
29G * . *
297 **l *	*.**' j 1 ' * * 1 1 *, * *i *i *; *i *;**, , , *ii *
298 !!'**' * 299 . . * . . 300 . . . . 301 . . ** *	*'..'....'"'.. * . . * . . . ' . . * . . * * * * .,: * *l ■ * -i	*' *| 1 |l *' 1 *i ' *l' .
* . . * . * *	*
** * ; * * * * ** *	* ** . .
303 304 . . * . . 305	* 1 ' . . '■■ * 1
' ' ' *
300 . . * *	*	*i *i * .
307 308 . . * . . 309 . . * , . mo *	*	*
311 312 .. .. *	''****■■ ' '		* *
**
314	* *
315 *	*
310 * * . . 317 .. * .. 318	* * ' *
* '	1
* **_♦*	** . .	* . . **| . .

XVIU

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES — CRABS.

DESOKIPTION.

NAMES.

£5

319

32U 321 322 32:! 324 32o

White Paradise

Lady Finger.

AVhite Pippin

Wbite Wiutev Pearmaiii

Wliite Rambo

Williams' Favorite

g S

Willis

1. m. m.

111. 1.

Willow Twig ; m-

James Biver.

320 Wine.

327 328 329 330 331 333 333

334 335 336 337

Ilay'ii Wine, Pennsi/lvania lied Streak.

Winesap

Winter Sweet Paradise

Wolf Kiver

Wythe

Yiites

Yellow Bellefleur

Yellow .1 line ^ i^

NantahaUe. \

Yellow Trans]iarent ™

York Imperial I '

Yopp's Favorite '

Zachary Pippin ■ ■ '

r. fl.

] r. oh. I r. c.

r. oil.

r. c. i r.

r. c.

r.

r. ob.

fi. r. 0.

fl.

m.	'■• !
1.	r. ol).
1.	r. ob.
ni.	11.
s.	fl.
1.	ob.
m.	:■. ob.

g-y- y- >■• g-y- y-

M.

V. g. P. M.

'v. g.l F. M.

1 g- , M. g. ■ M y. r. Iv. g. K. M. y. r. g. , K. M.

y. r. V. g. F. M.

g- y- V. g. F.

r. g. F. M.

r. s. V. g. F.

y. r. g. I F. M.

g. y. V. g.| F. M.

y- g- : F-

y. g.

y. r. g. 1 P. M.

y- I g- F.

r. s. v. g.. P. M.

W. W.

w.

L. A.

S.

s. w.

y. r. V. g. F. M. W.

W.

w. w. w. w. w. s.

Am.

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am.

Am.

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

E. S. Rus.

W. I Am.

A. ' Am. E. W. Am.

I.— IN. Div.

«

K

II.--APPLES-CRABS.

DESCRIPnON.

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

n

18 19 20 31 3a

NAME.

Beecher Sweet

Briar Sweet (of Wisconsin),

Byer's Beauty

Cheny

Conical

Early Strawberry

Glover's Early

Hyslop

Lady Elgin

Lake Winter

JLirengo

Minnesota

Montreal Beauty

S

O

o

r. fl. r. c. r.

1. 1. 1. 1. V. 1. 1.

Orange ! "j-

Orion '

Red Silierian

Spitzenburg

Sweet Russet

Sylvan Sweet

Transcendent

Whitney

Yellow Sil)erian

m.

r. ob.

r. r. fl.

ob. r. ob.

r.

ob.

r.

r. r. y

r. y. r. g.

r. V. g. r. s. g.

>•• j g-

y- ]•- V. g,

!■■ y- W- g

y- '■- g-

r. c. r. fl. r. ob. r. fl. r.

y- «•• y- I'-

o.

r. s.

r.

y. rus. y. r. y- r-

r.

y-

V. g

g-

g-

^-g e.

F. M P. M. F. M.

K. P. M,

F.

P. M P. M

P. P. M F. M P. M P. M P. M P. M

P. P. M P. M

M. P. M

o

Hi

<

E. A.

A. E. A.

A. L. A.

S.

P3

c

A.

L. A.

W.

W. L. A.

A. L. A. L. A.

A.

E.A. A. A. S. A.

Am.

Am.

Am.

P.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Eng.

P.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

P.

I.— N. Div.

325 Valuable for late keeping.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES — CRABS.

XIX

Bet

ween

43

» and 49

o

11.

—

Dektral Division

—

Between 35 °

and 4

30

III.-

-S. Div.-

- Bet. 2ti° & 350

s B 5n P :z; 319 3-3II 331 322 333 324 335 338 337 328 22y 330 331 333 333 331 335 336 337

3 n . t

>^ S i. ■A * * * * * *

d a • •

a 5) * *

c i * * ** **

o a *

11

03 a ..

a

::

a o C 33 is

**1 1

3 'a ; > ** ■+■ **

1-5 e a; * •i

£ * ** * t

6 Q * ** **

'a * ** * **

a 1 o * **

6 5 * ** * * **

c s ►-1 * * ** *

a 'a '3) >- **

1 -* ** ** ** *

i2 a a V * ** **

CO □ * ** *

* * * * ** ** * * * *

*-- c * ** * ** * ** * * * *

EC "a; ** ** **

X c * ** ** * ** ■f

d 7~ * **

* * * * * *

> *

5 * * * * **

"c ** ** ::

"3. J * *

* * * * * *

^ ^

1 > a s ** ••

* ** **

'9- a .~ = jj — .2 ■» .1 = * * * * * **

CO Pi ** **

0 21

03 <1

II.-APPLES-CRABS

Between 42 ° and 49 °

II. — Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 43 °

III.— S.Div.— 28° and 35°

pi 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23

3 0 S *

% * * * * * *

0

d 3: i * * * * **

s u * * * * * * * ** *

0 CO 0; a a i ** **

a

d 0 ■ *

d 0

a > ■ji * * * *

z;

0^ 1 * ** •i **

Q * . . '* * ■ '1

S3 _a "3 a 0 2;

0

a c a *

a > 1

0^ CO y: X a ,2

CO •• *

* * *

'i- 3 0 :: *

a

CO <z tr. C 5; ;t 't * *

d -g * ** lie* *

5

> z;

.2 a 0

a' a a ■h * * * *

a ■pi o> * * * *

3 a <

i

1

CO -5

'B. 1 ::

a a _a :

50 ** * *

d 0 s

a a 0 M <

XX

CATALOGUE OF FEUITS — APEICOTS — BLACKBERRIES.

III-APRICOTS.

The columns explain as follows; Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— r., roundish ; r. f., roundish flattened; r. o., roundish oval ; ob. c, oblong compressed. Color — y. o., yellow, shaded to deep orange in the sun; o. r., orange, with a red cheek; o., orange. Quality— g., good ; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — All apricots being valued for the dessert, the letter F. will signify that it is extra for the dessert, and F. M. that it is valued for the dessert and at the same time profitable for market. Season — E., early; IM., medium; L., late iu season of ripening. Origin — F., foreign; Am., American.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.-N. Div.—

St H n S p

a

ft.

< a

'A o <;

'i, 2 « o

o > C z; *

'5

a ....

>

CO to X J

1 03 *« •a o K

1

Bieda

m. s. m. s. m.

r. r. o. r. f. ol). c. '■• "■ r. '•■ r. r. f. '■■ r. o. r. f.

o. o. o. r. o. r. o. r. y. o. "y- o. r. y. o. y. 0. y- r. y. o. y. o.

V. g V. g. 1). 1). b. b. g- g- b. V. g. »■• g- b. V. g.

F. M.^ E. F. M. E,

F. Am.

"

H

F. M. JI.

F.

4

Large Early

F. E. ! F. 1

5

F. F. M. F. F. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. F. M.

M. F. L. P.

fi

7

Muach ^luscii .

E. M. L. M. M. M. L.

I F. F. F. F. F. 1

S

<)

Peach

10

Red Masculine

11

Koval

19,

St. Ambroise

13

Turkey

ni. r.

IV.-BLACKBERRIES.

These columns explain as follows: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — ob. c, oblong conic; r. c, roundish conical or oval; ob. ov., oblong oval. Color— -b., black. Quality — g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — F. M., family and market; M., market. Season — M., medium; E., earl,v ; L., late. Origin — Am., American; F., Foreign.

DESCUIPTION.

I.-N. Div.—

«

0/

«

NAMES.

^ !

1 c 1 e;

c

s

3 jq

B

s

B

o

s

1- >

a3 c

3

CO

o

a

o

5

u

c/j

fcl

B

th

J3

55

t»

£

o

c 1 p

CC

o

'±

^5

H

■^,

*

K

1

Ancient Briton

1. 1.

ob. ov. ob. ov.

b. b.

V. g. V. g.

F. M. F. M.

M. M.

Am. Am.

2

Barnard

3

Brunton's Early

m

b.

a;-

P. M.

V. E.

Am.

4

Dorcliester

m. m. 1. 1.

ob. c. ov. r. c. ov.

b. b. b. b.

b. g- b. S-

M. P. M. P. M. M.

M. V. E. M. L.

Am. Am. Am. Am.

* *

* * *

* * * * *

** '* * *

*

fi

Eirl}' Harvest

(i

Kittatinnv

*

7

New Roclielle, or Lawtoii

*

8

Sable Queen

!1

Snyder

m.

r. ov.

b.

V. 8-.

F. M.

E.

Am.

10

Stone's Hardy

1. 1

ob.

b. b.

g- g-

P. P. M.

Am. Am.

*

*

11

Taylor

Tnijlor's I'l-olifc.

12

Wachusett

m.

ob. ov.

b.

V. g.

P. M.

M.

Am.

*

t

1R

m. 1.

ob. ov.

b. b.

g- V. g.

P. M.

Am. Am.

*

*

*

*

14

Wilson's Early

M.

E.

*

15

Wilson Junior

1.

ob. ob.

b.

V- g.

M

E.

Am.

4 Of fine flavor.

6 Rusts badly in many places.

12 Almost thornless and valued on that account.

CATALOGUE OF FKUITS — APBICOTS — BLACKBERRIES.

XXI

III-APRICOTS.

The coUimus explain as follows: Sr/.K— I., large; m., medium ; s., small. Fon.\r— i-., idiimlisli ; r. f., roumlitb flattened; r. o., roundisli oval ; ob. c, oblong compressed. Color— y. o., yellow, sliaded to deep orange in the sun; o. r., orange, with a red clieek; o, orange. Qu.\uty— g., good ; v. g., very good; b., best. Use— All apricots being valued for the dessert, the letter F. will signify that it is extra for the dessert, and F. M. that it is valued for tlie dessert and at the same time profitable for market. Season— E., early ; M., medium ; L., late in season of ripening. OiuciiN- F., foreign; Am., American.

Between 43" and 49

o

II.— Central Division

— Between 36

0

and 43 °

111 S. Div.— Bet.38° &35»

» n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

0^ c s

>< S * * * * * * * * '* *

5

* * *

.2 s

si £ a c

B X c

M >. 5

d

d o .1 a:

a 3. o

'5 53 > * * * * *

* *

;-< s a '* *

d * *

.2 a > * *

C3 □ "c 3 i *

6 5 * *

i a »— i * * *

33 '3 •5)

-a: 1 ** ** **

a; X '/J t£ C s 1- * * ** *

_a I— ( * * * * "* *

c X i * * *

03 .M to 2 .a * * * ** ** *

to « X B tS ** * * *

* * * ■ ■

> 1/ ■•

33 'b * * ** ** *

C3 .s 2 o CIS **

03 •3. c m O

<1

c

O r- g t— 1

fZ — < * * *

'x r, * '*

ca" a 'to

** ** ** **

c

B O .2

IV-BLACKBERRIES.

The columns explain as follows: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Fou.m — ob. c, oblong conic; r. c. roundish conical or ov:d ; ob. ov., oblong oval. CoLOn- b., black. Quality — g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — F. M., family and market; M., market. Season — M., medium; E., early; L., late. Origin — Am., American ; F., foreign.

Between 43 <> and 49 °

II. — Central Division.— Between 35° and 42°

III.— S. Div.— 28 ° and 35 °

ti s n iz; 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

3 O 3J a> B * * * * *

* * ** * * * *

5 *

5r. "3 * * * * * * *

'7j c 1 > * * *

53 a- ** ** *

::

1

til B s

6

a S B "x *

B 5c 5

=3 B > to C a * * * * *

CO V ■-5 e z * * * *

* ** *

d d * * * *

>

B d

o * 't *

§ B * ** if

5 'It > r.

o

<L •& 0. B B * *

to 'o :: * *

o *

c (A X "t * * * *

C3 s iz; * ** *

to o5 C * ** * ** * t

d _c o :j ** t **

7t * * *

'a a o '* ** * .. **

B o

*

B <

"C

c **

**

X 'x *

CO ** **

6 o

C3 a o x <!

XXll

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — CHERRIES.

V-CHERRIES.

Tlie ciiliimns explain as follows; Size — 1., large; m., medium ; s., small. Form— ob. h., obtuse heart shape: r. ob. h., rouQilish obtuse heart shape; r. h., rouQciish heart shape; r. roundish, or round. Colok—1. r., lively bright red ; d. r., dark red, almost black ; a. m., amber mottled with red ; y. r., yellow ground shaded and marble with red. Class— H., Hearts, or tender tleshed sweet cherries; B., Bigarreau, or firm fleshed cherries; D., Dukes, having a character in tree and fluit midway between the Hearts and Morellos; M., Morellos, having acid fruit and the tree of small, slender growth. Use— P., family, for dessert; F. M., family or market; K. M., for cooking or market; M., market. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin--F., foreign; Am., American.

1

DESCKLPTION.

1--

-JS

. Div

-

/5

NAMES.

IB

S tf S

c

< K

c < ;£;

5

.2 o > * * * * * * *

o '? X. D :- e a; •A ..

* *

9 C § X a. Z

a 5 >

CO

1 >— t a ■a o

1 2 3 4

Arch Duke Belle Magnitique Belle de Choisy

1. I. m. m. 1. I. 1. 1. 1. m. Ml. m. m. m. ni. s. 1. m. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. m. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. m. 1.

.lb. li. r. h. r. r. h. oil. b. ob. h. r. h. r. b. r. h. r. r. r. r. r. h. r. h. r. r. h r. ob. h. h. r. h. r. h. ob. h. ob. h. r. ob.' h. r. ob. h. r. r. h. r. ob. h. r. h. ob. h. r. r. ob. h. ob. b. r. r. ob. h . r. ob. h. r. h.

d. r. 1. r. a. m. y- !•• y. r. d. r. d. r. b. d. r. y- a. m. a. m. d. r. y- !■■ d. r. 1. r. y^ '■■ d. r. y. r. y. r. y- '■■ d. r. d. r. r. d. r. d. r. d. r. d. V. d. r y- ■"• d. r. y. r. r. d. r. d. r. Ir: a. m. d. r. d. r. d. r.

D. KM. D. K. M. 1). F. H. F. M B. F, M B. F. M. H. F. M. G. F. M. H. F. M. G. , F. M. D. I K. M. H. F. M. K. M. H. F. M. H. F. M. M. K. M. B. F. M. D. 1 F. M. B. 1 K. M. H. , F. M. B. F. M. H. F. M. D. , K. M. (}. K. D. K. M. B. F. M. D. K. M. M. K. M. M. K. M. B. F. M. H. F. M. H. 1 F. M. D. ! F. M. K. M. H. i F. M. H. ■ F. M. D. 1 F. M. B. 1 F. M. D. 1 K. M. H. 1 M. B. M.

