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.JUN28 .

THE SOUTH LONDON

ENTOMOLOGICAL & NATURAL HISTORY

SOCIETY

1915=16

WITH ELEVEN PLATES

{Twelve to mevibers.)

PUBLISHED AT THE SOCIETY'S ROOMS

HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, 8.E.

PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS.

Published by the Society, with the assistance of the
following Gentlemen :

Messrs. L GIBB, A. RUSSELL W. G. SHELDON,
A. SICH, B. H. SMITH, Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN

and the

REPORT COMMITTEE:

R. ADKIN, A. E. GIBBS, T. W. HALL and H. J. TURNER,
Hon. Editor.

B. R. ARCHER, PRINTER, 35, AVONDALB SQUARE, S.E

Proc. S.L.E. & N.H. Soc.

PLATE I.

t

ABERRATIONS OF

EUROPEAN

BUTTERFLIES.

Polyommatus hylas.

4.

Polyommatus escheri

Melitasa didyma.

5.

Melit^a dictynna.

Brenthis pales.

6.

Epinephele jurtina.

THE SOUTH LONDON

Entomological & Natural History Society

(Established 1872)

HiBERNU Chambers, London Bridge, S.E.

■< '

OFFICERS 81 COUNCIL

1916-17. A^ %

^r.m^.«t, V JUN28 1916

Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.s. X^Z/onaf Musevi^

A. E. GIBBS, F.L.S., F.E.S. R. ADKIN, F.E.S.

(floxxncxL

S. R. ASHBY, F.E.S. D- ^- MORFORD.

B. S. CURWEN. W. G. SHELDON, F.E.S.

F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. C. W. SPERRING.

W. J. KAYE, F.E.S. W. J. ASHDOWN.

A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

^on, (flxtvatov. ^cn. gxbvavian.

W. WEST (Greenwich). A. W. DODS.

H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, S.E.

^0n. ^veasixxvev*

T. W. HALL, F.E.S., 61, West Smithfield, London, E.G.

S. EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc. {General Sec),

15. St. German's Place, Blackheath, S.E.

THE 50UTH LONDON

ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

The Society has for its object the diffusion of Biological Science by
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec
tions There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the
Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings m each month
from Eight to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society's Rooms are
easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invites
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting

SUBSCRIPTION.

Ten Shilliw/s per Annmn, tvith an Entrance Fee of Two Shillings
a)td Six/ience.
All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,
STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc.,

15, St. German's Place, Blackheath, S.E.

PAST PRESIDENTS.

1872-4.. J. R. Wellman (dec).
1875-6.. A. B. Earn, F.E.S.

1877 . . J. P. Baeeett, F.E S

1878 .. J. T. Williams (dec).

1879 .. 11. Standen, F.E.S.

1880 . . A. FiCKLiN (dec).

1881 .. V. R. Perkins, F.E.S.

1882 .. T. R. BiLLUPs, F.E.S.

1883 .. J. R. Wellman (dec).

1884 .. W. West, L.D.S.

1885 ., R. South, F.E.S.
1886-7.. R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1888-9. . T. R. BiLLUPS, F.E.S.

1890 ..J. T. Carrington, F.L.S

(dec.)

1891 .. W. H.TuawELL,PH.C.(dec.)

1892 .. C.G.Barrett, F.E.S. (dec.)

1893 .. J. J. WEiR,F.L.S.,etc.(dec.)

1894 .. E. Step, F.L.S.

1895 .. T. W. Hall, F.E.S.
18UG .. R. South, F.E.S.

1897 .. R. Adkin, F.E.S.

1898 .. J. W. TuTT, F.E.S. (dec).

1899 .. A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec).

1900 .. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E S

1901 .. H. S.Fremlin, F.E.S., etc.

1902 . . F. NoAD Clark.

1903 .. E. Step, F.L.S.

1904 .. A. Sigh, F.E.S.

1905 .. H. Main, B.Sc, F.E.S.
1906-7.. R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1908-9.. A. Sigh, F.E.S.
1910-11. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S.
1912-13. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S.
1914-15. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Chief subjects of Study : — /(, Hymenoptera ; o, Orthoptera ; he, Hemiptera;
ji, Neuroptera ; c, Coleopteia; d, Diptera ; I, Lepidoptera ; ool, Oology; orn
Ornithology; r, Reptilia; m, Mollusca; cr, Crustacea ; b, Botany; mi, Microscopy
e, signifies Exotic forms.

Year of
Election.

1886 Adkin, B. W., F.E.S., Trenowith, Hope Park, Bromley. Kent,

I, orn.

