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J ave Sa ed ee : 7 : ip M ; - mt thas a : - / ; wrens i be, ‘ ‘ 4s . sa ‘ ‘ - : , avd @ Fie PT as ee hose Hs 1s. ae: +e heete ot yt thes pd 7 5d . je a M og te bens are Paes : o Aas , - on Weenie TE DPT mg aE TE g 7 : 4 7 F » " ep NE A eee» + SUivatbtin awe oh : na : : Pee GB Pa mak, ious AW ededieia Bh fia! wr timer sr ere . ay ‘ ‘ ee a | ioe vaguely fetnigt Os at ws d so 4 - ectatat ere : S 7 i ” " fee a i FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY r >? ie .) 4 ie) * 4 Wie Se = PROCEEDINGS Lie 53.06(13)Ka SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE VOLUME IV 1Q06—1907 EDITED BY THE SECRETARY NEW YORK AUGUST I, 1907 ers * ao hae PREFACE. With this volume the Society inaugurated a plan of issuing zz sections the volumes of its proceedings. The reasons for this de- parture are given on page I75. The front covers of the seven numbers comprising this volume may be bound in the volume, if it is desired to mark off con- veniently the communications of each meeting and to provide sepa- rate tables of contents. The printed matter on the rear covers of the numbers is given in the executive proceedings (page 175) or in the list printed on page 183. The numerals in parenthesis above the titles of the abstracts (pages 1-162) indicate numerical positions in the entire series of communications presented before the Society since its organization in 1903. The numerals in the index at the end of this volume correspond with those in parenthesis above the titles of the ab- stracts. Consequently none of the numerals in the index of this volume duplicates any of the numerals in the indices of the first three volumes. Convenience in reference was sought by the adop- tion of this plan of enumeration. The recapitulation of the names of the authors and of the titles of the communications, presented on page 163, serves as an ‘author index.’’ Only the numerals in parenthesis above the ab- stracts are given in it. The constitution and by-laws, as reprinted on pages 185-8, include all amendments. NEw YorK, August 1, 1907. (iii) CONTENTS. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS (18th—24th meetings) : Communications of the eighteenth meeting, October 17, 1906 . Communications of the nineteenth meeting, December~19, 1906 Communications of the twentieth meeting, February 20, 1907. Communications of the twenty first meeting, March 20, 1907 . Communications of the twenty second meeting, April 17, 1907 Communications of the twenty third meeting, May 22, 1907 Communications of the twenty fourth meeting, June 22, 1907 . Recapitulation of the names of the authors and of the titles of the communications . ‘ ; ; Classified list of contributing laboratories EXECUTIVE PROCEEDINGS (18th—24th meetings) LIST OF OFFICERS : f ; . ; i REGISTER OF NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF THE MEMBERS CLASSIFIED LIST OF MEMBERS . REVISED CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS . INDEX OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS (iv) SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. ABSTRACTS OF THE COMMUNICATIONS. Eighteenth meeting. Cornell University Medical College, New York City. October 17, 1906. President Flexner tn the chair. I (144) The formation of glycogen from sugars by muscle, with a demonstration of a perfusion apparatus. By R. A. HATCHER and C. G. L. WOLF. [From the Chemical and Pharmacological Laboratories of the Cornell University Medical College, New York City.|— Contrary to the findings of Kiilz, saccharose does not form glycogen in muscle. Glucose is a direct glycogen former in muscle. When the glycogen-free muscles of animals which have been starved and treated with strychnin are used, no glycogen is formed either by glucose or saccharose. “A perfusion apparatus was shown which permits the simul- taneous and separate perfusion of the hind limbs of an animal and the arterialization of the blood by the lungs of two animals, each pair of lungs being used for an individual limb. 2 (145) Bile media in typhoid diagnosis. By B. H. BUXTON. [From the Department of Experimental Pathology, Loomis Labora- tory, Cornell University Medical College, New York City. ] Ten c.c. of blood are drawn from a vein and distributed into three flasks of sterilized ox bile, 20 c.c. of bile in each flask. Of twenty seven cases of suspected typhoid examined in the (1) 2 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. course of two months, seven were reported negative and twenty positive. Of the seven negative cases, six proved to be certainly not typhoid, and one was very doubtful. Excluding the doubtful case, there is a record of [00 per cent. in cases ranging from the fifth to the nineteenth day. By means of litmus-lactose-agar plates, reports can be made in 24 hours with a fair degree of certainty. After incubating the bile-blood over night, streaks are drawn over the plates, and in 5 or 6 hours a growth may be visible. If the growth prove to be a bacillus which reacts to a microscopical Widal test the case is reported positive. 3 (146) The inconstant action of muscles. By WARREN P. LOMBARD and F. M. ABBOTT. [From the Phystological Laboratory of the University of Michigan. | The movements of the hind leg of the frog which are gener- ally ascribed to finely adjusted nervous coordination, are in fact largely the result of the mechanical conditions under which the muscles act. These conditions differ with each new position of the bones entering into the joints of the limb, and consequently alter the effects of the contractions of muscles as the positions of the bones change during the course of any given movement. Thus a muscle which in one position of a bone may act as a flexor, in another position may act as an extensor, anda muscle which in one position of a bone may carry it dorsally, in another position may carry it ventrally. Manifestly it is absurd to try to class muscles as flexors and extensors, for example, or to try to name them according to the movement which they are supposed to produce. Nor can one, without qualification, speak of certain muscles as antagonists, when under slightly modified conditions of action they act as synergists. Moreover, it is evident that we can form no estimate of the part played by the central nervous system in coordinated movements of locomotion, for example, until we have ascertained in how far the codrdination observed is due to the mechanical conditions under which the muscles are acting. A study of central codrdination must, in short, be postponed until SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 3 the effects of peripheral codrdination based on joint and muscle mechanics has been ascertained. These statements are the result of two years of careful study of the effect of mechanical conditions on the action of the separate muscles of the hind leg of the frog, when these muscles have been electrically excited to action, in different positions of the bones. | 4 (147) The senses and intelligence of the Chinese dancing mouse. By ROBERT M. YERKES. [From the Psychological Laboratory of Harvard University. | For a few days during the first month of post-natal life the dancing mice which I have studied respond definitely to sounds, but neither direct nor indirect methods of testing auditory sensi- tiveness furnish any evidence of it in the adult. Brightness vision is fairly acute; color vision is poorly devel- oped. I have some evidence of the discrimination of red and blue, and of red and green, but no evidence that blue and green can be distinguished. In visual discrimination the mice apparently depend upon brightness differences. The behavior of the dancing mouse is readily modifiable. Choice, by exclusion, of one of two objects which differ in bright- ness, with electrical stimulation in the case of a wrong choice, indi- cates that from 40 to 100 repetitions of an experience is necessary for the formation of a perfect habit. Such a modification of behavior lasts for from two to five weeks. Modifications of behavior occur more rapidly in the male than in the female. Individual differences in plasticity and in the per- manency of modification are marked. There is little evidence of any form of imitative tendency in behavior. 5 (148) On the motor activities of the alimentary canal after splanchnic and vagus section. By W. B. CANNON. [From the Laboratory of Physiology in the Harvard Medical School. | In this investigation one series of animals was studied with only 4 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. splanchnic nerves cut, and another series with only vagus nerves cut, and a third series with an entire severance of vagi and splanch- nics. The animals used were cats. After the observations the movements of the various parts of the alimentary canal were studied by means of the shadows cast on a fluoroscope when food mixed with bismuth subnitrate had been fed and the animals exposed to the X-rays. Movements of the esophagus. — Splanchnic section resulted in no deviation from the normal. Bilateral vagus section resulted in the well-known paralysis of the thoracic esophagus. Swallowed food accumulated in the esophagus, and, during the first few days after operation, food was frequently regurgitated. The regurgitation, however, did not persist; there was still a hindrance to an easy passage through the esophagus, but swallowed food reached the stomach. In one case, nineteen days after the second vagus nerve had been cut, a bolus of semi-fluid material was seen moving slowly and steadily along the lower esophagus into the stomach. Peri- stalsis alone could have done this. A distinction must be drawn between the immediate paralyzing effect on the esophagus of cut- ting the vagi, and the later partial or almost complete recovery of efficiency by a local mechanism in the lower esophageal wall. Movements of the stomach.—Splanchnic section caused no alteration from the normal movements. The immediate effect of vagus section was tardiness in the starting of gastric peristalsis after food was introduced into the stomach. There was sometimes a delay of three or four hours, and the waves, when started, were extraordinarily shallow. As time elapsed these abnormalities largely disappeared ; more and more the waves started early and showed their normal vigor. Again a distinction must be drawn between the first and the later effects of vagus section. | When all the extrinsic nerves were cut the gastric waves passed at the usual rhythm, but were unlike those seen when the vagi alone were cut in being, from the first, deep and powerful contrac- tions. After death in these cases the stomach was usually found strongly contracted. Passage of carbohydrate and protein food from the stomach.— After total suppression of impulses through the splanchnics both carbohydrate and protein foods are discharged through the pylorus SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 5 at practically the normal rate. In the absence of impulses through the vagi and in the presence of impulses through the splanchnics the discharge of both carbohydrate and protein is notably retarded. But this retardation, especially when protein is fed, is much more marked soon after the operation than it is later. Again a distinc- tion must be drawn between the immediate depressing effect of vagus section and the later considerable recovery of normal func- tioning. Although the passage of both carbohydrate and protein from the stomach remains slower after vagus section, the charac- teristic treatment of the two food-stuffs persists — the carbohy- drate passes out much more rapidly than the protein food. When all extrinsic nerves have been cut there is, as in the cases of vagus section alone, a difference between the immediate defect and the later partial recovery of normal function. After recovery, the carbohydrate passes the pylorus at about the same rate as when vagi alone are cut, but the protein discharge is more nearly normal when all nerves are cut than when vagi alone are severed. After all splanchnic and vagus impulses are removed a character- istic difference between the outgo of carbohydrate and the outgo of protein food from the stomach is still maintained. Passage of food through the small intestine.—After splanchnic section the rate of transit from pylorus to ileocolic sphincter, when protein was fed, was much accelerated, and after vagus section it was much slower than normal. The rate was slower also when all nerves were cut. The variation from the normal was in all cases less with carbohydrate food than with protein. Rhythmic segmentation of the food in the small intestine was observed in every condition of nerve section. The persistence of characteristically different rates of discharge of protein and of carbohydrate food through the pylorus, after splanchnic section, after vagus section, and after severing both sets of nerves in the same animal, definitely proves that the control of this differential discharge is local and not mediated through the central nervous system. 6 SocIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 6 (149) Experimental and clinical observations upon direct transfusion of blood. By G. W. CRILE. [from the Laboratory of Surgical Physiology, Western Reserve University Medical College. | By means of end to end anastomosis by suture, blood was transfused in 74 dogs. Blood was transfused, retransfused and reversely transfused over a period of a month in the same dogs. There were no aglutins or hemolysins produced, no hemoglobi- nuria, and no nephritis. Blood was found physiologically inter- changeable. Every degree of hemorrhage, even to cessation of the arterial stream was successfully treated. | In six clinical cases of hemorrhage treated by transfusion of blood the results were the same asin the laboratory. The hemor- rhage factor was eliminated. 7 (150) On the normal peristaltic movements of the ureter. By D. R. LUCAS (by invitation). [From the Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Columbia Uni- versity, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | Our present knowledge of the peristalsis of the ureter is based essentially upon the observations of Engelmann described by him about 35 years ago. He studied the peristaltic movements by simple inspection of the ureter in dogs, cats and rabbits. Accord- ing to Engelmann, the contractions of the ureter in rabbits occur at intervals of 10 to 20 seconds. There were practically no other studies of the subject until a few years ago when Fagge investigated the effect of stimulation of the hypogastric nerves upon the ureter and obtained graphic records of the peristaltic movements. He makes the surprising statement that the ureter in many cases was found to be motionless or to present slight contractions or groups of contractions recurring every 30 to 60 seconds. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 7 For the last two years I have been engaged in experimental studies of the ureter, which were carried out in the laboratory of biological chemistry at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Some of the results of that work I had the honor to present ata meeting of this Society in April, 1905.". During the past summer I have studied the course of the normal peristalsis of the ureter (of the dog) at the Rockefeller Institute, under the direction of De. S.. 1. Melizer. The results that I wish to report here very ee are as follows : In dogs narcotized with morphin the peristaltic contractions of the middle part of the ureter occur at intervals varying between 6 and 15 seconds. The curves representiug these contractions are of variable but generally of fairly good size. The duration of such a contraction may vary from 5 to 15 seconds. The variations of the size and duration of these peristaltic contractions depend upon the size of the animal, the amount of secretion of urine, and many other conditions which I shall not attempt to discuss here. But for the same animal and under the same conditions the char- acters of the peristaltic contractions remain in general the same for nearly the entire length of the experiment, which sometimes con- tinued about 5 or 6 hours. These peristaltic contractions are apparently those which Engelmann and other writers had under observation. I found however, that the renal pelvis as well as the uppermost part of the uveter exhibits peristaltic contractions of another kind, they are small, of short duration and occur as frequently as every 2 or 3 seconds. In some animals, in which the contractions from the middle part of the ureter presented fairly large curves, it frequently hap- pened that these curves were superimposed by finer undulations. From the lower end of the ureter only a few tracings were obtained. Judging from this restricted experience it would seem that in the lower end also the small and more frequent contractions predominate. Anesthetics, e. g., chloroform or ether, exercise pronounced effects upon the peristaltic movements of the ureter. The small 1 Proceedings of this Society, 1904-05, ii, p. 61. 8 SOcIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. and frequent contractions of the ureter offer a greater resistance to the effects of the anesthetic. It sometimes happened that after the administration of an anesthetic the large contractions ot the middle part of the ureter disappeared while the superimposed undulations persisted. The same sometimes occurred after pro- longed experimentation. The small and frequent undulations are apparently more resistant to fatigue, also, than the larger con- tractions. 8 (151) Gastric peristalsis under normal and certain experimental conditions. By JOHN AUER. [from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | The published observations upon gastric peristalsis in rabbits all seem to show that this organ, under so-called normal condi- tions, is practically inert. By means of the method to be described, it will be shown that the organ mentioned, under more truly normal conditions, shows active movements. The fault lay with the method; the profound inhibitory effect which opening of the peritoneal cavity exercises upon some of the abdominal viscera was not considered. But operation is by no means necessary in order to study gastric motility in the rabbit. If a well-fed rabbit is stretched out on its back and the hair of the epigastrium clipped, any observer may see active gastric peristalsis under a closer approximation to physiological conditions than the saline bath affords. Mere inspection of the abdomen now shows that the stomach is far from inert. A short time after preparing the animal, peristaltic waves are seen coursing over the stomach from left to right, in-_ creasing in strength as the pyloric third is approached. These waves are easily registered by placing a tambour over the stomach region to be studied and connecting it with a writing tambour or manometer. The writing tambour registers not only the change in volume of the stomach part it overlies, but also the respiration of the animal; in many cases, with delicate adjustment of the writing pen, the heart beats are also marked. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 9 That gastric peristalsis may thus be observed under almost normal conditions is not known, so far as I am aware. Some of the results obtained by this method are as follows: 1. Asarule the stomach shows no sign of motion for a little while after the animal is stretched out. 2. After a few minutes a shallow constriction appears near the fundus and travels to the right over the stomach, becoming deeper as it progresses in that direction. The wave causes marked bulg- ing of the pyloric third after peristalsis is well established. 3. Ether given by inhalation through the nose causes usually an immediate stoppage of gastric motion for a varying length of time. After that, peristalsis is reestablished and continues even though the ether be pushed so that the corneal reflex becomes sluggish. Ether given through the trachea by means of a cannula has no inhibitory effect upon gastric peristalsis. 4. Curare injected intravenously does not abolish gastric peris- talsis so long as artificial respiration is maintained. Stoppage of respiration causes cessation of the stomach movements. After re- suming ventilation of the lungs a number of minutes elapse before gastric peristalsis again appears. 5. Section of both vagi in the neck causes stoppage of gastric peristalsis at once ; tracings taken after thirty minutes, or after two, four or twenty hours show no detectable movements of the stomach. 6. The stomach of a rabbit that has fasted for twenty-four hours shows as a rule a marked diminution of the waves in strength and frequency, or none at all. Feeding reéstablishes peristaltic move- ments. 7. Opening the abdominal cavity causes cessation of the stomach movements for an indefinite period. 8. A moderate dose of morphin injected subcutaneously abol- ishes gastric motility for many minutes. 10 SOcIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 9 (152) Reflex inhibition of the cardia in rabbits by stimulation of the central end of the vagus. By 8. J. MELTZER and JOHN AUER. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.] At the last meeting of this Society * we reported that by stimula- tion of the central end of the vagus a tetanic contraction of the entire esophagus can be produced in dogs and cats but not in rabbits. We wish to report now that in continuation of these studies we found that stzmulation of the central end of the vagus causes a dis- tinct inhibition of the cardiain rabbits. ~The cardia of the rabbit is normally contracted in a moderate degree. Furthermore at each deglutition the peristaltic movements of the esophagus terminate in a characteristic contraction of the cardia — it sinks into the stomach. Finally after a stimulation of the peripheral end of the vagus the cardia contracts in the same characteristic way. We found that these three states of contraction can be definitely inhibited by a stimulation of the central end of the vagus. In the first place the cardia relaxes — bulges up during such stimulation. In the second place if deglutition occurs the cardia never contracts so long as the central end of the vagus is being stimulated. Finally the in- terruption of the stimulation of the peripheral end of the vagus does not bring on a contraction of the cardia if during this time a stimulation of the central end is going on. 10 (153) Continuous anesthesia by subcutaneous injection of mag- nesium sulphate in nephrectomized animals. By D. R. LUCAS and 8. J. MELTZER. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. ] In the paper dealing with the anesthesia produced in animals by subcutaneous injection of magnesium salts Meltzer and Auer stated that animals which urinated frequently had the better chance for recovery, and that urination probably carries off some of the 1 Proceedings of this Society, 1905-’06, iii, p. 74. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. II salt and prevents its fatal accumulation in the blood. On the basis of this assumption a series of experiments were carried out in which the anesthetic effects of subcutaneous injections of mag- nesium sulphate were studied in nephrectomized rabbits. The re- sults briefly stated were as follows : | A dose of 0.8 gram of the salt per kilo of rabbit is sufficient to put the animal within a short time into deep anesthesia. This is less than half the dose that is required to anesthetize a normal rabbit. Furthermore, the nephrectomized rabbits thus anesthetized remained in a more or less comatose, paralyzed state until death, which did not occur earlier than in the control nephrectomized animal ; in other words the animals remained in a state of anes- thesia lasting sometimes two days and longer. Frequently the animals recovered slightly some hours after the injection, to sink soon again, however, into a deep stupor which lasted until death. The described effect was the same whether the above mentioned quantity of salt was given in one dose or was administered in fractions. | These facts demonstrate that elimination of the injected magne- - sium salt occurs mainly through the kidneys and that the elimination begins pretty soon after the injection. Hence when the kidneys are absent and practically no elimination takes place a smaller dose is sufficient to bring on the anesthesia, and it makes no difference whether the quantity is given at once or in small doses at varying intervals. Furthermore, the anesthesia is long lasting and con- tinuous, as the salt cannot leave the body. These results are especially interesting as they are in sharp contrast to the behavior of strychnin in nephrectomized animals. According to the experiments of Salant and Meltzer the toxic and the fatal doses of strychnin are the same for nephrectomized rabbits as for normal ones. Furthermore, when strychnin is given in subminimum doses nephrectomized animals can stand as much as three times the lethal dose. Finally the animal either dies from the effects of strychnin or recovers completely ; a con- tinuous long lasting convulsive state never occurs after any dose of strychnin in nephrectomized animals. 12 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 11 (154) Remarks on and exhibition of specimens of a metastasising sarcoma of the rat. By SIMON FLEXNER and J. W. JOBLING. [from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | The specimens which the authors exhibited consisted of a mixed cell sarcoma of the seminal vesicle of a white rat which has been transplanted successfully into a series of white rats. The original tumor, which was found in a rat dying spontaneously in the laboratory was as large as a walnut. Its surface was covered with peritoneum and its consistence was firm. Thus far it has been transplanted to full-grown and young rats both by subcutaneous and by intraperitoneal inoculation. The feature of the tumor which we wish especially to emphasize are the large and numerous metas- tases which have appeared in the inoculated rats. The rat exhibit- ing the original tumor did not show visible metastases. But in the animals which have succumbed after successful inoculation, the metastases have been numerous and of large size. They have appeared in the lungs and kidneys, and in one instance, following intraperitoneal injection, in the ribs and intercostal muscles. As the specimens show, the nodules in the lungs and kidneys may reach large dimensions, taking in a segment of the kidney or an entire lobe of the lungs. The animal in which matastases existed in the intercostal muscles showed large nodules in the lungs; in this animal a growth from the lung into the pericardium, and from the pericardium into the heart wall, took place. The secondary tumors have the same structure as the primary tumors. They are made up of spindle-shaped and polygonal cells, the latter being often of large size, with lobed or irregular nuclei. Intercellular — substance is present, and it is in places fibrillated. The epicardium in the rat in which growth occurred in the myocardium, showed invasion of the serosa by the sarcomatous cells, spreading doubtless from the nodule mentioned and causing sarcomatosis of the serous membrane. This tumor is being further transplanted and studied in its biological relationships. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 13 12 (155) The influence of water on gastric secretion and the chemical affinity of mucus for HCl in the stomach. By N. B. FOSTER and A. V. 8. LAMBERT. [From the Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Columbia Uni- versity, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. | Pawlow called attention to water as a stimulant of gastric secre- tion but the degrees and limitations of stimulation produced by water in food Pawlow has not recorded. Using dogs with Pawlow fistulas, it was observed that with definite amounts of cracker meal as food, the amount and rate of gastric secretion depend to some extent on the amount of water given the dog with his meal, z. ¢., when small amounts of water are given, the secretion is slow and scanty. If larger quantities of water are mixed in the food the secretion is more abundant. The degree of acidity of gastric juice depends upon the amount of secretion. When this is considerable it is much more acid than when the secretion is scanty. Pawlow is of the opinion that the degree of acidity of the gastric juice is constant; this can hardly be correct, however, for the total acidity changes from hour to hour. The proportion of free acid depends upon the amount of mucus secreted, since mucus protein like other proteins combines with HCl. Mucus in the presence of pepsin combines with HCl to a considerable extent and undergoes digestion, with formation of proteoses. 13 (156) The action of the electric current on toxin and antitoxin. By CYRUS W. FIELD and OSCAR TEAGUE. ait the Research Laboratory of the Department of Health, of New York City.] In the early days of antitoxin it was thought that it might be possible to obtain antitoxin by passing an electric current through toxin. It was soon realized, however, that the fluid around the anode neutralized toxin by virtue of the acid formed about this 14 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. pole, and not because true antitoxin had been formed. It was not until 1904 that any attempt was made to determine the nature of the electric charge carried by particles of toxin or antitoxin ; this research, done in Von Behring’s laboratory by Romer, gave only negative results. Again in 1905, Biltz, Much, and Siebert, work- ing in the same laboratory were unable to decide this question. The failure of these workers was due, we believe, to the disturb- ing influence of the products of electrolysis. To eliminate this factor we substituted for the U-shaped tube used in the above ex- periments three beakers connected by agar-filled tubes, semicircular in shape and about 20 cm. long and I cm. in diameter. The middle beaker, into which both agar tubes dipped, contained the toxin or antitoxin to be tested; the end beakers held the platinum elec- trodes surrounded by distilled water, which was changed every half hour during the passage of the current. At the end of four hours, the agar was removed from the tubes, chopped into fine pieces and allowed to stand for one hour in distilled water. The agar was then removed by filtering through gauze and the toxic or antitoxic value of the fluid determined by tests on guinea pigs. The results of our experiments were decisive. Both toxin and antitoxin particles were found to travel toward the cathode and must therefore carry positive charges. This holds true when the fluid tested is made either acid or alkaline in reaction. Since a true chemical reaction can take place only between ions carrying charges of opposite sign, the fact that toxin and antitoxin are both electropositive would indicate that the combination of these two substances represents not a chemical union, but rather the adsorption of one colloid by another. 14 (157) Nuclein metabolism in a dog with an Eck fistula. By J. E. SWEET and P. A. LEVENE. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | A dog with an Eck fistula was maintained in nitrogenous equilibrium on a diet consisting of cracker meal, plasmon and lard, and the following chemical observations were made: 1. The output of uric acid was compared with that of a normal dog. An increase in the output was noted. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 15 2. The influence of nuclein, nucleic acid and of adenin on the uric acid elimination was studied. It was observed that all these substances caused an increase in the uric acid elimination. 3. The fate of thymin ingested with the food was investigated. The greater part of the ingested thymin was recovered from the urine. 4. An attempt was made to find thymin in the urine of the same dog after feeding on nuclein and on nucleic acid. The en- deavor was not successful. 5. The influence of a diet containing a small proportion of pro- tein but abundant in calories was studied. It was noticed that this diet occasioned an increase in the uric acid output. 6. The influence of fasting on the uric acid output was ob- served. It was noted in the course of the fast that the uric acid elimination was above the normal. 15 (158) On the fractionation of agglutinins and antitoxin. By R. B. GIBSON and K. R. COLLINS. [From the Research Laboratory of the Department of Health, of New York City.| E. P. Pick in 1901 associated a number of anti-substances indi- vidually with the one or the other of the two serum globulin frac- tions of the Hofmeister classification. In the pseudoglobulin [3.4 to 4.6 sat. (NH,),SO, solution'] group of antibodies he placed the diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins and the typhoid agglutinin of horse serum; the lower or euglobulin fraction (2.9 to 3.4 sat.) com- prises diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin and cholera lysin in the goat, typhoid agglutinin in the goat, rabbit and guinea pig, and finally cholera agglutinin in the horse and goat. It becomes possible, according to Pick, to separate the individual specifically reacting anti-substances by fractioning appropriate mixtures of sera. Such a possibility suggested the application of this method to the further study of certain anti-bodies, especially of the relation of specific and group agglutinins developed by immunization against a single strain of organism. Preliminary experiments in the course of our inves- 1 The degrees of saturation, as here expressed, indicate a concentration equivalent to a content in 10 c.c. of solution of 3.4 c.c. and 4.6 c.c. of saturated ammonium sulphate solution respectively. 