L. L M. E. M. M. M. M.' L. L. M. L. L. E. E. M. M. L. M. M. E. L. M. L. M. E. M. L. M. JL M. M. L. M. L. L. E. M. L. L.

1 F. F- ; F. F. F. F. , F. Am. P. F. F. Am . F. Am. P. F. F. i ^- 1 F. Am. Am. F.

* * *

* '*

^

Bigarreau

1 *' * * **

fi

Graffion, Yellow Spanish. Black Eagle

*

t 8 9 10

Black Heart Black Republican, LuelUnq Black Tartarian ' ... Buttner's Yellow

* 'i * * * ** * *

* ** . . ** ** * * * "i

* *

11 13 18

Carnation Coe's Transparent Donna Maria

* * * *

*

14

Downer's Late

*

15 16 17 18 19

Early Purple, Early Purple Guiyn.e Early Richmo.)d Elton Eugenie, Hiiipress Eugenie Florence

* * *

20 21

Governor Wood

*

Hovey

*

Kniglit's Early, Knight's Early Black

** * ** i* * *

* * It: * ** * *

■>ri>;

Late Duke

24 25 9fi

Late Kentish Louis Phillippe Mezel, Bigarreau of Mezel

F. F. P. I: F. F. Am. Am. F. F. Am. Am. F. Am. F. Am. Am.

.....

27 28 39 RO

Monstrueuse Mezel, Bigarreau Gauhalis. May Duke

..... ..,.. * __1 *i

*

Montmorenc}' Lar*Te

*

. *

Morello

English Motello, Large Morello. Napoleon

*

81

Royal Ann, in California and Oregon. Csceola

83

Ohio Beauty

■■

..

83

Olivet

84

Plumstone Morello

85

Pontiao

..1..I..

8fi

Red Jacket

87

Reine Hortense

"i"

*

*

88

Kockport

*

39

Royal Duke . ...

40

Tecumseb

41

Windsor

7 A fine old variety, but by many supposed to be superseded. 18 Very hardy and productive.

16 Believed by many to be identical with Early May of the West; not fully settled.

CATALOGUE OP FRUITS— CHERRIES.

XXUl

V.-CHERRIES.

The columns explaiu as follows: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — ob. b., obtuse heart shape; r. ob. h., roundish obtuse heart shape; r. h., roundish heart shape; r., roundish or round. Color — 1. r., lively bright red; d. r., dark red, almost black; a. m., amber mottled with red; y. r., yellow ground shaded and marbled with red. Class — H., Hearts, or tender fleshed sweet cherries; B., Bigarreau, or firm fleshed cherries ; D., Dukes, having a character in tree and fruit midway between the Hearts and Morellos; M., Morellos, having acid fruit and the tree of small, slender growth. Use— F., family, for dessert; F. M., family or market; K. M., for cooking or market; M, market. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin — F., foreign; Am., American.

Between 42

° and 49 °

11

—

Centr.^l Division

.—

Between 35 °

and 43 <■

IIII-

-S.

Div.-

-Bet. 28° & 35°

§ o 1 o 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 1.5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 33 36 37 38 39 40 41

3 a * * ** * ** * * * * * *

>< z; * * * * * * ** ** * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

3 O * * * * * ** * * * * * *

a 3: _^ * * * * * * ** * * * * * * ** * * ** * * * ** * * * :

id ■ 33 a o **

[5 a a i '■'■

53 O

c a 1

bo a S

1 . c

a 2 60 a * * * * * * * * *

o * ** * * * **

1^ 1 > 'i a a * * * ** * * * * ** * 1** 1 * ** 1 1. . * * + * * ** +

30 5= •A * * * * * * * * ■ • * * * * '*

* * ** **

•5 53 * * * * * * '* * * * ** * •• * ** * '.I

X "c > * * * * * * * * * ** * * * *

s 3 iz; ** '.'■ ** * * * * **

6 * * * * ** * * * * ** ** ** ** '* ** * * * * *: t

s a * * * * * * * * * *

'5 > * * ;; '■'■

>> c * ** ** ** * ■i

Oj XI iXi a 1 0 ** ** ** * * * * *

'S a * * * •• t * ** * ** * *

« * * ** ** **

3 * * * ** * ** ■ ■ *

oi .a CO C3 aJ * ** * ■■'.■■ * t * * 't ii ■A-- t

5S a — * ■V >^ 't 't * * t '* '*

■5 ** ** t

6 * * 1

1 :: ••

: c ■.1 * * ii- t * * * * *

0 -a ! 0 j-XI * ::

'3b * * '* *

s x < * * * *

1 1 0 ••

0 ♦J a; c

CO a -a •< * * ■■\-

'S. 3 'x X Vj X i

so 'x 0

2

d a) 1.

i . 1 OS a 0 N 5

25 An old excellent sort; little known.

38 The latest ripening large sweet cherry.

XXIV

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — CURRANTS- — GOOSEBERRIES.

VI-CURRANTS.

The coUimiis explain: Size — 1 , large ; m., medium ; s., small. Form — witli referento to form of bunch — 1., V. 1., very long; .s., short; m., medium. CoLOU — r., red ; b , black ; w., white. Quality — a., acid ; m. a., moderately acid; V. a., very acid. Use — K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market; M., market. Season — E., early ; M., medium; L , late. Origin — Am., American; P., foreign.

NAMES.

DESCHIPTION.

I.— IN .

Div.

p S5

5

•< P

M M P

■A i < CO

2 5 O

c > o * * 1. . * * * *

CO a m a;

a X * * ** *

CO £ K ii **

c > * * * * * i * * * *

CO 1 = * ** t * i ** *

I— f 1

1

1. 1. 1. s. 1. 1 i. 1. 1. m. m. 1. 1. m. m.

1. s. s. s. 1. m. 1. 1. 1. m. m. s. V. 1. 1. 1.

r. b. r. b. r. r. li. r. r. T. r. r. r. w. w.

m. a. 111. a. V. a. m. a. m. a. ni. a. III. a. m. a. "1. a. m. a. a. a. m. a. m. a.

F. M. M. K. M. M. M. M. K M. M. F. M. M. F. M. K. M. M. F. M. M. M. L. F. M. E. F. M. E. M. M. F. M. L. F. M. E. F. M.I E.

F. F. F. F. Am. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F.

*

0

Bl;ick Naples o

*

S

Cberry

*

4

"i

Black Enylisfi. Fay's Prolific

t

6 7

Kuight's Red, KnighVs Large Red Lee's Prolilic

H

Palluau Fertile de Palluau

')

10

Red Dutch

*

11

Red Grape

I'^i

*

IS

Victoria .

14

Maby Castle. White Dutch

*

15

White Grape .

*

VII-GOOSEBERRIES.

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; .s., small. FouM —r., round ; o., oval; r. o., roundish oval. Color — r., reddish, when fully ripe; g., greeni.sh yellow, when fully ripe. Quality — g,good; v. g., very good ; b, best. Use — K., kitchen; M., market. Season — E., early; M., medium; M. L., medium late. Origin — Am, American; F., foreign.

	NAMES.	■n		DESCRIPTION
K 1	•s. o	s O	>• H <		o C/J < m	z 2 S o
1 9	Crown Bob	m.	0. b. r. 0. r. o. o. r. r. 0. 0. b. 0. 0.	r. r.	V. g. 2".	K. M. K. K. M.	M. M.L. E. M. E. E. M. M. M.	F. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. F.
•-t	Houu-hton
4	Mountain	m. m.	r y- r. r. S- g-	t 1 M. g. ] K. M. v'. g K. M. V. g. K. M. V. g. K. M. V. g. K. M.
5
6	Pale Red
7 8	Cluster, American Seedling. Roaring Lion Smith's, Smith's Improved Wliitesiiiith

I.--N. Div.—

n a ,<d\Z

*•. .1 * ** * *

2 A little liable to sunburn or blister.

4 A strong growing bush — berry with a very thick skin.

6 An old sort, entirely free from mildew- upright than Houghton.

CATALOGUE OF FBUITS — CURRANTS — GOOSEBERRIES.

XXV

VI-CURRANTS.

The columus explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— with leferenco to form of bunch — 1., long; V. 1., very long; s., short; m., medium. Color — r., red; b, black; w., white. Quality — a., acid; m. a., moderately acid; V. a., very acid. Use — K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market; M., market. Season— E., early ; M., medium; L., late. Origin — Am., American; F., foreign.

Between 43° and 49°

11.— Central. Division.— Between 35 ° and 43 °

IIL-

-S.Div.-

-Bet. 38° & 35°

Id n S B iz; 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n 12 13 14 15

s u 1 s c & * '* * * *

>< > X Z * * ** * * * * * * **

d 5 * * * * * * *

d s s * ** * * ** * * ** ** **

c 'x c * * * "* * * * * * *

32 a. 3 i * * ** * ** ** **

A

a

3 3

o

d o fen .H '-3 /) 3! t

o ** '* *

.3 "a 1 1 "* ** ** * * ** * * **

=: o> * * * * *

* * * "* * *

d Q □ * * * * * *

.5 t 'i

a w * * *

. .2 5 * * * '* ** * * * *

5S c 1 c ■■ * * * *

S3 '3 >

•• ** * ** * *

(1> 1 2 3 * ** *

CD '3 a * * * *

* * * * * *

o X X i * • • * i

03 Jl (A _K .3 * * ** * * *

CO CQ C 33 * ** * * * * **

d -3 33 * ** t . . ** ** *

* * * * *

>

C3 O * ** ** * * * *

c« c "o S3 O

33

33 5 i3 1

is if . .!. . ....

00 '/I

X 33 » 1 5

VII-GOOSEBERRIES.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large ; m., medium; s., small. Form— r., round ; o., oval ; r. o., roundish oval. Color— r., reddish, when fully ripe ; g., greenish yellow, when fully ripe. Quality— g, good ; v. g., very good ; b, best. Use— K., kitchen; M., market. Season— E., early ; M., medium ; M. L., medium late. Origin— Am , American ; F., foreign.

Between 42 ° and 49 °

II.— Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 42 °

III.— S.Div.— 2S°and 35°

» » 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

i 'i *

J! 0 * * '* * *

5 * * '*

a 3: ** * *

3 J *

33 1 a *

«— «

3 2 3

Ml 3

d

d 2 c "x

d to O *

"3 33 > a a * * * ** *

a. "^ S X a '* *

1 **

d a c

.2 3 '5n .h: * * * *

S3 a 5 s *

_d o * ** * **

si C □ >— < "t

33

>> 3 01 i*

(L x vt % a X ** **

'c *

0 *

5 o ■/J 't

s; u -2 X z; * *

CO K CO a 33 ■f * t * *

d ■3 * * ** *

2 * '*

3: > 2;

33 ^■1

1 1 0 a

'pi 0 CD

1 <

33 0

>> c 1

2 s c si <

■5. ■Jj

s ^S3 *x ' X '3 M C X -J H

d X S

C3

8 New and promising.

9 One of the best of all the foreign large sorts in Its immiiniiy from mildew.

XXVI

CATALOGUE OF FEUITS — GEAPES, NATIVE.

VIII-GRAPES, NATIVE.

Tlie columns explain as follows: Size— with reference to tlie berrj', 1., large; m., medium ; s., small. Form — with reference to bunch and berry, s. r., short bunch, round berry; 1. r., large and round ; m. r. o., medium bunch, roundish oval berry; m. r., medium bunch, round berry. Coi.on — b., Ijlack or nearly so when fully ripe; r., reddish or coppery-brownish red ; j'., greenish white or yellowish. Quality — g., good ; v. g., very good ; b., best. UsE — T., table; M., market; W., wine. Se.\son — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin — See next page.

8

9 10 11 12 13 14

iri Ifi 17 is 19 20 21

22

23 24 25 2C

27

28

29

Ml

31

32

33

34

3.1

3H '

37

3S

39

40 '

41

42

43

44

45

4fi

47

4S 49 .'■)()

NAME.

Agawani, Uogei-s' yo. lH

Barry, lioijcis' A'o. i.i'

Brighton

Catawbii

Champion .

TiiUmaii'ti tieedliii'j.

Clinton

Concord

(Jottage

Creveling

Cynthiana '. . . .

Dehiware

Diana

Dracut Amber

Duchess

Early Victor

Elsinburg

Elfira

Essex, Roffers' iV«. 41

Eumelan -

Coethe, Jlogers' 3^«. 1

Hartford

Uniifurd P

Herbemont

M'arren, EU-.

Herbert, Rogers^ No. 44

lona

DESC.RIPnON.

1.

lU.

oUJii

Isabella

Ives

Janesville

.Jefferson

Lady

Lady Washington

Lindley, Rogers' No .'/

iMassasoit, Rogerx' No. j' . . .

Martha

Naxatawney

Merrimac, Rogern' No. 1U . .

Moore's Early

Niagara

Noali

Norton's Virginia

Perkins

Peter Wylie

Pocklington

Prentiss

Rebecca

S.ilera, Rogers' No. 52

Scuppernong

Telegraph

Christine.

Triumph

Vergennes

Walter

m m.

1.

1.

1.

V. 1.

Wilder, Rogers' No. 4. Worden

o

■i. r. r.	c.	r. V).	g-
r.		I.p.	V. g.
n. 1 r.	. o.	r. 1).	b.
ni. 1. 1	r.	li. 1). li.	g-
Ml. 1 r s.	, o r.	b. b. r.	V. g ''■ g- b.
S. I 1-	. 0.	r. r.	V- g. g-
111	r.	w.	V. g
m	r.	b.	V. g.
111	r.	b.	V. g-

1.

III.

1.

m. ni. m.

I.

1. m.

1.

1.

l.r.o lu. r. o.

1. r. 111. r. o. in. r.o, 111. r. o

r. m. r.

r.

1. r. o

111, r.o

111. r.

s. r.

ni.r. o

s. r.

r.

\v. b. b. g. 1).

r.

111. r.	r.
1. m.	r.
S. r.	■.
r. 111. 1	. 0.

T. M.

T. M.

T.

T. IL W.

]M.

T. W.

T. M.AV.

T. J\L

r.

^y.

T. M. W. T. M.

M.

T. T. M.

T.

W. T. M.

r.

. T. W. M.

■i ' ''^-

. T. M. T. M. W.

T.

M.

M.

W.

T. M.

b.

b.

w.

w.

b.

r.

w.

g-

1^- g- g- g-

M. M. M. M.

g-

g-

g-

V. g.

g- ^- g- V. .g

V. g. V. g.

^- g-

b.

V- g-

g-

T. M.

M. W.

T.

M.

T. M.

T. M.

W.

^Y.

T. M. T.

o

<

5 5 c

M. M.

10. L. K.

L.

E.

K.

M.

j\l.

L. V. E.

M V. E.

E.

L.

M.

M.

L.

E.

M.

L.

L.

M. V.E.

M.

E.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M. V.E.

M.

L.

L.

E.

Hyb.

Hyb. Hyb. l.ab. Lab.

Pup. Lab. Lab.

I.— N. Div.

&

a]

CO 25

3-1

1 K a) 1 Q; I a la

T. M.	M.
T. M.	M.
T.	U.
M.	M.
W.	M.
T. M.	E.
T.	L.
T. M.	E.
T. M. W.	M.
T. M.	M.
T. M.	E.

* * ** *

* * *

* . . . .*■..,

* *' *

i.aii. 1 .Est. ' V X. Lab. Lab. Hyb. Lab. xEst. Kip. X. Hyb. Lab. Hyb. Lab. .Est. Hvb. Liib. Lab.	* * ;■ *		■fj't	** * '* ** * * * * ■ ■ t *	* * * * * * ** * ** **	* * t ** \ * *
Lab. Lab. Hyb. Lab. Hyb. Hyb. Hyb. Lab. Lab. Hyb. Lab. Lab. Rip. X. .Est. Lab. Hyb. Lab. Lab. Lab. Hyb. Vulp. Lab. Hyb. Lab. Lab. Hyb. Lab.	i- ■ '*		* ** * ** 't **	** ■f * t * * * * *	* "* * * * * * * * *

3 A hybrid variety of great excellence.

4 Suited only to clayey loams and cer-

tain localities. 10, 17 and 38 are wine grapes of great promise in Jlissouri.

5 Valued for earliness and hardiness

but of a very poor quality.

