UMASS/AMHERST # 31EDbbD05im7D4 ,i'^,^^^Ji\-/{^L -^^:. r-^)-^ •'%.' ■■>;#». ,1 ..;^, i-^^ A^i#-*- ■ v./-,'^«:;^. ^ ;^ ; ^^■^■" ■V/}1%.--- IT . »i*. J 1 ^^*^ ■^^^-3^v^ w LIBRARY OF THE ,0t-M4s.^ 18i^' DATE DUE 1 UNIVERSITY OF MASSAOiUSETTS LIBRARY SB 354 A47 V.27 1901 ottbc m t' riDaseacbuactts aaviciUtural Coilcgc. DONOR (H4^M, VA^^, NO. PROCEEDINGS TWENTY -SEVENTH SESSION HELD I N BUFFALO, N. Y., SEPT. 12-13, 1901, COMPILED BY THE SECRETARY. PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. LANSING. MICH. ROBERT SMITH PRINTING CO., PRINTER.S AND BINDERS 1902. GHAPEL [ LtBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHiJSETIS AMHERSTJ^ASS. ^amm^^* CONTENTS. PART I. PAGE. Act of Incorporation IV Constitution and By-Laws V List of Officers for 1901-1902 VII Membership Lists : Life Members for 1901-1902 XII Biennial Members for 1901-1902 XVI Deceased Members ( Memorial Pag-es ) XXIII Biographical Sketches XXIV Prefatory Note XXIX Proceedings 1 Miscellaneous Papers 139 Fruit Reports 154 Index 103 PART II. Catalogue of Fruits 1-63 ILLUSTRATION'S. PART I. plate. Portrait of T. T. Lyon. I Portrait of William Saunders , , II Portrait of Thomas Meehan Ill Portrait of Robert Manning IV Horticultural Building, Pan-American Exposition V Medal Awarded French Exhibitors VI MAP. PART II. Pomological Districts Opposite Title Pag-e. ^sa'^A AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Organized 1848. Incorporated 1887. ACT OF INCORPORATION. COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, 1887. Section 1. Patrick Barry, of Rochester, New York, Charles W. Garfield, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, Benjamin G. Smith, of Cambridge, Massa- chusetts, J. J. Thomas, of Union Springs, New York, Prosper J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Georgia, Robert Manning, of Salem, Massachusetts, their asso- ciates, the Officers and Members of the Association known as the American Pomological Society, and their successors, are hereby made a corporation under the name of "American Pomological Society," for the purpose of promoting and encouraging the culture of fruit, with all the powers and privileges and subject to all the duties and liabilities set forth in the general laws which are now or may hereafter be in force applicable to such corpora- tions. Sec. 2. Said corporation may, for the purpose aforesaid, have and hold by purchase, grant, gift or otherwise, real and personal property to an amount not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars. See. 3. Said corporation may hold its annual meeting, or any special meeting in any place, state or country it may determine, provided that due notice shall be given to the members thereof of the time and place of said meeting. See. 4. Any two of the corporators above named are hereby authorized to call the first meeting of said corporation in the month of September next ensuing, by due notice thereof to each member of said Association. COPY OF BEQUEST FROM THE WILL OF THE LATE MARSHALL P. WILDER. Eleventh. "I give to the American Pomological Society one thousand dol- lars, the income of which shall be, from time to time, offered in Wilder Medals for objects of special merit. "Also, the further sum of fovr thousand dollars, for the general purposes of the Society." CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. CONSTITUTION. Article 1, The name of this Association shall be the AMERICAN POMO- LOGICAL SOCIETY. 2. Its object shall be the advancement of the science of Pomology. 3. It shall consist of delegates appointed by Horticultural, Agricultural and kindred Societies in the United States, and British America, and of such other persons as take an interest in the welfare of the Association, and are desirous of promoting its aims. They shall pay two dollars for each session, and twenty dollars paid at one time shall constitute a life membership. 4. The meetings shall be held biennially, at such time and place as may be designated by the Society; and special meetings may be convened at any time on the call of the President. 5. The officers shall consist of a President, a First Vice-President, one Vice-President from each State, Territory and Province, a Treasurer and a Secretary, who shall be elected by ballot or otherwise at each biennial meeting. BY-LAWS. 1. The President shall have a general superintendence of the affairs of the Society during its vacation; give due public notice of the time and place of meeting; preside at its deliberations; deliver an address on some subject relating to Pomology, at each biennial meeting; and appoint all committees unless otherwise directed. 2. In the case of the death, sickness or inability of the President, his official duties shall devolve on the First Vice-President, or such one of the Vice-Presidents as the Society may elect by ballot or otherwise. 3. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys belonging to the Society, and pay over the same on the written orders of the President. 4. There shall be a Finance Committee of three members appointed by the President at each biennial meeting. 5. The Secretary shall, with the assistance of a reporter appointed by him, keep a record of the transactions of the Society for publication. 6. There shall be an Executive Committee consisting of five members, together with the President and Vice-President, ex officio, five of whom shall constitute a quorum, who shall manage the affairs of the Society during its vacation. 7. A Chairman of Fruit Committees, for each State, Territory and Province and a General Chairman over all, shall be appointed biennially. It shall be yi AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, the duty of such Chairman to appoint four additional members of his com- mittee, and with their aid and such information as he can procure, to forward to the General Chairman one month before each biennial meeting. State Pomological Reports, to be condensed by him for publication. 8. A Standing Committee on New Fruits of American Origin, consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed by the President, immediately after his election. It shall be the duty of this Committee to report biennially on new fruits of American origin, and also to examine, and before the close of the session report on, all new seedling varieties that may be exhibited and to make an ad interim report on those that were exhibited in an unripe condi- tion at the meeting of the Society, but had subsequently attained a state of maturity; and on such other seedlings as may have been submitted to their inspection during the Society's vacation. 9. A Standing Committee on Foreign Fruits, consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed, whose duties shall be similar to those of the committee in by-law eight. 10. A Standing Committee on Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruits, consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed, whose duties shall be similar to those of the committee in by-law eight. 11. A Standing Committee on Nomenclature, consisting of seven members, shall be appointed biennially. 12. Vacancies occurring in committees shall be filled by the chairman of -each, and in case of his death or inability to serve, his place shall be supplied by the President of the Society. 13. The order of business for each meeting shall be arranged by the Executive Committee. 14. The Constitution or By-Laws may be altered or amended, at any reg- ular biennial meeting, by a vote of two-thirds of the members present. OFFICERS AND STANDING COIiOIITTEES OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY FOB 1901-1902. PRESIDENT: CHARLES L. WATROUS, Des Moines, Iowa. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT: WILLIAM C. STRO^^G, Wabax, Massachusetts. STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS: Alabama W. F. Heikes Huntsville. Arizona H. W. Adams Glendale. Arkansas Ernest Walker Fayetteville. British Columbia J. R. Anderson Victoria. California Luther Burbank Santa Rosa. Colorado W. S. Coburn Paonia. Connecticut J. H. Hale South Glastonbury. Delaware S. H. Derby Woodside. District of Columbia.. . G. B. Brackett Washington. Florida Geo. L. Taber Glen St. Mary. Georgia P. J. A. Berckmans, Jr. Augusta. "" Hawaii T. F. Sedgwick Honolulu. Idaho A. McPherson Boise. Illinois H. M. Dunlap Savoy. Indiana James Troop Lafayette. Iowa Charles G. Patten Charles City. Kansas \Vm. H. Barnes Topeka. Kentucky C. W. Mathews Lexington. Louisiana L. T. Sanders Plain Dealing. Maine W. M. Munson Orono. Manitoba S. A. Bedford Brandon. Maryland James S. Harris Coleman. Massachusetts J. W. Manning Reading. Michigan C.J, Monroe South Haven. B Viii AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Minnesota S. B. Green St. Paul. Mississippi A. M. Augustine West Point. Missouri J. C. Evans Harlem. Montana S. M. Emery Manhattan. Nebraska R. W. Furnas Brownville. Nevada Ross Lewers Franktown. New Hampshire C. C. Shaw Milford. New Jersey I. J. Black well Titusville. New Mexico. Parker Earle Roswell. New York F. M, Hexamer, 52 Lafayette PI., New York. North Carolina J. Van Lindley Pomona. North Dakota C. B. Waldron Fargo. Northwest Territories. George Lang Indian Head. Nova Scotia R. W. Starr Cornwallis. Ohio J. J. Harrison Painesville. Oklahoma O. M. Morris Stillwater. Ontario Alex. McD. Allan Goderich. Oregon E. L. Smith Hood River. Pennsylvania H. A. Chase, 1430 S. Penn Sq., Philadelphia. Porto Rico F. D. Gardner San Juan. Quebec Norman E. Jack Chateauguay Basin. Rhode Island L. F. Kinney Kingston. South Carolina Charles U. Shepard. . . Summerville. South Dakota H. C. Warner Forestburg. Tennessee John Wieland Knoxville. Texas T. V. Munson Denison. LTtah Thomas Judd St. George. Vermont F. A. Waugh Burlington. Virginia Samuel B. Woods Charlottesville. Washington N. G. Blalock Walla Walla. West Virginia H. W\ Miller Pawpaw. Wisconsin E. S. Goff Madison. Wyoming Luther Foster Laramie. SECBEZ'ABY: WM. A. TAYLOR, 55 Q Street, N. E., Washington, D. C. ASSISTANT SECRETAKY: JOHN CRAIG, Ithaca, N. Y. TBEASTJRER : L. E. TAFT, ActEicultural College, Mich. STANDING COMMITTEES. ix STANDING COMMITTEES. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: Charles W. Garfield Grand Rapids, Mich. Win. C. Barry Rochester, N. Y. Wm. Trelease St. Louis, 3Io. G. L. Taber Glen St. Mary, Fla. W. T. Macoun Ottawa, Can. FINANCE COMMITTEE: J. J. Harrison Painesville, O. F. Wellhouse Fairmount, Kans. L. A. Goodman Kansas City, Mo. OENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE: Chairman, S. A. Beach, Geneva, N. Y. Alabama C. F. Austin Auburn. Arizona A. J. MeClatohie Phoenix. Arkansas Wm. G. Vincenheller. .Fayettevillo. British Columbia R. M. Palmer Victoria. California E. J. Wickson Berkeley. Colorado Wendell Paddock Fort Collins. Connecticut N. S. Piatt, 345 Whalley Aye., New Haven. Delaware J. W. Killen Felton. District of Columbia. . Wm. N. Irwin, Dept. of Agrl., Washington. Florida H. Harold Hume Lake City. Georgia George H. Miller Rome. Hawaii Byron O. Clark Wahiawa. Idaho Robert Milliken Nampa. Illinois Geo. J. Foster Normal. Indiana CM. Hobbs Bridgeport. Iowa Eugene Secor Forest City. Kansas F, Wellhouse Fairmount. Kentucky C. W. Mathews Lexington. Louisiana F. H. Burnette Baton Rouge. Maine D. H. Knowlton Farmington. Manitoba S. A. Bedford Brandon. Maryland A. L. Quaintance College Park. Massachusetts S. T. 3Iaynard Amherst. Michigan Roland Morrill Benton Harbor. Minnesota A. K. Bush Dover. Mississippi A. B. McKay Agricultural College Missouri J. C. Whitten Columbia. • Montana S. M. Emery Manhattan. Nebraska G. A. Marshall Arlington. Nevada R. H. McDowell Reno. New Brunswick S. L. Peters Queenstown. New Hampshire F. Wm. Rane Durham. New Jersey D. Aug. VanDerVeer. Freehold. New Mexico L. Bradford Prince. . . . Santa Fe. X AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. New York W. T. Mann Barker. North Carolina Thos. L. Brown Asbeville. North Dakota C. B. Waldron Fargo. Northwest Territories. George Lang. Indian Head. Nova Scotia F. C. Sears Wolfville. Ohio W. J, Green Wooster. Oklahoma H. H. Cummins Cleo. Ontario L. Woolverton Grimsby. Oregon E. R. Lake Corvallis. Pennsylvania Geo. C. Butz vState College. Porto Rico F. D. Gardner San Juan. Quebec Robert Hamilton Grenville. Rhode Island F. W. Card Kingston. South Carolina H. B. Buist Rock Hill. South Dakota N. E. Hansen Brookings. Tennessee Chas. A. Keller Knoxville. Texas R. H. Price College Station. Utah J. A. Wright Ogden. Vermont D. C. Hicks X. Clarendon. Virginia Geo. E. ,Murrell Fontella. Washington S. W. Fletcher Pullman. West Virginia K. C. Davis Morgantown. Wisconsin T. E. Loope Eureka. Wyoming Luther Foster Laramie. COMMITTEE ON NEW FRUITS OF AMEKICAN ORIGIN: Chairman,^. B. Green, St. Paul, Minn. Districts 1 and 2, L. R. Taft Agr'l. College, Mich. Districts 3 and 4, Wm. B. Alwood Blacksburg, Va. Districts 5 and 7, R. C. Berckmans Augusta, Ga. District 6, H. Harold Hume Lake City, Fla. District 8, A. T. Erwin Ames, la. District 9, E. S. Goff Madison, Wis. Districts 10, 13, 14,Wendell Paddock Ft. Collins, Col. Districts 11, 12, Jno. J. Vernon Mesilla Park, N. M. Districts 15, 16, H. E. Dosch Portland, Ore. Districts 17, 18, E. J. Wickson Berkeley, Cal. District 19, A. J. McClatchie Phoenix, Ariz. COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN FRUITS: Chairman, G. L. Taber, Glen St. Mary, Fla. P. J. Berckmans I'^pper Montclair, N. L. H. Bailey Ithaca, N. Y. D. G. Fairchild, L^. S. Dept. of Agriculture. .Washington, D. C. B. von Herff 93 Nassau St. New York, N. Y. F. H. Burnette Baton Rouge, La. E. R. Lake Corvallis, Ore. W. T. Macoun Ottawa. Canada. N. E. Hansen Brookings, S. D. W. T. Swingle, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. .Washington, D. C. STANDING COMMITTEES. xi COMMITTEE ON TROPICAL AND SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS: Chairman, A. A. Boggs, Cocoanut Grove, Fla. Bvrou O. Clark Wahiawa, Hawaii. Geo. C. Koeding Fresno, Gal. H. J. Webber, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Washington, D. C. C. P. Taft Orange, Cal. Jno. J. Haden Cocoanut Grove, Fla. G. Onderdonk Nursery, Texas. Chas. H. Shinn Berkeley, Cal. A. J. McClatchie Phoenix, Ariz. H. Harold Hume " Lake City, Fla. Frank D. Gardner l^an Juan, Porto Rico. COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE: Chairman, G. B. Brackbtt, U. S. Dept. of Agri., Washington, D. C. H. E. Van Deman Washington, D. C. Benjamin Buckman Farmingdale, 111. L. R. Taft Agr'l. College, Mich. Luther Burbank Santa Rosa, Cal. A. G. Gulley Storrs, Conn. R. H. Price College Station, Texas. COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF CATALOGUE: Chairman, W. H. Ragan, U. S. Dept. of Agri., Washington, D. C. E. J. Wickson Berkeley, Cal. Wendell Paddock Fort Collins, Col. E. L. Smith Hood River, Ore. S. H. Fulton Experiment, Ga. H. E. Van Deman Washington, D. C. N. S. Piatt New Haven, Conn. SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF RULES OF NOMENCLATURE: Chairman, Wm. A. Taylor, 55 Q St. N. E., Washington, D. C. L. H. Bailey Ithaca, N. Y. F. A. Waugh Burlington, Vt. Wm. C. Barry Rochester, N. Y. T. V. Munson Denison, Texas. DELEGATES TO HYBRIDIZATION CONFERENCE, 1902: L. H. Bailey Ithaca, N. Y. C. G. Patten Charles City, la. T. V. Munson , Denison, Tex. Xii AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. LIST OF MEMBERS OF AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. LIFE MEMBERS. Allan, Alex. McD Goderich, Ontario. Allen, Abner College Park, Cal. Allen, Edwin New Brunswick, N. J. *Alwood, Wm. B Blacksburg, Va. Andrews. Frank W., 1761 Mass. Ave. N. W., Washington, D. C. Appleton, Francis H., 251 Marlboro St., Boston. Mass. Atkins, Chas. G Bucksport, Me. Austin, Mrs. Helen V Winchester, Ky. Babcock, E. F Waitsburg, W^ash. Babcock, J. Lvman Norfolk, Va. *Baird, David'. Baird, N. J. Baker, Chas. R Brooklyn, N. Y. Balmer, John A Cle Elum, Wash. (For Agricultural College, Pullman, Wash.) *Barnes, Wm. H., State Capitol Topeka, Kans. (For Kansas State Horticultural Society.) *Barry, Wm. C Rochester, N. Y. *Beach, S. A Geneva, N. Y. (For N. Y. Agricultural Experiment Station.) Beadle, D. W 307 Givens St., Toronto, Ontario. Beal, W. J Agr'l College, Mich. (For Michigan Agricultural College.) Berryhill, J. G Des Moines, Iowa. Berckmans, Prosper J Upper Montclair, N. J, Black, Chas Hightstown, N. J. Blanchard, N. W Santa Paula, Cal. Bridgeman, Alfred Newburgh, N. Y. Briggs, G. R Plymouth, Mass. Brill, Francis Hempstead, L. I., N. Y. Bucklin, Simon S Bristol, R. I. Buftum, B. C Fort Collins, Col. (For University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.) Bush, Raphael Bushberg, Mo. Butler, Chas Hartsdale, N. Y. *Butz, Geo. C State College, Pa. (For Pennsylvania State College.) Calkins, John S Pomona, Cal. Chase, Arthur H Concord, N. H. (For State Library.) Chase, Howard A., 1430 S. Penn. Square, Philadelphia, Pa. Chase, Lewis Rochester, N. Y. Clapp, Wm. Channing Dorchester, Mass. Clark, Edmund S. 144 Essex St., Boston, Mass. Coburn, W. S • Paonia, Col. Colman, N. J St. Louis, Mo. Cone, Moses H Blowing Rock, N. C. Cook, David C Chicago,'Hl. Cook, M. S A vondale, Pa. ♦Indicates attendance at Buffalo meetins- LIST OF MEMBERS. xiii Crandall, C, S Glendale, Cal. Davis, J. C. Bancroft, 1621 H. St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Devol, W. S Redlands, Cal. Durfee, Geo. B Fall River, Mass. Durell, E. H Woodbury, N. J. Earle, Parker Roswell, New Mexico. Egbert, Knott 0 Santee, Neb. Ellwanger, George Rochester, N. Y. Eshleman, John K Dowuington, Pa. Falconer, Wm Pittsburg, Pa. (Superintendent of Parks.) Faxon, M. B 31 State St., Boston, Mass. Field, E. T , Middletown, N. J. Flint, David B Boston, Mass. Force, T. S Box 2892, New York, N. Y. Furnas, R. W Brownville, Neb. Gammon, C. W Walnut Grove, Cal. *Garfield, Chas. W. . ; Burton Farm, Grand Rapids, Mich. Gay, Leslie F Monrovia, Cal. Gerrish, O. K Lakeville, 3Iass. *Goff, E. S Madison, Wis. Gold, T. S West Cornwall, Ct. " Goodell, H. H Amherst, Mass. (For Agricultural College.) Goodman, L. A., 4000 Warwick Blvd Kansas City, Mo. (For Missouri State Hort. Society.) Graves, S. S Geneva, N. Y. *Green, S. B St.Anthony Park, Minn. (For University of Minnesota.) *Green, W. J Wooster, Ohio. (For Agricultural Experiment Station.) Grosvenor, C. E 48 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. Guy, T. W Sulphur Springs, Mo. Hadwen, O. B Worcester, Mass. Hancock, Caroline G Sacramento, Cal. (For Free Library.) Hansen, N. E Brookings, S. Dak. Harris, Geo. W Ithaca, N. Y. (For Cornell University.) Harris, James A Panasoffkee, Fla. Harroun, W. S Santa Fe, N. M. Hart, W. S Haw^ks Park, Fla. Hartevelt, A Rynsburgerweg 14, Leiden, Holland. Helmer^ J. W 39 Aldine Square, Chicago, 111. *Herff, B. von 93 Nassau St., New York, N. Y. *Hexamer, F. M., 52 Lafayette Place, New York, N. Y. Hoadley, George 22 William St., New York, N. Y. *Hoag, C. L Lockport, N. Y. Holmes, E. S Grand Rapids, Mich. Hubbard, T. S Geneva, N. Y. Hunnewell, Henry S Wellesley, Mass, Hunnewell, Walter, 87 Milk St. Boston, Mass. xiv AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Hunter, John M Houston, Texas. Hutt, H. L Guelph, Out. (For Ontario Agricultural College.) Jeter, Tinsley Bethlehem, Pa. Kendall, Edward Cambridge, 3Iass. Kendall, George F Cambridge, Mass. Kidder, N. T Milton, Mass. Kinney, L. F Kingston, K. I. (For Experiment Station.) Kirkpatriok, T. J Springfield, O. Koen, K. B Memphis, Tenn. Lake, E. R Corvallis, Ore. Leighton, G. B. F Alfred, Me. *Lindley, J. Van Pomona, N. C. Lovett, J. T Little Silver, N. J. Lyman, Henry L Charlottesville, Va. Lyons, Jas. M 66 Hartford St., Roxbury, Mass. Lysle, Addison Fillmore, Cal. McKay, A. B Agr'l. College, Miss. (For Mississippi Agricultural College.) *Macoun, W. T Ottawa, Canada. (For Central Experiment Farm.) Mann, William R Sharon, Mass. Masters, James H Nebraska City, Neb. Maud, Chas. E Riverside, Cal. McCulloch, J. M Cincinnati, Ohio. McDowell, R. H Reno, Nev. McLaughlin, Henry Bangor, Me. Miller, F. R Sugar Grove, Pa. Minott, C. W 343a Highland Ave., Somerville, Mass. *Monroe, C. J South Haven, Mich. Mudd, Henry T., Room 408 Security Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. Munson, D. O Falls Church, Va. Murray, R. D Key West, Fla. Noble, Samuel W Jenkintown, Pa. Orton, Samuel W Binghamton, N. Y. Parsons, S. B Flushing, N. Y. Pearson, John M Godfrey, 111. Periam, Jonathan, 1044 Pratt Ave., Rogers Park. Chicago, 111. Perot, Wm. H Baltimore, 3id. Phelps, Lyman Sanford, Fla. Phoenix, JF. K Delevan, Wis. Popenoe, E. A Manhattan, Kan. (For Kansas Agricultural College.) Pullen, Alexander Milford, Del. Purington, E. F W. Farmington, Me. Quaintance, A. L College Park, Md. Quinn, P. T Newark, N. J. Ream, J. A Phoenix, Ariz. Richardson, Chas. E., Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass. Riehl, E. A Alton, 111. Rock, John .' Niles, Cal. LIST OF MEMBERS. XV Roediiig-, Geo. C Fresno, Cal. Kiimpb, Samuel H Marsballville, Ga. Russell, Gurdon W Hartford, Conn. Rust, David Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. Sadler, O. W Pittsburg, Pa. Sampson, F. G Boardman, Fla. Sawyer, Geo. B Wiscasset, Me. Scarborough, W Cincinnati, Ohio. Selover, Edward C Auburn, N. Y. *Shaw, C. C Milford, N. H. Shepard, C. U Summerville, S. C. Smith, Erwin F., 1457 Staughton St., Washington, D. C. *Smith, Geo. W Hartford, Conn. Smith, W Geneva, N. Y. Smith, Wm. Elliott Alton, 111. Smith, Wing R Syracuse, N. Y. Stark, Clarence M Louisiana, Mo. Stark, Wm, Henry Louisiana, JMo. Starr, Robert W Cornwallis, N. S. Stewart, Brice Clarksville, Tenn. Stewart, Henry L Middle Haddam, Ct. *Stinson, John T Mountain Grove, Mo. (For Missouri Fruit Experiment Station.) Streator, Geo. J Garrettsville, Ohio. *Strong, Wm. C Waban, Mass. Swineford, Howard Richmond, Ya. Swingle, W. T., U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. *Taber, G. L Glen St. Mary, Fla. Taf t, Edward P . Providence, R. I. *Tavlor, F. W St. Louis, Mo. Tavlor. Thomas, 238 Mass. Ave., N. E Washington, D. C. *Taylor, Wm. A 55 Q St., N. E., Washington, D. C. Temple, F. L., Van Ness House Burlington, Vt. Temple, John T Davenport, la. Thomas, Geo. B West Chester, Pa. Townsend, B. C Bay Ridge, L. L, N. Y. Trelease, Wm Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. Trowbridge, Geo. W Glendale, Ohio. Uber, Carlton A Glencarlyn, Ya. Underwood, J. M Lake Citv, Minn. Utley, H. W Detroit, Mich. (For Public Library.) *Yan Deman, H. E Washington, D. C. Yan Gelder, Jacob Saugerties, N. Y. Walker, Ernest Fayetteville, Ark. (For Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Sta.) Warder, R. H Lincoln Park, Chicago, 111. Ware, Benj. P Clifton, Mass. Warren, J. R., Cairn-Warren, Harcourt, Victoria, Australia. Waterer, Hosea * Philadelphia, Pa. *Watrous, C. L Des Moines, la. c xvi AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Watrous, Philip Des Moines, la. (For Horticultural Library, Capitol Building.) Wellborn, Jesse M Conyers, Ga. Wellhouse, F Fairmount. Kans. Whitehead, John B Norfolk, Ya. Whitten, J. C Columbia, Mo. i (For University of Missouri.) Wickersham, Kobt. A .... , Winchester, Va. Wieland, John Knoxville, Tenn. Wilder, Edward B Dorchester, Mass. Williams, Henrv T Colorado Springs, Col. Wood, W^m. H.' S New York City, N. Y. Yeomans, Wm. H Columbia, Conn. BIENNIAL MEMBERS FOR 27TH SESSION.^ 1901-1902. Alabama Nursery Co Huntsville, Ala. Aldrich, H. A Neoga, 111. *Allis, E. W Adrian, Mich. Anderson, J. R., Department of Agriculture, Yictoria, B. C. Atkinson, Wilmer Philadelphia, Pa. Atwood, G. A Springfield, Mo. *Augustine, A. M West Point, Miss. Aultfather, H. H Minerva, Ohio. Austin, C. F Auburn. Ala. Axtell, F. H Oakland, Me. *Bailey, L. H Ithaca, N. Y. *Baker, J. E Butterfly, N- Y. *Baker, W^m. A Wolcott, N. Y. Baldwin, S. J Seneca, Kans. *Barnhart, W. R Greensburg, Pa. *Bassett, C. E Fennville, Mich. Bechtel, Theodore Ocean Springs, Miss. Bedford, S. A Brandon, Manitoba. Berckmans, P. J. A Augusta, Ga. Berckmans, R. C Augusta, Ga. Black, A. S Marcus, la. *Blackwell, I.J Titusville, N. J. Blalock, N. G Walla Walla, Wash. Block, A .... : Santa Clara, Cal. *Boggs, A. A Cocoanut Grove, Fla. Bowman, A. M Salem, Ya. *Brackett, G. B., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Brooks, Fred E French Creek, W. Ya. Brown, Thos. L Asheville, N. C. Bruner, T. K Raleigh, N. C. Buckman, Benj Farmingdale, 111. Buist, H. B Rock Hill, S. C. ♦Indicates attendance at Buffalo meeting. I Only those whose membership fees for the current term have been received prior to aate of publication, are included in this list. LIST OF MEMBERS. xvii *]{uutiii8, Will. H St. Catherines, Out. Biirbank, Luther Sauta Rosa, Cal. *Burnette, F. H Batou Rouge, La. Burtou, Joe A Orleaus, lud. Bush, A. K Dover, Minu. Capps Bros Mt. Pulaski, 111. *Card, F. W Kingston, R. L *Carroll, R, J Red Hook, X. Y. *Charlton, John and Son Rochester, X. Y. Chase, H. S Huntsville, Ala. Chase, R. G Geneva, X. Y. Clark, Bvron O Wahiawa, Hawaii. Close, C* P Xewark, Del. Coates, Leonard Xapa, Cal. Coe, E. F Xew Haven, Conn. Collins, Arthur J Moorestown, X. J. *Collins, John S Moorestown, X. J. *Corbett, L. C, Department of Agriculture. Washington, D. C. Corrigan, Jos. F St. Leo, Fla. Coryell, R. J Colorado Springs, Col. Couch, E.J Ridgefield, Conn. *Craig, John Ithaca, X. Y. Culp, S. 31 '. Beamsville, Out. Cummins, H. H Cleo, Oklahoma. Davidson, C. M. & Co., 112 East Front St., Cincinnati, Ohio. Davis, Howard, Baltimore and Paca Sts., Baltimore, Md. *Davis, K. C Morgantown, W. Va. Dean, M. L Agr'l College, Mich. *De Cou, Samuel C Moorestown, X. J. Derby, S. H Woodside, Del. *Dickens, Albert Manhattan, Kans. Dickie, James Massies Mills, Va. *Dinwiddie, Howard B Greenwood Depot, Xn. *Dosch, Henry E Portland, Oregon. *Earle, F. S. ' Botanic Garden, Xew York, X. Y. *Eaton, Horace 31 Milk St., Boston. Mass. Emerick, David Paris. 111. Engle, E. B Waynesboro, Pa. *Erwin, Arthur T Ames, la. Evans, J. C Harlem, Mo. Fairchild, H. L Bridgeport, Conn. Farnsworth,-W. W Waterville. Ohio. Faville, E. E Doylestown, Pa. Ferguson, A. M., L^niversity of Texas, Austin, Texas. *Filcher, J. A., State Board of Trade, San Francisco, Cal. Flick, W. B Lawrence, Ind. Foster, Geo. J Xormal, 111. *Foster, T. C Harrisburg, Pa. *Fraser, S Briarcliff Manor, X. Y. Fulton, S. H Experiment, Ga. Gage, Jno. P Vineland. X. J. Gardner, F. D San Juan, Porto Rico. xviii AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Gill, Geo. W 287 East Broad St., Columbus, (). *Gleason, M. B Westfield, N. Y. Gould, H. P., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. *Green, Chas. A Rochester, N. Y. Green, E. C Champaign, 111. *Greene. Wesley Des Moines, la. Greening Bros Monroe, Mich. Greening, Chas. E Monroe, Mich. Griesa, A. H Lawrence, Kans. Grifflng, Timothy M Riverhead, L. I., N. Y. *Gulley, A. G. . Storrs, Conn. *Haden, John J Cocoauut Grove, Fla. *Haden, Mrs. Florence P Cocoanut Grove, Fla. Hale, J. H So. Glastonbury, Conn. *Hale, Henry E Princeton, N. J. *Hall, John ' Rochester, N. Y. Hallock, Nicholas Queens, N. Y. *Halsted, Byron D New Brunswick, X. J. Hamilton, Robert Grenville, P. Q. *Harris, James S Coleman, Md. Harrison, J. G. and Sous Berlin, Md. Harrison, J.J Painesville, O. Harrison, Wm. H ' Lebanon Springs, N. Y. *Haseltine, S. A Springfield, Mo. Hayward, E. H De Land, Fla. *Hedrick, U. P. Agr. College. .Mich. Heikes, W. F Huntsville, Ala. *Henry, D. H Geneva, N. Y. Henrv, J. P Rumsey, Cal. *Hershiser, O. L Buffalo, N. Y. *Hicks, D. C N. Clarendon, Vt. . Hiester, Gabriel Harrisburg, Pa. *Hill, Arthur H Isle La Motte, Vt. Hobbs, CM Bridgeport, Ind. Hood, W. T Richmond, Va. *Hooker, CM Rochester, N. Y. *Horvach, 31. H Glenville, O. '•"Hoyt, Edwin New Canaan, Conn. *Hubbard Co., T. S Fredouia, N. Y. *Huested, P. L '. Blauvelt, N. Y. Hume, H. Harold Lake City, Fla. Huntley, F. A • Moscow, Idaho. Ilgenf ritz, Chas. A Monroe, Mich. Irish, H. C, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. *Irwin, W^m. N. . . .Depart, of Agriculture, Washington, D. C Ivins, G. A Iowa Falls, la. Jack, Norman E Chateauguay Basin, P. Q. Jewett, Z. K Sparta, Wis. Johnson, J. B Manassas, Va. * Johnson, W. B. K Allentown, Pa. *Johnson, W. G., 52 Lafavette Place, New York, N. Y. LIST OF MEMBERS. xix Jones, Hiram T Elizabeth, N. J. Joosten, C. H 85 Dey St., New York, N. Y. * Jordan, A. T New Brunswick, N. J. * Josselyn, Geo. S Fredonia, N. Y. Katzenstein, Geo. B Sacramento, Cal. *KelIogg, Geo. J Lake Mills, Wis. *Kellogg, R. M Three Rivers, Mich. Killen, J. W Felton, Del. Kimball, F. A National Citv, Cal. Kinney, L. F Kingston, R. I. Kinney, T. L South Hero, Vt. Knowlton, D. H Farmington, Me. Koiner, G. W Richmond, Ya. Lake, D. S Shenandoah. la. Lang, George Indian Head. N. W. Territories. *Lazenby, Wm. R Columbus, Ohio. Lewers, Ross • Franktown, Nev. Lindsey, W. T Tryon, N. C. *Loope, T. E Eureka, Wis. *Lutts, Henry Youngstown, N. Y. Macaulay, T. B Montreal, P. Q. *McCarty, C. T Ankona, Fla. *McFarland, J. Horace Harrisburg, Pa. McPherson, A Boise, Idaho. McPike, H. G Alton, 111. *Mann, Willis T Barker, N. Y. Manning, Jacob W Reading, Mass. Marshall, Geo. A Arlington, Neb. .Mathews, C. W Lexington, K v. *Maxwell, Wm. S Still Pond, Md. Mavnard, S. T Amherst, 3Iass. *M'iles, H. C. C Milford, Conn. Miller, G. H Rome, Ga. Miller, H. W Paw Paw, W. Va. Miller, Wilhelm Ithaca, N. Y. Milliken, Robert Nampa, Idaho. Molumphy, J. T Berlin, Conn. *Moore, Jacob Attica, N. Y. Moore, R. A Kensington, Conn. Morgan, W. H Westmont, N. J. *Morrill, Roland Benton Harbor, ^lich. Morris, O. M Stillwater, Oklahoma. Munson, T. V Denison, Tex. *Munson, W. M Orono, Me. *Murray, N. F Oregon, Mo. Murrell, Geo. E Fontella, Va. New York State Library Albany, N. Y. Onderdonk, G Nursery, Tex. *Orr, W. M Fruitland, Ont. Packard, A. S Covert, Mich. Paddock, Wendell Fort Collins, Colo. (For Colorado Agricultural College.) XX AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Painter, E. O Jacksonyilie, f'la. Palmer, R. M., Department of Agriculture, Victoria, B. C. *Patten, C. G Charles City, la. Peek, J. Yates 398 Nostrand Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. ^ Pfaender, Wm., Jr New Ulm, Minn. *Phillips, J. L Blacksburg, Va. Phoenix, F. S Bloomington,Ill. *Pierce, L. B Tallmadge, O. *Platt, Norman S., 395 Whalley Ave New Haven, Conn, *Pound, Asa Sparta, Ont. *Powell, E. P Clinton, N. Y. *Powell, G. Harold, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. *Powell, Geo. T Briarclitf Manor, N. ' *Price, Homer C Ames, la. *Price. H. L Blacksburg, Va. Price, R. H College Station, Tex. Prince, L. Bradford Santa Fe, N. M. *Putnam, J. H Litchfield, Conn. *Ragan, W. H., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. *Rainev, G. S Salem, 111. Rane, F. W^m Durham, N. H. Raymond, Jno. E Philo, 111. Reasoner, E.N Oneco, Fla. Repp, Juo Glassboro, N. J. Ricketts, James H., 038 G. St., S. E., Washington, D..C. Riggs, Jno. W Waterloo, Kans. *Ring, C. A Appleton, N. Y, *Roesch, Lewis Fredonia, N. Y. "Rogers, Isaac C Dausville, N. Y. *Rogers, Jesse B 1195 Broad St., Newark, N. J. Rolfs, P. H Miami, Fla. *Root, A.I Medina, Ohio. *Ross, Chas. H., 220 Washington Bldg., Tacoma, Wash. *Rouse, Irving Rochester, N. Y. *Rowe, Geo. Edwin Grand Rapids, Mich. Sabsovich, H. L Woodbine, N. J. *Sage, (\ D . . N. Brookfleld, 3Iass. Sanborn, Miss Gulielma P Augusta, Me. Sanders, L. T Plain Dealing, La. Scott, C. S Sinks Grove, W. Va. Sears, F. C Wolfville, N. S. Secor, Eugene Forest City, la. Sedgwick, T. F Honolulu, Hawaii. Selbv, A. D Wooster, Ohio. *Smith, A. M St. Catherines, Ont. *Smith, E. L. . . Hood River, Ore. *Smith. Leroy. A Higganum, Conn. Smith, Theodore J Geneva, N. Y. Snvder, Walter 226 Light St., Baltimore, Md. Stewart, Guy L B. and O. R.R., Baltimore, Md. Storrs and Harrison Co Painesville, O. Sturgus, M. B., Treasury Department Washington, D. C. LIST OF MEMBERS. xxi *Taber, Walter F Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Taft, C. P Orange, Cal. *Taft, L. R Agr. College, Mich. Taylor, Edwin Edwardsville, Kans. Thomson, F. H Isle of Hope, Ga. *Troop, James Lafayette, Ind. Trover, A. M Calhoun, Ala. Tucker, E. W Williamsfield, 111. *Udell, Foster Brockport, N. Y. Underhill, S. W Croton on H'ds'n, N. Y. *Van Der Veer, D. Augustus Freehold, N. J. Vernon, Jno. J Mesilla Park, N. M. Vincenheller, Wm. G Fayetteville, Ark. *Waite, M. B., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Walker, Ernest Fayetteville, Ark. Warner, H. C Forestburg, S. U. * Wason, Geo. A Nashua, N. H. * Waugh, F. A Burlington, Vt. Webb, Wesley Dover, Del. Webber, H. J., Department of Agriculture. Washington, D. C. * Webster, F. M Wooster, Ohio. Welch, E. S Shenandoah, la. * Wenger, CD Dayton, Va. *Whately, Walter Crozet, Va. Whitehead, Mortimer Middlebush, N. J. Whitten, C. E Bridgman, Mich. Wickson, E. J . . . Berkeley, Cal. Willis, A Ottawa, Kan. *Wilson, Silas Atlantic, la. *Wilson, William London, Out. Winsor, Edward W Farmingdale, N. J. Wood, Allen L Rochester, N. Y. * Woods, Samuel B Charlottesville, Va. *Woolverton, L Grimsby, Ont. Veomans, L. T Walworth, N. Y. Young, B. M Morgan City, La. *Zimmerman, C. D.,. .. .131 Norwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. BIENNIAL MEMBERS FOK 1903-04: New York State Library Albany, N. Y. Paddock, Wendell Fort Collins, Colo. (For Colorado Agricultural College.) Taft, C. P Orange, Cal. Zo tbe /roemor^ of Milliam /IhclRinle^, ITwent^s^'jrourtb president of tbc '\anite^ States. TRUbosc miDeserveC* suffering a?iD untimelv Dcatb saDOeneD tbc bearts of our members during tbc Da\}s of our t\vcnt^=scvcntb JBicnnial Session at Buffalo, 1R. i)., tbis page is sorrowfully J)cC>icatC(?. 1In /IDemoriam. This page is dedicated by the Society to the memory of members who have entered into the fruits of their labors since the Session of 1899 at Philadelphia. DECEASED LIFE MEMBERS: B. K. Bliss Boston, Mass. Charles E. Brown Yarmouth, N. S. A. P. Cummino-s Xew York, N. Y. Jonathan French Boston, Mass. John G. Glen Rochester, N. Y. John S. Harris La Crescent, Minn. J. Erastus Lester Providence, R. I. T. T. Lyon South Haven, Mich. William Saunders Washington, D. C. David A. Scott Xewburgh, N. Y. DECEASED BIENNIAL MEMBERS : Wm. H. Cassell Vicksburg, Miss. John A. Myers New York, N. Y. In addition to the above names, which were reported by the Committee on Memorials at the Buffalo meeting, the Secretary regretfully reports the following deaths of Life Members which have occurred since that date: Thomas Meehan, Germantown Philadelphia, Pa. Mrs. Dr. F. M. Hexamer Stamford, Conn. H. H. Hunnewell Wellesley, Mass. Robert Manning Salem, Mass. Wm. L. Webber Saginaw, Mich. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. BY THE SECRETARY. T. T. LYON. (Plate I.J The name of T. T. Lyon, who died at his home at South Haven, Mich., Feb. 6, 1900, has been closely associated with the development of Pomology in the "West for a full half century. Born at Lima, New York, Jan. 23, 1813, he removed with his father's family to Plymouth, Michigan, in 1828. As early as 1844 he started a small private nursery, into which he collected the fruit varieties of the surrounding country. This eventually grew into an experimental orchard in which he tested and determined the identity of a large number of varieties of apples and other fruits then grown under numerous local synonyms in Michigan and neighboring states. Here he began contributing to the current Pomological literatiu-e, and through corre- spondence and exchange of specimens with Charles Downing, J. J. Thomas, Patrick Barry, Marshall P. Wilder, Dr. Warder and other active workers of that time, he became recognized as the leading Pomologist of his adopted state. In 1874 he removed from Plymouth to the then newly developed fruit belt of Western Michigan, in which he located a nursery and trial ground at South Haven. Here his work continued till his death, his later years being devoted almost exclusively to the superintendence of the fruit testing station which the Michigan Agricultural College established upon his grounds. In connection with this he began and carried well forward toward completion, a comprehensive varietal index of Pomological literature in America, in con- nection with the Division of Pomology of the United States Department of Agriculture, of which he was for several years a special agent. He was for 18 years President of the Mighigan State Horticultural Society, and the author of the "History of Michigan Horticulture," published by that Society in 1887. Mr. Lyon became a Biennial Member of the American Pomological Society in 1858, and a Life Member in 1864. He served continuously as Vice-Presi- dent for Michigan from 1873 to 1885 and again from 1891 to 1897 inclusive. He was First Vice-President of the Society from 1887 to 1889 inclusive, and was for many years active in the work of several committees, particularly those on "Nomenclature," "Native Fruits" and "Revision of the Catalogue." His most important work in this connection was undoubtedly performed in the Chairmanship of the last mentioned committee, which position he held Plate I. (Vi^«j» 'VviA, Onrt-JLu^ ^»^. Syr^ WILLIAM SAUNDEKS Vice-President— District of Columbia 1864-1900 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. XXV from 1889 to 1895 inclusive. lu this capacity lie conscientiously and accurately applied tlie "Rules of Nomenclature" as previously evolved and formulated by ■\;^^lder, Downing, Barry and others of the founders, with the result that the Catalogue of today, notwithstanding its imperfections, stands as the best example of simple, clear and accurate nomenclature in Pomological literature. He was a man of refined but simple tastes and lovable disposition; the unrelenting foe of that commercial spirit Avhich sometimes finds expression iu extravagant praise and exaggerated illustration of fruit varieties or in the application to them of grandiloquent and inappropriate names. His in- fluence for good upon the rising generation of workers in Pomology can hardlv be overestimated. WILLIAM SAUNDERS. f Plate II.) By the death of William Saunders, which occurred at his home in the City of Washington, September 11, 1900, agricultui-ists in general, as well as Pumologists, have cause for sorrow. Like his long time friend and former business associate, Thomas Meehan, Mr. Saunders was of British birth. He was born at St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1822. After a thorough general and technical training in general horticulture and landscape gardening, both in school and practice, in his native land, Mr. Saunders migrated to America in 1848. He located at first in New Haven, Connecticut, where he had charge of a private place. He was early a contributor to horticultural periodicals, his writings covering a wide range of topics in "Hovey's Magazine," "'The Horticulturist," the "Gardener's Monthly" and other periodicals. In 1854 Mr. Saunders removed to Philadelphia, and entered into partner- ship with Thomas Meehan in the nursery business, general horticulture and landscape gardening. While there he devised and introduced fixed roofs for greenhouses, a distinct improvement over the movable sash formerly employed. During this period his time was largely devoted to the laying out of parks and cemeteries throughout the eastern portion of the country, the field of his labors extending as far west as Chicago. Among the most noted of his achievements in this direction, wore Clifton, the country seat of the late Johns Hopkins at Baltimore; Rose Hill Cemetery, Chicago; Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, 111.; and the Gettysburg National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa. . In 1862, Mr. Saunders was invited by the then Commissioner of Agriculture, to become the Botanist and Superintendent of Experimental Gardens of the then newly designated Departn^eut of Agriculture. With a good deal of hesitation and at considerable pecuniary sacrifice he accepted this work, to which he devoted the remaining 38 years of an active life. For many years he was the sole authority on horticultural and kindred subjects in the grad- ually developing Department of Agriculture and exercised a most important infiuence upon the shaping of its early policy. He was one of the seven founders of the order of Patrons of Husbandry in 1867, its preamble and con- stitution having been written by him, and was Master of the National Grange of that order during the first sij^ years of its existence. Mr. Saunders' services to American Pomology were numerous and of great XXVi AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. economic importance. At an early clay he directed puOlic attention to the folly of the then common practice of planting northern winter varieties of the apple in the sonthern states, and published, with illustrations, in the Agricultural Report for 1869, descriptions of a large number of varieties adapted to southern conditions. About the same time, becoming impressed with the importance of securing hardier varieties for the extreme north, he arranged with Dr. Edward Regel of St. Petersburg, for a collection of the leading varieties of apples grown in Russia. These were received in 1870 and widely distributed throughout the country in subsequent years. The Trifoliate Orange, Citrus trifoUata, now widely grown as a hardy stock for citrous fruits in this country, was secured in 1869 through one of his early efforts to introduce some of the Japanese oranges, the trifoliate stocks upon which the latter were grafted having survived the effects of a freeze that destroyed the orange grafts upon them while in transit from San Fran- cisco to Washington. Mr. Saunders was also one of the first to introduce the kaki, or Japanese persimmon, which he distributed widely. Undoubtedly the most important introduction made hy him was the Bahia, syn. Washing- ton Navel, orange which now furnishes a large proportion of the commercial orange crop of California. This was secured in the form of a dozen trees budded to his order in Bahia, Brazil, and shipped to this country in 1870. Scions from these trees and young trees propagated from them were widely distributed through the known orange districts and quickly found a congenial home, particularly in California. Mr. Saunders was a frequent attendant at the meetings of the Society, having become a Biennial Member in 1860 and a Life Member in 1871. He was Vice-President for the District of Columbia from 1864 to the time of his death in 1900. Personally Mr. Saunders was of reserved and dignified manner, but most kindly disposition, and held the warm affection and regard of a multitude of friends in both private and public life. THOMAS MEEHAN. (Plate in.) Few horticultural writers of the past half century have exercised so potent an influence in arousing interest .in and love for plant life as our late First Vice-President Thomas Meehan, who departed this life at the age of 75, at his home in Germantown, Philadelphia, November 19, 1901. Possessed of a thorough old world training in the gardener's art he was never bound by the traditions of the past, but quickly adjusted himself to the changed conditions of new world environment. He saw things clearly and was able, through a singularly clear and simple diction to impart his discoveries to others. Born in England, though of Irish descent, he was trained as a gardener in private gardens and at Kew. He removed to the United States in 1848. where he entered the nursery of Robert Buist at Philadelphia. Soon after this he set up in business for himself, establishing the nursery which under the continuous management of himself and his sons for fifty years, has been one of our most active agencies in disseminating ornamental shrubs and trees. He was one of the first to discern the wisdom of using native .trees rather than exotics in ornamental planting in this country, both he and the Plate III. THOMAS MEEHAN First Vice-President 1899-1901 Plate IV. ROBERT MANNING Secretary, 1879-81 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. xxvii late William Saunders, who was for a time associated with, him in business, having emphasized this idea in their writings and addresses. He became connected with the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society soon after his arrival in America and continued to actively participate in its meet- ings, until failing health forbade. As a member of the common council of Philadelphia, he rendered important service to the public in connection with the foundation and improvement of the beautiful system of city parks. As editor of the old "Gardener's Monthly" and of "Meehan's Monthly" he was continually in touch with a large and intelligent constituency of natui-e lovers, who will feel his death as that of a valued personal friend. Mr. Meehan's definite connection with the American Pomological Society began in 1877, when he became a Life Member, though he had previously attended and participated in the meetings tield in Philadelphia in 1852, 1860 and 1869. He was chosen First Vice-President of the Society in 1899 and re-elected to that position at the Buffalo meeting in 1901. His last meeting with the Society was at Philadelphia in 1899, where those who were in attendance will recall with pleasure his interesting address on "Philadelphia's Contributions to the History of American Pomology." He was, in 1901, awarded the Veitch Memorial Medal in recognition of his dis- tinguished service to horticulture. ROBERT MANNING. (Fkite ir.) For fully three-fourths of a century the name Manning has been inti- mately connected with horticultural development in America. The elder Robert Manning, born in 1784, wliose sister was the mother of Nathaniel Hawthorne, was one of the first men in New England to assemble a large collection of fruit varieties into a testing garden after the old world style. This he began in 1823 at Salem, Mass. His collection contained at the time of his death nearly 2.000 varieties and through it were introduced to America a large number of the^ European varieties of pears and other fruits. The conclusions reached were embodied in the "Book of Fruits" published in 1838 and were of great value in shaping the course of the Pomological develop- ment of New England and the remainder of the East. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1829, and presented the Society with the volumes which formed the nucleus of its present fine library. Born at Salem, Mass., July 6, 1827, amid such surroundings, it would have been strange indeed had Robert Manning, the son, not imbibed a love of iiorticulture in his youth. At the age of 15, the death of his father left the management of the nursery and "Pomological garden,"' which then contained the largest collection of varieties in America, upon him. He was in this way brought into contact with the leading Pomologists of the day. At the age of 21, in 1848, Marshall P. Wilder induced him to attend the American Con- gress of Fruit Growers held in New York City in October of that year. So far as known he was the youngest member of that body, but in consequence of his superior attainments and facilities for the work in hand he was made a member of the special Committee to prepare a "List of Fruits for General Cultivation." This was the predecessor of the Catalogue of today. xxviii AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. He served at various tiroes on most of the important committees of the American Pomological Society, having become a Life Member in 1869. He served as Secretary from 1879 to 1881. Those who were present at the Philadelphia meeting in 1899 recall with pleasure the interesting personal reminiscences of the early days of the Society which he narrated at that Fiftieth Anniversary of its organization. Mr. Manning was Secretary and Librarian of the Massachusetts Horti- cultural Society from 1876 until his death, and during that period edited its publications. The History of the Society edited by him and published in 1880 gave the first comprehensive view of horticultural development in America, and remains the standard reference work upon that subject. As administrative officer of that Society he became one of the most widely known of American horticulturists both at home and abroad. He was highly esteemed by all for his courteous and gentle manner, high personal character and high intellectual attainments. His death which occurred Feb. 17. 1902, after a few weeks of gradual decline, was due to heart disease. PREFATORY NOTE. The Twenty-Seventh Session of the American Pomological Society was held in Buffalo, New York, September 12 and 13, 1902. upon the invitation of the Director General of the Pan-American Exposition, the New Yoi-k State Agricultural Society and various horticultural organizations of the State of New York and the neighboring Province of Ontario. Provisional announce- ment of the probable place and approximate date of the meeting had been made by the Executive Committee late in 1900, so that the horticultural societies of the several states Avere able to select delegates at their regular winter meetings. A provisional program of subjects and speakers issued early in the summer was given wide circulation through the medium of the horti- cultural press, and met with a hearty response from all sections easily accessible to the meeting place. To avoid the crowding and confusion in the city, incident to the occurrence of a great exposition, arrangements were made for the erection of a con- vention tent for the meetings, adjacent to the hotel near the Exposition grounds, which was selected as headquarters. While in ordinary weather this would have been fairly convenient and comfortable, the occurrence of a heavy rain and wind storm, which preceded the opening of the meeting, wrecked the tent and forced the holding of the sessions in the hotel dining- rooms, which were uncomfortably crowded at all of the meetings. Notwith- standing the resultant discomforts the members and delegates were faithful in attendance and the interest in the proceedings was well maintained to the close. The fruit exhibit was well housed and cared for in the Horticulture Build- ing of the Exposition, where the Exposition officials afforded exhibitors every possible convenience to display their productions. The Twenty-Seventh Session witnessed a larger attendance from British North America than has occurred in recent years. In recognition of this in- creased evidence of the international character of the Society, the badges for the meeting bore both the American and British flags, and Canadian repre- sentatives participated in all the important discussions of the meeting. A preliminary informal conference was held by the Executive Committee on the evening of the 11th, to which all interested in the work of the Society were invited. At this, many important matters bearing upon the future of the Society were discussed, some of which were later acted upon in formal session. Throughout the session the impending death of President McKinley saddened the hearts of delegates and members regardless of their national allegiance. The essential features of the Session are included in the following steno- XXX AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. graphic record of the proceedings. Several papers prepared by persons who were unable to attend are also included in the published proceedings. Very respectfully, WM. A. TAYLOR, Secretary. [Note. — The Society does not in any way hold itself responsible for, nor endorse opinions or theories expressed in the various papers or discussions found in this volume.] PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT ITS TWENTY-SEVENTH BIENNIAL SESSION, HELD IN BXJIT'ir'^LO, IST. Y., SEPT. 13-13, 1901. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION. Buffalo, N. y., Thursday, Sept. 12, 1901. The Twentj'-Seventh Bieunial Session of the American Pomological Society was called to order by President Watrous at the Epworth Hotel shortly after 10 A. M. About 100 members were in attendance at the open- ing session notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather. This number was largely increased at later sessions, taxing the capacity of the rooms pro- vided. Members were in attendance from thirty-two States and Provinces, and delegates from twenty-eight State and Provincial horticultural organiza- tions. In calling the meeting to order President Watrous said: President Watrous: Gentlemen, let us be in order. According to our time- honored custom, we will open our deliberations by asking the blessing of God upon our work. I introduce to you the Reverend Dr. Byron Stauffer of Grace M. E. Ohurch of this citj'. INVOCATION. REV. BYRON STAUFFER, BUFFALO, N. Y. Rev. Stauffer: Let us engage in prayer. Our Heavenly Father, Thou art our Father, the great Creator of the Universe, and we humbly acknowledge Thy fatherly goodness to us and these friends who attest Thy Providence since last they met together and who now see each other's faces once more and their praises will at least mentally ascend unto the Great God. Thou art our Father. We are glad that Thou hast given us light and that Thou hast taught us the wonders of Thy great kingdom and that every day we have heard the voices in their whispers unto us about our Father's kingdom. We praise Thee. Our lives are in Thy hands and Thou hast wonderfully pre- served us and hast given us Thy blessing, and, as the dew from the heavens 2 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. upou the earth, so have Thy blessings fallen from Thy great hand. We beseech Thee now this morning that Thy blessing may rest upon each one assembled here and upon the deliberations of this body, and whatsoever is done, may great harmouy and peace prevail upou this convention. Bless, we beseech Thee, the friends of every one who is a delegate here, and especially we would pray Thee, that if it be Thy will, no news of evil tidings may come to these friends from their homes while they are here in this great city; may no harm or accident come to their loved ones, but may they be spared to be reunited in their several states and their several communities when the time far going home shall come, and may they find that all has been well, and that Th}^ hand and Thy blessiug have rested upon their loved ones and their homes and their effects while they have been absent. Espe- cially do we beseech Thee this morning that Thy blessing would continue to rest upon the President of this country, who lies ill in this city. The prayers of all these. Thy people, have ascended unto Thee for days that the great captain of this people might be spared, even as Hezekiah, the captain of the people of Israel, was spared by Thy voice and Thy hand. We pray Thee once more; we pray it from the heai-t as a free people; our prayers do ascend once more to Thee that Thou wouldst heal his wounds and save his life imto the American people. Oh, Lord, bless our native land. We love its hills and its valleys and its broad plains and we beseech Thee that from year to year there may be a growth in patriotism, a growth in loyalty to American principles, a growth in love for government and for order, and we pray Thee that this people so peculiarly blessed of Thee may continue to be a nation whose God is the Lord. Now we pray Thee that Thou wouldst be with us in heart. Of whatever creed, of whatever religious faith, we be- seech Thee that Thy blessing, Thy presence and the presence of Thy spirit may be in all our hearts and we shall seek Thy praises here on earth and honor Thee and praise Thee before our Father's throne in eternity. Amen. The President: We are always glad to have Mr. Barry with us and we are especially glad to see him this morning. He has promised to say a few words of welcome in behalf of the great State of Xew York. Y'ou all know Mr. Barry. ADDRESS OF WELCOME, WM. C. BARRY, ROCHESTER, N. T. Mr. Barry: Mr. President of the American Pomological Society and Fellow Members. I had some difficulty in reaching this place and perhaps I am not in the best possible condition to talk to you. However, when I make a promise, I try to keep it to the best of my ability. I have been requested to welcome you, and, of course, I do so with the greatest of pleasure. It is a long time since this Society met in this region. I have not had time to look over the records and see .iust how long it Is, but it was a good many years ago that joii met in Buffalo or Rochester, and I must say to you that in consequence of that length of time, your presence is doubly appreciated. We welcome you to a region which has become famous for fruit growing. Long, long ago the start was made in Western New Y'ork to raise fruits, and you know better than I do perhaps Avhat the results have been. Emi- nentlv satisfactorv is the verdict which is universally rendered. We started TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 3 out right. We had the end in view and we reached the point successfully, as everybody niust admit the world over. It is a very great pleasure to have you come to this center again and see the present condition of things. Whether we are sustaining the record Avhich we have made in the past and whether there is a prospect of our continuing to sustain that record, is an important question. To continue to sustain the record of the past is good enough. Whether we are going to continue it is the question. I think I may safely predict that that glorious record of the past shall be continued in the future, because I know of my own knowledge how many earnest men there are in this region, devoted to the culture of fruits. They have taken up the work as men who intend to succeed. They are engaged in it with all their might, striving to see how they may get the best results out of the soil. That is what we are trying to do here, and we have with us, to aid us in this great undertaking, men of science, who are studying this question from the scientific point of view, who are going to aid us. and working to- gether, as I said, the prospect for the future is most gratifying. We have worked long enough as mere practical men; we have discovered that there is so much to know, so much to learn, that we of ourselves are incompetent, and we realize that the assistance which is proffered to us is just what we need at this critical time. And how fortunate it is that in this crisis we have the assistance rendered; how fortunate it is that it has been prepared for us ahead. Supposing it had not been. I want to say to you, ladies and gentlemen, that the condition of things is most satisfactory at the present time, in this locality as far as fruit growing is concerned, and I have stated to you the reasons why. Now, I think it is due in a venerable society of this kind, that has come down through so many years, to tell something about those who preceded us, who made out the plan for this organization, who evolved it in its various lines and who have handed it down to us in the condition that it is today. I do Bot think that this society should ever assemble in any place, Mr. President, without referring to the founders, to the men who kept this society alive when it was young, when it was in its infancy, when it needed the greatest care. We had then Wilder and Down- ing and Manning and Thomas and Elliott— I knew all those men— and a great many others, and I see around me right here some of the pioneers: Dr. Hexamer, ^Mr. Strong and a good many like them. Why, I remember a time When I was a young man— or a boy— you might say, that we looked for- ward to the meeting of the American Pomological Society as one of the great events that occurred every two years. President Wilder, just as soon as one meeting was over, used to commence getting ready for the next meeting. He was a gentleman of leisure and devoted himself to it, and then he started with a carload of people to attend the meeting and they were all enthusi- asts; every man in the party was an enthusiast, and they came along with enthusiasm, every member of that society, wherever he came from. This society has a glorious i*ecord and it has left something behind it that will stand for all time to come, the Catalogue of the American Pomological Society, a monumental work, accomplished through the combined efforts of men who were enthusiasts in fruit culture from all over the United States. The way it was accomplished was through that enthusiasm, through tnat spirit of a desire to promote the interests of Pomology in this country. That is the way that that catalogue was accomplished aud there it stands, a glori- ous monument that is going for all time to be preserved. And I want to say that these founders who engaged in this work foresaw what the future 4 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. needed. I think that is a great tiling. They foresaw what this country was going to be and what it needed and they engaged in that work and they made it just what "we wanted. Of course, now, to some extent, that work is over and done and it does not need to be referred to any more excepting to revive it, but it was a grand Avork, of which the Society may always be proud and it is going to perpetuate the memory of its authors. Now we have a great work to do. We owe a debt of gratitude to those gentlemen for that work, but there is far more work for us in the future. Of course, it is perhaps in a sense, more difficult work to perform because we have got upon a higher grade and scientific men have got to come now to our assist- ance and give us information. But it seems to me that in this society one of the great points still to be considered is the question of fruits,— the relative value of the different varieties of fruits. I do not think that that question should ever be overlooked in a society of this kind. When our members assemble, from all parts of the country, men who know the fruits, as they do in their respective localities, Avhen they get together, there should be an effort made to get into some tangible form the results of their experience and the conclusions. Then we have got something valuable after our session is over. None of us want to go away from this meeting and be able to say, "Well, the meeting Avas not a success; we have not accomplished anything." We come here as business men. Time is valuable. We are going to be here two days. What will be the results of this meeting? The meeting is going to be a success or failure according as the members of the organization go to work and do the work. Do not depend upon the chairman or anybody else. Every man is a part of the organization and must do his share to make the meeting a success. Now, I think that this question of the value of fruits is of prime importance, there are so many new ones which we do not know the value of. They might be valuable in one locality and utterly valueless in others. How are we going to get at the facts except through the meetings and reports of the American Pomological Society, thus getting information from the various localities. Now, I think I have overstepped my limit, Mr. President, entirely. I am taking too much of your time. I got into this subject further than I intended. I perhaps am taking up the subject of some other gentleman. However, I think I haA'e brought to your consideration two or three things that seem to me to be worthy of consideration and I simply submit them, but while I am on my feet— perhaps I won't have another chance— and when I have such an audience as I have here today. I want to congratulate every one of you in being able to attend this meeting. Sometimes we are unfortunate and we cannot attend these meetings for some cause or another; sickness or other things prevent us. Now I think that we are every one of us very fortunate in being able to attend this meeting. Let us do the best we can to get a good result out of it; and I want to say to you that when you are here in this locality, in this region, that there are a great many things that you ought to see. Of course, I knoAv the Exposition is going to take the larger part of your time and perhaps the whole of your time, but you know that there are not very far away from- Buffalo a great many things to Interest a fruit grower, and I suppose you are going to take them in as you go. Now I want to say to you in behalf of my position here, or as part of my work in welcoming you, that I, on behalf of all these owners of properties in this locality, extend to you a most hearty welcome and want you to come and see what we are doing and we will receive you as well as we can and do TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 5 all we can for you to make your visit pleasant ami profitable. With this, Mr. President, ladles and gentlemen. I thank you for the attention j'ou have given me. (Applause.) President Watrous: We are always glad to hear anything that Mr. Barry has to say. He never speaks without saying something and he does not need to make any apologies for speaking for a minute or two longer than he thought he would when he began. Now, we have with us this morning one of the oldest members of this society, a man who has worked with it almost from the beginning, was at one time its secretarj' and is now Pomologist in the Government service at Washington. I will call on Col. G. B. Brackett. whom you all know, to respond on behalf of the society. RESPONSE. COL. G. B. BRACKETT. WASHINGTON, D. C. Col. Brackett: Mr. President and Members of the American Pomological Societj^; I do not know as it is necessary to preface my remarks by saying that I have known the President of this society for many years and have alwaj's considered him a man of very sound judgment. But on this occa- sion he has made a great mistake, after listening to the eloquent words of the gentleman who preceded me, in calling upon me to respond to this address of welcome. It is peculiarly appropriate for us to meet in this city at this time. It was here that we met first and the society had its inception. In 1S4S a body of men met here in Buffalo for the purpose of organizing a society for the promotion of Pomology. It was in the month of September. In October of the same year a similar body of men met in New York City for the same purpose. The following year the two organizations were consoli- dated into one and took the name of the American Pomological Society, but without going into the history of the society, which I presume will be given to you later on more definitely, I will say, that as Mr. Barry has spoken of many of the pioneers of this work, it is not necessary for me to enumerate or name all of those men. But I do wish to say a word with regard to one of the pioneer members of this society, whose name is known all over this land and who was one of the greatest workers that we ever had in the organization. That man was Patrick Barry (applause), the father of the gentleman to whom you have just listened, and I feel proud that his heritage has fallen upon a man who is so worthj' to bear his mantle. It was my pleasure to have met him as far back as 1855 at a meeting of the '•North- western Fruit Growers Association," which assembled at Burlington. Iowa. He gave the annual address before that organization, of about 125 members, at one of the largest audiences in one of the largest churches in the city. I remember very well the remarks that he made with regard to that section of the country which was then new. Our fruits there were then jiist in their prime. The virgin soil and the freedom from insects gave us the most per- fect fruit. He said, "I have travelled very extensively over this country and in foreign countries, but nowhere have I seen such fruits as I see on exhibition here." He also made this prediction, that the success of Pomology would reach its climax in the western country. • As to the truth of this 6 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. prophecy, I would simplj- call j'our attention uoav to the fact that If you will look over the western country, you will find the largest apple orchards that there are anywhere in the world. Take Illinois, Southwestern Iowa, down through Missouri, in Kansas and Arkansas and other of those western states, orchards of a thousand and fifteen hundred acres. Has not his pre- diction come true? Now, without detaining you, I would say to Mr. Barry, that the American Pomological Society is indeed very much gratified I am sure, over the wel- come which you have given us and we tender you our sincere and heartfelt thanks for the cordial courtesy which you have given us. We trust and hope that you may not be disappointed in the results of this meeting. We trust that it will be a profitable and interesting meeting to all of the members of this organization. It was moved by Prof. L. C. Corbett, and duly seconded, that the thanks of this association be returned to the management of the New York State Building at the Pan-American Exposition for their offer of the use of that building for tlie meetings, whether the society should be able to accept it or not. Motion carried. Dr. F. M. Hexamer: I desire to complete somewhat the remarks that Mr. Barry made about the fruit Catalogue. He spoke of knowing the value of the Catalogue of the American Pomological Society and of the members who have worked so hard and faithfully and intelligently upon that report. But he did not mention that it was his father who did more on that Catalogue than any other man in the society, perhaps as much as all together. It was his inception; it Avas his actual work that has given it the value. It took him years and years to do that work. I well recollect the hundreds of letters written by ^Ir. Barry to the fruit growers all through the country, in getting their opinions. I have one of the letters now. The idea of having a separate list of varieties for each state was his. Such lists had been published be- fore separately, but at one glance one should know the value of the fruit of each kind in each state and section. It is modified now, because at that time there were not so many states. But it does not compare in exactness with the old Catalogue that Mr. Barry completed and no one can speak in too high terms about it. The fruit growers' organizations of Europe have commented upon that, and many of them have taken it as an example, and what Mr. Bari-y has done for the American Pomological Society cannot be overestimated. His work will live after him for centuries to come. It is really his living monument and Avill live forever. I think that this society should always remember Mr. Barry as the originator of that Catalogue. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. PRESIDENT CHARLES L. WATROUS, DES MOINES, lA. Formal addresses are apt to be a weariness to the soiil. and long ones, an abomination. But for one fact I should be glad to omit the formality and at once take up our program. As you already know, the first meeting of this society was held in the Town Hall in this city in 1848. It is to a consideration of that meeting, what happened then and some things that have happened since that I ask you to TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 7 go with me a few miiuites. I thiuk the retrospect should stimulate and encourage us all. At this meeting were the two Downings, David and John J. Thomas, Patrick Barry, Geo. EUwanger, Bryant & Sons, all from New York; Elliott, from Ohio; Andrews and Dougal, from Canada; Hubbard, from Michigan; Kennicott, from Illinois; and many others almost as well known. Buffalo at that time was said to contain about forty thousand inhabitants, and some fifty or sixty men attended the convention. That they were enthusiastic clearly appears from accounts of the convention, the object of which, as stated in the report, was to ascertain as far as practicable, the varieties of fruit really worthy of cultivation in the different sections of thie country, that the useless expense so. often incurred in the cultivation of worthless fruits might be saved. A great work in correcting names of fruits was then begun, which labor has never since been neglected. They adopted some rules which are interesting. "During the hours of the daj- the examination of the fruits shall engage the attention of the convention. The most perishable shall be brought forward first, by a com- mittee appointed for that purpose. One specific variety only shall be examined at a time by calling on all members present for comparison and decision, and so on until they all are examined. During the evenings and at intervals special discussions on various subjects of Pomological interest may engage the attention of the convention." What a complete change have the years wrought! But those men were altogether right in devoting their strength to the tasks nearest their hands and most necessary. The reporter gravely proceeds to moralize upon what had taken place, and to read the members a little friendly lecture which seems very funny in the light of these days. He begins by stating seriously that: "In all deliberative bodies it is absolutely essential to preserve order." Yet he is willing to make allowances for fallible humanity, and says: "But specimens must be selected while the discussions are going on, and if members are to speak understandingly of these they must cut and try them. If fifty mem- bers are present it evidently becomes a matter of extreme difficulty to pre- vent noise and confusion, more especially if they give way to the strong temptation to converse with each other instead of always addressing the chair. We know of but one way to prevent effectually this evil, where the convention may consist of more than ten or twelve persons, although an energetic chairman, by constant effort, may do much to lessen it. This is to devote one room to the exhibition of the fruits, and another to the use of the delegates. The fruit room, during the hours of session, only to be entered by a committee of selection, who are to be well acquainted with what is on hand, and single varieties selected from all the different collec- tions when they are to be found, presented at a time to the convention. The specimens, if practical, should be sufficiently numerous to enable each mem- ber to taste, and should be placed on accessible tables for that purpose. No provision of this kind was made at Buffalo, and the consequence was that those who had loud and clear voices made themselves heard by the reporter, even at those more noisy periods when a dozen were engaged in examina- tions and private conversation at once." They were a committee of the whole in the first degree, full of enthusiasm, which we may smile at if we choose, but the work they did Is not to be smiled at. They were forming the alphabet of the language of American Pomology. Thenceforth, whenever men anywhere in the vast empire from 8 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Nova Scotia to San Francisco, and from Florida to the Arctic Circle, spoke the name of any one of thousands of fruits, they were in less danger of being misunderstood, and so, in a very few years, the nomenclature of American Pomology came to be most admirable, and above and beyond that of any other nation. To realize something of their task, we have only to look at the long and confusing lists of synonyms attached to old fruits or fruits from foreign countries. All honor to those enthusiasts who were too much in earnest to be in strict order. A glance at our badges, one of whicli was sent me in advance by our secre- tary, has suggested another of the changes wrought during the past fifty years. Not long after that Buffalo meeting, our land was drenched in the blood of the mightiest military struggle known to history. The soldiers in blue believed that the war was prolonged by several years, and that thou- .sands of their comrades slept in soldiers' graves by reason of the unfriendly acts of men under the flag forming one part of our badge. I remember well, that, for a score of years after our war, it was my hope (often expressed in words) to live long enough to go to war once more and' help try to whip the British. That, you say truly, was a sn]all thing and not worth the tell- ing, but when you reflect that there were probably half a million other veterans whose breasts were fllied with the same '"hatred and all uncharlt- ableness" towards that flag, the matter assumes a more serious aspect. If action had taken place, the first movement of army corps would of course have been across the border to the land of our friends with whom we have never had any quarrel; but war is always an unreasonable and cruel thing. The states forming the border land between our country and our cousins north of us, sent nearly one thousand regiments into the field, and for years after the close of our war the danger of another and a different struggle was never entirely out of sight. Now, thanks to the things which have lately happened, all this is changed, and the very men who then wanted a chance to fight would now be the first to protest against anything except the utmost friendship between the great branches of the English-speaking race. Our skies never seexiied clearer of political disturbances, or the pi'omise of peaceful opportunity for study and labor brighter than now. The Pom- ology of no other country has so many incentives to good work, nor so much scientific aid in doing it. Think of all the keen, young intellects at our experiment stations, both national and state. These men might be likened to bodies charged with one kind of electricity, while the practical fruit growers, working and watching, are in a different condition. From the in- fluence of one upon the otlier come the lightning flashes and the storms which clear the air. The paper which seemed to me most comforting at our last meeting was that one describing the successful efforts of our national Department of Agriculture to insure the permanence of the fig-growing industry of America through the introduction of a foreign insect. We have not yet realized the importance of that work. Soon, our markets may be supplied with liome- grown figs, carefully handled, and therefore more cleanly and wholesome than the Asiatic product. This year we are to discuss the fermentation of fruit juices by means of friendly cultures which shall overwhelm and suppress the imfriendly ones, and this seems also of vast importance, at present. There may come a time TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 9 in the far-off afternoou of our race when men shall Avilliugly drink only water and be content therewith, but now, and until men have lived through great changes, it becomes a worthy ambition to make more palatable the pure juices of our sound and wholesome fruits, and to drive out the foreign mixtures which could easier trace their ancestry to the shelves of the apothecary than to the orchard or the vineyard. It seems to me time to consider whether this society may not properly give its influence towards the passage of laws in the various states, declaring the harboring of certain noxious insects and plant diseases on one's land to be in fact maintaining a nuisance, to be abated by law. Doubtless the time will come when such things will be treated like other contagions, and strictly controlled by law. Vast strides in Pomology have been made since that first' meeting here. Witness the modern scientific tillage to conserve moisture; the almost perfect machines for controlling insects and fungus diseases by spraying; the can- ning of fruits and their preservation by cold storage; the growing of fruits in vast quantities and inider scientific conditions by aggregated capital; the transportation of fruits across continents by refrigerator trains, and across seas in refrigerator compartments; a realization of the vast importance of adequate provision for cross fertilization in fruits; the absolute necessity of breeding new fruits for new regions, and to meet changed conditions. These are only a few that will occur to you. There can be no reason to doubt that within a very few yea^.•s our fruits will hold the same high place in all civilized markets as that already occupied by our grains and our meats. Nearly a half century ago, that wise man, Charles Darwin, wrote that America held great possibilities of producing fine fruits, because its native fruits, especially its apples and plums, so far excelled the native fruits from which the cultivated fruits of Europe have sprung. Each year is proving the truth of his words. The foreign markets will yield us gold, and more gold, but all that is but dross compared to the blessings to be showered upon the physical and mental lives of our own people when we can make delicious fruits so abundant and so well distributed that every laborer can place them before his children three times a day and every day in the year. When that day is reached, we may feel that our labors have met with success. Asking you to pardon this delay, I now turn to the program. EEPORT OF THE TPiEASURER. Agricultural College, Mich., Sept. 5. 1901. L. R. Taft, Treasurer, in account with American Pomological Society. STATEMENT. 1S99. DR. Sept. 1. To balance on hand $636 93 1901. Sept. 5. To 224 biennial membership fees 448 43 Sept. 5. To 13 life membership fees 260 00 Sept. 5. To interest on $.5,000 bonds at four per cent, 2 years 400 00 Sept. 5. To cash from sale of one copy of Proceedings 1 00 $1,746 36 10 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1901. CR. Sept. 5. By expenses of Philadelphia meeting $114 00- Sept. 5. By salary of Secretary, additional for 1S9S-9* 100 00 Sept. 5. By salary of Secretary for 1900-1901 200 00 Sept. 5. By expenses of Secretary's office 195 67 Sept. 5. By expenses of Treasurer's office 28 77 Sept. 5. By cost of Wilder medals and cases 54 12 Sept. 5. By printing and distributing Proceedings 41.3 81 Total amount of payments .$1,106 37 Sept. 5. By balance on hand 639 99 $1,746 36 (Signed) L. E. TAFT, Treasurer. STATEMENT REGARDING INCOME OF WILDER MEDAL FUND. Receipts from Dec. 13, 1887. to May 1, 1901 $546 88 Payments for medals, 1887 to 1901 293 37 Income on hand (included in above balance) $253 51 SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURES OF AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1899 TO 1901. Expenses at Philadelphia $114 00 Use of stereopticon $10 00 Printing programs 8 00 Labor of janitors 24 00 Stenographer for meeting 60 00 Rent of plates and platters 12 00 $114 00 Salary of Secretary 300 00 Additional salary for 1898-9 $100 00 Salary for 1900-1901 200 00 $300 00 Expenses of Secretary's office 195 67 Paid for printing, postage, express, badges, 5 vouchers as follows: $57.03, $19.17, $37.25, $45.67 and $36.55; a total of $195.67. Expenses of Treasurer's office 28 77 Printing, postage, rent of safe deposit box, exchange, &c., 5 vouchers. Paid for Wilder medals, cases and lettering 54 12 Paid for printing 800 copies of Proceedings, and distribut- ing 413 81 Printing bill $364 74 Postage and express 49 07 $413 81 $1,106 37 * Voted at Philadelphia meeting. Proceedings for 1899, p. 118. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. H The report of the Treasurer Avas accepted and ordered referred to an audit- ing committee to be appointed by the President. See report inserted here for convenience. REPORT OP AUDITING COMMITTEE. Buffalo, N. Y.. Sept. 12, 1901. To the Officers and Members of the American Pomological Society: Gentlemen— Your auditing committee has examined the books and vouchers of the Treasurer, and find the same correct and that there is on deposit in the City National Bank of Lansing, Michigan. $639.99 to the credit of the Society. (Signed) F. M. WEBSTER, Ohio, W. M. MUNSON. Maine, SAML. B. WOODS. Virginia, Auditing Committee. APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEES. The President announced the regular committees for the session as follows: Credextials— R. M. Kellogg, Michigan; George T. Powell, New Yoxkr E. L. Smith, Oregon. Order of Business— L. R. Taft, Michigan: F. A. Waugh, Vermont; G. L. Taber, Florida. Award of Wilder Medals— F. M. Hexamor, New York; W. J. Green, Ohio; E. S. Goff, Wisconsin; N. F. Murray, Missouri; W. T. Macoun, Ontario; John Craig, New York. Resolutio>-s— G. B. Brackett. District of Columbia; H. M. Dunlap, Illinois; John Craig, New York. Memorials— W. H. Ragan, Indiana; B. D. Halsted, New Jersey; Wm. H. Barnes, Kansas; J. Van Lindley. North Carolina; Wra. B. .Mwood. Virginia. Auditing; — F. ^I. Webster, Ohio; W. M. Munson, Maine; Sam'l. B. Woods, Virginia. 12 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SYMPOSIUM ON ORCHAED RENOVATION. President Watrous: We expected to have an address on "Orchard Renova- tion" by Mr. J. H. Hale of Connecticut, bnt he is not present. He has had a very bad attaclc of peaches— a very violent attack, and has stayed at home to take care of it. We shall be glad to hear from Professor Macoun of Ottawa, Ontario. ORCHARD RENOVATION IN ONTARIO. PROF. W. T. MACOUN, CENTRAL, EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA, CANADA. Prof. Macoun: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen. It is a great pleas- ure to me to meet again the members of the American Pomological Society and fellow workers in horticulture. It is a still greater pleasure to me to know that I can tail this our society and not simply your society. I think if there were more international societies of this kind in America, that the kindly feeling which your President has said is springing up between the two nations of North America would be greatly increased. I think a greater effort should be made to have great international societies of this kind be- cause I think the feeling is growing in America and among all people that speak the English language that there must be a better union between the English speaking nations. One way in which this may be accomplished as quickly as any is by having international societies to discuss important sub- jects connected with the work that we are engaged in. Now, when I came to this meeting expecting to speak this morning, I thought that I would be one of three to take up the discussion, after it had been introduced by Mr. Hale of Connecticut, and the thoughts which I have prepared I have limited to a three,— foui-,— or possibly five— minutes discussion. Finding myself suddenly called upon to open this discussion, I assure you it has made me rather nervous. However, there are some things which I will speak of which may interest you and which will, perhaps, suit the conditions of that part 6f the United States which resembles the part of Canada from which I come. Now, although the fruit interests in Canada are not as great as they are in the United States, still they are great and are growing every year, and although in the best fruit districts of Ontario— the so-called best fruit districts of Ontario— that is, the Niagara and Grimsby districts and those districts along Lake Erie, the conditions are somewhat similar to those in New York State, there is a large part of the country in which fruit can be grown successfully, where the conditions are entirely different. I refer to the great area through Central and Northern Ontario, also to that part of the Province of Quebec extending from your northern boundary north to the southern bank of the St. Lawrence. In this immense area we can grow some of the best apples as well, I think, as any place on the North American continent. They run a better color there I think than anywhere else. We are less troubled with the codling moth. We are very seldom troubled with drouth and there are very many other respects in which fruit growing, I TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 13 think, may be more successfully carried on than it can be in those parts where drouth is so much to be feared. On the other hand we are limited to a very few varieties of fruits, and at the experimental farm at Ottawa, our chief work has been to bring before the people in these districts those varie- ties which it is the most important for them to grow, because, as you know, in those parts of Ontario and Quebec, fruit growing has developed rapidly only in recentyears and fruit growers have been planting the so-called hardy varieties which are lacking in merit as export fruits. The result has been that we have large areas devoted to early apples and to so-called Russian fruits and the result has been bad. But from our experience at Ottawa, where we have "been established now 14 years, we can tell the people of these districts the kinds to grow and the varieties which it will pay them to grow for export purposes and for the home market. Now, as I said before, our conditions are entirely different from those in New York state and in the south-western part of Ontario. During the fourteen years in which I have been connected with the experimental farm, I have never experienced a season in which our trees suffered severely from drouth. In these fourteen seasons there has never been a season when we have not had enough mois- ture for the trees. Now, you see this is a very great advantage. It is an advantage which makes us adopt different systems from those we recommend in the western part of our Province, and also which I recommend in the State of New York. The result is that the largest proportion of our fruit growers in these northern districts grow their orchards in sod and they have good success in growing their trees in sod. One reason I think why they have good success is that our winters are very severe and in cul- tivated ground we are very liable to have root killing. If the site of the orchard is properly chosen, results are verj* satisfactory in sod grounds, but there are cases where it has been found wise to adopt cultivation. Now, at the experimental farm we have adopted a system, which, I think, is unique, but which suits the conditions which we have there, very well indeed. Our soil is a sandy loam but we have too much moisture there. It has a cold subsoil and although it is drained we cannot very well get the land in good condition for drainage. Early in the spring we plow the clover which we have had for a cover crop. We reseed immediately with red clover at the rate of about twelve pounds to the acre. Now, this clover grows up during the summer. We cut down the weeds and these weeds lie on the ground there and decay and form quite a proportion of decayed vegetable matter. Then this clover that grows through the winter is a fine cover crop, the clover being about ten or twelve inches in height or perhaps more. Then the following spring as soon as the clover is about two feet or two and a half feet in height and before the flower-spikes show we begin to cut it and we are able to cut the clover four, five or six times during the season. We let these cuttings lie on the ground and allow the clover to grow during the latter part of the month of September and October for another cover crop for winter. By the following spring most of this clover has died and we plow it under and reseed. It is the common red clover. Now, the results of this system observed by all those who have seen the orchards and the conclusion I have reached myself is this. The clover roots, as you know, grow down into the soil three or four feet, perhaps more. They pump out the moisture from the cold subsoil and the result is that the ground becomes warmer. We pump out a tremendous amount of moisture in that way. There are some tests going on now and I believe we will find that there is 14 . AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. about half as much moisture in the ground where the clover is growing as there is where there is field cultivation. So that you see, for the pui'poses we desired, it is a good system. Now, another reason why I think this clover is proving so successful in this soil is that the air is better able to penetrate the soil than it would be under sod and in that way the soil is getting warmer. Then we plow under this clover in the spring and you would be surprised to find the immense amount of decayed vegetable matter which has fallen in there. The result has been that the trees are much more thrifty. We don't recommend this system generally, but I do believe in our part of the country, in Northern and Central Ontario and in the Province of Quebec, there are more orchards on poor sites than there are on good sites. Now, in the State of New York you don't have to go very far to get a good site for an orchard. We have to be very careful In choosing our sites. I think by adopting the system that I have described that these orchards can be improved very much. Then we are trying to impress upon fi'uit growers In those parts of the country the importance of pruning and spraying. The gen- eral discussion on the renovation of orchards I think has been threshed out pretty well In the periodicals and reports and I merely give you this system which we have adopted to perhaps throw a little further light on the question. I would like to bring before the society a discovery which we made two .years ago in treating the oyster shell bark louse, which Is one of the worst Insects in our part of the country. It is not as destructive as the San Jose scale, .but it is very bad in northern parts of Ontario and in Quebec and saps the life out of the trees, especially trees which have i"eceived little care and are weakened. After experimenting with lime for the last two years, we have come to the conclusion, and we have abundant proof at Ottawa, that by spraying the trees in the autumn, as soon as the leaves fall, with lime, in the proportion of two pounds of lime to one or two gallons of water,— fresh slackened lime,* strained and applied to the tree, covering the tree from top to bottom with this mixture, putting on two applications, the second being put on as soon as the first is dried, that you can practically rid the trees of these oyster shell bark lice, even though the branches are covered with them. The trees have a remarkably clean appearance when the lice have been washed off through the application of this lime mixture and the ele- ments in the following spring. I believe it destroys many of the spores which adhere to the tree. It destroys large numbers of the insect eggs and it takes off almost everything in the way of fungus growth that is on the tree. The oyster shell bark louse when it is mature on the tree looks like a diminutive oyster shell, very small, probably about a quarter of an inch in length. You can see it quite plainly with the naked eye. A Member: Can you tell how long the lime spray will retard the peach blossom from coming out; how many days? Prof. Macoun: Other gentlemen can tell you better than I can. We have no peaches where I come from. The trees will bloom out if the ground is frozen, providing there i^~ enough heat in the atmosphere, but it is well known that a white surface reflects the rays of the sun more than a dark surface, the result is that the buds are delayed in swelling; the temperature of the ti'ees is lower. A Member: What will be the effect of spraying year after year. Is it not natural for the bark of a tree to be exposed to the atmosphere? Won't cov- TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 15 ering it with au artificial covering, year after year, be injurious to its liealtli? Prof. Macoun: That is yet to be proved. I do not linow wtiat tlie results will be. Q. How long have you tried it? A. We can rid our trees of this louse in one season. We do not have to spray the next season. Q. Is your orchard hilly or level? A. Most of it is level. Part of it is hilly and part level. Q. I would like to ask, after having your orchard in clover for two years and then plowing the clover under, what is your next treatment? A. The same thing. Of course, when we think it is advisable, we use artificial fertilizers. Q. Is your orchard thoroughly under-drained? A. It is not thoroughly under-drained. Many of our orchards are not thoroughly under-drained arid the fruit growers won't go to that expense. 1 have tried experiments with different clovers, but the red clover and alfalfa are the best. We use alfalfa on the more exposed ground where the snow is liable to blow off. It holds the snow better. It is all left on the ground. In cutting the clover it is most important to cut it before it comes into bloom. If it is left to come into bloom or nearly into bloom, it is weakened, and you won't get more than two or three crops of clover. But by cutting it just before the fiower buds show, you will be able to have almost as many crops as you like. We have now the sixth crop coming on at Ottawa, which is ten or twelve inches high. Q. How long will that whitewash remain on the trees? A. All winter. ORCHARD RENOVATION IN MICHIGAN. PROF. I.. R. TAFT. