UMASS/AMHERST •

3120hbD0S141bSl

*». v *&

t - >r

.<> ^

I s n- V^

'^*NJ

S&

.v ^

m

oH-H-

LIBRARY

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

no._._1o_44:__. date. .la - l%%-±
source. .College .^.uYi-da....

SB

354

A47

v.22

v.22

1889

ISS1

•o*a4**

4-186*

DATE DUE

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

PROCEEDINGS

OF Tin:

TWENTY-SECOND SESSION

American Pomologieal Society

IIKI.I) IN

OCALA, FLORIDA,

FEBRUAEY 20, 21, 22, 1889.

COMPILED BY THE SECRETARY.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.
1889.

A^\3

si

register printing and publishing mouse,
Ann Arbor, Michigan.

LIBRMW

IHSSAg}1

Of

MkSS.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

OFFICERS 5

MEMBERS 8

PROGRAM 14

OPENING SESSION 15

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS 17

TREASURERS REPORT 22

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY 23

( !( )MMERCIAL POMOLOGY 49

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS 62

DISCUSSION OF NEW FRUITS 119

STATE FRUIT REPORTS 121

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS 143

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES 168

FRUIT CATALOGUE

INDEX li

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS

OF THE

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

CONSTITUTION.

Article 1. The name of this Association
shall be the American Pomological Society.

2. Its object shall lie the advancement of
the science of Pomology.

■'!. It shall consist of delegates appointed by
Horticultural, Agricultural, and kindred Soci-
eties in the United States and British America,
and of such other persons as take an interest in
the welfare of the Association, ami are desirous
of promoting its aims. They shall pay four
dollars biennially, and twenty dollars paid at
one time shall constitute a life membership.

4. The meetings shall be held biennially, at
such time and place as may be designated by
the Society; and special meetings may be con-
vened at any time on the call of the President.

5. The officers shall consist of a President, a
hirst Vice President, one Vice President from
every State, Territory and Province; a Treas-
urer and a Secretary; and shall be elected by
ballot or otherwise at every biennial meeting.

BY-LAWS.

1. The President shall have a. general super-
intendence of the affairs of the Society during
its vacation; give due public notice of the time
and place of meeting; preside at its delibera-
tions; deliver an address on some subject relat-
ing to Pomology, at every biennial meeting; and
appointall committees unless otherwise directed.

2. In case of the death, sickness, or inability
of the President, his official duties shall devolve
on the First Vice President, or such one of the
Vice Presidents as the Society may elect by bal-
lot or otherwise.

'■': The Treasurer shall receive all moneys be-
longing to the Society, and pay over the same on
the written orders of the President,

4. There shall be a Finance Committee of
three members appointed by the President at
each biennial meeting.

o. The Secretary shall, with the assistance of
a reporter appointed by him, keep a record of
the transactions of the Society for publication.

6. There shall be an Executive Committee
consisting of five members, together with the

President and Vice Presidents, ex-officio, five of
whom shall constitute a quorum, who shall man-
age the affairs of the Society during its vacation.

7. Chairmen of Fruit Committees, for ejery
State. Territory and Province, and a geueral
( 'haii-man over all, shall be appointed biennially.
It shall be the duty of each of such Chairmen
to appoint four additional members of his com-
mittee, and with their aid, and such other infor-
mation as he can procure, to forward to the gen-
eral Chairman one mouth before every biennial
meeting, State Pomological Reports, to be con-
densed by him for publication.

S. A Standing Committee on Native Fruits,
consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed
by the President, immediately after his election.
It shall be the duty of this Committee to report
biennially on native fruits, and also to examine,
and before the close of the session report on.
all new seedling varieties that may be exhibited;
and to make an a<l interim report on those that
were exhibited in an unripe condition at the
meeting of the Society, but had subsequently
attained a state of maturity; and on such
other seedlings as may have been submitted to
their inspection during the Society's vacation.

9. A Standing Committee on Foreign Fruits,
consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed,
whose duties shall be similar to those of the
committee in by-law eight.

10. A Standing Committee on Tropical and
Sub-tropical Fruits, consisting of eleven mem-
bers, shall be appointed, whose duties shall be sim-
ilar to those of the committee in by-law eight.

11. A Standing Committee on Nomenclature,
consisting of seven members, shall be appointed
biennially.

12. Vacancies occurring in committees shall
be filled by the chairman of each, and in case
of his death or inability to serve, his place shall
be supplied by the President of the Society.

13. The order of business for each meeting
shall be arranged by the Executive Committee.

II. The Constitution or By-Laws may be
altered or amended, at any regular biennial
meeting, by a vote of two-thirds of the mem-
bers present.

OFFICERS

OF THE

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

1889-91.

PEESIDENT:

PROSPER JULIUS BERCKMANS, Augusta, Georgia.

FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT:

T. T. LYON, South Haven, Michigan.

VICE-PRESIDENTS:

Alabama J. S. Newman Auburn.

Arizona Wm. A. Hancock. .Phoenix.

Arkansas E. F. Babcock Little Rock.

Cidi for uia Dr. J. Strentzkl. Martinez.

Colorado A. E. Gipson Greeley.

■ cticut P. M. Augur Middlefleld.

Delaware Edward Tatnall, Wilmington.

THst. i 'olumbia.. Wm. Saunders Washington.

Florida Dudley W. Ai)AMS,Tangerme.

Georgia Dr. Samuel HAPE,Hapeville.

Illinois Parker Eaele Cobden.

Indiana S. Johnson Irvington.

Iowa G. B. Brackktt. . Denmark.

Kansas G. C. Brackktt. Lawrence.

Louisiana \. W. Rountree. .New Orleans.

M 'nine Geo. B. Sawyer.. . Wiscasset.

Maryland Wm. II. Perot Baltimore.

MassachuSi Us.. . W. C. Strong Brighton.

.E. H. Scott Ann Arbor.

•I. S. Harris La Crescent.

. W. H. CASSELI ( 'anton.

. X. .1. Colman St. Louis.

Michigan.
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri

Nebraska Jas. H. Masters . .Nebraska City.

NewBrunsioick, D. P. Wetmore Clifton.

New Hampshire,'FTLEi>'K Smyth Manchester.

New Jersey Dr. Geo. THURBER.Passaic.

New York 0. L. Hoag Lockport.

North Carol inn. J. Van Lindley . .Pomona.

Nova Scotia Rev. J. R. Hart.. Bridgetown.

Ohio G. W. Campbell. . Delaware.

Ontario L. Woolverton.. .Grimsby.

Peinisylr-ii-ni.il .. ..Tosiaii H. HooPES,West Chester.

Qua bee Robert Jack. . . .ChateauguayB'sn.

Rhode Island. . .Joseph H. Bourn, Providence.

South Carolina. W. D. Johnson Marion.

Tennessee M. G. Senter Humboldt.

Texas T. V. Munson Denison.

Utah C. E. Johnson Salt Lake City.

Vermont Dr. T. H. Hoskins. Newport.

Virginia Henry L. Lyman.. Charlottesville.

West Virginia. .John T. McKowN.Gerrardstown.

Wisconsin James M. Smith.. .Green Bay.

Wyoming John W. Hoyt.. . Cheyenne.

TREASURER:
BENJAMIN G. SMITH, - - Cambridge, Massachusetts.

SECRETARY:

A. A. CROZIER,

Ames, Iowa.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:

President and Vice-Presidents, ex-offlcio.

Samuel B. Parsons. .Flushing New York. Dr. H. H. Cart La Grange.

Chas.W. Garfield. .Grand Rapids .Michigan. O. P. Rooks Gardenia. . .

David Baird ... Manalapan New Jersey.

iii oil/in.
Floi ii/i i

LIST OF OFFICERS.

Edward B. Wilder.

FINANCE COMMITTEE:

.Dorchester. . . MassacJiust tts. H. H. Hunnewell Boston .

Robert Manning Salem Massachusi tts.

GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE:

Massachusetts

Chairman,

C. L. W.ATROUS,

Des Moines, Iowa.

Alabama J. C. Richardson.. Greenville.

Arizona Wm. A. Hancock. .Phoenix.

Arkansas S. J. Matthews . . .Monticello.

California Dr. J. Strentzel .Martinez.

Colorado D. S. Grimes Denver.

Connecticut T. S. Gold West Cornwall.

Dakota E. DeBell Sionx Falls.

Delaware J. H. Myeii Bridgeville.

Dist. Columbia. .John Saul Washington.

Florida ._ Geo. L. Taber Glen St. Mary.

Georgia Samuel Humph. . . Marshall ville.

Idaho John H. Evans . . .Lewiston.

711 iii' lis A. C. Hammond. . ..Warsaw.

Indiana Dr. A. Furnas .... Danville.

Iowa C. G. Patten Charles City.

Kansas G. C. Brackett . . .Lawrence.

Kentucky A. D. Webb Bowling Green.

Louisiana E. M. Hudson New Orleans.

Maine S. L. Boardman . . .Augusta.

Mart/land E. L. Rogers Baltimore.

Massachusi tts.. .Robert Manning .Salem.
Michigan L. R. Taft Agr'l College.

Minnesota S. D. Hillman . . .Minneapolis.

Mississippi J. J. Colmant Columbus.

Missouri W. G. Gano Olden.

Nebraska J. H. Masters Nebraska City.

New Brunswick.!). P. Wetmore.. .Clifton.
ZVi wHampshire .(amis M. Hayes. .Dover.

N< ir J, rsey E. Williams Montclair.

New York Chas. A. Green. . .Clifton.

Nmth Carolina. J. Van Lindley . .Pomona.

Nova Scotia Ciias. E. Brown. . .Yarmouth.

Ohio M. Crawford Cuyahoga Falls.

Ontario A. McD. Allan-. . ..Goderich.

Pennsylvania.. .H. M. Engi.e Marietta.

Qui bee Charles Gibb .... Abbottsford.

Rhode Island. . Joseph H. Bourn .Providence.

South Carolina. II. B. Buist Greenville.

1'en.nessee R. B. Koen Memphis.

Texas William Watson. Brenham.

Utah G. E. Johnson Salt Lake.

Vt rmont T. H. Hoskins Newport.

Virginia Franklin Davis. .Richmond.

West. Virginia. John T. McKowN.Gerrardstown.
Wisconsin A . L. H atcii Ithaca.

Chairman, - - Dr. F. M. IIEXAMER,

Chas. A. < i reen . . Rochester, N. Y. . . Northern Div.

J.T. Lovett Little Silver, N.J. . "

DR.T.ll.'HoSKrss.Newport, Vt, Eastern "

J. S. II a kkis LaCresct nt.Minn.'N orih western "

C. A. Uber Falls Church, Pa.East'n Middle "

COMMITTEE ON NATIVE FRUITS:

New York City.

Wm. Watson Brenham, Texas. .Southwestern Div.

Dr. J. Strentzel. Marline:, Cal. . . . Pacific "

.1. S. Newman Auburn, Ala Southern "

Ciias. Gibb Abbottsford, Que.. British Provinces.

J. H. Hale S. Qlastonburg, Ci.Eastern

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN FRUITS:

Prof. J. L. Budd Ames, Iowa. T. V. Munson Denison, Texas.

Tuos. B. Meehan Philadelphia, Pa. 3. Van Lindley Pomona. N. C.

E. A.Riehl Vlton, III, H. E. Vandeman Washington, 1\ C.

D. W. Beadle St. ruth, rims, Ont. Eli Minch Shiloh, N. J.

F. L. TEMPLE Cambridge. Muss.

COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE AND REJECTED FRUITS:

Robert Manning Salem, Muss. William Saunders Washington, D. C.

G. B. Brackett Denmark, Joint. CnARLES Gibb Abbottsford, Quebec.

Dr. J. ( I. X ea l Lake City, Flu. L. A. Goodman Westport, Mo.

Samuel Hate Hapeville, 6a.

COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF CATALOGUE:
President, ex-offieio.

T. T. Lyon South llun n, Mich. Louis A. Berckmans iugusta, '■'</.

L. II. Bailey, Je Ithaca. N. J. Edward H. Bissell Richmond, Va.

Dr, l\ m. Hexamer New York. N. Y. C. L. Watrous Des Moines, Iowa.

LIST OF OFFICERS. (

SUB-TROPICAL COMMITTEE.

A. II. Mawille Denver, Fla. Austin W. Rountree New Orleans, La.

0. P. Rooks Qardt nia, Fla. Dr.Gustave Deveron .Nt w Orleans, La.

Dr. J. C. Neal /."/.'< City, Fla. Edgar L. St. Ceran Ponchatula, La.

E. N. Kkamixer Manatee, Fla. Elwood Cooper Santa Barbara, Cal.

Lyman Phelps Sanford, Via. C. II. Wilcox Oroville, Cal.

COMMITTEES FOR THE FLORIDA MEETING.
COMMITTEE OF AEEANGEMENTS:

Dudley W. Adams Tu ngt i ine, Fla. R. W. Pierce Indian Springs, Fla.

O. P. Rooks Gardenia, Fla. Dr. H. II. Gary- La Orange, Georgia.

A. II. Manville Denver, Fla. E. T. Field Red Bank, N. J.

OEDEE OF BUSINESS:

W. C. Strong Brighton, Mass. F. W. Andrews Boston, Mass.

Lyman Phelps Sanford, Fid. E. H. Hart Federal Point, Fla.

CEEDENTIALS:

F. M. Marble Worcester, Mass. C. F. A. Bielijy De Land. Fla.

G. B. Brackett.. . Denmark, Iowa.

PRESIDENT'S ADDEESS:

1". M. 1 1 ex am er New York City,N.Y. W. C. Strong Brighton, Mass.

Dudley W. Adams Tangerine, Fla.

NOMINATION OF OFFICEES:

J. S. NEWMAN Auburn, Ala. E. T. Field Red Bank, N. J.

W. II. Yeomans Columbia, Conn. C. E. Grosvenor Canterburg, N. B.

II. E. Van Deman Wash ington, D. C. F. M. Hexamer New York City, N. Y.

C. F. A. Bielby De Land, Fla. J. Van Lindley Pomona, N. C.

II. II. Cart La Grange, Ga. Geo. W. Trowbridge Glendale, 0.

G. B. Brackett Dm murk, la. Thomas B. Meeuan Philadelphia, Pa.

R. R. Coburn Chicago, III. G. P. O'Neal Coronaco, S. C.

RESOLUTIONS:

II. H. Cart La Grange, Ga. 0. B. Hadwin Worcester, Mass.

B. T. Galloway Washington, D. C.

AWARD OF WILDER MEDALS:

F. M. Hexamer New York, N. Y. E. S. Hubbard Federal Point, Fla.

J. S. Newman Auburn, Ala. A. H. Manville Deliver, Fla.

SCALE OF POINTS FOR JUDGING CITRUS FRUITS:

A. W. Rountree New Orleans, La. A. H. Manville Denver, Fla.

J. B. CUTTEK Riverside, Cal.

PLACE OF NEXT MEETING:

W. C. Strong Brighton, Mass. F. W. Andrews Boston, Mass.

C. L. Watkous Des Moines, fa.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

LIFE.

Allan, Alex. Mel > Goderich Ontario.

Allan, David Belmont Massachusetts.

Allen, Abner Wabaunsee Kansas.

Allen, Edwin New Brunswick, NewJersey.

Alwood, Wm. B ... (For Exp. Station) Blacksburg.Va.

Ames, Frederick L Boston Massachusetts.

Andrews, Frank W Boston Massachusetts.

Appleton, Francis H "251 Marlboro St., Boston, Mass.

Atkins, Chas. G Bucksport Maine.

Austin, Mrs. Helen V — Palmyra New Jersey.

Babcock, E. F Little Rock Arkansas.

Baird, David Manalapan New Jersey.

Baker, Chas. R Brooklyn New York.

Bancroft, George Washington, Dist. Columbia.

Barry, Patrick Rochester New York.

Barry, William C Rochester New York.

Beadle, D. W St. Catherines Ontario.

Beal, W.J Lansing Michigan.

Berckmans, Prosper J Augusta Georgia.

Black, Charles Hightstown. . . .New Jersey.

Bliss, B. K Boston Massachusetts.

Bourn, Jos. H Providence Rhode Island.

Bowditch, E. F Boston Massachusetts.

Brewer, John R Boston Massachusetts.

Bridgeman, Alfred Newburg New York.

Brill, Francis Hempstead, L. I., New York.

Brown, Chas. E Y armouth Nova Scotia.

Buchanan, Isaac New Y'ork New York.

Bucklin, Simon S 16 Bulflnch St., Boston, Mass.

Burnett, Rev. Robert Burlington Ontario.

Burnett, Joseph Southboro. . ..Massachusetts.

Bush, Raphael Bushberg Missouri.

Bus well, E. W New York New York.

Butler, Charles New York New York.

Calder, Rev. James 102 State St., Harrisburg, Pa.

Calkins, John S Pomona California,

Campbell, George W Delaware Ohio.

Carey, Otis Foxborough, Massachusetts.

Carpenter, Charles Kelley's Island Ohio.

Chase, Howard A Philadelphia.. Pennsylvania.

Chase, Lewis Rochester New York.

Cheney, Benj. P Boston Massachusetts.

Childs, Geo. W (Pub. Led.) Philadelphia, Pa.

Clapp, Wm. Channing.. . .Boston Massachusetts.

Clark, Edmund S 16 Kingston St., Boston, Mass.

Clark, James W Fiamingham,Massachusetts.

Clement, Asa Lowell Massachusetts.

Conov. i, Geo. S Geneva New York.

Colman, N.J St. Louis Missouri.

Cook, Daniel C Chicago Illinois.

Cook, M. S Avondale Pennsylvania

Cress well, Jno. A. J Elkton Maryland.

Crozier, A. A Ames Iowa.

Culbert, Dr. Wm Newburg New York.

Cuminings, A. P New Y"ork New Y'ork.

Cunnnings, John Woburn Massachusetts.

Davis, Franklin Richmond Virginia.

Davis, .l.C. Bancroft 1621 H St., Washington, D.C.

Devol, W. S (For Exp. Sta.) Reno, Nevada.

Dexter, Arthur F Providence. . .Rhode Island.

Douglas, Robert Waukegan Illinois.

Durfee, Geo. B Fall River. . . Massachusetts.

Earle, Parker Cobden Illinois.

Ellwanger, George Rochester New Y'ork.

Engle, Henry M Marietta Pennsylvania.

Engle, Hiram Marietta Pennsylvania.

Eshleman, John K Downingtown. Pennsylvania.

Falconer, Win., Dosoris, Glen Cove, Long Island, N.Y.

Faxon, M. B Boston Massachusetts.

Field, E. T Red Bank New Jersey.

Fisher, John Batavia New Y'ork.

Flint, David B., 358 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass.

Force, T. S Newburg New Y'ork.

French, Jonathan Boston Massachusetts.

Frothingham, Isaac W.. . Boston Massachusetts.

Fuller, Andrew S Ridgewood New Jersey.

Furnas, R. W Brown ville Nebraska.

Gardette, E. B Philadelphia.. Pennsylvania.

Gardiner, Robert H Gardiner Maine.

Gardner, Henry J Boston Massachusetts.

Gerrish, O. K Geneva New Y'ork.

Gibb, Charles Abbotsford Quebec.

Goff, E. S Madison Wisconsin.

Gold, T. S West Cornwall, Connecticut.

Goodell, H. H ( For Ag. Col.) Amherst, Mass.

Graves, S. S Geneva New Y'ork.

Green, W. J (For Exp. Sta.) Columbus, O.

Grosvenor, C. E 16 Market St., Boston, Mass.

Guy, T. W Sulphur Springs. . .Missouri.

Hacker, William Philadelphia.. Pennsylvania.

Hadwen, O. B Worcester. . . Massachusetts.

Haines, John S Germantown.. Pennsylvania.

Haines, Henry C Germantown. Pennsylvania.

Hance, Benj. B Red Bank New Jersey.

Hancock, Caroline G.. .(Free Library) Sacramento, Cal.

Harris, Geo. W (For Cornell Univ.) Ithaca, N.Y.

Harris, James A Citra Florida.

Haskell, George Ipswich Massachusetts.

Helver, J. W Lockport New York.

Hexamer, Dr. F. M 751 Broadway New York.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

'.I

Hoadley, George 120 Broadway. . . New York.

Hoag, C. L Lockport New York.

Holmes, Dr. E. S Grand Rapids Michigan.

Holton, Warren Hamilton Ontario.

llovey, John C Cambridge.. Massachusetts.

Hubbard, T. S Fredonia New York.

Hunnewell, II. H Wellesley .... Massachusetts.

Hunter, John M Houston Texas.

Hyde, J. F. C 31 Milk St., Boston .... Mass.

Ilgen fritz, I. E Monroe Michigan.

Jeter, Tinsley Bethlehem.. . .Pennsylvania.

Jones, James Leiperville .... Pennsylvania.

Kendall, Edward Cambridge. ..Massachusetts.

Kendall, George F Cambridge. ..Massachusetts.

Kent, Joseph H Russell ville.. . Pennsylvania.

Kidder, N. T., 163 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass.

King, John A Great Neck, L. I., New York.

Kirk patrick, T. J Springfield Ohio.

Koen, R. B Memphis Tennessee.

Kuhn, Ilartman Philadelphia. . Pennsylvania.

Langdon, C. C Mobile Alabama

Lawver, A. M Galena Illinois.

Leigh ton, G. B. F Norfolk Virginia.

Lester, J. Erastus Providence.. . Rhode Island.

Lindley, J. V Pomona North Carolina.

Lovett, J. T Little Silver New Jersey.

Luke, Elijah II Cambridgeport Mass.

Lyman, Henry L Charlottesville Virginia.

Lyons, James M NewBedford, Massachusetts.

Lyon.T. T South Haven Michigan.

Mann, William R Sharon Massachusetts.

Manning, Robert Salem Massachusetts.

Marble, F. M Worcester.. . .Massachusetts,

Masters, James H Nebraska City Nebraska.

McCulloch, J. M Cincinnati Ohio.

MacFerron, David Allegheny City, Pennsylvania.

McLaughlin, Henry Bangor Maine.

Meehan, Thomas Germantown, Pennsylvania.

Menke, A. E (For Exp. Sta.) Fayetteville, Ark.

Miller, F. R Sugar Grove. .Pennsylvania.

Mills, W. II Hamilton Ontario.

Mudd, Henry T Pittsfield Illinois.

Munson, D. O Fall's Church Virginia.

Murray. R, D Moultrie Florida.

Newman, J. S Auburn Alabama.

Noble, Samuel W Jenkintown. . Pennsylvania.

Orton, J. G Binghampton.. . .New York.

Osborne, Charles Vassalboro Maine.

Parsons, S. B Flushing New York.

Payson, Samuel R Boston Massachusetts.

Pearson, John M Godfrey Illinois.

Periam, Jonathan. 526 Engle wood Ave., Englewood, ill

Perley, Samuel F Naples Maine.

Perot, William II Baltimore Maryland.

Peters, R Atlanta Georgia.

Phelps, Lyman Sanford Florida.

Phoenix, F. K Delavan Wisconsin.

Pierce, Henry L Boston Massachusetts.

Popenoe, E. A Manhattan Kansas.

Purrington, E. F AVest Farmington. . Maine.

Putnam, J. Pickering Boston Massachusetts.

Quinn, P. T Newark New Jersey.

Richardson, I. D Clarksville Nebraska.

Riehl, E. A Alton Illinois.

Rogers, Edmund Law Baltimore Maryland.

Rumph, Samuel H Marshallville Georgia.

Russell, Gurdon W Hartford Connecticut.

Russell, Henry S Milton Massachusetts.

Sadler, Dr. O. W Pittsburgh. . ..Pennsylvania.

Salisbury, Stephen Worcester.. . .Massachusetts.

Sampson, F. G Micanopy Florida.

Saunders, William Washington, Dist. Columbia.

Sawyer, Geo. B Wiscasset Maine.

Scarborough, W Cincinnati Ohio.

Scott, David A Newburg New York.

Selover, Edward C Auburn New York.

Shaw, C. C Milford. . . .New Hampshire.

Shotwell, J. R Rah way New Jersey.

Smith, B Cuba Missouri.

Smith, Benj. G Cambridge. ..Massachusetts.

Smith, W Geneva New York.

Smith, Wm. Brown Syracuse New York.

Smith, Wm. Elliott Alton Illinois.

Smith, Wing R Syracuse New York.

Smyth, Frederick Manchester,NewHampshire.

South worth, C Stoughton. . ..Massachusetts.

Spaulding, Dr. C.W 2648 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo.

Stark, William H Louisiana Missouri.

Starr, Robert W Cornwallis Nova Scotia.

Stewart, Brice Clarksville Tennessee.

Stewart, Henry L Middle Haddam.Connecticut.

Stephens, J. L Booneville. . .Massachusetts.

Stone, J. M Calhoun Station, Mississippi.

Streator, George J Garretsville Ohio.

Strong, W. C Brighton Massachusetts.

Strother, David II Charlestown, West Virginia.

Swan, Robert J Geneva New Yrork.

Swineford, Howard Richmond Virginia.

Taft, Edward P "Providence. . .Rhode Island.

Tatnall, Edward. Wilmington Delaware.

Taylor, John N Brooklyn New York.

Taylor, Dr. Thomas Washington, Dist. Columbia.

Temple, F. L Somerville. . .Massachusetts.

Temple, John T Davenport Iowa.

Thomas, George B West Chester, Pennsylvania.

Thomas, J. J Union Springs. ..New York.

Thomas, Milton Los Angeles California.

Thurber, George Passaic New Jersey.

Townsend, B. C Bay Ridge, L. I., New Fork.

Trowbridge, Francis Milford Connecticut.

Uber, Carlton A Fall's Church Virginia.

VanDeman, II. E Washington, hist. Columbia.

Van Gelder, Jacob Saugerties Xew York.

Van Lindley, J Pomona North Carolina.

10

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Wiii'dwell, W. H Boston Massachusetts.

Waterer, Ilosea Philadelphia. .Pennsylvania.

Watrous, C. L Des Moines Iowa.

Watson, Wm Brenham Texas.

Webber, Win. L., (For lloyt Pub. Lib.) Saginaw, Mich.

Wier, D. B Petaluma, Sonoma Co., Cal.

WeUl, Aaron D Boston Massachusetts.

Wellborn, Jesse M Conyers ...Georgia.

Whitehead, John B Norfolk Virginia.

Wieland, John Knoxville Tennessee.

Wilder, Edward B Dorchester. ..Massachusetts.

Williams, Henry T Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Williams, E Montclair New Jersey.

Wilson, W. C Baltimore Maryland.

Yeomans, Wm. II Columbia Connecticut.

Yerrington, J. M. W Boston Massachusetts.

Youuglove, James Bowling Green. . .Kentucky.

BIENNIAL.

Adams, Dudley W Tangerine Florida.

Albright, Owen Leesburg, Lake Co., Florida.

Alexander, J. II Augusta Georgia.

Alexander, Mrs. J. H Augusta Georgia.

Allen, George K Red Bank New Jersey.

Atwood, Albion Chelsea Massachusetts.

Baker, Geo. W Mankato Minnesota.

Barnuni, B. B Eureka Florida,

Bean, E Jacksonville Florida.

Bemis, 0. A Jacksonville Florida.

Berckmans, Mrs. P.J Augusta Georgia.

Berckmans, Louis A Augusta Georgia.

Berckmans. Robert C Augusta Georgia.

Berckmans, P. J. A., Jr. .Augusta Georgia.

Bessy, C. E (For State Univ.) Lincoln, Nebraska.

Bielby, C. F. A De Land Florida.

Bishop, P. P Citra Florida.

Blackwell, Ira J Titusville New York.

Brackett, G. B Denmark Iowa.

Brokaw, I.J Anthony Florida.

Brown, Frank E Reading Massachusetts.

Cary, Dr. H. H La (i range Georgia.

Cassell, W. H Canton Mississippi.

Coburn, R. R. Ocala Florida.

Colby, Miss C. S Boston Massachusetts.

Cook, Lewis Austin Texas.

Dollins, L. J Orlando Florida.

Dorsett, C. H Savannah Georgia.

Eiclieberger, A. L Oc;fla Florida.

Elliott, David H Sanford Florida.

Evans, John II Lewiston Idaho.

Fai rbanks, Geo. R Fernandina Florida.

Fleming, .lames L Augusta Georgia.

Fosnol , W. E .".... Keosauqua Iowa.

Foster, I>r. Henry Clifton Springs. .New York.

Galloway, B. T Dept. Ag. Washington, D. C.

Glason, Jas Oconto Wisconsin.

Green, ('has. A Rochester New York.

Ilape, Dr. Samuel Atlanta Georgia.

Harris, J. S La Crescent Minnesota.

Hart, E. II Federal Point Florida.

Hart, W. S Hawk's Park Florida.

Hatch, F. W Oak Hill Floridr

Hayes, Chas. W Brooklyn New Yo rk.

Hexaraer, Mrs. F. M New York New York.

Hill, E. G Lawtey Florida.

Hillman, S. D Minneapolis Minnesota.

Hopkins, C. L Ag. Dep't Washington, D. C.

Horsford, Mrs. Julia B. . .Terre Haute Indiana.

Hoyt, John W Laramie Wyoming.

Hubbard, E. S Federal Point Florida.

Jones, H.N Gainesville Florida.

Josselyn, Geo. S Fredonia New York.

Justice, J. G Marcus Georgia.

Kedney, II. S Orlando Florida.

King, J. B Sanford Florida.

King, Mrs. J. B Sanford Florida.

King, Wm. R Ag. Dep't, Washington, D. C.

Lee, J. II Oviedo Florida.

Mahan, John L Linton Ohio.

Manning, J. W Reading Massachusetts.

Manning, Mrs. .1. W Reading Massachusetts.

Manville. A. H Denver Florida.

Matthews, J. O Citra Florida.

Mclnnis, Dr. Niel Augusta Georgia.

Median, Mrs. Thomas. . . .Philadelphia.. Pennsylvania.
Meehan, Mrs. Thomas B. .Philadelphia.. Pennsylvania.
Meehan, Miss Fannie G. .Philadelphia. .Pennsylvania.

Miller, G. H Rome Georgia.

Moore, T. W Fruit Cove Florida.

Mott. James T Orlando Florida.

Newman, Mrs. J. S Auburn Alabama,

Xunnelly, J. K Sharpsburg Kentucky.

O'Neal], G. P Coronaco .... South Carolina,

Painter, E. O De Land Florida.

Parker, Nelson II Longwood Florida.

Parry, Catherine II Parry New Jersey.

Parry, Charles Parry New Jersey.

Parry, Wm Parry New Jersey.

Parsons, S. B Flushing, L. I. . .New York.

Partridge, Ernest C Longwood Florida.

Payne, John J Warsaw Kentucky.

Pell. W. H Flushing, L. I . . . New York.

Pettit, N. C Waldo Florida.

Pierce. R. W Indian Springs Florida.

Reed, Harrison So. Jacksonville Florida.

Richardson, J. C Greenville Alabama,

Higgle, Ellsworth New Comerstown Ohio

LIST OF MEMBERS.

11

Rooks, Mrs. O. P Gardenia Florida.

Rountree, A. W.. . .:10!I Josephine St., New Orleans, La.

Samuels, J. M Clinton Kentucky.

Smith, Chauney Cambridge.. . Massachusetts.

Smith, George A Waltham Massachusetts.

Smith, Miss Emma Waltham Massachusetts.

Speer, R. P (For Exp. Sta.) Ames, Iowa.

str\ rns, H. B Citra Florida.

Stevens, Isaac Ocala Florida.

Stiles, W. A Deckertown New Jersey.

Strentzel, Dr. John Martinez California.

Strong, Mrs. W. C Newton Highlands. . Mass.

Teagne, Sam'l W Lady Lake Florida.

Teas, E. Y Dunrieth Indiana.

Thompson, W. W Smith ville Georgia.

Tracy, S. M (Ag"l and Mech. Coll.). .Miss.

Trowbridge, Geo. W Glendale Ohio.

Von Luttichau, H Earlton Florida.

Ware, Benjamin P Clifton Massachusetts.

Waring, Geo. H Cement Georgia.

Warren, W. H Augusta Georgia.

Weld, John C Cambridge.. .Massachusetts.

Wheatley, H. L Palm Spring Florida.

White, Charles H Citra Florida.

White, J. II Georgiana Florida.

Wilkinson, Maurice Charlotte.... North Carolina.

Williams, II. S Rock Ledge Florida.

Wilson, Charles G Red Hill Florida.

Wilson, Seth Archer Florida.

Witchers, B. M San Antonio Florida.

Woolverton, L Grimsby Ontario.

PREFATORY NOTE.

At the meeting held in Boston in September, 1887, the Society unanimously accepted an
invitation from its Florida members to hold its next meeting in that State. This invitation
was afterwards endorsed by the Florida Horticultural Society, and committees of that Society
appointed to make the local arrangements for the meeting. In December, 1888, a preliminary
circular was sent to the members of the Society, and to some four hundred periodicals. On
February first the program was published and widely copied by the press. In addition, a
special circular to Southern Pomologists was issued by the President, and an attractive
announcement of the meeting was published by the Florida Horticultural Society. Nearly all
of the railroads east of the Mississippi River granted a special rate of one and one-third fare to
persons attending the meeting. Some of the Florida roads sold tickets to Ocala during the
meeting at much lower rates. At the close of the meeting Mr. D. H. Elliott, of the Florida
Southern railway, announced that for ten days all of the leading railroads of the State were
prepared to furnish free transportation to members of the American Pomological and Florida
Horticultural Societies to visit any portion of the State. The hotels at Ocala and at several
other {joints granted reduced rates. The appreciation of the Society for all these courtesies
is elsewhere expressed in the form of resolutions, but the Secretary cannot here omit to say
that to the committees of the Florida Horticultural Society for their very complete arrange-
ments, to the sub-tropical committee for providing the sub-tropical portion of the program, to
the representatives of the press for their liberal notices and full reports, to the managers of
the Florida railroads for special courtesies extended, and to the officers of the Semi-tropical
Exposition for a place of meeting the Society is indebted for a most enjoyable and successful
session.

The present volume is the largest yet issued by the Society and will be found to be particu-
larly full upon citrus and other sub-tropical fruits. Commercial topics are introduced for the first
time. The thanks of the Society are especially due to the scientific gentlemen who have contrib-
uted many valuable papers. Pomologists will be pleased with the excellent portrait of President
Berckmans which serves as a frontispiece to this volume and which has been secured for the pur-
pose at the earnest solicitation of his friends.

PROGRAM.

Following: is the order of exercises as carried out
at the session of 1889. Owing to lack of time the read-
ing of all papers sent by persons who were unable to
be present had to be omitted. Many of these were
published, however, in full or in part in the agricul-
tural press at the close of the meeting. The orderly
presentation of the remainder of the papers was more
or less broken by various causes. For this reason,
after the opening session, the papers and discussions
are arranged in the Proceedings according to subject,
without regard to the time or manner of presentation.
Any topic may be readily found from the table of con-
tents or index:

OPENING SESSION.

1. Call to order by President Berckmans.

2. Prayer by Rev. C. B. Wilmer.

3. Welcome on behalf of the Florida Horticultural

Society, by President Dudley W. Adams.

4. Welcome to the State by Governor F. P. Fleming.

5. Welcome to Ocala by Mayor Gary.

»5. Welcome on behalf of the Semi-tropical Exposi-
tion, by President Geo. \V. Wilson.

7. Response on behalf of the Society, by W. C. Strong

of Massachusetts.

8. Appointment of a committee on Nomination of

OHicers.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

1. President's Address.

2. Report of the Treasurer.

3. Election of Officers.

4. Paper by Dr. J. C. Neal on Cross-fertilization.

EVENING SESSION.

1. Diseases of the Grape, Prof. B. T. Galloway.

2. The Japanese Persimmon, B. F. Livingston.

SECOND DAY— MORNING SESSION.

1. Joint Report of the Sub-tropical and Florida Fruit

Committees.

2. Minor Citrus Fruits, Rev. T. W. Moore.

3. Varieties of the Sweet Orange, E. H. Hart.

4. Botanical Names, D. W. Adams.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

1. Report of the Committee on President's Address.

2. Judging Citrus Fruits, Prof. H. E. Van Deman.

3. Appointment of a Committee on Judging Citrus

Fruits, on motion of G. B. Brackett.

4. Ornamental Palms, T. L. Meade.

5. Vitis Vinifera in Florida, Baron H. Von Luttichau

and G. H. Norton.
f>. Improvement of our Native Grapes, George W.

Campbell.

7. American Fruits in Foreign Markets, Dr. Henry

Foster.

8. The Fig Industry. Hon. Harrison Reed.

9. Peach Growing in Florida, Geo. L. Taber.

10. Amendment to the Constitution adopted, on mo-

tion of G. B. Brackett.

EVENING SESSION.

1. Honesty in Packing Fruits, E. Williams.

2. Orange Growing from a Commercial Standpoint,

Hon. Geo. R. Fairbanks.

3. The Pineapple, Rev. J. A. White and G. L. Lucas.

4. The Anguillula or Root Knot, Dr. J. C. Neal.

TniRD DAY — A. M. — CLOSING SESSION.

1. Report of the Committee on Awards.

2. Report of the Committee on New Fruits.

3. "Report of the Committee on Credentials.

4. Discussion of New Fruits.

5. Report of the Committee on Resolutions.

6. Report of the Committee on Place of Next Meeting.

7. Adjournment.

PAPERS PRESENTED BUT NOT READ.

Barnett Brothers, Gluts: Their Causes and Remedy.
Bessey, Dr. C. E., A Possible new Fruit from the Plains.
Brown, A. M., Marketing Fruit, and Fruit Exchanges.
Budd, Prof. J. L., Cherries for the Mississippi Valley.
Du Bois, E. M., The Grape in Florida.
Engle, H. M., Nut Culture.

Gillette, Prof. C. P., White Arsenic as an Insecticide.
Girardeau, J. H., The Apple and Pear in Florida.
Goff, Prof. E. S., Unsolved Problems in Pomology.
Halsted, Dr. Byron D., Reserve Food Materials in

Fruit Trees and Shrubs in Mid-winter.
Kedney, H. S., The Lemon in Florida.
Lyon, Hon. T. T , The American Pomological Society

and Its Rules of Pomology.
Riley, Dr. C. V., The Plum Curculia.
Powers, Stephen, Strawberry Growing in Florida.
Redmond, D., The Fig and Pomegranate.
Smith, Dr. Erwin F., The Chemistry of Peach Yellows.
Watrous, Hon. C. L., Testing and Introducing new

Fruits.
Webb, Wesley, The Delaware Fruit Exchange.
Woolverton, L., The Commercial Orchards of Canada.

OPENING SESSION.

At 11 o'clock a. M., February 20, ike Society
was called to order in the ball of the Ocala Semi-
tropical Exposition, by the President, Hon.
Prosper J. Berckmans, of Georgia.

About 400 persons were present, including
many ladies. Fourteen States were represented,
the number being afterward increased to twenty-
two.

The stand was decorated with flags and ban-
ners, and situated in full view of the magnificent
exhibit of fruits and flowers. Among the offer-
ings upon the table was a beautiful floral fan,
presented to the President by the ladies of Lake
county, Florida.

The rustic orangewood gavel, used throughout
the sessions, was a souvenir of the old Florida
Fruit Growers' Association, the origin of the
present Florida Horticultural Society, and was
presented by its former Secretary, Col. D. H.
Elliott.

The meeting was opened with prayer by Rev.
C. B. ^Yilmal•, of Ocala, after which Mr. Dudley
W. Adams, President of the Florida Horticul-
tural Society, delivered the following

ADDRESS OF WELCOME:

Mr. President and Members of the American

Pomological Soeieltj ;

During my somewhat busy life, it has been
my good fortune to perform many very pleasant
public duties, but among them all none ever
gave me more pleasure than now, in behalf of the
infant State Horticultural Society of Florida, to
receive as our guest that full-grown giant, the
American Pomological Society.

To be thus honored by the presence of the
foremost Pomological Society of the world,
would seem to fill to the brim our cup of satis-
faction; but when, as to-day, we can also take by
the hand that stalwart organization, the State
Horticultural Society of our big sister, Georgia,
then, truly, our cup runneth over.

With the reverence due from youth to age,
with the respect due from the student to his
teacher, with the affection due from the child to
his parent, we bid you welcome to our State, our
city, our homes, our hearts.

On account of universal and sturdy useful-
ness, by acclamation the Apple has been called
the king of fruits. So, for her sweetness in the
bloom of infancy, her beauty, grace and good-
ness in the flush of womanly maturity, shall the
Orange, undisputed, wear the queenly crown.
As a loyal subject of our beautiful queen, I bid
you welcome to this her chosen realm. Here
she reigns supreme, and other fruits which in
less favored climes would wear a crown are
proud to be seen in her retinue. Her citrus sis-
ters, the lordly pineapple, the peach, and pear,
and grape, the guava, banana, mango, straw-
berry, kaki, loquat, a horticultural aristocracy of
purest blood, are her most loyal and faithful
subjects. As her loyal and most humble repre-
sentative 1 am authorized to offer you the free-
dom of her dominions, and express the hope
that when your duties here are done, you will
accept her invitation to travel all over her do-
main, from ocean to gulf, from Georgia to the
Keys, without money and without price,

Come with us to our villages and our homes;
get acquainted with our sturdy live oaks and
our graceful palms; go among our stately pines
and our climbling jessamine; take full draughts
of our healing air; take kindly warmth from our
Southern sun; and when you return to your own
loved homes, carry with you kind memories of
your short sojourn in the realm of our "Golden
Queen."

The following telegram was then read:

" Tallahassee, Florida, Feb. 19, 1889.
" To the Gentlemen of Ike A merican Pomological

Association :

"In the name and in behalf of the State of
Florida, I extend to you a cordial greeting and a

16

OPENING SESSION.

most hearty welcome, with the earnest hope that
every hour of your visit to our State may be one
of pleasure and enjoyment, as it will be to our
people to entertain you, and that Florida, in her
offerings to you of the bounty of her products
and her pomological exhibits, may establish her
claims to the designation of the land of fruits as
well as flowers. My only regret is that official
duties deprive me of the pleasure of greeting
you in person.

" F. P. Fleming, Governor."

Mayor Gary then presented the following

WELCOME TO OCALA:

To the President and Members of the American
Pomological Society :

Through me, their Mayor, the citizens of
Ocala extend to you a cordial and heartfelt wel-
come and the freedom of our city. Your pres-
ence among us, as the representatives of the in-
telligent and scientific men of other cities and
States of our great Union of States, causes us
to feel more than proud, and our hearts to pul-
sate with renewed and quickened energy in
thanking you for the high compliment paid us
in selecting our city as the place of your bien-
nial convocation, to deliberate and discuss those
important matters relative to the advancement
of the science of pomology, which your faces
indicate you so well represent.

It is indeed a great privilege to be permitted
to welcome you, and an additional evidence that
Florida, though young in the arts and sciences,
has within a few short years, by the cultivation
of the citrus family and other tropical fruits,
placed herself in line with other states in horti-
cultural and pomological productions, and need
not be ashamed of the progress made in that di-
rection. We feel that your presence and delib-
erations will be of incalculable benefitto us, and
will result in much good to the cause you repre-
sent.

Trusting that each and every one of you will
return to your respective homes pleased and
amply repaid for the sacrifice made in coming
to Florida and Ocala, I again welcome you, and

thrice welcome you to the freedom of the expo-
sition and our beautiful city.

The President of the Semitropical Exposition,
Mr. Geo. W. Wilson, then greeted the assembled
poinologists in behalf of the Directors of the
Exposition, and extended to them the freedom
of the building during their stay in the city.

The delegates having thus been more than
thrice welcomed, President Berckmans felt called
upon to respond in their behalf, but as he was
suffering from an affection of the throat he re-
quested Mr. W. C. Strong, Vice-President for
Massachusetts, to perform the office.

Mr. Strong expressed in fitting words the
gratitude of the Society for the warm welcome
which it had received, and said that although
this was the first meeting that had been held
south of Richmond, it was not because there
had not been worthy members of the Society in
that portion of the country, but because the
fruit resources of the South had been compara-
tively undeveloped.

The Society was glad of the present oppor-
tunity to hold its meeting in the extreme south,
and to observe the enterprise of its poinologists,
and the rapid growth of the fruit industry in
that part of the country. The members were
glad to be able to renew old acquaintances and
form new friendships with those in kindred pur-
suits. They would return to their homes with
renewed zeal for their work, with broader knowl-
edge and added experience, of benefit to them-
selves and the entire country.

On motion of Mr. H. H. Cary, of Georgia, a
committee upon the nomination of officers for
the ensuing two years was then voted, to consist
of one delegate from each state, territory, and
province represented. A recess of ten minutes
was then taken to allow the delegates an oppor-
tunity to select the members for that committee.
Upon reassembling, the nominations for the
committee were read and adopted by the So-
ciety. The list will be found with the other
committees in the earlier part of the volume.

The President then announced the working
committees for the session, after which the So-
ciety took a recess until 3 o'clock p. m.

PROSPER JULIUS BERCKMAN'S,

PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.

17

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

By HON, PROSPER J. BERCKMANS, Augusta, Ceorgia.

The Society reassembled at 3 p.m. in the Opera
House, where all subsequent sessions were held,
to hear the biennial address of the President.

THE ADDRESS.

Ladies ami Gentlemen of the American Pomo-
logical Society;

Your Constitution requires from your presid-
ing officer "an address on some subject relating
to pomology at every biennial meeting."

When I consider the magnitude which pomo-
logical progress has achieved within the past
few years, I confess that in thus discharging
this duty, I do so with well founded misgiv-
ings.

In this age of rapid scientific discoveries, the
best results are attained by concentrating the
teachings of specialists, and as we are so fortu-
nate as to number among this audience, which I
have the honor to address and cordially greet,
men whose names have become illustrions in
the domain of science, and who will during the
session of this society invite your attention to
topics germain with its objects, I beg your in-
dulgence for not strictly confining myself to
this constitutional clause, and trust that I shall
therefore not disobey this formal command,
which I will however endeavor to carry out in
principle.

The Origin of the American Pomological So-
ciety emanated not only from the necessity of
advancing the progress of an industry which
half a century ago was already considered as
one of the great factors in the production of our
national wealth, but also from the desire
of its founders to unite all the fruit grow-
ers of the American continent in one vast
brotherhood. These principles were patriotic
and eminently practical, in accomplishing by
social intercourse and a free exchange of know-
ledge, the objects which were aimed to perfect.
As a nation progresses in refinement there is a
corresponding increase in the multiplicity of its

wants, and a consequent necessity for their
abundant supply; as such wants are the natural
results of increased labor, so increased labor
must meet the demand of supply.

"When an industry or source of production is
left to individual resources so far as aiding in
its development, its progress is necessarily slow
and often unremunerative; but when many men
combine their knowlege and efforts with a desire
to advance its proficiency, then it is no longer
dependent upon the toil of one individual, and
thus toil may be made to be no longer without
its concurrent reward.

THE POLICY OF THE SOCIETY

has never deviated from this broad and liberal
platform, and I am most happy to see in our
midst some of the public spirited men who being
present at the birth of this grand organization,
come here to-day to testify by their presence and
counsel that their solicitude for its success is
dear to their hearts.

It recognizes pomology both as a science and
an art, and as such these must take precedence
above all other subjects which may be brought
for its consideration. Individual interests must
always be ignored, but merits in pomological
products will receive such recognition as they
are entitled to.

Private enterprises, whose object is the pro-
duction of pomological commodities for com-
mercial purposes, have special organizations for
specified results. Such organizations deserve
the cordial commendation of this society for the
many benefits they bring to every community in
the land, and for practically aiding in carrying
out the work of this society.

In the future reunions of men animated witb
but one desire, the advancement of an intellec-
tual and refining pursuit, rests the perpetuation
of this society, its strength and usefulness. So
long as this policy is pursued, so long will this
society remain the fostering source from which

18

president's address.

American pomology lias become a rich mine of
pleasure, bodily comforts, educational progress
and financial returns.

I used the term patriotic when referring to
the principles which governed the men to whom
we owe the existence of this society.

No nation's power and wealth can long be re-
tained where popular education is not considered
as the fountain from which these flow. To pro-
vide the facilities for instructing the masses
under the common school system, is an admir-
able and wise provision of our far-seeing public
men, but there are increased opportunities now
available where a special higher class of instruc-
tion can be obtained, a knowledge without whose
existence and pursuit our present high standard
of refinement would not progress as rapidly as
required.

Horticulture was the basis upon which these
men anticipated building successfully. The
magnitude of horticultural taste everywhere vis-
ible is mainly due to their untiring efforts. Well
do such men deserve the grateful recognition of
those who are reaping the benefits of their
labors.

Following in the early work of the Society
many of our higher educational institutes added
a chair of horticulture to their curriculums. To
their honor be it said that there is to-day many
a happy and useful citizen who owes his envia-
ble lot in life to the special opportunities which
were thus afforded him.

European pomologists have long since recog-
nized our Society as the most influential of its
kind in existence; our proceedings are quoted
by foreign horticultural publications as models
worthy of imitation, and that under its auspices
American pomology has made most wonderfully
rapid progress, while in their own countries a
similar result has been slow.

Most enviable is the lot of the American
farmer, owner of the land he tills: he works
with the assurance that whatever outlay of labor
or money he devotes to its improvement, the
benefits resulting therefrom will be his own;
this leads to a desire to improve the products of
the soil, and thus to contribute to the material
progress of this great nation. In contrast with
this sovereign condition of our own pomologists,

the European farmer, being seldom other than a
temporary tenant, has no incentive to improve
permanently the land of another, or the quality
of such products which may not benefit him in
the near future. As a tenant he knows that in
making his landlord's land more productive he
will likely be made to pay an increased rental.
Pomological progress being therefore confined
to a very small proportion of European free-
holders as compared with our own, is necessarily
deprived of the vast amount of research and
discoveries which are within our own people.

When comparing the relative quality of the
soil of certain areas of the United States with
the value of their products, we find that it is not
always the richest lands or the most favored
localities that yield the highest revenue, but
where the husbandman is the best educated,
there are found the best as well as the most
valuable products. Again, it is undeniable that
the market value of purely agricultural lands is
inferior to those devoted to pomological prod-
ucts. The pomologist not only gives the most
lefined and valuable products to the food supply,
but by his more scientific knowledge of cultivat-
ing the soil, adds largely to the public revenue
by increasing the taxable value of his land.

Fiuit growers of this fair Land of Flowers, to
you belongs the honor of having aided more
materially to the wonderful development of your
State, than any other class of men.

Our venerated friend, Mr. Wilder, never
uttered a truer sentiment than when he said,
"After all, we pomologists are of some use to
mankind."

These words should be preserved by us as
emblematical of the importance of our pursuit.

Pleasant as an assembly of educated men un-
questionably is, it is enhanced when graced by
the presence of refined ladies.

We recognize woman's influence upon all that
is elevatiug and ennobling; when cooperating in
promoting the success of this Society we are
encouraged to still greater efforts in fulfilling
the mission we have undertaken to perform, and
they take the place, which is theirs by right, as
the devoted and unselfish helpmate of man. I
voice the sentiment of every member of this
Society when thanking you most cordially for

1'KKSIDENT S ADDRESS.

19

the interest you thus manifest iu the success of
this session.

Permit me to call your attention to a few sub-
jects appertaining to the scope of this Society,
and which may, perhaps, be considered of suffi-
cient importance to be discussed in the course
of ,your deliberations.

PABIS EXPOSITION.

It is most creditable to our general govern-
ment that the necessity of giving the poinolog-
ical products of the United States official recog-
nition in its participation in this forthcoming
event is fully recognized. The results of the
collective exhibits of the various products of this
continent do not merely open additional mar-
kets, but will ultimately prove potent factors in
uniting the people of this grand Republic in
closer bonds of mutual interest and harmony.
Of late years it has become obvious that Amer-
ican pomology should receive due recognition
by Government aid, it is therefore a source of
congratulation that its importance has lately
been considered sufficient to cause the establish-
ing of a

DIVISION OF POMOLOGY

by the United States Department of Agriculture,
under the care of the Secretary of Agriculture.
The division of pomology has done excellent
work, his etforts to promote its usefulness are
worthy of commendation as well as the liberal
support of all American fruit growers.

EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

which by act of Congress are now either estab-
lished or in process of organization in every
State of the union, will greatly increase the
facilities for advancing pomological knowledge.
In a few States these stations have been es-
tablished sufficiently long to have demonstrated
their usefulness and have already left their im-
print upon many products which have visibly
improved through their influence. Where such
stations are about to be established, the task of
properly organizing will be arduous. There will
be little of past work to build upon, successful
results must therefore be comparatively slow
unless <>iir zealous fruit growers unite their
'limits in aiding the officers in charge with their

knowledge and practical experience, and thus
lessen their difficult task and yield the speediest
and best returns.

UTILIZING SURPLUS FRUIT.

This problem, which has been for some years
past a practical subject for the consideration of
American fruitgrowers, seems for some sections
and for certain classes of fruits near a satisfac-
tory solution. An occasional over supply of
fruit in our markets has doubtless had a dis-
couraging in rluence in increasing products and
inducing poniological progress in certain in-
stances. While an over production is likely to
occur at times and with certain products, there
are beneficial concomitant results. Au abundant
supply of cheap fruit brings the latter within
the reach of those whose circumstances debar
them from its constant use, aad soon creates a
habit that changes to a necessity and a more
ready disposal is the consequence. It is a
patent fact that the free use of sound fruit con-
duces to hygienic as well as temperate reform.

The perfection attained in producing evapor-
ated fruit would demonstrate that when an over
supply can thus be converted into a wholesome
article of food, easily preserved for future use,
we are safe in extending the planting of such
fruits as can be thus utilized. As the foreign
demand is increasing for American products, it
is to be anticipated that still greater improve-
ments will be made in the methods for their in-
definite preservation.

NECROLOGY.

Would that I were spared the sad duty to
chronicle the loss to our society of one who was
for many years one of its most zealous friends
and co-workers. Wm. Parry, Vice President
for New Jersey, died at his home at Parry, N.
J., on February 27, 1888. Early in life he be-
gan the pursuit of pomology, to which he ever
since devoted his attention. Few men have led
a more useful life or held more honorable posi-
tions involving public trusts; as speaker of the
House of Assembly of New Jersey, as Interna-
tional Judge for New Jersey in the department
of Pomology at the Centennial Exposition at
Philapelphia, as Member of the New Jersey

20

PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.

State Geological Society, Judge for ten years < »f
the Court of Common Pleas of Burlington
County, Master in the Court of Chancery, etc.,
he will long be remembered as a faithful public
servant; but to all American fruit growers his
name will remain as a household word as the in-
troducer, originator and skillful cultivator of
small fruits. To him we are indebted for the
introduction of the Kieffer pear, a valuable
product for a large section of the country. To
his co-workers in this society his genial presence
will be sadly missed, but his good work and
counsel in our pursuit will forever be gratefully
remembered.

A few days since Mr. Kichard Peters, of At-
lanta, Ga., passed away after a life full of years
and usefulness. His death occurred on the 6th
of February, when he had attained his 78th
year. Mr. Peters early became a life member
of this society, and in the early days of this or-
ganization held the position of Vice President
for Georgia. Although engaged in various pur-
suits which he invariably made successful, pom-
ology was his favorite occupation. To him
Georgia is indebted for the dissemination of
many of its native apples and peaches and the
promoting of its pomological resources at a time
when little attention was paid to this class of
products.

Mr. David S. Myer, for many years past the
chairman for Delaware of the general Fruit
Committee died at his home in Bridgeville, Del.,
a short time since. His modest and conscien-
tious reports to oxir biennial proceedings evinced
that honesty which characterizes all true pomol-
ogists; in him this Society has lost an earnest
and faithful worker.

Although not long connected with our Asso-
ciation, Pliny W. Pieasoner was nevertheless
known to every pomologist of this continent.
Endowed with wonderful intellectual gifts, and
scarcely passed beyond young manhood, he made
such impress in his chosen pursuit as to place
him most prominently in the ranks of advanced
scientists. To him is horticulture indebted for
many practical discoveries and a reliable nomen-
clature in the section of tropical fruits. Had
bis life been spared he would ere many yens

have been ranked as the peer of our most illus-
trious botanists, but the intense love of his pur-
suit, which was paramount to his personal safety,
was the cost of a precious life. We have lost in
him one whose future aid to this Society would
have been most precious, as his aspirations were
for its success.

At the last session of this Society at Boston,
in September, 1887, you accepted the generous
gift of Mr. Wilder, who, by the terms of his will
donated a fund whose income would constitute a
j>ermanent aid to your work, and he thus testi-
fied of the great desire of his heai't to perpetu-
ate the existence of the American Pomological
Society; following your acceptance it became
necessary to comply with the legal requirements
relating to legacies donated to public organiza-
tions. An act of incorporation was secured from
the legislature of Massachusetts and your Socie-
ty acquired a legal existence.

Your mission is plainly defined in the follow-
ing words of said act: "For the purpose of pro-
"motiug and encouraging the culture of fruits
"with all the powers and privileges, and subject
"to all the duties and liabilities set forth in the
"general laws which are now or may hereafter
"be in force, applicable to such corporations."

As the legal head of your society I have en-
deavored to faithfully fulfill the duties entrusted
to me through your kind condescension. When
you selected me to continue the work of the man
through whose constant care and solicitude this
organization had become the foremost of its
kind in the world, and over which he so grace-
fully presided for nearly forty years, I accepted
this honored position with the knowledge that
notwithstanding rny most earnest efforts to carry
out your wishes, my ability would fall short of
your expectations.

In the performance of the peculiarly difficult
duties which I assumed, I have received the in-
valuable assistance of your former secretary,
Mr. Charles W. Garfield, who, although laboring
under great physical difficulties, gave his inces-
sant care to the preparation of the proceedings
of your last session, and when unable to longer
continue his labors he had to tender his resig-
nation and sever his official relations with you,

PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.

21

but his cooperation in the future work of the
Society will always be at your command. To
your venerable First Vice-President, Mr. T. T.
1 yon, and your honored Treasurer, Mr. Benja-
min G. Smith, the trustee! and tried friend of
Mr. Wilder, I am indebted for wise advice and
never failiug assistance.

You owe to your Chairman of the General
Fruit Committee, Mr. Andrew S. Fuller, a clear
and concise report, as well as one which your
treasurer will endorse as eminently satisfactory.
In appreciating the many difficulties under which
I labored he has faithfully performed the labor
of that important committee, and thus given me
mosl valuable aid.

From thereport of your Treasurer you will see
that the inheritance so geueronsly bestowed upon
this Society by its founder, has been safely in-
vested, and the intentions of our departed friend
and benefactor religiously carried out. Although
the then available funds were inadequate to meet
the expenditures of your last session, the legacy
of Mr. Wilder has remained intact. Tour Society
is free from pecuniary indebtedness, and there
is a very satisfactory balance in your treasury.

I am aware that my work has been criticised
by those who were not familiar with the duties I
am legally obligated to perform, but in dis-
charging these with fidelity to you and loyalty
to the memory of our friend, I trust you will
sustain my official acts.

The Address was received with long continued
applause. At its close Mr. Brackett was called to
the Chair, and appointed a committee to take into
c msideration the recommendations made in the
Address, and report to the Society. The com-
mittee consisted of F. M. Hexamer of New
York. Win. ('. Strong of Massachusetts, and
Dudley W. Adam- of Florida.

At a later session this committee made the
following report :

Members of the American Pomological Society:

The committee to whom was referred the
address of our President, report as follows:

It is fortunate Eor the Society that we have
one to preside over our deliberations and to
carry forward the great work which we have in
hand, who is so thoroughly imbued with the

spirit and the high aims of its founders. We
recognize, as one of the important objects of our
Society, the cultivation of a feeling of brother-
hood among the fruit-growers of our vast
domain, whether coming from the cold regions
of the North, or dwelling under the sunny skies
of the tropics. We are citizens of a common
country, which we love. We have widely differ-
ing products, it is true, but they are such as we
wish freely to interchange; we have a common
interest in unrestricted and rapid transportation.
We want intelligently to understand the capaci-
ties and the demands of each section, and to
strengthen the bonds which unite us as a com-
mon people. To this end we believe, with our
President, that this Society is doing a very im-
portant service. Let us see to it that this spirit
of brotherhood is maintained.

We may look for important results coming
from the establishment of experimental stations
by the Federal Government in the various States,
in the near future. That they are experimental,
and therefore slow in results, in some cases, is
to be expected. But there can be no question
that the careful study of scientific men, under
the most favorable conditions for investigation
of the laws of health and disease, will furnish
information which will be of incalculable value
to the cultivator of fruit. Our Society has been,
and will continue to be, the medium by which
many papers of greatest importance will be dis-
seminated. We should therefore lend our com-
bined and our individual influence to the support
of these stations.

The distance may deter our producers from
making exhibits at the coming Paris Exposition.
But if there are fruits which can be preserved
Eor so long a time as is necessary, it would be
well to make displays, not so much for the pur-
pose of creating a market, as that we may give
evidence of the capability of our soil, and there-
by encourage a better class of immigration.

The remaining suggestions of our President,
ami the spirit of his address, we are confident
will receive your hearty approval.

F. M. Hexamer,
Wm. C. Strong,
Dudley W. Adams,

Committee.

22

TREASURER S REPORT.

Treasurer's Report.

The Treasurer then presented his biennial
statement as follows:

RECEIPTS.
1887.

Sept. 10. Bal. from old account $5,309 88

Dec. 13. Received interest to date 34 39

D. A. Scott, two extra copies Pro-
ceedings 3 00

" F. G. Sampson, Donation 5 00

Thos. Hogg, " 2'00

" Lewis Chase, copy Proceedings.... I 50
1888.

May 1. Interest on Railroad Ponds 100 00

Nov. 1. " " " " 100 on

E. F. Burrington, Life Member 20 00

F. H. Appleton, " " 20 00

O. K. Gerrish, " " 20 oo

N.T.Kidder. " " 20 00

P. L. Temple, " " 20 00

Geo. W. Childs, " " 20 00

M, B. Faxon, " " 20 00

Wm. H.Stark, " " -JO 00

Lyman Phelps, " '• 20 00

David ('. Cook, " '■ 20 00

E. S. Goff, to complete " 16 00

J. V. Lindley, " " " 16 00

E. Williams, " " " 16 no

110 Biennial Members, at $4 4,! in 00

DISBURSEMENTS. $ B,243 77

1887.

Sept. 16. Cash paid A. A. Crozier for report-
ing Boston meeting 45 00

Sept. 12. Paid express package from Grand

Rapids 1 30

Sept. 29. Prescott Fay. fur services in con-
nection with I;.. stun meeting 12 00

Sept.30. Ellwanger& Barry, bill, sundries... 12 71

Sept. 30. W. C. Strong, telegram 50

Nov. 2. A. A. Crozier, for services 9 53

1888.

Mar. I. Charles W. Garfield, bill, postage
stamps, Pxpressages, telegrams,
circulars, envelopes, aim print-
ing, including $30 postage on

mi Proceedings ,"jT 45

Printing Company for printing
Proceedings and catalogues as
per agreement r^sn

.Mar. 7. Paid United States Express on
ease 700 lbs. from ( I rand Rapids,
Mich 16 50

Mar. 15. Boston Safe Deposit and Trust

1889. Company 10 00

Jan. 10. S. Ward & Co., stationery and

printing 15 if>

Feb. 2. II. Mitchell for " Wilder " medals 52 25

toPJan8i,lp- J- Berckmans, postage stamps

'89. 'j and printing ;!7 93

Oof 87 to ^ B" G' !Sl"itl'- l"'r biu rendered for
Jan 8,589, : P- stamps, p, cards, expressage,

j printing and stationery 52 98

1887.
Dee. 13. Paid lor $5,000 Chicago, Burling-
ton ,v Quincy Railroad Bonds,
ISS9. per order Finance Committee... . 4,910 83
Feb. 8. Cash balance to new account 196 80

1889. s r,,243~77

Feb. 8. Balance from old account which

represents $5000 Railroad Bonds, $ i,910 83
Feb. 8. Cash bal. from old acc't 496 80

Benjamin G.Smith,
Treasurer American Pomological Society.
Boston, Feb. 8, 1889.

I have examined the foregoing account and
find it correct, with proper vouchers. I have
also examined the bonds of the Chicago, Bur-
lington and Quincy R. It., amounting to $5,000,
and find them correct.

Edward B. Wilder, Auditor.
Boston, Feb. 9, 1889.

The committee appointed at the morning ses-
sion to nominate a list of officers for the society
for the ensuing term then made its report, which
was unanimously adopted. A list of the officers
will be found at the beginning of the volume.

At this point, Col. D. H. Elliott, Chairman of
the Committee on Transportation appointed by
the Florida Horticultural Society, announced
that arrangements had been made with all the
leading transportation companies in Florida, by
which daring ten days following the adjournment
of the meeting members of the Society would
be invited to visit any portion of the State with-
in reach of their lines free of expense. Com-
mittees would be ready to escort the visiting
pomologists wherever they wished to go. Let-
ters were read from the managers of hotels at
various points offering special low rates to par-
ties intending to visit their respective localities.

The invitation to remain after adjournment
and visit the leading points of interest in the
State was accepted by the Society, and its hearty
thanks extended to Col. Elliott and his commit-
tee and the various transportation companies
for their generous hospitality.

Space will not permit a full account of the
excursions and festivities following the meeting,
and only a brief mention will be inserted here.
The weather, which had been chilly and un-
pleasant during the session, with more or less
rain every day, resumed its serenity in time for
the first excursion, Friday afternoon, February
22d. At the close of the last session at noon of
that day it was announced that a special train
was in waiting at the depot of the Florida
Southern railroad for all who wished to visit the
orange groves at Citra during the afternoon.
Alter diuner at the Ocala house, nearly all of
the delegates, together with many of the promi-
nent citizens of Florida, availed themselves of the
opportunity and spent several very pleasant and

SCIENTIFIC P03I0L0GY.

23

profitable hours among the orange trees, return-
ing t<> Ocala in the evening. To the Northern

delegates the occasion was of peculiar interest,
and one long to be remembered. A considerable
portion of the old crop of oranges still remained
upon the trees, and the blossoms for the new
crop were just beginning to open.

Upon the following day, which was Saturday,
the visitors formed parties for various tours
through the State, embracing Homosassa, Silver
Springs, Tampa, Winter Park, Sanford, DeLand,
St. Augustine, Jacksonville, and points as far
South as Lake Worth.

Most of the delegates remained in the State
until the following week and then gradually dis-
persed to their homes.

The afternoon session closed with the first pa-
per upon the programme, on " Cross Fertiliza-
tion," by J. C. Neal, M. D., Vice Director of
the Florida Experimental Station.

As it will be more convenient to those using
this volume to have the subjects presented at the
meeting classified as much as practicable, and
as various causes prevented a systematic presen-
tation of all the topics, a conescutive account
of the following sessions will be omitted.

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

Cross- Fertilization.

J. C. NEAL, LAKE CITY, FLORIDA.

I must apologize at the beginning of these
notes for a few botanical details. Most of you
are familiar with them, but all are not so fortu-
nate, for some of our most successful fruit-grow-
ers only know effects, not causes, and would fail
in any attempt to cross or hybridize plants, hav-
ing neither the knowledge, patience or skill that
is required in these delicate experiments. For
these only, I give a few preliminary explana-
tions:

While in the usual result of nature's methods
there is marked similarity to ancestral traits, we
find three modes of variation from a recognized

type.

1. 1'iikI variation — In this case without any
known reason, a bud may develop a novelty in
fruit or flower capable of propagation by graft-
ing, budding, layering, cuttings, or even ends —
as in the case of nectarines, apples, dahlias, zin-
nias and petunias, but no one knows how to orig-
inate these variations, hence there is little prac-
tical value in this method of chance growth.

2. By noting the tendency to vary in certain
plants, ami selecting seeds from those showing
the greatest deviation, repeated planting will
eventually fix a type with but little tendency to
revert to the original. This method is very com-
mon, only requiring time, patience and judg-
ment in selection.

3. Artificial crossing — I shall restrict this
term to the efforts of man to obtain new and val-
uable varieties by interference.

To me there is a fascination about this pro-
cess that is not easily described. To be able to
change the orthodox plans of dame nature to
suit my fancy, is very interesting, and forsooth
often quite profitable, especially if the result be
a prolific and toothsome fruit or a vegetable
having some new and reliable quality.

Darwin has thoroughly investigated the usual
compulsory crosses that avoid the evils of in-
and-in-breeding, but these are nearly always
within a narrow limit and cause little variation,
as if the law were for like to produce like, tin-
object of the cross being evidently to keep spe-
cific traits in the ascendency. The wild cherry,
pawpaw and haw have thus reproduced them-
selves for centimes with little or no change.

It would be a delightful theme to discuss the
many apparent shifts of plants to avoid self-
fertilization, and the study of these plants is
very profitable, but oar time is limited even for
a glance, and I need but briefly refer to the pro-
cess of fertilization.

The grains of pollen, conveyed in any manner
to the viseid surface of the stigma, soon burst
their exterior coatings, and send slender tubes
to the ovary, where the fluid contents of the
pollen cells mingle with those of the germinal
vesicle of the embryo.

24

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

Under proper conditions pollen gin ins main-
tain viability for weeks; in fact, so long as the
contents are fluid and the exterior unchanged
we may assume their potency; but in all cases
test with the microscope; sprinkle a few grains
on weak syrup in a culture cell and note if deli-
cate filaments extend from the pollen in a few
hours.

An important point is the relative maturity
of the pollen and the stigma. There are three
variations, the Proterandry, in which the sta-
mens ripen and shed pollen some time before
the stigmas are prepared to receive it. In this
case the chances are that self-crossing will result
from the deposit of the pollen of another flower.

The second variation is Proterogyny, when
the stigma ripens first, and is impregnated from
other plants or blooms, and the third case may
be called Isogamy, where there is coordinate
action and simultaneous preparation of stigma
and pollen.

A knowledge of these peculiar relations of the
fertilizing agencies is invaluable to the would-be
originator of new varieties, yet while in an aver-
age year any grown species of plant will adhere
closely to its peculiar law of growth, it is well to
know that all are subject to exceptional action
from the influence of varying temperature, and
that at times a proterandrous flower may become
proterogynous or isogamous, and <•/<■<• versa.

I believe Prof. Meehan first demonstrated
this. To explain: If a plant is proterandrous
at 70 J, and is forced to submit to 50% as the bud
opens the pollen will be retarded, but not the
stigma, this of course changing the whole pro-
gramme in reference to fertilization.

My experiments and studies lead me to con-
clude that the greater number of our fruit trees,
especially the Bosacese and Aurantiacere are pro-
terandrous in the temperature needed to cause
normal growth.

At 70° the pear, peach, and apple shed pollen
not half an hour after the opening of the bud.
The inner whorl of stamens begin and then turn
toward the stigma; from two to four hours
elapse before the stigma shows moisture; at a
higher temperature the pollen often drops prior
to the unfolding of the petals.

In the earlier part of the blooming period the
chances then are greater for accidental crossing
by the agency of the wind and insects.

As soon as the anthers are empty they begin
to shrivel, and the filaments usually change
color. When fertilized the petals wither and
the ovary enlarges.

The practical deductions from natural pro-
cesses are: Defer the attempt to cross or hybrid-
ize till near the close of blooming of the mater-
nal parent.

Remove the stamens at the first appearance
of the opening of the petals.

Cover the stigma with the selected pollen, tie
a small tissue paper bag over the bloom to pre-
vent interference by wind and insects; remove
all other blooms from the branch; record the
date, species or variety, and in three days remove
the covering and note result; save the seeds,
plant; keep records, and await results. Now,
this reads as if easy to do, but in addition to in-
fluence of temperature we have the fixed habits
of the plants to contend with.

For instance, a hybrid between any grape and
the Scuppernong would be a boon to Florida;
but there is a great gap in time of blooming
and the same way with our other fruits. We
may meet some of these cases by hastening or
retarding growth; the first by heat, moisture,
light, and stimulating manures, the latter by
dwarfing, cokl, dryness, and poor soil.

It is easy to fail ; some trees have an aversion
to crossing, and in all cases the needed manipu-
lations are very delicate.

For ten years I have been au amateur in this
line, experimenting mostly with the grape and
peach. I have had some success, but more fail-
ures to record; but I still wrorry the trees arid
vines each year, living in hopes to at last attain
hybrids of grapes and crosses of peaches that
I think needful to Florida.

The influence of parentage or prepotency is a
problem which, could it be solved, woidd prove
of the greatest value to the pomologist. In this
case analogy will give us some clue, though per-
haps with great changes as to results. Some
years ago I asked some of our leading botanists
— including Professors Wood and Gray— this
question:

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

25

(liven the Peen-to stigma, fertilized with pol-
len from the Ouderdonk, what would be the
result? They could not answer. Analyzed, the
question is tliis: The Peen-to is a semi-cling,
white-fleshed, noyau flavor, flat shape and an
early bloomer; the Ouderdonk is globular, yel-
low flesh, free-stone, sub-acid, and a late bloomer.
The Peen-to ripens in Florida in May, the On-
derdouk in July and August. My guess will be
that the cross will be a large, globular, yellow-
fleshed cling, with the Peen-to flavor and flesh.

The Honey pollen on Peen-to stigma produces
a cling with the size, nearly the shape, and the
color of the Honey, but with the vigor, the flavor
and texture, and early bearing habit of the Peen-
to. I have several trees of both the Peen-to-
Honey ami Honey-Peen-to just bearing for the
first time this year, as well as the Honey-Amelia,
the Honey-Onderdonk, and the Peen-to-Amelia.
This last cross is a fine fruit, one that would
make a peach conuoiseur wild with delight —
large, early, sub-acid, with a rich flavor, very
superior.

At our experiment station in Lake City, I
hope to conduct these experiments on a large
scale, and in a few years we may have crosses of
every variety of peach grown in the South, using
stigmas of the Peen-to, Honey, and Chinese
BlooJ, in the endeavor to obtain late blooming,
early ripening, and vigor of growth.

A peach that would combine the good quali-
ties of the Peen-to, Ouderdonk and Amelia,
would at once command attention and put Flor-
ida far ahead as to that fruit. As to other fruits,
we need many varieties that are only attainable
by judicious crossing. A hardy orange combin-
ing the traits of the Navel and Satsuma, or the
Tardiff and Satsuma, is to be obtained in this
way; a plum combining the values of the
Kelsey and Washington; a hybrid Scupper-
nong-Black Hamburg grape, a Bartlett-Le-
eonte pear — these are things we need in Flor-
ida, and that I hope to make certainties at our
experiment station. My studies in crossing
show that with few exceptions there is no effed
produced upon the fruit the first year. Maize,
Sorghum, and Cucurbitacese, are exceptions.
The colocynth and watermelon planted together
hybridize, producing large bitter melons the

first season; they retain their respective shapes;
the colocynth becomes more fleshy, the melon
is bitter and purgative. Corn shows effect the
first yearj both in color and quality. Sorghum
and broom-corn, Doura and other millets show
some changes also the first year, but with
grapes, peaches and apples, I have never seen
any change.

There are brilliant p issibilities ahead of the
careful experimenter, and no one should be dis-
couraged at failures, for in time he shall reap a
rich reward, if not pecuniarily in the benedic-
tions of a grateful fruit loving people.

DISCUSSION.

Jas. L. Mott, Pennsylvania: In crossing the
Peen-to and Ouderdonk which would you use as
the female parent?

Dr. Neal: I would use the Peen-to, to get its
earliness an 1 vigor. In both flavor and vigor a
cross generally resembles the female parent.

T. TV. Moore, Florida: The immediate effect
of the cross on the fruit is an important point
touched upon in the paper. I have been watch-
ing the Navel orange and am satisfied that this
variety is immediately affected by the pollen of
other varieties, and that it will itself influence
other varieties growing near. Smaller varieties
are increased in size by Navel pollen and ren-
dered more seedless.

Dr. Neal : In the Peen-to cross no effect on the
fruit was seen the first year. The only case in
which I am certain of an influence the first year
is in a cross between the colocynth and the
watermelon, in which the former imparted its
bitterness to the latter the first season.

H. E. Van Deman, District of Columbia: I
have just been visiting many of the orange or-
chards in this State and have seen the Navel
mark on other varieties, but this is no proof that
this was caused by Navel pollen. There are
many variations or " sports "among citrus fruits
which we cannot account for. I have never seen
any evidence to convince me that the effect of
a cross will appear the first year. Careful ex-
periments are needed.

Harrison Reed, Florida: Icuta branch from
a Navel tree which bore seven or eight oranges
which had no navel mark and which contained

2(5

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

seeds. The remainder of the crop had the usual
navel mark and were seedless.

T. W. Moore, Florida: I am glad to see cau-
tion exercised, but the uniform observation of
our best growers must have some weight, and
this is in favor of an immediate influence. I
have been growing oranges for ten years. Up
to the time of the introduction of the Washing-
ton Navel I never saw the navel mark on any va-
riety. I was one of the first to introduce that
variety into cultivation, and since then I have
found its peculiar mark all through my other
trees, and the other varieties show their marks
upon the Navel.

B. T. Galloway, District of Columbia: Does
the Navel produce sufficient pollen to have such
a wide influence?

H. E. Van Deman: My assistant, Mr. C. L.
Hopkins, made, about a year ago, an examina-
tion of 100 flowers, of Washington Navel ob-
tained from Mr. Lyman Phelps, of this State
and -T. E. Cutter, of California. There was never
more than three or four grains of pollen in a
flower. In some of the other varieties of Navel
there was plenty of pollen.

J. S. Newman, Alabama: I would like to ask
Dr. Neal if he was in a position to know that
the melon spoken of had no previous cross.

J. C. Neal: I obtained the seeds of the colo-
cynth from Frederick Sterns, of Detroit, for
medicinal purposes. The seeds of the Rattle-
snake watermelon were obtained from Augusta,
Georgia, where there were not likely to have
been any colocynths near. The colocyntlis
were planted near a portion of the melons for
the express purpose of making them bitter and
stopping the negroes from stealing them, which
it effectually did. They said I had " conpu-ed "
the melons.

J. S. Newman: I have known of a field of
cantaloupes where there was not one good melon
ou an acre, in consecpience of the melons having
been planted the previous year near cucumbers.
The resulting crop were all hybrids, the melons
presenting all gradations in appearance between
perfect cantaloupes and good cucumbers.

Lyman Phelps, Florida: I have been making

experiments in crossing for ten or twelve years
and have often thought that I had seen an effect
the first year. Nearly all our varieties now
occasionally show the navel mark and streaks of
blood. How this is caused I cannot say. I have
cut out lemon trees growing near oranges be-
cause the fruit became unshapely, but I am not
prepared to say that the orange pollen was the
cause. I believe, however, that there are cases
of an immediate influence of pollen, not only
on the fruit, but on the plant as well. I once
carefully crossed the Navel with pollen of the
Maltese Blood, covering the flowers with paper
sacks. Two weeks later I removed the nearest
bud from below the crossed flower and inserted
it in another tree. The bud grew and showed
the foliage of the Blood variety.

Harrison Eeed: I have two rows of sour
orange trees around my grove, but I have never
seen any effect upon the sweet varieties from the
presence of the sour oranges.

President Berckmans: I have had come un-
der my observation a number of instances of the
effect of a cross upon the fruit the first year.
Some twenty-five or thirty years ago an orchard
of Vicar of Wiukfiekl pears was planted in Cobb
county, Georgia, by Mr. Archibald Smith. For
a number of years no other kinds were planted,
and the pears were perfect Vicars. Afterward
Seckel and Flemish Beauty trees were planted
in the orchard, and when these came to bear
their influence was often seen on the appearance
of the Vicars. I have seen Yellow peaches
grown near trees of the Indian which bore red
longitudinal stripes due to that variety. I have
seen the downy fruit of the Early York with a
portion of the surface entirely smooth when
grown near nectarines.

H. E. Van Deman: I have raised peaches
from nectarine seels and vice versa. The nec-
tarine is only a smooth variety of the peach, and
intermediate sports are not rare. I do not think
that the appearance observed was due to a cross.
Mr. Jas. Mott sent me a branch of a Peen-to
p ach tree on which were several typical speci-
mens, and also others having the shape of the
Honey. I can give no explanation.

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

27

Anguillula, or Root Knot.

By request Dr, Neal gave a short account oE
this disease and exhibited specimens of affected
trees. He had recently investigated the sub-
ject for the Department of Agriculture at
Washington, and a full account of his work
may be found in Bulletin 20 of the Entomologi-
cal Division.

The disease is caused by a microscopic nema-
tode worm (Anguillula arennria) thousands of
which may be found in each knot, They occur
on nearly all plants throughout Florida, and to
some extent in Southern Georgia, South Caro-
lina, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas. He had
also found them on trees imported by P. J.
Berckmans, from China. They do not seem
able to withstand cold, and are not found at the
North where the ground freezes to any depth.
They probably have six or eight generations a
year. Except for their sensitiveness to cold
they are very tenacious of life, and are conta-
gious, being propagated from tree to tree. Al-
kaline fertilizers will kill the free worms and
are a partial remedy. The disease is most
injurious to nursery stock, especially the peach.
The Scuppernong grape and some varieties of
the plum seem to be free from it.

Unsolved Problems in Pomology.

E. S. GOFF, MADISON, WISCONSIN'.

The past year has witnessed what promises to
be a new era in the progress of pomology, as
well as in all other branches of Agriculture.
The establishment of Experiment stations in
the different States sets apart about 300 men
for the express purpose of investigating ques-
tions pertaining to the various branches of Agri-
culture. Fortunately the department of Pomo-
logy is not being slighted by this noble company

of workers. If it is not at present r siving its

full share of attention, let us hope that the time
is not far distant when it shall, and in the mean-
time, and always, let us watch with encouraging
sympathy the work of experimentation in the
various departments i. f fruit growing.

It is proposed to treat the subjects here
chosen, from the experimenter's standpoint.

All of us, it is true, are not experimenters. But
the nearer the relation between the practical
fruit grower and the experimental pomologist,
the more helpful each can be to the other, and
we shall lose nothing by exchanging thoughts.

The office of the experimenter is not simply
to propose and try new methods. He should
also critically examine existing methods in order
to discover if they are not capable of improve-
ment. To him, the general acceptance of a
proposition does not establish it. He should
analyze the foundation of every proposition in
his field, and should condemn all methods, how-
ever fully accepted, that are not grounded upon
truly scientific principles.

What is the condition of our Pomology to-
day ? It seems hardly necessary to cite evidence
to show that the crops of our larger fruits are
far more precarious than are those of our cereals.
A wheat crop that endures the winter is practi-
cally certain to yield its grain. A corn field in
which the plants are not destroyed before attain-
ing their full stature is sure to give its quota of
ears. But how is it with our tree fruits? The
trees grow to normal size, and in the greater
part of our country, pass the wTinter uninjured,
but bow often do they yield a normal crop?
Occasional excessive yields are followed by two,
three or more very scanty ones, and not infre-
quently, the crop is a total failure. The indica-
tions are that our fruit crops are becoming more
and more precarious. Entomologists and My-
cologists tell us, and indeed, we do not need to
be told, that the injuries to our fruit trees
wrought by insects and diseases are increasing.
This is certainly not a pleasant state of affairs
to contemplate. What are the causes, and what
are the remedies? Surely here is a most abun-
dant field for the experimental Pomologist.

The deterioration of our soil through exhaus-
tive cropping is doubtless one of the causes for
the capriciousness of our fruit crops. The in-
troduction of destructive foreign insects is un-
questionably another. But these causes can
hardly account for it all, since our cereal crops
are exposed to the same conditions, and as has
already been stated, these are far more certain
in yielding their returns than are our larger

28

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

fruits. Are there not causes inherent to our
methods of propagation and culture? It be-
hooves our experimenters to survey the field
carefully, in order that they may discover the
true source of the evil. The task is not an easy
oue, and much time will doubtless be required
to accomplish it, but the importance of the ques-
tion at stake fully justifies the labor and cost of
auy investigations that offer hope for its solu-
tion.

From conversation with practical nurserymen,
supplemented by my own reading and observa-
tion, I have come to the conclusion that many
[joints in relation to the science of propagation
are not well understood. It is the aim of the
nurseryman to produce salable trees in the
shortest time, and at the lowest cost. He knows
pretty well how to do this. AVhether the meth-
ods he pursues in accomplishing this end are, or
are not conducive to the future well being of the
tree and its fruit, he does not, as a rule, pretend
to know. A few general principles in relation
to the science of grafting ami budding are
accepted. These, I think the nurseryman gen-
erally observes, so long as the observance of
them is as cheap as any other method. But
competition compels him to adopt the cheapest
methods, sometimes, even, at a sacrifice of ac-
cepted principles. The most conscientious nur-
serymau finds himself hemmed in by the limits
of his knowledge, for which he can hardly, in
th ■ present state of affairs, be held responsible.

Authors have ascribed much of the degener-
acy of our fruits to the improper selection of
scions and stocks. Thus Mr. Downing said:*
"The apparent decay of a variety is often caused
by grafting upon unhealthy stocks. For although
grafts of very vigorous habits have frequently
the p >wer of renovating in some measure, or for
a time, the health of the stock, yet the tree,
when it arrives at a bearing state, will sooner or
later, suffer from the diseased or feeble nature
of the stock. Carelessness in selecting scions for
engrafting is another fertile source of degener-
acy in varieties.'

Ballet, an acknowledged authority upon graft-

ing, says:* "An uusound graft propagates the
disease it possesses. The bad choice repeated
through several generations brings about a de-
terioration of the variety."

Carriere, a learned French horticulturist,
says:f " All these facts demonstrate how great
is the necessity of carefully choosing the parts
when seeking to propagate a plant."

But how shall the nurseryman know what to
choose? Authors are well agreed that the
scions and stocks should be healthy, but beyond
this there appears to be a dearth of positive
knowledge. This subject should receive atten-
tion from our experiment stations. There are
many questions connected with it that they will
do well to consider. From how old a tree should
buds or scions be taken to furnish the most pro-
ductive and healthy trees? From what portions
of the tree do the buds or scions tend most to
fruitfuluess? Do buds from the leader of a
nursery tree produce more or less productive
trees than those from the side branches? Does
the terminal bud, provided it is well matured,
furnish a more or less productive scion than
lower buds? How near to the terminus of the
shoot should buds lie taken for the best health
of the future tree? Is not the practice of taking
buds or scions from unsalable nursery stock to
be condemned?

Possibly these questions may seem far-fetched
to some of my practical friends. I mention the
fact that their importance has already been dem-
onstrated with reference to certain plants. Car-
riere found in budding roses, that if he took his
buds from a very long branch which does not
flower, the plants obtained from these buds
flowere 1 very little. He says with reference to
this subject,!" " We can by choosing the branches
with care, produce either profuse flowering
individuals, or others, that dower little. We may
even, by pushing the case sufficiently far, obtain
individuals which do not flower at all, or at most
flower only exceptionally, an 1 all this in taking
the parts for propagation from the same indi-

* Fruits and Fruit Trees el' America, Second Rev,
Ed., p. 11.

* L'Ait <|e Greffrc, p. 50

t Production et fixation lies vari6tes dans Irs vege-
tans, p. 61.
Jl. c. p. 60.

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

29

vidual." He adds in a succeeding paragraph,
" What we have said of roses, we may perhaps
say of all plants; it is then very probable that
we might securo advantageous results from these
principles if we apply them to ornamental or
fruit trees." While speaking of grafting, I sug-
gest also that the influence of double working
upon the prolificacy of the tree and the quality
of the fruit offers a fertile field for experiment.
Certain varieties of pears and apples have been
shown * to be peculiarly well suited as stocks
for certain other varieties. Experiments in this
direction may not only show us how we may im-
prove the productiveness and quality of our
fruits, but they may add to our knowledge of
the science of grafting.

To what extent are our native plums and cher-
ries capable of improvement?

The imported plum and cherry can hardly be
called^ satisfactory in this country. The foliage
of the former is weak, and its fruit can only be
secured through an interminable warfare with
the curculio. The trees of the latter are much
subject to disease, and the fruit is liable to decay
prematurely, and is much damaged by the cur-
culio. We have sought to take advautage of the
thousands of years of culture and selection that
these fruits have received in the old world, by
adopting them directly into our culture, and in
the meantime have neglected our native species.
The wisdom of this course may be questioned.
Attention should be given at our experiment
stations to growing seedlings from our uativ*
species of these fruits, aud especially to attempts
at hybridizing our native species with the
foreign ones.

We have been compelled to give up the for-
eign grape, and as the result, within the past few
years has sprung up a multitude of improved
varieties of our native grapes. The same may
be said of the raspberry. Had our other im-
ported fruits proved as marked failures as have
the grape and raspberry, we might now have
been rejoicing in a long catalogue of improved
native varieties better able to cope with our cli-
matic conditions.

May not the hardiness of our peaches be in-
creased by crossing them with the Prunus
Simonii? This is a question of much import-
ance. I have heard of no attempts to cross these
fruits, but it seems not improbable that a cross
between them may be effected. If by so doing,
we may extend the area in which this most de-
licious fruit can be grown, it will be indeed a
step of progress.

Are our present methods of pruning the grape
conducive to the health of the vine?

The grape, as now grown, is peculiarly subject
to disease. Prof. Scribner has described* six
different fungus diseases preying upon the vine,
three of which are often extremely destructive
in certain parts of our country. The question
is pertinent, if the exhaustive methods of prun-
ing practiced in the culture of this fruit may
not be gradually undermining its vitality. By
some of the methods of pruning now in vogue,
as much of the wood is removed each year as is
possible, and much more than the requirements
of culture demand. Here is suggested a field
for experiment. While we are carefully testing
various fungicide remedies for the widespread
destruction wrought by parasitic diseases, may
it not be well, also, to see if these diseases may
not, in a measure, be thwarted by giving the
plant an opportunity to grow more in its natural
condition.

Allied to this, is the question whether or not
the productiveness of our grapes may not be im-
proved by giving the vines more room in the
vineyard. An editorial note in the Country
Gentleman for 1885, p. 108, contained the fol-
lowing: "When it was common in the Cincin-
nati vineyards to train the Catawba to single
stakes only a few feet apart, a plantation in the
neighborhood was planted with vines twelve feet
apart from each other, and full space was allowed
for them to run. The bunches, when examined,
averaged fully double t he size of those on the
vines trained to stakes. In another instance,
the owner of a successful Isabella vineyard, near
Peekskill, who had placed his vines at ordinary
distances, allowed the outside row to extend

* For a note of some interesting experiments in this
liue, see Gardener's Chronicle, Vol. 20, p. 664.

* Fungus Diseases of the Grape Vine. By F. Lam-
son Scribner, Department of Agriculture, 1886.

30

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

twice as far over a roadway. The superior size,
quality and appearance of the bunches on these
extended vines were in striking contrast with
the others."

I am told, however, that experiments made in
the vineyards of Chautauqua county did not
show that any special advantage followed giving
the vines more room. How carefully the tests
were made, I am not informed, but the facts
cited suggest that our knowledge of this subject
is less full than it should be. Another question
of practical importance to the grape-grower, is
whether or not the girdling of the canes below
the bunches to increase the size and earliness of
the fruit, is detrimental to the health of the vine.
I believe Prof. Maynard's experiments at the
Massachusetts Agricultural College have thus
far failed to discover any bad effects from it, and
it is said that in the island of Xante, the grow-
ers of the grape currant make a regular practice
of girdling the canes of their vines. If it can be
shown that this process is not detrimental to the
vine, the advantages gained from it would doubt-
less make it profitable in many cases.

To what extent can we prevent injury from
frost by treatment?

The laws of meteorology enable us to predict
frost with a considerable degree of certain-
ty. It is well known that smoke suspended in
the air answers to a certain extent the purpose
of clouds in preventing radiation of heat from
the earth. Fires burning in a fruit plantation
also tend to some extent to create currents of
air, which assist in preventing frosts. In the
vicinity of cities, where coal tar is often little
more than a waste product, it has seemed to
me that it might in some cases be practicable
to use this material for producing smoke at
times when the danger of damaging frost is
imminent. The liquid might doubtless be
conducted from a barrel jnto a small cavity
in the ground, through short sections of gas-
pipe. Here it could be safely burned. The
consumption of a few barrels of this material
on an acre would not beau expensive undertak-
ing, while the result might be sufficient, under

certain conditions, to save a crop from destruc-
tion.

To what extent may we use mulching with
profit as a preventive of injury from drought?

An experiment at the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station showed that a mulch only
an inch deep retained almost twice as much water
in the soil during the dryest part of the season
as frequent cultivation to the depth of four
inches. This suggests how great is the
value of a mulch in times of drought in cases
where it can be used. Now that its great supe-
riority to cultivation for retaining moisture in
the soil has been demonstrated, it is quite pos-
sible that it may be used to advantage in some
places in which its use has hitherto been
thought xmdesirable. A series of experiments
in this direction might add much to our know-
ledge.

Experiments at Geneva indicate that Dr.
Sturtevant's theory of seedless fruits has some
foundation. Seedling currants and raspberries
grown from few-seeded specimens produced
fruit of better average quality than those from
others that had many seeds. This suggests a
pi'omising line of experiments to those who are
originating new varieties. We know that flower
garden plants which do not produce seeds bloom
more profusely and through a longer season
than varieties of the same species that yield
seeds. It seems not unreasonable that we may
be able to make use of this principle, ap-
plied in a somewhat different manner, to im-
proving the quality and productiveness of our
fruits.

Although Pomology may present fair claims
to being the oldest art, we have seen that it still
has many unsolved problems.

The few lines of suggestion here suggested
by no means exhaust the catalogue. We are
greatly in need of experimental work that shall
be so carefully done that the practical cultivator
may safely depend upon its teachings. Let us
rejoice at the dawning of the new era which
gives so much stimulus to investigation in be-
half of Pomology.

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

31

The Plum Curculio.

Arsenical Sprays: Wien's Will Plum Immun-
ity Theory.

C. V. RILEY, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Much interest has lately been excited by the
publication of certain articles on the immunity
of wild plums from curculio, and an important
era in the warfare against this insect has been
marked by the recent adoption of arsenical
sprays as a preventive of its injury. Exper-
iments have been carried on during the past two
years under my direction which disprove the
former theory, and which confirm the partial
efficacy of a proper spraying with Paris green or
London purple. The results are summarized in
this communication.

Spraying with Arsenical Mixtures. — Testi-
mony as to the efficacy of this remedy is varia-
ble, but theoretically it is a sound one, and such
experiments as have been made indicate that it
will pay to spray trees for this purpose. It is
difficult to properly credit the first suggestion
of this remedy; but it is certainly not so recent
an idea as is generally supposed. In 1871 it
was recommended by Mr. G. M. Smith, of Ber-
lin, Wisconsin, to the St. Joseph (Mich.) Horti-
cultural Society, and from that time on has been
occasionally suggested in newspapers. Both en-
tomologists and the more prominent horticul-
turists, however, were for a long time inclined
to discredit its efficacy. Mr. J. Luther Bowers,
of Horndon, Va., informs me in conversation,
that in the summer of 1880, while he was living
in Clark county, Virginia, he sprayed his plum
trees with Paris green in the proportion of one
tablespoonful of the green to five gallons of
water, using for the spraying a Whitman Foun-
tain Pump. He sprayed soon after the petals
fell, and again in a week or ten days. Tho
result was the most perfect crop of plums
he had ever grown. He removed to Cali-
fornia at the close of the season, but did
not repeat his experiment and for that reason
the remedy did not gain circulation at that time.
From 1884 on, the use of arsenicals for the cur-
culio assumed a more important aspect. Mr.
Win. Creed, of Rochester, in the August, 1884,

number of Purdy's Fruit Recorder, gave in
general the results of a favorable experience
with Paris green against this insect, and in the
November, 1885, issue of the same journal,
recorded the complete success of the remedy.
Riley, in an address delivered before the Mis-
sissippi Valley Horticultural Society in the
early spring of 1885 at New Orleans, in giving
his experience as to the feeding habits of the
beetles, urged experimentation with the arsen-
icals in this direction as promising fair results,
though in the very nature of the case not as
satisfactory as in the case of the codling moth.
During the summer of the same year Prof.
Forbes began a series of experiments in Illinois.
In the article upon the codling moth, published
in the Annual Report for 1887, Mr. Howard has
given in full Prof. Forbes' table in which the
effect of Paris green and London purple upon
the plum and apple curculios are given in con-
nection with the effect upon the codling moth.
It must be remembered, however, that his ex-
periments were made entirely upon apples. He
shows that after spraying with Paris green in
the proportions indicated in the other article,
27.3 per cent, of the poisoned lot had been in-
fested by the curculios, and 51.3 per cent, of
those not sprayed. With London purple his ex-
periments show that 39 per cent, of the sprayed
apples contained curculios and 18 per cent, of
those unsprayed. His conclusion is: "If we
must judge from results thus far reached, these
various applications are of too slight effect upon
the apple and plum curculios to make them
worthy of use against these insects, Paris green
diminishing curculio blemishes less than one-
half, London purine about one-fifth, and lime
not far from one-fourth."

I undertook some incidental experiments
through Mr. Alwood during the season of 18S7.
They were not begun until after the curculios
had begun to work. The following extracts from
his notes will indicate results:

"Paris Green Spray. — Soon after tho beetles
appeared I became fully convinced that they ate
a considerable amount of food, and decided to
try poisoning them. Three trees of Green Gage
variety were treated May 13th and 17th with

32

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

Paris green at a rate of one pound to fifty gal-
lons of water in very fine spray.

"Some Blue Damsons were being used for
other experiments, but I regretted after seeing
the results on the Gages, that I did not treat
some of the Damsons with poison. Frequent
observations showed that the fruit on the treated
trees was not being stung so badly as the others.
Much of the time a beetle could scarcely be
found on them. The first spraying did not seem
to injure the foliage, but shortly after second
treatment it showed decided injury. I think
this is accounted for by the cumulative effects
of the poison. Both times the treatment was
thorough, and coming so close together they
were almost like a double strength application.
The foliage was badly burned, and fully fifty per-
cent, fell off. The trees were set very full of
fruit and much of this withered and fell. How-
ever, fully one-half the crop was matured.
There was one other tree in the orchard of this
variety and it matured more fruit than the other
varieties, but not one-half as much as those
which had been so thoroughly treated with poi-
son. This tree was set in spring as fully as
they were. It seems possible from this note
that the Gages are not so much injured by cur-
culio as other varieties; however, this is not at
all certain. I am confident the curculios eat
enough to make it possible to poison some of
them but the benefit to be derived from such is
as yet unsettled.

"Treatment with Paris Green muter Glass. —
May 23d, placed twenty beetles on a branch of
plum tree under bell glass, and sprayed thor-
oughly with Paris green, one pound to fifty gal-
lons of water. Two hours later several had fal-
len off and lay on their backs at bottom of glass.
Thirteen hours, fourteen out of twenty are dead,
and all disabled. Thirty hours, three yet alive.
" May 25, put two lots of curculios under glass
as before, one treated, the other not. After-
twelve hours seven dead of lot treated, five alive.
Other lot all right, all eating and ovipositing.
Twenty-four hours, all dead in lot treated, hav-
ing scarcely eaten at all. Others alive and have
cut and scarred the fruit badly.

" On May 25, I noticed a number of beetles

feeding on tender water sprouts growing around
base of trunk of trees. They would gnaw along
the side of a sprout for the distance of one-half
to one inch. Many sprouts bent over from being
thus weakened. This was noticed until curcu-
lios disappeared. The young fruit had become
so tough they seemed to prefer the twigs. Soon
after the beetles appeared on the plum orchard
they were also found in cherry orchard in great
numbers, ovipositing rapidly. On May 17, two
rows, seventeen trees each, were treated, the first
with Paris green, one pound to fifty gallons of
water, and the second with standard kerosene
emulsion diluted ten times. The row treated
with Paris green seemed to be much freer from
injury than those untreated. I intended to
count the product of whole trees, thus getting
at some facts in the case, but at picking time I
found it impossible to determine accurately all
infested ones without opening them. This I
undertook to do with three trees only, one from
each treatment and one check tree, but the labor
necessary to do this was so great that I could
not accomplish it before the fruit would spoil,
and was compelled to give it up after counting
several thousand cherries. So far as counted
the tree treated with Paris green showed not
quite 16 per cent, injured — an untreated tree 18
per cent."

In December, 1887, I received from Prof.
Cook, the following statement, which is printed
in his department report of the Michigan Agri-
cultural College for that year:

" Paris green in the proportion of one table-
spoonful to six gallons of water was very tho-
roughly sprayed irpon four plum trees May 18.
The petals had all fallen, but the dried calyxes
still clung to the fruit. On August 20 the trees
were visited, when it was found that the two
treated trees of the Wild Goose variety had
dropped all their fruit, as had the untreated
trees of the same kind. Another treated tree
of a yellow variety was loaded with plums,
of which only fifteen per cent, were stung, and
those not badly. The fourth tree treated was a
purple variety, and had not less than seventy-
five per cent, of its fruit badly stung."