6 Hardy everywhere. 2.5 Valueless at the West. 26 Valued for dark wine.

7 Successful over a wider rage of soil andclimate than any other variety.

9 Bunches loose. 36 Resembles Concord ; a little earlier. 44 Tlie more known the better liked.

CATALOGUE OF FKUITS — GRAPES, NATIVE.

XXVll

VIII.-GRAPES, NATIVE.

Obigin.— TMb list contains snch grnpes only as are of Amoricnn oHpin: they are eithsr cultivated varieties of one of tho followinK American species of native wild grapes: Vi'ie Kiparia, Vitis jEetivalis, Vilis Labrneca. Vitis Vulpiiia, or croeees between varieties of these species, or hybrids between these and ihe Vitis Vinifeia (foreign K'apfs)- And as it is believt-d that the Hpecies native to any locality are best adapted to produce tsatisfactory results in that locality, it has been thonplit useful to desiRuate in the column for origin the species to which each variety belongs, as folh)WM:— Lab., Li!d)rusca, native of New England; ext<'udH to South Carolina and into th(* AllcKhnny moun- tuins. .^t.. .'Estivalis, native of the Middle and Sonlliern Stales, on uplands, Itip.. Kiparia, native of Lower. t'anada; extendb west to Ne- ^rafka, south to Texas; prefers river banks Vulp.. Vnlpina. native ot Southern States, not further north than Maryland. Tennessee and Arkansas.xafier one of the species denotes a cross with a variety of some olber species. Hyb., Hybrid, between a foreign variety and one of the native species.

Between 42 °

and 49 °

fl.— Cektral Division.— Between 35 ° and 42 ° 'Illl— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 35°

H f> S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 IG 17 18 19 ?.o 21 22 23 24 23 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 3S 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

3 \^ <V 5 ** * t ** * * 't * * 'i * **

O >l a. i 4 4 4 * ** ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

5 * * * * * * * * *

c S ** ** * * * * t i * * * * * * * * * *

*3 5 1 * ** * -■'. * * ** '* ** * ■f 't ** **

5 X * ** ** [• • * ■ - i* J

'

■ C

1.5 >

'

d o >

1 5c ?- ^\ ** ^^ ** ••

s 5 > O c * ** ** ** * * ** * "t t ♦ **

1 > •n 53 S X * * 't ** '* ** **

i * * * ■■'.- * * * * •i-

-3 * ** 1** * * t * * ■* * 't *

pi > * * ** ■** ': ** ■f ■* 't ** * * t ^ ^ 1 'f . .1

3e O 1 ^ z ** * * * * * t * * * * * * ** *

3 * * ! * * * '** *.t ** ' * * 't * * * * * T * * * **

* * * * * 't ■■

> X 1 '** *: ** ** * ** * * ** ** ** ■■

>- ** * ** ** ** '* t ** ** ■■

\'S c '** ** ** ;1- *i ** * ** '* **

I .5 c * * * * ** * * ** * "t

] *: ** ** * *

I I'd * * * * * ** ** * *

i ea z * ** ** H t * * * * 't 't t

1 X C * + * * + f t * t *

•5 ** :!; t t 4 *♦

5 * 't

••

1 '3

o ** . . **

a a> O l~ ** ** i* ** * ** *

< r * * ** *

** **

> a

sr a < '* -J: **

s a; 1 **

33 c **

t 1 ** + * + * **

d u X

a a o N <

11 •"•ants rich soil and hiirh culti:re. 22 Miikes the finest of white nine. 24 Unreliable except in a few locations.

'2'.) \'aliial)le for earliness and hardiness. :'.l One of tlie most valuable of this class.

52 Very lilie Concord, but a trifle earlier and some think better.

XXVUl

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — GEAPES, FOREIGN — NECTARINES

.IX-GRAPES, FOREIGN.

As the Foreign Grapes are for cultivation under glass, they are not subject to those variations induced by climate or soil, and tlierefore thev may be i egarded as equally adapted to all localities. Very few of the local committees have made any report in reference to these Grapes. The list below contains such as have been already adojited by the Society, with a few others very generally esteemed. In California, Utah and sections of the Southern States, they require no artificial protection or heat; it has, therefore, been thouglit unnecessary to tabulate the States and Territories relative to them; but taking the old catalogue, and simply adding to it a column relative to variety as adapted to a cold house, or its want of fire heat, in our Northern States, the old form is continu-d.

The columns explain: 1st— The Color of the fruit; 2d— Fl.woii; 3d— Season of maturity ; 4th — Cold for a variety that does well without fire heat; Hot for a variety wanting fire heat. In flavor, the only distinction between those that are simply sweet, as the Chasselas or Hamburgs, and those having a distinct musky aroma, as the Muscats.

o

3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12

13

14

15 16

17 18 19 20 21 23 23

24 25 20 27 28 29 30

31

32

33

NAMES.

Color.

Fl.wor.

Barbarossa ' Black ,

Prince. Albert, Brizola.

Black Champion Black

Black Damascus Black

Black Froutignan , Black

Black Haml)urg Black .

Black .

Black .

White .

White .

White .

Sweet ,

Season.

Black Prince ,

ISIack July

Bowood JIuscat

Buckland Sweetwater >

Calabrian, Calahrian Maixiti

Raisin de Calahre.

Canon Hall Muscat

Chasselas Mu.sque, or Joslin's St. Albans

Muscat blanc hativc ( ?).

Duke of Magenta

Golden Hamburg

Stockioood O. Hamburg.

Golden Champion

Grizzly Frontignan

Red Frontignan, Red Constantiu.

Gros Colman

Lady Down^s, Lady Doiones' Seedling

Muscat of Alexandria

Muscat of Hamburg

Mrs. Pince's JIuicat, M's. Pince's Black MuKcat.

Queen of Nice

Red Chasselas

Rose Chasselas.

Red Lombardy

Rio Virsin

Royal Muscadine

Silver Frontignan, Early Silver Frontignan

White Nice

West St. Peter's

Wilmot's Hamburg ;

Dutch Hamburg, Wilmot's Black Hamburg.

White Sweetwater

Butch Sweetwater, etc.

White Frontig-an

White Gonstantia, Muscat blanc. Zinfindal

Sweet . , Sweet . . Muscat . Sweet . , Sweet . . Sweet . . M uscat . Sweet . . Sweet . .

White . White .

Black . White .

Muscat . Muscat .

Sweet , Sweet .

Amber

Red and Sellow.

Purple Black . White . Black . Black . White . Red ..

Red

White . White . White . Bl.ick . Black .

White .

White .

Black .

Sweet . . Muscat .

Sweet . . Sweet . . Muscat . 51 uscat . Muscat .

Sweet . , Sweet . .

Sweet . . Jl uscat . Sweet . . Sweet . . Sweet . .

Sweet . , Muscat , Sweet . ,

Very Late

Early

Late

Late

Medium. . Medium. .

Early

Medium. . Medium. . Late

ViKERT.

Late . Early

Early Late .

Medium. . Medium. .

Late

Very Late

Late

Medium. . Late

Medium. Medium.

Earlv .... Early ....

Late

Very Late Medium. .

Early . . , Medium. Jledium.

Hot .

Cold Cold C(dd Cold Cold Cold Hot. Cold Hot .

Hot . Hot .

Hot. Hot.

Hot. Hot.

Cold Hot . Hot. Hot. Hot.

Hot Hot.

Cold Hot. Hot. Hot . Hot.

Cold

Hot.

Hot.

Explanation same as for Apricots.

XI-NECTARINES.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.—

2* a

o fa

o o O

>• 1

(5

'A 5 S o

.5 o > o

C 12;

a

t X

n c a

OS X X =3 CO i

i d CO » ■a o

1

Boston

1. 1. r. 1. m. 1

1" 0 1 <t r

^- g- V. g.

F. F. F. P. F. F.

M. E. E. E. L. T,

Am. F. Am. F. F. F.

3

Downton

r. 0. r. o. r. r. o. r. o

0. r. 0. r. 0. r. 0. r. o. r.

3

Early Newin;;ton

4

Earlv Violet r

5

Elruge

6

Stanwick

' ■

CATALOGUE OP FRUITS — MULBERRIES, FIGS, POMEGRANATES, NECTARINES.

XXIX

X.-MULBERRIES-FIGS-POMEGRANATES.

The following list of mulberries, figs, and pomegranates was prepared by Mk. P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia. In California and many sections of tlie Soutliern States, tlie figs and pomegranates are grown as readily as tlie apple in the Jliddle States.

4 5 6

7 8

9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

NAMES.

MULBERRIES.

Hick's Everbearing

Downins;

Season.

Early and Late. Early

Persian Black , | Late .

Johnson , Medium

FIGS.

Alicante Medium

Angelique Early

Jaune Tlative

Brunswick Early

Madonna, Constantinople.

Blue Genoa Enrlj

Black Ischia Medium

Brown Smyrna Medium

Celestial Early

Green Ischia Early

White Ischia. Green Italian.

Jaune Ilative (see Angelique)

Lemon Early

Violet, long Medium

Violet, round Medium

Nerii Late

Pregussata i Medium

White Marseilles Medium

Wliite Genoa ' Medium

Superfine de la Sausaye Late

Turkey Early to Late

Brown Turkey.

POMEGRANATES.

Sweet I Early

Acid Early

Vi >let Late

Dwarf Late

COI.OK.

Black Black Black Black

Quality.

Second First . . First . . First . .

Brown First . .

Yellow I Second

Violet

Blue

Black

Brown

Pale Violet Green

First First First First First

Yellow First . .

Violet First . .

Violet Second

White First . .

Purple First . .

Wliite Second

White : Second

Brown First . .

Brown First . .

Reddish . . Deep Red

Violet

Red

First . . Third . . First . . Second

i^l7.\:.

.Medium Small ..

First I Very Large . .

Medium Medium Medium Small .. Medium

Medium Large . . Medium Small .. Small .. Medium Large . Medium Large . .

Large

Very Large , Very Large . Small ... ..

MtiLBERKlES — No. 1 bears three months. No. 2 Best. No. 3 Very tart.

Explanation same as for Apricots.

XI-NECTARINES.

Between 42 ° and 49 °

II. — Central Division. — Between 35 ° and 42 °

III.— S. Div.— 28 ° and 85 °

d s P3 1 2 3 4 5 6

3 U c c 5

o * * * * * *

5

B 3: * * * *

a 1 _

93 o . ..I..

a 33 a

til a

6 .3

a s c

d bo 0/ O

43 > a a *

St 1-5 « z

t a

0 Q <« * *

03 "a >

S3 a 1 .a 0 * *

.2 0

S3 a a '■5 a * *

'3 t >

f a

£ a a CO .. **

CO a

2

0 V) '*

C5 2 C 2i

1 11

.a 5

>

1

a ■3 « 1 0 00 ■

C3 u 0 0) CS

03 s <

CS 0

0 c CS a

a CO B 03

t 1 1

□ '35

2

i

0! d 0 <

XXX

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — ORANGES AND LEMONS.

XII-ORANGES AND LEMONS.

THE FOLLOWING LIST WAS PREPARED BY MR. E. H. H.\RT, OP FLORIDA.

Tlie coliiiutis e.xplain: Size— 1., large; m., nietlium; s., small. For.m — ov., oval ; r., round ; li., flattened ; obi., oblong. Quality— f., fair; g., good ; v. g., very good ; b., best. SE.isoN—E., early ; M., medium; L., late. Origin— P., foreign ; N., native. .

»

S ^i

1

2

3

4

.")

(i

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24' 351 26! 27' 28

29 I

30 t 311 32, 33 34! 35; 36! 37-1 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 47 49 .50

DESCRIPTION.

I-

-N. Div.— Bet.

42° and 49°

II. — Cent. Div. Bet. 35° and 42°

NAMK.S.

>•
F-	X	'/:.
a	?r	C
P	w
c	CO	C

III.— SoDTH Div. — Between 28° and 3.5°

^ =£1 r: ^ - = .* ~ »; "^ o < <5 ^ t- ?i <J

'^ Tj O < ^

Acapulo ...

Acis

Bell

Hotel ha . .. Brown .... IJuttercourt Cliarley Brown.

1.

1.

1.

m.

M. L.

M.

1.

ti.

[■'. K. F. K.

Cleopatra *

Dancy's Tangierine.

Dulcissima.

Du Koi ....

Egg

E.xcelsior . .

E.xquisite m.

m. m. m.

L.

K

iM.

E.

L.

M.

N.

I'. F. F. F.

Grape Fruit (puQielos) *

Hart'sLate orTardive m. o. v. v. g. L. F * *

Ilamosassa ra. r. b" M. N *

Jatl.i ni. r. v. g. M. F. , '...'.'.'.'.'.'.........'.'..... *'.'..

Kumquat (for preserving) obi. r N

Long F * . . .

Magnum Bonum ... 1. r. b. i\[. N * . . .

Majorca m. r. v. g. M. F * . . .

Maltese Blood s. o. v. v. g. M. F ' * . . .

Maltese Oval 1. obi. v. g. L. F * '. . .

Mediterranean Sweet 1. o. v. v. g. L. F * . . .

Nonpareil 1. r. b. E. N *. . .

Old Vini m. r. v. s M. N *. . . .

Paper Rind F

.S'(. Miehad.

Prata s. r. g M. F. * *

Queen ] y * *

St. Michaels m. r. g. M. F. ' ' . . * *

St. Michaels s. (1 . g. E. F * *

St. Michael's Egg. .. 1. o. v. f. E. F *...... *

Satsuma V. . . . m. H. v. g. E. F * *

Shaddock Blood ' *

Shaddock Orange *

Sustain 1. r.

Sweet Seville s. o. v.

Tahiti 1. r.

White 1

LEMONS.

Bijou I

Eureka ; F

Evftrbearing ! F.

French's Seedling N.

Genoa ' F.

Imperial F.

Ijam b N .

Sicily F.

Villa Francha F.

Willow Leaved .... , p.

M. E. M.

F. F. P. P.

P.

The following are native varieties of the orange resembling each other, of good quality, and having a local reputa- tion: Arcadia, Beache's :!. l)i.\on, Duniniitt, Higgins, Osceola, Parson Brown, Peerless, Spratt's Harmon. Nos. 8, 9, 32 and 34 are varieties of Citrus Nobilis or Mandarin orange.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — LIMES AND CITRONS.

XXXI

Xn CONTINUED-LIMES AND CITRONS.

THE FOLLOWING LIST \V.\S rHErAUED 1!Y MK. E. 11. UAUT, OF FLOUIDA.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I— N. Div.— Bet. 42° and 49°

IT.— Cent. Div. Bet. 35° and 42°

111. — South Div. — Between 28° iUKi 3.5°

Si s

EC

1

i < CO

S O

s o <*-

O a o 03

33

g 1

of

c c a;

CD 33 CO c: ST <

c 'cc i

c « O

o

51

LIMES. Dulcis

*

53

Mexican

*

58

Persian

A:

54

CITRONS. Medioa (Lemon or Citron of Commerce)

!

*

55

Tubero3a(0range Citron) .

....

!|..i.^

*

*

..

XXXll

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEACHES.

XIII-PEACHES.

The columns explain ; Size — 1., large ; m., medium ; s., small. Class— F., freestone ; C, clingstone. Color — rela- tive to the flesh, w., white or pale color ; y., yellow or yellowish ; g., greenish white, red at stone. Quality— j. v., juicy, vinous; m. j. r., melting, juicy, rich; s. j., sweet, juicy; s. j. h., sweet, juicy and high flavored. Glands— s., serrated, without glands; g., glands, globose; r., glands, reniform. Season — the season of maturity, as Early, Medium or Late; those designated as Early, ripen in lat. 43 ° previous to or about Sept. 1st ; Medium, those ripening from 1st to 15th of September ; and Late those after that period ; a few of the Very Early and Very Late are so designated — E., early ; M., medium; L., late; V. E., very early ; V. L., very late. Origin — Am., American; F., Foreign.