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICH. Prof. Taft: Mr. President. Ladies and Gentlemen: On this question of the renovation of orchards, I think I am about broad enough to get on both sides of the fence. I know that in our Michigan orchards when it comes to advising on this point, whether it is best or not to renovate an orchard, I always want first to see the orchard. We have been famed in our state, as you know, for the production of apples, large in size, handsome in color and of the highest quality, but I am sorry to tell you that we have many orchards that have been neglected, that have not been fruitful, and while some of the orchards may be worthy of renovation, many others are not. Many of our orchards are now thirty, forty or fifty years old. The soil and trees have been neglected — uncultivated and unsprayed. Many of them are of inferior varieties. The trunks and branches are decaying, — dying pernaps and we are much ti'oubled by the apple canker. We have to consider the nature of the soil in our state in renovating the orchards. We have occasional orchards where the land is wet and worse than all, underlaid with quicksand, and where we have all these unfavorable conditions, I would consider it for some little time before advising the renovation of those trees. On the other hand, we have thousands of acres and thousands of orchards where the location is excellent, where the land is high and rolling and the trees are in their prime so far as age is concerned. They have suffered 16 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. from neglect, growing through the grass without manure or spraying. From our experience at the college and from visiting the diiferent counties of the state, I am positive that it is impracticable to try to renovate some of our orchards, and I am confident that in other parts of the country where they have similar conditions they would be well repaid by attemping this renova- tion. I would to a certain extent repeat the advice given by our Canadian brother, but I do want to say that if we were to erect a tripod on which to support our apple orchards successfully, I would name the three points men- tic ned by him for the three legs of the tripod. I would have spraying first, I woujd next place manuring and then cultivation. Now, I base this opinion and the arrangement of these three supports upon what I have seen during the last ten or more years in Michigan. A few years ago I visited an orchard where the owner had practiced spraying only. He had not manured the orchard, had not cultivated it and had not pruned it. This orchard was bearing a very fair crop of fruit, which was of ♦medium size and smooth. The trees were free from scab and other fungous diseases and attacks of the codling moth. The neighboring, orchards through that section, with similar soil and simi.'ar care and similar varieties — the care the same except spraying, bore practically all poor fruit, and the few scattering specimens that I could find were in nearly every case diseased, scabby and knotty. This man had for a number of years secured good crops by spraying only. A neighbor of his had gone one step further than this. His orchard had been sprayed for years and he had fertilized the orchard, iising stable manure, and I want to say that this orchard was about as handsome a sight as I had ever seen. The trees had made a splendid growth, the variety was large and the trees were well laden with fruit of a fine quality. This fruit was equally smooth and free from blemish as compared with the other orchard, but more than all, the fruit was greatly enlarged. The apples I think would measure twice as large. The total weight would be twice as much as where the trees had not been fertilized. Another orchard that I recently visited had equally as good care in the point of spraying and manuring and the owner had culti- vated the orchard during the early part of the season and had then sown a winter cover crop. In the case I have in mind he had used oats, which we find a very valuable crop for covering the soil in winter, holding the snow and at the same time furnishing a large amount of humus. Considering these four kinds of orchards, the neglected orchards, those that wei'e sprayed, those that were sprayed and manured and those orchards that were sprayed, manured and cultivated, you could see a gradual rise in the appearance of the orchard and in the value of the crop. From these experiences and many others in many of our counties in Michigan and that I have seen in other states, I am positive that where you have suitable conditions, where you have valuable varieties, and trees in good health, that you can renovate them and bring back to fruitfulness your apple orchards. I would prepare a fertilizer containing what I Avould think best adapted for the particular case, dependent a good deal on the character of the soil. Orchards affected by the apple canker may be treated by cutting off the affected branches. If the trunk is severely injured it is difficult to renovate the tree. A Member: How would you renovate an orchard that was affected with root aphis? Prof. Taft: That is something I have not had to contend with in a large tree, but for the root aphis I would use large amounts of wood ashes, worked TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 17 into the soil about the trees, and if I could secure it, 1 would use tobacco dust, and in our own case we use tobacco stems, which I can get for practically nothing. Prof. Corbett: Just one word in regard to what Prof. Taft has said. An orchard of about 150 trees in West Virginia had been quite severely affected by the woolly aphis. The tobacco dust was thoroughly applied, and out of those 150 trees that were affected in this manner not twenty have died and all of the others are in a very thrifty, healthy condition at the present time. All that has been done to that orchard was to keep it in a good state of cul- tivation after applying the tobacco dust and it last year produced about $1,200 worth of very fine, marketable fruit, where it was thought to be almost abso- lutely worthless four years ago. We dug up about six feet on each side of the trunk, uncovered all of the large roots from four to five feet, and some of the large ones — where the trees were badly affected,— as far as the roots could be traced easily, just as far as the aphis made it appearance, and covered them with tobacco. During the last few years all orchards that have been planted in that vicinity have had the tobacco dust planted with the young trees; put right into the hole with the trees. Tobacco dust is a good fertilizer as well as being a good insecticide. Prof. Alwood: Of course it is well known to the profession that when you start to renovate an orchard there are certain preliminary processes to be followed in the way of cleaning up the branches and trunks of the tree. These I have found to be of a good deal of importance. We are troubled a great deal by the apple canker and kindred diseases. I have found that in old trees,' forty or fifty years old, that by scraping the limbs and trunks with a hoe, as far up as you could readily scrape them and clear to the surface of the soil, before applying the spray or anything like that is a very useful process. Removing the source of the infection I have found to be one of the very best points in the renovation of an orchard. Removing the diseased specimens, in the case of bitter rot and black rot of the fruit is very beneficial indeed. In the case of diseased leaves, called by many different names, it is quite important to burn up the leaves. Spraying is all right, but we can do these other things on which our success largely depends, without any great outlay of money. It adds very materially to the effects of spraying. President Watrous then called upon Professor Craig for an address on UNIVERSITY EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE. PROF. JOHN CRAIG, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. T. Prof. Craig: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am afraid that you are inclined to view me at this late stage of the session in a rather appre- hensive light, and I feel that I should be included among the bores if I were to detain you from luncheon for any considerable length of time. Let me therefore assure you that I shall make my remarks very brief. I take it that the fact that I have been requested to say something on this matter of University Extension as applied to agricultural education indicates an en- larging spirit in the scope of the work of this society. I think, Mr. President, that it is a move which betokens better work. As a society and as indi- 3 18 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. viduals we are all Interested in the advancement of the men who till the soil, whether they grow apples or whether they grow wheat. It has been said and truly enough, that American cities have gained in population very much more rapidly than has the country. There is an im- pression abroad also that the cities are swallowing up the country and that the farm population has ceased to multiply; that all farmers are running to town and that all farmers' boys are working in factories, living in the city and going to picnics on trolley cars. I do not think this is so. But the country has not stopped growing by any means and it will be a sad day for America when the country does stop growing. Every census shows a steady, gradual, healthy growth of the rural population. At the end of the century there were more than ten times as many living in the country as there were at the beginning of the century and more than twice as many as there were at the mid-century census. We may ask why is the ratio of growth in the city and country not equal? That may be answered in a word. Because of the vast improvement in the labor saving machinery of the farms a pro- portionate number of men are not needed. Let us look for a minute at the cost of producing certain crops on a farm fifty years ago as compared with the cost now-a-days. You will find the. figures from which these deductions are made in the census reports. For instance, corn, in labor, in 18G0, cost a man, for one bushel, four and one-half hours of labor. At the present time a bushel of corn can be grown with an expenditure of forty-one minutes of labor. A bushel of wheat in those days cost three hours of time. At the present time a bushel of wheat costs a man about ten minutes time. A ton of hay cost thirty and one-half hours, whereas, at the present time, only eleven and one-half hours are consumed. In money, a cash valuation, the labor required to produce a bushel of corn in those days cost thirty-three and one-fourth cents. At the present time it costs ten and one-half cents in broad averages. A bushel of wheat cost seventeen and three-fourths cents, while at the present time it costs three and one-half cents. A ton of hay cost $3.06, while at the present time it costs $1.29. We say that the rural population has doubled, but what about the farm pro- ducts,—what about the various products produced by the industry of the farmers? The output of farm crops forty years ago compared with that of today may be roughly summarized something like this: Corn is now four times as much; wheat, six to eight times as much; oats, five times as much; barley, eleven times as much; cotton, eight times as much; wool, six times as much; hay, pork, beef, mutton, eggs, chickens, fruit, from twenty to one hundred times as much. The number of farm workers has doubled only. The amount of farm products has been multiplied by twenty. Is not this sig- nificant? What does it imply? Does it not suggest that the skill employed in the production of these products has been greatly increased? Does it not suggest that the universities and the colleges may expend their best efforts in reaching the tillers of the soil? So that in this movement, which I wish to present to you, the whole animus and object of it may be divided into two parts, and those two parts are what make up life, it seems to me,— the one in securing happiness, and the other in obtaining a competence. Some will put one first, and some the other. University Extension as related to the farmer, means, in short, the im- provement of his position. Y'ou know the colleges have been accused in the past of educating the boys away from the farm. I think that the charge was partly true, simply and principally for the reason that there has been a TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 19 demand for workers and teachers in the higher agricultural ranlis, and the colleges have been obliged to supply this demand. This demand will be more or less perennial. But the supply has outgroM-n the demand— the ratio of supply has exceeded that of demand and the direction of the procession of agricultural college graduates in the future will be back to the farm. Now, it seems to me that the work of a university must broaden, must not only train teachers, but must train farmers. In order to popularize farming we shall have to train the farmers to work in sympathetic relation with the work which they have to perform. If we open their eyes sutRciently so that they can see the interesting things, the beautiful things, nay, the fascinating things that surround their everyday work and show them that they have not only a calling whose foundation is a composite of many sciences,— a greater number than any professional man attempts to deal with— but in addition includes many more beautiful things than the professional man can hope to touch, it seems to me we can bring to them a truer realization of the dignity of their labor; and further that it is a work which this society, as a Pomo- logical society and as individuals, may very well engage in. (Applause). Now, perhaps I might say just a word or two about our Agricultural Ex- tension methods at Cornell. The difficult thing is, how to begin. We have found the most effective way of reaching the people in the country Is by a correspondence course in agriculture. Most of you know something of how correspondence courses are conducted. This correspondevce course for farmers is made up of three series of lessons. There are six lessons in each series. These lessons deal with fundamental problems of farm practice, not necessarily all technical agriculture but farm life in addition. To show you how the enterprise has beeu progressing and how it is appreciated. I may say that this correspondence course started four years ago in New York state, has grown from something like three thousand members the first year to nearly thirty thousand members at the present time, or an addition of seven thousand each year. The correspondence course is carried on in the same way that correspondence courses generally are conducted, by sending with the lessons a quiz or question sheet which contains a number of ques- tions relative to the subject matter presented in the lessons. These quizzes are answered and returned to our bureau and we then acknowledge them and record, or credit the person with the work completed. At the close of the course of three years, the graduate will receive a certificate,— something perhaps not very valuable in itself, but which will attest a certain amount of effort and progress made along certain fundamental lines. So much for the correspondence course. In order to gain his sympathy and maintain his interest during summer we urge the formation of Cornell Reading Clubs. When farming difficulties arise these clubs undertake experiments in co- operation with the university. These clubs are formed in various parts of the country and are conducted by some enterprising resident who is capable of doing it. You can nearly always find in every locality a man who is not only competent but who is sufficiently interested in this work to give one evening a fortnight to a class of perhaps ten or a dozen who make these lessons the basis of their study. These clubs are not disbanded at the end of the winter season but they are carried on throughout the summer, and studies in the field and interchange of thoughts on the practical matters of the farm are pursued as far as possible. Then if any peculiar difficulty caused by insects, fungous diseases or unfavorable soil conditions arises in the locality, it may be discussed and investigated, and they feel free to call 20 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, upon the university for assistance. Tliese clubs bring about the possibility of co-operative experiments between the farmer and the university. I think that the mere fact of making the farmer feel that he is a co-operator with the university is a very important thing. It brings him into sympathy with the work of our experiment station and enables us to work intelligently and harmoniously with him. The nature study movement, as you know, is the outcome of a desire to introduce agriculture in some form, into the schools; but the curricula of the schools are already so crowded that it was thought not wise to try to intro- duce it as undisguised agriculture, which would no doubt arouse a good deal of antagonism, but it is being introduced and appreciated under the name of nature-study, which is agriculture disguised. Nevertheless the results are the same. I do not think it will be many years before we shall have elective agricultural courses in our high schools in this state. There are a number of smaller agricultural schools already organized where agriculture as such —agriculture per se, is the fundamental topic and this is one of the most encouraging signs of the times. The principal factor in helping this movement along is the hearty co-opera- tion of various organizations. The agricultural press; the State Department of Education; the State Farmers' Institutes, and the Grange are the institu- tions which have aided us greatly. But after all the first consideration is the individual. If we can interest a live, wide-awake, pi'ogressive, successful farmer it is of vast import. Let me repeat, he must be a successful man. We have men who are good talkers, who are prominent at meetings, but who are poor farmers at home. We are careful not to select them, because they would injure our cause more than help it. I would like to tell you of our work with the children in the city schools through the Junior Naturalists' Clubs; of our correspondence courses for farmers' wives and for nature-study teachers, but time forbids, and I must close. Mr. President, that is a very brief and very incomplete account of a move- ment which is making for the good of agriculture In this state. If this brief recital will in any way help or encourage the members of this society to institute a movement of similar character in their states, I shall feel that the ten minutes which I have occupied here while you are hungry and awaiting dinner has not been entirely lost. (Applause). The President: I want to say to you before we adjourn that we have cheerfully given these ten minutes to Prof. Craig. You may lay that blame all on me. I had seen some of their work at Cornell and I knew that the Professor could tell us about it and I believed that we should all know of these interesting advances in agricultural education. The Society then adjourned until two o'clock p. m. THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION. September 12, 2 o'clock p. m. President Watrous in the chair. The President: Let us be in order. I have to announce, that ex-Secre- TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 2l tary Garfield, who was to address us later in the day, stated to me just now that he has received a very disquieting telegram from home so that he is compelled to leave by the next train. He wants to know if we cannot change the program a little in his behalf. I know that you will all he glad to do so and we will hear from Mr. Garfield first before we do anything else. We are sorry that he cannot remain with us. Mr. Garfield: Mr. President and Members of the American Pomologieal Society, Ladies and Gentlemen: I thank you for this courtesy in an emer- gency. My word will be a very short one. I shall try simply to make one point and make it with as few words as possible and leave the elaboration of it to my fellow members of the society, who are always ready to second what they think is a good motion, and I believe this is a good one. QUALITY AND THE MARKET. CHAS. W. GARFIELD, GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. If my inner thought with regard to the objects and deliberations of this Society could be crystallized in its management, we would confine our pro- grams and discussions to the scientific side of Pomology with possibly inci- dental application of principles to the practical affairs of fruit growing, and leave to other organizations the technical work of applying the principles of Pomology to the business of fruit growing, which has for its object the making of money. From my knowledge of the earlier deliberations of the society and the character of the men who did pioneer work in its organiza- tion, I am satisfied that this feature was the leading one in the minds of the fathers of American Pomology. In more recent years, however, since I have been identified with the society, the commercial fruit growers have had, to my mind, a little more than their share of the Society's efforts. There has been an excuse for this in the fact that commercial fruit growing has forged ahead and occupies a leading place in the soil industries of our country. Long since I came to the conclusion, however, that I could not have my own way more than half of the time, and I will so far bend myself to the movement of the period as to contribute my brief word in this paper along the line of commercial Pomology, but shall insist that, as far as I am able, the thought which I shall give you shall be tempered by my interpretation of the example of the wheel horses in our organization whom we love to think of as our guides; I refer to such men as AVilder, Thomas, Warder, Hexamer, Berckmans and Lyon. I took my morning meal the other day at the table of a good friend. His family was an especially attractive one to me in its number and character. He had a wife and five children. They were an ideal lot and I was greatly enamoured of the frank natm-alness of them all. I was particularly inter- ested in the individuality of each member of the household as indicated by the difference in tastes at the table and the general table manners. Two of the children were px'ovided with oatmeal porridge and cream; one had a dish of hot bread and milk; two had saucers of fresh berries by their plates which they had gathered from the garden before coming to breakfast. One of these took sugar and cream on the berries, and the other ate the berries in the bowl of bread of milk. The parents had coffee, toast and eggs. The mother took her egg soft boiled, while the, father had his poached and upon 22 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. toast. The mother took her coffee with only cream, while the father had all the trimmings in his. There was not the least bit of friction in the family and still the individnal tastes were catered to in the most complete and satisfactory manner. It did not seem to break into the harmony of the household to have each one served according to the dictates of his palate, and from the naturalness of the whole proceeding, I judge that the method of this one morning was the common method of the family. I was so fortunate as to remain with the family for dinner. The meat course was roast chicken. I found the same diversity of tastes among the members of the family with regard to the chicken as had been manifested with regard to the things served at the morning meal, and each one was asked what part he would have, and each answer was a candid, frank ex- pression of a desire. One wanted light meat and another wanted dark meat; one asked for the wishbone and another asked for the heart, while the youngest member of the family wanted a drumstick. There was no trouble whatever in satisfying the peculiar tastes of each member of the family. No friction was involved, no criticism was expressed, but an air of sympa- thetic tlioughtfulnoss prevailed at the table which captured my sympathies completely. A great deal of friction can be avoided in this world by not attempting to bring all individuals with their varied likes and dislikes to the same standard or the same level. The bending of ways to suit individual peculiarities and personal likings is distinctly in the Interest of harmonious intercourse and friendly relationsliips. When it comes to matters of taste, there is no hard and fast rule with regard to excellence. Two people of equally good sense and wise discrimination and valuable experience may differ widely in their views with regard to the comparative quality of viands and each may be perfectly right. This is especially true when it comes to passing upon the merits of tlie different varieties of different fruits. A college president of wide travel and broad culture who had tasted of the fruits of many countries declared as his opinion that a well ripened Concord suited his palate better than any otlier grape grown. A connoisseur and an old-time member of this Society, Avhen this fact was confided to him, laughed outright and said, "He has never tasted a perfect lona. It will change his mind." Later in the same season our pomological friend sent to the college executive a basket of the best Concords and the best lonas he could find, and to his great astonish- ment, the courteous letter of gratitude which was sent in response, still in- sisted that the Concord was the better. He may have been right in spite of all the records of the American Pomological Society for aught I know, and I am not so sure but the rank and tile of people who eat grapes would support him in his opinion. It is the province of the commercial fruit grower not to antagonize individual tastes, but tlie rather to cater to them in the gi-eatest possible detail and make the purchaser pay well for the gratification of his peculiar tastes. The fruit grower who is in the business for money ought to be willing— for a proper consideration,— to humor these peculiarities. It Is in catering to this variety of taste and the difference in judgment concerning the quality of fruits that we find the stimulus for the originator of new and valuable varieties. The growers of fruits are very few in num- ber compared with the consumers, and tliere is no reason why a single grower should not in the management of his business cater to the tastes of a con- siderable range of consumers. The fact that there are so many variations in taste and people are so willing to make sacrifices and even to pay roundly TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 23 to suit their likings is to my miiul a sufficient reason for putting together In juxtaposition the two prominent words in my talli. When an originator of fruits heralds with considerable blandishment a new candidate for popular favor, saying, "The tree is a fine, grower, hardy in twig and bud, the fruit is of fine color, firm texture, fair quality and a good shipper," I always question the real, intrinsic value of his new production. "Fair quality" in an advertisement of this kind usually means poor quality. It is a notth lower than any of the three descriptions given by Downing to fruits worthy of men- tion, namely,— good, very good, best. A fruit that does not come up to Downing's lowest is not worthy of dis!=emination, and there are a good many of the newer candidates advei'tised and foisted upon an innocent public with great emphasis placed upon their shipping qualities which are un- worthy of any place in our catalogues, simply because they are not good enough to eat. We are constantly expressing our disappointment because our northern fruits take second place whenever some tropical species comes into the market. We regret that people eat oranges, bananas and breadfruit, neg- lecting our beautiful northern apples, and still, in the face of our discom- fiture, we magnify the attributes of such apples as the Baldwin and the Ben Davis because they can be shipped long distances and not be materially injured or bruised by severe handling. Then we expect people to like this class of fruit when placed alongside of the most delicate southern varieties that are shippe'd to us with the utmost care in their packing. People eat Baldwin apples and then say they are not very particularly fond of apples anyway, when, if their tastes could be satisfied by presenting fruit of the quality of the Jonathan or of the Melon, there would be an increased demand for the apple. We flood the markets with plums and expect people to buy them, expressing our wonder that so many people should say, "Well, we do not care so very much for plums. Somehow our people have lost their taste for them." The responsibility for this lack of demand lies in the fact that the quality of the fruit is too poor to be attractive to people. There will always be a demand for the finer classes of plums if they can be found upon the market. If we expect people to like peaches we must not fill them up at the begin- ning of the season with varieties so entirely lacking in quality as the Alex- ander class. You must so satisfy the palate as to compel people to increase their wants because you have whetted their appetites. It is eminently de- sirable from the standpoint of the grower, that people should eat and use more pears, and we say to them, "The pear is an excellent fruit, a healthful fruit and you ought to consume large quantities of it," and after saying this we hunt through the catalogues to find some variety that we can grow the cheapest and that we can ship the longest distance, and then furnish the people with this kind of stock at the same time suggesting to them that they ought to eat more pears. We cannot expect an increased demand for pears when we try to satisfy it with the Angouleme and Kieffer. I am willing to be classed as sentimental with I'egard to some things because I think senti- ment has a very high value, but in this contention it is purely a matter of business. If we expect people to increase the consumption of our fruits we must furnish them the quality and the product that will be attractive to them. We must not only do this, but we must educate people as far as we can in their tastes so that they shall demand the best. This is in the inter- est of higher living and progressive agriculture. It will not do to be con- 24 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. stantly excusing ourselves for not furnishing the highest quality of fruits or trying to make poor fruits seem pretty good. A single instance: The Ben Davis apple is not of such a quality as to be attractive to one vpho has a keen discernment of quality in the apple family, and it does not make the matter any better to say to people that the Ben Davis in some localities is not so very bad a fruit and that it is pretty good when you cannot get any- thing else. It is not a very good advertisement for an apple to have it called for by a hotel man, for the reason that it remains on the table for a long time and is an attractive feature. The prime consideration, it seems to me, in the business of furnishing fine fruits for the people who depend upon the market for their product is good quality. Having perfected this type, then look after its productiveness and its adaptibility to a wide range of conditions, but always demand a sum that will cover added expense, provided productiveness and adaptability cannot be perfectly secured, and support the demand with the fact that the quality of the fruit warrants it. There is another point that I would like to make in connection with fruit culture, and it will not appeal to extensive orchardists. There are a great many small growers who are Avilling to put time and care into the growing of a high quality of fruit if in their limited marketing they can find a demand for these high grade fruits at a price that will warrant them in the added expense of growing. In this field there is opportunity for the highest intelligence in fruit growing and it has attrac- tions that cannot be found in a more extensive business. There is oppor- tunity here for a remunerative business and one that will give the keenest satisfaction. A friend of mine riding with me the other day, noticed that I bowed to a gentleman in a market wagon and asked me who it was. I said, "That is Mr. P ," and she said, "Oh, he is the man who grows those beautiful Jonathan apples we get every year." I said, "Yes, he takes a great deal of pains, putting an excellent product upon the market," and she said, "I always get my apples from him because I knqw they will always be of the highest quality, well selected and carefully handled, and I am willing for these qualities to pay what he asks, even if the price does seem high. I can afford to pay his prices, because in using his fruit, I have no waste." This is the kind of reputation upon which to build a remunerative business in the growing of fruit, and this is the level of fruit growing to which I would like to see the average of our cultivators trending. The President: Noav, in continuation of what Mr. Gax'field has said, or as a sort of after-piece, we will listen to Prof. Waugh of Burlington, Vt., who will discuss the same subject. QUALITY AND THE MARKET: A PROFESSIONAL VIEW. PROF. F. A. WAUGH, UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT, BURLINGTON. VT. Prof. Waugh: Mr. President and Members of the Society: It would be entirely presumptive for me to try to criticise this paper, point by point, or as a whole. Indeed, it seems presumptive for me to try to say anything before a meeting which contains so many men acquainted with the fruit business and acquainted with the handling of fruit for years and who know how the market is managed. But I will endeavor to bring up a few TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 25 points which were not covered in Mr. Garfield's paper, and I will try, at any rate, not to duplicate what he has said. It seems to me there are a few fundamental considerations which must be taken into account in looking at this matter, and that with them in view, one can form a considerably better judgment of the practical problems which the grower has to meet. In the first place, before the discussion goes any further and we get into difficulties, the word "quality" is often used in two different senses. Among men who are shipping apples to market right along, an, apple that looks well, carries well and sells right off to the ordinary buyer, they call that a good apple; that is, it has market quality. But what we talk about in our more limited sense when we get into this discussion is table quality, aroma, flavor and those things which we like in an apple or peach, and we ought to be careful not to confuse those two things. The next thing which occurs to me is one which was suggested by Mr. Garfield but not fully carried out. He said that we have a great many different tastes. We not only have a great many different tastes but we have a great many different demands and those demands express themselves through the requirements of the market, in. dollars and cents,— in the de- mands of the market— in a great many different ways, but in general the market demands may be separated into two great classes, the wholesale demand and the private demand. For want of better terms they may be thus called. The wholesale trade, as we know, wants quantities of fruit of uniform grade. They want Ben Davis apples, in a word, apples that will pack well, ship well and keep well, where packed in large quantities. The private market, on the other hand, calls for smaller quantities and more of what we call quality. This divergence of taste and requirement for the market demand makes a great difference in the handling of fruit for the market. The wholesale market is likely always to require large quantities of apples and large quantities of peaches of an indifferent character. They do not care so much about the quality so long as they come to the market as I have suggested, whereas, the private market on the other hand, will require the other class of fruit. In the private market, quality counts and if one desires to grow fruit of a high quality, he must reach the private market. A great many people are disappointed because practically they miss the whole point of this. A man has an idea that a fine peach or apple will sell for a fine price. He goes to the market and tries to sell this really first class article and he finds that the man with the common article gets the same price and he is disappointed. This difference between the ^svholesale and private market seems to me to be likely to enhance. The distinction between the two seems to be likely to grow very much greater and to be more generally recognized by the growers. We should be able to make something out of that. Of course, the point which comes up is this: Will the demand for apples of a good quality increase? That is what we hope for always; that the public will learn as rapidly as may be to appreciate quality. We all regret that there are so many buyers who care so little for quality, and that the recogni- tion of a good quality of fruit will be a more important consideration in the future. Now, I have still one point to add to this and then I believe that is all I ought to say. When it comes to growing a fine quality of fruit, small quantities for individual markets, we will suppose, it is not so much a matter of following any rules that have been laid down, planting in given periods and things of that sort, as it is a question of the man himself. When it 4 26 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. comes to growing fruit of a fine quality, the man puts his own personal ideas into play. It is not a question of general rules and general regulations or anything like that. If a man thinks the Primate apple is the finest in the world; a Champion peach is the only peach that was ever made or a Wyant plum is the finest that was ever grown, if he thinks so and will make it so, that is the secret of the whole business. I think it is the man behind the fruit that makes the quality. There is a greater quantity of good fruit de- manded every year, and as I say, we must look not so much to the rules and regulations of the business as to the men who are behind the business. A Member: Is there still some hope, then, for the Ben Davis apple? G. E. RoAve, Michigan: The last remark of our friend who just left tlie- floor, Mr. Waugh, made me think of this rhyme of the trade: "He who whispers down the well, About the goods he has to sell. Does not reap glimmering, shining, golden dollars, Like he who climbs a tree and hollers." (Laughter). The President: Now, having considered perhaps to as great length as we can afford, the present subject, we will go back towards the beginning of our program for the afternoon. But before taking up the program, the chair wishes to announce for yoiu* pleasure that we have with us a representative of the great French house of Yilmorin. Andrieux & Co., of Paris, noted among horticulturists the world over. Although it may not be possible for all of us to greet him and take him by the hand, I know we shall be glad to have him come forward and say a few words to us. I take pleasure in introducing M. Phillippe de Vilmorin of France. REMARKS. BY M. PHILLIPPE DE VILMORIN, PARIS, FRANCE. M. de Vilmorin: Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: I thank you very much for the great honor you have done me in asking me to speak a few words ta you. I am rather out of my place here, I think, because I am nothing of a Pomologist. I have always given my time to general horticultm-e and agri- culture. You know a man now-a-days cannot be universal and to succeed in one part you must keep in mind your own business and not interfere with the others. That is why I will not speak of Pomology. It would be a very bad subject for me to choose, but I will only thank you for receiving me so well amongst you. I came to America tw^ce when I was a boy with my father, who was very well known in this country and who had many friends, who, I am very glad to think, are now mine, and all I can do is to express to you my admiration of the increasing power and civilization of yoiu* country, and especially I think it may always be said that you are pioneers in everything that is coimected with plant breeding. In the last few years I have had many opportunities to meet some of your leading people, who have come to us to study our ways, but I think that in a very few years, if you keep on going so fast as you are going now, we will be obliged to tak^ lessons from you. Already I think that in many things, and especially in this matter of fruit culture, you are much in advance of us. I admire very much what has been done in this country in horticulture, which is my TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 27 especial work, and how yonr prominent men are working hard every day, every year, to try and find new and useful things and adopt good and useful modes not only for the country but for the world at large. That is why I thank you very much, and I thank America, not only for myself — that is not much— but for doing so much for the world. (Applause). Mr. Kellogg. Chairman of Committee on Credentials, read the report of that Committee. REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX CREDENTIALS. Your Committee on Credentials find that 163 regularly accredited delegates; to this meeting have been designated by thirty-two Horticultural Boards and Societies representing twenty-eight States Including our sister State of Ontario. Of these, eighty-four have reported and are now in attendance. We find no contest in any delegation. The names of the delegates are appended. Respectfully submitted, R. M. KELLOGG. Michigan, Signed GEO. T. POWELL, New York, E. L. SMITH, Oregon, Committee. OFFICIAL DELEGATES FROM STATE AND PROVINCIAL HORTI- CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS TO BUFFALO MEETING OF AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, SEPT. 12-13, 1901. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. Delegates: *Dr. F. M. Hexamer, New York. N. Y.; James W'ood, Mt. Kisco, N. Y.; C. L. Allen, Floral Park, N. Y.; H. A. Siebrecht. New York, N. Y. CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Delegates: *Prof. A. G. Gulley. Storrs, Conn.; J. H. Hale. So. Glastonbury, Conn.; *H. C. C. Miles, Secy., Milford, Conn.; *Prof. W. E. Britton, State Expr. Station, New Haven. Conn.; *Edwin Hoyt, New Canaan, Conn.: F. L. Perry, 302 Park St., Bridgejiort, Conn.; *Dr. Leroy A. Smith, Hlgganum, Conn.; Chas. I. Allen, Terry ville. Conn.; *.J. H. Putnam, Litchfield, Conn.; *H. G. Manchester, Winsted. Conn.; L. P. Smith, Lebanon, Conn.; *C. Fenton, Westport, Conn.; Orrin Gilbert, Middletown, Conn.; *S. B. Wakeman, Sauga- tuck. Conn.; E. M. Ives. Meriden, Conn.; *Geo. W. Smith, Hartford, Conn.; *H. L. Fairchild, Bridgeport, Conn. FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: *Geo. L. Taber, Glen St. Mary. Fla.; Rev. Lyman Phelps, San- *Note.— Delegates designated thus (*) were in attendance. 28 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ford, Fla.; *C. T. McCarty, Ankona, Fla.; *Capt. Jno. J, Haden, Cocoanut Grove, Fla.; *Mrs. Florence P. Haden, Cocoanut Grove, Fla.; E. S. Hubbard, Federal Point, Fla.; *E. O. Painter, Jacksonville, Fla.; Dr. Geo, KeiT, Pier- son, Fla.; W. S. Hart, Hawks Park, Fla. GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAI. SOCIETY. Delegates: P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.; I. C. Wade, Atlanta, Ga.; F. A. Ruggles, Dawson, Ga.; D. M. Hughes, Danville, Ga. IDAHO STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: Hon. Edgar Wilson, Boise, Idaho; A. McPherson, Boise Idaho; J. J. Toole, Boise, Idaho; A. E. Gipson, Caldwell, Idaho; Chas. P. Hartley, Caldwell, Idaho. ILLINOIS STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: *H. M. Dunlap, Savoy, 111.; L. R. Bryant, Princeton, 111.; *J. L. Hartwell, Dixon, 111.; H. Augustine, Normal, 111.; *J. W. Stanton, Richview, III.; *Dr. G. S. Rainey, Salem, 111. INDIANA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegate: *Prof. James Troop, Lafayette, Ind. IOWA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 6 Delegate: *C. G. Patten, Charles City, Iowa. Alternate: Eugene Secor, Forest City, Iowa. KANSAS STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegate: *Wm. H. Barnes, Topeka, Kansas. MAINE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Delegates: *Prof. W. M. Munson, Orono, Me.: D. H. Knowlton, Farm- ington. Me. MARYLAND STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: ?=Jas. S. Harris, Coleman, Md.; J. W. Kerr, Denton. Md.; *Dr. 'W. S. Maxwell, Still Pond, Md.; Prof. C. O. Townsend, Takoma Park, Md.; H. P. Gould, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: *Wm. C. Strong, Waban. Mass.; O. B. Hadwen, Worcester, Mass.; Wm. H. Spooner, Jamaica Plain, Mass.; Benj. P. Ware, Clifton, Mass.; Jos. H. Clapp, Boston, Mass.; J. W. Manning, Reading, Mass.; Thos. C. Thur- low. West Newburyport, Mass.; Edw. B. Wilder, Dorchester, Mass.; Aaron Low, Boston, Mass.; Patrick Norton. Boston, Mass.; E. W. Wood, Boston, Mass.; Chas. B. Travis, Boston, Mass.; Chas. F. Curtis, Boston, Mass.; Warren Fenno, Boston, Mass.; J. W. Hill, Boston, Mass.; Jno. L. Bird, Boston, Mass.; TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 2& Fred'k W, Damon, Boston, Mass.; Jas. H. Bowditch, Boston, Mass.; Henry W. Wilson, Boston, Mass.; A. H. Fewkes, Boston, Mass.; *Horace Eaton, Boston, Mass. MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: *R. M. Kellogg. Three Rivers, Mich.; *Roland Morrill, Benton Harbor, Mich.; *C. J. Monroe, South Haven. Mich.; *C. W. Garfield, Grand Rapids, Mich.; *C. E. Bassett, Fennville, Mich.; *Prof. L. R. Taft, Agricultural College, Mich.; *Prof. U. P. Hedrick, Agricultural College, Mich. MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegate: *Prof, S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park, St. Paul, Minn. MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: *N. F. Murray, Oregon, Mo.; D. A. Robnett, Columbia, Mo.; Samuel Miller, Buff ton. Mo.; L. A. Goodman, Kansas City, Mo.; A. Nelson, Lebanon, Mo. NEW HAMPSHIRE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: *C. C. Shaw, Milford, N. H.; F. R. Sanders, Laconia, N. H.; Capt. E. M. Shaw, Nashua, N. H.; Col. W. H. Stinson, Goffstown, N. H.; Geo. A. Wason, New Boston, N. H.; J. W. Farr, Littleton, N. H.; *W. D. Baker, Quincy, N. H. NEW JERSEY STATE |IORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: *I. J. Blackwell, Titusville. N. J.; *D. Aug. Tan Der Veer, Free- hold, N. J.; *E. P. Beebe. Elizabeth, N. J.; *Henry E. Hale, Princeton, N. J.; *bavid Baird, Baird, N, J. EASTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: *Dr. F. ]M. Hexamer. 52 Lafayette Place, New York; *Prof. W. G. Johnson, 52 Lafayette Place, New York; *Geo. T. Powell. Briarcliff Manor, N. Y.; Edward Van Alstyne, Kindei'hook, N. Y.; James Wood, Mt. Kisco, N. Y.; Nicholas Hallock, Queens, N. Y.; *W. F. Taber. Poughkeepsie, N. Y. WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: *John Hall, Rochester, N. Y".; *C. M. Hooker, Rochester, N. Y. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. Delegates: *G. T. Powell, Briarcliff Manor, New York; *F. M. Hexamer, 52 Lafayette Place, New York; P. J. Berckmans, Upper Montclair, N. J.; L. Barron, 136 Liberty St., New York. NORTH CAROLINA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: *J. Van Lindley, Pomona, N. C; J. D. Gulliver, Asheville, N. C; 30 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Moses H. Cone, Blowing Rock, N. C; W. F. Junge, Southern Pines, N. C; J. S, Westbrook, Faisons, N, C. NORTHWEST FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. Delegates: *Heni-y E. Dosch, Hillsdale, Oregon; *Chas. H. Ross, Tacoma, Washington. OHIO STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegate: *Pror. W. J. Green, Wooster, Ohio. Alternate: W. W. Farns- worth, Waterville, Ohio. ONTARIO FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. Delegates: *W. M. Orr, Fruitland, Ont.; *G. C. Gaston, Craighurst, Ont.; *A, M. Smith, St. Catherines, Ont.; *T. H. Race, Mitchell, Ont.; *M. Pettit, Winona, Ont; *L. Woolverton, Grimsby. Ont.; *R. B. Whyte. Ottawa, Ont OREGON STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. Delegates: *E. L. Smith, Hood River, Oregon; *Henry E. Dosch, Hillsdale, Oregon. PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegate: *David Rust, Horticultural Hall. Philadelphia, Pa. STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA. Delegates: Wm. H. Moon, Morrisville, Pa.; Prof. S. B. Heiges, Saxe, Va.; *Prof. Geo. C. Butz, State College, Pa.; Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg, Pa.; J. E. Handenshield, Greentree, Pa.; M. C. Dunlevy, Carnegie, Pa.; *W. R. Barnhart, Greensburg. Pa.; Calvin Cooper, Bird in Hand, Pa.; Daniel D. Herr, Lancaster, Pa.: H. C. Suavely, Lebanon. Pa.; *T. C. Foster, Harrisburg, Pa,; W. H. Stout Pinegrove, Pa.; *W. B. K. Johnson. AUentown, Pa. RHODE ISLAND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: Levi W. Russell, Providence, R. I.; *Prof. Fred W. Card, Kingston, R. I.: Sam W. Lewis, Providence, R. I.; Thomas Hope, Providence, R. I.; ^Marcus M. Burdick, Providence, R. I.; *Chas. W. Smith, Providence, R. I. SOUTH DAKOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegate: Prof. N. E. Hansen. Brookings, S. D. VERMONT HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: * Arthur H. Hill, Isle la Motte, Vt.; *D. C. Hicks, N. Clarendon, Vt. VIRGINIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Delegates: Geo. W. Koiuer, Richmond, Va.; *Samuel B. Woods, Charlottes- ville, Va.; * Walter Whately, Crozet, Va.; H. L. Lyman, Charlottesville, TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 31 Va.; David C. Ronrke, Staunton, Va.; *HoTvard B. Dinwiddie, Greenwood, Va.; Geo. E. Murrell, Fontella, Va.; J. B. Watkins, Hallsboro, Va.; Dr. M. L. McCue, Greenwood, Va.; *Prof. Wm. B. Alwood, Blacksburg. Va.; Col. A. M. Bowman, Salem, Va.; .Jno. R. Gnerrant, Roanoke, Va.; Wm. Bell, Mt. Sidney, Va.; *Prof. J. L. Phillips, Blacksbm-g. Va.; W. A. Francis, Salem, Va. WISCONSIX. Delegates: *Prof. E. S. Goff, Madison, Wis.; *T. E. Loope, Eureka, Wis. Upon motion duly seconded the report was declared accepted and adopted. The President announced Professor Bailey of Cornell University as the next speaker. SOME CONTRASTS OF THE HORTICULTURE OF THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC COASTS. PROF. L. H. BAILEY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y. Professor Bailey spoke extemporaneously, substantially as follows: The i)Togram announces that I am to address you on some contrasts of the horticulture of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts. Since the subject comprises both sides of the continent I suppose it is. fair to assume that it also com- prises all that lies between. Therefore my subject is sufficiently broad to allow me to say whatever I will about American horticulture. However, I flesire to limit my discussion to a particular part of the Pacific Coast; that is. to California. Although I have had the pleasure of seeing something of the remarkable development of Oregon and Washington, I have, neverthe- less, not given suflicient time to those parts of the country to enable me to speak with any degree of confidence concerning them. I hope that I may have the opportunity to make a special investigation on the agricultural status of those very interesting and promising states. I desire further to say that what remarks I shall make are from the point of view of the Eastern man, who has visited California In order to learn what kind of land it is, and not from the point of view of the Californian himself. The first thing that strikes the Easterner when he goes to the Pacific Coast is the fact that there are different points of view in the men who are concerned in the agriculture of the two regions. These different points of view count for as much, I fancy, as the differences in the agriculture itself. Before going to California I stopped at the Pan-American Exposition and there met a man from New England and another from Southern California. I asked the New Englander what kind of a country he came from. He said: "The farm on which I live has been in my family nine generations." When I asked the California man what kind of a country he came from, he said, with much emphasis: "My dear sir, California is 800 miles long." This, I think, well represents the different outlooks between these two widely sep- arated parts of the country. Old-settled New England has now outlived its period of exploitation, whereas California yet has its future before it. The Californian is thoroughly imbued with the idea that he lives in the best country in the world. He believes iii his own state. He talks about it and pushes it. 32 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The farther one goes from the Atlantic seaboard the more he is impressed with the feeling that the commercial spirit is dominant. The nearer one comes to the Atlantic Coast the greater is the feeling of amateurism. Per- sons grow plants for the love of it as well as for special markets. The tendency is rather more towards individuality in the East and toward whole- saleness in the West. This difference is very largely the result of the differ- ences in age of the two parts of the country, and also to the fact that markets are numerous and close at hand in the East and far removed from the West. It is not easy to give a general view of the horticulture of California. The state is too large and too varied. The state stretches over an area which is equivalent to that from Massachusetts to Georgia. The surface is endlessly varied, from desert to valley, plain, hill and mountain. There is no Cali- fornia climate. The climate is as variegated as a Florentine mosaic. Every little valley has its own climatic peculiarity. What we ordinarily consider to be California climate are the climates of particular places which are much advertised in the East, as, for example, Los Angeles, Pasadena, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Redlands, Riverside, San Jose, and many others. The trans- cendent merit of these climates is very largely a contrast with eastern winters. Many people seem to regard a snug eastern winter as necessarily a season of unhealthfulness and unhappiness; yet there are persons who find as much happiness in an eastern winter as others do in a western summer. If, however, one dislikes the eastern winter, then the climate of many parts of California is ideal. If, however, one is so constituted that he finds happi- ness in whatever condition in life he is placed, then he may not be prepared to change his location merely because of climatic limitations. The climate of California is characterized largely by its peculiarities of rainfall. In the summer months the rainfall in most of the cultivated parts of the country is practically nothing. This rainless period lasts approxi- mately from May to October. In many parts of the fruit-growing regions, not only is there no rain in the summer time, but the total rainfall of the year falls below thirty inches. It would seem that this small rainfall would prevent the growing of fruit, but as a matter of fact, it is one of the very means of making fruit-growing so eminently successful there. The grower can count on the weather. Because the rainfall is small he is obliged to till with the greatest assiduity, in order to save the moisture in the soil. If moisture is much too scant, he irrigates. One finds that a dry country may suffer less for lack of moisture than the humid countries of the East. The necessities of the case, have forced the people to save the moisture that falls. In the East we are impressed with the bigness of California fruits. I was not so much impressed with this phase of their fruit-culture in California itself. In fact, the best fruit, as in the East, is that which is of only medium size and is well matured on the tree. Yei'y large fruits are often produced by means of over irrigation and other forceful methods, but usually at the expense of quality. These large fruits, however, are much displayed in the horticultural shows in the East. It is my impression that the California people make a mistake in many of their displays by giving the impression that the main idea is mere bigness of the samples and quantity of the prod- uct. We have come to feel that everything grows big in California. In fact, I have heard it said that the vegetables grow so large that two policemen can sleep on one beat. (Laughter.) In the East the renovation of old orchards is a very important question. It is relatively small importance on the Pacific Coast, and for two reasons: TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 33 in the first place there are few very old orchards; in the second place, the growers are beginning their frnit-growing with a purpose to understand it from the bottom up. It is discouraging often to talk about the renovation of old orchards when, as a matter of fact, it is the man and not the orchard that needs the renovation. It is sometimes said that the people who settled the West are the most energetic and ambitious of the Easterners. However this may be, one is certainly impressed with the forward look, the business enterprise and the thorough-going methods of the fruit-growers of California. It is an inspira- tion to go to the Pacific Coast. One reason why the Californian believes so thoroughly in his state is, no doubt, the fact that he is full of the energy and heartiness of life, and thereby is likely to look on the bright side. I wish that every man in the world believed that the best place in which to live is the place in which lie is. In the Mojave desert I found a man living in a bare cabin without the luxury of vegetation. The surroundings were wildernesses of sand. I asked him what in the world he found to live for in that place. His eye brightened and with much emphasis lie said, "Why, sir. this is the best climate in the world." It is this confidence in their own conditions that has had much to do with making California what it is. In some ways they have accomplished more in one or two generations than we in the East have accomplished in a hun- dred years. The very difficulties which the Californian has been obliged to surmount have challenged his effort. He, or his father, had been bred to the conditions of a humid and cold-temperate country. He is transplanted into a dry or a semi-arid and warm-temperate country. To all the conditions which one experiences in the East he is obliged to add that of contending with the lack of rainfall; in many cases irrigation is a necessity. Every new condition into which a man has to fit himself is a means of educating him. Horticulture on the Pacific Coast impresses the outsider as having had two infiuences that Ave do not know in the East. One is the marked effect of South European horticulture, and the other is the influence of Australian and New Zealand species. The South European influence is shown in the kinds of fruits that are grown, as the citrous tribes, the wine grape, the raisin grape, the olive, the walnut and others; the Australian influence is seen more in the general ornamental horticulture, particularly in the great numbers of eucalyptus or gum trees, acacias and the like. These two influ- ences, grafted upon the East American foundation, have made a horticulture that is very unlike that of the Atlantic side of the country. Whilst there are several large establishments devoted to the growing of cut flowers, it is nevertheless true that the floricultural industry is rather small as compared with its extent in the East. This, no doubt, is due in large part to the fact that flowers are so easily grown nearly all the year by the amateur, and to the other fact that markets are so far away that cut flowers cannot be transported with safety. Although flowers are so com- mon in California, one is likely to be impressed that these flowers are mostly of the humbler and less developed strains. With all its wealth of horti- cultural plants there are probably fewer species actually grown in California than in New York State; but in New Y'ork great numbers of these species are grovim under glass. The glass house industry is relatively small on the Pacific Coast. As the country matures this industry may be expected to increase, notwithstanding the fact that the climate does not demand it so imperatively as in the East. 5 34 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL vSOCIETY. The opportunity for horticulturists iu the Pacific Coast region as com- pared Avith that iu the East is very largely a matter of individual outlook. If one desires the California climate, then by all means go to California and engage in fruit-growing or other horticultural business if you have means enough to make a start; but if you like the climate and other conditions of the East, then I believe the opportunities for fruit-growing as a business are as good in New York as they are in California. I believe that there is more incentive in the East for a man to devote himself to an individual business in a small way, since the markets are more numerous and closer at hand and one can find a personal customer. It has been my privilege to see much of the horticulture of North America and my general impression is that the business is about as profitable in one part of the country as in another. The profit depends primarily on the man; yet I must admit that there is relatively a very large proportion of successful fruit-growers in California. The science of fruit-growing is not so' much a matter of geography, soil or climate as a question of the personality of the man. Californians till their land and pack their fruit better than we. They are obliged to do so. The scant rainfall enforces good tillage, the distance of the laarkets enforces careful grading and sorting of the fruit. In many cases this grading is done by the shipping association. The transportation facilities are improving. The competition is becoming more severe at the same time, however, so that increased attention must ever be given to matters of packing and transportation. The California fruit-grower is likely to be a specialist; that is to say, he is known not so much as a fruit-grower as an apricot-grower, prune-grower, orange-grower, olive-grower and the like. He is likely to grow his fruit ou a large basis. By this means he is able to dictate to some extent respect- ing the output of his product. The result of this large-area growing and the remote markets is the organization of the various co-operative societies through which fruit is marketed. These organizations impress me as being remarkably eflicient in California. There are certain specific reasons why they are efficient, to which w'e may give brief attention. The success of the marketing associations is very largely a question of local conditions. In the East we raise a little of everything and, therefore, it is scarcely worth while to make a strenuous effort to push any one product. A man who grows a relatively small supply of a variety of things looks for the individual and personal customer and does not need the aid of an association. Some of the reasons why the California co-operative societies have been usually efficient may be summarized as follows: (1) These fruit organizations have been successful because the member- ship is so largely composed of business men. I was deeply impressed with this fact in the orange region of California. The men who ai*e engaged in orange-growing are, to a very large extent, men who have had business training in the East or elsewhere in their youth, and who take their executive ability into the fruit-growing business. They come together; they discuss; they are not afraid of each other, as farmers are in many other parts of the country; they take a commercial attitude; they know how to organize. These fruit organizations may tend to obliterate the individuality of the special grower who wishes to produce a fancy product for a fancy market; but they certainly tend to foster the feeling of commercial enterprise and thrift. It is not necessary that all the growers of any region join the association in order that the society shall be a success. Some of our eastern organizations have failed because they have tried to force every man in the community to join. I TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 35 was told at Redlands that tlio Southern California Citrons Fruit Association enrolled about 60 to TO'i^ of the output of the oranges, and that this proportion is quite sufficient to develop a profitable handling- of the crop. (2) Co-operative associations are most effective when a large number of growers run into special lines of business. The more mixed the husbandry the less the efficiency of an organization. (3) Tliese societies are also more efficient when great areas are uniform in their production; for example, when a whole geographical region practi- cally, is given over to oranges or olives or butter, there is a better basis for co-operative organization. (4) When markets are far removed and ))eyond the inspection of the grower the marketing must be largely delegated. In this case the organization has a distinct place. I may draw the following personal conclusions from my visit to California: I am more impressed than ever with the value of business methods in fruit- growing; one must believe in his locality and in his own business; more than ever I believe in good tillage; I am impressed that under certain conditions co-operative organization is of the greatest necessity; I believe that the large- area western fruit-growing will tend to force the eastern man into the grow- ing of special products for special markets rather than the growing of general products for the world's markets; while I may be willing to admit that Cali- fornia is the finest country in the world, I am more satisfied than ever with the region in which I live. TELEGRAM TO LUTHER BURBANK. Referring to tlie remarkable and valuable work for Poniology done liy Luther Burbank, in originating new varieties and to his present illness. Professor Bailey moved that the Secretary be directed to transmit by tele- graph, to Mr. Burbank. the desire of tlie Society for his recovery. The mo- tion was unanimously passed. Acting thereunder, the Secretary sent to Mr. Burbank the following telegram : Buffalo, N. Y.. Sept. 12, 1901. Mr. Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Cal.: The American Pomological Society, assembled in Biennial Session, sends greeting and expresses the hope that you may be speedily restored to health. WM. A. TAYLOR. Secretary. President Watrous then called upon Mr. Roland Morrill of Benton Harbor, Michigan, for his views on the subject. VIEWS OF A COMMERCIAL FRUIT GROWER. ROLAND MORRILL. BENTON HARBOR, MICH. Mr. Morrill: Mr. Chairman and friends, I do not come here to throw any light upon this subject and I wish to say that when a man attempts to follow the gentleman, Avho, many of us are pleased to consider, is the best horti- cultural authority in America, if not in the entire world, it is rather a difficult position to be in. This is especially true when he has been, for the last thirty days at least, too busy with his peach crop to even be civil. But that is the position I am placed in. 36 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I was very mncli iuterestert in Prof. Bailey's remarlts about tlie use of dust mulch in the conservation of moisture and thorough cultivation. Cover your ground with a blanket of dust, a dust blanket. Professor Bailey has aptly said today in the matter of orchard renovation, the prime considera- tion is to renovate the man. My friend Kellogg once coined the expression "spray or surrender." The fine art of horticulture, I think, today is to "spray or surrender," to make men see that they must spray or surrender, when they are dependent upon their crops for a livelihood. Mr. Hale, in his unique way of putting things, in speaking of the conservation of moisture speaks of "horse-leg irrigation." That is an original expression also. The force of those expressions came home to us. all. Those two expressions "dust blanket" and "horse-leg irrigation" have saved many a man from the folly of attempting to drive wells and put in expensive power to irrigate an orchard, which would require perhaps a thousand barrels of water per acre every four or five days, when he could, for only a fraction of the expense, retain the same moisture in the soil that he would place there, with far better results. The differences in horticulture between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts I know very little of. I am only a small commercial grower of fruits, trying to feed and clothe my family by growing fruit in a commercial way, but I am impressed with the things that I have heard here today. I am impressed with the Avords of my friend Garfield regarding quality. Now. what is quality? I imagine he had uppermost in his mind, flavor. Quality from a commercial grower's standpoint means a great many things. First, he begins with the tree. Has it the orchard qualities? Its fruit may have the flavor, the best flavor in the world. But if you cannot get the tree to grow, if it will not survive your winters, it counts for nothing with you. If it is so delicate that it cannot reach the market, it is worthless to us. Its market quality is not there. If it is so lacking in color that it does not please the eye of the buyer, it has not the quality that he demands and you cannot get the cash for it because he won't put it up. Those are prominent features from our commercial standpoint and commercialism is the leading spirit that moves people in hoi'ticulture and Pomology today. We must have all these qualities and the nearer we can get to a combination of them seems to be the most desirable for us. We have had wizard after wizard trying to com- bine them all but they have never succeeded. Mr. Burbank has been doing his utmost. Perhaps no man today is more entitled to credit for the intro- duction of new varieties combining many good qualities, but Avith all his wisdom, he has failed so far in combining them all in one fruit. Pi'obably it is denied to man to do these things. So much for, quality. Every man today understands that if he could put his long neglected orchards into proper condition that they would be a source of good revenue and profit to him, perhaps lift the mortgage off his farm. How to do it is the question, and we have learned much from the discussions and papers of our friends. We have noticed that the spraying with Bordeaux mixture in the fall season is wonderfully cleansing and beneficial to our trees in Michi- gan. It is a mistaken notion of many people that one application of the spray will cure the weakened and diseased tree which has been neglected for years and years. Spraying, I think, is the fine art of horticulture, as I stated before, and a few growers are beginning to appreciate it and to realize its necessity. In the matter of cultivation, in my opinion, each man must be a rule unto himself. The question of fertilizing is another important con- TAVENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 37 sideration. In most of our old sections, fertilizing is required to get good results. In tlie matter of co-operation, spoken of by Prof. Bailey, it is unfortunate that the eastern farmer has not the same conlidence in his neighbor that the Californian has and I trust the organization spirit may take firmer hold of our eastern growers in the future than it has heretofore, where they may be able to secure advantageous freights, recognition on the markets and the many other privileges secured by co-operation. Mr. Barry: I think it is very proper for this society to second the ideas and recommendations of Mr. Garfield in i-egard to quality. I think that now- a-days perhaps there is a tendency to place too little value upon quality in fruit and it should go out, I think, from an organization of this kind, that great stress is laid upon the quality of a fruit. Now, we expect Avithin the next few years, to have new fruits introduced into this country. We have not yet reached that point where we may say we are satisfied with what we have. We are not satisfied at all with what we have. AVe can readily see how fruits may be improved to a very large degree. In growing a fruit we do not want to consider simply the size or color of the fruit and leave out the quality. Quality, I think, should have special consideration from the grower. We want to send out fruits that will be so good that the public cannot afford to reject them. Now, they do reject a great many fruits. A great many fruits that are placed upon the markets are of such an Inferior quality that the people will not buy them and these do a great deal of harm to the grower. Now, I do not wish to be understood as opposing the sale or opposing the introduction of fruits of only fair or good quality. There are some people on the face of the earth who have to be supplied with these fruits of medium quality. They cannot get any others in the localities where they are living, so that it would be unjust and unfair for us to say that only fruits of a very high quality should be permitted in the market. We could not do such a thing. But we have in this country people who are able to pay almost any price for fruit of a superior quality and they are perfectly willing to pay it. They are going to buy the very best that can be produced in this land. They want it but we are not able to supply it. I think we ought to exercise our ingenuity to show the consumers the difference between fruits — between the Jonathan and Baldwin apples, for example. Perhaps the commission merchant can invite his customer's there and present them with samples of the fruit and thus convince them of the comparative merits of the different varieties. I sincerely think that the time is coming when these fruits of the higher quality will be more generally appreciated. I am afraid, however, that we are relegating to the past some very valuable fruits, fruits that are in your catalogue,— that are of great value. I think we are neglecting a good many of those desirable varieties, which have been so highly thought of in bygone days, the old varieties of pears, for instance that have been neglected and set aside, which we used to see in our American Pomological Society's exhibits. I do not know why it is, except that we do not want to have too many sorts. Mr. L. B. Pierce: There is one thing that I would like to have answered and that is how we are going to get good, ripe, nice fruit to the market and get it to the people to use. Our friend Kellogg used to get his berries right to his customers in a wagon or two wagons. I have done the same thing in past years. You can market a few dollars' worth from a wagon in 38 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. half a da J', but you cannot put this ripe, nice frnit on the market and get it to the great masses of the people. SOME EXPERIEN'CES IN ORCHARD TREATMENT AND THE RESULTS. PROF. F. M. WEBSTER, OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, WOOSTER, OHIO. This paper will deal almost entirely with the subject of spraying, and as against insect pests of the orchard. In the fli-st place I wish to discuss spraying in the concrete, for spraying, whether of insecticides or fungicides, is an art, and there is as wide a differ- ence here as there is between the foremost leaders in American Pomology, the fruit kings, and the man who raises a little fruit, or grows a few dozen fruit or ornamental trees in his back yard, and hawks them about the streets and market places of our cities. The sooner we recognize this fact, the sooner we will cease to throw away our time and money in abortive attempts to accomplish the impossible, for it is impossible to substitute confusion for system and expect to succeed. We have reached a point where not only the protection of our orchards is at stake, but also the I'eputation of manu- facturers of lioth insecticides and insecticide applying machinery. Even if our spi-aying machines were perfect, which they are not, and our insectcides faultless, which they are not, placed in the hands of inexperienced men, the results could but seldom be satisfactory, to say the least. Even though the owner of an orchard may be himself intelligent and capable, it is no easy matter to get suitable men to carry out his wishes, and, let me tell you, it is the man behind the nozzle, that, more than any other element, influences the result. It is simply amazing to see the inetficient spraying that is done by men with the best of intentions and with the best machines that we have oh the market. During the last year it has fallen to my lot to expend some $5,000 or $6,000 in spraying and spraying outfits. I have been obliged to employ both skilled and unskilled labor, the latter of necessity, and I can say with the utmost sincerity that I would no more trust an inexperienced man behind a nozzle, and expect satisfactory results, than I would place him at the throttle of a modern railway locomotive, and expect him to run it without accident. I have no faith whatever in the results obtained by the general run of individual spraying. There are some careful, experienced men who spray properly, but they are the exception and by no means the rule, and comprise not over one in a hundred. Spraying is an art! It is a profession! and. so long as we continue to look at it in any other light, we shall not get the best that is to be obtained from our machinery or our mixtures. In some states, in order to run a stationary or traction engine, one must pass an examination and secure a license. When we reach a similar point in our spraying, we shall get results that would now be astounding, and they would cost less than at present. The next element of faiUire in spraying is the condition of the premises adjoining those treated, and especially is this true when we are attempting to control the ravages of the codling moth. It is possible to control the first brood of larvie by efficient spraying, but just as we get our fruit to a point TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 39 where it seems secure, there come trooping in from adjoining untreated orchards, swarms of codling moths, and the best of worli goes to naught in consequence. You can have no idea of the difference in the results of spray- ing for the San Jose scale, if all siu-rounding premises are alike treated. Premises but poorly treated are little more of a protection to those adjoining than those not treated at all. For the first time in my life, I have had during the last year the opportunity of treating large areas instead of iso- lated trees or parts of rows; have been able to substitute square miles for square rods or yards, using the same mixtures, applied with the same machinery and by the same men. We have used in this work some twenty tons of the fish oil caustic potash soap, treating not only orchards of every variety of fruit growing in our climate, but also hundreds of city premises, upon which were growing almost every variety of ornamental shrub or tree that would thrive there. I haA^e been obliged to use inexperienced men in some cases, under the direction, however, of those who have passed through a most thorough training, and in all of our work there has not been a single complaint of injury by this treatment. While the efficiency of this soap will depend upon the proficiency of those applying it, and this is true even in our own work, I feel sure that it is safe to place it in inexperienced hands, so far as the likelihood of injury to vegetation is concerned; what we have been able to do with it, in the way of subjecting the San Jose scale, I will tell you later on. Ideal spraying, with the spray in the form of an impalpable mist, can only be carried out under cover, or during perfectly calm days; but we do not spray orchards under cover and calm days are exceptional. The calyx and the buds do not wait on the wind, and spraying must be done at the proper time, if we expect satisfactory results. With proper care In the execution of the work, one side of a tree m.ay be treated while the wind is in one direction and the other side when it is in a more favorable quarter, but the two sprayings must overlap, in order to be sure that nothing has been left untouched, which may be safely enough done with the fish oil soap mixture, but not with petroleum mixtures. Ordinarily, one man to pump and one to handle each line of hose is considered sufficient, but I find that another man is required to watch every movement of the men at the hose, in order to see that not a single twig or branch escapes treatment, and the whole gang had best be deaf and dumb to anything except their duties while thus engaged. We have largely overcome the adverse effects of low tem- peratures, as we can keep the soap mixtures hot in the tanks, and trouble is only experienced where we use long lines of hose, in order to reach distant parts of premises on which we cannot go with the heavy machinery but where it is necessary to treat large trees distant from the street; in which case the mixture cools and thickens so that it clogs the nozzles, unless kept in continual motion. Mr. J. C. Britton, my assistant in charge of this work, was able to ovei'come this by keeping all hose, extension rods and nozzles well cleaned and drained whenever not employed in the work. If the cessation was to be but momentary the fiuid was allowed to flow sufficiently to keep it in motion, and in moving from one place to another both hose and nozzles were sometimes thrown into the tank. Where the mixture froze to the trees as fast as applied, and remained in that state for several days, its effect has been shown months afterward, to have been entirely satis- factory. The influences of snow, rain and wind have yet to be overcome, and examinations made in October of premises treated during the previous 40 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. winter have shown us that treatment under such conditions will not be likely to prove satisfactory. Much stress is sometimes placed on spraying one side of a tree, while the wind is in one direction and the other after the wind changes, but I find that among owners themselves, the other side is usually not sprayed at all, and we have adopted the practice of spraying a tree entirely and thoroughly after having begun, no matter what direction the wind may be, and have found it the most satisfactory. The mechanical outfit for the work that we have been carrying on consists of four Morrill & Morley Eclipse pumps, each mounted on a 200 gallon tank; one Orleans steam spraying machine, made by the Goulds of Seneca Falls, N. Y.; one small barrel sprayer: one knapsack sprayer and several hand sprayers to be used where it is not practicable to use the larger machines. With the steamer we were able to not only heat the mixture in the tank, be- longing to the machine itself, but also in that of all the other tanks, by turning the steam directly into these tanks from the boiler of the steamer. Absolute extermination of the San Jose scale by a single treatment of the trees that it infested, has never been contemplated, but I will now give you the results as found by repeated examinations, some of them made as late as August 1st. We used, invariably, two pounds of this soap dissolved in each gallon of water. Spraying began early in December, and our first work was not satisfactory and was done over again, but, as the men became more proficient in the work and more familiar with the machines, there was vast improvement. In order that we might be able to leani just what we were accomplishing, I had different assistants go over and closely examine the trees treated at different times, and a concensus of their reports showed that we w^ere killing from 95 per cent of the San Jose scale upward to where we were unable to find any living scale at all on the trees. It was seldom that the percentage did not go above 98 per cent. This was the result of treatment in the various orchards during typical winter weather. In early spring our attention was devoted entirely to the peach orchards, along the lake shore between Toledo and Sandusky. Examinations made in orchards, treated during late April and early May, between July 22d and August 3d, resulted as follows, these examinations being made by two of my assistants: In an orchard of 650 trees. 50 were examined and no scale found on any of them; 40 trees in another orchard examined and a single young scale found on three; 75 trees examined in another orchard and young found on 10, this being situated by the side of an orchard, treated by owner, with 10 per cent crude petroleum mixtiu-e, every tree of which was infested, and the young observed established on the bark. Another orchard examined August 2, by two different individuals, failed to reveal a single living scale, and, still another that was very badly infested when treated by us, showed only an occasional living individual. One orchard near Toledo, treated by owner, showed 88 per cent dead and the remainder living; in another, also treated by owner, 98 per cent were dead. A large number of experiments were carried out wuth different percent- ages of crude petroleum, both light and heavy, as we have both in Ohio and they are about equally obtainable. It is not difficult to spray trees with crude petroleum and not injure them. It is also easy to spray trees with crude petroleum and kill the scale, but to accomplish both at the same time is decidedly difficult, and seldom accomplished. To give the results obtained by our own experiments, in brief, it will suffice to say that anything below TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 41 20 per cent crude petroleum has failed to destroy a sufficient percentage of the scale to warrant recommendation, and in the Station orchard at Wooster we have injured large peach trees with a 40 per cent mechanical mixture; the present indications heing that between 20 per cent and 35 per cent is likely to give the best results, if very carefuUy applied. We have killed peach trees with a 25 per cent mechanical mixture applied April 23d to 26th, in the vicinity of Lakeside. So far, I am unable to distinguish any striking differ- ence between the heavy and light oils in effect, either upon the scale or the trees. With the apple it Is different, and I believe that here we can apply a 50 per cent crude petroleum, mechanical mixture, without injury during the winter and, if the" work is properly done, destroy a very large per cent of the scale; probably as large as we can with the fish oil soap. The adverse effect will probably amount to no more than a temporary re- tardation of the foliage; at least this has been the experience in Ohio. But to retiuni again to observations on the peach, and as showing what can be done by careful work by individuals, Mr. M. Southard, of Lakeside, sprayed his orchard in April with a 15 per cent crude heavy oil mixture, applying it with a kerowater pump. On May 22d Mr. Burgess examined 10 trees, taken at random, and found that 91 per cent of the scale had been killed, and at that time no injury to the trees was apparent, and the same was true up to July 20. Other gentlemen used this and even double the percentage of petroleum without injui'y, but none with such satisfactory results as Mr. Southard. In one instance, 100 per cent heavy crude oil was used without injurious effect to the trees, so far as could be observed up to July 23d. In every case where crude petroleum has been used during the winter or spring, on infested trees, of a strength of from 100 per cent down, more or less young scale were to be observed in July settling down on bark that still showed unmistakeable evidence by its appearance that it had been reached by the spray. On October 21st, after this paper had been prepared and before sending to the printer, in company with Dr. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist of Illinois; Dr. James Fletcher, Entomologist and Botanist of the Dominion of Canada; Hon. Geo. E. Fisher, Nursery and Orchard Inspector for the Province of Ontario, and two of my assistants, Messrs. Burgess and Britton, who are familiar with the premises, I made a critical survey of the areas treated last winter for San Jose scale. Every effort was made to carefully go over all phases of the work, including that done under various climatic and meteorological conditions, and also orchards treated in various ways with different mixtures. The number of trees treated by us and also by the owners within these areas will foot up over 500,000, consisting of all kinds of fruit trees that can be grown in the climate of northern Ohio. The statement has been made, again and again, that whale oil soap is both expensive and uncertain in fighting the San Jose scale, and no matter how effectual the work might seem in May, by November the insect would be as bad as ever on the trees. Crude petroleum, both light and heavy, had been used with varying and uncertain results, Avith much yet to learn rela- tive to its use, so that the whole territory might well be looked upon as the field of one stupendous experiment, as such it really is. In our own work with fish oil soap we have demonstrated that, with favorable weather and experienced men, we can kill 98 per cent of San Jos§ scale on even large and very badly infested trees, and at the end of the breeding season the autumn following, there should not be one-tenth as many scale present as were there 6 42 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. before treatment. Among small trees the percentage should, and can, be made much less. We have not accomplished this where the work has been done in showery or windy weather and with inexperienced men, showing plainly that treatment under such conditions should not be attempted. Where premises were treated by the owner, in but a single instance has anything like such results been obtained and the exception was in the case of one of my former assistants, Mr. Owen. In many cases where owners of premises fully intended to do a faithful and thorough piece of work, the scale in October of 1901 was, if anything, more abundant than it was at a corresponding season of the previous year. In summing up, then, our experience with the use of fish oil soap, used at the rate of two pounds to one gallon of water, involving many orchards, it may be stated that, with favorable meteorological conditions and experi- enced men, 98 per cent of the scale may be killed outright, during winter and early spring by a single application in badly infested orchards, and, if sur- rounding premises are uninfested, or properly treated, at the end of the breeding season in the fall following the application, a reduction of 90 per cent in the number of scale present may be expected. Where the infestation is slight these percentages cannot hold as a matter of course. The use of crude petroleum by us was on account of possible danger, con- fined strictly to experimental work, but was used quite extensively by peach growers in Ottawa County. Both light and heavy oils were applied, com- bined mechanically with water, and, in some cases, unreduced as it came from the wells, probably in all not less than 100,000 trees, mostly peach, having been treated with some form or combination of crude petroleum. The applications by owners were, largely at least, made during March and April of the present year. It is much to be regretted that this work was not done more thoroughly and carefully. In many cases only one side of the trees were treated, and in others the applications were too hastily made and the solutions too weak, the result being that while no damage was done to the trees, the effect on the scale has been to hold it at about the same condition that it was last year in point of numbers, while in some cases there has been an increase during the present year. The best that can be said of this work is that some crude oil was used and some scale killed and the trees in most cases not injured. Here, as elsewhere, the differences between the light and heavy oils seem to be in favor of the latter. What the result would have been under a more intelligent application cannot now be determined, nor is the entomologist who is obliged to prescribe treatment for perhaps 10,000 prerhises scattered over an entire state, aided materially in his desires to recommend a cheap, easily obtained and effective remedy for San Jos6 scale, that will not be more or less likely to destroy property, if placed in inex- perienced hands. With very few exceptions, the best results obtained with crude petroleum were no better than those obtained by us under the most unfavorable conditions, such as hereafter will be considered as sufficient to warrant operations being suspended until they are more favorable. Calvin Brown used light crude oil, clear, but only on one side of a part of his peach trees, the other side being treated with an emulsion of thirty pounds of whale oil soap in thirty gallons of water, with twenty gallons of light oil. The effect has been to simply hold the scale in check, and he has as much scale as he had last fall. When the trees were treated with clear, light oil, carefully, the result has been but little, if any, more encouraging. There was no injury to the trees. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 43 John Rofker used light, crude oil, clear, ou peach, treating both sides of the trees with favorable winds. Here, again, there are nearly, or quite as many scale as last year, less in many cases on the older wood but more on the youuger growth, so that the difference is not so much In numbers of scale but their location on the trees. This, indeed, seems to have been one of the general effects of the use of crude petroleum on infested peach trees. William Rofker used the same application as the preceding. There is here considerable dead wood, but this cannot be charged wholly to the effect of the treatment. Probably it is due to the weakened condition of the trees, with the effect of the treatment added. Here too, while there is less scale on the older wood, there is more of it on that of the present and last year's growth. This makes it exceedingly difficult to say just what has been done, as it is more of a change in location than in numbers of the scale. J. P. Cangney used clear, light oil, and the same in emulsion of 25^ and 30^. Where the clear oil was used, and scale was bad on the trees last year, it has simply been held in check. Where the emulsion was used the result is not more encouraging, and where scale was bad last year it is also bad now. N. A. Hadden used heavy oil on a part of his trees but treated only on the south side. Here the effect has been not more than to hold the scale in check. There are fully as many present now as there were last fall. Where he used the light, crude oil, and both sides of the tree were treated with a 26< mechanical mixture, with Spramoter pump, there is less scale on the older wood but plenty of it on the growths of last year and this. On the whole, the result has been to hold the scale in check and, perhaps reduce it slightly in numbers. Henry Rofker, Sr., used the same light, crude oil as the others, with Nixon and Kerowater pumps, and with a mixture of 30,'^ crude oil sprayed on both sides of the trees; there are now fully twice as many scale present as there were last year. Frank Latham used clear, light oil very lightly and carefully, on both sides of the most of his trees. The result here has been to not more than check the scale, and in some cases there are certainly rather more than last year. He also used the whale oil soap mixture, two pounds to each gallon of water, but the difference in effect between this treatment and that of the crude oil does not materially differ. On the whole, the general effect OA'er this entire territory has been to hold the scale in check, and in some cases even this has not been accom- plished. There has been no material injury to the trees, but if any one of these orchards had been located in an uninfested neighborhood, the treat- ment would not have offered any material protection to the adjacent territory. The Southard Bros., M. and J. K. Southard, used a heavy crude petroleum applied with a Kerowater pump. A 15^ mixture was used, and in some cases one side of the trees was treated with this percentage, while a 10^ mixture was used on the opposite side. The results here have been the most encouraging of any. Not only has the scale been cheeked, but greatly reduced, with no apparent injury to the trees, thus showing what may be accom- plished. Mr. J. K. Southard recently made this remark to me: "Two years ago I sprayed carefully and thoroughly, as I thought, but found that I could do better, and last year did do better. But I found that I could do better 44 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. work this year than last, and. now. I see where I can, next year, improve upon my work this year." It seems to me that we have in Mr. Southard's words the key-note of future success. That crude petroleum, carefully applied, will destroy San Jose scale, there is not the shadow of a doubt, but its practical value will never be fully recognized until Ave learu much better how to apply it without injury to the trees, especially the peach. This can only be done in the way Mr. Southard has indicated. In the records of our own experiments which follow, it will be observed that, with the same material and machine, one assistant, in one part of the State can safely apply up to 40^ crude petroleum, with serious injury result- ing at that strength, while another assistant in another section kills trees at 25f., and even seriously injures with less than a 10;^ mixture applied one day and a 10^ two days after. In both cases the trees w-ere peach, but in the case where the lighest percentage of crude petroleum was used, the trees were past their prime and the soil was thin on limestone land. In both cases the scale was present, if at all, only in limited numbers. By this it would appear that there is much to be considered in the locality, soil and age of the trees, at least in the case of the peach. The group of eleven rows of trees treated by ]Mr. Burgess, at Lakeside, were not badly infested by San Jos^ scale, and it will be observed that we secured the best results with the mechanical emulsion. In the group of nine trees, all badly infested, we secured rather better results with the mechanical mixture of heavy oil. 10^ and 20,«^. This was done in a part of Mr. Southard's orchard, and to some extent substantiates the results of his work. Our own experiments at Wooster were carried on with a light Ohio oil of above 40° specific gravity, and a heavy oil from Lodi, Ohio, of a gravity of 35°, and applied with a Spramoter pump. This work was done by Mr. Newell. The material used in the Lakeside experiments was the same, except that the heavy oil was from wells at Martin, Ohio, and the work was done by Mr. Burgess. The trees in the Experiment Station orchard on which the oils were used were peacla, and slightly, or not at all, infested by San Jose scale. With a 40 per cent mixture of either light or heavy crude oils serious injury was done to the trees; a 50 per cent killed the trees, as also did the 100 per cent. With a 10 and 20 per cent light oil the younger trees, peach and apple, were in no case injured and the San Jose scale, with which they were badly infested, were but little more seriously affected. The Spramoter pump, with the partly used barrel of light oil, was then shipped to Lakeside, when the work was taken up by Mr. Burgess, April 23, accord- ing to the following record, in the orchard of Mr. J. K. Southard:— An orcliard of Smock peach trees about 13 years old which was sliglitly infested with San Jose scale, was offered for experimental purposes by the owner. The trees were well trimmed before spraying began. The Spramoter pump was used. Spraying began April 23, 1901. The trees were sprayed on the dates and in the proportions shown in the table below:— April 23. Spraying begun in P. M. Warm sunshine, wind slight N. E. April 24. Rain A. M., warm and fair P. M. No spraying done. April 25. Warm sunshine— wind slight N. W. April 26. Warm sunshine— wind slight N. W. In Row 1 the three south trees were resprayed April 25 as the sprayer did 25% C. Ohio oil. 50% C. Ohio oil. .00% C. Ohio oil. .00% Martin oil. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 45 not work well when they were sprayed on the 23d. The sprayer was tested on each proportion and fonnd to be working accnrately. The light crude petroleum was from Central Ohio wells, and obtained from the Sun Oil Company, Toledo, Ohio, and the heavy was from wells at Mai'tin, Northern Ohio. In making the mechanical emulsion, one pound of whale oil soap was used to each gallon of water. The soap and water were placed in the water-tank of the Spramoter and the work begun. Row 1, 9 trees, sprayed April 23, 10% C. Ohio oil. Resprayed 25th with same mixture. Row 2, 17 trees, spraj'ed April 23, Row 3, 8 trees, sprayed April 25, Row 4, 8 trees, sprayed April 25, Row 5. 10 trees, sprayed April 25, Row 6, 10 trees, sprayed April 25, 100% C. Ohio oil. Row 7, 10 trees, sprayed April 25, 2 lbs. per gallon W. O. S. Row 8, 10 trees, sprayed April 26, 10% Mechanical Emulsion, C. Ohio oil. Row 9, G trees, sprayed April 26, 20% Mechanical Emulsion, C. Ohio oil. Row 10, 7 trees, spi-ayed April 26, 20% Martin oil. Row 11, 6 trees, sprayed April 26, 10% Mechanical Emulsion, Martin oil. Observations made July 19, 1901: Row 1. Trees all O. K. except a few branches of two trees. Row 2. Trees all dead except five on which a few limbs are leafing o-ut. Suckers started at base of some of the trees. Foliage on May 22 showed only slight injury 'hut later died and dropped off. Row 3. All trees dead. Row 4. All trees dead. Row 5. All trees dead. Under side of branches still sticky with oil; upper side shining but dry. Row 6. All trees dead. Tree not sticky with oil. Row 7. Foliage and trees OK. Row 8. Foliage and trees OK. Row 9. Foliage and trees OK. Row 10. Foliage and trees OK. Row 11. Foliage and trees OK. In another experiment, made April 25 and 26, 1901, nine trees thoroughly infested by San Jose scale were selected, and all other trees in the near vicinity were destroyed by the owner, and all trees in neighborhood were treated. These were in three rows of three ti-ees each. In first I'ow, the second and third (Nos. 2, 3) trees and in second row the second (No. 5) tree were sprayed with the fish oil soap mixture. The first tree in first row (No. 1) and third ti*ee in second row (No. 6) were sprayed with a mechanical mixture comprising 10 per cent light oil with 90 per cent of a mixture of one pound fish oil soap to each gallon of water. The first tree in second row (No. 4) was treated with the same mechanical mixture except tjiat the oil was 20 per cent instead of 10. In the tliird row the first two trees (No. 7, 8) were treated the same with a 20 per cent heavy oil, and the last (No. 9) with 10 per cent heavy oil. The tree in the northeast corner was sprayed April 25; all others sprayed April 26, 1901. Twenty-five scales, on each tree in the block of nine peach trees, were examined to determine the percentage of scale killed by the ti-eatment. Ex- aminations made May 22, 1901. 46 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 1, 17 dead, 8 alive. No. 2, 18 dead, 7 alive. No. 3, 25 dead, 0 alive. No. 4, 25 dead, 0 alive. , No. 5, 25 dead, 0 alive. No. 6, 25 dead, 0 alive. No. 7, 25 dead, 0 alive. No. 8, 25 dead. 0 alive. No. 9. 24 dead, 1 alive. July 19, trees examined for live scale. No. 1. Found a small number of scale and lice on the loAver limbs. No. 2. Found young scale and lice on the lower limbs. No. 3. Found no young scale or lice on the lower limbs. No. 4. Found several young scale in top of tree. No. 5. Found a few young scale present. No. 6. Found a few young scale in top of tree. No. 7. No young scale present. A few twigs slightly injured. No. 8. Found a few young scale present. No. 9. Found a few young scale present. The 11 rows of trees, treated as iDreviously shown, were inspected by an asssistant, Mr. H. J. Speaker, on Nov. 7, 1901, with the following results:— Row 1. Nine trees. The two trees continue in about the same condition as on July 19. Very few scale to be found on any of the trees in row. Row 2. Seventeen trees. Eleven dead, six with a few live limbs, but trees worthless and a few live scale present. Row 3. Eight trees. A few young sprouts from old roots, but no scale on these. Row 4. As found on July 19. Row 5. Same as No. 4. Row 6. Same. Row 7. Ten trees. A very few scale found in tops of all these. No injury. Rows 8, 9, 10 and 11. Conditions about as Row 7 both as to trees and scale. The nine trees were examined November 7, also by Mr. H. J. Speaker. 1. Scale abundant over entire tree. 2. Condition about the same as No. 1. 3. About one-third as many live scale on this as on No. 1. scattered over the whole tree. 4. Much less scale than on No. 3 and these chiefly on the new growth. 5. Condition about as No. 3. Scale on both old and new growth. 6. Condition about as No. 4. Scale scattered sparingly over the whole tops of tree. 7. Condition not quite as bad as No. 3. Scale on both old and new wood but more «n lattex*. 8. Condition not quite as bad as No. 7. A feM' live scale scattered over tree. 9. A few live scale on new growth. With fish oil soap, the scale that are killed loosen and wash off, while crude petroleum holds them, so that it is impossible to compare relative effects by the number of dead scale on the trees in the autumn following treatment. With the soap treatment, any young that may appear on the trees afterwards scatter about somewhat indiscriminately over the bark, going more or less numerously over the entire new growth; but in case of TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 47 oil treated trees, the young, early in the season, seem to collect about the bases of the new growth, as is witnessed by the band of live scale about the bases of the new growth that was sent out after treatment, so conspicuous on oil treated trees. This shows that the young, failing to find a desirable place to locate, traveled until they found it on the new growth. Again, I have noticed both here and in Canada, that where only one side of a tree had been sprayed with heavy, crude petroleum, only that part of the tree actually struck was protected from reinfestation. Where the oil diffused itself, even though slightly discoloring the bark, there was no such protection, and young scale settled down and developed thei-e. Young scale will settle on bark coated with a residue, to which attention has formerly been called, and survive until after the cottony matter, which precedes the formation of the scale, has appeared, when they perish and are soon washed off by rains. Thus, any areas not actually reached by the petroleum, direct, constitute nurseries from which the young migrate over the remainder of the tree in search of suitable places on which to establish themselves. Careful attempts have been made to combine the fish oil soap with crude petroleum, in the form of an ordinary emulsion, that should consist of three pounds of soap, four gallons crude petroleum with water sufficient to make forty-eight gallons of emulsion, but the results have been disastrous, as many of the trees to which this mixture was applied were either killed or badly injured, and in a way that indicates that the emulsion was not only not stable, but that it may be even more dangerous to use on peach trees than the crude petroleum alone. In summing up this whole matter, the fish oil soap is still the safest mixture known; it is to some extent a fertilizer, and where applied in early spring will prevent peach leaf curl. It will not protect from immediate reinfestation by San Jose scale, and can only be applied to bearing peach trees just as the buds are opening in spring, thus precipitating a vast amount of work on the peach grower with, often, but a few days in which to do it, while unless its cost can be very greatly reduced without affecting its virtues, it will always be too expensive for general use. Crude petroleum is inexpensive, and where the San Jose scale is reached by it, the effect is as deadly as in case of the soap mixture; it can be applied during winter, and hence more leisurely. It is not a fertilizer and will not prevent peach leaf curl, and is dangerous to the more tender trees, like the peach. The lighter oils, properly applied in winter or early spring, will prevent trees from reinfestation, probably, up to July; the heavier^ oils, if leaving a coat of residium, will protect where and as long as this remains on the bark or until about September. Its use requires special spraying machinery and the margin between the safety and danger lines in its appli- cation is very narrow, so that unless applied v^ry thoroughly with great caution, either the more tender trees and shrubs will be killed or injured, or else the scale will not be checked; and before this can be done fruit growers must be educated to far above their present condition in the matter of careful spraying. In the eighteen months that I have been engaged in carrying on this work, in addition to other duties as Station Entomologist, about $2,000 of my own salary came from the Hatch fund, while the State of Ohio, by a special appropriation of $15,000 for nursery and orchard inspection and treatment, contributed from six to seven thousand dollars to the spray work. Thus it was the former fund, supplemented by the latter, that enabled me to 48 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. carry ou a work that would not have been possible, except through some such combination of national and state support. The report of the Committee on Revision of Catalogue was then presented. REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF CATALOGUE. PROF. W. H. RAGAN, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHING- TON, D. C. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is probable that a complete revision of your Catalogue of Fruits may be desirable before the next biennial meeting of the Society. For the present, however, I, as Chairman of your Committee on Revision, will content myself with pointing out a few errors that, for various reasons, appear in the Re- vised Catalogue for 1899, which is Bulletin 8 of the Division of Pomology of the United States Department of Agriculture. "DANAS HOYEY PEAR." The first matter to which I shall direct your attention appears more in the nature of a difficult problem than as an error. Bulletin 6, the immediate predecessor of Bulletin 8— prepared by that grand old Pomologjst, Hon. T. T. Lyon, now no more, who endeavored to interpret consistently the rules of the Society in regard to nomenclature, published that excellent pear, well known to many members of the Society, as "Dana Hovey." Now it appears that Mr. Francis Dana of Roxbury, Mass., originated this variety and desired to name it "Hovey" in honor of his pomological friend, the late C. M. Hovey of Boston. This name was, however, found to be in conflict with a French variety described by Andre Leroy, in his Catalogue in 1858, and first pub- lished in this country in the May number of the Magazine of Horticulture, in 1854, page 235. To distinguish it from the French variety and to avoid a conflict in nomenclature, it was named "Dana's Hovey." The first publi- cation of the name "Dana's Hovey" appears to have been by Mr. Hovey in the Magazine of Horticulture, May, 1859, page 202. In the revision of the catalogue in 1897 Mr. Lyon, in conformity with the approved practice of the Society to eliminate possessives, discarded the apostrophized "s." In most cases this would have been free from objection. But in this case a peculiar difficulty presented itself. Mr. C. M. Hovey had a brother, Dana Hovey. It will be seen, therefore, that the rejection of the possessive resulted in the honoring of a man not distinguished as a Pomo- logist, and not the one whom the originator intended to compliment. Your Chairman's attention was directed to the difficulties in this peculiar case through a letter of protest from ex-Treasurer Charles E. Richardson of this Society to its present Treasurer, Prof. Taft, and by him forwarded to the writer on May 5, 1899, with the following comments: "From what he (Mr. Richardson) says it certainly seems that "Dana Hovey" will hardly be a proper name to use for it." This was when Bulletin 8 was in process of revision and preparation for publication, and at a time when Col. G. B. Brackett. the U. S. Pomologist, and his assistant, Mr. Wm. A. Taylor, were each within consulting range TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 49 of your Chairman, and their opinions and suggestions were freely sought. The result of these conferences appears in Bulletin 8 where the name is published as "Danas Hovey," thus eliminating the apostrophe but retaining the terminal "s" in the interest of euphony and historical accuracy. Your Chairman will not attempt to justify this decision, or to detain you with any further discussion of the subject at this time, except to say that judging from letters received from several sources,— including at least one from Hon. Robert Manning, ex-Secretary of this Society— that the name is yet far from satisfactory. ERRORS INDICATED. Your Chairman has kept a copy of the last Catalogue, Bulletin 8 of the Division of Pomology, in which have been marked all errors to which his attention has been called. They will be presented in their order, as they appear in the publication. "Cooper Market" apple, credited to New Jersey, is probably of Pennsylvania origin. It appears to be identical with the "Redliny" described by Coxe in 1817 and by Dr. James Mease in the first American edition of Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia, (1804). "Glass Green" apple should be "Green Glass" according to Gibb. "Hopewell" apple, a Missouri variety has been renamed "Monsees," to avoid conflict with "Hopewell," syn. Patterson a native of Pennsylvania. It should be described as "late"' instead of "early." "Judson" apple is stated by the Jewell Nursery Co. Catalogue, to have originated in Iowa instead of in Minnesota as published. "Kent Beauty" apple, should appear in full as here. See Bulletin 6. "Lowland Rasiihernf apple should be "Liveland Raspberry" without abbreviation. This according to Gibb and Lyon. "Lilly of Kent" apple is said to be a "very late" keeper instead of "early" as published. "Nottingham Brown" apple. According to the Catalogue of this Society from 1877 to 1891, the leading name of this variety is "Brown." "Repka Malenka" apple, on the authority of Mr. Gibb should be reduced to "Repka." "Swazy Pomme Gris" apple should be written "Swazie" Pomme Ch-ise. "Bing" cherry, should be 9-10 in size; and "Tartarian," "Republican" and "Lambert" should be 7-8 each. This according to the Rural Northwest for Oct. 15, 1899. "Red Jacket" gooseberry, renamed "Josselyn" by S. A. Beach; to avoid conflict with an English variety of same name.— W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Trans. 1889, p. 91. "Elvira" grape, should be transferred to sub-section 6, Y. Yulpina; syn. Riparia. "Loretto, Queen'' grape was probably included in the list through oversight, as its recommendation is not found in the correspondence. "Salem" grape is "red" not "black," as indicated in Catalogue. "Reisling" grape should be spelled "Riesling." "Bequett Cling" and Free peaches should be spelled "Bequette." This on the authority of Dr. J. J. Black, also through a letter recently received from I.H. Thomas, of Visalia, California, who introduced the varieties. "Lolo, Miss'' peach, should be "Lola." 7 50 AMEKICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. "Aitkin," plum, is "early" instead of "medium early." "New Ulm," plum, is "medium early" instead of "late." "Texas Belle" plum, accoi'ding to Prof. Waugh, belongs to "hortulana" class instead of "angustifolia." "St. Ann, Bonne," plum, originated in "Quebec," not "Vermont." "Minnie" plum or sand cherry, in sub-section 7 conflicts with two previously named varieties. A re-naming of this is tlierefoi'e necessary. See Iowa Bul- letin 46 and Vermont Bulletin 6 and 73. "Berbei'is Aqiiifolium," on page 57, is commonly known in the Northwest as "Oregon Grape." I will only detain you further to say that I very highly appreciate the dis- tinguished honor, now twice conferred upon me, of serving this Society in the capacity of Chairman of one of its important committees, and that now in returning the trust I can only express the hope that my successor, whoever he may be, shall be more competent and worthy of such distinction. Upon motion duly seconded and carried the Society adjourned until 8 P. M., to meet then in joint session with the National Bee Keepers' Asso- ciation. THURSDAY EVENING SESSION. JOINT SESSION WITH NATIONAL BEE KEEPERS" ASSOCIATION. Sept. 12, 1902. The Society assembled in Joint Session with the National Bee Keppers' Association, at 8 P. M. President E. R. Root and Secretary A. B. Mason of the Bee Keepers' Asso- ciation occupied seats on the platform. President Watrous presided, and in calling the meeting to oi-der announced, that since, in consequence of the shortness of the afternoon session, Prof. Alwood's paper had been omitted, he would, with the permission of the members of the Bee-Keepers' Association present, call upon the Professor for his paper on "The- Fermentation of Fruit Juices" at this time. THE FERMENTATION OF FRUIT JUICES AND SOME CONSIDERA- TION OF THE ORGANISMS CONCERNED THEREIN. PROF. WM. B. ALWOOD, VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, BLACKS- BURG, VA. The antiquity of the preparation of fermented beverages from fruit juices is lost in the mists of tradition which precede the dawn of history. Fer- mentation being in fact one of the common phenomena of plant growth, it is certain that it and its resultant products were recognized by primitive man at a very early period. AVhatever theory may have been evolved from his untrained intellect, as to the cause of fermentation and the exact nature of the substances produced thei-eby, we do not concern ourselves. It is certain however that the use of fermented beverages antedates all history, and that our progenitors emerged from the mists of the prehistoric world with a TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 51 fair empiric liiiowledge of laow to make tliem; and regardless of tlie fact of the terrible debasement to which the abuse of alcoholic liquors has led, we as a race, today, are imbued with the same appetites and proclivities as our ancestors. It may be interesting to ask, shall we ever as a race lose or suppress the appetite for siich beverages? Or is it demanded of us in the province of moral and esthetic culture, to strive to suppress this appetite? The late Prof. Fiske, scholarly historian and writer on economics, has said that the future man will continue to use alcoholic beverages. I do not undertake to discuss these questions at this time or place, but venture the opinion that not within the immediate future will man cease to use fermented fruit beverages. If this surmise be true, then the question of the technique of the preparation of such beverages, is one worthy of interest to a society like this assembled here todaJ^ For as fruit growers we must have in mind the enormous quantity of unmerchantable product which is produced each fruit year in this country. I have remarked above that primitive man comes to our notice already possessed with a fair empiric knowledge of the preparation of fermented beverages from fruit juices, and after some 4,000 years of fairly accepted written history, it appears that we can say without injustice to students and technicians, that empiricism still holds its own vei-y largely in the prepara- tion of such products from the unmerchantable residum of our pome fruits. Yet it is truly to be said that the light has broken through the mists of empiricism and that for a generation past, the truth has been unfolding, so that the processes which go on in the fermentation vat, and the chemical nature of the resultant products, are now well known and this information is open to those who choose to study the subject. DEFINITION OF FERMENTATION. It will be necessary at this point to define fermentation as I shall use it in this paper. There was a time when this word was used to indicate the entire range of chemical changes which might occur in organic substances. Today with more exact knowledge on this subject, fermentation is limited to those changes which are induced by the growth of microscopic plants in these substances. In the case of fruit juices, these organisms ai'e bacteria and the true fungi, mostly the latter; and the true fungi concerned in these phenomena belong chiefly to the group known as the Saccharomyces, or yeast fungi. Fermentation then, as relates to the physical phenomena involved may be defined as the breaking up of organic substance resulting from the growth of microscopic plants; and aleolwlic fermentation, as the result of the breaking up of sugars into alcohol and carbonic acid, caused by the growth of yeast plants. Incidentally sugars may be broken up by a few other fungous forms, but the yeasts, or Saccharomyces proper, are the true alcoholic ferments. Other forms need be only incidentally considered. The normal substratum, or place of growth of the yeasts Is the sugar solutions contained in the juices of fruits, or saccharine compounds in whatever parts of various plants they may occur. As a result of the gi'owth of these fungi, alcohol and carbonic dioxide are formed. The first remains in the liquid, and the second largely escapes as a gas. Theoretically about 5'2'i of the sugar will be con- verted into alcohol, and 48ft escapes as carbon dioxide gas. Or we may say 52 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. in practical parlance, that the alcohol formed bj- properly controlled alcoholic fermentation, "will equal in per cent one half the percentage of sugar present in the juice. The j'easts are said to consume a small per cent of the alcohol, but there is reason to doubt that this is always true. The above statements briefly define the fermentatire processes which we wish to consider in this paper. It may not be amiss to add that upon this question of alcoholic fermentation, and especially with fruit juices, have been focused the most brilliaiit search lights of science. Lavoisier, Liebig, Pasteur, Hansen, and a host of lesser lights, have probed it along definite lines of enquiry until the student of to-day accepts with assurance, their main conclusions. It is clear then that in the fermentation of fruit juices we are dealing with living organisms, minute plants, which have definite form, structure, and life cycles, as clearly defined as the life of an oak or an apple tree. But from their infinitesimal size, and the immense number of the organisms as- sociated together, the processes of fermentation by ordinary methods have always been ditBcult to control, and to the non-technical student, have pre- sented a well nigh hopeless task. CONTROL METHODS. In ai^proaching the subject of control methods of fermentation, it is neces- sary to consider the source of the yeast plants, and also of the whole troop of minute vegetable organisms which are liable to gain entrance into the must of whatever fruit with whicli one may be working. I do not think it possible to give, in a few words, a complete resume of the growth processes of yeast plants and allied vegetable forms, hence shall state only enough to serve our present purpose. These minute organisms have vegetative stages, and resting or seed stages, in their life cycles; and they are capable of living upon growing plants, upon decaying plants, and in fact, upon all manner of objects where their nutriment may occur, and also in tlie soil wherever nutriment, moisture and proper temperature condi- tions occur. These organisms may be borne in the air, in their vegetative or their seed state, and thus their distribution is so abundant and universal, that one may truly say there is never a particle of organic material capable of supporting fermentative changes, which does not at once, on exposure to ordinary conditions, become seeded with these organisms, and in which fermentation will not at once occur if temperature conditions permit of growth. One of the greatest sources of these organisms, is the surface of the ripened fruits themselves, though they are not usually found on the surface of unripe fruits. Wherever fruits are injured so that the juice exudes, or the flesh is exposed, these organisms are especially abundant. Thus we will have at once j'easts proper and organisms of a deleterious nature, growing in any fruit juice whatever, which may be exposed to the air. The nature of some of these minute plants and their effects upon the must during or after fermentation, must be noted in order that we may properly approach the subject of their control. APICULATVS.— Of the non-desirable vegetable forms which occur in fer- menting must, tlie ones which make themselves first noticeable, and are practically always pi'esent at the commencement of fermentation, are the various species of AiUculatus. AYhether this group of organisms are true TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 53 yeasts or not, I am not able to say, because the present state of our knowl- edge on the subject is somewhat confused, but they are alcohol producers, consequently, their relation to the yeasts is very close, if they are not strictly Saccharomyces. These organisms are always present in the greatest abun- dance upon ripened fruits, and they can also be found in great abundance in the soil at the base of plants like strawberries, grapes and other fruits. It is a very characteristic group in structural details, and may readily be rec- ognized by the pointed cells. (Fig. 1.) When must is first expressed from the fruit, this organism grows very quickly, bringing on a light, frothy fermentation producing alcohol, but contributing to the liquor a bad taste, which can not be gotten rid of in the later fermentation; and by the fact of its rapid occupancy of the liquid, it hinders to some extent the development of any desirable yeasts which may also be in the must. After producing 3 to 414% of alcohol, the development of Apiculatns subsides, and then the better yeasts can make an effort to control the fermentation. This, however, delays as I have said, the steady and desirable development of the proper yeasts, and has already in the case of apple must largely consumed the sugar, and contributed to the must unde- sirable flavors. By this delay, and from the fact that this organism is a weak alcohol cC>^ '^ 0"^ ^^ ^^ Fig. l.—Apiculatus. producer, usually still more undesirable organisms have had a chance to grow and produce their charactertistic effects upon the liquor. Suggestions as to the control of this organism, will be made in connection with the general directions, after mentioning other undesirable organisms. Apicidatus perishes with the increasing strength of alcohol, and never reap- pears in the later history of beverages fermented from fruit juices. MTCODERM A.— Another organism which is practically always present in all fruit must, and also in fermented ciders and wines, is Mpcoderma in some of its forms. (Fig. 2.) This organism in structure is certainly allied to the yeasts, "but it is also certainly not a Saccharomijces, because it is not an alcohol producer, and does not form ascospores. It belongs in popular par- lance to a mixed group of organisms which are known as the veil formers, and are very serious troubles, in fact, true disease organisms of all liquors made from fruit juices. Many forms of Mycoderma grow in fermenting liquor, and also in ciders and wines weak in alcohol, at the expense of the alcohol and acid content of these liquors, that is, in securing the organic sub- 54 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. stances necessary for their growth, they break clown the alcohol, and also to some extent the acids, producing thereby, water and carbon dioxide. Their presence is always marked by a veil which covers as a more or less delicate pellicle, the surface of the liquor, and when fermented in glass vessels, extends some distance up the sides of the same. This veil is usually bluish gray, but has also shades of other colors, in accordance with the species which may be present. In the process of growth, these germs not only destroy the alcohol and acids, but create a very undesirable sediment in the liquor, and destroy its flavor. They are as to their physiological char- Fig. •Z.—Mycoderma. acteristics distinctly aerobic, or air loving forms and can be controlled by methods hereafter mentioned. Mycoderma is quite generally suppressed when the alcohol reaches 8%. but is not destroyed, and will recur at any time if the liquor is reduced in strength and the air conditions are such as to permit it to grow. The use of the generic term Mycoderma in connection with acetic ferments is an error. See Bacterium aceti. TORULA.— The various species of Torula are very similar morphologically to the yeasts proper, and are often called slime yeasts because of the fact that they frequently produce a ropiness or slimy condition in the must. (Fig. Qh boXh GbOO Fig. Z.— Torula. 3.) These organisms generally grow in fermenting liquors at the expense of the alcohol and acids, thus acting as destructive or disease organisms, yet there have been certain species studied which have the ability to produce a slight quantity of alcohol; they are not, however, called alcoholic ferments in the strict sense of the word. These organisms are active in the must until the alcohol reaches 5%, then they cease active development, but are not killed at the strength of ordinary wines, and can resume growth at any time when the alcoholic strength is reduced to a point to suit their peculiari- ties if oxygen is present. Organisms belonging to this genus, are very abundant, and practically always present in fermenting must. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 55 DEMATIUM PULLU LANS. —The organisms discussed above do not belong to the fungi, wliicli produce vegetative mycelia, but we have fungi growing in fermenting must whicli do produce a true mycele, or thread-lilie fungous plant body. (Fig. 4.) One such organism very commonly found in wine and must, is known as Denmthim pullulans, but is only a growth form of a common Fumago, which produces a smut-lilie growth, frequently seen on the canes of the grape vines, and very commonly upon the twigs and branches of apple trees. The spores of this Fumago find their way into the must at time of grinding, and they there grow into peculiar promycelial forms and produce budding spores, which have the habit of producing other spores of like nature by budding, very much as in the growth process of yeast plants. This method of growth goes on quite indefinitely, and produces in the must the disease known as Fig. 4. — Dematium ji'Mulans. "Grasse," which is best described as a slimy, stringy condition of the must or wine. These organisms cannot produce alcohol, and they live at the expense of the organic substances contained in the must, such as the sugar and other carbohydrate bodies. They are unable to grow when the alcohol exceeds 8%. MUCOR MUCEDO. — Under this head we have another fungous plant which is also ordinarily a mycelial form. (Fig. 5.) Mucor mnoedo has the power of growing upon the sugary substances in the must of fruits, and portions of the mycelium which become submerged, break up into sections or cells, which then have the power of budding very much as the yeast plant. By this manner of growth this Mucor produces alcohol to the amount of about 2^, when its functions cease. It is destructive of the must, in that when growing where exposed to the air, it destroys the sugar, and it also contrib- 56 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, utes a bad flavor to the product and is in every sense harmful, aerobic organism in its mycelial form. It is an PENICILLIU3I.—'Unaev this head we have also several species of fungi having true vegalive mycelia. PeniciUvum glaucum (Fig. 6) is a very com- mon species of fungus, and grows everywhere upon the surfaces of organic Fig. b.—Mucor muoeclo. matter, which ' contains sugars and starches. It is commonly known as "Blue Mould," and forms a dense mass of mycelia over surfaces of liquid or solid organic substances, giving to the same a bluish green tinge, and pro- duces spores in vast numbers. This organism is injurious in that it destroys the sugar, and it is further injurious, that if distributed through the liquor Fig. 6. — Penirillium glaucum. even in small quantity, it contributes a very objectionable taste. It is aerobic. There are many other organisms which belong to the fungi proper, which contribute to the injury or destruction of beverages made from fruit juices, but those mentioned above, are the ones most commonly met with, and those which have to be guarded against with the greatest care, in order to produce a proper product. Aside from the fungous organisms proper, we TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 57 have to deal with a number of bacteria, which also are everywhere present, and readily find entrance into fermenting fruit juices. BACTERIUM ACETI.— The most common bacterial organism found in fermenting liquor or in finished ciders or wines, is the vinegar germ, namely, Bacterium aceti. (Fig. 7.) This germ is so universally present everywhere where fruit juices exist, that I presume one cannot possibly prepare a fer- mented liquor without it being present, yet the control methods which I shall presently mention, will aid very materially in preventing its injurious development. This organism is also a vegetative form, in its general organic peculiarities similar to the yeasts, though much smaller. It grows in the fermented liquor by the destruction of the alcohol. It cannot thrive in a non-alcoholic liquor, but wherever there is even a slight per cent of alcohol. It thrives; and though much more miiiute than the yeast plants, its vital activities are so accelerated under proper conditions, that it is able to destroy alcoholic liquors falling under an alcoholic content of 12%. with the greatest Fig. 7. — Bacterium areli. rapidity. The result of its activity, as is well known, is to produce vinegar, and wherever it occurs in wine or other beverages, so as to produce as much as 1% of acetic acid, the beverage is much injured, if not wholly destroyed as a beverage. This organism is strictly aerobic, and cannot develop without the presence of oxygen. There are several bacterial forms which do not belong to the acetic acid producing group mentioned above, which produce in wine, a viscous or mucilaginous condition; but as these are not well studied, I will not under- take to discuss them further than to say the methods resorted to, to control the vinegar ferments, will largely control these also. Having detailed at some length those organisms which are most likely to cause trouble in fermenting liquors, I wish to speak of the TRUE YEASTS. The only sti'ictly alcoholic ferments properly stated, are the so-called yeasts of the genera Saccharoinyccs. and it is true that even some of the 58 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. species of this genus are not reliable or desirable alcoholic ferments. Dur- ing the past ten years a considerable variety of yeast organisms have been studied and utilized in special worli for tlie production of fermented bev- erages. The students of beer ferments have been in the lead, but recently much has been done in relation to wines and ciders. It may as well be stated here, that all of the alcohol of commerce, whether it be in strong liquors or light beverages, or the alcohol used in the arts and manufactures, is the product of yeast organisms, consequently, they play a vast economic role in ordinary life. The organism.^ which belong to the genus mentioned above, are all char- acterized by being unicellular plants, which increase by budding. (Fig. 8.) Thus a daughter cell buds off from the mother cell, and becomes in turn a mother cell, and so on indefinitely, and under proper conditions this repro- duction takes place Avith great rapidity. It must always be at the expense of sugar compounds, and it always results in the production of alcohol and carbon dioxide. Not all sugars are fermentable, that is, not all sugars are the proper sub- Fig. 8. — Saec/iaromyces. stratum for the growth of yeast plants. Tlie sugar known as grape sugar is the one most readily fermented, and is the only condition in which sugar can be fermented completely. It Is true that the yeast organisms can invert, to use a cliemieal term, other forms of sugar to some extent, and thus render tliem fermentable. Cane sugar is quite easily inverted, and this sugar is always present in fruits in greater or less per cent, and can generally be fer- mented out quite completely through the invert action of the yeast organism itself. It is only during the last ten years that the question of isolating pure races of yeast germs that have the power of affecting the quality of fer- mented liquors, has been studied with any degree of thoroughness. During this time Professor Hansen of Copenhagen, Professor Wortmann of the Royal Prussian School at Geisenheim, Professor Fernbach of the Institute Pasteur, and Prof. Kayser of the French Institute Nationale Agronomique liave carried on more or less elaborate studies and experiments with these organisms, and it seems now to be Avell proven, that from various grades of wines and ciders, we can isolate specific yeasts, whicli have the power of TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 59 affecting very considerably the quality of the resultant products, where they are sown in sutticient quantity in fresh must so as to gain control of the same before other organisms have a chance to develop. Thus then we come to the control methods of fermentation of fruit juices. Having presented to you above, in some detail, the organisms which cause mal-fermentation. it now remains to point out how we can secure the proper fermentation, or the growth of the organisms which will produce those quali- ties desired in the product, and the suppression of organisms which are unde- sirable. PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS. The modus opcraiidi by which is accomplished the desired result, is stated briefly as follows: Before beginning the manufactiu-e of a cider or wine, it is necessary to procure a pure culture of a yeast, selecting such a race of yeast, as is thought to be proper for the production of the quality of cider or wine to which the must under treatment is best suited. Having secured this pure culture, it is necessary to increase the same largely, so as to have abundant material with which to inoculate the must as rapidly as the fruit is crushed. Pure cultures are procured in small vials or bottles fi'om a culture station, and by sterilizing a small quantity, say five to ten gallons of fruit must, we can increase the culture at pleasui-e. This must is prepared by boiling and then pouring It boiling hot into a clean wooden vessel, and covering the same with a clean cloth. It is now quite free from germ life, and can be kept practically so, until it has cooled to a sufficient degree to permit of safely sowing the pure germs in it. When the must has cooled to the temperature of about 100° Fahrenheit, it will be perfectly safe to sow into it the pure culture of yeast. This is done by simply emptying into the vessel the vial of the yeast culture, which is generally in a liquid condition. It is well to rinse the vial with a small portion of the must, so as to secure all the germs possible. Under these conditions, the growth of the yeast will be very rapid in the warm nnist. and in the course of 80 or 4S hoiu-s, the culture will be in full activity, and it is then ready to be used to inoculate the casks of fresh must, or the pomace as crushed before the must is expressed. The fruit from Avhich the must is to be expressed should have been gathered in as sound and clean condition as possible. For best results, it should be reasonably free from damaged or broken specimens in which fungous growths of various character may have already found lodgment. This fruit should be crushed as rapidly as convenient, and as the pulp falls into the press, the culture liquid may be added to it in such quantity, from time to time, as to thoroughly inoculate the whole mass of pulp with the germs. In the case of apples the must will be pressed out at once, by either hand or power press, and will carry with it the germs with which it has been sown. Fermentation will begin at once, and the liquor become so rapidly occupied with the yeast forms sown into it, that other organisms are shut out. In the case of grapes, frequently the must is fermented for a day in the pulp, and pressing is afterward resorted to. to clear the must of pulp and stems. In either case the method is the same. It is vei"y important as the must is expressed from the pomace whether it 60 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. be apples or grapes, or other fruits, that the same should he conducted to clean vessels, where fermentation can proceed in a correct and proper manner. The detail here of greatest importance, is that the vessels should have been so thoroughly cleansed that germ life is practically destroyed in them. If vessels, either vats, tubs or casks, are left moistened with the sugary juices of fruits, there will be found growing upon the bottom and sides of such vessels, all manner of organisms, some of which I have described above, and these organisms will be present in such quantity as to take possession of the must along with the germs inoculated into the same, very much to the detriment of the proper control of the fermentation. After, however, these vessels have been cleansed in a thorough and proper manner and the must is run into them, in a sound and clean condition, one can then rest assured that the yeast sown into the must will be able to develop in the manner desired. Hence simply by force of numbers the yeast culture will occupy the must and control the result as follows: Atnculatus will be practically shut out, because during the first 24 hours, the yeast will become strong enough to largely suppress this undesirable alcoholic ferment. Mycodenva will start to grow, but being a strictly aerobic plant, it must subside because the j-easts will have used up the free oxygen and already saturated the must with carbondioxide. Toriila will for like reasons be imable to make any particular headway. The budding spore forms of Dematium jmllukms will not find oxygen for development. Mucor and PeniciUinm will, because of the rapidly increasing per cent of alcohol and loss of oxygen, be unable to grow; and thus by the simple acceleration of the vital activities of a sound fermentation malfermentations will be suppi'essed. But this result must be carefully guarded by temperature and manipula- tions which go so deeply into the technique of the subject that I must leave their details to further treatment in forthcoming oflicial publications. The vinegar ferment will, as fermentation progresses, become the great- est source of danger. This can be guarded against by so handling the prod- uct as to exclude the atmosphere and keep the must saturated with carbon dioxide. President Watrous: We have listened to a very important paper, and if there were time, I know that it would be desired to ask questions and to indulge in some discussion, because it is something we all desire to know better about, and something that I hope will be carried on in this country, because until men get up to that high plane where they will be contented with water it is better that what they drink should be of the very finest and best than that it should be impure. We have with us to-night the National Association of Bee-Keepers, and their officers, in conjunction with ours, have provided a series of discussions here to which we shall next listen. Without further preliminaries I shall next call upon Dr. James Fletcher, of Ottawa, Out., Canada, to speak on the subject of "Bees as Fertilizers of Flowers." TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 61 BEES AS FERTILIZERS OF FLOWERS. DR. JAMES FLETCHER, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGIST, OTTAWA, CANADA. Mr. President aud Gentlemen: At the last annual meeting of the Ontario Bee-Keepers' Association I had the pleasure of delivering an address on "The Value of Bees in Fruit Orchards," in which, among other subjects, I discussed the burning question of whether bees did or could injure the fruit grower by attacking sound fruit on the trees. The position I took at that time was that, unless fruit was first broken or injured, honey bees could not gain access to the juices of the fruits. It appears to me now, however, that the ability of bees to puncture ripe fruit need not take up so much discus- sion at bee-keepers' meetings as has on some occasions been given to it. If it is so very doubtful whether they can or can not cause injury, it seems prima facie evident that even if this is possible, which I do not believe, the injury occurs so seldom that it need not be considered. If it were a frequently occurring or important injury, some of those who have watched bees either as friends or enemies would have been able to settle the matter long before this. Another subject taken up by me at the time referred to, was "Bees as Fertilizers of Flowers," and at the request of President Root of the National Bee-Keepers' Association, I have prepared a short paper for this evening's meeting on that subject, in which I shall direct your attention to the striking interrelation of plants and insects, and in which I trust that I may be able to lay before you facts which may be new to some of your members, must be of interest to all, and cannot but call forth admiration for the marvelous provisions which are to be seen everywhere in nature for the bringing about of good and useful results and preventing waste. It will be found that not only are flowers absolutely necessary to bees, as the source of their food— nectar and pollen— but that bees and other insects are no less necessary to most flowers, so that their perpetuation may be secured. This fact should be recognized by the fruit grower above all others, for, were it not for insects and particulai-ly for the honey bee, his crops of fruit would be far less than they are every year, and even in some cases he would get no crop at all. Failure in the fruit crop is more often due, I think, to dull or damp weather at the time of blossoming, which prevents insects from working actively in the flowers, than to jiny other cause. Flowers of plants are a special development of leaf growth, produced for a special purpose, namely, for securing the fertilization, development and maturing of the seeds, which are the chief means by which a species of plant is preserved from extinction. A normal flower consists of two sets of organs, a protective envelope made up of the corolla, which as a rule has highly coloured and showy petals, and the calyx, which is mainly a protection during the time the corolla and the more important organs contained within it are develop- ing. The other set of organs known as the essential oi-gans comprise the stamens and pistils; the former of these represent the male sex and the latter the female. The anthers, the important part of the stamens, are practically small cases containing pollen, without the agency of which the ovules or undeveloped seeds which are formed in the lower part of the pistil cannot come to maturity; or, from the fruit growers' point of view, unless the flowers on his trees are fertilized in this way, no fruit will form and his labour will be in vain. It is necessary that pollen should be applied to the stigma or sensitive portion of the pistil before the seeds can be developed, and it 62 AMERICAX POilOLOGICAL SOCIETY. has been found that it is most advantageous to a species that the seeds of a given flower shall he fertilized by the pollen from some other flower of the same species. A study of the devices provided by nature to ensure this cross fertilization forms one of the most charming branches of the whole study of botany. It is a bi'auch of the subject which may be said to have had its origin in the remarkable investigations of the great naturalist Charles Darwin, and has since been developed in Europe by Lubbock, Anton KiJrner, and Mtiller. In this country excellent work has been done by Messrs. Hal- sted, Bailey, Robertson, Waugh and others, who are with us to-night, so that it will be seen that the study itself is quite recent, but, now that atten- tion has once been drawn to it, it can be recognized as a general principle running through all branches of the vegetable and animal kingdoms. Al- though, as was pointed out by Darwin, some plants can be and are fertilized by their own pollen it is always of greater benefit to their descendants for flowers to be fertilized by pollen from other flowers of the same kind grow- ing upon other plants. He summed up his observations with the trite axiom; ■"Nature abhors perpetual self-fertilization," which was first enunciated in his great work published in 1SG2 on the fertilization of orchids. The publica- tion of this classic Avork marks the beginning of one of the most important eras in the history of the science of botany. Since then endless observations have confirmed the accuracy of Darwin's law. and it has been found that in the vast majority of plants special appliances exist which will secure a more or less frequent inter-cross, and that in many these appliances completely exclude the possibility of self-fecundation. The cross-fertilization of some plants is ensured by the male and female organs occurring in separate flowers either on the same or different plants. Familiar instances of male and female flowers on the same plant are the male catkins of such trees as the butternut, hickory, the birches, oaks and hazels. The female flowers are much less conscicuous bxit easily recognizable near the tips of the twigs. In the willows Ave find the male and female catkins on separate trees, each tree bearing either staminate male flowers or pistillate female ones. In many cases where the two sexes occur in the same flower self-fertilizing is prevented by the male and female organs coming to maturity at different times, sufliciently far apart for it to be impossible for the pistil to be fertilized by the pollen borne on the same flower. In many cases there are remarkable contriA-ances which preA^ent the impregnation of flowers by their OAvn pollen. In the species of primrose — and no lietter example can' be found than the well knoAvn house plant from the Himalayas. Primiilo obcouica — it will be found that the flowers on different plants are dimorphic, some flowers having the tip of the pistil at the mouth of the tube and tke anthers Avell down towards the bottom, while in other flowers this order is reversed, and the anthers are produced at the mouth of the tube and the pistil is so short that it does not reach half way up. Darwin proved by growing many plants from the seed that by far better plants were obtained by the floAA-ers bearing long or short pistils being crossed with pollen from the other kind of flower. There are some flowers which are actually sterile to their oAvn pollen, but can be fecundated readily with pollen from flowers growing on another plant of the same species. It has been pointed out by Prof. Waugh, of Vermont, that this is the case with the red American plums, and it is also the ease Avith many varieties of apples and pears. This fact at once indicates the important bearing the presence of insects in an orchard at the time of blossoming has upon the production of an abundant fruit crop. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 63 Moreovei-, it can be shown that, owing to its size, weight and habits, no insect is so well calculated to ensure the fertilization of fruit blossoms as the honey-bee, which flies rapidly from plant to plant, and, by running over the flowers in search of pollen or nectar, brushes off the pollen and carries this vitalizing element on the hairs of its body to the next flower visited. The habit of the bees, which has frequently been noticed, of confining the visits when collecting largely to the same kind of plant, is taken advantage of by the bee-keeper to store up at certain seasons particular kinds of honey, such as apple, raspberry, bass wood, clover and buckwheat honeys. This habit is also, manifestly, advantageous to the plants on account of the pollen which is carried by the bee being of the kind necessary for the fertilization of its flowers, which could not be effected if the pollen were that of some other kind of plant. A few weeks ago I saw a striking instance confirmatory of this well known fact. High up on the summit of Mount Che-am, in tlie Coast Range of British Columbia, are magnificent mountain meadows, undulating plateaux thickly covered during the month of August with the greatest profusion of brilliant flowers, wide stretches of golden arnicas, crimson, green and white moun- tain heathers, beds of veratrum, valerian, lupines, large white umbellifers. crimson cartilleias, yellow adders' tongues, lilies, potentillas and waving grasses and sedges. This gigantic flower bed. as might be expected, simply teemed with insect life. Butterflies sailed lightly from place to place; flies, beetles and small bees hurried and scurried in every direction, making the most of the short mountain summer, and the whole producing a picture of the greatest delight to the naturalist whose only ever-present regret was that so few others could enjoy the enchanting scene. Conspicuous on the purple spikes of the lupines were numerous busy, grumbling, clumsy bumble- bees, crawling over the gay flowers, rifling them of their nectar and filling their pollen baskets with bright red pollen, which was most conspicuous on their black and white bodies and strikingly different in color from the ordi- nary pollen collected elsewhere. There are endless devices in flowers to secure the distribution of pollen at the time it will be of most use and also for its protection from moisture after it has been emitted from the anthers. This is secured in most instances by the shape of the flowers or the position of the floral leaves; again, the male and female organs of some flowers are very sensitive, the pollen being cast forth with some violence as soon as the stamens are touched by insects. An instance of this is to be found in the common Canadian swamp plant called lambkill or swamp laurel; the anthers are held down in small depressions round the edge of the corolla, and when an insect visits the flowers, the stamens spring up, the anthers burst and the pollen is thrown against the insect's body. The same thing may be observed in the common barberrj' flower. In addition to the classes of plants already referred to, which are sterile to their own pollen (and in a few remarkable instances where the pollen is actually poisonous to the pistil of the same flower), there are numberless species which are partially sterile when fertilized with their own pollen, and to a less degree when fertilized with pollen from close relatives such as seed- lings from the same parent as the plant bearing the flowers; and finally in a large class where there is no apparent obstacle to self-fertilization, cross- fertilization often occurs from what is known as the prepotency of pollen from another individual over a plant's own pollen. 64 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The agency by wh'icli pollen is transported from one flower to another is either animate or inanimate, and certain peculiarities will be found in flowers characteristic of each class. The inanimate agency with most flowers is the wind, and in these flowers the pollen is dusty and exceedingly light, so as to be carried on the lighest breeze; the flowers are inconspicuous and there is no nectar nor pei'fume. On the other hand, in those flowers which are dependent on an animate agency, which is mainly insects of various kinds, these insects must be attracted to the flowers; and we accordingly find that brilliant colors and far-reaching odors are developed. These alone, however, would be of small gratification to the visitors; consequently, something more satisfying is provided, namely, nectar and pollen, which form the food of vast hordes of the insect world, and particularly of the honey bee. More- over, the remarkable provision is made that these attractions only appear just at the time when the visits of insects can be of a definite benefit to the plant; and, further than this, an endless variety in the structure of the leaves, stems and flowers of plants makes easy the access of such species as Avill be of use, but retards or keeps out entirely those which would only regale themselves on the sweets provided without conferring any beneflt in return. A pollen grain is somewhat analagous to a seed; as soon as it reaches the stigma, the viscid portion of the pistil, a sort of growth begins, and delicate tubes are pushed out and run down through the tissues to the ovary. Through these tubes the vitalizing principle (the fovilla) reaches and fec- undates the ovules in the ovary. The period during which the pollen and the stigma are in a fit condition for fertilization is only of short duration. Those insects, therefore, which can fly quickly from plant to plant are much better adapted for this work than the slower moving, wingless, creeping insects which would be much more likely to have the pollen brushed from their bodies in their journey from plant to plant or even from flower to flower. The size even of flying insects is also a matter of importance, so that their bodies may come in contact with the anthers of one flower and the pistil of another, and most marvellous contrivances will be discovered when looked for in the blossoms of flowers, the effect of which is to exclude those visitors which are not profitable. Such are modifications in the shape and size of the corolla, the presence of tufts of hair, barbed spikes and bristles around the nectary, the secretion of the nectar at the bottom of long spurs or deep tubes of the corolla, etc. Wingless insects are kept from getting to the nectar by even more numerous obstructions; reflexed bristles, copious hairs, viscid glands or viscid rings on the stems, particularly around the flower stalks. In some plants, as the fuller's teasle, the leaves join around the stem, form- ing a receptacle which catches rain and dew and forms an insuperable barrier. What also is doubtless a provision for the protection of the seeds of plants is the fact that when plants are eaten by animals or insects, it will frequently be noticed that the blossoms themselves are seldom destroyed. This may be due either to a more abundant production of thorns or bristles around these organs, or that they are rendered distasteful by certain compounds which are more abundantly secreted in the blossoms. This fascinating branch of my subject is far too wide for me to more than refer to it now; but I am convinced that the shape, position, nature and adornment of every part of a plant has some special significance if we can only discover it. That we have not yet perceived of what these advantages are, by no means justifies us in assuming that no advantage exists, and the search for the true meaning of the innumerable shape of flowers and leaves. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 65 their positions and behaviors under varying circiimstauces provide a limitless source of pleasure and valuable instruction to whoever takes the matter up earnestly, verifying- carefully each observation and exercising every care not to be carried away by the subject and jump to conclusions. I have with me here to-day some excellent charts made by my friend, the Rev. Thomas Fyles, of Quebec, the President of the Entomological Society of Ontario. These will enable me to illustrate some of the points I have referred to far better than I could otherwise have done. Some fine colored charts were here exhibited and much information was given about each in turn. Some of the points explained were the following: No. 1. Pollen grains.— Although so small, the minute pollen grains are of various sizes and shapes, and have their surfaces beautifully ornamented in a variety of ways; in fact, these minute objects are just as characteristic and easily recognizable under the microscope as are the different kinds of seeds. The pollens of several well-known plants were shown as illustrative of the different shapes and markings of pollen grains. The pollen of pine trees, which is very light, is produced in enormous quantities, and, when carried on the wind and deposited at a distance, has sometimes been taken for shower of powdered sulphur. An instance of this was brought to my notice during the past summer at Armstrong, iu British Columbia. A re- markable occurrence illustrating the extreme likeness of the pollen grains of pine trees was one of these so-called sulphur showers on the deck of a ship nearly 200 miles from land. The doctor of the ship, who happened to be a botanist, detected the true nature of the yellow deposit by putting some of the material under his microscope. No. 2. Mouth parts of the honey bee, the humble bee and the wasp.— The differences in the mandibles of these insects were pointed out and explained. The mandibles of the honey bee are provided for the working of wax, and this only when softened at a high temperature; those of the wasp, for gnaw- ing wood for the manufacture of the paper with which their nests are surrounded. No. 3. Flowers of the Pea Family, illustrated by figures of the Broad Bean, showing the distinct contrast of black and white, the Sweet Pea and the Broom.— The different structures were explained in their bearing on the question of cross fertilization, attention being drawn to the brush-like stigma and the elastic keel. No. 4. A Flower of the Sunflower Family.— The many points of interest in these flowers and the devices by which they are prevented from becoming self-fertilized were explained. No. 5. Flowers of the Common Primrose, referred to above, showing the two forms with long and short pistils. No. 6. Flower of Tropteolum.— Attention was drawn to the markings and tufts of hair in the throat of the garden flower known as the nasturtium, which acted as path finders to insects of a proper size and shape, so as to secure fertilization of the seeds when they visited the fiowers for the sake of the copious nectar in the long spurs. No. 7. Flower of Antii-rhinum.- The necessity of a large, strong insect such as a bee to open the snapdragon fiower and reach the nectar was evident, but it was stated that sometimes humble bees gnawed a more direct entrance to the nectary at the base of the flower. After this entrance was once made, honey bees might be seen rifling the flowers through this hole 9 66 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. instead of entei'iiig by the proper opening. This he believed was an analag- ous case to honey bees sucking the .iuice from injured fruits. No. 8. The Night Flowering Catchliy.— The blossoms of the Pink Family are extremely interesting. There are ten stamens, the flowers open after sundown when they are white and conspicuous. Sweet perfume is emitted and during the first evening of the three in which each flower expands, five of the anthers are pushed out of the flower tube and shed their pollen, after which they dry up and fall away. The next morning the petals curl up and present the appearance of a faded flower. During the day there is no per- fume, but in the evening the petals again unfold, the scent returns, and the other five anthers appear. It is not until the third evening, when all the pollen is exhausted that the pistil lengthens out and exposes itself to receive pollen from other flowers. Several other charts of a similar nature to the above were shown and their bearing on the subject explained. In bringing his remarks to a close, Dr. Fletcher spoke of the great value to all classes of workers of the introduction of nature-study into our schools and universities. He spoke highly of the work which had been done by Professor Bailey and Craig, of Cornell University. He knew of nothing so A'aluable in education as inculcating a knowledge and with it a want of knowledge concerning all the common objects which surrounded us on every side, and an ignorance of which in most classes of tlie community was such a conspicuous characteristic. President Watrous: We have been greatly benefited and entertained. We will next listen to an address by Mr. M. B. Waite of the United States Department of Agriculture. RELATION OF BEES TO THE ORCHARD. MR. M. B. WAITE, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I will discuss tlie subject under three lieads: First, bees and the monilia fungus. Second, bees and pear blight. Third, bees as poUenizers. Bees are certainly intimately connected with the orchard, both in health and disease. Taking up the first subject, I think I can give you something new. It is probably the least important of the three matters which I shall take up, but it is the newest. I am quite well satisfied from observations made during the early part of the present summer that bees are largely responsible for tlie rapid distribution of the peach and plum rot fungus. They are not the only culprits connected with that distribution. Wasps and soldier bugs and several other puncturing insects are also concerned in tlie matter, and the wasps and puncturing insects are the ones which usually make the openings, especially in perfectly sound fruit. However, bees rapidly follow in the punctures by other insects. In June and July hundreds and thousands of bees may be seen swarming over the early ripening peaches and Japanese plums, and in going over the rotten fruit they carry the spores into the wounds made by the wasps and soldier bugs, and into weather cracks. The peaches cracked open badly by the wet weather this year. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 67 Ofdmixon was the worst in Marylaud. but even varieties like Elljerta showed a great many weather cracks. Into these cracks the bees penetrated. They even ate large holes in the frnit. I have seen a hole large enough to hold three bees inside of it, and even on gathering the fruit, they Avere so busily engaged that they were still at work inside the hole. I have endeavored to follow up this subject a little more closely, and tried to find out how much the monilia fungus could spread without the aid of bees, and Investigation showed that it was able to spread without the aid of insects; in other words, it does blow by the wind, and gets about in that way. I covered trees with mosquito netting, and also branches, and thought l^erhaps I might be able to prevent the spread of monilia within the mosquito net protection, but was not able to do so entirely. I somewhat reduced it, however, showing that the bees are active agents in the distribution of monilia. Taking up the second subject of bees and pear blight, we may say that bees are very active agents in the distribution of pear blight. In order to fully understand, however, the exact part that bees do play in the distribu- tion of pear blight,it will be necessary to go very briefly over some other points concerning this disease, and to give, in fact, the life history of the pear blight Ijacillus through the year. In the first place, we have three methods by which the pear blight germ enters the tree: First, through the blossoms, resulting in what is commonly called blossom blight, to distinguish it from the other methods of communication of the disease; Second, through the tender tips of growing twigs, but either blossom blight or twig blight may run down onto the limbs and trunk; and, Third, blight may enter directly Into the fleshy bark of young trees. The latter is comparatively a rare method, in fact by far the greater num- ber of infections are directly through the blossoms. Now, of course, it is only in blossom blight that the honey bee is concerned, and furthermore, all insects which visit the pear and apple blossoms and quince blossoms are more or less concerned in the matter of distribution on the blossoms. I may say also that other insects than the honey bee are largely Instrumental in the distribution of pear blight on the twigs, and we have scarcely been able to find a direct, normal method of introduction of the disease in the twigs without the intervention of some mechanical or insect puncture. Beginning with the spring of the year, the disease breaks out on the blossoms. Ordin- arily, trees do not have the blight very badly until they come into bloom and this, as I said before, is mostly due to its distribution by bees and other insects which visit the flowers and are the main factors. The pear blossom is a very open one and is very extensively visited by a whole list of insects. I started out to get a list of insects which visit pear blossoms, but when I reached the number of forty, I gave it up. Nearly all the flying insects, the bee being most active of all, but even beetles and wasps, and occasionally even a humming-bird (the latter of course not being an insect) visited the pear blossoms and carried the disease along. The blight begins on the blossoms in early spring; then during the summer we may have twig blight clear into September. The disease runs do^vn on the twigs, and in the great majority of cases dies out. The disease works in the bark and as a rule finds the tree, at some time during the late spring and summer, a little too dry and tough for it to take hold of, and it dies out. Occasionally infections. hoAvever, keep running down on the twigs, get into the fleshy bark, and keep on working slowly till fall. After this season 68 AMERICAN rOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. of tlie year, the trees are so moist that these germs will not dry out bnt will live over winter, resulting in what I call "hold-over blight." It stands zero weather perfectly. In the spring, those hold-over cases start off when root pressure begins and when the tree is forced full of sap. In some instances in the South, very active changes go on in these hold-over cases during mild winter weather, but in the Northern States they don't have the time to do much damage. The virus runs out on the sides of the tree and drops down. I saw some very fine cases in the mountains of Virginia last spring. The flies and wasps and other insects swarm on this exuding sap, and as the blossoms open they fly fi'om that to the opening blossoms and stai't the in- fection for the next year. We have in succession, first, blossom blight, then blight running on the branches, then hold-over blight, then re-infection the next spring, through the blossoms. When it is started on the blossoms, it is carried like fire. Now, as I started to say a moment ago, you would like to have the authentic proof that bees carry pear blight. I worked long and patiently on this prob- lem for three or four years. In the first place, the great abundance of blos- som blight leads to a suspicion, at least, that we have here some normal, effective method of distribution. There is some regular way about it, and we shall see what that method is. In the second place, the disease begins in the nectaries. The germs of pear blight are found growing and multiply- ing in this nectar. I detei'miued this mostly by artificial infection. By taking pure cultures of the pear blight germ and touching the nectary with a camel's hair brush, I started the pear blight off. It requires no puncture. It is the only point on thfe tree where the germs enter normally without a puncture. The nectary has no shield or cuticle over it to keep out the germs. Now, my first acquaintance with this relationship of bees to pear blight came about something like this: When I had succeeded in isolating the pear blight germ, I immediately tested the validity of my cultures by a series of experiments with a camel's hair brush on some blossoms, and I inoculated and labeled a number of blossoms around the lower part of a pear tree on the Agri- cultural Department grounds at Washington. I spent a good deal of time actually watching those blossoms growing, and of course here came the bees right in front of me, and as the germs began to grow in the nectaries, they began to visit my infected blossoms, and I saw them fly from these over the trees to the other blossoms. I captured two bees, caught them in the act of visiting the infected blossoms, and taking them into the laboratory made plate cultures by the method in which we ordinarily isolate bacteria, and succeeded beautifully in isolating pear blight germs from the mouth parts of the bees. In other words, we actually caught the bees in the act, and this was re- peated a number of times and in different parts of the country. Now, it seems as though we had the matter pretty well proven. My trees that I had infected came down beautifully with pear blight. The clusters all came down which I had infected and labeled, and a large number of others all around the tree. The question then was as to what other methods of distribution the pear blight germ might have, and I set about with quite an elaborate series of experiments, to find out the truth of the matter. The main question was whether the pear blight germ was carried by the wind. If it could be blown by the wind, it would not make any difference whether the bees carried it or not, but if it was not blown by the wind, it became a matter of consider- TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 69 able importance. So, having gone through one spring in Washington, I Dioved up to Western New Yorli and passed through another spring the same year. A gentleman living near Brockport, N. Y. very kindly turned over a small orchard to me in which I could start a small, artificial epidemic of pear blight. We inoculated about six or eight trees, and about eight or ten small branches on each tree. Before inoculating them. I covered a large portion of the tree with bags of various density, mosquito netting, cheese- cloth and paper, reasoning that by covering the trees with mosquito netting, if the disease was blown by the wind, it would certainly blow through the mosquito netting and would appear under the bags. The disease gradually spread from my centers of infection, but in no case did the disease get through the mosquito netting, although a large per- centage of the clusters broke down, on the trees that were infested, outside of the mosquito netting. We inoculated blight in the bags and kept it in; we inoculated it outside, and kept it out. Now, in further support of the view that I have taken that pear blight is not borne by the wind, we have two important facts: The first is that the pear blight virus is always a sticky mass, which cannot be blown by the wind. It is a gummy material that can readily be carried by anything that touches it, but not by the wind. The second fact is that the pear blight germs on drying rapidly die. In ordinary orchard conditions, a few days after the twig dries out the germs die. So that pear blight germs are not lying around promiscuously. We have no evidence whatever that we can get infection in any other waj*. So I tliiuk you will be Avilling to accept my proposition, that bees are active agents In carrying pear blight on blossoms, and that the blight is not carried by the wind. Now, we have been giving the honey bee such a bad record that it is with great pleasure that I turn to another phase of this subject. Very early in this work, the question came up in my mind, if the honey bee was doing this unfortunate work, what was its function on the blossoms? The question came up, were our pear blossoms of such a nature that they required this insect fertilization by the bees? So I started out to determine the relation- ship between the bees and the fertilization of the blossoms. The result was a long series of experiments lasting over three years. On account of the limited time, I shall have tt» state very briefly, the re- sults of this pollenization work. In the first place it came out that most of our pears, as the result of careful hand pollination on tests, are sterile to their own pollen. Cross-pollination is characteristic of our orchard fruits. It is perhaps not true of peaches and quinces, but as far as apples and pears arc concerned, cross-pollination is a necessity. Bj trying a large number of experiments, I concluded that insects were the largest agents in cross-pollination. The blossom of the pear is not of the type of wind-fertilized blossoms, but is distinctly of the insect-fei'tilized type. Now, this matter is so complicated that it will be impossible, in the short time at my disposal, to go into the details of fertilization. To make the story short, we may say that from the biological standpoint, the bees are doing their noxUial. natural work in visiting the pear and apple blos- soms. The blossoms are for the bees to pollinate, are developed by insects, and the insects have been developed in correlation to them. It is a normal, biological process, this visiting of orchard fruit-blossoms by bees. The bees are there performing their proper function. Now the. question is, is the honey bee to be looked upon as useful or as 70 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. injurious? Do its beueficial effects equal its injurious effects? When there is no pear blight about it, it is easily clecicled in favor of the usefulness of the bee. but when there is an outbreak of blight, it is a rather hard question to decide. Tiiere are no doubt times when pear blight is rampant in an orchard, when it would be better not to have the honey bee or any other insect in there until the blight is past. On the other hand, from the standpoint of the bee- keeper, it can be said that in most cases wild bees and other insects would do a large part of the work, both good and bad, without the honey bee, so that we could not get rid of the infection of the blight even if we did dispense with the jiresence of the bee. I feel satisfied that in the Eastern United States the honey bee must be looked upon as a usful element in the orchard. I have an apiary in my own orchard. The people in California have had some terrific outbreaks of pear blight and are very much concerned over the matter, and they have reached the conclusion that they can dispense with the honey bee as an orchard pollenizer; that their Bartlett pears will set all the fruit that is necessary, without insect fertilization. I have never investigated the subject in California. My only knowledge of the case is due to my observation of California fruits in the markets. There are so many seedless Bartlett pears from California that it looks as if they were necessarily self-pollinized, and there may possibly be some truth in their view that their pears will set without cross-pollination. In that case, it moves the thing a little bit against the bee. and if pear blight is rampant In an orchard, it would certainly be desirable,— at times at least— not to have- the bee about. In conclusion, I may say that I have had to just barely touch upon matters of extreme importance that should require an evening for their discussion, but I am prepared to defend my propositions by further explanation, if you find it necessary. President Watrons then announced the following paper by Professor Beach: SPRAYING IN BLOOM. PROF. S. A. BEACH, N. Y. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, GENEVA, N. T. Spraying commercial orchards to prevent attacks of injurious insects and diseases is a practice of comparatively recent origin. According to Lode- man^ the first published record of successful treatment for the codling moth by spraying with Paris green is in the report of the Western New York Horticultural Society for 1879, and the first publication of a regular experi- ment station to give the results of using Paris green against this insect is the annual report of the New York State Station at Geneva for 1885. In the period from 1887 to 1894, through the efforts of the United States De- partment of Agriculture and various agricultural experiment stations, it was demonstrated that by the use of certain fungicides, notably the Bordeaux mixture, some of the most serious orchard diseases, such as apple scab, pear scab, quince leaf and fruit spot, and plum leaf spot might be kept under iLodeman, The Spraying- of Plants: 63, 65. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 71 control. During ttie latter part of this period some fruit growers commenced the practice of spraying orchards systematically to prevent certain diseases. In the treatment of apple, pear and quince orchards Paris green, or an equivalent arsenical poison came to be usually combined with the Bordeaux mixture so as to apply both an insecticide and a fungicide in one treatment. As early as 1SS9 Cook, then Entomologist for the Michigan Agricultural College, stated that bees might be poisoned with Paris green sprayed upon fruit trees when in bloom. He urged that spraying should not be practiced during the blooming season and that, if necessary, such a requirement should be made by law.^ After that whenever experiment station workers pub- lished directions upon this point they uniformly advised against spraying in bloom. In 1896 Webster published the results of experiments conducted at the Ohio Experiment Station in 1892 and 1894, by which it was proved that bees are liable to be poisoned by working on blossoms sprayed with Paris green or with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. He reports that shortly after some trees were sprayed one of the colonies of bees located near by became extinct. Arsenic was not only found in the abdomens of these bees but it was also found in the dead brood in the hive.^ We have already noticed that even prior to 1895 some fruit growers had adopted the practice of spraying their orchards for the prevention of certain fungous diseases and of combining with such treatment the application of arsenical poisons to kill insect enemies. Such was their success that their example was .soou followed by many others and within the next three or four years spraying came to be generally regarded as a necessary operation in successful orchard management. But some of the fruit growers experi- enced more or less difficulty in trying to follow the instructions of the ex- periment stations as to when the spraying should be done, especially in treating large apple orchards. In this eastern section of the country the apple orchard, as a rule, constitutes but a portion of the farm, the remain- ing portion being devoted to other crops. At the time when spraying should be done other important farm work also demanded attention. This is especially felt when the season has been unfavorable for field work. Under such cir- cumstances when the fruit grower was crowded with work the practice of spraying apple trees in bloom has had its origin. It was tried at first from considerations of necessity or convenience rather than from any idea of the superiority of this plan of treatment over that recommended by the experi- ment stations. Orchardists who had not completed the spraying of their trees before the blossoming season began continued to spray in some in- stances after the blossoms opened. They chose to take the risk of injuring the crop by spraying in bloom rather than risk injury from diseases and insects. Later the idea that the best time of all for spraying is when the trees are in full bloom gained considerable headway. As soon as they found that fruit growers were beginning to spray orchards when in bloom the bee-keepers- at once became much concerned over the effect of such a practice on their business. The publications of experiment stations and of the United States Department of Agriculture assured them that bees were liable to be poisoned by working on blossoms which had been sprayed with Insecticides. In New York State the bee-keepers set to work iCook, A. J., Bull, 53, Mich. Ex. Sta.: -1. 5. -Webster, F. M. Bull. 68 Ohio Ex. Sta.: 52. 72 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. vigorously and liy 1898 secured the enactment of a law which still stands on the statute books, making it a misdemeanor to apply any poisonous sub- stance in any way to fruit trees in bloom.^ Some of the fruit growers had by this time become so thoroughly convinced that better results could be obtained by spraying apple orchards in bloom than by spraying at any other time that they strongly opposed the passage of the law and afterwards tried to get it repealed. Unsuccessful in this, but still confident that their views were correct, they kept at work till an amendment to the law was finally secured whereby the experiment stations at Cornell University and at Geneva were permitted to spray plants in bloom for the purpose of testing such treatment in comparison with the treatment commonly advised. Accordingly in 1900 work on certain phases of this subject was undertaken by both of the stations named above. The results, so far as published, are given in Bulletin 196 of the Geneva Station, to which publication those who are especially interested are referred. One of the questions bearing on the subject of spraying in bloom which is sometimes asked is whether treating the open blossoms with the spray mixtures does not directly help to set the fruit. An understanding of the way fruit sets will conduce to a clearer idea of Avhat influence the spray mixtures may reasonably be expected to have in this direction. An apple blossom cut through the middle shows several important and distinct parts. The outer green portion which covers the bud is called the calyx. When the blossom opens the calyx turns backward. It persists on the fruit Avhere it may be seen by examining the blossom end of the apple. Next wnthin the calyx are the showy flower leaves. Neither these nor the calyx are essential to the setting of fruit. Up to the time the blossom opens they give protec- tion to the very delicate central organs but they may then be cut away with- out interfering with the setting of the fruit. The essential organs are the stamens and pistil. The pistil occupies the very center of the flower. It divides above into five green threads which at the proper time exude from their tips a sticky fluid. Below it contains the little egg cells which, when fertilized, develop into seeds. The stamens are thread-like and tipped with yellow sacs of powder called pollen. They surround the pistil. When the pollen alights upon the sticky tip of tlie pistil, i. e., upon the stigmatic sur- face, if conditions are favorable it sends out a sprout in a way somewhat analogous to the sprouting of grain in warm, moist soil. This pollen tube grows downward through the soft tissues till it reaches the egg cell, which is then fecundated and thus stimulated to continue growing into a seed. This, in brief, is the way fertilization of the apple takes place. If fertiliza- tion does not take place there is no further development and the entire flower withers and falls away. Since the essential organs are composed of very tender tissues it Is not surprising that injury may follow when they are hit by the spray mixtures. Neither is it strange that Bordeaux mixture should prevent the germination of the pollen. The Bordeaux mixture holds its position as a leading fungicide because it prevents the growth of fungous spores. The germination of pollen is more nearly analogous to the germination of fungous spores than to the germination of grain cited above. Since the Bordeaux mixture is deadly to the one it may be expected to have a similar effect upon the other. That it does have such an effect is proved by laboratory experiments which formed iChap. 325, Laws of 1898. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 73 a 'part of the investigatious previously mentioned. The ordinary combina- tion of Bordeaux mixture with an arsenical poison prevented the growth of pollen in laboratory cultures, as also did even lime alone, while in corres- ponding cultures in whicli these substances were not present the pollen germinated and pollen tubes grew. Bordeaux mixture alone, of the one to eleven formula, was added to cultures in varying proportions and the effect was remarkable. AYith 200 parts of it in 10.000 parts of the culture media the gi'owth of pollen was practically prohibited for the pollen did not grow except in rare instances; 100 parts in 10,000 in some cultures, but not in all, wholly prevented the germination of the pollen; sometimes 50 parts in 10,000 gave a similar result and even the very slight proportion of two pai'ts in 10,000 in some cases showed an unmistakably adverse influence on pollen germination. Since pollen must alight upon the stigmatic surface and there germinate before fertilization can take place these results are highly signi- ficant to the fruit grower. From the facts which have been presented it is clear that applying the spray mixtures on the open blossoms instead of assisting directly to set the fruit may wholly prevent it. But some fruit growers feel sure that spraying in bloom has caused a positive improvement in their apple crop. How can such results be accounted for? One of the worst diseases in New York apple orchards is the scab. Does spraying in bloom give some degree of protection against this disease? It is well known that the amount of damage from this disease varies greatly in different seasons. In 1896, for example, the apple crop was remarkably free from injury from the scab even on trees which had never been sprayed. In 1898. on the contrary, in Western New Y^ork the scab became virulent so early in the season that in many cases it killed a considerable portion of the blossoms, and later continued the destruction on the immature fruit. The apple blossoms grow in clusters having perhaps from five to seven in the cluster although the number may varj'^ considerably. They do not all open at the same time. The one in the center opens first and is normally the strongest and forms the largest fruit. Those immediately around the central one open next in order and lastly the outside blossoms of the cluster open. The whole process generally takes from a week to ten days in this part of the country. It varies with weather conditions. When the last ones are opening the central blossom has usually passed out of bloom. Not only is there this difference in the time when the different fiowers in a cluster open, but also on the same tree clusters which are less exposed to the heat of the sun are correspondingly retarded in blooming. Consequently all of the clusters on a tree do not begin blooming at the same time. It appears, therefore, that there is no one time when all the apple blossoms on a tree are open. Of those which are open some are sure to escape being hit in the center when the spraying is done in the ordinary way. When there is an abundance of bloom and when the apple scab becomes ^destructive as early in the season as the time when the blossoms are opening, as was the case in 1898, spraying once in bloom might not destroy enough of the blossoms to seriously reduce the crop of fruit and yet give a degree of protection against the scab which would result in improvement in the amount and character of the crop; but it has not yet been demonstrated by rigid experiments that even in such a season spraying in bloom gives superior results to those which may be obtained by spraying just before and just after the blooming season. In order to get conclusive evidence on this point it will be necessary to continue the experiments till a season arrives when 10 74 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. the conditions are somewliat similar to tliose which obtained in Western New York in 1898. Does spraying in bloom ever bring about an Improvement in the crop by thinning the fruit? In the experiments reported in the bulletin already cited it was found that apple blossoms which were treated with the spray^ in the earlier part of the blooming season generally failed to set fruit. Blossoms M^hich had been open several days before they were hit by the spray seemed to have reached a stage where such treatment did not interfere with the setting of the fruit. Some results which are apparently conflicting may be reconciled by a clear understanding of this point. It appears that there is a difference between the older blossoms and the newer ones as to their susceptibility to injury from spray mixtures. Experiments were also made in which portions of trees were treated by spraying repeatedly during the blooming season, thus hitting the new blos- soms as they opened from day to day. As a consequence scarcely any blos- soms set fruit, nearly all being destroyed by the treatment. One spraying, if well done may be expected to destroy a large proportion of the freshly opened blossoms and thus thin the fruit. Such a result was in fact obtained in some of the experiments with apples in 1900 and with pears in 1901. In case there is a light bloom it seems that spraying at a time when most of the blossoms are freshly opened may cause the loss of a con- siderable portion of the crop. Some fruit growers who have tried it have become convinced that spraying under such conditions has caused them very serious loss. In the experiments in which spraying in bloom has thinned the fruit the amount of marketable fruit has not always been decreased. Such results are similar to those obtained where the fruit has been thinned by hand. This suggests the practical question whether the process of spraying plants in bloom may be used as an economical method of thinning the fruit. Our ex- periments on this point have not j-et been carried far enough to give con- clusive results. In our investigations we have tried to find out what effect the application of the ordinary spray mixtures to open blossoms has upon the blossom and upon the crop of fruit. There is another phase of the subject which interests the fruit grower and that is the extent to which bees and other insects are needed for cross-pollination in order to secure a good setting of fruit. It has been proved that with some varieties cross-pollination must occur before any fruit can be formed. Others are fully capable of setting fruit without cross-pollination. Between these two extremes are found many imperfectly self-sterile varieties, among which are all gradations between self-sterility and self-fertility with corresponding independence of or dependence upon cross-pollination for the setting of fruit. Even some varieties which are classed as self-fertile may produce better fruit when cross-pollinated than when self-pollinated. Pollen is naturally distributed from one blossom to another by the agency of either winds or insects. Some kinds 'of pollen are easily disti'ibuted by. winds; other kinds are not adapted to wind distribution but are readily carried by insects. Apple pollen belongs in this latter class. Whether or not the fruit grower may secure better crops when insects aid in distributing ^The ordinary combination of Bordeaux mixture and an arsenical poison. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 75 the pollen must be determined by learning the needs in this direction for ■ each particular variety of fruit which be grows. In case he is growing self- sterile or imperfectly self-fertile varieties having pollen not readily dis- tributed by winds, the poisoning of bees and other insects which visit the blossoms would work him injury. He then would have a common interest with the bee-keeper in preserving the lives of the insect visitors of the flowers. A considerable amount of work has been done for the purpose of determining which ones among our cultivated varieties are self-fertile and which are imperfectly self-fertile or self-sterile. At some experiment sta- tions further investigations on this subject are in progress. Much yet re- mains to be done, however, in order that full and satisfactoi-y information on this important point may be available to the fruit grower. Another question which is worthy of attention in relation to the subject of spraying in bloom is the effect of fimgicides upon bees. We have seen that if spraying in bloom results in an improvement of the crop of apples such improvement may come in part from protection against the attacks of the scab fungus and in part from thinning the fruit. Neither Paris green nor any other recognized insect poison is needed to secure these results. They may be obtained by using Bordeaux mixture alone. It is desirable, there- fore, to know whether there is any danger of poisoning bees by spraying blossoms with fungicides alone. It is worthy of remark in this connection that in all of the extensive use of Bordeaux mixture it has not j^et been known to poison insects. Finally, from what has been said it appears that the desirability of spray- ing in bloom or not spraying in bloom is a subject concerning which more information is needed in order to reach a decision which shall be accepted by all as being correct. Among the questions which should be investigated further are these: 1. May bees be poisoned by spraying open blossorns with Bordeaux mix- ture or other fungicides not combined with any recognzed insect poison? 2. Does spraying just before and just after blooming give as good pro- tection against injurious insects and diseases as a corresponding number of treatments, one of which is made during the blooming season? 3. At what stage of blooming has the process of fertilization progressed so far as to render the blossoms safe against injury from spray mixtures? 4. What cultivated varieties may be expected to show improvement in fruit production as a result of cross-pollination secured through the agency of insect visitors? The following conclusions must be accepted as now well established: 1. Bees may be poisoned by applications of arsenical poisons to open blossoms. The brood in the hive may likewise be poisoned. 2. The application of ordinary spray mixtures to open blossoms may stop the further development of the blossom either through the corrosive action of the spray upon the pistil or by preA^enting the germination of pollen on the stigmatic surface. 3. With apple and pear trees having an abundance of blossoms spraying once in the blooming season has thinned the fruit; spraying repeatedly so as to hit the blossoms as they opened from day to day has practically de- stroyed the crop of fruit. 4. The productiveness of many of the varieties of fruits which are more or less self-sterile is increased by cross-pollination secured through the visits of insects to the blossoms. 76 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. President Watrous: I now introduce to you Mr. H. W. Collingwood, editor of the "Rural New Yorlier,'' wlio will address you. THE POMOLOGIST AND THE BEE KEEPER. MR. H. W. COLLINGWOOD, NEW YORK, N. Y. I am not a bee keeper, although I help feed my neighbors' bees! I don't pretend to be a Pomologist. I'm a plain fruit grower, far enough along in the business to realize that, with all his proud dominion over the lower forces of nature, man cannot produce the finest and most perfect fruits without the help of his friend the bee. That I believe will be the conclusion of every fruit grower who will really study the question. The relations between the fruit grower and the bee itself are physical, mental and moral. Interfere with a bee's notion of duty and right, and he at once administers a stinging rebuke to those faint-hearted humans who permit others to interfere with their homes and privileges. Pex'haps some of you have heard of the young man who said he called his sweetheart "honey" and in twenty-four hours she broke out in an attack of hives! The mental relations appear when a thoughtful man studies the wonderful life and habits of the bee, and the social order that prevails inside the hive. That man must admit that even the civilization that has been inspired by human wisdom falls short of this in some essentials of justice and equity. The moral aspect appears when, in the latter part of summer the bees swarm to your fruits, and j^ou try to follow out the principles of the Golden Rule in your relations with the bee keeper. You learn then how much easier it is to he a bear than it is to forbear! One must learn to use the memory of services rendered as oil for the rusty machinery of patience. There are two worthy citizens who upset the theories of the scientific men — Jack Frost and Mr. Honey Bee. Ice and honey are two crops which re- move no fertility from the soil. A man might cut ice on his neighbor's pond for years, and make a fortune by doing so, yet all his work would cut no ice in the great American game of robbing the soil. The pond will not be injured in the least. In like manner my neighbor's bees may take a ton of honey from my fruit trees, and it may sell at a good price, yet my farm has not lost five cents' worth of plant food, nor would I have heen a cent better off if the bees had not taken an ounce of the nectar, but had simply acted as dry nurses to my baby fruits without pay or rewai'd! Both frost and bee bring unnumbered blessings to man, yet most of us will spend more time growling at some little injury which they do as they pass on. than we will in praise and thankfulness for all the benefits they heap upon us. I have knowfi fruit growers and Pomologists who, when they find the bee sucking some cracked and worthless old fruit, to forget that the bee did more than they in the making of these fruits. If they were in the bee's place, they would probably demand 75 per cent of the finest fruit in the orchard as payment for their labor. Such folks make me think of the housekeeper who found fault with the minister. The good man came into the house of sick- ness with a message of divine hope and love and faith. He cheered the hearts of all, and yet, when he went away, the housekeeper found fault with him because he forgot to wipe his feet on the door mat, and tracked some mud upon her kitchen floor. What a world this would be if we could learn TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 77 to judge others not liy their little weaknesses, but by their great acts of loviug service. If one would look for the ideal relations between the fruit grower and the bee keeper, he will find them inside the modern cucumber house. The cucum- ber is "cool" way down to the courtship of its flowers. Matrimonial agents are required, and formerly these were men who went about with soft brushes dusting the pollen upon these bashful flowers. It has been found that bees will do this better than the men, and most cucumber houses now have their swarms of bees. Inside the glass house the grower has no desire to thi-ow stones at the bee keeper, because they both wear the same clothes, and the man who cannot get on harmoniously with himself has no business out of jail, r say that, well knowing that some of the darkest life tragedies in the world's history have been caused by the evil side of a man's nature obtain- ing mastery for the moment over the good. In the orchard or fruit farm the conditions are ver5' different. Here a man may feed the bees which be- long to somebody else, and he does not, like the cucumber grower, see that the bees actually save him the wages of a workman, which would be nearly as necessary without the bee. Most men do not, I think, fully understand who the bee is and what he really does. Let us state his case fairly. I understand, of course, that common facts about the bee must be an old story to those who are here. The greatest value of such a meeting is the fact that one may talk over your head^ or through you to the thousands who will never join either society, and yet who will profit by your work. THE BEE AS A CITIZEN. Man has never tamed the bee as he has the horse or dog or ox. These animals have surrendered their freedom and tamely submit to man's dicta- tion, changing even their shape and vital functions at his will. Turn them loose, and after a few hours of clumsy freedom they will come back and beg to be taken imder shelter— into slavery. Even man himself loses the savage independence and love of liberty he knew when free as the hills, and at the behest of civilization puts his neck under the heel of those who ai*e morally his inferior. Not so the bee. He has never surrendered the freedom that goes with wild things and wild life. Man coaxes and partly directs him, but he is still untamed and still retains the courage and fearlessness which civilization takes from the heart of^most animals, including man. Left to itself the swarm of bees will not come begging shelter from man, but gladly and fearlessly fly off into the wilderness, to live as its ancestors lived. The bee starts with the scope and purpose of its life work clear. It does not need to go to school. Fi'om the first gleam of consciousness the bee knows that it is born to toil, without reward, without hope of posterity. Instinct, heredity, spirit, call it what you will, drives the bee on to labor without ceasing, without holidays or hours of lazy ease — and for what? Simply for the future— that dim. mysterious time for which he is ever prompted to provide. I said that the mental side of this question will present itself to any thoughttul man. Truly the lesson of the hive goes deep into the human heart and soul. THE BEE AS A WORKER. As a boy I was brought up on the "busy bee" theory. The old man who 78 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. considered himself responsible for my industrial training gave me to under- stand that the bee Is a tireless worker, who toils for the love of it and never quits. He wasn't trying to get me interested in the study of natural history — he was trying to get me to realize that some one loved to work— and he knew that lie didn't. I am sorry to break down this ideal of childhood, for I have searched hard to find something that has no blood of the shirli in its veins. I can't tell my children the old story, for they will soon know that most bees in New Jersey appear to start work at 7:30 to 8 A. M., and knock off at 4 P. M. On wet days they usually quit entirely. This is much like the average hired man, who will take advantage of a light sprinkle to come in and sweep up the barn floor! The bee works on Sunday, while the hired man rides his bicycle. When the bee does start he keeps at his work, while the hired man stops to look at the clock. When you tear down the childish ideal of the busy bee. and find that it has some of the bad habits of mortals, you do not destroy the whole picture. That would be true with some men, but with the bee it only brings to view a higher ideal than ever. The bee does a fair day's work and then goes home and puts in a part of the night. A man after doing his work in the field will hardly help his wife wash the dishes after supper, but the bee works like a slave through the darkness at the wonderful task of manufac- turing honey. The short day of hard and consistent work furnishes enough for tlae hive workers. If all men worked as the bee does with as fair and just a division of labor, what a world we would have! The short, hopeful day's work would be sufficient if the idle and the rich would cease to live on the earnings of the overworked poor. The society in the hive permits but few drones, and kills them off as winter comes on, while human society in- creases the number. Thus as wc grow older we find that the bee is not the poor aimless drudge we thought him. but rather one who lets his wits save his wings. THE BEE'S GOOD WORK. We can easily forgive the bee his short worlving day, when we consider the good he does. There is no question about the debt fruit growers owe him. People talk about the wind and other insects in fertilizing our flowers, but I am confident that any man who will really take the time and pains to investigate for himself will see that the bee is nearly the whole story. I have seen the certain results of his good work in a neighbor's orchard. Those bees "broke the trees" down just as truly as though they had climbed on the limbs "by the million and pulled at fehem. The appearance of those ti'ees after a few years years of bee keeping would have convinced any fair- minded man that our little buzzing friends are true partners of tlie fruit grower. It h^s been said that the bee does not do tlais work because he wants to. He is pictured as a greedy, selfish fellow, born into the world with a single idea, who dusts his jacket with pollen and does his work as dry nurse simply as an incident. Nature puts the brushes on his legs and stomach, and he cannot help using them. Here again he is not unlike men. Most of us fight and slave and toil for oi;r own selfish ends. We try to shake the good inten- tions out of our jacket, and a large proportion of the good we do in this world is done as a side incident, as we press on to accomplish something for ourselves. To my mind tliis is only another illustration of the wise and TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 79 beautiful provision of Nature to lead tlie bee on from flower to flower with some motive of personal gain, and in this way compel him to do his work for Pomology. I would that humans who toil, even past the allotted years of man's life, after wealth and power, might as surely leave behind them perfect fruits for the toil of others. The stout legs of the bee as he crawls from flower to flower, kick life into the baby fruits. Surely with this in mind the Pomologist can have nothing to "kick" about. But ambition and the gratification of personal desires lead both bees and men to scatter evil as well as good. All Avings, except those of angels, attract and will carry the germs of evil if they rub against it. It is quite likely that bees will carry the germs of pear blight from one tree to another — perhaps in quantities sufficient to spread the disease. Let us admit that, and yet no pear grower who knows his business would have the bees stay entirely away from his trees. The bee also injures fruit to a certain extent. There may be times wben he actually leads in this bad work. When he does, he is starved to it. If he were fed at home, as every other farm animal would be at such a time, he would seldom do the mischief. In ordinary seasons I find little fault with the bee for sucking this cracked and broken fruit. We really ought to thank him this year for delivering us from the temptation to pack these worthless culls in the middle of the barrel. Our bee keeping friends tell us that there is always some rascal that goes ahead with a punch and breaks the skin before the bee will suck the juice. The yellow-jacket is said to be the culprit, and he is a safe one, for nobody cares to argue the point with him. I don't like this hiding behind a yellow-jacket. It is too much like the way some of these Christian nations have acted in China. Li Hung Chang and other yellow-jackets before him have robbed the Chinese people for centuries, but that is no excuse for the looting and stealing on the part of white men. Should not the bee keeper feed his bees when their natural food is scarce and they really injure fruit? When I neglect to feed my dog at home, and he runs to the neighbor's back yard for food which might feed the pig, have I a right to complain if the neighbor lives up to his legal privilege? My neighbor ought to remember that it was my dog's bark that tanned the hide of the tramp that frightened his children, but some neighbors are not built that way. They are like some Pomologists who object when the bee tries to take pay for his services in a few rotten fruits. I am not sure that home feeding would keep bees entirely away from the fruit. There are human beings who will run out of the best of homes. In fact, the more you feed them the more they run. Bees are much like humans in many respects. It is quite likely that a systematic method of feeding during honey dearths in summer would eventually pay the bee keeper, just as many dairymen have become convinced against their wills that it pays to feed grain to cows at good pasture. THE BEE AS A LAWYER. Before the law the bee appears to have clearer rights than any other domestic animal. Recent legal decisions have made the bee's position very clear. In one noted case the bees flew into the orchard and unquestionably worked upon or damaged broken fruit. The jury finally decided, and I think justly, that the bees committed no real damage — yet had a cow or a hog broken into that orchard and eaten that same fruit the owners would certainly have been liable for damages. 80 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. After reading the literature of tlie subject with great care, I think I am justified in saying that the bee has fuller and more complete legal protec- tion than any other domestic animal. Why should not this be so, since even in its wild state, untrained or directed by men, the bee is led by its very instinct to labor for the benefit of humanity? Certainly no wild animal works for men as the bee does, and no domestic animal accomplishes so much without direct harness or guidance. Invoking the law against bees is running up against a hard proposition. Laws have been passed against spraying fruit trees while in bloom. They are intended to give the bee legal protection. These laws have actually led some tough old fellows to spray at just that time, so as to kill the bees. The law was a suggestion of slaughter to them. Some men are so perverted that they see a wrong and coddle it as a "personal right." These laws have helped the fruit grower more than they have the bee keeper, because they have led the scientific men to investigate and tell us why it is a mistake to spray too early. It appears to have been settled that, before the law, bees are to be con- sidered domestic animals— not naturally inclined to be offensive. A fair synopsis of the bee's legal status is about as follows: 1. Bees kept by regular bee keepers have become absolute property as domestic animals, and therefore enjoy legal rights. 2. The bee is not naturally savage. It is no more likely to commit serious damage or mischief than dogs, cats, cows or horses. 3. The law looks with most favor upon those animals which are most use- ful to man. No animal is of more actual service to man in proportion to his size and the mischief he commits than the bee. 4. After bees have been kept in a certajn situation for a reasonable time without serious injury, it cannot be said that it is dangerous to keep them there. 5. The bee keeper becomes liable for injuries done by his bees only on the ground of actual or presumed negligence. This seems to give the bee a clear field to go ahead about his business in his own way. It must be said that this strong legal position of the bee is largely due to the fact that bee keepers have picked up some of the strong traits of the bees. When one of their number is attacked, they do not sew up their pockets and run ofl: with their share of the honey— and as much more as they can get! They fly at once to the defense of their comrade, and make, not an individual, but a society matter of it. The fruit grower will obtain little satisfaction in a lawsuit against the bee or the bee keeper. The bee is too good a friend of the judge. The rela- tions between these two classes should be settled not by the scales but by the Golden Rule. Every man who receives a bene-fit should remember where the benefit comes from. The bee keeper might say with truth: "It is true that my bees feed upon my neighbor's trees, but they have not injured his farm because they took no fertility away! He has no reason to kick because they kicked life into his fruit-buds." This is all true enough, but it is only one side. The fruit grower may say: "These bees have increased my crop of fruit, but have they not been well paid for their work? I feed them, and the money in their owner's pocket comes from my farm!" Two classes of men with interests which lap and nick in this way should never fight, for when one of them hits the other in the nose he is sure to TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 81 blacken bis own eye. Tbey sbould recognize tbeir mutual dependence and treat eacb otber fairly. Tbe bee keeper may say tbat tbe law gives bim a rigbt to put bis bives close to anotber's dwelling. Still if tbat location is offensive to bis neigbbor, tbe law wbicb is bigber tbau tbe decision of any human judge sbould lead bim to put tbem elsewhere. I have beard of an old farmer who Insisted on keeping a brindled calf tied on bis lawn. Tbe calf was in every way offensive to bis neighbors, and he bad ample space for it behind tbe barn, but be thrust tbat calf under the very noses of his neighbors, because the law said he had a rigbt to do as be pleased with bis own. Tbat man, like many others, figured tbat such magnifying of bis legal rights gave increased dignity to his pei'sonal rights— and what a foolish mistake he made. The man who will use his legal privileges as an offensive weapon against others, when it sbould be drawn only in defense of true principles, is not a true Pomologist or bee keeper. I regard tbe raising of fine fruits and tbe training and rearing of bees as the highest types of soil culture, and hence of human industry. He who can direct and watch tbe slow development of tbe perfect fruit, and lovingly guard it from plant disease and injurious insects through the long road to perfect maturity; and he who can patiently and skillfully guide and train the honey bee throagh its long summer's work— such men ennoble and dignify labor. Their work may be bard and constant. Their hands may be bard and rough, but tbe callous on tbe palm is not a badge of servitude, but an hon- orable scar from labor's battle-field. Such men are not mere drudges, with body and spirit broken on tbe hard wheel of labor; but, dealing with tbe fine and most delicate problems of nature, tbey keep step with the Creator —tbey are in direct partnership with God Himself; and, as such partners, tbey, of all men, should be guided by tbe wisdom and justice of the Golden Rule. DISCUSSION. Mr. R. M. Kellogg, of Three Rivers, Mich., then spoke as follows: I am not at all unmindful that it is now 11 o'clock. I assure you that I do not forget that. I was intensely interested in the last address, not so much because of what has been revealed to us, as to tbe work tbat is going on. We do not know so much about tbe pollination of fruit as we sbould do, but we are learning fast. It is not so many years ago, if you were to go to a well-informed farmer and tell bim tbat tbe plants be cultivated were male and female, be would open his eyes and tell you, "Is that so?" He knew nothing about the organism of plants, but I might say, within the last four years, tbat subject has made more rapid strides than in tbe previous many years. I have never owned a bee, but I am a friend of tbe bee. I have never owned a bee, but fortunately my neighbors have. Now, I have never seen an insect so well-fitted for tbe work of helping the Pomologist as tbat little busy bee. Why did God create tbe bee and arm bim with tbat little fuzz all over bis body and bis eyebrows? Why was this done, and why did be put the nectar down in the bottom arnong tbe pistils, where be must dig to get It? Why was this all done? If it were not tbat there must be some agency to carry the pollen from one fiower to another. I know of no otber agency. Tbey tell us tbat the wind does tbat. Will you tell us then bow this pollen 11 82 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. can be .supplied in sufficient abundance unless tliere is a magnet to draw it to that particular flower? God made the bee for that particular purpo.se. Now, I suspect tbat we don't know as much about the pollen as we should. I notice that lately a large number of postal cards were sent to different fruit growers inquiring about the self-fertilizing ability of the Kieffer pear, and the answer came back that this pear is self-fertilizing, in some instances, and not in others. I apprehend that this is a mere physical condition of the tree, and in the meantime we have got to have something to carry the pollen. The bee always carries his pollen brush. He will throw his arm over and brush it all off and put it on his thigh and as he digs down he gets it all over his eyebrows. Now, on my farm at Ionia I had within three miles of me swarms of bees. I never had any fruit Injured by the bees. I have stood there and seen them work and the whole trees perfectly roaring with the bees at work all through the spring, but where I now live I am sorry to say that I do not know of a swarm of bees within miles of me. I have never seen until the other day a honey bee on the farm, and I know that our fruits are not perfectly pollinated as they would be if bees were there. I am going to secure the presence of bees. I know that they cut a figure. I want to tell you one thing about spraying plants in bloom; I never spray my trees in bloom, but I did have a little misfortune once. You have all learned that it is absolutely necessary to tell a hired man at least six times "What you want done and then go and see that he does it. Now, I have a specimen patch of strawl)erries which I take great pains to make perfect, and every spring we spray our strawberries. I have a cart fixed up that sprays three rows at a time and it sprays them very thoroughly. I set the hired man to spraying, and he also sprayed my specimen patch, and of all the knotty, deformed fruits that you ever saw I got them off that patch. The spray had killed the pollen. I think there is no question but that the bees are killed by spraying. Dr. A. B. Mason, Sec'y. Bee Keeper.s' Association: I think. Mr. President, that considering the charges made against the bees, that we bee keepers are ready to rest our case. President Watrous: I will say for the benefit of some who have thought that the Bee Keepers hadn't had a fair show, that it was my understanding that the program was arranged through a friendl.v consultation of the offi- cers of the two societies, and that everything has been just as fair as pos- sible. I want to say that I believe the results have been very good. Dr. Mason: I think that the Bee Keepers feel that we made no mistake in selecting these gentlemen who talked to you to-night, to present our case. President Watrous: I think not. Upon motion, the meeting then adjourned at 11:15 P. M. to meet on Friday at 10 A. M. SECOND DAY FEIDAY MOEmNG SESSION. Sept. 13, 1901. The Society was called to order at 10 o'clock. President Watrous in the chair. Mr. Geo. T. Powell, of New York. Chairman of the Committee on Nomina- tion of Officers, reported as follows: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMINATION OF OFFICERS. Your Committee composed of members from twent.v-seven of the thirty- two States and Provinces represented at this meeting, respectfully submit the following nominations for officers for the ensuing term of two years: For Pi'esident.— Charles L. Watrous. of Iowa. For First Vice-President.— Thomas Meehan, of Pennsylvania. For Secretary.— Wm. A. Taylor, of the District of Columbia. For Treasurer.— L. R. Taft, of Michigan. For State Vice-Presidents for the States and Provinces represented on the Committee: Alabama W. F. Heikes Huntsville. Connecticut J. H. Hale South Glastonbury. District of Columbia G. B. Brackett Washington. [llinois H. M. Dunlap Savoy. Indiana .James Troop Lafayette. Iowa Chas. G. Patten Charles City. Kansas Wm. H. Barnes Topeka. Maine W. M. Munson Orono. Maryland .lames S. Harris Coleman. Massachusetts *Wm. C. Strong Waban. Michigan C. .1. Monroe South Haven. Minnesota S. B. Green St. Paul. Missouri .1. C. Evans Harlem. New Hampshire C. C. Shaw Milford. New Jersey I. ,1. Blackwell Titusville. New York F. M. Hexamer New York City. North Carolina .J. Van Lindley Pomona. *Promoted to First Vice-President upon death of Thomas Meehan. 84 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Ohio T. J. Harrison Painesville. Ontario A. M. Smitli St. Catherines. Oregon E. L. Smith Hood River. Pennsylvania Howard A. Chase Philadelphia. Texas T. V. Munson Denison. Vermont F. A. Wangh Burlington. Virginia Samuel B. Woods Charlottesville. Washington N. G. Blalock Walla Walla. West Virginia H. W. Miller Paw Paw. Wisconson E. S. Goff Madison. Your committee recommend also that an Assistant Secretary be appointed to relieve the Secretary of some portion of his arduous duties. Respectfully submitted, GEO. T. POWELL, Chairman. Prof. W. G. Johnson moved that the report be accepted. The motion was seconded by Prof. Ragan, put to the meeting and carried. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. Prof. W. H. Ragan moved that the ballot of the Society be cast by Prof. Johnson for the names recommended by the Committee as officers for the ensuing two years. The motion was seconded by Mr. Kellogg, put to the meeting and carried. The ballot was then cast by Prof. Johnson, and the gentlemen proposed by the Nominating Committee were duly declared elected officers of the Society for the ensuing term of two years. President Watrous: I will not take up your time in making any speech. You know that we have labored at this meeting under very grave difficulties. Yesterday we were not permitted to have a place to sit down and do our work for much more than half the length of time that we should have had, and if things were a little jagged on the edges I know that you were very good in overlooking all those things. I have to thank you for this expres- sion of your confidence after all that has taken place, and I want simply to say that as long as I am President of this Society I shall take pride and pleasure in doing everything that I possibly can to increase its efficiency and to do my part towards helping it to carry forward the great work that it has undertaken. It seems to me that it is one of the greatest of all the works, that there should be a body of men that are building up the fruit growing industry in a nation, because I have very deoided convictions that a people which neglects fruit growing is not a people wherein it will be possible to develop the very highest type of civilization. I thank you for your confidence. The Secretary was called for. Secretary Taylor: I have nothing to say, except this, that the precedent heretofore followed, almost without exception, is that the Secretary should not hold office more than two terms. It was my sincere desire that this precedent should be followed at this time, for there are good reasons why I ought not to undertake this work for an additional term. Y'our Committee has so kindly suggested a possible means of relief from a portion of the duties, however, and has made possible, I think, the performance of those TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 85 duties more nearly as they should be done, so that I will, as it is your desire, undertake the work for another term. I thank you most sincerely for the confidence you have expressed. President Watrous: There should be a report of the Committee on New Fruits of American Origin. Prof. John Craig is the Chairman and is at this present moment doing work for our good over on the Exposition grounds. Now, if he has the report prepared, and I daresay that he has, we shall have to pass that over this morning and we will try to have it read if he reaches here by noon. If not. it will be read at the afternoon session. There should be a report from the Committee on Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruits. The Chairman, Mr. Taber. is with us. Mr. Taber then read his report on tropical and sub-tropical fruits, as fol- lows: REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON TROPICAL AND SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS. CHAIRMAN G. L. TABER, GLEN ST. MARY, FLORIDA. Mr. President: Of the ten members selected as my co-laborers on this Committee, five have responded to my circular and sent in reports of a general nature as to the tropical and sub-tropical fruits of their respective States or Territories. These are the following: Byron O. Clark, of the Hawaiian Islands; Geo. C. Roeding (per F. W. Roeding), of California: G. Onderdonk, of Texas; C. P. Taft, of California; A. A. Boggs, of Florida. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. BYRON O. CLARK, WAHIAWA, OAHU. Wahiawa. Oahu, April 15th, 1901. Mr. G. L. Taber, Chairman of Committee on Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruits, American Pomological Society: Sir — As member of the Committee for Hawaii, I will endeavor to supply such information as I can of our tropical fruit interests. It is a difficult task to make a report along the lines of what I know is expected, when there is such a scant framework upon which to build a report. When I say there has been practically no horticultural work done here worthy of the name, and warranted by the climatic conditions, it may be surprising to many; j'et such is the fact outside of a few sporadic efforts scattered throughout the group. In the olden days before sugar became so profitable, many tropical fruits were introduced and grown by the old missionary families sufficient for sup- plying their family needs, but I am not aware of any extended plantings for profit; and to-day, outside of a few trees planted about dwellings for orna- ment and supplying family needs, there is not to be found (excepting pine- apples and bananas), enough to supply the local markets; although these scattered trees at various points and through a wide range of varieties, show themselves "at home" in our soil and climate. 86 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Bananas grow to perfection and cover a wide range of varieties, the dwarf Cavendisli being grown almost exclnsively for niarliet, both local, and for shipping to California; very few of the choicer kinds being grown except by householders for home use. E^en the native kinds which are very fine for cooking and found growing wild in the mountains find their way to the local markets in limited quantities and are not exported, although they surely would command good prices. Pineapples have received more attention perhaps than any other fruit, and have been next to bananas in value of export, but have declined owing to losses during the Spanish war occasioned by the freighting steamers being taken for transport service by the Government. This compelled the placing of the fruit on the local market at ruinous prices and the lands were con- verted into cane fields. New plantations are now, however, being estab- lished, and one firm has built a cannery which enables them to place their fruit on the market in a non-perishable condition. We confidently look for this industry to increase and prove profitable to the growers. The Smooth Cayenne is grown almo.st exclusively, and to perfection. Citrous fruits are grown of a very superior quality, except lemons which are large and coarse in texture although their acid content seems good. I do not by any means consider the fruit grown under the prevailing condi- tions conclusive evidence against gi"owing a marketable quality of lemons on the islands; for there has been no effort to improve the quality by proper fertilizing or selection of local soil conditions, to correct the tendency of over size and coarseness. There is no question that these conditions can be modified, but as limes do so exceedingly well, it is a question if it is worth while to make any extended investment in lemon growing, with so profitable a substitute at hand that requires no coddling. The lime grows to perfec- tion everywhere and has proven very profitable in the local markets. A very small part of the demand is met, however, though it will not be long before a sufficient quantity for home consumption will be supplied as many small land holders in various parts of the islands have been planting in a small way. It grows rapidly from the seed, and comes into fruit the third or fourth year, making them popular with these planters. The only pomelos planted in former years have been seedlings of the Chinese type and they are of inferior quality; improved varieties have been Introduced and undoubtedly will do well. Citrons have not been gi'own so far as I have observed, but undoubtedly will produce a heavy peel, judging from the tendency of the lemon to degenerate in this direction. I have young trees of a choice variety formerly grown by me in Southern California, growing well, and I have hopes that this fruit may become one of the industries suited to the small farmer of the islands. There are no orange orchards on the islands, all the fruit supplied is grown on groups of trees practically in a wild state of growth, mostly on the island of Hawaii, and while of good quality, it is greatly improved when cultivated and fertilized both as to flavor and color. About eight years ago improved budded varieties were introduced from Southern California and are proving that a very choice quality of fruit can be grown when proper attention is given. The Bahia ^Washinf|ton Xarcl) is well ripened here by Thanksgiving and Christmas and such fruit as has been produced would command fancy prices in the coast markets in competition with the Cali- fornia fruit, which, although well colored, does not attain the same degree of TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 87 sweetness for a mouth or two later. These ishmtls will no doubt some day be a factor iu the markets for oi'anges, as superior quality alone will enable them to compete with other sections, and then with the immunity from frost it would seem that the intelligent fruit grower can not make a mistake in planting this fruit in proper locations. The usual list of tropical fruits found in other tropical countries are grow- ing here. Mangoes thrive well and are of many varieties, some of which produce very choice fruit; there is perhaps no tree which produces such a load of delicious fruit as a well developed mango; often a crop from a single tree will be estimated by the ton rather than by the bushel measure. The mango is to the tropics what the apple is to the temperate zone; used like the apple, from the time the fruit is nearly grown till ripe, it takes its place, and is scarcely distinguishable from it when made into tarts and sauce; and is undoubtedly one of the" most popular fruits with all classes, from the proverbial "small boy" to the older boy "grown tall." The possibilities for improving this fruit seem great; for from the large seeded scant pulp of the original type, with its disagreeable turpentine flavor, have come improved size, smaller seed, and almost a lack of turpentine flavor which now dis- tinguish the choicer kinds grown. Perhaps the most unique fruit of the tropical garden is the papaya, or melon fruit (so-called), from its resemblance to the muskmelon. Many, tropical fruits have received common names from the fancied resemblance to fruits of northern climates with which sailors and other travelers have been familiar, and so it is with this fruit. The culinary possibilities of it are innumerable; taken at meal time with a little salt, like the muskmelon, it is not only refreshing, but a great stimulant and aid to digestion. Cooked in a green immature stage of development it makes a fine vegetable scarcely distinguishable from summer squash; at other stages it is cooked and served as "turnips." The ripe fruit makes a delicious "pumpkin pie," prepared in the same manner as pumpkin; however, the eggs can be left out if desired. Cooked with sugar it is convertible into an appetizing preserve or marmalade; it also makes a fine sweet pickle. Strange to say, in the many transforma- tions made by cooking it retains its peptonic qualities and acts as an aid to digestion. The seeds, portions of the green fruit, or leaves of the plant placed in a pot with a fowl or tough piece of meat while cooking, render them as tender as the flesh from a young animal. The tree will attain a height of ten feet, or more, with a trunk from six to ten inches in diameter and support from thirty to fifty fruits in all stages of growth from ripe fruit the size of a large cocoanut, to the embryo in the blossom, in a year's time from the seed. All animals and fowls are extremely fond of the fruit, and most persons become very fond of it. Yet, as easy to grow and prolific as it is, the fruit is not plentiful in the markets. Coffee has been grown in a limited way for many years on the islands, mostly in the Kona district of Hawaii, which is noted for producing a superior quality of berry. On the opening of the public lands for settlement by the Republic of Hawaii soon after the overthrow of the monarchy, many persons secured holdings and opened up new districts to engage in coffee growing, which seemed the most promising industry for the small land- holder; especially as the demand for the Kona coffee was active and gave the growers good profits. As might be expected many persons who thus engaged in the business had no previous experience, not only as to coffee growing, but in agricultural training also. Large areas of new and untried 88 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. districts were planted to coffee, that later proved unsuited for growing a good flavored product, and in many instances not suited to the growth of the plant. Coupled with this came the low price of coffee now prevailing, the industry languishes; thousands of trees have been uprooted, and the land converted into sugar plantations; and what at one time promised to be a thriving industry in the hands of small farmers has received a serious set- back. Those in proper localities who have gone through the experimental stage are not pessimistic as to the future; they claim coffee will yet be an industry of importance to the islands if plantings are limited to proper loca- tions, that will produce the fine quality which gave the Kona coffee its prestige. The area for growing the best coffee is comparatively small. Undoubtedly those planting in the future will profit largely by the experience of the unfortunate ones that have lost much valuable time and money. The fact that the older and the best of the new plantations are being maintained regardless of present low prices is encouraging for the future, and we may yet see the industry one of importance to the islands. Many kinds of guavas are grown in the gardens and the lemon guava has spread over all the islands, being one of the most common small shrubs and trees; it fruits in great profusion in its wild state, and there are many varieties, some of which produce a very desirable fruit. The anonas thrive well and are to be found growing in private gardens, but the fruit is seldom seen in the markets. The same may be said of the pomegranate; the variety grown here has very liard seeds which renders it less desirable than those grown in Southern California and Florida. Various varieties of eugenias are grown here, some of which are quite desirable for their fruit; others are among the best trees to plant for wind breaks, which are necessary on the open land. Figs grow well, and the fruit in limited quantities is to be had almost every month in the year; the principle kind grown is a dwarf variety with amber colored fruit introduced by the Portuguese from the Azores. Purple Brunswick is quite common, but the white varieties are seldom met with. Many of the fig trees were destroyed a few years ago by Icerya purchasi, but with the advent of the enemies of the various scale bugs, introduced by Prof. Koebele, these pests have declined and now are not doing any serious harm, the only one troubling our citrus trees to any extent being the Mytilaspis. The Avocado or Alligator pear is the one fruit which captures the palate of the visitor to the tropics more firmly than any other; provided he acquires a liking for this fruit. With the richness and consistency of butter, and a flavor of nuts it is undoubtedly one of the most popular fruits if not the most popular with residents, and acquires such popularity with persons who visit the islands that a good market for shipment to the Coast is open at any time the fruit can be had. Like almost all other kinds of fruit here the home market is not nearly supplied and the prices are so high that none but the wealthy can use them except as a luxury. Thex'e are many fruits not strictly tropical that promise well for special locations on the islands; the climatic range from sea level to mountain top, gives all the varying conditions from the tropics to the temperate zone; offering opportunities within a short range of distance unsurpassed in the world for diversity of production, and an unrivaled field for experimental work. It is hoped the experiment station recently established by the Federal TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 89 Government will be the commencement of a chain of such stations through- out the various ranges of climate to be found here. Respectfully submitted, (Signed) BYRON O. CLARK, Member of Committee for Hawaii. CALIFORNIA. GEO. C. ROEDING (PER F. W. ROEDING). FRESNO, CALIFORNIA. Fresno. Cal.. Jiil.v 17. '01. G. L. Taber, Esq., Glen St. Mary, Fla. : Dear Sir— Your favor of the 9th received and I thank you for your friendly wishes in regard to the trip of our Mr. G. C. Roeding. I regret exceedingly that he is not here to send in his report, and in his absence send you a paper on the California Smyrna fig to embody in your paper or leave out as you see fit. I have not gone into details in this matter, as so much has been published already and the Report of the Department of Agriculture, in the Year-Book for 1900 gives a very comprehensive and thorough article on the subject. I have merely endeavored to give an idea of what had been ac- complished so far this season. Trusting this will be satisfactory, Very truly yours. (Signed) FRED. W. ROEDING, THE SMYRNA FIG IN CALIFORNIA. GEO. C. ROEDIXG. PER FRED W. ROEDING. One of the most curious instances of the many peculiar methods adopted by Nature to reproduce species, as well as the intimate relations existing ■between insect life and the vegetable kingdom, is furnished by the Smyrna Fig. I doubt if there is a more striking example of Nature's prodigality and foresight than the relations existing between the minute wasp "Blastophaga" and the fig family. However it is not within the province of this article to discuss the entomological researches that have been made in this matter, but will refer you briefly to the investigations of Mr. E. A. Schwarz and the very thorough treatise on this subject, by Dr. L. O. Howard in the Year-Book of the Department of Agriculture for 1900. So much has been written on this subject already, that I will confine my- self chiefly to the methods of producing the crop of Smyrna figs in the orchard of the Faucher Creek Nurseries, during the current season. In order to begin properly, we will have to revert to the second "mammoni" or winter crop of capri figs, in which the insect passed the winter. This crop set from the last of September to the middle of October, and was entered by the insects of tbe previous, or first "mammoni" crop. About the end of November, the trees became dormant, lost their leaves and also all the non- insect bearing figs, so that there remained only the hard green figs contain- ing galls filled with Insects in the larval stage. Of these there were probably about 40,000 distributed among 100 capri trees. In order to insure the well 12 90 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. being of at least a portion of these figs, five of tlie trees containing the larg- est crop, were covered, three with cloth houses and two with glass. This precaution, however, Avas found unnecessary, as after a continuous cold fog, lasting from December loth to January 10th, and a cold snap of three days, when the thermometer registered 22 degrees above zero, the figs on the uncovered trees were apparently as fresh and bright as those on the covered. This would certainly indicate that our winters were not severe enough to cause apprehension for our little friend, the Blastophaga. Witli the approach of spring, the winter crop began to brighten up and increase in size, gradually assuming that Nile green color of a developing fruit. On March the 21st the first female was seen to emerge and from that time on a close watch was kept of their development. The days, however, remained quite cool and in consequence, the growth of the fig was retarded and it was not till April 12th that enough male insects Avere discovered within the fig to warrant transferring a portion of the crop to those trees which contained few or no winter figs. Each morning thereafter, 'those figs, which showed the yellowish green tinge of the ripe capri were picked, strung on 7-affia fibre, about twelve to a string, and the strings were then hung on the Itoughs of the capri trees without winter figs. In this way 8,500 were dis- tributed and as the profichi or spring crop had set very heavily, we had evei-y assurance of a large crop. In the mean time, the first crop of Smyrnas, called "brebas," had also made their appearance and the insects upon emerg- ing, entered a large nimiber of these also. These caprified brebas, showing the insects entrapped in the bracts inside the ostiolum or eye, when they had endeavored to escape, after discovering their mistake, were found all over the orchard, although some of the Smyrna trees were distant three or four hundred yards from the nearest capri. The "profichis" soon showed the effect of the insect, but the crop was immense and at least one-half of the figs dropped, owing probably to the lack of insects and their inability to distinguish the capris from the Smyrnas. Eggs had been deposited in all the gall flowers of at least a million or more figs and as each fig contained from 600 to 1.000 of these galls the numl>er of insects to be produced can be ascertained. On Jime the 9th, the first fully developed insect made its appearance and the next day there was a consider- able swarm so it was necessary to commence transferring to the Smyrna trees, whose second crop was in the receptive stage. A force of 20 men were employed at this work and the entire orchard of sixty-five acres was gone over, 16 figs being hung in each tree. On June 19th the same number to the tree was again distributed and on the 28th of June, the trees received eighth additional capri figs per tree. Thus a total of 136,500 capri figs found their way into the Smyrna trees. The pollen, carried by these little heroes, who unwittingly sacrifice their own lives, for the good of humanity, is deposited on everything they touch, and dulls the lustre of their shiny black bodies, but each grain means life to the Smyi-na fig and is merely another instance of the "survival of the fittest." At the present writing, the estimated crop of dried figs on our orchard, will be in the neighborhood of fifty tons, and will demonstrate that the monopoly, which the "Sick Man of the East" has enjoyed for centuries, has been wrested from him by his powerful young rival on the shores of the mighty Pacific. (Signed) F. W. ROEDING. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 91 SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. C. P. TAFT. ORANGE, CALIFORNIA. The crop of citrons fruits tlie past year has been the largest on record. AU'eady more than 23.000 carloads of oranges and lemons have been shipped and there are enough remaining to bring the total up to 24,500 by the close of the season, about October first. Besides the above it is estimated that fully 3,000 carloads were lost through inability of the railroads to move the fruit as rapidly as was necessary. The crop for the coming year, while a good one, is not considered by experts as promising to be equally large. The Washingion Navel (Bahia) is of course the leading orange, the Valencia Late coming second. Other varieties such as the Mediterranean Sweet, and seed- lings, which at one time were largely planted, are now generally discarded and in many cases are being budded over to the more profitable and popular kinds. Some bloods, St. Michaels, mandarins, kumquats and other newer varieties are being planted, but only in limited quantities. Some new varie- ties have been produced, but none of them except the Thompson Improved Navel have yet obtained much of a hold on the market. Another hybrid by the same originator called the Navelencia is attracting much attention. As its name indicates it combines the lateness of the Valencia with the good qualities of the navel. After the orange comes the lemon, new groves of which are frequently put out. An effort is now being made b.v some orchardists to regulate the bearing habit of the tree so that the bulk of the crop will come at a time when it can command the highest price. The most popular varieties of the lemon are the Genoa, Eureka and ViDafranca. Numerous groves of pomelos have been planted, but there does not now seem to be much to encourage further production. Here where they are well known they are highly appreciated, but there is not a proportionate knowledge of their good qualities over the country generally. A campaign of education will soon be commenced which is hoped to result in a demand for the pomelo commensurate with Its deserts. Other than the citrous there are no sub-tropical fruits which are cultivated on a very large scale. Probabl.v the most promising of the minor ones is the loquat, which, owing to the origination of a very large and much im- proved variety, now commands considerable attention in the local markets where it sells at high prices. The pineapple has to a certain extent become acclimatized and some are grown successfully by Mr. J. B. Rapp of Colegrove, Los Angeles Co., who is fortunate in possessing a warm and well sheltered location. There seems, however, to be no reason to suppose that the pineapple will be grown to any great extent here. The banana is grown in small quantities in many different localities and where it receives especial attention it bears some fruit. It is not likely from the present outlook to ever become a success commercially. The Anona CherimoJia (or custard apple as it is popularly though incor- rectly called) is rather widely distributed and there are several small orchards. In some localities there are individual trees which do exceedingly well. The work with this fruit is, as yet, in an embryonic condition, but the pros- pects are that when one or two good varieties are selected and propagated by 92 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. budding it will prove profitable. It is a fruit whicli is almost universally liked at the first. The avocado or "alligator pear" is destined to receive more and more atten- tion as it becomes better knovrn. It is fairlj- hardy and a good grower and bearer. Importations from Mexico are frequent in the Los Angeles markets where they sell for fancy prices. The guava is planted in small quantities each year for home use and for jellies. Limited quantities are found in the market where fair prices are obtained and more or less are used by factories for jelly. The variety prin- cipally planted is the Psid'ium Cattleiatium- or Red Strawberry guava. Other varieties are being introduced and it is not to be doubted that something better for all purposes will eventually be found. Like the "custard apple" this can be much improved by selection and b adding. It also offers a field second only to the loquat for scientific h.vbridization. Of the granadillas only the Passiflora is grown for market and that only on a very small scale. It is a prolific and good fruit which, when eaten with cream and sugar, is very novel and delicious. The Japanese persimmon, while at first not appreciated, has become more and more popular as the merits of certain .varieties are recognized, and now the supply of fruit does not come up to the demand. Last season it was diffi- cult to obtain trees to plant and if the deficiency can be made good doubtless there will soon be a considerably increased acreage. Many other fruits of this class are being tested in this part of the State, notably by the Southern California Acclimatizing Association at Santa Barbara. Of course many prove failures, but each year one or more is added to the list of those which succeed and locations are found to which some^ are especially adapted. There are few if any more promising flleds for the horticulturist than the growing of such fruits In these sheltered places in California where they have been found successful. (Signed) C. P. Taft. TROPICAL AND SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS IX SOUTHERN TEXAS. G. ONDERDONK. NURSERY, TEXAS. The northers of Texas, as well as the blizzards that reach the coast of Texas and of the States eastward have always been complicating the ques- tion of tropical and sub-tropical fruits. The writer has lived on the Texas coast fifty years. During that period he has seen flourishing orange groves, bearing generous crops, killed to the ground by the exceptionally cold north- ers that have come along at intervals of several years with just about suffi- cient frequency to discourage plantations upon a liberal scale, of what we usually understand as belonging to the list of tropical and sub-tropical fruits. I am aware that in speaking of these products on the Texas coast we would not be representing the conditions of the other Gulf States of corre- sponding or even higher latitudes. Even the most easterly part of the Texas coast as well as the entire coast of Louisiana has more exemption from the disadvantage in question than the main portion of our Texas coast; while our extreme Southwest, near the mouth of the Rio Grande, is more free from the same obstacle. Judging from the semi-ti-opical trees and shrubs, and from the contents of some of the gardens at Brownsville I should be led to TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 93 take a more cheerful view of sub-tropical culture in that region tban in any other part of the Texas coast. But we have been learning something during the last fifty years, although far less than we should have learned. It has been found that some varieties of some fruits are more hardy than others; that some varieties recover from injury more readily than others. We have begun improvements based upon such facts. We have also learned that all known varieties of some fruits; are too tender to be successfully produced, as they require more protection than we can afford to give them. We have also generally come to under- stand that the capacity of any variety of some fruits to endure cold depends largely upon the condition and degree of activity (or rather dormancy) of the sap circulation at the time of exposure; that it is not always the degree of cold that destroys tropical and sub-tropical fruit trees, so much as the grow- ing condition of the tree when the cold occurs. There are other facts that come to our aid here in orange culture. First, that the Citrus trifoliata is quite deciduous along the greater portion of the Gulf coast, and during our coldest winters It becomes entirely so, not even making the least start during the warm days that intervene between our cooler waves of temperature. Second, that all varieties of the orange make a good union of wood with Citrus trifoliata. I do not know but the influence of Citrus trifoliata as a stock (while it cer- tainly does give a more dormant circulation in winter to the Satsuma and Dugat) reduces the winter circulation of every variety grafted upon it, and thus renders them less subject to be destroyed by our occasional few hours of serious cold. The most serious freeze that the writer has ever known during his experi- ence of fifty years on the Texas coast did not kill Satsuma and Dugat orange trees that were grafted low on Citrus trifoliata and hilled with earth a foot above ground when the freeze came. Such trees came rapidly forward from below where they were uninjured, and are now in bearing in South Texas. I see no reason why these two varieties might not be made profitable all over a strip of fifty miles wide along the whole length of the Texas coast. Figs can be successfully produced in the same region if the cultivator will confine himself to such varieties as recover rapidly when bitten back by frost, and are of the most hardy character. The Magnolia and Brunswick ai'e, so far, our most valuable varieties. They both came forward again at once after injury, bearing during the months immediately following the freeze. Our Magnolia fig is not identical with Brown Turkey as stated by- some nurserymen. Pomegi'anate is at home and thoroughly hardy in every part of Southern Texas; has never been injured except during the freeze of February. 1899. Peaches are not generally classed among sub-tropical products. True, the Persian, North Chinese, and Spanish races cannot claiiji to be included among these fruits. Perhaps the South Chinese race may be admitted with some hesitation as it flourishes well only in the lower south where it is perfectly at home. But the Peen-to will have to be I'egarded as sub-tropical, even almost tropical. It will succeed side by side with the orange and lemon, among the bananas and pineapples, some varieties that are unmixed with other blood being quite evergreen, requiring little repose, or no more than they can get in any climate that gives it a short dry season in the winter. It grows well on the Texas coast, but the fruit is often overtaken by the spring frost. 94 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Yet the fruit and bloom will stand a degree of c'old that would kill any other peach bloom. There are bearing trees in Mexico one hundred and fifty miles below Tampico, in the State of Vera Cruz, at not much above sea level where no other race of peaches succeeds— in latitude 19 or 20. TROPICAL FRUITS IN FLORIDA. A. A. BOGGS. COCOANUT GROVE, FLORIDA. The portion of Florida which is recognized as being suited to the cultiva- tion of the majority of the so-called Tropical Fruits may be roughly taken as that lying south of the 27th parallel of N. Latitude, and seems to merit the rank of a separate Pomological District. The experience of the past few years has proven that there is no place in Florida which can l)oast total immunity from frost, but the region in ques- tion, owing to its almost insular location, between the warm waters of the Gulf-Stream and the Gulf of Mexico, and to the additional protection of the great lake of the Everglades, has living pi'oofs in the shape of ancient and flourishing trees of some of the tenderest fruits of the Tropics, that the Frost-king, in spite of occasional raids, cannot claim the land as part of his domain. In taking up the fruits of extreme South Florida in the order of their present economic importance the first place must be given to the pineapple. The culture of this noble fruit is a staple industry throughout the Florida Keys and on a sti'ip of coast on either side of the peninsula, and an im- portant one for several interior localities. On the Keys, the oldest seat of pineapple growing in the State, the most primitive methods are yet in vogue. The forest is felled, chopped, and burned as it lies, and in the clearing thus prepared slips are set out wherever crevices or pot-holes in the coral rock will allow. The rich though scanty soil is left to produce the fruit without any help in the way of fertilizer and with very little cultivation by hand weed- ing and chopping with the machete. It is probable, hoAvever, that no class of fruit growers in the United States have been so generally prosperous within the past five years as the pineapple men of the Florida Keys. Prices have ruled high and expenses have been extremely low. But as only virgin soil is considered fit for planting and as a field is expected to produce only 5 or 6 crops of diminishing size, it is evident that the limit of the Key produc- tion will soon be passed. On the mainland, on the other hand, the poorest of sandy soil is usually selected, experience having pi-oved it to be better adapted than richer soils. As a successful grower expressed it, "We expect our soil to furnish only a place to grow pines in. We will attend to the feeding ourselves." High cul- ture and fertilization and intelligent methods of handling have won for the mainland pineapple of Florida its reputation as the best in the world, and its late season insures it against West Indian competition, so that there is little prospect of a decline in the prosperity of the industry. It is to be regretted that an obstinate pre,iudice in the market in favor of the Red Spanish pineapple has hampered the culture of the superior sorts. At pres- ent the tendency is to abandon all other varieties except possibly the Porto Rico in favor of the Red Spanish. The first named, the poorest in flavor of all pineapples, owes its footing entirely to its large size and handsome ap- TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 95 pearanee. It seems a hopeless task to educate the public taste to an appre- ciation of what is really fine in the way of a pineapple. Along the Indian River and even as far south as Lake Worth, where great damage was done in 1899 by the cold, there is great activity in building sheds over the pineries. These open lialf -shades, of which there must be hundreds of acres now standing, cost from $300 to $500 per acre, and are believed by some growers to be a paying investment even where not necessary as a protection against frost. The area in the region in question suitable for the culture of the citrous fruits is limited, but since it has been demonstrated that the coral rock so abundant in the Biscayne Bay section is no bar to their successful culture, there has been a feverish activity in planting oranges and pomelos, the latter constituting about three-fourths of tiie young groves. The immunity from damaging cold is absolute, and the fruit of this section has the old-fashioned Florida quality. Indeed we believe that the Biscayne Bay pomelo has a superiority of its own, and may become as famous in its way as the Indian River orange. There are as yet very few bearing groves in the extreme ■South, but the cx'op will rapidly increase now. The chai'acteristic features of citriculture here are the total abandonment of the sour orange as a stock in favor of the rough lemon or sometimes of the lime, and the preference for the later varieties of fruit, as the orange growers in the northern part of the State are being dra^ni to the culture of the earlier sorts. The scale insects seem to be kept pretty well in check by natui'al enemies, but our orange growers find in "Die-back" a very trouble- some foe. The guava probably deserves the next place on the list, though it appears in the markets only in the form of .ielly and marmalade. It is perfectly at home here and grows with little or no cultivation. The writer has seen wild trees 10 inches in diameter at the base and over 20 feet high. Until recently no effort has been made to secure improved varieties, all plantings being from «eed. At present, however, several growers are propagating selected varie- ties by cuttings and layers. Possibly some specimens may be presented for cataloguing at this meeting. It is to be hoped that this really delicious table fruit may soon find a place in the markets. The cocoanut grows wild and luxuriates on the Keys and the shores of the mainland. There are thousands of bearing trees in Dade and Monroe coun- ties, but up to this time little effort has been made to market the nuts. The drawbacks are the labor cost of gathering and husking and the lack of sufflcient nuts at one point to be shipped by the schooner-load in order to secure low freight rates. The mango has proven itself perfectly adapted here, growing on the poor- est soil, thriving on neglect and resistant to any cold which has yet visited the country south of Lake Worth, at least. The only obstacle to the introduc- tion of this queen of fruits into the markets lies in the fact that after the shiftless example of the West Indies, from which we got the fruit, we have propagated by seed entirely. We have thus not only failed to avail ourselves of the results of generations of patient care in improving and selecting varie- ties in the far East, but the imcertainty and confusion of good and poor sorts of our own has hampered the introduction of the fruit. In 1890 the Department of Agriculture introduced about a dozen of the best varieties of Indian mangoes and distributed the trees at Lake Worth, where the great freeze of '94-'95 killed them all below the scion except one, of the Mulgoba 96 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. variety, in the possession of Mr. E. Gale, of Manjjonia. This tree has now borne several crops of fruit of very superior quality and free from the stringiness which is the chief defect of the seedling mango. It is very difficult to bud or graft the mango, and inarching is' at best a tedious and expensive process, but all three methods have been successfully applied by Mr. Gale and Mr. J. B. Beach, of West Palm Beach, so that the original Mulgoba tree is now the parent of 50 or 60 more, some of which have been carried farther south, where the mango has never been Injured by cold. We are looking for help from the Department of Agriculture in the way of fresh importations of improved sorts from the East, and we hope the day is not far distant when the best varieties of the best fruit in the world shall be introduced to American lovers of good things. The avocado or "alligator pear" (Persea gratissima) is already growing rapidly into favor in a few of the larger cities, where people are beginning to learn its superior excellence as a salad fruit, and it bids fair to become an important market crop. It has, however, been grown entirely from seed, and as it varies widely in size and quality, there is urgent need of improve- ment in method of propagation. All efforts to bud or graft it have hitherto proved abortive. The Department of Agriculture made an importation of seed of a Mexican variety about 3 years ago. Some trees from these have already come into bearing, and prove a disappointment. The fruit is entirely too small, and the flavor certainly not superior to the average of the old type. They have also failed to prove themselves more resistant to cold than the sorts we already have. The banana is well adapted as to climate, but there is very little soil suit- able for its culture now available. It is grown only to supply the home de- mand and local markets. Should parts of the southern Everglades ever be drained, however, the banana may become a staple crop. The sorts now most cultivated are the dwarf banana, the horse banana (for cooking) and the delicious lady-finger. The papaw {Carica Papaya) grows rampantly and its large melons "are much prized for their flavor and digestive value, but it will probably not be- come of market importance. The genus Anona is represented by several fine fruits, the sugar-apple (A. squamosa), the cherimoya (A. CherimoUa), and the soursop (A. muricata). The two former show some promise of economic value. The last is not hardy enough, at least while young, to go through our winters without protection. The sapodilla or naseberr3' (Achras Sopota) is quite commonly gi-own and is beginning to be marketed in a small wa^'. Like the mango it is worth growing as an ornamental apart from its fruit value. The mammee apple {Mammea Americana) grows well and the fruit is much relished, but the slow maturity of the trees makes against its popularity. The ceriman {Monstera deliciosa) is beginning to be planted in several places, and seems to thrive. If the qualitj* of the fruit is as fine as its admirers claim it will be a very valuable addition to our list. We have three eugenias, of which two, E. Michelii and E. BraMliensis show promise of considerable value. E. Lamhos is a handsome ornamental, but the fruit is valueless. The date, in spite of our heavy rainfall and our humid atmosphere, does well in favorable situations and bears abundantly. So far as I know the varieties now fruiting here are not identified. Many other fruits of the tropics have been planted, with varying degrees TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 97 of success, but, outside of those mentioued above, noue show promise of much value. On the other hand few of the fruits of higher latitudes succeed. The fig does only fairly well. Peaches of the Peen-to and Honey types and hybrids from them succeed moderately. Of the berries, only the strawberry has been cultivated with success. A species of blueberry grows wild. Grapes are a promising subject for experiment. Several fair varieties grow wild in profusion, but no considerable success has been attained with any cultivated sort. There are some promising young trees of pecan and walnut, but none are yet old enough to fruit. The Japanese persimmon grows quite well. Certainly no part of the United States offers so interesting and varied a field for the Pomologist, or is in greater need of men of brains and energy to help in developing its possibilities. Very respectfully, (Signed) A. A. BOGGS. Cocoanut Grove. Florida, .July 2.3, 1901. THE FLORIDA ORANGE. G. L. TABER, GLEN ST. MART, FLORIDA. As the other members of the committee have covered, in a general way, the principal fruits of their respective sections, I have decided to write some- what more in detail of the present conditions and prospects of the orange in Florida. With orange trees in respectable numbers now in heavy bearing — for their age and size— within eight miles of the Georgia border, thence extending in a brolien line up the St. Johns River and spreading well out in sporadic clusters all over the old historic orange belt, finall3' reaching the Gulf at Gulf Hammock and the Atlantic at Ormond, I feel justified in giving the orange once more its commanding position in a report on tropical and sub- tropical fruits. Is this resuscitation of the Florida orange growers only the galvanizing of a moribund body, only the summer sprouting of a tree full of sap in the top but girdled by frost at the base; destined to wither and die before autumn? Or is it a healthy new growth, sound in wood and barli from the ground to the topmost bough, bound to endure and bear fruit in years to come? These are momentous questions for Florida, and he would be a bold man who would answer them catergorically. It would be useless to recite here the periods of low temperature in the last fifty years, or even the last five years. Suffice it to say that, within twenty months after one of the severest freezes the State has passed through, Florida is enabled to show any visitor, who will take the trouble to inspect it, a crop of fully 1,000 boxes on a single grove, within eight miles of the Georgia border, grown wholly in the open air. With such a fact confronting him, it would seem that no Floridian should repeat the stale ineptitude of declaring that the climate of the State is changing. It would seem not audacious to claim that orange culture in Florida is not more hazardous than peach growing in New York. Some of the orange growers in these high latitudes referred to seem to feel a degree of confidence in resting their expectation of fruit and of profitable groves upon 13 98 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. the Citrus tnfoUata as a stock, because of its capacity for throwing up quickly a top capable of bearing. Others depend more on the basis of a long-established and wide-spreading root-system, which imparts to a sprout of two years practically the age of five or six, making it, so far as its bear- ing area is capable, the successor of a fruitful veteran fallen before the frost. There are three facts of commanding importance which give intelligent growers hopefulness and even confidence. 1. The root-system of the orange is practically indestructible. If frozen to the ground the top loses only two years at the outside, even as a seedling; often only one, aud upon the trifoliata generally only one, before bearing Is resumed. A root-system twenty years old has given from half a box to a box of oranges to a top only eighteen months from the level of the ground. 2. Careful banking with dry sandy soil in cool weather is an absolute protection as high up as it is carried. 3. The Citrus trifoliata, being deciduous and hardy, imparts to the top worked upon It a certain measure of its own hardiness. The Satsuma is a hardy orange in itself, as well as one of the highest excellence; hence, when reinforced by the trifoliata, it is able to withstand any degree of cold that has yet visited Florida except those rare freezes which happen after February 1st to 10th, when the sap is in motion. To tui*n now to the old orange belt of Central and South Florida, I freely admit their substantial advantages in many respects; their better water protection, their lighter frosts, etc. Yet in the case of a movement of cold air of continental proportions their lower latitudes frequently do not secure an immunity commensurate with their actual distance and higher transportation charges. As we travel down the State we find the growers pinning their faith more and more to the system of budding upon sour orange roots and, still further down, upon the Florida rough lemon. The latter imparts to the bud a very vigorous growth and a high degree of fruitfulness. It is only in South Florida to-day that one can see the stately seedlings thirty or forty feet high, such as have made the State famous, and which have also, since the freeze of 1895, lowered the standard of the Florida orange as it has been created by the budded groves of the central counties. Owing to their remoteness and the cost of transportation, the groves of the extreme lower peninsula, grown mostly by cow-penning, had not entered into the commercial ciu-rent as largely as the fruit of the counties further north. Hence, when the temporary backset to the latter occurred, the ex- traordinary demand for Florida oranges encouraged the owners of the large seedling trees to stimulate them highly. Cow-penning and organic nitrogen compounds Avere generally employed, and these produced much soft, creased fruit, which did not ship so well or bear so high a character as the oranges grown on mineral fertilizers. This, with the inexperience of many of the growers in the lower countries in curing, packing and shipping, threw upon the northern markets a class of oranges, which, though they were as good as the State sent out in the early eighties, were not up to the standard which more than a decade of experience had made possible iu the central and north central counties. There are several growers on the lower west coast who have removed thither from the old orange belt, and their unquestioned success in shipping demonstrates that there is nothing in those low latitudes, as was formerly believed, that renders it impossible to produce good oranges there. Carload TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 99 after carload shipped from the Manatee and Caloosahatchee rivers, without complaint from the consignee, without five per cent decay, attest the in- fallible success of correct methods of culture and packing. As to tenting and shedding of groves, it is not necessary here to express any opinion as to their profitableness and probable permanency. Only the test of time can determine these problems. At present they are chiefly re- markable as an outgrowth of the indomitable courage and genius of our race, which are, after all, the greatest guarantee of the perpetuity of orange culture. It has been found that a slat-arbor, covering half the space overhead and casting a half-shade, through the conservation of heat and moistui-e, so pro- motes the process of nitrification that trees growing under these arbors are easily over-dosed with nitrogen. They show this by a form of plethoi'a or surfeit which, is called by the Florida orange grower "dieback." Another discovery made in protecting young trees with lodges or tents of orange box veneer was that, without artificial heat in the enclosure, the temperature inside was frequently no warmer than that outside and some- times during changing atmospheric conditions it was even colder than out- side. Where trees were confined too closely they suffered, and in instances were four weeks later in starting their spring growth than trees in the open. But where they wei'e opened up in pleasant weather they were greatly benefited, blooming early and profusely and setting a heavy crop of fruit. As to the quality of oranges grown under sheds there can be no question. Several hundred boxes of these, which would grade as strictly fancy, the most uniform and beautiful fruit ever produced in Florida, sold readily in Jacksonville at $5 a box. Another valuable lesson learned is the efficacy of open pinewood fires in the grove as a protection against frosts. When there is a high wind, as frequently happens with our cold snaps, the blaze is borne along nearly horizontally and the heat is diffused and weakened, so that the protective efficacy of the fires is somewhat impaired, but experience shows that open air firing can often be made effective even under these adverse conditions. In a frost or still freeze the "firing" is a very simple process— the main thing being proper arrangement, in advance, for plenty of wood and plenty of help. Following the destructive freeze of 1S.35— after the trees had again grown from the roots — the scale insects played havoc with groves. Many of them were nearly wiped out and not a few entirely abandoned. But nature, ever striving to maintain her balance, set myriads of ladybugs (Coccinella) feeding upon the scale and these ladybugs, unmolested by poisonous sprays, accomplished what man had failed to do— cleansed the trees of their enemies and permitted them to grow again vigorous and healthy. A few years ago the dreaded cottony cushion scale (Iceri/a pirrdiasi) obtained a foothold in a few groves near Clearwater and for a while much uneasiness was felt lest it should become more widely disseminated. But our Experiment Sta- tion officers, with praiseworthy effort, succeeded, after several failures, in introducing from California its deadly enemy the Australian ladybug (Vedalia cardlnalis) and they are rapidly accomplishing their allotted par* in nature's economy of eradicating this particular scale which seems to be their natural, and in fact only, food. The white fly {Aleijrodes Citri) with its black-pall accompaniment of sooty mold has been, and still is, the most dreaded of all the pests with which the 100 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Florida orange grower is acquainted. It is only fair to say, however, that a large portion of the State has been, so far, exempt from its attacks. For this, as for the scales above noted, nature has a remedy of her own. This time in the broAvn fungus (AscJiersnnia nleyrodis) which, under the fostering care of man. has. in some of the worst affected groves, accomplished a com- plete cleaning out of the fungacious marauder. In the sections where white fly first appeared and where the brown fungus has been longest at Avork many of the growers are less fearful of the white fly than are those of other localities where neither the fly nor its fungus enemy has yet put in an appearance. It would be an agreeable proposition to entertain, if we could con- scientiously do so, that no corrective is ever needed for our insect enemies other than that which nature, unaided, will supply. This is a step farther than most— even of those whose faith trends in the direction of battling insect with insect— are willing to take. But there are not a few who believe that by aiding nature to the extent of finding. localizing and breeding our insect and fungous friends, where they can fight their and our insect enemies, much good can be accomplished. In fact often as much good— and with much less expense — than by indiscriminate use of sprays, that destroy both friend and foe alike, and leave the field open— unless the spraying be practically continuous — to whichever (friend or foe) possesses the quickest recuperative power. The day of "cow-penning" the Florida orange groves has gone by. Instead of enriching our groves Avith organic compounds Ave now apply specific ohemical orange fertilizers, Avell studied formulas, and are able to grow firm, solid oranges of first class shipping qualities from the same groves that — with organic compounds as the source of food supply— produced soft fruit that broke doAvn quickly in transit. With our increased knowledge of the conti'ol of carrying quality of the fruit by the use of these chemicals and with the inherent gustatory qualities of the fruit also enhanced by their use, the future Avill see the enviable position of the "Florida orange" of the past not only sustained but pushed up a notch higher than before the com- petition from other States and neAA'er countries had incited us to do our level best. Respectfully submitted, (Signed) G. L. TABER, Chairman of Committee. Prof. Webster: One of the insect enemies of the pineapple in Florida is a species of mealy bug, which is very difficult to control. There is in South Africa a red beetle that is very destructive of the mealy bug on pine- apples. Last winter, through my former assistant, Mr. Mally, now assistant entomologist at Cape Colony, we succeeded in introducing a small number of these lady beetles and we have been so successful with them that an arrangement has now been made to introduce them on a plantation near Punta Gorda, Florida. I may say there is one consignment on the way. We hope to help our Southern friends out in one way. if not in another. There are two lady beetles; one of them has no common name, and the name of the other I have forgotten. Mr. Boggs. of Florida: I think that this question of control of insect pests by natural enemies is one of the most interesting in our part of the TWENTY-SEYENTH SESSION. 101 country- Living as I do in the extreme soutliern part of Florida we have a great activity of tlie insect pests. Onr open season practically gives them the whole twelve months of the year to propagate, and we find that spraying measures are very expensive because they liave to be so frequently employed and because practically none of our fruit bearing trees are deciduous. Spray- ing is therefore very difficult and as very strong sprays cannot safely be put on, the spraying problem with us becomes a very difficult one indeed, where the trees grow large. Now, I can say from an experience that about three years ago, I stopped spraying my orange grove of young trees; I found that there was a fungus— I had help from lady bugs and other insect enemies of the scale too, but we regard down there the fungus, one of the fungus parasites of the scale, as our principal ally. I found this fungus in my grove and I determined to give it a fair test and see what it could do. Ever since then when the trees get out of their rapid growth and the scale begins to thicken up on some of them, I simply watch developments. I am not so devoted to my theory on the subject that I would be willing to stand by and see my grove ruined by the scale if the natural allies on whom we rely should fail to do it, but I simply watched developments, and in every case, not more than a dozen trees out of my ten acres have suffered at all before this fungus has come in and simply made a clean sweep of the scale on; the trees principally affected. I have always a few scale that can be found by searching about in my grove, but for three years I have not sprayed at all. I have found that these natural enemies of the scales were able to keep them in check. I have likewise tried the fungus parasite of the grasshopper which has been introduced \)j the Department of Agri- culture. The fungus came, and in about three weeks it had completely cleaned the grasshoppers out of my grove and done away with all necessity for spraying, which would have been impossible under the circumstances, in my grove. I found perfect relief simply in turning this natural enemy loose on them. Mr. Allis, of Michigan: I would like to ask a question or two in line with that. We have a lady beetle that works upon several of the different kinds of scale in Michigan with certainty, especially the Indian scale. The maples about our court house were turning yellow with their continued work, and these lady beetles cleaned out the scale entirely. We have another kind of scale, closely allied, which grows upon the pine, but which is a very much smaller scale, and many of these lady beetles and their young were found upon that pine tree and in a year's time the scale was entirely gone. Now. from that it is undoubtedly a fact that there are several different kinds of scale that the larvae of that lady beetle would work upon. Would it not be well for the Department of Agriculture to try some experiments with it in different parts of the country. It seems to me that it can be used. There are, I think, two different lady beetles that looked very nearly alike, one is marked with a red spot upon its wing cover, and the other is marked very similarly, only larger. Prof. Johnson: I do not intend to take up any discussion on lady beetles. but following up tlie suggestion of the gentleman from Michigan and Mr. Boggs of Florida, I wish to say this, that we can no doubt expect great relief in many sections from natural enemies, bnt we must consider one thing, that in all life the number of individuals of any species depends upon the amount of food obtainable. Now. in Mr. Boggs' orchard, just as soon as he reduces the scale to a point Avhere he only has a few, he decreases the 102 AMERICAN PO^klOLOGICAL SOCIETY. amount of fungus matter which will distribute itself. In California where the lady beetle from Australia was brought in, and where the cottony cushion scale was destroyed, there was a rapid reproduction of the beetles which very soon cleaned the cottony cushion scale out of the orchards of California. Now to keep the lady beetle alive they have been obliged to colonize the cottony cushion scale in certain orchards. The lady beetle will not feed upon anything else except the cottony cushion scale, and if they cannot get that they will die, or eat one another, so that there would be a complete extermination of the species if there were not orchards where they could get the cottony ciishiou scale, for emergencies, such as we had in Florida recently. In July recently when the Chilian government applied through the Department of Agriculture for help, these little insects were secured, having tieen kept for years in jars for emergencies. In Georgia last year I noticed this identical lady beetle which the gentleman from Michigan mentioned, very abundant in the peach orchards, where the cherry scale, or Forbes scale discovered by me in Illinois some years ago, — Avhich in Georgia in some of the peach orchards is as bad, if not worse, than the San Josg scale. In that particular instance the lady beetle had concentrated its attack. That species under ordinary circumstances does not attack the San Jos6 scale. We have for individual scales individual beetles, so that we must not place too much confidence on these, but be on our guard constantly. Mr. Woods, of Virginia: I would like to ask Mr. Taber what mineral fertilizer he uses to arrest the rot in his fruit and how it is applied. Mr. Taber: I would say briefly to that, we haven't been troubled with rot. We are not troubled with rot on the trees, but we are troubled with the breaking down of the fruit in transit. This is caused largely by too much nitrogen, and is corrected largely by applying potash. The President: I think this report of Mr. Taber's has been one of the most interesting and encom-aging that we have had, and we could un- doubtedly prolong this discussion till noon, "but I am surprised to learn that we have only a little time left and that we must get out of here soon whether we are through or not. SYMPOSIUM ON DEYEliOPMENT OF EXPORT TRADE. THE DEVELOPMENT AND NEEDS OF THE EXPORT TRADE IN NORTH AMERICAN FRUITS. LINUS WOOLVERTON, SECRETARY ONTARIO FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS, GRIMSBY, ONTARIO. The Province of Ontario has been making heroic efforts to develop the export trade in fruits, both firm and tender, during the past five years. The prices in our home markets in 1895 and 1896 had become so dis- couraging for fruit growers that we felt something must be done, or our industry would be a failure. The prices of pears and peaches, and other choice fruits that we can grow to perfection, were so high in the foreign markets that the only question to solve was how to reach those markets with such goods. The task was too great and too risky for private enter- prise, so our Provincial Fruit Growers' Association sought the aid of the Department of Agriculture. As a result, the writer was commissioned to make some experiments, the government agreeing to co-operate and guar- antee shippers against loss. One great difficulty was evident at the very outset, and that was the multiplicity of varieties in our orchards. We wanted to make up a straight carload, for example, of Bartlett pears or of Ontario apples, but it was almost impossible. Orchardists had planted nearly the whole list of varieties offered by nurserymen, a good enough plan possibly for the near markets, where the products can be sold from the wagon day after day, but entirely out of line when making up for distant shipments. The world is a tremend- ous market, and if each section or coimtry would grow only that fruit in which it most excels, and that in quantity sufficient to make such shipments as would make an impression on the market and attract the attention of buyers, grand success would result. About Montreal, for example, they can grow the finest Fameuse apples in the world; in Western Ontario the Ontario and Spy apples, the Bartlett and Anjou pears, etc., are grown to perfection. These then should be grown in quantity for the world's markets, and such cold storage provided as would enable the shipper to reach those markets with his fancy fruit in the very best condition. This accomplished, our success is secured, and. the wealth of the country is increased by millions of dollars. Our first experiments were failures. In 1895 I wanted to try Australia with our magnificent Spy and Cranberry Pippin apples, because our summer is their winter. I forwarded one hundred cases to Sydney, in care of our Dominion Commercial Agent, the Hon. J. S. Larke. They were to go via 104 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Vancouver and I got a special tln-ougli rate of $1.00 per bushel box. They arrived about Christmas, but lo! they yveve mostly ruined in crossing the tropics. Those that were sound sold as high as $3.00 a bushel box. leaving a net here of nearly $2.00! But we had to drop this magnificent opening, waiting the day when the Pacific steamships are provided with cold storage. In 1897 I experimented farther and sent to Great Britain seventeen car- loads of tender fruits, in such cold storage as was then provided. The result was a great loss, owing to the irregular temperature, varying from below freezing to 58° above zero, resulting in the peaches and tender pears being mostly either over ripe or entirely spoiled on arrival. Such as did open out in good condition proved conclusively that the market was active for such goods, if we could but reach it. Bartlett pears, for example, sold at the rate of $15.00 a barrel; Crawford peaches at about $3.6G a bushel; Anjou pears sold at $5.00 a bushel case containing 127 pears; Lawrence pears at $4.87 for 276 specimens; Winter Nelis with 120 for $3.35; Kieffer pears $3.65 for 250. But of course these prices were only for the few cases that arrived in perfect condition. A buyer in Edinburgh wrote us a private letter saying: "We were present yesterday (Nov. 3d) at sale of Canadian grapes, pears, etc., at Glasgow. Pears made a pleasant surprise, and were in nice order. We bought the first parcel of five cases offered, Beurre d'Anjou, and made a profit on them here; they sold at 15s per case of about 54 pears at auction. We do not hesitate to say that these will become a common export, if care be taken. The con- dition of nearly all the samples left little to be desired and the quality was good." "The Kieffer pear will not do here when known, but the Anjou will do well, especially if they could be grown with a softer or smaller core. We see no reason why this variety should not be shipped in quantity another season." During the year 1898 our valor was subject to more discretion, and we forwarded only six carloads; the results were about the same, owing to defects in cold storage. , We also forwarded some Concord and Niagara grapes, but these proved distasteful to the British public. In 1899 we made two shipments of Ontario grapes, feeling confident from the prices of English grapes that the products of our open air vineyards would be more remunerative if sold in Great Britain. This time we selected our finest Rogers and placed them on the Manchester market. The prices at which they sold were not at all satisfactory, owing to the prejudice against Canadian grapes, but our Government agent wrote that, in his opinion, if we persevered, the trade would eventually be most successful. In the year 1900, the results were so similar that we have little to report, except the assurance that, if we can overcome the difiiculties of transporta- tion, prices of fancy pears, peaches and apples will be most satisfactory. This season we are promised uniform temperature on shipboard of between 36 and 38 degrees Fahr., and a duplicate thermograph record; one of our number, a practical fruit grower, packer and shipper is to be sent over to watch the trade and report to us after each shipment. We have begun with a carload of Bartlett pears leaving Montreal on the 9th of September, and hope for success. We have also succeeded in having a Fruit Marks Act passed, against fraudulent packing and making all packages of fruit subject to inspection. This Bill requires that every closed package be marked in a plain and in- TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 105 delible manner before it is talien from tlie premises wlaere it is packed, (a) witli the initials of the Cliristian name, and full surname and address of the packer, (b) with the name of variety or varieties, and (c) with a de- signation of the grade of the fruit. The following are other paragraphs of the same Bill: 5. No person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession for sale, any fruit packed in a closed package and intended for sale unless such package is marked as required by the next preceding section. 