This experiment was worthless, as there is no

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

33

record of check trees of the same variety, al-
though the experiment upon the yellow variety
looks well.

In Bulletin No. 4 (second series) Ohio Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Columbus, July
1888, Mr. C. M. Weed records certain experi-
ments upon the cherry which seem to have been
made with sufficient care, and from which re-
sults of decided value were obtained. His sum-
mary shows that on eight sprayed trees 280 in-
fested cherries were found out of 8,000 counted,
while on seven check trees (unsprayed) 1,086
infested cherries were found out of 7,500 count-
ed, giving a percentage of benefit resulting from
the spraying of 75.8. In other words, 75.8 per
cent, of the fruit on the sprayed trees which
were liable to curculio damage was saved by the
treatment with the poison. The poison used was
London purple, one-half pound to fifty gallons of
water, and was applied with a Nixon barrel ma-
chine and Climax nozzle. The trees were tho-
roughly wet at each application and no injury to
the foliage was done except in the case of two
trees on which the liquid was forced in a solid
stream. I reproduce Mr. Weed's summary and
conclusions:

(1) These experiments were undertaken to
learn what effect the application of London pur-
ple and lime to cherries soon after the fruit forms
would have in preventing the injuries of the
plum curculio, or in other words, in lessening
the number of wormy cherries.

(2) For the carrying on of the experiment
a half-acre orchard of bearing trees was set
aside, and a part of it treated while the rest was
left as a check.

(3) Loudon purple was applied in a water
spray, mixed in the proportion of one-half
pound to fifty gallons of water.

(4) Lime was applied in a water spray,
mixed in the proportion of four quarts to fifty
gallons, until the leaves were whitened.

(5) The cherries were critically examined
when nearly ripe, and the exact number of spe-
cimens injured by the curculio recorded. In
this way 22,500 cherries were individually cut
open and recorded.

(6) From eight trees sprayed thrice with

London purple 8,000 cherries were examined, of
which 280, or 3.5 per cent., were wormy, while
from seven companion trees not treated 7,500
were examined, of which 14.5 per cent., were
wormy. This represents a saving of 11, or 75.8
per cent., of the fruit liable to iujury.

(7) From two trees sprayed four times with
London purple 2,000 cherries were examined, of
which sixty-nine, or 3.45 per cent., were wormy.

(8) Two quarts of cherries from each of
these lots were chemically examined at the time
of ripening by Professor H. A. Weber, and
showed no trace of arsenic in any form.

(9) Five trees sprayed four times with lime
yielded 465 wormy cherries out of 5,000 exam-
ined, while five check trees yielded 778 wormy
cherries from 5,000 examined. The percentage
of the former was 9.3, while that of the latter
was 15.6, which gives a percentage of benefit
from the treatment of 40.3.

These experiments seem to me to show, so far
as the results of a single season's work with a
single variety of cherry can be relied upon:

(1) That three-fourths of the cherries liable
to injury by the plum curculio can be saved by
two or three applications of London purple in a
water spray (in proportion one ounce to five
gallons of water) made soon after the blossoms
fall.

(2) That if an interval of a month occurs
between the last application and the ripening of
the fruit no danger to health need be appre-
hended from its use. As a precautionary meas-
ure, however, I would advise in all cases, and
especially when there are few rains during this
interval, that the fruit be thoroughly washed
before it is used.

(3) That lime is not so certain in its prevent-
ive effect as London purple, saving in these ex-
periments only forty per cent, of fruit liable to
injury.

Some careful experiments were made for me
upon plums by Professor Herbert Osborn dur-
ing the past season. He has transmitted a re-
port of the results which he thus summarized:

" ( 'ombining the entire account of all varieties
we have for the sprayed trees a final of 32.48
per cent, punctured or stung, aud 5.71 per cent.

34

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

containing larvae, against a final of 41.30 per
cent, stung and 10.39 per cent, containing larva'
for the check trees.

"The proportion of plums injured in this
orchard was evidently so small that there would
be no profit in spraying, though it can not be
said but that curculios were killed on the poi-
soned trees that otherwise would have laid eggs
upon both sprayed and check trees and thus
have produced great damage. It is possible also
that a stronger solution of London purple would
have produced more decided results. The foli-
age was not injured in the least, and I think a
solution one-half stronger might have been used,
at least for the second spraying, without injury.
It might also be worth while to spray three
times at intervals of six days."

Mr. Edwin Yeuowine of Edwardsville, Ind.,
reported to Mr. Webster the result of spraying
his plum trees with Paris green in the propor-
tion of one-half a pound of the green to a barrel
of water last season. He had the most perfect
success, but gives few details. One Wild Goose
tree standing in his yard on grass was treated
and the fruit was perfect. Two others of the
same variety standing in a chicken yard were
not sprayed and the fruit was "all stung." Two
other trees resembling the Blue Gage, which
stood in his yard, and the fruit of which had
always before been stung, were sprayed with
Paris green mixture and bore a heavy crop.

According to the Prairie Farmer of August
11, 1888, Professor Forbes has been experiment-
ing further in this direction during the past
season on peaeh, plum and cherry, and he has
found it practicable to destroy the curculios with
one pound of London purple to 100 gallons of
water. One to fifty injured the foliage and one
to 200 did not kill the eurculio. The details of
his experiments are not yet published, so far as
we are aware, but he doubtless has the best
grounds upon which to base so broad a state-
ment.

The testimony which I have so far given is all
favorable, in a greater or less degree, to the use
of the arsenical sprays against the eurculio.
The remedy has had to make its way to popular
Eavor against great odds, and so many persons

have taken part in placing it before the public
that it is useless to attempt to give any one indi-
vidual particular credit. The successful use of
arsenical mixtures against the canker worm and
the codling moth has done away with a great
part of whatever fear of the poisonous nature of
these substances existed, and the objectors to its
use have been for the most part those who were
more, or less familiar with the habits of the in-
sect and who decried the use of this remedy as
inconsistent with what they knew of these hab-
its. There have been, however, unsuccessful
experiments, and these have doubtless had their
effect in deterring other experimentors. For
example, the Country Gentleman for December
2, 1886, contained the following paragraph:

"Paris Green for Curculio. — The various re-
ports which have been made from the experi-
ments of the present year, lead to the conclusion
that arsenic in any form is of little value against
the curculio. The insect works inside the fruit,
and the egg is laid beyond the reach of the
poison; or at best, the spraying affects only a
part of them. A report made by G. W. Trow-
bridge to the Ohio Horticultural Society on this
subject, is a fair sample of many others. He
stated that he had experimented for two years.
The first year he tried Paris green; the next,
London purple — in one instance with two appli-
cations, and in the other with three, as soon as
the blossoms were off. No effect was produced
on the curculio, but the poison was perfectly
effectual iu the codling moth. President Ohmer
did not think arsenic would affect the curculio.
O.W. Aldrich had tried London purple, a heaped
teaspoonfnl to three gallons of water, at a cost of
a quarter of a cent a tree."

On the whole, the remedy is one which is a
desirable addition to our list, although it will
never become so great a success as the applica-
tion of these poisons for the codling moth, and
for two reasons: (1) The egg is deposited, and
the beetle guaws preferably upon the smooth
cheek of the fruit where the poisou does not so
readily adhere and from which it is more easily
washed off. (2) The larva eating directly from
the flap does not come in contact with the poison
as does the larva of the codling moth.

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

35

THE KUrFOSED IMMUNITY OF WILD PLUMS AND
MR. WIER'S THEORY.

Mr. 13. 1). Wier, formerly of Lacon, Illinois,
now of California, a well known fruit-grower
and writer, has claimed in different publications,
and particularly in Bulletin No. 14 of this Divi-
sion, that the cultivated species of native plums
such as Americana, Chicasa, etc., and their
varieties, Rollingstone, Miner, Newman, Wild
Goose, and others, are curculio proof, from the
fact that the larvte are not able to develop in
these fruits. He states that but one egg in each
two or three thousand deposited "ever comes
to maturity, and further, that the beetle is
strongly attracted to those varieties in prefer-
ence to all other fruits. The logical sequence of
this would be that to cultivate these varieties in
abundance would exterminate the curculio.

In the introduction to Bulletin 14, and in occa-
sional foot notes in the same Bulletin, I have ex-
pressed my dissent both from Mr. Wier's prem-
ises and from the statements upon which he
bases his conclusions. Without giving exact
details, however, he claims that his statements
are based upon experiments, and we have not
been able to repeat them except in a general
way, and to a certain degree theoretically. My
own past experience has been that wild plums
are quite generally affected by Conolrackelus
nenuphar, and that the insect readily develops
in them. This shows, as is well known,' that
plums generally, either cultivated or wild, have
an advantage over peaches and other rough
skinned fruit, and we may say that it is also
true that a certain percentage (sometimes quite a
large one) of the larvae perish in all kinds of fruit.

In the absence of definite experiment and
accurate account to support these views, I have
endeavored during the past season to have
observations made by certain of my agents and
by several persons whom I know to be at the
same time accurate observers and more or less
extensive growers of plums. The reports from
these individuals have not all been received, but
from those which have arrived there is a perfect
concensus of facts and conclusions, and all are
adverse to Mr. Wier's beautiful theory. I quote
from a few of these replies:

Mr. F. Lionberger, of New Florence, Mo.,
writes under date of July 17th, as follows:

" In answer to your inquiry of June 22, as to
whether or not the larva of the curculio is able
to develop in the cultivated species of Prunus
Americana and Chicasa I will have to report
that upon a very careful examination I find that
at least 50 per cent, of the eggs deposited in my
Wild Goose plums have hatched and ruined the
fruit. I have carefully examined the fruit and
have only based my calculatious on the speci-
mens in which I found the larva or where it had
been feeding. Upon the wild plums which I ex-
amined I found the average to be slightly less.
I have also made examinations in other orchards
and found the average about the same."

Mr. G. C. Brackett, Secretary Kansas State
Horticultural Society, writes under date of July
7, 1888: "* * *, My own experience and obser-
vations will not sustain Mr. Wier's declarations
in the least, and I have been a close observer of
this class of fruit for years in Iowa, where the
woods abound with them; also in the thickets
skirting the water-courses of this state, and in
some seasons have witnessed the total destruction
of a heavy crop of fruit by the insect in question.
In cultivated plantations of the Wild Goose,
Miner, and several other sorts of the Chicasa
family, both on my own farm and others which
I have had the privilege of visiting in this
state, I have not discovered any material ex-
emption in varieties, and these varieties have
suffered as much as the Lombard, Washington
and varieties of that class. * * * "

Prof. Herbert Osborn, of Ames, Iowa, whose
report upon experiments with arsenical poisons
will be printed in full in my annual report, and
whose careful tables indicating the varieties of
plums experimented upon and subsequently ex-
amined may be included, writes concerning the
Wier theory as follows:

"With regard to the development of the cur-
culio larva in wild plums, or varieties recently
derived from wild forms, the tables already
given will furnish some light, since for those
reported as containing larvso the eggs had in all
instances hatched, ami in nearly all cases the
larvae were well on their way to full development,

36

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

or in some cases fully grown or even escaped
from the plum, their presence being indicated
by the condition of the pulp. The infested
plums were placed in breeding jars, but, since
they had all been cut open and could not be
given exactly natural conditions, it could not be
expected that they would mature as perfectly as
under normal conditions. Moreover, some of
them produced the common curculio parasite,
Sigalphus curculionis. Nevertheless, a number
of adult curculios were bred from each of tin-
varieties, at least 'three of which are closely re-
lated to wild plums. On June 25, I visited the
timber in the vicinity and examined the native
plums, cutting open numerous examples of the
fruit, and finding in very many cases well devel-
oped larvae. It seems to me, therefore, that there
can be no reason to doubt that both curculio
and gouger will develop readily in all the varie-
ties of wild plum, although of course many
plums will be stuug that will not mature the in-
sect, doubtless much of the puncturing being
simply for food, and no egg being laid."

The most elaborate experiments which I have
had made are those of my agent, Mr. F. M.
Webster, of Lafayette, Ind., and those will'also
be printed in full in said report and are, like the
rest, adverse to Wier's theory.

NOTE FROM D. B. WIEIt. .

[The following paragraph is from a letter
addressed to the Secretary at Ocala. Mr. Wier
was not aware that the above paper was to be
presented, and his remarks cannot, therefore, be
considered as' a reply or a full statement of his
views, but, as they were written for the benefit
of the Society, they are here inserted. — A. A.
0.]

Now a word of the veiy greatest value to Eastern
fruit growers. You are aware that in Illinois I was
experimenting largely with native plums, anil had
by far the largest collection of them in the world.
I found in them plain indications that in the two
prominent species of these plums, the whole Missis-
sippi Valley, and possibly the whole East, would
eventually lincl one of their most valuable fruits.
I demonstrated conclusively that most varieties
of both species were practically curculio-proof, and
also that most varieties of them were infertile with
their own pollen, but fully so with the pollen of

nearly any other variety, and also often with varieties
of other species of the Almond family. I also proved
conclusively, by experimentation on my own place,
and have now on file here, reports from other exper-
imenters, establishing these two most valuable facts:

First, that the plum curculio can be absolutely con-
trolled and destroyed by spraying fruit trees with the
arsenical poisons about the time the buds begin to
swell in the spring, and again one week after the
petals have fallen, and then again in two weeks, if
necessary.

Second, that wherever the native plum trees are _
growing among other stone fruits, that the great
majority of the plum curculios will seek and be found
on them (that being its native food and breeding
plant) and that by spraying thein at the proper times
with the arsenites the other stone fruits will be suffi-
ciently protected; that it is best to spray all, as before
said. These grand facts have been proven by the exper-
iments of careful, scientific men at several stations
remote from each other, working independently, and
there can be no mistake about it. I would add that
the matter is a very complicated one, yet there is not
the least doubt but that this, the worsfcenemy of stone
fruits, can be controlled.

White Arsenic as an Insecticide.

C. P. GILLETTE, AMES, IOWA.

A series of experiments were carried on at the
Iowa Experiment Station the past summer for
the purpose of determining whether or not white
arsenic in solution can be substituted for Paris
green or London purple for insecticidal pur-
poses.

The arsenic was first prepared by boiling a
small quantity, usually one ounce, in a gallon of
water until all was in solution. This was then
used as a standard from which dilutions ranging
from one pound in 200 gallons to one pound in
1,200 gallons were used. The applications were
made to many trees and plants, including apple,
plum, elm, soft maple, box-elder, grape, raspberry
and others. After repeating the application
many times, the conclusions reached were, that
arsenic in solution cannot safely be used stronger
than one pound in 1,200 gallons of water on the
most hardy foliage.

Leaves treated with this weakest strength were
gathered day after day and fed to leaf-eating
larvae which appeared to be unaffected by the
poison.

SCIENTIFIC rOMOLOGY.

These experiments seem to prove conclusively
that white arsenic in solution cannot safely be
used against leaf-eating insects of any kind, for
when the solution is strong enough to destroy
the insects it does much harm to foliage.

This must not be taken as an argument against
the use of this poison in cold water, if the appli-
cation be made before the arsenic has time to
dissolve. The principal objection to this method
is that the arsenic is so heavy that constant
stirring is necessary in order to keep it in sus-
pension.

Results of Recent Experiments in the
Treatment of Vine Diseases.

B. T. GALLOWAY, WASHINGTON, D. C.

For more than a quarter of a century grape-
vines in this country have suffered from the at-
tacks of several species of parasitic fungi, and
of these, two have attained such prominence
that they are now regarded by grape-growers
everywhere as the most dangerous foes with
which they have to contend.

The two to which I refer, and to which I shall
for the most part confine my remarks, cause the
diseases commonly known as the downy mildew
and black-rot. These diseases prevail more or
less seriously in all of the States east of the
Rocky Mountains, and desjnte the fact that for
many years they have annually destroyed from
one-half to three-fourths of the crop, no organ-
ized effort has until within the last three years
been made to combat them.

Early in 1887 the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture published a circular, which was widely
distributed among grape-growers throughout the
country, recommending a line of treatment for
the two diseases under considerat ion, based upon
experiments made the previous year in France.

The remedies recommended in this circular
were as follows:

(1) Simple solution of sulphate of copper,
one pound tin of copper to twenty-five gallons
of water; (2) Eau celeste, one pound of sulph-
ide of copper and one pint of commercial am-
monia to, twenty-two gallons of water; (3)
Bordeaux mixture, sixteen pounds of sulphate
i>t copper and thirty pounds of lime to twenty-

two gallons of water; (4) David's
four pounds powdered sulphate of c^
to sixteen pounds of lime; (5) Sulphatine,
and a half pounds of anhydrous sulphate of
per, fifteen pouuds of sulphur, and ten pounds
of air-slaked lime. These remedies were tested
by four special agents of the Department, located
in New Jersey, Virginia, Missouri and Texas,
as well as by two or three hundred grape-grow-
ers scattered throughout the United States. As
a result of these trials it was shown beyond
question that the downy mildew (Peronospora
viticola) could be controlled by any of the prep-
arations aboved named. It was also demonstra-
ted that the simple solution of sulphate of cop-
per, the eau celeste, and the sulphatine would
, burn the foliage if great care was not exercised
in their application.

With regard to black-rot no definite results
were obtained, but enough was learned to show
the importance of continuing the experiments.
Accordingly, early in the spring of 1888 a series
of trials was again instituted by the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture with the view of determ-
ining whether or not the black-rot could be pre-
vented by the remedies which had given such
promising results the preceding year. These
remedies were as follows:

1st. Bordeaux mixture, modified formula, con-
taining six pounds of sulphate of copper and
four pounds of lime to twenty-two gallons of
water; 2d. Eau celeste, made as described above;
3rd. Eau celeste, with the addition of two pounds
of carbonate of soda to prevent injury to the
foliage. Special experiments were made with
these preparations, under the direction of the
Section of Vegetable Pathology, by Col. A. W.
Pearson, of Vineland, New Jersey; H. L. Ly-
man, of Charlottesville, Virginia, and Herman
Jaeger, of Neosho, Missouri.

DISCUSSION.

J. S. Newman, Alabama: Last summer I tested
the value of paper sacks as a protection from rot.
In every case (some 7,000 sacks) it was a com-
plete protection if the sacks were put on as soon
as the grapes set. Even if put on later the rot
did not spread in the bunch. The sacks arealsoa
protection against birds and insects, besides pro-

38

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

longing the season on some varieties two to
three weeks, thus enabling us to sell for a better
price. Our Ives and Concords which had been
bagged brought 10 cents a pound net, coining in
market after the main crop was gone.

The Chemistry of Peach Yellows.

EliWIN F. SMITH, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The composition of a peach tree, so far as a few
chemical analyses enable one to determine, is
about as follows:

ConstitUi ills. Per Cent.

Inorganic Matter (Ash) 2.00

Water (removed by drying) 45.00

Organic Matter (removed by burning) 03.00

Total 100.00

The amount of P205 and KvO in the ash is.

respectively about G per cent, and 10 per cent.

The composition of the peach itself is about

as follows:

(•'ins! it in nls. Per Cent.

Inorganic Matter (Ash) 0.75

Water (removed by drying) 81.25

Organic Matter (removed by burning) 18.00

Total 100.00

The amount of P205 and K20 in the ash of
the fruit is respectively about 14 per cent, and
70 per cent.

The analyses on wdiich the supposed composi-
ion of the tree is based are of limbs and twigs,
and may not fairly represent the whole tree.
Undoubtedly these parts are richer in ash than
the tree as a whole, the general rule in such
cases being that the ratio of the ash increases
as the diameter of the stem diminishes. For
reasons not necessary to state here I could use
only four analyses, made as follows: B. Kirt-
land, 1854 ( for the per cent, of water only ) ; Con-
necticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1884;
L. Murbach, University of Michigan, 1888; A.
E. Knorr,U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1888.*
The analyses on which the supposed composi-
tion of the fruit is based are three in number,
made at my request by A. E. Knorr, an assistant
chemist of theU. S. Department of Agriculture. j

*See Pearl, Yellows— A Preliminary Report, U.S.
Department of Agriculture. 1888. Appendix A, Chemical
Analyses.

tlbid.

Upon the presumed correctness of these
determinations this paper is based; but I shall
return to the subject again when a larger num-
ber of analyses are available.

The soil and climate of the Chesapeake and
Delaware Peninsula are well adapted to the
peach — so well, indeed, that this district has un-
doubtedly become the greatest peach region on
the globe. The trees are set about twenty feet
apart each way, which puts 100 trees to the acre.
Occasionally in that region I have seen trees set
farther apart, but almost never closer together.
The trees do not make as rank a growth as in
California, but they are larger than those grown in
New Jersey, Michigan and other Northern states.
A thrifty, well grown tree, set on fertile loam
in the spring of 1882, weighed, roots included,
in November, 1888, after the leaves had fallen,
165 pounds. This may be taken as the average
weight, in their resting period, of large and
vigorous trees after seven years of orchard life.
If anything, 1G5 pounds is above rather than
below the actual average. In regions blessed
with a less favorable climate and less fertile soil
the weight would be much less.

Beckoning on this basis, the weight of a
thrifty tree after three years of orchard growth
would be about fifty pounds.

Now let us estimate the amount of P,05 and
K20 drawn from the soil and stored in such
trees.

In the course of three years the trees on an acre
(100) would attain a total weight of 5,000 lbs.,
of which two per cent., or 100 pounds, would be
ash. Of this ash six pounds would be P205 (phos-
phoric acid) and sixteen pounds would be K20
(potash). This is substantially all that would
be taken from an acre of soil during the entire
three years, because the trees have not yet
fruited to any extent, and because, as is well
known, the greater part of the P-.O; and KsO
contained in the leaves passes back into the tree
in autumn before the leaves fall.* The total
amount of P205 and K20 removed by each tree

*See Sachs— Vorlesungen, 1882; Ebermayer — Che-
mie der Pfianzen, 1882; IiOTey—Handbuch der Forst-
wissenschaft, 1888. Sachs may also be consulted in an
English translation.

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

39

would therefore be only one-hundredth of the
above, or about one ounce of P»05 and two and
a half ounces of KsO. Consequently, if we
ignore the very slight quantity of P.O, and K,,0
lost each season by the fall of the leaves, the
average annual drain on each acre of orchard
up to the time of bearing would be only two
pounds of P>0.s and five and one-third pounds
of K*0, and the average demand made annually
by each tree would be only one hundredth part
of this — i. e., about one-third ounce of P2O., and
four-fifths ounce of K.O. For a clearer un-
derstanding, the same facts may be stated
comparatively, as follows: One hundred peach
tn es remove from the soil during the first three
years of their orchard life about two-fifths as
much P2O5 and about one and three-fifths as much
K»0 as thirty bushels of wheat: or about three-
fifths as much P.O, and one-half as much K.O
as one moderate crop of Irish potatoes, say one
hundred bushels.*

In case of trees seven years old there would
be a larger demand. We may ignore the foliage
as before, but we must take into accouut the
fruit. If the seasons have been favorable the
orchard will have borne three or four crops. Let
us assume three crojus, each consisting of three
five-eighths bushel baskets per tree, which is a
very liberal estimate. Most orchards would not
have produced one-half as much.

The total weight of one hundred trees set seven
years is 16,500 pounds, 330 pounds of which
are ash, 20 pounds being P,Ot and 53 pounds
being K .( ).

The total weight of 900 baskets of peaches is
about 27,000 pounds. Deducting 1,800 pounds
for the weight of the baskets, we have 25,200 as
the total weight of the peaches produced dur-

* Winter wheal (average of 1 1< > analj atains

1.96 per cent, of ash, of which about 50 per cent, is
P,Osand33 per cent, is K20. The potato tuber (a ver-
sigeof 59 analyses) contains 3.79 percent.ash, of which
about IT per cent, is P,< >: and 60 per cent, is K,< ». See
Ebermayer — ChemU der Pflanzen, Berlin, 1882, vol. I,
lip. "-", 717. This total ash is, of course, computed

Upon the dry weight. The mean water e. intent Of

wheat is 13.16 per cent.; and of potatoes, 7 1.61 per cent.
The amount of ash in the fresh substance would,
therefore, be about as follows: wheat. 1.70 per cent.;
potatoes, 0.96 per cent.

iug the seven years. Of this total L89 would be
ash, i. c, three-fourths of one per cent. Of this
ash 2(3 pounds would be 1 \( > and 132 would be
K.,0. In other words, the entire three crops of
fruit would only contain about as much P.,0, and
K ,( ) as one large crop or three moderate crops
of potatoes,— 300 bushels of the latter yielding
29 pounds of Ps05 and 104 pounds of Kfl. The
demand made by each crop of fruit would be
for only nine pounds of P2O5 and 44 pounds of
K20, and each tree would require only one-hun-
dredth part of this.

In round numbers, therefore, each tree during
the entire seven years of its orchard life will
have drawn from the soil for its growth and for
the production of nine baskets of fruit a total of
seven ouuces of P20, and 30 ounces of K20.
Each tree has a fertile, cultivated area of 400
square feet from which to draw this, and the de-
mand is distributed over seven years, being
greatest, of course, in fruitful seasons.

During this time the soil, containing a supply
of mineral matters rich in phosphoric acid and
potash, and presumably good for hundreds of
years, has been slowly disintegrating under the
influence of air and water, and this disintegra-
tion and consequent conversion of plant foods
from insoluble into soluble forms has been has-
tened by repeated cultivation, and often by heavy
manurings, so that the soil has been put into the
best possible condition for the growth of plants.
Orchards in Maryland and Delaware, where
peach yellows now prevails extensively, are cul-
tivated almost continuously from early spring
until July, and iu some instances this cultiva-
tion has been continued until late autumn.
Moreover, o.ur theoretical orchard has received
during seven years several hundred pounds per
acre of kainite, muriate of potash, and bone,
fish, or guano fertilizers, rich in P20 and KA).
Let us assume that in addition to thorough cul-
tivation each year, and one moderate dressing
of barnyard manure, the Boil has received 40(1
pounds of kainite, 400 pounds of superphos-
phate, and 200 pounds of muriate of potash, all
of which was applied previous to the appear-
ance of yellows, or when the disease first began
to show in a few trees. The kainite contains

40

SCIENTIFIC rOMOLOGY.

about 12.1, per cent, of K,0, and would therefore
give to each acre fifty pounds. The muriate of
potash contains about 50 per cent, of K,0, and
would give 100 pounds. The superphosphate
would give about sixty-four pounds of Pj05, if
made from bone, or about forty pounds if made
from South Carolina rock and other minerals.
The earth nourishing each tree in this orchard
has, therefore, receivecTduring the entire seven
years about ten ounces of P20, and twenty-four
ounces of K>0. All this food has been at the
disposal of the tree, or at least it has been in the
surface soil in the immediate vicinity of the
roots, and in a more or less soluble condition.
In addition, the roots have secured an uncertain
but very considerable quantity made soluble by
their own activity, aud have also had access to
that produced in the soil naturally by the action
of the weather, and to a much larger quantity
rendered soluble by cultivation and the use of
animal manures.

If the premises on which this paper is based
be granted, viz., a sufficient number of correct
analyses, it seems to me the chemists will be
hard pushed to explain the appearance of yel-
lows in such an orchard, under such conditions,
by any lack of phosphoric acid or potash. Yet I
can substitute numerous actual orchards for my
theoretical one, and can point to several young
orchards now ruined by yellows, which have had
even better treatment than that here indicated,
and which have not borne one-fourth as many
peaches.

But assuming, for argument's sake, that this
seven-year-old orchard has taxed the soil un-
duly and given out in consequence, what shall
we say of the three-year-old orchard which has
drawn from the soil only an insignificant amount
of phosphoric acid and potash!

The trees in this young orchard have never
borne a crop of peaches, but only here aud there
a lew, — some trees perhaps as many as a dozen;
others, two or three; others, not any. Never-
theless, yellows has been present in our orchard
two seasons, and now affects anywhere from 5
tu 25 per cent, of the trees. This theoretical
orchard can be matched by many actual ones.
Indeed, I know a small three-year-old orchard"

• No. is oi my Preliminary Report.

in which 3 per cent, of the trees became diseased
the second year aud 43 per cent, last year, mak-
ing a total of about 46 per cent., not including 7
per cent, probably diseased, but the diagnosis of
which was doubtful in 1888. This orchard is on
good soil in the heart of the Maryland peach
region. By the time it is old enough to bear a
crop of peaches it will not be in condition to
bear at all. In fact, it will be fit only for firewood!

In conclusion, it should be stated that wheat,
corn, vines, berries, and all other orchard fruits
grow vigorously and bear abundantly in these
localities; aud that orchards on the most barren
sands in Southern Delaware and Southwestern
Michigan are practically free from the disease —
a hundred times freer than orchards on good
soils in the heart of the peach region.

In view of these facts, and others which space
forbids me to mention, I hold that the chemical
theory of peach yellows is by no means estab-
lished. To settle this on a sound basis will
require something more than a few discrepant
analyses and meagre experiments. If in a badly
affected district a man can protect his orchards
by a liberal use of fertilizers while those of his
neighbors decay, then I will be convinced,
particularly if such treatment be found of
sufficiently general application to rule out local
causes which may have conspired, unknown to
the owner, to produce a result attributed wholly
to the use of fertilizers. Where so many factors
may enter into a result the greatest care must be
used in drawing conclusions. In the present
imperfect state of our knowledge no very satis-
factory conclusions can be drawn. Until such
time as we have exact knowledge on a number
of mooted points it becomes us all to speak with
modesty and to search for the truth in all direc-
tions as diligently as possible. The coming
season, in connection with further analyses, I in-
tend to begin a series of extensive feeding ex-
periments to determine as nearly as possible the
curative and the prophylactic value of various
proposed remedies, special care being given to
control experiments, and exact records.

At present, the evidence seems to be in favor
of the belief that peach yellows is a contagious
disease. But as the discussion of that question

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

II

is beyond the scope of this paper, and would also
trench upon time properly belonging to other
subjects, I must refer you for further account of
this phase of the question to my special Pre-
liminary Report, where also the chemical theory
of peach yellows is reviewed with some detail,
in the light of all the facts I have been able to
discover.

Botanical Names.

DUDLEY W. ADAMS, TANGERINE, FLA.

Of all the sciences, botany is most intimately
connected with the art of horticulture.

A knowledge of botany enlightens the horti-
culturist to his profit, and enlivens his mind to
a fuller enjoyment of his chosen calling.

The study of botany brings the student into
closer communion with nature in all her love-
liest and wildest phases.

It leads him among the green pastures and
beside the still waters.

He interviews the majestic palm under a trop-
ical sun and seeks the Eidelweis amid Alpine
snows.

He explores the dark lagoons for the graceful
lily and braves the burning sands for the rigid
cactus. The gorgeous orchid in all its glory is
his, and the humble mosses are studied on the
bended knee.

He loves alike the flaming poinciana that
flaunts its charms under the scorching mid-day
rays of a torrid sun, and the lovely cereus that
only reveals its beauty by the modest light of
the twinkling stars.

From the cradle to the grave we pay uncon-
scious tribute to nature's loveliness by our admi-
ration, and often use of her floral wealth.

We adorn the cradle with roses, and children
decorate themselves with endless variety of vine
ami bloom.

The maiden wears a lily on her bosom, ami
orange blossoms deck the brow of the bride.
The statesman in his prime drops none of bis
dignity by wearing a bud in his buttonhole.
And when the final summons comes, we bring
flowers and a wreath of cypress among the last
and tenderest services we proffer those we love.

The germinating Beed, the unfolding leaf, the

stately towering trunk, the ever flowing life cur-
rents, the opening bud, and ripening seed are to
the botanist an epic poem in whose rhythm is
no jar, in whose harmony is no discord, in whose
metre is no monotony, in whose teaching is no
error, of whose authorship he has no doubt.

Such a science, which enlightens our under-
standing, introduces us to nature, increases our
happiness, beautifies our homes, gratifies every
sense of taste, touch, smell, hearing, and sight,
touches the heart and fills the purse — such a
science we should expect every one to acquire.

But do they? Does everybody understand
botany? Most emphatically no. Of the whole
population of the civilized world the majority
are engaged, to a greater or less extent, in tilling
the soil, as the chief aim of their lives, and
millions more cultivate fruits and flowers and
gardens as a means of relaxation from other
more exacting and less pleasant occupations,
yet of them all how very few know anything of
this most delightful science?

Why? Yes, why? There must be some good
and powerful reason for such a practically unan-
imous neglect of so pleasant and profitable a
study. And this is the reason :

All the text books on botany, so far as the
nomenclature and descriptions are concerned,
are written in a conglomeration, a veritable
babel of dead languages, wholly unintelligible
and unutterable. That is all there is of it, and
that is ample to account for the situation.

Now, here is wh.it the innocent student strikes
at the very threshold of his efforts see Wood's
Botany. In the chapter on elementary organs
he finds that the skin is a cuticle. He meekly
accepts that fact as scientific gospel, and tries to
remember that skin is not scientific and that
cuticle is. When he turns over two leaves lie
finds to his dismay that, speaking with scientific
accuracy, skin is EPIDERMIS in capital let-
ters. That is a stunner. On the same page he
strikes "Lactiferous tissue." The meaning at
first is not quite clear, but two lines further on
it is defined as " branched anastomosing."

He begins to realize that he is studying
botany, ami in the next, chapter reads: "The
vegetable kingdom has long been considered by

42

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

botanists under two great natural divisions,
namely, Phsenogamia or flowering plants, and
Cryptogamia or flowerless plants. The PbsBno-
gamia abound with ligneous and vascular tissue,
while the Cryptogamia consist nunc generally
of the cellular. Hence the former are also
called Vasculares and the latter Ocllulares.
The Phsenogamia are also called Cotyledonous
and the Cryptogamia Acotyledonous plants.

Now, here are three complete sets of unintel-
ligible, unutterable, polysyllabical names for the
same thing. If that don't "knock out" our stu-
dent for keeps, he is a good one.

If he again advances to the fray lie stumbles
over "perianth," " achlamydeons," androeceum
and bracteoles. The corolla hurts his head and
the calyx cracks his jaw.

See one single paragraph: Pubescent, hirsute,
tomentose, arachnoid, sericeous and cilliate, fur-
nish more kinds of hair than boarding-house
hash.

He flounders among parenchyma, stomata and
angustifolia, and conies to earth among the
spongioles. The rubus lacerates his epidermis,
and tetradynamia induces tetanus. Dodeca-
gynia and company are like a night-mare in
twelve or more styles from which he awakes to
an unequal conflict with Infundibuliform and
Hypocrateriform. Few indeed survive the hard-
ships and discouragements of these few pre-
liminary skirmishes, and of these few the ma-
jority view with dismay the main army of hard
words ahead all drawn up in solid columns, and
precipitately retreat.

All over the land you can find text books on
botany covered over with dust and cobwebs.
Examine them, and thumb marks are seen on a
few preliminary pages, but untouched leaves
thereafter will show you just where the botan-
ical aspirations and ambitions of the owner were
wrecked.

I say right here, without fear of contradiction,
thai the experiment of using dead languages in
the nomenclature and description of plants has
proved a disastrous failure. It is now about
one hundred and fifty years since Linnseus
introduced his system, and at this writing it is
absolutely unknown to '.K)0 out of every 1,000

people of civilized nations. I call that a dead,
absolute, unmitigated failure. The pretences
for using a babel of dead languages in the
science of botany are chiefly so that the whole
world can understand and thus bring order
out of* the chaos of common names. Has it
accomplished that? Has it done either? Indis-
putably no. Not five persons in one thousand
can understand botanical names; and even if
they could, the confusion among them is much
greater than with common names in proportion
to the number of people who use them.

As good an authority on botanical names as
we have in Florida, and one of their most val-
iant defenders, is Mr. Theodore L. Mead. In a
recent article sustaining them he said, " There
are plenty of synonyms in botanical nomencla-
ture. I dare say they would average five syno-
nyms, say ten words, to each plant." Now if
that is not a failure I don't know the meaning
of the word. A hundred and fifty years ago,
more or less, the little knot of scientists agreed
to rub out all the names used by common people,
to get rid of the synonyms. No doubt they
started in with a simple name for each plant.
Since then they have multiplied and replenished
the earth till now every known plant has five
scientific names of two words, each added to an
uncertain number of common names.

By having botanical text books in dead lan-
guages, the number of botanists in the whole
world has been kept down to a few thousand,
and still this little select, extra fine circle of
scientists are getting every year deeper and
deeper in the quagmire of their own unintelli-
gible jargon.

Here is an example or so. If I say cassava, 1
speak the common name of a well-known tropi-
cal plant. 1 don't know as it has any other com-
mon name. Now, let us hear from science and its
votaries. They shout all at once, Jauipha Man-
ihot, Manihot utilissima, Jatropha Manihot,
Manihot aipi, Jatropha Seaeflingii. How is that
for scientific accuracy in Latin.

In some of our large markets you will find a
sweet Chinese fruit under the name of Lee Chee.
I never heard it called anything else. Now sci-
ence stalks proudly in to clear up the confusion,

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

43

and calls it Nephaleum Litchi, Euphorbia pu-
nicea, Euphorbia Litelii, Litchi Chinensis, Scy-
tolia Chinensis, Scytalia Loacan, Dimocarpus
Lyobti, Sapendus edulis. There! "You pays
your mi any and takes your choice."

Our scientist has scaled the East Indian
mountains to remove the confusiou of names
there, and for one of the fruits of that region
brings in this assortment: Semi-carpus Anacar-
dium, Anacardium officinarum, Anacardaum Ori-
entate officinalis, and no doubt it will be import-
ed by some scientific nurseryman and sold un-
der all these names.

In view of the facts as they are, how absurd
the claim that confusion of nomenclature is
removed by the use of dead languuges. On the
contrary the' use of an unknown tongue only
introduces a new element of confusion. Instead
of correcting the confusion in our common
names or superseding them, it has only resulted
in adding more names.

The other claim for dead language names is
that every one can understand them all over the
world, and that in no other way can we have in-
telligible intercourse with people speaking any
other language than our own.

Now, the facts are that when any of our Amer-
ican nurserymen or botanists write to a foreign
correspondent they do not write in a jargon of
mixed Greek and Latin, but write in our own
language or that of the party addressed. If the
text of the letter can be translated and under-
stood by the parties to the correspondence, why
cannot the names be equally easily translated if
they have any meaning at all? Why? I ask
again, why? I hear no answer, and no satisfac-
tory answi i' is possible.

This unutterable jargon not only has almost
totally prevented the spread of botanical science,
but is now standing as an insurmountable ob-
stacle in the every-day business of our nursery-
men.

There is no one thing so much in the way of
the nursery business of to-day as the stubborn
tact that much of the stock is named in a tongue
unintelligible to 990 in everj 1.000 of our people.

Of the other teli many do not care to have an
ornamental tree or plant which they cannot talk

about with a neighbor who probably is one of
the 990.

A tree on my lawn is living along under the
name " Cupressus pyramidalis sempervirens."
AVhen a visitor who speaks only English inquires
the name what shall I say? In the pine woods
region of South Florida it is not considered good
form to parade one's knowledge of Latin in the
company of one's euests who only speak Eng-
lish. If I give the full Latin name my guest
may feel, though he does not say, " O, dou't he
put on airs! " If I give the Latin name, and
then the translation, I plainly say by implica-
tion, "I understand these Latin names, but you
don't, so I explain, that you though you are un-
educated, can understand." Or should I tell
him at once that my tree is an evergreen pyra-
midal cypress? Then what becomes of the
science?

Then, again, if I give my guest the name in
English and it happens to be the case that he is
acquainted with the Latin name, I am in the
position of either betraying my own ignorance
or presuming upon his.

The use of loug or unmanageable names can-
not be forced upon the American people.

When the American Pomological Society was
formed forty years ago, the nomenclature of our
fruits was in apparently inextricable confusion.

What did that society do? Did it go to work
and attempt to bring order out of chaos by giv-
ing new names to all our fruits in a hodgepodge
of Greek and Latin? Not much! The men at
the head of that Society were men of good bus-
iness, practical common sense, men of culture,
whom cultivation had not emasculated or re-
moved from a substantial connection with the
realities of earth. They grappled with the con-
fused nomenclature of that day on the basis of
talking English to one's English speaking peo-
ple, and we all knew what they were driving at.
Like frost before the sun, synonyms disappe
and order came out of cha

How rapidly the true n;i was accepted.

How ruthlessly the Ion-- nanus were pruned
down. The whole nation endorsed their com-
mon sense course. Wilson's Albany Seedling
strawberry is known of all men as -imply Wil-

44

SCIENTIFIC rOMOLOGY.

sou. Monarch of the West is simply Monarch.
Vicar of Winkfield pear is pruned to Vicar.
The Duchess d'Angouleme, a most magnificent
pear, limped along for years in a vain attempt
to become acquainted with a people who could
not pronounce its name. The American Pomo-
logical Society has cut away one-half the name,
leaving the Angouleme alone as the name. But
for once even the American Pomological Society
is not up to the demands of the people, and they
have taken the bits in their teeth and hold on to
the English end of the name, which is Duchess,
and Duchess it will be to the end of time.

Among the most valuable pears ever intro-
duced was the Beurre d'Angou. Good size, fine
quality, vigorous, productive and ripening at a
desirable season. Unfortunately it was handi-
capped by a French name unpronounceable by an
American tongue. That is the only reason it does
not to-day stand abreast the Bartlett in popular
favor. The Bartlett was fortunate enough in
crossing theocean tolose itsclumsy foreign name,
and that fortunate accident enabled our people
to ask for it when it was wanted. Angou don't
fit our American tongue, and notwithstanding
all its merits, it is comparatively obscure. Yes,
the work of the American Pomological Society
has been a success. But suppose it had been
run on the principle of a modern scientific Bot-
any, and resolved to have scientific names in a
dead language for reasons already given. Our
principal American apple would have appeared
as Pyrus Malus Baldwiuii. Our most popular
strawberry would have been known to our mar-
kets as Fragraria Virginana de Albani Seminoles
Wilsonii. Could anything be more absurd? To
us pine woods fellows a modern botanical name
appears equally so, and I say now you might
just as well try to make New York marketmen
say Fragraria Virginana de Albani Seminoles
Wilsonii as to make the American people use
Greek botanical names. We won't do it, and I
tell you so right now. A child can lead a mule
to water, but a scientific botanist cannot make
him drink.

No fruit or flower can become popular with-
out an easy name. Either the name or named
must go. That magnificent rose, named for a

brilliant French General with the long name is
now known among men as Jack, and thus re-
lieved is in wide demand. A no less desirable
rose struggles hard against oblivion because its
name is so long and so utterly French that we
can't pronounce it whole or when cut in two. I
mean the Gloire de Disson. If you see the
name in print try and pronounce it.

The American Pomological Society, composed
as it is of men posessed of business common
sense, recognizes this absolute necessity of easy
names. Even a cucumber is too much cum-
bered, so the market man say cuke, unencum-
bered. They know perfectly well that the busy
world will not accept anything else. And if any
one brings before this body a new fruit encum-
bered with a long name see how quick Hesamer
and Fuller and Thomas and other veterans, will
out with their ready axes and decapitate and
curtail its supertluous length.

How I wish they could get a good square
whack at the names of our flowers and orna-
mental trees and shrubs.

We have a tree here in Florida we call an
umbrella tree — seems to me that is long enough.
Well, here comes our scientific botanist and
says to prevent confusion, we must all call it
Melia Azederach umbraculiformis. Just im-
agine us pine wood crackers sitting beneath and
conversing among ourselves about melia azede-
rach umbraculiformis; can you imagine such a
thing '?

Another tree that we here in the pine woods
are now talking about, and whose melodious
name is on all our tongues, is the Acer poly-
morpkus atropurpureus variegatus.

Those of us w'ho are fortunate enough to live
in a country where there are twelve months in a
year have plenty of time to talk about such
trees; so when you see us together lying prone
on the wire grass beneath the pine, you hear the
soft music of our voices deliberately murmuring
Acer Polymorphus Atropurpureus Variegatus,
seventeen syllables and not one got away. Can
scientific impracticability go further? The
question that now confronts us is this, shall the
science of botany be forever monopolized by a
few professional scientists, or shall this most

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

i:.

desirable, humanizing and valuable science be
brought within the reach of the people. I
know of no organization in the wide world so
tit to apply the principles of common sense to
the solution of this question as the American
Pomological Society. Individuals can do little
to relieve the people of this incubus, but a
great aud powerful organization like this can
break the bonds and open to us all the delights
of botanical knowledge now monopolized by the
few. In behalf of 120,000,000 English people
I stand here to ask for botany in English, with
the text in English, the descriptions in English
and the names in English. We want no donble
deck arrangement with Greek scientific names
for one class and English common names for
another class. The American people will not
submit to or accept any class arrangement at all.
It is foreign to the spirit of our institutions.
We want the whole tiling straight in our mother
tongue, ami ire arc .'/"'"// to have it. If you
don't do it somebody else will, or the science of
botany will never popularize. The love of the
beautiful in nature is not confined to the few
self-appointed scientists, but is strong in all the
good and pure.

I plead for English Botany in behalf of the
toiling mechanic whose home he- would fain
adorn. I plead in behalf of the city seamstress
whose solitary geranium in a tin can speaks of
her inborn love of the beautiful.

I plead for the wild cowboy of the plains, who
sto >]>s from his saddle to pick the humble violet
that has touched his heart.

I plead for the millions of farmers whose
business keeps them always in companionship

with tin' beauty of nature.

I plead for the child at play amid the flowers,
that be may call his pets by name.

I plead in behalf of the judge, that his hours
of leisure may be enriched by an understanding
of nature.

I plead in behalf of the genuine scientist who
would gladly enlarge the number of those who
can comprehend his learning.

I plead in behalf of the student just entering
on the studs' of the way of nature. In behalf of
the youth, the middle aged, and tl Id. In be-

half of the rich ami poor, for the good of the
present, for improvement and a larger knowl-
edge for those to come after.

To* make us wiser and better and bring us
nearer to the great first cause, I plead earnestly,
tearfully, and as forcibly as I can for English
botany for an English speaking people.

DISCUSSION.

F. L. Tejiple, Massachusetts: 1 do not believe
that this audience agrees with the sentiments of
the speaker. Simple, common names for local
use are very convenient, but botanical names,
which will be recognized everywhere by scien-
tific men, are necessary.

J. H. White, Florida: While the essay is cer-
tainly ingenious, and perhaps ought to be pat-
ented, I can assure the strangers present that
there are many old residents in Florida -who do
not agree with its sentiments. The same objec-
tions would lie against every science.

T. W. MoTiitE, Florida: The essay at least
shows that there is a great need for some one to
popularize the science of botany, but this ought
to be clone by a scientific botanist.

PRESIDENT BERCKMANS: The point made in re-
gard to the nomenclature of fruits is a good one,
but we should never have been able to do such
goo 1 work without a scientific knowdedge of the
species. The scientific name is often a guide in
determining what common name to adopt.

Reserve Food Materials in Fruit Trees and
Shrubs in Mid-Winter.

BYRON I'. HALSTED, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.

At the suggestion of ('apt. I!. P. Speer, Direc-
tor of the Iowa Experiment Station, a series of
microscopic observations was made upon the
twigs of various sorts of apple frees during the
months of December, 1888, and January, 1889,
and through the courtesy of that gentleman the

facts herein contained are offered to the Ameri-
can Pomological Society in advance of their pub-
lication in the Station Bulletin, * as a report upon
the investigations above mentioned. The varie-
ties were usually studied iii pairs, consisting of a

*"A Sliuly of Apple Twigs," Bulletin I. lowaEx-
pei inn ni Station, A mes, Iowa.

4f>

SCIENTIFIC rOMOLOGY.

tender and hardy sort, as the terms tender and
hardy are applied in connection with the trying
climate of Iowa. Throughout the series of tests
the varieties were known by number w by
letter, so that the investigator was not at the
time acquainted with the sorts under considera-
tion, and any chance for personal bias was there-
fore eliminated. The leading point was to de-
termine whether any constant structural differ-
ence existed between the hardy and tender sorts,
or any difference in amount or character of re-
serve food material, which would serve to dis-
tinguish any sort from all others. It is not the
purpose here to enter into all the detailed
results, for it is enough to say that no minute
structural characteristics were found by means
of which one variety of apple could, without
doubt, be distinguished from its fellows. It is
not by any means asserted that all twigs of all
varieties were alike in minute structure, but the
range of variation was within the limit of vari-
ation for different twigs of the same sort. There
is a marked difference between the structure (if a
mature twig and one that has not completed its
season's growth. For example, the slowly grown
and fully matured twig from the top of an apple
tree is quickly distinguished from the rapidly
developed "water sprout" from the base or body
of the same tree. The percentage of pith,
wood and bark differs widely, especially that of
the wood, while the upper parts of such twigs
are much more unlike than the basal portions.
In mature twigs the terminal bud is well devel-
oped and the portion just below it is quite rigid
and will snap like a pipe stem when sufficient
side pressure is applied. The " water sprout"
on the other hand may have its upper portion
soft and easily bent to one side like a slender
piece of warmed sealing wax. It was not sur-
prising to find marked microscopic difference
between a mature and an immature twig, but
that is only a difference due to degree of ripe-
ness and therefore to be met with in any tree
that lias nut finished its growth in all its parts
before the frosts of autumn put a stop to farther
vital activities.

A brief outline of the microscopic differences
between a mature and immature twig will aid in

the further consideration of any point of struc-
ture that may arise in connection with tender
and hardy sorts. The mature twig has, as be-
fore stated, a well developed terminal bud, with
its thick closely overlapping scales quite imper-
vious to moisture, and often coated with a uni-
form gray layer of hairs. Withiu this protec-
tive covering of scales, etc., is the seat of vitality
of the bud — the point at which growth will take
place during the coming spring. Just below the
growing point the stem consists mostly of small
cells, commonly' known as the pith, and outside
of this is a thin zone of wood and finally the
bark. The stiffness of the mature twig for the
first two or more inches below the terminal bud
is due in large part to the large amount of pith,
which consists of thick-walled cells filled with
starch. With a little care the wood and bark
may lie removed along with the bud, leaving be-
hind the rigid central cone of pith. If a knife
is applied to this it will be found to exhibit in a
marked degree that quality known to the prac-
tical horticulturist as "grit." Portions of the
same twig farther from the tip will not ex-
hibit as much "grit"; in fact, the thickness of
the walls of the pith cells and their content of
starch diminish as the lower end of the year's
growth is approached. At the same time the
zone of wood increases in thickness, so that
there is less need of the pith taking such a
prominent part in the mechanical support of the
more plastic upper end of the twig. In the im-
mature twig there is very little wood near the
tip, which does not end in a well developed bud;
the bark is green and contains but little of the
tough fibrous part called the bast, and the cen-
tral part is made up of a pith consisting of thin
walled cells which are not packed with starch.
It is next to impossible to separate the wood and
bark from the central mass of pith, and the latter
has no rigidity and none of the so-called gritti-
ness characteristic of the pith of a well matured
apple twig. These differences, above briefly
stated, are constant between well ripened apple
twigs, and those that ha've not completed the
season's growth, no matter what the variety may
be. The question of one sort being more in-
clined to mature its twigs than another is one

SCIENTIFIC POMOLOGY.

17

outside of the present consideration and, as far
as these investigations throw any light, is not
to be determined by microscopic inspection of
the tissues. Such a question involves a con-
sideration of the past history of the variety; its
origin, and the conditions under which it ac-
quired or at least has retained its present pecu-
liarities. A dozen or more factors may enter
into the solution of so difficult a problem as that
of hardiness.

As it is true that an immature structure is
more subject to unfavorable surrounding in-
fluences than one that is ripe, it follows that any
test for maturity is in some measure one for
hardiness, but at the same time it is not one that
caii be called a strict test. An illustration may
help to make this point clear. For example, it
was found that all matured twigs, of every sort
of the twenty or more varieties examined, were
characterized by a rigid mass of pith, which for
convenience may be called a " cone," situated a
short distance below the perfected terminal bud.
This cone is convex at the apex, and in shape
not unlike a cartridge bullet. It is surrounded
latterly by the layer of wood, and upon the apex
is the soft thin walled tissue which constitutes
the base of the bud. This cone is highly charged
with starch, as may be easily demonstrated by
making a thin longitudinal section, and placing
it for a short time in a solution of iodine, when
the starch bearing portion will exhibit a beauti-
ful blue color, while the remaining parts are
uncolored or tinged with orange-yellow. The
same test may be applied in an easier way, and
usually with sufficient accuracy, by splitting the
twig-tip lengthwise with a knife, and placing
the half in a dish of iodine. This method is
within the reach of anyone, as the only requisite
aside from a sharp knife is a little iodine solu-
tion procurable at any drug stoic

When an immature twig is examined in the
way above stated the blue cone fails to develop,
and instead there is often a bluish tinge to the
whole tissue due to the starch being scattered
throughout the pith, and especially tin? bark, but
only in small quantities. All gradations ma\ lie
foundjbetween the perfectly clean cut cone of
the mature twig, and the entire absence of any

signs of a central cone of lignified pith which
obtains in twigs that are termed green, and are
without rigidity and are killed by the frosts of
autumn, or at least rarely survive the winter and
spring. The practical horticulturist is usually
able to determine the degree of maturity of
twigs, but an easily available test to confirm his
opinion may not come amiss, and at the same.
time it will serve to impress the fact that starch
is not only a leading reserve food substance in
apple twigs, but that it has its assigned place
for storage in the well matured twig.

In apple twigs of more than one year's
growth, the starch is stored principally in that
portion called the wood, although it is not in the
woody tissue strictly so-called. Running from
the pith to the growing layer (cambium) outside
of the wood are many radiating plates of pith-
like cells which are known collectively as the
medullary rays, or "silver grain." In a trans-
verse section of a twig these rays bear resem-
blance to the spokes of a buggy wheel — the hub
being represented by the pith and the felloe by
the cambium, while the tire corresponds in
position with the bark. It is in these medul-
lary rays that the greater part of the starch in
an old twig is stored. In addition to the medul-
lary rays there are pith-like cells which extend
at right angles to the silver grain, that is, paral-
lel with the wood fibres, and in these there are
usually quantities of starch. Thus when a thin
piece of apple wood is placed in iodine and
afterwards viewed with a microscope the blue
lines of starch bearing cells, because they cross
each other at right angles, present a view not
altogether unlike that of a mosquito netting, the
vacant spaces in the netting corresponding with
the uncolored portions of the wood, which bears
no starch. In addition to this mesh of starch
bearing cells in the wood there may be a layer
of a few cells in thickness, making up the outer
zone of th? pith, in which there is an abundance
of starch. This is especially true of twigs that
are not more than a year or two old. In the
body of a tree the starch, although present, is
not abundant, but in no case was it found ab-
sent. Old wood, even, that had died several
years before, from the removal of the bark by

48

[ENTIFIC I'OMOLOGY.

rabbits, and had become entirely overgrown with
new wood, was found to contain starch. It is
safe to say that starch may he expected in all
wood; in the pith of young twigs, especially
near the tips of matured branches, and along
tlic outside pith of old twigs. In the examina-
tion of longitudinal sections of twigs passing
through lateral buds it was easy to dem instrate
that the greater amount of starch was upon the
side bearing the bud, but none in the bud itself,
unless it be immature, in which case it may be
scattered throughout all its parts. In short,
starch is deposited most abundantly near the
vital points; that is, the growing points, or. in
other words, the buds, both terminal and lateral.
In a " water sprout," for example, that had made
over six feet of growth during the last season, it
was found that nearly all the starch was stored
at the base of the lateral buds, and in the long
internodes there was an almost entire absence of
this reserve food substance. The twig was not
mature, and, as a consequence, no cone of starch
bearing, thick walled cells was found at the base
of the terminal bud —for two or three inches the
tip was as pliable as a whip lash, and dead and
brown throughout at the time of the examina-
tion.

Tests were applied for the detection of sugars,
and usually glucose or dextrine, or both, were
found in the last formed portions of the buds,
and occasionally cane sugar was present also.
The sugar group was more abundantly repre-
sented in twigs which had been stored in a
cellar. It is doubtless true that under the un-
natural conditions surrounding these cut twigs
a quantity of the starch had been changed into
sugar. In many instances there was a marked
reduction in the quantity of starch that would
be expected in twigs taken directly from the
trees. Although the investigations were not
projected along that special line, it was quite
e\ ident that the starch, under the influence of a
slow fermentation in the stored twigs, had first
become dissolved from the central pith, and
from there outward to, and through, the wood.
In some instances there was a decided indication
of fermentation having progressed rapidly, due
to the warmth, etc., of the cellar, and in such

twigs the starch was entirely absent except in
the vicinity of the buds. An examination of
cuttings of apple and other twigs which had
formed callous, others with small roots, and still
(it hers with new branches bearing leaves, showed
that the same method of withdrawal of the starch
had been observed, namely: first from the pith,
next from the wood of the internodes, and last
of all from the vicinity of the buds.

An examination was made for that class of re-
serve food substances known as the proteids or
albuminoids — those substances which are much
more complex in their nature than the carbo-
hydrates (starch, sugar, oil, etc. ) and have in
addition to the latter a certain percentage of
nitrogen in their composition, and are closely
associated with- protoplasm. Protoplasm, in
short, is a nitrogenous compound, wonderfully
variable in its composition, that is now consid-
ered to be the substance in which all vital activ-
ities take place. The albuminoids, which in the
winter season are virtually the reserve forms for
protoplasm, or at least the substances out of
which protoplasm is produced in spring, are
naturally to be looked for in the vicinity of the
growing points. In other words, a mature bud
would be expected to abound in these nitrogen-
ous substances. It also explains why the starch
is absent from the bud itself, but produced in
large quantities in close proximity to the bud.
The proteids in their relation to the vitalized
protoplasm occupy the first place, for out of'
them the protoplasm is able to increase itself,
while the carbohydrates are compounds which
stand next and furnish the available substance
for the building up of plant tissue and assist
in other processes of growth. A well matured
apple bud, whether terminal or lateral, aside
from its framework, consists in great part of
albuminoids with a varying percentage of sugar,
depending upon the conditions which have pre-
viously surrounded the twig. Close to the bud,
and making a sharp line with the thin walled
protein-bearing cells, is the area of starch-bear-
ing tissue, the individual cells' of which have
their walls thickened by a process known as
lignificatiou. These parts may be easily located
by making a longitudinal section through a

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY.

lit

mature terminal bud, for the knife will easily
pass through the soft part abounding with pro-
teids, hut meets with considerable resistance as

micii) as it strikes the cone of lignified starch
bearing cells.

All kinds of fruit trees are by no means alike
in the amounts of starch and other reserve food
substances, and what has heen previously said
in this paper pertains more particularly to the
apple. .Even in the apple there are consider-
able variations among the various sorts, and as
before stated among the twigs of the same sort.
In fact, so much probably depends upon sur-
rounding conditions not easily determined, that
this portion of the subject cannot be discussed
with satisfaction. When the twigs of cherries, for
example, are examined, there is found a marked
diminution in the amount of starch, and an in-
crease in a gum or mucilagenous substance,
which doubtless replaces the starch and per-
forms the same functions in the economy of the
plant. Pears, judging from the few sorts ex-
amined, are very rich in starch, and in a well
matured twig the coue is remarkably developed,
and when this starch bearing pith is laid bare
and cut with a knife the grit is strikingly man-
ifest. These same pear twigs, however, may
not be able to bear the trying changes of tem-
perature of winter and spring, while the cherry
twigs with much less starch are uninjured under
similar conditions. It therefore follows that the
presence of starch, irrespective of the species,
is no means of judging of the vital or resistant
powers of the plant.

It may be interesting to state that such plants

as the currant and gooseberry have almost no
starch in the young twigs tor the distance of a
foot or more from the terminal bud, and thai tie'
large pith and surrounding parts are highly
charged with albuminoids. An extended search
u.'is made for starch in the older parts of the
shrub, and it was found that the roots only had
large amounts of this reserve food stored in
them. It was stored in all parts of the root, hut
mostly in the outer soft part which may he
called the bark. The young roots contained a
larger percentage than the older parts. It will
be remembered that these shrubs finish then-
growth early in autumn, an 1 there is sufficient
time allowed for the reserve materials to take
tic positions most a Ivantageous to the success-
ful growth of the plant. The large amount of
albuminoids out of which to form protoplasmic
substance in spring is remarkable, and this may
be the reason for the crowding back of the
starch from the upper portions of the twigs.
The same condition of things was found in the
buckeye, which is another plant maturing its
wood early and having the period of actual elon-
gating of the twigs confined to a few weeks. At
the time it was not possible to examine the roots
of the buckeye and nothing definite can be said
of the storage of starch.

There were many trees and shrubs examined,
in the twigs of which no starch was found. The
willows and poplars belong to this group, and it
remains to be determined what characteristics
of growth are to be associated with such plants
in contrast with those of similar trees or shruhs
the twigs of which abound in starch.

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY.

Gluts, Their Cause and Remedy.

BABNETT BBOTHEES, CHICAGO, ILL.

V\ ehster says, "to glut is to furnish an over
supply of any article so that then- is no sale
for it," and this is the general idea thai is
carried with the use of the term. When,
therefore, a commodity is supplied from any
source in a quantity that exceeds the demand, a

step is taken towards '•glutting the market."
towards choking up the regular channels of
trade, and interfering with the healthy action
and circulation, that must he kept up to make
commercial transactions profitable.

In manufactured products, that can he kept
for an indefinite length of time, the only, or
perhaps more properly, the chief result is sim-
ple stagnation in trade, that compels a cessation

.-,(1

COMMERCIAL POMOI oo \ .

of manufacture until the surplus enters into
the regular channels, and commerce resumes its
normal condition.

The manufacturer only faces the loss of possi-
ble profits, for with the doors of the factory
closed, the pay roll and bills for raw material
cease, and only the interest on, and deteriora-
tion of, the plant, the " fixed charges " so to
speak, go on. Judging from the falling oil' of
his orders, the careful and prudent manufac-
turer can closely calculate how soon he will be
compelled to cease operations, to suffer the
minimum of loss, and he can avoid absolute
loss if he can hold his product until the market
revives.

In the case of the manufacturer of staple
goods, lost ground from dull trade has often
been recovered, for under the plea of lack of
orders, it is possible to reduce wages to a point
where the cost of production is so low that he
can afford to shut down and wait for a revival of
trade, confident that when it conies, it will in-
sure not only the carrying charges, but also in
addition a good profit.

The farmer growing wheat, or corn, or cot-
ton, can, if his purse is of sufficient length and
depth, carry his crop, without fear that next
week or next mouth, it will be worthless by
reason of decay. While depending on the
dews, the sunshine and the rain, for the returns
of his labor, after his crop is gathered, he has
time to rest, and can contemplate his harvest,
and plan for its disposition.

The Pomologist— the fruit grower— and the
Horticulturist, however, who for convenience
sake we shall call the fruit grower and shipper,
have a very different path to tread, and though
the pleasures of the garden and orchard may
be greater, and the delight keener, they are at
the same time tempered by the certainty of a
decided uncertainty after the crop has matured.
Were the skies always propitious, and the result
always sure, an element of confidence sadly
wanting would be introduced into the life of
the fruit grower.

The area devoted to horticulture and fruit
growing in 1887 was not much less than that of
L888, but the proceeds— the crops gathered—

were vastly less; and in this case we see one of
the chief causes of gluts — the uncertainty of
the crop that will be gathered.

No calculation that man can make is proof
against a drought; no care can guard against a
"wet spell" that may ruin the almost com-
pleted work, and if it does not sweep away his
work altogether, may render it of a quality so
inferior that it is scarcely worth marketing.

Thus the first cause of the state of affairs
under consideration, we would call the absolute
uncertainty of the amount to lie -produced.

In seasons of normal condition of growth
and opportunities for proper marketing of the
produce, a given area will produce results that
are satisfactory, ami in quantity that will prove
remunerative to all parties concerned.

In seasons such as prevailed in 1887, the qual-
ity and quantity of fruit and vegetables pro-
duced was far below the average, and only ex-
cept i< null localities had a full crop. This was
promptly taken by the less favored section of
the'eountry, and at prices eminently satisfactory
to the few favored ones.

There were exceptional instances of good
crops in localities not favored by rain — often
the result of sensible and scientific efforts —
and these results acted as an incentive to the
unfortunate many to renew their efforts ami
plant again, in the hope that they too should lie
the happy recipients of exceptionally large re-
turns.

Men are slow to learn, only a few weigh
" cause and effect." The great mass of the
fruit growers did not for a moment pause to
ascertain the cause of the high prices of 18S7,
but they only saw the golden returns of the
fortunate few. The result is known! The " un-
certainty " came next time in abundant crops,
the largest ever known, and a complete demoral-
ization of the entire trade. Were the season of
18S7 repeated, there would be no complaints of
gluts or over production. Men calculate on av-
erage returns, for extras they are not prepared.

The apple, onion and grape crops of 1S88 are
illustrations of abundant and unsuspected yields
that are at this date fresh and vigorous illustra-
tions of this thought.

COMMERCIAL 1'OMOLOGY.

Another cause is the general lack of informa-
tion, and disregard of the movements and oper-
ations of others. A market, to which a large or
small number of shippers are sending their
produce, can take care of only a certain amount
at remunerative prices. Each shipper acts as
though he considered himself almost the sole
source of supply to that market, and ignores
absolutely any new source of supply, and con-
siders his own as the supply. In this connec-
tion we may mention that the demand, the pur-
chasing power, of the markets is seldom studied
with the care that should he exercised for the
proper prevention of gluts. When scarce and
dear a product may he as much of a "drug'' in
the market as when very cheap. Whenever the
price is beyoud the purchasing power of the
buyer, the c >n litions are favorable for a break
in the market. Spring products, though tempt-
ing when the mercury is at 70', lose much of
their charm when the mercury is at zero, and
the snow is two feet deep on the level.

The complaints of the past year that have
come prominently to the surface are from large
centers, yet complaint has been of the same
kind, and proportionately in the same degree,
from the smaller and interior points.

Another cause for gluts is the effort on the
part of receivers to obtain more than the value
of the goods, whether actual or relative. Driven
by competition toobtain the highest possible
price for c rasignments; they sell part at a high
figure, and the remainder is left on hand to be
sold the next day with tin? fresh receipts, there-
by breaking down the market they endeavored
to hold up. 'This driving away of their custom-
ers by asking more than the customers can
afford to pay. which is the market value of the
goods, is oneof the incipient causes of plethora
in the markets.

Another cause is the sending of products that
ai-e utterly until. This, however, is a relative
matter and is lost sight of by many growers,
"the unsuccessful ones." In nothing is there
keener competition than among those who
buy to cater to the taste, the appetites. The
finest fruits, tin' freshest vegetables, are always
sought out first Competition is strong, and

competition is a great educator. Every point
will be eagerly seized upon and turned to advan-
tage to secure the supply when there is a scar-
city, and the closest and clearest judgment will
he brought to bear on the question. Buyiug
rapidly and quickly on the market, then exam-
ining leisurely at home gives an opportunity of
correcting erroneous judgment; and when there
is a loss of value, giving point to the lesson, the
process soon educates the ordinary buyer up to
the point where he becomes shrewd and careful,
and where apparently off- hand work becomes
accurate.

The ability thus whetted and sharpened when
the supply is limited, is exercised to good advan-
tage when there is a plenty, and if there is no
especial need of haste in purchasing, intuition
will guide him to the best, and a glance be suf-
fice to condemn the inferior. Keen and sharp
in his purchases, he knows what he wants and
gees straight to the mark.

In view of this fact, it is folly to send, in time
of abundance, anything that can be classed as
inferior. It is true that in fruit and vegetables,
commercially apeaking, quality is comparative;
good and inferior are terms that are significant
only in relation to other products.

The ''good," that commanded good prices,
fairly remunerative, in 1SS7, was decidedly
" inferior" in 1888, while the actual quality was
the same in each year, the relative value, the sell-
ing worth, was wide apart. The berries from
Florida are fine when they first arrive in New
York, but when Charleston's first [lickings come,
if the actual quality and value is the same, tin1
commercial worth is vastly less, the sidling value
much lower. Florida berries are then ''dead
dull" in the market, though the supply may he
comparatively light.

Peaches are the same, the first that arrive are
valuable, but as newvarieties and fresher sup
plies come, the price will decline until no one
will care to buy, no1 that the quality of the later
shipments are actually inferior, but because
there are better offeredfrom other i>t>iuts.

Inferior quality is often a large factor in pro-
ducing gluts. "A heavy north wind the pas!

feu days lias leveled many peaches, which ha. I

52

< !l i.M M EBCIAL POMOLOGY.

to be washed previous to being shipped," is a
clipping from a paper published in the heart of
the peach region of Michigan, Oct. 3rd, 1888.
Such stock tends t> cause a glut, not only on
account of the increased quantity, but also on
account of the actual inferiority of the fruit
shipped, for, as stated ab »ve, inferior goo Is are
the last sold, and the market is depressed by
these offerings.

It is seldom that a glut of good fruit in really
fine condition occurs. We say seldom, for it
does occasionally come. When there is a gen-
eral abundance, so that only the large points can
be relied upon as consumers, this condition is
likely to come about.

Daring the great glut in the New York mar-
kets iu M ly and June of 1888, it was the
inferior in quality and condition that suffered
most. True, the entire receipts sold at a lower
range in sympathy with it, but the immediate
causes were cargoes of vegetables from far
Southern points arriving at the same time, and
being offered in competition with the fresher,
finer, and better products of the nearer points.

Sixty-five hundred crates of vegetables were
dumped into the sea on the return trip of a
steamer, being the balance for which no offer
could be had. Being sold for account of the
steamship company, any bid would have been
accepto 1. Yet so absolutely worthless were
these goods that hundreds of dollars were
refunded to the receivers, their utmost efforts
failing to realize enough to cover the simple
freight charges.

" Relative qualities " must be taken into con-
sideration, for it was not the actual qualities and
condition of the dumped goods that produced
this state of affairs, but the large supply from
points as far north as Norfolk, V a., only eigh-
teen hours from the field, while the bulk of the
rejecte 1 go > Is were from Southern Florida, four
to six days from the garden. Were there only
Florida shipments offered, the result would not
have been so disastrous, but with the receipts
from all points along the coast from Jackson-
ville to Norfolk, it was no wonder that Florida
shipments suffered.

Another cause of gluts is delayed transporta-

tion. A storm on the coast prevents the
progress of a vessel until a day is lost; a bridge
is washed away, or a wrecked train delays the
shipment twelve hours. The following ship or
train brings its supply "on time," and while
the receipts of either day would have been
readily absorbed in the regular channels of
trade, when a "double dose" comas the pres-
sure is felt, and buyers hold off. Neither day's
work can be cleaned up, or if it is moderately
so, by a rapid decline in the asked prices, it
results in so filling all the channels by the
extra amount force 1 into them that the demand
will be unusually light for the next day's
receipts, and it will be some days before trade
will resume its normal course. Right here we
would notice that the periods of glut come in a
season of constantly increasing ami widening
area of production, si that we may reasonably
expect larger receipts and somewhat declining
prices each day.

The most notable occasion of a glut we had in
the Chicago market in 1888 was on Saturday,
May 2(Jth. A train due here Friday at 6 ,\. M.,
consisting of some eighteen carloads of peas,
beans, and kindred truck, loaded at points in
Louisiana and Mississippi, did not arrive until
Saturday morning. All orders for that class of
goods are extra heavy on Friday for city retail
trade, and on orders through the country up to
a distance of MOO miles, or where it can be sent
by freight or express in time for "Sunday's
dinner." This trade was lost, for orders could
not be filled. Hucksters bought sparingly of
the goods left over from Thursday's receipts, and
availed themselves of an opportunity to "sell
out close." Deliveries of delayed goods were
made on Saturday morning, and the local trade
selected a fairly liberal portion of the receipts,
but it lacked freshness and did not please the
eye. By 12 o'clock buyers had supplied their
wants and left the market, but it was full 2 p. M.
before the last of Friday's receipts were un-
loaded and checked in. Then followed the de-
livery of Saturday's receipts proper, and this
continued until it was after 8 o'clock when the
list lots were invoiced. During the day offers
of goods were made at all prices — anything for

COMMERCIAL TOMOLOGY.

53

a bid on the goods. Orders were "stuffed,"
"forced shipments" were made, telegrams sen!
in all directions to find an outlet, and every de-
vice known to the Chicago dealer to bring "fruit
distribution" into active use was called into
service. Yet, when the doors were closed at
night, thousands of crates were piled up to lie
over Sunday, which was one of the hottest of the
entire summer, and on Monday morning they
opened up, yellow, mouldy and decaying, to com-
pete with fresh arrivals more than equal to all
possible demand.

"To the dump " was the only possible outlet,
and reluctantly the truck was carted out, leaving
some receivers hundreds of dollars short on
freight paid under their guarantee. In this
case the actual damage could not be estimated,
fur the market never recovered from the slump
in prices, and the crop remaining did not pay
the charges of packing and transportation. In
this instance, the cause of the glut was clearly
the delay of Friday's train, increased by the fact
that the particular day on which it did arrive
made it impossible to move the goods, and the
hot Sunday following completed the work.

The only other cause that can be enumerated
among thecausesof loss on accountof over sup-
ply, especially as applied to fruits, is the preva-
lence during the ripening season of excessively
warm weather, especially if accompanied by a
humid atmosphere, which prevents the drying
of the fruit, thus ensuring rapid decay.

Men cannot control the sunshine and the rain,
and when these conditions prevail, the decay
will be rapid, and knowing this, the grower
forces the marketing of his fruits even in an
unfit condition.

Twice the quantity will ripen in these hot,
forcing days that would be ready for market
with cool weather, and under these conditions
it will decay twice as fast. It will thus be read-
ily seen that it takes but a few days to pile up a
surplus that will destroy the market. When the
state of the weather is mi oppressive and unfav-
orable as we mention hen', consumption is likely
In be restricteil, aid the elements of disorder,
largely increased supply, inferior condition, and
restricted consumption, either of which is suf-

ficient to cause a derangement of the healthy
tone of the market, have full play and combine
to ruin all prospects of profit.

We have thus somewhat at length, named the
cause of "Gluts in the Market," and have data
for the theory advanced ready to hand furnished
by experience. The " Remedy" to be suggested
can only be briefly mentioned, for it is weak to
suggest a remedy beyond the control of those
engaged in the business.

The first point in the remedy we suggest is a
careful gathering of information as to the con-
dition of the crops, and of the supply from com-
peting points. It is not so much what the main
market on which you depend can do, as to be
sure that some other section will not supply a
better article at a less cost.

The farmer who grows corn in Florida could
make a success of the business, but for the com-
petition of the central Western States, and the
grower of beans and berries, cucumbers and
tomatoes, in Florida and Louisiana could soon
be independently rich were it not for the fresher,
better and larger supplies of his competitors
nearer the great points of consumption.

When the competition reaches a point where
your competitor has a decided advantage, a
change is necessary. When the truck farmers
of Virginia and Illinois are sending their sup-
plies, by all means let Florida and Louisiana
stop shipping the same varieties of fruits.

Again, when the first pickings are made, and
the best are gathered and forwarded, use special
care in forwarding the later portion of the crop
to keep the inferior supplies at a minimum
in quantity. In seasons and at times when
atmospheric conditions, which are beyond your
control, are unfavorable, use all possible caution
and care to send only the best, and reject and
retain all but your average quantity for ship-
ment, and see that it is in the best possible con-
dition when shipped. When supplies are
abundant, ship no inferior goods, even though
willing to accept reduced figures, for their influ-
ence on the market is not confined to their own
quality, but extends to all grades.

Study well the problem of transp trtation,
and to ensure the best condition, which is a

54

COMM KliCIAL POMOLOGY.

prime factor in the selling value, patronize lib-
erally the means that will deliver the product
in the best possible condition. Parsimony in
this is "penny wise and pound foolish" with a
vengeance. Time is a prime factor in the prob-
lem, and must be considered of the greatest im-
portance. Bear in mind that Jirsl class service
cannot be secured at fourth class rates, and in
these days men cannot expect "something for
nothing."

The merits of "refrigerator" transportation
as compared with "ventilated"' cars, we do not
ci msider, except to mention the claim that is
m.iile by one line ( that is this year a candidate
for business in the West ) that receipts can be
held with safety if necessary in their cars for
twenty-four to forty-eight hours after arriving
at destination. ' The claim is based on experi-
ments for a period of five years past, and the
work of the last year in regular traffic. If this
claim can be substantiated and made good, two
important results follow. First, fruit and truck
will retain their freshness two days longer, thus
preserving them in good condition, and this
secondly, will obviate to a certain extent the
danger caused by delay in transit on account of
accidents on the road. For if fruit can be held
twenty-four hours after arrival, it follows that
it will keep twenty-four hours longer on the
road.

What is within the control of the shippers in
shipping, or withholding in selection and re-
jection, will do much toward the prevention of
gluts, and when intelligent united action is
taken along the lines suggested, much of the
existing evil will be avoided, and a remedy for
the rest in some way provided.

[Accompanying the above paper the writers
submitted an account of numerous personal
transactions, to illustrate and sustain their con-
clusions.— Seceetaby.]

The Packing of Fruit for Market.

V. M. ATJGUB, MIDDLEFIELD, CT.

The first consideration in reference to this
matter is to have choice fruit to pack. In order
to have good fruit there must be good trees, of
such varities as the markets call -for, properly
cared for in regard to culture and pruning.

The trees, as soon as the fruit is fairly set,
should be sprayed with insecticides and fungi-
cides both. The requisites are to have smooth,
uniform sized and well colored fruit, free from
insect marks and fungus blemishes.

We must remember that no amount of skill
in packing can make poor fruit any more satis-
factory to the purchaser.

But having perfect, beautiful fruit, very
much depends upon its proper handling.

Therefore, first, let the packages, whether
barrels, crates, baskets, or boxes, be sweet,
clean, neat and attractive.

Second, let the fruit in any and every pack-
age be uniform in appearance, size and quality,
from top to bottom, from end to end.

Third, face the packages properly, not with
specimens better than the average, but place
them with care, so that on being opened the
fruit will show to advantage.

Fourth, pack snugly, so that there shall be no
jostling and bruising of the fruits rattling
against each other.

Fifth, a most important consideration is to
pack and ship fruits in the proper state of
maturity, allowing neither too green nor over-
ripe fruits to go to market. This is specially
important with tender fleshed varieties. Over-
ripe fruit of such varieties when shipped to
distant markets is quite sure to entail loss upon
both seller and buyer. Such fruits should be
placed in home markets, with the slightest pos-
sible amount of bruising.

Experience should be the great regulator in
these matters.

Fruits should be graded usually into Firsts
and Seconds, but let both grades be such as
you will not be ashamed of, such as you are
willing to put your brand on, and remember
that the packing of trash under any brand is
sure to entail loss in the end.

Honesty in Packing Fruit.

E. WILLIAMS, MONTCLAIR, N. J.

Mr. President <md Gentlemen:

I shall crave your indulgence but a few
moments while at the request of your secretary
I offer a few thoughts on the topic assigned me.

i oMMKRCIAL POMOLOGY.

.-,.-,

Among my earliest recollections of learning
to write, the copy set for me by my teacher,
more than any others that made the most List-
ing impression on my mind was this: " Hon-
esty is the best policy," and my experience dur-
ing a somewhat checkered life has only tended
to confirm my conviction of its truth.

As I advanced from childhood to youth the
phraseology was changed when applied to dis-
putes arising in our games into "cheat in play will
never prosper," and these maxims apply with
equal force to all professions and pursuits.

I assume of course, that the advanced and
foremost in the pursuit of fruit growing who
compose this and kindred societies an' too keenly
aware of the importance of this matter to need
any suggestions from me, and while I am not
willing to admit that fruit growers as a class are
[ess inclined to honesty than persons in other
professions, I confess there is far too great a
tendency among them in that direction for their
own good or the welfare of their competing
neighbors. This class, and they are largely in
the majority, are not identified with organiza-
tions of this kind; they regard them with dis-
trust; they are not among the readers of the
horticultural papers; they do not believe in
" book farmin'," and look upon those who do
with a sort of commiseration, if not contempt.
They occupy the missionary ground for work of
national, state and local societies of this kind.
Human nature has not materially changed since
the creation, and the temptation that occurred
in the Garden of Eden has been constantly
repeated in various forms from that day to this.

The desire to trade and get gain is commend-
able, and has Divine sanction, but when inordi-
nately developed, amounting to avarice, the pos-
sessor is very apt to step beyond the bounds of
honesty.

An honest fruit grower will not fill his apple
barrels with good fruit at the ends, and the
middles with a poor and inferior article, if he
stops to consider his own interests or has any
regard for a good name. Neither will he put
all his tine strawberries or grapes on top of his
baskets, and the small and inferior ones at the
bottom. The man who practices this deception

under the idea that it is going to pay, is nursing
a delusion and a snare not only to himself, but
also to his more honestly inclined neighbor.
And yet this is far too often the character of
the fruits found in our markets. Those who
practice these methods are ever ready to find
fault with the prices, and charge the commission
merchants with dishonesty, when they alone are
the guilty ones.

The purchasers condemn the merchants for
topping up the goods, which they are often
compelled to do from the inferior quality of the
article received in order to attract the eyes of a
customer and effect a sale. It is this absurd and
erroneous idea of fruit growers that anything
will sell for something, and that something is
clear gain, that does more to depress prices and
lower the tone of the markets than anything
else. There are too many farmers and fruit
growers whose standing is far below par in their
profession, and far too much fruit of the same
character in our markets that never ought to
have left the farm where it grew. It is these
producers and their products with which the
careful and conscientious fruit grower has to
contend. The man who desires to build up a
reputation and a demand for his products will
be careful about grading his fruit and see that
every package is of uniform quality throughout,
and that every package of No. 1 fruit is what it
purports to be, and his name on it is his guar-
anty to that effect. The purchaser or merchant
when convinced that his mark can be relied on,
looks for that mark; his customers are satisfied
and call for more, and the demand keeps pace
with the supply. Prices may not always be sat-
isfactory, but he has the satisfaction of knowing
that he at least is not contributing to an already
depressed condition of the market.

The commission merchants are glad to have
brands of this character; they can dispose of
such fruit at better prices, with more satisfac-
tion to themselves and their cust ers, and

with less effort. That there are commission
merchants whose honesty and methods are not
above suspicion 1 do not deny, but my experi-
ence and acquaintance with them lead me to
believe that among them are to lie found as lion-

56

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY.

est and honorable men as in any other profes-
sion, certainly as large a per cent, as among the
fruit growers; and those who are the most eager
and ready to charge them with fraud need not
often go beyond their own doors for the cause
and remedy.

If growers could follow their own shipments
to their destinations, and observe the time and
condition of arrival, and the efforts made to dis-
pose of them, they might learn lessons of real
practical value — and one of these would he, that
purchasers know a good thing when they see it,
and can detect the attempt to deceive in a dis-
honest package quite as readily as the merits of
a good one.

Besides the prevalent practice of dishonesty
in the make-up of packages, there is probably
no one avenue in which downright fraud is so
easily and extensively practiced as in placing
grapes on the market in an unripe condition.
The fruit itself favors it. With the other fruits
the eye is the expert detective. Not so with the
grape. Appearances here are often deceptive,
and this is the chief reliance. Sampling is the
only true test, and this if indulged in to any
great extent would soon render the package un-
salable, so that the eye really governs the pur-
chase. The intense eagerness to be first in
market, and the insatiable desire forthe almighty
dollar while prices are high, induce a supply of
this fruit in our markets weeks in advance of
its maturity. A few purchases are disappoint-
ing; confidence is destroyed; prices are depressed
beyond recovery, and the fruit is voted a fraud, as
it really ami truly is, and with many people
all future offerings are regarded as of the same
character. I have often heard people in pass-
ing through the markets remark, that they would
really like to find some sired grapes once more.
In fact this fraud has been practiced so long
and effectually, that many people have come to
believe that the grapes of the present clay are
not equal to those formerly grown. I firmly
believe that if grape growers could be induced
to practice common honesty and common sense
in this matter, they would be better off financ-
ially, and grape consumption would largely in-
crease.

In my vicinity are two grape growers com-
peting in the same market. One, whom I will
designate as Mr. Smith, strives for quantity,
and does not scruple to put his products on the
market as soon as they are called for, even if
not ripe, and the whole product goes as cut
from the vines, with little attention to trim-
ming and attractiveness of appearance, further
than to see that nice clusters are on top of the
package. He says it is the money he is after,
and they can have the grapes green if they
want them. The other, whom I will call Mr.
Joues, is more particular. He refuses to gather
his fruit till it is ripe. He also carefully trims
out all green and decayed berries, and all stems
from which the berries have fallen. He allows
nothing but perfect clusters to go in the pack-
age of No. 1 fruit, and tells his commission
merchant that he can warrant each package to
be of uniform character all through. His name
on it is his guaranty. His No. 2 fruit is un-
branded, and is sold on its merits alone. The
results are that his uubranded fruit has often
sold for as much or more than Mr. Smith's
branded fruit, and his No. 1 for much more.

The commission merchant, being the same in
both cases, when asked how it sold, replied:
"Such fruit would sell at any time, no matter
what the condition of the market."

It is no trouble to sell first-class stock, be-
cause the market is not over supplied. The
merchants like to handle it, and take pains and
pleasure in endeavoring to get an extra price
for it. It pays them to do it. Whether it pays
the grower or not, I leave you to judge. Mr.
. tones is well satisfied so far with his course,
and has a clear conscience. The purchasers
seem to be satisfied, as they cheerfully pay the
extra prices asked and come back for more.

But a change of latitude occurs, and we are in
fair Florida. Your chief fruit industry is raising-
oranges, an industry peculiarly your own. Are
you more honest and less given to practicing the
"ways that are dark and tricks that are vain " in
the make-up of your packages? How many of
your growers are particular in having every pack-
age of uniform quality throughout? Do you all
get the returns to which you think you are justly

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY.

57

entitled? Have you any fault to find with the
transportation companies? Is rapid transit a
myth or a reality? Have yon confidence in your
consignees? How often do yon change or divide
your shipments with satisfactory results? I
have heard rumors in the air since I have been
in the state that would seem to indicate a nega-
tive answer to some of these questions.

I also find that the eagerness to be early in
the market exists down here, for our New York
market was more than supplied with unripe
Florida oranges early in the winter, which the
commission merchants told me were not wanted,
and that they did not know what to do with
them. I do not knoir whether the growers real-
ized their expectations or not, but I think, as I
do in respect to many of the apples and pears of
our Northern orchards, that if they had never
left the farms where they grew, it would have
been a mutual benefit to all concerned, except
possibly the transportation companies.

A year or so ago one of your orange growers
visited his commission merchant in New York,
and wanted him to explain, if he could, how it
was his oranges did not sell for as much as his
neighbor Brown's. He did not like to admit
that Brown's fruit was any better than his.
"Well," says the merchant, "I will tell you the
whole secret. Mr. Brown has always been very
particular in grading his fruit and putting it up.
His No. 1 fruit is what it purports to be, in size,
quality and appearance. He has succeeded in
establishing for it a name and reputation which
dealers have learned to appreciate. They look
for and inquire for it, and often will take no
oilier. If I tell them I have a lot of another
brand equally as good, they are inclined to
doubt it. I once had an order for twenty boxes
of Brown's brand to send out of town. The
case was an urgent one, and having none on
hand, I tilled the order with another brand I
thought equally as good, and so advised my
customer, but the whole lot was returned to me
— they were not wanted. Again, you ship me,
say, forty boxes. My customer examines three
or four boxes and he finds two or three oranges
in each box of second quality. He estimates
the whole lot of like character, and makes his

offer accordingly. If there is a second class
orange in the box it is almost sure to be on the
top. Sometimes in order to get what I really
think they are worth I have to sort and repack
the whole lot. In doing so I will probably get
five or more boxes of No. 2 grade. These, of
course, I have to sell for less money, which re-
duces the average.

Thus you see I must not only be able to
guarantee my customers, but convince them that
your fruit is in all respects as good as Mr.
Brown's before I can sell it to them at the
same figures, and when you put it up and grade
it so I can do so, I can and will return you as
good prices as I do Mr. Brown, which I would
like to do."

This statement of the case carries its own
moral. Remember, first, that the cost of the
box, labor of packing and transportation is the
same in the one case as in the other.

Second. That every box of No. 2 fruit reduces
the general average of the whole.

Third. That appearance, quality and uniform
size are all important passports to profit, and
that honest;/ is the Jicst policy.

Fruit Marketing and Fruit Exchanges.

A. M. BROWN, BALTIMORE, MD.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the American
Pomological Society:

The subject assigned me for this occasion,
viz.: Fruit Marketing and Fruit Exchanges,
embraces, in my opinion, the most important
features of profitable fruit culture.

That I shall be able to offer a satisfactory
solution to this problem would be a questionable
assertion, but my purpose shall be served if
when presenting to you such thoughts and sug-
gestions as have been deduced from practical
experience and observation, the subject will
elicit such consideration from your society as
will result in attaching greater importance to
methods of marketing fruit and fruit exchanges.

Theory and practice combined, have made
successful fruit production no longera problem.
The necessary conditions of soil, climate, man-
ure and culture are well understood, and

58

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY.

scientific investigation has armed the intelli-
gent fruit culturist with a thorough knowledge
of the diseases common to fruits, as well as of
destructive insects. Their prevention and
cause, in fact all the elements entering into
successful production, are so well understood by
even the humblest of our calling that all the
difficulties over which man has control towards
successful fruit growing are removed, and fruit
production has attained such proportions, that
in this, as in other products of our country, we
have the cry of over production on every hand.
To this position, maintained by many eminent
fruit eulturists, I must take exception and assert
that there never has been a surplus of fruit
grown in this country at any time. Yea, more,
the consumptive capacity has never been sup-
plied, and is not likely to be in the near future,
as the increase 'of population is in excess of
fruit production.

To prove my position I need simply to make
reference to the population of this country in
the cities which are accessible to every fruit
grower, and compare it with the largest amount
of fruit ever yet produced in a single year, and
it will be seen that a proportionate division
would make of the' most bounteous fruit crop a
luxury instead of a staple article of consump-
tion. There is no such danger yet as over
production, and this brings us to the consider-
ation of the first part of our subject: Fruit
Marketing, which, it can be easily shown, is the
one feature important and necessary to be
thoroughly understood in order to place fruit
growing on a more profitable basis than it is at
present.

In order to market fruit profitably certain
things are necessary. With these, overstocked
or glutted markets will be unknown. The first
is proper gathering— not green, and yet not
fully ripe. There is a stage of ripeness that the
careful and experienced fruitgrower well knows.
Too little importance is attached to this part of
the work. The condition of the fruit when it
reaches market is usually the unerring ther-
mometer registering the degrees of ripeness at
which the, fruit was picked. Too often fruit is
too much bruised in gathering; this must be
avoided.

The second step towards successful marketing
is the proper assorting and grading of fruit.
There should be three grades, viz., selects,
primes, and culls. The selects and primes
should be sent to market and the culls should
be thrown away or fed to hogs. The culls ought
never be sent to market, as this is the principal
cause of glutted markets even under present
methods of marketing.

The third essential is package and packing.
A (dean package should always be used, neat
and attractive in appearance, so that when the
fruit is exposed to view it will present its most
attractive appearance. Packages should be of
uniform size. More injury to the fruit grower
comes from the varying size of packages con-
taining the same kind of fruit than many sup-
pose. In my opinion the profits of the business
would be largely augmented by a national law
establishing a uniform package. None but those
who have been upon the market as sellers can
form any conception of the injury resulting
from this varying in sizes of almost every style
of package in which fruits are conveyed to
market.

The fourth and most essential requisite to
successful marketing is the matter of a market
and proper disposition or sale; and in this is
comprehended the work of fruit exchanges.
Whenever the markets have been glutted it has
been the fault of fruit growers themselves by
the want of care in handling, grading and pack-
ing, and the want of proper distribution. The
farmers and fruit growers are the only class of
our citizens engaged in business enterprises that
continue to produce year after year, takiug ap-
parently no regard for a market for their pro-
ducts, rushing pell mell into this market to-day,
to-morrow into that, with no fixed purpose in
view toward regulating the supply according to#
the capacity for distribution and consumption,
taking comparatively little heed to the character
of the men in whose hands their goods are
placed for sale, what their charges are, what the
cost of transportation is, or the character of the
service given for such perishable products. All
these things it is absolutely necessary to con-
sider if we would make fruit growing in this

( 'OM M F.Kc 1AL rOMOLOGY.

59

country the profitable business that it should be.
and which it would be if there was united and
harmonious action among fruit growers in estab-
lishing, maintaining and supporting Fruit Ex-
changes whenever necessary in this country.
These institutions are entirely controlled by
farmers; their object is to secure to growers and
dealers the necessary facilities for the receipt,
sale and transhipment of fruit and produce, and
to encourage growers to adopt a better system
of grading and improved methods of packing;
to secure more prompt delivery, a more system-
atic distribution in the markets according to
supply and demand; a more common sanse ap-
portionment of risk, and the supervision of the
product by producers; to secure cheaper trans-
portation, cheaper rates, more rapid transit, bet-
ter service, etc.; also to regulate and equalize
distribution as far as possible; to open up new
markets; to sell and return to shippers the price
for which their goods sell, deducting only the
actual cost of handling, abolishing all cartage
charges, selling at public auction to the highest
bidder, and concentrating buyers and freights
in order to secure good markets. These are
briefly the objects of fruit exchanges, and if
there was one established in every city in the
union, controlled and run by the fruit growers
themselves, the business of fruit growing would
be placed upon a far more permanent aud profit-
able basis than at present.

The Baltimore Fruit and Produce Exchange,
established last April, handled over 30 per cent,
of the fruit coming to this market. After the
exchange opened for the transaction of busi-
ness, August 1st, we sold fruit at 3 per cent,
commission charges, commission men charged
10 per cent.; we made no cartage charges, com-
mission men charged 5c per package; we sold
at public auction and had competition in pur-
chasing, so that after we had been fully estab-
lished, fruit sold b\ the exchange netted the
grower 10 to 'I** per cent, more than goods sold
in the same markets by individual dealers. The
e change returned the actual amount the goods
sold for, less commission and freight. It is tun
much the practice among commission dealers to
take the consignor's goods into account and re-

turn a price out of which they deduct commis-
sion, freight and cartage and return the balance,
and then sell the consignment at a price above
that returned and pocket the difference. I have
no desire to create doubts in the minds of any
one as to the honesty of his commission mer-
chant. There are honest men in this business
as well as any other; but I speak of this method
of making returns as a practice. What I wish
to impress upon you, gentlemen, is the fact
that with the proper distribution of your fruit
crop, its economical sale and handling in the
markets, proper transportation facilities af-
forded, together with proper picking, grading
and packing, fruit-growing is the most profita-
ble business that you can engage in. Aud these
things can be accomplished through fruit ex-
changes, organizations instituted for this ex-
press purpose, and through which and by which
alone you can secure that co-operation and
united systematic effort that is necessary to im-
prove the business of fruit growing.

The Delaware Fruit Exchange.

WESLEY WEBB, WILMINGTON, DELAWARE.

The original plan of the Delaware Fruit Ex-
change contemplated its establishment in Wil-
mington, Del., which stands at the head of the
Delaware and Chesapeake Peninsula. It was to
be operated as a joint stock company; stock was
to be sold in shares of $50.00 each, and annual
active membership fees were to be $10.00.

To buy or sell through the Exchange, one
must be an active member, but not necessarily a
stockholder.

The fruit was to be inspected at the various
railroad stations, bysworn inspectors, who should
designate its grade. Three or four well defined
grades were to be established. This inspected
fruit was to be loaded into cars and as soon as ,i
car was filled it was to be reported to the head-
quarters of the Exchange, by telegraph, giving
the car No. and the number of baskets of each
grade and of the various varieties contained
therein. When so reported, it was to be sold by
auction to i lie highest bidder; for here buyers
from all quarters were f.. be gathered.

This was some eight years ago, and at tha

60

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY.

time sufficient co-operation could not be ob-
tained to warrant its establishment at Wilming-
ton. But Wyoming, Kent Co., Del., was in the
midst of the finest peach section on the globe,
and the fruit growers opened their eyes and es-
tablished their Exchange at that point. A can-
vass of the North, East and West, was made;
buyers came, fruit was sold, by auction, having
been inspected under the eyes of the buyer, by
having a basket or two of each wagon load emp-
tied when required.

To this point 300,000 baskets of fruit could be
brought in wagons during the season; as many
as twelve or fifteen cars being shipped in a day.

The Exchange placed officers and clerks in the
exchange building, and with them the buyers
deposited their money in the morning, the clerks
taking account of all sales, paying for the fruit,
and returning to the buyers, whenever de-
manded, any money not paid out. The Ex-
change charged the seller one cent per basket
for selling the fruit and the buyer $5.00 per car
for loading it.

The plan worked admirably so far as it went;
but it did not extend its full benefits to growers
at a distance from the seat of its operations.

In 1886 branch exchanges were organized, the
plan being to place an inspector and a clerk at
each station, where an organization could be
effected, to load the cars and report by tele-
graph to the headquarters of the Exchange, and
then offer the car for sale by auction to the
highest bidder. But the centre of the fruit crop
that year was in Kent Co., Md., — the crop being
a failure in Delaware, — and Still Pond was the
point where the fruit could be gathered in large
quantities, coming in wagons and boats. So the
Kxehange was operated at Still Pond, a large
number of buyers being present. Here again
it proved a success, but the branch exchanges
did not go into operation.

In these years the price of fruit at the Ex-
change was perhaps •_'."> cents per basket higher
than elsewhere on the Peninsula.

During this time some changes had 1 n

made. The number of shares of stock had been
increased fivefold and the price per share re-
duced accordingly to $10.00 per share. This

was to secure more stockholders and consequent-
ly the co-operation of more fruit growers. The
$10.00 annual membership fee was abolished, so
that any one could buy or sell through the Ex-
change.

In 1887 the peach crop was limited chiefly to
the vicinity of Mil ford, Del., and here the
growers operated on the exchange plan. In
18S8 the crop was general and several branch
exchanges were operated under the direction of
the parent exchange at Wyoming, but each one
was local in its operations.

The success of each branch was about in pro-
portion to the amount of fruit it could com-
mand, for the more fruit it had, the more buyers
it could secure, and hence the greater the com-
petition, the greater the demand for fruit, and
the higher the price.

Meantime the Fruit and Produce Exchange
of Baltimore had been organized, and handled
in 1888 quite a part of the peach crop of the
Eastern Shore of Maryland, especially that
part along the Chesapeake Bay and the rivers
emptying into it.

Every year during this time a canvass has
been made among the commission merchants
and fruit dealers of the North, East and West
to induce them to come to the Peninsula and
buy fruit here, rather than depend upon receiv-
ing shipments to be sold on commission.

The beneficial results of the Exchange may
be summarized as follows:

1st. The farmers have received pay for their
fruit at home, thus avoiding all risks in ship-
ments, loss on account of delays, bad markets,
and danger of loss from dishonest commission
merchants.

2nd. They have received a higher price for
their fruit, because it has been better picked
and better assorted, for a man will not take un-
ripe or "deaconed" fruit to the auction stand
when he is sure it will bring only half price
when exposed to the eyes of the buyer.

3rd. Better and more rapid train service; for
what individual growers could not accomplish,
became easy when the united voice of the
growers, with the endorsement and help of the
united buyers demanded it, and was secured as
soon as this voice was clearly heard.

COMMERCIAL POMOLOGY.

61

4th. Cheaper freights; for buyers generally
go! large rebates from the regular price; and so
could afford to pay that additional amount to

the growers.

5th. A wider distribution of the fruit; for
buyers from cities scattered all over the eastern
United States came among the fruit men and
shipped peaches regularly to the houses at
home, whereas they had previously depended
upon the uncertain supply sent on consignment
or purchased from dealers in large cities.

Gth. The fruit reached market in better con-
dition, because it was sent direct instead of
being sold and reshipped, by express perhaps,
from New York, Philadelphia, or some other
large market; and a still more potential reason,
it left home in good condition, inasmuch as it
was virtually picked and loaded under the eye
of the buyer.

7th. (Huts have been largely avoided, for men
would not buy here more than thay could, sell in
their market; and the more general distribution
of the fruit drew the surplus away from the
great markets. Then at the close of the day.
those who had bought and shipped carloads
would learn to what market the most fruit had
been consigned, and would frequently be able
to change, by telegraph, the destination of their
cars to some city that had received a scant supply.