B 25

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26

27

28

a9 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

40 41 42 43 44 45 40

47 48 49 50 61

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

o

o J

o

D

Albert, Marly Albert ' ui,

Allen's October , . . .

Alexander I ni .

Alexandra Noblesse ' I

Amelia ; 1

Amsden, Amsden's June ' ni.

As iby's Early i . . .

Austin's Late j 1

Austin's Late Bed. |

Baldwin's Late 1.

Barnard ni.

Beatrice, Early Beatriee j s

Beer's Smock 1

Bellegarde

Bergen's Yellow

Bordeaux

Briggs' May

Catharine

Chinese Cling

Cole's Early, Cole's Early Bed

Columbia . . . ,

Conner's Cling

Coolidge's Favorite

Cook's Late

Cook's Late 'White.

Counts

Crawford's Early

Crawford 's Late

Crockett's Late

Crockett's Late White.

Deming's Orange

Deminri's Sejit.

Druid Hill '.

Duff Yellow

Early Admiralile

Early Grosse Mignonne

Early Newington Free

Early York

Eaton's Golden i m

Plewellen 1

Foster 1

m. j.r.

F. F. F. F.

w. w.

S.J.

in. j. V. m. j. r.

s. j.

E.

L. V. E

M.

E. V. E.

F. Am. Am.

F. Am. Am.

I.— N.DiT.

1^1 !SI

t; I a I

■a s

zi !25 is 'Jz; > 1^ to

c

F.

F. F. F. F F. C. F. C. C. F. F.

y-

w.

y-

y- y-

w.

y- g- §■■

w.

y-

!■''■

j.m.

j-v. m.j.

j-f.

j-

m.

]•'■■

j-v-

m. j.r.

L.

E. V. E.

L.

M.

M.

E. V. E.

M.

M. V. E.

M.

Am.

Am.

F. Am.

F. Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am. Am.

George the Fourth

Grosse Mignonne

Boyal Kensington. Ilaine's Early....".

Hale's Early

Marker, Harker's Seedliny 1

Heath Cling 1

Hill's Chili m

Honeywell m

Hoover's Heath

Hoover's Late Ueath.

Hyslop Cling 1

Indian Blood Cling | 1

Indian Blood Freestone I 1

Incomparable 1

.Jacques !

F. F.

C. F. F.

F.

F. C. F. F. P. F. C. C. F. F. F.

F. F. F. C. F. F.

w. s. j. h.

w. m.j.v.

w. m.j.

y- J-v.

y- : j-f-

w. j s.

M. L.

M. M. L. L.

y-

y-

w. w.

o-

w.

y- y- y- y-

w.

g-

w.

y- y-

J- !•■

m. j. r.

m.j.

m.j. m.j.v.

j- ^• m. j.r.

s. j.

j- I'-

J-'P- m. j.r. s. j. h.

s. j. m. j. r.

»■ J- s. j. h.

	L.
s.	V.L.
	E.
g-	M. s
ST-	E. i
o*	E. '
S.	V. E. I
r.	L.

S. ].

w.

y-

m. J. r. j- ■^■

w.

y.

m.j. j- V.

E.

L. M. M.

V. E. V. E.

M. V.L.

L.

E.

V.L. L.

L. M.

Am. Am.

Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am.

Am. Am.

F.

P. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

F.

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

*, *

CATALOGUE OF FEUITS — PEACHES.

XIII-PEACHES.

XXXIU

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; ni., medium; s., small. Class— F., freestone; C, clingstone. Colou— rela- tive to the flesh, w., white or pale color ; y.. yellow or yellowish ; g., greenish white, red at stone. Quality— j. v., juicy, vinous; ni.j.r., melting, juicy, rich; s. j., sweet, juicy; s. j.li., sweet, juicy and high tlavored. Glands— s., serrated, without glands; g., glands, gluhose; r., glands, reniform. Season — the season of maturity, as Early, jNIedium or Late; those designated as Early, ripen in lat. 43 ^ previous to or about Sept. 1st ; Jledium, those ripening from 1st to 1,'jth of September ; and Late those after that period ; a few of the Very Early and Very Late are so designated— E., early ; M., medium; L., late; V. E., very early ; V. L., very late. Origin — Am., American; F., Foreign.

Between 42 ° and 49 °

11. — Central Division. — Between 35 ° and 42 ° 1

III— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 85°

M a s s 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 84

3 O :j a * ** ** ** **

5 * * * * * * ** * ** ** * * * ** * * * * * * ' *

2 3 OS '. '. * ::|:. ** ' ] * * * * * -1 * * * ** * * * * *

— .. :: :: ■

1 ^ S -5

c

a c at C ** *

'c C ' X * •i !** * * * i * 'i ::

5? i * * * ** *

1 i Q '■'■ ** ** * ** *

o Q ■a a ** * * * ** ** "i ** *

□ at > * * ** ** * ** *

S3 . a- 1 03 * * 't * ** * * *: ** * * ** *

3 * * * ** ** 't * * * * * * *

'.5 'a B ** * **** ** . . * * **

■J ** ** * ** ** * ** ** * r

1. UJ CO Of a c a, * ** ** * * ** ** ** * * ** ** ** ** * ** ** *

'* * * * * * * * * * ** **

1 g i ** ** * * ** ** * * * * ** * * ** *

'A * * 't * ** ** * ** *

K CO C ** ** "t * * * * * * * ** *

c _c *

* : * *

S3 > , ::

i 03 '5 o **| ** ^■ * ..1 *

a a o ** ** ** ** ** ** ** i* ** i* * * **

'I O •• **: *! ** ** ** ** ** * * * ** ** * ** * *

1 s: j £ **\ 1 *■'.■ ** ** ** :^::1c ** *

1 ' 1 i 1 ^ ^ < . . : . . ' 1 ; . . ** ! ! ** . . . . ** * 1 V ' * . . '. . * . . . . *

M y. X X ;i ** * * * * * ** * ** * * * * ** **

c c: *x « — X . ! ** * * * '* '* *' * ** ** * * * *

d

a a <

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

* *

* * * * ** * * * **

* * * **

** ** ** **

ii **

** * * * ** ** *

* * **

* * * ** ** 't **

'.'.

5 Tliis originated in South Carolina and differs from Ihe .Missouri Amelia.

18 Berckmans thinks it is the same as Sliangliae. 28 Heseiiibles Lemon Cling.

XXXI V

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEACHES.

D

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

52!

I

53J 54 55; 56 57 58! 5'J 60 61

63

63 64; 65 66

67, 68 €9, 70 71 73 73 74! 751 76 77 78i 79I 80 81, 83i f3 841 85;

87 88: 891 90! 911 93 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

lool

lOl'i 102! 103

104

105] 1061

107; 108 10il| 110; 111! 112

Kenrick's !Heatli 1. F.

Heath Freestone. ;

Keyport White ' 1. 1 F.

Lady Parliam m. F.

La Grange , 1. F.

Lari^e Early York ' m. \ F.

Large White Cling , 1. C.

Late Red Rareripe 1. F.

Late Admirable v. 1. F.

Lemon Cliug 1. ( !,

Leopold 1 1. F.

Leupold Freestone.

Louise ra. F.

Early Louise.

Malta 1

Mammoth Freestone v. 1.

Mitchell's Mammoth 1.

MoUl-n's White 1.

Montgomery's Late 1.

Ml.

m.

QQ	«
U)	0
<	iJ
yi	0
0	0

w.

w. w.

w.

y- g- y- y-

1.

m.

I.

F. F. C. F. F. F. F. F. C. F. C. C. F F F. F. F. F. C. F. F. F. F.

C. F. F. C.

o

Ill- j-

j. V.

s. j h. s. j. h.

s. j. s. j. h.

m. \\.

j- ^■

j- ■^•

m. j. m. j. r.

<

C5

00

O

Am.

Am. Am.

V. L. V.L. V. L. Am. V. E. ! Am.

L. M.

M. L. M.

M.

Am. Am. F. Am.

F.

Eng.

F.

Morris' White Mountain Rose

Noblesse

Nugent's Ju^e , Oldmi.xon Free

Oldniixon Cling 1.

Pavie de Pompone 1.

Petite Imperial 1

Pic-quett's Late 1.

President 1.

Prince of Wales 1.

Princess of Wales 1.

Pucel le de Malines 1.

Raymond Cling I 1.

Red Cheek Melocoton ! 1.

Reeves' Favorite 1 .

Richmond m.

Rivers ! 1.

Early Rioerx.

Rodman's Cling 1.

Royal George m.

Salway 1.

Scott's October m.

Shockley's Early

Smock 1. F.

Snow m. F.

Snow's Orange m. j F.

Stump the World j 1. F.

Strutevant I m. F.

Strawberry m. F.

Suscjuelianna 1. F.

Thurl)er 1. F.

Tillotson 1. F.

Early Tilli'lKim.

Tippecanoe 1. I C.

Troth's Early m. I F.

Tuskena Cling, Lemon 1

A^an Zandt m. F.

Van ZandVa Superb.

Ward' Late 1. I F.

Ward's Late Free.

Washington Cling m. , C.

Waterloo !l-m.' F.

Wheatland 1. F.

Wheeler's Early s. 1 F.

White Imperial I m. [ F.

111. ; F.

1. I F.

1. F.

g. w.

w. w. r.

w.

w.

w.

y- !■■

g-

w. w. w.

y-

w.

w. r.

m. J.

s. j.

m. j.

m. j. r.

s. j. s. j.

■;:j;i,v

m. j. r.

m. .i. m. J. V.

s. j. m. j. r.

ni. j. m.j. V.

m. j.

L. L. L. M. M. M. V.E. M. M. L. L. M. M. M. M. M.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F

F.

Am.

I.— N.DiT.

	Jli
	0
-rt	&
H	D
	pq	d^

K,2 !> &!.2'&|S

I o a; i oi a; I a*

z; |zi S 2i ^

y- y- '■•

w. p. y-

w.

w.

y- r-

V.

m. j. 111. j. m. r.

i- V.

m. j. r. m. j.

g. ' M.

g. M.

r. i M.

r. E.

r.

1 b E.

M.

i V. L.

Am. Ami. Am. Eng.

Am.

P.

Am.

y-

w.

y-

w.

J- ^■

s. j.

m. j. s. j. h. s. 3. h.

m. h. s. j. V. m. j. r. m. j. 1.

j. V.

s. j.

L. M. M. L. M. M. M. E. V.E.

L. E.

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am. Am.

w. w.

Yellow Alberge ,

Yellow Rareripe

Yellow St. John

Fleita's, Flafer'.H St. John.

y- '■■ w.

y- w. r.

w.

y- y-

m.j. r. r. j. s.

m. j-

s. j. s. j. h.

m. j. m. j. r.

s. j.

r.

M. L

r. L.

g. V. E.

r. M.

...i V. E.

g. E.

g. , E.

g- E.

g. ; V. E.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

An,.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

«

* ft

*

05 I{e.semliles Heath Cling, butlater.

105 One of the earliest.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEACHES.

XXXV

Between 43 " and 49 °

II.— Central Division.— Between 35° and 42 ■>

lII.-8.Div.- Bet. 26

°&35<'

a a s 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 6.S 69 70 71 73 73 74 75 76 77 78. 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 103 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

a o c; V a a 6

O >> & * * * * * * * * * ** * ** * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * *

o a o * *

1 * ** * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * ;; * * * ** '* * * * * * * *

CO c X

i a- d a :: ;; ..

as o Q

as a S c o S

c ai T3 •■1

d c as

a o i

.5 '5 1 en C c "* * * * 'i * ** * * ** * ** ** * * * * *

i ** '* * * * * * * * * * * *

X "Z * ** * * ** ** * 't ** ** * * ** ** * ** * *

d Q a •a * * ** * * t t ** ** * * * * * ii * * * *

•3 'So * * * ** * * * ** ** ii * * * i* ** ** * * *

03 a o f o * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * ** * *

.2 5 * ** * * * t ** * ** * 't ii ** * * * * ** * *

OS C .2 ■3 c ** * * * * '* * ** * * * * * *

'3 t > ** ** ** .. ** i* *

o ** ii * ** * i * * ii *i ** \\ * *i * ** ** ** **

6 a c ii * ■i ii ii ** ** * * * ** ii _

en '5 * i * i i t ** ** ** ie* *; i * * ii * * i

OS

•c 3 £ m * ** "i * * i * * * '* * '* * * * ■i i * i * i * *

M X) ;; '■'■ 't *

i m a a 'i * 'i 't * 'i ;; t 'i * * * * i *

d O 3

n i ■i "i * i

•a CO > * ■

03 "a a O ii * i * * ii, ** * ** '*i *i *• 'i ■»* ii i

* a 1 1 s & it* ii ;: ** ** * ii ** •• ': ** ii * ** ** i*

OS c * i* * * ** * ii ii ** *i * * ** * * ii i*l * ** * * * * * i * * **

03 3 a OS < ** ii ii * ** ii ■f ii ii ii * 'i if*

03 O

1" % g a .. ::

□ ««) ** * "i ii * * ** ** i ** ** * * * ** ii| ifif ** ** **

'a. CL ii * * ii * ii * ii ** ** * * ** * * ** * * * i **

03 □ ■a I ii * ii -. '* i * * * * i 'i •i * * *

S * ii ** ii * ** ii ** ** ** ** * ** * ** 'i ** ** ^■ ii

s 12;

a s

XXXVl

CATALOGUE OF FEUITS — PEARS.

XIV-PEARS.

The columns e.xphiia as follows: Size— s., sm.ill ; 1., large; m., medium. FonM— p., pyriform ; r. o. p., roundish obtuse pyriform ; r. a. p., roundish acute pyriform ; ob. p., obtuse pyrform ; ob. o. p., oblong obtuse pyriform ; r., round- ish ; r. ob., roundish obtuse. Color— y. g., yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet red cheek ; y r., yellow and russet; y., when mostly yellow or yellowish. Qu-\i.ity— g., good ; v. g., very good ; b., best. Use— P., valuable family dessert; K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market. Season— S. summer ; L. S., late summer; A., autumn; E. A., early autumn; L. A., late autumn; W., winter. Origin— Eng., Lnglish ; Am., American; F., French; Fl., Flemish ; B., Belgium ; H., Holland.

DESCRIPTION.

9 10 11

12 13 14 15

16 17

18

19

20

21 22

23

24 25 26

27 28

29 30 31

32 33 34

35

36 37 38 39

NAME.

Q

a

Abbott . . Amanlis .

Beurre (TAinaidin

Ananas d'Ete

Andrews

Angouleme ..

Anjou . . . . Ansault . . Bacliman

Duchesne cVAixjouleme.

Beurre d'Aiijoti.

Bonne du Putts Ansiiull.

Dr. Bachman (loral.)

oil. p. y. r. V. g. F. E. A.

r <). p. y.g. g. M. E. A.

p. y.g. V. g. F. M. E. A.

p. y-g. V. g. F. E. A.

u. b. o. p. y. V. g. F. M. A.

ob. p. y.g. V. g. P. M. L. A.

L. S.

Bartlett

Baronne de Jlello m.

Belle Lucrative m.

Fondante d'Automne.

Bergen i .

Beurre Goubadlt m.

Beurre Piecoce m.

Bilboa m.

Oolden Beurre of Biihoa.

Bloodgood ui.

Bordeaux mi.

Duchesse de Bordenur.

Bosc 1.

Beurre Bosc.

Boussock I 1.

Doyenne Boussock.

Brandywine m.

Brialmont 1.

Brignais m.

Beurre de Brignais, Des Nonnes.

British Queen 1.

BuHum m.

Caen de France ' m.

Catillac 1.

Cliambers m.

Clairgeau j 1.

Beurre Clairgeau.

Clapp's Favorite | 1.

Columbia 1-

Comice 1

Doyenne du Comice Dallas

	Ol)	P-	y- '■■	b.	F. 1
0	b. r. a r. o	o. p. ■ !>■ • P-	y- '■• y'g	V- g- '■• g- b.	P.M. F. M. P.