1882 Adkin, R., F.E.S., Vice-president, Wellfield, 4, Lingard's Rd.,
Lewisham, S.E., and Hodeslea, Meads, Eastbourne. I.

1901 Adkin, R. A., Hodeslea, Meads, Eastbourne, ni.

1907 Andrews, H. W., F.E.S., Shirley, Welling, Kent. d.

1914 Archer, T. H., 62, Elsenham Street, Southfields, S.W. I.

1901 Armstrong, Capt. R. R., B.A., B.C. (Cantab), M.R.C.S.,
F.R.C.P., 55, Granville Park, Lewisham, S.E. e,l.

1895 AsHBY, S. R., F.E.S., 119, Greenvale Road, Eltham Park,
Kent. (', I.

1895 AsHDowN, W. .J., Belmont Road, Leatherhead. /, c, he.

1888 ATiioKE, E. A., F.E.S., 48, High Street, King's Lynn, Nor-
folk. Z.

1887 Barren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. I.
1900 Barrett, J. P., F.E.S., Westcroft, South Road, Forest Hill,

S.E. l.

1912 Bateson, Dr. W., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., The Manor House,
Merton, Surrey. (Hon. Member.)

1911 Blair, K. G., B.Sc, F.E.S., 23, West Hill, Highgate, N. n, c.

1911 Blenkarn, S. a., F.E.S., Norham, Cromwell Road, Becken-
ham, Kent. I.

1898 Bliss, M.F.,F.E.S.,Coningsburgh,Montpelier Road, Ealing. I,

1895 Bowman, K., The May Sharp Construction Co. Ltd., Edmon-
ton, Alta, Canada. I.

1909 Bowman, R. T., 108, Station Road, Chingford. I.

IV
Year of
Election.
1887 Briggs, C. a., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O.,

N. Devon. I, vi, n, o, British jishes.
1891 Briggs, H. M., 8, High Street, Canterbury. I, oni.

1887 Briggs, T. H., M.A., F.E.8., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O.,

N. Devon. I.

1909 Bright, P. M., F.E.S., Cheriton, Porchester Road, Bourne-
mouth, l.

1913 Brooks, George, 28, Hilton Avenue, Friern Barnet. I.

1900 Browne, G. B., Thorndene, S. Benfleet, Essex. I.

1909 BucKSTONE, A. A. W., B07a, Kingston Road, Merton Park,

Wimbledon. I.
1915 BuNNETT, E. J., M.A., 9, London Road, Forest Hill. )»i.
1890 Butler, W. E., F.E.S., Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading.

I, c.
1911 Buxton, Patrick A., F.E.S., Fairhill, Tonbndge, Kent. I.

1889 Cant, A., F.E.S. , 33, Festing Road, Putney, S.W. I, mi.

1910 Cardew, Major P. A., East Hill House, Qaeenstown, Co.

Cork. I.

1886 Carpenter, J. H., F.E.S., Redcot, Belmont Road, Leather-
head, Surrey. I.

1899 Carr, F. B., 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E. /.

1899 Carr, Rev. F. M. B., M.A., L.Th., 186, High Road, Leyton,
Essex. I, n.

1897 Chapman,T. A. ,M.D.,F.E.S.,F.Z.S.,Betula,Reigate, Surrey, l.
1896 Clark, F. N., 761, Garratt Lane, Tooting, S.W. mi.

1879 Clode, W. {Life mewher.)

1915 Cockayne, E. A., M.D., F.E.S., 16, Cambridge Square, W. I.

1899 CoLTHRUP, C. W., 141, E. Dulwich Grove, S.E. Z, ool, orn.

1907 CooTE, F. D., 25, Pendle Road, Streatham, S.W. I, b.

1909 CouLSEN, F. J., 17, Birdhurst Road, Colliers Wood, Merton. I.
1902 Cowham, F. W., 118, Minard Road, Hither Green, S.E. l.

1911 CoxHEAD, G. W., 36, Linthorpe Road, Stamford Hill, N. c.
1899 Crabtree, B. H., F.E.S., Cringle Lodge, Levenshulme, Man-
chester. I.

1898 Crow, E. J., 26, Tindal Street, North Brixton. /.

1910 CuRWEN, B. S., 17, King Edward's Grove, Teddington. I.

1888 Dawson, W. G., F.E.S., The Manor House, Upper Wick,

Worcester, {l^ife meiitber.) I.

V

Year of
Election.

1900 Day, F. H., F.E.S., 26, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. I, c.
1912 Dexter, S., 13, Bankwill Road, Lee, S.E.

1889 Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, S.W. I, mi, h.

1901 DoDs, A. W., Eon. Librarian, 88, Alkham Road, Stamford

Hill. I.
1912 DuNsTKR, L. E., 44, St. John's Wood Terrace, N.W. I.

1904 East, F. J., 69, Cazenove Road, Stamford Hill. /.
1886 Edwards, S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Hon. Sec, 15, St.
German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. I, d.

1914 Emmett, C. p., F.E.S., Messrs. Cox & Co., Charing Cross,

S.W. I.

1886 Enock, F., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.M.S., F.R.H.S., 54, St.

Mary's Terrace, West Hill, Hastings, d, mi.