6. No person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession for sale any fruit packed in a closed package, upon which package is marked any designation which represents such fruit as of finest, best or extra good quality, unless such fruit consist of well-grown specimens of one variety, sound, of nearly uniform size, of good color for the variety, of normal shape and not less than ninety per cent free from scab, worm holes, bruises and other defects, and properly packed. 7. No person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession for sale, any fruit packed in any package in which the faced or shown surface gives a false representation of the contents of such package; and it shall be con- sidered a false representation when more than fifteen per cent of such fruit is substantially smaller in size than, or inferior in grade to, or different in variety from, the faced or shown surface of such package. 8. Every person who, by himself or through the agency of another per- son, violates any of the provisions of this Act shall, for each offense, upon summary conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding one dollar and not less than twenty-five cents for each package which is packed, sold, offered, ex- posed or had in possession for sale contrary to the provisions of this Act, together with the costs of prosecution; and in default of this payment of such fine and costs, shall be liable to imprisonment, with or without hard labor, for a term not exceeding one month, unless such fine and the costs of en- forcing it are sooner paid. 9. Whenever any fruit packed in a closed package is found to be falsely marked, any inspector charged with the enforcement of this Act may efface such false marks and mark the words "falsely marked" in a plain and in- delible manner on such package. The inspector shall give notice by letter or telegram to the packer whose name is marked on the package before he marks the words "falsely marked" on such package. We are of the opinion that, if each variety of fruit placed upon the world's markets could be graded according to a certain well-known standard, the price of high grade goods would constantly advance with the growing con- fidence of the buyer, and in time such a premium would be placed upon it that no fruit grower could afford to grow second or third grade fruit. Here then is the second important means of developing the export trade in fruit. And its importance is emphasized by the fact that in the large fruit markets such as that at Manchester, England, samples only of each man's lot are opened, and examined before all buyers and the whole lot sold accordingly. If a certain brand is found true to the grade marks, it soon gains a reputa- tion which is invaluable to the shipper and often means a fancy price for all his goods. The question of packages is another important one and, although for 2d and 3d grade stuff any package will answer, the high grade article will make itself known sooner if put up in a distinctive package. We in Ontario 14 106 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. liave been experimenting some years along this line and have adopted the following packages for extra selected fruit: Apple box, outside measurement, II14 inches wide, IQi^ inches high and 23 Inches long. Pear box, outside measurement, ll^^ inches wide, 5i/4 inches high and 23 inches long. Peach box, outside measurement, ll^^ inches wide, 5^/^ inches high and 28 inches long. Already we have had some good success with these packages. Last year, for example, I sold Northern Spy apples, to a buyer in Leeds, England, that were over 2^/2 inches in diameter, in bushel boxes, at $1.00 per box, f. o. b., at Grimsby, Ontario. He never saw my fruit before purchasing, but was satisfied to pay mj' price on the guaranteed grade. Anjou pears of similar grade, in these half bushel boxes, brought $2.40 per box in Glasgow. Here then is another means of developing the export ti'ade by the adoption of proper uniform packages for choice grades of fruit. Among the needs for the development of this important trade I would mention first, local organisation. No ordinary fruit grower will be able to undertake by himself the export of his more tender fruits, because he cannot occupy a cold storage compartment. These compartments hold four or five thousand cubic feet each, and several carloads of fruit are needed to fill one of them; besides, unless a contract is made for space in advance, it cannot be had at all. Even for firm fruits, such as fancy winter apples, the quantity which one grower can put up properly selected and graded is comparatively small and would consequently make no impression upon the market, nor would it ever secure a name for the brand, but, if a local organi- zation were formed and agreed to be governed by certain established grades and all to use the same brand, the value of their goods would be constantly advancing. Fruit growers do not sufficiently take advantage of their oppor- tunities in this way; they are too much inclined to leave their trade to speculators, and consequently have a good deal to say about their failures, without seeing that they are themselves at fault for their lack of enterprise. At Grimsby, Ontario, we have nine fruit growers who formed a Fruit Ex- port Company and, under the encouragement of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, agreed to make up a certain quantity of pears, apples, peaches, grapes, etc., every week during the fruit season for experimental export shipments. A second need for this work is refrigeration from start to finish; even our finer fall and winter apples need a cool temperature, if we would have them reach the consumer with that crisp texture of flesh which characterizes them when freshly gathered. Every fruit grower needs ice-storage in con- nection with his fruit house, where the packages can be set that are packed during the day, until the refrigerator car is ready. Then we must have well ventilated refrigerator cars and a temperature on shipboard for his fruit of from 36 to 40 degrees, for, if he cannot secure from the steamship com- pany a guarantee of a storage that will be held within certain limits of temperature, he cannot ship with confidence. A thi7-d need is quick transportation. Sometimes, through the carelessness of shipping companies, a valuable lot of choice packages is left lying in the hot sun while in trans-shipment from car to ocean steamer, which, of course, is ruinous to tender fruits. A fourth need is proper handling at the other end. This requires some one TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 107 who will take a real live interest in the enterprise and seek to place the fine samples in the hands of such buyers as will fully appreciate them, and whose trade is with such consumers as will pay for choice goods. This work needs government aid to bring it to a successful issue. The risk of loss is too great for private enterprise, especially since the results are for the general good. We in Ontario are only • beginning the work and have not yet attained complete success. Great losses are sure to occur, especially in peaches and grapes, until the chain of cold storage and of quick transportation is complete. I am glad to notice that the United States Department of Agriculture is also preparing to w^ork along the line of encouraging this important trade, and I trust that we shall find that the United States and Canada are not in any sense competitors in the great world's markets, but that there is plenty of room for all the fruits of our respective countries, and that every interchange of information between us about methods is directly for our mutual aid and encouragement. The President: I want to say before we go on further in this very im- portant matter, that in order that all may be heard we must divide up the time, because we have only a little more than thirty minutes. It is un- fortunate that our meeting has been so terribly hampered, but it cannot noAV be helped. DISCUSSION. PROF. GEO. T. POWELL, BRIARCLIFF MANOR, N. T. Prof. Powell: I realize that Mr. Woolverton has greatly abbreviated this discussion by the complete manner in which he has handled his subject. On account of the lack of time I shall have to leave out many of the points which are suggested by this discussion. Now, one of the first needs of our export trade, as I understand it, is, that we, as American shippers, have a good deal clearer knowledge of the wants of foreign markets. Let us dis- abuse ourselves at once of the idea that American shippers can dump any- thing upon foreign markets that they see fit to send there. Hence, one of the first requirements for the best development is to send only the best that we have got. There is no class of buyers in the world that are so critical as the English buyers, and there is no buyer who will pay a higher price for a good article. Now, the next point which I would make would be the importance of starting at the foundation of successful exportation of American fruits, and that is in the orchard itself. We must begin right where the fruit is grown to produce the quality that is demanded for foreign shipment. That in- volves the whole question of tillage, of fertilization, of thinning of fruit, and of spraying. The next important point which should be considered is that of transportation. We do need improved facilities for transporting our fruits. That brings up the whole question of refrigeration. We can never successfully export our fine fruits from America until we have a full knowl- edge of the principles of refrigeration, and the refrigeration should begin the quickest possible period after the fruit is picked. The present policy of picking apples, as is done so very largely here in the East, especially in 108 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. New York State, and allowing them to lie in orchards in piles on the ground, is the first cause for unsatisfactory exports of our apples. When we allow the apples to lie in orchards where the soil has been warm for months pre- vious, with a high temperature even, ruling in the atmosphere, we have our fruit being pushed right forward rapidly to maturity, and the question of successful shippping becomes a very uncertain one, so that we need to study the question in the orchard not only of proper handling, but especially the question of refrigeration. Now, upon that subject, Mr. Woolverton has already indicated that there have been many failures and much disappoint- ment, and it is simply because we haven't the knowledge of the principles which enter into successful refrigeration of fruit. I am very glad indeed that, as he has already alluded to the fact, that our own government follow- ing closely upon the government of the Dominion of Canada, is taking up now carefully and scientifically this great problem of refrigeration, and that the subject is to be carried along these lines, the study of the right period for picking the fruit, which is a very important one; also the ques- tion of the temperature, the correct temperature for holding these fruits successfully. These are important problems, and until Ave can have them scientifically and carefully studied we shall not reap the best results in our foreign shipments. These are the important points which it seems to me we want to take into consideration in our export trade. Another point which was only incidentally touched upon: That is the question of grading. There is no more important point in the whole subject of the exportation of our fruits than that of careful grading, and, let me say most emphati- callj', honest packing. Let us put aside forever the Idea that we can top our barrels for the English market and then put worthless trash in the centers. That will apply to home markets as well as to the foreign markets. I do believe that there should be the most strenuous insistence on the part of the instruction that goes forth from this Society that we shall put upon every single package that goes into our own local markets as well as the foreign markets the brand of honesty in packing them. Another point is quality, which was so admirably brought out here by Mr. Garfield yesterday. Let us not study so much to produce a fruit that we can ship around the world, but study the question of improved packages and improved facilities for transporting our fruit. Let us not think so much of the Ben Davis apple because it is a good grower and good shipper, but rather let us study to ship some of our finest fruits and provide the means for getting fine fruits to local and foreign markets in good condition. DISCUSSION. SENATOR H. M. DUNLAP, SAVOY, ILL. Senator Dunlap: I am sorry that I cannot furnish you some experience right direct from my own experience, but I have never exported any fruit, and I know very little about it, and all I do know is theoretical. I know this, from what little experience I had across the water last year, that the markets there are ready for good fruit, but they are not ready for the fruit that is sent to many of our markets in this country. The French market is a market where if you face up the apples, as is sometimes done by ship- pers, you might fool the Frenchmen once, but it would injure the market TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 109 very badly afterwards. The market there is certainly ready for American fruits of the right quality, and I think it would be a good thing for our shippers to enter their markets, but we must understand that we are going to meet with some little opposition there because of the prices that their grow- ers of fruits under glass have been getting. They certainly will feel very hostile to American fruits. In years when they have a good crop of fi-uit they have plenty to last till the first of December or January, but after that the French market is practically barren of apples except the apples grown under glass. When Mr. Taylor, your secretary here, and myself were in the French markets, we saw apples sold for quite high prices, and I knew of their selling in March at thirty cents apiece wholesale. We saw peaches sold there for .$1.40 each in the wholesale markets. We must know that when we invade such markets as that and sell apples in competition Avith French apples that sell at twenty or thirty cents each, it means that we will have the opposition of those gentlemen. But when the French people once find that they can obtain first-class American apples at the prices at which we can sell them, I think they will be in favor of the admission of American apples. But one thing, the apples must be of first-class quality. In that country Avhere the same market stalls have remained in families for genera- tions the people depend upon the salesmen to present fruit that is nicely and carefully packed, and the only thing that I will longer occupy your floor and take up 3'our time for is to impress upon shippei's that they must have their fruit grade right all through the package. Now, as to the matter of trans- portation, I think that for our fruit for the French market, we ought either to place it in refrigerators here and ship it right in the season of sale after the first of December, or we ought to ship it across there and place it in cold storage on the other side, in the fall, and they hardly know what cold storage is in France. Their meats are hung in the market along in June and July, exposed without protection, and keep well, and apples keep well in that cimate also, but refrigeration such as we have here is almost un- known there. So far as I know, there is only one house in all of France, and they have a capacity there of perhaps eight or ten thousand barrels. That is at Havre. I think I have occupied your time as long as I ought under these circumstances. I wish to say this, that it gives me great pleasure to meet with the American Pomologieal Society. This is my first meeting with you, and I hope it will not be the last. AN EXPORTER'S VIEW. MR. CHARLES FORSTER,* NEAV YORK, N. T. Mr. President and Gentlemen: I have been asked by your Honorable Secretary to say something to the Society upon the Development and Needs of the Export Trade in North American Fruits. The question is a large one and embraces a wider field than it is possible to cover in a paper of this kind. My own particular attention has. for the past twenty years, been devoted to the export business in American apples, supplemented for several seasons past with California deciduous and citrous fruits, and, in a small way, with *The Secretary regrets to announce as this mss. goes to the printer, receipt of news of Mr. Forster's death which occurred after a short illness, at his home in Westfield, N. J., April 19, 1902. 110 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. eastern fall and winter pears. Apples had been, for many years before, an article of European consumption; but up till twenty years ago claimed no important attention as an exportable factor. Within the period stated, the annual export output of apples (including the product of Canada and Nova Scotia) has varied according to crop seasons, from 81,532 barrels in 1883-4, (the year of crop failure) to 2,919,846 in the great season of 1896-7. The average annual export of the last twenty-one years has been just about 1,000,000 barrels. The average output of the last eleven j-ears shows an annual increase of about seventy-three per cent over the first ten years; while that of the last five years shows a difference over the first five years of about one hundred and ninety-two per cent. It attests the continued and growing popularity of the American product. I think it may be fairly stated that this has been a healthy growth, and that, taking one season with another, results have been on a higher level than has been reached at home for like quantities in same condition, counting nothing for relief to domestic markets afforded by taking so important a surplus out of domestic supplies. In Liverpool the apples are sold by auction, beginning at ten o'clock in the morning; there is a schedule made out in the beginning of the year which covers the entire year so that an auctioneer knows on the 1st of January what time he will go on on the 10th of October. They go on at ten in the morning and they each have a turn of forty minutes. After that they have a turn of twenty minutes, and if all the fruit has not been disposed of, after that they have a turn of ten minutes. That Liverpool auction room has been open to ten o'clock at night, and in one day there were 50,000 barrels of Canadian and American apples disposed of. The process of showing the fruit is by bringing samples up by elevator from the cellar. One barrel is opened, thereby showing the packing and the facing. Another barrel is dumped into a basket which holds just a barrel, aud if any Ameri- can shipper thinks he is deceiving the British buyer he is mistaken, because the full barrel is shown just for what it is worth. There has been little fault found with their methods. There is a unanimous opinion on the part of the receivers in Liverpool that their methods cover the case about as well as it could be done. There has never been any question as to the honesty and the returns, because everything is catalogued and returns are accompanied by catalogues showing the results. Just at the present time there is a disposition on the part of the Americans to think that there should be a change in the methods of selling in Liverpool. Still, I don't think the method could be changed, and I am not prepared to say it could be bettered. The area of apple distribution abroad has gradually expanded until now the American fruit finds its way to the markets of Christiana and Copen- hagen in the North, and the important cities of Southeastern Europe. The splendid work of the Government at the Paris Exposition of last season, whereby constant supplies of fresh American fruits attracted the admiring attention of visitors from all sections of the Continent, is already having some response in inquiries from markets not yet directly i-eached. Unfor- tunately a shortage of domestic supplies this season will make it impracti- cable to immediately exploit these distant points of distribution. With a good crop year we may confidently expect an important increase of business with Hamburg, which is the present center of direct shipment from America; and within t^\-o or three years I look for direct shipment to Paris, despite TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. Ill the fact that the choicest product of France and Belgium lies almost within her gates. To best promote the extension of the export market for American apples, we must have, first, moderately low cost f. o. b. steamer; second, better grading and packing; third, improved transportation facilities; fourth, a better knowledge of the requirements of individual European markets. The first will usually follow an average crop production. A constantly extended acreage is gradually increasing the annual output in all apple bearing sec- tions, scattered over a wide territory, thus insuring, one year with another, what might be considered a normal crop. It is seldom in a score of years that the country, as a whole, faces an abnormally short crop like the present promises to be. The nearer this acreage lies to the seaboard, the greater the chance of cheap first cost at steamers' side. The foreign markets may, therefore, be expected to continue for some time to come to draw the bulk of their supplies from points within easy distance of ocean terminals. In years of a comparatively short crop in the East, California and Oregon will be able to find a market abroad for their fine Newtown Pippins packed in boxes of about fifty pounds. At present a through freight rate of about one and one-half cents per poimd, renders it an expensive article of con- sumption abroad; but. despite this fact, England and Scotland took last year over 200,000 boxes and will likely take more this year. It is because the Newtown Pippin is of a superior flavor and an attactive apple for table decora- tion, that makes this possible. For general consumption its cost would eliminate it as an article of wide distribution. The same may be said of the splendid red product of the Southwest, although in years of general plenty, a low cost f. o. b. carload would render its export a feasible proposition. The grading and packing of apples continues a vexing problem. Canada, em- barrassed in the States by a prohibitive duty, and with but one logical market for her exportable supplies, has been compelled to enact legislation cover- ing the grading and packing of apples, which seems almost drastic in its provisions. Its greatest aim was, in the broadest sense of the term, pro- tective to a business rapidly losing caste in the markets of the United Kingdom. Its results cannot be other than beneficent and far reaching. The Can- adian Government is alive to all these facts, and, with watchful eyes, safeguards the interests of its shippers abroad. Under its fostering care, Canadian cheese exports are todaj^ twenty times larger than ten years ago. Filled cheese, as an export proposition, is a thing of the past, and the Canadian article, as improved, has captured the foreign market. The same may be said of Canadian butter and provisions. Agents of the Government at points of import are carefully inspecting arrivals and reporting back everything that may assist shippers in the promotion and extension of trade in all these articles. It was not. indeed, until the Government in this way had taken cognizance of the evils that existed in the grading and packing of apples that the Canadian people were impelled to cover the matter by legislation referred to above. Its beneficent results will be felt in the future in an increased value for the whole Canadian exportable surplus, which, in a normal season, aggre- gates something like 400,000 to 500,000 barrels. Grading and packing therefore are the keystones of success in the market- ing of perishable products. 112 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No better illustration of this may be had than is offered by California. Having captured the markets of the East with her splendid deciduous pro- ducts, she is now, despite a distance of 10,000 miles, dividing with France (but 10 to 2-4 hours distant) the markets of Great Britain; and reports from London give nothing but flattering testimony to the general excellence and attractiveness of her plums and pears in comparison with the French pro- duct. And this business, bear in mind, has not been developed at the ex- pense of good American capital; it has, as a rule, brought back to growers results equal to anything shown at home. The California orange is likewise winning its way in the markets of Eng- land and a hopeful view is had of its future possibilities. Is not this a subject worthy of the most thoughtful consideration of all growers of fruits who are seeking the successful marketing of their products either at home or abroad? Now, in regard to the package, it is my opinion that for fancy fruit the suggestion made by the gentleman who preceded me is correct. I think that fancy fruit within a few years will almost all find its market in boxes of say 50 pounds a box. A box hais less surface to be bruised. It allows of better grading and the grocer, who is the man usually in our great cities to pay the most money, and the fancy fruiterer, will willingly pay a larger sum for a smaller quantity if he knows that the quality is what he wants. I think that for fancy fruits the box is the package for the future. In regard to pears for export I think the half box is the package that will be used. Passing on to the question of transportation, it may be said that the railways of the .JJnited States and Canada are doing everything possible to transport fruits quickly and safely, and are carefully studying the problem of improved methods and reduced cost of refrigeration. Here again the Government of Canada is at the front in promoting the safer ocean carriage of perishables. Cold chambers are being rapidly installed in steamers running from Montreal, while some of the lines are experimenting with exhaust ventilation by the electric fan system, thus providing an important item of protection at a minimum of cost to shippers. The great steamship companies operating from New York and Boston are slowly falling into line on this question; but what we need, and are not getting, is small cold storage com- partments of say 500 barrels capacity, thereby permitting shippers of mod- erate quantities to avail themselves of the additional protection offered by refrigeration. The present cold storage compartments on most steamers are too large to serve the interests of ordinary shippers. The feeling today among fresh fruit exporters is that steamship lines are doing what they can as rapidly as possible, and it is gratifying to report from them an active interest in all that pertains to an enlargement of the export trade on lines of safety and economy. Covering the question of requirements of European markets, it is my opinion that the Government through its consuls abroad should assist the fruit growers of the country in opening new markets for American fruits. The Agricultui-al Department is doing all that it possibly can with the means at its disposal and is at present experimenting along lines that promise much good to the business. A shipment to London of New York State Bartlett Pears in half boxes, boxes and barrels packed imder the supervision of the Division of Pomology is now on its way to Europe. It will be the first experiment of the kind and is being made to demonstrate the practicability of successfully marketing this variety of pear in the London TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 113 market iu competition with the "Williams and other varieties of similar stock from nearby producing territory. It AA'as picked and packed under the direc- tion of a Government employee, shipped under ice from nearest railway station, and followed through to Ncav York, from which latter port it was transferred to the cool chambers of one of the Atlantic Transport Line of steamers. The temperature will be taken daily and a report made by the receiving agent at London, covering condition on arrival, quality of fruit, with result, upon such part as may be immediately sold. An attempt will be made to cold store a part of the shipment in order to establish the com- mercial life of the fruit after being subjected to an ocean voyage. I wish to say that I examined that shipment on arrival in New York, and am abundantly satisfied in my own mind that if the steamship companies give it a fair chance by refrigeration it will arrive in London and sell suc- cessfully. I might say right here that there have been attempts made to ship pears. There were large sales made some years ago to a London firm, but the fruit was not carefully selected and the result of it was that the purchaser made no money, but it didn't discourage shippers at all, and there is a disposition to open the business at such time as we may acquire the proper refrigeration aboard the steamers. Two years ago I shipped for a large Western New York exporter two carloads of half boxes of Duchess pears. It is a coarse, unattractive pear, but under certain conditions it sells well. He wanted to ship a carload at a time. He followed it two weeks later with another one, before we could hear from the first. The first ship- ment realized a net return in New York on the dock of $1.43 per half box, the second shipment ten days after realized a result of $1.41 per half box. The shipper told me that he made upon each of those carloads one thousand dollars. The business, therefore, is practicable. That fruit didn't have to be shipped under refrigeration. It went all the way through under ordinary storage. All of this has been attempted before privately, but never in a manner that has fairly tested its commercial practicability. Whatever the result, further tests are likely to be made with later eastern grown stock. It all reflects credit upon the Department of Agriculture, which, as stated before, is giving practical force to the recommendations of your Honorable Secre- tary following upon his exhaustive study of the question as one of the Gov- ernment representatives at the Paris Exposition last j-ear. The Government can well afford to defray the expenses of any consular work covering so important a question as the special needs of foreign markets looking toward the development of trade on such American products as cannot be introduced haphazard by private enterprise. The small outlay Avill be well expended and will surely bring its reward in a continued wider distribution of Ameri- can commodities now enjoying little outlet abroad by reason of a lack of private knowledge as to how best to undertake the work. The President: The paper just submitted has been one of the most im- portant that we have listened to during the whole meeting. Hon. Henry E. Dosch, of Portland, Oregon, then read a paper on "Develop- ment in the Export of North Pacific Fruits." 15 114 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. FROM THE PACIFIC SLOPE. HON. HENRY E. DOSCH. PORTLAND, OREGON. Speaking for the Pacific Nortliwest, of wliich portion of our country I have a more intimate Icnowledge in liorticulture. particularly Oregon, I beg to say, that this State earned early in the development of the fruit industry, the soubriquet of the "land of red apples," and the banner then hoisted has remained at its masthead ever since. The first planting of fruits in Oregon that we have any authentic data of, was in 1847, when Mr. Henderson I^ewelling of Iowa, brought across the plains, several hundred yearling grafted trees of all varieties then grown and known in the middle West. These trees were planted in boxes, fitted in a wagon and carefully watered and cared for on their long journey of six months, with an ox team, three thousand miles, to the Willamette Valley in Oregon, where the first orchard was planted and from Avhich developed the large fruit industry of to-day. It may be interesting to you to know, that the first apples of these trees were sold for one dollar each and those exported to San Francisco in 1853 for two dollars per pound; prices now received for forty-five pound boxes of apples. Out of this small planting of trees made in 1848 grew the orchards of the present time, consisting of commercial orchards; old orchards not being figured— as follows: Apples 1(5,500 acres. Pears 2,100 " Prunes 27,000 " Cherries 1.200 " Peaches 1,800 " Mixed plantations 4,700 " Total 53,300 acres, the newer plantations being principally winter apples expressly grown for foreign markets. My observation at the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, the Trans-Missis- sippi Exposition at Omaha, and at this Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, leads me to the conclusion that the apple is the commercial fruit par excel- lence of the whole world, as a fresh fruit, followed by ovir fine Italian, or as they are known to the trade, "Oregon" prunes as an evaporated product; these are the fruits we can consider commercially only for export trade. The subject of markets is perhaps the most serious problem confronting the fruit grower, and when we look over the large area that has been and is still being planted throughout the fruit districts of the United States and Canada, we cannot help speculating what to do with all these fruits, espe- cially in a good fruit year. There is perhaps no fruit which is more universally planted at this time, than the apple, owing to the fact stated before, that the apple is regarded as the commercial fruit of the world. Millions of trees are being planted yearly, and if it Avere not for the fact that winter apples grow, as yet, in comparatively few localities, the result would be appalling. Even as it is, our home markets are now fully supplied, and in a short time will be glutted. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 115 There is but one solution to this problem, and that is to seek foreign markets. My attention was first drawn to this matter about ten j-ears ago, when the Chamber of Commerce of Portland honored me as a delegate to the Nicaragua Canal Convention, which was held in New Orleans and there in conversation with the representatives from South American Republics, learned that there would be a good market for northern grown fruits, if freight rates could be arranged. Again my attention was called to it in a letter I received from the American consul at Manchester, England, four years ago, stating that a lot of Oregon apples had found their way there; that finer apples were never seen, and bu3'ers wanted to contract for the entire output of this man's crop, which was four thousand boxes, in 1898, and all were shipped to that point. In this connection the New York Journal of Commerce said at that time, "A large increase in the shipment of Pacific coast apples abroad by way of New York this year (1898) is a noteworthy feature of the fruit trade, and is excit- ing no little interest; large quantities, of Newtown Pippins in boxes weigh- ing fifty pounds net, grown on the Pacific coast, principally in Oregon, have been sent to this city, of late in carload lots, and from New York have been sent directly abroad, selling at eleven shilling per box in England." Encouraged by this a commission house of Portland, Oregon, sent a car- load of Newtown Pippins to Hamburg, Germany, which were sold for fifteen marks or 3.65 dollars per box, equal to $10.95 per barrel. Some sis weeks after that sale, a gentleman came to my oflice and presented his card. He proved to be a commission merchant from Hamburg, Germany, and said to me, that he was present when that car of apples was auctioned off, and was one of the bidders. He was so impressed with the fine quality of these apples that he came over in person to make arrangements for his future supply. These shipments have been followed up very closely by various growers and developed so rapidly that last year nearly the entire output of Southern and Eastern Oregon grown Newtowns and Jonathans, some 235 carloads, were shipped direct to England and Germany, netting the grower one dollar per box of forty-five pounds, f. o. b., shipping station. These shipments were distributed as follows: To Liverpool 120 cars, 72,000 boxes. To London 45 " 27,000 To Glasgow 8 " 4,800 To Manchester 7 " 4,200 To Hamburg 30 " 18,000 To various points 25 " 15,000 Total 235 cars, 141.000 boxes. Owing to the extra large crop of apples in Oregon this year, the favor with which these apples were received in European markets heretofore and the shortage of the apple crop in other export points, these shipments will uudoubtedly be doubled the present season; already buyers are in the Oregon markets paying as high as $1.50 per box for four-tier export apples, which is equal to .$4.50 per barrel f. o. b. I have given the development and needs of the export trade a good deal of thought and attention. For years past I have placed myself in communica- tion with American consuls throughout the world, for the benefit of our 116 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. orcbardists and beg permission to quote a few words from Consul Cunning- ham in Chemnitz, Germany, a large manufacturing centre, and which voices nearly all reports received. He says: "I wish I had time to detail to you the desire of the people here for our fruit. Germans hunger for our fruits, apples before all others, etc., etc." This is not alone true of Germany, but of all other countries and more recently the Orient, which opens up a new and extensive field of operation. Hon. W. H. Seward, in a speech delivered in the United States Senate, as: far back as 1852, said: "The Pacific Ocean, its shores, its islands and the vast regions beyond, will become the chief theatre of events in the world's great hereafter." This hereafter is here right now, perhaps much sooner than that great states- man anticipated, but he did not know then that he was standing at the threshold of an electrical age, where events pass with lightning rapidity, and what is new to-day is old to-morrow. There is no doubt in my mind that China, Japan, the Philippine Islands and Siberia will consume in time all the fresh apples and evaporated prunes and pears grown on the Pacific Coast, if properly introduced in those markets. NEEDS. It has always been with me an applied business proposition, that if there is no market, create one by educating the consumer, and the dealer will readily respond. This is particularly true of the apple, for the apple is, among fruits, what the potato is among vegetables; wherever once intro- duced, it is there to stay. In the line of apples, it becomes necessary to grow such varieties as will stand ocean transportation. A hard apple and generally a red apple is what the trade demands for that purpose. However, much of this question will be solved by shipping in cold storage. In this connection it is proper to consider the prices obtained in the markets of England and Germany for the different varieties of apples as a guide to shippers and to planters of new orchards. Taking auction figures of several weeks last fall, as a guide, the following table was compiled, show- ing also that some varieties find more favor and bring higher figures in Germany than in England, and vice versa: Varieties. London Market. Baldwin 12 to 16 shillings per bbl. Ben Davis 12 to 15 shillings per bbl. Winesap 11 to 13 shillings per bbl. York Imperial .... 16 to IS shillings per bbl. Tompkins King ... 15 to 19 shillings per bbl. Northern Spy 13 to 14 shillings per bbl. Spitzenburg 13 to 14 shillings per bbl. Jonathan 17 to 19 shillings per bbl. Hamburg Market. 13 to 21 marks per bbl. 9 to 18 marks per bbl. 10 to 12 marks per bbl. 16 to 17 marks per bbl. 15 to 17 marks per bbl. 17 to 19 marks per bbl. 10 to 14 marks per bbl. 17 to 20 marks per bbl. Pacific Coast Newtown Pippins, eleven shillings per box in England, equal to thirty-three shillings per barrel, and fifteen marks per box, equal to $10.95 per barrel, in Germany, which shows that this apple is the favorite in European as well as in American markets. In catering to these foreign markets we must prepare our fruits in the TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 117 way they want them, and not in the way we would like to have them taken. But the greatest need of the export trade, if we wish to hold and further develop these foreign markets for our fruits is, that they he honestly graded, honestly packed and honestly labelled. To do otherwise is commercial suicide. The President: There have been attempts for years to get passed through the congress of the United States what they have called a Pure Food Law, but it covers honesty in the labeling and putting up of false things as well. Everything we have heard here this morning goes to show that if we want to do good to ourselves and to all the rest of the people we ought to try to support the enactment of all such laws as will compel men to have regard to honesty in all these things. Now there is nothing more that we can do here this forenoon. There will be a meeting here this evening at eight o'clock, at which some very important papers will be read and some closing-up busi- ness will be done. The afternoon will be devoted to an examination of the fruits in the horticultural building at the Exposition. Upon motion the Society adjourned until 8 P. M. FEIDAY AFTERXOOX SESSIOX. Friday afternoon was devoted by members to the examination of the fruit exhibits at the Pan-American Exposition. The management of the Exposi- tion in recognition of the attractive exhibits secured by the Society generously provided passes to the members of the Society. The exhibits were tastefully displayed in the Horticultural Building, extra tables having been added to accommodate them. Exhibits were eligible to awards hoth by the Society and the Exposition. No formal session was held, though nearly all members attended the Exposition in a body. FEIDAY EVENING SESSIOX. Sept. 13th, 8 P. M. The meeting was called to order in the dining-room of the Epworth Hotel, with President Watrous in the chair. The President announced that the Secre- tary had a letter from Mr. .James H. Ricketts, of Washington, D. C, who stated that he had had the misfortune to have the Wilder medals awarded to him in former years stolen, and would be glad to have the Society dupli- cate them, he paying all the expense. Prof. Ragan moved, that Mr. Ricketts be authorized to have his Wilder medals replaced at his own expense. Tlie motion was seconded, put to the meeting and carried. PROPOSED HYBRIDIZATION CONFERENCE, 1902. The following letter from Dr. N. L. Britton, Chairman of the Council of the Horticultural Society of New York, was then read by the Secretary: 118 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. July 24, 1901. Wm. A. Taylor, Secretary American Pomological Society: Dear Sir— It is proposed by the Horticultural Society of New York to hold an international conference on Plant Breeding and Hybridization during the year 1902, the month of September being suggested as the most acceptable time, this conference to provide for the reading and discussion of papers, and the discussion of special topics pertaining to the subject; also an exhibition of hybrid plants and their products, and of the related literature. It is further proposed to publish a complete report of the proceedings. The Society is already assured of the co-operation of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the IT. S. Department of Agriculture, the American Institute of Arts and Sciences of the City of New York, the Society of American Florists, the New York Botanical Garden, the School of Practical Agriculture and Horticulture, the American Pharmacological Society, and the Torrey Botani- cal Club. You are respectfully invited to participate in this important meeting, and it is requested that you inform us, by September loth, 1901, whether you will assist, and if so what party you or any persons delegated by you will take in the programme: you are also invited to olfer any suggestions which may be of value to the organizing Society. Kindly address your reply to Leonard Barron, Secretary Horticultural Society of New Y'ork as above. Y^ours respectfully, N. L. BRITTON, Chairman of the Council. Prof. Geo. T. Powell: As a delegate from the New York Horticultural Society. I am very glad to say a word upon the invitation which has been extended to the American Pomological Society to give some interest to this subject. The conference which is proposed is one which is of very vital value in this work. The question of plant breeding is one which has not been very extensively studied or practiced, that is, the possibilities have nowhere yet been realized fully and we would be very hearty indeed in extending an invitation to the American Pomological Society to send dele- gates if it sees fit, to attend this conference. It opens up a line of work that is of very great value for the future and we should be very glad indeed to have the Society take some part in this conference. Mr. Patten: I rise to simply offer a suggestion in connection with this work. It appears to me, or rather has appeared to me, that the American Pomological Society ought to represent largely the scientific part of horticul- ture, and I simply rise to offer the suggestion that the time of the meeting proposed by the Horticultural Society be enlarged; that it occupy possibly three or four days, and if possible be united with the American Pomological Society. I see no reason why this should not be done to the advantage of horticulturists generally throughout the United States and Canada. I would like to see this project forwarded and the time of the society enlarged and such work become a part of the national Pomological work. Secretary: Possioly it would be well to say a word regarding this pro- posed conference. Y'ou will doubtless recall that there was an international plant-breeding or hybridization conference in London two or three years ago. There were gathered there representatives of different countries who were interested in plant breeding of all kinds. It covered agricultural crops and ornamental plants as well as fruits. It was there proposed that Plate V. HORTICULTURE BUILDING, PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. (By Courtesy of C. D. Arnold, Official Photographer.) TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 119 interuatioual conferences on tliis particular subject be held from time to time, limiting the discussions to hybridization and plant-breeding work. It was at first expected that such a confei-ence would be held at Paris in connection with the Exposition of 1900. That hope was not realized, however, and the Horticultural Society of New York, this new organization, has taken the initiative and proposes that it be held next year, 1902, there with them. There have already been proposed and accepted a number of subjects for discussion. Papers have been promised, so that the conference appears to be an assured success at this time. It certainly will be held, and there is no reason to doubt that it will be thoroughly representative, so that the only question appears to be whether the American Pomological Society should be represented in that conference or not. I think it should be. Prof. Powell: I would be very glad, if a motion is necessary and in order, to move that the Society be represented at this conference by delegates. I would be very glad to make that motion. The motion was seconded and carried. The report of the committee on the award of the Wilder medals was then read by Dr. Hexamer, as follows: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON AWARD OF WILDER MEDALS. Your Committee on Award of Wilder Medals begs to report that it has examined the fruits placed on exhibition in the Horticultural Building and recommends that the following medals and awards be given: SILVER MEDALS. Cornell University, Horticultural Department. Collection of hybrid plums, pears and grapes. Ellwanger and Barry, Rochester. N. Y. "General Fruit Exhibit." T. S. Hubbard Company, Fredonia, N. Y. "Collection fifty varieties grapes." Geo. S. Josselyu, Fredonia, N. Y. "Collection sixty varieties grapes." Kansas State Horticultural Society. "General fruit exhibit." Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce. "General display of fruits and nuts." Missouri State Horticultural Society. "Display 900 plates fruit." Murray Pettit, Winona, Ontario, Canada. "Collection 131 varieties grapes." Ontario Fruit Experiment Stations, L. Woolverton, Secretary, Grimsby, Ontario. "General fruit display." Oregon State I^ruit Exhibit, H. E. Dosch in charge. "Display of fruit." Albert Pay, St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada. "General fruit exhibit." Washington State Fruit Exhibit. In charge Chas. H. Ross. "Display of fruit." Theodore Williams, Benson, Nebraska. "Collection seedling and hybrid plums." Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. "General display of fruit." BRONZE MEDALS. Maine State Pomological Society. "Display of fruit." Michigan Agricultural College. "Collection of pears." Orlando Pineapple Association, Orlando, Florida. "Exhibit Smooth Cay- enne pineapples." 120 . AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. W. M. Orr, Fruitland. Ontario, Canada. ''Collection of fruit." Luther Putnam. Cambridge, Vermont. "Collection of apples." G. E. Rowe, Grand Rapids, Michigan. "Collection commercial varieties in season." C. C. Shaw, Milford, New Hampshire. "Collection of apples." South Haven Sub-Station, Michigan Agricultural College. "Collection of fruit." HONORABLE MENTION. Fred Pfeifer. .lacksouville, Fla. Carson pomelo Exhibit. Southern California Fruit Exchange. Valencia Late orange. C. W. Leifingwell, Whittier, California. Eureka lemon. New Hope Fruit Farm, Santa Ana, California. Fall Pippin apple. A. P. Griffith, Azusa, California. Citron of commerce. Ludwig & Mathews, Los Angeles, California. Hungarian prune. Rivers Bros., Los Angeles, California. Black Morocco grape. Silas Wilson, Atlantic, la. Exhibit of McPike grape. G. E. Rowe, Michigan State Fruit Exhibit. Exhibit of commercial plums. Wickson, Washington, Pond Seedliny, Duane Purple, Lombard. Roland Morrill, Benton Harboi', Michigan. Exhibit of Elberta peach. S. Cooper, Delavan, N. Y. Photo. Pan-American strawberry with potted plant bearing fruit. G. H. Gibbons, Winter Haven, Florida. Exhibit of Hart. Late orange. W. B. K. Johnson, Allentown, Pennsylvania. Collection apples, pears, peaches and quinces. OTHER EXHIBITS. In addition to the above the committee noted the following exhibits: Dinwiddle Bros., Greenwood Depot, Va. Exhibit of apples and pears. F. M. Benham, Dimondale, Mich. Wolverine apples, which at this time were not sufficiently mature to test. G. E. Ryckman, Brocton, N. Y". Chautauqua climbing currant, an inter- esting form of trailing currant bearing fruit of the size and appearance of Red Grape. E. P. Beebe, Elizabeth, N. J. Two plates Muuson Sweet apple. Delaware State Board of Agriculture, Dover, Delaware. Exhibit of apples, pears and peaches. Your committee wish to recommend that fruit which is placed on exhibi- tion for Wilder Medals, should be forwarded for that express purpose and should not be allowed first to compete in other exhibitions which may chance to be open at the same time and place. (Signed) F. M. HEXAMER, N. F. MURRAY, E. S. GOFF, W . J. GREEN, W . T, . MACOUN, JOH> : CRAIG, Committee. Mr. Geo. T. Powell moved the adoption of the report of the Committee on Awards. The motion was duly seconded, put to the meeting and cai'ried. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 121 JUDGING OF FRENCH FRL'IT EXHIBITS. The Secretary: The "Sj'ndicat Central des Primeuristes Frangais" a French organization of commercial growers of what we would call fancy fruits, such as are grown under glass, or against walls, contemplates the shipment from France to-morrow of a sample lot of their choice fruits for exhibition here at Buffalo. They consider it in the nature of a return for the American fruit exhibit at Paris, which was rather a new thing in exposi- tion experience, and they wish to show us what they can do in this line. They had hoped to have their exhibit here jn time for this meeting, but their ripening season is later than ours, and they recently requested me to cable to them in case the exhibition should be closed before the 25th of September, which seemed to them their earliest practicable date. As the proposed exhibit, on account of its European origin, cannot receive official recognition from the Pan-American Exposition, I would sviggest that this Society provide for the examination of the exhibit when it comes, and for such recognition of it as the examination may justify. The President: At the informal conference held on Wednesday evening the consensus of opinion seemed to be that the Executive Committee be authorized to provide for the examination of this fruit and for awards such as seem to be justified. It is believed that our friends across the sea would probably highly appreciate such action, and if there was a motion made to that effect it would probably carry here without any delay. Mr. Geo. T. Powell: I would make such motion. I think it would be simply a recognition of our appreciation of having this exhibit sent here. The motion was seconded and carried. Under the authority thus granted the President appointed as the Special Committee Messrs. John Craig, W. C. Barry and H. E. Van Deman. The report of this Committee, made on Sept. 24, after the exhibits had been received and examined, was as follows: REPORT OF SPECIAL, COMMITTEE OF AWARDS. This Committee was appointed to examine the collection of fruits which were sent from Paris, France, for exhibition at the Twenty-seventh Biennial Session of the American Pomological Society, but having arrived too late, were placed on exhibition in the Horticulture Building of the Pan-American Exposition. The Special Committee as originally named consisted of Prof. John Craig, Mr. W. C. Barry and Prof. H. E. Van Deman. Prof. Craig being unable to reach Buffalo for the examination. Frederic W. Taylor was appointed to serve on the committee. The four cases containing the exhibit were opened and unpacked in the presence of the committee. Exhibit I contained in boxes 1 and 2: E. Salomon & Son, Thomery, France. Forty-four clusters of table grapes enumerated in letter of J. M. Buisson to Col. G. B. Brackett of date of September 12th. Silver Medal awarded the above collection. Exhibit II: H. Crapotte, Conflans, St. Houorine, France. Table grapes, Chasselas dore, about twenty clusters, nearly all in bad order. Awarded Bronze Medal. Exhibit III in box 4: A. Mottheau. Thorigny. France. Apples.— Canada Reinette, Calville and a very large and handsome variety resembling Alex- 16 122 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ander. Pears.— Louise Bonne de JerseJ^ Charles Ernst, Passe Crassane, Beurre Hardy, Beurre Diel, Doyenng du Cornice, Vicar of Winkfield, Beurr§ Baltet pere, Duchesse d' Angouleme. All in good order and fine specimens. Awarded a Silver Medal. Exhibit IV: M. Laurent, Paris, France. Six specimens of "Laurent's Kroumir Parisien," melon, a new variety. These were entirely decayed so that the committee was unable to test them. Exhibit V: From different members of the "Syndicat." Five varieties of peaches were found in condition for exhibition, the others were entirely decayed. The following were placed on exhibition: "Alexis Lepere." in fair condition; two specimens Keine des Vergers, in fair condition; two specimens Grosse Mignonne tardive, in bad condition; one specimen Belle Bauce, in bad condition; one specimen Belle Imperiale in bad condition. Awarded Bronze Medal. A Silver Medal* was awarded to the "Syndicat" for securing and forward- ing the exhibit. W. C. BARRY, H. E. VAN DEMAN, FREDERIC W. TAYLOR, Special Committee. PROPOSED CHANGE OF METHOD OF AWARDING WILDER MEDAL. Dr. Hexamer: At the informal conference on Wednesday evening a Com- mittee was appointed to consider the advisability of changing the methods of award of the Wilder medals. As Chairman of that Committee I would report that a motion was made that it was the sense of the Committee that a change in the method of awarding Wilder medals is desirable, in the line of providing for ad interim examinations of fruit. The Secretary: It seems to me that if any change in this line is contem- plated, it would be highly desirable that it should be put in operation before the time of our next meeting. There does not appear to be anything in the Constitution that would prevent such action, if, after sufficient consideration, the change should seem advisable. I would suggest that perhaps a reference of the matter to the Executive Committee with authoritj' to put such a new plan in operation, would be advisable. I would therefore move that the question of changing the method of award of Wilder medals be referred to the Executive Committee, with authority to provide for ad interim examinations and reports upon new varieties, if the Committee find that method practicable and advisable. The motion was seconded by Dr. Hexamer, put to the meeting, and carried. Ml'. Van Deman: There is one rule that I should like to see changed, and that is the one with regard to the number of specimens which it takes to constitute a plate. Now, as we have it, it requires six. In my opinion, five is sufficient, and I think better than six; five usually fit upon the plate better and make a better display. Would be necessary to put such an amend- ment in writing? The Secretary read the rule in Section II, Rule 1, imder "Competitive Ex- hibits of Fruit." "A plate of fruit must contain six specimens, no more, no less, except in the case of single varieties not included in collections. *Note.— For cut of Silver Medal awarded the "Syndicat," see Plate VI. Plate VI. WILDER MEDAL AWARDED TO FRENCH EXHIBITORS. (Syndicat Central des Primeuristes Frangais.) TWEXTY-SEYENTH SESSION. 123; Mr. Yau Deman: I would move that that rule be cliauged so as to read "five" instead of six specimens. Mr. Powell seconded the motion. The President: It is moved and seconded that in rule 1 of Section II, in Rules for Competitive Exhibits of Fruit, that the word "six" be stricken out and "five" substituted therefor, so that it will read as follows: "A plate of fruit must contain five specimens, no more, no less," etc. A Member: Does that rule apply to all fruits or simply to apples? Mr. Van Deman: I think it refers to all fruits, such as apples, pears, and citrous fruits. The President: It could be made to read in this way: "The plate of fruit must contain not less than five specimens, except in case of single varieties not included in collections." Dr. Hexamer. In mo.st premium lists it is five. Six is a very awkward number, but with five apples it leaves a space, and is just about right. The number must be specified; it must be no more or no less, because it is not fair when one puts in tw^o or three and others put in more. YV^ith plums, it might be stated not less than ten. With apples, pears, quinces, five is the very best number, no doubt. Senator Duulap: How would it do to leave that as it reads now aud say "except in the case of apples and any such fruit it be limited to four."' Four is a number that we use in all our exhibitions. If you want to place one on top of the three it makes a very nice showing. In all the exhibitions that I know of in the West we have four specimens on a plate. Mr. Van Deman: My own individual preference would be for four, aud when making up premium lists in various parts of the West for fairs I have always insisted on that regulation, but I find that most persons prefer five, so that this matter of the number has been a compromise in my own mind, but it will not work very well to have the different fruits excepted, because we will have to except the citrous fruits, and the exceptions will be almost greater than the remaining part, so that I thinlv if Ave say five straight it Avill perhaps work out very well. Of course, in the case of cherries, we can easily see that five cherries would be a very small exhibit. The President: It occurs to the chair that Ave have to do either one or the other of two things: We may either vote upon this motion that Ave shall strike out six and insert flA'e or amend it further. Prof. Taft: I AA'ould like to offer a substitute to read "five large fruits and ten small fruits." It Avas moved and seconded that the whole matter be referred to the Exe- cutive Committee Avith poAver to act. The motion was put to the meeting and carried. The Secretary then read invitations from the foUoAving places for the holding of the next meeting: INVITATIONS FOR NEXT MEETING. To St. Louis. Ylissouri: By the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, through .lose de Olivares, Official Representative. To Detroit, Michigan: By the Detroit Chamber of Commerce and Convention League, through J. F. Walsh, Secretary. To Milwaukee. Wisconsin: 124 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Bjr the Citizens" Business League, through R. B. Watrous,- Secretary, and David S. Rose, Mayor. In accordance with the usual practice these invitations were referred to the Executive Committee with power to act. Prof. Ragan: I have a paper, wliicli is a brief history of the steps that led up to the adoption of the Wilder Medal, with the various awards that have been made at the several meetings of the Society from the beginning. The introductory is about two pages of typewritten matter of rather his- torical character, that might properly go into the proceedings without reading. Prof. Ragan moved that the paper be submitted for publication without reading. The motion was seconded by Mr. Powell, put to the meeting and carried. The President: There is a very voluminous report of the General Fruit Committee which the Secretary has, which will go into the report, but will not be read. The Secretary: Prof. Beach, Chairman of the General Fruit Committee, is not able to be present at this session, but has sent in bis report, which will be published in the Proceedings. FRUIT INTERESTS OF THE APPLE-PIE RIDGE AND RIVER-FRONT REGIONS OF WEST VIRGINIA. PROF. L. C. CORBETT, HORTICULTURIST, DEPARTMENT OF AGRI- CULTURE, WASHINGTON, D. C. The two fruit regions which I wish to describe are located within the limits of the same commonwealth and would, therefore, be expected to present many features in common. They are, however, quite distinct. Tne soil conditions are very different, but this is shown only in the sorts culti- vated. The most diverse and at the same time the most interesting features of the two regions are to be found in the practices of the growers. These two regions illustrate the influence of the example of two aggres- sive pioneers as d© no other fruit belts with which I am familiar. ^ P.IVER FRONT REGION. In the river-front region the industry received its first impulse from a Mr. Neasley. His results proved an object lesson for his neighbors who also took up the work of not only planting orchards but of propogating orchard plants. Mr. Neasley's object in growing apples was to make vinegar. But since his time the orchards have been tvu-ned to the production of high grade dessert fruits rather than of commonplace seedling fruits which were manufactured into cider. Not only have the seedling fruits been replaced by improved sorts but the most important of these both as regards acreage and commercial qualities is a variety said to be of local origin known as the "Willow." This sort is a heavy, regular bearer in the section, keeps remark- ably well both in ordinary and cold storage; possesses sufficient color to place it in the class of red apples, and a quality, while not the best, suffi- ciently good to have won for it an important place in the markets, as well as, a special award at the Paris Exposition. Besides the Willow many other sorts are grown, but none to so great an extent. The Ben Davis ranks second to the Willow commercially. This is undoubtedly due to the fact that it is a good keeping red apple. Another which has in the past proven not only TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 125 a good keeper but a profitable apple for the locality is tlie ''Bentley Sweet," often known as the "Russian Romanite." The doom of this sort for commer- cial purposes is certain, however, as the trees are susceptible to Scab and Brown Spot and the fruits are more severely injured by "Bitter Rot," than any other commercial sort with which I am personally 'acquainted. Aside from the Willow, Rome Beauty, Ben Davis and Grimes Golden, which is another local sort, having originated near Wellsburg, in the adjoining county of Brooke, there are no winter sorts of importance. The production of long- keeping sorts is the chief business of the section although the Maiden Blush is grown in considerable quantity and forms a paying crop. The Grimes or "Golden Pippin," as it is sometimes called, is a sort which reaches re- markable perfection of quality in this, its native region. The trees are long- lived, the original tree being now considerably over 100 years of age. It bears regularly, and heavily, tlie fruits keeping until holiday season in good condition in common storage. The Ben Davis needs no description for every one is familiar with this famous variety. In the River-front region of West Virginia, however, it is outclassed both by the Willow and Rome Beauty. The hill coimtry is not congenial to it and the sandy river bottoms do not provide its best environ- ment, nevertheless it forms a major part of several important commercial orchards. The one drawback is the small size of the fruit. This is prob- ably to be explained by the over cropping of the trees and their tendency to annual bearing. I mention these peculiarities here in order that they may be contrasted with the Ben Davis as grown in the Apple-pie Ridge region to be discussed presently. The Rome Beauty, a native of the sister State of Ohio, finds a congenial habitat in the hill lands along the Ohio river front. Here are to be found large commercial orchards scattered from Point Pleas- ant to the extreme northern boundary of the State. The fruits in these localities are well colored, and of good size and form. The trees are strong growers but inclined to be somewhat crooked and irregular although easily held in shape by judicious pruning. Taking the whole river front section into consideration the Willow is confined to the extreme northern portion, while the Ben Davis. Rome Beauty and Grimes Golden thrive throughout the section. Cultural methods in the River-front region have been somewhat neglected. The trees while in genei-al well pruned and systematically sprayed for insects, have not been so carefully treated for parasitic fungi, and the great over- sight has been a general neglect of the use of the cultivator and an inade- quate appreciation of the food requirements of the apple tree. Some of the most aggressive cultivators are giving the subjects of cultivation and fer- tilization a thorough test and the results are already sufficient to convince one that the tree like an engine must have material from which to produce energy if it is to carry a profitable crop. The use of acid phosphate, and ground bone both singly and in combination with nitrogen and potash has shown that the one thing the soil most needs is phosphoric acid. The ques- tion of the most economical supply of this material is not yet settled. If first cost was the only factor in the problem there could be but one answer and that in favor of acid phosphate, but during dry seasons results have indicated that the physiological action of the treated rock both upon the soil and tree needs further study before a definite conclusion for or against its use in orchards can be determined. From what has been stated you are already aware that the orchards of 126 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. this region are found botli upon tlie river bottom or bench-lands and upon the bluffs ^A■hic•h rise from them. As would be expected the soil conditions of the two exposures are markedly different. The bottom or bench-lands are composed of a sand and claj' mixture while the hill-tops are clay and shale formations. Experience has demonstrated that certain sorts are well suited to each of the locations although one or two are common to both. In gen- eral, Rome Beauty is only grown on high land, while Ben Davis thrives best on the flat land and Willow is successfully grown on both as is also the Orimes Golden. The one feature in which this district excels is that of handling the fruit. From the time the ladder is set in the tree until the fruit is packed in the car for shipment the gi'owers of this locality excel in methods. The ladders, which consist of a single pole through which the rungs pass and project on either side, and which is held firmly in place by an inverted Y base, shod with Iron so that the points readily enter the soil, is the simplest, lightest and most serviceable implement of its kind used in orchard work. The picker, who is paid by the barrel for his work, is provided with ladders and picking sack. The fruits are removed from the tree and delivered to the packers or are placed directly in barrels, the latter being the more common method. The barrels are headed and hauled directly to the cold-storage or warehouse. Assorting aud packing are done only as the fruits are removed for shipment. This practice greatly reduces the force needed at harvest time and enables the grower to place his crop in safe quarters at a minimum cost, although it requires an increased storage capacity because all grades are placed in storage. Storage houses are of two kinds, one of which may be called a warehouse, the other is truly a cold storage house. The warehouses are either brick or stone structures with capacity for housing from 2.500 to as many as 20,000 barrels. In these houses there is bo provision made for lowering the temperature of the structure by artificial means at harvest time. Advantage is taken of cold nights to lower the temperature of the storage room, but the chief object in the consti'uctiou of such buildings is to make them frost proof in order to insure the contents agTainst freezing. The cold storage structures are, as their name implies, provided with ar- rangements for lowering the temperature of the storage chambers by arti- ficial means, and as ice is the only natural agent at our disposal at present, it is made use of. In general the storage chambers are arranged at the side of and below the ice chamber in order to economically utilize the cold furnished by the refigeration chamber. The advantage of these expensive structures can be no more forcibly illustrated than by the results attained during that year of such marked over- production, 1896. During the picking season in "96 growers were offered 60 to 75 cents per barrel for their fruit. But not discouraged at this, they har- vested the crop, put it in storage, as usual, and /is a reward for their faith, received $2.50 to $3.25 per barrel for all that was still in storage in April and May. A single orchard in the region netted the owners $10,000.00 that season, which, without the safeguard of adequate cold storage would have proven an actual loss. But it is said owners of small orchards cannot afford such an equipment: very true, but the owners of 5, 8 or 10 small orchards can band together and by each contributing his labor build a com- pany cold storage house of sufl&cient size to carry the crop of all interested. To my mind, the only protection which the grower has against the cry TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 127 of overproduction, is in the cold storage lionse and by that. I mean, cold storage on the farm. While the River-front region of West Virginia, possesses no co-operative cold storage houses it furnishes ample proof of what can be expected from them when actually put in operation. From what I have stated you will have inferred that the one great crop of the section is apples, and so it is. Apple growing is made the chief busi- ness of those interested, every other operation is subservient to the orchard and that is as it should be. We are told not to put all our eggs in one basket but in fruit growing of whatever kind it must be made the chief interest in order to succeed. The orchard, or fruit garden, as a side issue to the farm, is seldom a financial advantage. APPLE-PIE RIDGE REGION. The Apple-pie Ridge region is in reality a narrow neck of high land lying parallel with the great tre"nd of the Blue Ridge but considerably to the east of the mountains proper. In this division, I wish to include all the fruit development east of the main backbone of the Allegheny Mountains which comprises the orchard areas of Jefferson, Berkeley, Morgan, Mineral and Hampshire counties. West Virginia. This region presents a great diversity of soil conditions as well as topo- graphic features. At the time the moimtains were formed the position of the stratified rocks was greatly disarranged, and as a result we find narro\^' belts of various soils according to the rocks from which they are derived lying side by side. On the Apple-pie Ridge, proper, the soil is locally called soapstone, but in reality it is derived from a slate rock known as the Romney shale. This when broken down forms a soil rich in Iron, calcium, magnesia, phosphoric acid, potash, with but little nitrogen; it is therefore well suited for fruits of all kinds. The famous John Miller orchards are growing upon this soil, as well as extensive peach orchards belonging to various residents of the region. Farther to the west and higher up on the mountains we find a similar formation and it is here that the peach orchards which are to rival those of Michigan in the perfection of color and flavor of the peach are to be developed. In the neighborhood of 500,000 trees are now planted under one control and the success of the pioneers is stimulating others to follow suit and within a decade these narrow mountain plateaus where the soil conditions as well as other physical environments are suited to the peach, will be covered with continuous belts of orchard. The growers here have profited by the experiments of Georgia, Michigan and New Jersey and are up-to-date business men. Carefully selected soil, varieties which do not come in competition with the Georgia crop and which ripen in succession; the various blocks arranged so as to require the least possible expenditure of energy in the movement of the force at harvest time, together with ample facilities for moving the crop when ready are the chief aims of the growers. Neat, strong, well filled packages, rather than fancy cases, are used. The Delaware basket is more generally used than any other form of package. The extra cost of package and the added expense of packing the six basket carrier is not compensated for in the additional price received in the open market. Were the shipping distance long, as is the ease with the Georgia and California producers the carrier would be a necessity, but with the short haul and quick service available to all eastern 128 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. cities; tlie Delaware basket is most profitable in the long run. The pro- ducts of the peach orchards are all forwarded in car lots, the Fruit Grow- ers' Express furnishing- iced cars which are re-iced by the grower as soon as ready for shipment. With such precautions, the fruit travels in excellent condition as far as Boston. The apple interests while co-ordinated with the peach business are quite distinct as regards the area in which developments have taken place. The peach and apple industries overlap in Jefferson and Berkeley counties, but in the peach section of Morgan, Hampshire and Mineral counties there is no corresponding apple development. As distinguished from the apple interests of the River-front region the growers in the Apple-pie Ridge section have, as a rule, a smaller acreage, there are no large storage warehouses or cold storage buildings owned by growers. The crop is picked, assorted and shipped immediately to the market or to city storage houses. The crops are usually sold before picking is begun. The largest growers practicing selling at auction. The sale is advertised to occur on a certain date, the leading buyers from the east assemble and compete for the crop. It is in this manner that the John Miller crop of apples has been disposed of in past years. While few grow- ers have a sufficient product to attract buyers the Millers have, and with them this method has proven very satisfactory. The chief advantage to the grower, of the auction system, is a fair price per barrel for the fruit in the orchard. There is then no risk. The fruit is harvested and placed in transit, the grower gets his money and has no further care or expense in holding or marketing the product. On the other hand, any rise in price, goes to the dealer, but the grower must take into consideration the character of the product to be handled. If the fruits are long keepers, not liable to scald, there is usually money to be made by holding, but if the crop, because of short storage qualities, must be placed on the market by holiday-time, it is hardly worth while to gq to the trouble of erecting storage houses. In general the greatest advance in the price of storage fruits comes after the fruits which can be held in common storage are pretty well cleared up. In fact, there is little advance in price from harvest time until after January 15th. From February 1st to April 1st, the general increase takes place as is shown by mai'ket reports during the la^t five years. TABLE OF PRICES IN NEW YORK MARKET.* Season of— Month. 1896-7. 1897-8. 1898-9. 1899-00. 1900-01 . Nov. 1 81.00 $1.50 to $2.00 .S5 to $1.00 2.. 50 to 3.00 $2.50 to $2.75 3.00 to 4.00 3.00 to 3. .50 4.00 to 4.50 2.50 to 4.50 4.00 to 4.50 $1.25 to $2.00 1.25 to 2.25 2.00 to 2.75 3.00 to 3.50 2.50 to 3.50 3 .50 to 4 25 $1.25 to $1.50 Dec. 1 2.00 to 2.50 1.00 to 1.12 l.OD to 1.50 1.25 to 1.50 1.25 to 1.50 1.50 to 2.50 2.00 to 3.50 2. .50 to 3.75 2.. 50 to 3.50 2.50 to 3.50 2.75 to 3.75 2.75 to 3.00 Feb. 1 1.75 to 3.25 March 1 2.25 to 3.50 3.75 to 4.50 4.00 to 4.75 Ben Davis ranged higher at the close of the storage season, but as it was *W. Va. Ag. Exper. Station, Bill. 74 p. 52. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 129 , difficult to get consecutive reports of that apple the Baldwin was chosen instead. This would suggest a qualification to the general and universal recom- mendation of the use of storage warehouses by the grower. Cold storage is quite different, but it too must be considered carefully in connection with the sorts to be dealt with. The Willow, Ben Davis and Rome Beauty are all good cold storage sorts. But the York Imperial which as the great com- mercial fruit of the Apple-pie Ridge section is apt to scald if not removed from storage by February first, and in general, it is best to place most of them on the holiday market. It is, therefore, wiser in the long run to practice the method of marketing fruits of this sort direct from the orchard. The Ben Davis of this section are however as good keepers as are those grown in the River-front section and are much larger and finer in appear- ance than the Hancock county product. In fact the strong soils of the Romney shale formation gives size and beauty to the Ben Davis met with in but few sections of the United States. With a large product of this class the cold storage question is placed upon quite another basis. The long keeping quality of the Ben Davis taken together with the usual ad- vance in price towards the end of the storage season will justify a very considerable outlay in storage facilities. Besides the great difference shown in market methods the cultural prac- tices ai-c markedly different. The Apple-pie Ridge region excels in good cultivation. The up-to-date growers all practice clean culture with a liberal use of dissolved bone. In addition to this, careful and systematic spraying both for insect pests and fungoivs diseases is carried on. And it is in this section that some of the most striking contrasts between sprayed and un- sprayed orchards have come to my notice. In this latitude there is con- siderable loss from Brown Spot, Phyllosticta pirini. In one case that came under my observation adjoining orchards, one of which was sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and the other not treated, presented a most striking contrast. The foliage of the one was abundant and the leaves were of a dark healthy green color indicating vitality and good health, the fruits were large, well colored and ripening normally. In the other orchard the foliage was one-half on the ground and that remaining on the trees was diseased, discolored and of little use to the plants, and worst of all a full crop of fruit was exposed to a hot September sun which was scalding the exposed surfaces and shortening their keeping quality. Besides a loss in keeping quality these fruits were poorly colored and did not reach full size. In other words the crop was prematm-e. The object lesson was sufficient; the owner estimated his loss at !?2,000.00 which might have been averted by an expediture of not to exceed ^150.00. This is only an illustration of the cost of experience as a teacher. Such illustrative examples, however, are not without value in a community, and although a severe and costly lesson for the individual they usually serve the purpose of protecting other growers of the vicinitj' from like errors. In these two developments in the same state we have seen demonstrated the successful working of two plans, each admirably suited to the conditions under which it has developed. All this holds a suggestion for those of us engaged in promoting the development of Pomological interests of the country, i. e., in order that safe aud satisfactory advice may be given for any section, if possible, a personal survey should be made with a view of con- sidering: 17 130 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1. Soil. 2. Exposure and air drainage. 3. Rainfall. 4. Location (regard- ing shipping facilities). 5. Varieties. With these points settled it is not a difBcult task with our present knowledge of sorts and conditions to draw just conclusions for the guidance of planters. The President: The Secretary has a matter to bring before us. The Secretary: A paper on the subject of the plant patent, by Mr. Jacob Moore, has been received by the Secretary, and not being on the program the question of its disposition is in order. The President: Mr. Moore's paper is upon the subject of providing some way whereby the originator of a valuable new fruit may obtain some re- muneration for it, if it be considered worthy, whether it may be through a patent or otherwise. He wrote to me about it and wanted to know if this Society could not do something. I said that it was a very difficult subject, but that if he would submit his views in good fair English I thought it might be printed and some light be thereby thrown upon the subject. Prof. Ragan: I move that the paper be submitted for publication. Mr. Van Deman: I would second the motion, because I have had a good deal of correspondence and conversation with Mr. Moore on this subject and I think his paper is really worthy of publication. The motion was put to the meeting and carried. POMOLOGY IN MINNESOTA. PROF. S. B. GREEN, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, ST. PAUL, MINN. I am reminded as I appear before you tonight, having heard the addresses during the time I have been in attendance here, of a remark made to a lady school teacher friend of mine when she complained to the committeeman that a certain child was peculiar. He says to her, "Every mother's child is peculiar," and that is the way I feel about these horticultural districts that are represented here. Every mother's son of them, so to speak, is pecu- liar. Now, I represent a peculiar district. I represent Minnesota at present. I have been there some fourteen years. It was not very long ago when people looked upon Minnesota as the home of the polar bear and good for nothing but Indians and such things. It was only a short time ago when the feeling was just about like that, and as for growing corn in Minnesota that was out of the question, and as for growing apples, whoever thought of making such a venture! It pleases me tonight that I can make a report upon the peculiar conditions there, because I believe they would interest you all if you were to become acquainted with them. Last week we had our State Fair. We had an attendance of perhaps 400,000. At the end of the fair we had a profit of about $40,000; no pools were sold upon the grounds; no liquor upon the grounds; it was an educational fair. We had a new building put up this year that covers 53,000 square feet, with a cement floor, a good sub- stantial building, one-third of which is devoted to the exhibition of flowers and fruit, and was so well-filled that a good deal of the stuff we were not able to open. Now, that is considerable space to cover. We exhibited at that time between three and four hundred named varieties of apples and about one hundred and fifty seedlings. I speak of this because I do not believe that people generally are informed upon the effort that is being made TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 131 in our section. Now, wliat has brouglit about tliat endeavor? It has been this, tlie fact in the first place tliat Ave liave a good, progressive lot of people there— I am a Westerner, although I was born away down East— I am a Westerner, in my sympathies today, because we have got a nice lot of people, largely of Eastern extraction, that have been improved by chp.nge of soil. (Laughter.) But we have a first-class lot of people that are progressive and they were brought up to eat fruit, and they wanted some fruit when they got to Minnesota, and they went on planting varieties of the old sorts, the varieties which I have heard mentioned here and which are so beautiful, until a winter came along and killed them all out, and then they went to work and planted them out again and they were wiped out again. Then they sent over to Russia and were swamped with a lot of Russian varieties, and we have been sifting down that lot and trying to get something good out of it, and we have got something good out of it, something that is helpful to us. If I were to give you a Siberian apple you would think that was a ridiculous apple, but I tell you where you cannot get anything else it beats nothing all out of sight. And after you have drunk alkali water that acid in that apple is not so awfully bad. I am r&minded in that connection of some folks who came up from South Dakota. We had pie-plant in our garden and they came in there and wanted to know if they could have some of that pie-plant. They took sticks of that pie-plant and went down through the field eating it. I think it was because their whole system was filled up with alkali water. Now then, our people use apples, they need apples, and they are going to keep on trying till they get some, and we are making pro- gress along these lines. It is peculiar, but we are getting ahead wonderfully. For color and size, I have seen no exhibits since I have been in New York State this time that can equal our exhibit in Minnesota. I have never seen a better exhibit of apples, for size and color, than I have seen in Minnesota at the State Fair. Now, w^e are trying to get a list of apples that are adapted to our condi- tions, and we don't care where they come from. We are after something that is going to be helpful to us and to our people. Now then, the Minnesota Horticultural Society is the biggest horticultural society in the United States. The Minnesota Horticultural Society has a paid membership this year of 967 members. It publishes a monthly periodical. It has $1,000 in the bank, has a premium for one variety of apple which shall be as hardy as the Oldenburg, as long-keeping as the Malinda, and of as good quality as the Wealthy. We do not limit it to the State of Minnesota. We have had entries for it from New York State, and we offer .$1,000 premium for such an apple and the money is in the bank for anybody who is able to take it. Now, what I want to impress upon you is this, that we have peculiar con- ditions; we are trying to get something suitable to our conditions, and If it exists on earth we mean to have it. We mean to have a system of Pomology of our own, because we cannot get it anywhere else, and we are fast developing a system of Pomology. Now let me tell you one peculiar thing: The red currant grows everywhere; it does very well up in Assini- boia, but we have a section in Northeastern Minnesota — and you must re- member Minnesota is some 400 miles long and 450 miles wide — there is a section in Northeastern Minnesota where the red currant does not fruit well, but the Buffalo berry fruits abundantly. Just recently I got notice from the Superintendent of one of our substations in that district saying that he 132 AMERICAN FOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. was going to get out a special bulletin advocating the planting of Buffalo berries. 'We are now interested in the development of hardy roots. One of our worst curses in that section is root killing. In our winters, with dry ground, and jio snow on the ground, and a temperature of 40 below zero, we have got to have something hardy to stand that. We are then troubled with root killing. Frequently in the spring of the j'ear, our trees will leaf out, and a little later on they begin to die, the roots are gone; the tops are all right, but the roots are gone. We have got to have something that will stand those conditions. When we get a root that will stand our conditions we are going to raise lots of apples. Occasionally noAv we ship a good many car- loads of Dtichess [Oldenburg] to Chicago. We are Avorking along the line of the using crab stocks just now. They have been tried more or less, and they dwarf the stock more or less, but I have got about 25.000 in our nursery ground this year which I intend to use for experiments for prevent- ing root killing. We have a great deal of difficulty with sun-scalding on the south side of our trees. In this connection I must tell you how they sometimes laugh at Minnesota. A few years ago we had some delegates up from Southern Iowa and Missouri and they were bragging about having come from the land of the red apple, but the next Avinter they got that ter- rible root killing, and they have not been able to say much of anything to us since. We didn't happen to get it that winter, and we were able the next year to make a far better show of fruit than they could do. Another subject which is of great importance to us is the sources of supply for nursery stock for northern sections. A few years ago a certain minister wrote to me asking me if I would recommend him to buy his nur- sery stock in New York State. I said no. I would not. He sent that letter to a New York nurseryman that I knew pretty Avell, and of course he got right back at me and then I had to go on to explain that the reason why he should not buy of the New Y^ork nurseryman was because he could not get the varieties that he ought to have, and after considerable correspond- ence over the matter tlie New York nurseryman admitted that I was right. Then another thing is the matter of getting low-headed trees. This is important. Another feature of our conditions that I have had very forcibly brought to my attention is this, for instance I raised 5,000 crab-apple seed- lings atone time from New York seed, and they have all gone. I have raised a great many thousand from seed from Northern Minnesota, and, so far as I know, I have got them all left. These are of a native of Northern Minnesota. The same is true of the red cedar and the box elder. When we get the seed from St. Louis and south of there these are tender trees. Now if any of you have got a variety of apple that you think is hardy enough for our district we want you to send it along. The President: I think Prof. Green has another matter to present. PROPOSED LIMITATION OF SPEAKERS. Prof. Green: Mr. President and gentlemen, I have listened with great interest to the papers and addresses at this meeting. Now in looking over the meetings, this criticism has come to me very strongly many times as I have looked over the meeting and seen the many representative men here TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 133 that haven't had a chance to speak. I do not refer especially to mj^self, but I refer to so many- here whom 1 would like to hear from, and whom I think most all of you would have liked to hear from. Now. I am a believer in short papers, I believe in quitting while the fun is good. I do not believe in playing after the fun has run out, and I think a fair criticism of the pro- ceedings of this meeting is, that generally, not always, the papers were too long and there was not discussion enough. Now, I speak of this from a very considerable experience with our State Society. It has 967 members, and we get out 400 members and have a good time. We used to have long papers. A man would get up and keep on reading for half an hour and it used to get kind of irksome for some of us, and finally we put our heads together and made up our minds we were going to have a new deal, and Ave cut them all down to five minutes. Now, then if you want to get up in the Minnesota Horticultural Society and talk more than five minutes you have got to get a special license. We put on five papers, five minutes each, and you would be surprised what a lot of interest there is. I would like to offer this motion, that hereafter in the proceedings of this Society, ten minutes be the limit allowed for papers. We could just as well have heard from twice as many people here in ten minutes, and they would all have struck oil. That is my thought and I would like to make a motion to that effect. Mr. Allis: I want to second that motion. We had a two days' meeting at our place this winter and one day we had nearly all the speeches cut down to ten minutes. Mr. Wilson: I am in favor of that motion. Now some of us have come more than a thousand miles to this meeting, and have certainly enjoyed it very much. It has been a great and interesting meeting, but we have missed the very best part of it. Mr. President, there are thirty or forty or fifty men that we would like to have heard from when these important subjects were presented that we haven't had an opportunity to hear a word from. In my belief we have missed the cream of this whole meeting for lack of opportunity to discuss these very important topics. There are many bright men here who in three or four minutes could give us some important opinions on these leading topics and I am very much in favor of cutting down the length of these papers. They are all good, but I wish we had had more time for discussion. Mr. Monroe: I would like to support this motion and to suggest that the discussion which follows the reading of the papers be limited to five minutes. Mr. Boggs: I would like to suggest that some of the very best papers that we have heard have been long— I would mention especially Prof. Bailey's paper, and I am sure we would all be sorry to have such a paper cut down to ten minutes. But there is no question but what the Society has missed a good deal of the cream of it by not having an opportunity to discuss these papers. I would suggest that instead of cutting those papers down to ten minutes let them be fifteen minutes long and then cut down the extem- poraneous and outside matters to say a five minute limit, then, if it were necessary, why not extend the meeting by a day, if necessary, to get all these talks in, for it does seem that for the character of the work that we are doing and the value of a great many papers presented that we would be missing a great deal if we should cut them down to such a very short limit as ten minutes. 