Dana's Hovey

Dearborn

Dearborn's Seedling

Diel

Beurre Diel.

Dix

Doyenne d'Alencon

Duclness Precoce

Easter Beurre

p. y. r.

ol). r.

ol). p.

P-

r. o. p.

r. ob. ob. p.

r. ob.

ob. p. r. o. p.

ob. p. r. a. p.

ob. p. P-

o. b. o. p. r. o. p. r. o. p.

ob. p.

r. ob. p.

r. p.

r. ob. p.

ob. p.

r. p.

p. y. r.

r. ob. p.

y- g- g- g-y- g- y-i-- g- y- '>'• .g-

y. r. V. g.

y- 1- g-

y.r. 1). y. r. V. g.i

y-g-v- g-'

y.r.;v. g.]

y. V. g.'

y-'\^- g-

ly-g-l g-

!y.r.v. g.

y- I g-

i y- , g-

; y '"-I g-

I y-g' ^- g' I y- ' s- y-g- •*■

y-g-

y-g-

y-

y.r.

y. y.r.

y-g-

y- 1"-

b. "■ g-

g- V- g-

F. M.

P. P.M.

P.

P. M.

P. M.

P.M.

F. M. [ P. M.

■' P.

P.M.

M. P. M. K. M. P. M.

M.

P.M.

I M. K.

F. M.

P. M. P. P.

P.M.

P.M.

P. M.

F. M.

F.

L. S. E.A. E.A.

E.A.

L. S.

S. E.A.

S.

w.

L. A.

E.A.

S. A.

E. .A.

Am. B.

II.

Am. F.

Am.

Eng. B.

PI.

Am. P. P.

Am. P.

B.

B.

Am. B.

I.— N. Div.

& .1

= 'S

< — ■ .— ro ti fl X

^^i iJ5 'l^ ;:z; > 'S ;Ph

A, E.A.

W.

W.

S. L. A.

S.

w.

L. A.

L. A. W.

S.

L. A.

L. A.

W. E.A.

W.

Eng. Am. ! P.

P. Am.

P.

Am.

Am. P.

Am. Am. Am.

B.

Am.

P. B.

t..

t- -■ t-- *••

«9|C 4:*, **,*;)( I**

4= *, ;le**j*4: I •i^'t^ -Pi ^ , St* I T^'l^

I**

I*::

* *

*

*

**

** *

11 Not profitable for market.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEAKS.

XIV-PEARS.

XXXV]]

The columns explain as follows: Size — s., small; 1., large; m., medium. Form— p., pyrifonu ; r. o. p., iDuodisli obtuse pyriform ; r. a. p., roundish acute pyriform ; ob. p., obtuse pyrform ; ob. o. p., oblong obtuse jiyriloi-m ; r., round- ish; r. ob., roundish obtuse. CIolor — y. g., yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet red cheek ; y )■ , yellow and russet; y., when mostly yellow or yellowish. Quality — g., good; f. g., very good ; b., best. UsK—F., valuable family dessert; K. M., kitclien and market; F. M., family and niarket. Season — p. summer; L. S., late sumiDer ; A., autumn; E. A., early autumn; L. A., late autumn; W., winter. Origin — Eng., Lnglisli ; Am., American; F., French; Fl., Flemish; B., Belgium; H., Holland.

Between 42 ° and 49 °

1 II.— Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 43 °

1 III.— S. Div.— 28 ° and 35 °

1 1 '

1

I

1

1

1

6

\a.

1

1

1

1

1 1

cd

' ?->

I

1 1

!

03

Q

lh

°

C 1 . i

^ 5

^ •§ -Sf § z; o ^ ^

53 1 0/ o c i

*— 1

33

a g

1 o 12 oil c

1 d fib CL O

□ > c a

■-3

i|

«3 ■a c X 1

>

1- O It: o

.£ ,5

C3 C i''3 Q 1— 1

£

CO to a a (U

. .2 'o h5

1

1

CO K CO C

-5 33

5

33 ■3 >

"p o s s « c O iiCID

33 0

C3 1^

• ^ 1 i a i ^ - a- M ■ « 1

a.

c o <

1 .. *

*

*

2 .. *

*

*

*

1

1 *

....

3 .. ***...

t

.1

4 ''..:..

*

t

*

*

*

5 * «* *,**!

..

* **

**

**

**

** * ** 1

*» *

**

**

**

**

*

**i**!**i * 1 i

**' **

****

* ** * **

g ** ** * **

* **

**

*

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1 '

*: *

*

**

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1 i i **j**j** *

*! **

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* * * **

7 .. * ..

t ..

8

..

*

y ** ** * ** *

*

** **

** **

**

** ** ** ** **

**

**

**

*

**

**

**

*

** **

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** * * ** *t-

10 .. *

*

..i:;^ *'..!..'..

'

. . 1. .

J 1 *****

. . ' *

**

**

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**j** ** * **

*• *

*

. . ' *

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**

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12

**

.

13

*

*

* * *^:

14

:i:

15 . . * . .

*

*

*

:;■

^;

*

16 .. * *

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

**'

*i *

**

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**

*

t

*

* !** *

*

17

t

+

*

. . j. . . .

t

■■

..i ..

18 * ** * * . .

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

■A--

**

19 ***| *

* . .

*

**

*j< * * _ **

* **

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

■ * . .

20 .. * *

*!• •

.. *

. .

**

*i..I *l *

*

* t .

*

■i *

21

1

•■ tl--

1

..L.

23 . . * . .

*'. .

* . .

' *

-.i: *H.:

23 . . * . .

*

24 * * *

*

*

* * *

* *

*i *l * *

* *

*

*

*

* ** *

■A- '

25 . . * . .

. . 1 . .

28 . . * . .

,

..|..-..'| *

*.. ..:..

1_

27

L

1

**

t

28 * * *

*

*

**

*

**

* *

t

* *

*

*

+1

••

*:»;**

**

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29 *** *

* +

*

**

*

*

*

*

t t

*

t

*

*

t

**:

■ •■•if,;* *

** -'-;■

30 .. * *

*

*

*

*

'**

.. ..'..il..(..

1 ^

31 * * ..

*

*

..

. . ' * ' . .

32 . . * . .

if.

f

'

33

***

*

*

*

*

1

.,||..l

34

*

*

*

*

..

t

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*•

*

*

35

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*'■ . .

*

, , ■

*i

*

*

**

36

*

*

*

37

*

*

1

*

*

1

**l

**

*

-

38

• ■1

1

..

**

89

*

*

*

••

••

•-

t

*

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*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

*

*\ .

(=*'

*

*

*

*

39 I'.equires very high cultivation.

XXXVill

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEA] IS.

DESCRIPTION.

l.—S.DiY.

NAMES.

£

40,

41

42

4)

44

4.i 4ij 47 4S

49 50 51 52

58 54 55 56

57 58 59 CO

CI 62

es

64 65

ee

68 C9 70

79 80

81 82 S3

84 85 86

87 88 89

~ i =- k °

c 5 £ *s 5 M

^ ca i s = = «

c =1- =^ a. 0/ ^ J

Z ^; S Z, > ^ K

Eastern Belle ni .

Emile d'Hejst 1.

Epine Dumas ni.

Belt E]nne Dumas, Due de Bordeaii.

Flemish Beauty 1.

Fontenay m.

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee.

Foster's Seckel s.

Frederick Clapp ni .

Fulton ^.

Giffard m .

Beurre Giffard.

Glout Morceau 1 .

Goodale 1.

Gray Doyenne ni.

Hardy 1.

Beurre Hardy.

Harris iii .

Helen Gregoire ni.

HeDkel...T 1.

Hosenschenk m.

Moore's Pound.

Howell 1.

Jaminette ni.

John Williams ni.

Jonah 1.

Winter Jonah.

Josephine of ilalines ni.

Julienne s.

Kieffer ].

Kingsessing 1.

Kirtland m.

Knight Ill .

KnighVs Seedling.

Langelier m.

Beurre TMngelier.

Lawrence ni.

Le Conte I.

Lindlej' ni.

Dr. Lindley.

Louise Bonne of Jersey 1,

Madeleine m.

Madame Andre Leroj' 1.

Madame Eliza 1.

Madame Treyve ni.

Manning's Elizabeth s.

Marie Louise ].

Margaret m.

Petite Marguerite.

McLaughlin 1.

Merriam m.

Mount Vernon ni.

Napoleon 1.

Onondaga 1.

Swan's Orange.

Osband's Summer s.

Ott s.

Paradise of Autumn ].

Paradis 'd Automne.

Passe Colmar 1.

Pinneo or Boston , s.

Poiteau 1.

Nouveau Poiteau. i

oil. p. oh. 1). r. o. p.

r. ob. p. r. a. ]i.

oil. p.

r. ob. p.

r. ob.

P-

ob. p. oil. p.

r. ob. p.

o. 1). o, p.

r. o. p.

r. ol). p.

r. ob.

r. p. 1'. oil.

V. r V. g. y. 1. liT

y. g. V. g. y- r. V. g.

y. r. b.

>■■ 1' y. r. V. g.

y- ?■ \'- g-

y- g-

V. g. V. ir. y. r. h.

y g- \'- g-

y. r. V. g.

y- g- "•'■ g- y. r. V. g.

y- g-

y. g. V. g. y- r- g-

.... V. g. .... g-

F. F.

F.

F. M.

F. M

F. M. F. M.

F. F. M.

E. A. Am. L. A. B. L. A

E A. A.

E. A.

E. A.

A.

B. F.

Am. Am. Am. F.

1'. ob. p.

r. ob. r. o. p. oil. Jl.

r. ob.

r. ob.

y. r. V. g. y- g-

\ . r. g.

'y- g- y. r. V. g.

y- g-

F. :m.

F. M. F. M.

F. F. F.

M.

F. M.

F. M.

f! il'.

F. M. F. M. K. M. F. M. F. M. 51.

I.. A.

A. L A.

E. A.

E. A, E. A. E. A.

S.

E. A. W. AV. W.

AV.

S.

A. E.A. E.A.

A.

ob. p. y.

r. V.

F. M. W.

r. o. p. ob. p. r. ob.

ob. p.

P-

o. b. o. p.

r. a. p.

r. o. p.

ob. p.

P- ob. p.

ob. p. r. ob. r. o. p. ob. p. ob. p.

r. p.

r.

r. a. p.

r. o. p.

r. ob.

P-

y. r. V. g.

y- g-

y- g- -f- g-

y. g. V. g.

y- g- ■>'■ g-

y. r. V. g. y. r. V. g. y. r. V. g. y. r. V. g. y. r. r. g. y. g. b.

y- g- "•'■ g y- !•■ g- y- I- •r- g- y- g- y- g- ^-- g

y- g- ^- g- y- g- g-

y. r. V. g

y- g-

F M. M.

F.

F. M. F. M.

F. F. M.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F. M. F. M. F. M.

M. F. M.

F. F. F.

M.

"m.'

AV.

S. E.A.

E.A.

S. E.A.

A.

L. S. S. A.

S.

AV.

A.

L. A.

A.

S.

s.

E.A.

AV.

S. L. A.

Am. F.

Am. F. B. Am.

Am. Am. F.

F. F. F. B.

F.

B.

F.

Am. Am. Am. B.

L. A. Am.

Am. Am. B.

B.

Am.

B.

* t

* * *

******

* * t.. *

:t

Am.	* .	*** . .	**	*
Am.
Am.
F.	t--	*	t
Am.				* * *	*
Am.	t-	t	* .	*
F.				*

*	***** *	*	*
	*
:: ..::,■■■■
	* *	*	*
	*	*
	*	*	*
	**	**	*
		*	*

* *l * *

* * *

** *i**! *

51 Fails in Eastern States. 59 Supposed to be Columbia. 68

58 An old variety ; very healtbj' and 61 Tiie finest late winter melting pear, 71 productive. where it succeeds.

A hardy tree; valuable.

Very productive and profitable.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEAKS.

XXXIX

Between 42° and 49 ° /.I.— Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 43 ° I| III— S. Div.— Bet. 28° & 35°

!£ f£ B p ;? 40 41 42 43 41 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 50 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 73 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89

3 <S a 5 * * * ** * * '* * *

o >< * * * * * * ** * * * * * * ** * ** * * * * ** * * * * ** * * * * * * * * *

.2 15 a O ** * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * *

d 33 ic * ! ** * * * 't * * * * * * * * * 'i * * * *

a ■s a o ** * * *

00 C *

5? c Q

a C3 a c

.2 g o

6 "a •a f-4

d a * * *

d & ?J * * * * *

1 > c a (2 't * * * * * * * * * * ** * ,'t '* * *

i * * * * ** *

% i: a * . . * * ■ ■ ** * ** ' ' ** **,** * * * * * * * * * *!** * * * . . '* ** * * * * * * *

*c > * * * ** * * ** * * **

OS a 1 5 o * * '* '*

1 03 a .2 -2 ** ** * * "* * * * * * * **, * * t * * * ** * ** * * * * * * * * * * '

h! 'St kL <U tT £> 0) .« .ifi to t> fj CO S £'§ ** ** * '*'** ' \ * * ** . . ** * * . '. . ti**!* * *** . . * * ** *

00 it t— I -H ** ** * '* * * *r* **:** t|.. . . * * * **[** *, * . . * r*;'* 1 * * 1 ' ***

■E s o * * * t * t * ; *

ea CO 01 ** ** * ** t * ** * "i ** *

X X to □ ** ■f * * 't ■f ** ** * i

6 ■a 73 _C o ** ■• ** ** '**

03 * * * *

93 « Of "

oe "3 "s O ** 'i * ** *' * * * *

CQ s 1 6 1 ** •■ * * ** * ** * *

pi * * * * ** * * * ** * * ** 1. . * < *

03 S X < * * ** ** '. ! *

1 * ^ .

f B a 1

to 03 to B a ** * * *

'c. ! CO » i * * * t * * + 1 *

i 33 1 * * * * ** *

a ■ * ** *

6 1 ' * 1

03 O N i r *

47 A hardy, productive trpe. 49 Unreliable at tlie Kortb.

73 Some say liable to blight. 77 A capital pear but unreliable.

78 Superior to Summer Doyenne. 80 Valuable for market.

xl

CATALOUUE OP FBUITS — PEAKS.

DESCUIPnON.

I.-N. Div.

a a p

90

91 92

93 94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108 109 110 111

112 113

114 115 116

117

NAME.

Pound

Belli Angevine, Winter Belt, Uveddie's St. Oerinnin. Pratt

Quimper

Sxipreme de Quimper.

Reading

Keeder

Br. lu'.eder.

Rostiezer

Riitter

St. Ghislain

St. Michael Archange

Seckel

Slieldon

Souvenir du Congres

Sterling

Stevens' Genesee

Summer Doyenne

Boycnne d' Jilt.

Superfin

Beurre Superfn.

Tlierese Appert

Triumpli of Jodoigne

Triomphe de Jodoigne.

Tyson

Upper Crust (local)

Urlianiste

Vicar

Vicar of Winlcfield, Le Cure.

Wasliington

White Doyenne

Virgalieu.

Wilbur

Willermnz

Winter Nelis

Windsor

Summer Bell.

m.

ui.

m.

1. ill.

).

s.

o

K o 1-1 o O

< P

o

X

m. m.

(ill. |). r. p.

oil. p. r. o. p.

P- r. oil.

P-

r. p. 1".

'■• p. y. r.

r.

i ''■ r. o. p.

1 '•■ P-

; ob. o. p. ■ ob. p.

r. a. p. r. P-

! ''■

ob. o. p. j ob. p.

i '■ <ib. ji.

ob. p. P-

y. 1. :

y. r. :

y.

b.

y. g. b. >■• g- V- g

y- g-j g- y-g-^ I'- y- g i^'- g-

K.M.

:\r.

F.

F. M. F.

F.

y. g.iv. g. F. y. g. V. g. F. " yr V. g. F.

y. r.iv.