16 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. tigation indicated the unreliability of Pick’s differentiation, and attention was accordingly directed to the actual possibility and practicability of distinguishing between anti-bodies by fractionation of the globulin. The availability of poly-agglutinative sera for the work gave a chance for making numerous and extended obser- vations of the distribution of these anti-bodies in the fractions. It was found repeatedly in experiments with rabbit and goat sera that the agglutinins for the dysentery group of organisms (Flexner Manila and Shiga), typhoid, coli and cholera, were not confined to either the pseudoglobulin or the washed [with 3.4 sat. (NH,),SO, solution] euglobulin fractions; they were either split by the fractioning, the major portion occurring in the pseudoglobulin, or almost the entire amount of the agglutinating substances recovered were in this higher fraction in the original quantitative proportion to one another. With anti-dysentery horse serum, the dysentery (Shiga and Flexner) and coli agglutinins were fairly quantitatively though not qualitatively split between the pseudo- and euglobulin fractions, the latter containing the lesser amount. With an anti- cholera and anti-typhoid horse serum, the pseudoglobulin (two experiments) and also the filtrates from two additional 3.6 and 3.8 saturation precipitations contained the bulk of the agglutinins. In subsequent experiments with sera from other bleedings as well as with the sera used above, the typhoid agglutinin was divided between the two fractions with a somewhat larger proportion occur- ring in the pseudoglobulin. It is apparently difficult to control all the conditions under which experiments of this type are made; absolutely constant re- sults at times cannot be obtained on successive repetition of the work. The results of exhaustion experiments on the two globulin frac- tions were the same as those that would be obtained in the use of the native serum, and failed to give any reason for believing that we were dealing with a separation of group and specific agglu- tinins through fractioning. Precipitation of anti-diphtheria goat serum showed that about half the antitoxin remained in the pseudoglobulin ; practically none was found in the euglobulin while the 3.4 saturated (NH,),SO, solution washings contained the balance. The results of the work thus far accomplished have demon- SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 17 strated the untrustworthiness of any such differentiation of the anti-bodies as those contained in the euglobulin and those of the pseudoglobulin. No evidence has been adduced from our experi- ments to show that the agglutinins developed in the rabbit, goat and horse can be classed as belonging to either globulin, or that these anti-bodies can be separated from one another by ammo- nium sulphate fractioning of polyagglutinative sera. 16 (159) Further observations of the effects of ions on the activity of enzymes. By WILLIAM N. BERG and WILLIAM J. GIES. [from the Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Columbia Unt- versity, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. | Previous communications from this laboratory’ have made it evident that peptolysis of fi4r7n is unequal in rate and extent in acid solutions of equipercentage, equinormal (isohydric), equimolec- ular, or equidissociated (isohydrionic) concentration. The same may be said of tryptolysis of the same protein in a series of bases of analogous concentrations. We have found that the sequence of zymolysis, both in rate and extent in a given group of acid or basic solutions, varies con- siderably with the nature of the protein. This fact makes it im- possible accurately to formulate statements regarding various phases of peptolysis or tryptolysis without specifying the particular protein involved in the process; it also renders doubtful various general conclusions of common acceptance pertaining to digestion that have been derived, in one research or another, from the use of a single protein. A study of the peptolysis of many proteins 1Gies: American Journal of Physiology, 1903, viii (Proceedings of the American Physiological Society, 1902, p. xxxiv); the same journal, 1903, ix (Proceedings of the same Society, 1903, p. xvii) ; Gies and collaborators: Biochemical Researches, 1903, i, pp. 61-63. Also Berg (communicated by Gies) : Sczemce, 1906, xxiii, p. 335 ( Proceedings of the Section of Biological Chemistry of the American Chemical Society in affiliation with Section C (Chemistry) of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, 1905); Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1906, p. 331. 18 SocrrETy FoR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. in a given series of acid solutions has therefore been undertaken, and an effort will be made to extend the observations to the tryptolysis of the same proteins in a given series of basic solutions. The speed and extent of both peptolysis and tryptolysis are resultants of conflicting influences. In the case of peptolysis, for example, the hydrogen ions ina given acid solution are always essential and positive factors, whereas the accompanying anions or molecules or both appear. to be, as a rule, non-essential and inhibitory factors. This conclusion is warranted by such results as the following, taken from our records of an experiment in which I gram quantities of fibrin were used in 100 c.c. portions of solution at 40° C.: A. Controlsolu- B. Digestive mixtures, containing equal tions (without amounts of pepsin and HCI(#/20), with pepsin). different proportions of H,SO,. Acid solutions : a b I ee ee 5 es nse be ee Se ee 100 —— 50 50 50 50 50 50 —— MIIOEIAO,, (6.62) sini coenn saat — 100— 10 20 30 40 50 50 WOMEN CE. D, snsicantti and cnnnnsinnctis — — 50 40 30 20 10 —— 50 Totel: wolemie (6.0. ) Josiccccsccodacan I00 100 100 100 I00 I00 100 100 100 Weight of residue (mgs. )!......... 960 994 162 439 430 500 553 582 695 Gram-atomsofH®*, pert,oooliters. 94 116 48 62 73 85 96 107 61 Concentration of H,SO, ........... —— m[1o0 —— m/100 m/50 m/33 m/25 m/20 m/20 That acid molecules are not necessarily inhibitory in peptolysis is shown clearly by the appended results of an experiment similar to the one just referred to, but in which acetic acid was used instead of sulfuric acid. In the mixtures referred to below the dissociation of the acetic acid was slight and negligible : A. Control solu- B. Digestive mixtures, containing equal tions (without amounts of pepsin and HCl eer with pepsin). different proportions of CH,COOH. Acid solutions : a é I en. | i 6 #7 m|10 LIC1 (c.c.) .esecseeeeeeeee TOO —— 50 50 50 50 50 50 —— m/to CH,COOH (c.c.)....... —— 100 —— 10 20 30 40 50 50 OME CGO Nici ih bck Gohvesid oleunshes — — 50 40 30 20 10 —— 50 Total volume...... (2-9 pens 100 100 100 I00 100 100 100 100 100 Weight of residue (mgs. )? .......... 961 961 198 194 196 193 187 I9% 945 Gram-atoms of H®, per1,oooliters. 94 1.3 48 48 48 48 48 482 0.9 Concentration of CH,COOH....... — m[1o —— m/109 m/50 m/33 m/25 m/20 m/20 ' Our data for neutralization precipitates (acidalbumin) and proteoses and peptones are omitted for brevity’s sake. They accord with the data for undigested residues. ? Our data for neutralization precipitates (acidalbumin) and proteoses and peptones are omitted for brevity’s sake here also. They are in accord with the data for undi- gested residues. 5 Although the H® concentration of an m/20 acetic acid solution is approximately SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 19 The results of this and similar experiments with acetic acid throw new light on the well known fact that peptolysis is almost negative in solutions of acetic acid alone. This lack of peptolytic efficiency on the part of acetic acid is apparently due to the low hydrion concentration of acetic acid solutions. The acetic acid molecules and anions, in the proportions above indicated, seem to be practically inert. It is obvious that peptolysis is neither favored nor interfered with materially by moderate amounts of acetic acid, a fact which suggests that the purely chemical phases of the normal gastric digestive process are practically unaffected by vinegar. Secretory conditions, however, are no doubt modified. Experiments in this and other connections will shortly be com- pleted before the detailed publication of our results. 0.9 gram-atom per 1,000 liters, the dissociation of the same proportion of acetic acid in an m/20 hydrochloric acid solution is reduced to 0.018 gram-atom per 1,000 liters. For this reason the H® concentration of the mixed acids is practically that of the hydro- chloric acid (72/20) in each case. The dissociation of the hydrochloric acid was not materially affected by the acetic acid in the mixtures used. | -” * io. + Ta aS ole . 23> eal a f ~ AY RY» ay aye ? a9 oly Nineteenth Meeting. Schermerhorn Hall, Columbia University. December 19, 19006. President Flexner in the Chair. 17 (160) An experiment on the localization problem in the egg of Cerebratulus. By NAOHIDE YATSU. [from the Zoological Laboratory of Columbia University. | In the egg of Cerebratulus marginaius Zeleny found, in separat- ing at the 8-cell stage the upper animal blastomeres from the lower vegetative ones, that the third cleavage plane cuts off the basis of entoderm from that of ectoderm. I repeated the same experiment on the egg of Cerebratulus lacteus and found that the condition is somewhat different. In this form the third cleavage does not always separate the entodermic stuff from the ectodermic, so that the embryo from the animal-half sometimes invaginates and some- times does not. But in shifting the third cleavage plane to the equator by compressing the egg immediately after the first divi- sion (in doing this, the second cleavage is suppressed until pres- sure is relieved, the third cleavage of the normal egg appearing next to the first) and in separating the animal-half from the vegeta- tive, the former always gave rise to the embryos without gut, anenterons. From this it may be concluded that in the egg of Cerebratulus lacteus, a little before or at the time of the third cleavage, the entodermic basis extends farther above than that of Cerebratulus marginatus. 18 (161) Experiments upon the total metabolism of iron and calcium in man. By H. C. SHERMAN. [From the Havemeyer Laboratory, Columbia University. | Each of the experiments was of three days duration and the same healthy man served as subject throughout. On a diet of (21) 22 SOcIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. crackers and milk, which furnished 0.0057 gram iron and 2.65 grams calcium oxide (Exp. I), there was equilibrium with respect to iron, and a storage of calcium. When the diet consisted of crackers and egg-white with 0.0065 gram iron and 0.14 gram lime (Exp. II), or of crackers alone with 0.0071 gram iron and 0.13 gram lime (Exp. III), there were losses of both iron and calcium. These losses occurred through ‘the intestine, but were evidently not due to intestinal putrefaction, since the ratio of sulphur in ethereal to that in simple sulphates in the urine was determined in Exp. III and found to be as 1:25. The results appear to con- firm the suggestion of Von Wendt that a deficiency of calcium in the diet may lead to a loss of iron as well as of calcium from the body. There was a slight tendency toward diarrhea in. each of the periods in which loss of iron and calcium occurred. The iron requirement evidently varied greatly, the average daily output for three experiments being 5.5, 8.7 and 12.6 milligrams respectively. The lime requirement was found by further experiments (1V and V) to be about 0.75 gram of calcium oxide per day. The experiments were conducted at Columbia University in cooperation with the U. S. Department of Agriculture and will be described in detail in a bulletin of the Office of Experiment Stations of that department. Ig (162) The cause of the treppe. By FREDERIC §. LEE. [From the Phystological Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. | The treppe is usually ascribed to increased irritability caused by activity. The cause of the increased irritability has remained obscure. In studying the depressing action on muscle of its fatigue substances the author often observed augmentation of activity instead of depression. A more careful investigation of this phenomenon shows that it may be produced by all of the three recognized fatigue substances — namely, carbon dioxide, mono- potassium phosphate, and paralactic acid. When a muscle is irri- gated with an indifferent fluid containing one of these substances in SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 23 small quantity, and compared with its mate irrigated only by the indifferent fluid, a fatigue record being made from both, more in- tense contractions frequently occur in the poisoned muscle at the beginning of the experiment, and may last until exhaustion sets in. When a fatigue record is being made from a muscle with the circulation intact, intravenous injection of a fatigue substance causes augmentation of contraction. The author concludes that the treppe is due to the augmenting action of fatigue substances in small quantities — the same substances which in larger quantities cause depression or fatigue. An excellent mode of demonstrating the augmenting action of CO, in the cat is to record the contractions of the tibialis anticus in the living animal, and while the record is being made, to clamp the trachea. A marked treppe follows. If two corresponding muscles be compared, one with the circu- lation intact, and the other with its arteries ligated, the latter muscle performs more intense contractions and exhibits a more rapidly developing treppe, owing to the accumulation of fatigue substances. The chemical theory of the treppe is able to explain several other known phenomena. The author has experimented on both frogs and cats. The augmenting action of the fatigue substances seems to be observed even when curare is employed. 20 (163) The influence of the red corpuscles upon the viscosity of the blood. By RUSSELL BURTON-OPITZ. [from the Physiological Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. | The method by means of which the following determinations of the viscosity were made has been described in Pfliger’s Archiv, Vol. 82, p. 464. Having determined the coefficient for fresh ox serum at 37° C. the serum was gradually concentrated by the addition of definite quantities of red blood corpuscles (washed). The viscosity of the “blood” was tested after each addition of corpuscles. 24 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. The following data may serve as examples : Spec. Grav. No. of Red Corpuscles. | Viscosity Coefficient. HORNER 2 cui bcd gacewna eh 1.0248 —. 2397.7 S + 30 c.c. corp ..... 1.0382 4,000,000 1442.9 S + 30 c.c. corp...... 1.0467 4,700,000 1009.3 S+ 30 c.c. corp..... 1.0524 ° 5,700,000 851.6 Thus, the increase in the number of red corpuscles caused a corresponding increase in the viscosity. It is also obvious that the red corpuscles constitute the principal factor in determining the viscosity of the blood. 21 (164) A new recording stromuhr, with demonstration. By RUSSELL BURTON-OPITZ. [From the Physiological Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. | The cylinder of this stromuhr is placed horizontally and car- ries below its floor a valve, by means of which the inflowing blood can be diverted alternately into the right and left half of the instru- ment. The piston within the cylinder moves back and forth, there- fore, in a horizontal direction and records its movements by means of a pulley arrangement and a writing lever upon the smoked paper of a kymograph. On account of its great sensitiveness, and the possibility of low adjustment, this stromuhr is especially fitted for measuring the blood flow in the veins. The instrument has been used by the author in testing enable vaso-motor reactions in the pulmonary circuit. It was connected with the vein draining the middle lobe of the left lung. Thenerves | in the vicinity of the ganglion stellatum were stimulated. So far the experiments have given negative results. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 25 22 (165) The influence of gelatin upon the viscosity of the blood. By RUSSELL BURTON-OPITZ. — [From the Physiological Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. | Solutions of gelatin (1000: 50) were introduced intravenously after the normal viscosity of the blood had been determined. It was found that the injections resulted in a very prompt increase in the viscosity. The following data may serve as examples: Specific Gravity. Viscosity. Before Inj. After Inj. Before Inj. After Inj. 1.0565 1.0543 836 o72 23 (166) The hemolytic effects of organ and tumor extracts. By RICHARD WEIL (by invitation). [From the Huntington Fund for Cancer Research of the General Memorial Hospital, Loomis Laboratory, Cornell University Medical College, New York City. | The object of the present investigation was to determine the causes of, or factors contributing to, the secondary anemias of malignant tumors. The material made use of was supplied by Dr. Beebe, and consisted of sarcomata artificially implanted in dogs. The method was to crush these tumors in a mortar, mix them with ten times their weight of salt solution, and then stir mechanically for several hours. The hemolytic effect of this extract was tested onal per cent. emulsion of the red cells of dogs. Preliminary experiments were made with extracts of kidneys of dogs prepared in the same fashion. It was found that the cause of the variability in the hemolytic effect of organ extracts, which has been noted by previous observers, is the varying admixture of blood. Kid- neys prepared bloodlessly, by perfusion with salt solution, are hemolytic only in very low dilution, and after a long latent interval. Kidneys suffused with blood are as a rule very much more active ; occasionally less so. The effects of blood have been analyzed by the separate addition of serum, emulsions of white cells (from artificial abscesses), and of red cells after washing, to the bloodless 26 SOcIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. kidney extract. In each case it was found that hemolysis was in- hibited. The question therefore arises, why are kidneys suffused with blood as a rule more actively hemolytic than the bloodless organs? If their extracts are centrifuged, and all the solid par- ticles, including the red cells, removed, it is found that the extracts are still deeply stained by hemoglobin. This is due to the de- struction and solution of red cells, which is inseparable from the process of preparing the extract. The next step, therefore, was to determine the effect of adding red cell constituents to the blood- less organ extracts. This was accomplished by adding red cells to distilled water, and then bringing the solution to the strength of normal salt solution. Such a solution adds very markedly to the hemolytic power of the organ extract. Its manner of action seems to resemble that of complement, inasmuch as it is capable of break- ing up the red cells only after a preliminary treatment with the organ extract. Tumors were investigated in the same manner as the kidneys. It was found that the non-necrotic tumors are somewhat more hemolytic than are the kidneys, owing possibly to their blood con- tent. They act, however, in other ways precisely like the latter, their action being diminished by the addition of serum and of white cells, and of being increased by the red cell extract. Necrotic areas of tumors are extremely hemolytic, even up to dilutions of two to four hundred. This hemolytic activity is not affected by the addition of the blood components. An experimental study was made of the action of a necrotic organ, by ligating the vessels and removing the organ after several days. The extract was hemolytic in a dilution of one in 6,000. It acted in other respects like the extract of necrotic tumors, 24 (167) The enzymotic properties of diplococcus intracellularis. By SIMON FLEXNER. [trom the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | The brief vitality of many of the cultures of diplococcus intra- cellularis is a point of differential importance. Many strains, grown on a favorable medium, unless transplanted to a fresh SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 27 medium, do not survive beyond two or three days. Cultures three days old show marked degenerations, and the latter increase rapidly with age until, at the end of five or six days, or even earlier, no normal cocci persist. As degeneration progresses, loss of staining power and disintegration ensue, until finally, staining capacity is lost and a formless detritus remains. The changes in the diplococcus are associated with the action of an enzyme which brings about the disintegration. This enzyme does not exhibit the usual properties of a proteolytic ferment: it does not liquify gelatin or coagulated serum. The degree and rapidity of its action varies withits concentration ; at least a heavy suspension of the cocci in salt solution, kept at 37° C., undergoes dissolution more rapidly and completely than a weaker suspen- sion. The vitality of the cultures is associated with the degree of autolytic alterations in the suspensions: cocci in the weak sus- pensions survive longer than in the stronger ones. At lower tem- peratures — 2°C. —disintegration of the cocci either does not take place at all or progresses much more slowly. Under the latter conditions more cocci survive in the strong than in the weak con- centrations, although even here the vitality is a brief one. Potassium cyanide restrains the action of the ferment which tends to disintegrate the diplococci; after removal of the cyanide, dissolution sets in. Heating the diplococci to 65° C. prevents or reduces the dissolving power of the intracellular enzyme. The brief vitality which the diplococcus exhibits, as grown upon the usual media, and in salt suspensions, is associated with a deficiency of calcium in the media. If the diplococcus is sus- pended in Ringer’s solution it survives, in concentrated suspen- sions, for 15 days at least, and if it is grown upon serum-glucose- agar to which calcium carbonate has been added, the period of viability is considerably greater than this. The diplococcus sus- pended in Ringer’s fluid and killed by heat (60° C.) or toluol, undergoes autolysis. The enzyme acts upon the dead cocci — probably not upon the living germs. Diplococci killed by heat (50° to 55° C.) undergo autolysis; but when the cocci are killed by the addition of toluol autolysis is accelerated. A heavy suspension of the diplococci in salt solution, under toluol and kept at 37° C., may be disintegrated in four hours. 28 SoclETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. The enzyme of the diplococcus acts energetically upon other bacteria, bringing about their dissolution. It acts upon B. typhosus, B. colt communis, B. pyocyaneus, B. anthracis, M. catarrhalis, and to a less degree and more slowly upon Staphylococcus aureus. (25) 168 On the supposed existence of efferent fibers from the diabetic center to the liver. By J. J. R. MACLEOD and C. E. BRIGGS. [From the Physiological Laboratory, Western Reserve University. ] To explain the causation of those forms of glycosuria which follow stimulation of the central end of sensory nerves and /pigire of the medulla, it is commonly believed that there is a diabetic center in the medulla from which efferent impulses are transmitted to the liver causing the glycogen in this organ to become so rapidly converted into dextrose that hyperglycemia and glycosuria follow. Since section of the vagi does not prevent these forms of glycosuria, it is thought that the efferent impulses travel by the upper portion of the spinal cord and the greater splanchnic nerves. That increased production of dextrose by the liver is the imme- diate cause of the glycosuria, there is no doubt, but the evidence that it is by nervous impulses transmitted from the medulla to the liver along the above path that this hyperglycogenesis occurs is very meager. The evidence zz favor of such a view is as follows: 1. Puncture of the floor of the fourth ventricle does not cause glycosuria if the splanchnic (greater) nerves, or the upper thoracic spinal nerves, or the spinal cord above the first thoracic nerves be cut (Eckhard, Marc Laffont, etc.). 2. Irritation of the cervical spinal cord, or of the upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia causes glycosuria (Pavy, Schiff). Against such a view stands the fact that stimulation of the splanchnic nerves does not cause glycosuria (Cf. Pfliiger). As has been shown by us, and by other workers, the reducing power of the urine of dogs is, within certain limits, no index of the amount of sugar in the blood. Now, very little of the above SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 29 evidence is based on observations of the amount of sugar in the blood, this being assumed to be increased whenever the urine strongly reduces. We have accordingly undertaken a reinvesti- gation of the foregoing evidence but have examined the reducing power of the blood instead of that of the urine. Of certain of our results, viz., those relating to the influence of nicotin and of lowered blood pressure on the blood sugar, we have already made preliminary communication." ? In the present communication are reported the results which we have so far obtained on the changes in the amount of sugar (reducing substance) of the blood resulting from stimulation of the spinal cord at various levels, and from stimulation of the splanchnic nerves. The sugar analyses were performed by the method of Waymouth Reid.’ | The following table gives the averages of the results so far obtained : Blood Sugar in | Blood Sugar in gm. Percent. | gm. Per cent. t f i t. . _ | Before Stimu- | After Stimu- Botare of Expataes a Of Bees lating. No. of | lating. No. of | Analyses Inclu-| Analyses Inclu- | dedin Averages.| ded in Averages. Stimulation of peripheral end of one splanchnic nerve, the opposite splanch- nic and the vagi being cut................6. 6 | 0.133 (9) | 0.145 (9) Stimulation of cut spinal cord below the Se ee eee 7 0.163 (8) | 0.160 (12) Stimulation of lower cervical region of spinal cord. A. With cord cut..........sscecerssssereeees I 0.140 (2) | 0.236 (2) 0.189 (3) | 0.276 (4) 0.140 (2) | 0.157 (6) by S OQ ° Ln | au S 5 ie) S fad Ny C. With oxygen freely administered by ARCS) PRO Sn. cdnawscnscccesenstus Nv It will be seen that no hyperglycemia is produced by stimula- tion of the splanchnic nerves, or of the spinal cord below the cer- vical region. In the cervical region, on the other hand, stimu- lation produces hyperglycemia except when oxygen is very freely 1Macleod and Dolley: Proceedings of the Physiological Society, Journal of Physiology, 1905, xxxii, p. lxiii. 2 Macleod and Briggs: Proceedings of the Toronto meeting of the British Medical Association, British Medical Journal, Dec. 22, 1906. 3Reid: Journal of Physiology, 1896, xx, p. 316. ‘ Hirsch : Ueber Kiinstliche Atmung durch Ventilation der Trachea, Dissertation, Giessen (1905) ; ref., Biophysikalisches Centralblatt, 1905. 30 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. delivered into the trachea. By such administration it has been shown by Hirsch that the blood remains arterial-even after the respiratory movements have been inhibited by curare. When the cervical spinal cord is stimulated, and especially when it is cut, the respiratory movements are very considerably interfered with so that a partial asphyxia is produced which may be the cause of the hyperglycemia. The fact that stimulation of the cervical cord causes glycosuria cannot therefore be taken as a proof of the existence of efferent fibers which control the glycogenic function of the liver. Dyspnea may be the cause of the hyperglycemia in these cases.' Regarding the other evidence, which is supposed to point to the existence of such fibers, we would point out that in all the ex- periments on which it is based (viz., cutting the splanchnics, or sympathetic chain, or certain nerve roots, or the spinal cord, there must have been induced by the operation, a great fall of blood pressure which, in the cases of dogs with vagal glycosuria, Dolley and the writer have shown usually to cause a marked depression in the reducing power of the urine (doc. cit.). Conclusion. — When every precaution is taken to prevent as- phyxia we have been unable, so far, to demonstrate the existence of any efferent fibers whose stimulation causes hyperglycemia. 1 Underhill ( 7%e Journ. of Biol. Chem., 1905, i, p. 113), explains the hyperglyce- mia produced by the administration of certain drugs on the same basis, viz., that they produce dyspnea by an action on the respiratory center. neue ‘> ae ted ¥ vats Fee ‘ of: 7A ee a) , ry i wh Twentieth meeting. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. February 20, 1907. President Flexner in the chair. 26 (169) Experimental studies on nuclear and cell division. By EDWIN G. CONKLIN. [From the Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania. | During several seasons extensive experiments were made on the segmenting eggs of Crepidula plana. These experiments included a study of the influence on nuclear and cell division of hypertonic and hypotonic sea water, of ether, alcohol, etc., of the lack of oxygen, of the electric current, and of pressure and shak- ing. The following general conclusions may be drawn from this work: 1. Under the same treatment the effects may be extremely varied, owing, probably, to the different stages of cell division acted upon. 2. A dividing cell is much more easily disturbed or rendered abnormal than is a resting one; the mitotic figure in particular is very easily altered and most of the abnormalities observed arise from this source. 3. The earlier stages of cleavage are much more easily altered than are the later ones. 4. Certain general abnormalities occur after the most varied treatment, e. g., the general results both of concentration and of dilution of sea water are to produce polyasters and to prevent the cleavage of the yolk. | 5. On the whole the results of the hypertonic solutions are the same whether they are produced by evaporation of the sea water or by the addition of NaCl, MgCl,, or KCl to sea water ; in short, these salts exert no specific action on cell division. (31) 32 SocIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BroLocy AND MEDICINE. 6. The most general modification of the mitotic figure is the production of polyasters, multipolar spindles, and as a consequence, multiple nuclei. In many cases the cells are filled with asters and irregular mitotic figures, during division, while in the resting stage they are filled with equally numerous resting centrosomes and nuclei. 7. The movements of the chromosomes are in many cases inter- rupted, so that they remain scattered along the spindle, while the cytoplasmic movements are frequently stopped or altered. 8. In some cases the achromatic portion of the nucleus is separated from the chromatic part, and the two may persist side by side during the resting stage of the cell ; in the division stages the achromatic nuclei give rise to asters, the chromatic to chromo- somes and both may divide indefinitely, giving rise to large num- bers of chromatic and achromatic nuclei. g. The most general modification of the division of the cell- body is the suppression of the cleavage of the yolk; this occurs in practically all the experiments ; at the same time the cleavage may proceed more or less regularly in the protoplasmic portion of the egg. In normal eggs the first and second cleavages divide the yolk into four equal cells (the macromeres) and, from each of these, three small cells (the micromeres) are budded off. 10. If the yolk remains undivided it gives rise in certain cases to three micromeres, which have the characteristics of those formed from each of the four macromeres of the normal egg. If the yolk has divided once so as to form two macromeres, each of these may give rise to three micromeres, having the characteristics of the three quartet cells of the normal egg. In short, the number of micromeres depends upon the number of macromeres. When there are four of these as in normal eggs, the micromeres are formed in three quartets ; when there are two, they are formed in three pairs ; when there is but one macromere, z. ¢., when the yolk remains undivided, the micromeres are formed singly. 11. When eggs are subjected to pressure the third cleavage which normally gives rise to the first group of micromeres, may divide one or more of the macromeres equally, thus giving rise to five, six, seven or eight macromeres. If the pressure is removed from such eggs each macromere gives rise to three micromeres in SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 33 a manner approximately normal ; again showing that the number of micromeres which may come from a macromere is constant, whatever the number of macromeres may be. 12. The results stated in the two preceding paragraphs show that the omission or the addition of cleavages does not alter the character or localization of the egg substances and that this locali- zation, when unimpeded, determines the character of the cell division. 13. Isolated blastomeres undergo partial development, each giving rise only to the cells which it would form if still a part of the entire egg, but the general form of the cleavage mass is entire, 2, é., there is no open side. 14. A weak electric current destroys spindle fibers and astral rays, or prevents their formation and thus stops mitosis. It also destroys the polarity of the cell, prevents the separation of pro- toplasm and yolk, and may cause nuclei to migrate through the cell from one pole to another. | 15. Abnormalities of mitosis may perpetuate themselves in subsequent divisions, even when the cause which first induced them is removed. 27 (170) Heterotransplantation of blood vessels. By ALEXIS CARREL. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | It is well known that the tissues of an animal do not grow or grow hardly at all in an animal of another species. Nevertheless, I attempted to transplant to cats, blood vessels resected from dogs, with the aim of ascertaining whether the vessels in spite of the toxic action of the cat’s blood on the dog’s tissue, could take over the functions of the vessels removed. The method consisted of removing a segment of the abdominal aorta of a cat, and of reestablishing the circulation in the lower part of the aorta by interposing a segment of the jugular or car- otid of a dog and suturing it to the cut ends of the aorta. 34 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. Five similar experiments were performed. In three cases, lesions of one or two anastomoses, and thrombosis of the vessel, occurred two days, ten days and thirty-five days after the opera- tion. However, the wall of the transplanted segment remained apparently normal. In the fourth case, the transplanted segment, extirpated and examined six days after the operation, appeared to be normal and perfectly united to the ends of the aorta. On the fifth animal, a laparotomy was performed forty-eight days after the transplantation. It was found that the pulsations were normal in the abdominal aorta and the segment of carotid. The location of the anastomoses was marked bya slight hardening of the arterial wall. No dilatation of the transplanted segment was ob- served. The animal was kept alive and is now, seventy-eight days after the operation, in excellent condition. The pulsations of the femoral arteries remained normal. The experiments show merely that a segment of a dog carotid which had been transplanted in a cat could act as artery for seventy-eight days at least. 28 (1'71) Transplantation of the kidney with implantation of the renal vessels in the aorta and vena cava. By ALEXIS CARREL. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. ] The transplantation of the kidney with implantation of the renal vessels in the aorta and vena cava consists of extirpating from an animal a kidney with its vessels, together with a patch of the aorta and vena cava; also of transplanting the kidney into the abdomen of another animal and suturing the edges of the patches to the edges of suitable openings made in the walls of the aorta and vena cava. By this patching method, the anastomoses are more safely performed than by the other methods of anastomosis. If the patch be large enough, occurrence of gangrene in the trans- planted organ is practically impossible. With Guthrie, I used this method mainly on cats and obtained excellent results from the standpoint of restoration of the circulation. In dogs, on account SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 35 of the shape of the abdomen, it is difficult to prevent the occur- rence of congestion of the kidney. This occurs because of com- pression of the renal vein between the aorta and the kidney. It could be prevented by putting the new kidney exactly at the place of the extirpated one. This operation is not dangerous. Of seven animals operated on, six remained in good health. The seventh died of intestinal intussusception four days after the operation. 