But the Delaware Fruit Exchange has never
carried out its original plan of gathering the
buyers at one point on the peninsula where the
fruit could be sold in car lots by auction, being
reported by telegraph. But events have by no
means demonstrated that this cannot be done.
Rather they are pointing to this as the best and
final solution of the great question of the co-
operative mat of our peach crop. The

• thing wanting has been the full and hearty

co-operation of all growers. The officers of the
Exchange have until now, managed it solely in
the interests of all the producers of peaches who
could understand and appreciate the advanti
it offered. They ha- . their time to it

without compensation. Tin > have not managed
it with a view to making money for the Ex-

change, but rather for the fruit growers in gen-
eral. As a consequence its stock hardly has a
market value. Those who hold it or who may
purchase, do so in order to get a better price for
fruit, and not for expected dividends on the
stock. The disadvantages, attending such an
organization, are obvious; and plans are under
contemplation now for raising enough funds to
operate it on its own merits as a stock concern,
just as any other business enterprise is managed.

To make it successful on this basjs will re-
quire that it offer facilities to buyers that they
will be glad to have; and offer to producers a
method. that shall be safer and more profitable
than consigning their fruit to commission mer-
chants in distant cities. This can readily be
done, as past experience has shown. It will be
necessary only to induce a large number of
buyers to locate at the most convenient point
near the head of the Peninsula, and then place
a competent man at each railroad station to
inspect the fruit and superintend the loading of
it into cars. Buyers will soon learn the quality
of the fruit from the several stations and will
bid for it accordingly. The producer will know
as soon as the fruit is sold what he is to receive
and that the money is already in the hands of
the treasurer of the Exchange. He had the
privilege of prrtting his own bid upon it, and if
the offer is below this price he can ship it on his
own account. When the car contains the fruit
of several growers, as it generally would, they
can have a general understanding among them-
selves, and with the agent of the Exchange, as to
the price they would be willing to accept.

It will be sufficient to say in conclusion that
the shrewdest and most experienced business
men among the stockholders have entire con-
fidence that the Exchange can be thus man-
aged so as to afford buyers the facilities the\
require, insure them good fruit well loaded, in-
sure the producer satisfactory prices, and at the
same time realizea handsome dividend on their
own investment of money in the Exchange as a
stock company.

Wilmington, Del., Feb. 7, 1889.

ii

62

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS.

American Fruits in Foreign Markets.

Dr. Henry Foster, of Clifton Springs, N. Y.,
and Oviedo, Florida, who lias extensive orange
groves at the latter place, was to give a talk on
the above subject, but was prevented from
doing so by ill health. He was represented by
Mr. J. H. Lee, who gave a brief account of the
moderately successful attempts to introduce
Florida oranges into Europeon markets. One
of the advantages of a foreign market is that it
lessens the pressure on the home market in sea-
sons of abundance, thus equalizing prices. With

a direct line of steamers from Florida to Liver-
pool, Mr. Foster believed that a successful
foreign market for oranges might be established.

Mr. T. W. Moore said that mildew had been
unusually troublesome the past season, but that
he had succeeded in preventing it from attack-
ing his fruit by fumigating the boxes with
sulphur.

For information on a foreign market for
apples, the reader is referred to the paper by
Mr. Woolverton on the commercial orchards of
Ontario.

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS.

[Under this heading are placed papers upon all fruits adapted to the extreme southern States. The
Sub-tropical portion ot the program was in charge of Mr. A. H. Manville, chairman of the Subtropical
committee, and most of the papers were published at the close of the meeting in the Florida Dispatch
Farmer and Fruit Grower.]

Report of Sub-Tropical Committee.

To the President and Members of the American
Pomologieal Society .

Gentlemen: At our last meeting, in Boston,
two new committees were constituted, the Sub-
Tropical Committee and the Florida Fruit Com-
mittee, the former a standing committee, the
latter a special committee appointed because
the next meeting of the Society was to be held
in this State. Owing to unavoidable circum-
stances the Sub-Tropical Committee's report at
this meeting must be confined largely to Florida.
The work of these two committees necessarily
covers to a great extent the same ground, and as
it is an initial report for both, they desire, with
the consent of the Society to submit a joint re-
port.

In announcing the appointment of the Sub-
Tropical Committee, President Berckmans said:
" This committee was added to the working
plan of the Society, the importance of the pro-
duction of the sub-tropical fruits in the United
States having need of such recognition, and I
am sure that through the faithful labors of that
committee much progress will be made in the
cultivation of those fruits."

The reports of the California members of the

Sub-Tropieal Committee, and of other gentlemen
who have in response to our request prepared
matter for our report for the Sub-Tropical region
west of the Mississippi river, have not arrived.
We have received a partial report for the Gulf
States from Louisiana eastward to Florida.

Edgar L. St. Ceran, member of the Sub-
Tropical Committee for Louisiana, referring en-
tirely to Citrus fruits, writes as follows: "Small
groves of orange trees are scattered all over
lower Louisiana. The infallible orange region
extends for about fifty miles along the Missis-
sippi river, ending at the "jump," five miles
below Fort Jackson. From the great grove on
Gov. Warmoth's famous sugar plantation, Mag-
nolia, there is a continuous growth, a literal
forest of orange trees, lining the banks of the
Mississippi river for a distance of thirty miles.
"The freeze of January, 1886, was unprece-
dentedly severe, the thermometer dancing be-
tween 16 degrees and 20 degrees above zero for
thirty-six consecutive hours. The damage to
citrous trees generally was not as great as at
first apprehended. Of course the northern i>ar-
ishes in our citrous belt suffered severely. In
Placquemines parish the citrous trees fared bet-
ter. The injury there consisted in the killing
back of the new succulent growth to two year

ST'H TKoril'AL FRUITS.

fi3

wood, ami complete defoliation; sickly trees all
perished.

"'The true orange belt' in Louisiana is found
in Lower Placquemines. This favored parish,
jutting out peninsula-like into the Gulf, is the
Eldorado of the orange grower. Here are
combined all the advantages of latitude, soil and
climate. Oranges grown in this section are
ready for market from four to six weeks in ad-
vance of the crop from Northern and Middle
Florida, while the California article crosses the
continent in February and March. Thus it will
be seen that Louisiana stands the peer of all
competitors as regards earliness. The soil is an
alluvial deposit from the Mississippi river, and
richer by far than the famous Nile.

"The entire Louisiana crop is sold on the
trees, an immense advantage over the other or-
ange producing sections of the United States.
Oftener than not the year's crop of oranges is
sold for cash in the bloom, in the spring. Crops
are sometimes purchased on a speculation three
years ahead. A hundred acre orange grove on
the lower coast last year had its prospective
crop for the year, sold for thirty thousand dol-
lars last winter, before a bud or blossom had ap-
peared on the trees.

" Thus the lower coast of the Mississippi river
is the most advantageous locality for orange
growing in the world; it raises more to the acre
than any part of North America, and it gets a
better price for its products directly on the trees,
without one cent's cost of gathering or harvest-
ing and without one cent to pay for freight,
commissions, insurance, and a half dozen other
charges, which form a heavy tribute to be paid
by the orange growers of less favored localities
and regions."

Prof. J. P. Stelle, of Mobile, at the request of
the committee, sends the following for the coast
region of Alabama:

"A good deal of interest is being taken in the
LeConte pear and its near relative, the Keiffer,
but this covers about all there is to report. A
considerable acreage is being put in these pears,
and though interest in these fruits is of recent
origin, there are nevertheless some orchards in
bearing, and these are showing well, and giving
quite general satisfaction.

"Other common tree fruits are cultivated
here and doing well under intelligent manage-
ment, as the peach, the Bartlett, and some other
pears, several varieties of the plum, quince, most
of the early apples, and so on.

" The peach can be made a grand success
here, but we have learned from sad experience
that our success cannot be attained with the
usual popular named varieties grown at the
North. Years ago this region was famed for its
great abundance of fair quality peaches, but
later, when progressive pomology had attempted
to give us better fruit by introducing the fine
Northern varieties and working out the old
seedlings, our peach culture speedily ran down
to decided unprofitableness. Now we are falling
back to the old sorts, and these, with a few kinds
introduced from warm countries abroad, are
beginning to give us peaches once more. As
yet few people among us are attempting to grow
peaches for profit, on a scale that could be con-
sidered even reasonably large, but since there
are persons now interesting themselves in seek-
ing out and propagating the best varieties of the
old-time sorts, there is good reason for prom-
ising ourselves that peach culture will ere long
receive such fresh stimulus in Alabama's coast
belt, as shall make peaches, even first class
peaches, take rank as among our most promi-
nent products.

" The fig grows to perfection here, and yields
enormously. At present it is receiving a good
deal of attention.

" A few years back, before the winter of the
great freeze, orange culture was engaging the
earnest attention of many along our immediate
Gulf coast. But the freeze destroyed all the
groves, and at the same time seemed to freeze
out all the interest in the industry. The pro-
duction of no other strictly sub-tropical fruit has
ever been attempted here for profit.

"A few of the common small fruits do well in
the const belt of Alabama. The black-cap rasp-
berry gives fair satisfaction under good manage-
ment, and all the finer blackberries are a splen-
did success, although not extensively grown.
Strawberries are perfection itself. The crop is
produced on ■•< large scale by our market garden-

I

SUB TROPICAL FP.1

ers, and mainly put upon the early Northern
markets.

Many varieties of the grape succeed well
throughout the coast belt. The Scuppernong
is more extensively cultivated than any other;
perhaps it is the only grape employed as yet in
the production of wine. Of the bunch gra]
the Concord seems to be receiving more atten-
tion than any other variety."
FLORIDA.

Within the limits of the State of Florida, the
changing conditions of soil and climate, as we
proceed southward, give a wide range of pro-
ductions, embracing many of the hardy fruits
and annuals of the Northern States in the north-
ern tier of countries, but become purely tropi-
cal in the extreme South. It will be convenient
in treating of the Pomological resources of Flor-
ida to divide the State into three geographical
sections, producing respectively hardy, semi-
tropical and tropical fruits.

The Northern Fruit District. — North of a
line drawn across the State from Cedar Keys to
the bend of the St. Mary's river, soil and climate
approximate closely those of the coast line of
Georgia, Mississippi, and portions of Southern
Texas. Here great progress has been made
in the culture of the peach, pear, and plum.
Some of the lauds of this section, especially
those with a clay subsoil, have proved the
veritable home of the peach, but the standard
Northern varieties have been largely discarded
in favor of the Oriental strains, and new and
improved varieties and crosses betweeii the
Peen-to and Honey are being rapidly produced
and propagated. Some of the old native vari-
eties have been rescued from the neglect into
which they had fallen, and promise to substan-
tially reward the attention bestowed upon them.

The apricot, but not the nectarine, is recom-
mended for further trial.

The newly introduced Oriental plums, of
which the Kelsey is the first representative in
this country, are believed to have great value
for this State; the Kelsey has already proved
so, the Botan, Blood plum of Satsuma and others
promise well or better, but have not been long
enough in cultivation to give assured results.

The LeConte and Keitfer pears are as success-
fully cultivated here as in other parts of the
Gulf coast, and extensive orchards have been
planted.

In grape culture the experience of the past
few years bids fair to remove the prejudice
against the American vines grown in the North-
ern States, early experiments with most of which
prove failures. Certain varieties, among which
the Delaware is prominently mentioned, are now
grown with success at various points in the
northern counties.

The Scuppernong, which reaches its southern
limit only in the tropical portion of the State,
is much more extensively grown than formerly,
and its value as a wine producing grape is fully
recognized. Tin.' progress of the wine industry
has already passed out of the domestic stage
and attained a commercial importance, the rapid
growth of which seems assured.

Of small fruits, only the strawberry is culti-
vated for market, and its cultivation is on the in-
crease under the impetus of better transporta-
tion facilities, and particularly the business en-
terprise of certain Eastern dealers in this fruit,
who are providing the growers with refrigera-
tors and other conveniences for the safe market-
ing of their crops. The lands are eipially well
adapted to the culture of the blackberry, and one
variety of the raspberry, Cuthbert, is known to
produce well.

The pecan makes remarkably thrifty growth,
and bears abundantly, not only in this district,
but also southward far down the peninsula.
The raising of the nuts for market is strongly
recommended, and greatly improved varieties
are being offered by nurserymen for this pur-
pose. The planting of trees for home consump-
tion is constantly increasing, but thus far few
groves of large extent have been set out.

The English walnut has been fruited, but its
value to this region has not yet been fully ascer-
tained.

The Orange and Sub-Tropical Districts. —
From the northern fruit region in which the
peach and the LeConte pear are most at home,
southward to the 28th parallel of latitude, in fact
in the great body of the peninsula of Florida,

SUB TBOPICAL FEUITS.

65

the cultivation of citrus Emits has been and is
still the absorbing industry. Within this region,
in all sorts of soil, in all sorts of situations, the
orange thrives and grows like a native weed.
Here the tree attains its largest size and most
perfect development. Every new introduction
from abroad is improved in quality and flavor of
its fruits, and native seedlings yearly contribute
new and valuable additions to a long list of
varieties, some of them rivaling the best produc-
tions of other and older lands.

In many countries, less favorable to the orange,
the imperfect ripening of the fruit tends to pro-
duce a sour orange, and discriminating growers
are limited in their choice of varieties to those
which produce the most saccharine fruit. The
juices of such fruit in Florida become sugary in
sweetness, while more acid kinds, unserviceable
in many regions where the orange is grown, de-
velop a vinous flavor and boquet which is prized
by experts as the highest type of excellence.

With climatic conditions favoring the devel-
opment of every known variety of the orange, a
great impetus has been given to the introduc-
tion of novelties from abroad and the propaga-
tion at home of the most profitable and desir-
able sorts for market.

The popularity of the Navel in California has
called wide spread attention to this variety, and
has raised its price in the Northern markets, as
the knowledge of its excellences became more
generally recognized by consumers.

Special requirements of the trade are rapidly
solving the questious of relative values com-
mercially of the Tangerine and Mandarin, and
in some cases a tendency to over production of
such marked varieties has been checked by the
fluctuations of the market.

The subject of early and late fruit has re-
ceived much consideration. The respective ad-
vantages of each in different sections of the
orange belt is well shown in the essay of Hon.
C. F. A. Bielby.

The Florida seedling, unbudded, has its ad-
vocates for grove culture, and it is claimed for it
that it produces the finest and longest lived
tree, the best bearer in the long run, and satis-
factory, if not the best fruit. But the weight

of opinion, and the almost universal practice in
the older parts of the field, is to Imd with
known and approved varieties as furnishing the
only guarantee of excellence and giving the
quickest returns in fruit. The native seedling
naturally constitutes the source from which in
the past most of the budded stock of the State
has been derived, and the numerous varieties
having this origin form a very distinct group or
family, at the head of which in point of excel-
lence may be mentioned the Dummitt, Madam
Vinous, Homosassa, Cunningham and Centen-
nial. The Early Oblong family, of which the
Sweet Seville is the type, offer a desirable qual-
ity in the early ripening of the fruit, and the
Tardif or Hart's Late prolongs the marketing
season into late spring or early summer. The
pre-eminence over all varieties belongs to the
imported Malta family, of which are the Jaffa,
Majorca, Blood Oranges, Maltese Oval, and
Mediterranean Siveet, the last two nearly identi-
cal. The members of this family are distin-
guished for delicacy of pulp and texture,
thinness of rind, and include variations of
sweetness and flavor suited to all tastes.

Next in importance to the Orange the Lemon
claims attention, and it is the opinion of not a
few authorities that the growing of the latter
will prove more profitable than the former.
Although in the more northern portions of the
State the lemon trees were badly decimated by
the freeze of 18SG, ami their cultivation in some
localities checked in consequence, in the south-
ern counties the damage did not prove irrepara-
ble. The planting of lemons has steadily in-
creased since that time. Substantial progress
has been made in the knowledge and choice of
varieties and the proper harvesting and curing of
the fruits that from the unsaleable product of a
few years ago the Florida lemon lias risen in
value in our markets until it now leads all com-
petitors.

Curing houses have been established at the
North to which the grower may send his fruit
to be prepared for market if he desires to
be spare 1 the labor and trouble of curing it
himself and to save himself the expense of a
plant. Three standard varieties may be men-

66

SUB-TEOPICAL FRUITS.

fcioned as general favorites, the Bellair, Villa
Franca and the Sicily, but the varieties best
adapted to particular localities hive hardly as
yet been determined.

The Pomelo (Grape Fruit). — This fruit has
quite recently conquered a market for itself in
the North, and now begins to appear in com-
pany with the orange on fruit stands in New
York and other Northern cities. Its cultivation
cannot fail to be greatly increased in conse-
quence, since it has always been a home favor-
ite and widely grown for local consumption.
Many varieties are known to exist throughout
the State, most of the fruiting trees being seed-
lings of local parentage. Improved varieties arc
demanded, and will certainly make their appear-
ance. The few importations that appear in nur-
sery catalogues have for the most part not been
fruited.

The Lime is less exteusively cultivated than
it deserves. Seedling plants are grown through-
out the orange district, and produce abundant
fruit for home consumption. Small quantities
of inferior quality are sent to market, and of
this the greatest part goes from the Keys and
the lower East Coast. The Tahiti is a large and
greatly improved variety. Many other varieties
have been so recently introduced that their mer-
its have not yet been made known.

A great number of minor fruits of the citrus
family have been introduced and arc sparingly
used in making preserves for domestic use. Of
these the Citron is best known, but the variety
commonly grown is inferior and of slight com-
mercial importance. The better varieties are
little disseminated.

The Shaddock is only raised as a curiosity in
Florida. The best known kinds have little or
no value as edible fruits; the Whittaker Shad-
dock is, however, a good and palatable fruit.

The Kumquat, a diminutive Japanese orange
of great value for preserving, is already at home
in many gardens and collections of citrus plants,
and is fully worthy of more extensive cultiva-
tion. The fruit is not unlikely to prove accept-
able at the North.

The Otaheite, the Bergamot and the Trifoliata
cinoiis an- very peculiar species, found only in

collections of plants. The fruit of the first, to-
gether with that of numerous varieties of the
sour and bitter-sweet orange, are used in mar-
malade.

As several papers on the Grape in Florida will-
be read before the Society, very little need be
added to what has been said in treating of this
in lustry in the northern portion of the State.
Several varieties from the vineyards of the
Northern States are understood to succeed in
Southern Florida. The European grape has
been the subject of numerous experiments, most
of which have resulted in failure. Success in
its culture has been at last announced near
Waldo, at Eustis, and a few other points. A
native species ( Viiis coriacea), producing a
palatable fruit, with a berry as large as the Con-
con!, lias been discovered in the vicinity of
Tampa, and, although only a few individual
\ iin's have been brought into cultivation, its ap-
pearance has excited great interest among ex-
perimental horticulturists in that part of the
State.

The Fig. — This is considered by many a pro-
fitable fruit to raise in Florida, and factories are
being erected over the State to put up guava
jelly and tig preserves.

There are many varieties cultivated in the
State, the most promising at present being the
White Adriatic. This fig was introduced from
Smyrna by way of California, whei-e it is highly
spoken of as a drying and preserving variety.
The fruit is large, of a gray-white color, the
meat being of a bright pink shade. Other varie-
ties that promise well are Foundling, White
Smyrna, White Genoa, Brown Turkey and Ce-
lestial or Sugar fig. The cultivation of the fig
is very simple, the most important point being
not to plow too deeply near the tree. On the
pine lands of South Florida they require the
same cultivation and fertilization as the orange,
but seem to do equally well in Northern and
Western Florida with less care. At present the
northern portion of the State is undoubtedly
adapted to the culture of this important fruit,
but it has not proved so much of a success in
the orange belt. With the advent of other varie-
ties, such as White Adriatic, etc., this may be

SVli TROriCAL FRUITS.

67

changed, as a single tree of the latter variety,
two years of age, bore at Eustis, 1,000 figs.

The I. iquat. — (Also known as Japan plum or
Medlar)— This fruit was introduced into Florida
several years ago, and has been widely dis-
seminated over the State. Along the St. Johns
.in I in some places in the interior where it has
been planted for market, it has proved quite
profitable. It is susceptible of great improve-
ment by selection of varieties and grafting the
Same on seedlings, or, as is done in California,
on quince roots. The Giant Loquat was intro-
duced from Japan in 1886, but has not been
fruited yet. It is said to be larger and better
than the common kind. TheLoquat delights in
a rich moist soil, but fine specimens can be
se n on the pine land soils all over the State.

The Kaki. — The culture of this fruit, com-
monly called the Japan Persimmon, has passed
out of the realm of experiment. Our know-
ledge of the varieties and their proper uses is
still far from complete, but great progress has
been made. In color and appearance some of
the varieties may be said to be the most gor-
geous of any fruit in existence, and its flavor is
not far behind its appearance. Its introduction
int. i Florida marks an era in the history of fruit
culture in the State. There is little doubt that
the market will increase with the production.

The Guava, notwithstanding the tropical
character of the plant and its inability to en-
dure more than ten degrees of frost, is a favor-
ite domestic fruit in most gardens throughout
the orange district. When frozen down tlu
plant soon restores itself and heavy crops of
fruit are obtained the second season following a
disastrous frost. The Frost Proof, or Catlej
guava, owing to its superior hardiness is much
cultivated in districts subject to annual frosts.

The Olive. -Trees of tl live grow rapidly

and luxuriantly in all parts of Florida, hut they
seldom come into bearing at the early age
reported in California. Some varieties, b >w-
ever, have been known to produce fruit in four
to six years. In Spain the age of bearing
depends upon the size of the cuttings from
which the trees are propagated. At Fernandina,
from the famous "Id trees a1 Dun geness, fine

fruit is obtained every year. Some thousands
of young plants are set out annually by way of
experiment or in the hope of future returns in
fruit, and varieties with foreign names, but of
whose qualities little or nothing is known, are
readily sold by nurserymen. Trees of ten to
fifteen years' growth are frequently to be found
producing flowers, but still in the adolescent
state and setting no fruit. Much older trees are
to be found which bear crops of inferior fruit,
and belong in all probability to worthless and
undesirable kinds.

The culture of the Date is in very much the
same state as that of the olive, although it is not
as extensively grown as the latter. Scattered
plants, mostly very young, are found here and
there in gardens throughout the State. Except
in the case of a few trees in the extreme south,
no edible fruit has been produced. The fruit
from trees at Tampa and other points around
the lower coast is pronounced good. Old trees
at Mandarin produce worthless fruit, which,
however, is ripe enough to germinate. Many
old trees are barren for want of fertilization, as
the plant is dioecious. Fertilization is accom-
plished artificially in some date bearing coun-
tries.

The Carob (Ceratomia siliqua.) — This plant,
a native of the Mediterranean, produces edible
pods, which are used chiefly as a food for stock,
but are not unpalatable, and have the flavor of
gingerbread. It is widely exported and used in
all parts of Europe as well as in some parts of
the United States, and as a food for horses and
mules would be invaluable in Florida. The
trees grow well and reach a large size here.
They have been fruited in one or two places in
tha orange district, but are as yet little known
although well worthy of genera! cultivation.

Downy Myrtle. (Myrius tomentosus) — pro-
duces red fruits of the size of large gooseber-
ries, having an agreeable sweetish taste. The
tree bears in its third year, and is very prolific.
The fruit is preserved in a variety of ways. The
northern limit of its production thus far has
been Federal Point, Putnam County.

The Chinese Leechee or Litchi, i Nephalium
Zritchi) a famous Chinese fruit introduced

68

i B TROPICAL FRl/IIN.

within the last five years at different times. As
the tree is hardy and productive at an early age
it will be propagated and planted everywhere in
the State. The dried fruit is called by some
"date-prunes."

The Jujube. {Zizyplms injuba) — This hardy
plant is of small commercial value, but aside
from its usefulness as a hedge plant, the pleas-
ant sub-acid and mucilaginous fruit is an admir-
able adjunct to our houehold resources for the
making of jellies and kindred sweetmeats. The
plant grows thriftily in our lightest soils, and
should be more widely known and propagated.
It is perfectly hardy in this State and north-
wards along the Atlantic coast to the Carolinas.

The Tropical Region. — From the 28th paral-
lel southward, most of the arable lands are found
upon the Keys and comparatively narrow strip of
territory along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts. In
this region the Pine Apple and Cocoanut are of
chief commercial importance and form the main
reliance of the population. The native fruits
of this region are few and mostly of slight im-
portance except for home use, but many of the
best productions of the tropics have been grown
and fruited by resident horticulturists. A very
completeessay on this subject has been prepared
by Mr. E. N. Iteasoner, of Manatee, and will
be submitted to the Society. Contributions to
our knowledge of pineapple culture by Rev. J.
H. White, of Georgiana, and Mr. Thos. E. Rich-
ards, of Eden, have been incorporated in Mr.
Reasoner's paper.

The following account of the tropical plants
that are grown or have been Introduced and
fruited in this State, has been prepared at the
request of the committee by Messrs. R. D. Hoyt,
of Bay View, and E. N. Reasoner of Manatee.
For convenience an alphabetical arrangement
of the plants considered has been followed,
rathe]' than one that would emphasize the rela-
tive importance of each.

The Anonas constitute a very important fam-
ily of fruit plants for the extreme southern por-
tion of the peninsula, and the income derived
from their sale by the inhabitants of the Keys,
is to them quite as important as that from any
of the small fruits grown in tin1 northern part
of tin' Stale is to the growers there.

The principal varieties grown are the Sugar
Apple (-1. squamosa), of which more are
grown than all others combined, as it seems to
be most iii demand in the markets of Key West.
The Cherimoya (.1. cherimolia) has for some
unaccountable reason been much neglected.
The fruit is much larger than the foregoing,
and fully better in quality.

riie Sour Sop (A. muricata) is grown to some
extent. The large acid fruit is much esteemed,
and is used for making cooling drinks, and is an
important adjunct to the sick room. Of the
Custard Apple (articulata) there are few trees
fruiting in the State, although it is worthy of
in- ir i extended culture.

Alligator Pear (Persea graiissima) is grown
to quite an extent on the Keys, on the mainland
as far up as Tampa Bay and on the west coast,
and extensively along Indian River and south-
ward. The fruit ships well, and has become
quite popular in the New York market, where
it sells for high prices. The tree stands light
night frosts without injury.

The Bengal Quince (JEgle marmelos), alow
tree from India, nearly related to the citrus, has
grown, fairly well, but has not yet fruited.
Recommended for trial in frostless regions.

Banaua, — The various species of Musa are at
home in the lower portions of the peninsula.
Several varieties are grown, but owing to the
high winds which prevail along the coast and
to the fact of heavier production, the only
variety grown to any extent is the Dwarf (JI.
Uavendishii). The Orinoco is quite hardy, and
has produced fruit as far north as the Georgi i
line. Hart's Choice, Red Baracoa and Dacca
are other varieties of great value. The banana,
though tender as regards frost, is successfully
grown for home use, and for market all over the
citrus belt of Florida.

The Bread Fruit (Artocarpus incisa) has
never been planted to any great extent. It
would probably prove valuable for cultivation
on the Keys if introduced.

The Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale)
has never been introduced to any extent, and is
grown more as a curiosity than for its fruit.

The Ceriman of the West Indies (Monstera

sub tropic u. turns.

deliciosa) has produced fruit, and should be
more generally cultivated in all regions free
from injurious frost.-.

The Cocoamit. The well known fruit of the
Cocoa Palm (Cocos nucifera), extensively culti-
vated both on the reef Keys and coast of the
mainland on both sides of the peninsula, extends
to, or somewhat north of, Lake Worth on the
east, and to Charlotte Harbor on the west side.
Probably little care has been exercised in the
selection of varieties, and many small and in-
ferior nuts are the result.

Egg Fruit ( Lucuma rivicosa,\&r.angustifolia).
— A good table fruit, grown as far north as the
twenty-eighth parallel, and enduring light night
frosts without injury. Not cultivated to any ex-
tent, which is probably due to the difficulty of
obtaining plants.

Granadilla. — The fruit of several species of
Passiflora, is known under this name, the best
of which is Passiflora edulis, which might more
properly be classed among the semi-tropical
fruits, as it will endure several degrees of
frost without injury. P. quadrangular is is
also an excellent fruit.

Guava ( Psidiumguayava (.—These are divided
into two classes, the summer, and late ripening,
or winter. Of the former there are as many
varieties almost as there are trees, varying
widely in shape and in color of both skin and
pulp. Poor fruit is largely in the majority, and
only layers or cuttings from the best trees
should be planted. The White Winter, on the
contrary, reproduces itself from seed, and for
canning is the best fruit. Both make an excel-
lent jelly, and there are several firms in the
State engaged in its manufacture for export.

The Jack Fruit (Arlocarpus integrifolia)
has not been fruited here to our kuowledge.
Recommended for trial in t ho extreme southern
portion of the State.

Mammee Apple (Mammea Americana) is
grown to some extent on the Keys and should
be more extensively cultivated as far North as
Charlotte Harbor. The fruit meets with ready
sale in the principal cities of Florida, large
quantities being imported from II >■ ma.

Mammee Sapota (Lucuma mammosa) Not

grown to any extent, although the frul
demand at good prices. Has fruite 1 as
north as the Pinellas Peninsula.

The Mango (Mangifera Indica. ) -This fruit
is very extensively grown throughout southern
Florida. The industry promises to be a very
remunerative one, as the fruit carries well to
distant markets, and meets with a ready de-
mand whenever introduced. The home con-
sumption is also large, and the many uses to
which the fruit may be put renders its over
production almost an impossibility. The best
new Indian sorts are Apricot, Julie, D'Or, Frey-
cinet, and varieties of apple-shaped fruit. Of
the East Indian, of which few are growing, the
Bombay, Large Malda and other very late
varieties are the best. These are grafted on the
common seedling free.

Otaheite Gooseberry (Cicca disticha.) — Of
value for home consumption, the fruit making a
good preserve.

The Pawpaw (Carica papaya.) — Several
varieties of the same general character varying
in size and quality. Of value for home use,
but not adapted to general cultivation.

Sapodilia (Achras sapota.) — One of the
most valuable of tropical fruits, grown to some
extent on the Keys and on the main land of the
southern part of the State, and will succeed in
regions where occasional frosts maybe expected.
Recommended for more extensive planting.

Spanish Lime ( Weliocca bijuga.) — Of value
for home consumption only. The thin acid pulp
surrounds a large seed, which may be roasted
and used as chestnuts.

Jamaica Indian Sorrel ( Hibiscus sabdiriffa. I
—Not a fruit but the calix of the flower used as
a fruit, making a very superior jelly, which if
properly placed on the market would meet with
a ready demand. The plant is an annual and
produces also a valuable fibre, the Rosselle
hemps of commerce.

Tamarind ( Tamarindus Tndicus. i - Well
adapted to cultivation here, but grown only to a
limited extent. The fruit preserved in sugar,
meets with ready sale in the markets of the
S ii h, bul nearly all that is used now is import
■ il from the West 1 ndies.

70

SUB TROPICAL FRUITS.

Tropical Almond (Tefminalis catappa.)—A
great many are growing in Key West, where the
fruit is used for home consumption, it has no par-
ticular commercial value.

Chinese Guava (Psidium Chinensis). — Known
as the yellow Cattley, the best of the hardy gua-
vas, both for home use and for commercial pur-
poses. Thousands of plants have been planted
throughout the orange belt, and several factories
are to be established to work up the product.
This fruit is entirely distinct from P. guayava,
both in habit of growth and hardiness, as it
withstands without injury 10 degrees of cold,
which would entirely destroy the tropical
species.

The Cattley (P. Catileyanum) is another har-
dy species, differing but little from the forego-
ing in habit of growth. The fruit is claret col-
ored, somewhat smaller, and contains a larger
proportion of acid, of equal value for preserv-
ing purposes. A chance seedling of this is
deeper colored, larger, and more productive, and
is named Adam's Purple.

Pineapple (Ananassa saiiva ).~Piiieappdes are
the most important at present of the tropical
fruits grown in Florida. The Red Spanish is
grown to a greater extent than other varieties,
chiefly through ignorance, and because of the
difficulty in obtaining plants of better varieties.
Sugar-loaf, Smootli Cayenne, Queen, Ripley
Queen, Trinidad, and Porto Pico are the
choicest.

The "Hog Plum" (Spondias) of the West
Indies, a delicious plum-like fruit, quite well
known, is being planted out in many southern
counties. The tree is deciduous, grows from
cuttings, and will stand light frosts unharmed.

Barbadoes Gooseberry (Pereskia aculeaia) is
a fruit bearing cactus. It is useful for preserv-
ing only, and as the vine is easily produced from
cuttings, is being commonly planted out.

Star Apple (Chrysophyllum cainito), another
West India tree, has fruited in limited quantity.
and deserves a place in every garden, as it is an
excellent table fruit.

The committee has asked competent special-
ists td prepare papers mi tin- must, important of

the fruits of Florida, and a number of such

essays will follow this report.

A. H. Manville,
J. C. Neal, M. D.,
For the Sub-Tropical Committee.

H. G. Hubbard,
George L. Taber,
For the Florida Fruit Committee.

Tropical Fruits.

E. N. REASONEIi, MANATEE, FLORIDA.

A brief sketch only of our subject can be
given. At present the planting of tropical fruits
is on the increase, steadily but surely, as it has
been ascertained that a freeze only checks fruit
production for a short time. The trees for the
most part after being frozen, spring up into
bearing size, within two or three years, from the
collar of the roots. The principal area of plant-
ing will be confined to the Keys, and the main-
land of Florida below the 28th parallel of lati-
tude; but the warm Lake Regions of Poke,
Lake, Orange, and Volusia counties, will nearly
always prove safe harbors for their planting and
fruiting.

The culture of Pineapples, Bananas, and
Cocoanuts takes tic lead, and plays the most
important part in tropical fruit production in
this State. There are many hundred acres
devoted to these staples, but on the Keys in
only a few cases has enough thorough care been
given them. With a more liberal system of
cultivation, and shipping by direct lines of
steamers or railways, we may soon expect
Florida to supply a very large part of the
demand from the North for these three fruits.
and also for a few of the better known tropical
products, such as guava jellies and various
marmalades and preserved fruits.

"\\ e will divide this list of fruits into three
classes, according to their comparative hardiness
as regards frost. First, those for general plant-
ing over the extreme south of the jJeninsula and
the Keys, among which, and at the lead, are
Pineapples, Bananas, and Cocoanuts. Second,
for extensive planting, the following are the
best known: Alligator Pears, Guavas of all

SUB-TIiOI'IfAL PBUITS.

71

Borts, Anonas, including Cherimonias, Sugar, and
Custard Apples, as the best sorts, Star Apples,
Atalicite Gooseberries, Sea Grapes, Tropical
Almonds, Egg Fruit, Gineps, Eose and Mam-
mee Apples, Mammee Sapotas, Mangoes, Paw-
paws, Hog Plums, Tamarinds, and Cocoa Plums.
Third, all the fruits and products of tHe torrid
zone can be grown, but in limited quantities,
and at well protected places. Among those
which have been already introduced we may
mention the Cashew Nut, the Baobab, Otaheite
Plum, Jaca, Durion, Bread Fruit, Sonari Nut,
Chocolate, Rubber, Calabash, Vanilla, Kola Nut,
Pepper, Allspice, Nutmeg, Coffee, Cloves, and
others equally important. A few best known in
each of these classes I will describe.

" The pineapple," says Rev. Jas. H. White, of
Merritt's Island, Indian River, " is successfully
grown without protection as far north as the
28th parallel, on the west side of Indian River,
and half a degree further north on the east side.
Within these limits the crop is in no more dan-
ger from frost than the corn crop of Ohio or the
wheat crop of East Tennessee. On Merritt's
Island, in latitude 28' 18', pineapples have been
injured but twice in the fourteen years of their
growth; slightly in 1876, and very seriously in
1886. "Within the limits cf successful cultiva-
tion the area is rapidly extending, which is con-
clusive evidence that the returns are remuner-
ative, and my experience is in the same line.
But neither the acreage nor production can be
more than estimated. On Indian River, includ-
ing Merritt's Island, there are probably about
200 acres, one-third of which were in partial
In aring in 1888, producing not less than three
hundred thousand apples. At Lake Worth but
little attention is given to this industry, hence
both acreage and yield are small."

Mr. Thomas E. Richards, of Eden, Florida,
speaks of the Pineapple as follows: "As I have
been engaged for the last eight years solely in
growing pineapples on the east coast of Florida,
about fifteen miles below the Indian River [nlet,
and as it is a new industry for this part of the
United States .... I think it might be of
some advantage to others to know how they pay.
I will say that with the growing of pines I am

well pleased, and think it is as sure a crop as
wheat or corn at the North.

I, at first, set the plants 18 inches apart each
way, making 10,000 to the acre, but now I plant
two feet apart, or ten thousand to the acre, and
use more fertilizer to make larger plants, as they
must be close enough together to hold each oth-
er's apples up, when in fruit. If too far apart
the weight of the apple will cause the stem to
lean on one side, thus allowing the sun to blis-
ter and spoil the fruit. We get from fifty to
eighty per cent, of the plants to fruit, and the
net receipts are from five to twelve dollars per
hundred, according to size. The main cost of a
pineapple plantation is clearing the new land,
and the seed plants. The after work of cultiva-
tion on a large scale is small ill comparison with
other crops. One man can take care of twenty
acres after they are planted. The Scarlet, or
Red Spanish pine is planted mostly, as the
choicer varieties are scarce. The Egyptian
Queen is an excellent sort, and is well thought
of here. There is plenty of room for more peo-
ple to engage in the culture of this fruit, and it
will pay any man with ordinary intelligence and
push to enter into it.

The only disadvantage of the pineapple cul-
ture is frost; as the pineapple is purely tropi-
cal it will not stand any cold of consequence;
but freezing happens very rarely, and does not
prove a very serious drawback."

The largest supply of fruit, however, comes
from the Lower Keys. Messrs. White and
Richards' observations are confined to Indian
River, where the Pine has been so successfully
grown for some years past, On keys Largo,
Plantation, and Matacombe, the principal stock
is grown, and the planters consider five cents an
apple for medium sizes a fair price on the
ground.

Their rocky soil does not permit of horse cul-
tivation, and all work connected with growing
any fruits or vegetables is done by hand, thus
making the production of fruit more expensive
and laborious than on the mainland. Only one
crop is grown on the same land, new clearings
being made and planted every year. Their
shipping facilities are also very poor. All fruit

72

SUB TROPICAL FRUITS.

goes by sail-boat to Key West, and occasionally
heavy losses are made in successive trips by rot-
ting. This condition of affairs must be improved
before the business will attract many more plant-
ers. A few of the best sorts grown, are the
Porto Rico, Sugar-Loaf, Queen, Egyptian
Queen, Trinidad, and Smooth Cayenne.

Tke Cocoanut industry is yet in its infancy,
but we can reasonably expect it to prove reliable
and profitable when confined to the lower Keys
and extreme southern main land.

At Lake Worth are thirteen large trees, whose
age is probably not less that thirty years, and
which have borne for twenty years. Younger
trees are bearing at many points north of this.
The freeze of 1886 killed the only fruiting tree
on the Manatee River. Along the whole south-
ern coast young groves of twenty to fort}' thou-
sand trees are not uncommon. There is a flour-
ishing two acre grove at Merrit's Island, which
is without doubt the most northerly one in the
United States.

On t he Keys, at various points besides Key
West, where they have been grown for years, are
scattered small groves in bearing. The freeze
of 1886 caused a part of the crop then on the
trees to drop when immature, but the trees sus-
tained no damage. There several sorts,but none of
the East Indian sorts have as yet been introduced.
The tall tree with large nuts is the only variety
known here, but in other tropical countries many
superior dwarf, and other early bearing sorts are
known.

The Banana should be grown where rich soil
is abundant, or in those favored spots where fer-
tilizers can be cheaply applied. The, plants are
adapted to our low moist lands and prefer a
mulching of palmetto leaves and roots to culti-
vation. The large plantations are confined to
extreme South, Florida, where the dwarf sort —
Musca Cavendishii — is grown. This sort is rather
tender, but is the most productive variety grown.
A hard freeze only kills the tops, and within
nine months after there will be fruit on the
stems which will have sprung up from the fleshy
base of the old plants. There is a large de-
mand for this fruit, and as we are nearer the
chief markets than are Central American or

West Indian planters, we can successfully com-
pete with them in production. The Orinoco,
Hart's Choice, Red Jamaica, and Cavendish, or
Dwarf, are the mostly extensively grown.

Although the Guava receives less attention
than it deserves, it is a fruit of great merit, and
can be grown easily, in any situation, wet or dry,
rich or poor. Its shipping qualities are about
the same as strawberries, perhaps some better,
and it can be marketed as well. But its chief
use is for making jellies and marmalades which
find a ready sale everywhere. Both soil and
climate are adapted to the growth of all sorts of
( i uavas, and if grown somewhat over its natural
limit it behaves well, springing up into bearing
size in one season after being frosted.

The Mango industry has been tried compara-
tively little. The best groves are on Point
Pinellas, where they have been successfully cul-
tivated for fourteen years. Two trees at that
place, at eight years of age, were at least twenty-
five feet in diameter of crown, carrying 19,000
Mangos on them at the time. Some fruits
were one pound in weight. One grower realized
$219.00 from the sale of fruit from eleven trees,
in their fourth year. Another, $66.00 from one
tree at six years. A shipment was made to
various northern cities, and sixty cents per dozen
was realized at Chicago, the fruit shipping well.
The yellow soil of Florida is most eminently
adapted to the Mango, and the finest varieties
of the East Indies are being planted. These
best sorts are destitute of the tough fibre con-
tained in ordinary fruit, and are very superior.

The Sugar-apple is a low-growing tree, bear-
ing in its third year. It is a prolific fruiter, and
as the fruit is usually liked very much by those
unacquainted with it, it can be readily sold.
The usual price in the markets of Key West is
from twenty-five to forty cents per dozen. There
are many Anonas, very similar to the Sugar-
apple, and all desirable fruit trees.

The Avocado or Alligator-pear, sometimes
called "Aquacate," or "Midshipman's Butter,"
is being planted extensively in South Florida.
It has fruited for several years in spots, from
Tampa round the coast to Merritt's Island. The
fruit is very large, stands shipping well, and is

SUB TBOPICAL FBUITS.

73

thought much of by all persons from the tropics,
and by those who soon acquire a taste for it.

Mr. James Collier, of Key Marco, has probably
the finest grove in Florida. It is on high, rich
shell mounds, which soil agrees with this fruit
perfectly, as does any high laud, especially
where yellow subsoil is near the surface. The
business of shipping this fruit north is on a
rapid increase. Iu New York, one firm alone
handles from 300 to 500 fruits per week during
summer, while ten years ago not over 100 fruits
would be sent there through the whole season,
from June to November. They are very heavy
bearers, and the business proves quite profitable.
In the second class, containing those fruits
which are successfully and easily grown with
protection iu the Lake Region, the following are
good subjects for culture under low sheds, con-
structed cheaply, as the pineries are made. The
choicest varieties of Pineapples, Sugar-apples,
and other Anonas, Sapodillas, Egg-fruit, Rose-
apples, Spanish Limes, Guavas, and a few others
in limited quantities.

The third class contains those trees of a hardy
nature, and those strictly tropical trees which
are vigorous enough to stand occasional frosts
uuharrued, or to sprout readily from the crown
of roots, and form bearing tops iu one season or
more.

The hardy plants of this class are Dates, Lo-
quats, Cattley and Chinese Guavas, Surinam
Cherries, Litchis, Downy Myrtles, and a few
others. Also the strictly tropical Bananas, Man-
gos, Alligator-pears, common Guavas, Tamar-
inds. Granadillas, Cramda, and other but less
known sorts.

The Date Palm is perfectly hardy in nearly
all portions of Florida. There are a very few
bearing trees. These are at Jacksonville. St.
Augustine, Tampa, Key West, Manatee, on Key
jo, and Matacombe, and at perhaps a few
other pla

At Key Largo there .-ire half ;i dozen line
young Date Palms, one of which, now eight
years old, has borne fruit since its. third year.
The tree is usually dioecious, but in rare in-
stances perfect flowers are found. I have no-
ticed a tree on the lower coast which produced

fruit at five years of age, when there were no
blooming palms of any genus within several
miles. The trees should always be planted in
groups how-ever to insure fruitage. There are
many varieties of Dates, and also several species
of the genus, producing valuable fruit.

The cultivation of the Loquat should be more
general. Our soil suits this Japanese tree well.
The climate is always warm enough, and the
fruit is ranked with the best plums for fiavor,
and is always in demand. There are two or
more crops annually, but the main part ripens
in February and March. An orchard of this
tree uear Jacksonville is said to have brought
in more cash per acre, a few years ago, than any
other piece of laud used for agricultural pur-
poses in the state.

The hardy Guavas, Cattley, and Chinese
Guavas are grown both for fresh fruit and for
making into jelly. They are planted extensively
around the lakes of Orange, Lake, and Volusia
counties, especially, and a large market is being
found for this product. The bushes are most
easily grown in any soil, either dry or moist, and
bear heavily after two years of age.

A few pointers I have here given, facts gath-
ered from all portions of the state, but they are
not given in as complete a form as 1 would like.
For some of the above statements, besides the
culture of the Pineapple, I am indebted materi-
ally to Rev. Jas. H. White, Merritts' Island,
Florida.

Varieties of the Sweet Orange.

E. H. HART, FEDERAL POINT, FLA.

Like the Eastern Continent, which is geo-
graphically separated into the grand divisions
of Europe, Asia, and Africa, the orange (Citrus
aurantium of botanists) may, by ;i similar rule
of three, be comprehended under the tripartite
classification of Citrus dulcis, or the sweet,
Citrus nobilis, or the Mandarin, and Citrus
bigaradia, the sour or bitter.

Out of respect to the prejudices of the Presi-
dent of the Florida Ilorticultui.il Society, who,
anticipating a speedy subversion of foreign lan-
guages by the English tongue, u ishes to do away
with Linn.ean Volapuk altogether, classical syn

74

sril-TROriCAL FKUITS.

ouyms will be avoided as far as possible in this
paper. Leaving all subtile scientific distinctions
to be wrangled over by our senior wrangler, and
the wranglers cf lesser degree, who discuss an
orthographical tid-bit with the pertinacity of
game cocks, I will merely touch briefly upon the
different strains of the sweet orange, and their
gustatory, aesthetic, and commercial recommend-
ations.

If wisdom be folly, as the old adage hath it,
then the blissful ignorance that pervaded the
minds of ante-bellum Floridians, concerning
varieties of the orange, must be accepted as
evidence of a perfect mental equilibrium. Many
believed in the existence of only one kind of
sweet orange, and thought variations were but
accidental and temporary. Some claimed that
oranges would not grow upon [line land, and that
the seed of a sweet, budded on a wild stock,
would produce a sour.

Then fni e. t Ley looked with incredulity and
amazement at the first specimens of Citrus
liobilis, borne on a tree brought from Louisiana
and planted in the grove of Dr. Moragne at
Palatka, and as the stock was not opeu to free
distribution, buds were surreptitiously obtained,
like the golden fleece, by a colored Jason, and
conveyed to Orange Mills in an Argo hollowed
from the trunk of a cypress.

The advent of the Navel orange excited still
greater curiosity, besides appealing to their
sense of humor, but the Blood, with crimson
pulp and skin, mottled like a tiger's 1 >;nk, dealt
the coup ilc grace that exploded the one variety
hypothesis, and consigned it to the gloomy
dominions of Pluto.

Still there are many who, with an infatuation
worthy of the dark ages, cling to the sweet
seedling, and one writer, Billy P. Neeld, of
Pinellas, who ought to know better, lately at-
tributed the low prices, gluts and decay of fruit
in transit to the propagation, in these latter
years, of a legion of suspicious, wild-cat vari-
eties in place of the old reliable seedling. Shall
we say to him: "Ephraim is wedded to his
idols; let him alone." So surely as the big
freeze blasted the mane,, boom on the Tampa
Peninsula, will he find out his mistake when, in

deluged markets, only fancy kinds pay a mai--
gin. Look at quotations in California, where
they claim to know all about oranges — seedlings
one dollar per box, and choice Navels §3.75.
How is Billy going to raise choice Navels, or
Bold Burgess, or Double Imperial or the Meli-
tensis varieties from seed when the supply of
seed is insufficient at $25 each, for the very
good reason that, like the Frenchman's flea,
"when you think you have got him, he is not
there " ?

Perhaps a sweet seedling raised in Florida
electrifies a discriminating palate with more
thrilling sensations of delight than the same
grown in California soil — without irrigation —
at least Floridians like to think so, and in proof
of this may be cited that prince of seedlings,
the Homosassa, which, raised on the Pacific
slope, is pronounced only ordinary. In my own
experience the waste in a grove of seedlings on
the tree and after shipment is far greater than
among budded varieties, selected, of course, as
well for keeping and shipping qualities as flavor.
The finest eating orange in the world would be
comparatively valueless were it too delicate to
bear transportation, and that's what is the mat-
ter with very many sweet seedlings — they are
hard to get to market, and hard to keep after
they get there. „ And again, why this great ado
over the inferiority of budded trees, seeing that
a good proportion of the choice varieties that
we are ready to swear by, and go our bottom
dollar on, are but sweet seedlings selected for
rare piquancy of flavor combined with dura-
bility?

And would not the jewel of consistency re-
ceive a double emphasis if, upon investigation,
the sweet seedling advocates prove to be also the
advocates of scrub bulls, marsh ponies and
razor-backs, and those who dote on budded trees
the ones who keep up with the procession?

It is claimed that budded trees are short
lived, and yet by a strange incongruity, the men
who hesitate to plant a fruit tree at all, lest they
may not live to see it bear, are the very ones
who reject budded trees as short lived. Speci-
mens certainly seventy years old exist in this
State, and show no prospect of dying yet. When

SIU5 TROriCAL FRUITS.

75

they do die, it will probably be, not of old age

but of starvation. The same kind of folks lived
twenty-five centuries ago, and Hierocles men-
tions one, who hearing that ravens lived two
hundred years, immediately bought a raven to
satisfy himself by trial.

Moreover, also, sweet seedling trees sometimes
fall into a bilious state, as evidenced by jaun-
diced foliage and an intermittent habit of bear-
ing, under the same conditions in which a bud-
ded tree settles regularly down to business, and
continues " wearing of the green." In Europe,
where orange growing is not in its infancy, a
demand for the best has led planters to procure
improved varieties from English nurserymen.
Dr. Bennet speaks of an immense grove in Sar-
dinia, where the seedling trees were attacked,
sooner or later, by a fatal blight, of which bud-
ding was considered an even more effectual pre-
vention than a shot gun quarantine against yel-
low fever. After the progressive orange grower
has become satiated with the pastime of ex-
tracting sweet stumps, in a state of decay from
the ravages of foot rot or the aggressions of
white ants, he is glad to fill the vacancies with
the stocks of sour orange, or rough lemon, bud-
ded to approved varieties. And \arieties there
are, enough to suit the most exacting taste.
They may look as much alike to the uneducated
eye as a Hock of sheep to a swineherd, or a bunch
of pigs to a shepherd, but the trained palate can
detect differences as nice as those which exist in
the fermented juice of the grape. There is the
luscious sweetness of the Cunningham and Par-
son Brown; the rich, vinous flavor of the Homo-
sassa, which lingers long and lovingly upon the
tongue like Amontillado sherry; the intense
pi' I nancy of the Majorca; the tender, melting
Jaffa; the mild neutrality of Early Oblong; the
innocuous desuetude of Sweet Seville; the rare
blending aroniatics in the Maltese Blood; the
spicy Citrus Nobilis; the overflowing succulence
of the Parson's Navel; and the crisp, honeyed
pulp of Washington Riverside, the king of all,
worthy of being mentioned last by those who,
like the prudent master of the marriage feast,
reserved the best for the hist and "kept the
-ood wine until now."

The number of varieties in Florida esteemed
svorthy of a reputation and a name has already
mounted into the hundreds, and is rapidly in-
creasing. Like the apple orchardist of more
rigorous climates, almost every one of whom has
his favorite bantling, warranted to keep " forever
and one day longer," so many orange growers
worship some private pet with all the enthusiasm
of a lover, often calling it by the name of their
best girl, or madam somebody else. The late
lamented P. W. Reasoner compiled a list of
more than 150 varieties of the sweet orange,
which, large as it is, would be much larger had
he admitted all that are knocking at the door.
At the same time it is susceptible of condensa-
tion, if some names, inserted as separate vari-
eties, were assigned to their proper places as
synonyms.

One of the grave perplexities that harass the
orange grower is to decide what varieties to
plant for future profit. To a certain extent
fashion rules in oranges as well as in ladies'
bonnets, and the favorite of to-day may, like the
queen of a harem, become an outcast to-morrow,
or be strangled by the bowstring of that most
relentless of tyrants — popular caprice. Who
would have thought a few years ago, when Man-
darins and Tangerines were eagerly snapped up
at the thrilling price of fifteen dollars the,
standard box, that the time would soon come
when they would melt down in the hands of the
commission man for want of purchasers at any
price, or be left to decay on the trees like sour
oranges? Certainly not those who, in the ex-
pectation of speedily rising to the dignity of
capitalists, set out acres of them! Certainly not
the nurserymen with large stocks upon their
hands to be disposed of at a bargain which, how-
ever favorable, promises to be a bad bargain for
the purchaser. To forecast these things requires
a magnifying microscope of greater prophetic
power to peer into the depths of futurity than
most short sighted mortals possess.

The term "kid-glove" orange, as applied to
Citrus nobilis, originally a joke of our facetious
countryman, Colonel Dancy, of Orange Mills,
was gravely accepted as a synonym by our first
nomenclature committee, and, like many an-

76

SUB-TKOPICAL FRUITS.

other whimsical what-do-you-call-hirn, it struck,
where one more dignified would have glanced
off. Luckily that committee did not hear an old
darky refer to the rubicund Maltese Blood as the
"erysipelas" orange, or another synonym might
have been perpetrated to the prejudice of this
attractive fruit. And attractive certainly is that
section of the family through whose tawny
check flashes the rich rose, giving promise of
deeper ruby tiuts within, and delighting the eye
with the splendor of color while appeasing the
craving of the palate.

Of the Sanguinea section, the Maltese Blood
is a distinguished scion. A thin, tough, juice-
preserving skin enables it to take the front rank
as a shipping fruit, and its tendency to crop
only in alternate seasons may be corrected by
liberal culture and fertilizing. Unlike most or-
anges, which next the stem have a saline flavor
— a bitter farewell as the Crackers say — its
sprightly juices are blended with an indescriba-
ble intermingling of aromatics clear through to
the wood. We have several strains from various
sources, showing slight differences, induced per-
haps, by long cultivation under diverse condi-
tions of soil and climate. Some are more dwarf
than others, and one of the best for flavor,
heavy bearing and long keeping, is possibly a
case of bud variation from the Jaffa orange, in
which the sanguine feature has become fixed.

The Jaffa as well as the Majorca and the Long
of Thomas Rivers, give evidence by the same
peculiarities of the young foliage, of being re-
motely allied to the Maltese Blood, which would
explain the appearance, though rare indeed, of
crimson pulp in the supposed example above
cited, I have never observed this characteristic
tint in the Long, which in other respects cdosely
resembles its ally, and is, so to speak, like the
play of Hamlet with Hamlet left out.

Not always does the much admired sanguine
hue appear in the race to which it belongs. It
would seem to depend upon certain conditions
of soil, season and treatment, and to be, to an
appreciable extent, under the control of the
skillful cultivator, who studies the secrets of,
and lives in happy communion with nature.
For only to lovers does the shy dame unbosom

if and reveal her hidden truths, and those
who wish to enjoy her rarest favors, must wor-
ship at her shrine with unwavering devotion.

Often comes the querulous plaint, "my bloods
do not color," and "why are not my bloods like
other men's bloods'?" With good reason, too,
for while a fully developed, richly tinted Mal-
tese Blood holds the same position among
oranges as the Tyrian purple among royal dyes,
one undersized and pale or rusty is as undesir-
able and worthless as a knotty Lady apple.

There is an old belief that the blood orange
results from grafting a sweet shoot upon the
pomegranate. This is one of the stock hum-
bugs with which a certain class of editors de-
light to beguile their readers, and is worthy of a
place alongside of the plan for making a sweet
and sour apple by skillfully joining two buds,
or grafting top end down; and of curing all
manner of arboreal diseases by driving nails
into the trunk of a tree.

Another type of bloods, but lately introduced,
has the shape and general character of the ordi-
nary round orange, with the addition of tinted
pulp. Some are sharply acid, others of exqui-
site sprightliness, and when in full perfection
are mantled with a lovely blush. Many of the
trees show a vigor and fruitfulness befitting the
parents of a race of which, when elaborated by
selection and judicious crossing, Florida may one
day be proud.

In order to escape the mid-winter gluts, many
are turning their attention to very early or
very late sorts. Among the first, several are
pleasantly sweet in September, yet all turn
yellow about the same time, but to look at-
tractively very early shipments need artificial
coloring like lemons. Early shipments, however,
promise small relief, for the season always opens
with a rush, largely of immature and sour
fruit, which paralyzes markets and demoralizes
growers like the sweep of a cyclone.

The Centennial, though ripe enough to use in
October or November, possess the exceptional
advantage of preserving its juices unimpaired
on the tree until May or June. Of very late
lies Hart's Tardiff takes the lead for quality
and long keeping, being in season from March

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS.

77

to August, and growing sweeter all the while. It
can boast of a distinguished list of synonyms,
being known in different places under the names
Tardiff, Hart's Late, Fleming's Late, St. Michael,
Valencia Late, Brown, and Excelsior. On May
10, 18S8, I shipped forty boxes of this variety to
Philip Ruhlman, of New York. They were
good counts and bright, and not venturing to
ask the extra price of an X per box, he sold
them at $8.50 mid $9. In a few clays the buyers
came back ready for more, and ready to pay the
X, but the supply had given out.

Now. fruit growers, I beg of you to go slow
and not work the Tardiff vein till it peters out
like Mandarins and Tangerines. Our California
friends are consoling themselves with the belief
that the Florida crop, being all in by the first of
March, a fair field, and no favor opens up before
them. What are they going to do if you flood
the markets all summer with an orange that
sells as much above their pet Riverside Navel
as the Riverside Navel sells above a common
seedling?

So much thunder has been expended upon the
royal family of Navels that, at its bare mention,
like Job's war horse, "we smell the battle from
afar." It would be malapropos here, where all
meet amicably on middle ground, to renew that
fearful, though bloodless contest. The old be-
lief of the one navel has long since exploded,
and taking the best for a starting point, let us
work on that until the acme of perfection is
reached in an orange that will astonish the
world. When by skillful breeding we shall have
combined the richness, solidity, total absence of
seed, and delicate texture of the Washington
Navel with the annua and ruby juice of the
blood orange the desired consummation will be
achieved.

If the proof of the pudding lies in the eating,
then judging from market quotations, the Navel
family stands high in the popular estimation.
This as regards the consumer, but an often non-
productive habit has caused many a grower to
look upon it with suspicion and disfavor, and
even to cut it down as a cumberer of the ground.
The cause of this unfruitfulness is still anun-
settled < j 1 1 1 -,t i. m Mini a breeder of acrimonious

disputations. By some it is attributed to scarcity
or impotency of pollen, and granting this
hypothesis, the vivifying dust must vary in
strength at times as widely as the shorn and
unshorn Samson, for where even shy bearing
Navel trees have concluded to hump themselves,
they have been known, like boon companions, to
carry all they could stagger under. Possibly
the habit of too profuse blooming, as in the
Maltese Oval, may cause a too profuse shedding
of the young fruit from temporary exhaustion.
We kuow that to bloom at all is a heavy tax upon
the vitality of any plant. Certain it is when the
vigor of a mature Navel tree has been sustained
by liberal fertilizing and a generous soil, or by
budding upon the stronger growing rough lemon,
there has been either less cause for complaint or
no cause at all.

Small wonder is it that over such a superb
berry as the original and only genuine Wash-
ington Navel enthusiasm should run mad, and
the parsimonious buyer become inflated with a
disregard of expenditure truly prodigal. Often
surpassing a pomelo in size, finer grained, and
solid to the very centre, sweet and succulent as
a strawberry pine, and ample as the full moon's
disc — well, if not quite as expansive as that,
they are surely as broad as a knickerbocker buck-
wheat cake — when once it has graced a dessert,
most other oranges seem "flat, stale and unpro-
fitable" in comparison.

The Double Imperial Navel, another candidate
for public favor, is a seedling lately procured
from Mayor Rountree, of New Orleans. As it
is too soon to speak from experience of it in
Florida, we must wait patiently until it speaks
for itself. So far as may be judged from the
few specimens produced here, it appears to be
of moderate size, very solid, fine grained and
heavy; entirely seedless, and of a sprightly vin-
ous flavor. A thorny tree of vigorous growth,
and a somewhat different style of blooming from
its relative, it encourages the hope of a new de-
parture in the umbilical family, able to amply
fulfill the promises of spring.* In this varietj
the apical mark is less prominent and often
Mind, but upon dissection, the orange within an
orange always appears snugly ensconced beneath

78

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS.

the skin. It is a true Navel, and only lacks the
guarantee of fruitfulness which further expe-
rience may bring, in order to fill the bill in more
ways than one.

Comrades of the Florida Horticultural Soci-
ety, it is to you that the multitude look for
advice and instruction. The appeals from those
who are groping in darkness are almost pathetic
in their earnestness. The burden of their re-
frain, like the " what shall we do to be saved? " of
the ancient searchers after salvation, is "what
kinds shall we plant for a living?" Our early
duty is to prepare, as far as the light of exper-
ience renders practicable, an authoritative list of
market varieties of the orange, combining dura-
bility and flavor in the highest degree. The
number admitted should be as fine as possible,
and only those able to bear the most rigorous
tests. The standard market varieties of apples,
amid the bewildering number catalogued, may
be counted on ten fingers. A prominent or-
chardist once said that if he were planting a
thousand apple trees for profit, 999 should be
Baldwins and the remainder other kinds.

Orange growing rests upon a similar basis,
and may be whittled down to an equal fine
point. Even candidates for the more extensive
amateur's list should stand an examination as
sincere as the rules of a naval martinet, or the
list will soon become like an overloaded ship,
that in mid ocean is compelled to jettison half
the cargo. We often hear it said that in Flor-
ida citrus culture is still in its infancy, and
perhaps it is, but during the sessions of the old
State Fairs at Jacksonville, when it was, so to
speak, a mere suckling at the breast, the judges
of fruit were careful to apply strict pomological
rules, and taking Old Vini or Beach's two for a
departure, or, as algebraists would say, for the
known quantity, deemed no sample worthy of
consideration that could not stand shoulder to
shoulder with it. In our exhibition to-day we
are reaping the fruit of what they s<> well and
wisely began, and doing what we can in the
interest of the good work. We gladly welcome
those who are still with us, and think with
regret of others, who have laid down life's bur-
dens, and passed away from mortal ken, leaving

behind them cherished memories and an exam-
ple worthy of imitation.

Orange Growtng in Florida.
Present Methods and Fidure Prdbdbilitities.

('. F. A. BIELBY, DE LAND, FLORIDA.

It must be remembered that it is only since
the war between the States that oranges have
been commercially grown in Florida. Of this
period the first ten years were consumed in prep-
aration. The tremendous strides in producing
and acclimating the numerous varieties, in
spreading the commercial growing of the crop
over the whole of Peninsular Florida, in raising
the export quantity from nothing to 3,000,001)
boxes, has been the work of less than twenty
years.

The orange producing section may be desig-
nated as lying west and south of a line drawn
across the State from Dead Man's Bay to the
mouth of St. Mary's River. Precarious as it
may be at some points within this line, at others
successful orange growing approaches very close
to or even crosses it. It may be taken that the
farther east you go in the State the farther
north you may venture. The isothermal lines
entering the State from the Atlantic after cross-
ing the St. John's River, dip suddenly and very
considerably to the south; how far south this
cultivation may be pursued has never been dem-
onstrated, but I know of no reason, the soil and
local conditions being favorable, why the Flor-
ida Keys should not be taken as the southern
limit. Granting this, you have but to cast your
eyes upon the map to see the vast territory
where, in the near future, the oranges of the
world are to be produced. This territory, for
our purpose, may be divided roughly into five
varieties of surface and soil. The "hammock,'"
or hard wood country constitutes two of these,
the grey and the black hammock. These again,
however, should each be subdivided with regard
to the subsoil, whether it be sand, limestone,
clay, or coquina. The third is the " high pine,"
meaning the high rolling country covered with
stately pines, where, often, it is thirty to sixty
feet to water. The fourth is the "medium

SUB-TROriCAL FRUITS.

79

pine," meaning the flat pine country, perfectly
level, from four to six feel to the water, covered
with pine trees, not so tall as on the higher

land, but quite as large. Lastly come the "flat
woods.'' Of course, there are also savannahs,
reclaimed lauds and permanently wet hammocks,
but these do not at present concern us. On
every one of these five divisions of Florida soil,
including each of them over the different sub-
soils mentioned, it is demonstrated that the
orange can be successfully grown, and in each
case present peculiarities not found in any of
the others.

This b.nng the case, it follows that the possi-
bilities of Florida, as an orange producing coun-
try, are practically limitless, bounded only by
the demand.

I have alluded in brief to soils suited to the
orange. The question may be asked, which is
the best? and it is a difficult question to an-
swer. The grove owners on each of the various
kinds are, as a rule, best suited with their own.
and when this is the case, it may be taken for
granted that the advantages and disadvantages
of each are quite evenly balanced. The grey
hammock with a heavy growth of live oak, hick-
ories, and bays would seem to be the ideal soil.
It is usually dry or easily drained; after the
land is once cleared it is easily worked, and the
trees need little or no fertilizing till the bear-
ing age. To clear this land perfectly is very
expensive, but this is wholly unnecessary. To
chop down everything, to pile and burn, to
grub the stumps and roots, and burn again, is
to expend from seventy-five to one hundred and
twenty-five dollars per acre, and at the same
time to work an injury to the soil which cannot
be repaired. There are two plans, either of
which is perfectly satisfactory, first, to thor-
oughly underbrush the land and cut down all
the timber less than three inches in diameter, to
pile all this in windrows, if possible in a north
and south direction, with their centres twenty-
five feet apart. Thus far the two plans agree,
but in the one have skillful men to cut the
standing timber, and as nearly as can be throw
it along the windrows. There will be Bome cut-
ting and rolling to be done, but there should

not be much. Then partially grub a strip eight
feet wide through the centre of the open space;
put in a plow and break this land two or three
times; dig holes four feet iu diameter, deep and
clean, and set the trees fifteen feet apart. This
I have done in first class, heavily wooded ham-
mock for thirty-five dollars per acre. In the
other plan, after the windrows have been made,
deaden the standing timber; grub out four feet
holes in the same manner as before, and set
trees fifteen feet apart. This I have done for less
than twenty dollars per acre. Probably the first
method is the best, still I am free to say that
the second suits me quite as well, in that the
ground is freer to nip in the bud the ambitious
shoots that for a year or two fight hard for life,
and in the dying and dead tops, unsightly as
they may be, the young trees find, for a time, a
grateful shade. Of course, the less work put
into the first preparation, the more work in the
after cultivation, but usually it is most important
to save money in the first outlay, especially
when a man is poor and intends to do much or
all of his own after labor. But the prime ques-
tion is, which is best? and I contend that either
of the latter is better than the first clean sweep
with fire, for when the soil emerges from the
chaos of decaying vegetable matter, which it
will do in five or six years, it is in infinitely
better condition to stand the after strain of con-
tinuous years of cropping. It is true that in the
last method the branches begin to fall in a year,
and the trunks of some of the oaks and other frees
soon follow, and occasionally an orange tree is
injured, but it is wonderful how little damage is
done in this way.

The method of preparing the black hammock
differs somewhat. Usually it is wet, and if the
water stands upon the surface, this, at least,
should be drained. The underbrush and small
timber, and some of the larger, should be cut,
and may all be burned with little or no injury
to the soil. Much of the large timber should be
l( It alive, to be gradually thinned out as the
orange trees cover the ground. The trees
should be set upon mounds, or better still, the
whole surface should be alternated in ridges and
depressions running with the natural drainage,

80

SUB TROPICAL FRTJITS.

twenty to twenty-five feet apart and the trees
set upon the ridges fifteen feet apart. The cost
of thus clearing is not often set at less than one
hundred and fifty dollars per acre. These lands
are, as a rule, located on the borders of lakes or
in the river bottoms, sometimes in small bodies,
but in several parts of the orange country there
are vast tracts containing thousands of acres,
notably that which runs along the east coast
for nearly a hundred miles, a soil of black mould
from two to six feet deep over a stratum of marl.
The dense forests that cover these tracts are
forbidding in aspect and almost impenetrable,
and show by their luxuriant growth the in-
exhaustible fertility of the soil. Strange as it
may seem, though the water is at the surface
and often above it, the orange tree takes kindly
to these soils and flourishes without signs of
decay, or abatement in the production of thin
skinned, bright and heavy fruit. I remember a
few years ago reading an article in a California
paper on the selection of a location for an orange
grove, and the writer said that the farther to
water the better — one hundred feet was better
than less. At about that time I had accepted an
invitation to inspect a low hammock grove. The
inspection failed, however, for want of a boat.
That grove has since been surface drained, but
before that time and since it has never failed to
produce an abundant crop of oranges, excelled
in appearance or quality by nothing grown in
the world. I could not but be struck by the
different requirements there and here.

And being on the subject of wet, low lands, I
shall proceed at once to a consideration of the
flat woods; I do this the more willingly because
there is an idea that the orange cannot be grown
on these lands, while I am perfectly satisfied
that-in them lies the best hope of the very poor
man to its successful culture. I shared in this
feeling at one time, but my conversion was as
sudden as it has been lasting. I had attempted
a short cut, and became entangled in the limit-
less avenues of the piney woods; in my wander-
ings I came to a cabin, and, to my surprise, a
grove of large thrifty orange trees, nearly thirty
years old, hearing abundant and beautiful fruit,
and in this grove I found the largest tree I have

ye1 seen, so large that two feet from the ground
I could not reach around it with both arms
extended full. From this tree eight thousand
oranges had been takeu as a single crop by
actual count, and yet out of a well in the neigh-
boring grove water is dipped sometimes with a
gourd. " It never did run over," the owner told
me, "but it has been within an inch of the top."
These lands, so situated that surface ditches will
keep the water from standing on the ground, can
be cleared by deadening the timber for five
dollars per acre, and they can be bought for
from one to five dollars in fairly accessible
localities.

Of the two remaining varieties of pine land,
the " high " and the " medium," the process of
charing is in both cases the same, generally by
burning the trees out under ground. This can
be done for from twenty-two to thirty dollars
per acre, and leaves the ground perfectly clean.
A cheaper method is to deaden the trees by
girdling them, and I think if I hail it to do over
again I should adopt this plan; it probably costs
as much in the long run, but it carries the cost
over a great many years.

These pine soils, like the hammock soils, vary
in quality. I think it may be said of them that
none are good, but some are very much poorer
than others. In my judgment the question of
adaptability to orange growing on any of them
is more a question of moisture than of quality
of soil. The quality of the soil, as a rule, is de-
termined by the character of the surface and of
the subsoil, clay, or sand containing allumina in
considerable quantities, as a subsoil is the best
indication, especially if the surface be somewhat
flat. A subsoil lighter in color and coarser in
texture than the top soil, especially if the sur-
face be broken into little hills and correspond-
ing valleys, is the worst, and there are many
grades between. These are the soils upon which
orange growing has made the most rapid ad-
vances in the last few years, and as we learn
more of the methods of fertilizing and culti-
vating every year, I see no reason why the pine
lands should lose the prestige they have gained.

I have thus briefly touched upon where our
fruit is grown, and the extent and variety of

si |: TROPICAL FRUITS.

S]

Boils utilized. It remains to set forth our meth-
ods of cultivating and fertilizing for the best re-
sults upon each. The mere growing of orange
trees in Florida is within the capabilities of any
man. To grow an orange that will hear trans-
portation to market and sell at a good price, is
quite another question; it is possible, however,
upon any of our soils, provided the variety is
suited to the location, and the method adapted
to the. soil, with due regard to the subsoil and
the supply of moisture throughout the whole
year. Varieties should be chosen with respect
to time of ripening. The northern portion of
the orange belt should take the market for Oc-
tober and November, with the Early Oblong and
Sweet Seville, and kindred early sorts, and 1 be-
lieve that if every tree situated north of Lake
(ieorge. excepting here and there in favored
spots, were rebudded to these it would in the
near future be gainful to the owners iu greater
profits, and to the State in an infinitely better,
that is to say, a riper orange, for the early mar-
ket. From Lake George south to 28.', degrees,
December is always a perfectly safe month, and
should be the great market mouth for that sec-
tion. South of 28i degrees the late varieties
may be grown with perfect safety, and the pro-
fits would be greater if only such were grown,
as is proven by the Indian Elver country,
where the fruit possesses the peculiar quality of
ripening late and hanging on the trees in a per-
fectly sound and sweet condition until March
ami April. But these are, more properly, mar-
ket questions, I touch them only iu passing.

In speaking of cultivation I shall group the
pine lands and the grey hammock together, for
the methods essential to success in each are
much the same.

It maybe premised of an orange tree in Flor-
ida that it must be set high, with its crown roots
showing well above theground. No matter Imn
the tree sets in the nursery this rule must be
followed. No after cultivation can make up for
this defect. It is also taken forgranted that the
trees are thrifty when set. The object of culti-
vation is then to induce a moderate, normal and
healthy growth, with the ultimate end in view of

producing paying quantities of marketable fruit.

To this end moisture may be said to be the
prime factor, assuming that all the elements of
plant food are in the soil, either naturally as in
the hammock, or artificially as in the pine soils.
The supply of moisture therefore determines
the method of cultivation. Where the soil is
light and dry, guiltless of a distinct subsoil, with
the standing water far below the surface, clean
culture is essential, and it is wonderful what
this will do to make up for the defect in moist-
ure. By clean culture, I mean a field as free
from grass and weeds as a floor, where the har-
row passes back and forth at least every ten days
from February to November. The above soils
are the least desirable for orange culture, and
the only ones in my judgment where this method
of cultivating is necessary, or produces the best
results. For soils darker in color, finer iu text-
ure, with a subsoil of clay or yellow sand, the
better method is to keep the trees clean at all
times and the soil stirred around them as far as
the tree produces whole or partial shade to the
ground; as for the rest, keep it covered all the
year if possible with some form of growth,
either alive and growing, or dead and mulching
the ground. The usual method, with young
groves, is to run a six foot harrow on each side
of the tree row, in one direction only, and to
give up the rest of the land to the natural growth,
or to cultivate thereon the cow pea; with the lat-
ter, the general method, though not the best one,
is to broad-cast the centres about the first of
June, just before the summer rains; some turn
them under green in August or September, and
others in October; a better method is to drill
the pea, and cultivate them till they take the
ground, letting them die, ami rot upon the sur-
face during the winter months. I am not, how-
ever, an advocate of the cow pea for orange
groves. It may do well for fields and gardens,
but its growth is too rank tor the grove. The
claim that it is an air feeder is delusive. It has
a gooil healthy appetite for fifty dollar fertili-
zers, and 1. have known two centers of cow peas
to unite their roots across a clean space of culti-
vated ground fourteen feet wide, that had been
fertilized with high grade manures. Ill a ques-
tion of survival of the fittest the young orange

S2

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS.

trees stand a poor chance beside the voracious
cow pea. Th<> native crab-grass is a good Samal'-
itau compared with it. Where there is sufficient
moisture in the soil to bear it, the natural
growth, which will in a year or two be crab-
gfass, should be allowed full swing after the
first of .rune through the centres. It will grow
luxuriantly and require constant curbing to
keep it from the trees, but this ca-re must be
taken, and a space of seven or eight feet be kept
clean and constantly cultivated. Never turn
this grass under green, indeed, it is better never
to turn it under at all. When the Autumn
comes on it will die, and immediately begin to
rot at the bottom. Allow it to cover the ground
all winter, and in the spring run the Acme har-
row over it a few times and it is broken to pieces
and mixed with the surface soil where it belongs.
Turning under green pea \ines or green grass
injures the tree and destroys the prospect of
good fruit. Plowing a grove four years old is,
in my judgment, a mistake, and the pi-oper and
persistent use of the Acme precludes its neces-
sity.

In the flat wood soils in dry years the culture
should be as above; in wet years, neither the
plow nor harrow should be used, nothing but
the hoe, otherwise the cultivation is the same.

In the black hammock nothing should ever be
used but the hoe. The grove should be covered
three or four times in the year, cutting down
everything to lie on the ground, taking care that
young trees are not shut off from sunlight and
the free circulation of air. From the bare sur-
face, however, the heat and light should be
excluded as much as possible. Where lands of
this character have been drained the cultivation
should approach more nearly to that of pine
land, The point is to conserve moisture forthe
use of the trees where there is too little or just
enough, and to use up the surplus where there
is too much, and where this cannot be done, to
so cover the ground as to prevent fermentation
in the souring of the soil.

Everyman must finally be the judge of the
method best suited to his particular soil. If if
is urged thai on the pine lands the grass takes
away the food from the orange trees, the answer

is: Fertilize heavily enough ami in such a man-
ner that there will be plenty for both. If there
is moisture enough the food question need not
be a grave one. Aud this brings us face to face
with the serious business of the orange grower:
how to fertilize, when to fertilize, and wdiat
quantities to use? On the alluvial hammocks of

the east coast, over marl, groves that have 1 n

bearing for twelve or fifteen years, show no dif-
ference in brightness, sweetness, fineness of text-
ure, weight or abundance of the crop by the
use of any kind of fertilizer. It is evident,
therefore, that this class of lauds throughout
the State do not need help of that kind as yet;
of course it is a question of time, but the indica-
tions at present are that the evil day is far off.
The grey hammock over clay, yellow sand, lime-
stone or coquina, will make trees five or six
years of age without fertilizer, but to trespass
further than that is to invite a catastrophe. The
strong argument for the best pine soils over the
hammock is, that the judicious cultivator of the
former begins at once to build up his soil, while
the iujudicious cultivator of the latter begins
at once to sap his; iu a few years they are on a
par, and in a few more years, the pine land is
much the better of the two. After a short time
then the grey hammock, and from the beginning
all pine soils, should be fertilized, and the man-
ner, quality and quautity should always be with
reference to the ultimate object, the production
of first class marketable fruit, rather than the
mere growth of the tree. My own opinion is
that on our best pine soils ammonia is used to
excess, and that very serious results have fol-
lowed, in large, coarse fruit on the one hand,
and in the impairment of the vitality of the trees
on the other. A scientifically constructed ma-
nure may not in theory be a stimulant, but in
practice it will depend entirely upon the amount
of moisture preseut in the soil whether it shall
so act or not.

The whole question is a difficult one, and any
decided opinion will cross many theories and
conflicting interests. I am, however, firmly con-
vinced that the supply of moisture should be
the guide 1<> the manner of fertilizing. On very
dry pine lauds ammonia may be used in large

Kl'l; TROPICAL FRUITS.

83

quantities; on moister lands greater care must
be exercised, and the less soluble forms used.
Commercial fertilizers with more than four per
cent, of ammonia, are dangerous, especially in
the hands of ignorant men. The injunction of
the maker to cast it upon the ground outside the
circle of feeding roots of young trees, is provi-
dential in its nature, as it permits much of it to
be dissipated before the eager rootlets are de-
stroyed. It is a wise direction, and one upon
which I lay much stress. None of these ob-
jections, however, attach to ammonia in its so-
called insoluble forms contained in pure raw
bone, and the orchardist who uses this makes no
mistakes. Attention must, however, be called
to the fact that many brands of bone are on the
market at this time, which are simply tankage
containing large quantities of ammonia in its
most active forms; it must be used with caution.
I have seen much evil as a result of its contact
with trees.

Raw bone is admittedly a slow food for orange
trees, but is, it seems, unattended with danger,
and I advise its use; it does not waste; it pro-
duces a healthy, constant and sober growth, and
never fails to make its proper return. If other
forms of ammonia are desirable, then cotton
seed crushed, or cotton seed meal may be used.
The former is less active, and therefore more to
l>e desired than the latter, though on the very
light soils cotton seed meal cau be used in very
large quantities with good results, but only em
the light, dry soils; on the moister soils, while
it may force the growth of the tree, it shares
with stable manure in the fatal objection that it
will not make good fruit. Potash in the form
of pure sulphate should be used on all groves,
young and old; it is impossible to make a
healthy tree or sound bright fruit without it.
The high grade, containing fifty per cent,
of potash, from reliable houses, can be used in
any quantity without danger, a pound or two to
;i tree when young, increasing to three or four
hundred pounds to the acre for bearing tiers, and
will pay its cost over and over again. Sulphate
of lime, three or four hundred pounds to the
acre, should be used every other year on groves
not in 'lean culture. The use of these four in-

gredients in proportions suited to the particular
soil, will perfectly fertilize orange trees on the
pine and light hammock soils of Florida. But
to the individual orchardist it must finally be
left to determine the proportions, and whether
he cannot, with profit, dispense with one or more
of them. A grove over limestone does not need
lime; one over an inexhaustible bed of phos-
phate does not need bone; where sufficient am-
monia already exists iu the soil, cotton seed is of
no use, but I have yet to find the soil in Florida
that does not need potash, excepting possibly,
the coast hammocks.

Drawing marsh grass muck into a pine land
grove is a harmless amusement if one can afford
it, but I do not believe it of any benefit to the
soil. Leaf mould, from a hard wood forest, if it
can be had in sufficient quantities, on the other
hand, would be a perfect and complete fertilizer.

The next questions of interest are the diseases
and insects which vex the soul of the grower and
oft times discourage him completely. Of the
former, the most serious in its nature, is the foot
rot. I have no practical knowledge of its char-
acter, and shall pass it over with the congratu-
latory statement that but few cases have occur-
red in the State, and these have yielded for the
most part to a treatment of sulphurous acid; it
is confined entirely to sweet stocks on low lands.
Much more serious in their consequences are
those forms of malnutrition which evidence
themselves in the living back of the new growth
and the gradual decay and death of the tree.
Sometimes the cause is apparent; generally,
however, it is very obscure. In three several
instances I have traced the symptoms each to a
separate cause— deep planting, sour soil, and
highly ammoniated fertilizers. A merely poor
soil will not cause "die back," nor do I believe
that hard pan under the trees is of itself suffi-
cient. There is no remedy for deep planting
except to raise the tree. A soil naturally sour
must be kept covered from the sun in the heat
of summer; as a rule recovery will follow. " Die
back" from ammonia stimulation is much more
difficult to handle, as frequently the firs! sign of
danger occurs after the tree has received a fatal
blow, in which event it will vainly struggle for

-I

SUB-TKOPICAL FRUITS.

a year or two and die despite everything that
can be done; but I have in milder cases brought
about complete recovery by cutting a trench the
width of a spade and a foot deep from two to
fottr feet from the tree; in oilier instances by
using ashes for a year or two; and again by the
use of hard bone, potash, and sulphate of lime.
Salt and 'sulphate of iron have been recom-
mended. I have tried them both, as also quick
lime and powdered charcoal, without apparent
beneficial results. I had considerable experi-
ence with this form of "die back" some years
ago, by the injudicious use of stable manure and
cotton seed meal. Three hundred of my trees
were attacked, scarcely one on the three acres
escaping. I treated them in blocks, and the use
of the trench, supplemented when the trench
was rilled in the following spring by a liberal
application of ashes, produced the greatest num-
ber of perfect cures and in the least time. I lost
only a few of these trees, but those that were not
treated died, and those that were treated with a
further application of cotton seed meal, and also
those treated with ammoniated commercial fer-
tilizer, shared, without exception, the same fate.
I am also satisfied that this disease is mildly in-
fectious; that is to say, I have observed greatly
modified symptoms on isolated trees in the
immediate neighborhood, but too far for actual
contact, which symptoms rarely appeared the
second year. Other and more obscure forms of
"die back" sometimes occur and occasion alarm
to the grower, but I believe myself safe in the
statement that three-fifths of the cases occur-
ring in the State, and especially upon pine
lands, are the result of improper fertilizing.
This practically sums up the diseases incident
to the orange tree in Florida. Trees die, it is
true, from other causes. The environment, tem-
porarily, is not congenial, and like all things on
earth, they abandon the contest and fade away;
a certain, very small per cent., must, as a matter
of course, be given over to this fate.

Of insect pests, treating the various forms of
woodlice as one, we have this, and the rust mite.
The former is much more dreaded, but the lat-
ter is, from a commercial standpoint, of far
greater importance.

It cannot be said that in all cases scale in-
sects upon the trees are an indication of careless
work, but certainly careless work opens the way
to scaly trees. I do not regard this insect, as it
appears in Florida, a serious menace to the
orange industry, but it behooves every man
striving for success to free his trees from them
as soon as possible. Scale insects in great num-
bers do not often appear upon thrifty, sufficiently
and properly fertilized and cultivated trees,
but sometimes they do, but in all cases the ker-
osene emulsion thoroughly applied with a
cyclone nozzle, is a perfect remedy, care being
taken to go over the trees a second or even a
third time.

The rust mite, while it cannot be regarded as
a menace, is a serious drawback to orange cul-
ture, affecting as it does, the commercial value
of the crop. I am not prepared at this time to
offer any suggestions for its abatement. Exper-
iments are in order, and I do not despair of a
sufficient remedy in the course of a few years.
The claim that certain fertilizers will remedy
either the scale pest or the rust mite pest is
absurd, and should not be made or entertained
by sensible men.

Upon the soils of Florida, and the methods
suited to their culture, I have thus dwelt at
great length, much more than I had intended,
but it is hard to curb the z^al of the lover, even
though he may love unwisely. I have but little
more to say.

We, in Florida, divide our future from the
past by New Orleans, which marks the comple-
tion of one era in our history. There, three
premiums were offered to Florida and her com-
petitors. Of these, the Grand Sweepstake
Premium was given to Florida: of the other
two inferior premiums she was deprived by an
unfortunate, though unintentional, mistake of
the Judges. Florida entered in each of the
other contests twenty varieties, upon the suppo-
sition that that was the limit; her competitor
entered in on1! contest fifty-one varieties, and in
the other forty-eight, and though the average of
Florida's twenty varieties in each case was far
higher than the best twenty of her competi-
tor's - showing vastly superior fruit — the awards

SUB-TKOPIOAL FRUITS.

85

in both cases went with the aggregate of points,
and Florida lost, when, with an even number of
varieties she could easily have won. Had it
been merely a question of the number of vari-
eties, she could have shown specimens of one
hundred and twenty as easily as twenty. At
that dividing line the victory over the world was
achieved. What we had long believed we found
to be the judgment of all, and as we rest satis-
lied with the possession of the past, so in the
possession of the future is Florida secure. All
nations have paid toll of their best to her, and
she has distilled into the fruit of every clime
tin1 sunny fragrance and sweetness of her cloud-
less skies and inimitable soil. In wealth of
variety she is unapproachable, with a climate
which, in the greater part of the orange belt,
rarely goes below the freezing point, and as
rarely reaches 100", with freedom from the dan-
gerous diseases and even more dangerous insect
pests which affect less favored countries, it is
difficult to see how she can be outstripped, or
even approached, in the race for supremacy.
The heavens plenteously irrigate her lands, and
her methods are rapidly approaching complete-
ness.

So we bid the man, who, for its own sake,
loves to woo the warm earth to yield to him the
fruit most perfect in its completeness — and com-
plete in its perfectness — to our sunny land, and
assure him, that while the past has been full of
hardships, the future shall be full of triumphs;
though he has not partaken of the sorrows, he
shall be welcome to a full share of the joys
which are yet to come.

DISCUSSION.

D. W. ADAMS, Fla.: It has been my fortune
to clear much pine land, and fully en [orse the
above method. I am opposed to the fashionable
folly which will destroy the last vestige of vege-
table matter on our pine lands, already so defi-
cient in that particular. It costs $35 an acre to
clear the land in that manner, while the trees
can be deadened for $2 per acre, and no further
expense will be required for three years, and
then all the clearing that is necessary can be
done for $15 per acre.

J. C. Nkai.. Fla,: The foot rot is not confined

K

to low land. I have seen it in large orange trees
at Bronson or black jack land and elsewhere on
high pine land.

J. M. Samuels, Ky. : I wish to warn orange
growers against the introduction of the cottony
cushion scale insect. When once introduced it
is very hard to exterminate. Florida ought to
quarantine against trees from California or Aus-
tralia. The insect thrives best in California near
the coast, and it would be therefore especially
dangerous if introduced into the moist climate
of Florida. One year ago the Chapman grove,
the largest in California, yielded between eighty
and one hundred thousand boxes. This year
owing to the ravages of the cotton scale the
yield was only eight thousand boxes. Other
losses were equally great.

B. F. Livingston, Fla. : The worst case of foot
rot that I have seen is in the Leonardi grove at
Pinellas, Hillsboro County, on high dry land.

C. F. A. Bielby, Fla. : I do not believe that all
diseases which attack the tree at the crown are
true foot rot or mal de goma. True foot rot is
contagious, and very hard to cure. In all cases
where this occurs I believe that the first tree, at
least, has had too much water in some way.

H. E. Van Deman, D. C. : Does the scale in-
sect exist in Florida, and if so, when and where
was it first introduced?

T. W. Moore, Fla.: On a tree of Theodore
Hartridge, in Jacksonville, it has existed for
several years, and efforts to exterminate it have
been unsuccessful. This is the only place that
it is found in Florida so far as I know.

The Orange Industry in the United States,
from a Commercial Standpoint.

GEORGE R. FAIRBANKS, FERNANDINA, FLA.

The cultivation of the orange in Florida is by
no means a new industry. From the time of
the settlement at St. Augustine by the Span-
iards under Menendes de Aviles in l'»u5 it has
doubtless been cultivated to some extent. At
that early period only the sour and bitter-sweet
varieties were in general cultivation in Spain,
and the sweet, or China orange, as it was called,
came in later, after intercourse had been estab-

86

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS.

Lished with the East Indies. The missionaries
of the Cross, who accompanied all the early-
Spanish expeditions to America, it is well
known, were accustomed to bring with them
and propagate whatever promised to be useful
in the new countries where they established
their missions. There is no evidence that any
species of citrus was indigenous to Florida; on
the contrary, there is the strongest negative
proof that the French and Spanish explorers
found no species of the citrus here. We a e
accustomed to speak of the wild groves and of
the native trees, and it is true that large groves
of the sour and bitter-sweet varieties are found
amid dense forests in Peninsular Florida, but I
think they are never found except in places
suitable for human habitation, or without some
evidence of former occupation. Early Spanish
writers speak of the practice of horse parties
visiting the interior stations, carrying with
them oranges and planting the seed. There
were many Franciscan missions established
throughout the peninsula among the native
tribes, and doubtless to these early tribes, under
the guidance of the worthy Fathers, we owe the
general distribution of the sour and bitter-sweet
varieties, which are by much the most hardy' of
the citrus tribe, and our experience informs us
how readily the tree is propagated by animals
and birds in our rich hammock soil, so well
suited to its reception.

In Roman's Natural History of Florida, pub-
lished in 1775, a very rare and interesting book,
enumerating the products that would be valua-
ble for cultivation in Florida, he makes mention
of oranges as follows: "Oranges of various
kinds are worth notice, as they are on many ac-
counts useful in drinks and sauces, and their
leaves furnish a good fodder for some esculent
animals, such as sheep, rabbits and goats; they
thrive extremely well throughout Florida," —
page 133. Among the exports between 1754 and
1773 from Savannah, Ga,, a few hundred gallons
of orange juice appear to have been exported
each year, but no fruit.

It was impracticable in those days to export
oranges from Florida; sailing vessels were the
only means of communication with the outside

world, and the delay and uncertainty, with the
perishable character of the fruit, made the ven-
ture an unsafe one. Naturally the orange had
no commercial importance and was regarded
only as an ornamental and domestic product, to
be propagated only so far as it was available for
home use.

After the acquisition of Florida by the United
States, the American population gave some im-
petus to the planting of groves along the coast
and on the St. John's River. The fruit was
purchased by small coasting vessels, which came
out from the North with provisions and carried
back oranges among other exchanges. This lim-
ited export was only available on the coast or
navigable streams. A far sighted and enterpris-
ing Englishman, Mr. Zephaniah Kingsley, was
the most extensive orange grower at that period,
having established groves on Drayton Island,
Buena Vista, Picolata, Mandarin, Arlington and
Fort George Island. It was not for the want
of a knowledge of the value of the orange that
orange growing made such slow progress in
Florida. It was simply the question of trans-
portation. Without the aid of steam vessels
and railways an orange grove possessed no com-
mercial value. The rates of freight by ordinary
land or water carriage, and the perishable nature
of the fruit, forbade the engaging in orange
growing as a productive industry. When at
length the steamboats came and ascended all
navigable streams, and railways began to pene-
trate the country, orange groves began to be
planted. Lands which had once been covered
with wild orange groves and cleared up for cot-
ton planting, were re-occupied by groves of this
fruit. Nurseries were established, wild groves
cleared up and budded, and a wide-spread inter-
est in orange growing pervaded all the central
and lower portions of Peninsular Florida.
Capital came in from abroad, wealthy men
invested for profit and pleasure, and the course
of pioneer settlements was reversed; civiliza-
tion and impromptu improvements preceding
the ruder modes of settlement in the West.
Handsome residences and elegant houses were
scattered through the wilderness, and towns and
villages grew up with amazing rapidity.

SUB-TltiU'ICAL FRUITS.

S7

It is hardly fifteen years since this industry
acquired prominence, and all at once, as it
were, attracted attention to Florida, Where
but a few hundred small groves existed twenty
years since, there are now probably over ten
thousand. Cotton, corn, sugar, rice, grazing, all
require large areas. Orange growing is one of the
most compact and productive of all agricultural
industries. One acre of laud devoted to the
culture of cotton will produce perhaps fifty dol-
lars' worth of cotton, or twenty dollars' worth
of wheat, corn or other grain. A well estab-
lished, mature orange grove can be relied upon
to produce an orange crop of the value of three
hundred dollars to the acre, even at the low
price of one dollar per bos.

One railway car will carry the product of
twenty-five acres of cotton, but can only carry
the product of a single acre of oranges. A
grove whose product is 10,000 boxes of oranges
will furnish freight for a train of thirty-three
loaded cars. This illustrates the commercial
advantage of orange growing in building anl
sustaining railways. If we estimate the crop of
Florida at present at three million boxes it
requires ten thousand carloads of 300 boxes
to the car to move the crop, and calculating the
average freight at sixty-six ceuts per box, the
crop pays the railways two millions of dollars
for freight alone. The value of the box stuff
used would be $390,000 the nails $30,000, the
paper for wraps $120,000, labor in gathering and
packing, $600,000, thus making an output of one
million one hundred and forty thousand dollars
for simply preparing the fruit for market. If
to this large sum we add the cost of cultivation,
of fertilizers, of packing houses, teams, tram-
roads, and the tools and implements of labor, we
can begin to realize the commercial value of this
industry even at this incipient stage of growth.
When we realize that not more than one-fiftieth
of the orange trees in Florida are bearing, we
■ mazed at the possible and probable future
development of this industry, peculiar and lim-
ited to this single State of Florida and small
areas in Louisiana and California.

In view of the future coming into bearin ■
so many times the number of the present bear-

ing trees, and consequent increase of this crop
from its present product to the untold millions
of boxes of future years, the question naturally
arises: What will be the future of the orange
industry as regards profitable returns? Some
in a general way say that we cannot overstock
the market; others consider that we have already
reached the point where the profit is uncertain
and the risk considerable. We now import an-
nually about three million boxes of oranges from
abroad; Central America and the West Indies
and Spain and Italy now export to the United
States, and Mexico will no doubt soon increase
her exports of fruit. Florida is credited with
producing three million boxes, California about
seven hundred thousand boxes, and Louis-
iana two or three hundred thousand, so that
the present annual consumption of the Uni-
ted States is about seven million boxes.
Within ten years we may anticipate that the in-
crease of production of Florida and California
will be very large. If all the trees now planted
in the United States were to come into bearing,
there is no question but that the supply would
exceed the present demand.

It is but proper, therefore, to consider both
sides of the question, our advantages and disad-
vantages in marketing our fruit. The capacity
of Florida for producing the citrus fruits does
not admit of a question. Two severe and excep-
tional freezes occurring in Florida within the
past one hundred years have tested the ability
of the orange to resist a very low temperature.

Our advantages for the culture of citrus fruits
may be briefly stated:

Our climate is adapted to the growth and pro-
duction of oranges in their greatest perfection,
being neither too cold nor too warm, too dry or
too wet. Nothing, in fact, is lacking to enable
us to produce the best of fruit in the greatest
abundance, providing we select the lands suited
to its cultivation, of which we have far more
than the area needed. We have, moreover, great
advantages in the location of our orange groves
within a thousand miles of the principal mar-
kets of the United States, ,-111.1 consequently
transportation should be both rapid and cheap.

qui- disadvantages are, first, the season of the

88

SUB TROPICAL FKUITS.

year when our fruit matures. Our fruit comes
into market in the months of November, Decem-
ber, January aud February, a period when the
autumn fruits of the North are still abundant,
aud when the demand for succulent fruits is not
so great as in the summer mouths, aud when
there is more risk in transportation, from ex-
treme cold and sudden changes of temperature.
Secondly, we have the disadvantage of meeting
the competition in our markets of inferior West
Indian and Mediterranean fruit. Thirdly, we
have unsatisfactory and inferior rail aud steam-
ship service with higher rates of transportation
than those paid on foreign fruit, and higher
than the price obtained for Florida fruit justi-
fies. Again, even for the brief period of our
shipping season, we are always liable to the risk
of the fruit being injured by cold weather in De-
cember and January, if allowed to remain on the
trees; labor, bos stuff, etc., and commissions are
comparatively high, so that even at the prices
now received, more than half the amount of the
gross sales is absorbed in the expenses of placing
it iu market and selling it.

In view of all these drawbacks it may be
thought that there appears to be on the whole
very little encouragement for orange growing in
the future.

It may be admitted at the outset that lower
prices than heretofore obtained are certainly to
be anticipated. We believe, nevertheless, that
orange growing will, under proper conditions,
always afford a fair profit in Florida, and prob-
ably in California, for the following reasons:
The increase of productive groves will not equal
more than twenty-five per cent, of those set out,
because a large percentage of groves have been
planted in unsuitable localities and will have to
be abandoned as the groves grow older, and
always with seedling trees there will be an alter-
nation of bearing and fruitless years, which will
reduce the average product one-half; the ex-
pense of caring for and working groves can be
greatly reduced; the cost of preparing fruit for
the market will be greatly lessened; transporta-
tion will be improved and made less expensive.
System and cooperation will be introduced into
the methods of marketing oranges and lemons,

so that a fairer average market price will be
obtained. As the cost decreases the consump-
tion of oranges will increase. Even if eventually
the net returns should average as low as fifty
cents per hundred to the grower, allowing for
an average yield of 40,000 oranges to the acre,
on fully matured trees, the returns would give a
handsome per cent, upon the outlay.

To bring orange growing to the best condition
of success as a profitable industry, the aim of
growers must be to produce fruit of the best
varieties, and of superior excellence as to
quality. The orange growers of this country
cannot afford to raise or send to market inferior
fruit. It costs as much to produce poor fruit as
it does good; it costs as much to gather and
prepare for market poor fruit as good, and this
inferior fruit depreciates and injures the market
for all fruit.

All inferior groves, either in location, soil, or
varieties of fruit, had best be abandoned, and
only first class groves, producing the highest
grade of fruit, maintained. If the problem
how to preserve our fruit and extend the mar-
keting season over a larger period can be solved
satisfactorily, we shall have an additional guar-
antee of success.

We sum up the future success in orange
growing in two things: Reducing the expenses
of growing and marketing, and enhancing the
quality of the oranges and lemons grown in the
United States. In this industry particularly,
as in all others, the best always pays best.

The Lemon in Florida.

H. S. KEDNEY, WINTER PARK, FLA.

The culture of the lemon is yet in its infancy
in this State, and it almost seems presumption
on my part to undertake a subject of which so
little is known.

Until the finer varieties of the lemon were in-
troduced into this State by General H. S. San-
ford some fifteen years ago, the lemon, as then
known, was considered about worthless for all
commercial purposes. In almost every grove in
the southern portion of this State you could find
one or more trees, either of the native wild

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS.