1915 Fagg, T. a., 65, Mt. Pleasant Road, Lewisham, S.E. I.

1887 Fletcher, W. H. B., M.A., F.E.S., Aldwick Manor, Bognor,

Sussex. [Life member.) I,
1889 Ford, A., South View, Irving Road, West Southbourne,

Bournemouth, Hants. I, c.
1915 Foster, T. B., Parkview Road, Addiscombe, Croydon, l.

1907 Fountaine, Miss M. E., F.E.S., 1, Myola via Cairns, N.

Queensland, Australia. I.
1912 Frebman, C. N., 54-5, Coleman Street, E.C. I,
1886 Frkmlin, Major H. S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.E.S., The

Elms, Kingsbury, N.W. I, mi.
1912 Frohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., F.E.S., Stanley House, Park

Road, Wallington, Surrey. I, orn.
1915 Fryer, Gordon, L. D. S., 52, London Road, Twickenham. I.
1914 Fryer, J. C. F., Craven House, Northumberland Av., S.W. I.

1911 Gahan, C. J., M.A., F.E.S., British Museum (Natural

History), South Kensington, c.

1912 Gardner, J. E., 204, Evering Road, Upper Clapton, N.E.
1884 Gibb, L., F.E.S. The Shrubbery, 33, Blackheath Park, S.E.

{Life member.) L
1909 GiBBS, A. E., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Vice-president,
Houndspath, Upper Marlborough Road, St. Albans, Herts.
{Life me)itber.) L

1913 GiBBs, Mrs. A. E., Houndspath, Upper Marlborough Road,

St. Albans, Herts.

1908 GoFFE, E. R., 160, Ramsey Drive, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. L

Year of
Election.
1908 Green, E. D., 17, Manor Park, Lee, S.E. I.

1888 Hall, A. E., F.E.S., F.R.H.S., Cranfield House, Southwell,
Notts. /.

1884 Hall, T. W., F.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Stanhope, the Crescent,

Croydon, Surrey ; and 61, West Smithfield, E.C. L

1891 Hamm, a. H., 22, Southfields Road, Oxford. I.
1906 Hammond, L., Letchmere, Alden Lane, Purley. I.

1903 Hare, E. J., F.E.S., 7, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C. I.

1911 Harris, P. F., 8, Gresham Road, Brixton, S.W.

1913 Haynes, E. B., 17, Denmark Avenue, "Wimbledon, S.W. I.
1905 Hill, E., Roseneath, 3, Dorville Road, Lee, S.E. I.

1888 HiLLMAN, T. S.,F.E.S., 11, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. I.
1911 Holding, A., 95, Kyverdale Road, Stoke Newington, N. I.

1889 HoRNE, A., F.E.S., 60, Gladstone Place, Aberdeen. I.
1910 HuMM, P. S., L.D.S., 56, A^ictoria Street, Westminster. I,

1914 Jackson, W. H., Holmfield, Plough Road, Purley, Surrey. I
1886 Jager, J., 65, St. Quentin's Avenue, North Kensington, W. I.
1886 Kane, W. F. de V., M.A., F.E.S., M.R.LA., Dadmans'

Sittingbourne, Kent. I, mi, luarine invertehrata.
1898 Kaye, W. J., F.E.S., Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey.

/, S. American I.
1900 Kemp, S. W., B.A., F.E.S., Indian Museum, Calcutta. /, c.

1910 Kidner, a. R., The Oaks, Station Road, Sidcup, Kent. I.
1914 Leeds, H. A., 2, Pendcroft Road, Knebworth, Herts. I.

1911 Leslie, J. H., F.E.S., 84, Huron Road, Tooting Common,

S.W. l.
1903 Lister, W. K., F.E.S., Street End, Ash, near Canterbury. I.

1912 Lloyd, C. T., Camden House, Feltham Hill Road, Ashford

Common, Middlesex.

1896 Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-
Thames. Brit. 0., odonata, n, »., b.

1910 Lyle, G. T., Bank House, Brockenhurst, Hants, h, I.

1892 Main, H., B.Sc, F.E.S., Almondale, Buckingham Road, S.

Woodford, Essex. I.
1886 Manger, W. T., 100, Manor Road, New Cross, S.E. I, c, cr.
1889 Mansbridge, W., F.E.S., 4, Norwich Road, Wavertree,

Liverpool. I.
1912 Martin, H. W., Brickholt Cranham, Stroud, Glos. /.

1885 Mera, a. W., Outwood, High Road, Loughton, Essex. I.

Year of
Election.
1881 Miles, W. H., F.E.S., 7, Church Lane, Calcutta. Post Box

126. mi, b.
1880 MoNTiERo, A. A. DE C, F.E.S., 70, Rua do Alecrim, Lisbon.
1889 Moore, H., F.E.S., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E. I, h,

d, e I, e h, e d, mi.

1910 MoRFORD, D. R., 16, Spencer Road, Cottenham Park, Wimble-

don, Surrey. I.

1911 MoRicE, The Rev. F. D., M.A., F.E.S., Brunswick, Mt. Heniion

Woking. {Life Member.) h.