F.

y. r.jV. g. F. y. g.jv. g F. M,

y. g. b g. riis. pour

F.

.V. g. f!'m.

y- ! g- K- M-

y. :V. g. F. JI. y. g.l b. F. M.

[

y- r.

y. r.] y- I'.

F.

M.

F. M.

M.

W.

E. A.

S.

\v.

L. A.

t>.

A. E. A.

A.

A.

A.

S. E. A. E. A.

S.

L. S. A.

S.

s.

A. W.

E. A. A.

E. A. W. W.

s.

Am. 15.

Am. Am.

~ 5. a ai 'O P I fc- CO O

3 te jS [■^ <> ,S X

* *

f ■ ■

H.			*i *
F.		*	** *
Am. Am. F Am.	* *	** '■■ ■*! *	* ** ** ***** .. * t *
Am.	*

F.
B
				*	* *
Am.
B.			*	* *	* *
F.	*		** ^;: *
F.			*
Am.			*
B.	1		1	*!
B.	* . .		*	*	*: * *

94 Delicious, but too small to meet the present market wants. 101 One of the largest and most beautiful melting peais. lOS A hardy tree.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEAKS.

xli

Betweea 43 ° and 49 °

11.— Cestrai. Division.— Between 35 » and 43 °

in.-

-S. Div.-

-Bet.3tio&35o

cs C3 S D 90 91 93 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 118 114 115 116 117

♦J 3 O *J V a c * ** ** * * * * *

z; * ** * * '* ** ** * * * ** ** * * * **

* * * * * * * * * * *

a 3) 't * * * * * * He * * * * *

.2 X C -A * * *

03 1, a c

-5

5

is

d o an :S * * *

5. 5 ** * * * **

7i 3 > i- 1 I * * * ■ * * * * * **

^^ S <u Z, * * ** * * ** *

s * * * ** * * * ** *

a 1 * ** * ** ** * * * * * * *

.2 "5 f > * * ** * * ** * * * *

X \ .2 ^ f'.2 :^ o ■• f . . ** * . . ** . . ** ** ''■ t * * ** * ** * * * *

1 '■3 * * ** * * * * * * * * * *

'3 > t ** * ** ** *

.a * ** ** * * ** ** '* **

a; i! ^r * ** * ** * * i* **

00 a 1 * ** ** * * * * * * * *

* * * * * *

.1 * * * * * *

si .5 * * * * * *

en 33 X c 33 ** * * * * * ** *

6 33 **

** * '_

A 3: > Zi * *

'? * * ** * ** * * * * * **

a % * ** ** ** ■* ** *

3! ii * * ** * * ** *

i * **

3! 5

O a c

2 X -< * * ' *

t "li * * ** * i t *

S3 a :i i Z JL *** * ** * . . . . ■*i:: i

> 25

a 1

113 One of the best, but variMble in the Eastern and Middle States.

116 Of rare excellence; requires aire ere profitable.

117 Of poor quality, but prolitable for market in some places.

xlii

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PLUMS.

XV-PLUMS.

The columns e.xplain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form — r., roundish ; o., oval; r. o., roundish oval: o. ob., oval obovate. ColOU — p., purplish or very dark ; r., reddish or copper color; y., yellow; g. y., greenish yellow; y. v., yellowish with shades or spots of red. Quality — g., good ; v. g., very good ; b., best. Use — F., family ; M., market. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Ouigin — Am., American; F., foreign.

DESCRIPriON.

NAME.

o o

< 1 C

o

CO

■<: a

3 S

Admiral

Bavay's Green Gage

llcitie Claude de Bavay.

Belgian Purple

Bleelier's Gage

Blue Imperatrice

Boddo

I.— N. Div.

J£ I ?•

i C

a ^

il

; La

>lS|=3

m. m.

r. o.

r. o.

o. ob.

Jtert .

y. g. r.

"•'■ g'

F.

F.M. F.M. F.M. F. M.

M.

M. L. JI.

F.

Am. F. F.

7

Boddwrt's Green Gage. Bradshaw

1. m. m. p. m. 1. 1. 111. m. s. m. 111. 111. 1. m. s, 1. in.

0. ob. 0. o. r. r. 0. r. o. r. 0. o. r. r. r. o. r. o. r. o. r. o.

r. p. y. r. r. y- '■■ 11- y- '■■ p- p- r. P- y. r. " P- V. r. g y- p- y- r. p. p-

g. M. V. g. F. s. F. M. g. M. V. g. F.M. V. g F. M. g. M. g. F.M. g- F. g- M. g. F. M. V. s..'. F. M. V. g. F. M. V. ST. F. M. g: M. g. F. g. F.M. g- F.

JI. L. V. L. L. L. L. M. M. M. L. E. E. M. M. E. E. E

Am.? F. Am. Am. F. F. Am. F. F. Am. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. F. Am. F.

* * '* ■ *

1 *l ' ' *l

8 q

Bryanstone Gage Canawa, Peach Leaved

• -1 *

:.'.. +.:

in

Cliiciiasavv

;:i-iri *:

11 12 IS

Coe's Late Red Coe's Golden Drop Columbia

ii

14

Copper

15 Ifi

Cruger's Scarlet Damson

"I'i ■1

.. *|..^..

17

De Caradeuc

18

De Montfort

If

De Soto

20 21 9,0,

Denniston, Denniston's Superb Domine Dull Drap d'Or

23 24 9,n

Duane's Purple Early Favorite Eldridge

*

26 9,7

Eltry Forest Garden

s. m. 1. 1.

o. r. o. r. o. r. r. r. 0. o. r.

p- r. P- g-y- g-y g-y- g- y- g-y- y-

g. F. M. v.V F. M. g. ' F. M. g. F.M. b. F. V. c. F.M. g: F.M. b. ' F. M. g. F.

E, M. M. M. E. M. M. E.

Eng. Am. F. Am. F. Am. Am. Am. F.

\

0,8

German Prune

**

*■ * * . '. * '*

t

0,9

General Hand

*

SO

Green Gage

**

*

*

31

Hudson Gaee

m. 1. 1. m.

33 33 34

Huling's Superb Imperial Gage Imperial Ottoman

*

* *

**

35

Indian Cliief

36 37

Italian Prune, Fellemhery Jefferson

111. 1. m. m. 1. m. ni. 1. in. 111. m. 111. 1. m. i. 1. 1.

o. 0. r. r. o. r. r. o. r. ob. r. obi. 0. r. 0. 0. r. r. r. o. r. o.

p- y- '•- y- '•- p- g- y- r. p. r. y- '■- r. g-y- p- 1-. !■- g- r. ,g-y- p- y. r.

g. F. M. b. F. M. V. g.^ F. g- F. b. 1 F. g. M. g- : F. )). F. M.

M. \ M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. E. M. M. M. E. M.

F. Am. F. F. Am. Am. j F. 1 Am.,' Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. F. P. P. F.

* "i *

'*

*

-■■:. *

*

38

July Green Gage

39

Kirke's

40 41

Lawrence's Favorite Lombard

*

**r*

* *

42 43

Long Scjirlet, Scarlet Gage McLaughlin

*l 1 .

*

44

Miner

g- g- g- g.

F.M. M. F.M. P. M.

*

*

1

45 40

Monroe Moore's Artie

* * *

* *

47

48 40

Nota Bene (Corse') Orleans, Bed Bamnftk

' I- g- i F. V. g.j F. M. g. ; M. g- ' M.

50

Oullin's Golden, OulUn^s Golden Gage

51

Peacli

59

Pond's Seedling, Ponthill

*

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS— PLUMS.

xliii

XV-PLUMS.

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; ui., medium; s., small. Form— r., roundish ; o., oval; r. o, roundish oval ; o. ob., oval obovate. Color — p., purplish or verj- dark ; r., reddish or copper color; y., yellow; g. y., greenish) yellow : y. r., yellowish with shades or spots of red. Qdalxty— g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Use— F., family: M.. market. Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin — Am., American; F., foreign.

Between 43 ° and 49 °

II. — Central Division.— Between 35° and 42°

III— S. Div.— 28 ° and 35 °

i a "A 1 2 H 4 5 e 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 25 20 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

3 O u (L C B 3 ** ** * ** ** * **

** * * * * ** * ** * * * * * * * * ** * * ** * * ** ** ** ** ** * * **

c i * * * * * *

a o * * * ** ** * \ * * * * * * * * * * ** 'i * *

a 'ji a 1

1 c

X

03 a

a

i

d 5 aC * * * * * * * *

□ ,t O * ** * * ** * i* *

_> >.. c c a* i '* 1 * * * * ** * t

>> CO S a; Z * * * i

* 'i * 1^

a ■a r * * * *

>

C8 "c u X :j C * * ■•

o * * * * * 'i * ** * i

X s * * * * * * .. '*

2 c I' > ■Ji ■* * ** ** *<: ** ** ■■

y * * *

i 0/ X :o 1 ** * * *

* * * * * * * * . * ;;

X * * * * * * ■ • * *

3 c ■Ji i * * *

s z; * ** * * *

X X X M * •* *

c f **

X 5 * * *

X > ::

X 'a "x O ** * *i ** *

a o 5 * . ■

03 * ** * *

X s X * *

i c

>> 1 c c

CO c < ** ** ** * * *

c i ** *

X c X c •i * ■*

CO S X •i "i! *

c o *x IS 5 ' 1

a o N

xliv

CATALOGUE OP FRUITS — PLUMS — QUINCES.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

.1.— N.Div.—

K P

S q3

1

o 5

>• < p

m

i DQ

2 S o

33 Tu > *

■? f. 3 s a: 2;

o3 c 1 * *

a- § a *

1 3 -a X XI 1

•a a •a o K

53

Prince Engelbert

1. m. m. m. HI. m. ni. 1 m. 1. m. g. 1. m. m. 1.

o. o. o. r. r. oh. r. 0. r. r. r. r. o. o. o. Ob. o. r. 0.

p- y. P- P P- g-y- p- p- p- r. r. P r. p. g-y- gy- y- '•• .

f- g- ^- g- b. \'- g- g- g- ^- g- g- s- g- V. g v.g. g- g-

F. M F. M. F. F. M. F. M F. M. F. M. M. F. M. M. F. F. M. F. M. M. M. M.

M. E. M. M. E. M. M. M. E. E. M. L. M. L.

F. Am. F.

f *

54 55

PriQce's Yellow Gage

50

Purple Gage Purple Favorite Reagles' Gage Richland Quackenboss Ko^'ale Hative

57 58 59 60 fi1

Am. Am. Am. Am. F. F. Am. Eng. Am. F. F. F.

* *

62 63

Royale de Tours Schenectady Catherine . .

64

Shropshire Damson

'*i"*

65

Smith's Orleans

**

66

St. Catherine . ... . .

1

■ ■

67 68

St. Martin, St. Martin's Quetsche Shar[5's Emperor, Victoria

*

69

Temple

70

Transparent, Transparent Gage

ni. m. 1. m s. 1.

r. ob. 0. r. o. flat. o. 0.

g-y- p- g-y- r. y- "■-

g- V. g. ^- g- g- g-

F. JI F. M. F. M. M. F. M.

M. M. M. M. M. M.

F. F. Am. Am. Am.

i **

**

*

*

71

Waugenheim

73 73

Washington Weaver

* *

*

74

Wild Goose

75

Yellow Egg, White Magnum Bonum

*

XVI-QUINCES.

The columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., m'ldium; v. 1., very large. Form — ob. p., oblate pyriform ; r., round, ish; r. ob. p., roundish obtuse pyriform. Color — y., yellowish or yellowish green. Qn.^LiTT — t., tender; h. t., half tender. Use — IC, kitchen; !M., market. Se.\son — E., early; E. to L., early to late. Origin — Am., American; P. foreicn

XA.MES.

Angers

Apple or Orange.

Champion

Chinese

Pear

Poi-tugal V. 1

Rea 1 1.

3 A new variety not extensively tested.

V. I,

DESCRIPTION.

S o

ob. p.

r. ob. p.

ob.

P-

ob. p.

r. ob. p.

<

P

t. h. t.

g- h. t.

g-

t.

b. t.

o

m <

M. K. EtoL, M. K.iE.toL. M. K.! L.

K. I M. K.i M. K.i M. K.i

L.

L. E. E.

F.

Am.

P.

Am.

F.

Am.

	I	—	N.	Div.
	ja		Oi
	o
	e		Oi		■»-'	•c
o o CO	a			S	93 1	■ffl ►-H
OS p.	s	□	^	b	CD CO	■S
o	a;		a-			a
2;	Z	^	^	>	^	»
*		■f			*
*		*	*		*	*
*

4 Large and valuable at the South, in strong soils.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PLUMS — QUINCES.

xlv

Between 43° aQci49°

11.— Ckntkal Division.— Between 35° and 42°

in.— S.Div.— Bet.28° &35°

si m a 3 z; 53 54 55 50 57 58 59 69 61 C3 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

5 V g * **

o z; ** * * ** * ** * * * * ** * * if* * * *

o 1 * * *

« i * * * * .. ** 't *

.2 *ao C i

g 0; a a ** *

53 O • ■

a 1 ::

■o

1 a * *

d a 0/ o ** *i *

'a a >■ ">, •J) 1 * ** * * * *

-s S * * *

3 s s * *

'J □ ■d *

2 '5 '5) *

d 33 o * **

6 O * * ** * * * *

a a as '■3 a * * * *

'S > ** *

o 3 a **

a> a a ** *

CQ *o a 1— 1 * * * * *

n * * 'i

3 O 00 X * * * ** *

.a CO X * * *

QO in a 33 4 ■ ■

d 1 S 6 * ** *

.d p * *

o3 •a s > a- 1?

33 "S ** *

B 1 o * * * * '*

t> 3 • • * **

a I < * '* * **

p ,0) "a a **

CO i a

'E. i 'x X * **

S3 a *x '5 * *

03 33 ** * **

5 a; z;

0) a o N

XVI-OUINCES.

The eolumns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; v. 1., very large. Form — ob. p., oblate pyriform; r., round- ish; r. ob. p., roundish obtuse pyriform. Color— y., yellowish or yellowish green. Qu.\LiTy—t., tender ; h. t., half tender. Use— K., kitchen ; M., market. Se.\son—E., early; E. to L., early to late. Origin— Am., American; F., foreign.

Between 42 ° and 49 °

II.— Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 42 °

III.— S. Div.— 28 ° and 35 °

pi n S u 1 3 3 4 5 6 7

3 u 1 a a o * * * * *

o & Z5 * ** **

33 a O *

a u 3 o * * *

a a o

o 33 a> a a 3

2 o 53

a

60 a a 3 >>

6 ■a

a 2 a

a io CL 5

03 "a > a a * * * * *

CO V a) *

& a * *

d Q •3 a 33 3

.2 'a > *

a 33 S * t

6 o * * * * **

si a 33 a **

33 'a '1 > J. *

3 3 0)

03 33 a a * ** "i

CO 2

33 o

3 O § '*

... CO 33 z; *

CO i *

d O

5 5 '*

33 > 33 25

a .3 **

03 a o 33 3

'5b 5 * * * * *

33 a s <

S3 'fc- O

£ •c E- c 03 C

CQ X CO a 33

1 'i * '*

33 a 3 *

s

6 o CD S5

1

xlvi

CATALOGUE OF FEUITS — RASPBERRIES.

XVII-RASPBERRIES.

Tlje columns explain: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Fou.M — r., roundish; r. c, roundibli conical; c, conical; ob. c, obtuse conical. Color — b., black; r., redisb; p., purplish ; y., yellow. Quality- — g., good; v. g._ very good; b, best. Use — M., most profitable for market; F. M., of value for family and market; F., mostly valued for the family dessert. Season — E., early; L., late; M., medium. Okigin — Am., American; F., foreign.

DESCKIPTIOK.

n s p iz;

1

2 3

4 5

6

7

9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

NAMES.

q

o

I

American Black (c), Doolittle .«

Brandywine, Susqueco n\

Caroline

Clarke

Cuthbert

Queen of the Market

Fastolf

Fontenay, Belle de Fontenay

Four Seasons Red 1

Merveille de Quatre Saisons, Ocioher lied.