89

lemon, or of the seedling trees raised from the
pips of the imported Sicilian or Italian fruit,
both producing large, coarse, thick-skinned
lemons, which now and then found their way
into the Northern markets, but which generally
proved unsaleable. Florida is therefore greatly
indebted to General Sanford for introducing the
choicer varieties from abroad, and who evinced
his faith in the future of the lemon by largely
increasing the size of his own grove, from which
gr< >ve, J irobably, was marketed the first l'eally pro-
fitable crop of lemons of any size ever shipped
out of the State. Since that time the culture of
the lemon has hern attracting wider attention
yearly, and is, I [eel, destined to be in the future
one of the most profitable and staple crops. In
the first successful handling of this fruit, and in
drawing attention to these finer varieties, the
lemon growers of this State are probably more
indebted to the Rev. Lyman Phelps, of Sanford,
than to any other man. My own attention was
first drawn by him some seven years since to
this fruit, and at the Belair Grove of General
Sanford he showed me the results of his careful
experiments with these imported fruits, and
from that date my interest in the lemon has
grown more and more with each succeeding
year.

As to the varieties of the lemon in Florida,
they are many, as with the orange. First comes
the wild native lemon, a large and handsome
tree with vigorous growth and straight tap root,
and globular, brilliant orange colored fruit,
large and very rough skinned, and with peel
sometimes a quarter of an inch in thickness.
Its juice is rather sweetish in taste, and is of no
value except as a stock for other varieties. Its
origin is uncertain, and, like the wild orange, it
is found growing in the rich low hammock lands,
but is very rarely seen even there. Then comes

the so-called Florida Sicily lemon, as I ling tree

of any chance seed that may have reached us from
abroad, and spreading out into many types,
most of them worthless, some bearing fruit at
all times of the year, under the general name of
ever-bearing. Then come again seedlings from
these same tree-, among which now and then we
find a choice variety, producing a fair fruit, thin

skinned and well flavored. From this origin
probably come the Bijou, Lamb, August, Wir-
ing's Seedless, French's Seedling and others.
But with the lemon, as with the orange, we must
look to the dollars and cents, and the must profit-
able varieties must ever take the lead. Of these
I should place first and foremost the Villa
Franca and the Belair Premium. It is difficult
to say which of these is the best. In all points
but two I should declare in favor of the lat-
ter, but these two are important points. The
Villa Franca is the more hardy. According to
my observations during the winter of 18S6-S7,
the severest experienced in this State since 1835,
my own trees of this variety felt the severe
cold much less than any other kind. The sec-
ond point lies in the shape of the Belair Pre-
mium, which is much more globular, being
nearly round, and is not, on that account, so
handsome a fruit as the Villa Franca, and we all
know what appearance goes for in the sale of
our products. . I think 'it would be safe to say
that two-thirds of the lemon groves of the State
are composed of these two varieties. Closely
following are the Genoa and Eureka, so nearly
resembling each other that they seem almost
identical, the former imported by General San-
ford, and the latter reaching us from California,
where it is a favorite kind. Then come the
Sicily and the Lisbon, both good varieties, but
more susceptible to the cold. We have, besides,
the Sicily Ever-bearing, the Bergamot and the
Variegated, and, more recently introduced, the
Suacco, the Communist, the Malta, the Neapoli-
tan, the Tuberculator, and others. These all
are either of no value commercially, or else are
unsafe to plant largely until our experience with
them is wider than at present.

As to the location of the lemon grove I do
not, generally speaking, consider it safe to plant
a grove in any portion of North Florida, but it
is difficult to say just how far south it is neces-
sary to go, for I know of many fine trees grow-
ing much farther north than I should care to
plant out my own; but no matter where you put
your grove, the more protection of water and of
heavy timber to the north and west of you the
better, and in choosing a spot for a. grove I

'.Ill

i B TROPICAL FRUITS.

should avoid as far as possible the neighbor-
hood of both bays and scrubs, for the cold is apt
to be much more severe at such points. At
this time, t he largest and most profitable lemon,
groves in the State are perhaps located in the
Lake Weir region of Marion County, and the
Apopka section of Orange (' unity, not forget-
ting the Belair grove near Sanford. Many
trees during the past two years have been set
out in the extreme southern portion of the
State and on the Caloosahatcb.ee River.

The lemon should be carefully budded, and
quite low to the ground, on strong and healthy
stocks. Until the year 1877 many lemon and
orange trees were budded on seedling Sicily
lemons, and these were generally killed to the
ground during the severe cold of that winter;
others were budded on the wild Florida lemon,
and part of these passed through this seas m
uninjured, while some were killed; other groves
still were put on sweet and sour orange stocks
and were injured very much less, and in favored
localities were hurt no more than orange trees
oE the same size. I should therefore certainly
advise using the orange, either sweet or sour, as
a st( ick. I have large trees budded on both these
stocks and can see no material difference,
though I generally favor the sour stock, as being
perhaps more hardy, less liable to disease, and
better suited for growing on low lands, though
I think the sweet will be found preferable for
very high and sandy soils.

For the successful growth of the lemon I pre-
fer lands not too high and dry, as this fruit re-
quires more moisture than the orange, and it is
a noticeable fact that the rust mite seems to
attack the fruit much worse under ordinary cul-
tivation, on the higher lands; still these higher
lands, if properly shaded, will, I believe, produce
fruit fully as fine and abundant. Lands with
(day or hard-pan not nearer the surface than
four feet are very desirable, but no water must
stand around the roots, and t he richer the soil
I he better.

In setting out the lemon grove, the method is
similar to that followed with the orange, except
as to the distance aparl in placing the trees.
This should lie much closer, and fifteen by

twenty feet on the lower lauds, and twenty by
twenty-five on the higher will be found prefer-
able, and I am by no means sure but that, on
lands sufficiently rich and moist, ten by fifteen
l'e t even would lie the better distance, as in
I arts of Italy and Sicily. The closer the trees
are planted, the sooner will the ground be
shade 1, and there is no longer any doubt but
that the lemon needs shade and plenty of it, and
the sooner the branches reach out and cover the
surface of the ground the better. I might in
connection with this mention an illustration that
has recently come before me. In planting out a
portion of a certain pine land grove some six-
teen trees were accidentally put very close to-
gether, not more than ten to twelve feet apart.
These have been set out some six years now, and
produced the past season a much more abundant
crip of fruit than any of the surrounding trees.
All of this fruit was handsome, sizeable and
bright, being entirely free from rust, while the
rest of the grove had much less fruit, and a
large proportion of it was badly rusted. The
brauches of these sixteen trees have reached out
so far as to be interlocking, so much so that it is
impossible to use the plow, and the entire sur-
face of the ground is thrown into shade.

In the cultivation of the lemon, the course
pursued is the same as in orange culture for the
first five years, and until the tree begins to fruit.
At that time trees well cultivated, pruned, and
fertilized, should be from ten to fifteen feet high
and nearly as broad. After that, I should advise
using the plow as little as possible, and to culti-
vate with the sweep, shallow running cultivator,
and hoe, stirring the soil only in the months
of November and May. Use as much mulching
as possible, and only fertilize once a year, and
that in the month of November. Put on a very
liberal supply, spreading it over the entire sur-
face. I prefer such fertilizers as are rich in
ammonia, since the lemon needs more food than
the orange, and is a much more rampant grower
under favorable conditions. Prune thoroughly
at least once each year, and keep all dead or
diseased wood cut away, and the tree shoidd be
hollowed out inside and kept free from water
sprouts. The lower limbs and those touching

SUB-TROriCAL PKUITS.

91

the ground should be piuched back somewhat,
wherever they have a tendency to push out long
and straggling ends from the main body of the

tree.

The lemon tree ought to begin to produce fruit
about five years from setting, provided it has
been well cared for, and it will average from
a quarter to a half box in that year, and should
double its yield annually until it will produce
from six to eight boxes in the tenth to twelfth
year, and this would be a safe number to reckon
upon as au average yield of a grove. There are
usually two crops of fruit, the first ripening in
July and August, and the second in October and
November. In some yTears the summer crop is
the heavier and in some the autumnal. There
are besides scattering lemons during the entire
ye ir, but not in sufficient quantity to be of any
great value. In gathering and packing the fruit-
one cannot be too careful, and our growers are
very apt to be careless in the grading and siz-
ing of the same. The lemons should be care-
fully cut with clippers, put in baskets, and not
in sacks as is customary, carried to the packing
house, and then graded, rejecting all bruised,
scratched, rough and overgrown ones, and all
russets, as it will not pay to ship such. Lemons
should be sorted into three sizes receiving two
hundred, two hundred and fifty and three hun-
dred to the box, the latter size being the most
saleable. This operation has to be done by the
eye, as no sizer has yet been discovered that
will suit the irregular shape of the lemon. It is
perhaps well to have a board with holes cut in
it of just the proper sizes and placed before the
sorter as a guide to the eye; some growers pass
all lemons through these holes, but this is a
slow and costly process, and the skillful sizer
will soon learn to guage with his eye the proper
si/.es. All fruit should be wrapped and placed
as tightly iu the boxes as possible.

There is much diversity of opinion as to the
coloring of lemons, for the summer crop being
picked when quite green, requires a curing or
ripening process. After trying various methods,
such as sweating, dry ing, exposing to the weather,
and subjecting to the fumes of sulphur, I have
concluded that the better plan is to pack as soon

as possible and ship at once only to such dealers
as have curing rooms. The fruit ripens some-
what in transit, and after arrival can soon be
cured and to much better advantage at its des-
tination than it can be here. There is also a
divergence of opinion as to when to pick the
lemon. Some prefer to pick when the fruit
reaches a diameter of from two to three inches,
without regard to ripeness; others wait until it
is fully grown and partially colored, but I prefer
to gather whenever the peel has a smooth and
shiny appearance, but do not always wait for
this, and generally gather every lemon that
reaches a diameter of two and a half inches by
the fifteenth of July or before, so as to reach the
usually very high markets of that period.

I have found the lemon tree much freer from
diseases and insect pests than the orange, and it
seems rarely troubled with "blight" or "die
back" under conditions where the orange tree
would be sure to have one or the other disease.
It also seems to be rarely troubled with scale.
But its greatest enemy is the rust mite. A
russet orange is saleable at a reduced price, but
a russet lemon has thus far proved unsaleable,
though really just as good, and it is probable
that in the future there will be found a use for
them, for there is nothing against them except
their appearance.

There are several preparations of sulphur,
lime, carbolic acid and other chemicals, that
will certainly kill the rust mite, but I question
much whether they are practically available in
a large lemon grove on account of the cost and
labor of applying them; and I am of the opin-
ion that these preparations are not healthful for
the tree. Whenever I have used them myself I
have found a following edl of scale. Shade,
and plenty of it, and absence of all animal fer-
tilizers during the growth of the fruit, are, I
think, much better preventives.

As to the profits of lemon culture I am very
hopeful. I'p to the present time the prices
obtained for Florida lemons have been very
high whenever the growers have taken pains in
packing carefully, sorting properly, and ship-
ping at the right time. Our first crop, ripening
generally in midsummer, brings high prices,

92

SUB-TROPICAL FEl'ITS.

and ] have known eleven and twelve dollars per
box being realized about the Fourth of July,
though this is a very exceptional case. At tin's
season of the year the old Sicilian crop is about
used up, and the new one not yet ready for
market, and the average prices for choice Flor-
ida lemons will run from two and a half to four
dollars per box and higher, and they will bring
almost as good figures in October and Novem-
ber.

"We have much yet to learn in all that relates
to the culture of the lemon in Florida, but I
feel confident that in the future it will prove
more profitable than the orange. It requires more
care and closer attention than the orange, but
will pay well for this extra trouble, and in the
years to come, I hope to see the lemons of Flor-
ida and California supply the entire markets of
oar country.

The Minor Citrus Fruits.

T. W. MOOKE, FRUIT COVE, FLOIMHA.

Geology testifies that up to a short time before
man appeared on the earth no sweet scented
plants had been produced. Plant life was in
abundance, but there was no plant then iu exist-
ence of the order of those now prized for their
fragrance. Animal life was abundant, but up to
this period there was no animal with sufficiently
highly organized olfactories to appreciate ses-
thetic fragrance. The dog was here with his
keen scent for prey, a scent not only useful in
guiding him to his food, but which, under the
education of domestic training, was to become
sufficiently elevated to enable him to delight in
the odor of his master for a nosegay, but not
delicate enough to appreciate, even after six
thousand years of training, the delicate fragrance
of sweet scented flowers and fruits.

Geology further testifies that shortly before
the appearance of man in the order of creation,
these fragrant plants, flowers, and fruits began
to appear in wonderful proportion— as high as
nineteen per cent, of the flora in some sections.
There was to be a new creation. There was to
b 8 bridal. At the bridal the "US" of the
Trinity was to preside. Sweet scented herbs
and flowers and fruits were to !>,■ furnished

and woven into garlands. Hence before the
new creation of man, came the older creation of
conditions essential to higher aesthetic qualities.
In a word, a new creation was to appear of a race
full of the poetry of taste and sight and sceut, of
such aesthetic possibilities as would not be satis-
fied with simple eating and drinking, living and
dying; a race capable of pleasures of which the
li iwer creation knew nothing. And hence.atnong
the gifts to be specially prepared and given to
man ''of herb bearing seed, and of trees in which
is the fruit of a tree yielding seed," the Lord
God gave for meat, and for beauty and for fra-
grance the Golden Applaof the ancients, or the
Citron of the moderns, or the Citrus Medica of
the Latins.

The Citron was the first of the family intro-
duced into Europe — more than a thousand years
prior to the bringing of the orange. It was
brought from Media, hence its name, Medica.
Palladius, a Roman writer on agriculture, a son
of a Gaulish prsefect, born about 405, tells of its
cultivation. Bentham tells us that the citron is
the parent of the family citrus. But it is cer-
tainly so ancient in origin, so royal in race, so
devoted to man, that it must have delighted him
in Eden, as in one form or another, it has fol-
lowed him iu all his civilizations. The ancient
Israelites offered the Citron to, and laid it
upon the altar of Jehovah as the fairest and
best fruit that could be gathered from earth as
a tribute of thanks to the Creator. What Du
Tour has said in his Dictionary of Natural His-
tory concerning the orange, is especially applica-
ble to the Citron: "The scent of the flower is
regarded as a standard of perfection of its kind.
It is not, like that of many fiow'ers, a deceitful
sweetness which pleases only to injure. It is
not like that of the jasmine and rosida; it dues
not affect the heart like the narcissus or tube
rose; it does not weaken the nerves, but rather
strengthens them; it is a salutary odor which
refreshes the senses and enlivens the brain. In
fine it has no rival, and is as salutary as it is del-
icate." The fragrance of the fruit excels all its
race; a single specimen will fill a room with
pleasant fragrance for weeks.

It is singular that the citron is so much neg-

SUB-TROriCAL FRUITS.

93

lected by Florida growers. Tens of thousands
of pounds of the dried citron are annually im-
ported into the United States, selling for tens
of thousands of dollars, and retailing to Florida
orange growers at 35 cents per pound, and yet
the citron has baeu so much neglected as to have
almost entirely dropped out of the catalogues
of nurserymen. Instead of importing we ought
to export citron in vast quantities. It is easily
grown, it is easily prepared. When carefully
and skilfully handled, our home product is
equal in quality to the imported. With fruit
and sugar for preserving, growing side by side,
Florida has no excuse for such neglect.

Shaddock or Pomelo (Citrus decumana). —
" Fruit eight inches in diameter, yellowish green,
even surfaced, twelve-celled or more, containing
si line a red, others a white pulp; the juice in
some sweet, in others acid; rind thick, of a dis-
agreeable bitter flavor, not esculent (except one
known variety, the grape fruit); seeds egg-
shaped, somewhat acute, two or three in each
cell. A native of China, Cochin-China, Japau
and the Friendly Islands. It derives its vulgar
name from a Captain Shaddock, who first brought
it from the East to the West Indies. In Eng-
land it was cultivated by Miller in 1739." K. C.

The one exception as an esculent is the variety
known as the Grape Fruit, fruiting in clusters
like the grape, becoming favorably known and a
marketable fruit, making a fine dessert eaten with
sugar. It is more prized when gathered late in
tin- seasoti when fully ripe. It is then more
prize 1 by some than the orange. Skin smooth,
pale yellow, sub -acid. Several varieties.

The Lime (Limeta). — The lime is thought to
have originated in the West Indies, where it is
more highly prized for its citric acid and as a
cm iling and pleasant drink than the lemon. It
has never been properly appreciated in the Uni-
ti'il States, but it is becoming more popular as it
i- I "-coming better known. It does not keep as
well as the lemon, but Florida's proximity to
Northern cities would enable shipment in good
condition if the fruit were wrapped or closely
packed. The plant is more easily damaged by
frosl than the orange or lemon, and need- to be
better protected. Some varieties are quite as
i.

large as a medium lemon. When the lime be-
comes better known it will be more largely cul-
tivated.

The Kumquat (('Unix Japonica.) — "A small
species, much cultivated in China and Japan.
The plant is a shrub, sometimes six feet high,
but in cultivation is not allowed to exceed the
height of a gooseberry bush. The fruit is oval,
about the size of a large gooseberry. The rind
is sweet and the juice acid. The fruit is deli-
cious and refreshing. The Chinese make an ex-
cellent sweetmeat of it by preserving it in sugar."
— Reasoner Bros.

For their beauty, for perfume, for their home
and marketable value in the raw and in the pre-
served state, for the sake of variety, these minor
varieties of the citrus should be more generally
planted and cultivated by growers in Florida,
Louisiana and California.

DISCUSSION.

H. E. Van Dejlax: I hope this Society will
adopt the name Pomelo in place of Grape Fruit.
Pomelo is the popular name in India, from which
the fruit was introduced. The fruit is distinct
from the Shaddock, though much like it.

Lyman Phelps: There are several varieties of
Pomelo, differing in hardiness and seediness.
At the last South Florida fair a very fine seed-
less variety was shown wdiich graded 97.

The Fig Industry in Florida.

HARRISON REED, JACKSONVILLE, FLA.

It is with some hesitation that I appear before
this association of learned, scientific pomolo-
gists, to meet the duty assigned me by your
Secretary, and tell what I know about fig culture,
as I must confine myself to lessons of practical
experience, without knowledge of theories or
the subtle scientific causes of visible effects.

In reading the learned dissertations of French
culturists, I had been led to regard fig culture
as ,-in intricate business, requiring too great
care and too much expense to render it desirable
for general adoption. It requires caprification
to induce fruiting, and other curious methods,
appliances appalling to the. plain, practical

94

SUB-TltOPICAL FBUITS.

mind uneducated in the characteristics and
habits of this fruit.

In 1866 I purchased a little farm on the St.
Johns, opposite the city of Jacksonville, to
which I retired after a few years of official duty
in restoring the mail service in the South, and
in the less successful and less appreciated efforts
to establish a civil government uniting inhar-
monious and uncongenial elements and recon-
ciling intelligence with ignorance in a common
system of equal laws, upon the ruins of an
intelligent, refined, and fascinating aristocracy.

Here I found a few fig trees, long neglected,
but bearing fruit without care or special atten-
tion, and with no necessity of caprihcation.
From these trees I have learned all I know, and
which, without detail, I will briefly recapitulate.

The fig will grow in the South and produce
fruit on any thoroughly cultivated land, from the
highest and poorest blackjack ridge to lowest
and richest lands not submerged with water, and
the character or quality of the fruit, and the
amount of the product, will be in proportion to
the amount of the food and protection given.
There are no insect enemies, and few considera-
tions are necessary to success.

1st. It must be constantly borne in mind that
the roots of the fig tree are soft and spongy
and will not bear exposure to the sun and wind;
therefore, in transferring a rare must be exer-
cised that is not necessary in the orange or
other fruits with hardened roots.

2d. The roots near the surface, therefore,
will not tolerate ordinary cultivation with the
plow, and require mulching, especially on high
and dry lauds, and after continuous rains have
induced roots near the surface.

3d. Plenty of fertilizing, not so much with
the chemical stimulants as with the coarser
manure of the barnyard, the fowl house, the
hog pen, and the swamp.

In propagating from the cuttings, anything
from the shortest and smallest branch to the
largest limb will surely take root and grow if
kept supplied with proper moisture and pro-
tected against disturbance of its position. In
my experience I have found the old wood pref-
erable to the new for cuttings. I have put out

sections of limbs two inches in diameter, two
feet long, inserted one half in rich, mucky soil
not two feet above standing water and had them
invariably take root and form trees for trans-
planting the next year.

By profuse fertilization I have induced, in
one variety which answers to the California
nomenclature of Brunswick, a continuous bear-
ing during warm weather and up to the winter
frosts, and increased the size of the fruit from
that of a pullet's egg to that of a caffee cup, and
improved the size and quality of all the fruit of
the four varieties with which I started and
which I have found adequate to all demands of
taste and of market.

I have removed trees and put out cut-
tings successfully at all seasons of the year,
only being particular to remove all foliage and
cut away all branches and head back the inaiu
body so that the tree would be a mere skeleton.
The winter and spring before the leaves start,
is however, the most propitious time.

I have one old tree standing near the kitchen
of the old domicile which has received the slops
from the not over neat handmaids of the back
entrance, from which I have gathered annually
for the last ten years an average of ten bushels
of marketable fruit, besides the ordinary waste
from storms and blight. In that period I have
removed more wood to keep the tree in comely
sliajie than there is left remaining.

The fig industry in Florida labors under one
difficulty not incident to California. Our fre-
quent rains in the fruiting season preclude the
open air drying and packing for distant markets,
and we must therefore devise for that purpose a
means of artificial evaporation, which if not
already provided will soon be supplied by the
fertile inventive genius of the country.

Our contiguity to markets, and the rapidly
increasing facilities for transportation furnished
by the enterprising capitalists who are seeking
our commerce, will soon render the fig industry
of Florida an important factor in its productive
industries.

For years I have found market for fresh figs
in the cities of Jacksonville and St. Augustine
for from 40 to 60 bushels each season at from

si B TBOPICAL FBUITS.

95

s2 to $4 per bushel. When we can place fresh
fruit daily on the tables of Northern cities, the
consumption will be enormous and the demand
C mstantly keep ahead of the supply.

A few years ago, through the agency and inter-
est of Col. Elliot, the enterprising pioneer trans-
portation agent of the Savannah A' Florida
Railway Co., fresh figs were successfully trans-
ported from Thomasville and from Jacksonville
to New York, but the want of adequate agencies
to undertake the handling of the delicate and
t. 11 ler fruit did not encourage its continuance,
although a bushel crate, forwarded by me as an
experiment, netted from the disgusted agent a
return of over s.!.

Every household and every garden in Florida
should have its vine and fig tree, and every
farm and fruit orchard should be provided with
this luscious health giving fruit, and the markets
of the North should be supplied with the fruit
fresh, as well as in the different forms in which
it may be preserved for indefinite periods.

In conclusion, I remark for the information
and encouragement of the novice in the culture,
that cuttings put out in January, February and
March will, in one year from the next summer,
produce fruit in quantity from a quart to a peck,
and will increase in yield as time elapses. Its
fruiting is sure and unattended by any contin-
gencies of failure, save from neglect or careless-
ness.

DISCUSSION.

Jas. L. Mott, Florida: Many varieties which
will fruit in the northern part of the State are
valueless with us at Orlaudo.

H. H. CART, Georgia: Have tried several
varieties at Like Worth, Florida, but have
succeeded with none yet.

H. S. Williams, Florida: I have tried at
Rock Ledge several kinds from Southern Ala-
bama anil have yet to obtain the first ripe fig.

•I. If. White, Florida: 1 live near Mr. Wil-
liams, and have a few trees which have fruited
well. They are on poor pine hind about twenty
feet above the Indian River.

T. W. MoOB] . Florida: I have failed with the
fig on high dry land, while not 300 yards away
on low muck land I have been successful. The

fig requires moisture. Gov. Reed's place is
moist, and so is Mr. Steele's, who has grown
it successfully.

H. S. Wheatley, Florida: I have grown figs
on heavy bottom lands in Louisiana, where they
made ten feet of wood one year and bore heavily
the next, I have tried to grow them in Florida
and failed. The soil here is too poor, except on
the moist hammock lands.

R. W. Pierce, Florida: I am on high pine
land eighty feet above water, and were it not for
the mocking birds I would have plenty of figs.

E. H. Hart, Florida: Figs grow all along the
east coast as far south as Oak Hill. Along the
hanks of the river considerable oyster shell land
is found and the best trees grow on this soil a
few feet above the salt water. They succeed on
the high shell mounds also, but fail on high pine
lands. They glow rapidly and bear abundantly
on hammock lands, if not too low.

Wm. Callahan, Florida: I am in the west
part of Clay County near Santa Fe Lake, on high
pine land, forty feet above the lake. The sub-
soil three feet below the surface is clay. I fer-
tilize with salt and wood ashes, and my trees
bear every year.

H. Reed, Florida: My trees bear every year,
and were planted before the war. No other
plant is so easily propagated. Failures are
generally the fault of cultivation. On dry laud
they require to be mulched and well fertilized.

The Fig and the Pomegranate.

D. REDMOND, JACKSONVILLE, FLA.

In an essay read before the Florida Nursery-
men's Association, at Palatka, Aug. 9th, 1887,
the writer attempted to describe the Fig, its his-
tory, propagation, uses, etc., at some length; hut as
he does not wish, now. to travel over precisely the
same ground, he will endeavor more briefly to
set forth and emphasize a few points in regard
to this valuable fruit, which he deems of prac-
tical interest:

Tiie fig tree grows luxuriantly and bears reg-
ular crops of delicious and wholesome fruit, in
nearly every part of tic Southern, and especially

in the Gulf States; and neither the tree nor the

96

SUB -TEOPICAL FEUITS.

fruit is liable to any serious disease or drawback,
so far as ray information extends.

In Florida, the fig is readily propagated by
cuttings ten or twelve inches long, planted
either in the fall (November) or early spring
(March); but fall planted cuttings, in the open
ground, should be made only from terminal
shoots, and should always be heavily mulched,
as a protection against frost.

The fig tree grows most rapidly, and bears
more regularly and heavily, if planted on a deep,
rich moist soil, not wet, but retentive of moist-
ure. The tree is a voracious and gross feeder,
requiring constant moisture within easy reach
of the roots, liberal manuring, and a thick coat
of some coarse vegetable matter, as a mulch dur-
ing the summer.

In setting out a fig orchard, it is well to give
the trees a distance each way of not less than
twenty-five feet. Either rooted trees of one
year old or cuttings may be used. On planting
the latter in orchard, just where they are to re-
main, I have found it a good plan to dig a deep
and broad hole — say three feet deep, and two
feet broad — putting eighteen inches of well rot-
ted manure or good compost in the bottom of
the hole, filling to the surface with good soil,
and then planting two cuttings ten or twelve
inches long, about three inches apart, near the
middle of the hole. When the cuttings start,
the manure in the bottom of the hole will stim-
ulate a vigorous growth, and if both grow, one
can be carefully removed and transplanted to
some other place.

The fig tree should always be trained to single
stem or trunk, and not allowed to throw out
suckers and form a bush. It is very easy to
shape the young tree properly, by rubbing off
the misplaced shoots and buds as soon as per-
ceived.

Do not encourage a late fall growth on your
one or two year old trees. If these are over-
luxuriant and sappy, check their growth in Aug-
ust by nipping out the terminal buds. Many
rank growing young fig trees are killed to the
ground by the freezes ami cold winds of even
our Florida winters; ami choice kinds if ex-
posed, should be wrapped in straw, or otherwise
protected,

It is probable that many of our people have
been deterred from engaging in fig culture
extensively, by the fear that there would not be
a remunerative demand for the fruit; and there
is, doubtless, a general impression that figs
dried and packed in drums, are the only form in
which they will be sought after by dealers and
the public. This idea is altogether erroneous.
We have, jjrobably, no fruit in cultivation which
can be put upon the market in so many attrac-
tive forms, as the fig. For, in addition to the
well kuown dried figs of commerce, now suc-
cessfully produced in California, we have the
fruit preserved in syrup; crystallized or en-
crusted with sugar; made into sweet and luscious
cakes, to be eaten from the hand; canned as a
marmalade; put up as a sweet pickle, and sus-
ceptible of many other uses in the family and
for market. No words are needed to describe
the delicious flavor and wholesomeness of figs
ripe from the tree -so well known to all South-
ern people— nor need there be any fear that in
some or all of these various forms alluded to,
they will meet with the fullest favor from the
public.

We have no treatise on the fig which can be
considered satisfactory or exhaustive. The most
elaborate essay I have seen is that of Dr. Gus-
tav Eiseu, of California, which shows broad in-
vestigation, and contains a great deal of valua-
ble matter, with not a little that is merely spec-
ulative and conjectural. Dr. Eisen's list of
names and varieties is quite bewildering; but
very few of the sorts mentioned are yet known
in this country. Our California neighbors are
planting the fig quite extensively, and are said
to have produced the dried fruit in great per-
fection. It is. of course, very gratifying to be
able to compete successfully with foreign grow-
ers of fruit in putting such articles on the mar-
ket; but, as I have already suggested, there are
many other palatable, attractive, and profitable
forms in which this fine fruit may be prepared,
not only for domestic, but also for commercial
purposes, without coming into competition with
the cheap labor 'of other countries. Most of
these modes, other than sun drying, or evapora-
ting, are inexpensive, and ma^y readily be en-

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS.

97

gaged in by painstaking and industrious people
of small means, who thus have it in their power
to increase their income and add to the list of
human luxuries and comforts.

Little progress has yet been made by any of
our Pomological associations in classifying and
properly naming and describing the figs gener-
ally cultivated in this country. Downing' s great
work contains a list of more than forty varieties,
as catalogued by the London Horticultural
Society, and a recent Bulletin ( No. 1) from our
national Department of Agriculture, embraces
a very full " Report on the Condition of Trop-
ical and Semi-Tropical Fruits in the United
States," in which our gifted and much lamented
friend and associate, the late P. W. Beasoner,
contributes a very valuable article on the Fig —
(pp. 89-95 ) — containing a list of many varieties
not yet known or cultivated in the South. Of
the sorts now best known and tested here, I will
mention only a few, as the nomenclature of
even these is yet somewhat confused and uncer-
tain. I give the names in common use only:
Brown Turkey, Brunswick, Celeste, Lemon,
"White Smyrna, White Marseilles, White Genoa,
Green Ischia, Black Naples, White Adriatic, and
San Pedro. Both the last are of recent intro-
duction; and while the White Adriatic is very
promising, the San Pedro has, thus far, gener-
ally proved a disappointment — its great defect
being the premature dropping of its fruit — for
which we have, thus far. found no remedy.

In the great necessity for diversifying our
fruit products, and availing ourselves of our
varied pomological resources, I doubt not that,
ere long, the extensive culture of figs, for home
use and the market, will rank among our most
prosperous industries, and 1 trust that it may
not lack the fostering aid of this influential and
powerful Association.

The Pomegranate, like the fig, is readily
propagated by layers, cuttings, and seed. It is
generally quite hardy in all of the (lull' States,
and even farther north; it is an early and prolific
hearer, a large shrub or tree, very graceful in
form and foliage, and produces a great profusion
of strikingly brilliant ami lovely scarlet flowers.

The pomegranate is well known to mosl resi-

dents of Florida and the South, and very highly
admired and esteemed by many, and yet it must
be classed with the fig among the too much
neglected fruits. A few words as to its uses
and prospective value may therefore be appro-
priate.

The sweet pomegranate, when in perfection,
possesses a fresh crispness, delicacy, and spright-
liness of flavor almost unrivaled among fruits,
and is considered a great luxury by all who
obtain it; but with us, unfortunately, the season
is very short, and the fruit very perishable. In
Rhind's Vegetable Kingdom we are told that
the ripe fruit of the pomegranate is in great
abundance in August at Apello, and that it is
then "laid up for the winter stock." (I must
remark here that, so far as I know, this art of
keeping the ripe pomegranate a considerable
length of time does not seem to be known among
us, though such knowledge is very desirable).
In Syria the sweet pomegranate is cut open, the
seed taken out, stewed with sugar, sprinkled
with rose water, and served on little plates. An
infusion of the crushed seeds in cool sweetened
water is often used in the sick room; and a very
delicate wine was extracted from these fruits by
the ancient Jews, as may be inferred from the
words "Grath Bimruon," signifying the press of
pomegranates. The pulp-enveloped seeds are
often used in the manufacture of jellies, pre-
serves, and syrups; the rind of the fruit is used
in medicine as a tonic and an astringent, and
tin' bark of the tree produces the dye which im-
parts its peculiar color to the Morocco leathers
of commerce. The pomegranate thus combines
the utile cum dtilce in a very great degree, and
has no rival whatever as an ornamental and
decorative fruit.

Downing said of the pomegranate, more than
thirty years ago, that " it deserves to be much
more popular than it now is in every Southern
garden; and if raised in large quantities here it
would become a valuable fruit for sending to
Northern cities, as it is now constantly sent from
the south of Europe to Paris and London."

Only a few varieties of the pomegranate are
known or cultivated by our fruii growers; but
it is beginning to attract the attention of some

98

B TEOPICAL FEUITS.

progressive pomologists in different parts of the
South. Within the past two year.-;, several new
and valuable varieties have been introduced, and
I think this fruit is destined to grow rapidly iu
popularity. The Department Report ( Bulletin
No. 1), before alluded to, contains an article of
some length on the pomegranate, in which the
writer (P. W. Reason er) gives a list of about
twenty varieties. And taking into consideration
the attractiveness and beauty of the tree, the
ease with which it may be propagated, its habit
of early and profuse bearing, and the economic
value and varied uses of both tree and fruit, as
above set forth, it certainly merits far greater
attention than it has thus far received.

The Pineapple.

.IAS. II. WHITE, MEBBITT'S ISLAND, INDIAN RIVER,
FLORIDA.

Mr. President and Members of the American

Pomological Society:

The successful cultivation of the Pineapple
depends upon several well known conditions.
The first of these is exemption from frost. The
plant is strictly tropical, and just to the extent
that it is frozen just to that extent it is killed,
and because of this, the area in the United
States where it can be cultivated is quite
limited. Florida is the only State in the Amer-
ican Union where it can be grown as a field
crop, and only in a small part of Florida.
Southern California has about the same immu-
nity from frost as that part of Florida lying
between the 29th and 30th parallels, and South-
eastern Texas about the same as Southern Geor-
gia. It is probable that no part of our national
domain is absolutely exempt from frost, but for
all practical purposes that part of Florida lying
south of a line from Cape Romano to Jupiter
Inlet may be regarded as tropical.

But absolute exemption from frost is not
necessary to pineapple culture. South of 28
on the Atlantic coast and 27 on the Gulf coast,
1 believe a pineapple crop is in no more danger
from frost than the corn crop of Ohio or the
\\ heat crop of Virginia.

North of this line there are some localities
where the fruit can be successfully grown with-

out protection. Here on Merritt's Island, in
latitude 28° 18', it has been injured but twice
in fourteen years, slightly in 187(5, and very
badly in 1886.

In this climatic problem there is a positive as
well as a negative factor. Heat is necessary.
A region may be sufficiently exempt from frost,
and yet too cold to grow pineapples.

The best pineapple districts of the world Lave
an annual mean temperature of 75 to 78 , while
that of Key West is 7s . Indian River Inlet
and Punta llassa are 74 .Merritt's Island and
Tampa 71 , St. Augustine and Jacksonville 70 .

The Bermudas, with an annual mean of 07 ,
produce some pineapples, and coffee has been
grown there. From these facts I conclude that
most of the State of Florida has sufficient heat
to grow good pineapples — hence, frost is the
only barrier to its general cultivation.

As to suitable soils for this fruit, opinions
have been very diverse. One writer says, "new
rich land underlaid with clay;" another, "the
soil should be very rich, and if possible it ought
to be clay," while a very intelligent English cul-
tivator says. "Ihe fact that sand is its native
choice would of itself serve to teach the culti-
vator that heavy clay soil is not likely to be the
most suitable for the healthy growth of pine-
apples."

At first, low rich land was the fashion here.
Rich shell land has also had its advocates.

Upon many points we yet need the verdict of
extended experience, but upon two I think all
intelligent planters are agreed.

1. The soil must be dry — either from natural
or artificial drainage.

2. The soil must be fine — both in its material
constituents and its mechanical condition.

As long ago as 18711 I wrote in the Florida
Agriculturist, "The soil must be dry and fine;"
and if our neighbor at Eden had heeded the
admonition he could have saved the money he
wasted by planting on both shell and coarse
sand.

I think there is a growing conviction that our
lighter soils, with suitable additions, will give
better results than the heavier grades, however
rich; lint of whatever grade, it must be "dry and

SUB TBOPICAL FliUITS.

99

fine." There are no exceptions to this rule, and
an experience of thirteen years lias served only
to make it more emphatic.

So far as it relates to mechanical condition,
the ground should be prepared much after the
fashion of a well cultivated garden, and, to give
the best results, it should be well fertilized with
some highly nitrogenous manure. No fertilizer
has given so uniform and satisfactory results in
this region as cotton seed meal, or rather the
meal of cotton seed cake.

During these years we have learned some-
thing of the wants of the plant. It is a great
lover of ammonia, demanding less phosphoric
aeid and least potash. Plenty of ammonia, with
abundance of rain and a high temperature,
develops a remarkably vigorous growth.

In this vicinity and further south the time of
planting is to a great exfent controlled by the
convenience of getting plants. When suitable
plants can be obtained, thei-e is no better time
than the last half of February and March.

As to varieties, the common red or Spanish
pine " holds the fort," because of its superior
shipping qualities. Some other sorts sell for
more money, partly because of their rarity, but
chiefly because of superior size and appearance.
"Fancy fruit brings fancy prices" is true, but
the popular taste is not educated so as to recog-
nize other than the outward qualities of the
fruit. Hence, the only "fancy" there is in the
pineapple market is large size and liue appear-
ance. Practically there is no choice as to vari-
eties. Only the Spanish is here in quantity,
and only plants of this sort are within the
planter's reach. Besides the Spanish, the two
varieties most abundant are the Sugar-Loaf and
Gypsy, or Egyptian Queen, but these are not
sufficiently abundant to be an exception to the
rule.

Of the several kinds of offsets, suckers are
the most valuable, because they fruit soonest.
I think their superior value is in their size.
They an' largest at a given age, and therefore
the most valuable. The largest suckers, the
largest crowns, and the largest slips are each
the best of their kind. To this there is one
exception. A sucker may be so old as to fruit

prematurely,/.*-., before it gets sufficiently es-
tablished in its new home to produce a fruit of
marketable size.

How to plant? relates both to depth and dis-
tance. Plants should be set deep enough to
keep them in place until they become rooted.
On the Bahamas and Florida Keys they plant
very close, and from fifteen to twenty thousand
to the acre, provided they can find that number
of holes in the rocks large enough to receive a
plant. Along Indian river 2x2 feet is a common
distance. Most of mine are planted 2x3 feet,
and some 3x3, and my judgment inclines to the
greater distance. Plants, like animals, must
have sufficient food as a necessary condition of
thrift. Close planting gives too many mouths for
the supply of food.

Many plants half fed will not give as good
results as half the number well fed. Large and
tine appearing is the "fancy " of the pineapple
market of to-day, and only stocky, vigorous
plants will produce such fruit, and such plants
cannot be grown without sufficient room for
their development,

English planters constantly insist ujaon the
production of strong, stocky plants, as opposed
to slim, spindling ones. They uniformly give
fruiting plants two feet each way. and less than
that is what they call "overcrowding."

Theirs is the verdict of long experience, under
circumstances that constantly urge close plant-
ing. Their fruiting area costs not less than fifty
thousand dollars per acre, while that of many
Florida planters has cost" them only one dollar
and twenty-five cents per acre.

If intelligent English cultivators, at a cost of
six dollars, gives each plant an area of four
square feet, I think the height of absurdity is
leached when a Florida planter can afford his
plants but three square feet each, when that
area has cost him less than .1)8 of a mill.

It is well known that close planting of cab-
bages gives slim, spindling plants, and small
worthless heads: corn planted boo elose gives
similar results, and so do other crops.

Neither close planting, nor mulching as a sub-
stitute for cultivation, will lie practiced by the
future planter. Mulching has already been dis-

100

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS.

carded and close planting is doomed to a like
destiriy.

1 was the first advocate of cultivation on
Indian River, having practiced it from the
beginning, and now, after the experience of
thirteen years, I have the satisfaction of seeing
my judgment vindicated by the practice of the
best planters along the river.

And now a few words about irrigation. It is
an error of the ignorant to fancy that the little
they know of a subject is all there is of it.

Measured by this standard, the irrigation of
the pineapple is a small affair. We yet have
most of it to learn. Testimony upon this point
is very conflicting.

The Rock Ledge correspondent of the Florida
Neic Yorker some years ago said: "The
thirstier the soil, and the hotter and dryer the
season, the better they do." More recently the
same writer in the Florida Dispatch said:
''They need water and plenty of it at all stages
of growth to do their best. Here is quite a
change of opinion, and the drift of popular
thought is in the same direction. My own opin-
ion has changed but little. Several years ago I
wrote in the Florida Dispatch : " We know that
they can grow and bear nice fruit with very lit-
tle water, but we don't know how much water
they can use to advantage." Most plants need
quantities of moisture to supply the waste of
evaporation through their leaves, and this sup-
ply must be kept up, or they wither and die.

This plant can maintain a healthy condition
for a long time with very little moisture in the
soil. But in another direction its need of mois-
ture is probably as great as that of other plants
Like other plants, its roots can receive nour-
ishment from the soil only in liquid form. It
therefore follows that moisture is a necessity of
growth, and the greater the amount of plant
food in the soil, the greater must be the amount
of water to prepare it for the use of the plants.
Highly fertilized areas need much more water
than those only moderately fertilized. What
the writer above cpioted understands by "plenty
of water" is indicated by the following: He
says: " If the summer is hot and dry, we would
advise frequent watering, pouring a half pint of

water in the bud of the plant." If plants are
set 2x2 feet, this would give .02 of an inch to
the area of each plant. This amount would be
of no value as a solvent of the plant food in the
soil. Our average rainfall for June and Jul\ is
about seven inches to the month, which is equal
to 350 such waterings per month, or eleven times
a day for half the month and twelve times a day
for the other half. A single application should
at least be equal to a fair shower, or one-half
inch to an inch of rain. This would require
one to two gallons per plant, or 250 to 500
barrels per acre.

By some shade is regarded as an important
factor in this industry. I think it is mostly a
question of moisture. Shade prevents evapora-
tion, and thereby promotes moisture, and moist-
ure promotes growth by furnishing plant food

in soluti

This increased nutrition will give

larger plants and larger fruit, but at a sacrifice
of quality. Both light and heat are necessary
to enable it to attain that degree of perfection
of which it is capable under the best conditions.
This is true of all fruits, and especially true of
high-flavored fruits like the pineapple.

DISCUSSION.

At the close of the paper Mr. White called
attention to some Guavas upon exhibition. They
bloom in March and April and the main crop is
gathered in July and August, though ripe fruits
may be obtained the year round. The fruit is as
perishable as the strawberry, so that with pres-
entshipping facilities it cannot be sent to North-
ern markets in the fresh state. Considerable is
sold however, in the form of jell}'.

H. H. Caby, Ga. : Do the varieties come true
from seed?

J. H. White, Fla.: Not under present condi-
tions. If a variety were grown remote from all
others I think it would reproduce itself from
seed. At present there are two methods of
propagation used. The first is to layer a branch
and the second is to cut off a root and turn
up the end, when it will throw out branches.
Ultimately I think the guava will be propaga-
ted by budding.

Lyman Phelfs, Fla. : The guava requires high
fertilization and needs more ammonia than other

si B TROPICAL FRUITS.

KM

plants. The orange fertilizer with six per cent
moi ■> ammonia is good.

E. T. Field, N. J.: Have yon propagated the
guava from cuttings'?

Lyman Phelps: Yes, but it is difficult. Prop-
agation by severing a root is easiest. I would
rather dispense with the peach than the guava.

J. H. White: I have had moderate success
with cuttings.

Pineapple Culture in Florida.

G. LOUTREL LUCAS, EDEN, FLORIDA.

Pineapple culture in Florida is in its infancy,
and is certainly worthy of more attention than
it now receives.

The growing of this delicious fruit in the open
air is limited to the extreme southern portion of
the Peninsula, and even there damaging frosts
are liable to occur.

There are thousands grown on the "Florida
Keys," which the planters depend upon exclu-
sively as their living. Being better protected
there than on the main land, makes this industry
a certainty.

Pine culture can be made a success on a large
scale in South Florida, by the selection of proper
land and location.

The pineapple plant bears the second year
from the time of planting, and continues fruit-
ing each succeeding year, usually giving five
crops, the plants occupying the ground seven
years; at the end of that time the field is plowed
up, the land allowed one year's rest, then well
fertilized and replanted. The pineapple plant
bears fruit but once, then dies, suckers sprouting
1 1 on i the base of the old plant, usually one, some-
times two, three, and four; when there is more
than one the others are cut off and planted the
same as slips, leaving the remaining sucker to
do the fruiting the aext year.

Sucker- are sometimes expected to fruit in
one yar from the time they are planted, but it
is uncertain to expect any, and when fruil due-
show, it is usually small and unmarketable.
Slips which grow from the -talk at the base of
the apple, are the favorite for propagation, re-
quiring less labor to prepare for planting, and

producinga field of plants, which at bearing age,
are regular in size.

The usual method of preparing the soil is
to grub the land and free the same of all stumps,
burn the brush in small piles, and* scatter the
ashes well over the ground; after smoothing the
land, mark it off in squares, and we are ready
to plant. There is more or less difference of
opinion as to the proper distance apart for
planting; at one time eighteen inches each way
was thought sufficient; now, twenty-two by twen-
ty-four inches is the favorite distance.

I favor planting 3x3 feet, firmly believing that
the result will be a better yield, and apples of
larger size. Soma claim that by setting plants
more than two feet, the weight of the apple is
liable to topple the plant, thereby causing sun
sedd on the fruit, but, I argue, why not take
some trouble to prevent it by staking the plant,
when the extra labor will be amply paid for by
the superior fruit which will be produced?

The pineapple plant and the air plant seem
to bear some relation, but at the same time the
pineapple plant needs a rich, high, dry soil, and
like any crop amply repays the owner for ferti-
lizing and thorough cultivation, keeping the
weeds down and the ground mellow at all times.
The principal fertilizer used in this section
is cotton seed meal, although ground bone,
commercial manures and chemicals have been
experimented with; but more time is needed to
note results. Cotton-seed meal shows a greater
improvement than anything else that has been
used up to the present time.

I have never noted any benefits from mulch-
ing, and think the plants are better off without
it, as neither wet or dry weather seems to affect
them, and in fact, I know of no enemy except
frost.

Pineapple shipments generally begin in this
section about June 1st and extend until Septem-
ber sometimes later, as the crop does not all

perfect at the same lime.

We ship in slatte 1 boxes i having partition in
center) usually holding seventy- five pines.

About August we begin gathering "slips''
from the old plants, so as to gel Dew fields grow-
ing before cold weather.

102

SUB TEOPICAL FBUITS.

There are quite a number of varieties of pine-
apples, and nearly all can be readily distin-
guished, either by their foliage or fruit.

The variety usually cultivated is the " Scar-
let" or Red Spanish, and I believe that called
the "West India" is the same. The fruit is of
quite good size, plump, sweet, juicy, of good
flavor. It is the finest shipper we have. The
plant propagates slips and suckers freely, is of
vigorous growth, having leaves which are some-
what thorny.

Of the fancy varieties, the Egyptian Queen
stands at the head, it being truly the queen of
pineapples; fruit of more slender shape thau
the "Scarlet," but of good size, apple of a deep
golden yellow both inside and out, oE an ex-
quisite strawberry flavor, flesh very tender, in-
cluding core, extremely juicy; the eyes are small
and deeply set, differing from thoseof any other
pineapple that I am acquainted with; foliage
very attractive, and plant vigorous — the best
variety we have for propagating slips and
suckers.

The Sugar-Loaf is another superior pine-
apple, of sugary sweetness, pleasant flavor, flesh
very tender, fruit quite juicy, plants not so vig-
orous as others, but in every way a desirable ac-
quisition.

The "Trinidad" and Egyptian Queen, many
mistakenly' say, are the same — no mistake
could be more apparent; while the "Trinidad"
grows to an enormous size, the Egyptian Queen
is small beside it; both fruit and foliage are dis-
tinct.

The Trinidad is not of fine quality, but rather
coarse in texture, and juice with little or no
flavor, fruit quite attractive and selling mostly
on account of its size.

The Ripley Queen is, strictly speaking, a
fancy variety of little value for field culture, but
for the green house it is truly an acquisition,
being handsome both in foliage and fruit, apple
somewhat small, eyes curiously marked with
bright red, plant equally as curious.

The varieties untested in this section are
Charlotte Rothchild, Lady Beatrice, Lambton,
and Montserrat, all distributed by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

Pineapple culture in this section has proved
highly remunerative, and as I have previously
mentioned, this industry is young, and we have
considerable knowledge yet to gain concerning
the raising of this desirable fruit.

There are now under cultivation, at Eden,
some 300,1*00 plants, and every year new fields
being planted swells the amount considerably.

The shipments are beginning to assume vast
proportions, and at no distant date Eden will
be known as one of the largest pineapple pro-
ducing sections in the United States.

Ornamental Palms.

THEO. L. MEAD, OTEIDO, FLA.

The family of Palms, well called the princes
of the vegetable kingdom, is always recognized
as specially characteristic of tropical regions,
and the few species native of our warm tem-
perate climate, perhaps more than any other
feature of the landscape, persuade us that
though we may not really have reached the
tropics, that fabled region of perpetual bloom
and growth cannot be far away. And yet in
point of fact the climate in upper South Florida,
say between the 2Sth and 29th degrees, is far
from tropical; frosts, light indeed, but still
frosts, may occur at any time during five months
of every year, and the wonder is rather that so
many tender plants should flourish here, than
that we cannot persuade the equatorial species
to endure our climate. But as the most endur-
ing and persistent weeds of temperate latitudes
are almost always tropical species, or species of
tropical origin, which in someway are constitu-
tionally able to endure frost, so we should
not despair of naturalizing even equatorial
palms until the experiment has been faithfully-
tried with each species in varied aspects and
exposures; the failures must be put on record as
well as the successes, and enough in this way
has already been done, during the past twenty
years, to serve as an important guide to the
cultivator. Some noble and striking species
have been found to be thoroughly at home with
us, and others are shown to be available for
more or less sheltered spots, while, of course

SUB-TROriCAL FRUITS.

103

for the lower extremity of the Peninsula the
list might be almost indefinitely extended.

From a horticultural point of view we may
divide the palms into two great divisions, the
palmetto or fan palms, and the pinnate or
feathery palms, the first division being familiar
to us in our palmettos, the second as repre-
sented by the date palm.

The fan palms are the first to leave their
traces in the geographical record of the trees,
and seem to be a more primitive type than the
others, which at the present time far outnumber
them in species.

While the northern continent of America is
characterized by fan palms of several species
extending beyond the tropics, both on the
Atlantic and Pacific coasts, the continent of
South America shows a great variety of pinnate
or feathery leaved palms extending southward
far into the temperate zone, and it is from this
region that we may look for our richest treasures
in time to come.

The genus Cocos, best known by its tropical
representative, the cocoanut, has its home in
South America, and presents with its near allies
an endless variety of species and forms, from
humble stemless plants to monarchs of the
forest and mountains. It has been, and still is,
difficult to obtain many of these plants, as there
are few botanists or collectors in those regions;
our main reliance for seeds is on one or tun
European seed dealers who have correspondents
there, and there is never any certainty that the
species are actually what they purport to be.
Hence, our observations will need careful re-
vision ten or twenty years from now, when the
plants now growing here have flowered and can
be authoritatively identified.

Of old world palms, the genus Phoenix, .if
which the date is the most familiar representa-
tive, offers a great number of species, most of
them hardy or nearly so in this latitude; and
among fan palms there are many fine garden
varieties! if ( 'luiindrnjis lin milis,a native of south-
ernmost Kurope, and some desirable Livistonas,
among them the very popular greenhouse palms

i mioiily known as Latina Borbonica ami

< '<n>ii>li<i . I uslralis.

So far as I know, no species of the great group
of palms known as A.recas,orof their close allies,
will endure the extremes of our winters and sum-
mers. Most of them flourish during the hot
months, but are so crippled by light frosts that
they pine away and die, while the New Zealand
species (Arica sapida) is not hurt by severe
frosts, but does not endure our summer heats,
even when shaded from the direct rays of the
sun. I have more hopes of the various species
of Kentia from the South Sea Islands, but they
have not yet been properly tested here.

Many palms which we cannot well grow in our
gardens would probably live, and might even
flourish in shady moist hammocks, especially if
they could be placed in the edge of a running
stream. Probably the Caryotas or fish-tail
palms, with fronds like giant maidenhair ferns,
would do well in such a situation, and I believe
that our Eoyal Palm could be coaxed to grow
far north of its natural range in Florida if such
favorable spots were picked out for the exper-
iments.

Some years ago a magnificent palm, with
feathery leaves, and armed in trunk and leaf-
stalks with serried ranks of formidable spines,
adorned the grounds of Col. Coogler, at Brooks-
ville, in Hernando county. The seed had been
brought by a transient sea captain, probably
from the West Indies. It was planted and grew
with astonishing rapidity, so that at the time of
its destruction by the great freeze of 18S6 it had
attained a height of something like forty-five
feet, an average growth of five feet a year. This
palm flowered and produced a seed, which I be-
lieve was sent to England for identification, but
in the absence of pressed flowers the species of
the tree was never certainly recognized, but it
was thought to be an Acrocomia, and would have
been put down as A. sclerocarpa, were it not
that this species has always been considered a
slow grower, as indei d it is when grown in pots.
A plant of this species on my place, however, is
rapidly outstripping all other palms in growth.
I feel quite sure that tins is tie- species which
made such wonderful growth at Brooksville.
This winter a cold of twenty-seven or twenty-
eighl degree- did ii"i injure it. A year ago it

101

SUB-TBOPICAL FBUITS.

was two feel high, and now it is over six, and its
rate of growth would indicate eleven or twelve
feet for another year.

A. solerocarpa is quite a common species in
Cuba and the West Indies, but the seeds are so
tough and hard that they take a long time, often
five or six years, to germinate after they are
planted. My friend, }lr. Reasoner, planted
thirty pounds of the fresh seeds, and obtained
me one plant by the end of twelve months.

I will briefly recapitulate the general groups of
palms most available to us here in Florida, and
give a list of twelve kinds which, upon the whole,
have given most promise of success.

First come our own native palms, the cabbage,
dwarf and saw palmettos, all of which are
highly decorative and perfectly hardy. To
these must be added the rarer needle palmetto
of our swamps, which is the most easily trans-
planted of all, does well in higher land, and is
distinct and beautiful. In this category we
must include also the fan palms of the Pacific
coast, the two Washingtonias, which do fairly
well in some moist locations in Florida, and the
Erytheas, which are hardy, but grow slowly.

Second, the Cocos and its allies of South
America, from the little Cocos Idertheri of St.
Catherine's Island, with its plum-like berries, to
the lofty t'ocos regia, with its five-sided spiral
trunk, or the giant Ceroxylon, rearing its crest
two hundred feet in the air beside the eternal
snows and glaciers of the Andes.

Third, the hardier Old World feathery palms,
represented chiefly by the many allies of the
date and the Old World fan palms, including
Chemrerops and Livistona.

It may be of interest to mention that in my
place at Lake Charm 1 had over eighty species
of palms growing out of doors without artificial
protection this winter. A thermometer at the
house has registered 26 to 28 two or three
times at intervals during the winter, yet I find
but one or two individuals killed outright, and ten
species more or less severely burned in leaf,
while seventy species are uninjured. Most of
these were fully exposed. A few, believed to be
somewhat tender, were planted in shady, moist
forest land near a running stream.

From my experience so far, I would select as
the best twelve nearly frost-proof palms for dec-
orative gardens for this region, the following:
Acrocomia sclerocarpa, Cocos, Alphonsii, Cocos
(loertneri, Cjcos Romanzoffiana, Chama3rops
bumilis, Livistona Sinensis (Latania Borbon-
ica), Livistona Australis (Coryplut), Phoenix
dactylifera, Phoenix Canadensis, Phoenix sylves-
tris, Phoenix farinifera and Washingtonia ro-
busta.

The Diospyros Kaki.

B. F. LIVINGSTON, WALDO, FLA.

The Kaki, commonly called the Japan Per-
simmon (Diospyros kaki), belongs to a genus of
hard wooded, thick leaved trees of the natural
order Ebenacea?. In the East Indies and Cey-
lon, the most important species are those pro-
ducing ebony.

In China, Japan and America, the most im-
portant species are those producing fruit.

The Diospyros kaki or "Chinese date plum,"
introduced into the United States from Japan,
is the subject of our present essay.

After several unsuccessful attempts to intro-
duce this fruit in the high latitudes of the Uni-
ted States, some enterprising nurserymen of the
South, among them the Honorable P. J. Berck-
mans, of Augusta, Ga., and the late lamented A.
• f. Bidwell. then of Arlington, Duval Co., Fla.,
succeeded in establishing this most valuable and
nutritious fruit in the states of Georgia and
Florida.

The earnest solicitation for its success has
stimulated an indefatigable effort on the part of
our Southern nurserymen, who have found a
healthy auxiliary in our amateur growers all
over Florida and Georgia, each and all having
solved some problem touching its propagation,
until the present is an era of kaki culture, and
we are sanguine in the hope that it will mark an
epoch of prosperity for the growers.

My knowledge of the growth of this fruit tree
being confined to Florida, enables me to speak
with certainty as to this state alone; and I ex-
pect to be verified by our growers when I say
that there is no fruit tree in the state that grows
more thriftily and vigorously, with so little man-

SUB-TROriCAI. llMIIs.

105

are and cultivation, as the kaki, especially when
grafted or budded on our wild native stock, the
Diospyrox Virginiana. But this native stock is
best when grown from seed, as the old field root-
sprouts are barren and less thrifty, besides being
predisposed to harbor the eggs and larvre of the
root sawyer* which is the principal enemy of
our kaki. The damage is done by the larva
from the time of hatching, until it enters the
chrysalis state. The deadly work is done by
cutting into the heart of the tree, and down the
heart-pith to and through all the large roots.

The tree usually dies, but in my experience a
few have survived. There are but two other
enemies, to my knowledge, except perhaps the
caterpillar, which a few years ago attacked one
of my Ziugi trees, but this one instance is all,
out of thousands of trees, (but the caterpillars
do damage our wild persimmons to a consider-
able extent). The two other enemies referred
to above, are. a little worm that eats round the
young bud, causing it to die. and the mealy louse
or aphis that sometimes infests the young tender
leaves in midsummer. Neither are serious, as
the former is rare, and can be avoided by rout-
grafting (the proper way of propagating these
trees), and the latter can be destroyed by the
whale-oil solution. I have six hundred trees,
grafted on one year old seedling stocks last
February, that will average in height six feet,
some specimens being eight feet high and two
inches in diameter above the stock.

These trees were never fertilized. In fact I
am sanguine in my opinion that these trees can
be successfully grown without fertilization.
What the fruit would be under such treatment
I am unable to say, but from the experience of
my neighbor, T. K. Gobby, an intelligent and
very observing nurseryman, who is cultivating
the kaki, fertilization further than common
muck is unnecessary.

His fruit last year, without further fertiliza-
tion, was equal to mine in size and flavor, many
specimens weighing a pound, and some over
that weight.

The trees fruit very young, many at two years
from the bud or graft, and some of my last

*A beetle of the genus Elaphidion.

February grafts set fruit in the nursery rows
last summer.

But a great and fatal mistake is made in let-
ting such young trees fruit. 1 lost many young
trees by making this mistake. One thrifty young
tree bore 250 fruits and carried them bravely
until they commenced to mature the seed, when
in one day all its beautiful, vigorous green
leaves wilted and died. These fruit, trees seem
to do well on almost any kind of Florida soil.
They do fairly well on our clay subsoil, flat
woods, on the high dry ridges, and also on wet
bottom lands. Along the margins of the Santa
Fe river I find the wild varieties growing from
the seeds and from the suckers of old roots.
Those growing from seeds produce fruit, while
the others are barren. There are many varie-
ties of these wild persimmons; some are oblong
pointed, and some flat and depressed at the
stem end. All are quite edible after frost, and
some are really good; some are quite large, the
largest of these wild varieties being frequently
fully as large and quite as good as some of the
smallest of the Japan varieties.

I may be here permitted to suggest without
egotistic disparagement to the merits of the
Diospyros Jcaki of our neighbors on the other
side of the planet, that the Diuspyros Virgin-
iana. may, by careful selection and cultivation,
prove a successful rival of this most beautiful
and most delicious fruit. The growing of the
kaki is no longer problematic, but a fact per se.
But the problem of marketing is yet unsolved.
Picking, packing and shipping this tender fruit
must only be entrusted to skilled labor and
artistic tastes.

Skill is required in the [licking, packing and
shipping, in order to insure its safe transporta-
tion, and the "artistic taste" is requisite, in
order to make it attractive to the wealthy con-
sumer, for at present we cannot hope to place it
within the reach of the neisses, not until the
transportation lines can lie induced to adopt a
regular schedule of time, and tariff rates that
are uniform over all lines, and to and from all
points, which can only be accomplished by Fed-
eral legislation. The fruit should lie clipped
from the tree and wrapped in tissue paper, and

106

SUB-TBOPICAL FIU'ITS.

packed in trays of one layer of equal size. The
fruit should not be gathered until mature, but
after maturity the sooner it is taken from the
tree and shipped the better, as many varieties
become soft very soou after maturity, after which
thej will not bear transportation.*

The Bangor sides, well seasoned, is the best
material for trays; heavy heads like orange
boxes, ripped to widths corresponding to size of
fruit, give sufficient strength to the trays. Sev- .
eral of these trays can be strapped together
with common orange box hoops, so as to make a
package corresponding in size and weight to
orange boxes.

Like most fruits the kaki is not true to the
seed. Infinite variety seems to lie the order of
nature, we revere and bow with humble submis-
sion to this wisdom in nature, for it is only
through this law that higher and better varieties
are possible. The Japanese have cultivated the
kaki for over five hundred years, during which
time they have selected over forty varieties,
which they are only able to propagate by grafts
and buds.

These forty varieties are the best selection
from millions of seedling trees grown during
this long period of time. I find that owing to
sonic hereditary environments (unknown) these
forty varieties, although coming from the differ-
ent provinces of Japan, and each one from dif-
ferent seed, have grouped themselves into fami-
lies (if very similar characteristics. Such, for
instance, is the "Zingi" family, which embraces
live varieties, each originating from different
seeds, raised and propagated in widely different
localities, and at different times.

They are all round, apple-shaped, medium
sized, skin dark red, flesh hard, crisp, rusty-
brown in- black, with purplish dots, and seedy.
Of the small, oblong pointed varieties, I find
the Hya-ashi, Nitari, Tsuru and Tsuru-Magari,
astringent and worthless.

There are fifteen varieties of the medium, and
two small, classified as oblong and pointed, of

*Mr. II. E, Van Deman, U. S. Pomologist, says on
this point, "J think Mr. Livingston is mistaken as to
it being hard to send to market, as the fruit will ripen
"f verj nicelj off the tree and is a n markably good
shipper." Secretary .

which the following : Mazelli, Go. Tsuru,
Shinno. Maru, Yama and Dyura, are yellow-
fleshed and more or less seedy. The Tnnkin.
Dyura, Goshio, Gaki-Higaki, and Kintoka, have
red flesh, and the Tengue, Masugata, Natura,
Giboshiu, Abura, Tsuro-Gaihio, Hira, Goshio,
Maru, Tsnro-no-ko, are more or F-s similarly
characterized with flesh having dark rusty
spots, or purplish dots, or reddish brown flecks,
or black dots. I notice that these peculiar
marks are not stable, but change in different
seasons; that fruit from the same tree presents
different marking on different seasons, and that
the shape of the fruit changes on different
years, and one of my best varieties that was
entirely seedless two years ago had more or less
seeds last fall.

These fifteen small "oblates" are closely
allied to each other, and are all fairly good to
eat in a raw state. But, I would not advise their
propagation, by the novice, for the reason that
the larger and better varieties are more profit-
able.

Of the large four-sided oblongs, there are,
1st. Diadia-Maru, which has a yellowish orange
skin, and pale yellow flesh, with a juicy and
sweet flavor. It ripens in October, and the tree
is a good grower.

2nd. Okame, which has a bright red skin,
with dark streaked flesh, with few seeds, and a
very pleasant flavor.

3rd. Yama D/.ura, oblong and very pointed,
very large, weighing from twelve to twenty
ounces, color of skin yellowish red, flesh yellow7 -
ish red, also sweet, juicy, and rich. Matures first
of October. Tree au excellent grower.

■4th. Hyakume. A roundish oblate or blunt
poiuted oblong, very large, vermillion red skin,
usually a black mark on the end when quite ripe.
Flesh, rusty-brown with many purplish dots,
fleshy, with few seeds; matures October to No-
vember; tree a good grower.

5th. Acro-cuka. A long slim acorn-shaped
fruit, in length four and a half inches, in thick-
ness two and a half inches. Color of skin, or-
ange, flesh orange, and very soft and stringy, a
few seeds at extreme apex. Flavor delicious,
and peculiar; ripens in October. Tree a slow

SIT. TllOl'ICAL FRUITS.

107

6th. Last and best of all is my Minno-Kaki,
obloug, acutely pointed, very large, weighing
from twelve to twenty ounces. Color of skin, yel-
low, flesh the same, almost perfectly transparent,

perfectly seedless, and as free from membra-
nous tissue as a glass of jelly. Ripens in Sep-
tember. Tree an excellent grower. This is evi-
dently an improvement on its Japan antecedents,
owing to climatic conditions.

There is another variety that I will describe
and let him name it who will. It is nearly
round, a little depressed at the calyx, very large,
color of skin dull red, flesh crisp as an apple
and full of dark hair lines. No persimmon fla-
vor even when quite hard, sweet and delicious;
ripens in November and hangs on the tree until
February. Tree a good grower.

The large tomato shaped, deeply ribbed one,
with bright red skin and yellowish red flesh, I
am also unable to name. It ripens in October,
and is highly esteemed at Waldo. It is sweet
and delicious, but like all soft varieties, is a prey
of the mocking birds.* All of the Kaki fruits
are handsome when fully ripe, but the large
varieties are very handsome and even gorgeous.
They attract the attention of every one, and all
seem to gaze on them with amazement.

In conclusion let me say that while I look on
the kaki as established as a useful, nutritious,
healthy fruit, yet the many varieties, some good,
some bad, and some indifferent, must continue
to cause much confusion, disappointment, and
disaster to those who rush into their cultivation
without mature deliberation, and the counsel
and advice of reliable nurserymen.

I am oidy assured in recommending the four
last varieties for general culture, particularly
those of hard meaty nature, as they are good
keepers and not much bothered by the birds.

The Grape in Florida.

I., tt. DUBOIS, TALLAHASSEE, FLA.

In coming to tiiis meeting you were prepared
to hear a great deal about oranges, but few of
you were aware that, besides orange culture.

* Mr. II. E. Van Deman names tliis variety the 5fe-
i ii< in. Secretary.

there is in Florida another industry which just
begins to attract the attention of our people,
but which bids fair to become, if properly and
intelligently pursued, a source of wealth for our
beloved State. I refer to the culture of the
grape for Northern markets and for the manu-
facture of wine. Hundreds of acres of vine-
yard in bearing, in all sections of Florida, prove
that not only the clay hills of our northern
counties, but also the sandy pine land of South
Florida are well adapted to grape culture.
Nearly all varieties of grapes, both native and
foreign, have been tried, but of course some do
well in one place that fail in another. This is
the case with Duchess, which is reported by Mr.
Norton, of Eustis, Lake Comity, as one of his
best varieties, while in my Andalusia and San
Luis vineyards, in Leon County, the same varie-
ty proves entirely worthless, being attacked by
mildew, anthracnose ami blackrot, whose com-
bined action ruins the wdiole crop and often kills
the vine, notwithstanding the frequent applica-
tion of sulphate of copper.

In the spring of 1887, iu company with Mr.
A. H. Manville, the able editor of the Florida
Dispnfch Farmer and Fruit Grower, I made a
short trip through South Florida, with the ob-
ject of ascertaining what faith could be placed
in the reports of the wonderful success of new
varieties of grapes in the Lake Weir region.

( )n our way we stopped at Waldo to visit the
experimental vineyard of Baron Von Luttichau
on the beautiful shores of Lake Santa Fe. There
I saw fine Chasselas grown in the open air with-
out protection, and line specimens of Black
Hamburg grown also in the open air, but with
the fruit protected by paper bags. We admired
some Goethe (Rogers' No. 1), which would have
astonished Mr. Rogers himself by their immense
size and compactness — in fact such grapes as
(he originator has never seen on the mother
vine.

Rogers' hybrids seem to beat home, even bet-
ter than at home, on the Baron's place, and
some Herbert [Rogers' No. II) rivaled Goethe
for size and beauty. Lindley was not as tine;
there were some imperfeci bunches, and too
much difference in the size of berries. Herbe-

10S

SUB-TROPICAL FRUIT*.

mout was not ripe yet, but promising. A white
grape struck me by its delicate Muscat flavor
ami high quality. I identified it easily as Peter
Wylie. We left Baron Von Luttichau's place
satisfied that a great many varieties of grapes
could be raised there to perfection.

The second vineyard we visited was that of
Messrs. Lehman ami Hostetter. on South Lake
Weir, the proprietors of which claimed to be
the originators of three- new varieties, called by
them Rock, .Silence and Prince. Their vine-
yard is on common pine land, lightly fertilized
and kept in perfect order. As soon as I saw the
supposed new varieties I called them by their
old names. Rock was simply Lindley, Prince
has heretofore been know as Goethe, and as to
Silence, it embraced all the black varieties in
tlie vineyard; Wilder, Ives, etc., etc. But as
Rock, Silence and Prince were fine grapes any-
way, doing finely on their ground. Messrs. L.
and H., sold a good many cuttings to their
neighbors, and at paying prices to. After all,
in changing the names of good tried varieties
they did not do worse than the party who claims
to have originated a wonder and sells us at
S2.00 apiece some abomination not worth a
( 'oncord vine.

Since I have touched that question of new
varieties, I want to say a few words about the
facility with which some of our prominent pom-
ologists are often led to exageration when prais-
ing the merits of some of these new varieties of
grapes. Solicited by the originator to give
their opinion on a basket of grapes interestedly
offered, they cannot help paying a compliment
in return, and in that case it costs so little to
pay liberally. But the grape grower has just
what he wanted, the testimonial of a competent
man and well known authority, whose words he
will have printed in large type in his prospec-
tus of introduction, and thus it is that the biggest
humbugs have often been endorsed by well
meaning, but too enthusiastic horticulturists.

I want also to speak a little of the scientist
(by vocation) and nurseryman (by chance) who
has originated lots of new varieties of grapes
which, "when given to the world" {.'.'.') will
cause a revolution iii the horticultural kingdom.

Hi' has had them for years — the world is wait-
ing— but he is not ready to introduce them,
and does not want anybody to help him. He
will sell you the entire control of one or two
of his marvels for a thousand dollars a piece (be-
cause it is you!), but if you ask him to permit
you to try one or two of these varieties, with all
due guarantee, in order to see whether they will
thrive outside of his yard, he will tell you that
all the eminent pomologists of this country are
acquainted with the merits of his crosses and
seedlings. As you and all others will not care
to buy anything of that sort blindly, the great
man will be left with all his inappreciable treas-
ures. One by 0113 the oldest novelties will die,
perfectly unknown except by their originator,
and will be replaced by others which will in their
tarn meet the same fate. How much more prac-
tical and useful to their fellow men have been
Rogers, Campbell, Ricketts, Rommel and others,
whose labor and efforts have materialized into
fine grapes which we admire and enjoy, and with
which the names of the originators will be for-
ever connected, while that of the "scientist"
will only serve to designate, and that for a short
period, one of our numerous classes of " VUisj"
which he claims to have discovered. Before long
another scientist will appear who will change
the whole system of classification and discover
numerous other classes, groups and families
upon which he will bestow his name an I those
of his friends. But let us return to the vine-
yards of Florida. In that of Messrs. Lehman
and Hostetter, I found some trace of anthrac-
nose. and mildew on European varieties, but none
on the native vines.

A little further south, near Eustis, 1 visited
Mr. Norton's place and convinced myself that
European grapes can be raised with profit in
our southern counties. In Mr. Norton's vine-
yard there was no sign of mildew or anthrac-
nose, and the vines looked remarkably healthy.
As I have seen on the programme of this meet-
ing that Mr. Norton will read a paper on Vitis
vinifera in Florida, I will abstain from enter-
ing into details about the different varieties of
this class cultivated by him.

From reports I have had from various sources,

SUB TBOPICAL FRUITS.

109

I infer that Black Hamburg and Chasselas will
succeed in Florida over a larger range than any
other foreign varieties. Both are profitable to
raise for shipping North, where they command
high prices, ripening as they do here in the lat-
ter pari of May or the first part of June, at a
date when there are no other grapes on the
Northern markets. Where European varieties
do not thrive, Delaware, Niagara and Ives have
proved the most profitable to raise for market.
In our San Luis aud Andalusia vineyards we
cultivate about sixty varieties of grapes, after
having experimented with over one hundred and
fifty, including nearly all the foreign sorts
received direct from their respective native
countries.

Among the best wine grapes of Florida I will
mention Cynthiana and Norton as marvelously
adapted to our soil and climate. Owing prob-
ably to the high degree of moisture in our
atmosphere, these two grapes attain a larger
size of bunch and berry than anywhere else that
I have seen them grown. They make here as
line claret and port as can be made from the
best Bordeaux and Oporto varieties respectively,
and which are free from that earthy taste so
objectionable in most of our domestic wines.

Elvira and Missouri Riesling produce fine
Siiuterne and Hock, fully up to the standard of
French and German wines of the same denomi-
nation.

By this succinct expose you may see, gentle-
men, that Florida can boast of her viticultural
capabilities, and invite all to come and help in
their development.

Vitis Vinifera in Florida.
II. Vox LUTTICHAU, EABLTON, FLOBIDA.

In 1880 I planted the first vines of my Nine-
yard, which at present contains about 2,01)11
vines. It is located on an eminence, overlook-
ing Lake Santa Fe, with a southeastern expos-
ure. I consider the situation very favorable.
At that time 1 did nut hear of much grape plant-
ing in Florida, That many portions of this
state are suited t" the successful culture of the
grape is abundantly shown by vineyards alreadj

established. Like alums! all other fruits which
can be successfully grown in Florida, we find
only those varieties remunerative which we can
bring to market early. .June is the best season
for grapes. In June they are regarded as a lux-
ury. Therefore, our aim should be to offer
grapes which have large, compact bunches, bril-
liantly colored, aud of the best quality. A
vineyard which will produce such fruit at that
time of the year, will no doubt prove one of the
most profitable investments that it is possible to
make in this state.

From the planting of my first vines, my aim
has been to find such fruit, I have planted
nearly every native variety of good repute, and
although there are many claimants, I have not
yet discovered such perfection among the purely
native American varieties, nor among the hy-
brids. The grape which I sought, if found
at all, had to come from among the varieties of
foreign grapes, Vitis vinifera. With some of
these European varieties I have certainly been
very successful. I have no proof to offer that
they will do as well in all parts of the state. But
I believe that those varieties of Vitis vinifera
which succeed with me, will do even better far-
ther south, and will prove unsatisfactory in
those northern portions of the state where the
American varieties thrive better than with me.

All reports of previous attempts to grow Vitis
vinifera in Florida were discouraging, but there
was little evidence that native varieties had done
any better. The Black Hamburg seemed to be the
best known and most extensively tested repre-
sentative of the foreign grapes. I will say right
here that, although I have grown excellent fruit
of that variety, I would not plant Black Ham-
burg to auy great extent for profit, even if
grafted upon native stocks. Its time of ripen-
ing is nol early enough to escape serious damage
to the fruit if the rainy season comes early. If
there is little rain at the time of maturity, by
the help of paper bags and the thinning out of
the berries the black Hamburg will prove valua-
ble to the a m at i Mir. The same directions will l»'
equally applicable to other varieties of Vitis
vinifera which ripen late in the season.

Tlic grapes most commonly grown in France

110

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS.

and Germany for market are the Chasselas. The
Chasselas varieties arc among the healthiest
and hardiest, well adapted to field culture, and,
with few exceptions, very early.

Possessing great beauty of form and bunch,
they comprise all colors, except black, in great
brilliancy — blue, red. rose, golden and white.
In quality they are of the best. They will
stand the transportation adversities even from
Florida.

I procured a large collect inn of varieties of
Chasselas, some in this country, but mainly
from Europe, and now I have grapes that come
up to my standard.

I wish to note that I can count with more
certainty on those vines to bring me splendid
fruit in June, than on any of American origin
without exception. If, to-day, I wished to set
out a vineyard, no matter how extensive, I
should plant no others, but principally certain
kinds of Chasselas, grafted upon Viiis aestivalis,
or upon the Taylor. I am convinced that such
a vineyard would lie in a flourishing condition
when all varieties of Vitis Labrusca and hy-
brids would have exhausted themselves several
times. Almost all of my vines are now grafted
on different varieties of aestivalis or on Taylor,
and my experience leads me to believe that
grafted vines are much to be preferred to those
grown on their own roots. I do not mean to
say that such vines would prove a failure; in
fact I know that Col. Norton, of Eustis, who is,
perhaps, more successful with foreign varieties
than I am, grows all of his vines on their own
roots. But with grafted vines we are prepared
for the phylloxera, and secure a stronger growth
and durability, which means long life. Also
better resistance to any diseases that now at-
tack, or may attack, our vines in time to come.
For the roots of Vitis aestivalis are host adapted
to our soil, and if I wished to plant some of the
Labrusca, or hybrids, I would also graft them
upon such stocks.

In 1837 anthracnose made its appearance.
By acting upon the advice of Prof. Dubois 1
succeeded in checking the disease, and had
hardly any of it the last season. My Chasselas
kept Free; Malaga. Rlalvoise and blame Tokay

suffered most. Crafted vines kept their vigor;
those on their own roots showed a marked
decline; some even declined to live any longer.
Varieties of Vitis vinifera which have proved
a perfect success with me are of the Chasselas —
Royal Red, Violet, Bulhery Blanc, Fontaine-
bleau, Jalabert, Rose, and a Chasselas seedling
which is the earliest of all, also Early Malinzer.
Those doing well under favorable conditions are
Black Hamburg, White Fcntignan and Tokay
from Hungary.

I have some twenty more varieties of Chasse-
las, as well as other kinds, which promise well,
and I hope that I shall be able, after this com-
ing season, to add a black grape to my first list;
as yet I have none to offer. I need hardly say
that I have failed with many varieties, but wili
mention only the Malaga or Muscat of Alex-
andria, a variety almost universally known.

Strawberry Growing In Florida.

STEPHEN TOWERS, LAWTEY, TLA.

Strawberries grown for the Northern markets
must have speedy and sure transportation;
hence we find the important points in this in-
dustry all grouped along the two great traffic
lines of the Peninsula — the F., B. & N. railroad
on the Gulf slope, and the J., T. & K. W. rail-
road on the Atlantic slope.

Beginning at the north, we find on the F., R.
& N. line, Lawtey, Starke, Gainesville, Ham-
mock Ridge, Ocala, and Panasotfkee. On the
J.. T. & K. W. line. Jacksonville, Orange Park,
Mandarin and Federal Point. Strawberries are
successfully grown in most parts of the State,
but the district which raises them for northern
shipment, embracing the above named places, is
only about one hundred and fifty miles long,
north and south, and fifty miles wide. In this
district, Bradford is the leading county, Lawtey
having about one hundred and fifty-five acres
and Starke about fifty. The northern part of this
district has some advantages for this industry
and some disadvantages, as compared with the
southern, hut the advantages rather predomin-
ate. Frosts occur here two or three weeks
later in February or March than in the south.

SI B I'lml'li \T. PBUITS.

Ill

Imt on the other hand the southern section is
generally more dry and sandy, which fact cur-
tails the yield in the customary spring drouth,
and also causes heavy losses of plants through
the summer, often destroying the entire stand of
old plants.

\s between the Atlantic and Gulf slopes.
berries begin to ripen a few weeks earlier on tin1
Atlantic slope than they do on the Gulf slope.
Those slight differences in ripening do not
am mnt to much. The Northern demand is not
of much magnitude before March 1st. and last
spring there were at Lawtey light frosts until
Much 24th, yet the season was one of more than
average success and profit. The best growers
m Bra Ifonl County care very little for February
berries, and the January blossoms fchej would
rather see frozen oft' than not.

The birds harvest, or at least mutilate, most of
these earl} scattering berries, and even at |2.00
a quart, these berries are a nuisance rather than
otherwise, as they entail an amount of tramp-
ing on the beds which the careful grower re-
gards as of more injury than the fruit is worth.
The heavy sandy soil, containing a high per-
centage of vegetable matter, which alone will re-
tain sufficient moisture to make strawberry grow-
ing successful in this climate, becomes very hard
under the constant tramping of a two months'
picking season. The judicious grower, after
having got his beds into a light and mellow con-
dition, and applied the mulching, would rather
lock up Ids patch and let the birds have all
they can tiud until there are berries enough
t" amount to something. The main picking in
March and April is of infinitely more impor-
:, though it may bring only twenty-five to
fifty cents n quart, than a few "shipments" at
fancy prici - t<> lie telegraphed over the country
in January and February.

It goes without saying, that st raw berries des-
tined to he shipped a thousand miles must be
good travelers. The elements of the successful

strawberry in Flo) few and plain, and tin'

business of growing it musl be conducted with
Spartan simplicity.
The berry must I.e. tir.-t of all, hard; sec rod,

fresh; third, dry. It must he, like a good sol-

dier, trained to endure the privations of ;i long
march with light baggage. We fear that our
Northern visitors, accustomed a- they are to the
gorgeous and luscious berries of the rich soils
of their section, will not be greatly impressed by
the little, hard, canister-shoi specimens which
we grow on our Florida sand. Even the best of
them are not much bigger than a Minnie ball,
but, like that famous projectile, they carry well,
am! they fetch the money, which is the root of
the matter.

Florida growers have had such excellent suc-
cess with two varieties, that they have little in-
ducement to try any others, especially since
nearly all other varieties, imported from the
North, have been pronounced failures. The
standard shipping berry of the State is the
Neunan Improved, which is said to be the old
Wilson's Seedling acclimated, though I cannot
vouch for this. It is a self-fertilizing plant; tin-
berries tire irregular in shape, but nearly round,
coloring first at the tip or on the upper side,
very firm, and tolerably acid.

Its only competitor worth mentioning is the
Hoffman, which is a less firm berry, darker
colored, much prettier, and more uniform, being
sharply conical. Both varieties are prolific, the
Hoffman being a very little the earlier of the
two, though it does not hold out so well in the
spring drouth, and the plants are less hardy to
withstand the summer "rainy season;" yet,
strange to say, the Hoffman is almost exempt
from rust, while the Neunan often suffers
severely from it. This fact is thought by some
to be due to the thicker leaf of the Neunan,
offering a more attractive lodgment for the rust
fungus. Growers sometimes grow a few Hoff-
mans for "toppers," and thej generally com-
mand from five to ten cents per quart more than
Neunans in the Northern markets. Vet. such
are the homely, sturdy virtues of this old Florida
seedling, small, hard, and acid as it is. that it
continues to furnish more than four fifths of all
the berries shipped to the North.

The matted row system of cultivation is f. 1.

lowed only by negligent growers, and that to a

limited extent. All the best growers of the

seek t" keep their plants isolated in hills.

112

sir, TROPICAL FRUITS.

That great enemy of the Southern cultivator,
the crab-grass, would in my opinion render the
matted row system unprofitable. Owing to the
expense of horse keep in most places, and the
necessity for a close hand to hand fight with the
crab-grass, nearly all the cultivation is clone with
wheel hoes or hand cultivators, supplemented
by the common hand and prong hoes. This
hand cultivation permits very close setting of
the plants; 20,000 to the acre is the ordinary
allowance in Bradford County.

The writer is better acquainted with the soil
in Bradford County than anywhere else in the
State. Here it is generally the " flat- woods,"
which is a low and nearly level piney woods,
with a clay subsoil about two feet below the sur-
face, and a surface soil of sand containing a
high percentage of vegetable matter. This soil
is very retentive of moisture, and requires to be
bedded up, with frequent surface drains or
ditches. The same character of the soil causes
it also td retain fertilizers well, and renders it
excellently adapted to the strawberry. It is
found in practice here that a bed three feet
wide, containing two rows of plants, will give
about the best results. But this causes so much
waste of land that the beds are made wider,
ranging from six to eighteen feet. In other
parts of the State the " flat- woods " soil is not
so prevalent. There the dry and sandy nature
of the ground is less adapted to bedding up.
Beds with frequent ditches between would dry
up the plants and curtail the yield in the spring
drouth, so growers more generally set their
plants on a level surface.

Planting is generally done in the latter part
of August and through September and October.
The heavy beating rains of the midsummer rainy
season, alternating with the hot sunshine, ren-
der earlier setting impracticable, unless earth is
taken up with the plants, which is a slow pro-
cess. The customary fall drouth makes it nec-
essary that the plants should be got into the
ground as soon as possible after the rainy season
ends, in order that they may become well rooted.
Holes are punched with a utensil having one or
more sharp points. The roots of the plant are
placed against one side of the hole, which should

remain unbroken to retain moisture, and the
earth is pressed about the roots with the other
hand. In this sandy soil it is very desirable to
have the bed firm. It should be rolled, or else
made up some time beforehand, in order that it
may become somewhat compacted by the rains.

The supply of manure in Florida is scarce;
cow chips are about the only available source,
and these are full of weed seeds and breed ver-
min. Hence the best growers depend almost
entirely on commercial fertilizers. Cotton seed
meal is found to stimulate the growth of foliage.
bait needs supplementing with potash and phos-
phoric acid to produce the best results in fruit.
As a source of phosphoric acid, pure, raw.
ground bone is a lasting fertilizer, and is thought
to give firmness to the fruit. Potash promotes
fruitfulness and imparts sweetness to the ber-
ries. Plants fed on cotton seed meal seem to be
somewhat more exempt from rust than those
treated with commercial fertilizers. This fact,
together with the cheapness of the meal, proves
delusive to some growers, and leads to a sacri-
fice of fruit, for foliage. The same result hap-
pens with horse manure, unless it is thoroughly
rotted. In this stimulating climate it is neces-
sary to be careful in the employment of nitro-
genous manures in fruit growing.

It is found to be best to apply half or more of
the fertilizer broadcast and harrow it in before
planting. The rest of it is given in two or three
applications, either scattered on the surface or
in a slight furrow, and worked in with the wheel-
cultivator or prong hoe. The amount given dur-
ing the growing season, varies from a half ton
to a ton and a half per acre. It is found that
the larger application if given judiciously,
coupled with good management otherwise, is tin-
more profitable in proportion to the expense.

Mulching is more generally employed in
Bradford and Duval counties than in the
southern sections. The growers in the latter
assert that mulching harbors vermin, and thus
works an injury greater than the compensating
benefit. Another point is that in the dry and
sandy lands of the south, mulching material is
less abundant.

In Bradford County it is found that an acre

Ml: TKOriCAL PEUITS.

11:;

of good native wire-grass in the more open
piney woods, if well mown and raked clean, will
mulch an acre of plants: hut in practice this is
seldom accomplished, since mowing and raking
with machinery in the woods are necessarily
difficult. It would lie hard to find anything
better for mulching than wire-grass; it is free
from seed, fine, tough, flexible, very lasting, and
yields an excellent fertilizer when it finally rots,
supplying vegetable matter, which is much
needed in this sandy soil. It is frequently
raked off at the end of the picking season, stored
up, and used again the next year. It is generally
applied about the end of December, scattered
evenly over the ground, covering the plants out
of sight. In a few days it settles, showing tin1
outlines of the plants, and these are then rapidly
pulled through by expert workmen.

A good share of the picking is done by native
women and children, somewhat less by the col-
ored people. Both races are good natured, but
rather indolent and shiftless, and require strict
supervision. Two cents per quart is paid for
picking, yet the berries have to be sorted in the
packing house before they are fit to be shipped.

The length of the Florida picking season is a
phenomenon which very few Northern people
fully comprehend. Last year the writer sold a
few quarts February 10th, but did not he^in Lis
regular shipments to the North until February
22d. He made his last shipment May 8th, but
kept on picking for a month longer for canning,
wine making, etc., and his children managed to
collect enough berries out of the patch to make
a final shortcake July Ith. Thus a single variety,
the Neuuan, yielded berries for five months, and
in sufficient quantities t < supply the table for
over four months.

Within the writer's personal knowledge,
plants have yielded a paying crop for four
years. But most growers consider that it is
best to plow them under after the second crop
has 1« 'en gathered. Plants set in September yield
the finest, largest berries the following spring.

But the second crop will generally exi I the

firs! in total hulk by one third or one half.

Some claim to have the besl success with new
plants, others hold their old ones as long as

possible. Cutworms are often very hard on
young plants in the fall and early winter. On

the other hand, old plants, which are overgrown
with trash through the summer, are frequently
injured or destroyed by the white or "cotton"
cricket. It is found that cutworms and crickets
prevail under opposite conditions. Clean cul-
ture during the spring and summer, leaving the
surface exposed, affords ready access to the
earth and invites the cutworm moth to deposit
its eggs in the soil. But this same cultivation
uproots and disturbs the young crickets. If
cultivation is remitted, the resultant trash
excludes the cutworm moths but fosters the
crickets.

The title of this paper allows only a brief
mention of the shipping department of the
strawberry industry. Most of the berries are
forwarded to the North in refrigerators, either
cars or boxes; hut if they are carefully grown
and properly picked they may be shipped up to
the middle of April, by ordinary express with-
out ice. Berries for express shipment must be
picked before they have attained their full size,
and when they are only about half colored up.
"What is gained by the cheapness of express
shipment is probably lost by the failure of the
berries to reach full size, and by their immature
flavor. It requires careful attention to details,
and rigid sorting, to ship so far without ice suc-
cessfully.

The average crop in Florida may perhaps be
set down at seventy bushels per acre for the
shipping season, say two months. Last year the
writer shipped in February, March and April,
205 bushels from 37,000 plant-, or about two
acres. If the picking had been continued
through May the total would probably have
reached 275 bushels, or even more. Accurate
statistics are lacking, but I would roughly esti-
mate last year's shipment from the State at from
15,000 to 20,000 bushels. Bradford Countj
shipped in the neighborhood of 5,500 bushels.
Lawley station about I."1*" bushels, though even
here perfectly accurate figures are not attain-
able. This brought a return of about $32,600
net cash.

Ill

SUB TBOPICAL FBUITS.

Peach Growing in Florida.

GEOEGE L. TABER, GLEN ST. MARY, PLA.

Mr. President: The task you have assigne I
me in allotting to me an article on " Peach
Growing in Florida," would have been an ardu-
ous one, even liad the whole of this vast body of
land, which comprises the largest State east of
the Mississippi river, been located in a climate
more nearly approaching the average of that
from which the members of this Society are
here assembled. Had that been the case it
would have been necessary then, as now, to
recognize the diversity of soil, difference in
climate and telluric conditions, as they existed
in different portions of the State; but in that
rase the valuable experience of a large, number
of prominent horticulturists, who have for many
years, and in many States, been at work under
similar climatic conditions, could have been made
at least partially available; while as it is, with
Florida not only one of the largest, but also the
most southern of the States, we have to meet not
only the varied demands of its different sections,
but also to recognize the fact that the climatic
demands of the State are to a large extent dis-
similar from those that obtain in any of the
peach growing States to the north of us, and
call must emphatically for different varieties
from those that constitute the bulk of more
northern orchards.

Recognizing then this influence of climate,
and the difference that exists between Florida
and most of the other States in this respect, it is
easy to see how for a long time peach culture in
this State naturally came to fall into disrepute
with all that class of settlers, who in coining to
Florida from more northern States, have con-
fined their attention to such varieties as were
held in high esteem in the sections From which
they came.

Many <>l' these settlers have believed most sin-
cerely that no reason existed, or could exist,
why these varieties should not establish claims
lor recognition here as they had done elsewhere;
and tin' failure in almost every instance of their
doing what was expected of them, has served in
tin past to make it an open question with many
(and by many others if was at one time settled

in the negative) whether peach culture in Flor-
ida would ever prove a pronounced success.

Add to this, the fact that the orange seemed
for a long time to be the ne plus ultra of every-
thing to be desired in Florida, and it will be
readily seen how, with the majority, the peach
tree soon came to be looked upon as a usurper,
and an encumberer of the ground, possessing no
just claims for recognition, and how, after suf-
fering a few ignominious removes to out of the
way fence corners, it finally went over the fence
to the brush pile. For a long time the golden
lined orange was at a decided premium over her
silver tinted neighbor, and the majority of Flor-
ida horticulturists did not look with favor upon
a double standard.

The above statement of the case applies more
particularly, however, to South Florida than to
more northern portions of the State, and this
for two distincr and separate reasons, the first of
which is, that the influx of Northern settlers
who have come to Florida with pomological
pursuits in view, has always been more largely
towards that southern section of the State which
has been considered as possessing the greatest
advantages in the growing of the citrus fruits,
and hence the more radical climatic change
that the removal of any varieties from their
more northern habitat entailed; and in the
second place, the disgust caused by the failure
of the Northern varieties of peaches which have
been introduced into South Florida has not had
to offset it, until of comparatively recent date,
the amount of modifying influences that have
obtained in the more northern sections of the
State, where other varieties than those brought
by the Northern settlers have for many years
set up a claim for recognition.

Before entering, however, upon the conditions
that prevail in the more northern sections of the
State, and while still upon South Florida, I wish
to call attention to a change of feeling in that
section within the last few years, amounting
almost to a revolution, which was brought about
by the introduction into Florida of the Peen-to
type of peaches by the worthy President of this
Society.

This introduction, although representing the

sit. n;nrir.\i. fritts.

115

first of this type that we have any knowledge of
in Florida, was really a reintroduction through
seeds obtained by Mr. P. J. Berckrnans, from
Australia, in L869, of the same or a very similar

variety, as first introduced into this country
from China many years before, and mentioned
by Downing in his " Fruits and Fruit Trees of

America.'" but of which first introduction all
traces seem to have been subsequently lost.

The parent Peen-to is a flat peach of medium
size, excellent quality, an annual and abundant
bearer i unless caught by frosts while in bloom),
and the earliest known variety to ripen in the
open air in America. Its season of maturity in
Florida ranges from April 15th to June 1st,
varying as to season and locality. In South
Florida it blossoms in December, and even in
the northern portions of the State the fruit is
generally well set by the last of January or early
in February. The tree is an open, strong
grower, uniformly well balanced and symmet-
rical. The fruit ships well, and when allowed
to reach a proper stage of maturity before being
jiicked it meets with favor in Northern markets.
It commences coloring up a long time before
maturity, however, and care should be exercised
that it is not shipped too green.

Although I am personally situated in a section
of the State where the Peen-to is apt to be
caught with frosts while in bloom, I have ship-
ped as many as four hundred bushels of this
variety in a single season, and have hail no
trouble in getting them to market in good con-
dition. My own shipments have been mostly
made to such distant markets as New York,
Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Cincinnati.

Within the past few years the advent of a
large number of new varieties from Peen-to
3eed, in which the form of the peach has
changed to that of the common peach, and in
which the time of ripening lias also changed
considerably, thus lengthening the shipping
season, has served to still further awaken an
interest in peach culture in South Florida, and

indeed, lor that matter, throughout the State.

\- the known varieties of this type alreadj

introduced number upward of twenty, and as new

(ties of them are being constantly brought

out in all parts of the State, it is probable that
the nomenclature committee of the Florida
Horticultural Society will, in the near future,
have to materially reduce the number of these
varieties by classing as synonymous those that
shall eventually prove to be such, in the same
way as many varieties of the Alexander class as
grown to the north of us an- now classed as
being practically the same. But care will have
to be exercised in this direction, as not only
the time of fruiting but the time of blooming
has to be taken into account, and as we ap-
proach the more northern sections of the State
this becomes an important consideration, for
the parent Peen-to cannot lie wholly depended on
there, on account of its habit of too earlyblooming.

In connection with the Peen-to and its seed-
lings, the subjects of both bud and seed varia-
tion present themselves in a most forcible
manner, for perhaps in no other type of the
Primus family do we see it more forcibly
demonstrated.

The first variations from the parent, as ob-
tained from seed of the Peen-to by the late Mr.
A. i. Bidwell, were claimed by him to be sports
and not the results of crosses in any way, and a
few of our horticulturists go still further and
claim that all the seedlings of the Peen-to that
vary from the parent have been sports.

This latter view, however, cannot be enter-
tained, as some of these varieties are the well
authenticated results of artificial fertilization of
the pistils, but their tendency to sport in the
iiio-t unaccountable manner is a matter of
record. It is alluded to by De < 'andolle, and in
some of the seedlings as produced in this State
the verifications of his statements seem to be
apparent, while the "bud variation" above
alluded to has given us in a large number of
authentic cases, perfectly round peaches with
the typical Peen-to both above ami below it on
the same limb.

I have myself picked several such specim
from different trees in my own orchards, but as
this subject more nearly approaches the "Un-
solved Problems in Pomology," which are to be
treated of bj Mr. E. s. Coif, of Geneva, V 'i

\ ow "i Madison, Wis. -i cuktam .

116

SUB TROPICAL FRUITS.

during the present session of this Society, I
leave it for bis and your consideration.

Before leaving the Peen-to type of peach.-,
however, I must say that too much stress cannot
be laid upon the value of this type for Southern
Florida, and indeed, for Middle and Northern
Florida also. For market purposes their ex-
treme earliness recommends them, and In-
adaptability they have no equal in many sec-
tions. Many valuable orchards of them already
exist, and many more arc being planted.

A desideratum in connection with this type is
to secure, if possible, varieties that will bloom
about three weeks later than the parent, and yet
ripen their fruit as early as the Peen-to.

But lea-.'ing the Peen-to and South Florida
for the present, and coming farther North,
we find growing in the corn and cotton fields of
the older settlers, in the central and northern
portions of the State, in some places scattering
tiers, ami in others orchards of them, varieties
the adaptability of which to these sections, is so
pronounced as to have never been disputed, and
some of which possess an enviable local reputa-
tion. These are the so-called native peaches of
Florida, many of which are seedlings from
seedlings, dating back many generations at least.

As to what their origin may have been it is
often hard to determine; the close resemblance
of some of them to well known northern varie-
ties, is in some cases so marked as to indicate
direct descent, and yet the fact confronts us that
many of the true varieties which these seed-
lings so closely resemble, are almost entirely
worthless in sections where their representatives
are very valuable.

Our worthy President will remember a collec-
tion of specimens sent him by myself, in 1885,
which represented the fruit from fifteen different
seedling trees, and the close resemblance that he
noted to such well known kinds as Late Craw-
ford, Old Mixon Cling, Pavie de Porn pone,
Orange Cling, White Pineapple Cling, Thur-
ber, and Lemon Cling, and yet. with the excep-
tion of two of these varieties, one of which < Pa-
vie de Pompone) is now gem rally grown in the
North, and the other ( Thurber i, which is of the
Chinese type and will be referred to later, the

true varieties of these kinds are nearly valueless
in sections where their southern forms or rep-
resentatives are valuable.

The fact is indisputable that if these varieties
are descendants of the true varieties named, tli3
acclimatization which cannot be properly effected
with the parent, may become perfectly accomp-
lished in its descendants through successive gen-
ertions from the seed; while on the other hand if
these varieties of native seedlings are not
descendants from the true varieties above
named, the similarity to them in some instances
is wonderful, and in that case the question read-
ily presents itself, to what type do they belong?
If we permit ourselves to call them descendants
of the Spanish type, what do we mean by this
expression, and what distinguishes the Spanish
type from the Persian'.-1 Audit, as generally
understood, the old Indian peaches are taken as
the basis of the Spanish type, what is the most
probable origin of such varieties as those above
mentioned, which, while showing equal adapta-
bility with the Indian peaches, more closely r« -
semble the Persian, both in wood, foliage and

leaf?

I have spoken of these native peaches more
particularly in connection with North Florida,
but it is not wholly there that they are confined;
excellent varieties of them are found in South
Florida, but perhaps can hardly be deemed as
reliable there as the same varieties in the cen-
tral and northern portions of the St ite.

Fxteuding on to the westward, however,
through the Gulf coast region of Alabama, Mis-
sissippi. Louisiana and Texas, the existing con-
ditions are believed to be nearly identical with
Northern Florida as regards adaptability of
varieties.