29 (172) Secondary peristalsis of the esophagus —a demonstration on a dog with a permanent esophageal fistula. By S. J. MELTZER. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | The peristalsis of the esophagus with which every one is familiar is that which follows an act of deglutition. About a year ago I re- ported to this society that experiments which I had made on rabbits demonstrated that the esophagus is capable of peristaltic move- ments not initiated by deglutitions. Injections of indifferent solu- tions or of air directly into the esophagus cause there a regular peristaltic movement. This latter form of peristaltic movement, which for the sake of brevity I shall henceforth term secondary peristalsis, differs from the primary peristalsis, the one which follows deglutition, essentially through the nervous mechanism by which it is controlled. All the movements of the complicated act of deglutition are managed by a reflex mechanism, with only one sensory stimulus for its initiation and a series of consecutive motor impulses going to every part of the long path of deglutition ; it is practically a single reflex. The reflex mechanism of the secondary peristalsis, on the other hand, consists of a chain of reflexes; each part of the esophagus sends up to the center a sensory impulse started by the presence of the bolus in that part and receives in turn a motorimpulse. The secondary peristalsis therefore requires the presence of some sort of a bolus within the esophagus and presupposes the integrity of the latter; whereas the primary peri- stalsis requires neither a bolus nor the integrity of the esophagus; 36 SocrETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. even if a large section. of the latter is removed, the peristalsis appears in the lower segment in due time after each deglutition as long as the vagus nerves remain intact. Recently secondary peristalsis was studied in the esophagus of dogs, in which animals it appeared promptly and was easily demonstrable. The bolus consisted mostly of a piece of absorbent cotton attached to the middle of a long thread, one end of which ran through an opening in the floor of the mouth and the other through an opening in the stomach. The animal was of course narcotized but anesthesia interferes greatly with both forms of peristalsis. The observations however were made when the animal recovered from the anesthesia. It was found that the bolus went down to the stomach from any part of the esophagus without being started by a preceding deglutition. The bolus had to be of a certain size; if too small it was either without effect or the effect set in late and the movement was slow and irregular. When the bolus was kept by force in one place for a long time that place lost the promptness of its irritability. It re- covered this again, however, a few minutes after the removal of the bolus. I shall not enter upon further particulars except to mention the observation made by Dr. Auer and myself that sec- tion of one vagus will remove the secondary peristalsis, while the primary peristalsis is but very little affected. The chief object of the present communication was a demon- stration of both forms of peristalsis in a dog with a permanent fistula in the upper half of the cervical esophagus. I introduced into the fistula an olive-shaped body of hard rubber to which a long thread was attached. The thread ran over a rod and hada paper fan at the opposite end. When the olive-shaped body trav- eled down into the stomach the fan was observed to move upwards. When the olive-shaped body was placed into the lower half of the cervical esophagus it remained in that place without moving downwards. A deglutition, on the other hand, carried it down into the stomach. But when the olive-shaped body was placed into any part of the thoracic esophagus it was promptly carried down into the stomach without the aid of a preceding deglutition. When the olive-shaped body was held back by force for some time, it was not carried down spontaneously — a deglutition, how- ScIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. a7 ever, carried itdown promptly. These facts mean that the thoracic esophagus, which remained normally innervated, manifested sec- ondary and primary peristalsis. Retention of the olive-shaped body in one place for some time fatigued the sensory nerve fibers and thus impaired the mechanism of the secondary peristalsis, but the pri- mary peristalsis which required only intact motor nerves remained unaffected. In the cervical part, however, the innervation of the left side of the esophagus was greatly impaired or perhaps even abolished by the operation and the abnormal adhesions. We see from the last mentioned results, therefore, that the sec- ondary peristalsis is completely abolished, while the primary peris- talsis is practically intact, which is in harmony with the above men- tioned observations of Dr. Auer and myself of the effect of section of one vagus upon the secondary peristalsis of the esophagus. 30 (173) Peristaltic movements of the rabbit’s cecum and their inhibi- tion, with demonstration. By 8S. J. MELTZER and JOHN AUER. [from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | The rabbit’s cecum fills nearly one half of the abdominal cavity and is full of food, which has to get into it and leave it again by some moving force. Nevertheless we find in the literature prac- tically no statement on the movements of that organ. There is good reason for it. When the abdominal cavity of a rabbit is opened the cecum as a rule shows no motion. We wish to report that according to our observations, that organ exhibits well marked and quite regular peristaltic movements; but these can be seen only in the normal animal. Whena well fed rabbit is fastened on its back on a holder and the hair of the abdomen is removed, as a rule movements of the cecum can be seen sooner or later. The movements are well marked and characteristic in their appear- ance, and leave no doubt as to the organ in which they take place. We shall mention only a few details in this communication. Asa rule, especially in well fed rabbits, the movements begin in the colon and travel towards the small gut, that is, they are antiperistaltic in 38 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. character. But frequently at the end of an antiperistalsis, after only a short interval, the wave returns and runs from the small gut towards the colon; in other words, the antiperistalsis is often fol- lowed by a peristaltic wave. The constriction is preceded by a bulg- ing which is more marked than the former. The degree of the con- striction (and bulging) is variable. Weaker waves sometimes do not finish the course. A complete course of a wave in one direction lasts from thirty to fifty seconds. The average rate of the movements is about one per minute, but the rhythm is far from being regular. Some influences suppress cecal peristalsis. Ether applied through the nose stops the movements but they return in about a minute after the ether is removed. Pain, struggle and fright stop the movements; but they soon returnagain. The most striking effect, however, is the one caused by opening the abdomen : the peristaltic movements as a rule disappear completely and permanently. What is the cause of this complete abolition of the movements ? We thought it might be due to the strong and perhaps continued pain which the laparotomy causes, and tested this theory in the following way. The dorsal cord of a rabbit which showed well defined peristalsis of the cecum was cut at about the third vertebra. As a rule, in such experiments, the peristalsis was stopped for an hour and longer. After the peristalsis had been completely rees- tablished the abdomen was opened. The laparotomy could now cause no pain; nevertheless it completely abolished the peristalsis, as in a normal animal. In the course of the latter series of experiments we made the observation that it was not necessary to open the peritoneal cavity to inhibit the movements. Cutting through the skin in the linea alba (in an animal with a cut cord) and dissecting it extensively from the muscles below was sufficient to abolish all cecal peristal- sis. Furthermore, the movements returned as soon as the muscles were again covered by the skin, the cut edges of which were held together by clamps. It looked as if the cooling and drying due to the impact of the air upon the muscles above the cecum might have caused the suppression of the movements. But suspending the skin flaps and filling up the cavity above the muscles with warm physiological salt solution did not restore the cecal peris- talsis. Furthermore extensive dissection of the skin of the lower SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 39 extremities also suppressed these movements. Finally immersion of the lower half of the animal in a warm saline bath inhibited the movements for twenty minutes and longer. When the peristalsis was reestablished it could then again be inhibited by taking the animal from the bath. All the various conditions referred to could affect the cecum only reflexly and not directly. These experiments led to the inevitable conclusion that the warm or cool bath, and the dissections of the skin over the abdomen and the lower extremities, were various forms of more or less effec- tive stimuli which caused reflex inhibition of the cecal movements. The path of these reflexes could run only through the dorsal cord below the cut. This conclusion was then tested by the effect which the complete destruction of that part of the cord would have upon the inhibitory reflexes. Cecal peristalsis is frequently abol- ished by such an operation, but reappears sooner or later, and then is often more marked than before the destruction. It was found that after the destruction of the cord the peristalsis of the cecum could not be inhibited by baths, dissections, etc. It was thus established that the cecum is under the control of inhibitory influ- ences invested in the cord, which can be called into action by vari- ous peripheral stimulations. Such a stimulus is also exposure to the air of a part of the body which is usually more or less covered. Under these circumstances we had reason to assume that the inhibitory influence of a laparotomy might be due also to sucha stimulation and that it is in the nature of a reflex inhibition. But after further experimenting we found that opening of the abdomen, whether within a saline bath or not, unlike the other peripheral stimulations, inhibits greatly the cecal peristalsis: even after the destruction of the cord, only a few incomplete cecal waves appear after a laparotomy. We must then conclude that direct stimula- tion of the cecum caused by its exposure to abnormal conditions is capable of inhibiting its movements also directly. Laparotomy therefore abolishes the movements of the cecum by direct inhibition assisted probably also by reflex inhibition. As to the cause of the movements of the cecum we found that the peristalsis ceased after cutting both vagi. Furthermore stimu- lation of the peripheral end of one vagus causes a tetanic contrac- tion of the entire cecum, especially after destruction of the cord. 40 SoclETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIoLoGy AND MEDICINE. The latter effect is quite peculiar, however. The tetanus lasts only a short time, no~matter how long or brief the stimulation may be. Moreover, the effect cannot be obtained by a second stimulation unless quite a long interval passes between the stimuli. (Some of the above mentioned facts were demonstrated on an animal with destroyed cord.) 31 (174) Deglutition through an esophagus partly deprived of its muscularis, with demonstration. By S. J. MELTZER. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | As a result of the experiments which Kronecker and I carried out about twenty-seven years ago, it appeared to be conclusively established that liquids are squirted down into the esophagus by the force of the contractions of the mylohyoid muscles and some muscles of the tongue, and that liquid thus projected reaches the cardia long before the arrival of the peristaltic wave. At that time the experiments were carried out on a human esophagus. About ten years ago in a series of experiments on the dog I found that our contention held good also for that animal. Cannon and Moser, however, who studied the esophagus by the fluoroscopic method, although confirming our conclusions for the human being, state that “in the dog and cat but little variation was seen in the swal- lowing of liquids and solids.”” Recently Schreiber stated that even in the human being, liquids, just like solids, are not squirted down but are carried by the muscles of the mouth and tongue to the pharynx, whence they are conveyed further into the esophagus by the contractions of the constrictors of the pharynx and are finally transported into the stomach by the peristaltic movements of the esophagus, In other words, liquids are also slowly pushed forward through every section of the path of deglutition by the contraction of the muscle fibers of that section; there is no part of that long path through which liquids are thrown or squirted. I do not intend to enter into an analysis of the experiments and arguments upon which Schreiber founded his views. The object of SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 4I my communication was to demonstrate a dog drinking in a perfectly normal manner, although a large section of its path of deglutition was deprived of all muscle fibers. Ina number of dogs I have com- pletely removed the muscularis from the entire cervical esophagus. Already on the next day after the operation they drank milk and water like normal dogs. In these cases there were no muscle fibers for quite a long distance to do the slow work of pushing the liquids into the thoracicesophagus. They were apparently squirted through the cervical esophagus by a muscular force located anteri- orly tothe esophagus. That this force isnot due to the constrictors of the pharynx was demonstrated by another experiment. In one dog, besides the removal of the esophageal muscularis, the middle and lower constrictors of the pharynx were cut and completely put out of function. This dog, also, drank without any difficulty the day after the operation. The throwing force is apparently exer- cised by the muscles of the mouth and tongue. I wish to call attention to another point. Recently again it was claimed that liquids go down the esophagus by the force of gravity. No experiments were offered in proof of that contention but it had the support of the authority of Von Mickulicz. In my demon- stration the bowl of milk was placed on the floor and the large dogs that had been operated on drank from it against gravity without any difficulty. I would call attention to another matter which has been over- looked by some writers. We have established the fact, and it is easily demonstrated, that each act of swallowing inhibits the peris- talsis relating to the preceding deglutition, and when swallows follow one another at intervals of one second there is no peristalsis in the esophagus until after the last swallow. Dogs drink very rapidly, and can take 200 c.c. and more without stopping. Where then is the peristalsis even in normal dogs to carry down such a large quan- tity of liquid? Does the latter simply accumulate in the pharynx and the upper part of the esophagus until the last swallow? Finally I wish to say that the essential part of our _problem is the establishment of the theory as it was originated by Kronecker, viz., that besides the slow transportation of food by peristalsis, the function of deglutition 1s provided with a mechanism for a rapid squirting down of appropriate materials. As to which of the mechanisms 42 SocIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIoLocy AND MEDICINE. comes into play in any specific case depends upon the nature of the material which ts swallowed. We said that “guid is squirted down, but I am quite sure that thick syrup is not squirted farther than the upper part of the esophagus, if so far. We said that semi-liquids or semi-solids are also thrown down. We came to this conclusion from observations made on the swallowing of bread thoroughly softened in water. Possibly in this case a separation took place and the water was thrown down while the bread or some of it stuck to the wall of the gullet and was later gathered up by the peristalsis. It is not improbable that this is what occurs when a mixture of bismuth and water is swallowed. The water may be squirted down, while a large part of the bismuth may stick to the wall and be gathered up later by the succeeding peristalsis — and it is the latter which is probably seen through the fluoroscope. 32 (175) Immunity against trypanosomes. By F. G. NOVY. [From the Hygienic Laboratory of the University of Michigan. | It is an establised fact that rats which have recovered from an in- fection with Zr. Lewzsz are immune to subsequent inoculation with that species of flagellate. The same holds true for cattle, sheep, goats, etc., that have recovered from the infection caused by the pathogenic trypanosomes, such as nagana, surra and dourine. This condition of active immunity is seemingly possible only in those species of animals that are relatively insusceptible, for with really susceptible species the infection is always fatal. Heretofore all experiments on artificial immunity against try- panosomes have been made on animals that have recovered from the effects of the parasite which has been living and multiplying in the blood-vessels of that animal. Now that cultures of some of these organisms, as for example 77. Lewzst of the rat and 77. brucei of nagana, are possible it was desirable to ascertain whether or not they could be used to immunize against the virulent organ- isms. It may be said, in passing, that cultures of both of these trypanosomes, even after they have passed through a hundred generations or subcultures in the course of two years, do not be- SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS, 43 come attenuated by such prolonged consecutive passage but readily infect susceptible animals. We have shown, however, that cultures of Zr. drucei can be attenuated by exposure for about two days at 34°C. By repeated injections of cultures thus treated, attempts have been made to immunize rats and guinea-pigs against Zr. drucez but thus far these have been but partially successful. That is to say, there has been at most a survival for a few days of the treated as compared with the untreated animals. The failure to immunize with such cultures is attributable in part to the excessive susceptibility, of the animals employed, to infection with 77. drucez, and in part to the existence of a negative phase following the injections. It is desir- able to repeat these experiments with less susceptible animals. In view of the fact that rats invariably recover, some soon, others late, from infection with 77. Lewzsz, and the further fact that rich cultures of this organism are readily obtainable, it is evident that this species is well adapted for studies on immunity. Up to the present time it has not been satisfactorily shown that trypano- somes elaborate toxins or that they confer immunity by means of soluble or intracellular products. The latter problem was ap- proached by means of plasmolyzed cultures. To effect solution of the trypanosomal cells the cultures were taken up in distilled water and dialyzed in collodium sacs. Usually after one or two hours of such dialysis in distilled water the trypanosomes completely dis- appear and the intracellular matter apparently passes into solution. By means of such cultures it has been shown that rats which receive three or more injections on alternate days, on subsequent inoculation with a minimal infective dose of fresh trypanosomal blood from a rat, do not become infected, whereas controls are positive. With such solutions it is possible to hyperimmunize rats so that 0.5 c.c. of the immune rat blood protects against a simultaneous and separate injection of the infective blood. Protection is seemingly obtained against 77. Lezwzs¢ by simul- taneous and separate injection of the infective blood and plasmo- lyzed culture, followed 24 hours later by a second injection of the latter. Repeated injections of too large a quantity of the plasmo- lyzed culture and at too short an interval leads to a negative phase, the presence of which is indicated by the unusually early appear- ance of trypanosomes in the blood after inoculation with the virus. 44 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. Inasmuch as it may be said that the plasmolyzed material does not represent a true solution, a series of experiments were made with the filtered (Berkefeld) plasmolyzed liquid. While these ex- periments go to show that immunity can probably be induced by such filtered soluble products, they are not as decisive as they should be and for that reason will have to be repeated. The chief reason for this uncertain result is the rather frequent failure of the control rats to develop infection. Although young rats (50-80 grams) were used to guard against previous infection with trypan- osomes, it is certain that a large percentage of the rats, as pur- chased on the market, have acquired an immunity against 7r. Lew7sz. That the immunity encountered is really acquired and not natural is shown by the fact that we have many times isolated 77. Lezzsz, by means of the cultivation method, from rats which on repeated examination were found to be free from parasites and hence were supposed to be normal. 33 (176) On secondary transplantation of a sarcoma of the rat. By SIMON FLEXNER and J. W. JOBLING. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | At a meeting of the Society held on,October 17, 1906, we presented specimens of a sarcoma of the rat which was being transplanted successfully.’ In the course of the transplantations the percentage of successful issues has reached approximately one hundred. In many series, every transplanted fragment developed into a tumor, and in none of the latter series has the percentage of “takes’’ fallen below ninety. The tumor having reached this maximum of infectivity, it was thought desirable to ascertain to what extent secondary transplantation would succeed. The method followed was to inoculate rats, in which a tumor nodule was already present, with another fragment of the tumor tissue. The second inoculation was made, as a rule, on the side of the body opposite the existing nodule, but in a few cases it was made in the tissues adjacent to the first nodule. After the second growth had developed to the size of a pea or bean, the rats were !'This volume, p. 12. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 45 killed in order to determine whether metastasis from the first inoculation had taken place. The results of this series of experi- ments show that secondary inoculation succeeds in a high per- centage of the rats in which no visible metastases can be seen, and in which visible metastases, in the lungs chiefly, are present. The exact figures will be given in the complete publication to be issued soon. The results of this series of experiments bear upon the view expressed by Sticker, that a primary tumor protects the body from the development of a secondary tumor until the period of metastasis arrives, and upon Ehrlich’s negative results in secondary transplantations of a rapidly growing mouse carcinoma. The sarcoma of our experiments is characterized by its infiltrative growth, but it increases far less rapidly than the most active of Ehrlich’s tumors, and reaches, in relation to the size of the rat, no such large size as the latter does in proportion to. the size of the mouse. 34 (177) On certain chemical complementary substances. By HIDEYO NOGUCHI. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | In blood serum there is a constituent known as complement or alexin, which dissolves blood corpuscles or bacteria when the latter are properly sensitized. Its existence can only be demon- strated by the aid of immune bodies or amboceptors. The action of complement disappears when the serum gets old or is heated to 56° C. for a short time. The fate of complement after inactiva- tion is not known. Complement is generally believed to undergo disintegration. Blood serum yields upon warm alcoholic extraction a substance or a group of substances of powerful lytic activity. The same is also true of leucocytes, glands and certain visceral organs. On account of some differences existing in the lytic mechanism and thermal resistance between genuine serum comple- ment and alcoholic ‘extract lysins,’’ no direct comparison has been made to establish a possible relationship between these two constituents. Complement is lytic only in the presence of immune 46 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. bodies, while the extract lysins are active by themselves. The action of complement diminishes with age and is destroyed by a temperature of about 56° C., whereas the extract lysins do not de- teriorate with age or on boiling. So the general conception of to- day is that they are entirely distinct classes of bodies. Up to the present, no account of the parts which may be played by the other serum components has been taken into consideration. A comparison made under different conditions is devoid of value, and observations on this point seem desirable. I have therefore sub- jected both complement and the “extract lysins’”’ to a comparative study under the same conditions. I have also identified the chem- ical nature of various ‘extract lysins,’’ and pure chemical prepara- tions have been subjected to a similar comparative study. My method of obtaining lytic substances from the blood or other organs was carried out as follows: To one volume of blood or thick emulsion of any organ, three volumes of 95 per cent. alcohol are added. The mixture is left for about a week at 45 or 50°C. Then the filtrate is evaporated to dryness. The dried mass is extracted with hot alcohol. The alcoholic extract is dried. The dried mass is extracted with ether. The ether insoluble fraction is usually highly lytic, while the other fractions are inactive. The last, ether insoluble, hot alcohol soluble fraction is, of course, free from salts, proteins, neutral fats, fatty acids, cholesterin and its esters, lecithin and other phosphorized fats. It is soluble in water or 0.9 per cent. saline solution with slight opalescent appearance, and is neutral to litmus. Chemically, this fraction represents various soaps. - The addition of acetate of lead and subsequent ethereal extraction removes its original lytic substance. Any strong acid produces a milky appearance due to the splitting of the soapy substance, and its hemolytic activity is reduced. Osmic acid gradually turns the solution dark. The solution yields a thick precipitate with phosphotungstic acid and with bromine. Millon’s test is negative. This fraction, therefore, consists of various soluble soaps derived from the blood and organs. My experiments with various soap fractions of the blood and organs show that such fractions possess considerable lytic activity when employed in 0.9 per cent. saline solution. The corpuscles ScIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 47 used were always washed free from the serum, as the latter para- lyzes the lytic action of the soap fraction. It was found that the addition of an adequate quantity of indifferent or non-specific serum to the extract removed the lytic property of this fraction. But this inactivation was again found to be only superficial, for the extract was not inactive upon the corpuscles which had been treated with specific or normal amboceptors, nor was it inert in the presence of suitable immune bodies. In other words, this soap fraction acquires the property of acting as acomplement. This artificial complement can easily be inactivated by heating it to 56° C. for half an hour, or by leaving it for a week or longer at room temperature. Its com- plementary action is absent at o° C. Like serum complement, it becomes inactive when mixed with adequate quantities of various alkali earth salts of strong acids, and any acid stronger than car- bonic acid. Alkalies delay the complementary action of this mix- ture. It may be stated here that the soap fraction in a protein- free solution cannot be inactivated by acids or alkalies. Without the serum proteins, no inactivation at 56° C. or on account of age or by suppression of its action ato° C. can be obtained. All these characteristics of a complement are possibly to be ascribed to the serum proteins which are present. My experiments with pure preparations of various soaps not only strengthen the above findings, but they further furnish ex- planation of the inactivation processes of various alkali earth salts upon complement and the soap fraction of the blood or organs. In this series of experiments, I have employed stearates of sodium, magnesium, calcium and barium, and oleates of ammonium, neurin, sodium, magnesium, calcium and barium. With the exception of certain alkali earth soaps, they are soluble with opalescence in 0.9 per cent. saline solution. Oleate soaps are, as a rule, more easily soluble than the corresponding stearates. As regards their hemolytic activity, it may be stated that the oleates are nearly as much as ten times more powerful than the stearates, and that all insoluble soaps are without lytic action. Of the oleates, neurin soap is the most soluble, and ammonium soap the least. These soluble oleate soaps were used in 1/100 to 1/200 N solutions. 0.5 c.c. of 0.1 per cent. solution (ca. 1/300 N) of these soaps added to 2 c.c. will effect complete solution of a 5 per cent. suspension of ox corpuscles, 48 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. Like the soap fraction of blood or organs, all these soaps be- come inactive when mixed with a certain amount of serum. This inactivation is again an apparent one, because the presence of suit- able immune bodies hinders the paralyzing action of the serum to a great extent, or such mixture may be inactive upon normal cor- puscles, but active upon those which have been sensitized properly. This complementary action of the mixture of soap and serum is absent at o° C. and disappears at 56°C., or with age. Chlorides, sulphates or acetates of calcium or barium inactivate the mixture, just as in the case of serum complement or “extract complements.”’ This inactivation cannot be anything more than the formation of the insoluble, inactive soaps. The action of various acids and alkalies is exactly the same as in the cases of complement and “ ex- tract complements.” In this place I must not omit reference to certain interesting phenomena which I met with during the experiments on soaps as venom activators. As we have shown elsewhere, venom is inac- tive without the aid of asecond substance. We found that this sec- ond substance can be the complement of serum. Kyes discovered later that lecithin is activating for venom, and thinks this is the only class of bodies which is responsible for venom hemolysis, Complement has been placed in a doubtful position as a venom activator. My present work, however, again upholds our previous view that complement is a very important venom activator of serum. Certain fresh serums contain venom activator. If we add to such serums certain amounts of calcium chloride, their activating property is easily destroyed. Complement also disappears in these instances. » But if we heat the inactivated serums to 75°C. or higher, then they acquire a new, powerful, venom activating property, which cannot be removed by calcium chloride. On the other hand, ox serum contains almost no venom activator in the fresh state, but acquires one when heated to 75° C. or higher, and this acquired activator cannot be inactivated by calcium chloride. If we take two tubes of fresh ox serum and add soap to one and lecithin to the other, we get venom hemolysis in both tubes. But if, before we add venom, we introduce a certain amount of calcium chloride into each tube, and then venom, venom hemolysis will occur in the tube with lecithin, but not in the tube with soap. It would be SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 49 very interesting to ascertain to what extent lecithin is concerned in venom lysis caused by fresh serum. 35 (178) Effects of experimental injuries of the pancreas. By ISAAC LEVIN. [From the Department of Pathology of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. | A review of the experimental work done so far shows clearly that injuries of the pancreas produce different effects on the or- ganism than the complete removal of the organ. After the latter operation the animal succumbs with the symptoms of subacute diabetes, but a comparatively slight injury to the organ may kill it within twenty-four hours, producing an entirely different symptom complex. It seems very difficult to form a correct idea of the etiological relation between a certain injury to the pancreas and the disease process that so rapidly kills the animal, because in all the experi- mental work thus far reported, an injury which results fatally in a certain number of animals, produces no effects on others. Doberauer reported (in Centralbl. fiir Chir., Nr. 28, 1906) a series of twenty-one experiments on dogs. In each case he doubly ligated and severed the pancreas with identical results in all the experiments, viz., the development of fat necrosis, sub-serous peri- toneal hemorrhages and free hemorrhagic fluid in the peritoneum. The animals were either dead or moribund within twenty-four hours. The author ascribes the fatal results in his experiments to a com- bination of stasis of secretion, some abnormality in the circulation and a lesion of the parenchyma of the pancreas. The experiments - of Doberauer differ from all previous investigations in the fact that he obtained the same results in every experiment. It seemed advisable to repeat his experiments, because, if found correct, they could subsequently be varied so as to afford a clearer insight into the etiological moment of the injury which produced the acute fatal disease of the animal. The operation of Doberauer was first repeated in exactly the 50 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIoLoGy AND MEDICINE. same manner on six dogs. Ofthese animals only one died in twenty- four hours. The autopsy showed congestion of the pancreas near the ligatures (otherwise the organ was macroscopically normal), sero-fibrous peritonitis and no fat necrosis. The other animals remained healthy, and when subsequently killed, showed noth- ing abnormal at autopsy. Thus the results in this first series of experiments did not seem to coincide with those of Doberauer. It remained to be seen whether better results could not be obtained by varying the experiments to some extent. A priori it seems certain that the deleterious effect of the injured pancreas on the organism is due to achange either in the secretion of the organ or in its circulation or in the parenchyma, or in a combination of the three. In the first series of experiments the result was mostly a stasis of secretion. In the second series undertaken on four dogs, a part of the pancreas about an inch long was crushed with an artery for- ceps in the middle of the gland and every bleeding vessel ligated separately. In this way some of the parenchyma of the organ was injured and instead of producing a stasis of the secretion, it was given a free exit in the peritoneum. All four animals remained normal. In the third series of experiments the pancreas was either doubly ligated or part of it crushed and, besides, the most important veins leading from the pancreas were ligated. In this operation a hemo- stasis was added to the results produced in the previous experi- ments. The operation was performed on six dogs. Three dogs died in from twenty-four to forty-eight hours. The autopsy showed acute pancreatitis with fat necrosis. The other three dogs remained apparently healthy, but when killed subsequently showed at autopsy a condition of interstitial pancreatitis. These investiga- tions are not yet near completion, but so far as can be judged from the material on hand, those injuries produce the gravest effect on the organism which cause the most serious interference with the circulation of the pancreas. To produce a fatal disease it does not suffice to interfere partly with the free secretion of the pancreatic juice into the intestines as in the first series of experiments, or to injure some of the parenchyma and at the same time allow the juice to secrete into the peritoneal cavity, as in the second series. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 51 The interference with the circulation must be such as to produce a lesion of the whole organ so that not only will the organism be deprived of the normal function of the pancreatic cells, as after extirpation of the organ, but also every cell will become diseased and begin to act abnormally and injuriously to the organism. 36 (179) The pathology of function; an experimental laboratory course. By HAVEN EMERSON. [from the Physiological Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. | To fill the gap between physiology and histology on the one hand and pathology as usually taught upon the other, the follow- ing experimental procedures were given in a three weeks course on some common disorders of function and the physiological methods of detecting them and treating them. 1. Peripheral arterial blood pressure in man varied by the follow- ing procedures : During digestion. Variations of position. Attempted defecation. Adrenalin administration. Amyl nitrite administration. Faradic stimulation of nares. Inhalation of ammonia. Exercise. Hyperpnea. Administration of coffee. 2. Pericardial effusion imitated by saline solution introduced into the pericardial sac. Myocardial changes produced by injecting alcohol into the heart muscle. . Aortic stenosis. Aortic regurgitation. . Pleural effusion. 52 13. 14. 1G 16. SOcIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. . Extremely high vascular pressure causing acute cardiac dila- tation resulting in pulmonary edema, produced ina mammal by large doses of adrenalin. . Pneumothorax. Their physical signs and their effects Hydro-pneumothorax. upon blood pressure, heart action Pneumo-peritoneum. and respiration. Pneumo-peritoneum. Hydro-peritoneum. Gastro-intestinal distension with air. Studied in detail, as in- dicated for No. 7. . Heat, cold and hemorrhage in their relation to respiration, circulation and the etiology and treatment of ‘ shock.”’ . Intracranial pressure and the results of its increase upon res- piration and general blood pressure. . Acute bronchitis, produced by the administration of chlorine gas as an irritant in the inspired air. . Heat, cold and counter-irritation in their relation to tempera- ture and circulation in the superficial and deeper portions of the body. Renal secretion and general blood-pressure as affected by Amyl nitrite, Adrenalin, Heat, Cold, Vagus stimulation. Capillary circulation as affected by pressure locally and vaso- constriction generally. Mitral stenosis. Secretion of bile as affected by changes in blood pressure and | the use of cholagogues. 37 (180) The influence of alcohol on the composition of urine. By F. ©. HINKEL and WILLIAM SALANT. [from the Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Columbia Univer- sity, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. | About twenty years ago Schumoff and Simanowski showed that oxidation in the body is markedly diminished after the SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 53 administration of alcohol. They estimated oxidation in the body by the amount of phenol found in the urine after giving benzol. By this method they obtained results which showed that the oxidative processes in the body decreased 60-75 per cent. as a result of administering alcohol. Their findings seemed to be con- firmed later by Presnyakoff who studied this problem in a different manner. He determined the amount of neutral sulphur before, during and after the administration of alcohol and concluded that the amount of unoxidized sulphur decreases during the alcohol period. As his data, hardly justify such a conclusion, we decided to reinvestigate the subject, with special reference to the amount of unoxidized sulphur as affected by alcohol. In the course of the research, however, it seemed to us desirable to study exactly also the effects of alcohol on the other urinary constituents. We carried out our experiments on a healthy dog kept in one of the improved metabolism cages devised and described by Professor Gies. ! The diet consisted of meat, cracker meal, lard, and bone ash, given with definite amounts of water. Each experiment was begun after the dog reached a constant weight. During the control period 50 c.c. of water were given daily by mouth through a stom- ach tube for 6 days. During the next 6 days 50 c.c. of alcohol were administered in the same way. This was followed by another alcohol period of 7 days, when the same daily volume of 70 per cent. alcohol was given. The alcohol was then discontinued and water was given again for 10 days in the same way as in the control period. Samples of forty-eight hour urine were taken for analysis. The results of our observations on one dog show that the neutral sulphur of the urine increased 12.68 per cent., when 50 per cent. alcohol was given. When the same amount of 70 per cent. alcohol was given the neutral sulphur in- _creased 52.88 per cent. as compared with that of the control period. The amounts of neutral sulphur were as follows : Control period — 27.2 percent. First alcohol period, when 50 c.c. of alcohol were given, the amount of neutral sulphur was 40.5 per cent. of the total sulphur. During the third period, when 70 per cent. of alcohol was given, the amount of neutral sulphur constituted nearly one half of the total sulphur — 47 per cent. The total sulphur of the 54 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. urine showed marked diminution during the first alcohol period, when the average daily output was 255.3 mgs. as against 336.8 mgs. in the control period, which is a diminution of 24.2 per cent. When the same volume of 70 per cent. alcohol was administered, however, the difference was less marked, the daily average being 297.8 mgs. of sulphur or 11.4 per cent. less than in the control period. The inorganic and ethereal sulphates of the urines were likewise determined. The former showed a striking diminution during the alcohol periods. When 50 per cent. alcohol was given the daily average output of inorganic sulphates was 133.4 mgs., while the amount eliminated per day during the control period was 208.1 mgs. —a diminution of 36 per cent. With 70 per cent. alcohol the average amount per day’ was 69.2 per cent. During the after period, when alcohol was discontinued, the inorganic sulphates rapidly returned to the normal. The amount found in the com- bined urines of the 3d and 4th days was about the same as in the control period. In the subsequent days the sulphates steadily increased in amount until on the 9th and roth days the output was even slightly greater than in the control period. The ethereal sul- phates in the urine of this dog presented very interesting results. There was considerable fluctuation in the amounts found in the control period. The amount excreted during the first 2 days was 69.1 mgs.; 3d and 4th days— 48.6 mgs.; 5th and 6th days — 104.4 mgs. During the first alcohol period, the variation was much less ; the quantity eliminated was also markedly diminished. The diminution continued all through the second alcohol period, as well as in the after period when alcohol was discontinued. The ratio of the simple sulphates to the ethereal sulphates rose in the alcohol period but was highest in the after period. The elimination of phosphoric acid likewise showed consider- able diminution in the alcohol periods. While the average amount of P,O, excreted during the control period was 801 mgs. per day, in the first alcohol period it was 552 mgs. — a diminution of 40 per cent., which practically continued when 70 per cent. alcohol was given. In the after period a decided tendency to return to the normal was noticed but at the end of the 10 days, the amount excreted was 13-15 per cent. below that of the control period. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 55 The urinary nitrogen likewise showed a considerable diminu- tion when 50 per cent. alcohol was administered. The total nitro- gen decreased 12 per cent. When the quantity of alcohol was increased, however, the nitrogen failed to undergo a corresponding diminution — our analysis showed a decrease of only about 4.4 per cent. as compared with the control period. The average daily output of nitrogen remained practically the same during the 10 days of the after period. We have also made determinations of the urinary chlorides. The influence of alcohol was plainly evi- dent and was similar to that on the other urinary constituents. The chlorides decreased 17-22 per cent. but they practically re- turned to normal in the after period which was continued for IO days. As was mentioned before, these particular results were obtained in the analysis of the urine of one dog. Whether alcohol behaves the same in other individuals remains to be seen. There are some indications, however, that not all dogs react alike to alcohol. Table showing the influence of alcohol on the composition of dog urine. Average daily output in grams. Alcohol period. Fore period. 50 per cent. 70 per cent. After period. Total nitrogen 5.5856 4.9066 5.2846 5-259 Total sulphur 0.3368 0.2553 0.2978 —. Neutral sulphur 0.0917 0.1035 0.1402 aa Inorganic sulphur 0.2081 0.1334 0.1442 0.2187 Ethereal sulphur 0.0371 0.0185 0.0133 0.0067 PO; 0.8016 0.5526 0.5730 0.6959 Chlorides 0.3872 0. 3000 0.3210 0.3631 38 (189) Spirocheta microgyrata (Low) and mouse tumors. By GARY N. CALKINS. [From the Department of Zoology, Columbia University.] A black female mouse purchased from a breeder in New York City and belonging to a set of from 200 to 300 mice under obser- vation by Mr. Horton of Columbia, in experiments on Mendelian inheritance, developed a tumor on the right fore leg. The shoulder and axilla were involved and the mouse could not use the leg in 56 Society FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLoGcy AND MEDICINE. walking. At one peint the hair had been scratched off and the skin bared but the tumor was not ulcerated. On removing, there was no evidence of hemorrhage and a solid tumor about the size of a hickory nut and weighing about 4 grams was taken out. It had become attached to the skin but was apparently not attached elsewhere. A piece of the tumor weighing about 1% gram was ground up with normal salt solution (3 c.c. normal salt to 1 gram of tumor material) and this was injected under the skin of the neck in twelve white mice. The remainder was fixed in 10 per cent. formalin and in Zenker’s fluid. No tumor has yet appeared in the inoculated mice. Dr. Ewing described the tumor from sections as an adenoma with glandular characters of the thyroid. Necrotic areas are few in number and very small; mitotic figures are rare. Sections of the tumor put through the Levaditi silver nitrate method reveal the presence of Spivocheta microgyrata. The spirochete is not widely distributed but may be found at various points in the tumor mass, especially in the few small vacuolar areas. It has the characters of the species described by Lowenthal in 1905 in a case of human ulcerated carcinoma. It varies in length from three to eight microns and has from four to thirteen turns or ‘“‘nodes,”’ the average length of a node being six tenths of a micron. The undulations are steep and closely pressed as indicated by the specific name microgyrata. In view of certain minor differences in staining power and habitat, I have given this organism a new variety name.’ This is the tenth primary mouse tumor in which Spivocheta microgyvata has been observed. ‘The first in which it was described was a tumor in a mouse from Granby, Mass. In that tumor the spirochetes were much more numerous than in the tumor now de- scribed ; the necrotic areas of the former tumor mass were more extensive and much more numerous than in our tumor and it had more of the characteristics of carcinoma than ours. In all primary tumors the spirochzetes are much less numerous than in the transplanted tumors of the Jensen series. In the latter, especially in those strains giving a yield of 80 per cent. to 90 per cent. on inoculation, the tissues are fairly riddled with these spiro- 1See Journ. of /nf. Diseases, March, 1907. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 57 chetes ; while every mouse tumor that has been put through the Levaditi method shows the presence of these organisms. Neither Lowenthal, nor Gaylord, nor I have claimed that these spirochetes are the cause of mouse tumors, nor have we claimed that spirochetes are the cause of human carcinoma. We have always held to the parasite theory of cancer, however, and the thus far invariable presence of Spivocheta microgyrata certainly gives us no reason to change our position. In view of the small number of spirochetes present, it may be pointed out as significant that of the thirty-seven primary tumors with which we have dealt, only two have been transplantable. 39 (182) On the competency of the venous valves and the venous flow in relation to changes in intra-abdominal pressure. By RUSSELL BURTON-OPITZ. [From the Physiological Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. | In the present series of experiments performed upon dogs, the blood flow in the femoral vein was measured by means of the recording stromuhr, described by the author.' During the experiment the intra-abdominal pressure was sud- denly raised either by pressure with the hands upon the external surface of the abdomen, or by inflation of the cavity with air. In both cases a retardation of the venous inflow was noticed, the degree of the slowing of the blood stream being in accordance with the increase in the intra-abdominal pressure. Thus, in one specific instance the intra-abdominal pressure was raised to 70 mm. Hg. The venous pressure increased accordingly from 4.5 mm. to 64.0 mm. Hg, while the blood flow decreased from 1.02 c.c. to 0.08 c.c. per second. A similar retardation occurred also with the chest widely opened, Raising the intra-abdominal pressure produced no marked influence upon the flow in the external jugular vein. A more abrupt and decisive slowing of the blood stream oc- curred, when pressure was exerted with the hands. It then became possible at times to produce not only a stoppage of the 1 This volume, p. 24. 58 SocrETy FoR EXPERIMENTAL BIoLoGy AND MEDICINE. flow, but also a slight backward movement, such as can be ac- counted for by the stretching of the venous valves. 40 (183) On vaso-motor nerves in the pulmonary circuit. By RUSSELL BURTON-OPITZ. [From the Physiological Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Phystetans and Surgeons. | To test the existence of vaso-motor nerves in the pulmonary circuit, the following method was devised: The inlet tube of the stromuhr, recently exhibited by the author before this society,’ was connected with a receptacle containing Ringer's solution and the outlet tube with a button cannula, to be inserted subsequently into the pulmonary artery of dogs. The chest wall having been resected, loose ligatures were placed around the nerves in the vicinity of the ganglion stellatum and the pulmonary artery. A cannula was inserted into the appendix of the left auricle. The procedure was as follows: Long forceps-clamps were quickly placed upon the central portion of the pulmonary artery, and transversely across the left auricle close to its junction with the left ventricle. The button cannula having been inserted into the pulmonary artery distally to the clamp, the blood-vessels of the lungs were then supplied with circulating fluid from the receptacle and drained by way of the cannula in the left auricle. Thus, all influences of the heart which might have disturbed vaso-motor reactions in the pulmonary circuit were excluded. A change in the flow directly attributable to vaso-motor in- fluences, could not be obtained by stimulation of any of the afore- said nerves. Stimulation of the vagus in the neck, as well as centrally and distally to the ganglion stellatum, was ineffective. In view of these negative results, it seemed advisable to test the influence of adrenalin upon the flow through the pulmonary blood-vessels. A T-tube was inserted between the stromuhr and the button cannula, through which solutions of different strengths were injected. In spite of the fact that these solutions had pro- 1 This volume, p. 24. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 59 duced decided vaso-motor reactions in other parts of the body a few minutes previous to these experiments, they remained ineffec- tive when introduced into the pulmonary circuit. 41 (184) The effect of salicylic acid upon autolysis. By L. B. STOOKEY. [from the Physiological Laboratory, Medical Department, University of Southern California. | The liver, kidney, spleen and muscle taken from dogs which had received subcutaneously doses of sodium salicylate (0.1 gram, in I per cent. solution, per kilo of body weight) daily, during a period of ten days, showed rates of autolysis greater than those observed in the same organs taken from normal dogs. The influence of other drugs upon autolysis is being investi- gated. 42 (185) On the synthesis of protein through the action of trypsin. By ALONZO ENGLEBERT TAYLOR. [from the Laboratory of Pathology, University of California. | The application of the theory of thermodynamics to general chemical reactions has resulted in the definition of the following principles, all of which have been confirmed by experiment as well as by mathematical considerations : All chemical reactions are reversible reactions ; All chemical reactions progress to an equilibrium in the system. There is in every chemical reaction a driving force and an in- ternal chemical resistance. Catalytic acceleration operates through a reduction in the in- ternal chemical resistance; since the driving force is unaltered, the station of equilibrium is attained more quickly, that is, the experi- mental velocity of the reaction is increased. The catalytic acceleration operates in either direction of the reaction; no matter in which direction the reaction may happen 60 SOcIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. to be proceeding at a particular moment, the catalyser accelerates the progress to the station of equilibrium. On the basis of these considerations van’t Hoff ten years ago predicted that the common reactions of fermentation were re- versible if the appropriate conditions could be secured. This would mean the synthesis of organic substances through the ac- celeration of the reversed reactions, and he expressed the sugges- tion that the syntheses in nature might be regarded as such. Of the three large groups of organic substances conspicuous in the living plant or animal body, z. ¢., carbohydrates, fats and pro- teins, successful reversions have been accomplished in but the first two. Of carbohydrates the following have been synthesized by ferment action : starch, glycogen, cane sugar, maltose, lactose and glucosides. Fats of both the mon-atomic alcohols and of glycerol have been synthesized by ferment action. Two years ago I pub- lished the details of a long series of failures at the synthesis of protein. Since that time I have attempted repeatedly to effect the synthesis of the peptids of Fischer through the action of trypsin. The results were entirely negative. Recently Abderhalden has published the negative results of a similiar set of experiments. Not long ago I succeeded in an effort to effect the synthesis of a protein through the action of trypsin. The detailed description of the work, of which this is but a preliminary announcement, will be published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. Four hundred grams of the protamin sulphate of the striped bass were digested with trypsin until the hydrolysis of the sub- strate was completed. At the close of the digestion, the so- lution was miscible with five volumes of acidulated alcohol with- out the production of any opacity, and gave with cold saturation with sodium chloride no precipitation. This solution was then heated to the boiling point, freed of its sulphuric acid by the addition of barium hydroxid, the excess of barium removed by saturation with carbon dioxide, the mixture filtered hot and filtration repeated until the fluid was clear. This solution then represented a solution of the amino acids, free and combined with carbon dioxide, the products of the hydrolysis of the protamin. The solution was clear, and had an alkaline reaction. This solution was then concentrated until the beginning of precipitation in the cold, from which it was inferred ScIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 61 that the solvent was saturated with the products of the digestion, a theoretically favorable condition for the reversed reaction. To this was then added 300 c.c. of a glycerol extract of livers from large, soft shelled, California clams, which contain a strong tryptic ferment. The solution was then miscible with alcohol without cloudiness. Twenty c.c. of toluol were then added, and the flask, containing over four litres, then sealed and set aside. As time passed this solution became opalescent, then cloudy, and finally a fine white precipitate settled on the bottom of the flask. Five months after the experiment was begun the flask was opened, heated to the boiling point to destroy the ferment, acidulated with sulphuric acid, which dissolved the white precipitate, filtered and then precipitated by the addition of four volumes of absolute alco- hol. A heavy, white precipitate was produced, which was collected by filtration, washed with alcohol, redissolved in water, reprecip- itated by alcohol, and this procedure repeated four times. The final white powder when fully purified and dried weighed 1.8 gram. Probably one fourth of the amount had been lost in the processes of purification. This powder was soluble in water up to a concentration of about three per cent., was precipitated by acidulated alcohol, and was salted out of a ten per cent. solution of sodium chloride. It was analyzed for carbon, hydrogen, nitro- gen, and sulphuricacid. The results of these analyses agree well with the known composition of the protamin sulphate. This for the protamin of the striped bass I long ago determined to be C,,H,.N,,O,.2H,SO, Calculated according to this formula, the theoretical percentages and the percentages determined in the analyses were as follows: Calculated. Found. C 37-85 % 37.68 % H 6.72 % 6.89 % N 25.13% 24.45 %, 24.93%, 25.06%, 25.18% H,SO, 20.60 %, 20.68 %, The conclusion is obvious that the substance formed was protamin. I had previously carried out experiments with protamin, but always with negative results. The positive result in this experiment must have been due to one of two circumstances. Either to the use of this particular ferment, which is very resistant, or to the use of 62 SOcIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. the free amino acids and the carbonates, instead of the sulphates, as previously. Future experiments must determine which. A control, a fraction of the original solution without the ferment, has not changed during the time of the experiment. The glycerol extract used, some of which was preserved, is still active ; the ferment is therefore very long lived. A culture made of the experimental material at the close of the experiment was negative. 43 (186) A method for separating leucin from amino-valerianic acid. By P. A. LEVENE. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | Separation of leucin from amino-valerianic acid was accom- plished by means of lead acetate and ammonia. A basic lead salt of leucin, insoluble in hot water, was formed. From a mixture containing 52.53 per cent. of C and 9.39 per cent. of H, by the use of these reagents, a substance was obtained, which had 54.55 per cent. of C and 9.90 per cent. of H. On reprecipitation it acquired the composition: C= 54.70 per cent.; H = 10.09 per cent. Leucin contains 54.89 per cent. of C and 10.01 per cent. of H. Twenty first meeting. College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. March 20,1907. Fresident Flexner in the chatr. 44 (187) A study of the vital conditions determining the distribution and evolution of snails in Tahiti, with illustrations. By H. E. CRAMPTON. [from the Department of Zoology, Columbia University. ] In presenting the more important results of a recent study in the field of terrestrial pulmonates of the island of Tahiti, belonging to the genus /ariula, it was shown that different valleys contain forms that, on account of their more or less complete isolation, have come to differ in correlation with their geographical proximity or remoteness. The vital conditions that limit the snails of this island to their particular stations are dryness peripherally, where the valleys debouch upon the coastal alluvial plain, and lower temperature centrally. Only rarely may stragglers pass from one region to another. Evidence was adduced showing that ‘‘mutations”’ have arisen at various recent times. The observations of Garrett and Mayer, taken in connection with the results of the writer, make it certain that at least three forms have thus originated, at dates that may be determined with substantial accuracy. It was furthermore shown, in corroboration of Mayer’s contention, that the environmental conditions cannot be regarded as the factors that have produced the several specific and varietal differentia exhibited by the Tahitian snails. (63) 64 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIioLoGy AND MEDICINE. 45 (188) The parathyroid gland, with demonstrations of the effects of hypodermic injections of parathyroid nucleoproteid after parathyroidectomy. By S. P. BEEBE. [ From the Loomis Laboratory, Department of Experimental Pathol- ogy, Cornell University Medical College, New York. | It has been found that the symptoms of tetany following para- thyroidectomy in dogs can be inhibited by the hypodermic injec- tion of parathyroid nucleoproteid. The globulin from these glands has not been found effective. If the nucleoproteid is heated to boiling in an alkaline medium its inhibitive powers are destroyed. 46 (189) Further experimental and clinical observations on the transfusion of blood. By GEORGE W. CRILE. [From the Laboratory of Surgical Phystology, Western Reserve University Medical College. | The therapeutic results may be grouped into three classes: positive, negative and undetermined. Among the positive results is transfusion in acute hemorrhage which is apparently final. In pathologic hemorrhage it has proven positive in improving the patient’s immediate condition, and in most instances wholly con- trolled the hemorrhage itself. In shock its value seems far greater than any other remedy hitherto employed by me. From the experimental standpoint it seems to be the most effective treat- ment of illuminating gas poisoning. Among the negative results are transfusion in pernicious anemia, leukemia, carcinoma, strychnin poisoning and diphtheria toxemia. Among the undetermined results may be mentioned chronic suppuration with its attendant debility and anemia, tuberculosis and the acute self-limited diseases. Of the twenty one clinical cases, all were technically successful. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 65 In every instance the donee experienced a heightened vitality, and in the absence of serious organic disease the patient became buoy- ant, evenjocose. Some had chills during transfusion or soon after, and a majority showed some febrile reaction later. 47 (190) A preliminary report on the direct transfusion of blood in animals given excessive doses of diphtheria toxins. By GEORGE W. CRILE and D. H. DOLLEY. [ From the Laboratory of Surgical Phystology, Western Reserve University Medical College. ]| Technique. — The dog was given subcutaneously the dose noted. After waiting a certain time an anastomosis was made between one of his vessels (usually, for convenience, the external jugular) and an artery (carotid) of a donor, of equal or usually larger size. When this was perfect, the toxic dog was bled, usually from a femoral artery, as rapidly as possible, to complete exsanguination, and the transfusion was in no case started till cessation of respiration gave warning of the limit’s being reached. When this occurred the blood was allowed to flow, under control, until the pulse returned in every case to a better quantity than before. The time taken in transfusing was usually about 15 minutes. (The venous anas- tomosis was made because more blood went into the donee by it.) Weight of the donee. Dose.? Time of bleeding after dosage. Result. kg. ec hrs. 3.13 0.025 24 Died in 84 hours. 4.8 0.025 20 Died in 120 hours. 2.8 0.015 17% Died in 120 hours. 7.3 0.015 3 Died in 84 hours. 4.5 0.015 1% Died in 10 days. 1 Not essential as the donee bled completely and the transfused amount could only be estimated. -2The toxin used was a fresh supply (1906). It was not so definite in its effect as regards time as the first. Four control dogs, with 0.015 c.c. each, died in 3, 5, 7 and 8 days respectively ; one with 0,02 c.c. died in 3 days and one with 0.025 c.c., in 2 days, 3 Autopsies were performed on all these dogs, in which the findings were the same as in the controls, z. ¢., varying degrees of hemorrhagic enteritis, focal hemorrhages in the kidneys and marked cloudy swelling of the liver and kidney, with jaundice. In some, focal necroses of liver and kidney were apparently present. The microscopic part has not yet been worked up. 66 SOcIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. The experiments were next varied in this way; instead of treating a toxic dog with normal blood, an exsanguinated normal dog was transfused from one which had been given the toxin sub- cutaneously some time previous, as noted below. To be sure of an excess of toxin the dose was doubled. The technique was the same, under ether with careful asepsis. The vascular anastomosis was made before the normal dog was bled. The time is calculated from when the dose was given till the transfusion was started. In the fourth experiment one donor (St. Bernard dog weighing 40 k.) supplied three small dogs one after another with sufficient blood. SUMMARY OF EFFECTS ON DONEES. Elapsed time between dosage Dose given donor. Result. and transfusion. c.c. I. 6 hours 0.015 Lived 3 weeks under observation ; entirely healthy. Zz. 4 hours 0.030 Same. 3 hours, 50 minutes 0.030 Same. A. 1 hour, 5 minutes 0.025 Developed paralysis of both hind legs in 10 days. B. 3 hours, 10 minutes 0,025 Died in 15 days. Widespread bron- cho-pneumonia (accidental infec- tion, no other lesion). C. § hours, 10 minutes 0.025 No ill effects. No further observations of these dogs were made. The para- lyzed dog is certainly suggestive of diphtheritic paralysis. The dog lived for over a month in this paralyzed state, but when he died I was not informed and the body was buried. INTRAVENOUS INOCULATION. Elapsed time between dosage Dose given donor. , Result. and transfusion. C.C. 24 minutes 0.03 Died in 6 days (usual postmortem appearance). I, SUMMARY OF THE EXPERIMENTS ON THE TREATMENT OF DIPHTHERIC TOXEMIA . BY BLEEDING ALONE. Dose per kg. Elapsed time between Approximate amount of Result. c.c.3 dosage ~e bleeding. blood removed. (In hours after dosage. ) rs. 0.015 18 VA Died in 36 hours, 0.015 19 yy ‘+ within 60 ‘ 0.OI 5 7 +4 66 ‘ec 45 “é 0.015 7 4 ‘é “ 4s sé 0.010 3 } ‘é ““ 48 ‘é 0.010 3 5 hg A Dy '0.015 c.c. of the toxin per kg. killed control dogs in two days, while 0.01 c.c. averaged somewhat over three days in causing death. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 67 II. BLEEDING FOLLOWED BY IMMEDIATE TRANSFUSION OF SALINE. Per cent. Elapsed of blood time between removed dosage Weight Dose per Amount (approxi- and of dog. kg. bled. mately). bleeding. Result, kg. iC. Gs cie. hrs. (In hours after dosage.) 7.3 0.010 200 35 22 Died within 60 hours. 3.6 a 115 50 3% ig 4.8 se 120 33 3 és 4. £ “é IIO 33 4 sé 9.0 ui 175 25 3 43 All the inoculations in the last two series were made subcuta- neously. 48 (191) The effect on the normal dog heart of expressed tissue juice from hearts of dogs poisoned with diphtheria toxin. By J. J. R. MACLEOD and GEORGE W. CRILE. [From the Physiological Laboratory, Western Reserve University. | The injection of moderately large doses of diphtheria toxins into animals is followed by no change in arterial blood pressure until after the elapse of a certain latent period, varying from 24 hours in the rabbit to 2-4 days in the dog, when it begins to fall. The fall in blood pressure, having once occurred, rapidly proceeds, so that within a very short time the animal is dead (30 minutes in the rabbit). Both vasomotor paralysis and cardiac failure are responsible for the fall, although it is evident that the cardiac failure is the more important as the immediate cause of death, since mere isolation of the vasomotor center — as after spinal transection — is not followed by such rapid cardiac failure. The vasomotor paralysis of course accelerates the cardiac failure.’ Rolly further found that isolation by Hering’s method of the heart of a rabbit just dying as a result of diphtheria inoculation and its perfusion with blood from a healthy animal did not in the slightest degree delay the failure. Although a certain amount of histological change seems always to be present in the myocardium after death from the inoculation of diphtheria toxins, yet it has been considered by Rolly and others as scarcely of sufficient intensity to account for ‘Rolly: Archiv fir experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie (1899), xlii; Romberg, Paessler, e¢ al. : Deutsches Archiv fiir klinische Medizin, \xiv. 68 SoclETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. the sudden failure. Furthermore, addition of diphtheria toxins even in very large dosage to the fluid perfused through a Langen- dorff heart preparation does not influence the beat; nor does its perfusion with the blood of a moribund animal (from diphtheria inoculation). It has been suggested, therefore, (by Rolly, e¢ a/.) that the cardiac failure is due to a functional change resulting from the gradual assimilation of toxin by the cardiac muscle until so much had been taken up as to paralyze the muscle. Hence, the long latent period and the rapid course of the failure. From a consideration of the findings it seemed to us possible that, if any such compound of cardiac muscle substance and toxin were present in the heart, its presence could be revealed by expressing the tissue juices of the heart of a dead or dying dog after inoculation with diphtheria toxins, and then adding this extract to the blood perfused through a normal Langendorff heart preparation. A large Buchner’s press was employed by us for preparing such extracts. It was found as a result of the injection of such an extract into the heart that exactly the same result is obtained as when a similar extract of the heart of a normal dog is employed ; viz., a sudden and complete inhibition of the beat fol- lowed within a minute by marked fibrillation. It was found impossible by any of the numerous methods recommended to re- move this latter condition. A similar result was obtained by injecting a watery solution of the ash of the extracts (made up to the original bulk) so that there can be little doubt that the large amounts of potassium which such an extract contains is responsible for the result. It is, however, somewhat difficult to explain in the same way the marked and persistent fibrillation which occurs, for such is not usually observed after injecting pure solutions of potassium salts. The sudden cessation of circulation alone cannot explain it, else would fibrilla- tion occur in vagus stimulation." ‘Gross: Archiv fur die gesammte Physiologie (1903), xcix, p. 264; Braun: Jdid. (1904), ciii, p. 476. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 69 49 (192) Experimental liver necrosis: 1. Hexon bases. By HOLMES C. JACKSON and RICHARD M. PEARCE. [From the Department of Physiological Chemistry, Bender Labora- tory, Albany, N. Y.] The following conclusions were reached as the results of the analysis according to the Wakeman-Kossel method for the deter- mination of hexon bases of the normal and necrotic livers of dogs and horses in various stages of necrosis and of the same after autolysis for varying lengths of time. Necrosis was induced in the case of the dog by means of the injection of hemotoxic immune sera and in the horses by injections of bacterial toxins. 1. The dry solid content of the (a) scattered and of the (4) diffusely necrotic liver tissue showed no variation from that of the normal. 2. The nitrogen of the dry substance averaged I1 per cent. in the normal liver, 21.7 per cent. in those with scattered necroses (increase 95.4 per cent.) and 12.65 per cent. in the diffusely necrotic (increase 5.3 per cent.). 3. In the cases of scattered focal necroses the nitrogen precipitable by phosphotungstic acid after acid hydrolysis formed II.3 per cent. and in the diffused necroses 30 per cent. of the total nitrogen as against 15 per cent. for the normal; a decrease of 25 per cent. for the first and an increase of 100 per cent. for the more advanced type of necrosis. 4. The normal dog’s liver apparently possesses no hexon- splitting enzyme, or at any rate the arginase is held in abeyance by factors to be discussed in a later paper, since the nitrogen precipitable by phosphotungstic acid after hydrolysis with acids increased from 15 percent. to I9.5 per cent. after autolysis for periods varying from 4-8 weeks. This increase (30 per cent.) was about equally divided between arginin and lysin. 5. The necrotic livers allowed to undergo autolysis showed approximately the same percentage loss of phosphotungstic- precipitable nitrogen (hexon) despite the extent of the necrosis. 70 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. In the focal necrosis the average was 28 per cent., in the diffuse necrosis 21 per cent. 6. No difference could be observed in the rapidity with which the necrotic liver underwent autolysis, the maximum was appar- ently reached in four weeks. This phase of the subject will be discussed in a later paper. 50 (193) The action of nitric acid on the phosphorus of nucleoproteids 1 and paranucleoproteids. By A. B. MACALLUM. [From the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Toronto. | The manner in which phosphorus is combined in the true nucleoproteids and in those known as the psuedo (para) nucleo- compounds or phospho-proteins has not as yet been definitely ascertained nor has it been determined that the phosphorus in both classes of compounds is similarly or otherwise combined. Burian’ has, it is true, suggested that in true nucleic acids phosphorus is the bond between the No. 7 nitrogen of the purin bases and the remainder of the nucleic acid molecule, but this view is founded on the fact that the nucleic acids do not give the diazo reaction which he regards as characteristic of those purins in which there is no substitution of the imide hydrogen of nitrogen No. 7 of the purin skeleton, an explanation of the reaction that is rejected by Steudel who has pointed out that thymin gives the diazo reaction of Burian although it does not contain nitrogen in the No. 7 position.” If Burian’s suggestion were accepted it would establish a radical distinction between the manner in which phosphorus is held in nucleic acids and that obtaining in paranucleic acids, for in the latter there are no purin bases. Whether we do or do not accept Burian’s view, it is possible on other grounds to establish a distinction between the two classes of compounds in regard to the manner in which the phosphorus is combined in them. For this purpose nitric acid may be allowed 1 Ber, d. d. chem. Ges., vol. 37, p. 708 (1904). ® Zeit. fiir physiol. Chem., vol. 42, p. 165 (1904). SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. ve to act for periods of varying length on pure preparations of the compounds, In the observations of which the present paper is the result, nucleic acid from yeast and Hammarsten’s nucleoproteid of the pancreas were employed as representatives of the true nucleopro- teids while caseinogen exemplified the para compounds. The yeast nucleic acid and the pancreatic nucleoproteid were prepared in such a way as to free them from lecithin and inorganic phosphates. The nucleic acid was dissolved in dilute sodic hydrate solution (1 per cent. strength) and precipitated therefrom with dilute hydrochloric acid. This solution and precipitation was repeated three times. The precipitate was finally extracted with ether in a Soxhlet apparatus to remove all traces of lecithin. The pancreatic nucleoproteid was prepared by extracting the minced pancreas with boiling water, filtering and adding to the filtrate dilute acetic acid, when the nucleoproteid was precipitated. The precipitate was carefully washed with very dilute acetic acid solu- tion, then dissolved in very dilute ammonium hydrate and the solution rendered acid with acetic acid. The precipitate so obtained was again carefully washed, dissolved and once more precipitated. It was then extracted with ether to remove all traces of lecithin. In order to determine the absence of phosphates portions of the nucleic acid and of the nucleoproteid so obtained were treated with a solution of ammonium molybdate in nitric acid prepared according to Fresenius’ method and the addition of the reagent was followed immediately by that of a solution of phenylhydrazin of 2 per cent. strength. This gave no change of color, indicating the total absence of phosphates. As the nitric-molybdate reagent when employed with phenylhydrazin solution shows one part of P in 2,600,000, the test is an exceedingly sensitive one and con- sequently it may be relied on to indicate whether phosphates are wholly absent. _ When, however, nitric acid of 30 per cent. strength was allowed to act on portions of either the nucleic acid or nucleoproteid for twenty four hours at 35°C., the addition of the nitric-molybdate reagent at once produced a precipitate which is immediately re- duced to green or greenish-blue on the addition of the phenyl- hydrazin solution. That the yellowish precipitate is molybdo- 72 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. phosphate of ammonia was shown again and again by dissolving it in ammonia and precipitating it from the latter solution by adding concentrated nitric acid, when the characteristic crystals of the molybdo-phosphate,as shown under the microscope, were formed. The phosphate of this precipitate was also obtained as ammonio- magnesic phosphate. When the nitric acid was allowed to act for a longer time, ¢. g., from two to six days, at 35°C., the quantity of phosphorus liberated as phosphoric acid was increased. Quite a different result was obtained with caseinogen. The used quantity of the latter was purified by dissolving and precipi- tating five times and by extracting with ether to free it from leci- thin. The material so prepared did not give the slightest evidence of the presence of phosphates when the nitric-molybdate reagent was added and immediately thereafter some phenylhydrazin solu- tion (I per cent.). When portions of the pure caseinogen were dissolved in nitric acid of 1.2 sp. gr., and kept at 35° C., for two weeks not the slightest trace of phosphoric acid was demonstrated with the nitric-molybdate reagent and phenylhydrazin, and even after two months only the slightest possible trace of phosphoric acid was present. It is, therefore, to be concluded that phosphorus is combined in caseinogen in a manner very different from that which obtains in true nucleoproteids and that nitric acid may be employed to distinguish nucleic acids and the typical nucleoproteids from para- nucleic compounds. 51 (194) Does the stomach of the dog contain free hydrochloric acid © during gastric digestion ? By LAFAYETTE B. MENDEL. [from the Sheffield Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Yale University. | In a recent contribution to the physiology of digestion from the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Vienna, Albert Miller’ has made the announcement that the digestion of meat regularly proceeds in the stomach of healthy, normal dogs in the 1 Albert Miiller: Archiv fiir die gesammte Physiologie, 1907, cxvi, 163. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 73 absence of free hydrochloric acid. He insists, further, that free HCl is lacking with all foodstuffs throughout the progress of gas- tric digestion in these animals. The total acidity is reported to reach high values in meat digestion and lower figures with other dietaries ; but in each instance it is referable to combined acid. The ability of the dog’s stomach to secrete a juice rich in free HCl is not questioned. In the case of this animal, however, Miller believes that the production of acid is limited by the demands of the digesting materials. As soon as the proteins present, or their cleavage products, are combined with acid, the further secretion of the latter ceases. The same behavior is said to characterize the gastric digestion of the cat; not, however, that of rabbits. Clinical experience further teaches that this description certainly does not apply to the digestive processes in the human stomach, where free HCl regularly occurs in a concentration of 1-2 per mille within a comparatively short period after a test meal. These facts and ideas presented by Miller in respect to the chemical and secretory phenomena of gastric digestion in the dog were somewhat surprising to me in view of the experience gained in our laboratory,’ on animals with gastric fistulas. In numerous experiments on two large dogs we uniformly found the acidity of the stomach contents to increase after a test meal of meat, until Jree HCl was present in not inconsiderable concentration. An illustrative protocol is reproduced here: 9.30 50 grams meat-t 100 c.c. water fed. Analysis of gastric contents; acidity expressed as HCl. Total acidity Free HCl. % h 10.00 0.299 0.090 10.30 0.475 0.122 11.00 0.518 rea i II.15 0.497 © 0.241 11.35 0.494 0.202 II.50 0.479 0.195 12.10 0. 382 0.187 12.30 Stomach empty; end of gastric digestion. Period of digestion, 3 hours. Miller calls attention to the difficulty of obtaining gastric contents from dogs through a stomach tube, owing to the fact that 1Chittenden, Mendel and Jackson: American Journal of Physiology, 1898, i, 193; also ‘* Bicentennial Studies in Physiological Chemistry,’’ Yale University, 1901, 105. 74 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. the digesting mass ordinarily forms a firm pulp unlike the semi-fluid contents of the human stomach. He therefore obtained the gastric contents by causing dogs to vomit after injections of apomorphine. Fifty trials made on 26 dogs after periods of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours with a single exception gave negative tests with Congo red paper, Ginzburg’s and Topfer’s reagents, although the digesting masses were always strongly acid to phenolphthalein. In several of the more recent investigations’ on the gastric digestion of dogs data are reported which indicate that fluid contents with little or no free HCl may be discharged through the pylorus. I have therefore undertaken additional experiments with the co- operation of Dr. Risley and Mr. Kleiner, to learn whether our original observations on fistula dogs are in any way unique. The dogs were given test meals of chopped meat (50-250 grams) with or without water, and samples of the gastric contents were removed at intervals through a stomach tube. By the simple device which we use for suspending the animals (and which was demonstrated) it is easy to obtain small portions for analysis. Frequently larger fluid portions (15-60 c.c.) were easily removed. They were filtered at once and tested qualitatively with Congo red paper, the trop- aeolin oo and dimethylaminoazobenzene reagents. Two c.c. were titrated at once with n/1o alkali, using Topfer’s reagent and then phenolphthalein as indicators for free HCl and total acidity.’ Twelve test meals fed to five different animals furnished measurable quantities of free HCl in ten cases. Even more positive results might have been obtained if the removal of samples had been more advantageously timed. The dogs had in no case been fed since the preceding day. The accompanying summary of the essential data tells its own story. The quantity of fluid gastric contents obtainable at any moment is never large in the dog. Nevertheless our experience scarcely justifies the assumption of a unique secretory regulation by which, as Miller assumes, acid is furnisheds ufficient only to combine with proteid material. For the cat also Cannon and Day® have 'Cf. e. g. Krehl: Pathologische Physiologie, 1904, 284; Lang: Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1906, ii, 240. 2 Tdpfer’s method as modified by Einhorn: Mew York Medical Journal, 1896, xix, 603; cf. Chittenden, Mendel and Jackson: loc. cit., p. Ig. $Cannon and Day: American Journal of Physiology, 1903, ix, 402. ScIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 75 GASTRIC ANALYSIS. Tests for free HCl Animal. The test meal Fluid contents were (+) positive | Volume of ® alkali contained removed. or (—) negative to with used for 2 c.c. Weight. | Meat. Water, | Time, APREDICO™®| Ciinfoo, reagent. | acidity. HCI. kgm. gm. gm. hrs. c.¢. C61 Cc. A 13} 150 I0o | 2 52 — — 2.2 fe) 4 52 =- + 2.1 0.3 do. 150 300 I 12 _ — 0.8 oO 2 13 ? ? 2.4 ? 32 25 - + 2.2 0.8 B 20 70 200 I Smallamount} — — re) do. 150 300 I 9 -- -- 2.0 0.3 2 I a9 5 do. 150 300 | I 30 _ — 2 47 + 5 & 2.7 0.7 do. 250 None | 3 2 aL — 1.2 0.3 43 4 ee == 0.5 0.2 Gs 150 100 | 23 3 _ — 1.5 0.4 32 13 ? — 25 0.4 do. 150 300 I 3 — — 42 fe) 2 5 4+ a 43 3 + 4 1.6 0.5 By 100 200 I 68 ~~ -- 2 29 + + 2.6 r2 do. 150 100 | 2} 38 ? — aoe 0.4 34 8 _ + 2.0 0.6 do. 250 None | I 14 ~ — a5 o 3 3 ? + 1.8 0.3 4¢ I — ? Er 150 100 12 36 a _- 1.6 fe) 33 — — — 2.0 fe) 42 16 a -|. 2.0 0.8 stated that free acid may be present after a meal. Asa possible explanation of these discrepancies, the differences between the methods of study used by Miller and by us may be of moment. It is not unlikely that when the semi-solid gastric contents are emptied ex masse any free HCl present in the mixture speedily combines with the excess of unchanged proteid ejected, before digestion is stopped outside of the body. In all of our experi- ments, on the other hand, the material, analyzed at once, repre- sented fluid contents as they were present in the stomach. The data furnished should therefore correspond with the composition of the soluble materials ready for propulsion along the digestive tract. At any rate some caution is necessary in the interpretation of the phenomena of gastric digestion recorded by the different investigators. 76 Society FoR ExPERIMENTAL BIoLocy AND MEDICINE. 52 (195) On the nature of the process of fertilization. By JACQUES LOEB. [from the Herzstetn Research Laboratory of the University of California. | Two years ago I showed that the process of natural fertilization of the sea urchin egg could be imitated by the combination of two agencies: first the artificial production of a membrane around the egg and second the treatment of the egg for some time with hyper- tonic sea water. I expected that this imitation of the natural process of fertilization by external agencies might lead to a dis- covery of the ultimate chemical character of the process of fertiliza- tion and this proved to be true to that extent that I was able to show in a series of papers, published a year ago, that the essential effect of the natural or artificial fertilization is a calling forth of oxidations in the egg. These oxidations are the prerequisite for the synthesis of nuclein compounds from protoplasmic constituents of the egg, and this synthesis which forms the first stage in the de- velopmental process. It may be that the formation of nucleins is an oxidative synthesis.’ When we produce artificially a membrane around the egg by treating the latter for a couple of minutes with a monobasic fatty acid, the egg forms after a certain time two astrospheres, but begins to disintegrate very rapidly. If the temperature is very low it may segment and even reach a blastula stage. I was able to show that the development as well as the disintegration only occur in the presence of free oxygen. If we substitute carefully washed hydrogen for the air in the sea water or if we prevent the oxida- tions in the egg by the addition of a trace of KCN to the sea water the eggs will neither develop nor disintegrate. From this I concluded that the process of membrane formation calls for or accelerates in the egg oxidations which lead to the formation of the two astrospheres and — if the temperature be sufficiently low — to a series of cell divisions. But these oxidations lead also to the 1Loeb: Biochemische Zeitschrift, i, p. 183, 1906; ii, p. 35, 1906. University of California publications, iii: p. 1, p. 33, P- 39) P- 49, 1906. Pfliiger’s Archiv, cxiili, 1906. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 77 formation of toxic compounds which cause the comparatively rapid disintegration of sucheggs. If, however, such eggs are put imme- diately or soon after they have gone through the process of mem- brane formation into hypertonic sea water for from 30 to 60 min- utes, they may all develop at ordinary room temperature and a percentage of these eggs segments perfectly normally and develops into normal embryos. The hypertonic sea water has however this effect only when it contains free oxygen. If we substitute hydro- gen for the air contained in it or if we prevent the oxidation in the egg by adding a trace of KCN to the hypertonic sea water, the eggs will not develop but disintegrate in the way characteristic for eggs with artificially produced membranes that have not been treated with hypertonic sea water. From this I concluded that the hypertonic sea water modifies the process of oxidation in the egg and leads the oxidations into the right channels. There remained, however, an apparent difficulty. In my original experiments on artificial parthenogenesis, not two but apparently only one agency was employed to cause the developement of larvz from the unfer- tilized egg of the sea urchin, namely, an increase in the osmotic pressure of the sea water. My recent experiments here, however, show that in this purely osmotic method of artificial partheno- genesis, we are in reality dealing with a combination of two differ- ent agencies, one being the increase of the osmotic pressure at a comparatively low concentration of hydroxyl ions, the second the hydroxyl ions at a comparatively high concentration. The proof for this statement rests upon the following experimental facts. (2) When the concentration of the HO is below a certain limit, namely, 10°” even the maximal increase of osmotic pressure fails to cause the formation of larve from the unfertilized eggs. (2) When the concentration of hydroxyl ions is high, «. g., 10-*z a very slight increase of the osmotic pressure is able to call forth the formation of larve. (c) The effects of the two agencies can be separated by first putting the eggs for from 1% to 2 hours into a hypertonic solution with a concentration of hydroxyl ions between 107’ and 10-° and afterwards transferring them for some time to an isotonic solution with a concentration of hydroxyl ions of about 2 or 4 x 107%z, While no egg that has been exposed to the hypertonic solution 78 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIoLocy AND MEDICINE. will develop, many or possibly the majority of the eggs that have in addition been exposed to the hyperalkaline solution will develop into larvae many of which are perfectly normal and rise to the surface. I have further found that the eggs which develop into larve very often (possibly always) have a membrane which, how- ever, differs from the fatty acid membrane or the fertilization mem- brane in this, that it is not separated by so wide a space from the protoplasm and therefore easily escapes detection. In a former paper I have already pointed out that the facts of natural fertilization agree also with the view set forth in the introductory remarks of this note. 53 (196) Comparative chemical composition of the hair of different races. By THOMAS A, RUTHERFORD and PHILIP B. HAWK. [From the Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry of the Department of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania. | Forty-five samples of hair were analyzed, the specimens being obtained from indian, negro, japanese and caucasian subjects. After subjecting the hair to the action of digestive juices and alcohol and ether the percentage content of sulphur, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen in the remaining keratin was determined. The analyses indicate that the chemical composition of human hair is influenced by six factors, as follows: (1) Race of the subject; » (2) sex of the subject ; (3) age of the subject ; (4) color of the hair ; (5) purity of breeding of the subject ; (6) whether the hair sample is obtained from a dead or living subject. The average percentage composition of the forms of hair (keratin) analyzed is given below. Subject. Elementary percentage composition. Ratio, S N Cc H O S:N Indian 4.82 15.40 44.06 6.53 29.19 t:3.8 Japanese 4.96 14.64 42.99 5.91 31.50 z33.0 Negro 4.84 14.90 43.85 6.37 30.04 tat Caucasian : Adults 5.22 15.19 44.49 6.44 28.66 B12,9 Children 4:93 14.58 43-23 6.46 30.80 I:3.0 SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 79 54 (197) The oxidation of sugars by cupric acetate-acetic acid mixtures. By A. P. MATHEWS and HUGH MCGUIGAN. [From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Univer- sity of Chicago. | The study was undertaken to learn precisely upon what the oxidizing powers of cupric acetate and Fehling’s solution depended. The addition of acetic acid to cupric acetate diminishes its speed of oxidation so that one sugar after another ceases to be oxidized at a rapid rate as more acid is added. The amount of acid that may be necessary to check the oxidation to any given rate depends on the concentration of the acetate; the more concentrated the acetate the more acid is required. McGuigan determined the amount of acid necessary to check oxidation of the various sugars in different concentrations of the acetate within a certain time (one half minute’s boiling). The results showed that the sugars arranged themselves as follows according to the amount of acid necessary to check oxidation. Levulose (most acid required), galactose, glucose, maltose, lactose. Solutions of different concentrations of acetate and acetic acid were prepared which would just fail to oxidize levulose to a visible reduction of cuprous oxide on one half minute’s boiling. Similar solutions were prepared for the different sugars. Each of these solutions for any given sugar of one per cent. concentration had the same speed of oxidation. The cupric ions in these solutions were measured by the elec- tromotive force developed between the solution and a plate of copper. The hydrogen ions were determined by the inversion of ‘cane sugar. From the figures thus obtained the result appeared that in all solutions oxidizing any one sugar with the same speed the decomposition tension of the cupric oxide in the solutions was a constant. | For the different sugars the following data for decomposition tension were obtained in those solutions that just failed to oxidize to a visible extent in one half minute’s boiling. 80 SOcIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. Levulose, 0.583 volts. Galactose, 0.562 ‘§ Glucose, - 0.558 ‘ Maltose, 6.532 = Lactose, @2550°.:** The constancy of the decomposition tension shows that in solu- tions containing different concentrations of cupric acetate but hav- ing the same rate of oxidation of any single sugar, the product of the concentration of the cupric ions and the oxygen ions is a con- stant, or Cy,+ x C5=K. The fact that for the same rate of oxidation of the different sugars this product varies, shows that the per cent. of dissociation into reactive products of the different sugars also varies and in fact that levulose dissociates most, then galactose, glucose, maltose and lactose in a diminishing order. Preliminary observations indicate that for the same rate of oxida- tion, the product of Cu x Ox dissociated sugar molecules is a constant. The oxidizing jotential of all solutions containing cupric ions appears to be constant ; these solutions differ only in their razes of oxidation. Acid cupric sulphate is reduced by glucose, levulose, etc., but at a very slow rate. The constancy depends on the con- stant ionic potential of the cupric ions, regardless of their concen- tration. This potential is 0.668 volt.. Fehling’s solution differs from a cupric acetate-acetic acid solution not in its potential but only in its speed of oxidation. The superior speed of action of a Fehling’s solution over a cupric acetate solution is due to the enormously greater concentration of oxygen ions (hydroxyl ions) in the Fehling’s solution and also to the fact that the dissociation | of the sugar molecule into active particles is enormously greater in an alkaline than anacidmedium. (Schade: Zettschrift fir phystkal. Chem., 1906, lvii, pp. 1-46. Nef’s work on glycols, etc.) These facts show why it is that the sugars are oxidized and fermented by the tissues, by moulds and bacteria at different rates, this being due to the greater dissociation of certain sugars. A cupric acetate-acetic mixture of proper concentration will show the same selective action toward levulose that many bacteria and other living organisms show and oxidize the levulose almost completely before the glucose is attacked. Whether sugars differ also among themselves in their reducing potential has not yet been determined. No indications of such a difference have as yet occurred to us. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. SI 55 (198) Observations on the effects of fasting upon the opsonic power of the blood to staphylococcus aureus. By ALLAN C. RANKIN and A. A. MARTIN (by invitation). [From the Pathological Laboratory of McGill Uniwersity, Montreal, Canada. | During the last year considerable work has been done in demonstrating the part that is played by opsonins in protecting the body from diseases, also in pointing out how the protective power of the body against certain bacteria can be accurately deter- mined. The physiologists have frequently hinted that diminished nutrition lays the human body open for a ready invasion by micro- organisms, but they have not been able to support their views by actual figures. If we remember aright, at the last meeting of the British Medical Association at Toronto, Professor Chittenden referred to this matter and to the lack of absolute data, although we do not find that his remarks are included in the official report of the discussion in question. One of us (M.), previous to entering as a medical student, had found that he could fast without serious result over a period of several days. Now, asa third year medical student, he decided that he was in favorable surroundings to undergo another fast dur- ing which observations upon metabolism might be taken. The results upon metabolism have been investigated by others. Here we desire to call attention to the effects of fasting for a period of nine days upon the opsonic power of the blood. M. is a sturdily built young adult, twenty-eight years of age, who weighed before the fast one hundred and thirty-nine pounds and whose height is five feet and three-quarter inches. He had -always enjoyed good health. The fast began after a meal at 9 a. m. on December 27, and continued until 6 p. m., January 5. During this time M. did not suffer from boils or any infection which could have affected the results obtained in these observations. He was not at rest during this experimental fast but took daily exercise, frequently walking five miles and was up and about most of the day. He took water 82 SociETy FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. to the amount of 200 cc. three times a day, but absolutely no food. At the conclusion of the fast his weight was one hundred and twenty-five pounds, a loss of fourteen pounds. Unfortunately the fast had already begun when the other of us (R) was asked to make opsonic investigations. The first observation was then made on December 28th, thirty-six hours after the fast had started; the blood was taken at 8:30 p. m. From this date onwards observations were made daily, except on January Ist and January 3rd. The blood was drawn at the same hour each day (10 a. m.); on the last day, however, the blood was examined at 4p. m., shortly before the conclusion of the fast. . After the fast the blood was examined five times over a period of two weeks. The blood was taken in the afternoon. An eighteen-hour culture of staphylococcus upon plain agar was used for the preparation of the emulsion. This organism was used on account of the fact that with it accurate results can be obtained and also on account of the fact that we were somewhat unprepared for the work which we took up hurriedly at a few hours notice. The control serum was that of an individual whose opsonic power had been shown (by pool) to be normal to this organism. The technique employed was that of Wright and Douglas. The accompanying diagram gives a clear picture of the result obtained. DEC.06 JAN 07. [ERE EBESRUVOROUE Wh t2 alata 19 20 eh ed a Ren ET INDEX ee ok ee > Fi Be WR Se ae De Wa Ba a Fad os td er or eee BES LE veh g VAL led st ae te oof] Tool bbe eae FRee re RO FB 9 FH a SA We db ot | | | | PT PN eT Be fin Ha Sea 2: 4a es} Te a ae RRS RE Oa A ee LAA a hal BRBRNaR ite Aw Raw hint MERBRSR RN Me ee BeBe Bi ts BRRRBREIR Swe Bb BY Bs, SSG a eh ae A SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 83 Examination of the curve shows that over the period of the fast there was a gradual diminution of the opsonic power till finally at the end of the fast, on the ninth day, it was 0.7. We do not lay stress upon the small differences shown between some of the successive observations but we consider that the difference between 0.98 and 0.7 is absolutely definite. We would call attention to the steady rise to and retention at the normal after the fast was broken. We fully realize that a sweeping statement regarding the variations in the resistance of the body cannot be made from our observations on the opsonic power against staphylococcus aureus ; nevertheless, it is of interest that a decided fall in the power did occur against this organism. Moreover, if we take it that the nat- ural opsonins which exist in the body are general and not specific, it would not seem unlikely that the phagocytic index against other organisms could be shown to be diminished correspondingly. 