Franconia 1

French m

Golden Queen 1

Gregg (c) V.

Hansell m

Herstine , 1

Hisililand Hardy ni

Hornet 1

Hudson River Antwerp 1

Imperial Red I ni

Knevett 1

McCormick (c) m

Mammoth Clunter.

Marlboro . . .• 1

Miama (c) m

Montclair

Ohio (c)

Ohio Everbearinn Orange

r. r. c. r. olj.

r. r. oli.c.

1'. c.

c.

r. c.

r. c.

r. r. c.

r. ob. ; ob. c. r. ob.c.

c.

('.

r. ol). c. ob. c.

r. c. r.

(c)

Brinckle's.

1. m.

m. I.

Palluau 1.

Philadelphia m.

Purple Cane (c) ni.

Reliance 1.

Shaffer's Colossal (c) v. 1.

Smith's (o) V. 1.

Souchetti 1.

Souliegan (c) m.

Superb 1.

Thwack 1.

Turner I m.

Tyler m.

r. r. r. ob. r. r. c. r. r. r. r. r.

b. r. V-

V.

r.

r. r. r.

l'- r.

y-

b. r.

r.

b. V.

v. g.

V. g.

V. .«■.

^'- K-

S-

•V. g.

h.

b.

b.

V. g.

r.	g-
P-	t^-
b.	S-
y-	g-
h
r.	^- g-
p. r.	g- 1
r.	S- 1
b.	V. g.i

M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M.

F.

P. F.

F. M.

F. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M.

F. M.:

F. F. M.

F. M. F. M.

F. M.I

F. M.

F. M

F.

F

AI.

M. F. M F. M F. M

F.

F. F. M, F. M, F. M. P. M.

M. M. M. E. M.

M. L. L.

M. M. M. M. V. E. M. E. M. M. M. M. L.

M.

M. M. M. L. M.

M. M. M. E.

I.— N.Div.

	-iS		0/
					m
c3	»		s		s
	p
o	n		>—
			X	n
	m	0)	K	C	o
		c		m
V	I		a	<]'	<K
Z.	^	s	3;	>	s

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am.

F. F. F.

F.

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. ! F. Am. Am. F. Am.

Am. Am. \ Am. Am. Am. Ami.

M.	F.
M.	Am.
M.	Am.
M.	Am.
M.	Am.
M.	Am.
M.	1 P-
	Am.

Am. Am. Am. Am.

* . . *j *, * *' * *

*; * * * * *

i*s-

' t

Note — Those designated thus (c) are varieties of Blackcap {Robus occidentalism

7 Best of Autumnal bearing sorts. 26 Valued for family use.

CATALOGUE OF FKUITS — EASPBERRIES.

xlvii

XVll-HASPBERRlE^

Tlie columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., iiiedium; s., small. FoKM^r., roundish; r. c, roundish coniciil ; c, conical; ob. c, obtuse conical. Color— b., black ; r., reddish; p., purplish; }'., yellow. Qu.\lity— g., good ; v. g., very good; b., best. Use — JI., most profitable for market; F. M., of value for family and market; F., mostly valued for the family dessert. Season— E., early ; L., late; j\I., medium. Okigin— Am., American; F., foreign.

Between 43 ° and 49 ° |

/I.— Central Division.— Between 35 ° and 42 ^

III-S.

Div.-

-Bet. 28° & 35^

m K) s 5 !? 1 2 3 4 5 (i 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 25 20 27 28 29 30 81 32 33 34 35 86 37 38

? K> c c ■* * t * * 't * * * i

Z, * * * * ** * * ** * * t * * ** * * * * is*

* * * "i *

g * i* * * * * * * * * * * ♦* * * 'i *

Q to u ** ** ** ** ** * ** * * t **

X i c .5 ** * ii * **

3 Q

5 5

s

1!

O **

"c > c a * ** ** * * * ** ** * * * * 'i '* *

X "S ? * * * * * ii ** * * * • • * i * ii *

C3 ** ** ii * t i ii ii

d * * * *

X ? i "i

□ O c * **

* * ** i * * ii * "i ii

* ** * i i

'5. > a i

c ** ii

0/ 0- J- s c -■^ ** i ii .. i * * **

** + ii * 'i

03 c * i ** i 'i i

1 i •■ * ** •i '* "" i **

03 « Of * ii i "i 't

6K, a ** * * ** ii ii * * ** ii * *

C c "c O ii i* ii i

*

> 12;

'5 o

58 c 1 C CO •i ** ** • • ii *

"u c ?. i* * *

•2

c

ii

X X < ** ..

X •— •X , S ~ c ■*:'* t-. * . .

i

o x 111

08 a o N <

xlviii

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — STRAWBERRIES.

XVIII-STRAWBERRIES.

ThecohiinnsexpliUQ: Size— 1., large ; s., small ; m., medium. Sex - H., bermapbrodite; P., pistillate. Color— d. c, deep ciiinson; d. s., deep scarlet; b. s., bright scrarlet ; w. t., whitish tinted with red ; 1. c, light crimson. Form— r. c. roundish conical ; o. c, obtuse conical or coxcomb form ; c, conical ; r., roundish ; r. o. c, roundish obtuse conical. P'lesh— s., soft; f., firm; m., medium. Season— E., early; 51., medium; L., late; E. L., early to late. Origin— Am., American ; F., foreign.

P

9i 10 j

11

13'

1.3 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24

25

26

27

28

29 30 31 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41

NAMES.

Bid well V.

Black Defiance 1

Captain .Tack

Champion

Windsor Chief.

Charles Downing

Col. Cheney

Crescent

Cumberland v.

Gumberlancl Triumph ■

Downer's Prolific m.

Duchess 1.

Duncan m.

Finch 1

Glendale 1

Great American 1

Gypsy m.

Hart's Minnesota m.

Hervey Davis 1

Hovey 1

Rovey''s Seedling.

James Vick lu

Jersey Queen v.

Jucunda 1

Kentucky 1

Manchester 1

Miner's Prolific v.

Miner's Great Prolific.

Monarch v.

Monarch of the West.

Mount Vernon '. 1

Neunan 1

Neunnn's Prolific, Charleston. Old Iron Clad 1

Phelps'' Seedling. I

Pioneer 1

Piper's Seedling i I

Primo m

Russell's Advance j 1

Seneca Queen 1

Seth Boyden 1

Sharpless v.

Shirts V.

Trinmphe de Oand 1

Triple Crown i 1

H. H. H. P.

Truitt's Surprise Wilder

Wilson

President Wilder.

Wilson's Albany.

H. H. H. H. P. H. P. H. H. P.

H. P. II. II. P. H.

H.

H.

H.

H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H.

H.

DESCRIPTION.

o

O O

b. s.

(1. r.

d. r.

d. c.

H. d. s.

P. b. s.

P. b. s.

H. b. s.

b. s b. b. s b. d.

c.

c. b. s. b. s.

c. b. .s. 1). s. 1). s.

s.

c.

b. r.

1. s. 1. s.

c.

s.

c. d. c.

r. b. r. b. c. 1. c. d. c. d. r. d. s.

d. c.

« o

r. c.

r. c.

r. c.

r.

c. r. c.

r.

o. c. r.

r. c.

r. c.

o. c.

r. c.

o. c.

r. c.

'4, O

H

c. j f. M.

r. o.c. f. M.

r. c. ' f. : L.

r. m. L.

c. f. M.

o. c. f. M.

r. c. in. M.

r. c. s. M.

m.

f.

f.

f.

f.

m.

E. E. E. M. L. M. M. E, M. M.

M. L. L. L. M. M.

r. o. C! m. c. , f.

r. c.

c.

r.

c.

o. c. o. c.

c. o. c.

c. o. c. r. o. c.

L. M.

Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am. Am. Am. Am.

Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. Am. .\m. Am.

Am. Am.

F.

Am. Am. Am.

M. Am.

Am. Am.

M. Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

P.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

m.	M.
	E.
	L.
	L.
m.	L.
f_	M. 1
	M.
	M.
	M.
	M.
	M.
	M.
f.	E. L.

I.— N . Div.

35

a. 0. ^

*1. . !. . i *

. . r *i '. [ *

* **

4 Valuable late sort. 14 Needs good soil and higli cultivation. 18 An old a^d highly valued sort.

27 Cbielly grown for market at Charleston and other points South. Quality medium to poor.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — STRAWBERRIES.

xlix

XVIII-STRAWBERRIES.

The coluiuns explain:. Size — 1., large; s., small; m., medium. Sex— H., liermaphiodite; P., pistillate. Color — d. c, deep crimson; d. s., deep scarlet; b. s., bright scrarlet; w. t., whitish tinted with red ; 1. c, light crimson. Foum — r. c, roundish conical ; o. c, obtuse conical or coxcomb form ; c, couical ; r., roundish ; r. o. c, roundish obhise conical. Flesh — s.,soft; f.,13rm; m., medium. Se.\so>; — E., early; M., medium; L., late; E. L., early to late. Origin— Am., American ; F., foreign.

Between 42

" and 49

0

11

—

Cektkal. Division

—

Between 85 °

and 42 °

lU.-

-S.Div.

-Bet. 26

°&3oO

a z; 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

*-> 3 B * ** * * * * * * * * * ** ** * * * 't *

>> i * * * * ** "i ** '* * * * * * * * * * * ** * * *

2 o * **

3 * * * * * * * * * '* * ** ** * * * * * * * * * **

J- ** * ** * ** ** ** **

3S * ** * * **

si

03 a

1) S * * * *

a & a. 1

> t ** * Jr. I i* .. * 'f **

-5 f z ** * * ** ** * * »* **

i t ** :■■■ * * ** ** * **

c ** * ** T

5 * * **

* * **

* :!: ** t * * * ** t **

c ** * t

33 "a

z *

0^ a; a * * * *

'c * "t

■f * .. ** * t **

■J. t. * * * *

2:; * * * *

CO ** * ** * ** * *

■3Z * * ** ** St*

t * *

s 'c 1 **

** ':: '* ** it **

* * **

'* * **

p ;; ■■ *

■5 * * " **

* ** * * **

=3 S * * 'i *

:;: \\ '* *

1

a o N <;

35 Has made a first rate record over a large portion of 41 Unrivaled as a market sort in most parts of the

the country. country. Quality poor.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS.

Catalogue:

OF

Native and Introduced Species of Fruits and Nuts,

' IJSr THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

Note— The following Catalogue is intended to include all species of introduced Fnu'ts and N^ds growing orculti- ▼ated in the open air in any part of the United States or the Dominion of Canada, that have proved to be or promise to be of value to the grower.

The "stirring" of this first table has necessarily been done with insufticient data, and any information that will help to perfect it or to make additions to the list itself will be thankfully received.

NAMES.

K

m p

1

2 3 4 5 (J

^!

9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19| 20 21' 23 23] 24 25 26 27

as

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

BOTANICAL.

COiMMON.

'■}■■

Achras sapota I Sapodilla Plum

Amelancier Canadensis I Service

Ananassa sativa , Pine Apple

Anona Cherimolia Cherimoyer

Anona squamosa Sweets-op

Anona muricata Soursop

Asimina.triloba Pawpaw

Berberis' vulgaris Barberry

Cactus opuntia Indian Fig

Carica Papaya West Indian Pawpaw .

Carya alba Shell bark Hickoiy . . .

Carya olivajf ormis Pecan

Carya sulcata Large Shell bark llick<

Castanea vesca European Chestnut

Castanea Americana I American Chestnut

Castanea pumila ■ Chinquipin

Citrus Aurantium Orange

Citrus Limonum Lemon

Citrus Limetta Lime

Citrus medica i Citron

Cocus nucifera ' Ccx-oa nut

CoryKis Americana American Hazel

Corylus Avellana Filbert

Corylus rostrata Beaked Hazei-nut

Cydonia vulgaris Quince

Cydonia Sinensis Chinese Quince

Diospyros Virginiana Persimmon

Diospyros Kaki Japanese Persimuum

Diospyros Te.\ana Black Persimmon

Briobotrya Japoiiica Loquat

Fagus ferruginea , Beech

Ficus Carica Fig

Fragaria vesca ' Alpine Strawberry

Fragaria Virginiana ' American Strawberry

Fragaria Chi'lensis South American Strawberry .

Gaylussacia resinosa , Black Huckleberry

Gaylussacia frondosa Blue Dangleberry

Grias caulifloni Anchovy Pear

Juglans cinerea i Butternut

Juglans nigra Black Walnut

Junglans regia I European Walnut

Laurus Persea Avocado, or Aiigator Pear . .

Mespilus Germanica , Medlar

Morus rubra I Ked Mulberry

Morus nigra i Black Mulberry

Morus alba ' White Mulberry.

Musa panidisiaca .1 Plaintain

I.— N. DiT.

'« M

o

^ iJz; IS [a

j C I X 1^

N.

* *i * *

3

a ■a

N.

N.

N. N.

N. N.

N.

N.

N.

N.

N.

N. N. N. N. N.

N.

N.

N.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS.

Catalogue:

OF

Native and Introduced Species of Fruits and Nuts,

IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

Note — The following Catalogue is inteudetl to include all species of introduced Fruits and JS'uta growing or tulti- ▼ated in the open air in any part of the United States or the Dominion of Canada, that have proved to be or promise to be valuable to the grower.

The "starring" of this first table has necessarily been done with insufficient data, and any information that will help to pel feet it or make additions to the list itself will be thankfully received.

Between 42 ° and 49 °

JI. — Central Division. — Between 85 ° and 42 °

III— S. Div.— Bet. 2S° & 35"

i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 !) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 33 24 25 26 27 28 29 80 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

3 □ s o i * * * * * if * * *

S * * * * '* * *

a O * * * "i * * * *

1 c .§• s * * * * * * '* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

d 3 O X * * * * '* * * *

s a a ;; * * ■

:3 O *

3 ■•

a S o

6 ■3 - *

a o bn a '*

d & t O * *

3 > a a V * * * * * * * '* * * * *

£ 0) * * * * * * * * * *

5 & Q '* * * '* * * * '* * * * * * * * * *

Q ■a □ .3 ">> ■* •• * '* * * * * * *

'a > * * * * * * :: * * "* * * * '*

03 a "3 '3 o .a 3 * * * * * * * '* '* * * *

.2 3 O * * * * * * * * * * *

53 a * * * * "* "i "i '* 'i '* '* *

'3 > * * * * * * * * * * * ill

^£ * * * * * * ■■ * * *

<h X CA 0^ a a (D :: * * * * * * *

'JO 3 a * * * * * * * * * * * *

o * * * *

o .2 * 'i * * * * * * * * * *

Z3 0) ;: * * '* * *

CO □ '*

6 £ o •• "*

5

33 -3 53 > Zi

53 "3 ■53 * * * *

03 a 1 03 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '* * * * * * *

* "i * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '* * * *

03 3 33 .a < * * * * : * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

33 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

B *n at a '■B * * * * * * '* * *

S! Q < * 'i '* * * * * * * * * * '* * * * * * *

'E. 'x cn i * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * t * * *

53 B 53 'x * * * :: * * * * * * * * *

x * * * ■ ■* * * * * * * * * * *

6 u 0) & It * * * * *

03 a 0 •< *

lii

CATALOGUE OF FKUITS AND NUTS.

I.— N. DiT.

NAMES.

p

BO TANIC'AL.

48

49

50

5L

53,

53

54

55!

56'

57

58

59

60

61

63

63

641

65

6Gj

67

08

69 1

70

71,

72'

73

74'

75

76

77

78'

79;

80!

811

82

83'

84

85

86'

87

88

89

90

COMMON.

a 3

o

N.

Musa .eapientuni Banana . . .

Olea Europea Olive

Pliojaix ductylifera 1 Date Palm .

Podophylluin peltatum May Apple .