134 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I would, therefore, move that this matter he referred to the committee ou rules, if there is such a standing committee. The President: No, I think there is no standing committee upon rules. Mr. Boggs: My idea was, it was to be referred to a standing committee on rules for consideration and be left over until the next meeting. Mr. Van Deman: I do not wish to occupy a bit of time, but I just want to say this: If it were provided that papers should not exceed ten minutes without special permission either from the President or the Executive Com- mittee, I think it would relieve the whole matter. The President: If we had a rule that no paper should exceed ten minutes in length the Society, in session, may extend the time if it pleases. We cannot possibly make a rule so strong that the body in session is not able to override it by unanimous consent. Mr. Boggs: Just in connection with that, to make an example of Prof. Bailey's paper, if we had asked him for a ten minutes' paper it would prob- ably have been condensed to a ten minutes' paper and we would have lost much of what he has given us. The Secretary: I would like to have a word in this discussion also and to call the attention of our members, not in any sense of criticism, to the arrangement of the program for this meeting: After corres- pondence with the President and the members of the Executive Com- mittee, it was agreed that there should be four or five leading topics, for the presentation of each of which the leader should be allotted twenty to twenty-five minutes, and that it should then be discussed in five or ten minute talks by individual members. No limit was drawn on Prof. Bailey and I think we are agreed that it would not have suited our purpose to have done that. The difficulty will be that if a fixed limit is established to cover all papers, that many subjects which require a comprehensive and extended presentation, will necessarily be ruled out of our programs. There are subjects that cannot be presented in less than a half hour's time and the speaker must understand that he can have that half hour, if he is to discuss that subject at all. I think if this matter were left to the Executive Committee the program could be made xip on the basis of fifteen or twenty minutes for the leader, followed by five minute discussions that would be very satisfactory, more satisfactory than a fixed limit of five minutes or ten minutes as proposed. There are some of our speakers to whom we want to listen for half an hour, and some that can say all that we want to hear in two minutes. I move that the matter be referred to the Executive Committee to be made the subject of a rule at our next session. The motion was seconded, put to the meeting and carried. Prof. W. H. Ragan presented the report of the Committee on Memorials. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON MEMORIALS. In the midst of many blessings that have come to us as a Society, for which we give praise to Him who doeth all things well, the lapse of time that has intervened since our last meeting has brought its great sorrows. We are painfully reminded of this by the unusually long list of friends and members who have been called to their long home during this interval. This list is also conspicuous for the bright lights that have been extinguished. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 135 It includes the lamented Lyon, than whom there was never a more faithful and devoted member, and but few that have been his equal in Pomological knowledge. It also includes the faithful, efBcient and devoted Saunders — and Harris who did his full share, if not more — to supply the cold North- west with its hardy list of fruits. Others are scarcely less conspicuous and worthy than these, but time and opportunity deny your Committee the privilege of specifying. Therefore, be it Resolved, That this Society mourns the loss of these valued co-workers in the great field that they helped so well and so long to cultivate and improve. Resolved, That the sympathy of us, the remaining members of this loyal band of brothers, is hereby tendered the families and friends of the follow- ing co-workers, and that the Secretary be and he is hereby directed to properly convey our regards and our most heartfelt sympatliy to^hem, each and all. W. H. RAGAN, District of Columbia, BYRON D. HALSTED, New Jersey. J. VAN LINDLEY, North Carolina, Wm. B. ALWOOD, Virginia, Committee. MEMBERS DECEASED SINCE PHILADELPHIA MEETING. 1899. LIFE MEMBERS. B. K. Bliss Boston, Mass. Chas. E. Brown Yarmouth, N. S. A. P. Cummings New York, N. Y. Jonathan French Boston, Mass. John G. Glen Rochester, N. Y. John S. Harris LaCrescent, Minn, J. Erastus Lester Providence, R. I. T. T. Lyon South Haven, Mich. William Saunders Washington, D. C. David A. Scott Newburgh, N. Y. BIENNIAL MEMBERS. Wm. H. Cassell Vicksburg, Miss. John A. Myers New York, N. Y. Upon motion duly seconded the Report was accepted and the resolutions adopted. DEATHS NOT PREVIOUSLY REPORTED. In addition to the names reported above of members deceased since the Philadelphia Session, the Secretary has received notice of the following deaths of Life Members which occurred prior to the Philadelphia meeting, but which were not reported at that time: 136 AMERIC.\>J POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Otis Carey Foxboro. Mass. William Culbert Newburgh, N. Y. A. P. Cummings New York, N. Y. John Cummings Noburn, Mass. John Fisher Batavia. N. Y. Henry C. Haines Germantown, Pa. John S. Haines Germantown, Pa. Warren Holton Hamilton, Ont. John A. King Great Neck, L. I., N. Y. J. Erastus Lester Providence, R. I. Elijah H. Luke Cambridge, Mass. David MacFerron Alleghany City, Pa. Consider Southworth Stoughton, Mass. Robert J. S'wan Geneva, N. Y. Edward Tatnall Wilmington. Del. Col. G. B. Brackett then read the report of the Committee on Resolutions. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. Your Committee on Resolutions beg to offer the following: Resolved, That the thanks of this Society are due and are hereby tendered Frederic W. Taylor, Superintendent of Horticulture for the Pan-American Exposition, for assistance given to members of the Society in making their exhibits of fruit in the Horticulture Building, and for courtesies extended in connection with the Exposition in general. Resolved, The American Pomological Societj^ wishes to record its satis- faction at the attitude of the United States Department of Agriculture to- wards the fruit interests of the country as expressed by the experiments inaugurated and now being carried out in the picking, packing, storing and shipping of fruits to foreign markets. G. B. BRACKETT, H. M. DUNLAP, JOHN CRAIG. Adopted. Col. Brackett: You may be surprised that nothing is mentioned of the press, but as we have not seen or heard anything of the press during this meeting no resolutions could be drawn up in regard to them. Upon motion, duly seconded, the report of the Committee was adopted. Mr. Wm. H. Bunting: As representing the Province of Ontario, at this stage of the meeting I wish to express on behalf of the absent members of our Association in Ontario, gentlemen who have at some pains made exhibits in competition for the Wilder medals, their appreciation of the very careful scrutiny that has been made of our exhibits in connection with this exposition and of the very generous recognition that has been given to our Canadian friends. While upon my feet, as this is my first meeting with you in this capacity, I wish to express on behalf of our Canadian members the appreciation of the imiversal courtesy that we have received from the American people in connection with the Pan-American Exposition, and I hope we may have the pleasure of welcoming the American Pomological Society in session in some of our Canadian towns. TWENTY-SEVENTH SESSION. 137 Prof. Corbett: I would like to have about a minute or two to make a statement whieli I think will be of interest .to the Pomological Society. Something over a year ago the United States Department of Agriculture came into possession of about 400 acres of land which is to be devoted to experimental uses. That land Is now in charge of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and it is the purpose to develop there a horticultural experimental station, and an important feature of that is to be a very large collection of fruits in connection with the Office of Pomological Investigations. We propose to collect there all of the fruits which can be grown in the latitude and to have them so that they can be studied by horticulturists from what- ever quarter that may come. We, of course, will need, in building up this collection the co-operation of every member of the American Pomological Society, and I wish that those of- you who are interested in such a collec- tion and have anything that is worthy of introduction or testing, would feel yourselves at liberty at all times to send it to either the Horticulturist or the Pomologist of the Department who will give it attention and place it in this collection. I mention this at this time because we hope to build up as rapidly as possible and we wish to get all the assistance that is avail- able in the country. I hope that each one of you will consider yourselves a delegate to help in this matter. Mr. Van Deraan: There is one more thing I would like to mention to the meeting: Owing to the shortness of the time since I received the com- munication from Texas which I shall mention, I have not had time to pre- pare any proper resolution on the subject. Some ten, twelve or more years ago. Prof. T. V. Munson, of T«xas, under my direction, as Pomologist of the Department of Agriculture, prepared a monograph upon the native grapes of America, and I had prepared there a series of colored illustrations to accompany this pamphlet, which it was proposed to have published by the Department of Agriculture. Owing to certain conditions there it was not possible to have it published and it lies there now in this condition. Re- cently I received a communication from the officials of the Agricultural Con- gress of the State of Texas in which they wanted this matter brought before this Society asking if it would not memorialize the Congress of the United States to make sufficient appropriation and order the publication of this monograph of the native grapes of the United States. Now, I do not know whether it 'is your pleasure, or whether you deem it proper that we should do anything in this matter, but I lay it before you, and if it is advisable, a resolution might be presented. The President: It is not a matter for the chair to settle, and if any one wishes to submit a resolution it can be considered and disposed of. Pei*- sonally I should be extremely glad if the Department of Agriculture might issue this publication. Just what good any action of this Society might do, or how the action could be best taken, I am entirely unable to say at present. Upon motion of Mr. Van Deman, duly seconded and carried, it was ordered that the question of memorializing Congress in favor of an appropriation for the publication of the monograph on the native grapes be referred to the Executive Committee for consideration with power to act. Prof. Ragan: I am very familiar with the painstaking manner in which this work has been done, and it certainly deserves a better fate than it has had so far. I think the Congress of the United States has spent money in 18 138 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. worse ways. I heartily approve the suggestion and hope that this Society may be able to secure an appropriation that will put in shape that very valuable work of Mr. Munson's. There being no further business, the meeting was then declared adjourned sine die. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. [Prepared for the Buffalo meeting and ordered printed.] DISPOSITION OF CULL APPLES. JUDGE F. WELLHOUSE, TOPEKA, KAN. Just what to do with our culls, has with us been a chronic disease of long standing. Many years before our trees bore fruit we were worrying about how to dispose of our defective apples. And during these cogitations, one of the indispensables always prominent in our thoughts, was a large cider-mill for converting our inferior fruit into a merchantable commodity; hence in 1881 when our trees produced their second crop we bought a "Boomer and Bosehert" cider-mill with the necessary power and appurtenances required to run off a carload of cider in ten hours. This mill we started at once, work- ing up all our culls and some for the neighbors; meanwhile we were selling all the sweet cider we could, but at the end of the season many barrels were yet unsold; by the next season this had turned into vinegar and was put upon the market. The following year we pi'ocured vats, shavings and such other things as were needed to rapidly convert cider into vinegar, and during that year all the unsold cider was put into the vats and converted into •vinegar; about this time we were getting a faint idea that we were acquir- ing experience. The leakage of vats and barrels, the bursting of hoops, and the constant evaporation was daily lessening our stock, and by the end of the year we had concluded that converting apples into cider with the expecta- tion of making money out of it was an uncertain road to travel. The next year we received circulars giving glowing accounts of the wonderful per- formances of the "Plummer" evaporator; we also received a call from Mr. Plummer in person; and as the cider-mill— as a money maker— diminished In our mind, the Plummer evaporator began to "loom up," and Mr. Plummer soon convinced us that if we had one of his mammoth evaporators the road to wealth was easy, and of course we ordered one, although the price was high. In about two years we had more experience. Ah! these experiences; they are precious things; and a man who does not experience a few never amounts to much. I do not want it understood that I am saying one word against the "Boomer and Bosehert" cider-mill or "Plummer's evaporator," in fact, each performed its work well, and all it was recommended to do, and in the hands of experts no doubt would have been profitable. But at the end of two years when our books were posted we found that the manufactured products only brought us about what the culls would have sold for in the market; thus losing our labor, wear and tear of machinery, etc. Since this experience we have had very decided opinions as to what ought to be done with our 140 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. culls and as soon as they were picked we have sold them to whomsoever would give us the most cash. Another thing we discovered about this time and that was that all our time was needed in caring for our orchards, gathering the fruit and getting it to market, fighting rabbits, borers, tent caterpillars, canker worms, fall web-worms, codling moths, and many other insects that love the apple as well as we do, and were contending with us for its possession. Another problem also faced us at this time, and that was how we should obtain the right kind of help to gather our fruit; there are times, as every fruit grower has discovered, when we need help and sometimes a good deal of it, and -sthen we need it we need it bad, and in order to have our work done rightly we need the best help we can find. To secure this kind of help we have always found it necessary to pay good wages, and during the past twenty-five years we have invariably paid one dollar and fifty cents per day of ten hours, or fifteen cents per hour; and when a man was incapable of earning this amount we gave him his time. This was from twenty-five cents to fifty cents more per day than customary wages, and often we could have secured good help at lower wages, but we thought it good business to stick to our regular prices. This has enabled us to get plenty of help at critical times when the work had to l)e done immediately, and also to get men who have helped us year after year, and have become skilled in the work. And now when we have a job of work on hand we at once employ as many men as we can work to advantage and when the work at hand is completed we pay all off. We keep no help by the year excepting a fore- man. The selection of the right kind of tools and implements, to gather and place the fruit in market economically had also to be attended to. and the following is a description of those we employ. We use ordinary farm wagons with front wheels 24 inches and hind wheels 30 inches high, these wheels are of steel with hubs of cast iron, and are very cheap and durable. On each of these wagons is built a platform 50 inches wide and 16 feet long, made of two-inch pine or cypress lumber. On the sides and ends of these platforms we spike 2x4 joists to hold the boxes in. These platforms are just above the hind wheels and just high enough in front for the front wheels to turn under, this brings the platform to an easy height for the men to empty the fruit into the boxes set thereon. Next we make one hundred or more boxes 24 inches long, 8 inches deep and 16 inches wide. The ends are % and the sides of % inch lumber, any light lumber that will hold nails well, such as elm or cottonwood, will do. We obtain these boxes from a box factory ready to nail together, with hand holes cut in either end, at about 14 cents each. Each holds from 50 to 60 pounds of apples. Each wagon platform holds 22 of these boxes. Next comes the sack or basket in which to put the fruit while picking; we have tried everything that came in our way, but settled on the old seamless sacks with a bottom and top corner fastened together with a hook and eye. The esssentials for a good receptacle to hold apples while picking are — first, one that will cause the least amount of bruising; second, one that can be readily fastened to the body of the picker and allow both arms perfect freedom; third, one that can be easily emptied into the boxes on the wagon with the minimum amount of bruising; fourth, one that is durable and not ex- pensive. Next we procure from four to six ladders 12 feet to 16 feet long. 30 inches wide at the bottom and 6 inches at the top. This I believe completes MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 141 « our outfit for field work. We now liitcli a team to each wagon and drive to the field with 22 boxes on each Avagon, and w^ith say from ten to fifteen pickers and a foreman. We drive one team between two rows. The fore- man's business is to keep the team up even with the pickers, see that the men do not huddle up and interfere with each other, see that they do not get too far away from the wagon, see that they do their work correctly, and to keep the time of the men. When the wagon is loaded it is driven to the packing house and the other wagon takes its place. Our men pick all the way from thirty to seventy-five bushels each, per day. Our trees are headed so low that five-sixths or more of the fruit is picked from the ground. Last year on a block of 270 acres of six year old trees our men averaged 71 bushels each per day during the entire season. We pick oiu" apples large and small, good and bad. clean from the trees at one picking, and do all of the sorting at the packing house; we have tried sorting direct from the trees, but it never gave satisfaction and we always had to sort again. Sorting is the most particular work we have to do and requires great care in selecting careful help for this purpose. Women often make excellent sorters, but we have never had success with boys and girls, either in the field or in the packing house. Young farmers from twenty to forty years of age, used to hard work have given us best results as pickers, but most of our best soi-ters we get from town. Our outfit for sorting and packing is a platform (or floor) 16x32 feet with a table along one side four feet wide and thirty inches high; two dozen ^ bushel baskets; three or four light hatchets; two barrel presses; plenty of barrels; liners and nails. Our platforms are sometimes made in sections so that we can move them to any part of the orchard. The wagon load of apples from the orchard is driven up to the table and the full boxes removed to the tables and empty ones placed on the wagon and the wagon returned to the orchard for another load. The sorting is done from these boxes while on the table. First grade are put in barrels; second grade are hauled in wagons and loaded into the cars in bulk; third grade are carried to a pile. Our first grade embi*aces all sound apples above 2^/4 inches in diameter, second grade all above 1^/2 inches that are not badly damaged; third grade all below V/2 inches and all those above the size that are badly injured; this grade we sell to the neighbors at 10 cents per hundredweight, or 5 cents per bushel, and they load them into their wagons from the pile; this grade is of too little value to bear the cost of shipping, and must be sold at" home, and at 5 cents per bushel; we have little trouble selling them. The second grade we nearly always sell in bulk in carload lots, they usually go to localities where apples are scarce. Last year we sold seven carloads to one firm for 60 cents per hundred weight, who shipped them to small towns in Nebraska; sold readily at a good profit. Twenty years ago railroad rates were so high that there was almost an embargo on this class of apples. We then paid as high as one dollar and ten cents per hundred to Denver, now we get rates for one-third of that amount. Last year we sold two carloads to a Topeka canning factory for 40 cents per hundred, this I believe is the first we have sold to the canneries, but we expect to sell largely to them this year. The highest price we ever received for these culls was 60 cents per hundred pounds, and the average for twenty years has been a little over thirty-six cents per hundred or 18 cents per bushel, f. o. b. cars here. We had trouble at first loading cars in bulk, the railroad required a minimum of 24,000 pounds and to get that 142 AMERICAN POM'OLOGICAL SOCIETY. amount in we had to pile them three or more feet deep, and this required the men's getting- onto tlie apples with tlieir feet, which bruised them badly. We finally arranged a sliding door (or partition) the width of the car and three feet high, set at an angle of 45 degrees, with braces to hold it in place, this door we set near the end of the car and piled the apples in behind and when filled to the proper depth the door was pulled forward; this enabled us to fill the car with a minimum amount without bruising. The demand for this class of apples is constantly increasing. The lowering of rates on the railroads has had much to do with this. In 1890 we sold our entire crop of culls to two New York firms at 40 cents per hundred and they put up kilns in the orchard and dried them. These kilns are so simple and so efficient that I take the liberty of describing them. They erected a cheap building 18 feet wide and 36 feet long, and two stories high, divided into two rooms below and two above; these rooms were each 18 feet square and the only floor was 8 or 10 feet from the ground, and was made of slats 1% inches wide and 1 inch thick, beveled on the lower edge, these slats are laid so as to leave a crack % of an inch wide on top and % on the under side. The prepared fruit from one hundred bushels of apples is put in each room on these floors and with large stoves or a furnace in the lower rooms and the temperature raised to about 150 degrees. By having ventilators below and above, the hot air is carried up through the fruit and by turning or shoveling it over once or twice the fruit is dried in about 24 hours. After these pai'ties were through drying we bought their kilns and added three more, thus making their capacity 500 bushels per day. We never have time to use these kilns ourselves, but have often sold our culls and allowed the purchaser to dry them in our kilns. This enabled us at times to make good sales. A ton of coal will dry about 125 bushels in these kilns. Three women with one paring machine will pare, core and trim 50 to 70 bushels ready for the slicer and dryer. Each one hundred pounds of apples yield about 10 lbs. of dried fruit, and about 10 lbs. of dried parings and cores. The price of dried fruit has ranged from 5 to 14 cents per lb. Parings and cores from ll^ to 3 cents per lb. THE PLANT PATENT. JACOB MOORE, ATTICA. N. Y. At the outset of this subject it is necessary to observe that neither the patent, the copyright nor trade mark laws are exactly fitted to protect new varietal products of the soil although all have features common to the system here represented. The words of the patent "to manufacture and use" are inapplicable, be- cause both refer to the process of growing the plant, that is to say setting it in the ground (in most cases) giving it care and cultivation which result in multiplication or Increase, tantamount to manufacture of the machine. Other than those words, therefore, must be employed in describing the system of protection adapted to plants. The principle of life in plants also and their necessary connection with the soil to enable them to grow, develop and reproduce are entirely new factors to be considered. Fruit trees and many other plants are set out to remain and become a MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 143 part of the real estate on which they are set. Therefore a protective system must be devised to suit the requirements of the case distinct from all others. Virtually it would be a contract between the originators of new varieties and the people acting through their representatives in Congress for the mutual benefit of both parties. The consideration to the people would be security in the purchase of the genuine varieties under their names, the lowering of the exorbitant prices for the plants when first offered, the pre- liminary trial at the experiment stations throughout the United States to learn their value and adaptation to different regions and climates, the origina- tion of varieties of far greater excellence and merit than any now known. The consideration to the originators would be the acquisition of exclusive rights to their productions, the opportunity to secure remuneration for them as a consequence and tlie power to protect the public against the use of their names as a false label. The originator of a valuable new variety of fruit or other product of the soil should have the following rights conveyed in these or similar terms. The exclusive right to give it a name, to grow the plant, to disseminate and sell the plant under the name to be grown and the means of propagation th'ereof. Placing the plant, cuttings and other means of propagation under the conditions which cause growth, that is to say setting the same in the ground is a conscious voluntary act on the part of the planter, not something which nature itself does and is tantamount to manufacture, therefore must be paid for. This is a fundamental principle of the system of protection here presented. Every grower of a protected variety, therefore, in the light of the law of patents would in a sense become a manufacturer of it which would render necessary the ownership of territorial rights by the originator and their assignability in law by him. It is proposed, however, that in lieu of the right of the owmer of a patent to break up and destroy the machines unlawfully manufactured that a moderate price should be fixed, by law for growing the plant of a protected variety by those who have not procured them of the lawful introducer subsequent to its introduction. Prior to that time unlawfully obtained plants should be confiscated wherever found. For fruit trees and other woody plants the price should be fixed according to the area of land occupied by them, to be estimated by the ordinary dis- tance of setting plants of the same class. For agricultural products the price of a farm right could be fixed as low as $3.00 or $5.00. The end to be attained is equity between man and man by giving the originator of a valuable new variety an opportunity to obtain remuneration without imposing burdens on the people. Now the introducer of a new variety depends upon selling the plants at exorbitant rates when first offered with the result generally that few sales are made and -with little or no profit. If it proves valuable and can be rapidly propagated it soon becomes common, being often obtained as a gift. It stands to reason that if all had to pay the introducer for the right to grow the plant it could be first offered at a moderate price. The owner of a county or State right for a new potato for instance as an inducement to growers, could offer them a certain number of pounds of the tubers with a farm right to grow the plant, at less than the price fixed by law, with profit to himself if the variety proved valuable enough to cause a demand for it. Plants differ so radically in nature and are used for purposes so different that it would be necessary to classify them accordingly in the statute protect- ing them as follows: 144 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. PLANTS YIELDING EDIBLE PRODUCTS. Class 1. Plants having perennial life comprising trees, busbes, vines, bear- ing edible products. Class 2. Pei'ennial vegetables having edible tops, tubers or roots. Class 3. Vegetable fruits. Class 4. Biennial vegetables. Class 5. Annual vegetables. Class 6. Cereals and other annuals beaiing edible products. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. Class 7. Plants having perennial life, comprising trees, shrubs, vines, flowers and foliage plants. Class 8. Biennial ornamental plants. Class 9. Annual ornamental plants. The owner of a farm or garden right to grow the plant of any protected variety in Class 1 would not possess the right to sell plants or cuttings there- from apai't from the land; i. e., he could not have the right to disseminate the varietj". If he sold his place the buyer would have no other right than he himself possessed. The existing practice of the horticultural trades would be cut off by the exclusive right of the originator. Thus for a new melon the originator would have the exclusive right to sell the seed in packages with the name of the variety and the words "protected according to Act of Congress" printed thereon with the date. Of course mere possession of the marketable product would not confer the right to grow the plant. For a biennial or annual vegetable he would have the same exclusive right to sell and disseminate the seed under the name. For new varieties of trees, bushes or vines the introducer should be required to atfix to the plants or cuttings a label bearing the name with only the word "Protected" and the date printed thereon. The marketable product of a protected variety of flowering plant classed as "ornamental" could be defined as the flower with six inches of the attached stem and leaves. For a foliage plant a section of the branch of same length. Of course it would be unlawful for the grower of a protected variety who had not bought the right to grow the plant to use the name to sell the edible product, or if such variety be classed as orna- mental to sell the marketable product. It would be unlawful, also, to use the name of a protected variety to sell the product of another variety. Unlawful dissemination of an annual variety bearing an edible product and so classed would be the claiming of the right to sell it to be grown by any one not possessing such right. Selling the product itself subsequent to its introduction would not be unlawful. The listing of it in a nurseryman's, florist's or seedsman's catalogue would be an assumption of such right. Unlawful dissemination of a protected variety under its name, for the purpose of growing it. should be visited with a heavy penalty because the intention would be evident. The violation of a plant patent should be directly triable before the Supreme Court of the United States irrespective of the amount of damages claimed. All advertisements, circulars and catalogues offering protected varieties should be required to contain the words adjoining the name, "Protected according to Act of Con- gress," with the date. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 145 THE CONVEYANCE. The purchaser of a farm or £?arclen right to grow a protected variety should receive from the lawful introducer a AA'riting giving him the right to grow the plant on his land and sell the edible product under the name. Such writing should state in what town, county and state his land was located, its area and the name of the variety. If the means of dissemination were other than the edible product as in the case of an annual or biennial vegetable or fruit tree the document should state that such means were withheld from sale except with the laud. The purchaser could then have his conveyance recorded at the court house and the introducer should be required to make a record in his owu book kept for the purpose. Growers of protected varieties not procured from the lawful introducer on paying him the price fixed by law in such cases would also receive from him the same conveyance. The term of protection for new varieties belonging to Class 1 should be at least thirty years. Of course the right to grow the plant of a protected variety would not be transferable except with the laud. THE PLANT PATENT. The patent for a new variety should declare the name by which it must be known and introduced, the common name of the species to which it be- longs, the number of its class in the schedule of protection, define the exclu* sive right of the originator under his name, be signed by the Director of the Bureau of Registration and countersigned by the Secretary of Agriculture. The law should require that all new varieties imported or otherwise should be proved such by trial at the Experiment Stations prior to their introductiou. It should be made a misdemeanor to send out a known variety under a new name as a new one. To obtain a patent for a new variety the originator should be required to make his application under oath. If he produced it by cross-fertilization of one or more generations he should state its pedigree and furnish as complete an account of its origin and characteristics as he can. Of course payment of a fee would be required for the issue of the patent. No wild species of fruit or plant would be entitled to a patent. BUREAU OF REGISTRATION. This should be located at Washington, D. C, and employ a number of skilful artists and designers in wax to make lifelike paintings in Avater colors and Avax models of new fruits and other products of the soil. In the building constructed or secured for the purpose a herbarium should be formed to preserve specimens of the leaves, flowers, branches, seeds of new varieties. A competent Pomologist should be appointed director over the affairs of the office and a secretary to record in the books kept for the pur- pose in their proper order the names, origin, history and pomological de- scriptions of all new fruits, plants and products of the soil for which plant patents have been issued with the names and places of residence of the originators. The director, after receiving reports of varieties claimed to be new from the Experiment Stations assigned for their trial, would be the final arbiter whether pi'otection should be giA'en them or withheld. I am far from asserting that the system of protection I liaA^e outlined could be applied at once to all the classes of plants mentioned uor that all new 19 146 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. annual oi* biennial varieties would be so distinct and fixed in character as to entitle them to protection. Large collections of plants would first have to be made at the Experiment Stations for comparison and reference before attempting to apply the protec- ' tion generally. A commencement, however, could be made with Class 1 after the passage of the requisite Act of Congress, which could be entitled, "An Act to encourage the work of improving the products of the soil and to prevent swindling of the people by means of false labels." One reason for beginning with this class of plants is the vast amount of false labelling done therein, especially to supply the demand for celebrated new varieties. After- ward if the system worked well it could be extended to other of the most important plants. No system of protection could be perfected without trial nor at once, be- cause theory and practice differ. Doubtless like the patent laws the correct system must be a growth and development through centuries of legislation and rulings of courts. The protection proposed has been objected to as a monopoly. The fruit originator has a monopoly to complain of also, namely: a monopoly of a life- time of experiment and expense to produce his variety with free competition to deprive him of the pecuniary results of his labor when introduced. He is handicapped in his competition with others by such cost. Is it not just that such a monopoly of production should be recompensed by a monopoly of sales? The socialistic idea regarding this industry is that a committee of experts should pass upon a new variety prior to its introduction and if they considered it an improvement award the originator a sufficient price to re- munerate him, to be paid out of the public treasury. No committee of mortal men would be competent to determine its general value then and whether it would become popular or not. The history of the introduction of new varieties proves this conclusively. Should the people pay for that they might not use? Moreover the evil of using the name falsely as a label would still remain unchecked. If the recompense for a new variety should not be made payable until it had become popular without registration how could it be known who was the originator? Doubtless there would be more than one claimant after sufficient time had passed. The socialistic plan overlooks the element of depravity in human nature. That element requires the creation of the exclusive right to new varieties to restrain it. Making it a misdemeanor to label plants falsely with intent to defraud might not prove an effectual bar to the practice because of the difficulty of proving the intent as the usual excuse could be made that it was merely a mistake and not done intentionally, and mistakes do sometimes occur. But with the exclusive right to use the name the intention would be clear. The President of this Society has asked me to suggest the best means of arousing such a strong public sentiment in behalf of the measure proposed that Congress would regard it. I suggest that this Society petition Congress to appoint a committee in behalf of the people to investigate the frauds perpetrated by means of the false label as was done in the case of oleo- margarine. Unscrupulous members of the horticultural trades themselves have paved the way to the overthrow of the free system of introducing new varieties by the deceptions they have practiced. All honorable members of those trades should welcome legislation which would prevent them. They would profit far more by such protection than the fruit originators. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 147 It behooves this Society to say to Congress that an industry so powerful to promote the material welfare of mankind should not remain without encouragement as in the days of Cheops. Considered as an economic question it looms above others like the summit of Mt. Chimborazo above its fellows. The tariff sinks into insignificance compared with it. Notwithstanding the large annual appropriations to sup- port the Experiment Stations none of the professors there with fat salaries have produced any valuable new varieties; and as for those elsewhere who have been successful they have been driven from the work by spoliation. This industry needs only the magic touch of legislation to summon genii like the fabled lamp of Aladdin that would open to the American people a storehouse of immeasurable wealth. The progress of civilization has been from property held in common to property held in severalty, from property in material things to property in ideas or rather their material expression; that it must extend to property in new plant forms is manifest destiny. It must perform its allotted part in the development of the human race. September, 1901. THE LOQUAT. C. P. TAFT. ORANGE. CAL. The loquat is a member of the rose family and unites quite readily by grafting or budding to the pear and quince, especially the latter. Usually, however, the loquat is worked on its own root. I have not found the loquat especially easy to propogate. It starts readily enough in the seed bed, but it must be potted before planted in the nursery, and even then one is apt to lose a large percentage. In about nine months, when the seedlings are approximately an inch in diameter, they can be budded. I use buds about two inches long and seal them in completely with paraffined cloth. At the end of three weeks the bud has set and the tree should be cut back, leaving at least four leaves above the bud. After the bud has attained a growth of four to six inches the rest of the stock may then be removed. In about one year the young tree will be ready to plant in the orchard; always with a ball of earth. After that the tree should be treated much the same as the orange, excepting that it does not demand the same amount of water as it bears neither blossom nor fruit in the summer. There are but few pests that trouble this tree. The San Jose scale is said to live on it, but I have never seen a case. When any of the limbs or the trunk have been scalded by the sun the borer is apt to do some damage. Apart from these no enemies have as yet appeared with us. The diseases to which it is subject are much the same as those affecting the pear, the most serious being the blight, which has but recently appeared, and so far I have suffered but very little from it. All of the authorities I have found speak of the fruit as acid and varying in size from a gooseberry to a plum and no mention is made of varieties. While this is true regarding seedlings generally I have found some that are sweet instead of acid and as large as the largest plum. In color they range from nearly white to yellow in flesh and' like apples and pears differ very much in shape, giving an unusuallj' good opportunity to the scientific hybridizer. 148 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Especial attention has, within the past few years, been drawn to tlie loquat as a market fruit here in California, owing to the introduction of a variety called the Advance, Individual specimens of which are often frota two and one-half to three inches in length. It grows in immense clustei's and is very sweet and of a fine flavor. The horticultural editor of the Los Angeles Times saj's of it, '"If any one is hunting for something of the delight- ful in new fruit varieties he will tind it in this new loquat. I speak conserv- atively in stating that it is one of the finest novelties that has yet been produced on the coast." Messrs. Ludwig and Matthews, fruit dealers in Los Angeles, who handle much of my fruit, write of it, "We will venture to pre- dict that this fruit will be known all over the country within a few years." Prof. Wickson, in the recent edition of his excellent work on the California Fruit, writes concerning that which he saw in my orchard as follows, "Mr. Taft's Avork has demonstrated that this fruit is susceptible of improvement in size, flavor and appearance, in bearing habit of tree and in direction of early and late varieties, and in all these directions, not only in the line of better fruit, but fruit which commands in the market several times the value of the common type." As a table fruit the improved loquats bring from six to eight cents per pound in the San Francisco and Los Angleles markets and the demand is in- creasing faster than the supply. I have shipped them successfully to Chicago and to New York. The localities best adapted to the loquat appear to be the mesa lands lying along the foot hills about ton or twelve miles from the coast. Consequently, while it may always remain only one of the minor industries of California, those who grow it in the proper situation can not fail to find it profitable. THE WILDER MEDAL, ITS HISTORY AND TO WHOM IT HAS BEEN AWARDED. PROF. W. H. RAGAN, WASHINGTON, D. C. A search of the records of the American Pomological Society Awards made at Its several meetings reveals the fact that at its biennial session held in the City of Richmond, Va., in September. 1S71, the following resolution offered by Hon. J. B. Whitehead, was adopted: ''Whereas, It is desirable that the preuliums of the Society should be given in the form of medals; and "Whereas, Some of the premiums generously contributed by friends of the Society, have not been awarded: "It is herehy ordered, That all such moneys, and such other sums as may be acquired by donation be, and they are hereby appropriated for the purpose of procuring a die for a medal of the Society. "This was received and adopted and the following offered by G. F. B. Leighton, Esq., passed unanimously: "Resolved, That Hon. John B. Whitehead, of Virginia; P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia, and Thos. P. James, of Massachusetts, he a committee to proeiu-e such a die." Pursuant to this action of the Society the above named committee made the following report at the Boston meeting in 1873: "The committee appointed to procm-e a design for a medal of the Society MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 149 and cause a die to be made, made the t'ollowiug report, read by Tlios. P. James: "At the 13th session of the American Pomological Society, held in 1871. it was thought desirable that the premiums of the Society should be given in the form of medals: and whereas, some of the funds offered for premiums generously contributed by friends of the Society had not been aAvarded, the following resolution was adopted, viz.: "That all such moneys and such other sums as may be acquired by dona- tion be, and they are hereby appropriated for the purpose of procuring a die for a medal of the Society." Whereupon the undersigned were appointed a committee to procure a die. "Your committee have the honor to report that the wislies of the Society have been carried out, and a die bearing the likeness of our President has been prepared, which they contidently hope will receive the approval of the Society; and your committee beg that in honor of the worthy President of our Society, who has devoted more than one-third of his lifetime to its inter- ests, the medal shall be known as. and styled 'TJie Wilder Medal.'' " Respectfully submitted, JOHN WHITEHEAD, P. J. BERCKMANS. THOS. P. JAMES. "The report was accepted, and the recommendation adopted with hearty satisfaction." "President Wilder— .1/^// /•'/•icHrf.^^— Language is utterly inadequate to express my gratitude for this token of regard by the Society. And when I recollect that this impress will soon be laid aside, not to be recognized again, I confess that this dedication is grateful to me. I accept it with pleasure and thank you for your vote." At the same session of the Society and subsequent to the above proceed- ings, the subject of awarding premiums by the Society was discussed at considerable length, the general sentiment being against the policy, where- upon Dr. Howsley of Kansas offered the following: "Resolved, That the American Pomological Society shall never offer or award premiums for anything brought before it." This provoked further discussion, after which the original resolution was withdrawn, and the following, which was adopted, was substituted for it by tke original mover: "Resolved, That the American Pomological Society shall at no time award money premiums for the exhibition of fruit during any of its sessions. It is understood, however, that this action shall not interfere with awarding the Wilder Medals to mei'itorious objects." Tlie above action of the Society is given in detail as a matter of history and as preliminary to the following, which is a full summary of the awards whicli have been made under its provisions: The first awards of the medal were made at the Boston meeting of 187.3. According to the published proceedings these awards were made by commit- tees on tlie several fruits, as apples, pears, grapes, oranges, etc., supple- mented by a Committee on "Objects of Special Merit." of which Thomas Meehan was chairman. At the next session (Chicago, 1875) a regular Com- mittee on Award of Wilder Medals was appointed and this practice has been continued to the present time. 150 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1873. At the meeting of 1873. held in Boston, Mass.. medals were awarded: "On apples," to the State of Nebraska (Silver); the State of Kansas (Bronze), and to J. W. Ross, of Ohio (Silver). "On pears," Cambridge, Mass., Hor- ticultural Society (SilveiO; Connecticut State Board of Agriculture (Bronze); Ellwanger &; Barry, New York (Silver); Hovey & Co., Mass., (Bronze); F. & L. Clapp, Mass. (Silver); Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario (Silver); Smith & Powell. N. Y. (Silver); E. Moody & Sons, Lockport, N. Y. (Silver); Joshua Coolidge, Mass. (Silver); Central Delaware Fruit Growers' Society (Bronzed; G. F. B. Leighton. Ya. (Bronze); John Saul, D. C. (Bronze); W. D. Brackenridge, Md. (Bronze); Chas. W. Reed, Cal. (Bronze); Chas. Dicker- man, Conn. (Bronze); Alex. Dickinson, Mass. (Bronze); Farmers' Club, Sacramento, Cal. (Bronze); Nebraska State Agricultural and Horticultural Society (Bronze); Rev. Dr. Burnet. Ont. (Bronze); Parker Earle, 111. (Bronze); Lewis Slack, Mass. (Bronze); R. Cushman. R. I. (Bronze); E. Daniels. Va. (Bronze); J. J. Toon, Ga. (Bronze), and W. B. Weeks, Va. (Bronze). "On omnges" D. Redmond, Miss. (Silver); "On ohjecis of special merit." collec- tion of fruit, B. Bryant, Yt. (Silver); collection of seedling pears; seedling grapes. J. H. Ricketts, New York (Silver); collection of fruit, Deseret Agri- cultural & Manufacturing Society, Utah (Bronze); Polk County Agricultural and Horticultural Society, Iowa (Silver); "On peaches," South Haven Porao- logical Society, Mich. (Silver); collection of fruit. Fruit Growers' Society of Ontario (Silver); foreign grapes, Geo. B. Durfee, Mass. (Silver); Clapp's Favorite pear. F. & L. Clapp, Mass. (Silver); "On oranges," L. J. Rose. Cal. (Silver); "On phims," Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario (Silver); Deseret Agricultural & Manufacturing Society, Utah (Bronze); C. H. Greenman, Wis. (Bronze), and Geo. P. PefCer, Wis. (Bronze). 1875. At the biennial session of 1875, held in Chicago, the following Silver Medals were awarded: Michigan State Horticultural Society, collection of fruits; Iowa State Horticultural Society, collection of apples; Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, collection of fruits; Nebraska State Horticultural Society, collection of apples; John Saul, D. C. pears; Ellwanger & Barry, N. Y., pears; Ellwanger & Barry, N. Y.. plums; E. Moody & Sons. N. Y'., general collection; J. H. Ricketts, N. Y.. seedling grapes; Isidor Bush. Son «& Meissner, Mo., collection of native grapes; D. Redmond. Miss., semi-tropical fruits; E. Daniels. Va.. pears and grapes; A. Fahuestock, Ohio, pear; Benj. G. Smith, Mass.. pears; F. & L. Clapp, Mass., seedling pears; J. W. Manning, Mass., pears; Hovey & Co., Mass., pears; S. E. Chamberlin. Va., apples; B. S. Fox, Cal., seedling pears. "To Marshall P. Wilder. President of the Society, for his laborious and indefatigable exertions and sacrifice in founding and building up the Society, and bringing it to a position in advance of any similar society in the world"; '"to Patrick Barry, Cliairman of the General Fruit Committee, for his untir- ing and valuable services for many years"; "to Thomas P. James, for twenty- seven years of unremitting and faithful services as Treasurer of the Society from its origin to the present time"; "to John J. Thomas, for designing the beautiful and appropriate device stamped upon the medal." MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 151 1877. At Baltimore in 1877 tlie following awards of Silver Medals were made: Maryland Horticultural Society, horticultural display; Eastern Experimental Farm, West Grove, Pa., collection of fruit; Ellwanger & Barry, N. Y., pears, plums and grapes; Franklin Davis & Co., Ya., collection of fruits; Hovey & Co., Mass., pears; Benj. G. Smith. Mass., pears; John Saul, D. C, pears; Con- necticut State Board of Agriculture, peirs, apples and grapes; Natt. Atkinson, N. C, apples; G. F. B. Leighton, Ya., pears; E. S. Emory, Md., pears; J. L. Babcock, Ya., pears; Wm. B. Weeks, Ya., pears; Mrs. F. A. Hudgins, pears; A. H. Page, Ya., pears; "Wm. Faith, Ya., pears; Wm. T. W^alters, Md., exotic grapes; J. H. Ricketts, N. Y., seedling grape "Welcome"; H. E. Hooker, X. Y., "Brighton" grape; S. T. Jenkins, Ga., apples. 1879. At Rochester, N. Y., in 1879, Silver Medals were awarded as follows: Iowa State Horticultural Society, collection of apples; Missouri State Horticultural Society, collection of pears; E. Moody & Sons, N. Y., collec- tion of apples; Ellwanger & Barry, N. Y., collection of pears; T. S. Hub- bard, N. Y., collection of grapes; Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Mass., collection of pears; J. H. Ricketts, N. Y., collection of seedling grapes; H. E. Hooker, N. Y., collection of grapes; Missouri State Horticultural Society, collection of grapes; Fruit Growers' Association of Nova Scotia, collection of fruits. Bronze Medals were awarded as follows: John Saul, D. C, collection of pears; Ellwanger & Barry, N. Y., collection of grapes; Michigan State Horti- cultural Society, collection of fruit; M. B. Bateham, Ohio, peaches. 1881. At Boston, Mass., in 1881, Silver Medals were awarded to the following individuals and societies: Michigan State Horticultural Society, for collec- tion of fruits; Montreal Horticultural Society, collection of apples; Hon. M. P. Wilder, Mass., collection of pears; B. S. Fox, Cal., seedling pears; J. H. Ricketts, N. Y''., collection of grapes; Robt. Manning, Mass., "for long and valuable services in the cause of American Pomology." Bronze Medals were awarded to the following: C. M. Hovey & Co., Mass., collection of pears; Benj. G. Smith, Mass., collection of pears. 1883. At the session of 1883, held in Philadelphia, Pa., awards of Silver Medals were made to the following exhibitors of fruits: Hon. M. P. Wilder, Mass.. collection of pears; Minnesota State Horticultural Society, apples and grapes; E. Satterthwaite, Pa., fruits; J. H. Ricketts, N. Y., collection of grapes. 1885. At the session held in Grand Rapids, Mich., in 188."), the following awards of Silver Medals were made: Michigan State Horticultural Society, collec- tion of fruits; Ohio State Horticultural Society, collection of fruits; Missouri State Horticultural Society, collection of fruits: Ellwanger & Ban-y, N. Y'., pears; Benj. G. Smith, Mass., pears; Peter ISI. Gideon, Minn., seedling crabs 152 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. and apples; Field «S: Osborii, N. J., cocoaiiuts grown in Florida; Prof. Wm. J. Beal, Mich., "for valuable and untiring services as Secretary." Bronze Medals wore awarded to, H. M. Engle, Pa., fruits and nuts; A. J. Cay wood & Son, N. Y.. seedling grapes; Geo. W. Campbell. Ohio, seedling grapes; W. W. Thompson, Ga.. fruits; A. Block. Cal., seedling pears; Prof. L. H. Bailey, Jr., Mich., native fruits: T. V. Munson. Texas, seedling and native grapes, also plums and peaches. 1887. At Boston, :Mass., in 1887, Silver Medals were awarded to, E. F. Babcock, Ark., collection of fruits; Ellwanger & Barry, N. Y'., pears; T. S. Hubbard Co., N. Y., grapes; E. Williams, N. J., grapes; A. J. Cay wood, X. Y., grapes. Bronze Medals were awarded to. Worcester Grange, Mass., apples; Chas. H. Hovey, Mass., pears; D. W. Adams. Fla., semi-tropical fruits; Lincoln Grange. Mass., collection of fruits. 1889. At the meeting in Oca la, Florida, in 1889. Silver Medals were awarded to, Lake County, Fla., Shippers' L^nion. collection of Southern fruits; Marion County, Fla., collection of fruits; Sumter Count.v, Fla.. citrous and other fruits; Lee County, Fla., tropical and semi-tropical fruits; Lyman Phelps, Fla., oranges and lemons; E. H. Hart, Fla.. Southern fruits; D. W. Adams. Fla., oranges, etc. Bronze Medals Avere awarded to. Citrus County, Fla., Southern fruits; Polk County. Fla.. collection of Southern fruits; Volusia County. Fla.. Southern fruits; O. P. Rooks, Fla., collection of fruit; E. S. Hubbard. Fla., oranges. 1891. The awards of medals made at the Washington. D. C, meeting in 1891 are given below; Silver Medals.— Virginia State Board of Agriculture, collection of fruits; P. J. Berckmans, Ga.. collection of fruits and nuts; Rev. Lyman Phelps, Fla., Southern fruits; Ellwanger & Barry. X. Y.. pears. Bronze Medals.— Chas. H. Hedges. Va., grapes; Luther Burbank. Cal.. seedling quinces; J. S. Harris, Minn., apples; Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, apples; -Jewell Xursery Co., Minn., seedling apples; P. S. Dinsmore, Cal.. apples; J. W. Porter. Va.. apples; J. L. Babcock, Va.. apples. 1895. At the Sacramento-Los Angeles, Cal., meeting in 1895 the awards of medals were as follows: Silver INIedals.— Co-operative Fruit Co., Xewcastle. Cal., collection of fruits; California Xursery Co., Xiles.Cal., olives; Horticultural Society of Sonoma Co., Cal., collection of fruits, fresh and dried, olives and wines; Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, Cal.. collection of fruits and fruit products. Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa. Cal., improved nuts and other fruits. Bronze Medals.— Pioneer Laud Co.. Portersville, Cal., citrous fruits: P. C. Drescher, Cal., oranges. MISCELLANEOUS PArEKS. 153 1897. At the session of the Society lield in Coiinnlnis, Oliio. in ISOT, medals Avere awarded to: Silver Medals.— Geo. W. Campbell. Ohio, seedling grape, ■•Campl)ell Early;" H. G. McPike. 111., seedling- grape, "McPilce;"' Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, Russian apples. 1899. At the meeting in Philadelphia in 1899 awards were made as follows: Silver Medals.— New Jersey State Horticultural Society, collection of fruits; Ellwanger & Barry. N. Y., collection of pears; Michigan Sub-Experiment Station, South Haven, an interesting educational exhibit; Pomona Nurseries, N. J., collection of nuts; Roland Morrill, Mich., results of successful peach growing, illustrated; .John Charlton, N. Y., "Charlton" grape; Prof. J. T. Stin- sou, Ark., seedling apples. Bronze Medals.— C. L. AVatrous. la., native plums; Howard A. Chase, Pa., collection of fruits; Geo. E. Murrell, Va., collection of fruits. 20 REPORT OP THE GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE. BT PROF. S. A. BEACH, CHAIRMAN, GENEVA, N. T. To the President of the American Pamological Society: The report of the General Fruit Committee which is here presented com- prises the reports of the Chairmen of the various state and provincial fruit committees. Not all of the Chairmen on the list of the General Fruit Com- mittee have submitted reports. To those who have done so the Society is indebted for very interesting and instructive accounts of the recent progress and present sl;atus of some American pomological interests. It is much to be regretted that because of the time limit of the program these reports can- not be read before the Society. I heartily commend them to your perusal when they are placed before you in the published proceedings of this meeting. Acting upon the suggestion of the Secretary of this Society that the topics of home and foreign markets and of utilizing those portions of the fruit crops which are not marketed as fresh fruit be given special prominence, the attention of the Chairmen of the fruit committees was called in particular to these subjects. Since our last meeting we have entered upon a new century. It was therefore thought desirable that this report should also present a definite record of the present status of Pomological affairs at least in some of the most important lines of effort. To this end each Chairman was urged to report on the recent important developments in the fruit industries of the particular section of the country which he represents. In addition to any topics of local interest which he might choose to discuss, it was sug- gested that these subjects would also be likely to be of general interest. Information was solicited on the following points: 1. Changes within the last decade in methods of marketing and reasons for same. (a) For home ninrliets. (b) For foreign markets. 2. Fruit growers' organizations. 3. Utilizing fruits by fa) Canning, (b) Evaporating, (c) Manufacturing preserves, jellies, marmalades .fruit juices, etc. 4. Control of injurious insects and plant diseases. (a) By spraying, fumigation or other treatment. (b) By legislation. 5. Development witliin the last decade of improvements in orchard man- agement. FRUIT RBP0RT8. 155 Varieties. (a) Suggest any change wliicli seems desirable in the description or rating of varieties as given in the Society's report for 1899 and in Bulletin S, U. S. Dopt. Agr., Division of Pomology, 1899. (b) Should any varieties be added to that list or dropped from it? (c) Give detailed description of neAv varieties which are worthy of attention. Respectfully submitted, S. A. BEACH, Chairman. • NEW BRUNSWICK— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICT 1. BY S. L. PETERS, CHAIRMAN, QUEENSTOWN, N. B. I regret that in the preparation of a report on the Pomological interests of New Brunswick I cannot call to my aid the valuable assistance that a well organized and efficient fruit growers' association could so well render. It must therefore be understood that the information embodied in this paper is the result of close personal observation along the lines of general fruit culture in the Province, based on personal knowledge and reliable informa- tion received from the principal persons who make fruit growing upon the farm one of their specialties. Up to the year 1875 there was but little good fruit grown, and but little interest awakened on the subject. Almost every farmer had a small orchard of seedling apple trees and a few trees of the common blue plum. The writer remembers full well the introduction of the better class of apples, such as Fameuse, Oldenburg, Sops of Wine, Red Astrachan, etc. Soft fruits, it is true, but prized indeed over the seedling apple, to which we had been accustomed. One of our principal nurserymen, Mr. Sharp of Wood- stock, who, by the AA^ay, has done much to stimulate and encourage fruit culture, seemed to be impressed with the idea that nothing but the earlier and autumn fruit could be grown successfully in this province. Quite large orchards of the Oldenburg (Dncliess) were planted under the direction of Mr. Sharp, and as they came into bearing at an early age, gave immediate returns. Everybody planted Duchess, and set them six feet by 10 feet apart, in harmony with Mr. Sharp's theory. About the year 1875 the writer had a few trees of winter fruit come inta bearing and at one of our annual meetings of the Provincial Farmers' Asso- ciation made a small exhibit of Bishop Pippin, Golden Russet, Northern Spy, and R. I. Greening. The fruit was only fair of the several varieties. I had not then learned the value of high culture, but it awakened a great interest. Winter fruit for New Brunswick was hailed with great satis- faction by the mass, but there Avere many doubters and it required the most positive kind of proof to satisfy their credulity. Repeated exhibits at our annual meetings gave assurance to the people and they began to realize the fact that the most valuable winter varieties were within their reach under a good system of cultivation. In the County of Queens, particularly that portion of it lying in the valley of the St. John River, can now be found quite extensive orchards of Winter fruit trees. Exhibits from thei*e and other orchards in different parts of the 156 AMERICAN rOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Province may now be seen at onr Provincial Fairs and tlie splendifl show- ing they make are the best possible proofs of the ca])abilities of New Bruns- wick in that direction; and the fact is now generally accepted that under a good system of cultivation and care fruit growing may l)e prosecuted under promising conditions and witli great success. Coming in competition, as we have in recent years, with the fruit growers of our sister Province of Nova Scotia, we find that our apples and plums are some 12 to 18 days later in coming to maturity, but in point of excellence they are quite equal, and that is saijhuj a great deal. There are a few varieties, particularly the Gravenstein, that we are not so successful with as our Nova Scotia friends. The generally accepted opinion is that the valley of the St. John, say from 20 miles from the seaboard to the town of Woodstock, a distance of 120 miles, is one of the best districts in the Pi'ovince. There are, however, many valuable oi'chards in other sections of the Province, the fruit of which shows much excellence and promise. The most of our fruit finds a ready home market, and up to the present time there has been but little sent abroad. Some small trial shipments of the Ben Davis apple have been made. Imt with what success I am not advised. This fruit has a few admirers because of its long keeping qualities. The following varieties are giving good satisfaction: Northern Spy. Rhode Island (irecning, Baldwin, Golden Russet, Tompkins King. Gravenstein (when grown on native stock). Bishop Pippin. Ribston Pippin as winter fruit. About all the varieties of autumn fruit are grown as well. The Fameuse. once so highly prized, has in recent years been very subject to scab, and is disappointing ■ to growers. Many are grafting these trees with other varieties. Our apple crop this year will not reacli more than .30 per cent of our average. In small fruits the strawlterry, raspberry, blackberry, gooseberry and cur- rant are grown in sufficient quantities to supply the home markets. The strawberry is grown in great abundance and for a time sold as low as 3 cents per quart during the present season. MARKETiya. One of the difficult things is to impress on our fruit growers the value of honest and careful packing for shipment. So many will fail to remember the Golden Ride, that mistrust instead of confidence is uppermost in tliQ mind of the purchaser. The result is that both parties are the losers in the transac- tion. The buyer, because the goods were not as represented. The seller, be- cause of lost reputation and honor. The writer is of the opinion that the facing of a barrel of apples should be a fair index of its contents, and should be made of fruit, not the smallest, nor yet the largest in the package, but of even size. The largest should find their way in about the center of the barrel or package, so that the consumer, in using, will have his faith in humanity strengthened as he goes deeper into the barrel: when you find a packer who does this, put him down as lielonging to t)ie right church, and deserving a seat on the front bench. 2. Fruit growers' associations none. 3 a. Utilizing fruits by canning. The canning factories are to some extent using some of our autumn fruit. b. We have no evaporating establishments. c. Small quantities are made into preserves and jellies and in fruit juices. FRUIT REPORTS. 157 4 a. Spraying has been practiced to a small extent. 5. Improvements in orchard management. There has been a decided change in orchard management. Cultivation and high manuring is the goal for which the best oi'chardists are striving. 6. Varieties. I regret to say that I have not the Society's report for 1899. It was burned with my home on July 21st. 6 c. I will try and send you samples of an apple we have here, (con- sidered good, and a splendid keeper) when it is matured. Queenstown, N. B., Aug. 24, 1901. NOVA SCOTIA— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICT 2. BY PROF. F. C. SEARS, CHAIRMAN, WOLFVILLE, N. S. In the past two years there has been no marked change in the status of fruit growing in Nova Scotia. The planting of new orchards has gone forward steadily though somewhat more slowly owing to the difficulty experienced in securing good nursery stock since the passage in 189S of the law prohibiting the importation of stock from the United States. This threw the whole burden of supplying the demand for nursery stock upon the Canadian nurseries and largely upon those in Ontario, since there were few in other parts of Canada. The result was that good stock became scarce and high-priced, .$30 and even .$3.3 per hundred being paid for flrst- class apple trees. But at present this difficulty has been partially relieved by the passage of a law allowing nursery stock of all kinds to be imported from the United States during a certain season in tlie spring and fall, pro- vided that such stock shall enter Canada only at certain ports where arrange- ments have been made to open all packages and fumigate them with hydro- cyanic acid gas. There is now considerable agitation in this Province in favor of a law prohibiting for a time the importation of any stock into the Province either from the United States or from other parts of Canada. It is not believed, at least not generally, that this will prevent the ultimate introduction of the San .lose scale into Nova Scotia, but simply that it will delay its advent. And since with every year methods of combatting it are becoming more perfect, it is thought that the prevention of its entry into the Province, even for a few years, might be well worth what it would cost the orchardists of Nova Scotia in increased cost of nursery stock or in the failure to secure any at all. The orchards of the Prov-ince and nursery stock being imported into the Province were carefully inspected the past spring by Mr. W. C. Thro of Cornell University, yet no signs of the San Jose scale were discovered. The orchard pests of the Province are most of them not serious, but there is one important exception to this rule, and tliat is the "Black Spot"' or "Apple Scab," Fvsiolddinm (Irndritiriiiti, which annually causes a great loss to orchardists. The writer believes this to be due largely to the regretable fact that many growers have not adopted spraying as a preventive. Yet there are many in.stances, even among careful orchardists, where spraying has been tried with negative results. Whether this is because of some mis- take made by those who have failed or because of some peculiarity of the fungus in Nova Scotia requiring special .treatment, remains to be con- clusively proven, but the fact that some growers have been eminently 158 AMERICAN pOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. successful would certainly point to the former conclusion. Meantime this fungus annually causes heavy losses to the orchardists of the Province, besides injuring the reputation of Nova Scotian apples, for it is impossible even with the very best of intentions to pack a scabby crop of apples so it will be satisfactory to anyone concerned. Next to the "black spot" fungus the enemies of the apple orchard are, in the order of their importance, the canker worm, the forest tent caterpillar, the bud-moth, the apple canker, and the codling moth. The canker worm is periodic in its visits, being very severe in its ravages for a year or two and then almost disappearing for several years. The forest tent caterpillar has during the past two years been a veritable scourge in the neighborhood of towns and villages where there are so many small orchards, the owners of which take but little care of their trees, the result being that the whole locality is literally seeded down each year from the few neglected plantations. But in country dis- tricts, especially where spraying is practiced, the caterpillars cause very little damage. The bud-moth and the apple canker are each becoming more common, especially the latter, which in Annapolis county, is proving quite destructive, in some cases ruining entire trees and seriously damaging whole orchards. As yet no very satisfactory line of treatment for it has been developed, but it is found that in sprayed orchards and in those where the cankei's are systematicallj- cut out, the ravages of the disease are percept- ibly lessened. Practically all of the fruit produced in the Province is sent to the English markets and the great bulk of it goes to London where Nova Scotia apples have achieved an enviable reputation. The only other markets of any im- portance at all are the Newfoundland and the Boston markets to each of which a considerable quantity of fruit is sent each season. But every year the question of what to do with the inferior fruit becomes more and more important. Many growers have been in the habit of sending it to the English markets, marked simply with the variety name, "Baldwin" or "Graven- stein," etc., with no grade mark at all, and with some private mark instead of the owner's name to indicate ownership and secure their consignmient to the proper commission house. These barrels were then opened and sold on their merits for what they would bring. While this method offered an outlet for poor fruit, it is questionable whether the depressing effect of such fruit on the market did not ultimately cause more loss than the amount received for the apples. But whether this was so or not "The Fruit Marks Act," passed at the last session of the Dominion Parliament, will put a stop to the practice, for it provides that (Sec. 4) "Every person who, by himself or through the agency of another person, packs fruit in a closed package, intended for sale, shall cause the package to be marked in a plain and indellible manner, before it is taken from the premises where it is packed; (a.) with the initials of the Christian name and the full surname and address of the packer; (b.) with the name of the variety or varieties, and (c.) with a designation of the grade of the fruit. (Sec. 5) No person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession for sale any fruit packed in a closed package and intended for sale unless such package is marked as required by the next preceding section. Consequently in the future the only way for growers to do, if they wish to ship their culls, will be to shoulder the re- sponsibility themselves and most of the large growers at least will hesitate to do this on account of its inevitable injury to the reputation of their brands. Therefore, some other method of disposing of the culls becomes even more FRUIT REPORTS. 159 imperative than in tlie past. One small canning factory has been established at Kingston, N. S. and has done a very good business, indeed, having no difficulty in disposing of all the apples they could can at remunerative prices. Undoubtedly this method is the best one for all concerned and its more general adoption is greatly to be desired. In orchard management there is, I believe, a gradual extension of the method of cultivating the land during the spring and early summer and then sowing some cover crop upon the land, usually about July 15th. In fact, as a rule, cultivation seems necessary in order to secure satisfactory crops of large sized apples. Yet the results of cultivation are not altogether ad- vantageous, for along with increase in the size of the fruit, comes appar- ently greater susceptibility to fungus attacks and a low-ering of the standard of quality and certainly a decided tendency for the fruit to lose its keeping quality. There is much reliable evidence to support all of these undesirable changes and while no one would as yet think of abandoning cultivation on account of them, yet the fact of their existence causes some of the best growers in Nova Scotia to feel that the problem of the best method of caring for the lands set to orchards has not yet been satisfactorily solved. Wolfville, N. S.. Aug 15, 1901. MAINE— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS 1 AND 2. BY D. H. KNOWLTON, CHAIRMAN, FARMINGTON, ME. Changes icitliin the last decade in methods: of marketing and reasons for the same. In the home markets there has been a demand for more careful handling of fruit. This is more noticeable in the matter of small fruits than in apples. While there are always fine oranges in our markets there is much of the time when there are no good apples to be had, and oftentimes the apples upon the fruit stands are of inferior quality. I am confident the consump- tion of apples would be very largely increased if only good fruit could be obtained for the purpose, and wath our present knowledge of and facilities for cold storage there seems to be no good reason why Northern fruit grow- ers should permit the tropics to drive our fruit from the markets so much of the year. The best of apples should be in the markets all the time, and if the commission men do not care to assist in this work, the fruit growers themselves should in some vs-ay provide for the supply. The local markets should use more of our fruits and when the best is available for them they will do so. There is a feeling that is gaining strength that the exclusive use of the barrel in packing is working an injury to our fruits. There is a grow- ing demand at home and abroad for the best dessert fruits. Apples that have been closely packed in barrels for several weeks, or months even, do not have a presentable appearance when opened. They have been closely pressed into the barrels and show more or less bruises in spite of one's effort to conceal them. The fault is with the barrel and not the fruit, and I should say the style of packing should be so modified as to have all the dessert apples open in more presentable shape. This is emphasized by the many reports from shipments to Europe, and no one knows how long the report of "slack apples" will be used against our fruit by the foreign apple 160 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. dealers. Until we have some different method of packing we must expect it. The surplus fruit from Maine very largely goes to Europe, but as there is not sufficient harmony among fruit growers to secure united action in packing and marketing their fruit both at home and abroad little has been done. Each year there are some lessons for us to learn, and it often seems to me that Maine fruit growers are very slow to learn. Experience seems to be the principal teacher, and sometimes she has been a very expensive one. Fndt (iroicers' Organizations. There is only one fruit growers' organization in the State, and that is the Maine State Pomological Society (organized 1873). This organization receives from the State .$1,000 a year besides some fees for membership, etc. It holds meetings in different parts of the State, at which there is an exhibition of fruit and lectures upon fruit topics. The Society has invitations in advance to hold meetings in various parts of the State, usually more than ihey can hold from want of funds. The State Agricultural Depart- ment has more or less calls for speakers upon fruit topics, and we realize more than ever that the industry the Society represents is becoming more important in the eyes of the public. Utilizing Fruits. ' Apples, especially the number twos, have been largely canned or evapo- rated. Last year when fruit was selling so very low many even of num- ber one apples were used for canning. There was a ready demand for the fruit and it was all sold at good prices later. Large growers have found it profitable to use up their inferior fruit in these ways, and tne indications are that there will be an increase in the future. In Washington county there are several large canning establishments that put up all the blueberries they cannot sell at larger profit in the fresh state. No statistics have ever been gathered of this important industry, but thou- sands of bushels of blueberries are here prepared for market. The demand for them increases all the time. This year in the month of June there was only one packer who had any canned fruit on hand that he could send to the Pan-American Exposition. Much to our discredit it may be said that the State of Maine imports a large part of the vinegar consumed in the State. The Pomological Society has been encouraging the making of choice apple jellies from distinct varieties, and the results have been very gratifying. As a result the use of the apple for this purpose has largely increased, and many people now know what apples Avill make the best jelly. In several cases exhibitors have found a market for these jellies to which they have catered with profit to themselves. It has also been demonstrated that jelly made from apples form an excellent stock for flavoi-ing with pineapple, lemon, quince, straw- berry, raspberry, etc. The results indicate that in future our fruits are going to be more largely used in this way. Control of Injurions Inserts and Plant Diseases. Spraying for tlie control of insects has very largely increased, but as yet the practice is not general among fruit growers. The Pomological Society FRUIT RErORTS. 161 and the Experiment Station have for years been teaching the nse of spray- ing for the control of insects and plant diseases. It is believed in but not generally practiced as yet. I am not aware that any legislative action has been made as yet. Fruit growers have watched the action of preventive laws in other States with intense interest, but as yet have not seen the way clear to ask for any legislation upon the subject It is possible the time may be near at hand when something along this line may be called for. Development Within the' Last Deeade of Improvements in Orehard Management. It may seem strange in other States, but as a rule the orchards of the State have not been cultivated. Those receiving thorough cultivation are the exception. Recent developments in fruit matters are slowly but surely leading the more thoughtful groAvers to the necessity for special cultivation, and here and there the beginning has been made with the most graifying results. The orchard has received little care except to have whatever crop it may bear removed. Some years it bears exceedingly heavy and to prevent the limbs from breaking down they are propped up with stakes and the tree produces much small fruit, and sulfers for years from the overwork it has been permitted to do. Improved methods are gradually but surely coming into use, so that at the end of the next ten years there will be many changes and we predict with great profit to the grower. The great need just at present seems to be some economical means of handling and storing fruit before it is sold. The farmer with a hundred barrels of fruit cannot afford to put his fruit into his cellar, and unless he has a large quantity he cannot afford to erect a storehouse. The result is the farmer is obliged to sell his fruit before it is stored and to sell it for just what it will bring then, and the price is likely to be a small one. So then it appears that many fruit growers are at the mercy of the buyers. There is a hope that fruit growers may be able to effect some kind of a combina- tion among themselves to care for their fruit and possibly undertake its sale, at any rate to pack and store it. Our Maine apples have rare keeping qualities, and it is a misfortune to the grower to force the best winter fruits into the markets before they are in condition to use. In my opinion there must be and will be some system of cold storage that will care for and hold our fruit until it is ready for the market. Just how this is to be brought about I am unable to say. It is in JNIaine the great problem in profitable apple growing. Varieties. As to the varieties of fruit I will not attempt to discuss them. I will add. however, that there are few apples that do not thrive in the State, though some do better than others. The Baldwin is the most popular variety, but other kinds are close up to it in many parts of the State. In closing I will add, that at our Experiment Station there is an orchard of Russian varieties which at this time is in full bearing. Some of these Professor Munson thinks are very promising and will prove valuable varieties for cultivation. However this may be the collection is an exceedingly inter- esting one. and we shall learn many things from the trees and the fruit they bear. Farmington. Me., Aug. 21, 1901. 21 162 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. VERMONT— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS 1 AND 2. BY D. C. HICKS. CHAIRMAN, NORTH CLARENDON, YT. Once more it becomes my duty, as Chairman of onr State Fruit Committee, to malve a report that shall cover the period that has elapsed since last report was made. In that report we gave the natural conditions that in a measure govern the different fruit sections of the State, such as elevation, slopes, lakes, rivers and mountain ranges causing climatic changes, and the different soils, with irrigation possibilities, and as the laws that govern these are fixed and immutable to a great extent, we will in this report, give a brief resume of the crop conditions that have existed in the past two seasons. The apple crop of 1900 was a record breaker and all sections of the State were confronted with the problem of what to do with the surplus. Cider-mills and jelly plants were running night and day until freezing weather, thousands of bushels were being fed to cattle and hogs and yet other thousands rotted upon the ground; in early October I visited in two or three towns of the lower Conn. River section and I estimate that in the limited area visited, we saw not less than 25,000 barrels of fine winter fruit that was never gathered, the principal varieties were N. Spy, Baldwin, Sutton, Esopus Spitzmlmrg, Red Canada and Hubbardston. This fruit was very fine, of good color and free from fungous and insect damage; if care- fully picked and graded, put in clean barrels and held in storage from two to three months this same fruit would have netted the grower $2.50 to $3.50 per barrel. Not only were storage facilities lacking, but barrels and boxes were in short supply; it is a safe estimate, that % of the entire State was in like circumstances. A few of the largest commercial orchardists had better facilities for storing and saved their crops; a cold storage plant near my home was taxed to its utmost capacity anu those who used this privilege made a handsome profit. This plant will be enlarged and others built this season and barrels and other packages for holding fruit are being carefully husbanded to meet like contingencies and it is quite certain that when another crop of like proportions comes to us, we shall be in better shape to handle it. The other fruit crops of that year were not over an average and were handled without waste. The crops of the present season, (1901) as re- ported from all sections of the State are as follows: Apples 25^ of an average crop; plums and pears 75,^'; cherries in the southern sections a full crop, in northern 10 to 20;^ of a crop; small fruits promised well in the early spring, but severe and long continued rains at the blooming period, followed by very hot weather, cut down the yield to 50,i^ on an average crop, on all the small fruits, but currants, of which good crops are reported. Prices for strawberries ruled low, M'hile for raspberries and blackberries good prices were obtained. The cherry crop sold for good prices; wholesale price was $3.20 per bushel. Early plums sold at $2.00, later varieties at $1.50. Burbauk is the best selling Japanese plum closely followed by Abundance and Red June. Storage Facilities. Before another season's crops are ready to be gathered, there will be increased facilities for handling a much larger per cent than ever before, to a large extent these accommodations will be located at the shipping centers and will be largely used to supply local and nearby markets. FRUIT REPORTS. 163 Market Conditions. There have been many changes in these in the last decade, both from the standpoint of the consumer and producer; briefly, the consumer has become more critical, he has a better knowledge of the varieties in the different fruits and it becomes more difficult for the producer or retailer to fill an order for Northern Spy apples with Ben Davis; he also requires that the fruit offered him shall be offered in clean packages of standard size, and for such the market is increasing, and the progressive grower has been trying moi*e and more to meet these new demands, by using new, clean baskets, boxes and barrels and better grading of his fruit. He is also study- ing varieties, and at this point I wish to say that in our home markets there is an increasing demand for fine table fruit, and this is especially noticeable in the apple; Fameuse, Sutton, Shiawassee, Gravenstein and Sops of Wine are eagerly sought for. ^yill our growers be alive to this fact? From every section of the State come reports of an ever increasing demand for fresh fruits, and as an illustration of what is being done to meet this demand, I will cite a case reported from the upper Connecticut River Valley: A few years ago the villages of that section got their supply of strawberries from Southern New England or wild fruit from the fields, at last a farmer who had land especially adapted to the growing of this fruit was persuaded by a friend to plant out one-fourth acre to Crescents and Sharpless and from this small beginning the growth of the industry has been such, that the past season all local markets have been supplied, and between 3.000 and 4.000 crates shipped away. Control of injurious insects and plant diseases by spraying or fumigation is becoming a general practice with our most progressive growers; this Is most essential to the production of high class fruit, and when it becomes general with all the growers who market fruit, it will eliminate much of the bothersome surplus, which comes from low grade product. In orchard management there is this improvement, that more care is being taken, where new plantings are being made, in the selection of suitable sites, which embraces soil, drainage, slope and the proper planting out of the trees in regular order and at such distances apart that cultivation can be given for a term of years at least and also that a more general and literal use of fertilizers can be made; barnyard manure, bone and potash are the forms that are used and these are sometimes supplemented by the plowing in of such cover crops as clover, peas and buckwheat. Nitrate of soda is used to a limited extent and Canada hardwood ashes. From my own experience and the results I have gathered from others, I would sug- gest the following clianges and additions in the rating of varieties as pub- lished by the Society in 1S99: In apples, I would double star, (**) Shiawassee for District No. 1. and single star Sutton for same district. In pears, I would double star (**) Columbia for District No. 2. I would give Grand Isle a single star for District No. 2 and Vermont Beauty double stars for sam^ district. In plums, I would give the three, following single stars (*) for District No. 2: Giant Prune, St. Ann, Bonne, and Pacific Prune. The last named is a seedling from the Pacific coast (north), is somewhat similar to Giant Prune, it is a little earlier in its season of ripening and a better bearer; below fol- lows a description: 164 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Size, 8-9; form, rob; color, rp; quality, 8-9; season, ml; use dk; origin, Oregon. In grapes, I would raise one point (9-10) the rating of Nectar in quality, and double star (**) it for District No. 2. A fine grape and should be more largely grown. I would also raise the rating of quality in Woodbury a point (8-9) and single star (*) it for District No. 2. It Is with much hesitancy that I make the suggestions above, for the reason, that while I am confident that the changes indicated will apply to the territory with which I am acquainted in both districts, they may not fit wide areas in said districts, with Avhich I am not acquainted; but as other committees in the sections indicated may make reports along these lines and possibly upon the same fruits, these reports, or rather suggestions may have some comparative value. In the two years since our last report, (1899) very few changes are noted in the horticultural conditions of our State, but where any change has been made I am hopeful enough to believe it has been for the bettering of such conditions; the most apparent are those I have briefly noticed in this report. We have but one organization, the State Horticultural Society, devoted to the work of enlarging the fruit growing industry of A'ermont; the work of this Society has been along practical lines, dealing mainly with the problems that confront the commercial fruit grower, such as orchard culti- vation, storage, marketing, relative value of varieties, control of insects and fungous foes, etc. The horizon of our horticultural knowledge has been greatly broadened by the carefully edited aud timely bulletins from the Horticultural and Botanical Departments of the State University. North Clarendon, Yt., Aug. 15, 1901. MASSACHUSETTS— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICT 2. BY PROF. S. T. MAYNARD, CHAIRMAN, AMHERST, MASS. At this late date I can only make a brief report of fruit interests of Massa- chusetts. Of the changes that have been made in the conditions of fruit growing in the last decade in Massachusetts the one most noticeable is the large increase in consumption of fruit and the effort made by fruit growers of almost every fruit growing country of the world to supply our markets, so that our people are supplied with fresh fruit the year around. This condition has had a depressing effect upon the fruit growing interests of the State aud yet enterprising and skilful growers of all of the hardy fruits find no difficulty iii producing choice fruit and pvitting it into the local markets in such condition that it sells at paying prices. Thus choice apples often sell for from $3.00 to $5.00 per barrel, when of especially fine quality, size and color. Large, well colored peaches from $1.50 to $3.00 per 14 bushel basket. Choice grapes with large clusters from 5 to 10 cents per pound. Raspberries from 20 to 30 cents per quart box and strawberries that average from 15 to 20 cents per box for the season; thus it will be seen that choice fruit is as high if not higher in price today than it was a decade ago. Very little fruit is shipped to foreign markets except the apple and this only in years of abundance when considerable quantities are shipped to European markets. FRUIT REPORTS. 