1912 Neave, B. W., Lyndhursfc, 95, Queen's Road, Brownswood

Park, N. I.
1906 Newman, L. W., F.E.S., Sahsbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.
1911 Page, H. E., F.E.S., Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross,

S.E. I.
1915 Pearson, G. B., 5, Upper Bedford Place, Russell Sq., W.C. l.
1908 Pennington, F., Oxford Mansions, Oxford Circus, W. I.
1880 Perkins, V. R., F.E.S., Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire,

I, h, d.

1911 Peskett, G. E. H., Llanberis, 37, Woodbury Grove,

Finsbury Park, N. I.
1887 PoRRiTT, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., Elm Lea, Dalton, Hudders-
iield. I, n.

1912 PouLTON, Prof. E. B., D.Sc, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.E.S.,

Wykeham House, Oxford. {Hon. Member.)

1897 Prest, E. E. B., Corrie, Ashtead, Surrey. I.

1903 Priske, R. a. R ., F.E.S., 9, Melbourne Avenue, W. Ealing,
W. I, m.

1911 QuARRiNGTON, A., 14, The Broadway, West Norwood, S.E. I.

1902 Rayward, a. L., F.E.S., Rockford, Beechwood Road, Sander-
stead, Surrey. I.

1887 Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham Com-
mon, S.W. orn.

1902 Riley, N. D., 94, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. l.

1910 Robertson, G. S., M.D., St. Anne's, 101, Thurlow Park

Road, Dulwich, S.E. I.
1887 Robinson, A., B.A., 5, King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. I.
1894 Robinson, Leigh, F.Z.S., 4, Queen's Walk, Ealing, W. I.

1911 Robinson, Lady Maud, F.E.S., Worksop Manor, Notts. I, n.
1887 Routledge, G. B., F.E.S., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.

I, c.

Vlll
Year of
Election.

1900 RowDEN, A. 0., 3, Archibald Road, Exeter. I, h.
1904 Rowland-Brown, H., F.E.S., Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald. I.
1890 Rownthee, J. H., Scalby Nabo, Scarborough, Yorks. I.
1898 Russell, A., F.E.S., Wilverley, Dale Road, Purley. I.

1915 Russell, S. G. C, Monkswood, Heathside Park Road,

Woking. I.

1908 StAubyn, J. S., Tregothnan, Endleaham Road, Balham,

S.W. I.
1888 Sauze, H. a., 35, Collingtree Road, Sydenham, S.E, I.
1914 Schmassmann, W., Beulah Lodge, London Road, Enfield, N, I.

1902 Scollick, a. J., F.E.S., "Devonia," Coburg Terrace, Sid-

mouth, Devon. I.

1910 Scorer, A. G., F.E.S., Hillcrest, Chilworth, Guildford. I.

1911 Sennett, N.S., F.E.S., 32, Bolton Gardens, S. Kensington,

S.W. c.
1910 Sheldon, W. G., F.E.S., Youlgreave, South Croydon. I.
1898 SicH, Alf., F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, W. I.

1903 Smallman, R. S., F.E.S., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle Road,

Beckenham, Kent. I.
1908 Smith, B. H., B.A., F.E.S., Edgehill, Warlingham, Surrey. L
1890 Smith, Walter, 227, High St., Hampton Hill, Middlesex. I.
1890 Smith, William, 13, St. Mirren Street, Paisley. I.
1882 South, R., F.E.S., 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up-Hill,

Brondesbury, N.W. I.
1908 Sperring, C. W., 8, Eastcombe Avenue, Charlton. I.

1912 Stallman, F. H., Braemar, Thurlow Park Road, Dulwich, S.E.

I.
1878 Standen, R., F.L.S., F.E.S., Newlyn, Romsey, Hants.

{Life member.) I, h.
1872 Step, E., F.L.S. Oakwood House, Barnett Wood Lane,

Ashtead, Surrey, b, vi, cr.: Insects, all Orders.
1-909 Stone, F. J.,

1910 Stoneham, Lieut. H. F., F.E.S., Stoneleigh, Reigate. orn, I.

1913 Storey, Gilbert, Dept. of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt. Econ.

Ent.

1911 Stowell, E. a. C, B.A. (Oxon.), Laleham, Bexhill. I.
1911 Sweeting, H. R., M.A., Wilfruna, Alexandra Grove, N.

Finchley. I.

1916 Syms, E. E., 22, Woodlands Avenue, Wanstead, N.E. I.

1894 Tarbat, Rev. J. E., M.A., Fareham, Hants. I, vol.

IX

Ykar of
Election.

1913 Tatchel, L., 23, The Arcade, Bournemouth. I.

1910 Tautz, p. H., Cranleigh, Nower Hill, Pinner. I.

1911 Todd, R. G., The Limes, Hadley Green, Barnet. I.

1902 ToNGB, A. E., F.E.S., Aincroft, Grammar School Hill,

Reigate. l.
1895 TuNALEY, Hy., F.E.S.,Castleton, Searle Road, Farnham. I, h.