Another type of peaches, suitable for at least
many sections of Florida, is to be found in the
Honey and its seedlings. This variety was
originated about 1854, by Mr. ("has. Downing,
from pits sent from China. It is the very
opposite of the Peen-to as regards shape, being-
very long, with a peculiar recurved point. It is
a freestone, of good quality, very sweet, but
lacks tone. It is quite an early variety, follow-
ing the Peen-to in maturity.

SUB TROPICAL FRUITS.

117

In the northern and central sections of Flor-
ida, this variety lias generally done well, and
fairly so in South Florida, bnt it is not believe I
to be as valuable for that section as for the
middle and northern sections.

Several fine varieties of this type have lately
been introduced, the most of which are about
two weeks later than the parent in ripening, and
nearly all of them are considered to be improve-
ments on the parent, both in size and quality.

Another type of some value for North and
Central Florida is the Chinese type proper, oE
which the Chinese Cling and its seedlings are
the representatives in this country. Many fine
varieties of them have originated in Georgia
and other states to the north of us, but their
adaptability to Florida, while better than that
of the Persian type, is generally inferior to that
of the so-called natives. Some of them do
fairly well in sections of Northern Florida, but
they are by n > means equal to the Peen-to ami
its seedlings, farther south.

Still another type, and one which can perhaps
be traced farther back into the history of the
state than any other, is the Indiana type before
alluded to. There is no question as to the
adaptability of these peaches, but their value is
believed to be more for the transmission of
their fruitfuluess to the crosses that have been,
and will continue to be produced from them,
than for any inherent value of their own.

Added to the types above named there are
several varieties, of more recent introduction,
one or more of which may possibly resolve into
a distinct type from auy of the ab >ve named.
Among these are the Chinese Blood, lied Cey-
lon, and Japan Dwarf Blood, the first two of
which have been fruited here, are abundantly
prolific, and may very likely prove valuable.

It has not, however, been the purp >se of this
article t > name varieties so much as to call
attention to the types, or sources, from which
the varieties th il h ive proved the best suited to
Florida have been obtained, and a summary of
the above shows that the Peen-to type, Honey
type, native peaches and Chinese type, comprise
the bulk of the varieties that have so far proved

the most valuable In tin- 3I

o

In South Florida the Peen-to type is a long
way ahead in popular favor, and justly so. In
Central Florida the honors are more evenly
divided between the Peen-to and the Honey
types, with considerable favor shown to select
varieties of the native peaches for later fruit,
while in Northern Florida still more favor is
shown to the native peaches, but with the Pean-to
and Honey types still holding ascendancy for
early fruit, while all through the state abundant
experiments are being carried on with many va-
rieties of all the types that have been named.

With the valuable varieties that we already
have of these different types, and with the fur-
ther crosses that will be the natural result of a
more extended cultivation of those that now
exist, and with additional definite results being
sought for, and obtained by artificial crossing,
it is believed that Florida will in the near fu-
ture take a high rank among the peach produc-
ing states.

A unity of purpose in any given direction
will often accomplish wonderful results, and
while we cannot alter the laws of nature, we can,
by taking advantage of them as they exist, often
subserve them to our use to the accomplishment
of equally valuable results; and the difference
between achievement and defeat, between suc-
cess and failure, is often only the difference be-
tween united efforts intelligently directed, and
the apathy and inactivity consequent upon an
entire lack of faith.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Trueblood, Florida: The Peen-to blooms
too early, so that it is in danger from frost. It
is also a (ding, otherwise it has no fault in tree
or fruit. There are several native varieties
doing well, Onderdonk's Favorite, which origin-
ated with Mr. Onderdonb of Texas, succeeds
well with me.

Mi;. Pearson, Florida: 1 have on my place at

Archer a l'een-to seedling which ripens two
weeks later than that variety and blooms with

Bidwell's late.

L.J. Dollins, Florida: A neighbor of mine
at Orlando retards blooming by lite cultivation

ill the fall. The trees cuter the domant state

later, and so do not start into growth so early.

118

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS.

Mr. Ttueblood, Florida: I have tried that
method and failed.

Mr. Callahan, Florida: I tried the same
method last season. A part of my trees were
cultivated until cold weather, and the remainder
were not cultivated after August. All bloomed
abont the first of January, with hardly a day's
difference.

Mr. Walker, Florida: That is my experience
at Waldo. I cultivate all winter and find when
the time comes that the trees will bloom.

The Apple and Pear in Florida.

.1. H. GIRARDEAU, MONTICELLo, FLORIDA.

When Florida was first settled by planters
from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, they
brought with them fruit trees that had succeeded
at home, and transferred them to the virgiu soil
of their new homes.

These after succeeding, and yielding fair
crops of fruit for a few years, finally succumbed
to the general neglect of everything, except
cotton, incident to those days, and with a few
exceptions — such as the fig, the peach, and the
pomegranate, that flourished in spite of the
neglect — they perished.

Among the latter were the Apples and Pears.
In a few isolated cases — the result most likely
of more care, or some adaptability of variety or
soil — fair apples were raised of the earlier vari-
eties, aud a few pears, but these only served to
accentuate the general verdict that these fruits
could not be grown successfully in Florida.

With the introduction of the Oriental strain
of pears into the state, about ten years ago,
came a new era in fruit growing.

Encouraged by the success with the LeConte
pear in the adjoining counties of Georgia, a few
orchards were planted in Middle Florida; here
every condition favorable to its growth seemed
to have been met, aud from thence they have
spread over the whole state, until now they are
becoming as much a feature in Florida scenery
as the orange tree.

The success of the LeConte pear in Florida has
been truly phenomenal; in Jefferson County,
where it was early introduced — say ten years
ago — there are orchards that will yield eight

hundred bushels per acre (forty-nine trees).
The demand for the trees has induced the
planting of cuttings in large quantities, and
hundreds of thousands of trees are annually
shipped to distant points.

Not only so, but the ease with which pear cut-
tings, and in fact all cuttings, take root under
the combined influence of our soil and climate,
has led nurserymen, in sections where this can-
not be done, to avail themselves of this fact; and
already this season, one hundred and twenty
thousand Kieffer cuttings have been received in
Monticello from New Jersey, to be grown on
shares.

The Kieffer does as well as the LeConte,
comparatively; it is a vigorous, healthy, showy
tree, and if on its own roots, will begin bearing
when three years old. The tree, however, will
not compare in size or in yield of fruit with
the LeConte, and is a month later in fruiting.

All varieties of pears when budded or grafted
on LeConte roots, itndergo a great change for
the better, if size, appearance, and freedom
from disease are indications. To distinguish
such trees from standards or dwarfs, I call
them Giants, a name that their size suggests.

A veteran nurseryman of New Jersey, while
agreeing that the Oriental varieties succeeded
best on LeConte stocks, argued that the old
varieties did not. An order from him this
winter for twenty thousand small LeContes for
stocks, indicates a change of opinion on his
part.

The success of the Oriental varieties of pears
and their hybrids, in our state, and the failure
of those varieties that were at home further
north, suggests the reason.

In Florida the climatic conditions are almost
identical with those of the southeast coast of
China, and any fruits from that section of the
Orient, find a congenial home here.

The success of the Peen-to, the Chinese
quince, the kakis, and the plums and pears
from Eastern Asia, bear out this theory.

Whether apples can be successfully grown in
Florida or not, is still an unsettled question, that
awaits the result of experiments.

I have advocated the feasibility of growing
them upon LeConte stocks, and this experiment

MSCI SSION Ol' NEW FRUITS.

119

has met with some degree of success in the lands, of their besl fruits, and are not discur-

western portion of the state, hut 1 must admit aged by distance or difficulties, is to find an apple

that I am not as enthusiastic an advocate of that succeeds in the sea-coast region of South-

tliis plan as I have been. era Asia. With such a strain, if it exists, success

A surer plan for some of our enterprising in growing apples will be an assured fact in our

pomologists, who have laid tribute upon all state.

DISCUSSION OF NEW FRUITS.

lowing- to the number of papers presented, only
discussion of new traits. The citrus fruits were om
a large portion "I the time Of 1 1 1 « - convention.]

APPLES.

Fellow Transparent.

("has. Parry, N. J.: How does it do in the
South?

H. E. Van Deman, D. C. : I have received
good specimens from Southern Illinois, and have
reliable information from Missouri and North-
western Arkansas that it is doing the best there
of any of the Russians.

Murphy.

W. ('. STRONG, Mass.: It is the most beautiful
apple we have, and as good as the Baldwin. It
has been exhibited during the last two years as
a new apple, under the name Barnes' Stripe.
It is a uniform bearer. The variety is an old
one which had nearly gone out of cultivation,
but is now coming forward.

F. M. Marble, Mass.: It is nearly as large as
the King, and much resembles it in form and
color, but is handsomer.

BLACKBERRIES.

Wm. Callahan, Fla.: I have a wild seedling,
intermediate between the high and low bush,
which I am growing for my own use. I have
never eaten a better variety.

iMcretia.

W. C. Steele, Fla.: I have never found any
native variety worth cultivating, but I have
grown Lucretia to perfection. If produces the
largest berry 1 na • ever seen. On moist lands
in Florida H is a success. There is a native
variety, found at Manatee by the late P. \V.
Eteasoner, which is said to be equal to Lucretia
and earlier.

a brief time at the closing session remained for the
itted in the discussion, as they had already occupied

President Berckmans: Its habit of growth
makes Lucretia of little value.

Geo. W. Campbell, Ohio: Mr. A. J. Caywood,

of New York, says that it is best grown trained
upon stakes.

H. E. Van Deman, D. C. : I move that Lucretia
be added to the Catalogue. [Carried].

YV. C. Strong: I would give it one star for
Massachusetts.

Geo. W. Campbell: One star for Ohio.

C. L. Watrous: One star for Iowa.

W. C. Steele: Two stars for Florida on moist
land. It should be allowed to run during the
growing season, and then trained up on stakes
to bear.

Minnewaslca.

H. E. Van Deman: One of Mr. Cay wood's
seedlings. I have had specimens from him as
fine as any Kittatinny. It is very productive.

F. M. Marble, Mass.: I saw it growing on
jrounds of Mr. Caywood. He shipped last
year 10,000 boxes to New York.

Erie.

E. Williams, N. J.: Very nearly identical
with the Lawton.

CURRANTS.

( 'randall.

Geo. W. Trowbridge, Ohio: I am not satis-
lied with it as a dessert fruit.

(i. B. BRACKETT, Iowa: It is a western vari-
ety, originating in Kansas, and Iml little tried at
the East.

E. Y. Teas, Ind. : It is one of the blackcur-
rants, but less disagreeable in smell and flavor

121)

DICUSSION OF M'.W FRUITS.

than any other sort. I consider Ltvery valuable
for cooking, and fairly good for dessert. It has
been considered a hybrid, but that is doubtful.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Triumph.

E. Williams, N. J.: A great improvement
over any other variety that will grow in our
climate.

Geo. W. Trowbridge, Ohio: 1 have fruited it
one year on clay soil, and never before had such
fine gooseberries. Its size and quality are all
right, but it bears too heavily.

(I. 1!. Braokett, Iowa: We cannot grew it in
Iowa.

G :; \l-ES.
Lutie.

President Berckmans: Originated at Nash-
ville, Tennessee.

J. Van Lindley, N. C: When I read the
unfavorable report made at the last meeting, I
had a dozen vines, and thought of pulling them
up, but did not. They have now fruited two
years, and I never saw finer vines or fruit. They
have had no mildew or rot. At our fair at
Raleigh the past season, they were the equal of
any kind on exhibition. They are foxy when
first colored, but very fine in flavor when fully-
ripe. I consider it one of the most valuable
grapes we have; it ripens with the Delaware.

H. E. Van Deman, D. C: I received samples
at two different times from Nashville, and they
were the worst flavored and smelling grapes 1
ever tasted.

('has. Parry, N. J.: I am fruiting the Lutie,
and find it no more foxy or offensive than Ber-
kett's Amber, and that is a very profitable
grape.

Geo. W. Campbell, Ohio: I made the report
at the last meeting, which has been alluded to.
It was based on specimens sent me from Nash-
ville, at the same time they were sent to Mr.
Van Deman. I supposed that the originators
would not send poor specimens, but these were
certainly the foxiest and poorest grapes I ever
saw in my life. Specimens were sent at the
same time to Mr. Wilder and others. Mr.
Wilder wrote me saying that they were so
offensive that he had to send them out of the

house.

• I. S. Newman, Ala.: It was on exhibition at
the last meeting of the Georgia State Horticul-
tural Society, where I was chairman of the
grape committee. All the members of the com-
mittee pronounced it unworthy of cultivation.

Jewell.

Geo. W. Campbell, Ohio: I have fruited it
for three years. It is a small black grape, of
good quality, s*aid by some to equal the Dela-
ware. It has a pleasant flavor, but is more
pulpy, and hardly equal to that variety. It is
healthier than Delaware — but no stronger
grower. The berries are rather larger than that
variety, but the clusters not. Its habit is much
like that of Early Victor.

Berckmans.

J. S. Newman, Ala.: I fruited it for the first
time last year, and find it about equal to the
Delaware. It is a vigorous grower.

Samuel Hape, Ga. : Have fruited it several
years. The berry is larger, the bunches less
compact than Delaware, and the vine more vig-
orous.

F. M. Hexamer, N. Y.: In New Jersey it is
considered equal to the Delaware. The loose-
ness of the bunch is its only objectionable
feature.

W. C. Strono: I find it very healthy in
Massachusetts.

President Berckmans: It is a cross between
Clinton and Delaware, produced by Dr. Wilej
of Charleston, S. C. There is an account of it
in the proceedings of this Society for 1871. Dr.
Wiley sent me Ids seedlings from time to time.
I selected this one as the best, and he gave it
my name.

On motion of Mr. Hape the variety was
added to the Catalogue.

Green Mountain.

J. W. Manning, Mass.: A very sweet grape,
ripening August 20th, last year, in Connecticut.
It is a strong grower, and resembles the foreign
sorts in foliage.

PE M'HES.

Peen-to.

Mr. Trueblood: It was first introduced into
Florida near my place. Its only serious fault
is that it blooms too early. There are many

STATE FBUIT REP0ETS.

ltil

seedlings of it which are more valuable, I nit we
do not yet know which of them is the lust.
Some of them are fully as hardy as the parent,
and bloom later. (The Homy hlooms late
enough to escape frost, and has never failed,
except partially last year on account of drought. )

Mb. Callahan: At Melrose, in Clay County,
I have fruited the Peen-to for six or seven years
and have never lost a crop from too early bloom-
ing.

H. H. Caby, Ca. : We fail with it at Lake
Worth, Florida. It blooms there in the fall
and is nearly evergreen.

Mb. Keck: 1 have seen it bearing well in lat-
itude 27 .

Mb. Tbowbbidge: I have grown the Peen-to
ever since it was introduced, and consider it a
great acquisition, especially for the central and
northern parts of this state. I move that it be
added to the Catalogue, with one star for Flor-
ida.

Mr. Teueblood: I know of at least fifteen
seedlings of the Peeu-tothat are better than that
variety, so that it seems to me too late now for
the Societj to put that one on the list. [The
motion prevailed.]

bur further notes on the peach, see the discus-
sion following the paper by G. L. Taber.

PEABS.

Idaho.

F. M. Hexamei;: I consider it one of the musi
valuable fruits that has been introduced for
many years, especially for the North.

President Bekckmans: li originated in Idaho.
Its quality is of the very best. There are a few
trees growing near Mobile, Alabama.

H. E. Van Deman: It is much like Duchess
in shape. [Exhibits an illustration.]

PLT'MS.

Kelsie.

Mr. Callahan: I have fruited it for two years
in Clay County, and am well pleased with it.
Have (5,000 trees growing, and expect to set out
more. I grow it on native plum stock. It does
not do well on the peach. It it is a good grower
without fertilizers, makes excellent prunes, and
I think will ship well.

«SV(/.SM7Ha.

H. E. Van Deman: Equal to Kelsie in size
and quality. It is as red as blood iuside. A
month earlier than Kelsie. ami probably more
hardy. It may thus prove more valuable for
the North, where the Kelsie will not succeed.

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

Report of the General Fruit Committee.

To the President and Members of Hie . 1 merican

Pomological Society :

GENTLEMEN: In presenting the following re-
port on behalf of the General Fruit Committee,
the Chairman desires to ask the indulgence of
the State Committees and of the Society fur any
faults in his part of the task.

Having been appointed to carry on the work
commenced by Mr. Fuller, the undersigned can
only plead that he has done his best, in the in-
tervals snatched from his business, to carry out
the instructions of the Executive Committee.
C. L. Watbous, < lhairman.

California.
Reported bj Dr. J. Strentzel, of Martinez,
Chairman of the State Fruit < iommittei

The abnormal time of the present meeting,
and my failing health during the winter months,
make it impracticable for me to prepare an
extended report from California, which, in the
nature of the case, would only be a repetition of
that submitted at former meetings.

To substantiate California's claims, many of
our most active pomologists agreed upon a plan
for a traveling show, which was most liberally
carried into effect through the far seeing gener-
osity of the Central Pacific Railroad Company,
by providing a costly and uniquely appointed
car for thi' triumphal tour, containing an end-
less variety of California grown (lowers, fruits,
.vine, wools, manufactured specimens of the
arts and industries, and descriptive pamphlets
of tin- several sections, for free distribution.

L22

STATE F1UTT REPOB I S.

Agent McDonald, of the State Board of Trade,
in charge of the exhibit, estimates that nearly
95,000 pers >ns p lss sd through the car after leav-
ing Sacramento and before arriving at Chic igo
The same system will be further carried out,
until Boston, and the entire eastern section of
the continent has had a chance to sec our
products.

The impetus given to fruit culture in the
stale remains unabated; in fact, is spreading
over every valley and hill side. Good discrim-
ination is exercised in selecting marketable vari-
eties, adapted to the soil. The local markets
are abundantly supplied, and the ways of com-
merce are crowded by applicants for its favors.
The most prominent fruit product at present,
that of raisins, approximated 1,000,000 boxes
for the past year, with considerable increase in
store for the present year. The orange crop of
nearly one million boxes last year will reach
one million two hundred thousand the present
season. Many new trees are coming into bear-
ing in the central part of the state.

That emblem of peace, the olive, is in full
favor; large plantations are being set out, and
the supply of the pure article will close up the
fraudulent use of cotton seed oil.

Prom small beginnings, the fig industry is
becoming immense.

Nuts of the choicest varieties are abundant.

The estimates for the coming season are for
the shipping of 60,000,000 pounds of green
fruit to our eastern neighbors and an abun-
dance of the pure juice of the grape.

Colorado.

Reported by D. S. Grimes, of Denver, Chair-
man of the State Fruit Commit

Notwithstanding the many obstacles to con-
tend with in the culture of fruit in Colorado, we
are making creditable progress.

In regard to the effects of climate on fruit
trees, Prof, -lames Cassidy of our State Agricul-
tural College, says:

"The winter of L887 8 has been a test one Eor
the varieties of orchard fruits grown in Northern
Colorado. The thermometer indicated on two
mi -I -as ions a drop to 28 below zero. The highest

temperature during the winter was 72 above
zero. These variations are wonderfully trying
to tree and plant growth of all kinds out of
doors. Added to this low temperature we had
a very dry winter and spring, with but little
water for irrigation until our trees were well
advanced in leaf. It is not to be wondered
at then that some varieties of orchard fruits
succumbed.

" Trees not deeply rooted, and without suffi-
cient moisture in the soil to supply the drain
upon their stems and branches by frost and
warm, dry winds, are sure to go under, regardless
of the question of constitutional hardiness. The
lesson to the tree grower is this, that all young,
and hence necessarily imperfectly rooted trees,
should receive careful attention in regard to
irrigation to enable them to winter safely. The
use of a mulch for young trees is also to be com-
mended, in that it conserves such moisture as
falls, or which we may apply to their roots. To
keep a mulch in place, a little earth is a necessity
in this climate."

These variations of winter temperature, re-
ferred to by Prof. Cassidy, are met by an extreme
equally disastrous, in excessive summer irriga-
tion. The effect of water, applied through our
system of irrigation, does not, as a rule, receive
the consideration its importance demands. Irri-
gation is too often "made to take the place of
cultivation. People who buy water from ditch
companies seem to think that unless the water
is running about their crops nearly all the time,
they do not get full value for the money paid.
This excessive use of water through surface irri-
gation, applies more forcibly to tree growing in
our towns and cities than to general crops in the
country. It induces a porous, sappy, tender
growth of wood fiber, unfitting the tree to
withstand the extremes of heat and cold that
sometimes sweep along the base of the Rocky
Mountains.

The greatest obstacle in the way of progressive
fruit culture is the defective horticultural or
pomological education prevailing with the gen-
eral public.

| \ useful list of suggested changes in the
Catalogue accompanied this report. )

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

Connecticut.

Eeported by P. M. Augur, of Middlefield,Vice
President for the State.

The report last made represents the essential
points with reference to varieties of fruits.

Continued experience still shows that culture,
good pruning, and the timely use of insecticides
are essential to the highest success of the
orchardist.

This last point is no less important for the
plum, quince, and cherry, than for the apple.

The use of fungicides in grape culture is
hardly less important, especially with some of
the finer varieties.

Intelligence, skill, and industry, are important
factors for success in any line of fruit culture.

[A carefully prepared list of suggested
changes in starring, which formed the principal
part of this report, has been used in the revision
of the Catalogue.]

Iowa.

Eeported bj O L. Watrous, of Des Moines.

The seasons lately passed having proved dis-
astrous to large fruits in Iowa, notably the
apple, pear and cherry, have seemed to turn
public interest towards small fruits. All these
give favorable results in all parts of the state,
by adapting cultivation and winter protection to
the special conditions of the place.

Strawberries. Tin1 markets and homes of
the whole state are well supplied; medium sized
fruit and strong deep rooting plants taking the
lead. Crescent leads everywhere, with Charles
Downing, ('apt. Jack, Manchester, Downer's
Prolific ami Windsor Chief following. Jessie
and Bubach's No. ~> an- considered very promis-
ing; while Jewell, which was at first received
with favor, is now generally discarded, because
of inability to endure not suns and make growth.
[t is too feeble here. Strawberries are every-
where covered with litter in tin1 winter I'm- best
results.

Raspberries. Of low caned varieties, Tyler,
Ohio. Gregg and Shaffer take the lead, Tyler
being earliest and Shaffer hardier against cold.
This last is giving universal satisfaction and is
steadily growing in fa

Of upright canes, Turner, Cuthbert, and
Marlboro are most grown. The latter, though

comparatively new, is considered very promis-
ing, the fruit being large and fine and the foli-
age exceptionally vigorous and healthy. Clean
culture is imperative.

Blackberries. Snyder still holds the lead for
hardiness and fruitfulness, with Stone's Hardy
ani I Ancient Briton doing well in many localities.

A strong sentiment is growing in favor of
laying down all blackberries and covering with
earth for winter protection. Statistics point to
the conclusion that coveriug not only jjays but
is necessary for uniform and profitable results.

Currants ami Gooseberries. All the well
known varieties of strictly American parentage
are everywhere successful, but more so in the
eastern and northern portions of the state.
Hot summer suns are their only enemy. An
effort is being made to grow from seed, varieties
more especially adapted to the climate and soil
of this region.

Grajies. Everywhere in Iowa the leading va-
rieties of the Labrusca type are profitably and
satisfactorily grown. Each year emphasizes the
necessity of thorough winter protection for all
varieties, no matter how hardy, by laying down
and covering with soil before severe freezing in
autumn. Concord is everywhere grown more
than any other, ripening perfectly in all partsof
the state.

For early use, Moore's Early, Worden, Lady,
Cottage and Telegraph succeed well, Worden
being most extensively grown. For later use.
Concord, Pocklington, Martha, Agawam are
most extensively planted.

The markets for small fruits and grapes are
usually well supplied at prices within reach of
all. In spite of the sad reputation of Iowa as
a fruit growing state, there is probably no state
in the union where fruit is any more abundant
and universal on the tables of all classes, rich
and not rich.

The difficulty of fruit glowing in Iowa is with
the larger, or tree fruits. The universal plan
has been to plant the favorites of other regions

our Atlantic Stales, north and south. Western
Europe, and lately of Russia.

124

STATE FRFIT REPORTS.

None have proven able to endure our extreme
seasons. It is very doubtful whether any Rus-
sians will fare any better than the others.

With plums, the problem is already happily
solved, native varieties having been discovered of
great excellence, and many seedlings of these
being found equally hardy and productive and
of superior quality. No plum of European pa-
rentage succeeds in any part of the state.

( 'herries. No seedlings have, been brought
out, except a suppose 1 seedling of English Mo-
rello, named the Wragg. This gives excellent
promise as a late fruit for canning, closely re-
sembling its suppose 1 parent, but appearing bet-
ter able to endure our conditions of soil and cli-
mate. This was at first supposed by some to be
of Russian origin, but as it has not proven hardy
in the north part of the state, that is extreme-
ly doubtful. The old varieties of our cherries
succeed well in the south half of the state, but
no sweet cherry succeeds in any part. Twenty
or thirty varieties from Poland and Russia are
on trial that have not yet shown what the re-
sult will be: many of them have proven unable
to live as far south as Des Moines, but some
may yet prove of value.

P(jars. Very little grown, though a few com-
mercial orchards in the southern and eastern
parts of the state have been remunerative. Of
dwarfs, Louise Bonne de Jersey and Angouleme
are best, and of standards, Sheldon, Howell,
Buffum, Flemish Beauty and Lawrence are pre-
ferred. Several Russians are on trial, but, as
they have not yet fruited they may be left out
of the account.

Ajijilrs. It is with the apple that Iowa, in
common with the whole northern "Mississippi
Region," has suffered greatest disappointment.

In all the state, except the southwestern part,
where the soil is largely of bluff deposit, the de-
struction of apple orchards has been disastrous
to that interest. It is to be said, however, that
in all the south half of the state every living
tree has tried to do its best the past season, so
that our markets have been better supplied with
home grown apples than for many years past.
There is reason to hope that tin.' cycle of severe
seasons lias passed, and that the orchardist may
entering upon an era of profit.

In the southern portion of the state, Olden-
burg, Lowell, Wealthy, Jonathan, Oriuies Gold-
en, Willow Twig, Ben Davis and Iowa Blush,
are most grown. The preponderance of expe-
rience is in favor of clean culture while young,
and clover afterwards. Trees should be headed
three to four feet high, it having been found
that very short bodied trees are apt to break
apart at the forks.

In the northern half of the state, the list would
be Tetofsky, Oldenburg, Wealthy, McMahon's
White and Talman Sweet. Many crabs are
grown, Soulard, Brier's Sweet, Whitney's No.
'20 and Virginia, leading.

Of the Russians, Striped Anis, Bergamot and
Anisovka, are on trial, and promise better than
others.

Several seedlings, native to the region, are
giving much promise for local use. Among the
most promising is Patten's Greening, a seed-
ling of Oldenburg, by C. G. Patten, Charles
City, Iowa. It is nineteen years from seed, is
hardy, productive, with fruit equal to Oldenburg,
and keeping from November to January, or later.
Very promising. Mr. Patten has also a Soulard
Hybrid, showing the effect of crossing our native
crab. Pirns coronaria, with the European P.
Mains. The fruit is of fair size and handsome,
the quality showing unmistakably the union of
the two species. This fruit is not valuable as a
finality, but is of the very greatest interest as
forming a starting point ami foundation upon
which to build up, by cross fertilization and
seedling selection, a race of apples for the
prairies, having a basis of extreme hardiness,
with fruit whose quality shall finally be made
to equal that of our favorite descendants from
P. 31(iJns of Europe.

Mr. N. K. Fluke, of Davenport, Iowa, has
al-o a native crab, not showing in tree or fruit
any trace of P. Main*. Specimens of this
apple are often as much as two and a half
inches in diameter, while the tree is very hand-
some, and, of course, entirely hardy and adapted
to all the climatic extremes peculiar to this
region. This apple Mr. Fluke is using most
skillfully and earnestly as a basis for crossing
with the best old sorts of P. Mahis.

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

125

B. A. Mathews, Esq., of Knoxville, Iowa, has

also an extremely large and fine variety of our
native crab, which is likewise doing service in
the process of cross fertilization with apples of
the finest quality.

The hopeful phase of Iowa horticulturists is
that all horticulturists, not excepting the most
enthusiastic believers in the new Russians, are
convinced that the future apples of Iowa arc to
be seedlings grown upon Iowa soil and tested by
Iowa seasons.

All of our past losses may not have been too
great for the lesson needed — the lesson that for
full success in fruit growing, the course of
nature, which is to adapt trees and plauts to
changed or changing environments through a
re-creating process by seedling production and
survival of those best adapted to the conditions
surrounding them, must not be eutirely neg-
lected.

No Russian fruit has thus far shown itself
worthy of general cultivation in any part of the
state, while scores have entirely failed in all
parts. Blight, winter killing, unfruitfulness,
and extremely low quality of fruit when se-
cured, are the objections urged against most
of the Russians. Nevertheless, a few are still
hopefully tried, and may yet prove of great
value. Time must be the winnowing mill.

Kansas.

Reported by < > . C. Brackett, of Lawrence,
Chairmau of the State Fruit Committee.

The resources of this state are remarkable,
and no more so in any line of soil productions
than in that of all classes of fruit. As in all fruit
growing regions, there is a variableness in re-
sults, owing to the difference in composition of
soils, character of locations, and management,
but more largely to the latter than any other
cause.

In regard to this matter permit me, under the
head of progress made in the state, to report to
your Society what has been done by the Kansas
State Horticultural Society for the people of
the state.

The members resolved themselves into a com
mittee of the whole, and after careful delibera-

tion decided to publish for the people a Fruit
Manual, which, in a concise and practical form,
should convey to its readers a clearly defined
presentation of successful methi ids. This manual
covers all general principles as applied to prac-
tice. It has been well named a book of "Kansas
Horticulture in a Nutshell." Is it not desirable
that other state societies should adopt a similar
plan, and as organizations assert truths in regard
to varieties and methods of practice, thereby re-
lieving the public from the uncertainty of indi-
vidual opinions and recommendations?

Some varieties of all classes of fruits are
successfully grown throughout the state, while
others are of a local character. The apple,
cherry and plum have a general adaptation and
can be found succeeding in almost every county
where the plantations have had sufficient time
to grow to a fruitful age, while the other
classes of orchard fruits are found to be suc-
cessful only in certain localities. There are sec-
tions where the pear thrives in constant health
and fruitfulness, promising as great success as
in the most favored sections of the United
States; and the same may be said of the peach
and the grape.

Small fruits cannot be classed as having a
general adaption. They are generally success-
ful in the eastern third of the state, but beyond
that, westward, one enters an area of local suc-
cess only, where treatment is required materi-
ally differing from that in the eastern portion.

I cannot see any cause for changing the pres-
ent rating of varieties in our fruit list.

Neio Native Varieties. — Numerous seedlings
originating in the state are reported to this
office* each year, and numbers have been placed
on exhibition at our meetings wdiich possess
points of merit entitling them to further atten-
tion.

The main obstacle to successful fruit culture
is injurious insects. As a remedy, spraying with
London purple and Paris green have been
adapted, and when intelligently followed affords
satisfactory results.

Culture. — In this, as well as in other newly
settled states, while the land possessed virgin

•Secretary State Horticultural Society,

126

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

fertility the planters of orchards as well as the
general farmer became neglectful, and later on
reaped the reward of their folly.

The importance of thorough care and culti-
vation is now fully recognized. The simple
fact has been learned that the richest prairie
land may, by continuous cropping, become
exhausted of its elements of nutrition; and,
that thorough and constant striving is essential
to the healthy maintainance of plant and pro-
duct.

Nomenclature. — This subject has been given
careful and constant attention by the members
of our State Society. The recommendations of
your Society have been rigidly observed. The
greatest hindrance to complete success is found
among nurserymen, whose catalogues abound in
synonyms and incorrect names. Nor is this con-
fined to our state; it is a noticeable fact that
nurserymen of marked intelligence and high
standing as members of the American Pomolog-
ical Society, and who are regarded as authority,
both by the Society and the public, show a dis-
regard of the adopted rules of your eminent
body. Such being a fact, what can be expected
of the lesser lights under such examples?

The nurserymen, through their widely dis-
seminated catalogues, could if they would,
quickly complete the desired reform in nomen-
clature, for which your organization and others
are laboring. Crops in this state the last season
were generally heavy. Prices ruled quite low,
but the demand for number one shipping fruit
exceeded that of any previous year. In size and
quality the product was highly satisfactory, and
the future seems full of promise.

STATISTICS FOR THE YEAR 1888.
Number of bearing fruit trees :

Apple 1,849,903

Cherry 1,057,803

Pear 117,226

Peach 4,766,609

Plum 494,932

Total ll,28fi

Number not in bearing:

Apple 6,146,920

Cherry 748,056

Pear 250,426

Peach 2,853,333

Plum 520,323

Total 10,519,058

Grand total.

21,805,531

Acres of small fruits:

Blackberry 3,7.>">

Raspberry 4,00'.i

Strawberry 2,3W

Total in,l43

Grape, acres \:j'.i2

Nurseries, acres 26,657

In this state the following varieties have
proved most hardy in tree and good in quality:

Apple. Winesap, Eawle's (leuet, Rome Beau-
ty. Gilpin, Jonathan, Minkler, Missouri Pippin.

Pear. Seckel, Anjou, Angouleme, Malines,
White Doyenne, Lawrence.

Plum. Wild Goose, Miner, Emigrant, (a seed-
ling of the Lombard), Bluemont.

Cherry. Early Richmond, English Morello.

All of the above are hardy, and we see no oc-
casion to cross with any others to secure
greater hardness. But to increase the size of
some of them, there has been some attempt;
especially with the WTinesap and Gilpin ajrtples,
and the Seckel and White Doyenne pears.

The Winesap has been crossed with the York
Imperial and the Seckel with the Anjou.

The sorts of trees that succumb, are oftener
those which cannot endure extreme heat, and
not those effected by cold. In fact, the extremes
of cold are not the causes of injury to our trees,
but the opposite. Hence we are looking to a
southern latitude for additional varieties to those
already established as hardy. There are no
hardier trees in this state than the Baldwin,
Newtown Pippin and Northern Spy, but they
are not fruitful, while the varieties given above
are immensely productive.

Louisiana.

Reported by E. M. Hudson, of New Orleans,
Chairman of the State Fruit Committee.

Herewith I present a report, on behalf of the
Fruit Committee for Louisiana, based on such
information as has been obtainable. The com-
parative meagerness of sources of information is
easily understood when it is borne in mind that,

s I \ IT. l.'IiUIT REPORTS.

127

except in isolated and individual cases, until
within the last decade, or less, no attention has
been given in this state to the cultivation of
fruit for commercial purposes; and, in such ex-
ceptional cases, the commerce in fruits has been
restricted to home or local markets. This, in
the nature of things, was attributable to the fact
that "planting," or farming on a large scale
the production of staple agricultural crops, cot-
ton, sugar and corn — almost exclusively engaged
the attention of the rural population.

But it is most noteworthy that since the ex-
hibition of fruits in New Orleans, during the
winter of 1881-5, at the World's Industrial and
Cotton Exposition, a general impetus has been
given and an earnest interest created in the
direction of growing* fruits. Unto the present
moment, however, these attempts have been
mostly tentative and experimental; but each
year indicates a decided progress, as individuals,
acting independently, acquire personal experi-
ence. The diversity of soil, climate, and circum-
stances existing in different parts of the state is
such, that necessarily, patient and repeated
trials must be made to ascertain not only what
ies, but what special varieties of such
species, may be best adapted to each locality;
and, as in all new undertakings everywhere, the
pioneers in this enterprise are few. But the
good results of their efforts must surely be felt
at no distant day throughout the state.

The interest thus aroused in fruit growing,
has been further stimulated by the accession to
our population of a very considerable number of
citizens of other states, who, after visiting and
examining the various portionsof the state, have
1' It their homes in the Western and Northwest-
ern states and become settlers here. To many
such, fruit culture was familiar, and in almost
all cases such new settlers have commenced ex-
perimental fruit culture at the very outset of
their establishment here.

Prom the foregoing considerations it will be-
come manifest that a report covering the whole
subject matter is not only impossible, but that
it is entirely impracticable to get more than a
limited idea of the varieties of fruit adapted
from a commercial standpoint to profitable cul-

ture here. While Dr. G. Derron of the Sub-
tropical Fruit Committee, also a member of
this committee, has furnished interesting state-
ments on orange culture, it is deemed proper not
to trespass upon the domain of the former com-
mittee; but it is to be observed that his experi-
ence coincides with that of a number of inter-
ested observers, in establishing the fact that the
Loquat, which grows vigorously in the southern
portion of the state, can be easily improved by
grafting the finer varieties on seedling stocks,
which grow as readily as pears from seed.

The results of the experiments made in all
directions show generally that varying with cli-
mate and location, pears, grapes, peaches, plums,
pomegranates, apples, strawberries, figs and or-
anges may be successfully produced in this
state, the nearer the Gulf of Mexico and in the
south, the sub-tropical kinds, of> course finding
their more proper home. Especially has the
growth of the pecan, and the propagation
of the best varieties by grafting or budding, (by
the annular process) attracted a number of ex-
perimenters; and numbers of more or less exten-
sive orchards of young pecan trees are now ex-
isting in various portions of the state, the trees
having been mostly set within the last seven or
eight years. When the permanency of pecan
groves, the prolific crops on well grown' trees,
the facility of their propagation, the inexpeusive-
ness of their cultivation, and the great commer-
cial value of the best kinds, — varying from five
cents to fifty cents per pound, according to the
quality and variety— are considered, it may well
be conceded that the future of growing this nut
for market, promises results most hopeful from
every point of view. Probably more attention
has been bestowed on the propagation of the
best varieties of pecans by Mr. Wm. Nelson, of
the parish of Jefferson than by any other per-
son in this state.

In the northern portion of the state, approach-
ing Arkansas, fine apples and Persian peaches
do well; but owing to the want of technical
aintance with varieties, and their accepted
nomenclature, the growers are unable to give
the proper names of the same. The central and
southern portions of the state produce most

128

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

successfully the choice type of peach ; and in the
south particularly the Spanish type is admit-
tedly the best and hardiest. This is known gen-
erally as the St. John type or family, of which
there are several well known varieties, as the
Fleitas, Masicot and others, which succeed in
bottoms or on alluvial lands where no others do
so well. Although a free-stone, this peach has
a tough skin, which seems to give it partial im-
munity from the curculio. The early Spanish
inhabitants propagated it by layers, to free it
from tap-roots, to which the subjacent soil-water
is inimical.

It is not in any manner to be inferred from
the limited list of varieties noted below, that
only these can be successfully grown; on the
contrary, everything indicates that, restricting
apples to the northern, and subtropical fruits to
the southern portions of the state, most of the
other large fruits may be grown generally
throughout the state with abundant prospects
of success and profit.

I. SPECIES.

Apples, Pears, Peaches, Figs, Oranges, Lo-
quats, Persimmons, Pomegranates, Strawberries,
drapes, Pecans, Walnuts.

II. VARIETIES.

Apjjles.

Pears. Bartlett, Howell, Duchess, Lawrence,
Clapp's Favorite, LeConte, Kieffer, Chinese
Sand.

Peaches. Early Louise, Early Crawford,
Fleitas, Masicot, Elberta, Honey, Alexander,
Rivers, Chinese Cling, Crawford's Late, Indian
Blood.

Plums. Kelsey, Goose, Caddo Chief, Mari-
ana. European varieties not successful.

Figs. Celestial, Green Ischia, Lemon.

Oranges. See report Sub-tropical Ci unmittee.

Loquai. Mammoth.

Persimmons. Native, all varieties of Japan.

Pomegranates. Early Red (acid), Sweet.

Strawberries. Cresent, Sucker State, Neunan,
Wilson, Miner's Prolific, Sharpless, Triumph.

Grapes. Herbemont, Concord, Ives, Hartford,
Champion, Empire State, Delaware (best of
all).

Pecans. Centennial, Round Papershell.
Walnuts. Native black.

III. OBSTACLES TO SUCCESSFUL CULTURE.

Apples do well in central and northern parts
of the state only, except some native summer
varieties of no fixed names. Oranges and
Loquats flourish in the southern part. The
peach borer, curculios, apple borer and grape-
leaf roller are prevalent, and near New Orleans
there is some mildew and anthracnose in grapes.
Few remedies have been tried. Blight exists to
some extent in Bartlett pears, and occasionally
in other vai'ieties. Oriental pears are so far
free from blight.

IV. CULTURE AND PRUNING.

No fixed or accepted methods have been
adopted; all is purely experimental. Grapes arc
chiefiy trained on stakes; trees, (peach, pear
and plum) generally low to protect the roots
and bud stock from the hot sun. Strawberries
are grown in matted rows after first year.

V. EXTENT OF CULTURE.

No statistics are available. In general, it may
be safely stated that to-day there is at least ten
times as much fruit growing as there was ten
years ago.

Minnesota.

Reported by S. D. Hillman, of Minneapolis,
Chairman of the State Fruit Committee.

The climate of Minnesota is somewhat varia-
ble, and at times somewhat phenomenal. Al-
though we have pleasant, sunshiny weather, as a
rule, our climate is subject to great extremes of
temperature at all seasons of the year, and these
marked and sudden changes, especially of the
winter months, are often quite trying to fruit
trees of various kinds. We have an excellent
soil, well adapted naturally to fruit growing, but
these extremes make the successful growth of
the apple, peach and pear, at least to any con-
siderable extent, more or less problematical.

The temperature at St. Paul during the win-
ter months, is practically the same as at Quebec,
being 15.8 degrees, mean temperature, as shown
by sixteen years' observations. The normal

STATE PKUIT REPOETS.

129

summer temperature, during a like period, was

I19.-4 degrees. The range of temperature is great
at times, but as a rule, the climate may be said
to lie remarkably agreeable and pleasant.

Among our native fruits are the plum, huckle-
berry, strawberry, raspberry, cranberry, black-
berry, dewberry, gooseberry, black haw, thorn-
apple, wild crabapple, juneberry, choke cherry,
dwarf black cherry, sand cherry and the wild
grape.

According to the assessor's returns, there were
189,955 apple trees in bearing in 1886, producing
123,000 bushels of apples. The number of trees
in bearing the following year, as shown by tin-
same report, was 160,926. These returns are of
course, only approximately correct.

The fruit season of 1887 was not a favorable
one. and a short yield was reported. The short-
age in the apple crop was due, in part, to the
severity of the two or three previous winters,
unfavorable conditions of weather in the blos-
soming season, and the prevalence of drought
during the summer months. Very few apples
were raised in the state; one orchard, however,
in Nobles County, produced between two and
three hundred bushels of fruit, largely of seed-
ling varieties.

Under the auspices of the State Horticultural
Society a very fair exhibit of fruit was made in
the fall at the State Fair, of apples, grapes and
native plums. Oldenburg and Wealthy took the
lead in the list of varieties of apples shown.

The season of 1888 was a favorable one for
fruit. Some serious losses were, however, ex-
perienced from late spring frosts, as well as
fromearlj frosts of autumn, the crop of plums
being cut short by the former, and grapes by
the latter. The crop of apples was unusually
large, and the fruit of remarkably fine appear-
ance and excellent quality.

The display of fruit at the State Fair in Sep-
tember, was one of the largest and finest ever
made in this state-, comprising over one thou-
sand plates.

Mr. William Somerville, of Olmsted County,
made a fine exhibit, including some twenty-five
new Russian varieties from his orchard. He
has about forty varieties in orchard, a number

of which were fruited for the first time this last
year. He is very sanguine of success in grow-
ing these new fruits in this state, and believes
that when the list is sifted down to some twenty-
five or thirty varieties, it will meet the require-
ments of fruit raisers and afford an abundance
of choice apples, of summer, fall and winter
varieties. He has experimented largely with
apples during the past twenty-nine years in
Minnesota, and has raised in some years sevei'al
hundred bushels of fruit.

At the State Experiment Station, a large num-
ber of Russian varieties have been planted with
a view of determining their value. During the
past year considerable additions were made to
this list. The number of Russian apple trees
now on trial at the station is about 1,300, includ-
ing some 260 varieties. Prof. S. B. Green, in
charge of the horticultural department, reports
a " strong, firm and healthy growth" made dur-
ing the season. The original Russian orchard
was planted in a very exposed position, on rich
soil. None of the trees have yet fruited. He
says: "I believe there is much to hope for from
our Russian apples, and that many of them will
be found adapted to the wants of Minnesota."
The Russian pears, Bessemianka and Waxen,
which stood the winter of 1887 with little, if
any, winter killing, made a fine growth, and ap-
pear to be as hardy as the Russian apples. Ar-
rangements have been male at the station to
plant during the coming season a large assort-
ment of Russian pears, as well as an orchard of
Russian cherries and plums.

Mr. Andrew Peterson, of Carver County, w ho
has grown Russian apples for several years past,
has a number of varieties in bearing which he
reports as being much hardier than Oldenburg.
One Lieby tree last year bore two barrels of
fruit, and several other kinds also produced
heavy crops. He recently imported sixty varie-
ties of apples from Sweden. He reports only
one variety of the lot sufficiently hardy lor this
climate, or at least for his location.

Mr. A. W. Sias, of Rochester, in this Stat.-,
who has been -rowing Russian apples to some
extent for several years, is well pl< ased with the
results thus far obtain' d

STATE FRflT REPORTS.

Considerable interest is being manifested in
the matter of originating new varieties of seed-
ling apples, with a view of obtaining choice win-
ter varieties of good size, and sufficient hardiness
to endure the trying climate of Minnesota, of
quality and fine appearance. These exper-
iments so far have not proved entirely satis-
factory. No long keeping seedling variety has
yet been originated of even medium quality, at
least that has met with public favor. Wealthy
is perhaps the best variety yet originated, every-
thing considered, but in most localities it is not
sufficiently hardy for propagation. It is not
much, if any, hardier than Fameuse, but is a
showy and very good dessert apple.

Mr. Peter M. Gideon has originated a number
of hybrid varieties, but the trees seem to be pre-
disposed to blight, and have not been sufficiently-
tested to commend them to public favor.

Considerable attention is being given in Min-
nesota to the propagation of the native plum.
Among the favorite varieties are DeSoto, Weaver,
Forest Garden, Rollingstone and Cheney. More
attention is being given of late to the growing
of grapes and small fruits, which can be pro-
duced in this state in large quantities and of ex-
cellent quality.

Among the varieties of fruit recommended at
the last annual meeting of the State Horticul-
tural Society were the following: Applies for
general cultivation: Duchess, Hibernal, Autumn
Streak. Russian varieties, for trial: White Rus-
set, Garden, Lieby. General Greig, Red Anis,
Antonovka, Titovka. Seedlings, for trial: Oka-
bena, Peerless, Victor, McMahon. Hybrids:
Whitney, Beech's Sweet, Early Strawberry,
( )range, Martha, Transcendent, Florence, Pow-
ers, Sweet Russet. Grapes: Moore's Early,
Concord, Delaware, Worden, Brighton. Wilder,
Janesville. For trial: Niagara, Woodruff Red,
Victor, Bacchus and Wyoming Red.

Missouri.

Reported by W. G. Gano, of Olden, Chair-
man of the State Fruit Committee.

1. The report for the southern part of the State
of Missouri, will vary somewhat from other
parts. Here we find the -peach in its prime: the

soil and climate seem well adapted to its produc-
tion, and the southern slope of Ozarks appears
destined to become the future home of this fruit.

The apple seems also at home here on top of
the moutaius, and it is grown in beautiful colors.
The pear also nourishes well. The plum, apri-
cot and nectarine, are not grown in amount, and
do not succeed as well.

The berries are all a grand success, especially
the raspberry. The currant and quince are not
profitable.

The grape grows well and bears well in all
parts of the state, but in many places it is
troubled with the rot.

2. Every year we are finding new varieties of
apples, and we hope some day, to show the East-
ern people an apple equal in value and quality
to the Baldwin and R. I. Greening. Nearly all
of our best new varieties are red in color.

The Gano, Shackleford, Howell, Ozark, Bab-
bitt and Cocca, are all promising new varieties,
originating here in the West, and we hone they
will prove of very much value to us.

3. The apple known as McAfee's Nonsuch, is
►in many places wrongly called Stephenson Pip-
pin, and I know of many others wrongly named.
To give a list of them would require too much
space, and we can only correct them when we
find them.

4. The greatest obstacle to grape growing is
the rot. The preventative recommended by the
U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture has been
successfully used by many.

The canker worm and codling moth have
been a serious drawback to the apple grower,
but we do not fear them. The arsenites furnish
a complete remedy.

Blight ruins our pear orchards, and we can do
nothing for it. The only success I find with
pears is on the new timber lands, where the tim-
ber has all been burned on the ground; how
long success will last here I cannot say.

The cuiculio on the plum seals their fate, and
spraying with arsenites, is only a partial remedy.

The twig blight on the apple is only occasion-
ally of much damage.

5. We have become entirely satisfied that good
culture, judicious pruning and careful manage-

STATE FKUIT REPORTS.

131

mexrt, are necessary to the success of the orchard.
Cultivate well and do not rob the ground of all
its substance; plant no crops after the trees are
four or tive years old, but keep up the cultiva-
tion just the same, until August. Prune the
pear and apple as little as possible.

6. The planting of fruit trees has kept pace
with the growth of this western country, and we
see every year hundreds of thousands of acres
newly planted.

Oar fruit report shows that the value of the
fruit crop of the state has grown, in the last few
years, from one million dollars to over six mil-
lions.

The number of acres in apples, pears, berries
and peaches, I could not even approximate. It
is sufficient to say that our surplus is increasing
very rapidly, ami is proving the peculiar adap-
tability of our state for producing fruits of
nearly all kinds to supply a vast western terri-
tory which will never grow enough fruit for its
own use.

7. As to the rules of pomology, our State So-
ciety has adopted the same rules as are printed
in your Proceedings, and when any new fruit
comes out we invariably require the adoption of
some simple name. The revision of the old

names we very much like, and the revised m s

are now being adopted by many of our fruit and
commission men, as well as nurserymen.

S. Miller, of Bluff ton, reports: "Nearly all
a p] iles succeed well here.

"Of new plums, Golden Beauty, De Soto, Deep
Creek, and Louisa, promise well.

"Of pears, Kieffer, Garber, and Vicar, succeed
well. Blight on pear trees is kept in check by
keeping trees in sod, washing the limbs with
sulphur whitewash, and oiling with linseed oil.
Codling moth is cheeked by poultry and hogs
in the orchards, and the curculio by smoking
the trees with coil tar, green cedar branches, or
mouldy hay. Good culture is besl for all fruits
except the pear."

X. F. Murray, of Elm Grove, reports for
North Missouri:

"North Missouri is not a peach or raspberry
country, but most fruits succeed wed.

"The whole business of fruit growing is chang-

ing. While nearly every one seeks to grow
enough fruit for home use, only a few are tr\ ing
to grow fruit in a commercial way,and these are
seeking to place their business on a higher
plane by growing better fruit, in larger quan-
tities, using more care and skill, which in every
instance is giving satisfactory results.

"The obstacles to successful fruit culture in
North Missouri are, extreme cold, sudden
changes, drouth, a hard pan soil t in many places
holding water, and damaging the roots), rabbits
and borers (prevented by screens of wire),
codling moth. A solution of white arsenic, two
ounces to one hundred gallons of water, sprayed
on the trees by a force pump and hose, three
times, at intervals of a week, when the apples
are small, has been found a suceess in saving
the apples from the codling moth. Jarring
upon white canvas is practiced with success for
the plum curculio."

Mississippi.

Reported by J. J. Colmant, of Columbus,
Chairman of the State Fruit Committee.

The state, from the Gulf to the Tennessee
line, has elevations varying from a few feet to
1,500 feet above the tide water of the Gulf of
Mexico, the latter elevations occurring in latitude
33° 30'. Fruits have been cultivated with
varying success in locations where apparent-
ly the same results should have been produced.
Thus, while in Winston County, at an elevation
of lit 10 to 800 feet, and in the same latitude in
N>\ubee County, at an elevation of only 300
feet, the Concord grape has been and is now
su issfully cultivated, the vines yielding heav-
ily, and the fruit of very good quality. In the
counties north and south of Noxubee the Con-
cord has been a complete failure during the last
four years. Mr. D. E. Holt, a fruit grower at
Terry, has given the following valuable infor-
mation for the part of the state in which he
lives. Mr. Holt says: "Apples arc not much
grown for market; lied Lstrachan, Earlj Har-
vest and Early Strawberry are the principal
varieties. There are -1111- orchards of

LeConte pears, but other pears are not much
grown for market. The most profitable peaches

132

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

for market are Amsden, Early Rivers, Tillotson,
Yellow St. John, Crawford and Foster; of
plums, Chickasaw, Wild Goose and some young
orchards of Mariana are planted for market.
Some Concord grapes are planted for market,
but no wine is made. The Japan persimmon is
successfully grown, but not to any extent. Of
the Japan plums, Kelsey has fruited in several
localities and seems to do well. The Wilson,
Crescent, Neunan and Sucker State are the
principal strawberries raised in the western
part of Mississippi for northern markets. Mr.
Holt also mentions a new strawberry, Warrior,
an accidental seedling of great promise, purely
southern. The obstacles to successful fruit cul-
ture are curculio, codling moth, and sometimes
late spring frosts. The first two can be over-
come by spraying with the usual mixture; and
with a Paris green wash, frequently applied, the
borer is kept in check.

Mr. W. H. Cassell, of Canton, in his report
of January 2, 1889. says: " Mention the fact that
the LeConte pear has blighted in several places
the past season on its own roots, and that its
being used as a stock for other pears, gives them
no protection whatever against blight. I had
Bartletts in nursery rows, side by side, some
on French pear and some on LeConte. Both
were attacked to some extent by blight, and
about an equal number of each were affected."

This, with Mr. Cassell's former reports, cov-
ers the ground for West Mississippi.

The eastern part of Mississippi, has not many
orchards of large size, hence very little shipping
of fruits is done. The peach crops in the mid-
dle and southern parts of the state have more or
less failed during the last decade, and especially
have the earlier varieties, like Alexander and
its synonyms proven very unprofitable. Peaches
that ripen after the middle of June have
brought the best prices in northern markets.

Apples and pears produce very well in the
eastern parts of the state, and especially so in
soils containing lime. On our prairie lands, and
on the undulating clay lands which are rich in
mineral matter, such apples as Buncombe,
Equinetelee, Taunton, Ben Davis, Etowah,
Shockley, Stevenson's, etc., grove to perfection,

I have kept Hall until March; though small, it
is of very good quality.

We can count on a pear crop four times in
five years. Pears seem to do better here than
elsewhere in the state. We have not had any
blight worth mentioning during the last twelve
years.

I raise the very best of LeConte pears on
trees grafted on Belgian stocks in 1877. The
trees are more thrifty than those grown from
cuttings. Nearly all pears of the catalogues do
well in this part of the state, and they do better
as standards than as dwarfs.

Plums are not much cultivated here. Of the
lately introduced plums, P. Pissardi bore some
palatable fruit. Kelsey, Simoni and Ogon prom-
ise well.

The Labrusca family of grapes has failed
completely in many parts of the state, while in
a few other parts even Concords are grown with
success. Black rot is the principal pause of
failure. In lands containing much mineral
matter the Concord does well in some seasons;
also in newly cleared sandy lands it will produce
four or five good crops. Ives and Delaware are
not much affected with black rot, if a hundred
yards or more distant from Concords or other
grapes easily affected with the rot.

The pecan (Carya olivceformis) will become
the most important fruit for the Gulf coast.
Though it grows well in all parts of Mississippi,
it is on the Gulf coast and in river bottoms that
it attains its perfection. Large orchards are in
bearing on the coast, and more are planted every
year. By selecting the largest thin shelled nuts,
similar fruit is produced. On the coast the
apple, pear and peach are not as successfully
grown as farther north in the state, and even the
orange has failed in many localities on account
of the severity of the winters a few years ago.
The pecan, however, the Scuppernong, Thomas
and Tenderpulp grapes, of the Vitis vulpina
type, the fig, and the Everbearing mulberries,
can be grown with almost neverfailing success,
if properly cared for.

In the northern part of this state, fruit grow-
ing is also on the increase, especially peaches
and strawberries, As a summary of my observa-

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

i:;:i

lions I would say that the Alexander peach, and
all other peaches ripening within two weeks of
Alexander, should not be planted for Northern
markets, for even if they should ripen to per-
fection, they will not ship well nor sell well.

Clingstone peaches, though the most salable
in the South, will bring from ten to fifteen per
cent, less in Northern markets than freestone
peaches.

The Early Harvest, and especially Carolina
June, are the most profitable apples for North-
ern markets.

The LeConte pear is overrated. The market
will he overstocked, and other pears sell at a
profit, when LeConte will be selling at a loss to
the shipper. In localities where late spring
s occur, blight will prevail. Blight has not
increased in my orchard of over six hundred
standard pear trees. The profitable peavs for
East Mississippi are Bartlett, Angouleme, Anjou
and Kieffer. I have had large crops of Le-
Conte during the last six years; but the above
named pears brought better prices when the
LeConte novelty was over with my customers.

In localities where the Concord grape has
become unprofitable on account of black rot,
dig the vines and burn them. Plant Ives and
Delaware in fresh soil, far removed from the
former Concord plantings, and grape growing,
will become profitable again.

New York.

Reported by Charles A. Green, of Rochester,
Chairman of the State Fruit Committee.

Fruit growing as a business pursuit is pros-
perous. The falmlous expectations of earlier
days have given way to the more reasonable
hope of securing such profits as would be satis-
factory in other lines of business equally safe,
healthy and enjoyable. We have learned the
folly of expecting any line of industry, open to
all competition, to yield extravagant profits dur-
ing a long term of years. In the natural order
of things this is impossible, for competition
steps in. am! turns the tide the other way for a
season. Then comes a healthy reaction, leading
to close business methods, such as are now being
pursu
Q

I regard the present a good time for engaging
in fruit culture, for the reason that expectations
will not now lie pitched too high. If we begin
operations with hopes of enormous profits, and
rapid increase of wealth, our expenditures are
liable to be correspondingly lavish, and disap-
pointment is apt to result. Rut now economy
will prevail.

Will the fruit markets be glutted? This has
been the nightmare that has hovered over the
fruit grower's pillow for twenty years. The
markets have not been glutted where 'proper
distribution has been secured, but the fear for
next year's glut continues. Of inferior fruit,
fruit of poor quality, or poorly packed, or not
well sorted, there is apt always to be a glut. But
of fine fruit, well packed, there is but little
danger of a glut. Production is increasing
rapidly, more especially of grapes and apples,
but new^ markets are being found, car load lots
going to Denver Colorado, to Minnesota, Kansas,
etc., and as prices are reduced more people form
the habit of eating fruit, and the producer learns
how to produce at less cost. The best Concords
were sold the past season in ten pound baskets
at sixteen cents per basket net, basket and all,
and the result was profitable to the grower.
Five years ago we would not have thought it
possible to produce at such low prices. Our
methods of pruning and culture have improved,
and above all our methods of marketing. In old
times each grower sold for himself, paid high
rates for shipment, commission, etc. Now sev-
eral growers of grapes, apples, pears, etc., club
together and fill a car, or ten cars, daily or
weekly, as the case may be. All goes to one
commission house, all are paid for in one cheek,
and one of the shippers divides the money
among all who put fruit in the car. Thus a
small grower who could not pay double freight
on half a car load of grapes, apples, etc., gets
car [oad rates for freight, and more rapid transit,
as Bpecial attention is given such full car lots.
The commission house also expects the full car
load h>ts at certain inter- als and makes sales in
advance.

Home markets are often overlooked. It pays
well to supply the home market, and it is aston-

13i

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

ishing how much fruit will be consumed, even
in the open country and smaller villages, if sup-
plied daily with both small and large fruits, and
commission and freights are saved. My own
locality is well supplied from our fruit farm, and
I can testisfy to the rapid increase of consump-
tion. When we began twelve years ago in a
small way, we had more difficulty in selling a
small quantity than we now have in selling a
large quantity. The villagers have learned to
eat fruit, more and more each year.

But we must produce a better quality of fruit.
As people get experience in consuming fruit
they demand better varieties. If we sell a sour
basket of grapes, or inferior berries, or other
fruits, we are not so warmly welcomed the next
time our wagon calls at the consumer's house.
He is apt to conclude that his family do not like
fruit. The last did not relish very well. He
can dispense, with it without great sacrifice. But
if the varieties sold were of fine flavor, and well
ripened, the remembrance of them is retained,
and more demanded by every member of the
family. If I buy a dozen oranges for my family
and they are sour, do I hunt around for more
the next day when in the market? No. The
children and the wife remark, "Those oranges
were sour. Don't get any more. We don't like
oranges." But if the oranges were sweet and
juicy, I am praised for my gift, my family saiacks
its lips, and I buy and buy as long as money
and the supply hold out, and who can estimate
the increased consumption resulting, as a conse-
quence of such conditions, in every home and
every market?

In this state we have planted the Baldwin ap-
ple largely. More than nine-tenths of the or-
chards are Baldwin. We have made a mistake.
The Baldwin is not of good enough quality.
People buy a basket or a barrel, they go off
slowly; some are left to rot; no more are wanted.
If the barrel had contained Hubbardstons or
Swaars all would have been quickly eaten, and
other baskets or barrels purchased, hence a large
increase of consumption.

" Is the Baldwin good enough tor your pat-
rons," I inquired of a leading Rochester grocer?

"No, it is not, My patrons will not buy it if

they can get other kinds. It is not good eating
out of hand, and is not so good for cooking as
the Greening, Spy, etc."

Our insect enemies are no longer masters of
the situation. Fruit growers can now have
apples, pears, etc., free from worm holes if they
are not too lazy to apply the remedies. A spray
of water, in which Paris green or London pur-
ple has been mixed, applied to the apple, pear,
plum or cherry tree in a proper manner, will rid
the trees of injurious insects at trifling cost, yet
but few avail themselves of these remedies. It
has recently been discovered that the plum cur-
culio feeds upon the foliage as well as the fruit
of the plum and cherry, hence is easily de-
stroyed with the spray. Also that the curculio
works in the apple tree seriously if no plums
(which it prefers) are near by. It is advised
that plums be planted near apple orchards, for
the curculios can be fought and killed in the few
plum trees without going all over the apple or-
chard.

What varieties shall we plant? is the vexing
question, not only to the novice, but to the ex-
perienced as well, and on the selection success
largely depends. While quality is desirable,
quality alone must not govern; while beauty is
desirable, that alone must not rule; while vigor
' and hardiness are desirable, these alone will not
make profitable i >rchards or vineyards. We must
put all the desirable qualifications of a variety,
with all its defects on the scale, and then decide
which we will plant. We must also look ahead
to the probable improvement in the taste of the
public which is to consume the fruits of our
planting and to the possible results of new va-
rieties not yet tested. At best, the selection of
varieties is something of a lottery, for often va-
rieties that succeed on one farm will fail to do
as well on the adjoining farm.

While I would advise planting but few varie-
ties for market, I will name below a few varieties
which I recommend as worthy of cultivation in
this state, though they will do better in some
parts of the state than in others:

Apples. — Bailey Sweet, Baldwin, Ben Davis,
Blenheim, Detroit Red, Early Harvest, Esopus
Npitzeuburgh, Fanny, Golden Russet, Golden

STATE FRUIT REPOB VS.

135

Sweet, Gravenstein, Grimes Golden, Hendricks
Sweet, HubbardstoD, Jonathan, Late Strawberry,

Maiden's Blush, Mcintosh Red, Mother, Spy,
Shannon. Oldenburg, Peek's Pleasant, Porter,
Pumpkin Sweet, Rainbo, Red Astrachan, Red
Canada, R. I. Greening, Roxbury Russet, St.
Lawrence, Shiawassee Beauty, Sutton Beauty,
Swaar, Sweet Bough, Talman Sweet, King,
Twenty Ounce, Wagner, Wealthy, Yellow Bell-
flower, Yellow Transparent, Fall Pippin, Red
Beitigheimer, Stump, Kirkland, Lady Sweet.

Pears. — I recommend the following as espec-
ially worthy of culture: Angouleme, Anjou,
Bartlett, Bosc, Buffum, Clairgeau, Clapp's Fav-
orite, Dana's Hovey, Flemish Beauty, Howell,
Josephine de Maliues, Kieffer, Lawrence, Louise
I!. Mine, Seckel, Sheldon, Souvenir du Congres,
Summer Doyenne, Tjsju, Winter Nellis.

Plums. Bavay's Green Gage, Bradshaw,
Coe's Golden Drop, German Prune, Gen. Hand,
Hiding's Superb, Imperial Gage, Jefferson, Lom-
bard, McLaughlin, Pond's Seedling, Quackeu-
boss, Shropshire Damson. Washington, Yellow
Egg, Niagara.

Cherries — Sweet: Napoleon, Yellow Spanish,
Black Tartarian, Windsor. Sour: Richmond,
Heine Horteuse, Montmorency, Louis Phillipe,
English Morello.

Peaches. Alexander, Crawford's Early, Craw-
Eord's Late, Early York, Foster, Mountain Rose,
Old Mixon, Rivers, Stump the World, Globe,
and Smock.

Strawberries. — Older varieties: Sharpless,
Downing, Wilson, Crescent. Newer kinds: Jes-
sie, Bubach.

Grapes.- Older varieties: Concord, Wordi q,
Brighton. Delaware. Newer varieties: Niagara,
Moyer, Diamond, Eaton, Mills.

Raspberries. Black: ( rregg, Ohio, Souhegan,
Doolittle. Newer kinds: Nemaha, Hilborn, Pal-
mer. Eled: Cuthbert, Marlboro, Shaffer. Newer
kinds: ( rolden Queen.

Blackberries. — Taylor, Snyder. Newer: Min-
newaska.

Gooseberries. — Downing, Houghton. Newer:
Industry, but it mildews in some places.

North Carolina.

Reported by J. VanLindley, of Pomona, Chair-
man of the State Fruit Committee.

For the year 1SSS, there was a fair fruit crop
in most parts of North Carolina. In some sec-
tions, however, the peach and other early bloom-
ing fruits were killed by late spring frosts. Mr.
N. W. Craft, of Yadkin County, near the moun-
tains, reports a fine crop of apples, peaches,
pears, strawberries and grapes, and says he
gathered fifty bushels of apples from one tree
of the Royal Limber Twig. The tree was thirty
years old. The following are the varieties which
he says do best in his section: Early Harvest,
Red June, Maryland, Horse, Sine-qua-non, Buck-
ingham, Fall Queen, Bonum, Harper's Seed-
ling, Royal Limber Twig, Red Limber Twig,
Red Cheese, North Carolina Keeper, Ben Davis,
Edwards, Wine Sap and David's Winter.

The following pears do best in his section:
Bloodgood, Doyenne d'Ete, White Doyenne,
Bartlett, Angouleme, Lawrence, Seckel, Clair-
geau, Souvenir du Congres, and Doyenne
d' Alencon. All grapes, strawberries and peaches
do well. Mr. Moses Hobbs, of Edenton, reports
that he has an orchard of pears at Mag's Head,
Dare County, in the northeastern part of the state,
on the coast. He has one hundred Seckel and
three acres in Angoulemes. At the date of his
writing, Sept. 26th, 1888, he says he had netted
Si, 400 from the sale of fruit, and had two hun-
dred bushels of pears not yet sold; so those
two varieties of pears seem quite profitable in
that section.

Mr. W. L. Baxter, of Ridgeway, in the north-
eastern part of the state, about one hundred
miles from the coast, reports the following list
of fruits cultivated in his section for Northern
markets:

Strawberries. — Ranking in order as wiitten:
Eoffman, Crescent, May King, Sharpless, Wil-
son.

Wild Goose Plum. More certain than
hes.

Peaches. — Very uncertain of late years, hav-
ing been killed by spring frosts. If any were
left they would rot just before ripening. The
last good crop was in 1882.

136

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

Grapes. — A sure crop, but of late years badly
affected with black rot. Prices are getting
lower every year. The following varieties are
grown :

Ives Seedling — the most hardy black variety,
and most free from rot.

Concord — rots badly, especially in old vine-
yards.

Champion — the earliest black grape, of poor
quality.

Moore's Early — a fine grape, which rots but
little.

Worden — a fine grape, which rots but little.

Brighton — a fine grape of fine quality, but
which mildews badly in warm seasons and rots
some.

Delaware — free from rot; mildews badly in
some seasons, but brings good prices when
perfect.

Lady — no rot or mildew; the earliest white
grape.

Martha — rots some; free from mildew.

Perkins — free from rot or mildew; very foxy.

Niagara — a fine grape, but rots.

Elvira — a great bearer, compact, tree from rot
or mildew.

Empire State- inclined to rot, but not gen-
erally tested.

Apples. — Do fairly well, but are only planted
for family use.

Pears. — All varieties blight.

We have a new grape, James, of the rotundi
folia species: black, large size, good quality,
very prolific. Commences to ripen in July, and
continues till frost. It is a very valuable grape,
which originated in Pitt County, and will suc-
ceed wherever the Scuppernong does.

Irvin's October, is another new grape, of the
Labrusca species, if I am not mistaken. It has
long, pendant, large shouldered bunches, with
medium berries, of a dingy red color, sweet and
good. It is very valuable on account its late-
ness. It originated on the old Irvin farm in
Guilford County, many years ago; but has just
been brought to public notice. In the South
about all of our best grapes ripen in July and
August, hence t he value of Irvin's October for
the South. It would be worthless in the North.

The Lutie has borne with me two years. It
is extremely hardy, and when fully ripe is a fine
grape. Many good judges at our state fruit fair
tested its quality, and pronounced it equal to
any grape on exhibition, and a large collection
of the best older varieties was on exhibition. It
is one of the most valuable Southern grapes,
regardless of what was said about it in the
report of 1885.

[An accompanying list of recommended
changes in the Catalogue was adopted.]

Nova Scotia.

Reported by Charles E. Brown, Chairman of
the Fruit Committee for Nova Scotia.

Under date of November 14th, 1887, I was
advised of my appointment as Chairman of the
Fruit Committee for this Province, of the Amer-
ican Pomological Society, and asked to select
and forward at that date the names of associate
members. These were given as follows:

Prof. Lawson, Secretary of Agriculture, Hal-
ifax; Bev. J. B, Hart, President N. S. F. G. As-
sociation, Bridgetown; C. R. H. Starr, Secretary,
Port Williams; W. B. Wentzel, Bridgewater.

Previous volumes report in full as to fruit
growing in the Province, history, progress, va-
rieties, etc. Under the stimulus of a European
market, there is a steady expansion of planting;
the total shipments doubled in about four years,
and will soon be up in the millions of barrels.

The season of 1888 throughout Nova Scotia,
was one of unprecedented rainfall, the wet,
overcast weather continuing from the middle of
July to November. A large proportion of the
small fruit crop failed to mature, rotting before
ripe. The apple crop was small in quantity and
poor iu quality; the long keeping kinds failed
to mature or to keep after storing. In the two
leading fruit counties of the Province, King's
and Annapolis, it is much to the credit of the
( Iravenstein that it rises superior to adverse ele-
ments, that variety alone of twenty-six popular
kinds, being reported in both counties, as above
the average in yield by twenty per cent., and ex-
celling in quality by a small percentage as well.

STATE FKUTT BEPOB I S.

i:;7

Rhode Island.

Reported by Jos. H. Bourn, of Providence,
Chairman of the State Fruit Committee.

The fruit crop of Rhode Island for ISSN was
not a profitable one, on account of the cold, wet,

sunless season.

Strawberries are a most capricious and irreg-
ular crop. More complaint than usual is made
of barren strawberries; and no remedy is better
than to rely on young plantations. The favorites,
Downing, Miner's and Sharpless did not afford
a respectable show of well ripened, sweet fruit,
while May King, Jersey Queen, Prince, Parry,
aont and Jewell barely retained their usual
good qualities. The newer varieties, Jessie,
Bubach No. 5, Gold, Cardinal and Dorchester
fruited under adverse conditions; their true
merits mast be ascertained after another year's
trial.

The plum crop was below the average, with
the exception of Lombard, the trees of which
were loaded with fruit that kept unusually late.

The grape crop was injured by a heavy, early
September frost. The Massasoit, Barry and
Niagara matured as well as any, and bagging
was a beneficial protection. Grapes grown on
elevated wiies resisted frosts better than those
trained near the ground. The Empire State,
Ulster, Eaton, Herbert and Mills matured their
wood well.

The pear crop was a partial failure. Some of
our best dessert pears were unusually thin of
fruit, and spi cimens were under size. Superfine,
Lucrative, I >ana's Hovey, Sheldon and Bonne of
Ezec were among the best in flavor.

Apples were Eairly good. The Gravenstein,
Fall Pippin, Tompkins' King, Baldwin, R. I.
Greening, Bowen, Garfield and Roxbury were
unusually line, but every year we find the field
of apple selection is widening. I tie I 'al
Sutton Beauty, McLellan, Dyer, Jewett's Red,
Hawley, Mother, Garden Royal, Jonathan and
Mexico are now among our choices! variel i<

A weakness or tendency to disease pervades

many fruits in Rhode Island. The Early Har-

apple; White Doyenne, Die! and Flemish

Beauty pears; Black Eagle and Black Tartarian

cherries; Isabella and Creveling grapes ;Triomphe

de Gand, Jucunda and Wilson strawberries, are

only a few varieties of the many that are now
grown with indifferent success.

Cultivated fruits will grow for their allotted
time, and supply us plentifully as long as our
plans conform to those conditions of soil and
climate which are necessary to the health and
vigor of the plants, and no longer.

The best fruits of to-day may be prolonged;
but decline will inevitably come, and newer
varieties will take their places, to be supplanted
in due time by others.

Pennsylvania.

Reported by H. M. Engle, of Marietta, Chair-
man of the State Fruit Committee.

There is, even after a period of four years,
since my last report, not much to be said that is
new and important; not that our state is not
progressing at all in fruil culture, but that
progress is much slower than enterprising porno-
logists wish to see. In some localities there is
sufficient interest manifested to indicate more
rapid progress in the future.

Juniata County is having quite a boom in
peach culture in consequence of the enterprise
of the Smith brothers, mentioned in a preceding
report. About 15 years ago they planted a few
hundred trees as an experiment, on land worth
$15 to $20 an acre. Not having had any expe-
rience in peach growing, but being close obser-
vers, enterprising and industrious, they suc-
ceeded so well that not only Juniata Count}-, but
the neighboring counties of Mifflin, Hunting-
ton, Blair and others, are now awake to the pos-
sibilities of peach culture within their borders.

The Smith brothers have for years been ship-
ping peaches by the carload, not only into (he min-
ing regions, but also to Philadelphia, thus unex-
pectedly encroaching upon the peach monopoly
of Delaware and Eastern Maryland.

From the nucleus of the few hundred trees
referred to, 1 nave learned from reliable reports

that last season Sol), 00(1 passed through the

banks at Mifflin for peaches, and the proceeds
from local sales musl also have I n consider-
able.

L38

STATE FKUIT REPOKTS.

Three hundred thousand peach trees were in-
tended to be planted last spring, principally in
Juniata County. There are a half dozen or
more other counties in this state where peach
culture can be made equally successful; and in-
dications are that Pennsylvania will at no dis-
tant day, not only grow the peaches needed for
home consumption but have a surplus for
abroad.

Small fruit culture has also received an impe-
tus in the above named counties. Raspberries
particularly, have been planted by the ten thou-
sand.

Although the northern and northwestern por-
tions of the state are as well adapted to apple cul-
ture as the southern are to peach culture, there is
little indication at present of a tendency to exten-
sive planting for commercial purposes. With the
exception of the counties adjacent to Philadel-
phia, where fruits are grown for the city market,
Berks, York, Adams, and Franklin are probably
the leading counties for general large fruit cul-
ture, as also to small fruit culture to some ex-
tent.

Insect depredations have not yet received the
attention necessary to give material aid to fruit
culture, but there is quite a disposition shown
by progressive growers to profit by the success
the few have had in the application of arsenical
mixtures.

Diseases of fruit and fruit trees have received
still less attention than insects. Yellows in the
peach is probably the most difficult of all tree
diseases to prevent or counteract, and it seems
difficult to persuade planters in general that it
is not caused by borers; consequently, instead
of removing trees as soon as they show signs of
yellows, they are left to stand for the sake of a
lew sickly peaches until they are dead, when the
usual conclusion reached is: "Peaches don't
succeed as well as when our fathers planted
them along the fences."

Pear and quince tries may sometimes be
saved when affected by blight by amputating
(lie diseased branches, hence some try to save
peach trees by the same method.

One of the greatest drawbacks to fruit culture
in general in this state, is the neglect to keep

up the fertility of the soil, which in many cases
invites disease, and to some extent, insect depre-
dations. While field crops, as a rule, are not
expected to yield full returns without a properly
fertilized soil, the orchard is expected to yield a
crop of fruit, and a field crop in addition, with
little or no manure.

From the southeastern to the northwestern
borders of our state there is quite a variety of
soils, climates, altitudes and conditions, and
planters who make proper selection of fruits
adapted to the various localities and conditions,
seldom fail to succeed. We still have a large
majority of those who plant at haphazard, and
who consequently do not succeed, insisting that
it "don't pay."

New fruits are introduced so rapidly that it is
almost impossible to be posted well on all; as it
is, I have no changes to recommend in the
Catalogue for our state.

Mr. Frederick Jaekel, of Hollidaysburgh,
Blair County, member of the State Fruit Com-
mittee, reports as follows:

" In this section of the state all kinds of fruit,
apples, pears, plums, peaches, cherries, grapes,
and berries of all kinds, do well in most situa-
tions. The fruits grown here are believed to be
finer in appearance and better in flavor than
the same kinds grown farther south. Compara-
tively little fruit is grown here for market, how-
ever, and few persons are well informed upon
the subject of fruit growing. Yet there has
been a gradual increase in the production and
consumption of fruit, and probably four times
as much is used in proportion to population
now as ten or twenty years ago. Large quan-
tities of fruit of all kinds are imported from
Delaware, New Jersey, and Maryland, with
apples from New York, Ohio, and other places.
Raspberries and blackberries grow wild in
abundance on the mountains and are shipped in
considerable amounts to markets east and west,
besides those used at home and supplied to the
guests at the numerous summer resorts. Almost
every family depends on the wild berries for its
preserves and " spreads."

" The apple and cherry seem to increase in
health the higher one ascends up the Alleghany

STATE FRflT REPORTS.

139

Mountains, and nowhere have I found healthier
and thriftier orchards than in those sections of
Cambria, Centre, and Somerset Counties, reach-
ing from 14,000 to 19,00(1 feet above the sea,
where ice freezes almost every month in the
year. There are orchards in that section which
were planted more than fifty years ago, and
which though sadly neglected still bear an
abundance of almost perfect fruit. There are
fewer insects and diseases at these high alti-
tudes than elsewhere in the state.

"In counties south of Blair, peaches grow
finely, but only a few are planted, and those sel-
dom properly cared for. Pears are but little
grown. Blight is troublesome mainly in young-
orchards, three to ten years old. The kinds
which suffer most are, beginning with those
most affected: Bartlett, Vicar, Howell, Madel-
aiue and LeConte. Bartlett however is still
regarded as at the head for profit, with Duchess
i dwarf) next on the list. Kieffer is very profit-
able, perhaps more so than any other, but it is
too acid and is liable to overbear.

" Plums are grown in small orchards, and do
well. The curculio is less troublesome than the
black knot. The best variety for all purposes is
the German Prune.

Of cherries the Hearts and Bigarreaus should
only be planted on rich soil; though cultivation
is not necessary. These are less profitable than
the Dukes and Morellos, of which Montmorency
Ordinaire deserves, under all circumstances, the
first place. It is an early and prolific bearer,
responds freely to good cultivation, and as the
fruit is somewhat acid it is not attacked by the
birds so much as other kinds.

" Of peaches, the medium early varieties, tln.se
ripening from August 10th to October 20th, are,
best, and the must profitable variety is undoubt-
edly Early Crawford. Peaches from Delaware
and Maryland are imported in large quantities,
but within the last two years the orchards of

Mifflin County have done i siderable toward

supplying the demand.

"The quince is but little grown on account of
borers.

"Grapes, mainlj Concord, generally do well,
but are seldom grown for market. Late spring

frosts are prevalent and injurious, both to grapes
and orchard fruits, but may be largely avoided
by planting on the high lands."

South Carolina.

Reported by L. A. Ransom, of Columbia,

Chairman of the State Fruit Committee.

Fruit culture does not receive the attention in
South Carolina that the soil and climate justify.
Almost every farmer in moderate circumstances
grows some fruit for home use, but generally it
is done in so loose and careless a manner that
the results are unsatisfactory and rarely profita-
ble.

From the Alpiue region of the state, down
through the Piedmont and Middle Belts to the
coast, there is scarcely any fruit, common to the
United States, that cannot be successfully grown.
Col. R. M. Sims, President of the South Caroli-
na Horticultural Society, says: "All fruits of the
temperate zone, and many of the semi-tropical
ones grow in South Carolina." Apples, peaches,
pears, plums, cherries, grapes, melons, figs, and
berries are grown, and "on the coast," says
Hammond, "the olive and the orange bring their
fruit to full perfection. Once only during a pe-
riod of sixteen years, previous to 1880, were the
orange trees injured by frost, when the tops of
about one-fourth were killed. The fruit from
single trees in the neighborhood of Beaufort, has
for a series of years sold for $150 to s250. The
oranges of this region bring a higher price in the
market and are thought superior to those grown
further south. Even the banana, with a not ex-
pensive protection, has been made to ripen its
fruit. Fig trees of every variety, with little or
no attention, grow everywhere and produce sev-
eral abundant crops yearly." In the sand hills
of the Middle Belt the same writer mentions a
peach orchard where the proprietor cultivated,
with three hands, sixty acres in this fruit, and in
six years made crops realizing from $5,000 to
$10,000. In this section watermelons aregrown
in great quantities, and of large size and excel-
lent quality. In 1670 colonists rep irted seeing
peach trees on St. Helena Island. It is si
that in recent years hundreds .if thousands of
cutting- of the Warren grape, native in the

140

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

Piedmont Region of this state, bave been or-
dered from France, and being planted there
have yielded wine of excellent quality. "The
Alpine Region," Hammond says, " is blessed with
an unusual number of clear days, and a large
amount of sunshine. The fig tree there thrives
without protection, at an elevation of 1,500 feet
above the sea."

The pecan, English walnut, and other nuts
can be made profitable in several sections of
South Carolina.

New Native Varieties. - Major J. J. Lucas, of
Darlington County, has a fine seedling autumn
apple that he considers worthy of cultivation.

Mr. Alfred Moore, of York County, has dis-
covered a pear on his place that seems to be a
hybrid, partaking of the quality and sweetness
of the sugar pear, and having the size and shape
of the "Choke" pear, but not so prolific as either
variety.

Dr. E. T. Avery, of York County, has a new
pear of promise, as large as the Bartlett, which
ripens in July, and resembles the Flemish
Beauty.

Mr. B. Frank Keese, of Oconee County, has a
seedling from a Red June apple that is white,
but when ripe is a bright yellow. The tree is a
moderate grower and a prolific annual bearer.

Mr. H. B. Buist, of Greenville, has a late
seedling grape, which has fruited for ten years,
which is supposed to be a cross between the
Catawba and Brighton. It is a little inclined
to mildew, but is hardy, and a strong grower.

Synonyms. — The Amelia peach is called ."Old
June," Alexander is called "Amsden." Tall Top
apple is sometimes called " Earle." This variety
is reported to have been in the state for sixty
years. The Shockley apple is known by the
mountain people of Oconee as the " Neverfail,"
and some nurserymen tag it the "Horse Bud."
In York County the Lincoln or Black July
grape is called the "Hart."

Obstacles to Fruit Culture.— The chief obsta-
cles to fruit culture in South Carolina consist of
variable spring weather and late frosts; insects;
blight in apples and pears: black rot and mildew
in grapes; the lack of a home market, and the
high freight rates on fruit shipped cut of the
state.

Remedies. — Winter cultivation and mulching;
bagging the bunches of grapes; kainit applied

in early spring, about two pounds to the tree,
sown broadcast under the tree for rot and cur-
culio; applications of lime, blue stone and the
various insecticides, and lime wash with carbolic
acid; pigs and poultry for the curculio.

Culture ami Pruning. — Deep winter plowing,
running shallow near the trees, and pruning
in the latter part of September. Some growers
prune in March. Short stems and pyramidal
heads are desired. Low trees do best on up-
lands, and high on bottoms.

Grapes are planted eight to ten feet apart,
plowed twice in spring, and the land sown to
peas. Vines cut back to two or three buds of
previous year's growth. The trellis is the usual
support. The Scuppernong, Thomas, and Flow-
ers, however, are trained to a stake. All side
shoots are removed for six feet, and arbors con-
structed for the vines to spread, six feet high.
Pruning is done in summer with this class. The
crop is sometimes short, from heavy rains during
blossoming.

Statistics. — According to the census of 1880
the value of the fruit crop in South Carolina was
SI L3,834, including wine made. This statement
evidently included only that part of the crop
marketed. By the latest official [state] reports
the value of the crop sent to market was, in
1888, $391,984, exclusive of the wine sold. This
amount does not exceed one-fourth of the value
of tin' crop produced. It is within bounds to
say that the value of the crop in 188S was not
less than si, ;,00,000.

The greatest progress in fruit culture, in re-
cent years, has been in berries on the coast,
melons in the middle section, and grapes in the
upper and eastern sections of the state. The
strawberry crop of 1888 on the truck farms
around Charleston, was estimated at 800,000
quarts, valued at $80,000. The South Carolina
railroad alone transported last year (1888) 826
car loads of watermelons. The value of the
melons grown was about $150,000. The acn
is said to li> increasing, and with lower freights
crop would soon become an extensive one.
In Chester County, in 1887, the average yield of

STATE FKUIT REPOItTS.

141

grapes was about 8,000 pounds per acre, and the
fruit sold readily at eight cents per pound. The
growers in that county make about 250 gallons
of wine to the acre, and sell it at $1 per gallon.
In Darlington County one of the most extensive
growers reports that he has about 100 Scupper-
nong and Thomas vines that yielded him 1,000
gallons of wine this season, and the demand for
the wine was good. About 10,000 gallons of
wine are made in Darlington County annually.
From Greenville County over 100,000 pounds of
grapes, and a small quantity of wine, were shipped
last season. The result was very satisfactory,
and the business is increasing. Within a radius
of six miles of Greenville there are two large
vineyards yielding profitable returns on the in-
vestment. Hundreds of acres are planted in
smaller vineyards, where a few years ago there
were no vines except a few in each garden.
Strawberry and raspberry culture is just begin-
ning to become important. Near Walhalla, in
Oconee County, there are 19 vineyards, contain-
ing 60,000 vines. No demand has yet been es-
tablished for the wine made here, but the grapes
are shipped all over the country and paying
juices received for them. Last year one grower
shipped over 40,001) pounds of grapes to At-
lanta and Birmingham. In York County, pre-
vious to 1870, little attention was given to fruit
culture, but since that time orchards and vine-
yards have been planted quite extensively, vary-
ing from one to twenty acres. Grape culture
has proved the most profitable.

Wisconsin.

Reported by A. L. Hatch of Ithaca, Chairman
of the Stat'' Fruit C'omiiiiltee.

1. The species of fruit grown in, and native of
Wisconsin, are indicated fully by the Catalogue
of |ss7, as herewith corrected,

2. In correcting or revising tin' Catalogne for
Wisconsin, I mention many varieties with a
minus sign following, to show they have been
grown in "Wisconsin lint have generally failed,
and are now considered unreliable, e. </.. number
18, Ben Davis.

These; failures bave been largely on account

of want of hardiness, or inability to endure our
severest cold winters; 30 to - 40°.

3. New Varieties. McMahon's White apple,
size ].; from r. ob.; color y. w., sometimes blush
in sun; quality g.; use K. M.; season Auf. ; ori-
gin Am.

In Waupaca County, Mr. Win. A. Springer,
of Fremont, reports many seedling apple trees
from 35 to 40 years old, and very hardy there.
At the meeting of the Waupaca County Horti-
cultural Society in 1888, 150 varieties of seedling
apples were shown.

4. Edgar Eed Streak apple is known entirely
as Walbridge in Wisconsin. Oldenburg is Du-
chess; Fall Queen is here called Haas, Hoss, or
Horse. The Champion strawberry is Windsor
Chief here.

5. The obstacles to successful fruit culture
are:

a. Severe cold during winter, accompanied
with extreme dryness of the air that freezes the
trees dry. Extremes of cold, as low as —55°, are
reported from some parts of the state.

b. Prevalence of parasitic fungi, notably
Fusicladium deniriticum on apple "trees, and
Peronospora on grapes. Blight is prevalent,
especially on crab apples, and hybrids of. the
Siberian type. Avoid high culture and fertility.

c. Noxious insects harboring in native trees,
vines, and plants, which also serve as host plants
for parasitic fungi; e. (/., native grapes ( riparia)
are in many places densely loaded with galls of
phylloxera, and in some seasons heavily stocked
with Peronospora viticola. New York weevils
(Ithycerus Noveboracensis) and the apple cur-
culio (Anthonomus quadrigibbus) are much
more troublesome in orchards near woods of
oaks, wild crabs, haws, etc, in which they seem
to harbor. Experience has taught us that the
remedy is largely in destroying such trees and
plants as serve as hosts and harbors for fungi
and insects. Also select such varieties as have
the best foliage to resist attacks of fungi, and
also cultivate and manage so as to destroy in-
fested foliage and give healthy leaves, <: ,/., mow
and burn strawberry beds as soon as fruit is
gathered, cul oul and remove fruiting bushes as
soon as berries are off. Also fertilize' and cull i-

142

STATE FRUIT REPORTS.

vate apple trees according to kinds; thus, Tal-
man Sweet and Edgar Eed Streak are rendered
more free from scab if manured, or on rich soil.

d. Want of proper sites and soils. Wisconsin
embraces 54,000 square miles, and includes
widely different soils and possibilities for fruit
culture. The south half and eastern part only
may be classed as apple growing. Its surface
in the southwest is in thedriftless area potsdam
sandstone, overlaid on dividing ridges by lower
magnesian limestone between valleys '200 ft.
deep.

The north and northwest regions embrace
granite and gneiss formations, abounding in soft
water lakes and streams. The eastern and south-
ern area embraces the glacial drift, and along
Lake Michigan, the Niagara limestone, and other
of the youngest geological formations. The cen-
tral region embraces, along the Wisconsin river
and tributaries, the cranberry marshes, some of
the largest in the West, while the great pine
forests stretch out through swampy lands to the
great iron mines in the north. Blueberries in
vast quantities are found in the central and
northwestern parts, and thousands of bushels
are shipped on the railroads. Apple culture in
the driftless area is successful only on the high
lands and lower magnesian limestone soils, or
Trenton limestone in the south. Here pears do
not thrive — not even the Russian varieties
owing, no doubt, to the presence of magnesia in
the soil. Along Lake Michigan, and in the
youngest geological formations of the state,
pears are more successfully grown, 'while the
native floi'a is also different, notably the beech
being found, which is entirely wanting in the
other parts of the state.

6. For tree fruits, low heads and close planting
on the highest available sites. Winter protec-
tion for grapes, raspberries, blackberries and
strawberries.

7. Six hundred acres of strawberries were
grown near Racine this last year. I have no
statistics available, except for 1885, as follows:
Apples, 1,670,000 bushels; grapes, 540,(100 pounds;
berries, 70,000 bushels. This term "berries"
is too vague, and probably includes strawberries
and cranberries. Probably the crop of cranber-

ries alone in some seasons exceeds that amount,
and strawberries have greatly increased in aver-
age since 1885.

Note. — The numbered paragraphs in the
above report correspond to similar ones in your
circular letter, of which these are answers.

[An accompanying list of changes has been
duly used in the new Catalogue].

Wyoming.

Reported by John W. Hoyt, of Cheyenne,
Vice President for the Territory.

Eighteen years ago when the writer first
touched the soil of Wyoming, it was still
gravely questioned whether even cattle raising
could be made a success in this region. Later,
doubts were entertained regarding agriculture;
but time has dispelled these delusions, and en-
courages me to suggest the possibility of suc-
cess in some branches of fruit culture. We can
learn much from the experience of fruit grow-
ers in the Northwestern States, avoid their many
mistakes, and emulate their perseverance. Some
of the more important conditions of success will
be briefly mentioned.

1. There must be a judicious choice of species,
Latitude alone will not settle the question of
practicability, altitude is an important factor. It
may be safe to say, that at altidudes much above
5,000 — perhaps it will do to- say 5,500 feet, — it is
only the hardier small fruits, such as currants,
gooseberries, raspberries and extra hardy apples
of the crab variety, that can be counted on with
entire success. Many of these grow natively in
the territory, which fact is a good indication
that they may be easily domesticated. In the
lower valleys, the hardiest of the larger fruits,
such as cherries, plums, pears and apples may
also be attempted.

2. There must be the most careful choice of
varieties of the approved species; "Iron clads,"
only should be tried at first. A list for trial
would be at follows:

( )f strawberries, the Crescent, Manchester,
Wilson and Manitoba Wonder; of raspberries,
Gregg, Herstine and Doolittle, though some suc-
ceed equally well by giving winter protection,

MISCELLANEOUS PAPEES.

m

(which as a matter of fact is needed for all rasp-
horries), with the Terence and Cuthbert, which
are varieties of the Rubus strigosus, or red
raspberry; of currants, the Red Dutch and
Black English; of gooseberries, Smith. Down-
ing, and Houghton; of juneberries, the indi-
genous and the Russian; of blackberries, with
requisite protection, Snyder, Taj lor and Wilson.

The fact that the choke-cherry (Primus Vir-
giniana ) is indigenous in Wyoming would indi-
cate that domestic varieties should also succce I.
The cherry cannot be regarded as altogether
reliable, however: Early Richmond and English
Morollo are recommended for trial.

Since the native plum of the north ( Primus
Americana ) grows indigenously from about 3S
far northward, even in British America, we
should expect to succeed with this species also.
Several Russian varieties give promise of doing
well; while, of the varieties already familiar,
the Miner, De Soto, Forest Garden and Wild
(loose are worthy of trial.

If any living in low valleys, with excep-
tional protection, would try the grape, let them
adopt the Concord, Moore's Early or Worden.

The apple can be made to succeed — some
varieties of it in almost any inhabited part of

tin' territory. At high altitudes we should only
attempt to grow the bestvarielirs.il' the end),
such as the Siberian, Hyslop, Transcendent and
Quaker Beauty. Of apples proper, we feel jus-
tified in recommending Cherry Red, August
Dart, Duchess, Hall's Greening, Kaump, Oka-
bena, Wealthy and Orange Winter.

3. A third requisite is proper attention to the
matter of locality, a comprehensive term, em-
bracing for us questions of altitude, mean tem-
perature and range of temperature for the year,
Eor the several seasons, and for the day, expos-
ure to the sun, protection from cold winds,
feasibility of irrigation, etc. It is, perhaps,
needless to urge the importance of shelter in
this region for fruits of every sort; natural
shelter, as of hill, bluff or body of timber,
where it can be had, and where it cannot, then
belts of cottonwood, willow or other forest trees,
planted and cultivated for that purpose.

4. The question of soils is hardly less impor-
tant. There must be skillful transplanting,
thorough culture, and frequent watering and
mulching, such as will keep the soil about the
roots constantly moist, and so far soluble as to
enable them to absorb therefrom the requisite
nutriment.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

The American Pomological Society, and its
Rules of Pomology.

T. T. LYON, SOUTH HAVEN, MI( II.

In the early days of this Society, it adopted
a code of rules to guide its deliberations, the
principles underlying which are mainly the
same as those embodied in the code more
recently framed and adopted.

The former, although their general princi-
ples were still recognized, had SO far fallen into
••innocuous dessuetude," that even the fad of
their existence ran scaixely be said to have I" • a
generally known.

The more recent rules, while they cover a
broader field, and are adapted to the require-
ments of more modern practice, have afforded a

basis, not merely for a more scientific nomen-
clature in the future, but also for the amend-
ment, and at least the partial renovation of that
of the past. The purpose was to eliminate,
even from past pomological nomenclature, so
much of its prolixity, redundancy and coarse-
aess, as can be spared without endangering the
identity of varieties, ami especially to wield the
now generally recognized influence of the Soci-
ety, in tin- iiMi-t practicable and efficient man-
ner, to the redeeming of its future from the use
of rowdyish, sensational, prolix and pretentions

names; toredui ur pomological nomenclature

to a system in some sense akin to the approved
practice of the modern sciences; and, as far as
practicable to suppress the obvious tendency of

144

MISCELLANEOUS PAPEKS.

uot always scrupulous originators or introducers
of new fruits, to the use of such names as
Monarch, Emperor, King, Golden Queen,
Prince of Berries, General Grant, Col. Cheney,
with multitudes of others, of kindred character,
which seem but too often to be employed to lend
a facticious reputation to varieties, new or
newly introduced, but which, from lack of gen-
uine merit, should have remained nameless.

These rules accord to the originator or intro-
ducer (in the order specified ) the prior right to
bestow a name upon his introduction. To this
we are not disposed to object; and yet, it by no
means necessarily follows, that the bestowal of
an objectionable name imposes upon any per-
son or society the necessity to degrade its
record by the use of such name. This, we
infer, was the thought underlying the Society's
action four years since in providing that
when a new or newly named fruit shall
be presented for consideration, the name, if
objected to, shall be first considered; and, if
deemed objectionable, shall not be permitted
to appear in the Society's records.

That the new rules are in accord with the
needs as well as the tendencies of modern pom-
ology, as indicated by the practice of the best
authorities, as well as with popular tendencies
in the direction of simplicity and brevity, will
not. we trust," be questioned.

With the rapidly growing importance of pom-
ology, in both its domestic and commercial
branches, it is assuming, and doubtless should
assume, a scientific character, in some sense
comparable with that of botany and entomol-
ogy; and the need is becoming yearly more
urgent, that, as in those sciences, so in pomol-
ogy, the Sheepsnoses, Hogpens, Big-Bobs, Mon-
archs. Generals, Comets, Golden Queens, et hoc
genus ornne, should be rejected, and eliminated
from its discussions and text books; not alone
because of their tendency to degrade the sci-
ence (if such it may be called), but also for the
reason that too many of the terms, have, from
too frecpient use, long since become meaning-
less; while the mere increase of verbiage is
becoming seriously burdensome to tongue, pin
and press.

The need of guidance in this respect is ren-
dered greater by the circumstance of the in-
creasingly common practice by writers, nursery-
men and planters, of (not always judiciously)
abbreviating these prolix names of varieties,
not unfrequeutly to such extent as to render
them ambiguous. Duchesse d'Augouleme pear
is very generally shortened to Duchess, which
may mean a pear, a cherry, a grape, or a straw-
berry. In common parlance, Rhode Island
Greening is simply Greening; which may mean
any one of half a dozen or more varieties of the
apple; King of Tompkins County, Monarch of
the West, and dozens of others, are but illustra-
tions of the popular practice of dropping need-
less words; in such cases, not unfrequeutly, re-
taining the word possibly imposed by the god-
father, as a means of giving the variety a facti-
tious attractiveness.

Quite recently, in defiance of the popular ob-
jection to Latin scientific names, the domain of
botany has been invaded, and the names,
Prunus Pissardi and Prunus Simoni captured
and applied to a couple of recently introduced
varieties of the plum, thus (iutentionally or
otherwise) in etfect, assuming that they are dis-
tinct species, instead of mere varieties.

We will not attempt to divine the motive that
prompted such misuse of these terrns. It is
sufficient to say that such use of them can only
mystify or mislead the more ignorant; while, to
the better informed, they will be simply Pissard
and Simon plums.

Under the administration of Mr. Barry, as
chairman of the committee on revision of the
Society's Catalogue, the work of reform was well
begun; and that in so cautious and conservative
a manner, that the then Apostle of American Po-
mology, the late lamented Charles Downing, in a
lettei to the writer, remarked that the process
of elimination might properly have been carried
even further.

In the revision of the Catalogue of the Mich-
igan State Horticultural Society, which was made
after the adoption of these rules, and prior to
the appearance of the revision of Mr. Barry,
their provisions were applied even more strongly;
and yet the result seems to have been generally

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

145

satisfactory, leaving no occasion for complaint
of ambiguity or mistaken identity; while the
persistent use of the revised names in the So-
ciety's exhibitions and discussions, reinforced
by popular tendency, has apparently occasioned
their very general adoption throughout the state.