Primus ( Amygdalui") cominuuis : Almond ,

Prunus (Amygdalus) Persica ' Peach i

Primus Armenlaca ^ Apricot

Prunus domestica I Garden Plum

Prunus iiiaratima \ Beach Plum ' N.

Prunus Americana Wild red and yellow Plum N.

Prunus Chicasa Chickasaw Plum , N.

Prunus cerasus Garden red Cherry (Morello, etc.) ,

Prunus avium Bird Cherry (Heart, etc ) '

Prunus pumila | Dwarf Cherry 1 N.

Psidium pyriferum j Guava i

Punica Granatum | Pomegranate .

Pyrus communis ] Pear

Pyrus Mains ' Apple

Pyrus pruuifolia j Siberian Crab >

Pyrus coionaria ■ American Crab N.

Pyrus rivularis i Oregon Crab N.

Ribes Grossularia j English Gooseberry ,

Ribes hirtellum j Houghton Gooseberry, etc i N.

Ribes rubrum i Red Currant ] N.

Ribes nigrum 1 Black Currant ' N.

Rubns occidentalis ' Black Cap Raspberry N.

Rubus Idceus I European Raspberry

Rubus strigosus I Wild Red Raspberry N.

Rubus villosus ; Blackberry N.

Rubus canadensis 1 Dewlien-y N.

Shepherdia argentea j Buffalo Berry N.

Tamarindus Indica Tamarind

Vaccinium Pennsylvauicum | Dwarf Early Blueberry N.

Vaccinium canadense : Canada Blueberry N.

Vaccinium corymbosnm j Swamp Blueberry N.

Vaccinium tenelum Soutliern Blueberry ^ N.

Vaccinium raacrocarpa American Cranberry N.

Vitis vinifera

Vitis Labrusca

(U
		CO
		^
r
X
&	a	!!i
OJ	0'	K
^	>	g
—	—	—

* . .' * *

*

*i *)

European Grape

Northern Fox Grape (Concord, etc.) , N.

Vitis tcstivalis '• Summer Grape (Flerbeniont, etc.) | N.

Vitis cordifolia j Winter Grape (Clinton, etc.) N.

Vitis vulpina ! BuUace Grape (Muscadine, etc.) ! N.

Zizvphu~ s .tivus , .Tu.iubp

*i *i * *i * *

*! *| *

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS.

liii

Between 43 ° and 49 ° ' 11.— Central Division.— Between 35° and 42°

III.— S. Div.— 28 ° and 35 °

i p )z; 48 49 50 51 58 53 54 65 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

3 o •§ a c a "* if * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '* * ••

O ;>! % •i "i * * * * * * * * * : * *■ "i St: * *

.2 33 C o * * * * 'i * * * * * * * * * * *

a 3 o i * * * * * * * * "* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

i * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "* '* *

a- Q c * * * * '* '* * '* *

CO O * * * * * * * * * *

eg a a '* "* * '* * *

ti a a c t * * '* '*

6 OS ■a * *

a .1 J3 CD 33 * * '* * * * * * * *

a bn ?- O * * * "i * * * * * * * *

33 a si > 1 □ n * * * * * * ' * * * * * * * * * * 1 * *

>> a> i~ <v >s & 1- * "i * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Q * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

93 "a '5, u > * • • * * * '* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

= 5 t o * '* * * * * * * * * * * 'i * * * * *

.2 O * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 'i * *

OS C a 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

> * * * * * * * * * * "i * * * * * .. * *

a * * * * * * * * * "i * * * * * * * *

<6 $ en * a a '* "i * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

.2 'S * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

03 fl O (— ' * '* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

3 O * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

03 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '* * *

S3 en * * * * * * * * * * "* * * * ■ • * * *

6 •a oe t.. _c ■3 '± * * i * * * * * * * * * *

3J '* ** * * * * * * * * * *

33 •a > - ** * * •• * * * * * *

s 0 * ** ** * * * * * * * * *

05 C 1 '6 3 * * * * * * + * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * j*

33 ■& 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

OS a < * * * * * * * * * * * * * '* * * * * * * * *

1 * * * * * * * * "i * * * * * * * * * * *

c as a ■• * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

S .=■ S S Jl * * * '* '* * * * * * * *1 * * * * * * * * * *^ * ■ * r ' . . * * * * * * * * * * '* *|* *' * *: *

i I * * * * * ■* * * * * * * * * * *

® ^ s. * . . * * * ** * * '* * * * * * *i * *| * *' * * * . * * * . . * *

08 a 0 < * * ** *

CHANGES IN NOMENCLATURE.

Tlie followiag lists comprise all the names whicli have been cbiinged in the Society's Catalogue:

APPLES. NAME KE.JECTED. NAME ADOPTED.

American Golden Pippin American Golden.

American Summer Pearman American Summer.

Carolica Red June Carolina June.

Chenango Strawberry Chenango.

Cooper's Early White Cooper's Early.

Cox's Orange Pippin Cox's Orange.

Danver's Winter Sweet Danver's Sweet.

Duchess of Oldenburg Oldenburg.

Early Red Margaret Early Margaret.

Hubbardston Nonsuch Hubbardston.

Jewett's Fine Red Jewett's Red.

Kentucky Red Streak Kentucky Red.

King of Tompkins County Tompkins King.

Kirkbridge White Kirk bridge.

Large Yellow Bough Sweet Bough.

Marquis of Lome Lome.

Marston's Red Winter Marston's Red.

Otoe Red Streak Otoe.

Pleasant Valley Pippin Pleasant Valley.

Pyle's Red Winter Pyle's Winter.

Striped Sweet Pippin Striped Sweet.

Tewksbury Winter Blush Tewksbury Winter.

Twenty Ounce Apple Twenty Ounce.

CHERRIES.

Bigarreau of Mezel Mezel.

Early Purple Guigne Early Purple.

Empress Eugenie Eugenie.

Knight's Early Black Knight's Early.

C0RRANTS.

Fertile 'd Angers Angei-s.

Fertile de Paliuau Palluau.

Knight's Large Red Knight's Red.

La Versaillaise Versaillaise.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Smith's Improved Smith's.

Woodward's Whitesmith Whitesmith.

GRAPES.

Hartford Prolific Hartford.

FOREIGN GRAPES.

Calabrian Raisin Calnbrian

Early Silver Frontignan Silver Frontignan.

Lady Downes' Seedling Lady Downes.

Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat Mrs. Pince's Muscat.

Wilmot's Black Hamburg Wilmot's Hamburg.

PEACHES.

Amsden's June Amsden.

Austin's Late Red Austin's Late.

Cole's Early Red Cole's Early.

C'lok's Late White Cook's Late.

Crackett's Late White Crackett's Late.

Early Albert Albert.

Early Beatrice Beatrice.

Early Louise Louise.

Early Rivers Rivers.

Early Tillotson Tlllotson.

PEACHES. NAME REJECTED. NAME ADOPTED.

Barker's Seedling Barker.

Hoover's Late Heath Hoover's Heath.

Van Zandt's Superb Van Zandt.

Ward's Late Free Ward's Late.

PEARS.

Belle Epine Dumas Epine Dumas.

Beurre Bosc Bosc.

Beurre Clairgeau Clairgeau.

Beurre d'Amanlis Amanlis.

Beurre d'Anjou Anjou.

Beurre de Brignais Brignais.

Beurre Diel Diel.

Beurre GifEard GiSard.

Beurre Hard}- Hardy.

Beurre Langelier Langelier.

Beurre Superfin Superfin.

Bonne du Puits Ansault Ansalut.

Dearborn's Seedling Dearborn.

Doyenne Boussock Boussock.

Doyenne d'Ete Summer Doyenne.

Doyenne du Cornice Comice.

Dr. Bacbman Bachman.

Dr Lindley Lindley.

Duchesse d'Angouleme Angouleme.

Duchesse de Bordeaux Bordeaux.

Golden Beurre of Billboa Billboa.

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee Fontenay.

Jo=iephine de JIalines Josephine of Malines.

Knight's Seedling Knight.

Louise Bonne de Jersey Louise Bonne of Jersey

Nouveau Poiteau Poiteau.

Paradis d'Automme Paradise of Autumn.

Petite Marguerite Margaret.

Supreme de Quimper Quimper.

Triomphe de Jodoigne Triumph of Jodoigne.

Vicar of Winkfield Vicar.

Winter Jonah Jonah.

PLUMS.

Boddairt's Green Gage Boddffirt.

Denniston's Superb Denniston.

Oullin's Golden Gage Oullin's Golden.

Transparent Gage Transparent.

QUINCES.

Rea's Seedling Rea.

RASPBERRIES.

Belle de Palluau Palluau.

Belle de Fontenay Fontenay.

Knevett's Giants Knevetr.

Merveille de Quartre Salsons Four Seasons Red.

STRAWBERRIES.

Cumberland Triumph Cumberland.

Hovey's Seedling Hovey.

Miner's Great Prolitic Miner's Prolific.

Monarch of the West Monarch.

Neunan's Prolific Neunan.

President Wilder Wilder.

Wilson's Albany Wilson.

INDBX.

Pages.

Act of Incorporation 9

Adams, D. W., Remarks by 100

Altitude Affecting Fruits 33

Amelancliier Canadensis Tl, 75

Apple Scab 66

Apples, Classification of 35

Discussion on New 93

Apricots, Classification of 39

Arkansas, Report from 183

Augur, P. it., on Commercial Manures 84

Report by 134

Bailey, L. H., Paper by 130

Biinquei at Revere House 98

Barry, P., Letter from 11

Resolutions Concerning 64

On Color in Fruits 36

Barry, W. C, Statement of 122

Beal, Dr. W. J., on Classification by Flowers 40

Bequest by Mr. Wilder 9

Berckmans, P. J , Remarks by 99

Blackberry Improvement 75

Boggs, George, Report by 143

Bourn, J. H., on Color in Pruit.s 29

Report by 145

Brackett, G. C, Report by. '. 131

Brackett, G. B., Report by 129

Brakeley, John H., Paper by 113

Brown, Charles E., Report by 14:!

By Laws of the Society 10

California, Report from 123

Campbell, Geo. W., on Forests and Fruits 65

Cassell, \V. H., Report by 134

Catalogue of Fruits I

Suggestions About 77

Cherries, Classification of 39

Discussion on New 95

Ru.ssian 95

Classification of Fruits 34

Climate Effecting Color of Fruits 33

Color in Fruits 33

Influenced by Heat 31

Commercial Fertilizers 84

Committee, Auditing 12

On Business 12

Committee on Credentials 12

Exhibits 11

Nominations 13

Resolutions 13

Committees, Announcement of 11

List of Standing 4

Connecticut, Report from 124

Constitution of the Society 10

Cranberry Industry 112

Crawford, M., Paper by Ill

Cross Fertilization 21

Crozier, A. A., on Cross Fertilization 21

Secretary, pro tern 11

P.\GES.

Cultivation and Seed Production 120

Currant, Improvement of 75

r>eterioration of Small Fruits 78

Discussion on Peach Yellows 17

On Dwarf Jimeberry 73, 7.5

Forests and Fruits (iG

Fruits Running Out 83

Manures : 87

New Fruits 92

Russian Apple.e 62

Promising Table Fruits 76

Election of Officers 13

Excursion to Deer Islan<I 98

Exhibition of Fruits 88

Experiment with Tomatoes ]2l

Experiments with Apple Scab ' 68

Fertilizers for Fruits 84

Financial Statement 13

Flint, Charles L., Remarks by 99

Florida, the Place of Meeting, 1889 92

Report from 126

Foreign Fruit Committee 64

Forests and Fruits 65

Fruit Breeding and Seed Extinction 118

Catalogue I

Reports, State 123

Fruits and Forest Destruction 65

Discussion on New 92

Exhibited 88

Identified by Flowers 40

Report on New 89

Fuller, A. S., on Wild Fruits 74

Report by 138

Suggestions as Chairman 149

Furnas, A., Report by 128

Georgia, Report from 127

Gibb, Charles, on Russian Nomenclature 41

Gipson, A. E., on Altitude and Fruits 32

Gofl, E. S., on Apple Scab 68

On Wild Fruit Improvement 71

Gooseberry Improvement 75

Grape Essay by D. S. Marvin 13

Grapes, Discussion on New ' 97

Halsted, B. D., on Clolor in Fruits 23

Hape, Samuel, Remarks hy 100

Hart, E. H., Report by 126

Hart, Rev. Mr., Remarks by 99

Hatch, A. L, on Apple Scab, 66

1 [ayes, James M , Report oy 1 38

Ilexamer, F. M., Remarks by 100

Ilillman, S. D., Report by 132

Honesty in Testimonials Ill

Huckleberry Improvement 75

Hyposulphite of Soda for Apple Scab 68

Identification of Varieties 84

Iniliana, Report from 1S8

Insect Enemies 101

INDEX.

Pages.

Iowa, Report from 129

Juneberry, Dwarf 72, 75

Kansas, Report from 131

Lawton, C. W., Report by 147

Leete, B. F., Report by 140

Letter from P. Barry 11

Lindley, J. Van, Report by 141

LiiKlley on Color in Fruits 27

Lintner, J. A., Paper by 101

List of Members fi

Standing Committees , 4

Loring, Geo. B., Remarl^s by lOU

Lyon, T. T., on Peach Yellows 10

Marvin, D. S., on Grape Fertilization 13

Matthews, S. J., Report by 122

McCamman, J. I)., Report by ^ 136

Members, List of Biennial 8

Life (i

Minnesota, Report from 132

Mississippi, Report from •. 134

Montana, Report from 136

Needham, Daniel, Remarks by 100

Nevada, Report from 140

New Fruits, Discussion on 92

Report on 89

New Ilauipshiie, Report from 138

New Jersey, Report from 138

Nomenclature 20

Of Russian Fruits 41

North Carolina, Report from 141

Nova Scotia, Report from 143

Officers, Election of 13

Officers of the Society 3

Papaw, the 76

Parsons, S. B., Remarks by 9i)

Peaches, Classification of 3 8

Discussion on JS ew 96

Pears, Classitication of 37

Discussion on New 94

Pearson, Alex. W., Report by 139

Penhallow, D. P., on Apple Scab 09

Pe'.simmons 76

Pests of the Pomologist 101

Place of Meeting 1889 93

Plum Improvement 76

Plums, Classification of 38

Discussion on New 9.5

Pollen, Grape 15

P.\GES.

Proceedings of the Twenty-First Session 11

Quinces, Classification of 37

Discussion on New 97

Raspberry Improvement 74

Report of State Fruit Committees 122

Treasurer 12

On Awards of Medals 88

New Fruits 89

Resolutions Concerning Mr. Wilder 84

Concerning P. Barry 64

Of Thanks 98

Rhode Island, R> port from 145

Rumph, Samuel H., Report by 1S7

Scab, Apple o6

Seed Extinction and Fruit Breeding 118

Production and Cultivation 120

Sexual Differentiation in Grape 14

Smith, J. M., Paper by 78

Smith, B. G., Report by 12

Standing Committees, List of 4

State Fruit Reports 123

Strawberry Improvement 75

Yields 82

Strawberries, Discussion on New 98

Strentzel, Dr. J., Report by 123

Strother, D. H., Report by 148

Sturtevant, Dr. E. L., Paper by 118

Supplementary Papers Ill

Testimonials, Honest HI

Thomas, John J., on Nomenclature 20

Tomato Experiment 121

Treasurer, Report of 13

Tropical Fruit Committee 64

VanDeman, II. E., on Identification of Varieties 34

Walcott, H. P., Remarks l)y 12, 99

Washington Territory, Report from 147

Watrous, C. L., Remarks by 100

West Vireiuia, Report from 148

Wilder Medals Awarded 88

Wilder M. P., Resolutions Concerning 84

Bequest of 9

Wild Fruits, Improvement of 11

Promising 74

Wilson, S. Otho., Report by 142

Wilson Strawberry Culture 80

VVisner, M. Report by 137

Yellows in Michigan !•>

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