1887 Turner, H. J., F.E.S., President, 98, Drakefell Road, Now

Cross, S.E. I, c, n, he, b.

1889 Vine, A. C, 45, Temple Street, Brighton, Sussex. I.

1889 Wainwright, C. J., F.E.S., 45, Handsworth Wood Road,

Handsworth, Staffs. I. d.
1911 Wakely, L. D., 34, Lancaster Road, Wimbledon Common,

S.W. L
1880 Walker, Comm. J. J., M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., " Aorangi,"

Lonsdale Road, Summertown, Oxford. I, c.

1886 Walsixgham, The Right Hon. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.,

F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c. {Hon. member.) I, orn.

1888 Webb, S., Sussex House, Shepherds Well, Dover. I.
1911 Wells, H. 0., Inchiquin, Lynwood Avenue, Epsom. I.
1872 West, W., Eon. Curator, 8, Morden Hill, Lewisham Road,

S.E. I, c, he.
1878 West, W., L.D.S., Holmwood, Barnett Wood Lane, Ashtead,
Surrey. I, mi.

1911 Wheeler, The Rev. G., M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 37, Gloucester

Place, W. I.

1887 W^HiFFEN, W. H., Holmwood Lodge, Laton Rd., Hastings. I.

1914 Williams, B. S., 77, Durham Road, E. Finchley, N.W. I.

1912 Williams, C. B., B.A., F.E.S., Department of Agriculture,

Trinidad. I.
1905 WiNKwoKTH, J. T., 290, Burdett Road, E. l.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors in,
additions to, or alterations required in the above Addresses and descriptions.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, 1915.

THE Council of the South Loudon Entomological and Natural
History Society, in presenting the forty-fourth Annual
Keport, is pleased to be able to say that the Society con-
tinues in a satisfactory condition.

During the year just passed 7 new members have been elected, 2
have resigned, 3 have been killed in action, and 1 died.

The Membership at present stands as follows : Hon. Members 3,
Life Members 7, Ordinary Members, 162— total 172.

So far as it has been ascertained, 15 of our Members are, or have
been, in the forces, of whom your Council regret to say 3 have been
killed in action — Messrs. Gotch, Penn-Gaskell, and Morris. Lieut.
H. F. Stoneham has been wounded, but has rejoined his regiment ;
while K. G. Blair has been in hospital, but has now returned to his
duties; Major Fremlin has for many months been engaged in train-
ing officers for the Sanitary Corps ; M. F. Bliss was in Serbia in
the medical service ; Major Cardew is engaged with the business of
Supplies on communications; Capt. K. R. Armstrong, after serving
for a time with the H.A.C. in France, obtained his commission in
the R.A.M.C, served in Gallipoli, and on his return to this country
was given special research work in connection with spotted fever,
and he now has the Brighton division, including Newhaven, Sea-
ford and Eastbourne, under his care; while Dr. E. A. Cockayne is
Temporary Surgeon, R.N.V.R. Of the following your Council have
no further particulars : — H. W. Andrews, P. A. Buxton, C. P.
Emmett, E. B. Haynes, N. D. Riley, N. S. Sennett, and J. S. St.
Aubyn.

The Balance Sheet, duly audited, is printed on pages xiv, xv.

Considering the stress caused by the war, the meetings have been
well attended. At the meeting on April 22nd, there was a Special
Exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera ; this continues to be
of great interest to the members. At the Annual Special Exhibi-
tion of Varieties and other objects of interest, held in November,

the attendance although smaller was perhaps compensated for by a
greater number of exhibits than in 1914, those in the Lepidoptera
being very interesting.

Mr. Dennis has kindly filled the office of " Lanternist " to the
satisfaction of those members who have exhibited slides.
Mr. D. E. Morford continues as Recorder of attendances.
The following is a list of " Papers " read before the Society : —

February 11th. — "Bird Life in the Scilly Isles. The Manx
Shearwater," by F. W. Frohawk, F.E.S., M.D.O.U.

March 25th.—" The Odd Egg m a Clutch," by C. W. Colthrup.
April 8th. — " Seasonal Dimorphism," by Dr. Dixey, F.R.S.
May 13th. — "Life-cycle of Turtrix viridana," by A. Sich, F.E.S.
May 27th.—" On the Maple Aphis," by E. J. Bunnett, M.A.
October 28th.— " British Cockroaches," by W. J. Lucas, B.A.

November 11th. — " Limacology, British Naked Mollusca," by A.
Sich, F.E.S.

Januarv 13th. — " The Genus Melanargia," by J. Piatt Barrett,
F.E.S.

January 27th. — " British Crickets," by W. J. Lucas, B.A.

January 27th. — " The Autumn Butterflies at Eastbourne," by R.
Adkin, F.E.S.