The American Society, having adopted these
rules, and, by resolution, provided for the exclu-
sion of objectionable names from its delibera-
tions and records; ami having also devised a
mode of determining their inadmisability ; it
would seem to be a necessary, and not a difficult
matter to enforce their exclusion. And yet,
such enforcement seems to have been so gener-
ally omitted that, at the last meeting, at Boston,
when, in a case of obvious transgression, objec-
tion was made, a reporter indulged in a fling at
the objector, characterizing the objection as
•' inevitable."

The Society, after enacting these rules, can
have nothing to gain, but on the contrary, much
to lose, at least in prestige, by omitting their en-
forcement in its deliberations, and upon its ex-
hibition tables; since, in the face of such neg-
lect, they will very surely be ignored by the
public; and the thought and effort given to the
proposed reform, by a very considerable number
of leading pomologists, prominent among whom
was the late lamented president Wilder, prove
to be labor lost. As in civil, as well as in crim-
inal law, impunity begets contempt, so with or-
ganizations of this character, public respect and
confidence can only be secured and retained by
resolute adherence to their principles and pur-
poses.

Although this effort for the simplifying, puri-
fying and elevating of our nomenclature was
inaugurated six years since, the fact remains
that, of tin' multitude of nursery catalogues an-
nually issued, nearly all, including eveu those
issued by our own members, still mainly adhere
to the long since meaningless excrescences and
crudities of the past; and even accept, without
apparent dissent, the objectionable names now
so frequently put forth by partial, if not even
dishonest, introducers of modern novelties.

That all this is but the legitimate outcome
of a failure on the part of the Society to mani-

fest an adequate appreciation of the importance,
to pomology, of the principles which underlie
these rules, goes without saying; and we regard
it as equally certain that a resolute, unflinching
application and enforcement of the same by the
Society, would, ere this, have carried the reform
into the catalogues of the more influential nur-
series, especially those of its members, into the
premium lists of societies, and into the current
literature of the day.

In the early days of American Pomology, the
application of a pretentious name to a new plant
or fruit was usually due to a possibly inflated
estimate of its qualities, but with little reference
to pecuniary profit; the idea of money making
by such means, being, as yet, unheard of; but
under the conditions of the last thirty or forty
years, during which period even small fortunes
have occasionally been realized, from the intro-
duction and dissemination of a single novelty,
it has become but too common, in choosing a
name, to select with far less regard for appo-
siteness, than to create the impression of supe-
riority— an impression, which, in a large major-
ity of cases, fails to be realized.

This method of creating factitious values for
unworthy products, whether by the use of pre-
tentious names or by a free and unwarrantable
use of printer's ink, has recently grown to be a
veritable calamity, one for which we can imag-
ine no more effective remedy than a resolute en-
forcement of the rules in question; not by this
society only, but generally, by other and kin-
dred societies.

Judging Citrus Fruits.

H. E. VAN DEMAN, WASHINGTON, D. C.

In view of the fact that the American Pomo-
logical Society, is, at this meeting, likely to
adopt some sort of rules for judging citrus
fruits, it seems to me fitting to discuss the
methods by which such judgments are made.

I was first brought face to face with this sub-
ject, when, asoneof the judgesof citrus fruits at
the New Orleans Exposition, it became my duty
to help decide upon the merits of the numerous
and extensive collections there shown. The

146

M [SI 1.1,1, AN ECU'S l-.U'ERH.

" Florida Scale of Points " for judging oranges5
as has been said in some of the newspapers, was
the standard partially adopted at that Expo-
sition; but it should be understood that it was
only for that part of the competition in which
Florida was against Florida, and this in defer-
ence to the special request of the exhibitors
from that state.

When the committee came hi consider the
matter of competition between fruit from all
parts of the world, five members were in favor
of the adoption of what we deemed a bitter
scale. It was necessary to adopt some scale,
fur all the fruits were not, and could not be,
shown at once, because of their different seasons
of ripening. This was particularly true as re-
gards the exhibits from Florida, California, and
Mexico on that occasion, and it is likely to occur
in other national and international fruit shows.
The principal objection to this horizontal "Flor-
ida Scale," it seems to me, lies in the equal stress
upon allpoinls of character. For convenience
the scale under discussion is quoted, as follows:

OLD FLORIDA ORANGE SCALE.

1. Size 1"

•1. General appearance 10

:i. Smoothness of peel 10

I. Weight 10

0. Thickness of peel 1"

6. Absence of seeds 10

7. .1 uiciness 10

8. Absence el pulp 10

(.t. Sweetness . . . 10

lo. Vinous flavor 10

Total points in a perfect orange loo

For instance, " smoothness of peel " and " ab-
sence of seeds" are given as much prominence
as "general appearance" and "sweetness."
That these are equal as regards the make-up of
a. good orange, no one can justly contend. It
seems to me unnecessary to have just ten points,
and to grade them all alike from 1 to 10.

If I may be allowed to offer a substitute, the
following is what my present understanding
of the subject would suggest:

NEW oi; SUGGESTED OR INGE SCALE.

1. Si e. Standard, 2J^ t<> :s inches diamtter, with

one point off for every \ inch less than 2] ,
inches. Nothing credited for over size lo

2. Genernl Appearance. — Freedom from all blem-

ishes, such as rust, scale, decay, bruises, and
lack of properly cut stem 20

3. Weight.— Should sink in water, points deducted

according to buoyancy 15

1. Thickness of Peel. — Standard '„ inch or less, ore

point eft' for every 1-32 additional 10

:, Absena of "Rag." — Standard % inch in diam-
eter, segments thin and tender 10

ii. Absenct of Seed. -Standard, seedless 10

7. Flavor. Judged by satisfactory taste 25

Total points in a perfect orange 100

Regarding the suggested scale I would make
the following explanations on each point, in the
order in which I have arranged them.

1st. Very large oranges are generally objec-
tionable for the general market, which is, by the
way. the criteiion to be heeded by the orange
grower. Very small ones are objectionable
also, because of the small price paid,

Two and one-half to three inches in diameter
seems to be about right, and snch oranges pack
17li to 200 to the box, and bring the highest
price paid, except for a few of large size and
high flavor sold to special customers, which is
especially true of the "Navel" varieties. Man-
darins and Tangerines are of such peculiar
qualities, and usually of such small size, that
they should be judged by themselves.

2nd. The outward appearance of an orange
has so much to do with its sale that this point
should not be passed lightly by. Whatever
pleases the eye of the buyer goes to make up
"general appearance." Any one who has sent
rusty or dirty oranges to market needs no such
reminder. Bruises, decayed spots, scale insects
and lack of stem, are also points that should
be considered even more closely by the crit-
ical pomologist than by the tradesman. No
specimens should be considered perfect that
have an\ of these defects. What is termed
"smoothness of peel," according to the "Flor-
ida Scale." is, to 1113- mind, only a part of "gen-
eral appearance," and should be so considered
in judging on this point.

As this second division of the scale is very
important, I have allowed it twenty points.

old. A heavy orange is always a juicy one,
and quite certain to be rich in sugar. Its spec-

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

17

Lfic gravity cannot be determined more easily
by the ordinary fruit tester, than by putting it

in water. One that sinks is never lacking in
juice, and may be considered perfect. This is
not a very pleasant part of a judge's duty, but I

think it should not be neglected. The two fol-
lowing characteristics are partly covered by this
one, but I cannot feel satisfied in ignoring them.
4th. A certain degree of thickness of peel is
quite essential to the shipping qualities of an
orange, but when it exceeds one-eighth of an
inch it becomes simply so much waste and
worthless matter. The degree of ripeness, and
the time elapsed, and treatment after picking
have somewhat to do with this feature, but an
experienced and reasonable critic can easily
detect about how much allowance a. certain sam-
ple should have. When the peel exceeds one-
eighth of an inch in thickness it should lose
two points for every one-thirty-second addi-
tional.

5th. The core of a good orange should be
very small, and the partitions dividing the pulp
should be very thin and tender. Whatever
space they occupy means just that much less
juice, which we know'is all there is edible in an
orange. This internal structure forms what is
called "pulp" by some pomologists, but this
appears to me, ;i term quite out of place, and I
have thought to adopt the less elegant, but to
my mind, more descriptive term " rag." Indeed
it is somewhat like a wet rag in texture and
appearance. The pulp is, more correctly speak-
ing, the part which contains the juice, and cer-
tainly the -.line name should not be given to the
two parts of the same fruit.

A perfect orange in this respect should have
;i core not more than one-eighth of an inch in
diameter, fur absolutely no core is never found.
Maltese Blood is a variety t hat comes quite near
t his standard. Fur every one-sixteenth of an inch
increase I would deduct one point from the ten
that I have allotted to this characteristic.

6th. As all experienced judges of oral
know, a perfect one should have no seeds. Ye\
a few seed- are not especially objectionable, and
it is rarely that there are en. .ugh to be very
much s... I have, therefore, in the arrangement

of my scale allowed but ten points to this char-
acter-. The presence of one or two seeds should
take oil' one point, and three or four seeds, two
points, and should increase us t he judgment may
indicate.

7th. When the flavor is tested I and by flavor
I mean the taste) the vital point is reached.
Whatever else an orange may be, it must please
the eater. The palate is an invisible scale that
only the possessor can use, nor can another per-
son do more than surmise what it may indicate
to the mind. We may descant upon acids, and
divide the taste into ''vinous flavor" and "sweet-
ness," but they are all sooner or later brought
under the one general term " taste," which ex-
presses all that there is good, bad or indifferent
in the qualities of the juice.

Chemical analysis will not reveal, nor will
scientific formulae express, the degree of feeling,
either pleasant or unpleasant, that these infinitely
delicate organs easily detect. How else can we
put in black and white whatever these sensa-
tions may be, than to place on a numerical scale
the thought engendered by eating all or a part
of the orange under consideration?

I have allotted twenty-five points to the flavor,
and I think the proportion none too large.

And it seems also, at least to myself, that
the balances of the palate are so delicately
adjusted by our Creator, that such as are
frequently soaked in a solution of nicotine
or in alcohol, are not, and cannot be, in fit con-
dition to pass judgment upon the flavor of an
oraEge; or for that matter, the quality of any
other fruit. Seriously and candidly. I wish to
say that this has been my conviction for years
past.

MANDARINS AM. TANGERINES.

These are orangesof such peculiar character,
that the standard should be mo lified tosuit their
requirements; size should be lowered a half inch,
and a separate section added which should re-
quire easy separation of the peel from the pulp.

Till' LEMON.

The absurdity of judging lemons and all cit-
rus fruits by any scale used for the orange is
very plain. This has, however, been done at

^48 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

some of the fruit shows in Florida, as some of When the skin is properly cured, a lemon of

you know. high character should sink in water. The only

Imagine the difficulty, or rather the utter im- practical way to determine approximately the

possibility of defining the degree of "sweet- buoyancy iu water, is by the eye of the judge.

ness "'or "vinous flavor" of a lemon. It would 4th. Thickness of peel: standard, ten points.

be much like trying to decide upon the fatten- After curing, the peel should not exceed oue-

ing qualities of a Morgan horse or the trotting sixteenth of an inch in thickness, and one point

abilities of a Poland China pig. Kecognizing should be deducted for every thirty-second in

the necessity for a special scale for the lemon, I excess.

have prepared and would offer for consideration 5th. Sweetness of peel: perfection, ten points.

the following: This is one of the essential questions as to the

lemon SCALE. character of a lemon. If the rind is bitter when

, . ,,, . _, . . , . . soaked in water for some hours, the quality is

1 Sizt Standard, 2}£ to 2% inches in transverse 1 J

diameter I" materially impaired.

2. General Appearance— Freedom from all out- 6th. Rag: perfection, ten points.

ward defects 10 The core of a perfect lemon should not be

3. Weight-Should sink in water 10 more tlmn one.eighth of an inch in diameter,

I. Thickness of Rind— Standard, l-16th inch 10 -, ,, , -,. .-,. ,, , ,, •

„„ and the segments dividing the pulp, very thin.

5. Sweetness of Rind No bitterness 20 _ , . ° , , , . to ,. . ,

6. Rag-Cote,* inch in diameter 10 Deduction should be made as the judgment of

7 Seeds— None... 10 the committee may dictate.

8. Quality of Juice— A clear, strong acid, with 7th. Seeds: perfection, ten points.

out bitterness 20 Lemons without seeds are rare, but as they

do exist, a perfect specimen should be so. The

Total points in a perfect lemon 100 . . . .. . . . . , ,. ,. .

pidges should deduct points according to their

Remarks: ' , .

abundance.

1st. Size: perfection, ten points. . .

,7 i n i , kth. Quality ot puce: perfection, twenty points.

By consulting those who sell and consume the -,, . . „ ' , .. . * . ...

I he juice or a lemon should abound in citric

lemon, I find that, as a rule, two and one-tourth . ■ m, .

. . . acid, ot a strong vet pleasant flavor, lb ere is

inches in transverse diameter, is about the . . . . . .. ,. .

mi , ,, . . , , no way, to my mind, better to nidge ot this

proper size. Ihe length is not so material, but ,., , ,.

, , onn • , , fl, ii , quality, than by simply tasting it.
such as pack dOO m a box are most profitable to

both grower and dealer. 0THEI! CITBUS FBUITS-

One point should be deducted for each one- I would also suggest that the lime be judged
eighth of an inch larger than two and one-half by the same standard as the lemon,
inches, or smaller than two and one-fourth The Pomelo should have a standard of foul-
inches, inches, as to size, and one-eighth of an inch in

Very large lemons seem to be objectionable, thickness of peel. The standard, as to diameter

and when they exceed the standard they should of core allowed, should be one-fourth of an inch;

be deemed faulty, the same as when falling be- otherwise, the orange scale will be found to

low it. Ten points should be allotted to size. apply.

2d. General appearance: perfection, ten It is not claimed that the ideas herein

points. advanced are perfect, but, if wdiat I have said

A clear, bright skin, showing no green color, may lead to the adoption of better methods of

and without scale or marks of other insects or judging citrus fruits, the effort will not have

of fungi, not shriveled, no bruises, no scratches been in vain,

or decay. discussion.

Deduction made according to the judgment ('. F. A. BlELBY, Florida: In the matter of

of the committee. orange grading there are several points about

3rd. Weight: perfection, ten points. which I think we ought to take the sense of this

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 149

meeting. We, in Florida, regard orangeswhich people think of it as a simple attribute, and de-
run from 174 to 200 to the box as the proper cide accordingly. What can a man's palate tell,
size. This is based upon the fact that such for example, of the amount of free acid? Tast-
bring the highest price in market. Our stand- ing is not an exact science,
ard for thickness of peel is one-sixteenth of an . At the close of the discussion G. B. Brackett
inch. A Florida orange having a one-eighth of Iowa, offered the following motion which was
ped is coarse. We do not place our trade mark adopted:

on such fruit. Again. I am opposed to the plan "Resolved, That a special committee, of three.
of hunching together ~2~> points under the head be appointed to draft a set of rules or scale of
of flavor or sweetness. This discourages all at- points for judging citrus fruits, the same to be
tempt to breed any special flavor. Flavor is a subject to the approval of the Executive Corn-
composite quality. What we call vinous flavor mittee, and to be published as soon as corn-
is entirely distinct from sweetness, but by the pleted."

proposed method of marking, a Cuban orange The President appointed as such committee

would rank equal to the best Navel. Again, I A. W. Bountree of Louisiana, A. H. Manville

do not think cavity should count against an of Florida, and J. E. Cutter of California,

orange as core does. The loss of weight is a As a further contribution upon the subject

sufficient discount for cavity. The actual amount " Judging Citrus Fruits," the following article,

of "rag" (core and membranes) however, should by Mr. E. H. Hubbard of Federal Point, Flor-

be taken into account. ida, taken from the Florida Dispatch, of Novem-

What is meant by appearance is also a com- ber 5, 188S, is here reprinted:

posite quality, and should 1 think be subdivided. LET us IMPROye the scale for JUDGING

The fact of an orange being rusty, for example, ORANGES.

though detracting from its appearance, is not a „ Whilfl assisting at t|le arduollSj as well as

very serious market fault. I think our method delectable occupation, of judging oranges at the

of markmg should enable us to favor such speci- gouth Florkla Fah. Jagt ^^ tfae uubaIanced

mens, when they have a smooth peel, and are character of the pregent soale was brought for.

otherwise of good appearance. cibly to my attonti(m; and> considerin„ that the

E.S. Hubbard, Florida: We are using a scale American Pomological Society visits us this

having fifty points for physical properties, and winter, we should hare the tests conducted in a

fifty for the properties of the juice. For flavor thorough and comprehensive manner,

there are forty points: ten for sweetness, ten for "Now, that so large a listof varieties is offered

subacidity, ten for lack of free acid, and ten for for competition, and the scores are published,

vinous flavor. By this scale we think we get the fullest opportunity should be given for intel-

better results than by means of any other scale Hgent comparison of flavor; as, with many vari-

\ve have used. eties of similar appearance, their differei s on

[Mr. Hubbard exhibited a specimen of Wash- the several points in this particular are the onl]

ington navel which graded 99, the highest score means of determining excellence. The quality

ever reached in any orange competition. He of an orange is shown by its physical and juice

showed a Double Imperial which scored 96]. characteristics; and the flavor is usually of more

H. E. Van Deman: it is well to remember importance to the connoisseur or consumer than

that not all the oranges in the United States are the texture.

grown in Florida. California oranges have a "In our present scale, however, the propor-

thicker skin than those of .Florida, and yet (hey tion is as seven to three in favor of the physical

sell well. This Society is a national one, yet it characteristics, as follows:

might not be advisable to attempt to bring Cali- Physical Characteristics :

' a gjze 10

fornia oranges to the Florida standard. In the General appi ............... 10

matter of flavor, however complex it maybe, Smoothness of peel 10

s

150 MISCELLANEOUS PAPEES.

Weight 10 highly carbonaceous acids of the same when

Thickness of peel 10 mature should be an interesting study for the

Absence of pulp agricultural chemist, as showing the action of

Absence of seed 10—70 _

different soils ami fertilizers on truit growth,

Juice Characteristics: ^ structure and flavor. In the laboratory the
s ■■■ tness 10 changes that re-agents produce on malic acid
Vinous flavor. . . 10—30 are singular and suggestive. Nitric acid con-
verts it into oxalic acid, a deadly poison; hydra-
Total points in a perfect orange loo ted potash, into oxalic and acetic acids, and fer-

" Of the physical characteristics, general ap- ments into succinic, butyric, acetic, carbonic

pearance and smoothness of peel are two scores acid and water.

on the outside of the peel, and should be com- "I trust our new experiment station will sys-

bined under the single head of appearance, tematically consider these questions, as they are

Juiciness determines weight, as shown by the of vital importance to profitable fruit growing."

water test for weight last winter, and the latter The following paragraphs are extracted from

should be dropped to avoid two scores on one an article by Mr. A. H. Manville, of Denver,

characteristic. Florida, in the above journal for December 24,

" I submit the following amended scale: i» the same year:

Physical Characteristics: the BEST standard for judging the orange.

" The defects in the scale now in use for judg-

Appearance io . „ °

Thickness of peel lo inS oranges at our fruit exhibits have been

Absence of pulp 10 pointed out too often to need recapitulation

Absence of seed 10—50 here; at the same time, some of the changes

Juice Characteristics: suggested in the public prints have not been in

Juiciness _ 1° the way of improvement. The present scale,

'" , "",,, which was gotten up by the Florida Fruit

Sub-acidity h> . .

Vinous flavor i" ( liowers' Association some years ago, is ahead

Absence of free acid... 10- 50 of anything of the kind ever used before, but in

practice more subtle distinctions than are indi-

Total points in a perfect orange loo catej by its filings are ulade, and it is of the

The above presents, comparatively, as ac- utmost importance that a scale be devised that

curately as a committee of judges can determ- will indicate these distinctions; in fact, unless

ine, the elements of flavor of an orange; and if the lines are drawn finer it will be impossible to

it is deficient in any, it shows what and how accurately distinguish between the good, better

much is lacking. Under the old scale sweetness and best of the superior fruit that is now sent

is easily defined; but it is customary with the to our competitive exhibits.

judges to give considerable prominence to a mild "These finer distinctions are not at all imag-

sub-acidity in scoring for vinous flavor, and if inary, but are on the contrary, as clear as day to

an orange rates low in sweetness it is impossi- those who have had experience in the scientific

ble to tell from the published score whether it judging of the fruit at the exhibits of the past

is owing to insipidity, or raw, unripe sourness, few years; audit is to be hoped that an im-

"Anybody at all acquainted with oranges proved scale will be devised and established in

knows the difference between the raw acid of in- the light of such experience,

ferior and unripe fruit, and the delicate sub-acid- " Some of our leading jwmologists in other

ity of our finer varieties, or between this sub- parts of the country are inclined to pooh! pooh!

acidity and their boquel or vinous flavor. The at the findings of our judges, and insist that the

study of the relation that the malic acid of un- merits of an orange consist in its "eatableness;"

ripe fruit bears to the citric and other more they would at most have but three points in the

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

151

scale, namely, appearance, weight, and flavor.
It is needless to say that these critics are igno-
rant of orange pomology, and cannot, until they
attempt to apply their convenient scale, under-
stand that flavor and the physical properties of
an orange are made up of certain component
parts, only ascertainable by an analytical process
by which they are resolved.

"The exhibit at Ocala will be the most im-
portant in the history of fruit growing in
Florida. Not only will it be the first held under
the auspices of the State Horticultural Society,
but it will be inspected and commented upon by
the most prominent and scientific fruit growers
of the nation, who will be in attendance upon
the American Pomological Society at the same
time and place. The scale used at this time for
the citrus fruits, and especially for oranges, will,
in all probability, be fixed as the Society's stan-
dard for sonic years to come, and for this reason
it should be carefully revised.

"Mr. Hubbard [the writer of the preceding
article.— Sec'x.] was secretary of the committee
of judges of citrus fruits (of which I was a
member) at the Sanford exhibition last winter.
He has been a careful student of pomology in
this state for some years, and is one of our best
posted men, especially in judging the relative
and comparative merits of varieties and speci-
mens of citrus fruits.

" The amended scale, suggested by Mr. Hub-
bard, which gives the physical properties and
the juice characteristics of the fruit each fifty
points, is certainly an improvement on the
present scale (which gives the former seventy
and the, latter thirty points); and after care-
fully studying the matter I do not see how it
can be improved upon.

"Mr. Eubbard omits smoothness of peel (ac
ing to present scale), as this is synonymous

with appearance; also weight, as beingthe
as juiciness, the latter being determined by the
water test. The reasonableness of thesi
is apparent. In their stead he introduces "sub-
acidity" and "absence of free acid,' two juice
characteristics for two physical characteristics.
"According to the amen, led scale four divi-
sions of ten points each are Left to the judgment

of the palate, and go to make up the " eatable-
ness" of the fruit. First, in an orange perfect
in juice characteristics, there must be abundance
of juice; second, this juice must not contain
crude acid, which makes the fruit sour, owing to
immaturity or natural deficiency ; third, there
must be sweetness, but this would leave the
fruit insipid without the fourth property of
flavor, namely, sub-acidity; this gives tone and
sprightliness, and to the uncultivated taste com-
pletes a perfect fruit; but to the more discrim-
inating taste the fourth juice characteristic is
the acme of perfection in an orange; it is "vin-
ous flavor," an exquisite, subtle, spicy, aromatic
boquet, only found in fruits of the best varieties
under the most favorable conditions. None of
these qualities can be omitted in determining
the merit of an orange.

" What say our pomologists? Shall Mr. Hub-
bard's amended scale be adopted as the standard
of the Florida Horticultural Society?"

NOTE FROM MR. GARFIELD.

Mr. Charles W. Garfield, of Grand Kapids,
Michigan, formerly secretary of the society, sent
to the secretary, by request, the following note
in regard to judging fruits by means of scales
of points:

"Your letter asking about the advisability of
the Society adopting scales of points for judg-
ing fruits is a good one to think about. I have
seriousdoubs about ever obtaining any scale that
will be satisfactory, it is so difficult to determine
the relative importance to give to each char-
acteristic. Our State Orchard Committee, in
1872, made a carefully digested scale for market
apple orchards, and marked honestly under it,
and had the chagrin to find thai (he result gave
the highest award to an orchard of Ben Davis.
A scale might be made by averaging the opin-
ions of experts, but nothing is more misleading
than averages.

It would be a good matter to discuss at any
rate. Mr. 11. G. Reynolds, secretary oi
Michigan State Board of Agriculture, has for
mber of years used a scaleof his own in
judging collections at our State fair. He is
tiodical, and thinks this is the safest way for
committees to act. < me thini • rin; com-

152

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

raittees should have some better reason for their
judgment than simply impresssions."

An article upon the same general subject, by
Prof. W. J. Beal, of the Michigan Agricultural
College, may be found in the report of the
Michigan Horticultural Society for 1878, page
207.

Testing and Introducing New Fruits.

C. L. WATKOXS, DES MOIXES, IOWA.

Of late, this subject has claimed much inter-
est, and is yearly assuming greater importance.
The wonderful development of the means of
communication and of transportation has brought
the most distant lands nearer to us, practically,
than were adjoining states a half century ago,
while the growing cheapness of printers' ink
has made it easier to spread the fame of a new
fruit thousands of miles across land and sea, than
it was only a few years ago to properly advertise
one in the next county.

Again, vast regions of our country, with con-
ditions like none hitherto known, have been
settled by an eager, prosperous, enterprising
race, determined to have the best, and quite
willing to pay fur it. Furthermore, the uni-
versal custom of propagating all fruits by bud-
ding, grafting, layering, etc., that is, — by ex-
tending the life of the individual — to the exclu-
sion of the method of sexual reproduction by the
creative effort of two life germs from different
individuals, has practically deprived us of all
benefits from the use of the natural method of
adapting fruits to new or changing environments
by seedling production, selection, and the sur-
vival of the fittest.

No distance across sea or land has been tun
great for transportation. Neither has any change
of latitude or of longitude been conceded to pre-
sent reasonable grounds for distrust and proba-
tion of new comers before full fellowship.

There will be time here for no more than a
glance at some laws of climatology involved in
such work, but that glance will open vistas into
the domain of nature that no pomologist's life
will be long enough to explore.

It will occur at first sight that all maritime

regions must have many similar conditions, from
the presence of the ever changing, but also ever
steadfast, sea. A certain degree of moisture and
of warmth must always pervade the atmosphere
near unfrozen water. It further appears that
the western shores of all continents have softer
climates than any other regions, and are similar
to each other; also, that the eastern continental
shores bear a like climatic resemblance to each
other, while less mild than that of either western
shore; and finally, that the eastern and western
costs of the same continent are extremely dis-
similar.

The interiors of continents, besides differing
great!}* from any maritime regions, also differ
profoundly from each other, each subject to
comparatively sudden and violent changes, and
each, of course, subject to laws and conditions
peculiar to itself.

The eastern continent is, in its northern part,
a vast plain, open to all ocean influences from
the west, extending without any considerable
barrier, from the most westerly cape of France
to the most easterly sand spit of China, more
than six thousand miles. On the western conti-
nent, on the contrary, all long vistas are in
northerly to southerly directions. There are
narrow maritime belts on the east and on the
west, soon interrupted by the Appalachian range
near the eastern coast and by the many ranges
on the west, including the Coast range, the ( las-
cades, the Sierras, and the lofty Bockies.

The broad interior region of this continent,
known as the Mississippi region, swept by fierce
winds north and south, and subject to extreme
electrical disturbances, is quite unlike either
coast region, and also quite unlike any other
known inland region of the earth. In this in-
land prairie region, not only do fruits and plants,
natives of California or of Europe generally fail,
but also those from our Atlantic States, as well.
It was supposed that fruits from Bussia formed
an exception to the rule, but, with more extended
experience, failures have multiplied and doubts
gained force. At present there is not a single
variety of any fruit, great or small, of known
Eussian origin, that has given good promise of
permanent usefulness in any Western state.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

153

Trials are still carried on, hut with greatly
moderated hopes.

It has been shown, by Dr. Gray and others
that the principal forms of plants of the north-
ern hemisphere once flourished together in the
region about the north pule, that thence tiny
were driven southward, along the lines of least
resistance, by glacial cold; returning northward
with returning warmth, and repeating these
migrations till we now find regions of vegetation
almost as distinctly marked as geographical
boundaries on the map. Seedlings of conifers
growing on the eastern slopes of the Rocky
Mountains will flourish vigorously in the inter-
ior or Mississippi region, while seeds of the
same species from the western slopes of the
same mountains fail to produce seedlings able
to live there; yet, plants from the western s
give full satisfaction in Europe, and to some de-
gree though a lesser one, in our Atlantic region.

A late horticultural report in Iowa showed in
a certain county a pear orchard of 350 trees of
over 50 varieties, not a tree of which had been
destroyed by the late extreme seasons there,
while in a second county, distant not more
than fifty miles, pears were not mentioned, and
scarcely any varieties of apples had escaped. •

The late geological survey of Indiana de-
velops in that state at least seven distinct
botanical regions, marked by specific differ-
ences in the characteristic native plaids. In
the cold and marshy north are found the
plants that characterize the vegetal ion all the
way up to Hudson's Bay, while in the south-
west are those that dot the slopes and bottoms
down to the Gulf. Nay more, sometimes on
opposite sides of the same ravine in a certain
hilly region may be found the uttermost outly-
ing pickets of tin' opposing floral hosts.

The same laws hold in every region. In the
new Stanford Arboretum near San Francisco,
subject to the influence of the unchanging
Pacific, the trees of South America and of
Siberia; of our Atlantic States and of Japan;
of Western Knropc and of China, vie with each
other in luxuriant growth, along with those of
Alaska, of Dakota, and of Mexico- so writes
Mr. I ' .ii i is. the Director.

The contrary exists in the upper Mississippi
region, where trees of the native forests are
sometimes injured by extn mis, and all

strangers may well beware.

Thus it appears that one must study his own
conditions to judge the limit of his reasonable
faith in new fruits.

Experience has lately shown that trees from
an extremely severe climate, or from the far
north, are not, therefore, to be presumed well
adapted and hardy in a climate much warmer.
Partial unlikeness of environment, that is, un-
likeness of some of the surrounding conditions,
though neither great nor obvious, may quite
easily be sufficient for utter disappointment.
The wound of poor Mercatio was "not so deep
as a well, nor so wide as a church door," but, it
was enough. Very short distances, and slight
changes in elevation, are often sufficient to cause
failure in new fruits.

Moreover, it is found by trial that fruits and
plants transported so far from their native
habitats may thrive very well while young, but
fail miserably in middle age, or after producing
fruit. Therefore, it is found that no one can
safely commend a new fruit for general cultiva-
tion in any region until it has been well tested
there under all usual conditions, nor until after
thorough trial, for a period at least equal to the
usual life of an individual of that species.

Both these safe and conservative rules are
persistently violated by introducers of foreign
fruits — where such violations are most dan-
gerous of all — as well as by those lightning
itors who propagate, advertise and intro-
duce their prodigies all in one and the same
on, leaving the testing and the groaning to
be done at leisure by the purchaser and planter.

Of course, no members of learned societies

ever do such things, and I hasten to leave this

painful ground; yet, let il not lie forgotten that

there be those wicked ones in tin-land who have

d thrift in sn

There seems abundai i to believe that

every botanical region must he willing to under-
the task of originating, from seed and by
selection, the hulk of its fruits, if success b<
d. This is I- 'id adapt

154

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

ability of tree or plant can seldom be perfectly
secured except by nature's process of creation
and survival. It follows, also, that the pur-
chaser of new fruits should inquire carefully as
to the conditions of soil and climate character-
izing the birthplace of the tree or plant offered
for his money, because, if at its very best under
one set of conditions it cannot possibly be also
at its best under very different ones.

It is not sufficiently appreciated that plants
are indicators of such extreme delicacy, of cli-
matic and soil differences, that the finest instru-
ments of men are clumsy beside them.

Is it too much to say, in the light of expe-
rience, that no region can reasonably hope for
as good results from the plants of any other
region on earth as from selected individuals
from abundant seedlings produced in that very
region and subject to all its peculiarities. It
seems to me that the proposition needs no argu-
ment, but that an attitude of distrust and caution
towards all fruits of distant origin is the duty
of every planter.

Upon every fruit grower is equally laid another
duty, that of annually planting some seeds from
his best fruits, that the course of nature be kept
clear for the perpetuation of a race of successful
fruits for the changed times and changing con-
ditions in which his posterity must exist.

Commercial Apple Orchards of Ontario.

L. WOOLVEETON, GRIMSBY, ONTARIO.

To many of our American cousins, and espec-
ially to those who live in the land of orange
groves, or of cotton plantations, the notion of
gardens and orchards will seem incongruous,
when associated with the name of Canada. And
still more strange, perhaps, will be the state-
ment that those portions of the province of
Ontario bordering on the lakes, Erie, Huron, and
Ontario, rank among the foremost apple produc-
ing regions of this great American continent,
and strongly compete with the great state of
New York in the foreign apple markets.

The acreage of orchard in Ontario, according
to the latest report of the Bureau of Industries,
is nearly 200,000 acres, I cannot say that this

area is increasing rapidly, because the profits of
fruit culture have been declining, and the diffi-
culties in the way of success yearly increasing.
The soil is losing its native fertility, and this
must be restored at great expense, if large crops
are to be expected; the hosts of insect enemies
are gaining ground upon us, so that only those
who are enterprising enough to use the pre-
scribed remedies, carefully and perseveringly,
can have any hope of success in producing any
quantity of first class fruit.

The prospects of the Canadian orchardist are,
however, on the whole encouraging. He has
some of the best markets iu the world within
reach, and that by the best and most expeditious
routes. During the year 1887 Canada exported
over 400,000 barrels of apples, of which about
100,000 barrels have gone to the United States
markets, and the rest chiefly to the British mar-
kets. Many of our largest growers ship their
own apples, sending them directly to one of the
three great British apple markets, viz., Liver-
pool, London or Glasgow; while the smaller
growers sell to speculators who buy for those
same markets, and who, by careful packing and
shipping, hope to make good profits. The writer
has a commercial orchard of one hundred acres,
chiefly devoted to the apple. It is situated on
the southern shore of Lake Ontario, with the
favoring influence of the lake on the north, and
of the Niagara escarpment on the south, the
latter being an almost perpendicular wall of
rock strata some 300 feet in height, which en-
closes a warm stratum of air, and thus gives
immunity from many a destructive frost. I
grow about sixty varieties of apples, but only
about a half dozen for profit, viz., Bed Astra-
chan, and Duchess of Oldenburg for home
markets in summer, the Gravenstein for fall,
and Baldwin, Greening, Boxbury Busset, North-
ern Spy, and King for winter export apples.
Our apples take on a high and beautiful color in
our Canadian autumn of frosty nights and
bright sunny days, and are acknowledged by
connoisseurs to equal, if not excel, in the
important combination of beauty of appear-
ance and excellence of flavor, any apples in the
world, so that they are commanding a propor-

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

L55

tionate price in foreign markets. The medals
for excellence, bestowed up in the fruit displayed
by the Fruit Growers Association of * >ntario, at
the Philadelphia Centennial in 1 s7(i, and at the
exhibits of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, hear witness to the truth of this state-
ment. Ripening late in tin- season, on account
of our northern climate, our apples also excel in
keeping qualities, and for this reason should be
desirable among our Southern friends. We im-
port from you the orange ami the banana; why
should you not have our apples in exchange?

There is one delicious apple which is grown
in Canada to perfection, and which has already
been shipped to Southern markets to a consider-
able extent. I refer to the Snow apple, so called
from its snow-white flesh, and also well named
the "Fameuse," or Famous, by the French, who
grow it in large quantities on the island of Mon-
treal, and along the banks of the St. Lawrence
River.

The Wealthy apple is becoming very popular
in our northern sections, where the varieties
mentioned above are too tender, for it is quite
hardy, even in the county of Renfrew, where the
thermometer frequently touches 41) below zero.
It grows with us to a good size, and takes on a
beautiful carmine color, but it ripens too early
and is too tender in flesh to be a favorite in the
commercial orchards of Southern Ontario, unless
for near markets.

The Winter St. Lawrence, a Canadian apple
of somewhat uncertain origin, is a very tine table
apple, and is in season from November to about
nd of January. It has the dark stripes and
splashes of carmine of the Fall St. Lawrence,
and a tender juicy flesh, somewhat similar to
that of the Fameuse; but it shares in the fault

of the two varieties just in. ml 1. viz., thai of

having a flesh too tender for distant shipment,
unless put up iii some speciaj ease, such as the
Cochrane fruit case, in which each apple is kept
firmly in a separate compartment, The tree is
a strong, vigorous grower, ami bears fruit every
year, but more abundantly every alternate 3
It is free from that serious fault of the Tetofsky,
which has been the condi mnation ofthai variety
as a commercial apple, \i/., the premature 1

ing of its fruit. Mr. R. W. Shepherd, of Mon-
treal, who has grown this variety in the province
of Quebec as a market apple, speaks very highly

of it as being one of the few apples worthy of
cultivation in that province in the commercial
orchard.

Baxter's Led is another Canadian apple, so
called after its originator, and as yet very little
disseminated, but said to be perfectly hardy as
far north as Ottawa, and an abundant bearer.
It is so large that it has been called "Pound
Apple" and indeed, in general appearance, it
somewhat resembles the King. The apple may
In further described thus: Calyx closed, in a
deep basin; color deep red with yellow specks,
and stem short, slender, and set in a deep,
slightly russeted cavity.

The Brockville Beauty and the Princess
Louise are two other new Canadian apples from
which much is expected. The former is a very
attractive looking apple, and in quality very
good; it ripens just after the Duchess of Olden-
burg. The latter, a sample of which was shown
at the last meeting of this Society at Boston,
may be thus described: Size above medium;
form nearly conical, flattened slightly at both
ends; stem not very stout, and projecting beyond
the cavity, which is deep and regular; calyx
closed, and set in a shallow slightly wrinkled
basin; skin smooth and free from blemishes,
with a very bright waxy lustre; color, clear
bright carmine, on a transparent yellow ground ;
flesh pure white, tender, juicy, melting, with a
rich aromatic flavor.

Among the apples from the United States,
which we value for our northern districts, in
addition to the Wealthy from Minnesota, we
look with much favor upon the Scott's "Winter
of Vermont, and Whitney's No. 20 Crab.

Of the Russians, we an' very hopeful to find
several of great value to us, as for instance the
Yellow Transparent, the ( rolden White, and the
[field.

With such apples as these I have mentioned,

then, it appeal's that even in the northern sec-

ot Ontario, it is possible to grow apples

with profit, some orchardists claiming to receive

as much as $65.00 net profit, per acre, per an-

L56

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

num, where favorably situated with regard to
markets.

As I have already said, we, who have orchards
in the southern part of the province, have every
favoring environment for successful orcharding,
and can grow all. the inure popular varieties to
perfection. My whole crop of winter apples
went forward to Govent Garden Market, London,
England; and, notwithstanding that over a mil-
lion barrels of apples have gone over from the
Atlantic seaboard this season, and that ordinary
grade apples would scarcely sell for cost of
transportation, my extras paid me well. For in-
stance, my selected Kings and Gravensteins sold
at $6.00 a barrel in the month of October. The
charges, from Ontario through to Liverpool,
average about si. (II) per barrel, and to London
via Liverpool, about forty cents more, exclusive
of commission.

The harvesting of our apples is done for about
ten cents per barrel, the packing for about as
much more, and the barrel itself thirty cents:
thus it is evident that our apples must sell in
Britain for at least two dollars per barrel, in
order to cover the bare expenses.

With regard to the productiveness of the apple
tree in southern Ontario, I may state that in
favorable soil it is sometimes extraordinary. Al-
though in ordinary conditions an average yield
from a Baldwin or Greening tree, which varie-
ties are our best croppers, is about seven or
eight barrels, 1 have taken in one season from
one immense Greening tree no less than fifteen
barrels of apples; and my father, Mr. C. E.
Woolverton, states that, on one season, he gath-
ered from that same tree no less than twenty
barrels.

The vitality of the apple tree, in southern ( )n-
tario, on deep rich sandy loam, is exceptional;
many fine trees of one hundred years of age still
growing and bearing heavy loads of fruit, and
that of as good quality as when in their youth-
ful vigor.

One variety, formerly very highly valued, has
apparently deteriorated, but whether according
to Van Mons' theory, it has reached its age of
perfection, and is consequently now on the de
cline, or from other causes, is an open question.

I refer to the Esopns Spitzenburg, an apple of
the highest, degree of excellence, but of late a
miserable sickly tree which scarcely ever yields
a crop of fruit, and when it does the fruit is be-
low size, scabby and misshapen.

And now, gentlemen, please allow me to refer
briefly to the Fruit Growers' Association of On-
tario, as being a sister organization which has
been doing for us in Canada a work similar to
that which the American Pomological Society
has been doing for the United States, only in a
more limited field. Our aim, like yours, is
wholly unselfish, and has in view the diffusion of
knowledge of the science of horticulture, the
testing of new varieties of fruits, the proper
nomenclature of those already in cultivation,
and the introduction into general use of those
worthy of a place in our orchards. Forestry
and floriculture also have a place amongthe sub-
jects which receive a share of our attention. We
make an annual report to the Ontario govern-
ment, in return for wdiich we receive an annual
grant in aid of our work. Regretting that a meet-
ing of this Association, at which my official
duties require my attendance, inadvertently con-
flicts with yours at Ocala, I extend to you all,
our most cordial greetings.

Cherry Growing in the Mississippi Valley.

.1. I.. 13UDD, AMES, IOWA.

Mr. President, and Members:

With the cherries of Southwest Europe and
their seedlings, our success over a large portion
of the Mississippi Valley has been very discour-
aging.

This is shown in a positive way by the fact
that cherries are hardly known in the fruit mar-
kets of the West at this time, except as imported
in a small way from the Pacific Slope, or from
the East and South.

But recent experiments on the college grounds
at Ames, Iowa, with some of the varieties from
i he north and east plains of Europe, seem to
promise a, new era in the growing of this palata-
ble and healthful fruit, in the West, and in por-
tions of the states east of the Lakes.

A. J. Downing, in the first edition of "Fruits

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

157

and Fruit Trees of America," quotes Loudon's

graphic statements relative to the continuous
miles of cherry avenues of Saxony, North Silesia,
Poland, and South Russia. We also note that
tourists, since the days of Loudon, have not
failed to express astonishment upon finding
cherry trees so general by the road sides and on
the division lines of estates in the parts of
Europe north and east of the grape belt. Even
this morning I noticed in "Forest and Garden"
this editorial note, "Every visitor to Saxony
remembers the cherry trees which line all the
roads. As there are so many of them, the loss
from petty thieving is not serious."

But the thought did not seem to occur to Lou-
don, or other tourists, that the varieties so gen-
erally grown north and east of the Carpathian
Range were not identical with those common to
southwest Europe, or that they differed essen-
tially in foliage, habit of growth, fruit bud,
flower, or fruit, from those of England, France,
or the parts of Germany south and west of the
Carpathians.

With a map of Europe before us, we cannot
fail to note reasons why trees, hardy at Vienna,
would utterly fail to endure the climate only a
few miles north and east, on the other side of
the mountain range, and on the edge of the
great plains, extending north to the Polar
Ocean, and east to the Ural Eange in Asia. In
Saxony, North Silesia, Poland, and South Rus-
sia, the westerly winds bring the soft breath of
the Gulf stream, as at Vienna or in Belgium
but the northern and eastern winds bring the
breath of the northern tundras or the interior
steppes; still, cherry growing is quite general in
parts of the great easl plain, hundreds of miles
north and east of Saxony; even in the province
of Vladimir, nearly two hundred miles north and
easl of .Moscow, cherries of good quality, and
rich in grape sugar, are grown by the train
load, indicating a wide range as to hardiness of
vai Leties in tree and fruit bud.

Passing over this region in the cherry season.
in the summer of 1882. with Mr. Charles Gibb,
we decided that many of the varieties we ti
should succeed perfectly in parts of the West
and North, where sorts'of the grade of hard-

ness of early Richmond utterly fail, and the
trial of such as we could then procure, during
the recent trying seasons, appears to confirm
this belief.

The tests have been made on grounds on
which trees, young and old, of Early Richmond,
Late Kentish, and English Morello, have been
killed by the test winters and extreme sum-
mers of the past five years. Yet I am pleased
to report that a number of the new sorts appear
to be as hardy as our native De Soto plum, in
both tree and fruit bud.

During the blossoming period last spring, the
severe frosts made this an "off season" for the
cherry, and mainly for the plurn, in Iowa, yet
twenty or more of our cherries fruited, some of
them heavily.

With this brief experience, under peculiarly
trying conditions, I offer the following notes of
our record of 18S8, on Avhat now seem the most
promising varieties:

VARIETIES THAT APPEAR TO BE MUCH HARDIER

THAN ENGLISH MORELLO IN TREE

AND FRUIT BUD.

Spate Amarelle. Much grown for dessert and
culinary use in East Poland and North Silesia,
where it is noted for its regular and bountiful
crops. Tree smaller than English Morello,
with pendulous habit.

Our trees from five to six feet in height were
bending with the weight of the fruit this season.
Fruit medium to large, color dark purple wlfen
ripe. Flesh and juice colored. When first
colored red the fruit has a bitter taste. At this
stage of growth it is excellent for canning, and
when fully matured it is desirable for dessert
use. Season about the 20th of July.

Schaiten Amarelle. The word "schatten" is
said to mean shadow. Hence we shall send it
out as Shadow Amarelle. The name comes
from the mirror-like reflection from the shining
skin. Much like the above variety in size,
shape, quality and season of fruit. Trees were
laden this "off'' cherry year.

Qros Lang Loth. We have sent tins out as
"Large long late." A small growing variety,
comingintob thenursery. Itisknown

in Poland and Silesia as "Double Shadow

158

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Amarelle," but it is not identical with Brusseler
Braune as stated by Leroy.

Fruit large, roundish, truncate at stem end,
nearly black when ripe. Juice colored. Pleas-
ant sub-acid flavor when ripe. Season of Eng-
lish Morello.

King's Amarelle. Tree larger than the above
and less pendant in habit. Fruit round, trun-
cate at both ends. Flesh white, soft, juicy, but
when fully ripe the juice is slightly red. Pit
very small. Eipens with Early Richmond.

Amarelle Boqitet. A small growing tree, with
fruit much like Eichmond in season and qual-
ity, but with more grape sugar.

Cerise De Ostheim. Tree some larger than
the above, with pendulous shoots even wdien
young. It fruits early, and is hardier in tree
than what is known as Minnesota Ostheim, and
bears larger, better, and earlier fruit. Pit small,
flesh and juice red, tender, juicy, and when ripe
pleasantly sub-acid.

Orel. We have given this name to a dwarf
variety from Orel, Eussia. It belongs to the
Vladimir race, with small leaves and close habit.
It comes into bearing when from three to four
fret in height. Fruit larger than Montmorency,
nearly black when ripe, and very mildy subacid
in flavor. Promises to be very valuable for the
North.

Shubianca (6m). Another variety of the Vla-
dimir family, with small leaves and close habit.
Fruit smaller and later than the above, black
and excellent in quality.

23 Orel. As yet we are not certain as to tin-
proper name. A neat round topped tree witli
firm thick leaves. It comes iuto bearing early
and seems very hardy in fruit bud. Fruit
much like Early Eichmond in color, season, and
quality.

Doppelte Natte. Tree of larger size than the
al » >ve, with more upright habit. It has not held
its leaves this season better than Montmorency
but it is ordinarily good in foliage. It has stood
the recent winter perfectly. The fruit this
was perfect and agrees with Dr. Hogg's descrip-
tion. Fruit large for its class; skin dark brown
or brownish black. Flesh very red and juicy,

and when fully ripe of rich aromatic flavor ,
This late year it ripened July 20th.

Griotte Imperial. A small tree and an early
bearer. Foliage better than Early Eichmond,
but this year uot perfect. Fruit large, dark red,
inclined to conical, flesh and juice red. Flavor
pure ami free from bitter, even when immature.
Mildly sub-acid when ripe.

Brusseler Bra tine. A variety much prized
on the sandy plains of East Poland. A larger
grower than Eichmond, with good foliage.
Fruit large, nearly round, purplish red in color,
juice slightly red, flavor pure and quite acid.
As it contains much grape sugar it is valuable
for canning and drying. Later, I think, than
English Morello.

Lutovka. A fine round topped grower, with
strong shoots and good foliage. Much grown
in Poland, North Silesia, and South Eussia, for
making "Kirschwasser." Fruit large, yellowish
red when ripe, flavor pure and sprightly; season
late. Will be valuable for dessert and culinary
use.

Bessarabian (No. 62). Our favorable report
of this variety of 1885 we are glad to repeat. It
will endure more abuse of tree than most of our
forest trees. Our original tree has been cut for
buds and scions for five years, taking off all the
new growth, yet the tree is sound to-day. Fruit
large, dark red, firm fleshed, and when ripe very
mildly sub-acid. It promises to make a long
lived tree of considerable size, and to prove a
regular bearer of choice fruit.

Sklanlca. A handsome round topped tree,
with pendant branches and best of foliage. Our
trees stauding on rich black soil, where the
Eichmond utterly failed even prior to our recent
test winters, are as perfect as box elders.

Fruit large, skin yellow and red. Flesh yel-
low, firm, very mildly and refreshingly sub-acid.
Pit very small; season of the Montmorency.

Frauendorfer Weichsel. A strong growing
tree with weeping shouts. Tree very hardy and
foliage good. It is described by the leading
horticultural writers of West Europe, and it
seems strange that it was not previously intro-
duced. Much grown in Poland and North Si-
lesia. Fruit large, dark red, truncate. Flesh

HISCELLANEOUS I IPEBS.

L59

tender, juicy, sub-acid, and good for any use.

Strauss Weichsel Another line tree with
good leaves. Fruit large and nearly black w ben
ripe. Flesh juicy, refreshing, and nearly sweet.
Season a few day- later than Early Riphmond,
\ ery promising.

Ldthaur Weichsel. Much grown in Livonia,
in Southwest Russia, fordryingand cherry wine.
A good hardy, strong growing tree. Fruit smal-
ler than Early Richmond, but with smaller pit,
and thicker flesh. Skin nearly black, flesh quite
acid, colored dark red, and with much grape
sugar. Most valuable for culinary use.

Grioite Dtt Nord. As introduced from North
Silesia this is nut identical with " Ronald's Large
Morello " as stated by Downing. A good tree
with very good foliage. Fruit large, nearly
black, flesh firm. Matures about the 20th of
July. In East Europe it is grown on north walls
for very late use.

Jiiiiint Amarelle. A neat, round topped tree
of the Griotte type. Fruit much like Early
Richmond in size, color, and season, but firmer
in flesh, and better in quality.

24 Orel. The name is not yet known on ac-
count of loss of invoice when the one year old
trees were imported. A fine grower with large
thick leaves, strong buds, and large shoots.
Fruit about the size of the English Morello,
dark red, firm, colored flesh, mildy acid, season
of tin- Late Richmond.

27 Orel. Another strong growing hardy sort
of great promise. The few first specimens indi-
a late season, but they were taken before
they were ripe enough for testing.

26 Orel. This is the "Lianzkaja Black" of
East Europe, which we will send out in the fu-
ture as "Orel Sweet." It appears to be hardy
in tree and fruit bud, but may not do well as far
north as some of the preceding. The single
original tree has been sadly abused by continued
scion cutting, in summer for buds, and in au-
tumn for grafting, yei it is in good condition
with perfect foliage. Fruit, medium in size,
black, with very small pit. Flesh, dark colored,
and decidedly sweet. Very promising, as the
hardiest sweet cherrj in our collection.

25 Orel. This was spoken of in mj Bulletin

of 1885 as one of the Vladimai i irieties, hut it
proves to bea Griotte, much like 23 Orel, though

some later in fruit and larger in ti

Heart Shaped Weichsel. This is given in
Eastern European catalogues as "Herzformige
Weichsel." It is an evident cross between the
sweet cherries of the East and the Dukes. It is
admitted as a lawn tree in East Europeon ac-
count of its symmetrical growth an I handsome
striped leaves. The first impression is that the
tree is not in perfect health, on account of its
peculiar foliage.

Fruit large, heart shaped, purplish black in
color, and nearly sweet. Highly prized for des-
sert use in West Europe, where most of the
sweet cherries do well. It may not succeed well
north of the 42d parallel.

George (ilnss. Under this name we have a
cherry from Marshal County, Iowa, where it was
introduced from Northeast Germany. In leaf
andhabitof growth it much resembles Bessara-
bian. Its fruit also shows a near relationship to
that variety. Very promising.

LESS HARDY VARIETIES,

The following varieties are hardier with us
than Early Richmond, and their foliage is quite
as perfect as that of any of the above sorts. But
on our trying grounds they have shown in the
stem some slight indications of winter injury,
and cannot be recommended for trial north of
tin- 41st parallel. The descriptions of fruit are
mainly from our European notes.

Abbesse De Oignies. Of the Bed Duke fam-
ily, grown in East Russia, on favorable soils in
North Sile-ia, and in Southeast Russia. In no
eas,- have we known the leaves to he injured by
rust or mildew. Even the present unfavorable
m the foliage of our budded trees is per-
fect. Fruit large, round, dark red. When ripe
mildly sub-acid.

Red Oranien. This is given by Hogg and
I roy as a synonym of Carnation. Hut a
have it from North Silesia it is of the Pved Duke
family, and very unlike the Carnation in leaf,
habit of growth or fruit, As it endures the
spring frosts in North Silesia and Easl Poland,
it is promising for trial in South Iowa. Fruit
in - tason and quality much like the preceding.

160

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Amarelle Bunt. Another variety of the Red
Dukes, much prized in North Silesia for dessert
use and cooking. A fine grower in orchard and
nursery, and far hardier in tree on our grounds
than Early Richmond or English Morello;
mainly I think on account of its more perfect
foliage. The fruit is highly prized in the mar-
kets of Warsaw, Poland.

Duchess d' Angouleme. Of the Red Duke
family. Foliage perfect, and a fine grower. A
heart shaped fruit of large size and excellent
quality.

Gros Oobet. This has been classed with the
Montmorencys, and even with the Kentish, hut
it is plainly crossed with the East Europe
Dukes. Fruit large, red. Flesh white, quite
acid, and best for canning. Ripens about the
20th of July with us.

Heel Muscateller. A en >ss with the Red Dukes,
with neat habit and good foliage. Common in
North Silesia on dry soil. Fruit large, and said
to be of good quality for dessert and other uses.

Double Glass. First seen in- North Silesia.
A fine grower, with perfect leaf. A large fruited
variety of the Red Dukes, likely to prove val-
uable in this state south of Des Moines.

I 'ilnv Sweet. A variety sent us from Vilne in
Southwest Russia. As tested at Vilne, the fruit
was large, early and sweet. A good round topped
grower with best foliage. We regard it very
promising for trial in South Iowa.

A Promising New Fruit From the Plains.

CHARLES E. BESSEY, LINCOLN, NEBRASKA.

Upon the plains of Nebraska, one of the small
native shrubs which has attracted attention on
account of its promising fruits, is what has been
known as the Sand Cherry. Scientifically it is
the Prunus pumila of the botanists, and a mem-
ber of the natural order Rosace.e, and of the
family Ajiygdale^:. Its affinities are with the
cherries and the plums, native of this country
and Europe.

In Nebraska it occurs upon sandy soils north
of the Platte River, beginning at about seventy-
five or one hundred miles from the Missouri

River, and extending thence westward and south-
westward to the Colorado line. It appears to
prefer the sandier soils, hence its popular name,
and over the great area I have outlined wherever
the soil is sufficiently sandy it occurs in abund-
ance. In these portions of the country the in-
habitants have for a long time been in the habit
<>f collecting and using the fruit, and in some
cases attempts have been made to bring the
shrubs- under cultivation.

The fruits are true cherries, occurring usually
in pairs or threes (rarely singly) on the last
year's wood. The cherries are about one-half
an inch in diameter, and when ripe are of a deep
purple-black color. In shape they vary from
flattened spherical (oblate spherical) to spher-
ical, and even bluntly conical. At the base they
are slightly indented, and the apex is usually
marked by a slight indentation also. The stalk
is slender, and from one-half to three-fourths of
an inch in length. The stone or pit is slightly
elongated, but little compressed, rounded on one
margin, and bluntly angled on the other.

The fruits have a colored flesh, which possesses
in many cases a considerable astringency, but in
nearly every clump of bushes one may always
find some which have but little, if any astrin-
gency. 1 have frequently eaten the fresh cher-
ries while l ambling over the plains, and have
often found specimens which were fully as
palatable as many of the cultivated cherries.

The shrub grows to a height of from one to
two feet, or rarely more. Its leaves are of firm
texture, oblanceolate in shape, with slightly
serrated margins. Their under surfaces are
whitish, and they are borne upon short petioles,
and stand alternately upon the stems. Under
cultivation the shrubs are much thriftier, and
the leaves are larger.

From the fact that in a wild state these cher-
ries are so large, and in many eases so palatable,
1 am led to hope that by cultivation they may
be made to yield us a new fruit for our gardens
in some portions of the Northern States, espec-
ially in sandy soils. I am, moreover, encour-
aged in this hope by the fact that experiments
upon a small scale, made by persons living in
the regions where the Sand Cherry grows, have

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

161

given results which indicate that it is readily
affected by cultivation.

In closing, I need only say that the Sand
Cherry of tin1 plains, while apparently the same
botanically as the frunus pumila of the East,
possesses such well marked differences, that I
am inclined to regard it as at least a good geo-
graphical variety. It is from the western form
only that I hope we may derive a new fruit.

Fruit Culture in California.
D. B. WIEB, 3AN FRANCISCO, CAL.

Citrtls Fruits. The culture of staple com-
mercial fruits is assuming immense propor-
tions in California, and still the planting of
fruit trees goes on, from San Diego on the south
to the Oregon line on the north, a distance of
over seven hundred miles. For over five hun-
dred miles of this great stretch, north and south,
the Citrus Fruits are grown successfully. We
have on exhibition to-day in this city of San
Francisco oranges grown in Shasta County, in
the extreme north end of the Sacramento valley,
in the open air, that will compare favorably with
oranges grown anywhere.

Last year the whole state had a week of
the coldest weather ever known since white
men have been here, yet California is to-day
ripening her usual full crop of oranges, north as
well as south. This now known ability of the
orange tree to withstand a temperature as low
a- 17 degrees above zero without material injury
has given a great impetus to the planting of
citrus fruits north. It also proves that Califor-
nia has an immense scope of country, suitable
for the profitable culture of the orange, possi-
bly as many square miles as the whole Mediter-
ranean orange region. Moreover, nearly all the
living trees north are seedlings, grown from the
seeds of the imported orange. These have
proven very much more hardy and better adapt-
ed to the climate than the budded varieties
brought here directly from other countries.
Some of these seedlings are of very fine quality,
showing that we may expect still hardier, better,
and better adapted varieties, after a few more
generations from seed grown here.

Raisins. Nearly every acre of California's in-
terior valleys and foot hills is a perfect raisin
soil in a perfect raisin climate. A perfect raisin
climate must have long continued summer heat,
with no rains, or even dews, to interfere with
the health of the vine or the curing of the fruit.
All these the interior of California lias in per-
fection. The raisin industry is extending with
immense strides.

Stone Fruits. The almond family settled in
this state at a very early day, even with the
first missionary fathers, and has since remained
in the perfection of health and fruitage. Al-
monds flourish all over the length and breadth
of the state, the hardier varieties climbing
away up the mountains.

A perfect raisin climate is also perfect for
most of the stone fruits. In all the vast inter-
ior the Peach and Nectarine are peculiarly at
home.

With very little care stone fruits can be dried
in the interior of California in the sunshine as
well as thej- can be elsewhere in an evaporator.

I think that young California can show the
largest cultivated cherry trees on this earth to-
day. She can show trees averaging a ton of
marketable fruit each, for each year of the past
five.

California has certainly a monopoly in the
fruit of the delicious Apricot. This prince of
fruits thrives nearly everywhere in the state.
Plums of nearly every kind are wonders of
health and productiveness, though the fruit has
not yet such a commercial value as some of the
other stone fruits. Kelsey and other plums of
Japan, seem destined to have a great future
here.

The prune, especially the French prune
(Petit Prune d' Agen ) is now a greal favorite
with planters.

The Fig has so far developed no enemy to the
tree, fruit or roots, its crops in the interior be-
ing simply enormous. The summer climate of
the coast is too cool to ripen this fruit, but

in the interior it ripens IV two to four crops

in a summer.

The <irn/)i- in some of its varieties thrives
everywhere. We can, T think, grow everything

L62

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

of the Yitis family to perfection, from the
I loyal Muscat of Alexandria down, let me say,
to the Hartford Proline and Champion. It is
true that our vines are affected in some
localities with scale bugs, hoppers, phylloxera,
the " mysterious vine disease," etc., but we will
control them all in due time.

The Olive is now being very largely planted;
it succedes over nearly the entire state

The Pear. Bartlett is the favorite, fully '.HI
percent, of all the trees planted being of that
variety.

The Apple. As a rule the summers are too
long for keeping apples, and in the interior, too
hot, though very choice apples are grown in
quantity in the Western Coast counties, and
everywhere high upon the mountains.

The Improvement of our American Grapes.

GEO. W. CAMPBELL, DELAWARE, OHIO.

This is a subject which has engaged the atten-
tion of many enthusiastic horticulturists for the
past thirty years, or more. There are doubtless
many present to-day, who can remember when
they could count upon the fingers of one
hand, all the varieties of our native grapes which
were considered of any value. I can remember
when no grapes were known in the Lake region
of Northern Ohio, but the wild fox and frost
grapes of the forest.

Vineyards amounting to thousands of acres,
now abound throughout the islands and the
shores of the great lakes, of varieties which in
ray boyhood were unknown.

Although the number of new varieties of
grapes of American, or native origin, if we in-
clude the crosses of our natives with those of
foreign birth, as well as native crosses and seed-
lings, number hundreds, the work still goes on'
and there seems ever room for more.

After repeated and invariable failures of. all
the earlier efforts to adapt or acclimatize the
vines of Europe to the soil and climate of our
country, it became evident that for successful
grape culture we must look to selection and
subsequent improvement of our native grapes.

One of the pioneers in this good work was the

Catawba, a noble southern grape from the banks
of the Catawba river of North Carolina.

Nearly contemporary with it was the Isabella,
also credited to South Carolina for its oi'igin.

If, as generally believed, the Concord grape
was produced from Isabella seed, she was the
mother of the most popular, and all things con-
sidered, the most valuable grape yet produced,
for a very large portion of our country. The
Concord was first exhibited in 1S53, thirty-six
years ago, and although large numbers of seed-
lings have been grown from it of more or less
value, no one of them has yet been able to sup-
plant the old favorite in public estimation.

The Worden comes the nearest to it: and in
many places it stands beside the Concord as an
equal, and in northern localities may have the
preference, by reason of its early ripening.

As seedlings from the Catawba and Isabella
class of vines, which still deserve some popular-
ity, may lie named Iona, Diana, Ives and Hart-
ford.

About the year 1855, the Delaware grape was
first introduced to the public from the town of
Delaware, in Ohio, from which it took its name.
It was brought to that place from New Jersey,
many years before, and had remained in compar-
ative obscurity until that time. Its parentage
and origin are unknown, but many persons be-
lieve it to be a natural cross between the La-
brusca and Vinifera. Some seedlings grown
from the Delaware, show decided characteristics
of the Labrusca; others have a strong resemb-
lance to some of the wild grapes, of the Bipa-
ria type, with thin, smooth leaves, and small,
sour, and uneatable fruit, nearly all skins and
seeds. Among the many hundreds of Delaware
seedlings, which I have grown, none have shown
any marked features of the Vinifera. Its prop-
er classification among species, I think, is not
satisfactory established. But the Delaware
grape was at once recognized and acknowledged
by the most eminent horticulturists, to possess
remarkable excellence, and it soon took the high
position, which I believe it still maintains, as the
finest native grape of American origin ; and its
advent gave an impetus to grape culture beyond
what had been before known. And after more

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

1G3

than thirty years, it still remains one of the
most popular and profitable varieties for all pur-
poses, wherever soil and location are suited to its
culture.

But it may seam that 1 am straying a little
from my subject, the improvement of our Amer-
ican grapes. That this improvement has been
in many ways almost marvelous, no one who
compares the present list of many hundreds of
named and cultivated grapes, with the five >>r
six varieties of sixty years ago, can doubt.

There are three methods to which we may
attribute the past improvement of our American
grapes, ami to which we may look for advance
in the future.

The first is nature's method, of sowing seed-
lings by chance, from which substantial im-
provement is necessarily slow, and can only
come by selection and cultivation of the best, by
the hand of man.

The second method, is the intelligent selec-
tion and planting of seeds of the best varieties
already produced, and the cultivation and selec-
tion again, of the best of these, seedlings.

The third, and in my judgment the most im-
portant, as well as the most speedy and certain
in results of all others, is the careful and intelli-
gent crossing and hybridizing of the different va-
rieties and species of the most valuable grapes of
all sections. By this means, the qualities of the
fine exotic varieties have been obtained upon
vines greatly improved in health and hardiness
above those of foreign origin. The most impor-
tant step in this direction was first taken by Mr.
E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Massachusetts, and the
grapes known as Rogers' Hybrids, are many of
them successfully grown and esteemed, and they
have taken the position of standard and valuable
grapes in Dearly all favorable grape-growing lo-
calities. These grapes were produced by cross-
ing one of the hardiest and healthiest of the
wild New England Labrusca grapes of tin- most
uneatable quality, with varieties of the pure
Yinifera or European grapes. Many of these
grapes retain the vigor, and a considerable por-
tion of the health and hardiness of the Labrusca
parent, but with fruits wonderfully improved,
retaining in a large degree the fine quality of

the foreign grape, and losing the coarseness and
strong odor of the Labrusca.

( Hhers have followed Mr. Rogers in this work,
notably Mr. Jas. EL Kick, 'its, of Newburgh, Mr.
Jacob Moore, of Rochester, and Mr. A. J. Cay-
wood, of Marlboro, N. V. Mr. T. V. Munson,
of Denison, Texas, is also very largely engaged
in the production of new crosses and hybrids;
and I have seen enough of the results of his
labors to predict that from his efforts will come
some of the most important results in the im-
provement of American grapes that have yet
been produced.

I may say also, that 1, myself, have exper-
imented sufficiently in that direction, to feel
perfectly assured that through 'the influence of
practical hybridizing and crossing the different
species and varieties of grapes, we may, and will,
produce varieties suited to all parts of our coun-
try where the vine will grow, that shall at least
equal in quality and value the best that are
grown in similar localities in foreign lands.

But we must not expect that any one variety
will be found possessing all these desirable qual-
ities that will also be suited to all localities. We
shall have to select special varieties for special
latitudes. Many of our northern grapes are
found unsuited to southern latitudes. So, the
Scuppernong, and even the Herbemont and its
rln>s, are not successful at the North. But I
have no doubt that in many places at the South,
where the Vinifera fails, crosses or hybrids
with our hardy natives will succeed. Some of
these crossbred or hybrid grapes I have seen
from favorable locations, when well grown and
well ripened, that were as beautiful to the sight,
and as delightful to the palate, as the fine]- varie-
ties of Europe; and I have seen the same kinds
under the influence of neglect and unfavorable
situations, unattractive, and indifl'eivnt in qual
ity. The Lady "Washington is a grape of this
character. And even the hardy Pocklington
maybe classed in the same way. Only a few

days ago I read an article in one of our horti-
cultural journals, commending this grape most
highly, as one of the best and most profitable of
all for that locality. The sane- day, in another
journal, a corresponded reported the Pockling

164

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

ton so poor, and so generally worthless, that he
proposed to root them out; and he wanted to
know, from the editor, if he could not prosecute,
and recover damages from the nurseryman who
had sold him the vines.

This will partially account for the different
reports we have of the same grape, from differ-
ent persons and localities. One extols highly
what another condemns, simply because in the
one case the variety is suited to the locality, in
the other not.

From my experiments for the past thirty
years, I am now conviuced that hundreds of my
seedlings, which I have destroyed simply because
they did not perfectly suit my particular locality,
or come up to the standard of excellence which
I desired, would have been, in other places, of
great value. I had been vainly striving to pro-
duce one or more varieties of faultless excel-
lence, with, also, the health and hardiness adapt-
ing them to all situations where grapes could be
grown.

By crossing the finer foreign varieties upon
the most rugged and hardy of our natives, there
is no difficulty whatever in producing varieties
that bear grapes wonderfully improved — in
some cases nearly, if not quite as good, as those
of the foreign parent, with all the coarseness or
foxiuess of the native entirely eliminated. I
have in my mind an experiment in crossing the
West's St. Peters, a large, late, and excellent
black foreign grape, upon the Janesville, a small
grape, also black, which is one of the hardiest,
earliest, and poorest of our native varieties. The
result is a vine of fairly vigorous growth, very
productive, bearing heavy clusters of large, oval
berries, resembling in size and appearance the
foreign parent, ripening medium early, and in
quality very nearly, if not quite equal to it. In the
fruit all trace of the Janesville has disappeared.
The vine and foliage, however, appear inter-
mediate between the two. I do not expect the
vine, however, to be as hardy, and the foliage
may not be as healthy, as that of the Janesville;
but it is a great improvement upon the foreign
vine, and to all appearance better than that of
some of our so-called pure natives. Crosses of
Muscat Hamburgh upon a native of the Hart

ford class, have produced grapes both black and
white, that have no trace of the Hartford, but
having the beauty and the excellence of some of
the finest of the foreign grapes. In their char-
acter and habit of growth, however, the vines
all have somethiug of the foreign appearance,
although grown from the seed of the native
parent; and although their foliage is generally
healthy, they show a greater tendency to mildew
in unfavorable seasons than our native Labrus-
cas, and they require some winter protection
where the temperature falls much below zero.

I have reason to believe that such varieties as
these will succeed and prove valuable and profit-
able in many localities; and that they will pro-
duce grapes in favorable situations, that for
beauty and excellence are surpassed by very few
of the choicest varieties of foreign lands But
still another step has been taken. Another
cross with these improved hybrids upon others
of the hardiest and healthiest natives, promises
to increase the hardiness of the vines in the
second generation, and to retain the high char-
acter of the fruit. Some experiments in re-cross-
ing these hybrids upon the southern Kupestris
. grapes are very promising indeed. The Bupes-
tris vine, when planted at the North, has proven
absolutely "iron clad" against our severest win-
ter, enduring 30c below zero wholly unharmed,
and resisting attacks of mildew in the most un-
favorable situations. Becent crosses of some of
the best native and hybrid grapes, so far as they
have fruited, have produced new types of the
most interesting character, with vines of re-
markable vigor, fruit of excellent quality, and
considerable variety. One cross with Muscat
Hamburgh, a pure Vinifera, with Bupestris.
produced a light red grape of the size and gen-
eral appearance of the Delaware, but hardly
equal to it quality. The foliage too, has rather
too much of the foreign element, and has cer-
tainly lost something of the healthy character of
the Bupestris. Except this one, all the crosses
have been black in color.

Some of our best native varieties, and hybrids
which were crossed the other way, using pollen
from a male plant of the Bupestris, produced
very handsome vines, but very poor fruit — small

MISCELLANEOUS PAPEBS.

165

in size, and inferior in flavor showing that the
quality of the grape is strongly impressed by
the staminate parent. And I may say that most
of my experiments indicate that this is the rule,
with rare exceptions.

I have, perhaps, pursued this branch of the
subject as far as it is profitable, at this time. I
would say, however, that it is my firm belief,
that through intelligent and continued crossing
and hybridization, one must look for the most
rapid, successful, and important improvement
in the character and value of our American
grapes; for by this means the best varieties
from every quarter of the globe can be brought
together, and their best elements united and
blended to form new types and combinations, of
every character and degree of excellence, and
adaptability to all situations where the vine can
be successfully grown.

I have no doubt that there are now growing
within the United States, east of the Rocky
Mountains, thousands • of varieties of grapes
from seedlings, both accidental aud intentional,
that will average far higher in character than
the few cultivated sorts of sixty years ago; and
these have all come through the agency of man.
Nature's energies seem to be directed mainly
to the perpetuation of the species through vigor-
ous vines and abundant seeds. Man seeks to
eliminate the seeds as far as possible, and to in-
crease and improve the amount and quality of
the*juice and pulp, to render the fruit agreeable
and valuable for human food.

Another element which I regard as of the
greatest importance in the future of grape cul-
ture in America, is the recent discovery of suc-
cessful remedies against the mildew and rot,
which have been so prevalent and so destructive
in many places, as not only to discourage, but to
prevent the planting of vineyards. Carefully
conducted, and well authenticated experiments
for the past two years have demonstrated that,
at a mere nominal expense, vineyards may lie
protected, the vim- remaining healthy and the
fruit abundant and perfect, where without the
remedy, wholesale loss and destruction have oc-
curred. Both in the foreign and American vine-
yards, the use of the sulphate of copper and

lime remedies have proved effectual. Alternate
rows in the same vineyards have been tested, by
treating one with the remedy and leaving the
others untouched. The treated rows held their
foliage green and fresh and ripened their fruit,
while the others prematurely cast their leaves,
and the fruit was destroyed by reason of rot and
immaturity. Large blocks in the same vine-
yards, treated and untreated, gave the same re-
sults.

These facts have a significance and value,
even beyond the protection of our present vine-
yards. For, by the use of these remedies, at a
cost of no consequence compared with their ben-
efit, the finer varieties of our improved hybrids
can be successfully and profitably grown in
thousands of localities where, without them, it
would be impossible.

The most serious of all the diseases of the
vine, are those which attack and destroy the fo-
liage, and which I include under the general and
popular name of mildew. All of this class of dis-
eases seem to be prevented by a timely applica-
tion of these remedies, and when we remember
that it is principally our finest grapes that are
subject to these attacks, the immense impor-
tance of these remedies will be at once recog-
nized.

I may not live to see it, but I have an abiding
faith, that through the efforts of our horticul-
turists and the aid of the practical investiga-
tions and experiments of our scientists, we shall
overcome all obstacles to successful and general
grape culture, and that both the grapes and the
wiues of America will rival, if they do not sur-
pass, those of any nation under the sun.

My remarks, so far, have been confined mainly
to observations from a northern standpoint,
where we have a rigorous climate in winter, and
cannot, except under glass, produce the splendid
foreign varieties which our brethren in Cali-
fornia are growing so successfully. I believe
that in many sections of that state they are
afflicted by the phylloxera, and also by mildew
and rot. These remedies may be of incalculable
benefit to them also; but the time may also come,
when they will be obliged to abandon the foreign
varieties, as our friends in France have done.

166

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

and replace them with native and hybrid varie-
ties of our own country.

Grape culture, in this fair Florida, and in the
South generally, I believe to be comparatively
in its infancy. With its charming climate, and
wonderful variety of soil ami situation, 1 sec no
reason why, with the proper selection of varie-
ties, and the aids which the experience of horti-
culturists, and the investigations of science can
give, the "Sunny South'' should not be both
the garden, and the vineyard of the North Amer-
ican Continent.

In reply to some questions that have been
asked since 1 came to this meeting, I will name
Wilder, Duchess and Triumph, as hybrids or
crosses that succeed well in many localities.
Also, Brighton and Jefferson, as second crosses,
having but one-fourth of the foreign element.
Grapes of the pure Ymifera tjq>e, have invaria-
bly been unhealthy and short lived in the North-
ern and Middle States, and the hybrids and
crosses are hardier, healthier and more endur-
ing in every way.

I'ISCUSSION.

G. 13. Bkackett, Iowa: I wish to call atten-
tion to the Ives. At Burlington, Iowa, it is
raised by the car load and brings twice the
money of any other variety. It is hardy, and
perfect in foliage and fruit.

G. W. Campbell: It originated with Mr.
Henry Ives, of Hamilton County, Ohio. It is
an ironclad, and in some places is of great value.
It colors, however, long before it is ripe, and is
therefore often marketed green. It should hang
two to four weeks after it colors. When fully
ripe it loses its hard pulp and is an excellent
table grape.

G. B. Brackett: It has a thick skin, and will
keep well on the vine, and often dry almost to a
raisin.

\Y. C. STRONG, .Mass.: What is its season?

(1. W. Campbell: With us in Ohio, early in
( >etober, after the Concord

G. B. Bkackett: In Iowa, the first of Sep-
tember.

E. Williams, N. J.: With us it never ripens

within three weeks of the Concord. It is larger
than Concord, and better when fully ripe.

.T. Van Lixdlev, N. G: Ives takes the lead in
North Carolina, and also, I am told, in Missouri.

J. H. White, Fla.: Ives has done better than
any other Labrusca variety in Florida, but there
are other varieties here that are still better.

Mi;. Callahan, Fla.: I have at Melrose, a
large number of varieties that fruit abundantly.
I apply salt and ashes, the same ;ls to my figs,
and turn under pea vines, beggar-weed, crab-
grass, etc. Otherwise, I use no fertilizers.

Mr. Truebloob, Fla. : I succeed with Black
Hamburg, grafted on any wild stock.

G. W. Campbell: I have been grafting grapes
for nearly fifty years, and I do not think that
the benefits of grafting on other stocks to cause
early bearing, or increased vigor, are lasting.
For a year or two such an effect may be seen,
but afterward no difference appears between
such vines and those on their own roots.

Nut Culture.

H. M. ENGLE, MARIETTA, PA.

It seems somewhat unaccountable that in this
progressive age, nut culture should be so much
neglected, while all manner of fruits, vegetable*
and flowers are being improved and multiplied
to an almost unlimited extent. One cause of the
neglect of the former, no doubt, is their bAig
considered as luxuries instead of food.

They are however rich in certain food ele-
ments, adapted to the human system, and as
such knowledge becomes disseminated the de-
mand will increase, and production and con-
sumption in a corresponding degree. Thou-
sands of acres might be made profitable in this
branch of horticulture that now pay neither in-
terest nor taxes. Large areas might be made a
source of profit, and large supplies of food for
man might be obtained with more certainty than
by an equal amount of money spent and labor ap-
plied in the production of some other crops. An
inducement to nut culture is that so little care
is required in keeping them, while fruits and
vegetables require special care during winter,

> ,i mi s PAPERS.

1U7

when the former are mosl required and the lat-
ter least. If more of the natural products of
the earth, ami less of artificially prepared and
adulterated articles, were eaten, mankind would
be much the better for it. It is to be hoped that
a reliable chemical analysis of the nutritive
properties of edible nuts will be forthcoming.
Whereverthe chestnut will flourish, it may safely
be placed at the head of all nuts, since for qual-
ity it is unsurpassed. There is of c >urse s >me
difference in quality, in which however, our na-
tives are not excelled.

Soi ii i' of the Spanish, or seedlings of the same,
are nearly if not altogether equal to our natives
in quality. Much lias been claimed for the .la-
pan chestnuts, lint those we have fruited are not
I qual to some of the Spanish, either in size or
quality. We may reasonably conclude that
speaking of Spanish, French, Italian, or Japan
eh stnuts, is as indefinite as speaking of apples.
rs, or any other fruits from these countries,
as all ch istnuts vary when grown from seed.

Therefore, by cross-fertilization, new varieties

will no doubt be produced, which will combine

j if not all the best qualities of t lie originals,

just as has been done with s i many other fruits.

Hoping for such results, it will be important
to have new varieties properly named and classi-
fied the same as other fruits, for among the
forthcoming varieties there will be large, medium
and small, vigorous and slow growers, prolific
and tardy bearers, hardy and tender ones, with
intermediate grades of quality. In the case of
such results, we should by all means avoid s\ no-
nyms, improper names, and the dissemination
of infer,. ies.

Tin- Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Butter-
nul (J. cinerea), English Walnut | T. !,'<■
Pecan (Canja olivceformis), Shellbark (C
alba), and Filbert (Corylus Avellana), are no
doubt susceptible of improvement in the direc
tion of less shell and more kernel.

This should not be more difficult than for
stockmen t i bree I o ; muscle,

and reduce bone, with other desirable points.
Nut culture opens a wide field for the delicate
process of hybridization and cross -fertiliza

and tin' obstacle should be i,. > than to

hybridize wheat and rye, which has been suc-
cessfully accomplished.

After all. the raising of see llings is like a lot-
tery; many blanks are drawn, but the outlaj is
not expensive, and should one superior variety
be produced, tic pri ducer may consider hii

a benefactor to his race, even v so than he

who causes two blades of grass to grow where
but one grew before.

The diffeient nuts require various soils and
locations; walnuts flourish best in rich loam;
butternuts thrive in similar soils; both bear
transplanting well. Pecans and Shellbarks have
long and heavy tap roots, ami must be carefully
managed; they should be transplanted once or
twice in the nursery, and by cutting off part of
the tap root they will throw out side roots, after
which there is little risk in their removal.
Wherever the peach and Mazzard cherry flour-
ish, the chestnut will succeed, /. p., in light soils.
either sand, slate or gravel. Pennsylvania has
large areas of chestnut fores! which are cleared
once in twenty or twenty-five years for the tim-
ber, but the nuts on such trees do not amount to
much, as the woods grow too dense, and the nuts
are small. But a new departure has been made
which, we trust, will spread extensively. After
clearing the laud, when the sprouts are of one
ui's growth, they are grafted with some im-
proved variety, at such distances as trees should
stand were they planted for fruiting, and all the
rest are destroyed and kept down. The oldest
of these trees are now but two seasons' growth
since they were grafted, but some have already
borne fruit, and indications are that in a com-
paratively short time there will be nut orchards
in full bearing, instead of timber forests.

I will just lure predict that in less than a de-
there will be a boom in this direction, in
our state at le

In treating of nut culture, the Peanul must
not be forgotten, but our Soutl ends know

more about its cultivation than we of the North
can tell them. In commerce it has no rival in
tin' line of nuts.

168

REPOBTS OF COMMITTEES.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES.

Resolutions.

The Committee on Besolutions, consisting of
H. H. Cary of Georgia, O. B. Hadwin of Mass-
achusetts, and B. T. Galloway of Washington,
presented the following reports, which were
adopted :

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Whereas, The American Pomological Society rec-
ognizes the very valuable services rendered to fruit
growers throughout the entire country by the United
States Department of Agriculture, under its present
able head, Hon. Norman J. Colman; therefore, be it

Resolved, That the thanks of this Society are hereby
tendered Hon. Norman J. Colman. Secretary of Agri-
culture, for his untiring efforts in behalf of Pomology,
and especially for the energy which he has shown in
directing investigations in Pomology, Mycology, and
Entomology.

EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Resolved, That it is the sense of this Society that the
Agricultural Experiment Stations throughout the
Union give special attention to the raising of seedling
fruits upon the most approved and scientific princi-
ples, for dissemination in their respective localities.

Resolved, That originators of new varieties of fruits
lie requested to send specimens of their plants to the
Agricultural Experiment Stations, to there be tested
for their adaptation to the localities wherein the
stations are located, and that the results be published
in the station reports.

FLORIDA MEETING.

Resolved, That the thanks of the American Pomo-
logical Society, in convention assembled, are due, and
are hereby tendered, to the various transportation
lines, both in and out of Florida, for courtesies ex-
tended in giving our officers and members reduced
rates to and from this convention.

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society are ten-
dered to the officers of the Ocala International Sub-
Tropical Exposition for their courtesy in furnishing
the exposition building for our opening exercises, and
the opera house for our regular meetings.

Resolved, That our thanks are tendered to the mem-
bers of the Florida, Horticultural Society fur their
many arts of Kindness shown dining our sta\ in their
state.

Resolved, That the thanks of the Societj are most
heartily tendered to the transportation lines of the
State of Florida for their great kindness shown in gh

ing us free transportation all over the State; and
finally be it

Resolved, That the heartfelt thanks of this So-
ciety are tendered to the citizens of the beautiful city
of Ocala,. for the many refined courtesies shown dur-
ing our meeting, and that we shall, oae and all, carry

1 the most pleasant memories of their land of

flowers.

In this connection we desire to say that we should
not be true to our feelings if we failed to thank Mr.
and Mrs. M. A. Johnson, for the beautiful display of
Camellias presented to our honored President.

IN MEMORY OF WASHINGTON.

As the closing session of the meeting occurred
upon Washington's birthday, Feb. 22, the fol-
lowing resolution, introduced by Dr. C. M. Cul-
len, of Waldo, Florida, was adopted by the So-
ciety:

Resolved, That in grateful remembrance this day of
George Washington," first in war, first in peace and first
in the hearts of his countrymen,'* the American Pomo-
logical Society honors his principles and his virtues,
and hands them down to coming generations as the
best guarantee of the safety, honor, and glory of the
United States of America.

Nomination of Officers.

The report of this committee through its
Chairman, Dr. H. H. Cary, of Georgia, was made
at the second session, following the report of
the Treasurer. It was adopted unanimously.
The names of the committee and a list of the
officers will be found in the first pages of the
volume.

President's Address.

The report of this committee is given at the
close of the Address.

Credentials.

President of the American Pomological So-

ciety:

Your Committee on Credentials, having care-
fully examined the records, beg leave to make
the following report:

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES.

169

There are present with proper credentials one
hundred and four members of the Society, repre-
senting twenty-two States and Territories, and
the Dominion of Canada.

We also find among the members thirteen
State and other minor Horticultural Societies
represented.

All of which your Committee most respect-
fully submit,

F. M. Marble,

C. F. A. Bielby,

G. B. Brack ett.

Committee.

Fruits Exhibited.

To the President and Members of the American

Pomological Society :

Your committee on Fruits Exhibited report
the following awards:

WILDER MEDALS— SILVER.

Lake County Shippers' Union, for 40 varieties
of oranges, 8 varieties of lemons, 2 varieties of
citrons. 3 varieties of limes, 2 varieties of shad-
docks, 2 varieties of pomelos, 2 varieties of pine-
apples, 5 varieties of guavas, 1 variety of loquats,
1 variety of persimmons, 2 varieties of prickly
pears. 1 variety of sweet pomegranates, 3 vari-
eties of bananas, 1 variety of strawberries, 1
variety of pawpaws, 2 varieties of peaches (half
grown ). in all -Mil) plates; also 2-4 boxes of packed
oranges.

Marion County, for 35 plates of oranges, 12
plates of lemons, 15 plates of pomelos, 6 plates
of shaddocks, 1 plate of citrons, 20 boxes of
oranges, also several Hoffman strawberry plants
in bearing.

Sumter County, for 275 plates of oranges, 90
trays of oranges, 3 varieties of pomelos, 16 vari-
eties of lemons, 1 variety of limes, 1 varietj of
cit nms, 1 variety of pineapples, 1 variety of figs,
16 baskets of Neuuan strawberries.

Lee < lounty, for a creditable collection of some
thirty tropical and semi-tropical fruits.

Rev. Lyman Phelps, for 11 varieties of Navel
oranges, 8 varieties of Blood oranges, 18 \ari-
etiesof ornamental oranges. 52 varieties of other
oranges, 16 varieties of Lemons, 5 varieties of

limes, 4 varieties of citrons. A highly meri-
torious collection.

E. H. Hart, for 25 varieties of oranges, 2 varie-
ties of lemons, 1 variety of limes, 1 variety of
pomelos, 1 variety of shaddocks, all showing
good management and skillful cultivation.

Dudley W. Adams, for 46 varieties of oranges,
3 varieties of lemons, 1 variety of limes, 1 variety
of pomelos, 1 variety of shaddocks, 1 variety of
guavas, 1 variety of loquats, 1 variety of citrons.

BRONZE MEDALS.

Citrus County, for 22 varieties of oranges, 3
varieties of lemons, 2 varieties of limes, 1 variety
of citrons, in all 175 plates; also 60 boxes of
oranges, 2 boxes of lemons, 2 boxes of pomelos,
and a large collection of fruits on branches.

Polk Comity, for 104 plates of oranges, 25
plates of pomelos, 4 plates of shaddocks, 3 plates
of yellow pomelos, 1 plate of kumquats, 1 plate
of loquats, 1 plate of guavas, 1 plate of strawber-
ries. 9 boxes of oranges, and many clusters of
oranges.

Volusia County, for 50 plates and heaps of
oranges, lemons, limes, citrons, persimmons, lo-
quats, kumquats, guavas and bananas.

O. P. Books, for 25 varieties of oranges, 7
varieties of lemons. 3 varieties of limes, 4 varie-
ties of shaddocks, 2 varieties of pomelos, 2 varie-
ties of citrons, 1 variety of persimmons, 2 varie-
ties of guavas, 2 varieties of pineapples, 1 variety
of loquats, 1 variety of prickly pears.

E. S. Hubbard, for 25 varieties of oranges.
Bespectfully submitted,

F. M. Hexamer,
J. S. Newman,
A. H. Manville,
Committee.

New Fruits.

To the President awl Members of Hie American

I 'omological Society :

Your committee on Native bruits respectfully
report as follows:

The most noteworthy new fruit which has
come to the notice of your committee is the
Idaho Pear. It is a chance seedling originated
near Lewiston, Idaho. In size, general appear-

170

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES.

ance and aroma, it resembles the crosses of the
Chinese Sand Pear, but its eating quality is far
superior to that of any of this class known in
cultivation. It is very' large and handsome;
irregular globular, somewhat depressed. The
cavity of the fruit is very irregular, basin shal-
low and pointed; calyx very small and closed;
score very small; skin golden yellow, with many
russety spots; flesh melting, juicy, with a
sprightly, vinous, delicious flavor; season, Sep-
tember and October. So far, il lias not fruited
outside of its native locality, where the tree has
withstood a temperature of thirty degrees below

Zero.

J. H. Hale, of Connecticut, reports: During
the year not as many new fruits have come to
my notice as formerly. I am testing some
twenty new varieties of strawberries, tin1 two
most valuable of which are the Pineapple, sent
out by J. H. Clark, of Maryland, and the Miami
from J. D. Kruschkie, of Ohio. Pineapple is
the most remarkable plant in growth of any that
I have ever seen, having strong leaf-stalks eight
to ten inches long and very broad heavy foliage
of a rich dark, green color. It is entirely dis-
tinct in growth from any other variety. The
blossom is perfect, and the berries large to very
large, of a rich dark crimson color and excellent
quality. Miami is a variety of moderate growth,
somewhat like Cumberland. The blossom is
pistillate, and the berry very large, rich dark red,
and of fair quality. I think it will yield more
large berries to the acre than any other variety,
and is likely to prove valuable for market. Ada,
a new blackcap raspberry, is as valuable a late
market variety as the Gregg, and has the advan-
tage of being hardy.

Dr. T. H. Hoskins, of Vermont, reports: Yel-
low Transparent and Scott's Winter ought to be
added to the Society's list, both with two stars
fiir Northern Vermont and Quebec; the first as
the earliest and the best early, and the second as
the longest keeper among the ironclad apples.
Mcintosh lied should also have a place, with
two stars for Vermont and Quebec, as a larger
and better fruit than its parent, the Fameuse.
Yellow Transparent, Grand Sultan, Charlotten-
thaler, Sweet Tear, and Red Duck, belong to

the same family of Eussian apples, and are
almost identical in fruit, but the Yellow Trans-
parent is the hardiest and most vigorous. It
seems to be valued all over the country from
Canada to Alabama as a first early market
apple.

Dr. George Thurber, of New Jersey, reports:
I can subscribe very heartily to all that has
been said of the Improved Dwarf Juneberry,
recommended by Western nurserymen. The
fruit is borne in clusters like the currant, and
ripens in June. Its size equals the wild goose-
berry; shape, round; color, reddish purple at
first, becomes a bluish black when fully
ripened. Its flavor approaches the huckleberry,
a mild, very rich, sub-acid. Most people like its
quality, and pronounce it delicious. I had two
or three bushes that fruited several years in
succession. In spring they are a sheet of white,
and very ornamental. The fruit, which is borne
in groat abundance, is, to my taste, better than
huckleberries. This species varies widely in its
wild state. I have found it (the tall kind) in
fruit in Maine, but one of- these little bushes
will bear as much as half a dozen of the big
ones. I am not sure which of the named vari-
eties this is, but incline to think it is Arnelan-
chier Canadensis var. pumila, Tor. and Gray, or
it may be var. oligocarpa. At all events I con-
sider it of much promise to those who will take
it up and improve it.

Dr. J. S. Newman, Alabama, reports: I found
on exhibition at our State fair last fall, a seed-
ling apple which is claimed to have originated
in Butler County of this state by Mr. S. H.
Thornton, who has named it "Thornton Seed-
ling." It is a large red apple, quite showy, and
in flavor very good. It ripens in October, and
keeps well. I visited last August a pear tree
near Loachapoka in this, Lee county, which
seems to be a reproduction of the Duchess byr
seed. The fruit is identical with the Duchess.
but the tree has quite a different habit of growth

spreading instead of compact. The original
I ice has not failed of a good crop in se\ en years.
Much of the fruit is seedless, as is the case with
Duchess when affected by late frost. There
seems to lie no doubt of the fact that the origi-

REPORTS "l COM BITTERS.

171

nal kree is a seedling, bnl the fruit is so cona
pletely identical with the parent that 1 do aoi

ask that it be \ i ■: rep irl das new.

('. L. Watrous, of Iowa, reports: There has
been no native Emit broughl to public notice in
towa within the pasl two years that would prom-
ise to have general value. A number of new
apples and plums are attracting attention more
or less extended, but locally.

A new native plum " Hawkeye," original id
by H. A. Terry, of Crescent City, Iowa, is very
—larger than Lombard— deep red in color,
of good quality for a native, very hardy and pro-
ductive, promises to be valuable throughout the
prairie region for family and market.

C. G. Patten, of Charles City, la., has a Soul-
ard crab hybrid, a certain case of crossing pne
of the Ptjrus coronaria with Pi/i-us Mains. Some
specimens of the fruit are more than three
inches in diameter. The tree is perfectly
hardy in Northern Iowa, and is being hope-
fully used as a basis of further crosses with
tine varieties of /'. Mains, in hopes of evolv-
ing a cross bred race of undoubted hardiness
and of quality suited to the wants of a civil-
ized people.

Many other new fruits might be mentioned.
but they would possess no general interest.
All of which is respectfully submitted

F. M. Hexamer,
Chairman Committee on Native Fruits.

Place of Next Meeting.

The Chairman, Mr. W. C. Strong, of Massa-
chusetts, reported that a number of places had
been suggested for holding the meeting of 1891,
including St. Louis, Mo., Chicago., 111., London,
Ontario, Nashville, Tenn., Geneva, N. Y., and
St. Paul, Minn. From some of these places in-
vitations had been received, but as other invita-
tions would probably be sent in, the Committee
were not prepared to recommend a choice.

Mr. Trowbridge, of Ohio, then moved that the
next meeting be held in Chicago. This was
warmly seconded by Mr. Brackett, of Iowa,
Mr. Boone, of Illinois, and others, and seemed
to be the unanimous choice of the meeting.
Mr. Strong then moved as an amendment
that decision upon a place, for the next meet-
ing be left with the Executive Committee of
the Society, and that Chicago be recommended
for favorable consideration. The motion as
mended was carried and Committee discharged.

y

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.

PLAN OF CATALOGUE.

The arrangement of the names of varieties in the Catalogue is alphabetical and according
to the nomenclature adopted by the Society. Synonyms, which include all names which have
been changed by the Society together with a few others, are placed under the adopted names
in italics.

The columns are arranged thus: In the first column the names of varieties, in the next
seven columns the description, and in the remaining columns the States or Districts.

The State or District columns are not placed in alphabetical order, as in the octavo edi-
tions, but are grouped in Divisions somewhat similar in climate, and other (diameters affecting
fruit culture. Thus: 1.— Northern Division— between 42 and 49 . 2.— Central Division—
between 35 and 42 . :i. — Southern Division between 28" and 35 .

The State or District in which a fruit is recommended for cultivation is designated by a
star (*), and if the variety is of great superiority and value, two stars (**); if new or recently-
introduced and promising, by a dagger (f). A minus sign ( — ) shows that the variety has
been tried and found undesirable in the State or District indicated.

I. -APPLES.

Explanation of Abbreviations.— The Size is indicated by 1. for large; m. for medium, and 3. for
small. The Form— r. c. roundish conical; r. ob. for roundish oblate; tl. for tlat or oblate; r. for roundish.
The Color— y. r. for yellow and red; r. s. for red striped; g. y. greenish yellow; rus. for russeted; y. rus.
tor yellow and russet. The Quality -g. for good; v. g. for very good; b. for best. The Use— F., fruit
valuable for all family purposes; K. M.. valuable for kitchen and market purposes; F. M.. family and market.
The Season S. for summer; E. A. for early autumn; L. A. for late autumn, and W. for winter. All these
characters of course only designate leading positive features, and vary in their distinctness according to soil
and climate in which they are grown. The Origin is shown by Rus. for Russian; Eng. for England; Am.
for American; Ger. for German: F. for foreign.

IV

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div,

-
-
-

10
11
12
13
14
15
HI
IT
18
lit
20
21
22
23
21
25
26
27
28
2; i
30
:il
32
33
34
35
36
:;t
38
39
in
II
12

43
14

i:>
16
IT
is
1(1
50
51
52
:,:;
54
55
56
•"iT
:,s
59

Til)
C.I

NAMES.

o

Alerson's Early

Alexander

American Beauty

American Golden. American Golden Pippin..
American Summer. American Summer Pear-
main

Anisovka.

Arnold's Beauty

Aromal ic Carolina

Autumn Bough

A ul ii inn Swiiiiv , .

Babbitt ... ..

Bailey Sweet

Baker.

Baldwin

Baltimore. Cable's Qilliflower. Mahaska.....
Baltzby.

Beauty id' Knit

Belden Sweet

Belmont

Ben Davis. New Yuri; Pippin

Benoni

I lentil y's Sn eet

Bergamot .

Berkshire Spy.

Bethlemite.

I>"\ an. Hi run's Favoriti

Blank. Jersey Black

Blakeley

Blenheim. Blenheim Pippin

1 ihie Pearmain

Bonum

Borovt itzky . .

Bourassa .

Howeii. Bowen's Favoriti

Bower's Nonpareil

Bowling's Sweet.

in.
in.

r.
r. e

t". (ill.
I'. (ill.

(ill.

o

►J
r

-
&

o

<
-12

III
III.

11.
II.

r. c.

r. uli

y. v.g. K. s.

r. s. g. K. M. E. A.

y. r. v.g. F. M. \V.

g. y. v.g. F. M. \V.

y. r.

1>.

F.

s\

\ . r. v. g. F.

y. r. v. g. F.

g. y. v. g. F.

g. y. v. g. F.

\V.

A.

E. a.

L.A.

o

-

E Li

■/) - - —

O a, « I « S
Z Z S s, >

Am.
Bus.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Bus.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

in.
in.

r. c.

r. oli.
r. c.
r. c.
r. oli.
r. c.
r. c.
r. c.
r. c.
r. ob.
r. ob.

r s.
y. r.
r. g.
r. y.

y.
r. s.

y.

y. r.
y. r.
y. r.
g. v.

v.g.
v.g.
v.g.

v.g. F. M.
K.M.
F. M
F. M.
F. M.
K. M.

F.
F. jM.
K. M.
F. M.
F. M.

b.

g-

v.g.
v-g

L.A.

W.

W.

W.

A.
L.A.

W.

\V.

W.

s

\\\

r. c.
r.ob

r. s.
y. r.
\ . r.
d r.

v. g. F. E. W.

h. F. M. \V.

g. F. s.

g. F. W.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Eng.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Bus.

Am

Am

Am.

Am.

. T

*

r. ob.
r. c.
r.ob.

y. r.

r.

y. r.

v.g. F. M. W.
g. M. VV.
v.g M. L.A.

Broadwell .sweet

Brittle Sweet

Brown. Nottingham Brown..

Bruce's Summer

Buckingham. Fall Queen of Kentucky, Bach-

• Inr, Kqiii in t( hi
Buff.

r. c.

r. ob.

il.

r.
r. c.

y. r.
r.

y. r.
}'• r.

g- 3 ■

g. M.

g. M.

v.g. F. M.

g. M.

L.A.
A.

w.

L.A.

v.g. F. M. L.A.

Eng.

Am.

Bus.

Ger

Am

Am.

Am.

A m

r c.

II.

r. s.
r. s.

v.g. F. E.A.
v.g. F. M L.A.

s.

Am.
Am.
Am.

Burlington's Early ...

Bullock's Pippin. American Golden Ihiss.i

I luncombe

Burlington. Burlington Pippin.
Cadwallader. Cadwallader's Golden

Calel Sweet

Calkin. ( 'alkin's Pippin

I ,1111 .hk Sweet.

Campfield

Canada Baldwin

Canada lieimtte

Cannon Pearmain. .