165 Fruit growers' associations are ratlier more flourisliing tliau ten years ago. Tlie Massacliusetts Horticultural Society is tlie oldest and most flour- ishing, the Worcester Horticultural Society may be placed as second, while the Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Association is of more recent origin but includes among its members the most progressive and succesful fruit grow- ers of the State. Its efforts to assist the practical fruit grower have already resulted in much improvement in tlie condition of the fruit growers of the State. No effort has been made toward co-operation or to the utilization of surplus fruit by canning, evaporation, or the manufacturing of preserves, jellies or other similar products. It is becoming more and more the practice of our fruit growers to spray their fruit trees for the prevention and destruction of injurious insects and fungous pests, and remax-kable results have been obtained in many cases, especially in the prevention of the black knot on the plum, the scab on the apple and peach leaf blight on the pear, the downy and powdery mildews of the grape. The number of wormy specimens of apples has been greatly reduced, the pear tree psylla, the plum curculio and many other insects are almost entirely under the control of those who are equipped with modern spraying apparatus and are prompt in applying remedies when these pests appear. No legislation for the control of injurious insects or fungous pests has been enacted except in the case of the Gypsy moth, for the destruction of which large sums were appropriated for several years, but which effort was finally abandoned. In orchard management there has been but little improvement, but more abundant fertilization has been practiced. Of the varieties of fruit the following may be mentioned as among those most largely grown: A2)ples. — Astrachan. Williams, Oldenburg, Graveusteiu, Fall Pippin. Hub- bardston. Rhode Island, Greeniuy. Baldwin. Roxbury. Pe«/-x.— Clapp, Bartlett, Bosc, Sheldon, Seckel, Anjou, Hovey and Law- rence. Peaches. — Mountain Rose. Champion, Oldmixon, Early Crawford, Late Crawford, Crosby and Elberta. Plioiis, Domestic. — Bradshaw, McLaughlin. Qnackenbos, Green Gage, Lom- bard, Washington, German Prune and Damson. Plums, Japanese. — Abundance, Red Jun&, Wickson. Plums, American. — Wild Goose, Hammar, Weaver, Hawkeye, etc. Quinces. — Orange and Rea. Grapes. — Wiuchell {Green Mountain) Worden. Concord and Delaware. Currants. — Cherry, Fay, White Grape. Blackberries.— Agavram, Snyder, Eldorado and Taylor. Raspherries, Red.— Miller, Cuthbert, Loudon. Raspberries, Blackcap.— But very little gown and the standard varieties are about equally grown. Strawberries.— Clyde, Haverland, Brandywiue. Sample and Glen Mary. The lists of fruits as published by the American Pomological Society are of great value to all Pomologists, but in the tabulated form give but a brief idea to the unskilled grower of the various characteristics and I would suggest that the varieties most grown for home use and for market be more carefully and completely desciibed with any peculiar conditions necessary 166 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. for the growth of each yariety. Among the many varieties recently intro- duced by growers of the State, an apple much like the Gravenstein, but late and of especially fine quality has been found by Mr. A. B. Howard, of Belchertown, and several seedling strawberries of remarkable merit have been tested on the Station grounds of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege. Mr. N. B. White of Norwood, has produced numerous varieties of grapes by crossing varieties of Labrusca. vulpina and vinifera, with some of the Southern and Western species of the grape. The late Mr. E. S. Rogers of Salem, left a number of new hybrid grapes not given to the public, one of which is very promising. The Experiment Station at Amherst is engaged in producing new varieties of all kinds of fruits and has originated several varieties of strawberries, red blackberries and grapes of great merit and is testing all new varieties of merit. In this work It has the co-operation of most of the leading horti- culturists and only varieties of merit are being planted by the majority of the growers. Amherst, Mass., Sept. 7, 1901. ONTARIO— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICT 2. BY L. WOOLVERTON, CHAIRMAN, GRIMSBY, ONTARIO. The Province of Ontario has been making substantial progress in the fruit growing industry during the last ten years. Owing to the lack of facilities for transportation, no one, ten years ago, thought of shipping tender produce far from home, because even If they were carried safely, they would be eaten up with the heavy charges. Now this has been changed, and fruit can be shipped immense distances in. perfect safety and at little cost. The old conditions led each orchardist to plant only such fruits as were wanted for home markets; a great heterogenous medley, which could be easily handled in retail out of the fruit Avagon at the market place. By and by cold storage came in, local, railway, and steamship; then we found our- selves in touch with the world markets, and began to find that our orchards were all wrong for these new conditions. We could not make up car lots of any single variety, and were even compelled to make up a great many mixed packages. The small lots of a variety were most objectionable for export. The foreign buyer said, "I want a carload of Spy apples," and in many cases we could not make it up. This resulted in combinations and organizations, for the purpose of making up full car lots of single varieties. At Grimsby we got up a "Fruit Export Co." of nine shippers, who each agreed to make up a certain portion of a car lot each week, of a certain variety. At one time it would be Astrachan apples, at another Bartlett pears, at another Agawam gi-apes or Spy apples, according to the season. Then it was that growers began to see the great mistake of planting a conglomera- tion of varieties for an export trade, and to realize that th.ey must begin planting de novo for the specific purpose of exportation. This organization was simple, having a President and Secretary, at whose call the meetings were held; and on resolution, provision was made for storing the ice house with ice, for taking care of same, for loading, for uniformity of package, etc. We have not yet got beyond the experimental stage, but are rapidly advancing toward success. FRUIT REPORTS. 167 One great hindrance in ttie past lias been the common fault of specula- tive buyers who paclc No. 2 fruit for sale, and face the end of the barrels with No. 1 stock. In another paper we give publicity to an Act of Parliament which by rendering all such frauds subject to inspection will, we hope, prevent the recurrence of such rascality. Our fruit canning and evaporating industries are making progress, but not so rapidly as they should, considering the advantage of transportation with such goods have over fresh goods. An attempt is being made to put up our best fruits in a glass self-sealing jar, that would be most attractive to a high class trade, but this is yet only partially worked out. An attempt has also been made to export raspberry jam to the English market, but so far the prices paid in England for this article have not been high enough to give as good returns as the fresh fruit does in our home markets. The control of injurious insects and plant diseases has received consider- able attention in Ontario during the last ten years. The codling moth is still the worst enemy to the apple grower. In some orchards where no spraying was done last year, fully one-half the crop has been destroyed by this insect, in some cases spraying has very much reduced the proportion of wormy fruit, and in other cases it has seemed to accomplish very little good; so that the real value of spraying as a method of destroying codling moth and plum curculio, is not yet fully settled. Banding for the destruction of codling moth has also been tried faithfully in the township of Saltfleet, near Hamilton. An Act had been passed by the Province of Ontario called the Noxious Insect Act, which reads as follows: "1. This Act shall be known ag The Noxious Insect Act. 2. The following provisions of this Act shall come into force and take effect as to every municipality the council of which shall by by-law declare this Act to be in force therein. The council may at any time repeal such by law, and thereafter this Act and any regulations made thereunder shall cease to apply or be in force as to such municipality. 3. Upon the recommendation of the Minister of Agriculture the Lieutenant- Governor in Council may make such regulations for the prevention and destruction of insects injurious to trees, shrubs and other plants as may be deemed advisable. Such regulations shall come into effect and have the force of law after publication in two successive issues of The Ontario Gazette. 4. Every municipal council adopting this Act shall in and by the by-law adopting the same appoint one or more inspectors whose duties it shall be to inspect all orchards and to enforce the provisions of this Act and the regulations made thereunder, and to report upon the same to the council. 5. In case the occupant or the owner of any lot neglects or refuses to comply with this Act or with any regulations made thereunder, the Inspector may cause the necessary work to be done, and shall within ten days make a report in writing to the Council stating the amount of the cost thereof, and the Council may thereupon direct that this amount or such part thereof as may appear to them equitable, shall be entered upon the collector's roll against such owner and shall be collected in the same manner as other taxes. 6. Immediately upon the passing of a by-law by any municipal council for bringing this Act into force, the said Council shall cause to be delivered to the occupant or owner of every lot affected, a printed copy of this Act and of the regulations made thereunder, together with a copy of the by-law and the name and address of the Inspector appointed to enforce the Act. 7. Any person interfering with the Inspector, oi- attempting to hinder or 16S a:\ierican pomological society. prevent him iu the enforcing of this Act, shall, upon conviction thereof, before any of Her Majesty's Justices of the Peace, be subject to a fine of not less than one dollar nor more than twenty dollars, and in default of pay- ment of the same to be imprisoned in the common jail for the period of not less than ten days, nor more than twenty days." Under the authority of this Act regulations were passed, providing for the compulsory application of bands of burlap upon all bearing apple and pear trees in a township adopting the same. These were to be removed every two weeks during June, July and August, and the larvae of the codling moth destroyed. It is claimed by some of the fruit men in the township of Salt- fleet, as for example Mr. W. M. Orr, our president, that where the orchards of a whole township are all treated in this way, and the worms destroyed, a great diminution of their numbers is apparent, and Mr. Orr claims that if it Avere enacted that the orchards of the whole Province must be banded and the worms destroyed at certain intervals throughout the season, that the codling moth, as a serious enemy to the apple grower would soon be a thing of the past. In a few parts of Ontario, near the American border, we have had a serious scare over San Jose scale. At first we secured the co-operation of the Government, and had all affected trees that could be detected rooted out, and the owner partially compensated. This proved too great a contract, and has given way to treatment with whale oil soap and crude petroleum, which is supplied by the Government at less than cost. So far the evidence seems to favor the crude petroleum as the more effective remedy of the two. Our Scale Inspector, Mr. G. G. Fisher of Burlington, Ont., has been experimenting with Vermorel nozzles, as fine as 50 to the inch, and believes that with these he can apply crude petroleum to trees in full foliage, with perfect safety. The following is a copy of the most recent regulations of the Department: "Upon the recommendation of the Honorable the Minister of Agriculture, the Committee of Council advise that for the purpose of preventing the further spread of the San Jose scale, the Department of Agriculture be authorized under the San Jose Act, 1900, to furnish owners of Scale infested orchards that are adjacent to such infestation, with whale oil soap suitable for spraying in barrel lots, at one-half its cost, including freight, (being one and three-fourths cents per pound) on the following conditions, namely, that applicants agree: 1. To properly prime and prepare their trees for treatmnt. 2. To apply the soap under instructions to be given by the Inspector in charge. 3. To make application to the Chief Inspector or such other person as may be named by the Department, stating the number and kind of trees to be treated. 4. To prepay the cost of the soap as per terms above stated." With regard to orchard management a radical change of method has come over our Province; and instead of neglect, our fruit growers find the orchard is a garden and not a field, and a place for the highest and best cultivation, pruning, and fertilization, if success is to be gained. Instead of large fruit farms we now advocate small ones from ten to twentj-^-five acres, for the ordinary cultivator, and believe the results will justify the position. Among the newer apples in Ontario, which I do not see in our catalogue. FRUIT REPOIITS. 169 I may mention the "Crimson Beauty," sometimes called tlie "Scarlet Pippin." Tills apple is grown quite largely along the St. Lawrence River and brings a very high price as a dessert apple. It is a prettier apple than Mcintosh, fully equal in flavor, and less subject to spot. Craig wrote the following description of it for "The Canadian Horticulturist": "Medium size, oblate, regular, skin smooth, shiny, covered with bright red to dark crimson, interspersed with large dots; cavity broad, open, slightly russeted; stem % of an inch long, moderately stout; basin slightly irregular; eye open; flesh, white, firm, .iuicy, mildly sub-acid; flavor Fameuse-like, with a slight suggestion of astringency. Season, December to January." Among the domestica plums there is one which originated in Hamilton, Ontario, about the year 1889, with the late Warren Holton, who called it ''Earhi Green/'' It is only just now being introduced to the public by Mr. E. D. Smith, of Winona, and he has named it "Emerald." A full page photogravure of this appeared in the "Canadian Horticulturist" for Septem- ber, 1899, showing its natural size. This plum ripens the first week in August, a week or more in advance of Abundance; color greenish yellow; form roundish, medium in size, excellent in quality. The tree is an abundant bearer, and altogether this plum commends it.self as a promising early variety to prolong tlie plum season. Grimsby, Out., Aug. 15. 1901. COXXECTICT^T— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICT NO. 2. BY N. S. PLATT, CHAIRMAN, NEW HAVEN, CONN. For a good general description of the soils and fruit productions of Con- necticut I would refer the reader to the report from our State published with the Proceedings of the American Pomologlcal Society for 1899. From 1890 to 1900 there has been in Connecticut a large development in peach growing. It had been supposed that climatic conditions were more favorable a little further south, and full crops of fruit were more frequently obtained there, but a close observation shows this not to be correct. Mr. J. H. Hale is authority for the statement that "in the last twenty years Connecticut has had ten full crops of fruit, three fairly good ones and four almost total failures. One of the failures was caused by a frost in May. when the trees were in bloom; one by two weeks of warm rainy weather at blooming time, and all others by extremes of frost, from 12 to 22 below zero that killed the dormant buds in winter. Six years out of eight the freezing was done between December 22d and January 2d; once it was done late in January and once again late in February. The older peach grow- ing States cannot show so good a record as this." Good prices and nearness to market, which permits quick handling, have stimulated the production of peaches. Our State is, and has been for generations, dotted over with apple trees, not only in small orchards but in the pastures and by the fences. They are tenacious of life and yield some return but are more often so neglected that they are in this scattered condition a curse rather than a blessing. The results as might be expected have not been encouraging, but we believe there has been a beginning of a new' era in apple growing, for 22 170 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. several large (for us) commercial apple orchards have been started recently and are being cared for. More will follow. The Connecticut Pomological Society was started in 1891 as a direct result of the peach growing industry which was developing at that time. It has sustained itself with increasing interest and members, holding yearly several meetings in the winter and several Field day meetings each summer at the orchard or farm of one of its members. These meetings have been profit- able as well as enjoyable and popular*. The San Jose scale from many small beginnings is proving a formidable pest, and usually spreads in spite of treatment. A State law just passed makes an appropriation for its suppression and places it in care of the New Haven Experiment Station. Tent caterpillars and canker worm have about disappeared. The elm leaf beetle is present this season in greater numbers than usual, not on fruit trees, but on our native elm trees so beautiful for their shade. On account of the great size of these trees they are difficult to spray but it can be done and must be to save the trees. The beetles come out of their hiding places in May and do a rather insignificant amount of eating and lay their eggs. The larvae from these eggs defoliate the trees in July. Three or four seasons of defoliation result in death to the tree. The most successful method of treatment has been to spray with arsenate of lead in May to kill the mature beetles. This insect has been in Connecticut for about a dozen years and will undoubtedly spread to other localities. East winds, cool, cloudy weather and excessive rains caused imperfect polination of most of our tree fruits in 1901 except peaches. The same weather continued through May and into June bred a great amount of fungous and imperfect foliage, and has caused the ripening time of peaches to be one to two weeks later than the average. The experiences of the season will emphasize the great need of both winter and summer spraying to protect from fungus and to secure a healthy foliage. I recommend the following changes in Fruit Catalogue for Connecticut: Now has Should have Pumpkin Sweet apple 1 star. 2 stars. Greensboro peach none 1 " Early Barnard peach 2 stars. 1 " Early Crawford peach 2 " 1 " Hale peach 2 " 1 " Kalamazoo peach 2 " 1 " Fitzgei'ald peach 2 " 1 " Mountain Rose peach 1 " 2 " Richmond peach 2 " 1 " Georgia. Belle of none 1 " P.equette Free " 1 " Carman " 1 " Waddell " 1 " New Haven, Conn., Aug. 21, 1901. FRUIT RErORTS. 171 NEW YORK— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 1 AND 2. BY PROF. JOHN CRAIG, CHAIRMAN, ITHACA, N. Y. Ill assuming- at a late date the duties of the chairman of this Committee, the writer regrets to state that lack of time prevents him from making a report commensurate with the Importance and diversity of the fruit Inter- ests of the State. Aside from crops of purely Pomological Interests, there are several receiving special attention at the hands of market gardeners and farmers. One of these is the muskmelon. In Niagara County quite an im- portant Industry has been deveh)ped. The plants are started in boxes Id specially constructed houses, and transplanted at the proper time to the field. Cabbage as a farm crop is commonly cultivated in the western lake counties. New onion and celery regions are constantly being exploited, while the noted seed bean areas are enlarging. Progress is making in all branches of horticulture. Leffislatioii. Fruit packages: In January, 1000, a law went into effect defining the size of small fruit packages. It read as follows: "The standard of measures for buying and selling strawberries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries and other small fruits shall be the quart, which shall contain when even full sixty-seven cubic Inches; the pint, when even full, shall contain thirty -three and one half cubic inches; the half pint, which when full shall contain sixteen and three quarters cubic inches." The law provided that boxes smaller than these sizes should be marked "short" by the manufacturers. The dimensions of the standard apple barrel were also defined. These acts have been defective in that they did not make it the duty of any one to inspect the packages and prosecute the offenders. It is safe to say that the requirements have been generally dis- regarded. An effort was made last winter to have the duty of enforcing the law placed with the Department of Agriculture. The bill was amended by its promoters last winter in order to effect this desirable change, but failed to pass the Senate. Undoubtedly the bill will be brought up again next winter by the Legislative Committees of the various fruit growing bodies Interested. Fumigation of Nursery Stock: The compulsory fumigation of nursery stock is not a statute in New York State. The question has been widely and warmly agitated. While it has not resulted in the passage of a law, it has been productive of much good in awakening among the growers a proper dread of the enemy and creating such a sentiment that leading nurserymen are compelled to advertise fumigated stock. That fumigation methods are not yet perfect and that expert operators are required is generally conceded, but progress in controlling San Jose scale is being made. The old existing law under which orchards and nurseries are inspected for fungous diseases and injurious insects is being enforced to the extent that its many limita- tions permit, but its inadequacy as a legislative act and Its futility as an orchard safeguard are generally recognized. Chaiipes in Methods and Improvement in Orcharding Tdealfi. The past decade has witnessed remarkable changes in orchard practice and significant advances in the orchardists' ideals. During this interval the 172 AMERICAN PO:iIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. uncultivated orchard has become the exception. The orchard plow, and the disc harrow are now familiar implements. The sub.iects of suitable plant foods are being anxiously studied. Cover crops are not generally employed, but are coming into favor. In perfecting spraying machinery and methods it is safe to say that New York State leads the states east of the Rocky Mountains. In Western Xew Y'ork steam sprayers are not at all uncommon, while gasolene and compressed air both supplement wheel and "elbow-grease" power. Spraying, while accepted as a necessity by the fruit grower, is not practiced with that thoroughness in all quarters which characterizes good work. The desirability of thinning fruit is realized bj' the rank and file, but only the members of the advance guard practice it. That it pays with peaches and plums both in improved returns of this season and the next is generally conceded, but like thinning a too thickly planted orchard, many lack the courage at the critical time. Cold storage has profoundly influenced methods of handling the product. In the transportation of the perishable types as well as the storage of keep- ing varieties it plays an equally important part. Cold storage plants are being erected in great numbers throughout Western New Y'ork. The co- operative or district warehouse so often recommended in the past has not materialized. Storage houses now in use are generally erected and operated by private enterprises. Their chief function is the retarding of the ripening process of winter varieties. Marketing: Thus far there has been very little co-operation in the disposal of the fruit product. Chautauqua County grape growers have tried pooling the product so far as the sales are concerned. This has not proved satis- factory in as much as the price being fixed by the quality of the poorer con- signments there v.-as little encouragement to the grower of tiie fine article'. A co-operative packing house is needed to supplement a system of this kind in order to first determine the quality of the product received and secondly to grade the whole consignment so that uniformity may be guaranteed. Ideals: The ideal which favored specialism in fruit growing is weakening. Diversification as opposed to specialism in fruit growing is strengthening. The mistake of growing one fruit to the exclusion of all otliers has been im- pressed and is not being repeated. While certain areas are notably sue-, cessful iu producing grapes, peaches or apples yet growers find it desirable to hedge against a barren year by growing as great a variety of fruits as soil and situation will permit. The growing wealth of the country and the increase of luxuries is sug- gesting to the thoughtful the advisability of catering to a high class trade. To this end high class articles are being sougiit. It is true that the broad commercial ideal of Baldwin, Ben Davis and Kieffer still prevail, but recently planters are studying quality as well as quantity with a view of satisfying a distinct and growing demand. Fruit Districts: While experience and results mark certain regions as possessing superior advantages for fruit growing and while it is probable that these regions Avill continue to lead, it is abundantly proved that method and judgment are often more important than position and variety. The Variety Question: In new districts the orchardist's cry is, what shall I plant. In older regions the question is less burning. In making a canvas of varieties more or less new favorably reported on by individuals and ox'ganizations we find the following: Apples: Sutton and Rome Beauty comparatively old winter varieties, FRUIT REPORTS. 173 Milding, Banana and Barringer are among promising candidates on tlie testing list. Pears: Tlie old standards, Bartlett, Bosc, Winter Nelis, Clairgeau. Seckel, Kieffer and Angotileme are still filling the commercial orchards. Wilder Early, Vermont Beavty and Worden-Seckel are on the waiting list. The first two of this trio do not promise more than amateur value. Plums: Japanese plums have taken a fii'm hold on the commercial grower. Aside from the standards Abundance and Burbank, Red June, W^ickson and America, all of the Japanese type, are being planted by the more speculative and venturesome fruit growers. The native varieties do not compete with Domesticas or Japanese though it is possible that some of the newer hybrids may prove better adapted to eastern conditions. Peaches: We need a good early yellow flesh free stone peach. It is not in sight. The early clings are poor in quality and rot with astonishing celerity. Wiggins, Oarman and Waddell of the newer list are favorably reported by peach specialists, while Trivmiph and Greensboro are becoming more or less commercial. Cherries: Windsor is not new, but is in high favor with those who have planted it. Bing has done well where tested, but is not accepted com- mercially as yet. Sour cherries are becoming more popular each year. Grapes: A list of the newer varieties on trial by amateurs and grape specialists would be comparatively lengthy, but practically none has been added to the commercial lists in the last five years. Campbell Early is being planted conservatively by the Chautauqua grape men, but cannot be said to have been accepted although well thought of. Small Fruits: Local conditions color individual opinions so much that a concensus is difficult to obtain. In blackberries Rathbun is making friends. Among raspberries the purple varieties are making their way to some extent in the markets. Among Oswego strawberry growers some favorite varieties are Atlantic, Bubach and Marshall. There are several new currants on the testing list; among these are Perfection, North Star and Chautauqua. Conservatism among commercial growers is strengthening in the matter of new varieties. Ithaca, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1901. PENNSYLVANIA— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 2, 3 AND 4. BY PROF. GEO. C. BUTZ, CHAIRMAN, STATE COLLEGE. PA. 1. Methods of M a rkcthig.— Fruit growers in this State have not yet organ- ized to be helpful to each other in the disposition of their fruit. Local com- petition among growers who make a specialty of fruits has not become strong enough to drive them to such measures, hence each finds his own market and fixes his own price. A comparatively small per cent of the fruit grown in Pennsylvania goes to foreign markets. This is purchased by shippers of New York State, re-packed and sent as New York fruit. 2. Fruit Groicers' Organizatmis.— There is but one such organization, known as The State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania. Its influence and membership is principally confined to the soutlieastern part of the State, while the fruit sections are scattered over the entire State. 3. Utilizing fruits hy (a) canning is in its infancy in Pennsvlvania. Within 174 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. the past three years canning factories have multiplied until nearly every principal fruit centre supports one either for peaches or apples, (b) Evapor- ating has not yet become a fixed business. Occasionally operators from New York and Canada have come into Pennsylvania to run evaporators, but the favorite method with our scattered orchards is to ship the evaporator fruits to the New York evaporators. 4. Control of Injurious Insects and Plant Diseases.— (a) The spraying of fruits with insecticides and fungicides is more prevalent than it was ten years ago and the good effects of the practice are being witnessed in the orchard and at the fruit-stands. Many of the nurserymen have built fumigating houses and treat with hydrocyanic acid gas all stock suspected of having scale insects, (b) Our legislation has been very ineffectual in controlling the insect and fungous foes of fruits. A law which has been upon our statute books for ten years accomplished nothing in the way of protecting fruit growers against the dissemination of such foes. A more hopeful condition now exists, how- ever, in the enactment of a law which went into effect on the first of August this year requiring all nusery stock sold within the State to bear a certificate of inspection, and all stock infested with San Jose scale or other injurious insects to be burned or specifically treated. The Department of Agriculture of Pennsylvania has appointed an efficient agent to carry out the spirit and letter of the law and it is hoped that much good will be accomplished. 5. Improvement in Orchard Management. — Orchards are in better condition now than formerly because of such modern practices as the constant cultiva- tion of orchard land, the regular spraying of the trees, and the intelligent application of fertilizers. State College, Pa.. Aug. 15, 1901. NEW JERSEY— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 2 AND 3. BY D. AUG. VANDERVEER, CHAIRMAN, FREEHOLD, N. J. 1. Changes within the last decade in methods of marketing have been very few. Most New Jersey fruit is home marketed by retailing direct to the consumer; some through the grocery store, the city buyers and the commis- sion men. The city buyer or the auction is in favor Avith upper Jersey peach growers. The leading markets are New York, Philadelphia and Boston. Con- siderable fruit is sent into the coal region of Pennsylvania. A few apples are shipped to Europe. 2. Fruit growers' organizations are the New Jersey State Horticultural Society, Farmers' Institutes, County Boards of Agriculture, The Monmouth County Horticultural Society and a few county fruit growers' associations. B. Utilizing fruits by canning, manufacturing preserves, jellies, marmal- ades and fruit juices is a large industry in various sections of the State. Not much fruit is used for evaporating. Large quantities of grapes are used for wine. 4. For injurious insects and plant diseases spraying is generally practiced with great benefit to the health of the trees and quality of fruit. The Bordeaux mixture with Paris green, whale oil soap and crude petroleum are mostly used. There is some legislation in regard to the San Jose scale. 5. The orchard is much better looked after than in former years. Better FRUIT REPORTS. 175 •cultivation and more fertilizing is a necessity for good fruit. Some of our best fruit growers practice tliinning peaches and plums with profitable results. 6. Varieties ought to be reduced, only the most productive, and hardy sorts planted. All small varieties are unprofitable for market. Of apples only the leading varieties pay and they must be large and red, with a few exceptions. The fruit yield throughout the State for 1901 is below the average, caused by too much cold, wet weather and east winds, preventing proper fertiliza- tion at time of blossoming, and later by extreme heat and drought during July, causing the fruit to drop. There was considerable rot of peaches and plums from excessive moisture during August. Yield of apples 20 per cent of full crop: Kieffer pears 60 per cent, other varieties 15 per cent; cherries 30 per cent; peaches 100 per cent; currants 80 per cent; plums SO per cent; strawberries, raspberries and blackberries 100 per cent. Freehold, N. J. Aug. 20. 1901. DELA^^'ARE— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICT NO. 3. BY J. W. KILLEN, CHAIRMAN, FELTON, DEL. In reporting the status of fruit interests for the State of Delaware we have found that the strawben-y crop, especially in the lower countj% was one of the best and most remunerative in the_ past decade. Refrigerator cars were used largely for shipping purposes, and fruit sold at stations in a very great measure. The crop is said to have helped a great many to clear their farms of all incumbrance. The apple crop on unsprayed trees is almost an entire failure. The plum crop is also very short. The same can be said of quinces, apricots and prunes. Grapes in our immediate vicinity are almost a failure on account of a severe hail storm which stripped foliage and clusters, and rot followed with the excessive wet weather. Raspberries, both red and the black caps, paid well. The crop was short, but prices ruled higher than last year. The peach crop is not so heavy as was previously supposed, old orchards as a rule not having more than a fifth of a crop. Young orchards from five to ten years old are usually well loaded with fine fruit, which is selling at fair prices. The prices seem to be a little too high for the canners yet, though they will probably use a great many before the sea.son is over. There is a very good showing for a crop of pears, especially Kieffers. The melon crop, which has of late years proved quite remunerative, is rather light this year on account of heavy rains and hail. The prices have paid fairly well. Felton. Del.. Aug. 24. 1901. 176 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. DISTRICT OF COLr:\[BIA— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICT NO. 3. BT WM. N. IRWIN, CHAIRMAN, WASHINGTON, D. C. Our markets here are supplied from different pai'ts of the Union. Straw- berries from Florida northward to New Jersey^ and Pennsylvania. Rasp- berries, blackberries and whortleberries from nearby sections of Virginia, Maryland and the District. Currants and gooseberries are gi'own to some extent in our vicinity, and are frequently shipped here from New York and other states. Grapes, peaches and plums from Florida northward to New Y'ork. Cherries from near by and northward. Apples and pears from all sections. Many Pacific Coast fruits are sold here. Cold storage is an important factor in our markets here; enabling the grower or dealer to hold the fruit in good condition until wanted for use. The price for such service being 25 cents per month for each barrel of apples. 1. In the last decade the six-basket carriers; the five, ten and twenty- pound oblong baskets (gift packages) have taken the place of boxes, crates and buckets which were returned to the growers. The practice of topping off the package with the finer specimens is notice- able in far too many instances. Well grown, carefully assorted, honestly packed fruit, with grower's name and guarantee, would bring its reward in increased prices and demand. (a) All fruit grown in this vicinity is for the home market. (b) Very little fruit is shipped out of the District. 2. Fruit growers have no organization. 3. (a) Fruit is canned for home use only. (b) Preserves, jellies and marmalades for home use only. (c) Considerable quantities of fruit juices are manufactured in the city. 4. (a and b) Scarcely is there an effort to control the ravages of insects or fungus diseases that reduce the values 25 per cent to 75 per cent. Neither is there legislation on the subject. 5. Very little interest manifested in fruit growing on account of high land values and fear of trespassers. i 6. (a) In apples I would recommend the following changes for District No. 3: Bonum (**). Cornell Fancii (f). Domine (**), Early Cooper (**). Early Joe (**), Gideon (*), Hewes, McMahon (t), Mother (*), Oliver (t), Wolf River (*). Blackberries— Kittatinny (**), Lawton (t). Gooseberry— Triumph. (**). (b) Apples that should be added: Bloomfield, large, roundish oblate, red, good quality, autumn, origin 20 miles north of Washington in Montgomery County, Md. Smith Carrington from Australia, medium, roundish, red-striped, good to very good, summer and autumn. Washington, D. C, Aug. 24. irtOl. VIRGINIA— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 3 AND 4. BV W. T. HOOD, CHAIRMAN, RICHMOND, VA. The crop of fruit in Virginia will be a very short one, as during the bloom- ing season it was very rainy, and I think very few of the fruit men have sprayed. There are some sections where they make a specialty of growing fruit, such as apples, and they claim to have some very good fruit. FRUIT REPORTS. 177 In answer to your first question, will say, I don't think there has been much difference in the marketing of fruit in our State: most of the straw- berries are grown in tide water, except for home market, and they have been marketing about the same as they have for years, only there is a larger amount of fruit going to market in refrigerator cars. We formerly grew a good many acres of strawberries, but low prices and high express rates have about compelled us to give up growing bei*ries for northern markets. In the apple district of Virginia, along both sides of the Blue Ridge, from Winchester, Virginia, to the North Carolina line, there have been a great many large orchards planted for the past ten years, but we thinlc there are but few that have had time to bear much yet. The sections where peaches are profitable are in the mountains, and are very limited in this State, chiefly in the mountains of Albemarle and in Roanoke counties. In answer to your second question, the fruit growers' organization will say that there are very few organizations in our State; we have a local organization at Char- lottesville and also one in Bedford Coimty. Our Virginia Horticultural Society has been making an effort for the past three or four years to see if the people will not take more interest in horticulture, and I hope to see it suc- cessful. In reply to your third question, will say, I do not think there is very much fruit canned, evaporated or manufactured in this State, except what is done for home use. In the mountains there are many apples and some peaches dried when they have a good crop. These are sold to the country stores generally at a low price. In I'eply to your fourth question, will say, I do not think that the people have been educated enough to control the insects that damage fruit of this State, but think the time will come when everyone that gi'ows fruit will find that he will have to be well up in spraying. In reference to fumigation, do not think that it will ever be done except by nurserymen. Some of them in our State have been fumigating most all of the trees that have been sent out for the past five years. In reply to your question b, in No. 4, will say, the legislature of our State has appropriated a very limited amount for inspection work and think the most of that has been expended in inspection of nurseries and large orchards when the orchardist has requested it. We have in our State a very energetic entomologist with several assist- ants, who have been doing very good work. In answer to your fifth question, I do not know if there have been any improvements in orchard management; there have been sevei*al large concerns that have planted heavily, but do not know how they have succeeded. One company planted last fall in the moun- tains of Albemarle County twenty thousand peach trees of one variety, Bilyeu, which has been very successful, when planted up in the mountains. Do not know if there should be any change in the rating of varieties. We are selling the same old varieties, with some new locals, that we have been selling for a number of years. Richmond, Va., Aug. 20, 1901, WEST VIRGINIA— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICT NO. 4. BY PROF. L. C. CORBETT, CHAIRMAN. MORGANTOWN, W. VA. The varied soil conditions, the diversity in climate and the wide range in elevation over which fruit growing may be practiced give West Virginia 2.3 178 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. natural advantages possessed by few other States of the Union. These natural resources would suggest a wide range of possibilities, and in this we are not disappointed, for it has lon^ been known that certain sections of the State produced apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, grapes, quinces, apri- cots, and pecans, besides all the small fruits from blackberries to cranberries, including large quantities of huckleberries, dewberries and strawberries. Because of the broad range of sorts allowed in some of these classes of fruits it is interesting to note the groups represented. In plums, for example, it has long been maintained that south of the southern boundary of New York State the Domestica class would not thrive, but we find the climatic conditions of Southern Canada extending along the mountains as far south as the central part of West Virginia, and along with this are the conditions for successful culture of the Domestic Plums. At first, planting tended to- wards the Japanese and American classes with but sparse use of the Euro- pean, but as orchards came into bearing and the comparative commercial value of the three classes on the same soil became apparent, the Europeans easily led all others in those sections where their culture is successful. This region seems to follow the "Mountain peach belt" and the Romney shale formation, a part of the Devonian series of the region. But as stated at the outset not only do the European plums do well in this region, but both the Japanese and American varieties bear most regularly and abun- dantly here. The Japans suffer little if any from late spring frosts which so often destroy the crop in other sections. As would be expected the native American varieties do well. Here we have a common meeting ground for the three great groups of plums now in cultivation. At present the confines of the plum belt cannot be marked out with any degree of accuracy, but indica- tions point to a wide area over which European plums (P. domestica) will ultimately be grown for commercial purposes. Sweet cherries present an- other surprise in the group of drupes. Sweet cherries are now commercially grown in a few districts in New York. Michigan, California, Oregon and Montana. They are in reality one of the most discriminating fruits with which horticulturists have to deal, yet there are now growing and bearing in the high altitudes of West Virginia sweet cherry trees over which 100 snows have fallen; and the size of these trees is a matter of comment among all who know them. In this elevated district commercial sweet cherry grow- ing has a future, but at present it is like the hidden deposits of precious metals, it needs the prospector and miner. Whether this region will ever become of value or not depends entirely upon future railroad developments, for without quick and certain transportation such delicate and perishable fruits can never be successfully grown on a commercial scale. Another possibility in fruit growing is presented in the mountain glade districts where before fires and tramping cattle laid the region waste, exten- sive native cranberry bogs fiourished. During the last six years the horti- culturist of the State Experiment Station has been experimenting, in a small way, with the improved New England sorts of cranberries upon these natural cranberry soils and has met with a large measure of success. Suffi- cient, at least, to warrant a mention of it as a possible fruit industry for the region. The fruits which have been produced possess lai*ge size and superior coloring, and as blooming season is late there is never danger of injury to the crop from late spring frosts. FRUIT REPORTS. 179 The Fruit Crop of the Tear. Our Eastern Pan-handle, including JefEerson and Berkeley Counties, ap- pears to be in an off year region. By that I mean that when New York, Michigan and Missouri have a shortage or light crop the orchards of these counties carry a full crop. This was the case in 1S97, 1S99 and again in 1901. The apple crop is this year quite up to the average, while last season it was considerably below. This year prices are high, while when New York carries a full crop prices are only medium or low. In fact our Northern Pan-handle seems to fit in with the Northern and Western States in its crop rotation, while Berkeley and Jefferson may with propriety be termed "off year" sec- tions. This is greatly to the advantage of the growers of the region on account of the higher prices current during such seasons. Peaches while full in 1900 are again carrying a heavy crop of fruits of most excellent quality. The abundant rains have made "monilia" more abundant than usual, but the mountain orchards are free from it as well as from the "black spot." The lowland orchards have not fared so well and the fruits in a majority of cases are badly blotched by black-spot and many have rotted on the tree, although marked difference in susceptibility is shown by varieties even in the same orchard. Aside from these wet-weather troubles the trees are free from fungi and the fruits are of large size and fine quality. Pears are well loaded and promise a good crop, although present indica- tions point to fruits much moi'e russeted than usual. Insects and diseases, other than those above mentioned are: Bitter Rot, which has again made its appearance on the Bentley Sweet in the Northern Pan-handle. There is a considerable development of "Rust" on the foliage in some orchards in the Eastern Pan-handle, together with some "Frog-eye" (Phyl- losticta pirini) in various orchards of the same section. There was a very considerable development of twig-blight on the apple again this season, following a very unusual amount last season. At present the forest tent caterpillar is causing the destruction of vast numbers of leaves ou plants of all classes. They seem to eat leaves without discrimination so long as they are leaves. The peach is least infested of any of the orchard trees, although it is not altogether exempt. The fruits of pears and apples are eaten on badly infested trees. The fruits of a pear tree examined by the writer had been rendered entirely unfit for market by the work of the forest tent caterpillar. While we have little to report relative to tests of new varieties it may be worthy of mention that the "Southern Early" peach still stands at the head for a second early peach in the mountain orchards. The Grimes Golden apple is the pride of the State for an early winter sort. It is free from disease both in fruit and tree, bears regularly and heavily and Is a good dessert, as well as cooking apple. For a discussion of the apple sections of the State see West Virginia Bulletin No. 75, West Virginia Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va. 180 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. KENTUCKY— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICT NO. 4. BY PROF. C. W. MATHEWS, CHAIRMAN, LEXINGTON, KY. The interests of Kentucky farmers are now as for many years past directed much more toward general agriculture than toward horticulture, and fruit growing other than for family use, is engaged in very sparingly except in a few comparatively limited portions of the State. These fruit growing sections are largely comprised within the limits of those counties upon the northern border of the State near the Ohio river, together with a few interior counties south and southwest of Louisville. Apples are grown extensively in Meade, Breckenridge and adjacent coun- ties, and the acreage has been greatly extended in the past ten years. A few counties just to the northeast of Louisville furnish a large px'opor- tion of the peaches grown in the State. For most of this area the cities of Louisville and Cincinnati furnish the principal markets, and in other parts of the State local markets consume the greater part of the orchard products. Throughout the State as a whole very little has been done to establish any community of interests through organization of the fruit growers, and in some of the few cases where this has been attempted, opposition and apathy have made the effort ineffective, and the organization has finally succumbed. An exception to this condition, however, appears in the extreme western part of the State, in the Mississippi valley, where a quite extensive straw- berry and trucking interest has been developed. Through the formation of strawberry associations a refrigerator car service has been obtained and other advantages secured to the decided profit of the growers. A number of canning factories have been established in various pai'ts of the State, but for the most part they have not been very successful and some have failed. Evaporating has been undertaken in a limited way, but mostly as a domestic industry, and in this way it has in some sections been quite success- ful and profitable. So far as known there are no public enterprises undertaken for the manu- facture of the various fruit products as marmelades, jellies, etc., but in the apple region w^est of Louisville several distilleries manufacture brandy from the surplus fruit. The use of modern methods of combatting insects and fungi by spraying has scarcely been undertaken to any appreciable extent until within the past two or three years, and even now the practice is extremely limited in its use, although it is gradually extending in the more progressive fruit sections. In 1897 the General Assembly of Kentucky passed an act providing for the inspection of nursery stock and to prevent the dissemination of noxious in- sects and fungi. Lnder this act the entomologist of the State Experiment Station has annually inspected the nurseries of the State since that time. The proper cultivation of orchards is still rarely seen among fruit grow-ers, although there is a somewhat rapidly increasing interest in the various leguminous crops for purposes of soil improvement, and some of these, espe- cially cow peas and soy beans, are gradually finding a place in orchard practice. Lexington, Ky., Aug. 24, 1901. FRUIT REPORTS. 181 NORTH CAROLINA— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 4 AND 5. BY PROF. THOS. L. BROWN. CHAIRMAN, ASHEVILLE, N. C. Since I have moved 200 miles west in this State, and also resigned the position of Secretary of the State Society, I am so handicapped in getting information about the fruit interests of the State that I can give no thorough advice as to prevailing conditions. I can tell you about the western part, including some of the western middle counties. There is very little change in the method of gathering and marketing all fruits in the middle and western counties within the last decade. Nothing done for foreign markets. All fruits come into market in block wagons invariably bruised and battered. The fruit growers of the East have an organization, none in the West. Tomatoes are canned pretty generally in the middle and western counties. No evaporating done. No manufacturing preserves, jellies, etc. The control of injurious insects and scale is now under much better man- agement, with two progressive men at the head. Mr. Franklin Sherman, Entomologist. Raleigh, and Mr. Gerald McCarthy, Department of Agriculture. Raleigh. Great improvement is noticed in spraying, and better orchard treatment than 10 years ago. General prevailing conditions in middle and western counties: The great April storm of snow and frost that prevailed over Eastern Tennessee and Western North Carolina seemed to affect the apple crop more than other tree fruits. Peaches were in full bloom, but escaped injury, but apples were afterward generally blighted with twig blight (Micrococcus amylovoru.sj and a present condition of perhaps less than 50,"^ is the result. East of the line of the severest storm and on the South mountains a con- dition of 80,'^ of a crop of apples is reported. Pears shared the same fate as apples in the west and are about as good as apples in the middle counties. The present condition of peaches is very bad. For fourteen days and nights it has rained almost incessantly, and fruits are all cracking just before ripen- ing. Our normal rainfall in the mountain counties is 4.80 inches for June, July and August. So far in this month we have had 15 inches and it is rain- ing hard at the present time. Three of the best mountain counties for general fruit growing are Hay- wood. Buncombe and Yancey. This year, however, the counties to the East, viz: Rutherford. Cleveland, Catawba, Lincoln, Alexander, Iredell, Yadkin, Mecklenberg, Rowan, Surry, Stokes, Forsyth, Rockingham, Guilford, Davie, Davidson and Alamance are the best counties, and are reputed to have 80^ of a crop. East of these counties there are but few apples planted, the alti- tude being too low, and heat and humidity too high for their best develop- ment. I have been South now seven years and have noticed that apples, pears and peaches seldom fail at an altitude of from 1000 to 1300 feet above sea level, and seldom yield even a fair crop below 500 feet. Apples of the best quality are raised in the mountain counties, and escape injury often enough to make this section profitable for fruit growing just as soon as the growers understand how to care for the crop and market it. Asheville. N. C, Aug. 22, 1901. 182 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. GEORGIA— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 4 AND 5. BY G. H. MILLER, CHAIRMAN, ROME, GA. Almost every portion of our State is adapted to the culture of some class of fruits. The peach industry is being wonderfully developed in this State. Peaches succeed in quite a large area in different parts of the State. In *the northwestern part of the State it is at this time being more extensively developed than in any other part. Then in Middle Georgia, with Fort Valley and Marshallville as a center, again in the southwest of Georgia and in the eastern and northeastern parts of the State this industry has been developed until Georgia takes the lead among all the neighboring States in the production of peaches. Our soils appear to be well adapted to the pro- duction of this fruit. The table lands in the northern part of this State produce peaches of a very high color and excellent flavor, which is owing to the presence of iron ore in the soils of that section. Apples do well in the mountain regions of the State, and in the different sections of the State the early varieties succeed admirably. The product of pears is confined prin- cipally to the Leconte and Kieffer, as the European varieties do not fruit well in this State. Japanese plums and grapes succeed genei'ally all over the State and the same may be said of strawberries. Cherries of the morello class succeed in favorable localities in the moun- tainous sections of the State. Mulberries succeed well and are planted largely for poultry and hogs. Figs succeed well in the middle and southern part of Georgia. The chief drawback is that an occasional hard winter kills them back to the ground. Fruit growers aim to get an elevation on which to plant their orchards. By this in North Georgia we do not mean elevation above tide water, but elevation above the adjacent valleys, of from 200 to 500 feet, as such localities are practically exempt from late spring frosts. In every part of the State the elevated ridges or plateaus are considered the best locations. The price of lands suitable for orchards varies with the location, improvements, proximity to railroads, etc., ranging from $5.00 to $50.00 per acre. Very few bearing orchards are for sale. As to varieties of fruits it is not practical to give a list adapted to all parts of the State, owing to the differences caused by climatic influences, elevation, proximity to sea coast, etc. We would make but few changes on our list of last year. On apples for general cultivation, entitled to one star, we would name Yellow Transparent, Striped June, Cai'ter Blue, Fall Pippin, Mangum, Rome Beauty, Kinnard Choice, Stevenson Winter. Varieties entitled to two stars. Red Astrachan, Red June, Early Harvest, Horse, Buckingham, Ben Davis, Shock- ley, Winesap, Y'^ates, Arkansas, Y''ork Imperial. Of peaches entitled to one star, Alexander, Triumph, Tillotson, Lee, Stump, Carman, Waddell, Chinese Cling and Salway. The following varieties entitled to two stars: Mountain Rose, Ingold, Oldmixon Free, Emma, Lemon Cling, Lemon Free, Heath Cling and Stinson. Elberta is entitled to three or four stars, as it is the leading variety as a commercial peach all over the State. Pears entitled to one star, Seckel, Howell, Angouleme, Bartlett and Sheldon and a number of other varieties in suitable localities. Entitled to two stars, Leconte and Kieffer. Plums entitled to one star of the Chickasaw type, Wild Goose and Robinson. Of the European type for the mountain regions Damsen, Greengage, Shipper Pride, Moore Arctic and Italian Prune (Frllemherg). Of the Japanese plums entitled to two stars the Abundance, Burbank, Red June, Wickson and a FRUIT REPORTS. 183 number of other varieties of tlie new Japanese cross bred plums are on trial and promise well. Among these we might name the America, Climax, Chalco, Juicy, Shiro and Sultan. Grapes (Labrusca) entitled to one star, Delaware, Brighton, Diamond. Entitled to two stars, Concord, Ives, Niagara. Of the Rotundifolia the best are Suppernong and James. Of the Hybrids the Agawam, Salem and Wilder. Of cherries the Morello class and Tartarian and Wood. Mulberries, Hicks, Stubbs and Downing. Of strawberries the Hoffman is the best early variety in the coast region. In the northwestern part of the State Michel is the best, Thompson, Sharpless, Wilson, Haver- land and Bubach are old varieties that are still largely planted. Nut culture, including pecan and walnut is largely on the increase. Apricots and nectar- ines have but little commercial value in the State. Cultivation. Commercial orchards, as a rule, receive good cultivation, being usually plowed early in the spring and then cultivated with harrows or cultivators of some kind until about the middle of August. Two or three years of neglect in cultivating will about ruin an orchard in this State. Orchards that have been well cared for and kept in good condition bore this year a good crop of fruit, whereas those that have been neglected, either in cultiva- tion or in fertilization, failed to produce more than one-third to one-half crop. The profits in commercial peach orchards appears to be in proportion to the thoroughness of the cultivation and fertilization. Cotton is grown to a great extent in young orchards for the first two years, also vegetable crops, including melons and cantaloupes are grown by many orchardists. Planters here are beginning to recognize the importance of having some kind of winter cover crop in the orchards. Some are using cow peas for that pur- pose, others again are using rye or crimson clover between the rows and plowing under early in spring. Fertilization. Where fertilization is necessary for young trees some fertilizer rich in nitrogen is generally used. After the trees come into bearing the fertilizer with the largest per cent of potash is preferred, muriate of potash being used in many orchards with' good I'esults. We do not know that we have any- thing to report in regard to new varieties in addition to our last year's re- port. Except we would not rate the Dewey and Triumph as high as we did last year. They are both fuzzy and are semi-clings and, like all the early varieties, liable to rot, although by spraying with Bordeaux mixture the crop can be saved. There are a number of new varieties that are being tested in this State, but we think it is rather soon yet to have them placed on the list. Insects and Diseases. The San Jos6 scale has been introduced in some localities of our State, but owing to the prompt and energetic measures enforced by our State Entomol- ogist the San Jose scale pest is being brought under control. There are some sections of the State in which it has never been introduced. Growers are taking more pains to apply the proper remedies for all classes of fungous 184 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. and other disease. For the curculio jarring appears to be the only remedy that is to be depended upon. We have not reliable data from which we can give the area devoted to the various liinds of fruit. We estimate the peach crop for this year (1901) at about 2,400 carloads. The peach industry is being rapidly developed in this State. Rome, Ga., Aug. 27, 1901. FLORIDA— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 5, 6 AND 7. BY W. S. HART, CHAIRMAN, HAWKS PARK, FLA. Owing to the character of my report to this Society two years ago there seems to be little need, at this time, of doing more than to report progress since the Philadelphia meeting in 1899. As a result of the inclination, on the part of the other members of this committee, to leave all the work to the chairman, no report whatever has been received from members in any portion of the State, with the exception of those of INIr. Aubrey Frink of Glen St. Mary and Mr. Cyrus W. Butler, St. Petersburg. For the lack of this needed assistance it is not possible to give satisfactory treatment to the several topics suggested by the chairman of the General Fruit Committee and the crop estimates must necessarily be of a general character gathered from the various publications of the State and from my personal knowledge of the situation gained through rather narrow limits of travel, observation and consultation with brother fruit growers. We are happy to report that there has been no cold spell during the past two winters sufficiently severe to cause widespread disaster and the feeling is general throughout the State that we have now entered a term that will show no serious setback from this cause for at least several years to come. Confidence is pretty generally restored and a hopeful spirit is manifested among horticulturists in all sections by the clearing of new lands, setting of new orchards or the more careful atteution to old ones. While hopeful that the old conditions, of exemption from disastrous extremes of cold, have re- turned, the most prudent and far-seeing among us have by no means for- gotten the lessons taught during the past six years. On the contrary, they are utilizing the knowledge gained in a way to make future freezes profitable, should they come, in place of, as in the past, the cause of untold loss. There are still some "happy go lucky" individuals in our ranks, but the per cent of the other kind is sufficiently large to warrant the prediction that no cold that Florida is ever likely to experience can again cause such almost universal destruction to our citrus groves as did the freezes of the winter of 1894-95, and, in a less degree, that of February, 1899. In other words, fruit culture in Florida, in prudent hands, now appears to be upon a safer basis than ever before. The orange crop of the State in 1899 was practically nothing except in the most southerly portion of the area planted to this fruit. In 1900 the bearing area enlarged to the northward and the crop largely increased, the Florida Industrial Record estimating it at 970,000 boxes. The outlook for the cur- rent year is that all portions of the old orange belt will contribute moi-e or less to the general crop, while the young grove of Mr. Geo. L. Taber, Avithin ten miles of the Georgia line, is estimated to be carrying a crop of a thousand FRUIT REPORTS. 185 boxes. Though many more groves are in bearing this year than last it is thought by some that the crop of the State will not be largely increased owing to the lighter bearing in the groves that carried burdensome crops last year. Some of the fruit shipped last fall was forwarded while yet entirely green and unfit for any use. Some shipped later was far below, in most of their qualities, that standard of excellence that has given Florida oranges their enviable reputation in the marliets of the world. There were several rea- sons for this inferiority and among them may be stated an excess of rain late in the season and at time of picliing, but, without doubt, the main cause was that many who shipped were comparatively new at both growing and marketing this fruit and had uot yet learned to avoid pushing their trees with strong organic, nitrogenous manures, improper cultivation or careless handling of the crop in preparing it for marliet. There is hope for great improvement along these lines from this on as the fine fruit, from the older orange growing sections, that carried and stood up in marli;et as well as ever and sold at extremely high prices, was an object lesson that compelled attention. What has been hei'e presented concerning the orange will largely apply to the pomelo as well. The demand for this exceedingly popular fruit was far from satisfied by the 45,500 boxes of last season's crop, but, as the high prices of the past few years have stimulated large plantings, and as the tree is an early and abundant bearer, the lovers of this fruit are likelj- to soon find their needs well supplied. Two of the interesting features of citrus culture here are the increased planting of the orange on the hardy C trifoliata stock in the northern portion of the State and a lilce, or rather greater, pushing to the southward, beyond the limits of danger from cold, of the orange and pomelo on rough lemon stock. In place of narrowing up the orange belt we see the curious result that the late freezes seem to have caused it to widen out, both to the north and south, beyond what has heretofore been considered the limits of safe commercial planting. This year, for the first time, there will be a chance to test the fruit results in a small way, of the work of the United States Agricultural Department in hybridizing the orange. All up-to-date orange growers await the outcome of this work with lively interest. Pineapple culture in this State is in a very flourishing condition at this time. This year's crops are the largest the State has yet produced and the prices having been satisfactory up to this date, the growers all appear more than satisfied with their investments and ready to enlarge them. The crops from the shedded pineries of Orlando, St. Petersburg and other sections are mostly of fancy varieties that continue to ripen well into the winter. This class of pines bring high prices and their sale, with that of slips for new plantings, are bringing almost fabulous profits to many of their fortunate owners. The crop of the State for 1901 has been estimated at 275,000 crates. The following, from the pen of Mr. Frink of this Committee, with the accompanj'ing tabulated statement of new varieties and restarring of old ones, requires no editing on my part. The strawberry crop has been a, good one and is said to have netted -fully 18 cents per quart, making a return of .$245,160. The tomato crop is placed at 880,000 crates worth net about $1,000,000. The truck growers of the State have had a very prosperous season and several of them, who are also interested in Pomology, will doubt- less be found present at this meeting as one of the results. As the Society's 24 186 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Committee on Tropical Fruits is to report at this meeting I will leave that class of fruits for its more able consideration. Hawks Park, Fla., Aug. 30, 1901. REPORT FROM NORTH FLORIDA. BY MR. AUBREY FRINK, GLEN ST. MARY, FLA. The growing of peaches for market has already assumed vast proportions in Florida, and is proving very profitable. The earlier varieties are, of course, the ones that are most generally planted for market as with later varieties we have to compete with Georgia grown Elbertas shipped in train load lots. Pears have until the last year or two been very profitable, but the blight has gotten so bad that many orchardists are now cutting out their orchards. If something could be done to destroy the blight large orchards of pears would be planted at once. Plums, while a profitable crop in sections a little north of us, have never been planted to any extent commercially in Florida. The Excelsior so far seems to be the only variety that is worthy of planting in Northeastern, Central and Southern Florida, although Abundance and Burbank are planted to some extent in West Florida and from recent reports seem to be paying very nicely. While Japan Persimmons have been grown very successfully for several years they have not always proven profitable. The markets have been quite erratic with this very fine fruit, presumably from a lack of knowledge of the fruit. Recent reports, however, indicate that there are good prospects that the fruit will be in demand In the northern markets at an early date, when it will pay to ship it. Figs are now being planted quite extensively in some portions of the dis- trict mentioned, and I think very justly so. The variety added, viz.. Magnolia; (has quite a history, as to its name), in some sections is very highly prized. It has not yet been tested here, but I feel confident that it is worthy of a place in the list as it Is grown largely in lower Texas and will undoubt- edly do well here. The .Japan Walnut (Juglans Sieboldmna) is entirely different from the English or Madeira nut of commerce. The Japan Walnut succeeds admir- ably here, while the English will not do at all. The Japan Walnut has a very hard shell and on this account will probably not be of much commer- cial value, but it has a good flavor and the trees is very handsome and well worthy a place in every Southern home. FRUIT REPORTS. 187 SUGGESTED STARRING FOR DISTRICT NO. 6. Variety. 6 M a o o o u O > 3 a o m 4) CO t3 O Q * * 8-9 o a 5-6 July k Am * * * * * * « * * *. * * Wilder * Eden " * if- * * * * * * * * • 9-10 7-8 1 1 4-5 oblong ov g 6-7 7-8 5-6 7-8 6-7 1 k Japan * * Japan Walnut 1 * *- Jiigla?is Sieboldiana f White Smyrna Fig 1 dk dkn d m * • Triumph Persimmon tomato shaped o * * Color. a _o a •a < 3 a o M 6 a o Variety. a S Si E ■2- Angel Peach * * Beauty Blush •' 7-8 ro V y r c w t 7-8 m dkm NC * Cabler Indian " * Carman " 8-9 5 5 6-7 7-8 rov r rob r o y r yr w r y r cwt c w y r w r y w r f f f 1 9-io 7-8 7-8 6-7 7-8 m e m e m 1 m dkm dk dkm d m dkm NC Fla Fla Fla Fla * Climax " * Colon " * Estella " * Florida Gem " * Greensboro •' * ** Imperial " 7-8 5-6 o O V c w r w c w w t t 6-7 6 7 e m V e dkm d m Fla Fla « Jewel " *«. Peento " * » Suber " 5 6 6 7 4-5 5-6 O V rob rob r w r w r w y g w w r c w y c c f sc 5-6 7-8 8-9 6-7 V e e m m r e dm dkm dkm d m Fla Fla Fla Tex * * Taber " * Triana " * *- Victor " * Waldo " * *: SOUTH FLORIDA— LOCAL POMOLOGICAL POINTS. BY CYRUS W. BUTLER, ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA. 1. Ten years ago. but few oranges were sold to buyers upon the trees^ today 50^ or more of our citrus fruits are so sold. The reason, I think, is that the average grower devotes about 95je of his effort to producing a crop of fruit and the remaining 5 188 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. realize what he expected and next year sells at home, if possible. Packing of fruit is steadily improving. 2. The sub-Peninsula has an Orange Growers' Association, but it has not accomplished much. The growers of shedded pineapples have or- ganized the "Florida Fancy Pineapple Growers' Association," representing 143 members and about 300 acres of shedded pineries, 95;^ of which is prob- ably of the Smooth Cayenne variety. This organization is managed much as is the "Indian River Pineapple Association." the fruit being shipped to Jacksonville, from which place it is distributed by the general manager to the various agents in their respective cities. Some money has been saved in the purchase of material, such as crates, excelsior and also in freight rates by carload. But it is yet too early to form any general conclusions as to the success of the Association. The shedded pineries of Smooth Cay- ennes have proved very profitable in almost every case. From one acre of Cayennes, I have taken $8,200 in four years and am not through with it yet. 3. Two small canneries are trying to get pineapples to can, but so far Cayennes sell for more, as green fruit, than the canneries can afford to pay. 4. But few growers spray orange trees, as the most common pest, i. e., the purple scale is not often numerous enough to do great damage, while the cottony cushion scale, which occurs near Clearwater, has about suc- cumbed to the combined attacks of the Australian "lady bug" and a native fungus. Some growers spray for rust mites, as in many groves, it is spray or have rusty oranges, which can be kept bright for 15 cents per box. We need legislation badly in regard to sending out stock from white fly regions. The white fly being the most dreaded of all citrus pests, but spreads sowly when not carried by man upon nursery stock, etc. 5. Owing to the increased price of oranges since the freeze of 1895, the groves of South Florida have been given much better care than ever before and as a result have produced heavier crops, consequently have increased in value, the average grove of South Florida being saleable at from two to three times the amount that it would have brought five years ago. In general, the horticulturists of South Florida ai-e now enjoying the most successful years that have ever fallen to their lot. LOUISIANA— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 6 AND 7. BY PROF. F. H. BURNETTE, CHAIRMAN. BATON ROUGE, LA. The last decade has brought about many changes in the care and manage- ment of the gardens and orchards of Louisiana, most of which has been along the line of reduced varieties and better methods of culture. The home market still takes fruit without much market preparation, but the material sent to the northern markets, receives the best of care in packing and trans- portation, the usual standard packages being used. No foreign shipments are made so far as our information goes. The only horticultural organiza- tions at present are those of the truckers in various parts of the State. These as a rule are quite thorough and have accomplished much good. The manufacture of canned goods has increased and a few good canning factories have been in operation a few years, figs and pears being the main fruits used. FRUIT REPORTS. 189 By far the greatest strides have been made along the line of the control of injurious insects and diseases. Instructions concerning the making of fungicides and insecticides and their application have been issued and fol- lowed carefullj- in nearly all cases. The General Assembly has passed a law controlling the admittance of plants into the State. The orchai'd has received much less attention generally than the garden, but much has been done; the trees planted now are receiving more attention and better cultivation. No suggestions will be made from Louisiana con- cerning the varieties or the rating given in the Society's report. Few var- ieties as a rule are grown, but these are planted better, cultivated better, and consequently produce more. This is a brief report of conditions prevalent in Louisiana today. Baton Rouge, La., Aug. 27, 1901. TEXAS— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 6. 7 AND 11. BY PROF. R. H. PRICE, CHAIRMAN, COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS. There are only a few varieties of fruits that I might add to the list for Texas given in the last report of the American Pomological Society. Straw- berries. Thompson; blackberries, Family Favorite and Tennessee; Dewberries, Rogers. There are a number of promising new varieties of peaches originating in Texas that have not been tested enough yet to I'ecommend. The fruit industry is developing rapidly in the State. In the best peach sections of the State the growers are clearing $100 per acre. Larger profits are often made on strawberries. Quite a number of new canning factories are being established. There is a growing tendency of the growers to sell their products, either on the grounds or on the railroad track. Larger areas are being planted to fruit each year. College Station. Texas, Sept. 1. 1901. ILLINOIS— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 4 AND 8. BY GEORGE J. FOSTER, CHAIRMAN, NORMAL, ILL. Illinois, lying mostly within the bounds of the eighth Pomological district, has long been noted for its commercial fruit growing, which is still a rapidly developing industry. Located as it is in tlie Mississippi valley, extending from north to south over a territory of 450 miles, similar in latitude to that between the cities of Albany, N. Y. and Richmond. Ya.,. all the hardy deciduous fruits are at home, while in tlie southern portions the more tender deciduous and sub- tropical fruits and vegetables flourish. Perhaps it is not too much to say that there is not another body of land of like dimensions on this continent that will produce such immense quan- tities of fruit and vegetables, equal in variety and quality, with so little labor and care, as will the State of Illinois. Small fruits of all kinds are grown in abundance, and thousands of car- 190 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. loads are annually shipped to all the large cities. In point of acreage and value among small fruits, probably the strawberry takes first rank, and is in season from April 20th to July 1st. For commercial purposes Crescent, Warfield, Jessie, Clyde, Brandywine. Haverland, Dunlap and Gandy are leaders. Downing, Houghton and Josselyn syn. Red Jacket gooseberries are planted mostly for market, while the Industry and some other foreign sorts are favorites with amateurs and for family use. Kansas and Gregg black- caps, Columbian, purple and Cuthbert and Turner red raspberries are the principal sorts of commerce, while Snyder and Early Harvest blackberries lead all others in this line. Early Richmond cherries are entirely at home here, and seldom fail to yield a large crop; they are more largely planted than all others put together for the market, although there are several varieties of the morello type, both early and late that are very productive, of excellent quality, and are much sought after. Moore Early, Worden, Concord and Niagara easily lead all other grapes for commerce and are largely grown. The great fruit crops of the State, however, are the apple, pear, peach and plum. Of these, of course the apple is easily king and nothing can approach it, either in extent of acreage, amount of production or in com- mercial value. In recent years much attention has been paid to the culture of plums, with many fine orchards, both of native and foreign sorts as a result; several varieties of the Japanese type seem to be fairly profitable, notwith- standing their tendency to rot, which has been partially overcome by careful spraying. European sorts— many of them do well when protected from the ravages of the curculio. Among native sorts of special value for the market are Wild Goose, DeSoto, Forest Garden, Wolf, Weaver and Hawkeye, in season from June to September. Red June, Abundance, Burbank and Sat- suma lead the Japanese; Lombard and German Prune, the European sorts. Peaches are grown in all parts of the State, although the commercial orchards are confined to the southern half, where large orchards are com- mon, and where train loads are shipped daily to the northern markets. Amsden, Elberta, the Crawfords, Early and Late. Oldmixon Free, Sneed, Foster, Stump and Champion are among the leading varieties. The value of the peach crop is second only to that of the apple. Pear growing has been much revived in recent years since the introduc- tion of some of the newer varieties that have thus far shown little tendency to blight; Kieffer is probably more largely planted than any other variety, large orchards of it being found in many parts of the State, from some of which are alreadj' marketed hundreds of barrels annually. The commercial value of this sort when properly handled can scarcely be estimated. From statistics compiled by the State Horticultural Society, it is shown that in four counties alone of this State, each of which adjoins the other, there are 70,000 acres of apple orchard; with 50 trees to the acre, this would amount to 3,500,000 trees, and these counties by no means monopolize the apple lands of the State— for many other counties follow closely in the acreage devoted to apple growing. Illinois apples scored the very highest marks at the International Exposition at Paris last year, and were awarded eight first prizes. Illinois apples attain a quality and perfection much above the average, and always command the highest market price. For com- mercial planting. Yellow Transparent, Sops of Wine, Benoni, Oldenburg, FP4.UIT REPORTS. 191 syn. Dtiehess, Keswick Godlin, Lowell. Maiden Blush, Fameuse, Wealthy, Crrimes Golden. Jonathan, Ben Davis, Minkler, York Imperial, Winesap and "Willow are leading varieties. Grimes Golden and Jonathan as grown on Illinois soil are of the best quality and bring the highest prices of any apples in the world— being often sought in the wholesale markets of Chicago at ten dollars per barrel — while the Illinois Ben Davis leads all others of its class, and has a national reputation. Careful and systematic methods of spraying apple orchards are practiced by all commercial growers, which, coupled with high cultivation, is a potent factor to the successful growing of apples in this State. It should also be stated that the fruit growers of the State are under many and continued obligations to the University of Illinois or Agricultural College, located at Urbana. where a full corps of horticultural experts and & large Experiment Station have been of the utmost value in determining the ways and means by which our fruit crops can be protected from insect enemies and fungous diseases. In addition to those crops generally known as fruit, those that usually ac- company it, such as tomatoes, melons, etc., are grown on a very extensive scale; while the growing of asparagus, rhubarb, peanuts and sweet potatoes are among the important industries of the State. Normal, 111.. Sept. 7, 1901. MISSOURI— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 4 AND 8. BY L. A. GOODMAN, CHAIRMAN, KANSAS CITY, MO. Our fruit interests have grown to such an extent here in Missouri that the study now is as how best to market. Great changes have taken place on this point, and today we find our home markets require as careful and perfect handling of the fruit as do our more distant ones. I believe that this idea carried through all of our fruit marketing will make the prices 2o^ better. Good, neat, clean packages, even sized fruit, well packed, and every package guaranteed, will give us always good prices. For outside shipments the same thing, is, if anything, more important. All fruit growers are now seeing the necessity of close organization, to secure rates to supply buyers with a quantity at one point; to get uniform packages and packing, and to help advertise local fruit interests. Besides this the benefit to all in diffusing knowledge and in noting success and failure is apparent to every fruit grower who keeps up with the times. Canning of fruits is not so much done as is the evaporating. Evaporation is now mostly done in dnj houses and not in the regular evaporators. It is not necessary to explain to you this process but it can be done for one-half of the expense of the regular evaporators. Preserves and jellies are manu- factured to a very small extent and an opening for this kind of work in a large way is ready for some good experienced firm, right here in Missouri. Much spraying has been done and more and more is each year being done by all good fruit growers. We are trying to secure laws for the prevention of diseases and spread of insect pests and all our best friends are alive to the need of such laws and such close supervision. When we can secure this and then protect our birds I believe we will not have so much trouble with insects. 192 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. All our orcbard men are more and more tboroughly convinced that orcliards require good cultivation, the best of care, very slight pruning, proper fertil- izing with clover or cow peas, thorough spraying or dusting, careful gather- ing, thorough grading, good packages, well packed and all guaranteed to secure the best results. Kansas City, Mo., Sept. 4, 1901. THE FRUIT INDUSTRY OF NORTH MISSOURI. BY N. F. MURRAY, PRESIDENT MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL. SOCIETY, OREGON, MO. In 1890 apples sold by the orchard to New York buyers at from forty up to three hundred dollars per acre; this gave a wonderful impetus to the planting of large commercial orchards containing from one to fifteen thousand trees, one-half of Avhich are Ben Davis. The other half are mainly Gano, .Jonathan, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, Arkansas, syn. Mammoth Black Twig, and Grimes Golden. These orchards have been quite well cared for in the last ten years, and now present a beautiful appearance. A Mr. Fowler of Iowa, who bought one hundred carloads of apples in New York last year, and who has bought a large amount of the apples of Northwest Missouri this year, said that he had not seen in all his travels in New York an apple center that would excel the one, of one hundred thousand trees shown him around the old IMurray homestead in Holt countj'. The greatest change in the marketing of apples that has taken place in the last ten years, is that now whenever, and whei*ever there is a quantity of good apples, the buyers come and purchase most of the fruit by the orchard, estimating the fruit and taking all chances. In general the seller does the hauling and picking, in this way there is no wrangling over the grading of the fruit. The apples when packed go at once into cold storage and are sold in both the home and foreign markets. There are quite a number of horticultural societies, which co-operate with the State Horticultural Society; in this way much has been learned, and great good accomplished; we now find the fruit growers all using new barrels and fruit packages of full standard size. There is but little done in the way of canning, evaporating or manufac- turing preserves, jellies, marmalades, fruit juices, etc., for the reason that our fruit sells for too high prices in the fresh state. Some cull apples are now being canned at thirty-five cents per bushel and cull peaches at forty-five cents per bushel. Peaches are not grown in large quantities, as they are in South Missouri, but in the last few years considerable attention has been given to the industry, and in some sections orchards of from one to six thousand trees have been planted, mainly of Champion, Crosby and Elberta, the two former largely on account of their hardiness, they only having failed once in the last seven years. Small fruits are grown in considerable quantities, but rarely to a sufficient extent to ship by the carload. Spraying for injurious insects (mainly for codling moth) has been prac- ticed for the last fifteen years, but the results have not in general been satis- factory, and it is not now practiced by one in ten of our fruit growers. In FRUIT REPORTS. 193 the last two years a number have been using the dust insecticides and report good results. The unsatisfactory results of spraying have come from adul- terated and worthless poisons, a lack of thorough spraying at the proper time and at too long intervals. We are glad to note that our fruit growers in general are b(>coming awak- ened to the great importance of thorough and clean cultivation for all their fruits, this is what is needed in order to give the birds and poultry a chance to pick up the insects. We need also to educate our fruit growers to thin their fruit while small, and again later on, picking off all imperfect fruit and boiling it to destroy the insects. Also to make better preparations for picking and handling the fruit carefully. Every grower should have a fruit house, handy wagon, ladders, baskets, tables, etc., In readiness for the work and take more care and pride in the careful handling of the fruit, for every bruise and defect lessens its value. We have no bitter rot in North Missouri. North Missouri presents many advantages to the intelligent fruit grower, the great reason why more do not engage in fruit growing here is that North Missoiu-i is a rich agricultural and stock producing country, and the farmers who have already grown wealthy in their vocation do not care to change and go into the fruit industry. We see no reason why they should, but to all who desire to grow fruit for market, much of North Missouri, presents a vei'y inviting field. OKLAHOMA— rOMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 4 AND 10. BY H. H. CUMMINS, CHAIRMAN, ALVA. OKLAHOMA. This is a new country and not developed yet, this being the eighth year of settlement. With the older part of the Territory I am not much ac- quainted. This season has been unprecedently bad. I have lived for twenty-two years in Southern Kansas and Oklahoma and this is by far the worst season in that time. The spring being cold and backward with high wind and late frosts both doing much damage. The winter was very dry, also the early spring followed by a few weeks of heavy rains, wind and hail storms, this followed by a very high temperature and early drought, which is only partially broken at this date, (Aug. 7). In spite of all these disadvantages there will be two-thirds of a grape crop, while tb.e l)lackberry and strawberry crops were fair. All other kinds of fruit Avill be scarce. Cherries were a fair crop, though the plantings are small. The cherry here shows a decided preference for the Mahaleb stock, the Morello does not seem to do well, making a scraggy growth and dropping both fruit and foliage. There has not been enough fruit pixjduced here yet to pay much attention to marketing, no attention having been paid to crating, boxing, etc., the demand having always been in excess of the supply. There is little or no organiza- tion of fruit growers as yet and but little commercial planting. Being a new country we are as yet but little annoyed with insect pests. Spraying has been practiced to a limited extent. The management of orchards in general has been poor, farmers not taking the trouble to post themselves, either on varieties to plant, distance for setting or method of pruning and cultivating. Clean culture with low tops is au absolute necessity in this dry climate. New fruits. — The fig has been planted to some extent this year, has re- 25 194 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. sisted the drought remarkably well and seems worthy of trial. New varieties of other fruits will be mentioned in their proper places. Apples. — The varieties of apples for this country should be selected with tare. Missouri Pippin, Maiden Blush, Yellow Transparent, Cooper Early, Wiuesap, Ben Davis, Jonathan, Arkansas Black, Oldenburg, Early Harvest, Grimes Golden, Red June, Willow, York Imperial. For trial.— Shackelford and Bismarck. Pears.— The pear should be planted here mostly as a standard. Garber, Kieffer, Bartlett, Angouleme, syn. Dvcliess, LeConte, Seckel. Peaches. — The peach succeeds here on all kinds of sodl and locations but does best on the sandy sub-irrigated lands along the streams. All varieties seem to do equally well. The main consideration should be a succession of the largest and best. Plums.— The plum promises to be one of our most important fruits. The preference at present is largely in favor of the Japs. Burbank, Golden, Abund- ance, Red June, Wickson. American varieties. — Wildgoose, Miner, Marianna, Forest Rose. European. — German Prune, Lombard, Imperial Gage. Cherries.— The cherry succeeds best here on the Mahaleb stock. Of the sour or Morello class. Ey. Richmond, Montmorency Ordinaire, English Morello, Ostheim. Of the sweet. Gov. Wood is probably best. We have a native dwarf variety known as the Sand Cherry, or Trade Wind, that prom- ises to be of value. Grapes.— The grape is probably the most successful of all fruits for this country, a failure never having occurred and the list of varieties adapted to this climate being very large. The markets here show a preference for black grapes, though many of the red and white varieties are more pro- ductive and of better quality. Agawam, Niagara, Catawba, Hartford, Ives, Dracut, Diamond, Campbell Ey. Carman, Concord, Elvira, Lindley, Dela- ware, Woodruff, etc. Blackberries.— Of the blackberries the Early Harvest and Kittatinny have generally proved best. Raspberries.— Of these Gregg and Kansas are most highly regarded. Dewberries.— Lucretia and a native variety that seems to be a cross be- tween the dewberry and blackberry are both doing well. Strawberries. — The strawbei-ry requires irrigation to succeed, one year with another. Currants. — The Crandall is the only variety tiiat is a success in this climate, the season being too long and dry for other kinds. Nectarines.— All varieties of the nectarine as of the peach seem to do unusually well here and should be largely planted. Apricots.— The apricot, while the hardiest fruit tree we have, is uncertain about fruiting owing to its early blooming habit. The Acme so far has proved hardiest here. Acme, Superb, Sunrise, Moorepark, Ey. Golden. June-berries.— This fruit succeeds well especially on hard land. Mulberries.— All the budded varieties as well as the Russian and native varieties do remarkably well. Alva, Oklahoma, Aug. 7, 1901. FRUIT REPORTS. 195 WISCONSIN— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICT NO. 9. BY B. S. HOXIE, CHAIRMAN, EVANSVILLE. Wisconsin is not considered a fruit growing State as far as commercial orchards are concerned, as only a few, strictly speaking, for tbat purpose are of bearing age, but within the past four years quite a good many are being planted out with hardy tested varieties which were so much admired at the World's Fair as also at Omaha and some being now exhibited at Buffalo. 1. We have in a large measvire originated our own varieties of apples, and are now developing the native plums. Under the direction of Prof. E. S. Goff at the Experimental Station, more than one hundred varieties are being tested and many of them his own seedlings, with period of I'ipening from middle of August to middle of October, a. Our fruit finds a good home marlvet. 2. We have two or three local fruit growers' organizations for mutual protection in shipping and handling small fruits such as strawberries, black- berries, raspberries and blueberries. Tlie cranberry association handle their own crops and quite generally ship in car lots. No man owning an orchard would neglect the spraying pump. One late acquisition to our list of new apples is a "Sweet Fameuse," identical with that variety except it being of fine flavor and promises to be very hardy and productive; origin- ated by Parsons and,Loope of Eureka; Wis. The most of our original tested varieties came through the winter of 1898-99 in good shape and if they stand this present season of pi'otracted di'outh we soon will have commercial orchards sufficient to supply the great Northwest with fine fruit. A good but small display is now on exhibition at the Pan-American Exposition, which excites the surprise and admiration of visitors who did, as well as those who did not know that Wisconsin produced fine apples. Evansville, Wis., Sept. 4. 