56 (199) The automatism of the respiratory center. By G. N. STEWART and F. H. PIKE. [From the Hull Physiological Laboratory, University of Chicago. | In the course of observations on the resuscitation of the central nervous system we have had the opportunity to determine whether regular, spontaneous respiratory movements can be discharged at a stage in the resuscitation when as yet the respiratory center is unaffected by stimulation of afferent nerves. The respiratory movements, and usually the arterial blood pressure as well, were recorded and the effect of stimulation of the central ends of the vagus, brachial plexus and sometimes the sciatic determined before _ occlusion of the arteries supplying the brain, the bulb and the upper portion of the cervical spinal cord. These arteries (innominate and left subclavian proximal to the origin of the left vertebral) were then occluded by temporary ligatures.. At intervals during the occlusion and again after releasing the vessels the nerves were stimulated, of course with the same strength of stimulus as before. Artificial respiration was kept up from the time when natural res- 84 SoclETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. piration ceased till it was thoroughly re-established after resusci- tation. Result, — An interval, varying in length with the duration of the occlusion and other circumstances, was found during resuscita- tion, when spontaneous respiration had returned and was going on with a regular rhythm while totally incapable of being influenced by stimulation of any of the afferent paths investigated. The most probable assumption is that at this stage some portion of these afferent paths to the respiratory center was still unable to conduct impulses to the center, the block being possibly (in terms of the neurone hypothesis) in the synapses in which the afferent fibers terminate in the bulb. Resuscitation of the center and the efferent paths from it had at this stage been carried to the point at which the motor impulses were able to pass down to the anterior horn cells which innervate the muscles of ordinary respiration. If at this point in the resuscitation the afferent paths of the vagus and the brachial plexus are still interrupted, it is reasonable to assume that the same is true of the other afferent fibers connected with the bulbar respiratory center. For certainly of the fibers running headwards to the bulb none can be supposed to be more favorably situated for carrying impressions to the respiratory center than the afferent fibers of the vagus. Nor can it be imagined that at this time impulses can be passing to the center from the higher parts of the brain, since it is a general rule that the nervous structures higher than the bulb require a longer time for resuscitation than the bulb or the spinal cord does. Conclusion. — The method described seems indeed to afford, what has long been a desideratum, a means of temporarily elim- inating all the afferent paths connected with the respiratory center. Since under these conditions the center continues to discharge itself in such a way as to maintain a long and unbroken series of regular, efficient respiratory movements, its normal activity is to be considered an example of physiological automatism, not orig- inated, although influenced by afferent nervous impulses. ScIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 85 57 (200) A series of spontaneous tumors in mice. By E. E. TYZZER. [From the Laboratory of the Caroline Brewer Croft Cancer Com- mission, Harvard Medical School. | In the investigation of tumors in mice, attention has been, for the most part, directed to those which develop in the subcutaneous tissue. It is possible that internal tumors often occur unnoticed. In this series the tumors of the lung are most frequent. Primary, papillary, cyst-adenomata of the lung have been found in eleven cases. All these tumors conform to one type, and consist of cuboidal or columnar epithelium covering irregular folds and processes of connective tissue. No mitotic figures have been found in the epithelium of these tumors, so that it is evident that they are not rapidly growing. Most of these tumors were very minute and in several instances, when they occurred with other primary tumors, they were mistaken for metastases until examined histologically. In one case a tumor of this type attained such size that it filled about one third of the thorax. In two other cases tumors were found growing into the bronchi. These tumors occur in both male and female, and appear to be about equally frequent in the inoculated and non-inoculated mice. The largest of the lung tumors was inoculated into five mice, but failed to develop further. Minute adenomata of the kidney were found in two cases. A rapidly growing lympho-sarcoma, which occurred in an old female mouse, was inoculated into seventeen mice with negative results. Tumors of the mammary gland have developed in three old female mice, and in each case the lymphatics were invaded by the growth. In the first case the primary tumor presents, in addition to simple adenoma, transitions from this to an actively growing carcinoma. Another adeno-carcinoma of the mammary gland occurred in a waltzing mouse. The tumor is peculiar in that groups of the epithelial cells become vacuolated, and resemble very closely the sebaceous glands of the skin. The inoculation 86 SoclETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. of this tumor into other waltzing mice has been successful in one instance. The growth in this case is relatively slow. A third sub- cutaneous adeno-carcinoma, differing in structure from both of the preceding ones, has been inoculated into a number of mice, which are now under observation. Thus in the experimental inoculation of four spontaneous tumors into other mice, a new growth has followed with one only. An important fact in this series is the relative frequency with which single cases present more than one primary tumor. In three mice there were in each two primary spontaneous tumors of different types. In several other cases a primary tumor occurred in a mouse in which there was also an inoculated tumor. The mice under observation are kept in small cages, which are kept as clean as possible and scrubbed periodically with hot water andsoap. In the seventeen tumors, of this series, there has been no definite indication of cage-infection. On the other hand the frequency of tumors in certain families of mice has suggested the possibility that heredity plays a part in the occurrence of tumors. Certain families of mice, which are susceptible to the inoculable tumors, have developed spontaneous tumors; other families, which are not susceptible to the inoculable tumors, have never developed spontaneous tumors. Since heredity is unques- tionably a factor as regards the growth of the inoculable tumors, it should also be considered as a possible factor in the develop- ment of spontaneous tumors. Breeding experiments have thus far furnished results in accord with this hypothesis. Since it has been demonstrated that spirochetz occur frequently in tumors of mice, silver preparations have been made of several of the tumors of this series, following the technic of Levaditti. No spirochetz were found in the lympho-sarcoma, but they were found in small numbers in the tumor of the Japanese waltzing mouse. The skin covering this tumor had not ulcerated. Spirochetze were also found in the stroma of an inoculated tumor of the Jensen strain. None were found in several human cancers and in an actively growing sarcoma of a hen. Silver preparations were made of the tissues of several mice which had no tumors. One mouse which had been twice inocu- lated with the Jensen tumor, died six weeks after the last of the SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 87 inoculations. Enormous numbers of spirochetz, apparently iden- tical with those which occur in the tumors of the mouse, were found in the myocardium and in the lung. Another mouse, twice inoculated with the Ehrlich “Stamme 1 1”’ tumor, died three months after the second inoculation. Neither of the inoculations was followed by any growth of the tumor. There was a long-standing inflammation of one foot and leg. Spirochetz were found in small numbers about the inflammation in the foot, and in enormous numbers in the mediastinum about the bronchi and large veins. The tubules of the kidney also contain large numbers, but they here appear to be undergoing disintegration and and are not so readily distinguished. The organisms in these two cases are of the form of a relatively thick, broad spiral, and have at one end a flagellum, which is less intensely colored than the body of the organism. The spirochete found in these two cases appear to be identical with those found in the tumors of the mouse. 58 (201) Concerning the neutrality of protoplasm. By LAWRENCE J. HENDERSON (by invitation). [from the Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of the Harvard Medical School. | It is desirable, both on account of the normal production of acid during metabolism, and because of the production of acid under pathological circumstances, to study the adjustment of equilibrium in protoplasm whereby neutrality is maintained. In undertaking this study the equilibrium in mixtures of sodium hydrate, phos- phoric acid and carbonic acid has been studied. As a result of the investigations it appears that in the presence of both free and combined carbonic acid in measurable amount, such mixtures are precisely neutral to rosolic acid, and that the amount of sodium bicarbonate in such mixtures can vary greatly without great variation in the ratio between mono-sodium phos- phate and di-sodium phosphate. These results are in accord with the theory, based upon the ionization constant of carbonic acid 88 SoOcIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. (3 x 107’) and of the ion H,PO,(2 x 1077). Although the equi- librium in such a system at 40° C. may be somewhat different it is evident that this equilibrium is calculated almost perfectly to protect protoplasm from variation in neutrality. The variation in hydrogen and hydroxyl ionization can hardly be more than 5 2G (. The theory of the transport of carbonic acid is now being in- vestigated in the light of this great variation of combined carbonic acid, and the variation which has been found in “acidosis.” 59 (202) | The influence of adrenalin upon the venous blood flow. By RUSSELL BURTON-OPITZ. [from the Physiological Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physictans and Surgeons. | The blood flow in the femoral, external jugular and azygos veins was measured by means of the stromuhr described by the author. During the experiment, solutions of adrenalin were injected centrally to the stromuhr. The effect of the adrenalin showed itself in a retardation of the venous inflow which appeared in from 14-16 seconds after the injection. Considering the velocity of the venous blood stream, it must be assumed that the adrenalin did not produce its characteristic effect until it had reached the arterial side of the circulatory system. The experiments tend to disprove the existence of vaso-motor nerves in the central veins and the pulmonary circuit. 60 (203) The viscosity of laked blood. By RUSSELL BURTON-OPITZ. [/vom the Physiological Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. | It was found that the viscosity of laked blood prepared by the process of freezing, is very much less than the viscosity of defibri- nated blood. The specific gravity was only slightly lessened. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 89 Examples of the experimental data are appended : Defibrinated Blood Laked Blood Spec. Grav. Viscosity Spec. Grav. Viscosity 1.0566 665.74 1.0563 982.35 61 (204) The determination of ammonia and urea in blood. By W. MCKIM MARRIOTT and C. G. L. WOLF. [From Cornell University Medical College, New York City.| Ammonia is determined by distillation in vacuo. 100 c.c. of blood are treated with 50 c.c. of saturated sodium chlorid solution and 250 c.c. of methyl alcohol are added to the mixture. The pre- cipitate formed is finely granular. The residue is filtered off ina filter press, and the filtrate distilled for 40 minutes, with the tem- perature of the water bath at 40-50°C. The receivers are charged with 2/50 sulphuric acid, and the acid titrated with 2/50 sodium hydroxid free from carbonate. Sodium alizarin sulfonate is used as an indicator. The results are perfectly accurate. The residue after distillation is made acid with hydrochloric acid, evaporated and hydrolyzed with 10 grams of glacial phos- phoric acid at 150°C. The ammonia formed from the urea is then distilled into 2/50 acid. The duplicates have shown very satis- factory agreement, but it is quite certain that not all the urea which is added to a sample of blood is recovered. It is probable that the carbohydrates in the residue combine with the urea at the temperature of hydrolysis and prevent the formation of ammonia. 62 (205) The resolution of fibrinous exudates, with exhibition of specimens. By EUGENE L. OPIE. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. ] The purpose of the experiments which are described has been to determine the part played by enzymes in the resolution of a fibrinous exudate. When turpentine is injected into the subcu- taneous tissue of the dog, an abscess results, but when an equal 90 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. quantity of turpentine is injected into the pleural cavity, there is abundant exudation of coagulable fluid and the serous surfaces are covered by thick layers of fibrin. Accumulation of fluid which can be followed during life by percussion of the animal’s chest reaches a maximum at the end of three days, and then gradually subsides so that at the end of six days, in most instances, the cavity contains no fluid. Fibrin, though diminished in amount, is still present, and gradually disappears, so that at the end of two or three weeks, the cavity has returned to the normal, save for a few organized adhesions. During the early stage of the inflammation, fibrinous exudate, freed from the serum by washing in salt solution, undergoes diges- tion when suspended in an alkaline (0.2 per cent. sodium carbonate) or in an acid medium (0.2 per cent. acetic acid). At the end of six days, at a time when fluid has disappeared from the pleural cavity, digestion fails to occur in an alkaline medium, but occurs with great activity in the presence of acid. During the first stage of the inflammatory reaction, when fluid is abundant and the fibrin which is present digests in the presence of alkali, polynuclear leucocytes are very numerous in the meshes of the fibrin. In the second stage, when fluid has in great part disappeared, and the fibrin contains only one enzyme digesting in the presence of acid, polynuclear leucocytes have disappeared and only mononuclear cells are embedded in the fibrin. Since the acids, which, in vitro, favor the action of the enzyme present in the second stage of the process, do not occur in the body, the possibility has suggested itself that carbon dioxide brings this enzyme into action. If carbon dioxide is passed through normal salt solution in which strips of such fibrin are suspended, digestion is very greatly hastened. The normal inhibition exerted by blood serum upon the enzyme is overcome by carbon dioxide ; in the presence of a small quantity of blood serum, carbon dioxide causes greater enzymotic activity than in the presence of salt solu- tion alone. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. gI 63 (206) Extirpation of both kidneys from a cat and transplantation of both kidneys from another cat, with exhibition of specimens. By ALEXIS CARREL. [rom the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | Both kidneys from a cat were extirpated and immediately replaced by both kidneys from another cat. After this operation the animal urinated abundantly. Urine collected during the first few days contained albumin. On the fourteenth day, the cat was operated on for hernia of the small intestine through the abdominal wound. The animal died from general peritonitis one day after this second operation. The anatomical specimen shows that the kidneys are a little enlarged. There is a slight hydronephrosis on the left side. Nevertheless, both organs appear to be in good condition. Twenty second meeting. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. April 17,1907. Prest- dent Flexner in the chair. 64 (207) Wounds of the pregnant uterus. By LEO LOEB. [From the Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, University of Pennsylvania. | In continuation of former experiments to determine the influence of functional conditions upon processes of cell growth and cell ne- crosis in the ovaries, investigations of a similar character were under- taken on the pregnant uterus of the guinea pig. Asis well known, the pregnant uterus responds to the stimulation of the fertilized ovum by the production of decidual tissue. It was thought possible that in the beginning of pregnancy the uterus might respond also to other stimuli such as wounds, in a way different from the ordi- nary uterus. Experiments were carried out in twenty six guinea pigs at different stages of pregnancy. Wounds were made in various directions in the uterus, or part of the wall of the uterus was in- verted so that the mucous membrane was turned outside. It was found that at a certain stage of pregnancy, namely from the fourth to the sixth day, nodules of decidual tissue were formed at places where the continuity of the uterus had been interrupted or where the mucous membrane had been inverted. Serial sections of these nodules show that they consist of typical decidual tissue which does not include a developing ovum. The number of these nodules was either larger than the number of corpora lutea present in the ovaries which had been cut into serial sections or in other cases corpora lutea were present on only one side of the animal while the decidual nodules were present in both horns of the uterus. Under those conditions it is not likely that the formation of the decidual nodules was caused by the direct stimulation of an ovum, but it is more likely that, at the period of pregnancy, when the development of (93) 94 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. decidual tissue begins to take place normally, other stimuli are also able to call forth the production of decidual nodules. At the pres- ent stage of the investigation I do not, however, wish to deny pos- itively that a brief contact of the ovum with a wound of the uterus or with the inverted mucous membrane of the uterus is necessary for the production of decidual nodules. Between the third and fourth week after impregnation such nodules become necrotic. They resemble small tumors which originate under chemical stim- ulation, and are of a transitory character because the stimulus is transitory. They might be called benign deciduomata and be classed among that variety of new growths which I designated as transitory tumors and of which the corpus luteum might serve as a prototype. Among the animals experimented upon in the first three days of pregnancy, only once a deciduoma was found. These experiments may also be of interest in so far as they seem to show that under ordinary conditions it is not possible to produce an abdominal pregnancy in the guinea pig by various injuries of the uterus ; although it may be assumed that under the conditions of the methods of experimentation adopted by me, the ovum had, in many cases, easy access to the abdominal cavity. In no instance did the peritoneal cavity show any change in the course of these experiments. We may, therefore, assume that the entrance of the ovum into the abdominal cavity is usually not sufficient to pro- duce an abdominal pregnancy. 65 (208) The effect of light on the staining of cells. By LEO LOEB. [From the Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, University of Pennsylvania. | Former studies of the structural changes in blood cells, especially of the behavior of cell granules under the influence of different external conditions, made it desirable to investigate the behavior of cells in different staining solutions, especially in solu- tions of vital stains. In the course of various investigations, it was found that solutions not only of eosin but also of other stains, as neutral red, affect the cells very differently in light and in dark. That eosin and other fluorescent substances are much more poison- SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 95 ous for cells and for ferments in light than in dark has been previ- ously shown by von Tappeiner, Raab and a number of others, The results of my investigations which were carried out (partly with the cooperation of Mr. L. P. Shippen) in the summers of 1905 and 1906, the last experiment having been done at the end of August, 1906, may be summarized in the following way: 1. In solutions of dyes (neutral red, eosin, methylene blue, methy] violet and others), cells (eggs of Asterias) are stained differ- ently according to whether the cells and solutions are exposed to the light or kept in the dark. 2. Combination of an acid and a basic dye (eosin and methy- lene blue) increased markedly the differences in the staining of the cells in the light and in the dark, in so far, as a small addition of methylene blue to eosin suffices to increase very much the staining reaction which is characteristic for light. The same holds good, probably, for other combinations, as neutral red and eosin. A mutually neutralizing or antitoxic effect of basic and acid dyes does, therefore, not exist. This increase in the effect of a combina- tion of methylene blue and eosin is not caused by a primary change which the light produces in the solutions. Solutions of dyes which have been previously exposed to light do not stain the cells in the dark differently from solutions which had not been exposed to the light. In a combination of two basic dyes (methylene blue and neutral red) methylene blue and neutral red substitute each other in the dark according to the proportions in which they are mixed. In the light the cells assume a tone intermediate between neutral red and methylene blue. 3. The difference in the staining of cells in the light and dark is caused by at least two different effects of the light. (a) The light causes primary changes in the cells, and the difference in the staining of cells in the light and in the dark is caused by those primary changes which the light produces in the cells. This applies to staining with eosin, neutral red and with certain mixtures of eosin and methylene blue and eosin and neutral red. (6) The light changes primarily the staining solutions and the staining of the cells corresponds to the primary changes in the staining solu- tions. This applies to staining with pure methylene blue and to such mixtures of methylene blue and eosin in which much methy- 96 Society FOR EXPERIMENTAL BioLocy AND MEDICINE. lene blue is present. It also applies, perhaps, to solutions of hematoxylin. The staining of the cells in the light as well as in the dark depends also upon the proportions in which both dyes are present in the mixture. 4. It is possible to distinguish the two factors stated under a and & by killing the cells with heat. The effect of light upon the cells which is caused by its direct action upon the cells, dis- appears if the cells have been previously killed. The changes, on the contrary, which are secondary to the primary changes in the staining solutions are still present. 5. Means which diminish the oxidative processes in the cells (e. g., addition of KCN, by which hydrogen is carried through the solution) and saturation of the solution with oxygen, do not modify markedly the differences in the staining of the cells in the light and in the dark. Itis, therefore, not probable that the light influences the staining of the cells by causing an increase in the oxidative proc- esses. The addition of alkali to the staining solution is likewise without influence upon the staining of the cells in the dark and in the light. 6. A series of observations on the behavior of different ova and larve in the different staining solutions render it probable that the influence of the light depends partly at least upon the injury or death of cells which is caused by light, if the cells are in stain- ing solutions, and that the differences in the action of the stains are therefore secondary. Actively swimming blastulz and gas- trulz stain differently with eosin on the one hand, and with neutral red and methylene blue on the other hand. With the two latter dyes, especially with neutral red, the external layers of healthy | cells are stained. With eosin, on the other hand, those cells of blastule and gastrulz are stained which were cast off either into the inner cavity or to the outside of the organisms. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 97 66 (209) The abolition of visceral pain by intramuscular injection of cocaine. — A demonstration. By L. KAST and 8. J. MELTZER. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | The chief purpose of the demonstration was to bring out a new point with regard to the effects of cocaine. But we wish to utilize the experiment also in settlement of an old and frequently discussed point, namely, the question of the sensation of pain in abdominal viscera. According to the latest review of that subject in Nagel’s Handbook of Physiology, the majority of the writers are inclined _ to deny the existence of such sensations. On this dog laparotomy was performed under ether anesthesia and one intestinal coil was loosely fixed between the branches of a long clamp; the abdomen was again closed by sutures with the exception of a small opening for the body of the clamp. Com- pression of the protruding handles of the clamp meant pressure upon the coil. At the time of demonstration the animal was not entirely out of the anesthesia ; nevertheless even a moderate com- pression of the handles sufficed to bring out an unmistakable reac- tion. Simple traction had apparently no effect and rubbing the clamp within the wound or rubbing the inner point of the clamp against the parietal peritoneum had only a slight effect. This experiment demonstrates then beyond a doubt that the intestines of dogs are not devoid of the sensation of pain. An injection of 0.02 gm. of cocaine was then made into the pec- toral muscle. Five minutes later the handles of the clamp could be compressed or moved in any other manner without bringing out any reaction, while the animal had his eyes wide open. This shows clearly that cocaine can produce not only local anesthesia but also a distant anesthetic effect through the circulation. 98 SociETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 67 (210) The effect of nephrectomy upon the toxicity of magnesium sul- phate when given by mouth. — A demonstration. By 8. J. MELTZER. [from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | Three rabbits were shown, one normal and two nephrectomized. The nephrectomy was performed nine hours before the demon- stration. One nephrectomized animal received by mouth, soon after the nephrectomy, magnesium sulphate (6 grams per kilo ina 25 per cent. solution). The normal animal received by mouth 7 grams per kilo of the same salt. The other nephrectomized rabbit received no magnesium sulphate. At the time of the demonstra- tion the nephrectomized rabbit which had received the salts was under profound anesthesia with complete muscular relaxation, while the other two animals were in an apparently normal state. This shows that in xephrectomized rabbits magnesium salts produce a profound general effect even when given by mouth, and that the absence of such an effect in the usual administration of the salts is due to the comparatively prompt elimination through the kidneys of a large part of the absorbed salts, thus preventing at any given time the accumulation within the organism of a quantity equal to a toxic dose. 68 (211) Observations on a rabbit for thirty months after the removal of the superior cervical ganglion. By 8S. J. MELTZER. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.] Langendorff’ reported that in one experiment on a cat one hundred and five days after the removal of the superior cervical ganglion, the paralytic symptoms of the eye disappeared, and stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve caused the typical effects. Microscopically no nerve cells could be detected, and Langendorff assumed that there was a union between the pre- ganglionic and postganglionic nerve fibers. Langley,’ on the other : Langendorff : Centralblatt Sir Physiologie, XV, 483, 1901. The number of days is quoted here from Langley and Anderson; it is not mentioned in the Centra/dlatt. 2Langley: Journal of Physiology, xxv, 417, 1900. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 99 hand, reported, about one year before Langendorff, an experiment on a cat in which twenty-three months after the removal of the superior cervical ganglion stimulation of the cervical sympathetic did not pro- duce the usual effects, and on microscopical examination some postganglionic nerve fibers were found to have been regenerated ; but there were neither nerve cells nor any union between the post- ganglionic and pregarmglionic nerve fibers. Later Langley and Anderson repeated the experiment on eight cats. In six of the animals, which lived between one hundred and eighty-three and four hundred and seventy-six days, the paralytic symptoms remained permanent, and stimulation of the cervical sympathetic caused no effect. In two of the cases there was some decrease in the paralytic symptoms, and stimulation of the cervical sympathetic caused some effect, but microscopical examination showed that in both cases not all of the nerve cells had been removed. All the above experiments were made on cats, which have a large ganglion. The gap between the postganglionic and pre- ganglionic nerve fibers in the cat is nearly one centimeter. Inthe rabbit the ganglion is barely three millimeters long, and there might perhaps be a better chance for a final union of the nerve fibers of the two poles of the ganglion. Iam going to report here briefly some observations made on a rabbit which lived over thirty months after the removal of the superior cervical ganglion. Full grown, grey, male rabbit. Left superior cervical gang- lion removed October 14, 1904. Animal died April 23, 1907. Soon after the removal of the ganglion the left pupil became quite small ; a few days later it became somewhat wider again, and some weeks later it became constricted to about the original size after the operation and retained this size permanently until death. The blood vessels of the left ear, which became wider after the removal of the ganglion, gradually assumed the size of the vessels of the other ear and remained in that state perman- ently. During the last eighteen months the blood vessels of both ears were never very wide and showed but little of the usual rhyth- mical changes. We? have shown that after removal of the ganglion, a sub- 1 Langley and Anderson: /ournal of Physiology, xxxi, 383, 1904. 2S. J. Meltzer and Clara Meltzer Auer: American Journal of Physiology, xi, 28, 1904. 100 SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. cutaneous injection or an instillation of adrenalin into the con- unctival sacs of the rabbit causes a dilatation of the pupil on the side from which the ganglion was removed. This dzological test for the absence of the ganglion was frequently made within the two and a half years of the animal’s life and it was found that a sazéd- cutaneous or intramuscular injection or an instillation of adrenalin wnvariably caused a long lasting dilatation of the left pupil. This test seemed to prove satisfactorily that the ganglion was not re- generated, or at least the postganglionic and preganglionic nerve fibres did not grow together. To obtain further proof, twenty- eight months after the removal of the ganglion the cervical sym- pathetic nerves of both sides were exposed and stimulated with induction currents. While stimulation of the right sympathetic easily caused the usual effects upon the ear vessels and pupil of the corresponding side, stimulation of the left cervical sympathetic caused no changes whatsoever in the left pupil or in the vessels of the left ear.’ During the last twelve months there were, however, a few changes which deserve to be mentioned. In the first place the dilatation of the left pupil never attained the same degree as dur- ing the first period. Further an intramuscular injection of adrena- lin, which in the early period brought out the dilatation of the pupil within two or three minutes,” now developed its effect very slowly. Finally the constricting effect of eserin was only partly overcome by an injection or instillation of adrenalin, whereas in the early period the effect of eserin was completely overcome by adrenalin. Apparently the relations of adrenalin to the dilator pupillaz had somehow undergone some changes. Local stimula- tion of the iris was not tested. I shall record the following observations without offering for the present any interpretation of them. Within the last ten months the right pupil was permanently distinctly larger than normal ana responded sluggishly tolight. An injection of adrenalin brought out a distinct constriction which lasted about fifteen minutes. After the above mentioned stimulation of the cervical sympathetics, the permanent dilation of the right pupil disappeared for about five 1 This experiment was carried out in the presence of Drs, Flexner, Opie and Carrel, 2S. J. Meltzer and John Auer: Journal of Experimental Medicine, vii, 59, 1905. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. IOI weeks and an injection of adrenalin had no effect upon the pupil. For the last three weeks the dilation of the right pupil had again returned. 7 On account of the very moderate effect which the intramuscular injection of adrenalin had caused in the left pupil in the last few days, an intravenous injection of adrenalin was tried on this animal for the first time. Not more than 0.3 c.c. of adrenalin (1 : 1000) were given through the ear vein. The right pupil remained un- changed, fairly dilated. The left pupil became gradually dilated so that after an hour the dilation was at the maximum. Half an hour later the animal fell over on its side, blood and foam escap- ing through the mouth and nose. The rabbit died of acute pul- monary edema. At the autopsy, no sign of a ganglion could be discovered macroscopically on the left side; in the neighborhood of the seat of the ganglion the sympathetic nerve was lost in strands of con- nective tissue. (The abdominal aorta showed a few sclerotic patches.) 69 (212) Intra-abdominal pressures. By HAVEN EMERSON. | From the Department of Physiology of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. ] Definition : 1. Pressures upon solid viscera. 2. Pressures within hollow viscera. 3. Pressures within blood and lymph vessels. 4. Pressures within the free peritoneal cavity. Pressures upon solid viscera cannot be other than those present in the free peritoneal cavity. Pressures within hollow viscera have been fairly established. Pressures within blood and lymph spaces have been accurately determined. Pressure within the free peritoneal cavity has been a subject of disagreement since 1865 when Braune declared it was negative. To determine the normal pressure and its variations within the peritoneal cavity a perforated trocar was used to pierce the abdom- 102 SoclETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. inal wall. This was connected with a water manometer arranged to record by a float and marker upon a smoked paper. In dogs the pressure varied from 2-45 mm. of water above atmospheric, z. ¢., positive. In cats from 2-20 mm. positive. In rabbits from 2-25 mm. positive. In calves from 2-10 mm. positive. The causes of this persistent but fluctuating positive pressure within the free peritoneal cavity are the tone of the muscular walls of the peritoneal cavity, including the diaphragm and the pelvic floor. The contraction of the diaphragm is the chief, if not the only factor in the normal rise in pressure during inspiration. Debilitated states show a low pressure. Ether anesthesia causes a gradual drop in pressure until with complete loss of muscular tone, the pressure reaches zero. Curare likewise causes a progressive fall to zero pressure. Asphyxia develops great rises in pressure during inspiration until muscular relaxation allows a drop to zero just before death. Excessive pressure artificially produced within the peritoneal cavity causes death from cardiac failure before the obstruction to respiratory excursion has developed a marked asphyxia. The pressure is the same at all points of the peritoneal cavity, and is subject to identical variations wherever the recording trocar is placed. The physiological function of these pressure conditions seems to be chiefly in assisting the circulation of blood and lymph, thereby playing an important role in the processes of absorption and elimination which take place within the abdomen. Clinical observations in diseased conditions are under way. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 103 70 (213) On the influence of CO, on the viscosity of the blood. By RUSSELL BURTON-OPITZ. [From the Physiological Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. | It has been proved by the author’ that the blood in the veins possesses a somewhat greater viscosity than the blood in the ar- teries. As this difference is caused no doubt by the greater amount of CO, present in the venous blood, it became of some consequence to determine whether the arterial blood could be made to assume a greater viscosity by increasing its CO, content. The dogs used in these experiments received alternately a supply of normal air and air charged with CO, During the period of inhalation of the air plus CO, the arterial blood showed a some- what greater viscosity than during the time when the animal breathed normal air. The changes appeared very promptly, but were never very conspicuous. The specific gravity of the blood pursued a course parallel to that of the viscosity. 