The Honorary Curator, Mr. West (Greenwich), reports that the
only addition to the Cabinets has been a pair of the rare beetle,
Scymnus arcnattts, presented by the Rev. W. Perry, who captured
them on ivy at Henley-on-Thames.

The Honorary Librarian, Mr. A. W. Dods, reports that the usual
periodicals and many other volumes have been added to the
Society's book-cases.

There have been five Field Meetings during the year.

March 27th. — To Oxshott, conducted by Mr. W. J. Kaye.

May 29th. — To Pickett's Hole and Ranmoke Common, conducted
by Mr. Hy. J. Turner.

June 19th. — To Otford, conducted by Mr. R. Adkin.

July 3rd. — To Swinley Woods, conducted by Mr. B. S. Curwen.

September 11th. — To Claygate, conducted by Mr. Hy. J. Turner.

Reports of these meetings, furnished by the respective conduc-
tors, will be found in the " Proceedings."

Messrs. S. Edwards and Hy. J. Turner were the Society's dele-
gates to the Annual Congress of the South-E astern Union of
Scientific Societies, held in June, at Brighton. The report of this
will be found in the " Proceedings."

The Volume of Proceedings published during the past year
consists of xvii. and 169 pages, with ten plates and a map.

The following is a list of the additions to the Library : —

Books.

"British Lepidoptera," J. W. Tutt, vol. xi.

" Zoological Record. Insecta," Dr. Sharp.

" Osteology of the Armoured Dinosauria of the U.g

" Bombyces of America," vol. iii.. Dr. Packard.

" American Hybrids."

" Monograph of the Mollusca of Florida."

" American Asteroidea."

" Monograph of the Foraminifera of the N. Pacific.

" Monograph of the Crinoids."

"British Ants," H. Donisthorpe.

" New Mammals from Brazil."

Magazines and Periodicals.
" The Field" (British Butterflies, F. W. Frohawk).
" Entomologist."

" Entomologist's Monthly Magazine."
" Irish Naturalist."
" Entomological News."
^' Canadian Entomologist."
" Entomologiska Tidskrift."
" Naturalist."

*' Bulletin of the Soc. Ent. France."
" Entomologist's Record."
" Essex Naturalist."
^'Zoological Bidrag. Upsala."

Reports and Transactions of Societies.

" Smithsonian Report for 1913."

"United States Museum for 1914."

" Wisconsin Academy."

" British Association, 1914. Australia."

" Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago."

"Entomological Society of Ontario."

" Horniman's Museum, 1914."

" Torquay Natural History Society."

" Ohio Naturalist's Society."

" Hastings and Sussex N. H. Society."

" Croydon N. H. and Scientific Society."

" South-Eastern Naturalist."

" Proceedings of the Smithsonian Institute, vol. 47.

" Turton College of Marine Mollusca."

"London Natural History Society, 1914."

Pamphlets and Separata.

" Economy of Fleas and Bugs," A, W. Bacot, 3 nos.

" In Search of Russian Butterflies," W. G. Sheldon,

"The Genus Curetis," Dr, Chapman.

" Immature Stages of Tenthredinoidea," McGillivray.

" Note on Rhagotitis pomonella in Blueberries," W. Woods.

" Two Clover Aphides," E. M. Patch.

" Leaf Hoppers of Maine."

" Species of Paniscum," U. S. A. Herbarium.

" Colorado College of Science " (6 separata).

" Entomological Notes from Cardiff," Hallett.

" Fossil Birds, Yale University."

" Flora of New Mexico."

" Spiders," Yale University (2 separata).

" The Genus Epinephele," P. A. Muschamp.

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Seasonal Dimorphism.

By Dr. ¥. A. Dixey, M.A., F.ll.S.—Read April 8th, 1915.

In man}^ parts of Europe there may be commonly seen, during
the months of spring, a small brightly-coloured butterfly whose
variegated mottling of tawny and black somewhat recalls the aspect
of our familiar "small tortoise-shell," to which indeed it is closely
related. Later on in the year the same localities are enlivened by
the presence of a larger butterfly of very different appearance. This
second insect shows a general ground-colour of very dark brown
with an obscure mottling of a still deeper shade, the total effect
being nearly black. Crossing the dark area of fore- and hindwmg
is a broken band of cream-colour or white ; and this combination of
dark ground-colour with pale median band gives the butterfly
an aspect not unlike that of our British " white admiral." Of
these two butterflies, the first received from Linnaeus the specific
name levana, the second was called by him }>yoriia. The generic
name given to these forms by entomologists at the present day is
Araschnia, the two insects being therefore known as Araschnia
levana and Araschnia ]>rorsa respectively.