1901. IOWA— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 8 AND 9. BY EUGENE SECOR, CHAIRMAN, FOREST CITY, IOWA. The last decade has witnessed great changes in the methods of handling and marlfeting fruit. The subject of cold storage for the preservation of perishable fruits is occupying the minds of our leading commercial orchard- ists. The old plan of rushing everything on the market at the picking season is slowly giving way to a more business like method of holding till the glut Is over. Changes, too, in the style of package are fast revolutionizing the fruit busi- ness. Boxes, baskets, and crates are in evidence everywhere, and it will soon be impossible to market any fruit in bulk. Barrels are being super- ceded by the bushel box to some extent and the use of the latter will no doubt increase especially in the home market. Our great distance from tidewater is something of an embarrassment in reaching foreign markets and consequently but little of our surplus reaches European shores. The Southern trade, however, Mexico and Central America, ought to increase, and undoubtedly will. Iowa fruit growers are well organized. The State Horticultural Society 196 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. has a small appropriation from State funds and is well manned by able oflBcers and an efficient Secretary, who has rooms at the Capitol and keeps in touch with the leading horticulturists throughout tlie State. Illustrated maps of the State have been prepared showing in what localities every kind of pomaceous and stone fruit succeeds best. The State Society encourages district societies by a small appropriation. Four such, dividing the State into practically four quarters, are doing valu- able work. Their transactions are published in the annual volume issued by the parent State Society making a book of about 500 pages, preserving the best thought and most valuable experimental work for the year. The increased injury done by insects is a serious drawback to fruit culture. Spraying seems to be the most practical method of combating this evil. Spraying, however, is not general and consequently a good deal of fruit drops prematurely and much wormy fruit is seen on the market. Improvement in orchard management is manifest among progressive hor- ticulturists. The weeding out of poorer varieties, better care and more thorough cultivation are among the encouraging signs of a better and more profitable period of orcharding. Experimental work is encouraged by the State, district, and local societies. The large area covered by State boundaries, the great diversity of soil and climate renders it necessary to develop kinds and vai'ieties best suited to localities. Many fruits do well in one locality and poorly in another. Hence every fruit grower is an experimenter, and in time there will be found valu- able things suited to every part of our commonwealth. Forest City, Iowa. Sept. 3, 1901. WYOMING— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICT NO. 14. BY PROF. LUTHER FOSTER. CHAIRMAN, LARAMIE. WYO. I am in receipt of your circular giving an outline of what is desired in the report of the Chairman of the General Fruit Committee of the different States, but there is not one single item of it applicable to the State of Wyoming. I know of only one orchard in the State that has grown apples for sale and there are only two small districts in the State, one at Lander, Fremont county and the other at Sheridan, Sheridan county. Avhere fruit is grown for the market. Our home markets are all supplied with fruit froni other States. Last winter a horticultural society was organized in Fremont county and Mr. H. M. Coulter of Lander, was made Secretary. This is the only organ- ization of the kind in the whole State. It is possible that more interest may be taken in fruit growing after the Big Horn Basin becomes settled. Take the State as a whole, its altitude is too high for much to be accomplished except with small fruits. Then the State is so new and the agricultural pursuits have been of such a character as to leave untouched all such small (?) matters as gardening and fruit growing. Laramie, Wyoming, July 30, 1901. FRT^IT REPORTS. 197 NEVADA— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICT NO. 15. BY PROF. R. H. MCDOWELL, CHAIRMAN, RENO, NEV. 1. Very little change. Home market is too limited— necessary to fiufl for- eign market for apples. 2. None. There has been no call from fruit men for organization. Ap- parently too few in numbers, too widely scattered and lacking a live home market, to enlist very many in fruit growing or in organization. 3. (a.) None for market. (b.) A very small amount. (c.) Nojie except for private use. 4. (a.) By spraying. (b.) None. 5. Very little general change; the best men constantly keep their orchards in healthy growing condition. In some counties frost occurs every month in the year; at Reno some frost till June 10— for this season. July 2. when frost was quite severe on corn and potatoes. Killing frost in the fall, usii- ally Sept. 9 to 13. With reference to varieties, our home market Is so limited that we should largely grow such as will command ready sale in foreign markets, and, of course, stand shipment well. Ross Lewers, of Franktown. thinks well of York Imperial and Newtown Pippin. Lewers is one of, if not the best, fruit men in the State, conservative, Avell posted and makes a specialty of fruit. He puts his name on each box of apples sold; orchai'd is in good shape every year. He is about twenty miles out of Reno, against the foot hills. Some years Lewers sells $2,500 Avorth of fruit, largely apples, many currants and raspberries. This year he reports berries good, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, also currants and cherries, few Loganberries. Apples good quality and fair crop. Pears extra good, also plums. Ground squirrels spoiled peaches. Daniel Bonelli of Rioville, Lincoln county, is well posted on fruit for that section. He has some lemons and oranges and some figs and other fruits that we don't think of growing at Reno. One or two below zero is usually our coldest weather. Some Avinters 7 to 13 below for a few nights. Only one winter of good sleighing in ten years, and then but a couple of weeks. As I wrote, stock raising, alfalfa, grains and mines are in the lead, with some very good fruit in very limited area. Reno, Nevada, Aug. 23, 1901. CALIFORNIA— POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS NOS. 15, 16. 17, IS, 19. BY PROF. E. J. WICKSON, CHAIRMAN, BERKELEY, CAL. The California fruit Interests have experienced notable development during the last decade. The growth of the product can be seen by a glance at the following contrasted figures of shipments beyond State lines by rail and sea: 198 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. CALIFORNIA FRUIT SHIPMENTS IN TONS. 1890. 1900. Citrous fruits 34,209 226,546 Fresli deciduous fruits 34,042 91,176 Dried deciduous fruits 32,297 90,052 Raisins 20,560 36,047 Nuts 787 6,518 Canned fruits 40,060 75,556 Wine and brandy 47,650 90,673 Total, tons 209,605 616,568 This shows an increase of nearly 300 per cent in the surplus fruit products of California, the total for 1900 having an estimated valuation of $35,000,000, which is greater than all the grain products of the State combined, more than twice the dairy product and twice the gold product. This constitutes the fruit industry the greatest producing interest of the State. The successful production of such a crop as above indicated demonstrates that cultural and preservative arts have been mastered. It is a fact that California fniit growers, working with conditions of soil and climate and with fruits largely new to Americans, have reached results whicli demonstrate beyond question the exercise of insight, ingenuity and diligence in most notable degree. How to grow fruit in California, how to pack it for shipment, and liow to preserve it in diu-able form, are now well known. It is an inter- esting fact that fruit growers" meetings and conventions which were form- erly chiefly occupied with discussions of growing, curing and packing, now give the right of Avay to entirely different considerations, viz.: those involved in distribution and marketing of fruits so as to secure for the producer at least a living profit. Thougli great returns are still occasionally secured when circuiustances are all favorable, the main problem now is to secure moderate returns for great volumes of all fruit products. It is the general conclusion that satisfactory commercial conditions can only be secured through organization of those interested. During the last few years organization has extended widely and has secured notable results. Three general organizations have proceeded to effective standing. The South- ern California Citrus Fruit Exchange was first to demonstrate this character and it .must be credited with having rescued the citrus interest from a very dangerous condition and to have established it upon a satisfactory basis by overcoming trade and transportation abuses, and regulating distribution and developing new trade. It has clearly done this though it has never had over half the product under its absolute control. The next general organization was the California Raisin Growers' Association, which by securing control of nearly the whole raisin product three years ago was able to raise the price so that producers were lifted at once from the most serious embarrassment and actual loss into the receipt of returns which yielded profit, restored land values in the chief raisin district and stimulated all interests tributary to raisin production. Another organization of Avide reach and representing a very large valuation was tlie California Cured Fruit Association, which thus far has restricted its work to the prune product. Its first undertaking was in handling the crop of 1900 which was immense in amount, reaching some- thing like 150,000,000 pounds. This Association did not accomplish last year FliriT REPORTS. I99 all tliat was hoped and made some mistakes, but it can be strongly argued that It averted disaster which would have overtaken producers if the immense crop had been wholly at the mercy of the trade. This year's prune product will be small, owing in part to unfavorable weather conditions last winter, and the Association, which the stockholders have voted to continue along the lines of last year, may gain new force with the better prices which will •be realized this year. Associations of growers of deciduous fruits for distant shipment has been formed along the lines if the Citrus Fruit Exchange and may ere long co-operate with the citrus growers so as to use in the summer the same eastern connections and methods which the citrus growers have found valuable in their winter trade. These movements, though promising, are, however, but in their early stages so far as volume of trade is concerned. The walnut growers of Southern California have effective organizations which fix the prices of their product. The almond growers of Central Cali- fornia are moving in the same direction. The wine grape growers by organiza- tion mustered strength which helped them notably during a period of low prices, but, owing to decrease of acreage by phylloxera and other diseases and increase of demand for Avine, wine grape prices are now so high that they do not need lifting and the Association has retired from the field, but is subject to revival if conditions demand it. These general co-operative move- ments are attended and often supported by a large number of local co-opera- tive associations for fruit packing, curing, etc.. by which buildings and other facilities and connections, beyond the reach of individuals, are attained. These brief allusions will suffice to indicate that California fruit growers have already most signally helped themselves by co-operative organization. It is clearly seen that such organizations must have strength to be effective. The management must have coercive power over recalcitrant members. To possess this power in legal way is not so simple as was thought possible. Agreements and contracts are found insecure. The Raisin Growers' Asso- ciation is proceeding this year toward securing actual possession. by lease of the producing property of its members, so that its title to the product may be beyond question and its power obsolute. How well this will work and how far the method will prevail in other similar organizations is still to be seen. The need of this absolute power over the product to the management of the co-operative associations seems imperative. The movements cannot succeed in handling the tremendous volumes of special products which are how pressing, without holding prices above a certain minimum, without securing the packing, pressing, etc., at the actual cost thereof and "vyithout controlling distribution toward the end that no possible market may be overlooked and that no existing market shall be over-supplied. Advantages of the latest and most accurate information of crops and markets, of methods and appliances yielding uniform products of materials and supplies at minimum cost, of unity and strength in clearing the way for the product to consumption — all these benefits which seemed in themselves at one time to constitute main motives in organization, are now recognized to be only incidental to the main issues of reducing cost of production and handling, promoting distribution to the utmost degree, and fixing prices so that there shall be some margin of profit— greater or less according to available demand and supply. Another line of co-operative effort which is of vital importance to Califor- nia producers, in view of their long distance from their chief markets, is in securing fair rates of transportation with rapid and regular transit. Without these attainments our fresh fruit shipments cannot be profitable. Great 200 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. victories OA'er tlie greed and neijlect of all sorts of corporations participating in the movement of fruit have been secured and abuses Avhich still exist will be removed by the same force and wisdom which have availed in the past. On the whole the markets for California fruit products have shown gratify- ing development and expansiveness as the increase of shipment beyond State lines, as already given, demonstrate. The' markets of the United States take nearly all our products, but a respectable quantity of high class apples and a less quantity of pears sell profitably in fresh form in England, while our di'ied and canned fruits are making successful entry to the markets of the continent as well as those of Great Britain. We have great expectations of the oriental markets Avhich are now opening, but little has yet been done in that direction. When the French prune crop is short Ave can sell a good many prunes in France and are likely to find in Germany a A'ery large cus- tomer for prunes and other cured fruits. The canning and preserving interests are largely expanding. Foreign cap- ital has come in and gathered about thirty of our largest canneries under cor- porate ownership and is ready to increase the output as rapidly as pos- sible. There is also a considerable canning interest outside of the combina- tion. Canners demand the highest quality of the varieties which suit their needs and prices have been on the whole very satisfactory to growers. Plant- ing Avith especial reference to this demand is quite a prevalent policy. It is fortunate that most of the same varieties are also most suitable for drying and the grower always has the i-ecourse to drying as a protective measure — n fact which lifts values notably when the supply of all dried fruits, except raisins and prunes, have been cleaned up by an active demand as is the case a.t present. There has been no notable change recently in our measures for repressing injurious insects. Almost everything is capable of reduction by proper methods which are commonly known and practiced by the best growers. In plant diseases the bacterial pear blight is at present a serious menace in some districts in the interior valleys and its spread seems to exceed in rapidity and destructiveness the eastern standards. No satisfactory treatment has yet been found for it. Probably the most clearly demonstrated facts in oin- recent orchard experi- ence is that more careful selection of lands and situations must be made for fruit planting and that success even on the best lands and in the best situations is conditioned upon adeipiate moisture supply. Great progress has been made in providing irrigation facilities either for regular use or as an occasional recourse when there happens to be deficient rainfall. The old discussion as to whether fruit grown by rainfall is better than that by irri- gation has almost wholly passed by and the conclusion is that there must be enough moisture no matter whether it comes from one source or the other, or in part from each. We have a certain amount of abandoned orchard owing either to lack of moisture, lack of soil depth, or lack of fitness in the planter for the business or to the wrong location of early blooming fruits like almonds or apricots, in frosty places. All these mistakes Avere due to ignorance and are seldom repeated now. We have had a constant reduction of the vineyard area by the advance of the phj^lloxera, but the present wide disposition to resistant roots is restoring our vineyards upon an enduring basis, and this is the more readily adopted as the outlook for our grape products, both AA-ines and raisins, is better than at any time during the last decade. FRUIT REPORTS. 201 There are yet no notable departures from the rating of fruit varieties as Ijublished by the American Pomological Society in 1899, except that the strongly approved varieties in that test are still more approved and the less popular varieties are more neglepted. We are each year reducing our num- bers of varieties and concentrating new plantings upon a very few. About the only notable accession of new varieties comprises some of the new Bur- bank plums, which are proving suitable for fresh fruit shipments and Bur- bank's Sugar Prune as a drying fruit. It will require another year or two of orcliard trial to demonstrate the availability of these. Berkeley, Cal., Aug. 23. 1901. 26 II^DEX. A. Page Address of welcome, Wm. C. Barry.. 2 response to. G. B. Brackett 5 Address, president's, Chas. L. Wat- rous 6 Agriculture, university extension work in, John Craig 17 Almonds, varieties recommended, Part II 45 Alwood, "Wm. B., address on fermen- tation of fruit juices 50 American Institute, delegates from... '11 Anona culture in California 91 Florida ^ 96 Hawaii 88 Apple box, standard size in Ontario.. 106 Brown, correction of name of.. 49 Cooper Market, correction in origin of 49 Green Glass, correction in name of 49 Hopeirell, of Missouri, renamed Monsees 49 Judson, correction of origin of 49 Kent Beauty, correction of name of 49 Lilly of Kent, correction of description 49 Liveland Raspberry, correc- tion of name of 49 Monsees, renamed from Hope- well 49 Repka, correction of name of.. 49 Swazie, correction of name of. 49 new varieties — Barringer 173 Bloomfield 176 Crimson Beauty 169 Smith Carrington 176 Sweet Pameuse 195 Wolverine 120 promising seedling in Mass 166 Apples. disDOsition of cull, paper by F. Wellhouse 139 experience in evaporating 139 methods of harvesting and packing 140 method of shipping culls in bulk 141 prices in Hamburg and Lon- don 116 quantities exported from Ore- gon 115 varieties recommended. Part II 15 crab, recommended Part II 14 Apricots, varieties recommended. Part II 22 Atlantic and Pacific coasts, some contrasts of the horticulture of, L. H. Bailey 31 Association, California Cured Fruit, work of 198 Auditing Committee, report of 11 Avocado culture in California 91 Florida 96 Hawaii 88 Awards, proposed change in method of 122 special committee on, for French fruit exhibits 121 B. r, •, ■ Page Bailey, L. H.. address on some con- trasts of the horticulture of the At- lantic and Pacific coasts 31 Banana culture in California 91 Florida 96 Hawaii 86 Barry, Wm. C. address of welcome.. 2 Beach, S. A., address on spraving in bloom * 70 report of general fruit com- mittee 154 Bee, legal status of go Beekeeper, the pomologist and the, address by H. W. Collingwood 76 Beekeepers' Association, National, joint session with 50 Bees as fertilizers of flowers, James Fletcher gi relation of, to fruit culture, r! M. Kellogg 5jl relation of, to the orchard, M. B. Waite gg Bequest of Marshall P. "^^ilder IV Berhcris Aquifolium, Oregon Grape, common name of 50 Biographical sketches— T. T. Lyon XXIV Robert Manning XXVII Thomas Meehan XXVI William Saunders XXV Blackberries, varieties recommended. Part II 23 Blight, pear, spread of by bees 66 Boggs, A. A., tropical fruits in Florida 94 Brackett. G. B., response to address of welcome 5 Britton, N. L.. invitation from, to participate in hybridization confer- ence 117 Brown, Thos. L., North Carolina fruit report 181 Buffalo meeting, delegates appointed to 27 Burtaank. Luther, telegram of sym- pathy to 35 Burnette, F. H., Louisiana fruit re- port 188 Butler, C. W.. fruit report for south Florida 187 Butz, Geo. C, fruit report from Pennsylvania 173 California fruit report, E. J. Wickson 197 Smyrna fig in, F. W. Roeding 89 Southern, Citrus Fruit Ex- change 198 Southern. Fruit Exchange, Honorable Mention awarded 120 Southern, subtropical fruits in, C. P. Taft 91 Catalogue of Fruits Part II 1 to 63 Cherry— Bing, correction of description of 49 Lambert, correction of de- scription of 49 204 INDEX. Page Cherry — Contin ued: Republican, correction of cle- scription of 49 Tartarian, correction of de- scription of 49 Cherries, varieties recommended, Part II 24 Cherrv, sand, new variety- Trade Wind 194 Chestnuts, varieties recommended, Part II 46 Citron culture in Hawaii S6 Citrons, varieties recommended. Part II 49 Citrous fruit in California 92 Florida 95 Hawaii 8tj Clark, Byron O., report on tropical and subtropical fruits in Hawaii — 85 Cocoanut culture in Florida 95 Coffee culture in Hawaii ST Colling'wood, H. W., address on the pomologist and the beekeeper 70 Committees, appointment of — Auditing 11 Award of Wilder Medals 11 Credentials 11 Memorials 11 Order of Business 11 Resolutions 11 Special, to examine French fruit exhibits 121 Standing, for 1902-3— Executive IX Finance IX Foreign Fruits X General Fruit IX New Fruits of American Origin X Nomenclature XI Revision of Catalogue XI Revision of Rules of Nomen- clature XI Committees, reports of— Award of Wilder Medals 119 General Fruit 154 Memorials 135 Nomination of Officers 83 Resolutions 136 Revision of Catalogue 48 Special, to examine French fruit exhibits 121 Tropical and subtropical fruits 85 Connecticut, fruit report from, N. S. Piatt 169 Pomological Society delegates from 27 Constitution and by-laws V Cooper. S., Honorable Mention awarded 120 Corbett, L. C, paper on fruit inter- ests of the apple pie ridge and river front regions of West Virginia 124 West "Virginia fruit report by. 177 Cornell University, Wilder silver medal awarded 119 Craig, John, address on university extension work in agriculture 17 report of New York fruit com- mittee 171 Crapotte, H., Wilder Bronze medal awarded 121 Credentials, committee on, report of. 27 Cummins, H. H., Oklahoma fruit re- port 193 Currant, new varieties— Chautauqua 120, 173 Perfection 173 Currants, varieties recommended. Part II 26 D. Date culture in Florida 96 Delaware fruit report, J. W. Killen.. 175 Page Delegates to Buffalo meeting, list of 27 to Hybridization Conference.. XI Department of Agriculture, experi- mental orchard of 137 Dewberries, varieties recommended. Part II 23 District of Columbia fruit report, Wm. N. Irwin 176 Districts, pomological, boundaries of. Part II 10 Dosch, H. B., address on export trade in fruits from the Pacific Slope 114 Dunlap, H. M., discussion of devel- opment of export trade in fruits 108 E. Election of officers 84 EUwanger and Barry, Wilder silver medal awarded 119 Exchange, Southern California citrus fruit, work of 198 Exhibits, proposed change of rule regarding plates in 122 Experimental orchard of Dept. of Agriculture 137 Export of apples from Oregon 115 Export trade, development of, sym- posium on .'. 103 Export trade in North American fruits, discussion of — H. E. Dosch 114 H. M. Dunlap 108 Charles Forster 109 Geo. T. Powell 107 L. Woolverton 103 Export values of apples 116 Eugenias grown in Florida 96 ( Hawaii 88 F. Fermentation of fruit juices, address on, Wm. B. Alwood 50 Fig culture in Hawaii 88 Smyrna, in California 89 Fig, new variety- Magnolia 93, 1S6 Figs, varieties recommended. Part II 53 Filberts, varieties recommended. Part II 47 Fletcher, James, address on bees as fertilizers of flowers 61 Florida fruit report, W. S. Hart 184 orange, the, G. L. Taber 97 north, fruit report from, Au- brey Frink 186 south, fruit report from, C. W. Butler 187 State Horticultural Society, delegates from 27 tropical fruits in, A. A. Boggs 94 Foster, Geo. J., Illinois fruit report.. 189 Foster, Luther, Wvoming fruit re- port 196 Forster, Charles, address on develop- ment of export trade in fruits 109 French fruit exhibits, special com- mittee of awards on, appointed 121 report on 121 Frink, Aubrev, reoort from northern Florida .' 186 Fruit districts, boundaries of. Part II 10 Fruit juices, fermentation of by con- trol methods 50 Fruit Marks act, Canadian, quoted 104, 158 Fruit package legislation in New York 171 Fruits, native and introduced, culti- vated in U. S. and Canada, Part II 57 Fumigation of nursery stock 'in New York 171 INDEX. 205 G. Page Garfield, Chas. W.. address on qual- ity and the market 21 General Fruit Committee, report of, by S. A. Beach 154 Georgia fruit report. G. H. Miller 182 State Horticultural Society, delegates from 28 Gibbons. G. H., Honorable Mention awarded 120 Goodman. L. A., fruit report for Mis- souri 191 Gooseberry. Josselyn, syn. Rrd Jucket IW) Gooseberries, varieties recommended. Part II 27 Grape- Elvira, correction of classifi- cation of 49 Loretto, explanation concern- ing 49 Riesling, correction in orthog- raphy of 49 Salem, correction in descrip- tion of 49 monograph by T. V. Munson, reference to 1-37 promising seedlings in Mass.. 166 unnamed hybrid seedlings left by E. S. Rogers 166 Grape, new variety— Woodbury 162 Grapes, varieties recommended. Part II 2S Guava culture in California 92 Florida 9.5 Hawaii 8,S Guavas, varieties recommended. Part II hi Green, S. B., address on pomology in Minnesota 130 Griffith. A. P., Honorable Mention awarded 120 H. Hart. W. S.. fruit report from Florida 1S4 Hawaii, tropical and subtropical fruits in, Byron O. Clark T 85 Hazelnuts, varieties recommended. Part II 47 Hicks, D. C, fruit report for Ver- mont 162 Hood, W. T., fruit report for Vir- ginia 176 Horticulture Building. Pan-American Exposition, Plate V. Horticulture of Atlantic and Pacific coasts, some contrasts in, L. H. Bailey 31 Hoxie, B. S., Wisconsin fruit report 195 Hubbard Co., T. S., Wilder silver medal awarded 119 Hybridization conference, 1902, invi- tation to participate in 117 appointment of delegates to, authorized 119 Idaho State Horticultural Society, delegates from 28 Illinois fruit report, Geo. J. Foster.. 189 State Horticultural Society, delegates from 28 Incorporation, act of IV Indiana Horticultural Society, dele- gates from 28 Insect act, noxious, in Canada 167 Invitations for next meeting 123 Invocation. Rev. Byron Stauffer 1 Iowa fruit report. Eugene Secor 195 Iowa State Horticultural Society, delegates from 28 Irwin, Wm. N.. report of District of Columbia fruit committee 176 J. Page Japanese persimmon culture in Cali- fornia 92 Johnson, W. B. K., Honorable Men- tion awarded 120 Josselyn, Geo. S., Wilder silver medal awarded 119 Kakis, varieties recommended. Part II ■..., .54 Kansas State Horticultural Society, delegates from 28 Kansas State Horticultural Society, Wilder silver medal awarded 119 Kellogg. R. M., discussion on rela- tion of bees to fruit culture 81 Kentucky fruit report ISO Killen, J. W.. Delaware fruit report by 175 Knowlton, D. H., fruit report for Maine 159 Kumquats, varieties recommended. Part II 50 L. Leffingwell. C. W., Honorable Men- tion awarded 120 Legal status of bees SO Lemon culture in California 92 Hawaii 86 Lemons, varieties recommended. Part II 50 Lime culture in Hawaii 86 Limes, varieties recommended. Part II ■. 50 Loquat, in California 92 the, paper by C. P. Taft 147 new variety — Advance 148 Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, Wilder silver medal awarded 119 Louisiana fruit report, F. H. Bur- nette ISS Ludwig and Mathews, Honorable Mention awarded 120 Lyon, T. T.— portrait of Plate I sketch of XXIV M. Macoun, W. T., address on orchard renovation in' Ontario 12 McDowell, R. H., Nevada fruit re- port 197 McKinlev, William, Memorial oage to '....XXII Maine, fruit report from, by D. H. Knowlton 159 Maine State Pomological Society, delegates from 28 awarded Wilder bronze medal 119 Mammee apple in Florida 96 Mango culture in Florida 95 Hawaii 87 Mango, new variety — Mulgoba 95 Manning, Robert — portrait of Plate IV sketch of XXVII Market, quality and the. addresses on — Chas. ^\ Garfield 21 F. A. Waugh 24 Maryland State Horticultural Soci- ety, delegates from 2S Massachusetts, fruit report from, S. T. Maynard 164 Massachusetts Horticultural Society, delegates from 28 Mathews, C. W., Kentucky fruit re- port 180 206 . INDEX. Page Maynard, S. T., Massachusetts fruit report 164 Medal. Wilder, awarded French ex- hibitors Plate VI awards of 119 proposed change in method of awarding 122 Meehan, Thomas- portrait of Plate III sketch of life XXVI Members, biennial for 1902-3 XVI life XII Memorial pages XXII-XXIII Memorials, report of committee on.. 134 Michigan Agricultural College, Wil- der bronze medal awarded 119 Michigan State Horticultural Soci- ety, delegates from 29 Miller, G. H., Georgia fruit report... 182 Minnesota, Pomology in, paper by S. B. Green 131) State Horticultural Society, delegates from 29 Missouri fruit report, L. A. Good- man 191 north, fruit industry of, N. F. Murray 192 State Horticultural Society, delegates from 29 State Horticultural Society, Wilder silver medal awarded 119 Moore, Jacob, paper on the plant patent 142 Morrill. Roland, discussion of Profes- sor Bailey's paper 35 Honorable Mention awarded.. 120 Mottheau, A., Wilder silver medal awarded 121 Mulberries, varieties recommended, Part II 31 Murray, N. F., fruit industry of North Missouri 192 Munson, T. V., reference to grape monograph by 137 N. Naming and exhibiting fruit, rules for Part II 62 Nectarines, varieties recommended, Part II 32 Nevada fruit report, R. H. McDowell 197 New Brunswick, fruit report from, by S. L. Peters 155 New Hampshire Horticultural Soci- ety, delegates from 29 New Hope Fruit Farm, Honorable Mention awarded 120 New Jersey fruit report, D. Aug. Van Derveer 174 State Horticultural Society, delegates from 29 New York fruit report, John Craig.. 171 Horticultural Society of, dele- gates from 29 Eastern, Horticultural Society of, delegates from 29 Western, Horticultural Society of. delegates from , 29 Nomenclature, duties of committee on Part II 63 Nomination of officers, report of committee on S3 North Carolina fruit report, Thos. L. Brown ISl State Horticultural Society, delegates from 29 Northwest Fruit Growers' Associa- tion, delegates from 30 Nova Scotia, fruit report from, F. C. Sears 157 Nursery stock, fumigation of in New York, 171 Nuts, varieties recommended, Part II 45 O. ^„ Page Oincers, election of 84 for 1902-3 VII report of committee on nomi- nation of 83 Ohio State Horticultural Society, delegates from 30 Oklahoma, fruit report, H. H. Cum- mins 193 Olives, varieties recommended. Part II 55 Onderdonk, G.. tropical and sub- tropical fruits in Southern Texas.. 93 Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, delegates from 30 Fruit Experiment Stations, Wilder silver medal awarded 119 fruit report, L. Woolverton 166 Orange culture in California 91 Florida 95 Hawaii 86 Texas 93 new varieties — Dugat 93 Navelencia 91 Thompson Improved Navel ... 91 the Florida, G. L. Taber 97 Oranges, bitter, varieties recom- mended Part II 49 sweet, varieties recommended, Part II 51 Oregon grape, common name of Bcrbcris Aquifolium 50 State Board of Horticulture, delegates from 30 State Fruit Exhibit, Wilder silver medal awarded 119 Orchard, relation of bees to the, M. B. Waite 66 renovation, address on, W. T. Macoun 12 renovation in Michigan, L. R. Taft 15 discussion of 14 treatment, some experiences in, and the results, F. M. Webster 38 Orlando Pineapple Association. Wil- der bronze medal awarded... 119 Orr, W. M., Wilder bronze medal awarded 119 Pacific and Atlantic coasts, some contrasts of horticulture of, L. H. Bailey 31 Papaw, Melon, in Florida 96 Hawaii 87 Patent, the plant, paper by, Jacob Moore 142 Pay, Albert, Wilder silver medal awarded 119 Peach — Beauette Cling and Free, cor- rection in orthography of.... 49 Lola, correction in orthogra- phy of 49 box, standard size in Ontario.. 106 culture in Mexico 94 new varieties — Waddell 173 Wiggins ^.. 173 Peaches, varieties recommended, Part II 32 Pear blight, spread of by bees 66 Danas Hovey, name of 48 box, standard size in Ontario.. 106 new variety — Worden-Seckel 173 Pears, varieties recommended, Part II 35 Pecans, varieties recommended, Part II 47 INDEX. 207 Page Pennsylvania fruit report, Geo. C. Butz 173 Horticultural Society, dele- gate from 30 State Horticultural Associa- tion, delegates from 30 Persimmon, Japanese, culture in California 92 Peters, S. L., fruit report for New Brunswick 155 Petroleum, crude, effect on peach trees 45 Pettit, Murray, Wilder silver medal awarded ^ 119 Pfeifer, Fred, Honorable Mention awarded 120 Pineapple culture in California 92 Florida M Hawaii 86 Pineapples, varieties recommended, Part II 56 Plant patent, the, paper by Jacob Moore 142 Piatt. N. S., Connecticut fruit re- port by 169 Plum— Aitkin, correction in desc. of.. 49 Minnie, duplication of name of 50 New Ulm, correction in de- scription of 49 St. Ann, correction in origin of 50 Texas Belle, correction in clas- sification of 50 new variety- Emerald 169 Plums, varieties recommended. Part II 37 Pomegranates, varieties recommend- ed Part II 56 Pomelo culture in California 91 Florida 95 Hawaii 86 Pomelos. varieties recommended, Part II ,, 51 Pomologist. the, and the beekeeper, H. W. Collingwood 76 Pomology in Minnesota, address bv S. B. Green ,. 130 Powell. Geo. T.. discussion of devel- opment of export trade in fruits... 107 Prefatory Note XXIX President's address, Chas. L. Wat- rous 6 Price, R. H., Texas fruit report 1S9 Prune, new varieties — » Pacific 162 Sugar 201 Putnam, Luther. Wilder bronze medal awarded 119 Q. Quality and the market, address by Chas. W. Garfield 21 address by F. A. "VVaugh 24 discussion on 26, 37 Quinces, varieties recomended. Part II 42 R. Bagan, W. H., history of Wilder medal and list of recipients 14S report of committee on revi- sion of catalogue 48 Raspberries, varieties recommended. Part II 42 Registration, bureau of, proposed for plants 14.5 Renovation, orchard, discussion of. . 16 in Ontario. W. T. Macoun 12 in Michigan. L. R. Taft 15 Report of Treasurer, L. R. Taft 9 Page Reports of committees — Auditing 11 Credentials 27 Memorials 135 Resolutions 136 Revision of catalogue 48 Tropical and sub-tropical fruits, G. L. Taber 85 State fruit committees — California. E. J. Wickson 197 Connecticut, N. S. Piatt 169 Delaware, J. W. KlUen 175 District of Columbia, W. N. Irwin 176 Florida, W. S. Hart 184 North Florida, Aubrey Frink 187 South Florida, C. W. Butler 187 Georgia, G. H. Miller 182 Illinois. Geo. J. Foster 189 Iowa, Eugene Secor 195 Kentucky, C. W. Mathews — ISO Louisiana, F. H. Burnette 188 Maine. D. H. Knowlton 159 Massachusetts, S. T. Maynard 164 Missouri. L. A. Goodman 191 north Missouri. N. F. Murray 192 Nevada. R. H. McDowell 197 New Brunswick, S. L. Peters,. 155 New Jersey, D. Aug. Van Der- veer 174 New York, John Craig 171 North Carolina, Thos. L. Brown 181 Nova Scotia, F. C. Sears 157 Oklahoma, H. H. Cummins 193 Ontario, L. Woolverton 166 Pennsylvania, Geo. C. Butz — 173 Texas, R. H. Price 189 Vermont, D. C. Hicks 162 Virginia, W. T. Hood 176 West Virginia, L. C. Corbett.. 177 Wisconsin, B. S. Hoxie 195 Wyoming, Luther Foster 196 Resolutions, report of committee on. 136 Rhode Island Horticultural Society, delegates from 30 Rivers Bros., Honorable Mention awarded 120 Roeding, F. W.. report on Smyrna fig in California 89 Rowe, G. E., Honorable Mention awarded 120 Wilder bronze medal awarded 119 Rules for exhibiting and naming fruits Part II 62 S. Salomon, E. and Son, Wilder silver medal awarded 121 San Jose scale, experience in spray- ing for 38 legislation in Canada 168 Sapodilla culture in Florida 96 Saunders, William, sketch of Plate II portrait of Plate II Scale, San Jos6, experience in spray- ing for 38 legislation in Canada lb' Sears, F. C, Nova Scotia fruit report 157 Secor, Eugene, Iowa fruit report 195 Shaw, C. C, Wilder bronze medal awarded 119 South Dakota State Horticultural Society, delegate from 30 South Haven Sub-Station, Wilder bronze medal awarded 119 Speakers, proposed limitation of 132 Spraying for San Jose scale 38 in bloom, S. A. Beach 70 Stauffer, Rev. Byron, invocation by.. 1 Strawberrv, new variety — Dunlap 190 208 INDEX. Page Strawberry — Contin tied: promising seedling in Massa- chusetts 16f Strawberries, varieties recommend- ed Part II 4-) Sub-tropical fruits in Southern Cali- fornia, C. P. Taft 91 Syndicat Central des Primeuristes Frangais, silver and bronze Wilder medals awarded 122 cut of Wilder medal awarded to Plate VJ T. Taber, G. L., the Florida orange — 97 report of committee on trop- ical and sub-tropical fruits.. 85 Taft, C. P., paper on the loquat 147 report on sub-tropical fruits in Southern California 91 Taft, L. R., address on orchard ren- ovation in Michigan 15 Report of treasurer 9 Texas fruit report, R. H. Price 1S9 southern, tropical and sub- ' tropical fruits, in, G. Onder- donk 9y Treasurer's report, L. R. Taft 9 Tropical and sub-tropical fruits, re- port of committee on S5 Tropical fruits in Florida, A. A. Boggs 94 U. LTniversity extension work in agri- culture, John Craig 17 V. Van Derveer, D. Aug., fruit report for New Jersey 174 Vermont, fruit report from, D. C. Hicks ]6? State Horticultural Society, delegates from iW Page Virginia, fruit report — W. T. Hood 176 State Horticultural Society, delegates from 30 W. Waite. M. B., address on relation of bees to the orchard 66 Walnuts, Persian, varieties recom- mended Part II 48 •W'ashington State Fruit Exhibit, Wilder silver medal awarded 119 Watrous, Chas. L., president's ad- dress 6 Waugh, F. A., address on quality and the market 24 Welcome, address of, Wm. C. Barry. 'i response to address of, G. B. Brackett 5 Wellhouse, F., paper on disposition of cull apples 1.39 West Virginia, fruit interests of ap- ple pie- ridge and river front regions of, L. C. Corbett 124 fruit report, L. C. Corbett 177 Wickson, E. J., California fruit re- port 197 Wilder, Marshall P., bequest of IV medal, history of, and list of awards, W. H. Ragan 148 proposed change of method of awarding 122 awarded French exhibitors... 122 report of committee on award of 119 Williams, Theodore. Wilder silver medal awarded 119 Wilson, Silas, Honorable Mention awarded 120 Wisconsin fruit report, B. S. Hoxie.. 195 State Horticultural Society, delegates from 31 Wilder silver medal awarded.. 119 Woolverton, L., address on develop- ment of export trade 103 Ontario fruit report by.. 166 Wyoming fruit report, Luther Foster 196 PART II CATALOGLTE OF FRUITS 1899 No revision of the Catalogue having been made since 1899, the edition of that year, is, through the courtesy of the Secretary of Agriculture, included In this volume. [For corrections see report of Committee on Revision, Part I. pp. 4« to 50. BULL. No 8 DIVISION OF POMOLOGY. U S- DEPT OF AGRICULTURE MAP SHOWING POMOLOGICAL DISTRICTS- Bulletin No. 8. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF POMOLOGY. G. B. BRACKETT, POMOLOGIST. REVISED CATALOGUE OF FRUITS RECOMMENDED FOR CULTIVATION IN THE VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE BRITISH PROVINCES AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. REVISED BV A COMMITTEE OF THE SOCIETY^ W. H. RaGAN, CHAIR^L\N. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1899. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Pomology, Washington, I). C, June 15, 1800. Sir: In my letter of transmittal of August 18, 1897, accompanying the matter embraced in Bulletin No. G of this Division, the mutual arrangement that had been entered into between the Department of Agriculture and the American Pomological Society was fully set forth. The relationship thus established still exists, and the bulletin has been carefully revised and conij)iled for publication under the joint auspices of the Society and the Division. I now, therefore, have the honor to submit to you this revision, and trust that you may authorize its early publication. As heretofore this revision has been made by a regularly ai)pointed committee of the American Pomological Society, of which Prof. W. H. Eagan is ohairmau, and Mr. T. T. Lyon, Prof. E. J, Wickson, Prof. C. S. Crandall, Mr. Silas Wilson, and Mr. L. A. Berckmans are members. Owing to the varied conditions of soil, climate, and elevation of the Pacific coast region it was thought advisable to make a special investi- gation of the pomological conditions in that section, and Prof. E. J. Wickson, of California, was accordingly appointed a special agent of this division for that purpose, and to him special credit is due for his valuable services rendered. While it is manifestly impossible to construct a general fruit list that will constitute an infallible guide to the planter, it is hoped and believed that this revised catalogue of fruits will be of service to him in the selection of varieties adapted to his own locality. With the above explanations I have the honor to recommend the publication of this catalogue as Bulletin No. 8 of this Division. Very respectfully, G. B. Brackett, Fomologist. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. In accordance with agreement, publication as recommended is hereby authorized. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. 3 CONTENTS Vage. Introduction 7 Plan of the Catalogue 9 Division I. — Fruits maiuly adapted to northern localities 14 Section 1. — Apples 14 Section 2. — Apricots 22 Section 3. — Blackberries and dewberries 23 Section 4. — Cherries 24 Section 5. — Currants 26 Section 6. — Gooseberries 27 Section 7. — Grapes 28 Section 8. — Mulberries 31 Section 9. — Nectarines and peaches 32 Section 10. — Pears 35 Section 11.— Plums 37 Section 12. — Quinces 42 Section 13. — Raspberries 42 Section 14. — Strawberries 44 Section 15. — Nuts 45 Division II. — Subtropical and tropical fruits 49 Section 1. — Citrous fruits 49 Section 2.— Figs 53 Section 3. — Guavas 54 Section 4. — Kakis, Japanese persimmons 54 Section 5. — Olives 55 Section 6. — Pineapples 56 Section 7. — Pomegranates 56 Division III. — Native and introduced fruits and nuts grown in the open air. . . 57 Section 1. — Fruits 57 Section 2.— Nuts 61 The Society's rules for exhibiting and naming fruits 62 ILLUSTRATION. Plate I. Map showing pomological districts. Frontispiece. 5 INTRODUCTION. The Revised Catalogue of l^'riiits prepared under the joint auspices of the American Pomological Society and the Division of l^oinoh)gy of tlie United States Department of Agriculture is herewith submitted. In makinii' this revision the chairman of the committee on revision has availed himself of the experience of his able predecessor, Hon. T. T. LyoQ, and, through correspondence, of many practical pomologists. Many sources of information have been sought and repeated efforts have been made to secure accurate and conservative opinions on the merits of varieties and their adaptability to the several districts. But notwithstanding these efforts the chairman of your committee is aware that this revision is not without defects. The highest aim and desire of your committee has been to present reliable data concerning the behavior of varieties in various sections of our country. If this desire has not been realized it has been hugely due to the difficulties experienced in outlining districts sufficiently homogeneous in soil, climate, and other important features, and in securing responses to the numerous iinjuiries sent out to practical fruit growers. While these difUculties have been quite real, it is yet due the fruit growers to say that they are as a class very generous in giving out information gathered through their experience. Actuated by a desire to make the work as reliable as possible and therefore a safe guide to planters and others seeldng such information, the workof this revision has beeu done at Washington, where easy access could be had to the library and records of the Division of Pomology as well as opportunity for frequent consultations with the Pomologist and his corps of assistants. All uncertainties of origin, nomenclature, etc., have been carefully investigated with a view to arriving at correct conclusions. The general plan of the Catalogue is based on that of its immediate l)redecessor, which was largely the work of that eminent pomologist, the former chairman of your committee on revision, Hon. T. T. Lyon, of Michigan. Thedistricts have been somewhat changed in boundaries and increased in number, in order, if possible, to conform more closely to practical as well as scientific principles. The map has also been enlarged and the boundaries of the districts made more distinct. In view of the lack of knowledge on the part of any but a resident expert concerning the beliavior of varieties and the true status of fruit 7 INrRODUCTION. •j^i'uwiiig ill that section of our country bordering on tlie Pacific coast, Trof. K. J. Wickson, of the T^niversity of California, was appointed by the Pomologist to prei)are that })ortion of the Catalogue which is embraced in districts Nos.!."), 10, 17, IS, and 19, and this revision is based almost wholly ou his report. The thanks of your committee are extended to Professor Wickson for his valuable services. The list of public-spirited fruit growers generously contributing assistance is too large to atiem[)t individual acknowledgment, but on behalf of the Society and its committee, 1 feel bound to i-efer especially to the invaluable aid of Colonel Brackett and his able assistant, Mr. William A. Taylor. Kesi>ectfully subniiited. W. H. KagtAN, Chairman. PLAN OF THli CATALOGUE. Tliis catalogue embraces species and varieties of frnits and nuts rec- oinuR'udod for cultivatiou in llie United States and the British Ameri- can l'r()vin(;es. These are arranged alphabetically iu three divisions, as follows: Division 1. Si>ecies and varieties mainly adapted to culture in the Northern and Middle States of the Union and in adjacent portions of the British Provinces. Division 2. More southern, tropical, and subtropical species and varieties. Division 3. Species indigenous and introduced, not included in the foregoing, Avhich have not deviated uudei cultivatiou so far from their original types as to have deserved varietal names. Varieties known to succeed in a given district are indicated by an asterisk (*); if highly successful, by two asterisks (**); if considered promising, by a dagger (f); if tested and found undesirable, by a dash ( — ) ; and if not reported on, by a dotted line (---)• These conclusions are not, however, to be accepted as absolutely correct and infallible, but rather as reflections of the opinions and experiences of practical fruit growers within the district. On account of the extended range of the districts and of the varying soil and climatic conditions the above caution must be kept in mind in considering the recommeuda- tions made in this catalogue. Xo planter should attempt to follow its markings absolutely, but should lely rather largely upon the experience of others and a correct knowledge of his own location and environment Avithin the district. Following the lules and recommendations of the xVmerican Pomolog- ical Society (which see, p. 102), prefixes, suffixes, secondary words and a])ostrophic or possessive terminations, together with words whose sig- nifications are expressed in the descriptive columns, are eliminated from the names of varieties when not required to insure their identity, and such words when used are italicized. Synonyms are also italicized and included within parentheses. Foreign names of varieties are only angli- cized in the interest of brevity or for convenience of pronuuciation. The entire territory represented is divided into nineteen pon-ological districts, with little regard to State or provincial boundaries, but with primary reference to the iutlueuce of latitude, elevation, prevailing 9 10 CATALOGUE OP FRUITS. wiutls, and oceauic and lacustrine expo.sures upon llieir adajttation to pomolofiical pursuits (sec map). Size and quality, as usnally expressed in poniological i>liiase()loj»y, are stated in the tabulations of varieties upon the scale of ] to 10, as follows: Scale of size and (iiialiti/. Size. Scale. 1 Quality. 1 Very .small Small 1 2-3 3-4 7-8 8-9 10 Very poor. Poor. ! Poor to good. Good to very jiood. Very good. Verj' good to licsi. Best. Medium to hirge Large District Wo. 1. — Maine above 500 feet elevation; New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York north of latitude 44°; Ontario north of Lake Simcoe and east of lonj^itudc SO"^; (>)uebec, New Brunswick, and Prince Edwards Island. The dominant natural feature of this district is the St. Lawrence Valley. Many of the hardier fruits tlourisli within its borders. District JSo. ;^. — Nova Scotia; Maine below 500 feet elevation; New Hampshire and Vermont south of latitude 44°; Massachusetts; Khode Island; Connecticut; New York south of latitude 44°, except Long Island; northern New Jersey above 500 feet elevation; Pennsylvania east of the Susiiuehanna liiv^er and above 500 feet elevation, north of latitude 41° west to the Allegheny River, and all of that portion of the State lying north of the Ohio Piver; Ohio and Indiana north of latitude 40°; and the lower jieninsula of Michigan. Tiie Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, tlie North Atlantic coast, the lake region of western New York, Ohio, and Michigan, and the Hudson River Valley are the leading features of District No. 2. This may be considered the northern grai^e, peach, and winter apple district. District No. 3. — Long Island; New Jersey, except a small portion north; eastern Pennsylvania below 500 feet elevation; Delaware; and Maryland and Virginia below 500 feet elevation. This is the Delaware and Chesapeake Bay district. Though a small district, its productive capacity is great of the fruits that succeed within its borders. District Vo. /. — Pennsylvania above 500 feet elevation and south of latitude 41°; Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama above 500 feet elevation ; West Vir- ginia; Tennessee and Kentucky; Ohio and Indiana south of latitude 40°; southern Illinois below the general elevation of 500 feet, from the Wabash to the Mississippi ; Missouri south of a line from near St. Louis and along the elevation of 1,000 feet to the southeast corner of Kansas; PLAN OF THE CATALOGUE. 11 Oklalioina below 2,000 feet elevation; Indian Territory; and Arkansas north of latitude 35°, also south of it wherever the elevation exceeds 500 teet. The Allegheny and the Ozark mountains and the valleys of the Ohio, the Tennessee, and the Cumberland, and portions of the Wabash, the Mississippi, and the Arkansas rivers are embraced within this district. Portions of it are noted fruit regions, while throughout its vast territory the hardier deciduous fruits flourish. Many of the varieties recommended succeed best in certain localities within the dis- trict. An exception to the general character of the district occurs in those portions of Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and southeastern Missouri lying near the Mississippi Eiver, where varieties adapted to culture in districts 5 and 7 generally succeed. District No. 5. — Eastern North Carolina, South Carolina, and Geor- gia below 500 feet elevation ; and Florida north of latitude 30° east of the Chattahoochee River and above 100 feet elevation. This district embraces the southern Atlantic seaboard, with its many frith-like indentations and valleys. The climate is generally mild, and within its borders many of the more tender deciduous fruits flourish. District Ao. 0. — Florida south of latitude 30°, aud the remaining portions of the State with elevations below 100 feet, and those portions of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas lying below the 100-foot contour line as it skirts the coast from Florida to the Rio Grande. This is the Southern Peninsula and the Gulf Coast district. The successful culture of citrous and other subtropical fruits and nuts is restricted to the peninsula portion of Florida and to the delta of the Mississippi. Tropical species are only recommended for that portion of Florida lying south of latitude 27°, and are indicated by the letter s in connection with the starring. District No. 7. — Florida west of the Chattahoochee River and above 100 feet elevation, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas above 100 and below 500 feet elevation ; and Texas south of Red River and above 100 and below 1,000 feet elevation. This may be denomi- nated the Valley district. It embraces portions of the Chattahoochee, Alabama, Pearl, Mississippi, Arkansas, Red, Sabine, Colorado, and Rio Grande valleys. The climate in the eastern and larger portion is warm and moist, in the extreme west more dry and tending toward aridity. A wide range of the more tender varieties and species is adapted to culture in the district. District No. 8. — Illinois north of the 500-foot contour line as it crosses the State between 38° and 39° latitude; a small portion of southwest Wisconsin; Iowa south of about latitude 12° 30' ; the Missouri River Valley portion of southeastern South Dakota; Nebraska and Kansas below 2,000 feet elevation; and Missouri north of a line drawn from near St. Louis and along the elevation of 1,000 feet to the southeast corner of Kansas. The IMissouri and Mississippi valley sections of the district are its dominant features. The hardy deciduous limits 12 CATALOGUE OP FRUITS. succeed in most portious, aud commercial fruit growing is a rajtidly developing industry. District JVo. 9. — Wisconsin except the southwest coiner; Minnesota; upper Michigan ; Iowa north of about latitude 41'^" 30' ; ISTorth and.fcouth Dakota east of longitude 99° j and the British Provinces west of longi- tude 80^ and east of longitude 99°. This district embraces the upper lakes including Winnipeg, the Ui)per Mississippi and the Eed Itiver valleys. Only the hardier fruits succeed, but fair progress has been made in recent years in developing varieties adapted to this region. District i\'o. :10. — Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma above 2,000 feet elevation; Texas above 2.000 feet elevation and north of Eed River aud latitude 35°; also Colorado below 5,000 feet. This is the Central Plain and Foot Hill district. It lies on the eastern slope of the Conti- nental Divide. There are small sections, especially in eastern Colo- rado, where the apple and other hardy fruits are very successfully grown. District I\^o. 11. — Texas above 1,000 feet and south of Eed Eiver and latitude 35° and east of longitude 103° aud the Pecos aud Eio Grande rivers. This may be accepted as an extension southward of District No. 10, with very similar conditions but a warmer and more southern climate. District No. 12. — Texas west of longitude 103° and the Pecos Eiver, aud New Mexico south of latitude 35°. The Pecos and Eio Grande valleys ^are the characteristic features of this district. Considei'able effort at growing fruit, especially the Jipple and tlie hardier mnifera grapes, is being made in many localities. District No. 13. — New Mexico and Arizona north of latitude 35°; Utah; and Colorado above 5,000 feet elevation. This district embraces the Continental Divide and the Great Salt Lake, and it also embraces the valley and canyon of the Colorado and the sources of the impor- tant streams south of the ]Missouri aud Yellowstone. It affords a great diversity of soils and climatic conditions, aud hence a wide range of fruit growing. The species successfully grown within the boundaries of this district range from the vinifera grapes to the hardy iron clad apples. District No. 14. — The Dakotas west of longitude 99°; Wyoming; Montana east of longitude 111°; aud the British Provinces lying between longitude 99° and 111°. The upper Missouri aud Yellowstone valleys are the distinctive features of the district. There is perhaps no section of the district in which fruit growing has reached a very high state of development. Leading causes of this condition may be found in the comparative!}^ undeveloped, or unsettled, state of the country and its great elevation. District No. 15. — British America west of longitude 111° and east of longitude 122°; Montana west of longitude 111°; Idaho; Nevada; and Washington, Oregon, and California east of the general coast con- PLAN OF THE CATALOGUE. 13 tour line of 1,000 feet elevatiou, commeuciiig at the British boundary near longitude 122° and southward on said elevatiou to its intersection of the Southern Pacific Eailway in the Upper Willamette Valley, thence along the line of said railway to the Sacramento Valley, thence east and south ou the eastern rim of said valley and that of the San Joaquiu at au elevation of 1,000 feet to latitude 35°, thence east on said latitude to the Colorado Kiver. The characteristic features of this district are the Upper Columbia Valley and the Sierra Kevada Mountains. Au exception to the general recommendation will appear in certain portions of Snake Kiver Valley, where the vinifera grapes and other tender fruits succeed. District Vo. 10. — The coast section of British America west of longi- tude 122° and of Washington, Oregon, and California north of about latitude 39° 30', and bounded on the east by Districts !N"os. 15 and 17. This district embraces the highly developed fruit-growing sections on Puget Sound, the Lower Columbia, and fhe Willamette. District iVo. 17. — The Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, bounded on the east by District No. 15 and on the west by the western rim of this great interior basin. The diversified fruit and nut products of this district are marvelous. There are localities in which the semi- tropical species and others in which the apple, pear, and other hardy fruits and nuts are grown to the highest perfection. District ]^o. IS. — The coast section of California lying between lati- tude 35° and about 39° 30' and bounded on the east by District No. 17. Its characteristic features are the Coast Range of mountains, the Russian River, the Sonoma, the Santa Clara, and the Pajaro valleys. District No. 19. — California and Arizona south of latitude 35°. The dominant characteristics are the valleys of the Gila, the Colorado, the San Gabriel, and the Santa Ana and the Sierra Madre mountains. It includes the celebrated fruit districts of Santa Ana, Riverside, Santa Barbara, the Salt River Valley, San Diego, and many others. Districts 16, 17, 18, and 19 are j)eculiarly adapted to fruit and nut culture. Perhaps no portion of the earth's surface is more highly favored in climate and soil and affords a wider range of crop products than that lying within the boundaries of these four districts. The commercial value of the fruit and nut luoducts of this section are already felt and recognized the world over. 14 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. r-J ?"h>. -3 n -? .a x- - o ■M g-fe ^ ci 2-0 , •" ^ =4-1 r*? "^ = c« ~ c pq r-^ m .*w l-H ,.^ 'w r^ •• •> H l-H 21^ CO <1 o o -(-> a - s f-^ yA > St 3 (— ( *"" O O-^fL] 0^ ^ PJ ^ C3 L^ o r .. •- c 0 o .- Ul^ H ,^ © -^ o O {25 O 3 bfi * fen , 0) 0) 3 c<5 H P H 3^ 05 o *; •5 <» o o P o Ph «2 pa <1 ■""So < <3 ;; K '■ -0^3, H -^ s O tT 3 •;3 1 c t ^ S » Si S is = o l-H 2 a; :: H :^ r. M a -'c xn o D CO > 0) i pq Pm ,tj « ^«^=4 Cs^ 1 C3 OJD sltl t-i 1* .. ?^ ^ rt 'o O o Ph a "'5 0) >-^*'5 > m !S o -^^ Cv . P 'o "^ © S « ^ a ,i1 ^ = 5 -^ 'E a !» o 0) .S ■' »o aj 4^ ^ ^ ?■ J a» "■^-r! 'O '^ cs 1^ • rH >• '»- " ,2 o " k'oo H 4J 05 2 X o a a 0 S 00 1 r-i CO -1> 1 -" * •^i, s * * * C-J 1 - 1 o * I H-* C35 t * * » i ■■' * * * i * - 1 * - a * in * "* * % * 1 CO ' I X ■' * c^ * * * ;*,**: i * . * -" « H * * * * i i ■' * * * J * .2 •iitSi.io I r-1 »^ ■ I 1 ; 1 a a ' : 1 ! : •<-< a>^+-— H----" fJ a S^L^ rt •>»«X1 ^|||^^|^|lll|^|l'^'^ •uosuag ■' 5 S~' "" ° E ~'~'~' ^"^ S"' ="" °"^ -.Cini-'iii;) O iC lO :5 O O) CO CO O -^ CD O ^ -* 00 uo -^ o 1-. I- '"' C-; in CO CO i^ CO """ MOAUJ^.X : x « c3 c; c3 cS cS cS c; cj CO a MOIOO ^■^ ^ ^E^-'' "^ i:-^.>^k.f^>~-£ >- ^ '■ •lUJO^ •9ZIS mi-t-i-ococooooiOoooOLOO^in rl r-. ■i g s 1 55 c "^ c 1- In c c c c 1 c a 1 i ^ FRUITIS MAINLV ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. 15 p^ 'a J5 ^ a 5 a 2) o CDCS'*oir^-^ot:-oi'-oO''ti tr- lO lO O lO t cc -^ ocm 00 • ooociio-^ocoin: ill 111 l^ OO '<* lO t- '^ » ag X a aa :§ sa f-^-b^u. >i!-^ '^ =* >i >; t>j -^ ^ ^ ^-S ^ '^ i'. "t.iwf^flh'^i a«t> P Q P O « " 2 Q 2 2^ '^ OOotngo'-if^ cotoeo I I I I L- in lo < • '.D Oi Oi CO CO I -co3>inc£Jt^ocDooasost>«oooocoooooo-^co«oocococo I I I I I rl I I I I I I . I I I I I I I I I I I sr^o^in iini^cocooin L^in t^cDcominmi^int' S9 PccP ; .2 o gj: .2a a ^t:^;" a « fail is: i: c> 5_ IliPl-s^^t^ll^ial^lal^i .„^^--il:=;aaa«^;iS^sMat-3c3okiH-3- a p C3 ay ts a o a a Si BJ C5 Ci 16 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. i tb 0 a a m u S 05 * 00 - * t- * * CO * t in ■^ * « ■* CO i-H * * •* J * * * i X t * i * * IN * -: 1-^ * O t-H * * * 05 * ' -+- : : - : : * ; 00 * * i i* * * \ ' * J ......... 1 . * t- * ** : * * : . . . . -: co : • 1 1 : m * * * ■^ * % * * * * j * ........... * CO * * • * I * : 1 : * ;-**** 1 1 :* IM * t :« t * 1 K 1 J J . 1 . . J , . . J * - 1 1 1 ; :* ' ' " a P •ntSuo ^ ^ < > ^ ^ 5^ < ■ ce.i 3 1 i ■ 'hJ ■ 'hJ —-J •••50 a a^^ a ■f*'^'*' ■•■5a •9sn. a^ a a a^ a = a a a^j a a-^s^ a o a a a § ^^-jaaT;— -s-^iaa ||-^go? = c«.-r = 3 ••CjnBIlf) ino>cooinTfc-soo«oj5!Oio-t> 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 —1 1 1 II •^ 1 00 -^ rs «o in in-* Tj< CO Oi •JOA'BI I aa=«3=3aaaa a aa a a a ^ a ^ aaaiaaaaaaaaaaa . -loioO ^^'^t^^^--lhl'^^^>'-- •lUJO^ |g|2|^i§SS = -g§|i|g|— ^ ^-22§222S|oggo.2 •ozig ot-i^cot^ifttooooo»oc030COinoifti:^«ot^t^o»!Occ:o«0'*oo:0'?ftDoo»nxooooo lA 0 uo 0 "* »n to '-s t^ »r^ m t^ to ift 0 CO m m 4r5 lo in ro t- »n CO in 'o ^ i t- 1- 0 5 CI ; c J C c a 4 1 c c r a p. 1 r C ■5 "3 7 -.1 c i c 5 fe. C 'I :5 s B ; . 7! 0 6 ■1 St 5p > P R : > P 5 6 6 1 1 c c 0 1 p=1 c e c X P- > < y ■s ■? c r e J, u a bo a a g FRUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. 17 ' * 4 * ' i * * ■^ * - t - - - - - - 7 i - J t t 1 ' •^ t t i 4 I " J * J « » I ' * * * * - 7~r J "■ t t I * * * A- : '•* » : - « - * * * * * -^ - ■*- -* : H-« * ; : ■•^ ; t * i t " * * M * ■*" *- i: 1-* * * * * J ' * * t * t J t * * % \*t^\ ;. « * * * * 1 * * * * : * 1* :* * * * - * -^^ * ! * 1 » ....... ' I :* * * «**!** * * * * ***■"* J * * * -^ « « -k * 1 1 1 :* 1* * ; ' 1* :j * i I * * : * j~ ■»c * - Mr * "■ * * i :* |. 1** i: * J J * I * i ^ * 1 i t * * t * t t 1 ■: * ; t * i: *.*! * * * * * ; 51 > P 31 d a a 3 = c 3j no ; ! ^ > si- ? C O 2 c « 2 1 1-3 tl rH a O ^;2-« a- = 1 =11 S^|^^|^||:=:^|||-«'^||'^-§ -1^ all a l^:^-*^! = ^I^^-^P-^ 1-1 I II r I I I r r 1 ^ I i > i i i i i i i i i i i i i CO COOOU^O '^L'-t-iO -ji cD?o «ioco»ra ro-^oo t— o t-mi 5 OO t- Ci -^ O O CO '^ iaaaaaa a a '; a c; • S - =5 _ c5 >-"^E£s ^gggSg o g = = g § g g-§| ^5 g g g oo-S S § § g § g -1 ^ g g o o ^ 1 g § § o o| . § 1 g g =. g 05 O 5D CD O CO t- in lO ic OOCO-'*COt^OOlftOOCD:OQOiOOOlr-OOOOOOOt--00'^"^COt>'U^OOOCO'f5COCOC»OOOt--COCCOO'©05C'OOOt-- III iiiiiiiillliiiiiliiii 1111 t'l'Li ''JLilAJ-A ■- a .-' ■> - 5 b = 2125- roa c3©'-'7aM„!r.2 >, ji .a a _ fcJj.2 J ^*3 !^ P= 0'2-5 ^ *^ ^^^^^^'i^'^^~z*Zi^tZ,>^p~^h^>-^ p t-i 31 ^ 1- *5 ® ^ <.- a oa'.;'SHKflCHawS«WSKKMMSMMMi-oi-5r:i-5i-5i-5H^ CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. P^ ts .2 ^ q 03 s III!!!!)'.:* 00 ;:;:::; t~ 1 ::::::: to ;;:::; i"^ ::: : in : : : : :-^ ; LUJJXi ::::::* ;* :* ; ;* : :^ : : 3 ::::::: ;;:;:::;' : : ; ;* : : ; • 3 ::::;* : . :. . :* , . : :« ; : ;* :* : : :* ":* :* * * : ; Cl :::::.:::::* ;^ ::::-:-:: ;^:- ~: i-^ ; : : o :::;:* ; ;::;:;** ; :* ; o> • :* : : • i ;::::;;;::;* : : ;* ; i"^ i* ';* * : : : : : 00 1 •■*-* :* -^ *:;:;** 1 ;:* " i h : : h ' "" :* ; :* i : : ^- : : : ; : :j : : : : ; i r i : ' : ;:::::::: :^ ; : i' : i ■" o ;:::::■ :::•::: ; lO :;.:.;,;...: :* : :* * : : : :^ :* :***«* ^ * * :* -^* ->= *-* |. * « ■:<- j. - :* * :* -^^ : : :? ':" ' t i"^ m I :::■** ; 1 1* . . j. ;. * ; : :* :* ;■*"* : :* ::*?!*'' 0S0S«C><0l>00t»t^OC t-ooirtocoomoom'*kntOb--^ao!o -^c--ir^m-*^t— t- b'3«nt-'i>-ooio«o-^ir3ooc t-otr50t-co«OinQO aaea^a^a aaa ia a =3 • rt a : a :a aaaaaag3<°=si =^a >:. :^ =11 >. >-- r '^"^- bt bo >-. ^ rt 2ooooooOoq2 0-5 o o § o o^ o o o t, o-S o ^l-,t-,ou^^ol-cDxoso:ot:-oooooc5005oomoo«030csco-^ooo> - c — rt oi :; c .2 , ■ = aji a 'S S !. ~ £ * °^ a _ U- S _^ o 3 £aO s .hUM 20 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. t^ a u 1 a a ■ O 'C P » * s * * * 00 * - ; * i Ei * * * Je to - * . lO * % J ■^ ' - - - - -.- V ■^ : ■*- * t « i * % * J t J * « * * *,*..* * IM * * * * ::1 * * * * o % * J t - * « * * o> * 1 \ \ * H- • ; : * « 00 t % 1 %% 1 * * •<-* -* * 1* J J * "^ 1* t- % * 1 i * 1 t % J w % : ; * - - * in * * * * 1 * * * * ■* tt I * I * * « J ****** * * * * * H- « * : 1* * -^ % % * * :* f 3; * r' J * ****-- 1 i : * N .. , 1* * * * *. H-.« * J * * * * , 1* - - ■^ -^ * * i: J * 1*** 1-^ ^ t 1 P. 1 •ucSiJO c •c (5 h-i be- ■ a n 3< !2 c 05 3< ja^;2. a •96X1 II^J;^ a|'«:S||'«||||||||^-^ aJll'O^'^l'- 1^|^-« -. •U08B9g « e a, — -H a — ^ a- "o-"?- a- a-- a o- a--- © a © f^^ — <» a •^^t[Bn5 t^WlOOOOOtCOOt-CJt-t-OOOOOOOt-t-OOCDtOr^OtOQOOJOOOt-OOt-QOOOOt-t- to com i^t-in cc>co:ococ-t-t^t:-«omi>mincDioo ooiot^co iincot^t-QOtoco m •JO.VBU aaa« a 'Z C > a 1 s c c i. o 2 ; J- 5S y a > c , a c IF- i \ » t t >> h 5_C ;- C i| c 2y < JC/' a '1 ■J C ■J < a c s: ■J a c c j5 a .i 5^ e c 2 5^ < c 1 c C > J jc7 « C a c : = ' I- c. I g ^ i c > c c c a < FRUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. 21 :* * :* :* :* :* * • ■* :* :* 'l •J t --: -:- :- :* ••^ :* ■■^ « * * *•* •i * :* :* * * ■-* * J * * - j* J : : r : i :i : • : • * : ■* • * * > : * * i t * i * * t i t * * t J * * * % % * - * : * : * % \t %* I : * * ■" :* 1 « t * * * * % * * I * * * * j— \% \ : i •* * * : *.M ; 1 i * " t * t % % * i 1* 1: s * " : li "^ \* * \i*t \*t* * : ':■' : i* : I : * : :* * : J * . " * : % 1 * " * * * * : * * * * * y '******** ■*--■« * t 'rr % % : * * * % ; : h * :* : •* : 1 :* t : % % \ + * t **tt \ \t ■; : " s * J •^ * . \* \ « * * t * t* t* ': J : . . ; ^ Ti ■.' " • ; :* * * • * : ':* : a '■ si V . 3^ <1 ■5 a c s a a a o o a K 3 1 Del. . N.J .. Eng.. 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I I I I I I I rH I I I ■^ CD CO IM CO 10 00 in 00 lO O CD t' 00 I I I I I -=a o :<^ a* ' r* ' TIL W ci =D -f^ It- ?^ FRUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. 23 ^ a 3p- c c > -Q o ^ c3 ^ •- 03 S-^ J CS • ■ • » St^ 3 - « . •asfi J^ S, e 2 - -_^ - = S "^^_ •nOSB9g *>S®^S®* 05 O lO O •jo[00 •tnjoj oooco o I 1 I I t^ t- W5 lO CO00O5ir3QO00'^0O00Q0CO«Dt~00 ^.= -=^,a— ^^^^^_=. OOmCS05C500SQOt^iOt^O»ft05 I I I I I I a : s *^ *^ ^ f~i •t^P'^d i * * J * -i— t i i I J t t * . t i i * * * -^■3 > o o o o 9-10 9-10 ; 24 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. P.!3 (< O ft? ■^E «g * .. •■ 0 o « ,M-T . - « •s-^-S 0 .. 00 ^^ S+j s pi £fe« c t- o'*^ -1 *'C .. o az-r; ^3 .O DO -/. r1 V '^ ^ sti K CO ,^— « < « © 0 n 2-S =s tn M 3j ,^ •- -O z 1 O k£ (0 ^ rt 03 ■« til 03 1 O ,[i< ^ fH ® .. • S Ch o Ma; tn H « — OJ^ n u 7. t- =•■ cct: B 1 "3 Eb feo-S •3« 1 a C3 _a "E s s * * 00 * « ■ * « • * • -: - "^ * - -: -: * : o * * ; J J i * * * ■ * '^ 1 = 1 -: - -. * J ; * -^ -k : " » * * * t * * * * * CI 1 ^ 1 c ■' * 03 00 1 1* 1 1 - - 1* * L^ * o iO 1 * * * * * ***** -# * * . * * * :j - :. * * * -co * * * -yt • * « * * * 04 ■je ' ' ftt * * * t ittxt # 1 1 1 1 1 1 * o R •niSiJO b t c c 5_ 1 6^ i C c El It C WW i c f.2t 00 ^ a c C •asiL 1 1 •uosBas 9 © £ £ ^— • o_S ©"g SES-Egi-i •.;'?iIBn5 0!0050<»I:-t-QCOJOCOOOJOOO!OtO 1 1 1 •-< 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 QOinjoo oo«o«ot- t- 1> 00 00 1^ in »o 8-9 9-10 9-10 7-8 7-8 MOIOO ^^ &.&.---=-= i;^^ ft^-s ^^^ g ^.^ i;^ ■uiaoj 2^.f^f^^--§^f^^^ fi-^t •azig 7-8 G-7 9-10 5-6 5-G G-7 ;i-4 8-9 8-9 9-10 8-9 9-10 8-9 9-10 8-9 7-8 8-9 8-9 9-10 8 7-8 c ; 1 8 J ! ! s i 5 K 1 1 5 3 55 1 ] '- t 5> ! t 35 I i :2 1 •_5 7 z c - 5 S : 5 > B 3 S S = >< >a M .i<;j!! .^ -s M © s — = » > □c t^ oo ■.* Ift (4 U '^ u 2 u ^ u u - u u • • • ™ • • •" ■ fl h ^g -S ■^^^-^^11-^^ J2J.M 1- o g s « £ © s ■. c S S 5-2 = IS o 2G CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. cS^ S . ^a .;^ _ ;q' 2 a B ^g .Q ^ « 1^ -^ ^.-S Ui a •A '^r ^ ci o ^ >~j 3 § B -i v5 !^ a ■A^ ot3 >< d s! WS5 •niStJO ■9S;^ boa iSiAu^-^ a cs R a a a a a a a ci a •no8B9S =- a a S S a .ClJIBIlf) •.lOJOQ o t* ift t~ r- t^ I-- I I I I J I I mo ^«3 — o !D ^ -=-=.= J ^ -2 O O O O l^ 00 00 I I I I I I 00 in 00 CO t^ t~ ."S. £«C c S-— ^~ a ^ =«« « 5 ^ t ^ c 1 A- _3 "a j c > .2 1 C a 4 1 ^ FRUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. 27 .2 ^ O CD c (S a l a OJ •^ o fc: o ^ o r^ a — -I be s _c o O'-w !-s og. a ■- S:^ 5 tn s t~ to « - - - in * ^ * * m * J J * 2 - o * 1 o : * 00 • 1 ^ to in ^ * * cc ***** |2 c b c DbB a ■&sa 1 ^^^^•3 a^ •no8B9S 3 2 (U (B C (O O ■.C;:iBu5 'J- 10 9-10 7-8 6-7 7-8 5-6 5-6 ■joioo tt S ^ '" fcfi bi "* •mjo^ g ? c g 2 o = •9Z!S 8-9 8-9 8-9 9-10 8-9 8-9 8-9 a r £ 1 1 "a 0; c * * * • •<- J t % * : ij * * * * V * * ■^J :* * * IXl" %* * * * * J ; ; * J ? i * ^ J n- ;j ?S J * -^ £ < >ii£ ^3< ii? s a^^^ a-^ ® 3 a a a ^ '^ in as 00 o ooo Ci C5 CS g£b£HjtH Mt, ^^ O tj O 3 t, o „ t. " J- i-. ^ M o 5-6 5-6 2-3 2-3 5-6 5-6 5-0 c c £ "b IE r ;^ ' c 28 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. •S? ^ is § ^<1 la f— rS 00 C H •— 03 e - I o o OS 1 03 t- to * in 1 J ^ 2 * * J * * * IM : "^X t V * * O * * o> 1 * 00 ■' 1 * % * l> % \%* % i % * * to \ 1 ^ J - * I t * * '* ■k -ir -K * * * * c : ■; ': c y 5 4) 0 •uiStJO t- < 1^^ b- ^ > a >-5 y J 12 •asfi i^'^MM^B M'^^S'^ -^ •nostjag « a e s * s a a-^ g p- -.^inBii^ CO X CS 03 CO 05 ocsootoooo i-tioo uri "ooi-l-iot-oo •aoioo ^..3 &.a.a^ t, '--='£ '" l-i • lUIO J ^^^^^4^.4 ^^H^^P^i •ezfS C-5 CO t-OOMOO « (M O to t- OJ t~ IM ;; « to CO (Minri 6 I 1^ C « K O c c 1 c '"a li. 7^ 5 ; 5 £ 5? 5 V § o t- 0. u o « •z. : i 1 ; -5 ^ ij > = c a -1 i * - * * « * 1 * J « ^ J * * . I * * t* * ;j * * : : i"^ : : : 1 « * .. ;, |W « 1 i * t « " * * J :* 1 : :* i 1 i' 1 1 * *J** l*M* * * JJ * * 1 1 : ■»t -k * \* ■^' * it" 1 1 t'' i* i* t* t* * 1 * * t 1 « * • * Mass . Mass . N.Y.. Tex .. N.C. Am Mass . N.Y.. Mass . Mann . . o a 3-^ a a c a a a^; a_._< aa«*>^aaaagaa t:^i>aooooco5DOOooo30 •S-^^^^'^'=-^^"&^ gtHt.t-.t.t---MVL-'<*co < Iff 1 I 5 ' a t c i1 Je : < ■1 • < 5(: Hfi 3 2 FRUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. 29 ' u I i I* I : * i' r I r ^ ^s -dl '1 a-^ a| -5 -^ 5"^ a-s S"* a ■^i-d 1 B. -^n — 3 a a a ^ o tc » sa « o-g igg-ss o a 1 (!) aa la s - = a t -^ a © a s a 00 OOlOt-QOOOOCOH^OOt^COOOeOOt- C3 t^OSOOOiOOt'COOl CO 1 1 ooin s QOCDOOCOt-OtnCsCSOO t>lOt>iO» iTflOOOOO O ills a o o S; .„ o o o « I * J * * *. I * : * J * * t : * * : 1 - j y c M M >i i ® « © fe a 3 a fe a a a o o-p-T a o Oi Oi 00 m 00 00 lO 00 00 t- -"Jl t- t- ,a^^^^j^ t, t, « i^ ^H t, tl ^ t- 00 00 UO lO » CO » t- t- CO -w m ci c. *s- c £ < t c S 1 5 1- 5 v. k 1 1 - 3 30 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. o 1^ o O bi I--I 1 q ■^^ t* • )H h Pi > o "^ fc; xn !^ M 1 P^ <) « O .9 "■£ ca c 2 j 2 t^ CO 1 A - in ~» n 1 -4 - ;::^ * ' s Ol - - 00 tr- l%*,%t%% ee •* * * • ; ; lO * » -X X * ic * -* * * * * m - - IM - d •luSuo 1 ?^ c ;? !z 6c vfa: •OS;l rl-l"^ &:^ ^ •nOSBBv^ '^'P'k ^sa»^ •A'l![Hll?) .^2 O O ifi 00 lO lO '^ c^ MOlOO r^^^ ^ t>>o^ •uiJO^vX ;-•;-• u o t- t-. ;- ■9/!S 00 OS O t> OS o t- ! CO 00 ccti ' 1 5^ 5^ 3 i 3t- 3 3 = 4) m p. ce .„ a a ti a ht o Ol o > .a ,2 r= -^ ;^ 0. s » es cS 03 , ^ u ., o o '^ o .. 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V, v^ t> f" !-i O = * O !h >000DCS»rt!D00C-CiO0>CD05 - c- t^ 00 rl" iri t> 00 00 00 m 00 'g'S f5 -iiEiSrS 's _ ID a; S'3'3 d £'_j _ — r3 ^ 5ii= a a p g g g"§*s2.z:=53 = s-c-g FRUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. 33 I :■£ I ; I :j J *M * IJ I QassBaagBuBSar^aaBQa a-^^ a s| a.g Srs a a a a a § s = s a at ^ II a| a 3j a aigala ia aa g^^^c^©i;'r^ ;^g^®r^©c^^©^ — ^cJCr-. t--co:ococDoooooo I 1 I 1 I I I I <0 It- lO L'- lO t- tr- t- t>CCO00OXi0C0iC0C50SOC»t-CC0000C0OOQ0CJt--0C0SCDOC0CSOCiC00iC100Q0Q00000ai 5h^Vi OVh 05 ijV-( Vr !i-i V-. Vi *■*-. CJ 'tH ^ CO Vh ' Vh V-i iJ «4-( '^ V tO 33 ^^ f;^ ^ ; bup^ ^\>'tl^tf^.^->%^^^-5 ^^^ ^ ^ b >^^ t«--S ^ S ,Sfe: b: L( L, £ O i^^ o t. c t< o M o i; o •^ tn tj t^ :- O OOOOOOCaOQOQOt^ t- 1>- o 11^ c^ ;o I I I I I I I I I I I iH I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I s : a Si:-^ - g a p a; r" a 5 ''"•re ca o P-»<. M,3 ^OOoK3cSc3c80Scic;C;acS.tioOO«S»-5Ot-«~.g2 g -.■-«!§§ ^'^'''^ sa ^ ^ s oPm a a o o .s •': a a ^3 TO ra oj a; © 'ij o o? a£? 2125- 34 CATALOGUE OF FKUITS. ******** •* * * •* * \t t ; r , • c3 ca a a c 4^ ^2"=* i P..G3©a.©g.ga).-ca««^-c8:a ■asii llllllllll'^ al-. s| a al-^l a s s| a a a a a;S^^^|a •nosBeg a§aaaaas4>-<«''as--"aaa®a»'^'-'>a's®®iaa-a>«"-» •.CqjIBn^ t©OS050000C500CDI>COQOOOQO«OOOt^OOC*QOOOOeO«Olftt-OOOOt^OOI>OCOOOOOt-OS 03 ■noisaqpy VHtHtM O Ot«"fH OtMl-l OS»-l 0'tH=«'-M=Mtt-l=l-l=W<"'*-'=»-l OV. ■!-(=« otMCMSn §="=" O 00 u o •11991 J ^ fe: t».>L^ ^ ^ !>.^ ^ ^ ^t>»t»i>^k.>.>;^ ^ ^ >:\^^ t: ^ l>vbe^ ^ >>tt>^ ^ >,^ •ORS t%^^--^>^^t^ ^^-^>-^^^^ '$^i^.^X^t ^U^ ^ ^^% ^ ^^ •tujo^ > . ^1 ^ 1 > . > .^ = § .•§ II . g . M 1 > > . ^ ^ g > & . g 1 ^ ^ . ooi>oscscoooooocoooiooooocoir-coo>Cit--coooooQOt>-Goi>'OOco:oaiOiot-tDastD FRUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. 35 * I a a a a s^aaaa a QOOOCDtr-00 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 =" 0=M=MV|t»H aj=HVH >.^%i^^>,>: a ^ >^>>^^^^&-^ ^ o o ^^0|t.hfH -*otoioooootoooo M 00 in "4< t^lO It' 05 p 5 M cs cs e! cax-a 3 q a-tf -*^ 3 .. 0 ^J^'W "2^'i' p.p © - © P o es fcl .S > ^ ^ i> o-^ ho to MiT 3 3 a5 § I--S o a"a » •-•-.SfH 1^1 i' ^ 3 a a i3 •P =* a b o fc< a 3 -■ .•- o .-in ti - nS S g iig»H a« s" .. OH ■S^'.-r^ 1 s o o 3 r u ^'^-^ H >> °Ssa 03 Pi 5 ^ ph •"■3 >M 1 ;," k-.rt" - (D =5 h: .. =s Ph^-^S A ssa "6 CD 2_ a t^--« _ O IB o ta'tf tH .. O O a fl a 3, "S &^'? « o o -.2 M .- . o o ® a 1 CO 13 % a 5 d ; ; :* :* 00 * : * t- J * ^ : S be ; ^ . L4 ^ © ti •9S£1. -^^11 a a| a* a| a aj-^ a a al'^'^ a •noeB3S a^aa«ai««'-aa«a?'- i-'a-- a- •^^nu"& 5-6 4-5 5-9 8-9 4-5 4-5 6-8 4-5 6-7 6-7 8-9 6-8 6-7 6-7 4-5 4-5 5-6 6-7 8-9 9-10 5-6 5-6 •JOABI^ ^>> ^tS.oAS'-2=ft-^.o " ".l^t-lt^ ^ •ejn'jsex II a^ a a|S ^|-|| a^-^%'^ a| a-g„- •JOIOQ ■nijo^ p pi obobo obtp rob obop obobtp oobo topo rop ,P obop P obobo robo P oboi) obo rp obop obop ovi •ezig t^t'O00»r5C500OlOCD0500C050lO0000050i'*C100 COO 1 t- .^ CC t* l^ xjl lO 00 t- lO m Til t- t- 00 C» CO 00 6 o i a a <1 to a § a _a 5 bl a <\ o.|i B a 3 2 2 "a .3 o 3 i '5 O o s 3 s 3 3 O 1 > t> o tE ci 0 "3 5 -3 3 g 0 36 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. O t I I I* I : I ' U I •uiSiJO o«n '^'«|||^|'-||'^a^||^'«^|aa|||:S^1l-«||||||=S^ •noSBOs ■jJ:jtiBnJ) •JOABI^i •Mn'jxox "^^iaaa^-a aaaasss*-" a<»a'P ?Oi:r-t*«0-^lOOOOSOt-OiQ005CD05»fta)'^CO'**<'<*iOOOO&lOt*»ftOOCOCO»0:OCOt^CDO o Sr> ^ K ■» ' da I a a a=^^ a| |a|| a a a |a ^q aif| a a a a a all |g>a a a a isf MOIOO ■nijo^ 1 >»>-. i>» ,o ftp. a o o o o u, o •BZJS I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i 1 I I I t 1 I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I FRUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. 37 I I NN M H Ml ^I^IJal-^ ^saaas^Eaa ©aaasi*® ® a aa--- ® 1 <='- 8-9 5-6 9-10 7-8 3-4 5-6 4-5 4-5 6-7 6-7 8-9 7-8 8-9 4-5 5-6 8-10 7-8 8-9 ~>|.£;-^-^.^^.^ lUa-Sa^ a|a|--^a|-| so-- 3 U -^ S Z tl^^ f, t< tH tl ^ p, « o c g. ■§ _2 ^ ^ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I b* « 51 -;:~ S s2> a-ff >> [sfeg o 05 2 ,o » £ ^TS © ^^-q — •• t< ^ C (0 ^n^ ^ (D ' ►: o 'iA si' M-gs gaw ^ai ^ •- cj i-gH o o ^'|a °^.3 ^ « CC ^ 4) ^-N ■^ O ©^ .fi r 0 k O ,M 1 -^ -S^ o -3 m 5i g§s t*^ Sg,2 r/i ;^ ^>-5 t=| •A M rr* •— * • PM S •■ 3 •^ So<1 ri a^-So rH 5 o © g n D o''i=« .. CO o CO i t^S o^% ^gft ©"^■g ^^1 k.a> 0 .. 15 o c« cs 05 t: a t-^ fr ^ > © < r-( m < c a t»' ^ M ©-- « •' ■Ji a -O I -3 .- — © ©l-i © +J _ tu>a p. bi H fl C3 01 _o ED 5 (33 * 00 t~ to * •^ ■*-•*-*- : ■"X ■^ s M * i rH ;:! o * t * at * ; :- : -^ 00 * * -.), .^-x " J CO m ■* „ •* CO * - * * 1 ft 1 © ntSuo C c Iowa.. Iowa.. Iowa.. Mo ... Minn . Minn . •9«n |a||||^^|a^^ •aoBBeg a a a "^ s = E s 3 " c •A:>il™b to lO 00 O t- CO lO t~ t- lO C- CO lO to MOIOQ ^- (H >H t. >>j;t. >^-r. !H ^>;> •nuo^ o e g =- g s ^ 2 '^ g s g •ezig oot*oooooococoooocooco CO m in o ( © •a c 0 1 < W c a "© o ■+J o © c 0 0. © £ "5 0 © © o 38 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS- O o tn ^ 0 n 2 u H (L| w:; ^ N m •^ t3 "r 1-7 1 P4 rH 1 ^ -5 2 1 ■a i a "a 1 O) 00 r-( «o to ■<* CC * * * * N r-i O * * * * k 05 _* : ; *-* * 00 ■-***- ■k * * c- - - to lO ^ r CO ;* : : i « " - * J * •I .2* •niSiJO F r s C3 fl C! c cs ca c8 o o o MMM •OBil •aos'B9S -oasgsaaa ■iC(niBn& ooooO!t-ino!Ot-«> 00K> Tu^tO lO •aoioo ^t^^^ i^-S ^-f- ^ •nuo^ t*oocot~osooeot*io ■9ZIS o (c 00 ti ui «i> 4i a 0. z 6 t c 0 o X - c; * * J « * * ! * « * * * * :j t I :** * 1 * 1 J * * J t 1 1 n > ^ ^1 a SMS a a a ,i4 ^aSaala- Id in CO o ■* ■* coco in ^^u>-l^,l-l^^^^t^ ogogoKno 1 toiocointootOQO lA c-l lO m ir^ t' <>- C c s ^ 1 c 1-3 5 2 £ 0 0 ft 1 "5 05 0 (^ c ci a H >< I - - — * J i : 1 * c E- ^1 ©^ ^1* COCJ ^^ h (-. 1 1 lOin a 1 c B _c Is FRUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. 39 fc, a « s Sq.pPfl.HB.csu-aaccs a|aa-«a||^a|-«a|^-«a Q o s> a 9-10 4-5 7-8 8-9 3-4 4-5 3-4 3-4 5-6 6-7 a 3-4 7-8 9-10 5-6 9-10 5-6 5-6 7-8 5-6 10 8-9 8-9 5-6 5-6 9-10 6-7 8-9 5-6 4-5 4-5 4-5 7-8 9-10 5-6 6-7 5-6 5-6 6-7 4-5 6-7 5-9 6-7 ^^^>> ^^e*^!"^^ e-pva p.&p.^^.^ «.:= ^-e^g^^ t-^>^ ^■a^S'l^^-l^^&ls-r^'a^ oggo no§noooogoo^ooo-§-ggogoooog^^ o = o ^t: o =|'t:| o ^ £ £ £-§ M .Ati4oi 5-6 7-8 6-7 .8-9 3-4 7-8 8-9 8-9 7-8 6-7 9-10 8-9 7-8 8-9 9-10 4-5 8-9 6-9 7-8 8-9 6-7 7-8 7-8 8-9 5-7 8-9 C00St-CC>0SOt:-t-CDCSCC)«D00C0O-*00 t>ooiO»Aco cDcomooiOin^-L-^iftcot- a-a o « S •r; "O 5 ^$ ^sp-sa <^) £< p. bt>2 >~. ?o t- 05 :o cs 00 OS I I I I I I I lo CO 00 tn 00 1- 00 ti § a fl S Q * t« CO -/J H H .. . i-s © .9 (0 ^ aj »^ • S M (^ H I— ( H '<1 ^ * -aasaS aaa^aaa "al -s_^ gg,B— gg 0 in CO 0 u-^ CO CD in to in 00 in in in uu =->-->=r5^^ ^1 tH ;, ^1 r- - ^1 f- s ^ iH ? tH t^ - 0 c : -, 0 0 c t. t. :- " t- - t< to in .A in to in in -* ■aiin 4 M 10 1> to t- in in in to to fefe>^ ^ fr- ^ rt S - S c 3 f= ~ o ® §^:s p,c^ ca c ® » FRUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. il : : I : • * ' « * * • * * * * * * • ■ * ' : : 1 : '■ '■ a '■ K o t«i ^ -,i-3h3 00iTi s sas ESS s £ 2 s s s a asa s ID sii (B c'c - 2 >^aH aa mCDlftir5t^Q00505lOOS-*»n^- k-. tH >-. t< t- ft ft^ t» O t. t.g - o ;- O o =- '^ o £ ^ -gs s 000000<000100XI01r-»tOt> i-I-co^iAiic-Tiointoinio^ 03 a o> -* t-ooco ^^ 9^J^ a 2— M ^B a tug <0 O tL <£> <^ }Z ^ M 'vT ,-*, rr- .^ .V. '^7. ^^ ^ a; a ft p a a a a (g a IS f^ a iS t. CO IM CO CO CO rt -* O P o 9 C3 42 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. O". P»s<1 7;a 00 O 05 05 OS CO C^ I 0000 00 It 5 S .2 5 rt g fS p< - ^ b »9 ^ « 9 (4 ft^ Eel 1 m PM r-i i k>fl bO ca o HI a TS P. ?: <*-! a « dp a^ r'a —I © ,C "^ fcifL, © * ®" '3'"' P< mo g £l^p •"^ "3 "sic s 00 t- " to * i lO ■* 2 * (N 3 P cS o m S c» 00 M 1 t- * * 1 to in - ^ * CO 1 M - P o 1 e P •DlSuQ ■;■.:::: i a M'^ be : t- ! O P t- P C3 P ♦^ •9911 tjTS J a-isTS^ •nOSB9g © « a a a a- •X^ijBn^ 00 00 to 00 cs CO a c- t- in t- 00 lO 00 •joioo ^ p.B,'- ;*>►* i»> •nuo^ o£§«£=2 ■ezig 7-8 9-10 8-9 8-9 8-9 7-8 6-7 © i c c 1 S s. ■£ s T U a > c 1 « i r c > c c c c FEUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NOIM'HERN LOCALITIES. 43 assaa o® I a; •>* t-iOtO t- I iH I I I * * « * * * * * * ? * J t t * * IS J * * ** * * t 1 ;j i* * * tt t * t %%-ii * \ 1 1 1 1 1 ; : * « * * * * * * * * * * * * i : I- \t * J * • * : ** !ii J J * l*ii * s ** -k ■fc -Jr H-« ■ * * * * * • * * i 1 i-^^ ^5^ Nebr - Ohio?. Iowa . Ohio.. N.H.. N.Y.. OViin aaa^jaaaaaaSflSaasaE ® ® ©"o ^aasgggccoacgga ) 8-9 9-10 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 6-7 6-7 6-7 5-6 6-7 5-6 4-5 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 6-7 1 ^^hhtigghhhhgl^tHtitHtitH 05OmOt-00Q0t~tr-«0«D00<0t0t-Tfl-«00 05 It ; a 3 3' 3- 3 3' o 5P 3 1 h • 'a 3;^ ;c Jp ; a • = — £ s ^aa.Maasaasa a®aa«aaa®aa I I I I I I I I I I t- lO «0 CO iri Ift '^ t> rji t- tn ^H ^< f-jfci t< t< h tn S fc, ^^ 1^ y f^ 1^ !-, lAOOOOOCDOOt^OOOOOOin I I I I I I I I I I :1^0> ^ .„■ ■5 2 3 = « « o *-:.a s 44 ClATALOGUE OP FRUITS. ■eS 03 +-> J; as r «r9 •§ "-T fHrH, a"? ^ So*!) o '-^.& .2" q ft" 3 g o t< -a Mr 60 a •g ea to IS 10 c 'B m P * * 1 * 1 00 TH * : « ' 1-H J-^ : « • lO * ! * .* I •^ * \ % % *• -* •« ; * * * * • * ; * * '' : : m * ; * * -v * « * * J * % \ : N m * o * t * * t * * J * * : : OJ ■k * 1 t 1 * 1 * * 1 : : 00 J « -K -^ * : i * t * : : : t~ * i Jc * ?* 1?* t 1 I.J,J 1*. 1 1 :• CO * * * * * ; * 1 I in J * • %* \* * t * : :* ■ « a a o a a a a's a *-^ a a ® a a ai aas •jc^n^nb (DasOOOOOOOSOCOOCOCOt-OOOit^CDOSt-COQOCDt-COQOOOiXOOOO moot-t^ CO lo t> ITS cc t* r^ CO lo GO :o t^ t* lo 1© i> t- 1* o t* t^ CO Oi >Aoi ooc^o i> t-in •joioo J -.2 O . C.S . ^ o .ii »i^ J.g.S^^-g5 ^^ J o ° 0. ° CO ^ _ ti 0 •nijoj; g|-3 gg§^|^-2§i5gSgg««-§^«»ij|oSo f.2. 000 0 ^ (H •9ZIS mQOCD05000CSOSt*QOl>t^OOOOCOOC5t^COCit'I>«?DC500I>eO 1 1 1 1 1 1-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 rH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■*[-iot-t- ic~oo t-50!ot-t-in i^-ot-oototot-inoot-toio 00 a 0 t- 1 CS Oi toos-w 10 00 00 •X9S :.r! .0^2^.0^.0 ft.Q ftftft.o.a ft.a.o.= .Q ftft^.0.0^ ftft^ ■^fi ft.0.0 a .? '? 1 i < 3 ^ 1< 3 1 IP 1 :.;= ^ S • a 5^ 5 3 : a 5^ 5 a Jcl )i. 1 ! c 3i ■ i '1 i c is 1 c 5 3 c 3: a a c i b 1 c 13 5 Z FRUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. 45 : ;j : ; : .' : ; ;* ; ; :* i :* : : ;::::* : i : :::::* : ; : : : : :: : : : • • • * '. ' '* I '• '•* '•* 11;* * :* * * : : ; ;* : : ; :* : ; : :* i* • • ' * ' ' * W* h I :* I * • « * ::'::: ^ ',',', ', : :* ; h * * * •." : :* * i \t : :* ;* :i :' * :" : :* « • •* tt : ;* J •' : :* : : : « !« * t i * '.t * ::::** : u 1 :* ; tt \h :" * :* * ; :* 1 :* * J ' ' r : ; : :* : : :* . ;* : t* ' * ':* * :* :* ;* It i* t* 1*111 1 I't* \i \t * : 1' ... . It * * I ;* : :« - t 1* ." * : 1 : :* * li i* : : : t*i* 1 :JJ : ;g^c 111.... Can .. N. Y.. Ont . . . alllalaalalss-daaial '''aasaaa'''®<°aaaa®®*>§a oo^o^o«o^nt-o^-oo^~oot-«ooo«looolQOoo ^ «5^J.S^^ « O^^^ 0. o^^ « ° §=^gg"-^§g"^§S3§&«go» CC>C0Q00i00I>C0t-G0Q00S000iO00Or^CD00 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 oc^t>cot~c£iiriooOQO»nt-»rico»ot- P .= ^ -= a.= ,0-0.= P..2 .a J2 .a .a ft.a .a ^ Michel Early Miner Monarch Neuuan Pearl Sandoval Saunders Sharple.ss Tennessee Prolific Thompson, Lady Warfield Wilson !?i £ t^ Is § ^ 0 Ml 0 t> ^ ej fe> lit '^ "^ >j t:^ « ';^ (H t»" ^ ^ a r/5 -i P .-3 i 0 3 1-1 .0 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 i> t~ CO 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t* CO f X CO 40 00 Drake Golden State IX L King Soft Shell Ne Plus Ultra 46 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. <1 [z; 125 PM ;25 Iz; |2; o fH PM ?i Ph a P P O S W Hj |zi i2i ;?; O ;zi fii fi ;> fH CM Ph >? Hj !zi p ;?; ;z; ^ Ph M ^ eeseeeeeeeeeees 'a ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ __ __ ^ ^ -„ '^ S -'"^ -S •" -S -2 -S "" S •§ S S S -S 'S -S '^ S -"^ •'^ s lliliiiiissllsllillilllileSiliiillllll ■« 5 o c o c; . V^i^ 8 e 8 e S^e^e e S'b a ;■« S S I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I --I lO kft lA ITS o in o »n QOOoot:~t-toi>c-oo-* I J I I I .CDt^OOt^COCOOCOCOt'CO OS g cs a .2 o S e ?? P3S2; 5o5 tooca-. OKOcoooo I I ^ I I I 1 I ;o c* I 00 00 »fl in -^ t: " ;;; ©: oox:oocoosoc:o I I —• I I I I I I I ; ,o ic 5 ,* — = =;;►? § E= o Ji5 5 s 5 2 S S g- 5 1=.^:, FRUITS MAINLY ADAPTED TO NORTHERN LOCALITIES. 47 fH fR •niStJO •jflUBnf) •nijoj; •9Ztg 3 . ri O i5 hJD a 'E ■a o 5 OS 00 T-t to in ■* CO (M i-t * O OS 00 t- ***** * * ll m e OOt- •COJO^ P* t> > t-9 > •9ZIS esooot~os to I I I I I I 00 00 1- «D ooin 05 c 1-5 « tH cS ^ 5 I- O SUBTROPICAL AND TROPICAL FRUITS. 49 Xil H n t3 P^ FH < O »H P4 o p; H P < »-t P^ o p^ H m 03 P c3 ® J C8 O 4^ .ii O ft ® g « ?^ ^ a CO r- o 2 ^ S - O O -t-3 53 >5 ■5 s ? 02 ^- i| o .2 -u - o jj o +3 I— I •rH TO ;3 ■*-' O &iD ■^2 ^ c3 rd ce ^ > 02 O r-i S -1-3 S3 .2f .g '^ o ^ ^ :2 -d O .5 ^ -C3 >j <© «2 '^ -^ t>s J ^ d o d d d o >,^ r=3 o ^ d _, o 4) 4J d •? =^ £:; O tM d =^ 02 "ft ® d s Q ^ o 'OX) d ^ O -;: 02 4J O d S r; o :3 —I ® u d 153 02 d .33 .2 "^^ 02 +i 2125- -^ 4) "S -d o o d ^ cs 4J +3 ." C5 tri C) -^ ^i -^ '05 ^ aq ca 50 b N 3 M ts O 'A I n "cs a =5 tS-j)' 5^ o 3 ■g 3 O « !h &3« cS 0 .- — .. fl >^ © bJD PS £ c3 cSEh C CO •- IS 5 rH 00 t- 1^ J o 0 50 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. O 5 :z5 p< M ^ M CO p w o H ^ <1 H 1= U O' o R 05 00 t- to in ■* CO (M r-( O => ■ 00 - «o * J in -* CO (M - c •S* o 1 •njSuo 1-5 -s •9Sfl T3n3 •aosB9g •^!)iX'Bn5 •joioo o-g ■nuoj ki o ■9ZIS coco i !2i s i 1 * J * 1 * i * * * « DO * OO aj 00 1 > 1 1- C OTjltO to OO i?^,^^i?,s' > > P > > t; g o o o o o to to to to to to "a < c ( p t^ ptQ t-f^ to to t- O O CO I I I .-c ^ I lA O to Oi >^>?i:-o^>> t> ;> l> - l>^ o o o ° o o o»tp to m ooo 00 m lo ^ t- 3 § a S 'C tj cs fti-^ a a « £ cs c8 s ri B Br^i B B 3 B tOt^OI^OOiOSO 111 1^1 I I iO tO-OD to I 00 00 00 O h t, f. g o g o oooooooo tO'i't-OOOOtDtOtO I I I I I I I I locotot^t^iniftin SUBTROPICAL AND TROPICAL FRUITS. 51 « « * * % * K ■»: J : J J -"J * -"J 1 - - - - - - - - - S 1 I- r C5 ft p: PC ft 0 ft agggsa-ga S- ja- -a ^a I2S CO O lO «3-*t-.t-C500l>«O-31 mcoeo^ooot^coinco ,2?^ 0*^.^-5' t^s^-i? u^o f^fcll-^r50inot-oooot-«5a;co-0!0tocct-t-ooo>»aoinooto III— llllllrHrtllilllllll-llllllll cococo irot^^Oirtin coomotoinmc^ooinoooint-rct^o OOOO^O^OOOOOOoOOOOOOOOOOOOOOq tiht h u-%uuZ--^%<^t^<^ lllllllllllllllllllllllllllll t-ixnt^soc-oiooioiniocoinioir-incot-oioio'noioiominio c < '•Z < "5 > c < 1 1 (5 0. hC c n ?P c c 0. 'c c C 1 c CS B 5 0 J 4J 6 £ p a ? c 4 o c3 a o ^^ HO 1 >^ u M iq > b Mm 52 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. •uiSiao S^^ Si? o o S oi2 o Si3^ S^iS J S g S g S o o-S S^ S J aaaeeaaaaaaaaasasaaaascssssgaa •aoeuos aa'>aa^aE-a-'^^eDCS5CI«OCOCDO'^OOOOseD05CD C8 C3 « b£c3 HO S«S^ .r3 a3--3 - h-i^ «= ^..^ < SUBTROPICAL AND TROPICAL FRUITS. 53 4S » .2 © 3 -a 5 .2 -^ as Owu n os'g ^ a a " MO 17 — 'O a> i * * * * i * "■" "'' t 00 * -fc t : h tr- * i ie in -* n - — a ni m a ce 03 o 'u s Cl ;^ * * * o OS 00 t- * * I * ittt J ■*- «5 . . . J J : : J 1 1 rj I - lO t i * -* * M IN - J t 0 ■uiSuo c c c S ^ c 1 "I b ^ t- c t. 1 •9SX1 g 0 a a a fl a o „ a ^ •jf^iiBtib 4-5 1-6 6-10 8-9 ]-6 6-10 C0O<00S05t-C10iO r-l 1 i-l 00 CO 1 -* o •qeai.i .g. CSCS^ Cj h tl (4 c. ki •atsis ^ES3>-^&|=^ ^ ^ f.^ ^ •azjs OJt-l:- 0!1t-t-t-0>t:-00 0[-- t~ CM lO ■* -* -* 00 1 -* 05 < ■■£ t 5 J J "i b < ,0 i j: c c !s e p: 5 S s 1 PC 1 "a c c 0 - e c < 1 c 0 c t c X c 1 <: C p: c 1 54 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. X u n MO ••a ,2 s O o ><5 o „ S'^ oa ©^2 «33 n § o 5 a> * * 00 * -* CD lO '* s " •jC^jIBn^ ■>*■<)<■* 1 MOIOQ bCh (»3bObe •in.io^j tl Fh t4 o •9Zlg eo'^d-* in i 5 "£ s e p ft, .o .(- % \ •<* J s 1 o is a J c n o a a 6 I §1 a.s •A 03 o M CO 03 N of 1-1 03 ■^^ fj §'« §^ o . ■^> 2S ^ a %^ oi2 2. « o ,; O B .. O CB 0"S - » .So" a'-' o — •■ p. Sb 0 © fe ^_ aj .. MO '''3 — i? mS i> a 08 o'cS P< r-t 00 C3 g^^ o D O O .S Mc ^ 9 S 1 OJ C8 ,• O P< '" -=M W do M P 1 1 5 05 00 1 - - t^ to - - - - - in n - 3 m o C! 00 t- **■***** + ** + *********** to *********** *********** lO ******.«*«** -* c w - .5* "E •niSjJO ap,p,p,p,c.p,p,p,p.p, ajfi3e8ctrtaj03c6ctlc3rt l-5>-Sl-5t-5l-;l-5l-ihjh5l-5l-3 •9611 aaaaaaaaaaa •nosBas -'I'aaiga'Paa? •j:%i\vn^ inin-^totoino-^to-w^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-1 1 1 1 1 •joioo •niao^ ill -g exists •9Zlg tOOOOOOOCtOOOOOtOOOr)! •o'~'i>i>t:~iot-c-ior-I-co a OS 1 1 > a n J. pi c Li 0 H i £ p o a 't © 0 SUBTROPICAL AND TROPICAL PRUITS. 55 _ O go si a a o 'B a 05 * i i * * * * * * * 00 t i * * ; t- * * ■"? * CO in .-1 M k ^ [3 72 pt uoxoo -g.^ ^-S" •nuo^ j^-g t> s. O > ►. > s o > o •2> •9zts 0 00 t- lO 00 t- lO ^ t:~ O 4-5 6-7 9-10 4-5 6 e "c c < 1 1 0 O 0 c ci c 0 s o a] h c 0 _1 .- d a 0 o 0 cS .0 56 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. h (B r-Pn ^-^ irP Fl ti (^ B a m ^ m o R •—1 O s « a5 >> o M P< fcJO 1 1 1 5 a> - 00 - lO s -* - CO .CT S o '. C5 « 00 t- CO * H — (— -it -(— H— ^— ^ -t— -fc * •*-* -J! -x * -ic * •*— \a ■w - CO IN - n p. •c 1 •niSuo t- c c p' c t- c c E pi C c c 1- c St p: s. c El c c c PL c •9SJ1 •nosB9S ajwwoococoxaiaiw'BooocaxajooaiaD i osoooom CO 005000 to 050 soooo •Anntit) .oi'^'^'-'^4^^'"oi^'"'",Aoi".^titi •joioo ^ r3 !>= t>=^;^. ;-.;»>.. b>.- •auo^ •§ o «-§ o t- ;j o o u-^ »•§ tH O O iH o-^ ■GZICj t>050scaiomc»a5soo50if OOCOOOOOOiOOOOOOOiOOO c CO CO CO es CO 1 1 1 1 1 o m m kA m i "A ,1 t < 5 _ a 5 -5 5- c 1- s e c r < rC . c 'J < 3 a -I a §a a« 1^^ c«p e a N a .VJ 3 1 3 >• a H C3 M '^ a fcJB 0 a O 'E m 0 a 00 -. t- s lO W M - s - O a 00 o * * * * co ****■" lO -* c N - B ft o 00 a; •aisijo a a a as •eeji '^'S-a'S'S •noeBas cs ce cS c3 cS •^^il«nb coooo o o in t- •aoioo ^f- t'*- !* •tOJO^ ^^^^^ •9ZIS O Tj. 05 05 O C3 00 00 a cs < pi -a < NATIVE AND INTRODUCED FRUITS AND NUTS. 57 a c3 d « P4 © « ,£3 p4 a < o ^ ^ M > Ej 4.3 O 3 ^ :;» U ^ H -^ ^ n fl iz; ^ ^ 2 o &e P4 QQ O ;3 a> i=( e 0 HH s< =« r- iz; •^ i 4 -M '^' o •9 .S "^ as C3 'S r^ M t3 O ® rS > O '^ 9 c8 ^ 0 i:? l-H " O ^ fl P ® ® ^ S ^ <1 .2 =s 9. 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S CD ?3 .t5 ^ n 3!^ H « i5H ■ - a St • =.Hi_3 c: -^ - .FK t- . !,> "t t— t c s J ^ a ® s33§S=-=«Kb&=^ — %a o X t- H -Is 2 § S W MS 58 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. to* * to 00 OD CC tC OO (S -I M '^ .2 ''^ .2 ^^^ • a C3 n - C 5S =s ® o Hh! |1 •^ - p (C O'-J 2 o t- 3 q.U) S.£p NATIVE AND INTRODUCED FRUITS AND NUTS. 59 * I 00 00 X OD "•" to 05 05 * tC 00 * * i a a . d . 00 2 « • B g I •« ; 2 a © "..2.5 d «^d5.^a.^>ad5 = S.2 2 c g c s' ■ 5 ^ ra ® 3 2'"' o'S 'S'^'- *:;■■;■";; ■ ''3 • • • .^ ^ .^ • -r-t TO -^ w C3 ^ P -r.* •— •!-■ .^ • .^ CO .r.« "cS'a'rt 3^ 5 2 3 §"cs 3 =s =« w « art s rt oa "r 2 o rt a 2P^ =3 /si Pis c- c-1 h^cmPhPhoS; £ « or, O-q o » o^ .a acQ a= ^2 5.2 ^^ ^ 'o - 2j +^ "S S rt aj a.r! 2 s.' 25 o S^ o a'!5 C8-3 ci.s Q b^an; M 3 ^ o Ph 5^ cc ?* c3 cS go c! 3 rt '■ s au OSO 2 SaSl'S P.O •^ s oJrtH '-' cs ^ OcrjcC';2;3p.ih5 0 S a cs J ■ -^ +^ ^ ' 'i S S'-cl'?! 2 = a'S 2 2 m'S a £ S 5 P.g^. ra a^ k S.S-2= a &£ £ S (ZiIZhO Ph Ph(1i ° = -2 K 2 o ^ t- a £"=■ a § '.3 Is TS Svs3 a3 " a ^ .5 ^ ^•5?r;2.S o s a ;i E 1 a £? =« a ii W ."a M • -^ a a . .2 « 5j' -f. g 2.2'§' a'S a — ' E a S ?■ Mm4C S'rH 60 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. p ^ cS cj tc .s.s.s ^«hJ^>^ ^>.t.t> e § g > CB eS ^ ■'^ ^ ''^ '^ .2 a > te 2 ^■ — Wo c ccpq §1^ M b -s 9 t: &.« ;2§'-= g i- S o o •? ® C--^ - H g- al^ o S o g- ° . „ m cS i; £> rt « = — ' .S..E, o & « <5 =■ 3° I ®hJS J 2x1 P = ? 5 & 2 y- ;<5 M 1^'^ -Mi:-. 5 2 = cc S 2 S" >-.ja :;; oj 3 o HS 2'-' a !a t^i" o ^ 3 t- s 2<1 (-. ?^ n C § n a S o.g£.-t^W £«-^£^fc i.S o H H c; a; ce cs i3 = S ^ .S .a •= cf = X E .;:;;g •= 5 ='E ™ ffl^ f,Qa&Bg>^ N Me NATIVE AND INTRODUCED FRUITS AND NUTS. 61 _g 1 a -2 o OB 5 s * •^ * * * * * * * •^ 1 00 * * * « * — ^ - t- * * * « -^ to * * * in * ^ s (M ' O * - 05 J * * * 00 * * ■' * 1 * * * * * t- * « * :* : * * eo 00 ro« < -1- a] IS - -- * : * •<--l--t- 91 in * * -* * « * * « * * * * % CO * * ■' * ' * * * * * * ct * * * * * * * * •^ - t * * i o ^ 1 CO < a: •f j 1 < ;2 > r Iz _£ < 5 > !z r ;z a t > I < 1 > <- < .2 C k 03 o a S 5 c c 1 3 o B M ..9 '3 J. .5" - 1 J 1 .a. c C 1 e c c C T 1 r -t ? ,i S < J c '3 1 ■3 . o 0 ^ -1- M-v = -^^^ 5 £ £ t 2 5 .:4 11 53 — ^£ ra c ja c 02 C 3 "3 3 = ©5c c r c 1 5 -t-3 a c C C ,1 £ £ c: = c £ < 3 1 c « "c j < c .5 c c • < 1 i 1 £ C c 1 "5 ■ ( c a c c 5 - ;- 1 c- - c e 5 > c c > c 5 ■ c ) 1 a 'P 0 _£ 'x s r (J i "3 > a 5 ': c 1 C 1 a, '3 e c g "a 1 a a S ci "n "3 H U ts 1 .a> 'i 3 o c-l 62 CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. THE SOCIETY'S RULES FOR EXHIBITING AND NAMING FRUITS. The rules of the Americau Pomological Society for exhibiting and naming fruits are as follows : SECTION I. NAMING AND DESCRIBING NEW FRUITS. Biile 1. — The originator or introducer (in the order named) has the prior right to bestow a name upon a new or unnamed fruit. Bule 2. — The society reserves the right, in case of long, inappropriate, or otherwise objectionable names, to shorten, modify, or wholly change the same, when they shall occur in its discussions or reports ; and also to recommend such changes for general adoption. Rule o. — The name of a fruit should preferably express, as far as practicable by a single word, a characteristic of the variety, the name of the originator, or the place of its origin. Under no ordinary circumstances should more than a single word be employed. Rule 4. — Should the question of priority arise between different names for the same variety of fruit, other circumstances being equal, the name first publicly bestowed will be given precedence. Rule 5. — To entitle a new fruit to the award or commendation of the society it must possess (at least for the locality for which it is recommended) some valuable or desirable quality, or combination of qualities, in a higher degree than any previ- ously known variety of its class and season. Rule 6. — A variety of fruit having been once exhibited, examined, and reported upon as a new fruit liy a committee of the society will not thereafter be recognized as such, so far as subsequent reports are concerned. SECTION II. COMPETITIVE EXHIBITS OF FRUITS. Rule 1. — A plate of fruit must contain six specimens, no more, no less, except in the case of single varieties not included in collections. Rule 2. — To insure examination by the proper committees all fruits must be cor- rectly and distinctly labeled and placed upon the tables during the first day of the exhibition. Rule S. — The duplication of varieties in a collection will not be permitted. Rule 4. — In all cases of fruits intended to be examined and reported by committees the name of the exhibitor, together with a complete list of the varieties exhibited by him, must be delivered to the secretary of the society on or before the first day of the exhibition. Rule 5. — The exhibitor will receive from the secretary an entry card, which must be placed with the exhibit, when arranged for exhibition, for the guidance of committees. Rule 6. — All articles placed upon the tables for exhibition must remain in charge of the society till the close of the exhibition, to be removed sooner only upon express pei'mission of the person or persons in charge. Rule 7. — Fruits or other articles intended for testing, or to be given away to visit- ors, spectators, or others, will be assigned a separate hall, room, or tent, in \% hich they may be dispensed, at the pleasure of the exhibitor, who will not, however, be permitted to sell and deliver articles therein, nor to call attention to them in a boisterous or disorderly manner. RULES FOR EXHIBITING AND NAMING FRUITS. 63 SECTION III. COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE. Rule 1. — It shall be the duty of the president, at the first session of the society, on the first da J' of an exhibition of fruits, to appoint a committee of five expert pomolo- gists whose duty it shall be to supervise the nomenclature of the fruits on exhibi- tion, and in case of error to correct the same. Rule 3. — In making the necessary corrections they shall, for the convenience of the examining and awarding committees, do the same at as early a period as prac- ticable, and iu making such corrections they shall use cards readily distinguishable from those used as labels by exhibitors, appending a mark of doubtfulness in case of uncertainty. SECTION IV. EXAMINING AND AWARDING COMMITTEES. Rule 1. — In estimating the comparative values of collections of fruits committees are instructed to base such estimates strictly upon the varieties in such collections which shall have been correctly named by the exhibitor prior to action thereon by the committee on nomenclature. Rule 2. — In instituting such comparison of values committees are instructed to consider: First, the values of the varieties for the purposes to which they may be adapted; second, the color, size, and evenness of the specimens; third, their freedom from the marks of insects, and other blemishes; fourth, the apparent carefulness in handling, and the taste displayed iu the arrangement of the exhibit. %^.;. •^J'^:'-*^ '^'"^ ■ -y ■*♦'-.— ■^4:4 " rji^ ■r^0'' -V'^v