71 (214) Agglutinins and precipitins in anti-gonococcic serum. By JOHN C. TORREY. [From the Department of Experimental Pathology, Loomis Labor- atory, Cornell University Medical College. | In December, 1906, I described the action and method of production of an anti-gonococcic serum which gave evidence of be- ing of therapeutic value in the treatment of gonorrheal arthritis. At the time announcement was made of the fact that the serum con- tained specific agglutinins and precipitins for gonococcus. Since then a detailed investigation into the nature of these anti-bodies has been carried on. The results of this study may be summarized as follows : | 1. Rabbits and other laboratory animals, when inoculated with cultures of gonococcus, raise specific agglutinins and precipitins. ' This journal: 1903, i, p. 23. 104. SOcIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 2. Normal rabbit sera contain a varying amount of agglutinin for gonococcus. 3. Strains of gonoccoci differ greatly in the titer of their agglu- tination with various gonococcic immune sera. 4. After one inoculation with a certain culture a large amount of agglutinin was produced for some strains, but none for others. Further inoculations caused an increase in the titer of the aggluti- nation for certain strains but a drop in that of others. 5. Absorption experiments indicate that an anti-gonococcic serum may contain, in addition to the specific homologous aggluti- nins, several groups of agglutinins which act on the different cultures quite independently of one another. At least three groups were found, whose major or specific agglutinins are not removed by inter-absorptions. This indicates that as far as agglutination is concerned there are specific differences between these groups. The family gonococcus is, accordingly, heterogeneous rather than homogenous, and in that respect resembles the dysentery, colon and streptococcus families. In making a serum for therapeutic purposes, this fact should be borne in mind. 6. The passage of a culture of gonococcus through a guinea- pig caused a very marked decrease in its agglutinability. 7. With the exception of one serum, meningococcus aggluti- nated only in low dilutions of the anti-gonococcic sera. 8. Anti-gonococcic serum contains specific precipitins for gonococcus. g. There appeared to be no relation between the precipitating and the agglutinating properties of an anti-gonococcic serum for a culture of gonococcus. 10. Anti-gonococcic sera contain as arule some precipitins for meningococcus, but none for m. catarrhalis or staphylococcus. 11. There is evidence, according to my experiments, of a rela- tionship between gonococcus and meningococcus, but not of as close a one as has been described by some investigators, ScIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 105 72 (215) On the separate determination of acetone and diacetic acid in , diabetic urines. By OTTO FOLIN. [From the Chemical Laboratory of McLean Hospital, Waverley, Mass. | The Messinger-Huppert method is valuable for the determina- tion of acetone and diacetic acid in urine but it gives only the sum of these two products and there is manifestly need of an additional quantitative method for the separate determination either of acetone or of diacetic acid. While acetone is a liquid with a boiling point of 56°C. and dis- solves in water in all proportions, I have found that it can be removed from its solutions by means of an air current and at ordi- nary room temperatures even more readily thanammonia. Itcan be determined in about half an hour, according to the same prin- ciple and by the help of the same apparatus which I use for the determination of ammonia. The determination is made as follows : Measure 20—25 c.c. of acetone solution or urine into an aero- meter cylinder and add 0.2-0.3 gm. oxalic acid or a few drops of 10 per cent. phosphoric acid, 8-10 gm. sodium chloride and a little petroleum. Connect with the absorbing bottle (as in the ammonia determination) in which has been placed water and 40 per cent. KOH solution (about 10 c.c. of the latter to 150 c.c. of the former) and an excess of a standardized solution of iodine. Con- nect the whole with a Chapman pump and run the air current through for 20-25 minutes. (The air current should be fairly strong but not as strong as for the ammonia determination.) Every trace of the acetone will now have been converted into iodoform in the receiving bottle. Acidify the contents of the lat- ter by the addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (10 c.c. for each 10 c.c. of the strong alkali used) and titrate the excess of the iodine, as in the Messinger-Huppert method, with standard- ized thiosulphate solution and starch. The determination of the acetone can be made simultaneously with the determination of the ammonia with the use of the same air current and even in the same sample of urine but I do not 106 SoclETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. recommend such a combination except for cases where the amount of available urine is small. In order to obtain reliable results by this method it is neces- sary to observe certain precautions. No time should be wasted after the alkali has been added to the standardized iodine solution because the potassium hypoiodite in the latter changes gradually to potassium iodate which is not available for the formation of iodoform. The alkaline iodine solu- tion must not touch rubber. The absorption tube must therefore not consist of two tubes joined by a rubber stopper as I have here- tofore used them in ammonia determinations but must be con- nected by the glass blower. Eimer and Amend have made me some excellent tubes suitable for this purpose. Finally no one should attempt to use the method on unknown solutions or urines until he has satisfied himself that he can get accurate figures with known acetone solutions. Such solutions can be made and stand- ardized in a few minutes by direct titration with the iodine and thiosulphate solutions. Ten c.c. of pure acetone diluted up to one-fourth of a liter and twenty c.c. of this solution diluted to half a liter makes a suitable test solution of acetone. The addition of an excess of sodium chloride as described above is important and should not be omitted. Acetone is insol- uble or at least very little soluble in saturated sodium chloride solutions. I am now investigating the acetone and diacetic acid contents of diabetic urines by the help of this method. Most such urines even when rich in diacetic acid contain surprisingly little acetone. 73 (216) On magnesium and contractile tissues. By PERCY G. STILES. [From the Biological Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. | The experiments reported extend and confirm the findings of Meltzer and Auer. Magnesium is found to have a direct inhibitory effect on automatic tissue (plain and cardiac muscle) and a depress- ing effect upon the irritability of the non-automatic striped muscle. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 107 This influence is slow to wear off after the application but seems generally to favor the later activity of the muscle — in other words, it is conserving in character. Magnesium appears to be the ele- ment to which we may look with most reason when seeking an agent that shall suspend katabolic changes without permanently damaging living structures. It is clearly less hurtful than potas- sium in like concentration. Comparison of magnesium with potas- sium shows that the former is not so distinctly the antagonist of calcium as is the latter. It also seems probable that the power to mediate vagus inhibition which Howell fixed upon potassium is a unique property of that element and not shared by magnesium. 74 (217) On the extracellular and intracellular venom activators, with special reference to lecithin, fatty acids and their compounds. By HIDEYO NOGUCHI. [from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | Calcium chloride stops venom hemolysis caused in the presence of oleic acid or soluble oleate soaps, but not that induced by leci- thin. In the majority of serums, including those of man, horse, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, rat, hen, pigeon and goose, there exist greater or less amounts of venom activators, and they can be com- pletely inactivated by calcium chloride. Judging from the fact that lecithin in an available form is not affected by this salt it is not likely that these serums owe their venom activating property to lecithin. As these activators are also extractable with ether they probably are nothing else than certain fatty acids, and, prob- ably, soluble soaps. Dog’s serum is an exception to this, and contains, besides fatty acids and soaps, also activators of the nature of lecithin, for calcium chloride fails to stop completely its venom activating property. This lecithin-like activator is not extractable with ether, but is precipitable by half saturation with ammonium sulphate together with the serumglobulin. While the serum globulin falls out as a precipitate during dialysis this activator remains in the solution, from which a large percentage of lecithin is extractable with warm alcohol. In many respects this appears to be a protein compound of lecithin and possibly is identical with 108 SoclETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. Chabrie’s albumon. This peculiar protein compound of lecithin seems to be absent from the majority of normal serums. Chabrie’s albumon develops in any serum heated to coagulation, and renders all serums equally venom activating. Ovovitellin is another form of protein compound containing lecithin in available form for venom. On the other hand, pure serum globulins or serum albumins are not venom activating, notwithstanding their content of alcohol- extractable lecithin. Non-activating serum can be made activating by adding small quantities of oleic acid or oleate soaps. The degrees of susceptibility of corpuscles are parallel to the amounts of fatty acids which they contain. The absence of fatty acids is associated with total insusceptibility of the corpuscles to the hemolytic agent of venom. The amounts of lecithin extract- able from corpuscles are about the same in different bloods and bear absolutely no relation to susceptibility. The addition of ade- quate amounts of calcium chloride stops venom hemolysis with washed corpuscles of susceptible species. A previous addition of a small amount of lecithin annuls protection by this salt. A small amount of oleic acid or soluble oleate soap, which is insufficient to produce hemolysis alone, can render the corpuscles of insusceptible species hemolyzable by venom. An oily substance can be ex- tracted with ether from the stoma of susceptible corpuscles, but not from the insusceptible varieties. This oily mass is venom- activating but contains no lecithin. 75 (218) On the influence of the reaction, and of desiccation, upon opsonins. By HIDEYO NoGUCHI. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | The non-specific antiopsonic property of certain neutral salts and of lactic acid has been studied by Hektoen and his co-laborers, but the relation of the reaction to the opsonic activity of serum has so far escaped attention. The results of my experiments show that opsonins are most active in neutral reaction. For this the serums of the dog, ox, pig and rabbit were employed. Lacmoid was used as an indicator. The technic was essentially the same as Wright's. SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS. 109 Human leucocytes and staphylococcus aureus were used and the time of incubation was thirty minutes, at 37°C. An alkalinity of the fluid exceeding 1/20 normal KOH prevented the occurrence of opsonization. An acidity of 1/30 normal HCl was sufficient to stop the opsonic function of the serum. Neutralization of the ex- cessive alkalinity or acidity caused reappearance of opsonic activity. On the other hand, an alkalinity or an acidity approaching that of the normal alkali or acid produced a condition of irreversibility of the inactivation. The opsonic index estimated in the usual alkaline reaction of normal serum is far lower than that in a neutral medium. The high stability of opsonins against desiccation and the high thermostability of dried opsonins are very striking. Almost no reduction of opsonic strength is experienced after a serum is com- pletely dried at 23°C. within a few hours. In dry state opsonins are well preserved even after two years. Dried serums of crotalus, ox and horse gave positive results in this regard. The temperatures of 100°, 120°, 135° and 150°C. do not destroy opsonins in the dry state. At 150°C. the serum becomes difficult to dissolve, but opsonins may still be detected in it. Complements withstand desiccation and dry heat in a manner similar to the resistance of opsonins, 76 (219) On decomposition of uric acid by animal tissues. By P. A. LEVENE and W. A. BEATTY. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | About two years ago in a communication before this society we indicated the most favorable conditions for the decomposition of uric acid by tissues. Several papers on the same subject have recently been pub- lished in which it was demonstrated that uric acid may suffer decomposition through the action of tissue extracts in the presence of dilute sodium bicarbonate. This confirms the results in our previous paper. In our recent work uric acid was subjected to the action of splenic pulp in the presence of 2 per cent. ammonium hydroxide and 2 per cent. acetic acid. ° 110. ©.SocIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. Under both conditions uric acid was decomposed to the amount of 50 per cent. of that present. Allantoin was one of the decom- position products. In the first communication mention was made of the fact that basic substances were formed in the process of dissolution. 77 (220) On the diuretic action of thymin, By P. A. LEVENE. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | In work done by Sweet and the writer the observation was made that the administration of thymin to a dog with an Eck fistula caused marked diuresis. The experiments were continued this year on a dog with an Eck fistula prepared by Dr. Carrel. The dog had been kept ona purin free diet many weeks before the experiment was begun. For three weeks preceding the experi- ment the water consumed by the dog and the urine eliminated were carefully measured. It was noted that administration of thymin was followed by marked diuresis. 78 (221) On lysinglycyl obtained in the tryptic digestion of egg albumen. By P. A. LEVENE and W. A. BEATTY. [From the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. | In the process employed by the writers a year ago for prepar- ing the peptid prolinglycyl, a substance was produced from egg albumen, which on further cleavage yielded only lysin and glyco- coll. The substance could not be crystallized. It is a noteworthy fact that peptids of the hexon bases obtained by Fischer and Suzuki synthetically also failed to crystallize. Twenty third meeting. New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. May 22, 1907. President Flexner in the chatr. 79 (222) - The osmotic pressure of colloidal solutions and the infiuence of electrolytes and non-electrolytes on such pressure. By RALPH §. LILLIE. [From the Physiological Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University. | Determinations were made of the osmotic pressure of gelatin and egg albumin; the colloids were used (1) in approximately pure solution, and (2) after the addition of various electrolytes and non-electrolytes to the colloidal solution ; in this case the substance used was added in the same concentration to the outer fluid of the osmometer so as to pervade the entire system on both sides of the membrane in uniform concentration. The osmotic effects observed under these conditions can be due only to the colloid and not to the added substance. The colloidal solution is found, however, after the addition of an acid, alkali, or neutral salt, to exhibit an altered osmotic pressure, the degree of alteration varying with the nature and concentration of the added electrolyte. Non-electro- lytes are found to have no appreciable influence on the osmotic pressure of these colloids. The osmometer employed is constructed as follows: The membrane is composed of a moderately thick film of nitro-cellulose (celloidin or gun cotton) and is of the form and capacity of a 50 c.c: round bottomed flask; it is made by coating the interior of such a flask with a thin film of a Io per cent. solution of celloidin in equal parts of alcohol and ether, and then removing the solvent by evaporation and bathing in hot water. Such membranes are strong and inextensible, readily permeable to crystalloids and water, and (if of the proper thickness) almost impermeable to the above proteids. The manometer is a straight narrow glass tube passing through a rubber stopper which is bound by an elastic (111) 112 SoOcIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. band into the neck of the flask-shaped membrane. The latter, after introduction of the colloidal solution, is immersed in a definite volume of the pure solvent (water, or water plus electrolyte used) contained in a battery jar; the jar is covered by a glass plate to prevent evaporation. The manometer tube is clamped in a ver- tical position. The height to which the column of fluid rises is a measure of the osmotic pressure; a constant height is reached in eighteen hours or less; pressure readings thus obtained may easily be translated into millimeters of mercury, if the specific gravity of the solution within the membrane is known. The following general results have been gained. Non-electro- lytes (sucrose, dextrose, glycerin, urea) have little or no influence on the osmotic pressure of the above colloids. Electrolytes, on the other hand, invariably produce a marked alteration. For example, the osmotic pressure of gelatin is greatly increased by the addition of small quantities of either acid or alkali. Thus in one experiment a I.5 per cent. solution of gelatin gave a pressure of 8.4 mm. Hg; the same solution with the addition of HCl to n/410 concentration gave a pressure of 41.1 mm. Hg; with 2/410 KOH it gave 26.3 mm. Hg. Egg albumin differs from gelatin in showing a depression of osmotic pressure in presence of acid or alkali. In all cases neutral salts depress osmotic pressure; in general there is seen a parallelism between the effectiveness of the salts as precipitants and their action in lowering osmotic pressure. The action is less pronounced —for equimolecular concentrations —with alkali metal salts than with salts of alkali earths ; heavy metal salts depress to a still greater degree. A typical series with 1.5 per cent. egg albumin and the following potassium salts gave this result: (1) control: 22.6 mm. Hg; (2) same solution + /24 KCl: 4.6 mm.; (3) m/24 KBr: 5.0 mm.; (4) KI: 5.4 mm. ; (5) KNO,: 5.7 mm.; (6) KCNS: 6.0 mm. ; (7) K,SO,: 4.0 mm. The action thus varies with the nature of the anion; in general the order of decreasing effectiveness of anions is some- what as follows: SO,< Cl< NO, << Br University of Virginia. ESTE Whe We SSE gk an od cis acess do's vonssccieccnte Columbia University. DUO PER os hacks og eadccecadueeedwadece Cornell University Medical College. Ree MO PAS oye caac aes colss da cexeg ines Cane devensileada Columbia University. AMONG Ny GDI Deen os stan iners patios s6acsaartessnersloteness Harvard University. See PEER HOM nse ee cL ta ivy sins geesies weNe soos Ue ceed he bas os Chicago University. Oi he PEE NICS ork oo cchosa es caiee Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. WeTEET Wier ESEN | 802 | Eis. c rs ncdaeeceovwnqecss. caves SA OSs oPoAKt wens ole Yale University. RE TIE RV IAE Carl Ea 8s cosad ssa gtx tawnndamnencieeeusdau sea caensine Buffalo University. MA GeMAm a EMU S Ul pa pound usa wgis said cena Wedevsede¥ccagede¥ eds s Johns Hopkins University. ON ee UNG: Cac Ds pias deka ceeys aclss i cakiwdasande University of Pennsylvania. UG CEMA VY BEE DAME Weld. 62.65 224 use banscscbaceoageuwecn ae Harvard University. Cramprony, Co WARD...) ...icc0050% Department of Education, New York City. Ar ONG 2 PREONIENS FS. (A301, dng ch sricin's «con gah.n'eeldiee devo an ks Columbia University. CRine GEORGE. Wixi sisk ccs leone: Western Reserve University, Cleveland, O. CUNNINGHAM, RICHARD Foi 2. 5.00. ccaes(decesvevaseesees ess. Olumbia University. SEUNG Rit WY Ris ee eet Sth s deh Snow een aes Johns Hopkins University. SEEN US FU PERCHIN Enact) cakes dick Ud oath close aevvenk cask University College, London. DAVENPORT, CHARLES B...... Carnegie Institution’s Station for Experimental Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y. (179) 180 SocliETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. DAWSON, PERCY Miisi7;s..:bouace eee Johns Hopkins University. DONALDSON, FA, “Pet isa cent Wistar Institute of Anatomy, Philadelphia. DUNHAM, EDWARD K..2..::., 's:veaeecatepasonns sate ee New York University. DovaL, CEAREYS W.4..3.3. 0b iss eee eee McGill University, Montreal. Ensait, Davin © 2..<.5.¥.5. 0.2.5 s.4c eee University of Pennsylvania. ELLSER, OW 6 yc. os be earache ee oe Cornell University Medical College. EMERSON, TIAVEN cinss¢-04 As) iz “naccusss bi Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Rott OF MEMBERSHIP. 181 eT: SME rock cocrdccweccacenw\'ssaaede’ Sydenham Hospital, New York City. ty gE ts 9, ee Massachusetts Department of Health, Boston. PMR RRSP SRI bic edd sc asandtessnnesinvadarsiaces Johns Hopkins University. op ae of: ea dahadnc eve ceepa total ciduire'e University of California. i EC LW ca rds wo'tadenueidte cons University of Pennsylvania. BOE VAR T MAR THUR es, Hikes cde oss ctpevecdvaescaees Johns Hopkins University. PETS OWE BIEN OE eared cae naccta doves ccterscebsees University of Michigan. RIE ORGAN ide en Siva bok so a wos. d dae nins'e'wa yn oan New York University. MRM E8s ENG de xe vy oun sax ou os dian wasn ht doch na Johns Hopkins University. Ee REED BU ores saratcens Sa ceesaa + sd-8 dain se vena eng e's New York University. PRRMIESE HOEUNOAN, 2513 Soa sn wneninvaes sev stana dues ieseevieasweaes New York University. PURER ES) FOU SEE EBS ood Cc d ac cdien's (nan) sve iwecbs cessersens Chicago University. oe ee ae eee Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Rernenate We Aa AVEC DEGAS 2 5 O02 5 ode sins-ac is ueneieaeer wan orden vninana Yale University. Rn PUMP AME Mess case ie caheessrennse tgp tee nibesanenaca se Columbia University. RMT ee CLONING EEE 55 oe ot cant hlak ¥ie0 nce ewh ston wueade dares Columbia University. RUA INGAEIOS BOO 5c ok.Le viens cates nacees ose sass anens EIGHTEENTH MEETING CORNELL UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE NEW YORK CITY OCTOBER 17, 1906 VOLUME IV No. 1 CONTENTS. 1. The formation of glycogen from sugars by muscle, with a demonstration of a perfusion apparatus. By R. A. Hatcher and C. G. L. Wolf. 2. Bile media in typhoid diagnosis. By B. H. Buxton. 3. The inconstant action of muscles. By Warren P. Lombard and F. M. Abbott. 4. The senses and intelligence of the Chinese dancing mouse. By Robert M. Yerkes. 5. On the motor activities of the alimentary canal after splanchnic and vagus sec- tion. By W. B. Cannon. 6. Experimental and clinical observations upon direct transfusion of blood. By G. W. Crile. 7. On the normal peristaltic movements of the ureter. By D. R. Lucas (by in- vitation. ) . 8. Gastric peristalsis under normal and certain experimental conditions. By John Auer. g. Reflex inhibition of the cardia in rabbits by stimulation of the central end of the vagus. By §, J. Meltzer and John Auer. 10. Continuous anesthesia by subcutaneous injection of magnesium sulfate in ne- phrectomized animals. By D. R. Lucas and §. J. Meltzer. 11. Remarks on and exhibition of specimens of a metastasising sarcoma of the rat. By Simon Flexner and J. W. Jobling. 12. The influence of water on gastric secretion and the chemical affinity of mucus for HCl in the stomach. By N. B. Foster and A. V. S. Lambert. 13. The action of the electric current on toxin and antitoxin. By Cyrus W. Field and Oscar Teague. 14. Nuclein metabolism in a dog with an Eck fistula. By J. E. Sweet and P. A. Levene. 15. On the fractionation of agglutinins and antitoxin. By R. B. Gibson and K. R. Collins. 16. Further observations of the effects of ions on the activity of enzymes. By William N. Berg and William J. Gies. The proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine are pub- lished as soon as possible after each meeting. Regular meetings of the Society are held in New York on the third Wednesdays of October, December, February, April and May. A volume of the proceedings consists of the numbers issued during one aca- . demic year. The price of one volume, sent postage prepaid, is one dollar. The price of copies of the proceedings of any meeting is twenty-five cents each, postage prepaid. Subscrip- tions are payable in advance. Address communications to any of the following officers of the Society : Past PRESIDENTS—S. J. Meltzer, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research ; Edmund B, Wilson, Columbia University. PRESIDENT — Simon Flexner, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, VicE-PRESIDENT — Edward K. Dunham, New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. TREASURER — Gary N. Calkins, Columbia University. SECRETARY — William J. Gies, Columbia University. MANAGING EpiTror — The Secretary, 437 W. 59th St., New York. NINETEENTH MEETING IERMERHORN HALL, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY NEW YORK CITY DECEMBER 109, 1906 VOLUME IV No. 2 i } . CONTENTS. 17 (160). Anexperiment on the localization problem in the egg of Cerebratulus. By Naohid’ Yatsu. 18 (161). Experiments upon the total metabolism of iron and calcium in man. By H. C. Sherman. 19 (162). The cause of the treppe. By Frederic S. Lee. 20 (163). The influence of the red corpuscles upon the viscosity of the blood. By Russell Burton-Opitz. 21 (164). A new recording stromuhr, with demonstration. By Russell Bur- ton-Opitz. 22 (165). The influence of gelatin upon the viscosity of the blood. By Rus- sell Burton-Opitz. 23 (166). The hemolytic effects of organ and tumor extracts. By Richard Weil (by invitation). 24 (167). The enzymotic properties of diplococcus intracellularis. By Simon Flexner. 25 (168). On the supposed existence of efferent fibers from the diabetic center to the liver. By J. J. R. Macleod and C, E. Briggs. The proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine are pub- lished as soon as possible after each meeting. Regular meetings of the Society are held in New York on the third Wednesdays of October, December, February, April and May. A volume of the proceedings consists of the numbers issued during one aca- demic year. The price of one volume, sent postage prepaid, is one dollar. The price of copies of the proceedings of any meeting is fifteen cents each, postage prepaid. Subscriptions are payable in advance. Address communications to any of the following officers of the Society : Past PRESIDENTS—S. J. Meltzer, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research ; Edmund B. Wilson, Columbia University. PRESIDENT — Simon Flexner, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. VicE-PRESIDENT— Edward K. Dunham, New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. TREASURER — Gary N. Calkins, Columbia University. SECRETARY — William J. Gies, Columbia University. MANAGING EpitoR—The Secretary, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 437 W. 59th St., New York. A : PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE TWENTIETH MEETING ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH NEW YORK CITY FEBRUARY 20, 1907 VoLuME IV No. 3 NEW YORK MaRCH 15, 1907 oh 3 ia oe ‘ ef Sor e ope taf + F + / : 2. 2 5s ate Sy cey ~ Os ”ar 5 Rae aes . *, 9 a © chs “a oe Ly po 4 bra te ve > pa ae - aN Ae we Ae : ‘= Sete ae, ae < mE Se Le ee en ns eee eee Ny See : CONTENTS. 26 (169), Experimental studies on nuclear and cell division. By Edwin G. Conklin. 27 (170). MHeterotransplantation of blood vessels. By Alexis Carrel. 28 (171). Transplantation of the kidney with implantation of the renal ves- sels in the aorta and vena cava. By Alexis Carrel. 29 (172). Secondary peristalsis of the esophagus—a demonstration on a dog with a permanent esophageal fistula. By §. J. Meltzer. 30 (173). Peristaltic movements of the rabbit’s cecum and their inhibition, with demonstration. By §. J. Meltzer and John Auer. 31 (174). Deglutition through an esophagus partly deprived of its muscularis, with demonstration. By §. J. Meltzer. 32 (175). Immunity against trypanosomes. By F. G. Novy. 33 (176). On secondary transplantation of a sarcoma of the rat. By Simon Flexner and J. W. Jobling. he (177). Oncertain chemical complementary substances. By Hideyo No- guchi, 35 (178). Effects of experimental injuries of the pancreas. By Isaac Levin. 36 (179). The pathology of funciion: an experimental laboratory course. By Haven Emerson. 37 (180). The influence of alcohol on the composition of urine. By F, C, Hinkel and William Salant. 38 (181). Spirocheta microgyrata (Léw) and mouse tumors. By Gary N. Ss. 39 (182). On the competency of the venous valves and the venous flow in re- lation to changes in intra-abdominal pressure. By Russell Burton-Opitz. 40 (183). On vasomotor nerves in the pulmonary circuit. By Russell Bur- ton-Opitz. 41 (184). The effect of salicylic acid upon autolysis. By L. B. Stookey. 42 (185). On the synthesis of protein through the action of trypsin. By Alonzo Englebert Taylor. 43 :186). A method for separating leucin from amino-valerianic acid. By P. A. Levene. The proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine are pub- lished as soon as possible after each meeting. Regular meetings of the Society are held in New York on the third Wednesdays of October, December, February, April and May. A volume of the proceedings consists of the numbers issued during one aca- demic year. The price of one volume, sent postage prepaid, is one dollar. The price of copies of the proceedings of any meeting is fifteen cents each, postage prepaid. Subscriptions are payable in advance. Address communications to any of the following members of the Council of the Society : PasT PRESIDENTS—S. J. Meltzer, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research ; Edmund B, Wilson, Columbia University. PRESIDENT — Simon Flexner, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, VicE-PRESIDENT—Thomas H. Morgan, Columbia University. TREASURER — Gary N. Calkins, Columbia University. SECRETARY — William J. Gies, Columbia University. MANAGING Epiror — The Secretary, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 437 W. 59th St., New York. CLASSIFIED LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. Resident (Greater New York). Bellevue Hospital.—Thomas Flournoy, Charles Norris. Columbia University.—Russell Burton-Opitz, Gary N. Calkins, Henry E, Crampton, Richard H. Cunningham, Haven Emerson, Nellis B. Foster, William J. Gies, Christian A. Herter, Philip H. Hiss, Frederic S. Lee, Gustave M. Meyer, T. H. Morgan, Horst Oertel, Alfred N. Richards, William Salant, H. C. Sherman, Augustus B. Wadsworth, Edmund B. Wil- son, Francis C. Wood, Robert S. Woodworth, Naohidé Yatsu. Cornell University Medical College.—S. P. Beebe, B. H. Buxton, W. J. Elser, James Ewing, R. A. Hatcher, Philip A. Shaffer, John C. Torrey, C. G. L. Wolf. New York Depariment of Education.— C. Ward Crampton. New York Department of fealth.—James P. Atkinson, Cyrus W. Field, Robert B. Gibson. New York Hospital.—Douglas Symmers. New York Polyclinic Medical School.—I\saac Adler. New York University.—Harlow Brooks, Edward K. Dunham, Graham Lusk, Arthur R. Mandel, John A. Mandel, J. R. Murlin, William H. Park, George B. Wallace. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.—Alexis Carrel, Simon Flexner, P. A. Levene, S. J. Meltzer, Hideyo Noguchi, E. L. Opie, B. T. Terry. St. Francis Hospital.—Fritz Schwyzer. Sydenham Flospital.—isaac Levin. Non-Resident. Albany Medical Coliege.—Holmes C. Jackson, Richard M. Pearce. Buffalo University.—G. H. A. Clowes, Herbert U. Williams. Carnegie Institution's Station for Experimental Evolution (Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.).—Charles B. Davenport. Carnegie [nsiituiton of Washington.—D. T. MacDougal. Chicago University.—A. J. Carlson, Ludvig Hektoen, E. O. Jordan, Albert P. Mathews, G. N. Stewart, H. Gideon Wells. Cooper Medical College (San Francisco).—William Ophiils. Harvard University.—Carl L. Alsberg, John Auer, Walter B. Cannon, G. H. Parker, Franz Pfaff, W. T. Porter, Joseph H. Pratt, Theobald Smith, E.E.Tyzzer, Robert M. Yerkes. Johns Hopkins University.—John J. resp Harvey W. Cushing, Percy M. Dawson, R. G. Harrison, William H. Howell, Walter Jones, Ralph S. Lillie, A. S. Loevenhart, W. G. MacCallum, William H. Welch. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.—Percy G. Stiles. McGill University (Montreal).—J. George Adami. McLean Hospital (Waverly, Mass.).—Otto Folin. Northwestern University (Chicago).—Winfield S. Hall. U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service.—Walter R. Brincker- hoff (Honolulu), Reid Hunt (Washington), J. H. Kastle (Washington). University College (London).—Arthur R. Cushny. University of Californta.—Jacques Loeb, Alonzo E. Taylor. University of Michigan.—Carl G. Huber, Warren P. Lombard, Fred- erick G. Novy, Victor C. Vaughan, Aldred S. Warthin. University of Pennsylvania.—Alexander C. Abbott, E. G. Conklin, David L. Edsall, Philip B. Hawk, Leo Loeb, J. Edwin Sweet. University of Southern California (Los Angeles).—Lyman B. Stookey. University of Toronto.—A. B. Macallum. University of Wisconsin.—Charles R. Bardeen, Joseph Erlanger. Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.).—Francis G. Benedict. Western Reserve University (Cleveland).—George W. Crile, J. J. R. Macleod, Torald Sollmann. Williams College (Williamstown, Mass.).—L. L. Woodruff. Wistar Institute of Anatomy (Philadelphia).—H. H. Donaldson. Yale University.—R. H. Chittenden, Yandell Henderson, L. B. Mendel, Frank P. Underhill. Members present at the twentieth meeting: Adler, Burton-Opitz, Calkins, Carrel, Conklin, Emerson, Ewing, Field, Flexner, Foster, Gibson, Gies, Lee, Levene, Levin, Mandel (J. A.), Meltzer, Meyer, Murlin, Noguchi, Opie, Salant, Wolf, Yatsu. Member elected at the twentieth meeting: C. Ward Crampton. Dates of the next two regular meetings: April 17, 1907. May 22, 1907. Presse OF Tre New Era PRINTING COMPANY LamcaeTar, PA. CLASSIFIED LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. Resident (Greater New York). Bellevue Hospital.—T aromas Flournoy, Charles Norris. Columbia University.—Russell Burton-Opitz, Gary N. Calkins, Henry E. Crampton, Richard H. Cunningham, Haven Emerson, Nellis B. Foster, William J. Gies, Christian A. Herter, Philip H. Hiss, Frederic S. Lee, Gustave M. Meyer, T. H. Morgan, Horst Oertel, Alfred N. Richards, William Salant, H. C. Sherman, Augustus B. Wadsworth, Edmund B. Wil- son, Francis C. Wood, Robert S. Woodworth, Naohidé Yatsu. Cornell University Medical College.—S. P. Beebe, B. H. Buxton, W. J. Elser, James Ewing, R. A. Hatcher, Philip A. Shaffer, John C. Torrey, C. G. L. Wolf. Department of Health.—James P. Atkinson, Cyrus W. Field, Robert B. Gibson. | New York Hospital.