Araschnia levana, the bright little black-and-tawny butterfly, after
flying about for some time in the spring sunshine, deposits eggs,
just as our small tortoise-shell does, on plants of the common sting-
ing-nettle. From these eggs emerges a brood of spiny caterpillars,
which feed upon the stinging-nettle and in due course of time turn
into chrysalises. About the month of July these chrysalises disclose
the perfect insect, w^hich one would naturally expect to be like the
parent butterfly. But strange to say, instead of the brightly-
mottled Arasclinia levana, what does come out of these chrysalises
is the dark, pale-banded Araschnia prorsa. The caterpillars hatched
from the eggs laid by prorsa feed up and pupate during the summer.
Now these pupte resulting from the eggs laid by prorsa may behave
in either of two ways. They may either produce the perfect insect
before the end of the warm weather, or they may last on as pupje
throughout the winter, not giving rise to the perfect butterfly until
the succeeding spring. In the former case, the butterflies when
they appear are of the prorsa form, like their parents; in the latter
case they emerge, not as prorsa, but as the brightly-variegated form
levana. We thus see that one and the same kind of butterfly may
exist in two forms so difierent in appearance from one another that
they may be, and indeed have been by good authorities, considered

2

to belong to two entirely distinct species. This twofold aspect of
the same species is what is known as dimorphism, and inasmuch as
in the case that we have been considering the successive changes in
aspect bear an evident relation to the successive changes of season,
the particular kind of dimorphism here exhibited is known as
• Seasonal Dimorphism."

The case of Araschuia Icrana and prorsa is perhaps the longest-
known instance of seasonal dimorphism among butterflies ; but it
by no means stands by itself. When our attention is once drawn to
the existence of this phenomenon, we can trace the presence of a
similar dimorphism in many other species; though it would be diffi-
cult to find, among European butterflies at least, so well-marked a
case as that which we have just had under notice. But we have not
far to go before meeting with another instance of seasonal dimor-
phism among butterflies with which everyone in this country is
familiar. The green-veined white butterfly {Ganoris napi), one of
the smaller species of common garden white, occurs in two forms
which, though very far indeed from being so diverse as Araschnia
levana and prorsa, are yet quite easily distinguishable from each
other. The specimens that fly in the spring have a grey tip to the
forewing and the green veining of the underside strongly marked.
From the eggs laid by this spring brood there results about July a
brood in which the tip of the forewing is nearly black, while the
green veining is much fainter and in some cases has almost disap-
peared. The relation of these differences with the change of season
is as well-marked in this case as in the former ; and although so
very much slighter in degree, the dimorphism of the green-veined
white is evidently similar in kind to that of Arau-hnia lerana. There
are many other instances among the butterflies and moths of this
country where more than one brood is produced in the course of the
year; and if these instances are carefully examined, it will often be
found that there is a constant difl'erence in aspect between the
broods, corresponding to the period in the annual cycle to which
they belong. The difference may be slight or considerable ; but in
no case is it so conspicuous as in the butterfly with which we
began.

It is now natural to ask whether this phenomenon of seasonal
dimorphism is peculiar to temperate regions such as our own country
and continental Europe, or whether an analogous state of things
prevails in the tropics, where seasonal conditions difi'er widely from
our own. Only a few years ago this question would have met with
an uncertain answer ; now, however, we are able to make a very
positive statement on the subject.

In many parts of Africa there occurs a salmon-red or brick-red
butterfly with black borders and spots, known as Precis octavia, and
in the southern and eastern parts of its range as Precis natalensis.
This handsome insect is to be met with chiefly in the wet season.
In the same parts of Africa is found, during the dry months of the

8

year, a somewhat larger butterfly, of a dark violaceous blue colour
with plentiful black markings, two conspicuous white spots near the
apex of the forewings, and a deep red band running parallel with
the margin of both fore- and hindwing. The name given to the
insect just described is Preris amestris, the slightly different form
found in the southern and eastern regions of Africa being known as
P. sesainus. Looking at a specimen of P. natctlensis side by side
with one of P. sesaunis from the same locality, we should be inclined
to say that they were as different in aspect as two butterflies very
well could be ; and when Mr. Trimen published his famous book on
South African butterflies (1887) he had no hesitation in considering
them as entirely distinct from one another. But there were known
at that time a few specimens which seemed to combine the charac-
ters of the two species in various proportions ; one of these was
figured by Mr. Trimen in his book. The existence of such transi-
tional specimens was by him attributed to hybridisation between
the two species.

It had, however, occurred to more than one naturalist that a
different explanation of these intermediate forms was possible, and
in the year 1896 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall made the definite suggestion
that several seemingly distinct species of the genus Precis, including
those now under discussion, could be ranked in pairs ; each pair
constituting a separate species existing in a two-fold form, one
phase belonging to the wet and the other to the dry season. Nata-
lensis and sesamus were thus pronounced to be seasonal phases of the
satiie species ; and two years later Mr. Marshall was able to supply
an absolute proof of the truth of his suggestion, by breeding speci-
mens of the dark blue sesamus from eggs laid by the sahiion-coloured
7iatalensis. This case is as striking in its way as that of the Euro-
pean Araschnia levana and A. prorsa. It was not long before Mr.
Marshall obtained equally decisive proof of the correctness of his
supposition m the case of another member of the same genus, for
he succeeded in breeding two specimens of Precis antilope from eggs
laid by the butterfly known as Precis simia. And during the next
three years a similar relation was proved by breeding to exist
between two more pairs of the genus Precis. Although the same
indisputable proof has not yet been forthcoming in every other
kind of Precis, there is now no reasonable doubt that Mr. Marshall's
original suggestion was in accordance with the facts, and will in
course of time be fully verified.