Carolina .1 une. ' 'avolina Red -l inn .

Carolina Watson .

< 'ai'tei's Blue.

t lane Creek Sweet

( hattahooclice

Chenango. Chenango Strawberry, Sherwood':
Faooriti

in.
■ in.

m.
in.
m.

1.
in.
m.
ui.

1.
m.
in.

r. oli. y. r. \ . g. F. M. E. W. Am

r. ob. y. r. g. F. VV. Am.

11. y. g. V. S. Am.

r. c. y. ins. ii. 1". M. W. Am.

11. c.
r.ob.
r.ob.

r. r.

r.ob.

r. ol'.
ob.
r. c.
r. c.
r. e.
Il.c.

r.ob.
r.

II.

y. r.

y.
y.

y. i'.

y.
g. i'.

r.

g. y.
r. s.
r. s.
g. y. v.
g. i'.

y.

y-

v-g-

F. M.
K.M.

v.g

g. F. M.

g. F. M.

g. M. K.

v. g

v.g. F. M.
v.g. F.
v.g. F. M.

g. M.
F. M.

g. F.

g. M.

\V.
W.
VV.

w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.

s.
s
E.A.
s.
W.

ob.c g. r. v. g. F. M. E. A.

Am.
Am.
Am.
N.s

Am.

Am.

Can.

F.

A.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

A m .

2 Moderate bearer; showy; hardy.
5 Slender gi ower. but healthv.

14 In Vermont adapted only to the Southern and Western
parts of the state south of Burlington.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

Bet

VI en

42

and 41

11.

i ENTRA

1 Dl\ [SION.

-Between 35

and 12

III.

— S.Div

Bet. 28

& 35

-'
£

1

•_)

4

5

t;

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
IT
18
19
•Jo
21
22

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
21
32
33
34

36
37

39

Hi
tl

12
13
(1
13
16
17
is
19

.".1
52
53
:,1
;,:,
56
:.7
58
59
60

'■.1

—
—
a
Z

+
**

*

*
■

-

=
Z

*
*
*

*
*

I

**

*

*
*
*

t
*

*

*

i
*

-;

*
*

*

z
—
-
—

:

.:
*

**

*

*
*

*

*
*

-

EX

2

S

*
*

*

-.

*

■: *
*

*

*
*
*

*
*

*

■■:■
*

*

*
*

i

-
•s.

3
$

*

*

*

X

-

5

R
-

s

a

s

=5

o"

—

z

/.

*

*

=

-i
-
—

Z
*
*

-

|

x

C

X

-
*

*

*

t

>.

X
x

■~~

—
>

-

**

*
*

*

—
-

T
-

*=l
*

*
*

Z
Q

-
— '

■■'.-■
*

*
*

*

k*

-

s

-

>

*
**

4

:;■
4

;■:
*

*

a

o
■—

-
—

1

**

:■:

*

:•

*

*

0

-=

C

*

*
*

*

*

**
**
**
**

*
*

*

•:■

■:

*
*

—

c

■:

:■.:::

*

**

*
*

*

-
>

K

c

is
*

M

>.

id
-

=
—

:■:
**

■:->:
* :-

**

-

x

**

■r.

c

-

*
*

*

*

*
*

-

s

*

--,-■,

•*

■:

**

*=l

*

*

*

*

*

z
r.
i

~-

*

*

*

t

*

*
*

*

*
*

*

■:-

*

**

*

-

1

z

**

i

*
*

*

:

*
*

■A

-
i-

-
-

-
*

*

:
*

**

*

*
*

*

*
**

-

—
-
—

Z
*■»

**

-

-
t

>
25

:
_

*
*

*

*

*

*
*

a

o

—

X!

—

7.

■ *
*

-:

■:■■:

**

:

:
**

**

S3

g

C

**

*

::■
**

.:
*

|c*

*
*

*

■r.
=

■:

-:

■:

i

■■:

■:

*

--:

*

*
*

i

*
*
*

*

-'

fl

:

-

-

*
*

i
*

*

*
**

1 ::

;■■:■■

5.

B.

X.

■/-

7

+
*

*

-:

-'

□

7

5

*
*

*

**

*
*

**

**

*

X

X

-■:

*

**

■: ■:■

**

*>.
K*

6

-
i

3

X

15 A hardy tree; very productive.

17 \ coarse, showy fruit.

c.i] Fine for table; too tender lor si

jo Valuable shipping sort,
•j'j Pine winter variety.
lipping. 25 Resembles Newtown Spitzenburgb.

.">•_' Valued for stock and cider.
56 Esteemed south and West,
58 Valued at the South.

VI

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.—

(3
H
«

U

CO

0

p5

O

O

>>

a

CO

S3

55

0
<

H
CO

g

S
0

—
0

n

>
z
A

■:

1. .

*
i

-

-

-

:■;■

z

1

*
*

*

•: ■:

*

-:

'—
to

^,
E
-
—

-

*

*

*
*

a

z

=

CD

*

*

*
*
*

*

1
£
/

*

*

*
*

*

*

a
*
—

—
z

—
2^

62
63
64
65
66

Clark's Pearmain

m.
1.

1.

1.
m.
m.
m.

1.

1.
m.
m.

1.

mL

m.

1.
m.
m.
m.
111.
m.

1.
ra.
in.
111.
in.

s.

1.

m.
1.

r.ob.
c.

r. c.
r. ob.
r. c.

r.
r.ob.
r.ob.
r. ob.

ob.

ob.
r. ob.
fl. c.
r.ob.
r. c.
r. c.
r. ob.

11.
r.ob.
r. c.
r.ob.
r.ob.
r.ob.

r.
r.ob.

r.

fl.
r. c.

r.
r.ob.
r. ob.

y-
y- >'•

g-r.

g-y-
y- r.

y-

y- r.
g.y-
y-r.
y- r.
y. r.

y-

y. r.
r. s.
y. s.
y- r.
g-y-

r. s.

r.

g-
g-r.

y-

r. s.

g-y-
g-y-

r. s.

y-r.

g-
r. s.

y-

r. s.

v.g.

g.
g.
g-
g.
g.

b.

M.
F. M.
F.M.

M.

M.

M.

F.M.

w.

W.

W.
L A

W.

A.

W.

W.
L.A.
L.A.
E.A.
L.A.

W.

s.
w.

L.A.
W.

E.A.
E.W.

A.

W.

S.

w.

E.A.

S.

s.

s.

s.

s.

s.

w.

s.

Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am,
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Eng.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Ger.
Ger.
F.
Am.
Ger.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Clavton

Clyde Beauty

Cooper's Market

67
68

Cooper's Early. Cooper's Early White

Cogs well

*

CM

Cole's Quince

v. g. F. M.

70

Colvert

g-
g-

v;g.
g-

v.g.
v.g.

g.

g.

v.g.
v.g.

g-
g.

V.g.

v.g.

g-

v.g.

v.g.

v.g.

b.

g-

v.g.

g-

v.g.

F.M.
F. M.

P.

K.
F.M.
F. M.

M.

K.
F.M.
F. M.
F. M.
F.M.
F.M.

F.

M.

F.
F. M.
F.M.

F.

M.

F.

F.

F.

71

Cornell

79

Cox's Orange Cox's Orange Pippin

78

Cracking

74
75

Cross

76

Cuilasaga

77
78
71

Curtis Sweet

Dan vers Sweet. Danvers Winter Sweet

1 iian

80

81

Detroit Red

Disharoon

8°

Dominie

88

Drap d'Or.

84
85
86
87

ss

m

Dutch Mignonne

Early Harvest

Early Joe

Early Pennock

**

*

90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

101

102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
111
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125

Early Ripe

*

Edgar Red Streak. Walbridge

Edward's Early

English Russet. PoughJcei psii Russet

Esopus Spitzenburg

m.

1.

m.

111.

r. c.

ob.
ob. c.
r. ob.

y.rus.

y-r-
y-r.

r. s.

v.g.
b.

g-
v.g.

F. M.
F.M.

F.

w.

w.
w.

E.W.

A.

W.

W.

W.

W.
L.A.
E.A.
L.A.
L.A.

A.
L.A.

VV.

S.

S.

w.
w.

L. W.

s.
w.

A.

w.

L.A.

Eng.
Am.
A in.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
F.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am
Ger.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

*
t

!
*

*
t

:1 :V

*

*
t

*

t

;

*

: :
:

*
*

*
*

*

*

*
*
*

*

Etowah. Cooper's Bed

Eustis

Eutaw

Evening Party

111.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.
111.
m.
111.
m.
111.

1.
111.
111.
m.
m.
111.
tn.
111.

fl.

r.
ob.c.
r. c.
r.ob.

fl.

r.
r. oli.
ob.c.
r. ob.
r.ob.
fl. c.

fl.

11.
r. 11.

11.
r.ob.

r.
r. ob.

fl.
r.ob.

r.

y- r.
>'• r.

g-y-
g-y-
g-y-
y- r.
g-y.

y. r.
r-y-

r. s.

y-r.

r. s.
0. y.
y-r.

y. r.
r. s.

y- r.
y- r.
g-y-
r- y-

V.g. F. M.

Ewalt

g-
v.g.

g-

g-

g-

g-
v.g-

g-

b.

v.g-

v. g.

v.g.

g.
g-
g.
g.
g.
g.
g.
g.

M.
F.M.

M.

M.

M.
K. M.
V. M
F. M.

F.
F.M.

M.
F. M.

F. M.
M.

M.

F.
M.
M.

Excel

Fall Harvey.

Fall Jenneting

Fall Orange

Fall Pippin. Holland Pippin, (erroneously).. .

Fall Queen. Haas, Gross Pommier

Fall Wine

**

Fameuse. Pomme de Neige, Snow Apple

Family

*

Fanny

Ferdinand

Ferris

Fink

Fourth of July

Faust's Winter. Faust

Foundling

t

Fulton

Gabriel

111.

111.

r.ob.
r. c.

y-r.
y-

b.

g-

F.
K.

S.
A.

Am.
Am.

*

••

i

*

*

Garretson's Early

Gilpin. Carthouse, Little Romanitt

s.

r. c.

y-r.

O1,

M

Am.

:

82 Productive and hardy.

85 Valued for dessert.

86 Succeeds best on strong soils.

88 A delicious table sort; tree of small growth.

89 Popular market sort.

90 Continues a long time after ripening.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

vn

Between 42 and 49 a

II.— Central Division.— Between 35" and 12

III. S. Div.- Bet.28 &35

-'

62
63
64
65
66
r,7
i,s
69
To
71
72
73
71
75
76
77
7^
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87

Ss

89
90
91
92

98
94
95
96

'.'7

'.is

99
100
101
102
103

Ml

lor,
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
111
115
116
117
lis

119

12o
121

122

123

121
125

4^

1

—

-

"T

*

*
*

*

*

*

—

a

-

**

*
*

*

*

*
*

**

*

*

*

*
**

*

*
*

*

*

*

**

**

*

t

*
*

*

3

—

=

;;
*

*
*
*

*

*

*

4

a

*
*

*
*
*
*

*

*
*

*
*

*

*

*

*

*

*
*
*

*
*

+
*

*

*
*

*

a

r

>
—

*

*

**

*

o

r.

X

*

*

33

— s

a

33

p
o

%

u

p

S
o
>.

d

e

-r
— i

p

o

si

a
—

*
4

*

=
c

Si

a.

—

4

4

*

03

P

>

/:'

P
0)

n
—

**

*

*
*
*
*
*
*

*

4

*

4

*

*

4
*

>-.

V

X

u

*

*

*

*

*

*
*

*

**

*

*

3>

—
-

-

*

**

*#

**

*

*

**

*

*

-

a
-

**

*
*

*

*
*

4

*

**

*

*

*
*

*4

-'
P

SI

-

>
*

*

*

*
*

*
**

**

**

*

*

*

s

c

"c

-

—
0

*

**

*

*

*

*

d

3

O

it

*
*

*

*

*
**

*
*
*

*
*

*
*

*

*

*

*

*
*

*

*
*

p
s

"O

p

*
*

*

*
*
*
*
*

*
4

*

*

Hi
*

t
*

P

Si
I-

>

4-3

©

**

>>

p

—

p

**
**
**

**

*4

*
*

*

*

a.

a:
-/

r

P
P

H
*

**

**

**

/
c

*

*

**

*
*

*

*

*

*
*

*

**

: I

t
*

**

-'

z
—

*

*

*

**

*

*

**

**

#

*
**

**

*

*

*

**

*

*

o

en
/-

*4

*

■■:■-:

*

*
*

*
*
*

*
**

*

*4

*

*

*
*

*

*
*
*
*
*

*
*

■■-:
*

4 *

-

*4

**

*

**

*

*

t

*

.:

*

■■:--'.

*

0Q

s

a

33

*

*
*

4c*

*
*

*

*
*

-:
■■:

-,
*

O
—

ce
o

"3

*

4
4c*

.C

-

*

4
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*

*

*

*

*
*

*

-
—

>

33

5

C

•_'

*
*
*

*
**

*4

4

*

4c*

*
*

53
H

"3

■~~
~*

-~

-
z
I.

**

*

**
**

:

+

**
*

**

-'
Si

s

a;
O

*

*

i*

**

*

*

**
*

*

*

]s

<

*

Si

*
*
*

*
*

4

*
*
*

*
*

*

4
*

*

*
*
*

*
*

M

u
:

■—
p

p
—

**

r
-
/-

P
3S

tH

*

*

**
**

**

'ft

P.

ie

/.

'3

GO

—

:ii

4 *
*

4

**
*

-

' =
O

*
*

*

*

*

*
*

**
**
**
**

*

*

**

*
4c*

*

*

*

*
**

/

-

*
*

**

*

**
**

*
*

d

-
—

a

0

s

110 A hardy tree; one of the best for the North and West.
115 Valuable as a very late keeper and for cider.

116 Very hardy tree and handsome fruit.
122 Of a delicious pear flavor.

Vlll CATALOGUE

OF FBI l 1 -

— APPLES;

DESCRIPTIOX.

I.— N. Div.—

-^

3/

/

NAMES.

a'

7.

W

c

>

<

s

o

—

z

—

c
'-

>

"i

X.
5

c

—

1
a

5

c

-5

j.

—
Ol

—

s

z

z

-

CO M

-

■L

1

u

■ •

lz

I.

to

•_

c-

P CO

o

^

K

!a|

15

>

«=.

nq

12fi

Goff

1.

n.

y. r.

v.g.

K. M. S.

Am.

127

Golden Ball.. ..

1.

r.

y-

g.

F. E.A.

Am.

*

128

III.

r. ob.

g-y-

v.g.

F. M. S.

129

Golden Russet of Western New York

111.

r. ob.

y. rus.

v.g.

F. M. VV.

130

Golden sweet

1

r.

g- y-

v.g-

F. M. s.

Am.

*

**

*

131

( Iranite Beauty

1.

r. ob.

y- r.

g. F. M. YV.

Am.

";

M

*

132

Gravenstein

1.

r. ob.

y. v.

v.g. P.M. L.A.

Ger.

>:-■:

.:•■:

**

**

133

Green ('In ese

111.

tl.

g-y-

v.g. F. M. W.

Am.

134

m.

r. ob.

g- y-

g. K. M VV.

Am.

*

*

135

(1 limes' Golden

m.

r. ob.

V.g. F. VV.

Am.

136

Gully

in.

11.

l-r. 3 ■

v.g. F. W.

Am.

137

Hall

11.

v. r.

v.g. F. VV.

Am.

138

Hamilton

1.

r.

y. r.

g. F. M. A.

Am.

139

Haskell Sweet

in.

11.

g- y-

v.g. F. E.A.

Am.

*

140

in.

r. ob.

g- y.

£-

K. M. F. A.

P.

*

*

1 li

Hartford sweet

1.

s.

r. ob.
r.

r. s.
y. r.

g-
g-

M. W.

Cider L.A.

Am.

Am.

142

Hewes' Crab. //' wes' Virginia Crab

143

Iligby Swe t

in.

r. e.

y. r.

v.g.

F. L. A.

Am.

t

144

High Top Sweet. Sweet Jum

s.

r.

g- y-

V <<

F. M. S.

Am.

*

..

145

Ilockett's Sweet

111.

r.ob.

y. r.

g-

K. VV.

Am.

14(5

Holland Pippin

1.

r.

a. v.

g-

K. M. L.A.

F.

1(7

ITollv

111.

r. nil.

v. r.

g.

K. VV.

Am.

148

111.

r.

y. r.

v-g-

F. M. VV.

Am

149

Horn

111.

11.

g. r.

v. g.

!■'. \I. L. VV.

Am.

1 51 1

1

r.

y. v.

g-
v-g.

K.M. s.

Am.

**

151

lluhbardston. Hubbardston'a Nonsuch

1.

r. e.

\. r.

F. M. VV.

Am

.: *

**

*

•: *

*!|

**

1 52

1 hint Russet

111.

r. ob.

v. rus.

v.g.

v.g.

g.

F. M. VV.

Am.

**

1 53

Huntsman. Hzintsman'a Fa

1.

m.

ob.
r.ob.

>•
y. r.

F. M. VV.
F. M. L.A.

Am.

Am.

t

■\

*

*

(.14

Hurlhut

*

( 55

1 5(1

Irish Pippin

v.g.
s.

P M K \v

157

Jefferson County

in.

r. oil.

y. r.

F. M.

w.

Am.

i>

y. r.

y. r.

r.

v-g-

v.g.

p-

F M

E V

Am.

1

159

Jersev Sweet

F M

E V

*

*

L60

Jewett's lied. Jewett's Fim !!■ d

in

r.ob.

F. M.

V\r.

Am.

*

=!::;

**

*

161

Jonathan

y.r.

v-g-

F M

VV

-:■-.-

: >:

*

V

162

Julian

ti e

K

s

163

Jnnaluskee

m

g-

v.g.

P VI

VV

164

Kentucky lied. Kentucky Red Streak. Brad-

m.

r. c.

g.y.dr

g.

P. M.

A.

Am.

163

Kentuckv

1.

r. <•.

\ . r.

6"-

M.

L A

166
167

Keswick Codlin

Key's Fall

in.

r. e.

g-y-

v. g.

K. M.

F M

E.A.
E VV

Eng.

168

Kinnaird. Kinnaird's < 'hoice

in.

11.

y. r.

V \\

VV.

\V.

E A

Am.

169

Kinnev's Winter

I7n

Kirkbfidge. Kirkbridgt Whiti

g-y-

g. K.M.

g. KM.
v.g. F. M.
v.g. F. M.

171

Klaproth

ll

E.A.
VV.

Am.
F.

172

Lady Apple. . . ?

11.

y. r.

*

173

Lady's Sweet

1.

r.

y. r.

VV.

Am.

*

*

*

-:-.

1,4

171

Langerf eldskce

Rus.
Am.
Am.

176

Lansingburg

r rl

y. r.

y. r.

g-

v. s.

M.
F. M.

VV.
L.A.

177

Late Strawberry. Autumn Strawberry

m.

r.

•:■

t

1 (8

Lawver

1

y. r.

v-g-

F. M.

VV.

Am.
Rus.

Am.

179

Lielv

180

Limber Twig

in.

r.ob.

y-r.

g-

M.

VV.

181
182

Little Seedling

Rus.
Am.

Long; Island Russet

in.

r.

rus.

K.

w.

1S3 Lome. 3far<juis of Lorm

1.

r. ti.

g. r.

v.g.

F. M.

w.

X.S.

1st Loudon Pippin

1

ll

y. r.

g-

M.

VV.

Am.

>K

185 Lowell. Orange, Tallow Pippin, Queen Anne.

Michigan Ooldi n I'i/>j>n<

1.

r. e.

g-y-

\', !"

F. M.

E.A.

Am.

*

*

is>;

1^7

Rus.

A in.

*

Lyscom

1.

r.

g-y-

g-

P M

E.A.

*

132 Ripens early and keeps late.

133 One of the best south.

I I1 1 i >ne of the most profitable of market sorts.

142 Valued only for eider.

143 A delicious dessert apple.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

IX

Between 42 and 19

11. — Central Division. Between 35 and 42°

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28 &35°

B
a
p

i

u
a

a
~
o

rvew iorK.

Ontario.

Michigan.

Wisconsin.

Minnesota.

Dakota.

Montana.

Wyoming.

Idaho.

Washington.

Oregon.

Pennsylvania.
New .Jersey.
Delaware.
Md. and D. C.

Virginia.
North Carolina
Ohio.

Indiana.

West Virginia.

Kentucky.

Tennessee.

Illinois

Iowa.

Missouri.

Nebraska

Kansas.

Colorado

. "a
.a cs
s >
— i

3 y,

2'

a

z
It

South Carolina

Georgia.

Alabama.
| Florida.

Indian Ter.

Arkansas.

Mississippi.
1 Louisiana.

Tpxhs.

d

■-

~ g

I ■-

Z <

i

' *

*

lab

129
130
131
132

133
134
135
136

137
13S
139
14(>
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
lis
149
150

*

-:-A-

*

: i

* a

*

*

*
*

*
*

* *

(:* * *

:■ ■:

* *'

*

* **

**

** * *

* *

* ** ** **

* * :

K * ** H

** **

H^H* ^rn* *

* * *

t
t

■

!

*******

[< 4. * ** **

t ** ** 5

*

*

*

** **

*

**

■

*

* :

*

*

:

* .**..*

* * *****_ j

1= _ _ *

*

*

..**..**.

+

*•■ ■*■*••■

I

* ::

1= * * %

*

■■;

**

* * *

**
* *

1 *

** * *
• t *
* * *

^C^f* '1^'T* 'T'V

*
** * **
**

* . . . .

*

* **

* ** *

* * * **

.-

* . . . .

151
152
153
154
155
156
157
l.>
15'J
16C
161
162
163

164

** * **

*

*

* *

*

*

*

*

* **
* * * * . . *

* * -j.

* * * _ * *

* *

* * *

*

*

*

* ,*

*
>.

* * =i

* ** * ******

* ** ** *

* *

*

* *

*

* * *

* . . . .

**

*

* *

* . . . .

USE

it ;i

. .

* * *

::::::

*

* * ** *

* ** *

*

4

*

*

16

■ ■■ •■ 1

*

*

. . T...

16!

17i
171
17:
17E
174
17.r
171
17'
17$
17'.

1SI

is

is:

is:

18

is:

T

* *

* *

* *

**

* *

* *

* *

*

*
*

*

*

* *
' *

1

* * ;

* *

** * *

* **

:

*

i ..

* * *

* * # * 1

T • ■ "
* . . * .

* . .

** *

**' * *

* . . . .

I ..
> . .

* *

** **
* *

* * * ** i

* **

>.

186

187

*

*

152 A hardy tree and fine fruit. Supposed to be identical
with Golden Russet of Mass., but not fully decided.

159 Very valuable for market or stock.
180 Hardy and productive Southwest.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.—

w
a

0

0

0

0
■0

>

E-i

<
z-

z
0

<

IB

0

—
0

>

z

21
t

£

zl

£

a

—
—

-

-

a
z

=

—

■f.

~-

a;

-
7

*

■a
=

— 1

-
0
a
35

188
L89
190

I'll

in.
1.

r.
r. fl.

g.y-

g-T.

g-
v.g-

K.M.
F. M.

E.A.
W.

Am.
Am.

*

m.

m.

m.

1.

m.
v 1

r. ob.
r. ob.
r. ob.
r. fl.
r. c.

ob.

fl.

fl.
r. ob.
r. c.

r. ob.
r. ob.
r. ob.
r. ob.
r. c.
r. ob.
r. ob.

r.

fl.

ob.

y. r.
y. r.
y. r.

y-r.

r. s.

y.

y. r.

y-r-
y- r.
g-r.

y-r.

y. r.

y-r.
y. w.

r. s.

y. s.

r. s.
r. s.

y-r.

r. s.

v.g-
v.g-
v-g-
v-g-
v.g-

g-

v.g.

g-

v.g.

g-

v.g.
v.g.
v.g.

g-

v.g-
b.

v-g-

g-

v.g.

g.

F. M.

F. M.

w.
w.

Am.
Am.
Am,
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

:•;

+
*

*

*
*

192

t

193
194
195

I'.Mi

197

F. M. E.A.

F. M.

F.
P. M.
F. M.
F. M.

M.
F.M.

F. M.

F. M.
P. M.
K.M.

w.

w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.

w.
w.
w.

A.

Marston's Red. Marston's Red Winter

m.

s.

m.

m.

1.

m.
m.

1.
m.
in.
m.
in.

1.

1.

198

199

200

201

21 )•'

McAfee. MoAfi eys Nonsuch, Large striped

Pearniain

Mcintosh Red.

21 n

*

■'ni

McMahan's White.

21 )5

F.M. E.W.
P. M. W.

20fi

*

207

■'IIS

F.M.
K. M.
F. M.
K. M.

A.

W.
E.W.
L.A.

t

209

Maiden or Milding

•'Id

211

2 12
213

Missouri Pippin. Missouri Keeper

Monmouth. Monmouth Pippin, Red Cheek

1.

1.
m.
m.
m.
m.

r. ob.

fl.
r. ob.

r. e.

11.

r. ob.

y-r.
y-r.

r.

y- r.
y- g-

r. s.

g-

v-g-

g-

b.

g-
v-g-

M.

F. M.

K.
F. M.
K. M.
F.M.

W.

W.
W.

W.

L.A.

W.

Am.

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

*
*

; :.

:

*

*

"1 1

Moore's Sweet

*

•>i:>

Mother

*

216
•217
218
219

Munson Sweet. Urangt Swi est

Nansemond. Nansemond Beauty

Newtown Pippin. Albemarle Pippin, Brooke's

1.

111.

r. ob.

r. ob.

r.

g-y-

r. s.

y-g-

v.g.

g.

g-

F.M
F. M.
F.M.

W.
W.
W.

Am.

Am.
Eng.

;

t

220
221
222
223
994

Nonpareil Russett

Northern Spy

Northampton

1.
m.
m.
m.

1.

1.
m.
m.

r. c.

11.
r. ob.

ob.
r. ob.
r. ob.
r.ob.

ob.

y. 1.
r. s.
v. r.

"y-
y-r.
y-r.
y-r.

y-

•b.

v-g-
v-g-

g.

v.g.

F. M.
F.
F.

F. M.

W.

E.W.
\v.

A.

L.A.

\V.

S.
A.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Rus.
Am.

**

*

■: ■■:■

**
**

*
**

**
**

*
*

*

225

22fi

Oakland. Oakland ' 'ounty Seek-no-further, . .

""7

Ohio Nonpareil

998

g .

229

9ft

Oldenburg. Duchess of Oldenburg

Orange Pippin . .

g-

v-g-

M.
F. M.

**

231

232

Ortley. White Bellftower, Wool man's Lou;/. . .
' Otoe Red. Otoe Red Streak

m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.

1.
m.
m.

1.

1.
m.
m.

s.

1.
m.

1.

ob.

r. ob.

r. e.

fl.

r.

r. c.

11.

r. ob.

r.ob.

r.ob.

11.
r.ob.
r. c.
r.ob.
ob.
r. c.
r.ob.

g-y-

y. r.

y- s.

r. s.

g-y-

rus.
r. s.
r. s.

r- y-

g.y-r

g-y-

g-y-
g. y- r
y.rus

g-y-
y-

y.

v.g.
v.g.
v.g.
v-g-
v.g

g-
g.

v.g

g.

v.g
v.g

v.g

g-

b.

b.

v.g

g.

F. M.
F. M.
P.M.

F.
F.M
V. M
F. M
F. M

F.
P. M
P. M
F.M
K.M

F.
F.M
P. M

F.

W.

w.

A.
A.
W.

w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.

W.
A.
W.

A.

E. W

A.

Am.
Am.

F.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

F.
Am.

I Am.

t

H

*

■'.

t
*si

t

*
*

■:

ft

23 1

•>•;:

Peach Pond Sweet

231

Perry Kusset

**

9^

Pewaukee

?3'

Phillip's Sweet

•>|i

Pickard. PicJcard's Reserix

"II

Pilot

■'I'

24!

•'1

Pleasant Valley. Pleasant Valley Pippin .. .
Plumb'a Cider

"K

Pom 11 ii' (irise

"h

1 Porter

s.

•>f

24 i

i| President

188 A profitable market sort.

193 A valued sweet apple.

194 A seedling from liambo, which it resembles.

206 One of the most delicious apples; tree a poor grower.

215 Esteemed where known.

220 Known in South and West by over forty different names.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

XI

Between 42

and 49'

II.

Central Division.

-Between 35

and 42

III.

-S.Dn

Bet. 28°

& 35°

18S

19

l'.tl

192
19S
194

I'.i."

I'M
I'.l7

I'.I-

111!

2a

201

a i'j

203
204

2( >•"
2i tt
207
208

a i!

211

211
212

213
214
215
216

217
21-

219

221 1
221
222
22:i
224
225
226
227
228

22'.'

230
231

232

2:;::
234
235
236
227
238
239
240
211
212
243

211

245

246

217

2 1-

*3

a

a

C

w

*

+
+

*

*

*

0

-
-<

*4

4
4
*

4

*

*
*

A

4
*

-:■-:

■■;

*
;-*

4

*

*
*

*
**

6

-
-
z

a

4

*
4

*

*

a

s

*

*

*

*
*
*

*

*

*
*

:

•:

**

*
-:
A

**

*

*

*

*

*

**

J.

-
-
-
I.

**
**

c

-
-

It*

1

— '

-'

~*
B

o

-

bi)

0
>-.

6

-
—
—

a

o

—

—

en

is

*
*

c

:
it

a.

u-

C

*

**

*

-:
■

-
\

c

a.
-

*4

*

*
*

•
*

*
*

**

4

*

*

J.

1m
*

**

**

*

|e*

*
*

aJ

—
x
s

_x

«

*

*

4
*

n

a
1

*
*

*

*

4
*

*

-'
□

s

—

>

**

*
*

*

4

4

■:

*

1

4

4

4

:

-

a

x

O

—
—

*

:
*

*

4
*

O
**

*
*

4
*

*
A

*
*

*
n*

■:
-i-

*

-
-

5
4=4

*

*
*

*
*

*

t

*
*

*

.:

*

*
*

x

ii
>
-

■s

*4

-: 4
*

*

>.

-
-
—
c

M

*

*

*
**

*

:

*

f.
i

-

=■
'—

*

i

*

5
**

*

;■*
*

-*

c
—

*

*

: .:

*
*

**

*

:

:/
r.

*

*

*

*

*
*

*

*

*

t

*

*

-:
*

*
*

*
*

s
M
m

71

~
V.

*

*
*

*

*
**

*

*

*

*

K

X
r

r:
KA

:■■:>.
t
*

*
*

*

*
*

*

—

r
r

w

t

*
**

*

si

-
*

*

*
*

*

x'

—

-

>

-

a
c

X

*

*
*

**

*

X

c

o

u

-

_
—

c

73

i!

-:

! ;

t
**

*

**
**

*4

X

'3

-

*
*

*

=

X
X

:

M
H

t
*

■:

*

:■■■:
*

*

*

'.
;

*

X*

'u.

Z

— '
-

X
B

X

t-
<

*
*

H.
—

/-

i-

r.

r

X

-

X
X

c

*

4

*
*

*

*
*

*

*
4<

*

■/

X
a;

4

4

••
**

*

z
-

-

i

X

B
c
s
'S

■<

'■

227
229
232

Esteenird where known.

One of the most hardy v
An old variety; extensiv

233

irii'tirs. [more years since. 2:1s
ely planted at the Wesl 25 or 245

A new variety; originated in Nebraska.

Very hardy.

Treeof small growth; succeeds well at the North.

XII

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

K
H

P
K_

249

250
251
252
253

254
255

25<i
257
258
259

260
261

262
263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

27:{

274

275

27C.

■>

2

27!)

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

2117
298
299
300
301
31 12
303
304
3i 15
31 16
307
308
309|

NAMES.

Primate

Progress

Prother's Winter

Pryor's Ked

Pumpkin Sweet. Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet,

Pound Sweet

Pyle's Winter. Pyle's Bed Winter

RamsdelFs Sweet

Kambo

Rawle's Genet

Red Astrachan

I!e<l Canada. OldNonsuch, Richfield Nonsuch,

si, , i, '$ iini Winter, of some."

lied Cathead

Red Crab

Red June

Ked Kance

Red Winter Pearmain. Buncombe

Red Stripe

Rhode Island Greening

Rhode's Orange

Ribston. Ribston Pippin

Richard's Graft

Ridge Pippin

Robinson. Robinson's Superb

Robertson's White

Rock. Rock Pippin, Lemon

Rockport Sweet

Romanite, of the South

Roman Stem

Rome Beauty

Roxbury Russet

Royal Janette

Saint Lawrence

Sarah

Saxton. Fait Stripe

Sheppard's Sweet

Sheriff

Shiawassee. Shiawasst e Bt auty

Shockley

Simmon's Red. Red, Everlasting

Smith's Cider

Smokehouse

Somerset, of Maine

Somerset, of New York

Sops of Wine. Hominy

Soulard

Southern Porter

Spiee R asset

Spitzenburg. Newtown Spitzenbwg, Vande

/■■ / of New York

Stansill

Stnrk

Striped Arris

Stevenson's Winter

Summer Bellelleur

Summer Hagloe

Summer King

Summer Queen

Summer Penrock

Summer Pound Royal

Summer Pippin. Champlain Nyack

Summer Rose

Summer Seek-no-further

DESCRIPTION.

o

r. c.
r. ob.

c.
r. ob.

r.obl,
r. ob.

ob.

il.
r. c.

r.

r. ob.

r. c.

r.

K
O

O

o

g-y-

y-

y-r.

y. r.

y-

r. s.
y. r.
y. r.

y-r-
y-r.

y- r.

y. r.

r.

b.
g-

g-
v.g.

F.
F. M.
F. M.

F. M.

"A
O
w
<!
W

w

g. K. M.

v. g. F. M.

g. K. M.
v. g.< F. M.
v.g. F. M.

g. K. M.

E.A.

W.
L. W.

W.

E.W.

W.
L. A.
L.A.

W.

S.

b.

g-

r. (ill.
r. ob.
ob. c.
r. ob.
r. ob.

r.
r. oli.
r. c.

v.g
g-
g-

v-g

v.g
v.g

r. ob.

c.
r. ob.
r. c.

r.

r.
r. ob.

r. s.
y- r.
y-r.
g-y-
y-r.
y-r.

r. s.
y. rus. g
g

g. y- g
y. ■•
g-y- v.g.

y- r. ,v.g,
v. rus. v. g.
' y. r. g.
y. rus. v.g.

F. M. W.
F. M..L.A.
Cider L.A.

II. y. r.

II. !'. S.

r. oli. v. r.

r. e. r. s.

v-g

v.g

g-

g-

fl.

r. c.

oil.

r. ob.
r. ob.

11.
r c.

r.
r. ob.
r. c.

r- y-
y. r.
y- r.

y-r.

y. r.

r.s.

y. rus,

y-r.

v. r.

v.g.

g-
v-g-

g-

g-

v-g-
v.g.

g-

g-

F. iM
P. M
K.M
F. M

F.
1'. M
I'. M

M.
F. M
F. M

M.

F.
F. M
F. M

M.
F. M

M.

F. M
F.
F.

F. M.
F. M.

F. M.
K.M.

F.

F.

E.W
W.

S.

w.

s.

W.

E.A.

W.

A.
L.A.

W.

W.

w.
w.

L.A.

W.

I.— N. Div

g

£
-

Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.

Am.

A in .
Am.

A.
E.A.

A.
L.A.

W.
W.

s.
W.

w.

s.
E. A.

Am. . .

Am. . .

Am. . .

'Am. *

Am.

Eng. ■

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.

K. M. E. A.
M. ! L. A.

v. g. F. M.

fl. e. y. rus. v. g. F

r. ob. y. r.
r.ob. g. y.
r. e. y. r.

r.ob.
r. c.
r.ob.
II.
r. c.

r. c.
ob.c.

r.
ob.c.

y. rus.

y-r.
y- r.

y.

b.
g-
g-

P.M.
F.
F.

y-

g-

F.

y-

g-

F. M.

r. s.

v.g.

K. M.

y. r.

g-

F. M.

y- r.

g-

K. M.

w.

w.
w.
w.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Eng.

g. M.
g. I K. M.
b. I F.
v. g. F. M.

W.
A.

S.
S.

s.

E.A.

L.S.

S.

s.

Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.

Rus.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

o.

e

x i a

o! .JS

2 ^5 > S x,

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

a. : a.

- "2

- -

S °

251 Valued chiefly for its keeping qualities.

261 I '.est of all for cider.

264 Extensively grown South and West.

27ii A long keeper.

275 Entirely distinct from Gilpin or Shockley.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

Xlll

l'.rtWMMI 12 mill HI

II.— Central Division. — Between 35° and 42°

III— S.Div.— Bet.28 &35°

-
y

2 lit
251 1
251
252

253
254
255
256
257
258

259

261 1
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
27ii
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
27'.i
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
2! 13
294
295

296

2H7
298
299
300
301
3i '2

303
304

31 6
306
307

3i is
3i 19

+3

—

u

fi
B

4

t

*
*

**

t

**

+

1

*

.as

><
n

*

*

*
4

**

'*

-:
**

Hi

4
4

*

**

*

*
*

4
*

*

*
4

*

*
*

:—

X

Z
*

*
**

*
*4

*
**

*
*

s

**

*

*
*

*
**

**

**

*
*

*
*
*

*

*

**

*
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*
*

*

-
x

a

O

u

I.

i

*

*
*

*

*

-

i

-

X

x

fab
b

S

d

i— i

-:
./.

1

4

4

*

*

=
r
il

5

:

4
*il

-'

'2

"?>
■i.

a

~Z
-

**

*
4

*4
*

•:

4
*

*
*
*

**
**

*

4

4
*

*

*

;-'

OJ
X.

t-
>

X

is

4

*
*

*
4

■-*

4c*

*
**

*
**

c_
X

T
-

*

**

*

**

*

4

4

*
*

**

H

*

M

*

—
B

x

—

s

*

:

*
**
**

*

*
*

**

**
**

4

44

H

-

3

>

•!■■:

4<

*
*

4=
*

*
4i

*
4

4

o

a
—

a

y
*

*

4=

*
*

In*

*

4

4

4c*

D

;

4i
*

*

**

4!*

*
*4

*

4c*

*

*

t

*4i

*

*
*
*

*

C

b

*
■■

4c*

*

**

*

*
*

*

*
*

4c*

*
*
4

*

x

'=

5

—

>

to

©

*

4i4

**

t

*

-, ■-.:•
*

.as
=
a

01

*4

4<

4c*

4c4
*i4

4=4

*

H
*4

*

4c*

*

*

**

1 -.

x
x

a

-

*

**

'*
*

t
*

*

*
**
4c*

x

z
c

*
*

*

*

*

**

**

*4
**

*
*

t
*

**

*

*

C8
i=

:

*

**

*

-: 4

*
*

*
*

*
*

*

*
*

*

—
o

en
a.

i
*

:

*
*

*
*

-:

*
*

4

*
*
*

*

*
*

**

*

*
4=

*
*

*
4c*

*
*

X
X

-

S3

y,
*

t

*

**

*

**

*

4c4

*

*
*

-
/-

S

—

*
*

**

**

>:-

4

*

*

4
*

*
4

1

*
1

-5

X

u
Z

~5
y

*

*

*

*4

4c*

t

*

P

4=

4
*
*

*

4
4

*

*

X

y

.5

'3
_

*

*
*

*

»
*

*
*

4

p

o
-

X

! 1

**

*4

**
**

*

**

:

**
*

*4
**

■1

'8

—

O
: t

*

:■•:

**
*

*

**

*4

*

1 *

*
**

*

X

-

4

*

*

*

4

*

**

*

*

t-:
*

: *

4

*

*
*

z

a>
H

c

—

■:■:
*4
*4

:/

B
X

—

<

**
**

■■

*

■ •

**

• ■

4c*
*

*
**

'£

^.

X

■r.

"x

s

*

*

*
t

*
**

X

5
5

O

-
*

*

*4

*
*

*

*

*

*
*4

*

4c*
*

*
*
|c*

X

X
EH

*

**

*

**

■•
**

*

**
*

6

y

a

z

<

XIV

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APfLES.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.—

M

P

a
CO

3

o

PS

o

►J
o
u

3

<

c

o

w
<

CO

s

s

o

—
z

/

>
z

**

*

*

*

*

i

\

-■

—
—

s

E

;■■'.
*

z

s

—
-

*

*

<
**

*

t

*

**

*

—
-
■f.

go
cr.

:
**

i*
*

*

*

**

*

T3

=

—

a;
—
o

-=

=5

310

1.

m.
w.

1.

1.
in.

1.
w.
m.

r.

fl.
r. ob.
r. ob.
r. ob.
r. ob.

ob.
r. c.

fl.

g-y-
y-r-

r. s.
r. s.
g-V-

v.g-

g-

v.g.

v.g.

b.

F.

P.

V. M.
F.M.
F. M.

F.
F.M.

P.

M.

E.A.

A.
E.W.
E.W.

W.
E. W.

S.

A.

W.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am,
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Rus.
Am.
Rus.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Aw.
Aw.
Aw.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Aw.
Aw.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

t

311

*
**

t

-:

: :

:■:
*

:

312
313

31 1

Sutton. Sutton Beauty

Striped Sweet. Striped Sweet Pippin

t

315

Sweet Belle et Bonne

y.rus. v.g.

g-y- v.g.

y- v. g.

r. s. v. s.

316

Sweet Bough. Large Yellow Hough

*

317

31 8

Sweet Winesap

319

321 •

1.
m.

s.
w.
m.
m.

1.
m.
m.

1.
m.
w.

1.

1.
w.

1.

1.
m.
m.

s.
m.
in.

s.

r. c.
fl. c.

fl.
r. 11.

tl.

r.

r.
r. ob.

r.

r.
r. ob.

fl.

ob.

11.
r. ob.

fl.

r. c.
r.ob.
r. c.
r. c.
r.ob.

r.
r.ob.
r.ob.
r. c.
r. ob.

v. r.

y-r.

v. r.

y-r.
y-r.
g-y-
y- r.

r. s.

y.

r. s.
r. s.

y-r.

y. rus.

g-y-

y- r.

y-

y-r.
g-y-

y. r.

r. s.
r.

y-
g y-

r. s.
y- r.
g-y-

g-

g-

v.g.

g-

v.g.

v.g.
v.g.

g-

g-

v.g.

g-
g-
g-

g.
ll.

g-

v.g.

g-

vgg-

v.g.

g-
g-

v.g.

b.
g.

P. M.
K.

F.M.
F.M.

F.
K. M.
P. M.

M.

F.
F. M.
F. K.

M.

F.

M.

F.
F.M.
F.M.

M.

F.
Cider.
F. M.

F.

M.
K.M.
V. M.
K.M.

A.

S.

w.

AV.
W.
W.
W.

s.
s.

L.A.

A.

W.

W.

W.

W.

A.
E.A.

W.
E.W.

W.

W.

w.

w.

s.
w.

E.A.

321

322
323

Tewksbury Winter. Tewksbury Winter Blush
Tinmouth

'(•>".

Taiwan Sweet

*

326

327

;i2N

Tompkins King. King of Tompkins County..

Townsenrt. Hocking

Trenton Early

Twenty Ounce. Cayuga Red Streak

*

*

331 1

Utter

331

Vande vere

Victuals and Drink

333
:;31
335
336
337
338
33<l

Virginia Greening

Wagner

Warfield

Washington. Washington Strawberry

Washington Royal

Water

Waugh's Crab

*

*
*

310

Wealthy

341
312

Webb's Winter

Wellford's Yellow

343
311

Western Beauty Qrosh, Summer Rambo, Etc.
West held Seek-no-lurther

1.
J.

1.

*

345
346

White Doctor

347

3 IS

White Juneating. May, Early May, Etc

s.

r.

g-y-

g-

F. M.

s.

P.

349

35i

White Paradise. Lady Finger

White Pippin

m.

1.
m.
m.
m.

1.
m.

1.
m.

1.

1.

r. fl.
r.ob.
r. c.
r. ob.
r. c.

r.
r. c.

r.

r.
r. ob.
r.ob.

y-r-
g-y-
y- r.
g-y-

y. r.

y-r.
y-r.
y-r.

y. r.

g-y-

r.

g-

v. g-
v.g-

g-
g.

v.g.

g-

v.g.
v.g.
v. g.

g.

M.
F. M.
P. M.

M.

M.
K. M.
K.M.
F. M.
P. M

F.
F.M.

w.

AV.
W.
L.A.
S.
S.
AV.
W.
AV.
AV.
W.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Aw.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

*

**

.;.;

**

:

351

White Winter Pearmain

35?

White Rambo

353
354

Williams. Williams' Favorite

Willis Sweet .■

Willow Twig. James River

**

357

3F)S

Wine. Hay's Wine, Pennsylvania Red Stn all
Winter Sweet Paradise ." ....

:

351

Wolf River

3(ir

Woodmansee

361

Wvthe

m.

fl.

fl.

ob.

r.ob.

r. s.

y-r.

g-y-
y-

v.g.

g.

v.g.

g-

P.
F.M
P. M

F.

AV.
W.
AV.

s.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Aw.

**

*

*

*

*

36'

361

Yellow Belletleur

1.
m.

*

361

Yellow June Nantahalee

■>,)■,-

Yellow Sweet June

361

m.
1.
1.

1.

r.ob.

fl.
r. c.

fl.

y.

y-r.

y-

r. s.

8-

g-
g-

v.g.

F.M.

F.
F.M.

E.S.

AV.

A.
E.AV.

Rus.
Am.
Am.
Am.

i

*

367

York Imperial

W

Yopp. Yopp's Favorite

36c

355 Valuable for late keeping.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

XV

Between 42°

and 49

II-

-Central Division-

-Between 35

and 12

•

III.-

-S. Div

Bet. 28°

S:35°

5
a

310
311
312
313
314
315

3u;

317
318
319

321 1
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
32!"
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
:i52
353
354
355
356
357
35*
359
360
361
362
363

361
365
366

3»'.7

36S

669

£

z

<x>

a

o

t
*

t

*

*

*

*

o
>A

*

*

*

*

*

**

*
*

i

*

**
**

*

**

*

*

*
*
*

"
*

*
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

0

■~
X
+}

a

O

*

*

*
*

*
*

*

a
-
hi

s

A

*
*

i

■■

a

-:■:
*
*
*

.!■•:

*

*

*
*

*

*
*

*

*

*
*

*
*

i

a

r

a
o
u
/.

is

: ;
**

*

*

*

-; :
*
*

*
1

*

*.a

—
z
■r.

cu
R

R

*

*

:■•;

*
*

-'
o

x

a
-

a

o

-

S

o

s

—
— i

a
o

~

:<
C

!a

CO
X

*

*

A

*

*

P
0

be

1-

o

*
*

*

*
**

*

X

-

>

-
1
R
R

-

4

*
**

■■:
4

*

4

*

*
t

*
*

*

■!

4
*

■■■

>;
**

ii
/

l
1-5

&

*

*
*

*
4

ee

X

R

*
*

*

*

•

*

*
*

*4

■'.
1

a
s

— '

■i

4=4

*
*

*

*
4=4

**

s

—

>

*

*
*

*

* :

4=4

A

*4

-
R

o
t-
x

_
—

*

*

*

t

*
4=4

V

*

*

-■'.-

6
-
Z

a-
4

*

*

4

*
*

*
*

*

*
*

*

*
4

*

1=4
*
*

*

**

-

R
—

*

*

*

:
4

•-■
a

A

*

4

a

>

4
4
*

4

*

*

**
*

4

R

5

i~

Z-

/.
1

*

:

.:■.:

-'
J£

Z-
H
CU

>

*
*

**

*
*
*

-. >:■
**
**

CL
3.
CO

-
O
R

a.
H

*

*
*

*
**

-

-!
4

i

-!

*

*

>.

X A
i

A

?
O

*

*
**

•;
*

A
'■

A%
*

ii
1

*
*

:-i

M.
i
A
A

A:

L.
=
C
K

/

*
*
*

*
*

*

*

*

t

*
*

*
*
*

*

* *
*

**
*

1

t
*

A

AAA

£

en

*CU

*
*

*
t

*

ii

*s|

CTj

-
CO

*

*
*

:
*

*

*

*

1 1
*

A. A
1

—

u

z

z

A A
**

: ;■

**
**

JZ

-
*-

-

A

*

*

*
t
*

*

*

*

*
-t
4

*

—

X

>

y

x'

E

-

*
*

*
*

*
*

*

*

*
It*

X

H

"2

•~~
X

•_

3
/

-A

ii

*

**
**

4*
**

X

3

0
cu

•_-

-I

A
i

A
A

X

S

X

ii

i

*
*

*
*

*

A-
A
A

*

*
4

z

C

Eh

a

X

a

CO

X
X

H

X

M
<

*
*

*

E
a.

CO

/.
f-
CQ

~-

*

**
**

*

1

a

X
7

0

-;

il *

I :
4

*
*
*

*

*

*i(
*

A

*A
A

A A

A A

i
-

I
■—

*

*

urn

! !
1 !

><

-

z

x'

a

O

<

XVI

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

II. -APPLES- CRABS.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

,

X

.1

IV

g
0

K
O

o

o
o

H
<
&

o

CO

■<

H
CO

g

3
5
o

X

18

l>
C

*
:

*

s

-

* :■

■:■■:

ai

a
8

*

t

*

■,:■-:

a

Hi
s

*

*

*

CO
+3
+^
0)
CO

" C8

> S

•a

d

~^
cc
o

2

1

o

m. ' r.

1

s. r.
in. e.
m. r.

r.
r. y.

y-r-

r.

r. s.

v.g.
v-g.

g-
v-g-

g-

F. M.
F. M.

K.
F. M.

F.

E.A.

A.

A.
L.A.

S.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

■ ■ • •

Briar Sweet (of Wisconsin)

3

4

6

7

1. r.

r.
y. r.

r. y.

y-r-
y-r.
y-r.

0.

r. s.
r.

g-

F. M.

A.

Am.
Am.

*

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

1.
1.

1.
v 1

r. ob.
r.

r. ri.
ob.

v-g-

F. M.'L.A.

*

v.g. F. , W.

g. F. M. W.
v. g. F. M. L. A.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Eng.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

1.

r. ob.

g-
g-
g-
g-

F. M.| A.

m.

1.

m.

r.

ob.
r.

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

L.A.
L.A.

A.

*

1.
1.
1.
1.
m.

r. o.

r. tl.

r. ob.

r. ti.

r.

y. rus.

y-r-
y-r.

r.

b.

g-
g-

v-g-
g-

F.

E.A.

F. M. A.
F. M. A.

M. | S.

*

Yellow Siberian

F. M.

A.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — APPLES.

XVll

1 1. -APPLES- CRABS.

Between 42 and 4',*

II.

Central Division.- -Between 35 ami 12

ill.— s. div. im.-js \:i:»

—
-

1

2

ii

4

5

6

7

8

9

in

11

12

13

14

15

16

IT

18

l't

*i

3
■-

-

Z
-■

•:

*
*

±t

i-
o

*
*

*
*

-
-

c

S3
Eat

s

*

*

1

i •:•

.
P
/:

0

*

i

*
*

■:

-:•;-:
**

1 ■:

7i

o

00

i.

t*

:--;■
**

■•

■: *

*■■■:
**

**

*3

-

-
■—1

-

—

a

z

=

0

•

c
ja

-
—

z

-
SH

1

—

=
>

f.

-

CD

-

*
*

-:

l
r.

~

CD

*

t

-

-
-

*

■■:■:
*

- _.
= =
■a £

*
*

33

-
o

"

*
*

z
*

*

a

-

■3
*

si

5

-
>

-

5

r.

a.
0

c

a

*

cs"

S
0

—

*

5

X

S
*

*

*

**

*
*

Si

X
u

_:
a.

-A
**

• ■

CO

/
33

t

*

*
*

d

—
-

t
**

t

■:

-
—

P

>

OJ

-

c

08

H

O
—
-

c
/.

••

*

*

*
*

33

'3

U

o

■J

*

*

*
*

CC

E

03

z

1.
-
i

**

'3.

7

0
-

'55

O

/
33

x
I

*

*

-

=
o

—
<

20
21

*

*

*

*

**

*

**

■

( \ 1AL0GUE OF FRUITS — APRICOTS — BLACKBERRIES.

III. -APRICOTS.

The columns explain as follows: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— r., roundish; r. f.,- roundish
flattened; r. o., roundish oval; ob. c, oblong compressed. Color — y. o., yellovv, shaded to deep orange in the
sun: o r., orange, with a red cheek; o., orange. Quality — g., good: v. g.. very good; b., best. Use — All
apricots being valued for the dessert, the letter F. will signify that it is extra for the dessert, and F. M. that it
is valued for the dessert and at the same time profitable for market. Season— E., early; M., medium; L., late
in season of ripening. Origin— F., foreign; Am.. American.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

L— N. Div —

1

o3

1 °

0 O
'- u

1 7 I l

SI*
8 g

X c

eS 05
•
*

d
-

X

a

- c

^ >

a:

—

en

-

c

-/.
/.

a

-d
C

"x

—
o
—
OS

1

Breda

m. r. o.

V. sr F M F F

Early Golden

S. r o o Iv. St. F M V. A in

Hemskirk

Large Early

1.

111.
1.
].

s.

m.

1.

s.

1.

1.

m.

r. f . o. r. b. F. M. M. F.

ob.c. o.r. b. F. E. F.

r. o. o.r. b. F. M. F.

r. v. o. b. F. M. L. F.

r. y. g.

r>

Large Red

i;

Moorpark

Musch Musch

R

Orange

r. o.r. g.
r. f. v- o. b

F.

F. M.
F. M.

M.

L.
M

F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.

q

Peach

in

Red Masculine

r.
r. o.
r. f.

r.

y.o. v. g.

y. r. v. g.
y.o. b.

n

Royal

F. M. M.

F. | M.
F. M. Ti

i°

st. Ambroise

13

IV. -BLACKBERRIES.

The columns explain as follows: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— ob. c, oblong conic; r. c,
roundish conical or oval; ob. ov., oblong oval Color b., black. Quality— g., good; v. g., very good ; b., best.
[Tsi P.M., family and market: M.. market. Season M., medium: E.,early; L.,late. Origin— Am., American:
F., foreign.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.—

w

a

_

'A

3

si

o

O

o

>
-

2

o

CO

<

H

--

5

5

u

>

o

Z!

i

—

-

C
1

i,

—

X

5

*3

-

B
—
-

■*-»

*-
V
■r.

CJ

r.

—

c

X

•— (

—

0

-

1

2

'1

Barnard

1.

1.
m.
m.

in.

ob. ov.
ob.ov.

ob. c.
ov.

b.
b.
b.
Ii.
b.

v.g.
v.g.

g-

b

F. M.

P. M.
F.M.

M

M.

M.
V.E.

M.
V.E.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.

*

. . . .

*

*
**

I

Hrunton. Brunton's Early

Dorchester

*

*

ti

g. F.M.

Erie

s

Kittatinnv

1.

1.

r. c.
ov.

b.

b. F. M.
g. M.

M.
L.

Am.
Am.

*

*

*

__

*

*

*
*

*

'1

Lawton. New Rocht lie

*

in

ii

Minnewaska

i°

*
*

*

*

*

*

13
14
15

Snyder

m.

1.

1.
m.
m.

1.

1.

r. ov.
ob.

ob.ov.

ob.ov.
ob. ov.

1).
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.

v.g-

g-

g-
v.g.

g.

v.g.
v.g.

I'. M.

F.
F.M
F. M.
F. M

M.

M.

E.

Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

*

If,

M.

* t

IT

Wilson's Early

Wilson .Junior

is
19

E.

E.

* *

■ i ( >!' line llavor.

8 Rusts badly in many places.

16 Almost thornless, and valued on that account.

i VTAI.iniUE OF FRUITS— APRICOTS — BLACKBERRIES.

XIX

III. -APRICOTS.

The columns explain as follows: Size— 1., large; m., medium; a., small. Form -r., roundish; r. f., roundish
flattened; r. o., roundish oval; ob. c, oblong compressed. Color — y. o., yellow, shaded to deep orange in the
sun; o. r., orange, with a red cheek; o., orange. QUALITY— g., good; v. g.. very good; b., best. I'si: All
apricots being valued for the dessert, the letter F. will signify that it is extra for the dessert, and F. M. that it
is valued for the dessert and at the same time profitable for market. Season E., early; M., medium; L., late
in season of ripening. Origin— F., foreign; Am., American.

Between 42c

and 49

II.

i i \ him. Division.

Between 35

and 42

III.

-S.Div.

— Bet. .is iS 35

X.
1

2
3

4

0

6

7
8
9
in
11
12
13

-
-
—

x

a
c

o

o
>

si

*

*
*
*

n

4

*

*
*

.

o
"C
H

a
z

"

c
cs

—

z

i

*
*

d

'7.

a
z

f.

X

o

/.

CU

B

i

O
J*
CS
-

CS

s

■4-*
B

0

S

B

S
o

c~.

o
—

—

c
:
.-

S

d
o

EX

X

—

3

-
re
>

X

c

=
-

*
*
*
*

4

a;

X

CD

s

X

*
*

CU
'—
X

a
1
-

-:
*

Q
c

CS

— '

*

*

*
*

'3

—

*
*

*

03
B

'o

CS

o

t^

O

*
*

*

*
*

o

s

*

*
**

E
re

—
*

*
4

X

5
3

Cu

-

4 *
4:4

x'

X
CO

X

cu

=
CU

EH
*

*

c

n

*
*
*
*

*
*

cs'

0
X

cc

i

*
*

*

*
*

re'

co

CS

u.

n

x

*
*
*

* :

-:■■!
*

CO

CI
CO

a

cs

**

*

*
*

c
—

c

:
O

re
+j

P
*

:
*

re

—

>

X

E
c

_
*

*

4t4
*

re

0

o

cs

o

a
o
•/.

**

33

'5

-

o
cu

CS

cs'

S

-

03

<

-

a

c

X

CS
CO

B
-

<

*
*

—
—

'w
f

7

CO

i
*

:

CS

7

=

o

CO

y,

Cu

E-i
**

-: :V

i *

o
-

cu
>

-
o

N

<

IV. -BLACKBERRIES.

The columns explain as follows: Size — 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— ob. c, oblong conic; r. c,
roundish conical or oval; ob. ov., oblong oval. Color— b., black Quality— g., good; v. g.. very good; b.,best.
I'si: F.M., family and market; M., market. Season— M., medium; E., early; L., late. Origin— Am, American;
F., foreign.

Between 42

and 1'.

0

II.-

-Central Divimhn.

-Between

35

and 42

III.-

-S. Div

Bet. 28°

&35°

-

i
•-'

■A
1

5
B

7
8

9
10

11

12
13
11
ir,
16
17
18
19

=
—

cu
=
B

:
_

*

*
*

*
*

o
>

Cu
*

*

**
*

*
*

4
4

6
—
-

c

-
re

*
*

*
*
*
*

*
*

t

*

*
*
*
*
*
*

a"

r

a

I.

*

re
*^»
c
■f.

CU

B
B

s

-i-.;

*

cs'
o
cs

re'
B
-

S
0

si

B

0
Pi

d
—
re

—

B
O

B

X

re
■i

a

O

bi.

2,
•~

o

*

-'

B
-
>

1

B

Cu
-

*
*

*
*

>.
:

CO

u

&

X

*

**

*

+
*

cu

—

s

f

T.
-

*

*

**
*

i

**
*

-

B
CO

— '
*

-'
B

3

-

>

*
*

re

a

o
-~

X

-J

o
*

3

*
4

*
+
*

re

=

B

;
*

X

B
3

>

■4-3
X

U

—

■!
4e4

X
X
X
X

X
B
B
X
c-

4

a:

/
o

*
*

*

*

CS'

e

t

••
ii*

*
*

—
r

/.

t
*

**
**

*

X

M
f.

X

u
"x

*

**

*

X*
CS
X

a
re

*
4>*

*
1

c
—

X

u

z

o
**

*

t
4"4

-
-

*

4

>
Zi

*

-'

B

:

-
O

4
**

re
B

"c

re
O

—
*-

X

o
/

cs'

3

o

X

CS

*

-'

X

<

z
■-

X

B
-

B
'.1 1

GO

-

i

■<
*

*

ft

/
/

X

99

*
*

*

re

a

re

'5
o

*

X

re
y

X
4"*

X

■a

X

—

s
cu

cs
B
o

XX

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — CHERRIES.

V. -CHERRIES.

The columns explain as follows: Size 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— ob. h., obtuse heart shape;
r. ob. h., roundish obtuse heart shape; r. h., roundish heart shape: r., roundish or round. Color— I. r., lively
bright red; d. r., dark red, almost black; a. m., amber mottled with red; y. r., yellow ground shaded and marbled
with red. Class— H, Hearts, or tender fleshed sweet cherries; B., Rigarreau, or firm fleshed cherries: D., Dukes,
having a character in tree and fruit midway between the Hearts and Morellos; M., Morellos, having acid fruit
and the tree of small, slender growth. Use -F., family, for dessert: F. M., family or market ; K. M., for cooking
or market; M., market. Season— E., early; M., medium: L.. late. Origin— F., foreign; Am., American.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N.Div.—

-

5

Sz5

o

:
s
z
o

X
<

6

C
in
<

7i

5

-
>
z

V

-■:■
**

*
*

*

*

I

I.

—

-

5
:.

-■

a

*
*

*

*

*
*

■:

*
*

3

a.
^ ^>

s a
X 2
s £

*
*
*

*

*

*

*

/

X

/.

3

a

-
■f.

X

-

:
*

\ *
*

: ■:■

**

* t

*
*
:

*
*

*

■-'.-■

+
t

+

*
*

*

=

~r:

M

S>

5
—
-

1

•>

Belle Magnifique

Belle de Choisv

1.

1.
ill.
m.

1.

1.

1.

1.
m.
in.
m.
m.
in.
m.

s.

1.
m.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.
m.

1.

1.

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
m.
1.

oil. h.

r. h.

r.

r. h.

ob. h.

ob. h.

r. h.

r.h.

r.

r.

r.

r.
r. h.
r. U.

r.

r. h.

r. ob. h.

h.

r. h.
r. h.
ob. h.
ob. h.

r.

r.
r. h.

ob. h.

r.ob.h.

r.

r. h.

r.ob.h.

r.h.

ob. h.

r.

r.

ob. h.

ob. h.

r.ob.h.
r.

ob. h.
r. h.

d. r.
1. r.
a. m.
>'■ r.
v. r.
d. r.
d. r.
d. r.
y.
a. m,
a. m.
d. r.
y. r.
d. r.
1. r.

V. 1.

d. r.
y. r.
y. r.
v. r.
d, r.
d. r.

r.
d. r.

b.

d. r.
d. r.
d. r.
d. r.
v. r.
d. r.

y- r-

r.
d. r.
d. r.
y. r.
1. r.
a. in.
d. r.
d. r.
d. r.

D. K.M.
D. K.M.
D. F.
H. P.M.

L.

L.

M.

E.

M.

M.

M.

M.

L.

L.

M.

L.

L.

E

K.

M.

M.

L.

M.

M.

E.

L.

M.

L.

M.
E.
M.
L.
M.
M

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

P.

F.

F.

F.

F.

Am.

F.

Am.

P.

P.

P.

P.

F.

Am.

Am.

F.

*

1

Belle d'Orleans.

*

B.
B.
H.
II.
G.
1).
H.
M.
H.
H.
M.
B.
D.
B.
H.
B.
H.
D.
G.
D.
G.

B.
D.
M.
M.
B.
H.
II.
D.
M.
H.
H.
D.
B.
D.
H.
B.

r. m.

F. M.
F.M.
F. M.
F. M.
K. M.

P.
K. M.
F. M.
P. M.
K.M.
P. M.
P. M
K. M.
F. M.
F.M.
P. M.
K. M.

K.
K. M.
P.M

F. M.
K.M.
K.M.
K. M.
F. M.
F.M.

l>

Black Eagle...

Black Heart.

*

*

H

Black Tartarian

*

9
10
11
1°

Buttner's Yellow

Coe's Transparent

Donna Maria

*

*
*

*
*

*

**

**
*

*

*

13
1-1
15
16
IT
18

Downer's Late

Early Purple, Early Purple Guigiu

Early Richmond

Elton

Eugenie. Empress Etigenie

Florence

*
*
*
*

19

•'0

Governor Wood

Hovey

*

21

99

Knight's Earlv. Knight's Early Black

9^

F.
F.

P.
F.

F.

P.

F.

Am.

Am.

F.

F.

Am.

Am.

P.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

*

24
25
26

Mezel. Bigarreau of Mezel, Mon&trewe Mezel,

■27
28
29
30
SI

May Duke

Montmorencv Large

Morello. English Morello, J, urge Morello

Napoleon. Royal Ann (in Cal. and Oregon).

*

* ..
*

*

39

( )hio. Ohio Beauty

P. M. M.

33

olivet

F.
K. M
F.M.
F.M.

r. m.

F.M.
K.M.

M.

M.

M.
L.
M.
L.
L.
E.
M.
L.
T,

34

Plumstone Morello

*

35

36

Bed Jacket

:;;

Reine Hortense

*

38

Rock port

::■

39

Royal Duke

40
41

Tecumseh

Windsor

7 A fine old variety, but by many supposed to be superseded.
12 Very hardy and productive.

15 Believed by many to be identical with

Early May of the West; not fully settled.

CATALOGUE OF FBUITS— CHERBIES.

V.-CHERRIES.

XXI

The columns explain as follows: Size 1., large; m., medium; s„ small. Form— ob. h., obtuse heart shape;
r. ob. h., roundish obtuse heart shape; r. h., roundish heart shape; r., roundish or round. Color— 1. r., lively
bright red; d. r., dark red, almost black; a. m., amber mottled with red; y. r., yellow ground shaded and marbled
with red. Class— H., Hearts, or tender Meshed sweet cherries; B., Bigarreau, or Arm fleshed cherries; D., Dukes,
having a character in tree and fruit midway between the Hearts and Morellos; M., Morellos, having acid fruit
and the tree of small, slender growth. Use-F., family, for dessert; F. M., family or market; K. M., for cooking
or market; M., market. SEASON— E., early; M., medium; L., late. Obigin— F., foreign; Am., American

Between 42' and 49°

II.— Central Division.— Between 35° and 42

HI.— S.Div.— Bet. 28 &35

5
a

3
P

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

IT

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26
27
28
2!<
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41

O

-

a
a
z

o

*

*

*

*
..

*
*

*

*
*

*
+

AS

—

o

-

*
*
*
*
*
*

*

*
*
*
:

*

**

*
*
*

**

*
*
*

*

*

*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*

6

-

03

a

0

*

i

*

*
*

■.;■-■:
*

i

*

*
i

*

a
-

be

s

-

*
*

*

:

*
*
*

*
*
*
*

•■'. i
*
*

*
*
*

*

*

*
*
*

*
*

i

*

a

■r-

a
z
•~

39

*

**
**

*

•-

o

X
V

a
a

£

33

o

OS

-

s

a
s
~~
a
o

si

a

0

o
—
a
—
— i

a

o

*-»
-.1
a
!a

x
«

*

*

*
*

*

*
*
*

a

z

tl

4-

;

■:■

:
4

*

*
*

**
**

X

1

>

X

=

-

:

*
*

*
**

*

*

*
*

**
*

**
*

**
*

*

*

*
*

t

*

*

**

t

X

s
-

*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*

*
*

*

*

*
*

*
*

Sv
-
5
jg
I

*

■i
■■'-. *
■: :

**

*
**

a
a

■d

*
*
*
*

*

*

*

*
*
*

**
*

*

*

**

-i

a
'3

>

*

*
*
*

*

*
*

*
*
*

*
**

*
*

*

*
*
*

03

_g
o

-

-
o

: ■:

*
*

*

*
**

i

d

X|

o

*
*
*

■:
<:

■■: :

*

*
*

■', :
**
**

**

*

-{■i

*
*
*
*

*

*

*

**

:

ce

a
-

a
—

*
*
*

*
*

*

t

*
*
*

*
*

*
*

*

99

a

—
>

X

*

>-.

-£.
U

—

a

*
**

*i

1-:

*

*

*
*

X

a
a;

; I

**

*
*

*
*

/

a
—

*
*
*

*
*
*

t
*

*
*

*

**

*

-I-
*

sa

o

M

*
*

i i
**

c

CO

X

£

*

*

*

*
*

*

*

**

*

*
*

*
*

t

*
*

09

M

X

?3

I

*

**

*

*
*

t

*
*

t
4M

■i ;
*

t
**

X

s

X

a

*
*

*
*

*

t

*

I
*

:

■:
t

*

o

a
■~
_o

z
P

*

*

*

t

.c'

89

&

*

*

t

t

>

a
;-

c
eel

o

*

*
*
*
*

**

*

*

t

*
*
*

*

*

**

*

**

*
*
*

a
a

J9

o

XI

-
z
cc

*

*
*

**

99

s

U

o

o

*
*
*

*
*
*
*

**

*
*

*

*
*

53

a

—

<

*
*
*

*

*
*
*

*

*

*
*

*
*

*

03

-:
z

a
-

-5
a

*

CO

CS
X

a
s
a:

■~

<

*

*

*
*

'—
a
/.

X

'x
r.

£

C3

a

rz

7
'a
o

X

X

d

'S

CD
!^5

03

a
o

i

24 An old excellent sort; little known.

36 The latest ripening large sweet cherry.

XX11

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — CURRANTS- GOOSEBERRIES.

VI. -CURRANTS.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form with reference to form of bunch— 1.,.
long; v. 1., very long: s., short; m., medium. Color— r., red; b., black; w., white. Quality — a., acid; m. a.,
moderately acid; v. a , very acid. Use— K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market; M., market.
Season — E., early: M., medium; L., late. Orioin— Am., American; F., foreign.

K
H

M

a

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

NAMES.

Angers. Fertile d' Angers

Black Naples

Cherry

Common Black. Black English. .. .

Fay. Fay's Prolific,

Knight's Bed. Knight's Large Red.

Lee. Lee's Prolific

Palluau. Fertile d' Palluau

Prince Albert

Red Dutch

Red Grape

Versaillaise. La Versaillai.se

Victoria. Rdby Castle

White Dutch

White Grape

DESCRIPTION.

o

P"4

o
1-1

c
a

l.

s.
s.
s.

1.

m.

1.

m.
m.

s.
v.l.

1.

1.

r.

b.

r.

b.

r.

r.

b.

r.

r.

r.

r.

r.

r.

w.

w.

m. a.
m. a.

v. a.
m. a.
m. a.
m. a.
m.a.

a.
m.a.
m. a.
m. a.

a.

a.
in. a.
m. a.

F. M.
K.M.

M.
K.M.
F. M.

F.
K. M.
F. M.

M.
F. M.
F. M.

M.
F. M.
F.M.
F.M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

M.

L.

E.

E.

M.

L.

E.

E.

g

3

F.

F.

F.

F.

Am.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

I.— N. Div.-

o c

O "

CO C

C 0)

Z; a

a «

& CO

S *>' 2

33 °!S
** * s

VII. -GOOSEBERRIES.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— r., round; o., oval; r. o., roundish oval.
Color— r., reddish, when fully ripe; g., greenish yellow, when fully ripe. Quality— g., good; v. g., very good;
b., best. Use K, kitchen; M., Market. Seasoh—E., early; M., medium; M. L., medium late. Origin— Am.,
American; F., Foreign.

DESCRIPTION.

NAMES.

K
N

to

^ Crown Bob 1.

Downing m.

jlloughton s.

^Mountain 1.

[Orange m.

.Pale Bed. ( 'luster, American Seedling in.

Roaring Lion 1.

'Smith. Smith's Improved , 1.

Whitesmith 1.

a
o

o. b.
r. o.
r. o.

o.

r.
r. o.
o. b.

o.

o.

pi
o

o

p

C

r.

S-
r.
r.
y.
r.
r.

g-
g-
g-

K. M.
M. I

K. M.
v. g. K. M.
v.g.K. M.
v.g.K. M.
:v.g. K. M.

SZi
O

<
H
CO

v.g.K. M.
v. g. K.

M.
M.L.
E.
M.
E.
E.
M.
M.
M.

o

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

F.

1.

-N. Div.-

-a

„<»

*1

£

ja

en

-

0>

—
a

03

o
o

CO
C8

c

-

+J

-7

-

-

6

n

5!

=

is

0
z

=

—
a

—
—

>

<

i-.

r«

■

o

s

0)

o>

:S

.-

*

fZ5

~

*

>

§

-

*

*

*
*

i=*

*

:

;.:;

*
*

*
*

*

:

*

*
*

**

*

*

2 A little liable to sunburn or blister.

4 A strong growing bush -berry with a very thick skin.

6 An old sort, entirely free from mildew— more
upright than Houghton.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — CURRANTS — G008E1SEU1; I Is.

XX111

VI. -CURRANTS.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— with reference to form of bunch 1..
lung; v. 1., very long; s., short; m., medium. Color— r., red; b., black: w., white. Quality— a., acid; in. a.,

moderately acid; v. a., very acid. Usk K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market; M„ market.
Season — E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin — Am., American; F., foreign.

Between 42°

and IH

11.

-Central Division-

Bel ween 35

and 12

'

III.-

S.Div.

—Bet. 28 & 35°

«
n

1

•>

3

S

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

it

15

+3

s

—

a
a
o
O

*

*

in*

*

'*

-1

u

c

2

*

*
**

*
*
*
*

*
*

**
*
*

**

6

—
-

8

*
*

*
*
*

4

=
U

S

-

i

*

*

**

*

*

4

:
*

■:■:
-:
4
■:■:
**
*4

en

B
o
cy

7

4
*
*
*

*

*
*
*
*

*

*
*

ce

o

cc

*

*

*
* *
**
**

43

O

-

a

-

a

o

-.

si

B

=
o
:*>

o

-B
ce
—

HI

B
O
43

SI

B

2

en
ce

B
o
tl

1.
1-

C
**

*

"I

*
*

-'

B
>

-.
i

B

B
a-

Oh

*
**

*

|!*
*
*

*4

a>

Ch
-

CD
12

*
**

*
*

;-
*

a*

s-
ce

&
-

X

P.

*

*

*

*
*

P

a

— "

*

*

4

4
*

B
'&

c-
>

*
*

I

Z
t-

ce

o
2

*

*
*

0

s

o

*

*
*

4

4 *
*
*

*
*

Ee*

B
99

—
B

—
*

*

*

*
*

3

-i

—

i>

■4-3

—

-

■*—
S

0)

**
*

: :
*

*

_
x

H
B
l
H

*

**
*

00

o

a

*

*
*
*

ce*
&

o

*

*

*
*
*
*

-
o

«3

i

*

*
*

|c*

*

*

-

X

ce

sz;

*

*

**

*

**
*
*
*

a:

ce

X

B
-

*

■-:•■;
*
*
*
*

**

6

—
-

c
a
o

*

■: *

**

I--!
**

**

-

P

*

*

*

*
*

—
-

>

.s

c

s-
C

o

*
*

:•■:

**

*
*

*

*

cc

a

~
—
-
_

*^
B
O
X

-'

'S

—
o

OS

0

<

z

CB

B
59

a

DO

cS
en

B
-

^-

5- -'

.£■ B

en ct

.2«E

en •—
En B

B ' o

00

-
M

0

d

-

CD

y,

c«

=
o

VII. — GOOSEBERRIES.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— r., round; o, oval; r. o.. roundish oval.
Color— r., reddish, when fully ripe; g., greenish yellow, when fully ripe. Quality — g., good; v. g. very good:
b., best. Use— K., kitchen; M., Market. Season— E., early; M., medium; M. L., medium late. Origin Am.,
American; F., Foreign.

Between 42

and4£

0

II.

-Central Division-

-Between 35

and 1:

.

III.

— S. Div

.—

r.rt.-js ,v:{r,

pi
w

1

2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9

43

—

a

a

z

-

*
*
*

*

z

?H
1

*
*
*

*

*
*

6

—

c

*

*

=

—
-

*
*

*

: : : : : ♦ *: | Wiscorsin.
*: : | Minnesota.

c

p

a

r

be

o

-
—
—

-
c
*->
if
B

la

en

B
C
il
l

*

ce

B
—
_>

X

B
B
CD

-

4
*

*

i>

X

—

*

*

1

-

4<*

..

'J
-'

*

-'
-

3

>

*
*

■>.■
*

33

B
~z
-

—

o
*

*

z

=.

o

*

4=*

*

1

1

CS

—

B

— I

t

.09

a
3

>

G

M
**

X

X

a>
B
B
i)

H

4=*
M

..

/

z
—

*

t

o

—
4

o
-/.
en

-1'
*

t

CS

id

X

a

5zi

*
*

CO

X

B
cS

t

*

t
*

*

d

—

b.
o
z
O

i :
4

4:4
4>

*
4c*

-

-

*

*

—
-

i
a

u

c

1

-

c6

o

-

s

a
"^

B
O
33

C3
'S

o
a.

o

ce
-

<

ri

Z
-

cu
H

0
cO

—
0

4c*

en

ee

X

a
-

c-

g.

/.

r
r

ce'

B
-

X

O
-

X

-
-

d
a

S

CO

—

is

-
2

ce*
B

s New and promising.

9 One of the best of all the foreign large sorts in its immunity from mildew.

XXIV

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — GRAPES, NATIVE.

VIII. -GRAPES, NATIVE.

The columns explain as follows: Size— with reference to the berry, 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form —
with reference to bunch and berry, s. r., short bunch, round berry; 1. r., large and round; m. r. o., medium
bunch, roundish oval berry; m. r., medium bunch, round berry. Color— b., black, or nearly so when fully
ripe; r., reddish or coppery-brownish red; g , greenish white or yellowish. Quality— g., good; v. g., very good;
b., best. Use— T., table; M., market; W., wine. Season— E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin— See next page

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.-N. Div.—

w
-

02

0

K

C

O

u

>•

1-1

<
P

z-

w

■A-

O

<

CO

■A

—

z

5

-'

z
-

>
0

*

S
I

is

ir
S5

i.
a
"a

■:■::

_4.

e

=

X

>

*

03

a>

=

c
s
/.

m

J

t:

—

0
-

1"
2

Agavvam, Rogers' No. 15

1.

1.

s. r. c.
r.

r.
b.

g-
g-

T. M.
T. M.

M.

M.

Hyb.
Hyb.

*

*

3

4

1.

1.
1.
S.
1.
1.

m.

s.

s.
in.

1.
m.
m.

s.

r.
m.r.o.

r.
m. r.
l.r.

r.
m.r.o.

r.

s. r.

s. r. 0.

r.
m.r.
m. r.
m. r.

r.

d.p.
r.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
r.
r.
r.
w.
b.
b.
w.

V.g

b.

g-

g-

g-
v.g
v.g

b.

v-g-
g-

v-g-
v.g.
v.g
v.g.

T.

T. M. W.

M.

T. W.

T. M. W.

T. M.

T.

W.

T.M.W.

T. M.

M.

T.

T. M.

T.

W.

E.

L.

E.

L.

M.

E.

E.

M.

M.

L.
V.E.

M.
V.E.

E.

L.

Hyb,

Lab.
Lab.
Rip.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
.Est.
?x.
Lab.
Lab.
Hyb.
Lab.
uEst.

*
*
*

*
*

*

**

*

+
t

*

*

*

*
*

**
*

*

>
*
*

**
*

t

-:

6

7

8

9

10

11

Champion. Tallinn n's Hut/Hug

Creveling

Cynthiana

*

*

Ifl

Delaware .

*

13
1 1

Diana

Dracut Amber

*

15

16

t

17
18
19

Elsinburg

20
21

■>.)

Essex, Rogers' No. 41

Eumelan

1.
m.

r.
r.

b.
b.

g-
v.g-

T. M.
T.

M.
M.

Hyb.
Lab.

t

t

*

t

23
24
25

Goethe, Rogers' No. 1

Hartford. Hartford Prolific

1.
1.

1. r. 0.
m.r.o.

g-
b.

v.g.

g-

T. W.
M.

L.
E.

Hvb.

Lab.

*

=!■

■:i

**

*

**

26

97

Herbemont. Warren, Etc

Herbert, Rogers' No. 44

s.

1.

m.

1.
m.
m.
m.

1.

1.

m. r.

l.r.

m.r.o.

m.r.o.

m.r.o.

r.
m. r.

r.
1. r. 0.

b.

b.
r.
b.
b.
b.
r.
w.
w.

v.g.

v.g-

b.

g-

g-

g-

v-g.

g.

b.

T. W.
T. M.
T.M.W.
T. M.
M. W.
T. M.
T. M.
T. M.
T.M.

L.
M.

t
M.
V. E.
M.
E.
M.

.Est
Hyb.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Hyb.
Lab.
Hyb.

*

t

t

*

*

*

t

28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

lona

Isabella

Ives

Janesville

Jefferson

Lady

Lady Washington

*
*

t
*

36

m.

m.r.o.

r.

g-

T. M.

M.

Hyb.

*

*

*

*

38

1.

1.

m.

I.

m.r.

s. r.

m.r.o.

s. r.

r.
g-
g-
b.

g-
g-

v-g.
g-

T. M.
M. W.

T.

M.

M.

M.
M.
M.

Hyb.
Lab.
Lab.
Hyb.

*sl

*
*

*
*
*

*

*

39
40
41

Martha

Maxatawney

Merrimac, Rogers' No. Id

4^

43

Moore's Early

1.
1.

s.
s.

1.

m.

1.
m.
m.

1.

1.

1.

r.

r.

r.
m.r.

r.

r.
l.r.
m.r.
s. r.

r.

r.
m.r.o.

b.
w.
w.
b.
r.
w.
w.
w.

g-
b.
r.
b.

g-
g-
g-
g-
g-
v.g-

g.

v.g.
v.g.

g-
g.

v.g.

T. M.
T. M.

W.

W.
T.M.

T.
T.M.
T.M.

T.

M.

W.
T. M.

V.E
M.
L.
L.

E.

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
E.

Lab.

^Est.
Lab.
Hyb.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Hyb.
Vulp.
Lab.

->;.

*
*

t
*

*
*

*

*

+
t

*

t
*

*

44

Niagara

t

45

Noah

46

Norton's Virginia

IT
48
49

Perkins

Peter Wylie

Pocklington

*

50

Prentiss

.".1

5?

Rebecca

Salem, Rogers' No. :>;J

*
*

53

54

Telegraph. < '// 1 istine

55

56

57

Triumph

v.l.

l.r.

g-

v.g.

T. •

L.

Hyb.

58

Ulster

59

Vergennes

s.

m.

1.

1.

l.r.

s. r.

l.r.

r.

P-
r.
b.
b.

vbg-

v.g.

g-

T. M.

T.M.W.

T.M.

T. M.

E.
M.
M.
E.

Lab.
Lab.
Hyb.
Lab.

t

•■<->.

*

*

1
*

*

60

Walter

t
*

61

W ilder, Rogers' No. 4

CA

Worden

*

63

Woodruff Red

64

Wyoming Red

5 Suited only to clayey loams and certain localities.

6 Valued for earliness and hardiness but of a very poor quality.

Hardy everywhere.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS GRAPES, NATIVE.

xxv

VIII. -GRAPES, NATIVE.

This list contains such grapes only as are of American origin; they are either cultivated varieties of one of the following Ami
species of native wild grapes; Vitis riparia, Vitt& cesrfvalfcj, VUta LaJyrvsca. Vttis vvXpina, or crosses between. varieties of these species,
or hybrids between these and the Vitus vinlfera (foreign grapes) in the column for origin the species to which each variety belongs is
designated as roliows: Lab., Lahnisca; Mat., cestivdlis; Rip., Riparta; Vulp., Vtdpina. An \ after one of the species denotes a cross

with a variety of some other species. Hvl>., hybrid, between a foreign variety ami one of the native s] ies.

Between 12 and lit

II.— Central Division.— Between :i"> and 42"

III.— S.Div.— Bet .2s &35

B
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1(5

17

is

19

20

21

22

23

24

2o

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

36

::7
::s
39

w

41
12
13

ll

to

(6

17
4S
19
50
:,i
52
53
:,i
:,:,
:,.;
:,7
58
50
60
61
62

63

64

3
U

-

a

a

c
'J>

w
**

*
*

t

*

t

*

-;

*

*

+

*
**

—

>

n
X.

4
4

*
4
*

*
**

**

*

*
*

*
*
*
*

*

*

4

*

*
*
*

*

*

*
*

*

*

*
*

6

B

.-

c

-^
w

*

*

4

*
*
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

■ •

• •

*
*

*

*

a

-

*

*

*
*
*
*
*4

*

**
*

*
*

<

1
*

*
*
4

4

4
4
*

*
*

*

*

1

:

*

*
**

*
*

*
*

*

*

*

*
**

*

H
■f.

O
c

**

**

*

**

*

4

■:•-,

*

*

*

*
*

**

'.-•■':-

*

**
**

*

+
*

**

-'

C
■r.

l
=

*
**

.

*
*

**
**

C
-

s

a
-
—
a
o

-

ii

o

-
—

=
-

g

-
t-i

3

**

**

*
*

*
**

-
-
>

-
4

*

*

*

■:

*

•■

**

•-; *

4

*
*

*

*

*
**

>.
a;
f
t.

Oj

I-?

X

*

*
**

*

*

*

*
t

•:

4
*

1
**

**

44

c-
I

-

*
**

*
*

4

4
*

4
*

t

*

*

—

— '

*
*

*
**

*

*4
*

*
*

*

*

*

t
*

*

*

*

*
t

I

-

—
>

H

*
4 *

**

*
*

*
**

t

*

<

*

*

t

„

=
o

*-.
■~
o
•/->

**

•-;

*

**

*

*

*

**

*
t
*

*

i

-i

*

*

*
**

—
O

*

:

*
*

*

■■:■::

*
*

*

1

J.

t

*

*
*

*

*

t
t

+
*

*

-
c
-

—
a

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*

1

'5

3

—

>

J.

a>

**

-: *

:
■-'. *

*

**
*
*

.■;■.:
iW

*♦

1

i i

w

M
**

*

*
**

*

t
*

:■•.;•
*

*

■: *

*

t
**

**

*

I

X

0
0

t-

**

i*

**

*

*

*

■:■■:

**
**

*

■:

C

a

*

*
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*
*

+

+

c8

S

0
—

**

**

**

*

*

*

*

c

CO

*

*

*

**

t

*

*

*

*
*

:;
**

*
*

*

:

*

*

*

*

*
*

*

-'

M
f.

re

—

*

*
**

*

t

-:
*

*
*
*

t

*

t
t

*

!

1

t

/
rt
en

-

a

*

t
*

: ■:

*

t
t

*

*
*

*

t

t
t

*

*
t

*
+

T

t
1

-

t-
s
c
o

**
*

*

■\ *

t
+

t
*+

J3

*

*

*

*
*

1

—

-

■■

7-

"S

<-

c

«

-

::

eg

a

-
O

—

-
o
cc

*-:
:
*

-:■:

*

■:

:

**

i t.
*

*
**

+

.:,!
*H
**
*
**
W
.':;

jM

4

4 :

**

*
*

-'

'5

t-

r
a,

-
**

*

-:■:

**

4 :-

4c*

•:■■:■

*

4

4>4

*
4

*

4<

#
*

:

*

4i
**

*
4

-'

-

S

<

*

*
**

*

*
*

*

*
*

ci
-r
'(-

••■!

4 :

4=*
4s*

4c*

*

4c4
4 *

H
a

—
0

**
*

'/
CS
t

~.

M
—

<

*
*
*

*
4c*

*
**

'S

1-

~

*
*

i*

*

**

*

*

*
**

*

**

**

*4

a

0
s
7

3

*

*

**

**

*

*

4c*
*

*
**

C8

*

*

*

**

4c*

4c4

t
*

*

*4
*

**

*

*

+
**

t

**

*
**

*

**

*
4c*
**

1

*

•

6

o

'•/.
~.

CD

y,

a

o

X

<1

U Wants rich soil and high culture.
28 Unreliable except in a few locations.

xt Valuable for earlinesB and hardiness,
36 One of the mosl valuable of this class.

62 Very like Concord
earlier and better.

.but

XXVI

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — GRAPES, FOREIGN — NECTARINES

IX.-GRAPES, FOREIGN.

As the Foreign Grapes are for cultivation under glass, they are not subject to those variations induced by
climate or soil, and therefore they may be regarded as equally adapted to all localities. Very few of the local
committees have made any report in reference to these Grapes. The list below contains such as have been
already adopted by the .Society, with a few others very generally esteemed. In California, Utah and sections
of the Southern States, they require no artificial protection or heat; it has, therefore, been thought unnecessary
to tabulate the States and Territories relative to them; but taking the old catalogue, and simply adding to it a
column relative to variety as adapted to a cold house, or its want of lire heat, in our Northern States, the old
form is continued.

The columns explain: 1st— The Colok of the fruit; 2d— Flavor; 3d— Season of maturity; 4th— Cold for
a variety that does well without fire heat; Hot for a variety wanting Are heat. In flavor, the only distinction
given is between those that are simply sweet, as the Chasselas or Ilamburgs. and those having a distinct musky
aroma, as the Muscats.

d

NAMES.

Color.

Flavor.

Season.

Vinery.

1

Barbarossa. Princi Albt rt, Brizola

1 Hack Champion

Black
Black
Black
Black
Black
Black
Black
White
White
White
White

White
Black
White
Amber. . . .
RedandYel.

Purple

Black
White
Black
Black
White...

Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Muscat. . .
Sweet
Sweet ,
Sweet
Muscat..

Sweet
Sweet .
Muscat.. . .

Muscat.. . .
Sweet
Sweet .
Sweet
Muscat .
Sweet ,
Sweet
Muscat .
Muscat.. . .
Muscat . . .

Very late..
Early

Late

Late

Medium .. .
Medium .

Early

.Medium.. .
Medium.. .

Late

Late

Early
Early
Late

Medium .. .
Medium.. .

Late

Very late..

Late

Medium .. .
Late

Hot

('old

3

Black Damascus .

Cold. . .

4

Black Frontignan

Cold

5

Black Hamburg

Cold

t!

Black Prince

Cold

7

Black July

Cold

s

Bo wood M uscat

Hot

9

Buckland Sweel water

Cold

10

Calabrian Calabria n liahiu liniaiii </<■ t'ulahre

Hol

11

Canon Hall Muscat .

Hot...

12

Chasselas M usque, or Joslin's St. Albans. Muscat blow.

Initio {'J\

Hot

13

Duke hi Magenta

Hot

14

Golden Hamburg. Stockwood &. Hamburg ....

Hot

i:.

Golden Champion

Hot

it;
17

Grizzly Frontignan. Red Frontignan, Red Constantia..

Gros Colman

Hot

Cold

IS

Lady Downes. Lady Dowries' Seedling

Hot

19

Muscat of Alexandria

Hot

f>n

Muscat of Hamburg

Hot

"i

Mrs. Pince's Muscat. Mrs Pince's Black Muscat.

Hot

?,'?,

Queen of Nice

P3

Ked Chasselas. Host ' 'hasselas

Red

Red

Sweet .

Sweet

Medium.. .
Medium .. .

Hot

?A

Red Lombardy

Hot

PS

Pfi

Royal Muscadine

White
White
White
Black

Black
White
White
Black

Sweet

Muscat . . .

Sweet , , .
Sweet , . .

Sweet

Sweet
Muscat . . .
Sweet

Early

Early

Late

Very late..

Medium.. .

Early

Medium .. .
Medium .. .

Cold

P7

Silver Frontignan. Early Silver Frontignan

Hot

;>s

White Nice * '

Hot

■".i

West St. Peter's

Hot

30

Wilmot's Hamburg. Dutch Hamburg, Wilmot's Black
Hamburg

Hot

31
32
33

White Sweetwater. Dutch S/n vtirati-r, etc

White Frontignan. White Contantia, Muscat blame

Zinlindal

Cold

Hot

Hot

XI. -NECTARINES.

Explanation same as for Apricots.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.—

-

L*

X

—

— '
9

s

X

a

m

■A
W
-

NAMES.

w

K

o

H

1—1

<

w

z

in

s

-
CO

sa

>

C

a

-

=

a

z

—

-
m

—

O

1=

•

N

O

fc>

W

s

o>

<Z>

V

a

fe

CG

Ph

U

a

U

o

y

fc

S

*

>

g

M

1

1.
1.

1

r. o.
r. o.

o.r.
o. r.
o.r.

v.g.
v.g.

vbg-

F.

F.
F.

M.
E.
F

Am.

F.

Am.

9,

Downton

3

Early Newington

4

Early Violet

1

F

F

F

5

Elruge

m.

r. o.

o. r.

v.g.

F.

1,

F

6

Stanwick

1.

r. o.

o.r.

F.

L.

F.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS- MCLBEBBIES, FIGs, POMEGRANATES, NEl PABINES.

X.- MULBERRIES, FIGS, POMEGRANATES.

XXVll

The following list of mulberries, figs, and pomegranates \\ as prepared by Mr. P. J, Beri oians, of Georgia.

In California and many sections of the Southern states, the figs and pomegranates are grown as readily as the
apple in the Middle States.

d

y

NAMES.

Season.

Color.

Quality.

Size.

i

MULBERRIES.
Hick's Everbearing

Early and Late

Eafly

Late

Medium

Medium

Early

Early

Early

Medium

Medium

Early

Earlv

Early

Medium

Medium

Late

Medium

Black

Black

Black

Black

Brown

Yellow

Violel

Blue . .

First

First

■>

Downing

3

4

Johnson

First . . .

1

FIGS.

Alicante

First.

Medium .

•>

Angelique Jaunt Hutirt

First

Small

3

Brunswick. Madonna, Constantinople. . .
Blue Genoa

Very Large. .

4

First

First

First

First

First

n

Black

Brown

Pale Violet...

•Ireen

Yellow

Violet

Violet

White

Purple

fi

Brown Smyrna

Medium.

i 'elestial

Small

H

Green Ischia. White Ischia. Green Italian.

L'-mon

Medium

'i

First .

Medium .

in

Violet, long

First

Large

Medium.. .

u

Violet, round

second

First

First

i"

Nerii

Small

13

Pregussata

Small

11

White, Adriatic.

15

White Marseilles

Medium

Medium

Late

Early to Late

Earlv

Earlv

Late

White

White

Brown

Reddish

Deep Red

Violet

Red

Second

Second

First

First

First

Third

First

Second

Medium

16
17

White Genoa

Superfine dp la Sausave

Large

Medium

IN
1

POMEGRANATES.

Sweet

Large

Large

•>

\ i ■ i d

Very Large..

3

Violet

Very Large..

Small

4

Dwarf

Mulberries— No. 1 bears three months. No. 2 Best. No. 3 Very tart.

XI. -NECTARINES.

Explanation same as for Apricots.

Between* 12

and4S

0

II.-

-Central Division.-

-Between 35

and 1'.

III.-

-S. Div

Bet. 28° & 35°

ZZ
P

I

2
3
4
5
6

a

—
-
-
C

g

—
z

?H
aj

y

*
*
*
*
*
*

6

—

—
a

O

a

*
*

*
*
*
*

a

7.

B
z

x

:

X

B

— '

q

-
-

a

2
~-

6C

a

zz

6

—

s
o

u.

1

X

-

=

he

-
—

Z

-'

'3

-
>

X

a
-.

-
*

m

X

■~
I

i-

a.

y

-
-

P

B

— '
*

*

si

-

'3

-

>

-
o

—

-
■-
c
u

a

y

*

*

z

z

W
1

*

-■

c

>
—

is

>>

_
a

•2

.

X

r
13

a
a
-
■—

■•!-.!

o

—

ri

z
—

=

X

-

*

S

—
--

55

-

X

=
-

*

d
—

-
—

-

a!

—

a

'—

z
■—

_

c
-

*-
-

'S

0
i.

i

—
-

<

:

a

a
—

X

a

en

a
<

p,

X
X

X
X

-

X

0

x'

X
IE

*

r'
-

!

|Z

as

a
:

5

XXV111

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — ORANGES AND LEMONS.

XII.-ORANGES AND LEMONS.

THE FOLLOWING LIST WAS PREPARED BY MR. E. H. HART, OF FLORIDA.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— ov., oval; r., round; 11., flattened;
obi., oblong. Quality— f„ fair; g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Season— E., early; M., medium; L., late.
Origin— F., foreign; N., native.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I— N.Div. —Bet.' II— Cent. Div.
12 and 49 Bet. 35 and 40=

III.— South Div. Between
28" and 35

S
-
g
-

DC

-
o

><

<

(3
&

Is
o

<

s

CO

a
S
O

'S
o

-

*
*

*
*

*

-!

■.

*
*
*
*
*
*

*

■:
*

5i

=

o
s
o

+j

0
CO

'G

—

o

5

-

-r
0

E

*

*
*
*

*
*

=:
*
■'.-
*
:

H
*

*
*

*

*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

t-*

-
H

c

a

-

C

-

—
<

'3.
.&

r.
w,

X

*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*

-.

t,

-■:■

*

*
*
*
-::
H
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
■-:
:

■■'.

$

s

n

■:
*

a

s

~f-

c

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

-V

*
*

*

*

*
*
*
*

*
*
*

:

*
*

*
i
*
*

■:
*
*
*
■:
*

r.
-

-

0

a

-,

=
o

S3

'u

<

1

Acapulo

Acis

Bell

Botelha

1.
1.
1.

111.

r.

r.

ov.

r.

g-

s-

g-
g-

M.

L.

M.
M.

F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.

•)

3

4

fi

7

Charley Brown. .

1.

fl.

g-

M.

8

i|

Dane y's Tangerine.

Dulcissima

Du Koi

S.

s.
m.
in.
m.
in.

m.
m.
m.

ti.

r.

r.

ov.

r.

r.

ov.

r.

r.

obi r

g.

v. g.

s-

g-

v.g.

v.g.

v.g.
b.

v.g.

L.
E.

M.
E.
L.
M.

L.

M.
M.

N.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F

10

II

1"

Ess

13

I I

15

Hart's Late Tar-
OUT.

F.

N

Ifi

Homosassa

Jaffa

17

F.

N.
F.

N

is

19

Long

*

:
i-

*

*
*
*

a

••

■•o

Magnum Bonuin.
Majorca

1.
m.

s.

1.

1.

1.
m.

r.

r.

ov.

obi.

ov.

r.

r.

b.

v.g-
v.g.
v.g.
v.g.

b.
v.g.

M.

M.

M.

L.

L.

E

M.

"I

F.
F.
F.
F.

N

"■'

Maltese Blood ,

Maltese Oval

Mediterran'n Sweet

":;

?A

■v,

m

Old Vini

N

27

Paper Rind. St.

F.

•>ft

TomeloG nipc Frit it
Prata .

..,,

s.

r.

g-

M.

F.
F.
F.

F.
F.
F.

*

*
*
*
*

30

Queen.

31

St. Michaels

St. Michaels

St. Michael's Egg .

m.

s.

1.
m.

r.
11.
ov.

II.

S-

g-
f.

v.g.

M.
E.
E.
E.

3''

33

3-1

35

3fi

37

1.

r.

ov.

r.

g. M.

v.g. E.

g. M.

g

F.
F.
F.
F.

F.
F.
F.
N.
F.
F.
N.
F.
F.
F.

*

*

:

■is

■;'i

Tahiti 1

40

White

1.

41

LEMONS.

4°

13

1 1

|R

Ifi

17

IS

I'l

50

The following are native varieties of the orange resembling each other, of good quality, and having a local
reputation: Arcadia, Beache's 3, Dixon, Dummitt, Higgins, Osceola, Parson Brown, Peerless, Spratt's Harmon.
Nos. ft, 9, 32 and 34 are varieties of Citrus nobilis or Mandarin orange.

CATALOGUE OF FBUITS — LIMES AND CITRONS.

XII CONTINUED. -LIMES AND CITRONS.

IBJS FOLLOWING 1. 1ST »n PREPARED BV MK. E. H. HART, 01 FLORIDA

XXIX

The columns explain: Size— 1.. large; in., medium; s., small. Form— ov., oval; r., round; il„ flattened;
obi., oblong. Quality— f., fair; g., good; v. g., very good; b., best. Season— E., early; M., medium; I,., late.
Oeigln- P., foreign; X., native.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I— N. Div.— Bet.

(J and 49°

11.— Cent. Div.
Bet. 35 and 40°

III.— South Div.— Between
28 and 35

a
-

p

O

H

M

-

y.
o
■j.

<

H
CO

>-<

c

M
O

'5

o

_

O

-C
*-*

z
X

'3

u
o

a

S

-

<

0

*
*
*

*
*

H

a

*

-r

d

d

U
<

"E
p.

M
/

*«

*

-■'.
*

*

7t

d

3
o

*
*
*

*
*

a.