—Douglas Symmers. New York Polyclinic Medical School.—I\saac Adler. New York University.—Harlow Brooks, Edward K. Dunham, Graham Lusk, Arthur R. Mandel, John A. Mandel, J. R. Murlin, William H. Park, George B. Wallace. hKockefeller Institute for Medical Research.—Alexis Carrel, Simon Flexner, P. A. Levene, S. J. Meltzer, Hideyo Noguchi, E. L. Opie, B. T. Terry. St. Francts Hospital.—Fritz Schwyzer. Sydenham Fospital.—\|saac Levin. Non-Resident. Albany Medical College.—Holmes C. Jackson, Richard M. Pearce. Buffalo University.—G. H. A. Clowes, Herbert U. Williams. Carnegie Institution's Station for Experimental Evolution (Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.).—Charles B. Davenport. Carnegie Institution of Washington.—). T. MacDougal. Chicago University.—A. J. Carlson, Ludvig Hektoen, E. O. Jordan, Albert P. Mathews, G. N. Stewart, H. Gideon Wells. Cooper Medical College (San Francisco).—William Ophiils. Harvard University.—Carl L. Alsberg, John Auer, Walter B. Cannon, W. E. Castle, G. H. Parker, Franz Pfaff, W. T. Porter, Joseph H. Pratt, ‘Theobald Smith, E. E. Tyzzer, Robert M. Yerkes. Johns Hopkins University.—John J. Abel, Harvey W. Cushing, Percy M. Dawson, R. G. Harrison, William H. Howell, H. S. Jennings, Walter Jones, Ralph S. Lillie, A. S. Loevenhart, W. G. MacCallum, William H. Welch. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.—Percy G. Stiles. McGill University (Montreal).—J. George Adami. McLean Hospital (Waverly, Mass.).—Otto Folin. Northwestern University (Chicago). Sat meld S. Hall. hoff (Honoliit5. Reid Hunt (Washington), 1B Kastle (Washington), « University College (London). —Arthur R. Cushny. University of California.—Jacques Loeb, Alonzo E. Taylor. Beabigee 07 University of Michigan.—Carl G. Huber, Warren P. Lombard, Fred ro eal erick G. Novy, Victor C. Vaughan, Aldred S. Warthin. cates: University of Pennsylvania.—Alexander C. Abbott, E. G. Conklin, Sap David L. Edsall, Philip B. Hawk, Leo Loeb, J. Edwin Sweet. ey University of Southern California (Los Angeles).—Lyman B. Stookey. University of Toronto.—A. B. Macallum. University of Wisconstn.—Charles R. Bardeen, Joseph Erlanger. Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.).—Francis G. Benedict. Western Reserve University (Cleveland).—George W. Crile, J. J. R. Macleod, Torald Sollmann. ; y Williams College (Williamstown, Mass.).—L. L. Woodruff. aoe Wistar Institute of Anatomy (Philadelphia).—H. H. Donaldson. Vale University. —R. H. Chittenden, Yandell Henderson, L. B. Mendel, Frank P. Underhill. Members present at the nineteenth meeting. Auer, Beebe, Burton-Opitz, Calkins, Davenport, Emerson, Ewing, Flexner, Foster, Gies, Hatcher, Lusk, Mandel (A. R.), Meltzer, Meyer, Morgan, Noguchi, Norris, Sherman, Shaffer, Torrey, Wolf, Yatsu. Members elected at the nineteenth meeting. Alexis Carrel, Winfield S. Hall, William Ophiils, H. Gideon Wells. Dates of the next three regular meetings. February 20, 1907 (fourth annual business meeting). April 17, 1907. May 22, 1907. Date of the next special meeting. t March 20, 1907. , Press OF THE New ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA. CLASSIFIED LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. Resident (Greater New York). Bellevue Hospital,—Charles Norris. Columbia University.—Russell Burton-Opitz, Gary N. Calkins, Henry E. Crampton, Richard H. Cunningham, Haven Emerson, N. B. Foster, William J. Gies, Christian A. Herter, Philip H. Hiss, Frederic S. Lee, Gustave M. Meyer, T. H. Morgan, Horst Oertel, Alfred N. Richards, William Salant, H. C. Sherman, Augustus B. Wadsworth, Edmund B. Wil- son, Francis C. Wood, Robert S. Woodworth, Naohidé Yatsu. Cornell University Medical College.—S. P. Beebe, B. H. Buxton, W. J. Elser, James Ewing, R. A. Hatcher, Philip Shaffer, John C. Torrey, C. G. L. Wolf. Department of Health.—James P. Atkinson, Cyrus W. Field, Robert B. Gibson. New York Hospital.—Douglas Symmers. New York Polyclinic Medical School.—\saac Adler. New York University.—Harlow Brooks, Edward K. Dunham, Thomas Flournoy, Graham Lusk, Arthur R. Mandel, John A. Mandel, J. R. Murlin, William H. Park, George B. Wallace. : Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.—John Auer, Simon Flexner, P. A. Levene, S. J. Meltzer, Hideyo Noguchi, E. L. Opie, B. T. Terry. St. Francis Hospital.—Fritz Schwyzer. Sydenham Hospital.—tisaac Levin. Non-Resident. Albany Medical College.—Holmes C. Jackson, Richard M. Pearce. Buffalo University.—G. H. A. Clowes, Herbert U. Williams. Carnegie Institution's Station for Experimental Evolution (Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.).—Charles B. Davenport. Carnegie Institution of Washington.—I). T. MacDougal. Chicago University.—A. J. Carlson, Ludvig Hektoen, E. O. Jordan, Albert P. Mathews, G. N. Stewart. Harvard University.—Carl L. Alsberg, Walter B. Cannon, W. E. Castle, G. H. Parker, Franz Pfaff, W. T. Porter, Joseph H. Pratt, Theobald Smith, E. E. Tyzzer, Robert M. Yerkes. Johns Hopkins University.—John J. Abel, Harvey W. Cushing, Percy M. Dawson, R. G. Harrison, William H. Howell, H. S. Jennings, Walter Jones, Ralph S. Lillie, A. S. Loevenhart, W. G. MacCallum, William H. Welch. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.—Percy G. Stiles. McGill University.—J. George Adami. McLean Hospital (Waverly, Mass.).—Otto Folin. U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service—Walter R. Brincker- hoff (Honolulu), Reid Hunt (Washington), J. H. Kastle (Washington). University College (London).—Arthur R. Cushny. University of California.—Jacques Loeb, Alonzo E. Taylor. University of Michigan.—Carl C. Huber, Warren P. Lombard, Fred- erick G. Novy, Victor C. Vaughan, Aldred S. Warthin. University of Pennsylvania.—Alexander C. Abbott, E. G. Conklin, David L. Edsall, Philip B. Hawk, Leo Loeb, J. Edwin Sweet. University of Southern California.—Lyman B. Stookey. University of Toronto.—A. B. Macallum. University of Wisconsin.—Charles R. Bardeen, Joseph Erlanger. Wesleyan University.—Francis G. Benedict. Western Reserve University.—George W. Crile, J. J. R. Macleod, Torald Sollmann. ; Williams College.—L. L. Woodruff. Wistar Institute of Anatomy.—H. H. Donaldson. Yale University.—R. H. Chittenden, Yandell Henderson, L. B. Mendel, Frank P. Underhill. Members present at the eighteenth meeting. Atkinson, Auer, Beebe, Buxton, Crile, Dunham, Elser, Emerson, Ewing, Field, Flexner, Flournoy, Foster, Gibson, Gies, Hatcher, Lee, Levene, Levin, Loeb (L.), Lusk; Mandel (A. R.), Meltzer, Meyer, Murlin, Norris, Park, Richards, Salant, Schwyzer, Shaffer, Torrey, Wallace, Wolf, Wood, Yerkes. Dates of the next two meetings : December Ig, 1906. February 20, 1907 (fourth annual business meeting). Press oF The New ERA PRINTING COMPAKY LANCASTER, Pa. A hai vid |: ali any PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE TWENTY FIRST MEETING COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY NEW YORK CITY MARCH 20, 1907 VoLuME IV No. 4 NEW YORK APRIL I5, 1907 CONTENTS. 44 (187). A study of the vital conditions determining the distribution and evolu- tion of snails in Tahiti, with illustrations. By H. E. Crampton. 45 (188). The parathyroid gland, with demonstrations of the effects of hypo- dermic injections of parathyroid nucleoproteid after parathyroidectomy. By §, P. Beebe. 46 (189). Further experimental and clinical observations on the transfusion of blood. By George W. Crile. 47 (190). A preliminary report on the direct transfusion of blood in animals given excessive doses of diphtheria toxins. By George W. Crile and D. H. Dolley. 48 (191). The effect on the normal dog heart of expressed tissue juice from a be dogs poisoned with diphtheria toxin. By J. J. R. Macleod and George : e. 49 (192). Experimental liver necrosis: 1. Hexon bases. By Holmes C. Jackson and Richard M. Pearce. 50 (193). The action of nitric acid on the phosphorus of nucleoproteids and paranucleoproteids. By A. B. Macallum. 51 (194). Does the stomach of the dog contain free hydrochloric acid during gastric digestion? By Lafayette B. Mendel. 52 (195). On the nature of the process of fertilization. By Jacques Loeb. 53 (196). Comparative chemical composition of the hair of different races. By Thomas A. Rutherford and Philip B. Hawk. 54 (197). The oxidation of sugars by cupric acetate-acetic acid mixtures. By A. P. Mathews and Hugh McGuigan. 55 (198). Observations on the effects of fasting upon the opsonic power of the blood to staphylococcus aureus. By Allan C. Rankin and A. A. Martin (by invitation). 56 (199). The automatism of the respiratory center. By G, N. Stewart and 57 (200). A series of spontaneous tumors in mice. By E. E. Tyzzer. 58 (201). Concerning the neutrality of protoplasm. By Lawrence J. Hen- derson (by invitation). 59 (202). The influence of adrenalin upon the venous blood flow. By Russell Burton-Opitz. 60 (203). The viscosity of laked blood. By Russell Burton-Opitz. 61 (204). The determination of ammonia and urea in blood. By W, McKim Marriott and C. G. L. Wolf. . 62 (205). The resolution of fibrinous exudates, with exhibition of specimens. By Eugene L. Opie. 63 (206). Extirpation of both kidneys from a cat and transplantation of both kidneys from another cat, with exhibition of specimens. By Alexis Carrel. The proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine are pub- lished as soon as possible after each meeting. Regular meetings of the Society are held in New York on the third Wednesdays of October, December, February, April and May. A volume of the proceedings consists of the numbers issued during one aca- demic year. The price of one volume, sent postage prepaid, is one dollar. The price of copies of the proceedings of any meeting is fifteen cents each, postage prepaid. Subscriptions are payable in advance. Address communications to any of the following members of the Council of the Society : PAST PRESIDENTS—S. J. Meltzer, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research ; Edmund B. Wilson, Columbia University. PRESIDENT — Simon Flexner, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Vick-PRESIDENT —Thomas H. Morgan, Columbia University. TREASURER — Gary N. Calkins, Columbia University. SECRETARY — William J. Gies, Columbia University. MANAGING Epitor —The Secretary, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 437 W. S9th St., New York. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE TWENTY SECOND MEETING ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH NEW YORK CITY APRIL 17, 1907 VoLuME IV No. 5 NEW YORK May 15, 1907 y a Ly TANIA AUS CONTENTS. 64 (207). Wounds of the pregnant uterus. By Leo Loeb. 65 (208). The effect of light on the staining of cells. By Leo Loeb. 66 (209). The abolition of visceral pain by intramuscular injection of cocaine. — A demonstration. By L. Kast and §. J. Meltzer. 67 (210). The effect of nephrectomy upon the toxicity of magnesium sulphate when given by mouth. —A demonstration. By §, J. Meltzer. 68 (211). Observations on a rabbit for thirty months after the removal of the superior cervical ganglion. By §, J. Meltzer. 69 (212). Intra-abdominal pressures. By Haven Emerson. 70 (213). On the influence of CO, on the viscosity of the blood. By Russell Burton-Opitz. 71 (214). Agglutinins and precipitins in anti-gonococcic serum. By John C. Torrey. 72 (215). On the separate determination of acetone and diacetic acid in diabetic urines. By Otto Folin. 73 (216). On magnesium and contractile tissues. By Percy G. Stiles. 74 (217). On the extracellular and intracellular venom activators, with special reference to lecithin, fatty acids and their compounds. By Hideyo Noguchi. 75 (218). On the influence of the reaction, and of desiccation, upon opsonins. By Hideyo Noguchi. 76 (219). On decomposition of uric acid by animal tissues. By P, A. Levene and W. A. Beatty. 77 (220). On the diuretic action of thymin. By P. A. Levene. 78 (221), On lysinglycy lobtained in the tryptic digestion of egg albumen. By P. A. Levene and W. A. Beatty. The proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine are pub- lished as soon as possible after each meeting. Regular meetings of the Society are held in New York on the third Wednesdays of October, December, February, April and — May. A volume of the proceedings consists of the numbers issued during one aca- demic year. The price of one volume, sent postage prepaid, is one dollar. The price of copies of the proceedings of any meeting is fifteen cents each, postage prepaid. Subscriptions are payable in advance. Address communications to any of the following members of the Council of the Society : Past PRESIDENTS—S. J. Meltzer, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research ; Edmund B. Wilson, Columbia University. PRESIDENT — Simon Flexner, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. VicE-PRESIDENT —Thomas H, Morgan, Columbia University. TREASURER — Gary N. Calkins, Columbia University. SECRETARY — William J. Gies, Columbia University. MANAGING Epiror—The Secretary, College ot Physicians and Surgeons, 437 W. 59th St., New York. ets; A +t) aay Pe Vi rr, oe ‘ ) 3) 0 v in Aa h * PROCEEDINGS — OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE TWENTY THIRD MEETING NEW YORK UNIVERSITY AND BELLEVUE HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE NEW YORK CITY MAY 22, 1907 VOLUME IV No. 6 NEW YORK JUNE 15, 1907 CONTENTS. 79 (222). The osmotic pressure of colloidal solutions and the influence of electrolytes and non-electrolytes on such pressure. By Ralph §. Lillie. 80 (223). Hemolysis in eclampsia. By James Ewing. 81 (224), Glycocoll nitrogen in the metabolism of the dog. By J. R. Murlin. 82 (225). An hydrodynamic explanation of mitotic figures. By Arthur B. Lamb (by invitation. ) 83 (226). Transfusion experiments in dogs showing artificially implanted tumors. By George W. Crile and S. P. Beebe. 84 (227). ‘Transplantation of the thigh from one dog to another. Ry Alexis ITel, 85 (228). The bacteriotherapy of leprosy. By Paul G@. Woolley (by invitation. ) 86 (229), Direct silver staining of spirochetes and flagellated bacteria. By Simon Flexner. 87 (230). On the bacterial production of skatol and its occurrence in the human intestinal tract. By C, A. Herter. 88 (231). A spirochete found in the blood of a wild rat. By W.J. MacNeal. 89 (232). Experimental ligation of splenic and portal veins, with the aim of producing a form of splenic anemia. By Aldred S. Warthin. 9° (233). An experimental control of Fischer’s attraxin-theory. By C, Snow. (Communicated by Aldred S. Warthin.) 91 (234). The effects of struggle on the content of white cells in the lymph. By F. Peyton Rous. (Communicated by Aldred 8. Warthin. ) 92 (235). A lipolytic form of hemolysis. By Hideyo Noguchi. 93 (236). On the mechanism by which water is eliminated from the blood capillaries in the active salivary glands. By A. J. Carlson, J. R. Greer and F. C. Becht. 94 (237). On the dissociation in solutions of the neutral caseinates of sodium and ammonium. By T. Brailsford Robertson. 95 (238). The Altmann’s granules in kidney and liver and their relation to granular and fatty degeneration. By William Ophiils. 96 (239), The relation of anatomic structure to function. By William 97 (240). Proteid poisons. By Victor C. Vaughan. 98 (241). Observations on the living developing nerve fiber. By Ross G. Harrison. 99 (242). The presence of allantoin in the urine of the dog during starvation. By Frank P. Underhill. 100 (243), Alkaloidal compounds of mucoids, nucleoproteins and other proteins. By Walter H. Eddy and William J. Gies. Ca The proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine are pub- lished as soon as possible after each meeting. Regular meetings of the Society are held in New York on the third Wednesdays of October, December, February, March, April, May and June. A volume of the proceedings consists of the numbers issued during an academic year. The price per volume, sent postage prepaid, is one dollar. The price of copies of the proceedings of any meeting is fifteen cents each, postage prepaid. Subscriptions are payable in advance. Address communications to any of the following members of the Council of the Society : dane PRESIDENTS — S. J. Meltzer, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research ; Edmund B. Wilson, Columbia University. PRESIDENT — Simon Flexner, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Vice-PRESIDENT —Thomas H, Morgan, Columbia University. TREASURER — Gary N, Calkins, Columbia University, SECRETARY — William J. Gies, Columbia University. MANAGING Epirorn—The Secretary, College ot Physicians and Surgeons, 437 W. 59th St., New York City. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 4 TWENTY FOURTH MEETING CARNEGIE INSTITUTION’S STATION FOR EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION COLD SPRING HARBOR LONG ISLAND, N. Y. JUNE 22, 1907 4 VoLuME IV 4 No. 7 (With TITLE Pace, INDEX, Etc., FOR VOLUME IV.) NEW YORK AUGUST I, 1907 CONTENTS. CHARLES B. DAVENPORT: Demonstrations of methods and results of pedigree breeding of plants and animals. 101 (244). CHARLES R. BARDEEN: Further studies of the effects of the exposure of sperm to X rays. 102 (245). Cyrus W. FIELD: On the absorption of toxins by the nerves. 103 (246). erste W. FIELD: On the formation ofa specific precipitin in rabbit serum after inoculation with colloidal platinum and colloidal silver. 104 (247). ALEXIS CARREL : Remote results of transplantations of blood vessels. 105 (248). JOHN C. HEMMETER: The dependence of gastric secretion upon the internal secretion of the salivary glands. (Communicated by S. J. MELTZER.) 106 (249). . S. J. MELTZER: The influence of diuresis upon the toxic dose of mag- nesium salts. 107 (250). S. J. MELTZER: The toxicity of magnesium nitrate when given by mouth, 108 (251). SIMON FLEXNER and J. W. JOBLING: On the promoting influence of heated tumor emulsions on tumor growth. 109 (252), HIDEYO NOGUCHI: On the chemical inactivation and regeneration of complement. 110 (253). A. J. GOLDFARB (by invitation) : A study of the influence of lecithin on growth. I11 (254). CHARLOTTE R. MANNING and WILLIAM J. Giles: Comparative data for the elementary composition and the heat of combustion of collagen and gelatin. 112 (255). REUBEN OTTENBERG and WILLIAM J. GIES: On the fate of elastose after its subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection : a preliminary inquiry into the origin and nature of Bence Jones's protein. 113 (256). The proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine are pub- lished as soon as possible after each meeting. Regular meetings of the Society are held in New York on the third Wednesdays of October, December, February, March, April, May and June. A volume of the proceedings consists of the numbers issued during an academic year. The price per volume, sent postage prepaid, is one dollar. The price of copies of the proceedings of any meeting is fifteen cents each, postage prepaid. Subscriptions are payable in advance. Address communications to any of the following members of the Council of the Society : Past PRESIDENTS — S. J. Meltzer, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research ; Edmund B. Wilson, Columbia University. PRESIDENT — Simon Flexner, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Vick-PRESIDENT —Thomas H. Morgan, Columbia University. TREASURER — Gary N. Calkins, Columbia University. SECRETARY — William J. Gies, Columbia University. MANAGING Epiror —The Secretary, College of Physicians and Surgeons 437 W. 59th St., New York City. CLASSIFIED LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. Resident (Greater New York). Bellevue Hospital.—Thomas Flournoy, Charles Norris. Columbia University.—Russell Burton-Opitz, Gary N. Calkins, Henry E. Crampton, Richard H. Cunningham, Haven Emerson, Nellis B. Foster, William J. Gies, Christian A. Herter, Philip H. Hiss, Frederic S. Lee, Gustave M. Meyer, T. H. Morgan, Horst Oertel, Alfred N. Richards, H. C. Sherman, Augustus B. Wadsworth, Edmund B. Wilson, Francis C. Wood, Naohidé Yatsu. Cornell University Medical College.—S. P. Beebe, B. H. Buxton, W. J. Elser, James Ewing, R. A. Hatcher, Philip A. Shaffer, Oscar Teague, John C. Torrey, Richard Weil, C. G. L. Wolf. New York Department of Education.— C. Ward Crampton. New York Department of Health.—James P. Atkinson, Cyrus W. Field. New York Hospital.—Douglas Symmers. New York Polyclinic Medical School.—\saac Adler. New York University.—Harlow Brooks, Edward K. Dunham, Graham Lusk, Arthur R. Mandel, John A. Mandel, J. R. Murlin, William H. Park, George B. Wallace. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.—John Auer, Alexis Carrel, Simon Flexner, J. W. Jobling, Ludwig Kast, P. A. Levene, S. J. Meltzer, Hideyo Noguchi, E. L. Opie, B. T. Terry. St. Francis Hospital.—Fritz Schwyzer. Sydenham Fospital.—Isaac Levin. 19 W. 42d Street.—Isaac F. Harris. Non-Resident. Albany Medical College.—Holmes C. Jackson, Richard M. Pearce. Buffalo University.—G. H. A. Clowes, Herbert U. Williams. Carnegie Institution of Washington.—\). T. MacDougal. Carnegie Institution's Station for Experimental Evolution (Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.).—Charles B. Davenport. Chicago University.—R. R. Bensley, A. J. Carlson, Ludvig Hektoen, E. O. Jordan, Waldemar Koch, Albert P. Mathews, H. T. Ricketts, G. N. Stewart, H. Gideon Wells. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (New Haven).—Thomas - B. Osborne. Cooper Medical College (San Francisco).—William Ophiils. Harvard University.—Carl L. Alsberg, Walter B. Cannon, W. T. Councilman, Otto Folin, Frederick P. Gay, G. H. Parker, Franz Pfaff, W. T. Porter, Joseph H. Pratt, Theobald Smith, E. E. Tyzzer, Robert M. Yerkes. Johns Hopkins University. —John J. Abel, Rufus I. Cole, Harvey W. Cushing, Percy M. Dawson, W. W. Ford, Ross G. Harrison, William H. Howell, Walter Jones, Ralph S. Lillie, A. S. Loevenhart, W. G. MacCal- lum, F. P. Mall, William H. Welch. . Massachusetts Department of Health (Boston).—-Paul A. Lewis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.—Percy G. Stiles. McGill University (Montreal).—J. George Adami, Charles W. Duval, Oskar Klotz. U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service.—Walter R. Brincker- hoff (Honolulu), Reid Hunt (Washington), J. H. Kastle (Washington). University College (London).—Arthur R. Cushny. University of Alabama.—William Salant. University of California.—Jacques Loeb, T. Brailsford Robertson, Alonzo E. Taylor. University of Iilinots.—Philip B. Hawk, Ward J. MacNeal. University of Michigan.—Carl G. Huber, Warren P. Lombard, Fred- erick G. Novy, Victor C. Vaughan, Aldred S. Warthin. University of Missourt.—Robert B. Gibson. University of Pennsylvania.—Alexander C. Abbott, E. G. Conklin, David L. Edsall, Leo Loeb, J. Edwin Sweet. University of Southern California (Los Angeles).—Lyman B. Stookey. University of Toronto.—A. B. Macallum. University of Virginia. —C. H. Bunting. University of Wisconsin.—Charles R. Bardeen, Joseph Erlanger. Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.).—Francis G. Benedict. Western Reserve University (Cleveland).—George W. Crile, J. J. R. Macleod, Torald Sollmann. Williams College (Williamstown, Mass.).—L. L. Woodruff. Wistar Institute of Anatomy (Philadelphia).—H. H. Donaldson. Yale University.—R. H. Chittenden, Yandell Henderson, L. B. Mendel, Frank P. Underhill. Members present at the twenty fourth meeting: Atkinson, Beebe, Carrel, Davenport, Donaldson, Ewing, Field, Flexner, Gibson, Gies, Hatcher, Lusk, Meltzer, Meyer, Shaffer, Wallace, Wadsworth. Members elected at the twenty fourth meeting: C. H. Bunting, Rufus I. Cole, Charles W. Duval, W. W. Ford, Fred- erick P. Gay, Isaac F. Harris, J. W.. Jobling, Oskar Klotz, Paul A. Lewis, Thomas B. Osborne, H. T. Ricketts. Dates of the next two regular meetings: October 16, 1907. December 18, 1907. Presse oF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANOASTER, PA, . Se oe Oe Se ee) oe eee , US CLASSIFIED LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. Resident (Greater New York). Bellevue Hospital.—Thomas Flournoy, Charles Norris. Columbia University.—Russell Burton-Opitz, Gary N. Calkins, Henry E. Crampton, Richard H. Cunningham, Haven Emerson, Nellis B. Foster, William J. Gies, Christian A. Herter, Philip H. Hiss, Frederic S. Lee, Gustave M. Meyer, T. H. Morgan, Horst Oertel, Alfred N. Richards, H. C. Sherman, Augustus B. Wadsworth, Edmund B, Wilson, Francis C. Wood, Naohidé Yatsu. Cornell University Medical College.—S, P. Beebe, B. H. Buxton, W. J. Elser, James Ewing, R. A. Hatcher, Philip A. Shaffer, Oscar Teague, John C. Torrey, Richard Weil, C. G. L. Wolf. New York Department of Education.— C. Ward Crampton. New York Department of Health.—James P. Atkinson, Cyrus W. Field. New York Hospital.—Douglas Symmers. New York Polyclinic Medical School.—\saac Adler. New York University.—Harlow Brooks, Edward K. Dunham, Graham Lusk, Arthur R. Mandel, John A. Mandel, J. R. Murlin, William H. Park, George B. Wallace. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.—John Auer, Alexis Carrel, Simon Flexner, Ludwig Kast, P. A. Levene, S. J. Meltzer, Hideyo Noguchi, E. L. Opie, B. T. Terry. St. Francis Hospital.—F¥ritz Schwyzer. Sydenham Hospital,—t\|saac Levin. Non-Resident. Albany Medical College.—Holmes C, Jackson, Richard M. Pearce. Buffalo University.—G. H. A. Clowes, Herbert U. Williams. Carnegie Institution of Washington.—D. T. MacDougal. Carnegie Institution's Station for Experimental Evolution (Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.).—Charles B. Davenport. Chicago University.—R. R. Bensley, A. J. Carlson, Ludvig Hektoen, E. O. Jordan, Waldemar Koch, Albert P. Mathews, G. N. Stewart, H. Gideon Wells. Cooper Medical College (San Francisco).—William Ophiils. Harvard University.—Carl L. Alsberg, Walter B. Cannon, W. T. Councilman, G. H. Parker, Franz Pfaff, W. T. Porter, Joseph H. Pratt, Theobald Smith, E.E. Tyzzer, Robert M. Yerkes. Johns Hopkins University.—John J. Abel, Harvey W. Cushing, Percy M. Dawson, R. G. Harrison, William H. Howell, Walter Jones, Ralph S. Lillie, A. S. Loevenhart, W. G. MacCallum, F. P. Mall, William H. Welch. 4 ee Massachusetts Institute of Te hotgy —Percy G. Stiles. McGill University (Mor yy George’ Adami. * McLean Hospital (Waverly; M ‘Mags. ). —Otto’ Folin. — U2 S: Public Health and. Maries "Hospital: Service.—Walter R. Brincker- hoff (Honolulu), Reid Hunt (Washington), J. H. Kastle (Washington). University Qllege (London).—Arthur R. Cushny. University of Alabama.—William Salant. University of California.—Jacques Loeb, T. Brailsford Robertson, Alonzo E. Taylor. University of Michigan. —Carl G. Huber, Warren P. Lombard, Fred- erick G. Novy, Victor C. Vaughan, Aldred S. Warthin. University of Missouri.—Robert B. Gibson. University of Pennsylvania.—Alexander C. Abbott, E. G. Conklin, David L. Edsall, Philip B. Hawk, Leo Loeb, J. Edwin Sweet. University of Southern California (Los Angeles).—Lyman B. Stookey. University of Toronto.—A. B. Macallum. University of West Virginia.—W. J. MacNeal. University of Wisconsin.—Charles R. Bardeen, Joseph Erlanger. Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.).—Francis G. Benedict. Western Reserve University (Cleveland).—George W. Crile, J. je R. Macleod, Torald Sollmann. Williams College (Williamstown, Mass.).—L. L. Woodruff. Wistar Institute of Anatomy (Philadelphia).—H. H. Donaldson. Yale University.—R. H. Chittenden, Yandell Henderson, L. B. Mendel, Frank P. Underhill. Members present at the twenty third meeting: Atkinson, Beebe, Brooks, Calkins, Carrel, Emerson, Ewing, Field, Flexner, Gibson, Gies, Lillie, Lusk, Meyer, Murlin, Salant, Shaffer, Teague, Wadsworth, Weil, Wolf, Yatsu. Date of the first fall meeting: October 16, 1907. Presse oF Twa Naw Eas Painting Company LANCASTa@R, PA CLASSIFIED LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. Resident (Greater New York). Bellevue Hospital.—Thomas Flournoy, Charles Norris. Columbia University.—Russell Burton-Opitz, Gary N. Calkins, Henry E. Crampton, Richard H. Cunningham, Haven Emerson, Nellis B. Foster, William J. Gies, Christian A. Herter, Philip H. Hiss, Frederic S. Lee, Gustave M. Meyer, T. H. Morgan, Horst Oertel, Alfred N. Richards, William Salant, H. C. Sherman, Augustus B. Wadsworth, Edmund B. Wil- son, Francis C. Wood, Naohidé Yatsu. Cornell University Medical College.—S. P. Beebe, B. H. Buxton, W. J. Elser, James Ewing, R. A. Hatcher, Philip A. Shaffer, Oscar Teague, John C. Torrey, Richard Weil, C.G. L. Wolf. New York Department of Education.— C. Ward Crampton. New York Department of Healih.—James P. Atkinson, Cyrus W. Field, Robert B. Gibson. | New York Hospital.—Douglas Symmers. New York Polyclinic Medical School.—\saac Adler. New York University.—Harlow Brooks, Edward K. Dunham, Graham Lusk, Arthur R. Mandel, John A. Mandel, J. R. Murlin, William H. Park, George B. Wallace. | Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.—Alexis Carrel, Simon Flexner, Ludwig Kast, P. A. Levene, S. J. Meltzer, Hideyo Noguchi, E. L. Opie, B. T. Terry. St. Francis Hospital. —Fritz Schwyzer. Sydenham Hospital.—\saac Levin. Non-Resident. Albany Medical College.—Holmes C. Jackson, Richard M. Pearce. Buffalo University.—G. H. A. Clowes, Herbert U. Williams. Carnegie Institution of Washington.—I). T. MacDougal. Carnegie Institution's Station for Experimental Evolution (Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.).—Charles B. Davenport. Chicago University.—R. R. Bensley, A. J. Carlson, Ludvig Hektoen, E. O. Jordan, Waldemar Koch, Albert P. Mathews, G. N. Stewart, H. Gideon Wells. Cooper Medical College (San Francisco).—William Ophiils. Harvard University.—Carl L. Alsberg, John Auer, Walter B. Cannon, W. T. Councilman, G. H. Parker, Franz Pfaff, W. T. Porter, Joseph H. Pratt, Theobald Smith, E.E.Tyzzer, Robert M. Yerkes. Johns Hopkins University.—John J. Abel, Harvey W. Cushing, Percy M. Dawson, R. G. Harrison, William H. Howell, Walter Jones, Ralph S. Lillie, A. S. Loevenhart, W. G. MacCallum, F. P. Mall, William H. Welch. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.—Percy G. Stiles. McGill University (Montreal). —J. George Adami. McLean Hospital (Waverly, Mass.).—Otto Folin. U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service.—Walter R. Brincker- hoff (Honolulu), Reid Hunt (Washington), J. H. Kastle (Washington). University College (London).—Arthur R. Cushny. University of California.—Jacques Loeb, T. B. Robertson, Alonzo E. Taylor. University of Michigan.—Carl G. Huber, Warren P. Lombard, Fred- erick G. Novy, Victor C, Vaughan, Aldred S. Warthin. University of Pennsylvania.—Alexander C. Abbott, E. G. Conklin, David L. Edsall, Philip B. Hawk, Leo Loeb, J. Edwin Sweet. University of Southern California (Los Angeles).—Lyman B. Stookey. University of Toronto.—A. B. Macallum. University of West Virginia.—W. J. MacNeal. University of Wisconsin.—Charles R. Bardeen, Joseph Erlanger. Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.).—Francis G. Benedict. Western Reserve University (Cleveland).—George W. Crile, J. J. R. Macleod, Torald Sollmann. Williams College (Williamstown, Mass.).—L. L. Woodruff. Wistar Institute of Anatomy (Philadelphia).—H. H. Donaldson. Yale University.—R. H. Chittenden, Yandell Henderson, L. B. Mendel, Frank P. Underhill. Members present at the twenty second meeting: Auer, Beebe, Burton-Opitz, Calkins, Carrel, Emerson, Ewing, Field, Flexner, Gibson, Gies, Hatcher, Kast, Levene, Loeb (L.), Meltzer, Morgan, Noguchi, Richards, Salant, Shaffer, Teague, Torrey, Wadsworth, Wallace, wolf, Wood. Members elected at the twenty second meeting: R. R. Bensley, William T. Councilman, Ludwig Kast, Waldemar Koch, W. J. MacNeal, F. P. Mall, T. B. Robertson, Oscar Teague, Richard Weil. Date of the first fall meeting: October 16, 1907. Press OF THe New Ena Printing Company Lancaster, PA CLASSIFIED LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. Resident (Greater New York). © Bellevue Hospital.—Thomas Flournoy, Charles Norris. Columbia University.—Russell Burton-Opitz, Gary N. Calkins, Henry E. Crampton, Richard H. Cunningham, Haven Emerson, Nellis B. Foster, William J. Gies, Christian A. Herter, Philip H. Hiss, Frederic S. Lee, Gustave M. Meyer, T. H. Morgan, Horst Oertel, Alfred N. Richards, William Salant, H. C. Sherman, Augustus B. Wadsworth, Edmund B. Wil- son, Francis C. Wood, Naohidé Yatsu. Cornell University Medical College.—S. P. Beebe, B. H. Buxton, W. J. Elser, James Ewing, R. A. Hatcher, Philip A. Shaffer, John C. Torrey, C. G. L. Wolf. New York Department of Education.— C. Ward Crampton. New York Department of Health.—James P. Atkinson, Cyrus W. Field, Robert B. Gibson. New York Hospital.—Douglas Symmers. New York Polyclinic Medical School.—I\saac Adler. New York University.—Harlow Brooks, Edward K. Dunham, Graham Lusk, Arthur R. Mandel, John A. Mandel, J. R. Murlin, William H. Park, George B. Wallace. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.—Alexis Carrel, Simon Flexner, P. A. Levene, S. J. Meltzer, Hideyo Noguchi, E. L. Opie, B. T. Terry. St. Francis Hospital.—Fritz Schwyzer. Sydenham Fospital.—\saac Levin. Non-Resident. Albany Medical College.—Holmes C. Jackson, Richard M. Pearce. Buffalo University.—G. H. A. Clowes, Herbert U. Williams. Carnegie Institution of Washington.—l). T. MacDougal. Carnegie Institution's Station for Experimental Evolution (Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.).—Charles B. Davenport. Chicago University.—A. J. Carlson, Ludvig Hektoen, E. O. Jordan, Albert P. Mathews, G. N. Stewart, H. Gideon Wells. Cooper Medical College (San Francisco).—William Ophiils. Harvard University.—Carl L. Alsberg, John Auer, Walter B. Cannon, G. H. Parker, Franz Pfaff, W. T. Porter, Joseph H. Pratt, Theobald Smith, E.E.Tyzzer, Robert M. Yerkes. Johns Hopkins University. —John J. Abel, Harvey W. Cushing, Percy M. Dawson, R. G. Harrison, William H. Howell, Walter Jones, Ralph S. Lillie, A. S. Loevenhart, W. G. MacCallum, William H. Welch. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.—Percy G. Stiles. McGill University (Montreal).—J. George Adami. McLean Hospital (Waverly, Mass.).—Otto Folin. U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service.—Walter R. Brincker- hoff (Honolulu), Reid Hunt (Washington), J. H. Kastle (Washington). University College (London).—Arthur R. Cushny. University of California.—Jacques Loeb, Alonzo E. Taylor. University of Michigan.—Carl G. Huber, Warren P. Lombard, Fred- erick G. Novy, Victor C. Vaughan, Aldred S. Warthin. University of Pennsylvania.—Alexander C. Abbott, E. G. Conklin, David L. Edsall, Philip B. Hawk, Leo Loeb, J. Edwin Sweet. University of Southern California (Los Angeles).—Lyman B. Stookey. University of Toronto.—A. B. Macallum. University of Wisconsin.—Charles R. Bardeen, Joseph Erlanger. Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.).—Francis G. Benedict. Western Reserve University (Cleveland).—George W. Crile, J. J. R. Macleod, Torald Sollmann. Williams College (Williamstown, Mass.).—L. L. Woodruff. Wistar Institute of Anatomy (Philadelphia).—H. H. Donaldson. Yale University. —R. H. Chittenden, Yandell Henderson, L. B. Mendel, Frank P. Underhill. Members present at the twenty first meeting: Adler, Beebe, Burton-Opitz, Carrel, Crampton, Crile, Emerson, Ewing, Field, Flexner, Gibson, Gies, Hatcher, Lee, Levene, Levin, Lusk, Mandel, Meltzer, Murlin, Noguchi, Opie, Richards, Schwyzer, Shaffer, Torrey, Tyzzer, Wadsworth, Wallace, Wolf. Date of the next regular meeting: May 22, 1907. Press oF Toa New ERA Printing COMPANY LANCASTER, PA. o Li weer iay PNT eg Vie! pa; Peat ea 100209744