-

s

03

d
o

<

51

LIMES.

.">■'

53

54

CITROXS.

Mi iliea (Lemon or
Citron of Com-

55

Tuberosa (Orange

Citron i .

XXX

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEACHES.

XIII. -PEACHES.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Class — F., freestone; C, clingstone. Color —
relative to the flesh, w., white or pale color; y., yellow or yellowish; g., greenish white; red at stone. Quality —
j. v.. juicy, vinous; m. j. r., melting, juicy, rich; s. j., sweet, juicy; s. j. h., sweet, juicy and high flavored.
Glands— s., serrated, without glands; g., glands, globose; r., glands, reniform. Season — the season of matur-
ity, as Early, Medium or Late; those designated as Early, ripen in lat. 43 previous to or about Sept 1st;
Medium, those ripening from 1st to 15th of September; and Late, those after that period; a few of the Very
Early and Very Late are so designated— E., early; M., medium; L. late; V. E., very early; V. L., very late.
Origin — Am., American; F., Foreign.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.-N. Div.—

a

X

o

o

u

<

a

GO

-

55
<!

o

S5

O

<
CO

g

3

S
o

O

r.

0

z;

CO

-

X

a
-
-

'—
t-
—

E
-

a
-

>

A
m

r-

*

— ■

a
a

X

—

CD
—

i

-

1

Albert. Early A Wert

m.

F

w.

m. j. r.

r.

E.

L.

V.E.

F.

Am.
Am.

?,

3
i

Alexander

m. F.

w.

s. j.

g-

t

5

Alexander Noblesse

1.

1.

m.

F.
F.
F.

w. m. i. v.

g-
r.

g-

M.

E.

V.E.

F.
Am.

Am.

fi

Amelia

w.
w.

m. j. r.
s. j.

7

Amsden. Amsden's June

+

8

9

Austin's Late. .1 ustin's Late Red

1.

1.

m.

C.
F.
F.
F.
F,
F.
F.
C.
F.
C.
C.
F.
F.

w.

w.

y.

w.

y.
g-
y-
y.

w.

y.g-
g-

w.

y-

j- v.

j. m.

j. v.

m. j.

j- v.

s. j.

j- v.

j.

m.

j- r.

j- v.

m. j. r.

j- v.

r.

r.

S-
r.

g-

r.
r.

r.

r.

S-

r.

L.
L.

E.
V E.
L.
M.
M.
E.

Am.
Am.

F.
Am.

F.
Am.
Am.

*

10

Baldwin's Late

11

Barnard

13

13

Beer's Smock

1.

1.
m.

1.
m.

1.

1.
m.

1.

14

Bellegarde '.

In

Bergen's Yellow

Ifi

Bordeaux

17

Briggs' May

V. E. Am.

M. 1 Am.

M. 1

V. E. Am.

M. Am.

18

19

Chinese Cling

20

Cole's Early. Cole's Early Red

Columbia

*

22

"3

Coolidge's Favorite

1.

m.

1.

1.

1.

F.
F.
C.

w.

w.
w.

s. j. h.
m. j. v.

m.j.

j- v.

j- v.

g-

g-
g-

M. Am.
L. ' Am.
M. Am.
M. Am.
L. Am.

**
*

*

"4

Cook's Late. Cook's Lute White

r»r,

Counts

Pifi

Crawford's Early

F. v.

**

"7

Crawford's Late

*

28

29
30

Crockett's Late. CrocketVs Late White

Dealing's Orange. Dealing's Sept

m.

1.

1.

1.

1.
m.

1.
m.
m.

F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
F.
F.
F.
C.

w.

y-
g-
y.

w.
w.

g.

w.

y.

s.

j- r.
m. j. r.

m. j.

m.j.
m.j. v.

j. v.
m. j. r.

s. j.

r.

g-
g-

I:
g-

s.
r.

L.

L.
V. L.

E.

M.

E.

E.
V.E.

L.

Am.
Am.
Am,
Am.

F.

F.
Am.
Am.
Am.

*

31

Druid Hill

3"

Duff Yellow

33

Early Admirable

34

Early Grosse Mignonne

35

Early Newington Free

3(i

Early York

*

37

Eaton's Golden

3S

SW

Fleitas

40

Flewellen

1.
1.

C. y.
F. y.

j- r.
j- v.

g-

E.
L.

Am.

Am.

*

41

t

1-'

43

George the Fourth

m.

F.

y-

in. j. r.

g-

M.

Am.

*

*

44

45

Grosse Mignonne. Royal Kensington

1.
in.
m.

1.

1.
m.

F.
F.
F.
F.
C.
F.

w.

g-

w.
y.
g-

y-

s. j. h.

s. j.
m.j. r.

s. j.
s. j. h.

g-
g-
g-
g-
r.

M.
V.E.
V. E.

M.
V.L.

L.

F.
Am.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

*
*

*

ir,

Haine's Early * '

47

Hale's Earlv'

*

is

Harker. Harki i 's St i dling

49

Heath Cling

50

Hill's Chili

51

52

Honev well

m.

]'.

w.

s. j.

E.

Am.

53

54

llvslop Cling

1.

C.

w.

m. j. r.

r.

V.L.

Am.

55

Indian Blood

56
57

Indian Blood Cling

Indian Blood Free

1.
1

c.

F.

y-

j- v.

r.

L.

Am.
Am.

•; This originated in South Carolina and differs from the Missouri Amelia.

i'ATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEACHES.

XIII. -PEACHES.

XXXI

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m, medium; s., small. Class— F., freestone; C, clingstone. Color
relative to the flesh, w., white or pale color; y., yellow or yellowish; g., greenish vvliit <■. red at stone. QUALITY—
j. v., juicy, venous; m. j. r., melting, juicy, rich; s. j, sweet, juicy; s j. h, sweet, juicy and high Savored.
Glands— s., serrated, without glands; g., glands, globose; r , glands," reniform. Season -the season of matur-
ity, as Early, Medium or Late; those designated as Early, ripen in lat. 43 previous to or about Sept, 1st;
Medium, those ripening from 1st to 15th of September; arid Late, those after that period; a few of the Very
Early and Very Late are so designated— E , early; M, medium; L., late; V. E, very early; V. L. very late.
Origin — Am., American; F., Foreign.

Between 42 and 49 II.— Centrat. Division.— Between 35° and 4'2

III— S. Div— Bet. 28°& 35°

H

M

s
p

a

-

a

a

1

1) -
A Z

a
-

3

a

r.

-
-
-
r.

C 0

Si*
3 -

a .s

° -:

e
o

c

2 *

1

» • 5

O to

be a

a- S

i~ ^

O Pu,

d

m x' ^

it-..:
^ if S .S

* I • 1

S s

S ■ - !? s

.£3 ■ cc +J «-> r* ©

3 *j o .5 r. S S P
^- -^ *rt as r" O .£

Ui OK > 1^ h a

1 3 i i £

. "Z, X » OT • °

•Y* ^ I-i Cfi t-1 C ~

I S| g2 € >

5 S K w 5 P z

a

g i 3 i a ej ^ I
.— — ■ — i_ — ,_,,

6
._• o

g. CB 'P

.2" £ « es"
.2 3! « * ©

m -2 « fe «

a § s 1 5

". J H ^. <1

1

2

.. *

**

*

*

** *' ** 5

K * * **

** * ** *

1 :

H ** * **

4
5

6

*

* **

»! * **

* ** ** *

£ «fi 7fi ^^fr

7

*

*

*

* *

* * **

*

* *

8
9

in

*

* * *

*

*** **

* * * * . . . .

11

1'

**

*

* *

;■■:

*

*

* .

*

* * * ** *

. *•■ t t

*

* **

•r *

13
14

15
lti

**

jfi'T ^^

*
*

■'

*

*

* * *

* * *

* *

* *

*

17

18
1'1

*

*

**

**

**

*

* ** ** **

* *

** * **

****__ *
* *

**

* * ** * . . . .

20
21
22
23
24
25

*
*

*
*

*

.

fc# **

*******..

X

**

*

*

* . . *

* *

* * *

*

**

:[:•■:
**

**
**

* **

* *

** *=l

** -:■■: ■; * --:

e ******

* ** ** ** ** ** **

* ** ** ** * **

* ** ** * .

: ** ** **
* * *
**

****....

97

**

* ** ** *

2s
2:i
30
31
32
33
34
35

** *

*

*

*

=■

: * * *

* *

**

*

:

**

*
**

*
* *

* * •)■

*

* i

if

* ***_**
**

* * * *

*

** ** ** !

37

38

3!l
40

*

**

* *

* * . .

41

12
13

■>,-■■■>.

* .

*

**

+ *

** *

*

* *

-' ■ -T- ■ i-

* ** ** **

* * * * *

** ** *

II
15

::

* '

* *

*
**

K * _ ** >i

■

* * * * **

*

* * * * *

** ** ** **

* * * *

16

)

17

is

^

. .**

* ** ** _ ^ >t

! ** **

• ■ • •

*

1 S|C 3|t ;p

* ** * ** ** ** ** 4
*

* ** * ** *

** * ** ** -A

*******.. . .

50
51
52
53

:.l
55

56

*

**

*

*

. . . .

** * **

1 * *

** ** *
* *

:,:

-

. .. .

** **

L

l'J Mr. lierckmans thinks it is the same as Shanghae.

30 Resembles Lemon Cling.

XXX11

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEACHES.

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

7(i

71

72

73

74

75

76

79

80
81
82
83
84
85
sc,
S7
88
8!)
!t0
91

VI

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

|IIS

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

11

118

119

12(i

121

122

123

124

125

126

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

Heath Freestone.

1.

I.

1.

1.
in.

1.
m.

1.

1.
v.l.

Indian Cling. . . .
Incomparable .. .

Jacques

Kenrick's Heath.
Keyport White..

l.:nl\ Parham

La <! range

Large Early York

Large White Cling

Late Red Rareripe

Late Admirable

Lemon

Lemon Cling

Leopold I. Leopold Freestone.

Louise. Enrh/ Louise

Malta

Mammoth Free

Masicot

Mitchell. Mitchell's Mammoth

Molden's White

Montgomery's Late 1.

Morns' White m.

Mountain Rose m.

Noblesse 1.

Nugent's June m

1.

1.

1.
in.

1.
V. 1

PS

o

►J
o
u

<
a

Oldmixon Free
Oldmixon Cling. .

Pavie de Pompone

Petite Imperial

Peen-to

Picquett's Late

President

Prince of Wales

Princess of Wales

Pucelle. Purrfie tit Malines

Raymond Cling

Red Cheek Meloeoton

Reeves' Favorite

Richmond

Rivers. Early Rivers

Rodman's Cling

Royal George

Salway

Scott's October

Shockley's Early

Smock

Snow [

Snow's Orange

St. Johns

Steven's Rareripe

Stump the World

Sturtevant

Strawberry

Susquehanna

Thurber

Tillotson. Early Tillotson

Tippecanoe

Troth's Early

Tuskena Cling, Lemon

Van Zandt. Von Zandt's superb ,

Ward's Late. Ward's Late Free

Washington Cling

Waterloo

Wheatland [[[

Wheeler's Early

White Imperial

Yellow Alberge

Yellow Rareripe

Yellow St. John. Fleitas, Flat.ers tit John.

1.

1.
m.

1.
m.

w.

y-
s-

w. r.

e-

' w.
w.
w.
w.

}'• S-

m. j.

J. v.

J- v.

m. J.

J- v.
s. i. h.
s. j. h.

s. j.
s. j. h.

m. h.

y. j- v.
y- j. v.

w. m. j.

g. ni.j.r.

•A
C

CO

CO

3
-

L.

M.

L.
V.L.
V.L.
V.L.
V.E.

L.

M.

M.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
F.

I.— N. Div.—

r.
r.
r.
s.

g. w.

\v.
w. r.
w.
w.
\v.

y- r.

g-
w.
w.
w.

m. j.

s. j.

m. j.

m. j. r.

s. j.
s. j.

L.
M.

E.
M.

s. j. h.

m. j. r.

in. j.

m. j. v.

1.
m.

in.

1.
in.
m.

1.

1.

1.

1.
m.

in.

1.
m.
1-m

1.

s.
m.
m.

1.

1.

w.
w.
\v.

w. r.

s. .1.
m. j.r.

m. j.
m. j. v.

m. j.

y-

y- r.
w.

p- y.

w.

w.

y- i'.
y-

y-

w.

y.

w.

y-

w.
y.
w.

y-

w.

w.

vv.

y. r.

w.

y-

w. r.
w.

y.

y-
y.

.1. v.
m. j.
m. j.
m. r.
j- v.
m. j. r.
m. j.

.1. v.
s. j.

m. j.

s. j. h.
s. j. h.

m. h
s. j. v.
m. j. r.
in. j. r.

j- v.

s. j.

in. .i. r.
r. j. s.

m j.

s. j.
s. j. h.

m. j.
m. j. r.

s. j.

j. v.

s. j.

L.

L.
L.
M.
M.
M.
V.E.
M.
M.
L.

Am.
F.

Eng.
F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

L. | Am.

M.
M.
M.
M.

M.

M.
M.
M.
E.
L.
E.
M.
V.L.

Am.

Am.

F.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Eng.

Am.

F.

Am.

a^

m

CO
—

+3

-

-

4-'

-

-

"

—

X

=

~

i

^

■/,>-.

L. Am.
M. Am.
M. Am.

L
M.
M.
M.
E.
V.E.
L.
E.

M.

L.

L.
V.E.

M.
V.E.

E.

E.

E.
V.E.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

76 Resembles Heath Cling, but later.

11!» One of the earliest.

I IlTALOQDE of fbuits— peaches.

XXXlll

Between 42

and 49

°

II.

-Central Dn

[SION.

Bel ween 35

and 12

III.

-S. DlV

Bet. 28°

S :::,

£

&

58
59
60
61
62
63

'li
6a

<\c,

67

68

69

To

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

Ml

81
82
83

84
85
86
87
88
89
90

91

'.<■!

93

94

95

96

'.'7

98

99

H«i

I'll

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

111'

111
115
116

117

IIS

12'
121
122
123

1-24
125

12'

=
-
—
cj

a

o
CJ

■■:•:

**
**

.
t

4=4

44

4

1

. .

z

a-
A

4=

*

*■
*
*
4

*

*

*

*
4=#

*

4=4

*

*

*

4

*

*

4=4=

*

*

*
*

*

4

4

*

*
4

r.
C

*

a
u

zz
■-

™

**

*
*
*

*

*

**

*

*

*

*

■:

4

*
*
*

■i-

*
*

4

*

4

*

*

r

R
C

7

0

a

[8

o

-a

p

_'

s

c

R

£
o

—

c
—

—

C

z

*->

bi

R

-

H
:

Ml

-'
c

R

c
a.

-

*
*

:
*

4 *

*
4=4

*
4=4

*4

i

*
*

4

>'.

0)

/

F-
X
1-3

*

M

••

*
*
*

*

*

*

*
*

*
*

i
'—

-

-

*
*

4
**

4=4
*

t
■■
4=4

•:■■:-

*

**

4 •:
*

1=4

4

t

4

■

■J
ft

— '

*

*
*4

*
*

t

*

*

#
*

*

*
*

*

2

p
'3

>

■',

-i

■■:
4=4

4

*

*
4=4

1=4

■:■-:
4

-:

*

**

**

4
4

il

H

re

75

=~
-
o

J3

r^
o

*

*

*
*

*
*

4

*

*

*
4

*
*

*
4

**

4

*
*

*

:

4

*
*

*
*

:

0

3

*

■■'.

i *
*

*

1-

4=4=
*

**

4

..
't

4=4

**

4

*4
*

R
-

R

**
*

*

■:

i

*
t

4
4=4=

*
*

*
*
*
*

c

3

>

a.

**

:

-:■:

**
**

*

a

1 1
*

■'.--■:
:'.

:
4

*

**

M

*
**

*

*H
M

-'
/:

X

R
R
a.

H

*

i *
:

*

•. :

■: :
**

■■. :
*

■:

■\
1 (

/

z
*

*

*

*

t

**
**

*

:■■;
■■•.

*

■i

4
**

o

—

..

**

/
en

■!■■:

*
*

s

-:
■:

;■
*

■'.

-■:■-:■

*

*
**

*

*

i
*

*
4

■!

4

.:

si

M

z

■1 i

t
t

't

+

■S.

1

a

s

*
*

*

*

*

*
*

-:

*

*
*

—

■—

z_
z
O

sz

-

*

*

*

*

*

'*
■■

—

TO
>
1

3
:

"5

**

*

:

-■■;
#

M
**

*4

*

:

::
*4

**

*

7i

a
~z

-
—

e
/

1

*
**
**

:', ■:■■
:

■:■■:■
■:-i

*

*

*

*i
*4
**

ij

**

S:'i
*:!

7T

3

o
ii

a

*
*

■:■:
*

*
**

:

: ■■:
*

-•<■■:
*4

*
*

*
-:

*4

4
*

*

*4

- -
-.

■':■■,
!
-i

■•;
-;
'.

i
t

<

:'■■■:
**

■■.-

: -•:■

**

-; ■:
**

4 :•'
"■

4

S
-

4

c
a

/'
a

/

R
-

u

<

**

4

•:■
4 ■:

4!

:

*

*

4<4

**

*
4e4i

4<4<

■:-

4 *

*

*

4c
4c4<

::-:

4>4

■:.:

*■:

'S

z-

7
r

'i

r
—

*
*

**
*

1

i*
4t4e

*4>

4=

:
*

**

:
*

t
*4

-*

s

r.

3

o

hj

4=4^

"

•: *
4i*

*

•

4-

*

*
*

*

4

-:
*

-
X

1

Eh

4

**

4=4

*

4 4=

-:■->

■:-',■

■:--:-
*

4=

*

4

■;■!
*

-

s

21
"

-
p
r

XXXIV

CATALOGUE OF FKUITS — PEAKS.

XIV. -PEARS.

The columns explain as follows: Size — s., small; 1., large; m., medium. Form — p., pyriform; r. o. p.,
roundish obtuse pyriform; r. a. p., roundish acute pyriform; ob. p., obtuse pyriform; ob. o. p., oblong obtuse
pyriform; r., roundish; r. ob., roundish obtuse. Color— y. g., yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet
red cheek; y. r., yellow and russet; v., when mostly yellow' or yellowish. Quality— g., good; v. g., very good;
b., best. Use -F„ valuable family dessert; K. M., kitchen and market; F. M., family and market. Season — S.,
summer; L. 8., late summer; A., autumn: E. A., early autumn; L. A., late autumn; W., winter. Origin —
Eng., English; Am., American; F., French; FL, Flemish; B., Belgium; II., Holland.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

L-

-N. Div.—

-

a

w

si

o

K
O

>•

H

1-5
<

c

o

<
63

in

.5

o

V, /.

i ~

o y-

--

5

-A
i

"h

IT.

c

-

c ■>

a) A

ifi ?3

-

2 % a=

- in T3

- s °

- Jt —

- S X

1

Abbott

m.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.
m.

ob. p. jy. r
r. o. p. iv. e.

v.g

g.

v.g-
v.g
v.g.

v.g.
b.

F.

M.
F. M

F.
F. M.
F. M

F.

E.A.
E.A.
E.A.
E.A.

A.
L.A.
L. S.

Am.

t

* *

g

B.

*

3

Ananas d'Ete

P-
P-

o.b. o. p
ob. p.
ob. p.

y-g

y-g.

y.

y.g
y. r-

H.

*

1

Andrews

Am. t
F.

f!

-- t.

** *

*

5

I;

Angouleinc. Duehesse d' .1 ngouleme

i| * ■:-.:■

7

Ansault. Bonne da Puits A nsault

s

Am.

'i

Bartlett

1.

m.

I.

in.
m.
m.
ni.

1.

1.
m.

1.
m.

1.
in.
m.

1.
in.

I.

1.

1.

1.

1.

s.

1.

1.
in.

!:
in.

i-

in.
i.

in.

o.b.o. p.
r. a. p.
p y r.

ob. p.

P-
r.
r.

P-
r. o. p.
r. ob.
ob. p.
r. ob.
ob. p.
r o. p.
oli. p.
r. a. p.
ob. p.

P-

o. b. o. p.
r. o. p.
r. o. p.
ob. p.
r.ob.p.

r. p.
r. ob. p.
ob. p.

r. p.
p. y. r.
r. ob. p.
ob. p.
ob. p.

r. o. p.
r. ob. p.

r. a. p.

ob. p,
r. ob. p.

r. ob.

Ob. p.
ob. p.
nil. r.

r.

ob. p.
>. b. o.p.

r. o. p.
'. cb. p.

r. ob.

r. p.

y.

y.r.
y.g.
y. r.

y.

v.g.

v.g.

g-
g.

V. s.

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

F.

M.
F. M,
F.M.
F.M.
F. 11.

F.
F.M.

M.
F. M.
K. M.
F. M.

M.
F.M.
M. K.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

F.

F.

F.
F.M.
1' M
F. M.
F. M.

F.
F. M.

F. M.
F.

F. M.
F. M.

F.

F.

F.

M.
F.M.

L. S.
E. A.
E.A.

s.
E. A

S.

w.

L.A.
E. A.

s.

A.
E.A.

Eng. *i
B.

* *

* ** **

in

Baronne de Mello

*

11

Bergen

Am.

1-?

Beurre Precoce

1

ia

Bilboa. ffolden Beurre of Bilboa

H

Am. . .
F.

*

14

Bloodgood

y. r.iv. s.

* *

* * *

ir,

y.r.
y. r.
y. r.

y.g-

y- r.

y.

y. r.

y- g-
y- r.

y-

y.

y. r.
y-g

y-

y-g-
y.g
y-g

\-

y. r.

y-

y. r-
y.g-
y- 1--

y.r.
y. r.

y.

y.g-
y. r-
y. r.

y.

y. r.
y-g

y.
y.g-

v. g-

y. r
y-g

V. r.
v. g.
y. r.

y.

Y-g-

g-

b.

v.g-
v-g.
v.g.
v.g.
v.g-

g-
v-g.

g.
g-
g-

v.g.

g.

b.

v- g.

b.

v.g.
v-g.

b.
v- g-

g-
v- g.

V. g.

■b.

v.g
v.g.
v.g.

b.

b.

v.g.
v.g.

g-

v.g.

g.

b.

v.g.
v.g.
v.g.
v.g.

g-

v.g-

+

Ifi

Bosc. Beurre Bosc

B.

B. t

Am.

B.

*
* '.

-■,: w -, A

17
18

Boussock. liny, inn Boussock

Brandvwine

' **

19

Brialmont

*

20

Brignais. Ji< urre de Brignais, Des Nonnes
British Queen

* *

?a

A.
E. A.

W.

W.

S.
L.A.

s.

W".
L.A.
L.A.

W.

s
L.A.
L.A.

W.
E.A.

W.
E.A.
L.A.

L. A.
E.A.

A.
E. A.
E.A.

A.

S.
L A

A.
L. S.
L. A.
E.A.
E.A
E.A.
E.A.

S.
E.A.

Eng. .

■>■>

Am. . .
F.

***

* * *

":;

Oaen de France

*

?4

Catillac

F.

*

".",

Am.

26

?,1

Clairgeau. Bi urn ' 'lairgeau

Clapp's Favorite

F.

Am.
Am.

*

*** *

"s

Columbia

* *

29

Cornice. Doyenm du Comict

F.

■{'■■\- **

30

Dallas

A in

*

31

Dana's Ilovey

Am.

+ ** **

32
33

34

Diel. Beurre Biel

Dix

Am.
B.

Am. . .

* *
*

* *
* .

35

Doyenne d'Alencon

*

3(5

Duchess Precoce

Easter Beurre

F.

37

B.

:-

US

Eastern Belle

A m .

B. . .

39

Emile d'Heyst

Epine Dumas. Bell Epine Humus, Due de Bejf-

*

to

B.
F.

;;-ii

. * |

41.
42

Flemish Beauty

Fontenay. Jalousie de Fontenay Y> ndee

43

*

14

Frederick Clapp

in.

s.

m.

1.

1.
in.

m.
1.

in.
in.

1.
in.

1.

Am. . .

\ in.
F. .

Am. . .
F.

* *

* t-

* t
*

4.5

Fulton

46
47

Gifl'anl. Hi urre Qiffard

Glout Morceau '

H * **
H *

48

G lale

*

49

Goubaldt. Beurre ffoubaldl

50

F

r>1

**
A m

* **

52

*

53

Helen Gregoire

F.

54

Henkel

B.

*

55

Hosenschenk. Moore's Pound

Am.

56

Howell

Am

***■

** *

37 Requires very high cultivation.

45 A hardy, productive tree.

CATALOGUE OF PEDITS — PEAKS.

xxxv

XIV. -PEARS.

The columns explain as follows: Size -s., small; 1., large; in., medium. Form— p., pyriform; r. o. p.,
roundish obtuse pyriform; r. a. p., roundish acute pyriform; ob p., obtuse pyriform; ob. o. p., oblong obtuse
pyriform; r.. roundish; r. ob., roundish obtuse. Color — y. g., yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet
red cheek; y. r , yellow and russet; y., when mostly yellow or yellowish. Quality g., good; v. g . very good:
b., best. Use P., valuable family dessert: K. M., kitchen and market ; F. M , family and market. Se lson— S.,
summer; L. S.. late summer; A., autumn; E. A., early autumn; L. A., late autumn; \Y., winter. ORIGIN
Eng., English ; Am.. American; F., French; Fl., Flemish; 13., Belgium; II., Holland.

Between 12

and 49

II-

-Centra

,Div

[SION.-

-Between 35°

and 42

III.-

-S. Div

— Bet. 28° & 35°

s

a

53

u

l
■i

3

l

r'

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

IT

IS

19
20

21
•>.>

23

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
33
36
37
-
39

40
41
12
43
41
IS
16
IT
Is
19
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

-
-^

z
a

:

:
**

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

o

>

*
*
*

**
**

*

**
*

*
*

■■■■:

*

*

*
*

*
**
*
*
*

*

*

ft

*
*

*

*

*

*

**

*

*

*

■;:-
•
»

•
ft*

c
-
-
—
d
Z

*

*
*

*

*

*
*

* ::
*

*
*

*

ft
*

a
-

—

*

**
**

*

**

*
*

*

*

*

*
*

ft
*

*
*

*
*

ft

7

P
;

X

ft
ft ft

:
r.

-

*

ft

s
1

a

*^
a
o

hi

=

>.
>

5
—
-
—
— i

1

0
:l

a

*

3
O
il
0/

1-

*
*

-
a

>

a
t

*

**
**

**
*

*

1

*

*
*

*
*

*

ft

*

*
*

*

ft

-3

I

/

t~.

—

-
*

*
n*

*

*

.: ■-.

*

:■■■■:■
*

*

*

■::

-

a
I

*

*

ft
*

;.:■
:-:

-:

*

::

*

-■
::

*

**

_

-

5
a

-6

*

:
k*

*

: :;
K4

4
*

::

*

»*

ft
*
*

*

ft
■■;■-:

■i
HI

■::■-:
ft:

a
3

3

*

**
**

4m
*

:

*

*

*

::

*
4
*

*■>:

a
0

o

-
a

w

0

25

ini

4
**

4

•:

*

*

8

-

*

*

4=4

'i

**

*

:-:
*

*

*
*

t

ft

*
*
*
ft

*

**
*

4
4

■::
ft
•::

-:

a
O
a

-
—

*
**

*

*

*
*

*

't

ft
ft

*

*!|

■■;
i

-::

4

-:

a'

5

3

—

w

/:

a-

*

**
*

*

-»

;:-:

-i
•:

~

-:■.',
*

*
*

*

■■■

*

*

*

ft*

-::■:

->

-

X

I.

1
-
-

-
—

*

:■*

*

•:
*

if*

*
*

•::-:

5
=

**
**

**

**

+
*

*

*

*
+

*

•i

1
**

*
*

->:

■:■:■■

a
5
c

**

;■=;•

**

■■'.
*

-.:

*

*

*

*

ft
ft::

O

T.

/

5

ft:
**

:■■*

■:
*
4

*

**

31

-::
s

H

*
*

-:
-:

■:

a

id

—

c

:•:-
:■■-:■

M

*
**

*

*

+

ft

ft

*

It*

-: <
M

*

«■:

B

a

r.

-
-

**
**

t

**

*

*1|
*

t

*

t
*#

»

-:■

ft.:-

1

■:
ft

d
-
a

5

t

*

-::*

..

**

.

X!
a
*->

D

:
*

*

*

*

*

-:
*

*

ft

a'

a
>
s

Z

a

—
c

a
_

**

*

**

*

*
*

■*

**
t

«

*

*:■:-
**

**

■:
*

■::■■::-

ft
*
ft

a

a
~5

u

a
'_>

-

r

■-

**
*s

*
**

j' *

*

:■:-:
*

**

a

s

o
o>
2?

*
*
=;
i*

|c*

**

ft

*
*

-:
*

**

*

■:■:

-:
4

■::

«

-::-:

=

a
—
a

<

**
**

H

••

d
o
—

*

-
-

c

a

—

c

□Q

a

=

a
—
<

*
*

*

ft

*

ft

ft*

-

/.
/.

*

■-:-
**

**

*
*

4

4 *
4

i

■:
4

ft*

a
a
a
7
3
o

*
*

*

*

4

4

ft

ft

a
X
a,
■H

•:-::
4s*

**

*

**

-:-:-
*

**

* v-

**

*«

ft

4

:■:-:.
ft*

d

S3

S

Cv

a
C

o

IT 1'nreliable at the North.

•"in Fails in Eastern states.

XXXVI

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PEAKS.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.-

s

o

Eh

i-l
<

P

y

o
<

H
CO

3-

5

-

--
o
■ji

>

(f.

—

is

-

'—
r.
-

=

5
-

0

o

>

CO

—

-

u

-

CQ

f.

1

T
^-^
_~

5
-

rr

5?

5'.

CI

61

62

63

64

65

6(

67

68

69

Ti

71

72

73

74

75

7(5

Jaminette

m.
m.

1.
m.

s.

1.

1.
m.
m.
in.
m.

1.
m.

1.
m.
m.

1.

1.
in.
s.

1.
m.

1.
m.
in.

1.

1.
s.
s.

1.
1.

s.

1.
1.

m.

in.

1-

s.

s.

m.

r.ob.

y. r

g. F. M
v.g

g. F. M
v.g. F. M

g. F. M

s. K. M.

W.
W.

w.

w.

s.

A.
E. A.
E. A.

A.

W.

w.

s.

E. A.
E. A.

E. A.

S.
E. A.

A.
L.S.

S.

A.

s.

W.

A.
L. A.

A.
L. A.

s.

s.

E. A.

W.

s.

L.A.

W.
E.A.

S.

W.
L.A.

s.

A.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

F.
Am.
Am.

F.

F.

7:

F.
B.

F.

B.
F.

Am.
Am.
Am.

B.
Am.
Am.
Am.

B.

B.
Am.

B.

t
#

■::■

t

■::■-::

■::-::-
-::-

-::-

■::'.;

*
*

-::■

*

*

■::-
so;

*

*

■::■
:h:-
*

*

*

-:
::■

:. ■::-

John Williams

+

Josephine of Malines

Julienne. .

r. ob. p.
r.ob.
r. o. p.

ob. p.

r. ob.
r.ob.
ob. p.
r. o. p.
ob. p.
r. ob.
ob. p.
ob. r.

P-

o. b. o. p.

r. a. p.

r. o. p.

oh. p.

p.

ob. p.
ob. p.
r. ob.
r. o. p.
ob. p.
ob. p.
r. p.

r.

r. a. p.

r. o. p.

r. ob.

P-

P-

ob. p.

r. p.

ob. p.

r. o. p.

P-
r.ob.

y. r

y.

v. r.

Kieffer

K i n gsessing .... .*.

y. g. p.m.

v. r v. g. F. M.

y. g. M.

y. r. v.g. F. M.

y. r. v.g. F. M.

y. S- M-

y.g. v.g. F.

K irtland

Knight. A'/iii/lit's s< ■< (/ling

-::-

-::-

Lawrence

. .

*«

Le Conte

Lindley. Dr. Lindh >/

Lucrative. Belle Lucrative

.Madeleine

v.g. v.g.
g.y. b.
y.g. v.g.
y. r. v. g.
v. r. v. g.
y. r. v.g.
y. r.v.g.
y. r. v. g.
y.g. b.
y-g. v.g.
y. r. g.
y- r. v. g.

y. g-
y. g- v. g.
y. g. v. g.
y. g. s.

F. M.

F.
F.M.

F.
F.M.

F.

F.

F.

F.
F. M.
F. M

r. m.

M.
F. M.
F.
F.
F.
M.

M.

K. M.

M.

F.
F. M.

F.

F.
F.M.

*

.:;.
-::--::-

Madame Andre Leroy

Madame Trevve

Manning's Elizabeth

*

78

Marie Louise

-::•

79

S(l

McLaughlin

-::-

SI

Merriam

*

S"

Mi unit Vernon

*

83

Napoleon

84

85

Onondaga Swan's Orange

Osband's Summer

-X-

si;

Ott

s7
ss

Paradise of Autumn. Paradiu'd Automne ...
Passe Colmar

y. r.

>'•
v. g.

y-
>'■

y. r.
v. g-

v.g-
g-
g-
g-

g-
g-
w.e.

*

89

Pinneo or Boston

t

90

Poiteau. Wouveait Poiteau

91

Pound. Belle Angevine, Winter Bell, Uvedale's

St. 6?< i nun ;ii

■t>

Pratt

Am.
B.

Am.
Am.

-::■

1

::
:

•::-

93

Quimper. Suprerru dt Quimper

t

94

1 trading

V. r. a\

95

Reeder. /'/■. Reeder

y. r.

y. g.

y. g.

b.
b.

v.g-

96

Rostiezer

1:",

(>7

Putter

Am.

98
99

Sand

St. Ghislain

m.

1.
s.

P.

r. p.

r.

y-

y.g.
y-g-

g-
g-
b.

r. m.

F.M.

F. M.

E. A.
A.
A.

B.

F.
Am.

*

-::-
-::--::-

-.:-
^

ion

St. Michael Archange

#

101

Seclcel

OHJ

111-

103

Sheldon

m.

1.
m.

1.

s.
in.
in.

1.
m.
m.
m.

1.
m.
m.

s.

1.
m.

1.

r.

p. y. r.

r.

r.

r. o. p.

r. p.

ob. o. p.

ob. p.

r. a. p.

r.

P-

P-

ob.o. p.

ob. p.

r.
ob. p.
ob.p.

P-

y.g.

y-g-
y- g-

Y-

y-g-

y. r.

v. r

y-g-
y-g-

g.rus.
5 • g-

>•

>•

y-g-

v. r.

y. r.

y. r.

g-

v- g.
v.g.
v. g.
v. g.
v.g.
v.g.
v.g.
v.g.

b.

poor
v-g.

g-

v.g.

b.
g-
g-

b.
g-

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F.M.

F.

'F.

■F.

F.M

F.

F. M.
K.M.
F. M.

r. m.

F.

M.

F.M.

M.

A.

S.
E.A.

i-:. a.

s.

A.

L.S.
A.

I:

A.

W.
E.A.

A.
E.A.

W.

w.

s.

Am.

F.
Am.
Am.

B

F.

F.

B

Am.
Am.

B.

F.
Am.

F.
Am.

B.

B.

OS

;:-
*

-::■

t

-::■

■::■
::■

o-o>
-::-
■:■:-

#

*

**

*

■::-
•::•

0H>

104

Souvenir du Congres

t

105

Sterling

106

107
108

Summer Doyenne. Doyenm d' Eh

Superlin. Beurre Snperfin

::

109
110
111
112
113

Therese Appert '

Triumph of Jodoigne. Triomphe dt jodoigne..

Tyson

Upper Crust (local)

-::-

III
IIS

Vicar. Vicar of Winhfield, Lt Cun

Washington '

*

116

117

White Doyenne. Virgalieu

Wilbur

IIS

Willermoz

119

Winter Nelis

Windsor. Summer Bell

*

58 An old variety; very healthy and productive.
•V.i Supposed to be Columbia.
i;i The finest late winter pear, where it succeeds.
US A hardy tree; valuable.

71 Very productive and profitable.

72 Not profitable for market.

78 A capital pear but unreliable.

79 Superior to Summer

I ><>\ enne.
81 Valuable for market.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — TEARS.

XXXV11

Between 42° and 49'

II. — Central Division.— Between 35° and 12

III— S. Div.— Bet.28°&35°

M
H
K

y

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
To
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
so
81

s2

S3
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
91
95
'.Hi
97

9N

100
101

Ki2

103
lol
105
lor,
107
los
109
110
111
112
113
ill
115
lie

1 1T

118
119
120

a

a
o

*

it*

*

*
*

4

*

*

**

**

4
*

*

*

*

■X
■—

>
-

JHI

*

*
»

K*

*
*4

*
*

*

*

:

*
*

*

*
*

*

**

*

»
* K

4c*

t

*

*

**

**

*

K*

*
*

**

—

-

*

*

*
*

* :■:■
*

■i

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

:

•
*

a

te
u

*

*

*

*
*

*
*
*

*

*

*
*
*
*

*
*

t

*

*

*

*
4

-.■:

r
*

4

:

*
*

*

*

B
r.

a

so

*
*

*

*

if

*

*

*

R

a

o

—

a

—
p
c

a
&

o

>i
5

d
•a

a

o

ill

a

*

*
*

=

SI

*
:

■;■
4

*

■•:■

*

-'

=

>

> •
w

B
Q,

•::-

*

■::-
* ::■

*

-y

i

*
*
*
*

*

*

*

:

*

*
**

*

*

*
*

**

>.

aj
r.

t-
1
Hj

CD

#
#

.:

::■•::•
1

:■■:
*

*

-:•:■
**

4

>.
4

*4

t-.

33
~S

#

#

4

*

: :•:

*
«

4
*

4

*

*
*

*

*
*
*

—

B

-

— '

4
*

#
*
*

**

■::•
**

■Hi

*

t
*

-:
*

4

*
4

*

*

*

**

*

**

*4
**

*

*

*

+
*

*

.2

B

s

—

>

*

■:■:■
*

■::-:

-:.

I
•i

4
*

*

*
**

->:

*

■(•■:

*

i

*

a
73

r:
U

M

O

S5

JHI

*

::

*!|

*

:

i *

*
*

*

6
O

-:
*

-:
*

*

*
*

t
*

4
*

4

4

t
**

*

» :

**

t

■:

•:
4c*

: :

*
*
*
*

c
-

a
t

4

::
4

-:

*
4

4

4<

4 *

*

*
*
*

*

*
*
4
4t

.2
g
'tx

>

4-3

m

CD

t
*

:■:■
+

■■•:■':

*

4c*

*
4

>
-

—

=

* :■

•X

*

*

*4
4c*

*

**
**

*
*

**

**

*

**

OB
_
•f.

(
X

P

_x

**

*

4

*

**
**

*

*
*

*4

■>;■

4 :■

*

>:
**

1 1

/

z

p

T

*

*

**

4
4

*

*
*
*

t
*

**

4 *

••
*
*
*

*

*
*

*
4

-::
*

*

**
*
*

*

*

**

*

*

4 :■

*
*

*

*

C
tfi

t
*

•>,-■:■:

1

*

*

*
*
*
*

*

*

*

*
*

*
*

*

4
*

*

; 1

3!

M

CO

-
—

—

t

't

*

**
*

t
**

*
*

*

*

**

*

*
*
*

*
*

en
C
ea

'f

4c4

•':■ 4
*

4

t
*

*

**
4

*
*

*

*
**

*

c
—

—
r

c
'_

*4

*4
**

*4

•: :

-
—

■>:-
::

*
4

**

*
*

*

-
—

>
V.

r.

'S

!
t

*
*

*

*

*

*
*

*

*

*4
4
*

*

*
*

*4

0

—
0

/

**
*#

::-
■O!

*

■:■:■-!■
*

4

*

*

*4

-x-

*

*

**
4 *

*

**
*

-'

3

u.

s
-

*
*

-X-

#
*

**

*
*

4c4

*
*
*

>

*
**

;

*

**

*

B

<

**
**

*

*
*4

C8

H

p
-

—
p

■■

I-

r.

T.

J-

<

4 *
*

*

4

*

*

*

*
*

*

—

X
1-

t

4

#*
*

**
*

■»*

*

*

*

::
*4

-:<-

:■■:

:'.-0

*
*

>

4

3

.2

'=
o

::
■::-

■:v

i

■;:-
*

:
:

*

■r.

ce

X

*
*

*4

**
**

*

*4

*

C

3.

-

-

■■
■

ce
d
o
>;

<

95 Delicious, but too small to meet the present market

wants.
104 One of the larjjt'st and most beautiful melting pears.
Ill A hardy tree.

116 One of the best, but variable in the Eastern and
Middle Slates.

119 Of rare excellence; requires age ere profitable.

120 l'oor quality : profitable for market in some places

xxxvm

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PLUMS.

XV. -PLUMS.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Foum— r., roundish; o., oval; r. o., roundish
oval; o. ob., oval obovate. Color— p., purplish or very dark; r., reddish or copper color; v., yellow; g. y.,
greenish yellow; y. r., yellowish with shades or spots of red. Quality— g., good; v. g., very good; b., best.
Use F., family; M., market. Season— E., early; M., medium; L., late. Origin— Am., American; F., foreign.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.—

K

s
P

00

«

o

>

O "

i-i i r?
o t>
u a

o

CO

<

s

o

-'

o

•_

A

>
3

—

-

£

V

'-Z
93

o.

B
-
—

Cl?

a
H

>

*

*

*
*

*
*

*
*

02

~-

♦3

IS

/

B.

a
ts
ce
y.

*

:

*

*

a

/:
H

cu
~

—

'A

1

'>

Bavay. Bavay's Green Qage, Reine Claude de
Ba cay

1.

1.

m.
m.

1.

1.
m.
m.

s.
in.

1.

1.
m.
m.

s.
m.
m.
m.

1.
m.

s.

1.
m.

r.
r. o.
r. o.
o.ob.

r.
o.ob.

0.

o.
r.
r.

0.

r.

0.

r. o.

0.

r.

r.

r. o.

r.

0.

r.

0.

r. o.

g. y. b. 1 F.
g. y. v.g. F. M.

L.
M.
M.
L.
M.
M.
L.

Y-

L.
L.
M.
M.
M.
L.
E.
E.
M.
M.
M.
E.
E.
E.

F.

*'•

Am.

F.

F.
Am.?

F.
Am.
Am.

F.

F.
Am.

F.

F.
Am.
Am.

F.
Am.
Am.
Am.

F-

Am.

F.

*
■1

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*
*

*

*

■

3

Belgian Purple

4
5

Bleeker's Gage

Blue Imperatrice

y. v.g.

p. v. g.

F. M.
F. M.

H

Boddsert. Sodda it ffret n Qage

g.r. v.g.
r. p. g.

y. r. v. g.
r. g-

y- r. g.
p. v.g.

y. r. v. g.
P- g-
P- g-
r. g-
P- g-

y- r. g.

p. V. g.

y. r. v. g.

g-y- v.g.

P- g-

y. g-

r. p. g.

p- ! g-

F. M.

M.
F.

f. m.

M.
F. M.
F. M.

M.
F. M.

F.

M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

M.

F.
F. M.

F.

7

Bradshaw

8

Bryanstone. Bryanstone Qage

9

Cana wa, Peach Leaved

10

Chickasaw

11

Coe's Late Red

12

Coe's Golden Drop

**

13

Columbia

14

Copper

15
1R

Cruger's Scarlet

Damson

17

De Caradeuc

18
111
20
21

De Montfort '.

De Soto

Denniston. 1>> nniston's superb

Domine Dull

22

Drap d'Or

23

Duane's Purple

*

24

Early Favorite

■v.

2fi

Elfry

s.
m.

1.

1.

s.
in.

1.

1.
m.

0.

r.

0.

r. o.

r.

r.
r. o.

0.

r.

p. s.

F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

M.
E.
M.
M.
M.
E.
M.
M.
E.

Eng.

Am,

F.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

*
*

*

*
*

%;«

*

*
*
*

*

27

Forest Garden

r.

v.g.

28

German Prune

P-

g-y-
g-y-
g-y-
g-y-
g-y-

y.

g-
g-
b.
v.g.
g-
b.

ST.

I

-J'.i

General Hand

30

( ! reen Gage

*

31

Hud'on Gage

32

Huling. Hrdiii'i's Supi rb

33

Imperial Gage

K*

34

Imperial Ottoman

35

36

Italian Prune, 1', //, mberg

in.

1.
m.
m.

1.

m.
m.

0.

0.

r.
r. o.

r.

r. o.
r. ob.

P-

y-r.

v. r.

g-

b.

V. 2.

F. M.

F. M.
F.
F.
F.
M.
F.

M.
M.
E.
M.
M.
M.
M.

F.
Am.

F.

F.
Am.
Am.

F.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

F.

F.

F.

F.

*

*

*

*

N

*

*
*
*

*
X

4
*

*
**

*

*

*

*

»

37

*

38

::;i

Kirke's .-

'p. g-

g- y- , "•

r. P. g-
r- g-

Ki

Lawrence. Lawrence's Favorite

*

41

*

1"

43

44

1.
m.
m.
m.
m.

1.
m.

1.

1.

1.

r.

obi.

0.

r. o.

0.

r.

r.

r. o.

r.

0.

y-r.

r.

g-y-
p-

r.

r- g-

r.

g-y-

p-

y-r.

b.

e-

g-
g-
g-

g-
g-

v.g.
g-
g-

F. M.
F M.

M.
F. M.
F. M.

F.

F.
F. M.

M.

M.

M.

M.
M.
M.
E.
M.
M.
M.
E.
M.

*

45

4fi

17

48

49

50

51
52

Oullin's Golden. Oullin's Qoldt n Qagt

53

*

The following Japan plums are recommended for trial in parts of the South: Kelsey, Botan, Ogon,
Simoni, Pisardi.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PLUMS.

XV.- PLUMS.

XXXIX

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. FORM — r., roundish; o., oval; r. o., roundish
oval; o. ob., oval obovate. Color— p., purplish or very dark; r., reddish or copper color; y., yellow; g. y.,
greenish yellow; y. r., yellowish with shades or spots of red. Quality— g., good; v. g., very good; b., best.
Use— F., family; M., market. Season— E., early; M„ medium; L., late. Origin— Am., American; F., foreign.

Between 42' and 49°

II.— Central Division.— Between 35° aiid 42°

III— S.Div.— Bet.28°&35°

K
W
-

P

-A

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

IT

18

L9

20

21

gg

23

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
(0
41
12
43
II
45
46
IT
18
49
50
51
52
53

■z

—

z.
c

fi

■5
**

*

*
**

**

.

*
**

a

;
■-

Z,

N*
*
*
*
*

*

**
*

i

*
*

*
*

*

*

?.■■■■:

*

*

**

*

*
**

*

**
**

**

*
*

-

—

-
Z

*

*

-:

■■

■:
**

*

*
*

*

c

X

2.

*

■:■

**

*

t

-:
■\
*

*
*

-:
*

*

*
*

-::

*
•

a

r.

-

c

■/:.

*

-:
*

3

o

/:

OJ

C

**

*

*

-'
z

OS
-

a
-

a

o

ti

c

5

-
—
—

a

o

A3
bl

C

2

-

*
*

*

*

--:■
■-:

a

z
bo

0,

-—

o

*

*
*

*

: :

*

*

■::-::

18

a
cs

>

-
a

-

*

*

*
*
*

*

*
**

*

>>

i

en
c-
L
—

-
:

-:<

*

*
*

*

a;
t.
5
-

I

*

*

*

-■-.

■:■■

-

C8

*
*

*

*
*

£

a

5

—

>
*

os

-

—
—

o
*

*

• •

*

6

-
Z

*
*

*

*

*

*

*
*

*

4 *

*
**

*

•
*

=

03

—

-:

a
■■>.

*
*

*

*

■■:-

■::■

3
3d

>

V

*
**
**

**
*

**

>.

■-
=

I

*

--■<

**

: 1

-:■:-

l
o>
c»

(Z!

<u

a
c

X

H

**

*

*

■/'

0

i— i

*

*
*

*

*
*

*

*

-:
*

-'

*
*

*
*

*

*

■■'.
*

=

o

f.
*

:■■•■!
*

*
*

*
*

*

:
**

*

ce

i

*
*

:!

■:
-:

CO

-

X

p

-

*
*

*

*

■■

*

—

-—
c

z
_

t

**

:

-■:■:
J,
: :

-

*

*

.:

■:■:■

e8

-

■-

-'

E
f-
o

*

*

**

■-;::

:-

*
*

*

*

*
*

**

||
a

I

*
**

:■-•:
*

*
**

■::■::

3

*
*

*
*

■::■

ce'

5
c8

-;
*

*

S

1
C

5
-

a

ii
<

:: *

**
**

*
*

3.
g.

DO
/

CO

-.

*

*

*

t

-

0

s

c

-

*
*

•/

03
X

Ov

-

*
*

*

*

d

3
-.

-

-'
o

U

<

The following additional native plums are reported: Cheney, * for Wisconsin; Forest Rose.* for Missouri'
Caddo Chief, ** for Louisiana.

xl

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PLUMS — QUINCES.

-
W
K
-

54
55
56
5

58

59

60

til

62

63

64

65

66

6'

68

69

70

DESCRIPTION.

NAMES.

Prince Engelbert 1-

Prince's Yellow Gage m.

Prune of Agen ra-

Purple Gage m •

Purple Favorite m-

lteagles' Gage ">•

Richland "]•

Quackenboss *•

Koyale Hative nj-

Royale de Tours '•

Schenectady Catherine m-

Shropshire Damson s-

Smith's Orleans 1-

St. Catherine m-

St. Martin. St. Martin's Qui tscht m-

Sharp's Emperor, Victoria >■•

Temple

Transparent. Transparent Gage m-

Wangenheim "]•

Washington '•

m.

Weaver

Wild Goose

Wolf

Yellow Egg, White Magnum Bonum

K
C

o.
o.
o.

r.
r. ob.

r.
o.

r.

r.

r.
r.o.
o.
o.
ob.
o.
r.o.

«
o

o
o

<
P

&

o

ID

<

CO

P-

>"■
P-
p.
P-

g-y-
p-
p-
p-

r.

r,

P-

r. p.

g-y-
g-y-

y. r.

r. ob.

o.

r.o.
flat.

o.

o.

g-y-

p-

g- y-

r.
v. r.

v.

v.g.

v.g.

b.

v-g.

b.
v.g-

g-

g-
v.g-

g-

g-

S-

v- g-
v.g.

g.

F. M.
F. M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.

M.
F. M.

M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.

M.

M.

M.

v. g. F.

g. M.

v.g. F.M

v. g. F. M

g. M.

g. F. M

M.
E.

M.

M.

E.

M.

M.

M.

E.

E.

M.

L.

M.

L.

L.

M.

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

M.

g

3

F.

Am.

F.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

F.

F.
Am.
Eng.
Am.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

I.— N. Div.-

0. ~

XVI. -QUINCES.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; v. 1., very large. FoEM—ob. p., oblate pyriform; r.,
roundish; r. ob. p., roundish obtuse pyriform. Color— v., yellowish or yellowish green. Quality— t., tender,
h. t., half tender. Use— K., kitchen; M., market. Season— E., early; E. to L., early to late. Origin— Am.,
American; F., foreign.

NAMES.

Angers

Apple or Orange.

Champion

Chinese

Pear

Portugal

Kea

DESCRIPTION.

v. 1.

1.

V. 1.
V. 1.

1.

V. 1

1.

«
o

Ol). p.

r.
ob. p.

ob.

P-
ob. p.
r. ob. p.

t. M. K.
h. t. M. K.

g. M. K.
h. t. K

g. M. K.

t. M. K.
h. t. M. K.

©

<

w

CO

E.toL.
E.toL.

L.

L.

L.

E.

E.

F.

Am.

F.

Am.

F.

Am.

I.— N. Div.—

6 X
S s
3 I

t

* *

3 "A new variety rather late for tha North.

4 Large and valuable at the South, in strong soils

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — PLUMS — QUINC Is.

Xll

Between 42° and 49°

11. Central Division. — Between 35° and 12

III.— S.Div.— Bet.28° &35°

■■A

M

a

54
55
5li
57

58
59

tiO

»;i

(12
63
64

65
66

67
68
69
Til
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

=
;-

a
x
c

~

o

*
**

ii

i~

c
'y

is

CD

z

*
*
*

■■■■•:■
*
*

*

*

*

*

It*

■::■
■;:-

*

6

u

X
-J

=

■::■

*
*

c
x
bi

"a
y.

*

:

-:
■■:■■

*

*

*

|C*

t
*

5

X

-
z

X

1

s

X

33

0

s

*

x
-

!

-.

bi

-

=
c
>.

y

o

d

o

□
—

X

X

y

■:■
i

o
bt
x

5
**

**

*

'E

-

c
=

Pi

*
■:■

■!
•t

•»
*

x

X

I-
-

X

*
*

::
-i

x°

X

is

T

*
*

d
Q

g

— '

*
*

s

S

—

>

o
-

c
*

6

s

o
*

•*

**
*

*

-
-

s

—

■■

*

*

■!
!■

X

5

3

—

>
&

*

M

—

a

X

**

a.
«
x

-

a
a

V

H
*

0Q

o
a

*
*

■::■

t

:

1

o
— 1

*

-::■
*

■—

7

i
*

*
*

*

*

**

t

-

A!
/

x

—

X

•■

:
*

CO

tS
33

P

C8

M

't
**

c
—

!-

c

l

*

■i

*

-

*
*

cs

>

'S

c

"it

**

■:■-:
::-

X

,g

e
t-

x
—

o
■/.

*
*

*

-::■

: :

-'

s

o

0)

CD

'*
**

1

X

*

-
**

5

H

C
s

/
c

u
•<

**

X

X

y.
<v
E-i

•

N*

*

**

C

u

y
a

>
a.

y

x'

B

;

N

U
<

XVI. -QUINCES.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; ra., medium; v. 1., very large. Form— ob. p., oblate pyriform; r.,
roundish; r. ob. p , roundish obtuse pyiiform. Color— y., yellowish or yellowish green. Quality— t., tender,
h. t., half tender. Use— K., kitchen; M.. market. Season— E., early; E. to L., early to late. Origin— Am.,
American; F., foreign.

Between 42' and 49'

II.— Central Division.— Between 35° and 12

III— S. Div.-Bet.28°&35°

5

9
3
P

1

2
3
1

5
6

h9

-
z.

5

i

*

*
*

.a:

0
■y

5
CD

*
M

**

: : : *: | Ontario.
: : * * * | Michigan.

d

7

a

OS

X

7.

~

a

a

-

a

a
o

y.

ti

a

o

>
5-

c

-
—

— ^

d

r

=

s

X

I
d

s

a-

o

**

■'

s

X
>

~y.
/.

H
4

-::

■:■:-

>.

X

X (X

t" -

X X

*"> s

CU CD

•a a

.. *
* *

*

0

—

X

0

'S

*

X

B
o

t-
c«

O
—

t--

O

55

*

t

x'

c
d .5

III

*
* **

*
*

X

s

'5

—

>

DC

*

c

X

CD
X
CO

/:
CD

-

X

H
*

*

0

a

5

o
—

c

CO

/..

i

t
*

M

X

X

—

X

*

2

X

c

*

d

-—
z

X

*^
•-

*

X

f»

CD

c

X

-_'

» 1

X

H

"5
(-

X

o

.2
bi

—
o

X

23

*

*

*

C3

=

X

X

<

_x
z

C

X

H

d

-r
C

en

s

X

p

X

<

'S.

g,

A

y-

X
X

■:.-

X

C

X

■7

5
•-3

*

X

X

Eh

d

u

X

;

CD

0
o

-
-1

*

*

*

■•

**,..

xlii

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — RASPBERRIES.

XVII.— RASPBERRIES.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— r., roundish; r. c. roundish conical;
c, conical; ob. c, obtuse conical. Color— b., black; r., reddish; p.. purplish; v., yellow. Quality— g., good;
v. g., very good; b., best. Use— M., most profitable for market; F. M., of value for family and market; F.,
mostly valued for the family dessert. Season— E., early; L., late; M.. medium. Origin— Am., American: F.,
foreign.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Dry.—

NAMES.

S3

02

0

O

a
0

>•

H

5 -

6 &

•a

0

<

K
■I.

g

3

5

z
-_
/

>

*

f

-

1)
=

•::-:■■

-
s
*

c

S

X

>

*
*

T.

—
—

-

f-

-

X

-

*
*
*

■a

a

—

—
0
—
23

1

•)

3

4
5
6

m.

I.

m.

I.

s.

r. e.
r. ob.

r.
r.ob.c.

r.

r.
y.
r.
r.

b.

g. F. M

g. F. M.
R. F. M
g. F. M.
g. M.

M.

M.
E.
M.
M.

Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.
Am.

Clarke

*

*

Doolittle (0). A mi ricati Slack

*

Fastolf

I.

I.

I.

I.

m.

I.

v l

r c.
c.

r. c.
r. c.

r.
r. c.

r.
r. ob.
ob.c.
r ob.c.

r.
r.

r.

P-
r.
y.
b.
r.
r.
r.

v.g.
g-

v.g.
v.g.
v.g.
v.g.

g.

v.g-
v.g.

F.

F.

F.
F. M.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M
F. M.
F. M

M.
L.

L.

M.
M.
M.
M.
V. E.
M.
E.

F.

F.

F.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

*
*

*

*

*

8
9

Fontenay. Bell? i/e Fontenay

Four Seasons lied. Miinilh <h (jin/tre Saixonx,
October Red

in

Franconia

*«

1 1

French

12

Golden (} ueen

*

r-f

t

1 1

Ilansell

m.

I.

m.

t

It

Herstine

*

Id

Highland Hardy

17

18

1't

Hornet

I.

I.
in.

c.
c.
r.

r.
r.
r.

v.g-
b.
b.

F. M
F. M

F. M

M.
M.
M.

Am.
Am.

*

*

*

90

Hudson River Antwerp

91

Imperial Red

o.,

•>•-;

Knevett

I.
m.

I.
m.

I.

ob. c.
ob. c.
r. c.

r.
r.

r.
b.
r.
b.
P.

b.

v.g.

g-

g-
v.g.

F.
F. M.
F.M.

F. M.
F.M.

M.

L.
M.
M.
M.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

■■'. :

*
*

-i
i

*

°l

McCormick (a. M'a/nmoUi ( 'luster

*

•>i

Marlboro

t

9fi

Miama (c)

97

Montclair

98

o«,

Ohio (c)

m.
m.

I.

I.
m.
m.

I.
v l

V I

r.
c.
c.
c.
r.
r.
r. ob.
r.
r.
c.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.

•'■

y.

r.
P-
P-
r.

P-
b.

y-

b.

r.

p. r.

r.

b.

g-
g-

b.

v.g-

g-

g-

g-

g-

g-

g-

g.
v.g.

g.

g.

v.g.

F. M.
F. M.

F.

F.

M.

M.
F. M.
F. M
F.M

F.

F.
F. M.
F. M.
F. M.
F.M.

M.
L.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

M.
M.
M.
E.

Am.

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am

Am.

Am.

F.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

Am.

*

i

*

*

*
**

sn

Ohio Everbearing (c)

si

Orange. Bvinekh 's

*

3°,

Palluau

33

Philadelphia

i

34

Purple Cane (c)

r>

36
37

Shaffer fc). Shaffer's Coloxxal

38

l.

m.

I.

I.
m.

in.

39

Souhegan (e)

40

41

4?

Turner

t
t

43

Tvler

Note— Those designated thus (c) are varieties of Blackcap (Rubus occidentalis).
6 Valued for bearing late berries on shoots of the current season.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — RASPBERRIES.

XVI I. -RASPBERRIES.

xliii

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; m., medium; s., small. Form— r, roundish; r. c, roundish conical;
■ ..conical; ob. c, obtuse conical. Color— b., black; r., reddish; p, purplish; y.. yellow. Quality — g., good;
v. g., very good; b., best. Use — M., mostly profitable for market; F. M., of value for family and market; F.,
mostly valued for the family dessert. Season— E., early; L., late; M., medium. Origin— Am., American; F.,

foreign.

Between 42° and 49"

II.— Central Division.— Between 35 and 42

III.— S.Div.— Bet. 28 & 35°

si

w

2

l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10

11
12

13
14
15

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
21
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
■■'.2
33
34
35
36
:i7
38
39
in
11
12
43

+3

=
—

p

a

z

_
*

*
t
*

*
+
*

*

*

**
t

'■1

c-
O

^
-

4

■.'■
■:;■
':-::■
*

**

*

*

*•:

*

*

t
*

*
**

*

4

*
**

*
*
*

't

::■ 1

d

-

=

*

4

*
*

C

_

*
*

*4

*
*

*

*

*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

4

4

*

*
*
*
*

*
*

*

*

*

**

•:■:
*

*
*

f
-
o

Vi

i

**

a

4c*

*

**

4

*

4

t

t
*

-: *
*4

-'

c
en

CD

B
=

t
**

*

**

■i

•4

-'
o

-
-

-

0

c

fci>
a

5

o

—
-

—

a

':[
P

0
o
hi

o

*
**

-'

3
s
>

X

G

5

-
*■*

It*

*

*

-::

;■:■
*

-!
:!'

*
*

*

■:■■.

t-
s

*
*
*

*

**

*

4

4

■!
*

-;<

-

-

**

-:;■-:!-

t

*
t

;-■!
•: 1

d

Q

a

03
*

*

*
*

*
4
*

3
3

u

>

:
■i

:

-

G

o

c-

s

O
a

■::-
«-::■

*

s

o
*

*

**

*

*
*

■ij.

■■•:
■::-

*4

-.

a

—
—

•

■:

*

i

*

2
C

3

—

/.

*

-::

C

Ui

**

0.
03

/
'

i
c
a

H

■::■
^;:>

4=

*
*

*

2

I-::

4=
*4

4i

-'
S
:

*
*

■;-t

*

*
1

*

O

/-

-

#

*

**

t
*4

*

*

:

it-::-
*

M
■f

i-i

"a!

^,

"t

*

■:

4=

::■!■

*
*

1

X

-

X

a

M

*

*

■: 1

**

*

**

*■::-

*
*
*

**

■;:•-;:•

-:'
*

c
—

_£
O

*4
4 *

#*

: :
:

e8

-

*

*

*
4=

;:-

>

y

7Z

3

l-l

o

3

"o

a

c
1-

#4

4

-1'.-

■::-::-

-:■::■

;•!
4c*

■::-
4 i

3

-—

r

L

■::■

*

4
4c

C8
S

"5

—
E
;

-
c
■S

0

—

4c*

/

s

c
<

**

00

m

*

*

4
**

*

*

t

t

-::■

*

■1

-

-
/

c

*

-;

/-
s

H
**

4=*

6

5
!Zi

«

a
o
s
'E

28 As late and hardier than Gregg which it resembles.
:il Valued for family use.

xliv

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — STRAWBERRIES.

XVIII. -STRAWBERRIES.

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; s., small; m, medium. Sex— II., hermaphrodite; P., pistillate.
Color— d. c, deep crimson; d. s., deep scarlet; b. s., bright scarlet; w. t, whitish tinted with red; 1. c, light
crimson. Form — r. c, roundish conical; o. c, obtuse conical or coxcomb form; c, conical; r., roundish; r. o. c,
roundish obtuse conical. Flesh— s., soft; f., firm; m., medium. Season— E., early: M., medium; L., late;
E. L., early to late. Ohk;in— Am., American; F., foreign.

NAMES.

DESCRIPTION.

I.— N. Div.—

i

Si

o

o
o

(ft

W

&4

<

CO

3
o

rr

XI

71

>
C

y

i

X

-

-

i.

'—
GO

a.

S

X

a

z
=

>

CD
CO

-

n

CO

f.

0

S.
f

M
CD
—

o

Si

1

Bid well

v.l.
1.

H.
H.
P.
H.
P.
H.
P.
P.
H.
II.
H.
H.
II.
II.
P.
II.
P.
H.
P.
H.
P.
II.
P.
II.
II.
II.
II.

b. s.
d. r.

C.

r. o. c

f.
f.

M.
M.

Am.
Am.

*

«>

Black Defiance

3

I

1.
1.

1.

1.

1.
v.l.
m 1

1.
m.

1.

d. r.
d.c.
d. s.

b. s.
b. s.

1). s.

b. s.
b. r.

b. r.

s.

r. c.
r.

c.
0. C.

r. c.
r. c.
r. c.

r. c.

r. c.

r.

f.

m.
f.
f.

m.
s.
s.
f.
s.

f.

L.
L.
M.
M.
M.
M.
E.
E.
E.
M.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

*

:

*

*

-:. *
*

*

5
6

7
8

Champion. Windsor Chief.

Charles Downing

( cil. Cheney

Crescent

t

*
*

t

*

*

*

il
10
11

Cumberland. Cumberland Triumph

Downer. Downer's Prolific

t

!■'

t

13

14

Gaudy

15
lti

Glendale

Great A merican

1.

1.
in.
m.

Il r.
d. r.

c.
C.

c.
r. c

r.

f.
f.

f.
f.

L.
M.
M.
E.

Am.
Am.
Am.
A in.

••

*

t

17

Gypsy

18
lit

1 1 art's M mnesota

Haverland

'W

1.

1.
in.
v.l.

b. s.

b. s.

c.

b. s

o. c.

r.
r. c.
r. c.

f.
f.

111.

f.

M.
M.
M.
L.

Am.
Am.
Am.

Am.

*

#

t

*

**
*

21
22

as

Ilovey. Hurt i/'s Seedlirnj

James Vick

Jersey Queen

*

?4

Jessie

25

J iicunda

Kentucky

1.

1.

b. s.

b. s.

o. c.
r. c.

f.

f.

L.

L.

F.

All!.

#*

t

*

*

27

?8

?8

Manchester

1.
v.l.
v.l.

P.
11.
II.
11.

II.

"h.

H.
H.

II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.

s,

c.

b. r.

o. c.

r. c.

r. o. c.

f.

m.

f.

M.
M.
M.

Am.
Am.
Am.

■■:•

*
*

#

30
31
33

Miner. Miner's Great Prolific
Monarch. Monarch of the West

**

:;::

Mount Vernon

1.

1.
1.

1. s.
1. s.

s.

r. o. c.

c.
o. c.

m.
f.
f.

L.
M.
M.

Am.
Am.
Am.

+

34
35
3fi

Neunan. Neunan's Prolific, Charleston

Old Iron Clad. Pin //is' ,Seedlin</

Ontario

.. ..

37

Pearl

38

Pioneer

1.

1.

111.

1.
1.

1.

c.

c.

s.

c.
d. c.

r.
b. r.
b. c.

c.

in.
f.
f

M.
E.
L.
L.
L.
M.
M.
M.

Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.
Am.

*

*

*

* *

39

Piper's Seedling

40

Primo

*

*
**

II

Russell's Advance

r.

f

\-\

Seneca Queen

c. 111.

t

43

11

Seth Bovden

0. c.

o. c.

c.

f.

f.

*
*

15

Shirts

Ifi

Sucker State

47

Triomphe de Gand

1.
1.

II.
11.

1. c.
d.c.

o. e.
c.

f.

f.

M.
M.

F.
Am.

*

:

*

48

49

Triumph

50

1.

II.

d. r.

o. c.

f.

M.

Am.

51

52

Wilder. President Wilder

1.

1.

II.
II.

d. s.

r. o. c.
r. c.

f.
f.

M.
E. L.

Am.
Am.

**

*
*

*

**

*
*

t

53

Wilson. Wilson's Albany ,. . .

5 Valuable late sort.

16 Needs good soil and high cultivation.

21 An old and highly valued sort.
32 A Michigan Seedling.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS — STRAWBERRIES.

XVIII. -STRAWBERRIES.

jdv

The columns explain: Size— 1., large; s., .small; m , medium. Sex— H., hermaphrodite; P., pistillate.
COLOR — d. c, deep crimson; d. S., deep scarlet; b. s., bright scarlet; \v. t , whitish tinted with red; 1. c, light
crimson. FORM— r. c, roundish conical; o. c, obtuse conical or coxcomb form; c, conical; r., roundish; r. o. c,
roundish obtuse conical. FLESH— S., soft; t'., firm; in., medium. SEASON— E., early; M., medium; L., late;
E. L„ early to late. Origin— Am., American; F., foreign.

Between 42' and 49'

II.— Central Division.— Between 35° and 12

III.— S.DIV.— Bet.28°&35°

S

P

y.

i

■i

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
J-s
19
50
:,l
.72
53

s
—

D

R
R
-

■'.
**

+
*

*

*

*
*

't
*

*

'i

**

**

*

*

*
t

o
>

*
*

*

**

i

**

*

*

*

*

*
*

*

*

*

■i-
**

*
*

*
**

6

M

B8

5

■ ■

■*
t

**

-
t;
IS

s

*

*

*

**

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*

*
*
*
*

*

*
*

-■:-■■:

*

*

*

**

*
*
*

*

*
*

*
*
*

*

*

*
**

a

f-

R
O

f.
-—

-:
*

*

*
**
**

*
*

*

*
**

*

t

*
**

-

:

X

a.

H

*

*

**

*

**

*
**

**

*->

R

7i
R
—
0

2

R

i

s
—

—

a"

Is
s

s

*

*

*
*

-

tx

_
—

z

*
**

*4

a

-
-
>

■-.

x

a

*
*

*
*

t

*

*

*

1

**

>
i

X

■~~
X
1-5

-
*

*

*

t

;

*:;'

iHt

*

t
4

**

**

V

-

«

4

:■;
*

*
*
*

**
*

-
—

R
S

»*

t

*
*
1 (

t

R

hi

—

>

4
*

*

*

*

*4
**

R
-

.^

a

4

::-

*

*
**

o

4
4
4

**
**

*
*

*
*

t

*
**

t

*

*

*

*

**

**

H

3
**

4 :■:

»i

•

*
4c*

s

'5

X

T

M
**

■*
**

i

X

X

0-

C

a

-—

*
*

*
*

|
*

*

s

t

*

*

*

t

5

s.

s

*

*
*
*

**
*

■:

*
*
*

*

*

*

1

•

**

M

v3
n

~
V.

*

*
t

t
*

+

*

-

R
-

t

*

*
**

*
**

*

*

*

*

i*

i
t

o
—

_c

U

•:;-

**
*

>.■■■-.

"t

It*

**

••

•■

4

*

s

_

t

*
t

*

:

>

y.

r.

"a

u
*4

Its

c

~o
-
O
j:

a

c

K

*■::■

**
**

*

**

*

*
**

s

o

*

*
*

*
*

*

*

*

-t*
*

X

a
—

<

■■:■
*

-'

•r

t-

z

E
**

i

:-

a

■3

R

X

|

—

*
*

*

*

"5,

■f-

■J.

X

/.

-.

*

**

**
**

*

;:

**

*

*
•

I

**

R
-

X

'3

o
*

*
**

*

*
*

*
*

■J.

e8

a^
Eh

*
*
*

*
*

*

*

*

*

*
*

6
o

-.

(S
R
O

<

34 i Ihiefly grown lor market at Charleston and other points South. Quality medium to poor.

II II i^ made a lirst rate record over a large portion oi the country.

53 Unrivaled as a market sort in most parts of the country. Quality poor.

xlvi

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS.

CATALOGUE

Native and Introduced Species of Fruits and Nuts,

IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

Note— The following Catalogue is intended to include all species of native and introduced Fruits and
Nuts growing or cultivated in the open air in any part of the United States or the Dominion of Canada, that
have proved to be or promise to be of value to the grower.

The "starring" of this table has necessarily been done with insufficient data, and any information that will
help to perfect it or make additions to the list itself will be thankfully received.

W

u
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
L6
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

NAMES.

BOTANICAL.

COMMON.

Achras sapota Sapodilla Plum

Amelanchier Canadensis Service Berry. June Berry.

Ananassa sativa Pine Apple

Anona Cherimolia Chirimoya

Anona squamosa I Sweetsop

Anona muricata Soursop

Asimina triloba Pawpaw

Berberis vulgaris Barberry

Cactus (Opuntiai) Indian Fig

Carica Papaya West Indian Pawpaw

( 'ana alba Shell-bark Hickory

Carya olivreformis : Pecan

Carya sulcata

Castanea vesca

Castanea Americana

Castanea pumila

Citrus Aurantium

Citrus Limonum

Citrus Limetta

Citrus medica

Cocus nucifera

Corylus Americana

Corylus Avellana

Corylus rostrata

Cydonia vulgaris

Cydonia sinensis

Diospyros Virginiana

Diospyros Kaki

Diospyros Texana

Eriobotrya Japonica

Pagus ferruginea

Picas Carica

Fragaria vesca

Fragaria Virginiana

Fragaria Chilensis

Gaylussacia resinosa

Gaylussacia frondosa

Unas eaulillora

.luglans cinerea

Juglans nigra

Junglans regia

Laurus Persea

Mespilus (iermanica

Morns rubra

Morus nigra

Morus alba

Musa paradisiaca

Musa sapientum

Large Shell-bark Hickory . . .

European Chestnut

American Chestnut

Chinquipin

Orange

Lemon

Lime

Citron

Cocoa-nut

American Hazel

Filbert

Beaked Hazel-nut

Quince

Chinese Quince

Persimmon

Japanese Persimmon, Kaki. .

Black Persimmon

Loquat

Beech

Fig

Alpine Strawberry

American Strawberry

South American Strawberry.

Black Huckleberry

Blue Dangleberry."

Anchovy Pear

Butternut

Black Walnut

European Walnut

Avocado, or Alligator Pear . .

Medlar

Red Mulberry

Black Mulberry

White Mulberry

Plaintain

Banana

o

N.

N.

N.
N.
N.

N.
N.

N.

'n.'

N.

N.
N.'

N.
JN.
N.
N.
N.

N.
N.

N.

I— N. Div.

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS.

xlvii

CATALOGUE

Native and Introduced Species of Fruits and Nuts,

IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

Note— The following Catalogue is intended to include all species of native and introduced Fruits and
Nuts growing or cultivated in the open air in any part of the United States or the Dominion of Canada, that
have proved to be or promised to be of value to the grower.

The "starring" of this table has necessarily been done with insufficient data, and any information that will
help to perfect it or to make additions to the list itself will be thankfully received.

Bel ween 42

and 19

•

II.-

CEK i • l : A 1 . DIVISION.—

I'.etw een 35°

and 42

III-

-S.Div.

— Bet. 28° & 35°

P3

a

B

s
p

S3
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

27
2S
29
30
31
32
33
34
:;:.
36
37
::s
39
40
41
42
43
44
49
46
47
is

=

—
-
-

E
Z

*

*

*

*

*
*

*
*

*

*

*

•

o

>

-

*

*
4

*

*

*

*

*

*

6

"LZ

4-3

Z
*

*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*

d
—

s

*

*
*

*

*
*

*

*
*

*
*
*
*

:

*
*

*

*

*

*
4

i

*

d

"53

a
z
-

>
—

*

*
*

*

*
*

*

i

*
*

*

*

*

.
o

f.

§

i

*
*

::'

:

*
*

s

a
-

o
*

ii

E

a

o
>-.

s:

:

O
*

E

:

s

/.

*

d

S

-

5

*

*

cj

-
-

r.

a
e
-

*

*
*

*

*
4

*
*

*
*

*

-
0>

&

x

*

*

*

*

*
*

*
*

■::

—
-
s

-
4

*
4

::

■::■
*
4

■5
4

4

4
*
*

*

*
*

*

Q

C

-:.-

it

4
4

4

*

*

E

3
'3

>
*

4

*

■::-

4
4

*

*

::
•

*

k
B

O

-

u
z

V

4

*

4
4

*

*

■>.
1.

4

3

o

*

-::■
*
*

*

*

*
*

4
*

7Z

B
-

fl
4c

*

*

*
*

*

*

*
4i

*

*
*

*

'5
'S

>

*
*

*

*

*

*

*

4i

*

*

r
*

*
*
*

4=
4c

4

4c
4

*

:

*

4

-
-
r-
r.

•-

■;

*
*

*

■:

*

*
*

*

*

*
*

4

o

B
*

*
4c

*
*

*

*

*

*

41

*

*

•

-'

5
:

*

*

*
*

—
c

*
*

■■•:
*
*

*
4

4

4

4

>:■

•
*

*

*

*

X

-
—

2,

4
*

*

4i

•
ft

f.

7-.

c
-

4

•::■

*
4

:

u

;
c

*

>
s

-'

E

Is
*

*
*

-
c

o

•_

B
c

'-

*

*

*

*
*
*

*

*

4
*

*
*

■I
::-
*

*

-i
*

i
i.
*

*

-'

'3

-

c
;.

O

-::

4

*

■::-
-::
4
*
4

*

*

*

4

*
*
*
4<
*
■".-

*
*
*

*

*
*

*

-'
=

<

*

*

4
*

*

4
4

4

:

*
4
*
:

4
4
4
*

4

*

*
*
*

*

-'
—

-
■>

4

*

-::

4
4

4
*
4<
4

4

*

4
*
*

4
*
*

*

*

*

*

B

-r
B

■::

4

4
4

*

*
4

*
*
*

X

-
•s.

-

*
4

4

*

4
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

4

1
4

'S

—

/-

/

'/.
/.

~

4c

4=
4<

-;:-

4
*

*

41

*

*

*
4c*

4c
4c
*

*

■■>:■

;
1

*

4
4

C8

-

-

*

*4

■::-

4c

*
*

4c

-x

4
4c
4

-::

-:•.
4c

i

a

*

*
4c

4c

*
*

4c
4c

-■:

4c

4

4c
*
4

i
■
1

c
u

"y.

a,

-
2;

*

*

*

4c
*

*
*
*

ccj

B
O

<
4c

xlviii

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS.

19
50

.".1

:>■!

53

51

55

56

57

5s

59

60

61

62

63

f.|

65

66

6'

68

69

70

71

7:'

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

si

82

s:;

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

NAMES.

BOTANICAL.

COMMON.

Olea Europea

Phoenix dactylifera

Podophyllum peltatum

Prunus (Amygdalus) communis.
Prunus (Amygdalus) Persica —

Prunus Armeniaca

Prunus domestica

Prunus maritima

Prunus Americana

Prunus Chicasa

Prunus cerasus

Prunus avium

Prunus pumila

Psidium pyriferurn

Punica Granatum

Pyrus communis

Pyrus Malus

Pyrus prunifolia

Pyrus coronaria

Pyrus rivularis

Hi lies Grossularia

Kibes hirtellum

Kibes rubrum

Kibes nigrum

Rubus oceidentalis

Rubus Idseus

Rubus strigosus

Rubus villosus

Rubus Canadensis

Shepherdia argentea

Tamarindus Indicus

Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum

Vaccinium Canadensis

Vaccinium corymbosum

Vaccinium tenellum

Vaccinium macrocarpa

Vitis vinifera

Vitis Labrusca

Vitis aestivalis

Vits cordifolia

Vitis vulpina

Zizyphus sativus

Olive

Date Palm

May Apple, Mandrake

Almond

Peach

Apricot

Garden Plum

Beach Plum

Wild Red and Yellow Plum

Chickasaw Plum

Garden Red Cherry (Morello, etc.). . .

Bird Cherry (Heart, etc.)

Dwarf Cherry, Sand Cherry

Guava

Pomegranate

Pear

Apple

.Siberian Crab

American Crab

Oregon Crab

English Gooseberry

Houghton Gooseberry , etc

lied Currant

Black Currant

Black Cap Raspberry

European Raspberry

Wild Red Raspberry

Blackberry

Dewberry

Buffalo Berry

Tamarind

Dwarf Early Blueberry

Canada Blueberry

Swamp Blueberry

Southern Blueberry

American Cranberry

European Grape

Northern Fox Grape (Concord, etc.).

Summer Grape (Herbemont, etc.)

Winter Grape (Clinton, etc.)

Bullace Grape (Muscadine, etc.)

Jujube

-

N.

N.

N.

N.

N.

N.
N.
N.
N.

N.

N.
N.
N.

N.
N.

N.

n.;

N.

N.
N.
N.

N.

I.— N. Div.-

■r^ 2

31 O a

■^ — x

? s «

- 3. ~

fc > ~,

CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND NUTS.

xlix

Between 42° and 49°

II.— Central Division.— Between 35° ami 42

III. S.Div.-Bet.28°&35°

g
p

49

50
51
52

53
54
55
56
57
:,s
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
tis
C'.l
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
7s
711

Ml

81

82
83

SI

85
86
87
88
89
90

a
a

-

a)
c

0

:

*
*

*

*
x

*
*
*

*
*
*

X

X

*
*
*

*

*
*

*

*

*

;
J*

y

*
*
*

*

*

*

:

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*

i

*

d

—
-

a

O

■■■
*
*

*

*

*

*
*
*
*
*
i
*

*
*

*

*
*

a
-

—

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*

*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*

*

*

*
X

*
*

a

a
o
CJ
/.

*

*

*

*
*

*

*

*

*
*

*

*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*

X
X

*

-'

—

o

f.

-

a

*

*
*

*

-i

*

*

•
*

.-'

5
-i
cS

p

*

*

:
*

*

*

*

*
*

a
-

a

c

*

X

*

*
*

*
■i

-
z

•-■-.-

i

*

6

-

—

*

*

*

*
*

='
r

-
-

*

-i

*
i

*
*
*

*

*
*

£

z
SI

X
t-

0

4

*
4

4

*

*
*

:
*

*

-:■:
*

3

-
>

a

X

*

*
*
*

*

*
*
*

*
*
*

*

*

*

*
*

*

>.

X
J.
[-
X

5

*

4

*
*

*
*

:

*

*

*
*
*
*
*

*

*

*

*
*

i

-

*x

*
*
*

*
*

*
*
4

4

*
*
4
*
*

4
*

4

*

*

-::

X

*
*
*

-
5

1

*«

*
*

*
*

*

X

*

X

*

X

:

■:■

*
*
*

*

-'

—
>

4

*
*

X

*

*

*

*
*

*
*
4
*

*
*

4

■>:■
*
*

OS

a

o
—

a
—

y

X

*
*
*

*
»

*
*
*

*
*
*
*

*

*

i

X

*
*

*

0

O

*

*
*

*

*

*

*
*
*

*
*
*

*
*

*
*
*

-

a
-

1

*
*

X

*
*

*

*

*
*

*
*
*
*

X

*

*
*
*

a

a
'8

>

f.
aj

*

*
*
*

*

*
*

*

4

-:

*
*

X

*

*
*

*

*
*

'-
a
_

::

*
X

::

*

*

*
*
*

*

*
*
*

*
*

*
*

*

•r.
m

<u

a
a

H

*
*

!

*

*
*

*
*
4

A
*
*
*

*
*

X
*
*

/

0

— •*
X

*
*
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

#
*

*

X

*

i

c

*

*
*
*

*

*
*

*
*
*

*
*
*
*

*
*

X
X

*

u

z
/.

X

*
*

*

*
*

■:

*
*

*
*
*
*

X

*

X

-:■:-
*

X

M

DQ

i-i

X

*

X

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

-:
*
*
*

*

*

-::
X

*

■J.

TZ

v.

a
*

X

*
*

*

*
*
*

*
*
*

X

*

*

*

■a
—

*
*

*

*

*
*

X

X

-:•:■
-::
*

J3

X

**
*

X

*

*
*
*

*
*
*

■::-
*
X
*

CO

>

y

X

*
**

*

*
*

*
*
*

*

X

*

=3

'3

{-•

_"

*
**
*x

X

*
*

•::
*

*

X
X

*

*

*

ca
a

0

—
"_'

0

*

*

*
*
*

*

X

*

:i

■■:

X

X
*

X
X

*
*
*

*

03

—
o

-

-.1
*
*

X

*

*
*
*

*
*

*

*

*
*

X

*
*

*

-

<

*

X
X

i

■>.■

■;:
*

*

*
*

*
*

*
*
*

*

*
*

*

*
*

z

X

*

X
X

*

*
*

X

*

*
*
*

*

X*

*
*

*

*
*

-'

J

—

-:
*
X

■■:■■

*

*
*
*

*

*
*

*
*
*

*
*

-
-

<

*

*
*
*

*
*

*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*

*

*
*

*

*

—
-

X
/.

B

/.

*

*

*

X

*

*
4

X

*

*
*

*
*

*
*

*

*

*

3S

a
-
/.

c
*

s.

*
*

X

*
*

*
*
*

*
*

*

*

*
*

X

*

/

-

*

*
*

■■•■

*
X

*

*
*

*
*

X

*
*

*

*

*

*

*

6

-

'7,
■-

~

*

*x

*

*

*

*
*

*
*
*

*

*

*
*

z\
O

s
<

*

*

*x

X

RULES FOR EXHIBITING AND NAMING FRUITS.

SECTION I.

NAMING AND DESCRIBING NEW FRUITS.

Rule 1. — The originator or introducer (in the
order named) has the prior right to bestow a
name upon a new or unnamed fruit.

Rule 2. — The Society reserves the right, in
case of long, inappropriate, or otherwise objec-
tionable names, to shorten, modify, or wholly
change the same, when they shall occur in its
discussions or reports; and also to recommend
such changes for general adoption.

Rule 3. — The name of a fruit should, prefer-
ably, express, as far as practicable by a single
word, a characteristic of the variety, the name
of the originator, or the place of its origin.
Under no ordinary circumstances should more
than a single word be employed.

Rule 4. — Should the question of priority ;irise
between different names for the same variety of
fruit, other circumstances being equal, the name
first publicly bestowed will be given precedence.

Rule 5. — To entitle a new fruit to the award or
commendation of the Society, it must possess (at
least for the locality for which it is recommended )
some valuable or desirable quality or combina-
tion of qualities, in a higher degree than any pre-
viously known variety of its class and season.

Rule 6. — A variety of fruit, having been once
exhibited, examined, and reported upon, as a
new fruit, by a committee of the Society, will
not, thereafter, be recognized as such, so far as
subsequent reports are concerned.

SECTION II.

COMPETITIVE EXHIBITS OF FRDITS.

Rule 1. — A plate of fruit must contain six
specimens, no more, no less, except in the case of
single varieties, not included in collections.

Rule 2. — To insure examination by the proper
committees, all fruits must lie correctly and
distinctly labeled, and placed upon the tables
during the first day of the exhibition.

Rule 3. — The duplication of varieties in a
collection will not be permitted.

Rule 4. — In all cases of fruits intended to be
examined and reported by committees, the name
of the exhibitor, together with a complete list of
the varieties exhibited by him, must be delivered
to the Secretary of the Society on or before the
first day of the exhibition.

Rule ■'>. — The exhibitor will receive from the
Secretary an entry card, which must be placed
with the exhibit, when arranged for exhibition,
for the guidance of committees.

Rale 6. — All articles placed upon the tables
for exhibition must remain in charge of the
Society till the close of the exhibition, to be
removed sooner only upon express permission
of the person or persons in charge.

Rule 7. — Fruits or other articles intended
for testing, or to be given away to visitors,
spectators, or others, will be assigned a separate
hall, room or tent, in which they may be
dispensed at the pleasure of the exhibitor, who
will not, however, be permitted to sell and
deliver articles therein, nor to call attention to
them in a boisterous or disorderly manner.

SECTION III.

COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE.

Rule l. — It shall be the duty of the President,
at the first session of the Society, on the first day
of an exhibition of fruits, to appoint a committee
of five expert pomologists, whose duty it shall be
to supervise the nomenclature of the fruits on ex-
hibition, and in case of error to correct the same.

Rule 2. — In making the necessary corrections
they shall, for the convenience of examining and
awarding committees, do the same at as e/iiTy a
period as practicable, and in making such correc-
tions they shall use cards readily distinguishable
from those used as labels by exhibitors, append-
ing a mark of doubtfulness in case of uncertainty.
SECTION IY.

EXAMINING AND AWARDING COMMITTEES.

Rule 1. — In estimating the comparative values
of collections of fruits, committees are instructed
to base such estimates strictly upon the varieties
in such collections which shall have been cor-
rectly named by the exhibitor, prior to action
thereon by the committee on nomenclature.

Rule 2. — In instituting such comparison of
values, committees are instructed to consider:
1st, the values of the varieties for the purposes
to which they may be adapted ; 2d, the color,
size, and evenness of the specimens; 3d, their
freedom from the marks of insects, and other
blemishes; 4th, the apparent carefulness in
handling, and the taste displayed in the arrange-
ment of the exhibit.

INDEX.

PAGES.

. Vilnius. Dudley W., Address of Welcome 15

Botanical Names 41

Address, President's 17

Of Welcome 15, 16

.1 oh ras sapota 69

./•.'•//' marmelos 68

Almond, Tropical TO

Alligator Tear.- 68, 70, 72

.1 nacardium occicU ntale 68

Ananassa sativa. See Pineapple

Anona 08

Apple 119, 124,126, 134, L35, 154, 162

In Florida 118

New 124,130, 140, 141, 155

Russian 124, 129

Lists of 126, 130, 134, 137, 143

Papers on 118, 154

Baldwin 131

Baxter's Red loo

Broekville Beauty loo

Gravensteiu 136

McMahon's White Ill

Murphy 119

Patten's Greening 124

Princess Louise loo

Scotfs Winter loo

Wealthy loo

Winter St. Lawrence 155

Fellow Transparent 119

Apricot I'd

.1 rtocarpus 68, 69

Augur, 1'. M., Packing Fruit for Market 54

Report from Connecticut 1 _:;

A vocado 72

Banana 68, 72

Barbadoes Gooseberry T i •

Harnett Brothers, Gluts, Their Cause ami Remedy. 19

ileal. Dr. W. .1., Judging Fruits 152

Bengal Quince 68

Berckmans, President, Address by 17

liessey, Dr. C. E., A Promising New Fruit from

the Plains if."

Bielby, C. F. A., orange Growing in Florida 7s

Blackberries Ill', 123, 1 :::.

Erie 119

Lucretia 119

Minnew aska 119

Botanical Names li

Bourn, Jos. H., Report from Rhode Island . 137

PAG] s

I '.read Fruit 68

Brown, A. M., Fruit Marketing and Fruit Ex-
changes 57

Brown, Charles E., Report from Nova Scotia 136

Budd, Prof. J. L., Cherry Growing in the Missis-
sippi Valley 156

California, Fruit Culture in. 161

Campbell, Geo.W., Improvemi at of Our American

Grapes 162

( 'ariua papaya 69

Carob 67

Cashew Nut 68

Cattley 70

Ceriman 68

Cherimoya 68

Cherries 124, 126, 135, 156

List of 126, 135

Papers on 156, 160

Wragg 124

Chinese Guava, see Guava

Chrysophyllum eanito 70

Cicca distieha 09

Citron 66, 92

( 'itrus deeumana 93

Citrus Japonica, seeKumquat

Cocoanut 69, 72

Cocos tnin'/i r<i, see Cocoanut

Colmant, J. J , Report from Mississippi 131

( lommereial Pomology 4'.»

Committees, List of 5

Reports of. See Reports

Constitution and By-Laws 4

Contents ■',

Cross-Fertilization 23

Currants 123

Crandall 119

lute 07, 73

Delaware Fruit Exchange 59

Diospyros Kaki, see Japan Persimmon

Discussion on Apples 119

Blackberries 119

Botanical Names 15

Cross Fertilization 25

Currants 119

Figs 95

Gooseberries 180

Grapes 120, 166

Guava 100

Judging fruits 1 1^

lii

INDEX.

PAGES.

New Fruits 119

Oranges 85

Peaches 1 17, 120

Pears 121

Pluins 121

Pomelos 93

Vine Diseases 37

Diseases. See Fungi and Insects

Down j' Myrtle 67

Dubois, E. M., The Grape in Florida 107

Egg Fruit 69

Elliott, D. H., On Transportation 22

Engle, H. M., Report from Pennsylvania 137

Paper on N ut Culture 166

Excursions 22

Fairbanks, Geo. R., The Orange Industry in the
United States, from a Commercial Stand-
point 85

Figs 63, 66, 93, 95, 128, 139, 161

In Alabama 63

California 161

Florida 66

Papers on 93, 95

Fleming, Governor F. P., Telegram of Greeting. . . 15
Foster, Dr. Henry, American Fruits in Foreign

Markets 62

Fruit Exchanges 57, 59

Manual 125

Marketing 54, 57, 62, 133

Packing 54

Reports 121

Fungi, Injurious 29, 130, 141, 165

Foot Rot 83, 85

Grape Diseases, Paper on 37

Mildew 62, 41

Peach Yellows, Paper on 38

Pear Blight 132, 136, 141

Galloway, Prof. B. T., Results of Recent Experi-
ments in the treatment of Vine Diseases, 37

Gano, W. S., Report from Missouri 130

Garfield, Charles W., Judging Fruits 151

Gary, Mayor, Address of Welcome 16

Gillette, Prof. C. P., White Arsenic as an Insecti-
cide 36

Girardeau, J. H., The Apple and Pear in Florida. . 118

Gluts 49, 133

Goff, Prof. E. S., Unsolved Problems in Pomology. 27

Gooseberries 120, 123, 135

Triumph 120

Granadilla 69

Grimes, D. S., Report from Colorado 122

Grapes 64, 66, 120, 123, 128, 136

Diseases of 37, 62, 41

New 136

Lists of 128, 130, 135

Papers on 107, 109, 161

PAGES.

Berckmans 120

Concord 64

Delaware 64

Green Mountain 120

Irvin's October 136

James 135

Jewell 120

Lutie 120, 136

Scuppernong 64

Grape Fruit. See Pomelo

Green, Charles A., Report from New York 133

Guava 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 100

Halsted, Dr. Byron D., Reserve Food Materials in

Fruit Trees and Shrubs in Mid-Winter. . . 45

Hart, E. H., Varieties of the Sweet Orange 73

Hatch, A. L., Report from Wisconsin 141

Hexamer. Dr. F. M., Reports by 169

Hibiscus sabdiriffa 69

Hillman, S. D., Report from Minnesota 12>>

Hog Plum 70

Hoyt, Prof. John W., Report from Wyoming 142

Honesty in Packing Fruit 54

Hubbard, E. H., Judging Oranges 149

Hudson, E. M., Report from Louisiana 126

Injurious Fungi. See Fungi 130

Injurious Insects. See Insects

Insects, Injurious 84, 91, 130, 131, 134, 141

Papers on 27,31, 36

Anguillula 27

Arsenic, White, as an Insecticide 36

Arsenical Sprays 31

Cottony Cushion Scale 85

Plum Curculio, Paper on 31

Root Knot 27

Introducing New Fruits. See New Fruits

Jack Fruit 69

Jamaica Indian Sorrel 69

Japan Persimmon 67, 12S

Paper on 104

Jujube 68

Kaki. See Japan Persimmon

Kedney, II. S., The Lemon in Florida 88

Kumquat 66, 93

Lemon 65, 66

Paper on 88

Lime 66, 69, 93

Litchi 67

Livingston, B. F., The Diospyros Kaki 104

Loquat 67, 73. 127, 128

Lucas, J. Loutrel, Pineapple Culture in Florida.. . 101

Lucuma 69

Lyon, T. T., The American Pomological Society

and Its Rules of Pomology 143

Mammea Americana 69

Mammee Apple 69

Mammee Sapota 69

INDEX

liii

PAGES.

Mangifera Indica 69

Mango 69, 72

Manville, A. H., Judging Oranges 150

Report by 62

Marketing 49, 54, 57, 59, 62, 85, 133, 156

Mead, Theo. L., Ornamental Palms 112

Meliocea bijuga 69

Members, List of 8

Miscellaneous Papers 143

Monstera deliciosa 68

Moore, T. W., The Minor Citrus Fruits 92

Musca Cavendishii 68, 72

Myrtle 67

Neal, Dr. J. C, Anguillula or Root Knot 27

Cross-fertilization 23

Nephalium Litcfii 67

New Fruits. (See also each fruit) 119, 179

Testing and Introducing 108, 152, 168

Nomenclature and Synonyms, lii

40, 126, 130, 131, 140, 141, 143

Nuts 128

Paper on 166

Pecan 64, 127, 128, 132, 140

Officers of the Society 5

Olive 67,122, 162

Opening Session 15

Oranges 65, 73, 78, 85

In Alabama 63

California 122

Florida 64, 65

Louisiana 62, 63

Judging 145

Papers on 73, 78, 85, 145

Otaheite Gooseberry 69

Packing Fruit 54

Palms 102

Paris Green for Curculio 31

Passiflora - 69

Pawpaw 69

Peaches 25, 63. 114, 120, 127, 128, 132, 133, 135, 137

In Alabama 63

Florida 114

Louisiana 63

Pennsylvania 137

Lists of 128, 135

Paper on 114

Honey 64, 116, 117

Indian 117

Peen-to 25, 64, 117, Vl< I

Spanish 128

Pears. 63, 64, 118, 121, 124, 126, 128, 131, 132, 135. 1 10, 162

Paper on 118

New 121, 140, 169

Lists of 126, 12\ 135

Bartlett 63, L62

Idaho 121, It'.'.'

PAGES.

Kieffer : 63, 118

LeConte 63, 64, 118, 132, 133

Pecans. See Nuts

Pereskia anuleata 70

Persea gratissima 68

Pineapples 70, 71,98, 101

Plums 64, 117, 121, 126, 12s, 130, 135

Lists of 126, 128, 133, 135

New 13!

Botan 64

Japan in

Satsuma 64

Pomegranates 128

Paper on 95

Pomelo 66, 93

Pomology, Commercial 49

Scientific 23

Unsolved Problems in 27

Powers, Stephen, Strawberry Growing in Florida. 110

Prefatory Note 12

President's Address 17

Program ] 3

Prunus pumila 160

Psidium. See Guava

Quince, Chinese 118

Raisins 122, 161

Ransom, L. A., Report from South Carolina 139

Raspberries 63, 64, 123, 135

Reasoner, E. N, Tropical Fruits 70

Redmond, D., The Fig and Pomegranate 95

Reed, Harrison, The Fig Industry in Florida 93

Reports of Committees 168

On Credentials 168

Fruits Exhibited 169

General Fruit Committee , 121

New Fruits 169

Nomination of Officers 16

Place of Meeting 171

President's Address 21

Resolutions 168

Sub-Tropical Fruits 62

Of States 121

California 121

Colorado 122

Connecticut 123

Iowa 123

Kansas 125

Louisiana 126

Minnesota 128

Mississippi 131

Missouri 130

New York 133

North Carolina 135

Nova Scotia 1 :i»'.

Pennsylvania 137

Rhode Island 137

liv

INDE3!.

PAGES.

South Carolina 139

Wisconsin 14 1

Wyoming 142

Reserve Food Materials 45

Riley, Prof. C. V., The Plum Curculio 31

Rules for Naming and Exhibiting Hi

Sapodilla 69

Scales of Points 145

Scientific Pomology 23

Seratom ia siliqua 67

Shaddock 66, 93

Smith, Benj. G , Report of Treasurer 22

Smith, Erwin F., The Chemistry of Peach Yellows 38

Sour Sop 68

Spanish Lime 69

Spondias 70

Star Apple 70

Strawberries, 63, 64, 123, 128, 137

Lists of 135

Paper on 1 10

Strentzel, Dr. J., Report from California 121

Sub-tropical Fruits 62

Sugar Apple 68, 72

Taber, Geo. L., Peach Growing in Florida Ill

Tamarind 69

Tamarindus Indicus 69

PAGES.

Terminalis catappa 70

Testing and Introducing New Fruits. See New

Fruits

Treasurer's Report 22

Tropical Almond 70

Tropical Fruits 70

Unsolved Problems in Pomology 27

Van Deman, Prof. II. E., Judging Citrus Fruits*; . 145

Van Lindley, J., Report from North Carolina 135

Vit is. See Grape

Von Luttichau, Baron H , Vitis Vinifera in

Florida 109

Watrous, C. L., Report of General Fruit Commit-
tee 121

Report from Iowa 123

Testing and Introducing New Fruits 152

Welcome, Address of 15, 16

White Arsenic as an Insecticide 36

White, Jas. H., The Pineapple 98

Wier, D. B., Fruit Culture in California 161

Plum Curculio Theory 35, 36

Wilder Medals 169

Williams, E., Honesty in Packing Fruit 54

Woolverton, L., Apple Orchards of Ontario 154

Yellows, Paper on 38

Zizyphus injuba 68

W^i

*M- ^ .

<-*-■

*gy

X'*l^

Ha ■ *£$

EM**''L- *

^

r^-"* *)

^JSa^-^j

«# s

\ * i

■ , My *

*^

! -V . * J
* 1 V_>vt 4

fc«L&/i

[l^/fl uS

rlii'3ll^w

V m

S3r.

7 w

*7*jte.?