Many more instances of the same kind are now known to natu-
ralists, but before considering any of these we may turn our atten-
tion for a time to the question of the meaning of these remarkable
alternations in the life, not of the individual, but of the species itself.
Ever since the promulgation by Darwin and Wallace of the theory
of natural selection, most students of nature have trained themselves
to look for some purpose in the outstanding features of all living
beings. The search is not always successful, but in a very large

number of cases, increasing almost every day, it is found that utility
either to the individual or the species is at the bottom of the charac-
ters which come under our observation, whether of aspect, structure
or behaviour. The Darwinian view of organic nature is in fact
strictly teleological, a term the use of which has sometimes been
considered, I venture to think undeservedly, as involving a kind of
reproach. Now is there, it may be asked, any reason to suppose
that the phenomenon of seasonal dimorphism is of any benefit to
the species which exhibit it ? It would be difficult to give an
answer that would apply to all the know'n cases. We should have,
I think, to admit that the benefit, if any, is not always obvious.
We can sometimes form conjectures of a greater or less degree of
probability ; something may be due to the past history of the species
if it could be unravelled, and still more perhaps to what is called
" correlation " with a really useful feature. But there certainly are
cases in which we can assign a useful purpose to the seasonal
change with a very high degree of probability indeed. Such a case
is to be found in the genus Precis that we have just been
considering.

Looking at the undersides of several species of Precis, we can see
at once that they strongly resemble dead and withered leaves. The
midrib of the leaf is represented by a stripe running across both
fore- and hindwing, from the tip of the former to the posterior
angle of the latter. This angle is often prolonged to look like a
stalk, and the surface of the wings is apt to be mottled in a manner
that suggests spots of decay or growths of microscopic fungi. Ex-
amining the matter a little more closely, we find that in many cases
it is only the dry-season phase of the species that puts on the dead-
leaf appearance, the wet-season phase of the same species showing
no such resemblance at all. (See P. simia and P. antUope.) In
other species both seasonal forms are like dead leaves beneath ; but
when this is the case, the resemblance is greater in the dry season
than it is in the wet. Now when an insect goes out of its w^ay, so
to speak, in order to look like a leaf, a stick, or a bundle of dry
grass, we may conclude with very great probability that there is a
meaning in this departure, and that the meaning is the necessity of
concealment, either for the purpose of approaching its prey unob-
served, or of itself escaping the attention of enemies who desire to
prey on it. We may therefore put down these dead-leaf appearances
as instances of what Professor Poulton has called cryptic coloration,
that is to say, coloration whose object is concealment. But now the
question arises, why should this kind of protection be so much
better developed in the dry season than in the wet, and why in some
cases should it not be found in the wet-season forms at all ? To
this question a reasonable answer can be given.

It has been pointed out by Professor Poulton that insect-eating
animals of all sorts jn the tropics find it much harder to get their
food in the dry season than in the wet. Many insects hide them-

selves away altogether during the months of drought; and although
several kinds of butterflies remain in evidence, they are at that time
usually much scarcer in individuals than they are during the rains.
The cousequence of this state of thmgs is that the struggle for life
becomes much keener in the dry than in the wet season. If a species
is to survive this period of stress, it has to employ some highly
efficient means of protection from its enemies, who from the scarcity
of their provender are very much alive to any chance of a meal that
presents itself. The wonderfully close resemblance to such an object
as a dead leaf affords in all probability an especially good means of
protection, and no doubt many individuals of these species of but-
terflies owe their survival through the period of exceptional danger
to this mode of defence. In the wet season, on the other hand,
insect life is abundant. Many butterflies produce several successive
broods in the course of the rains, and hosts of beetles, flies, and
other winged creatures make their appearance at the same time.
Hence the insect-eating birds and lizards find a large choice open to
them of easily-obtained food ; there is less occasion to search and
scrutinise, and the persecution of butterflies becomes so much less
strenuous, that the need for a protective disguise loses much of its
urgency. Hence we find that those species of Precis which show so
close a resemblance to dead leaves in the dry season, tend to lose
part or the whole of that resemblance when the rains begin.

But although in the wet season the need for protection grows
less, it does not entirely disappear. We have just recalled the fact
that some species of Precis keep up their cryptic character during
the wet months, though to a diminished extent. But we have still
to account for the extraordinary change m such species as Precis
antilope and P. archexia, where we have the highly cryptic dry-
season phase replaced in the wet season by a form which is not
only not cryptic but is actually conspicuous in a high degree. Now
when we see an insect making no attempt at concealment, but
flaunting, as it were, a conspicuous colour-pattern in the face of all
the world, we frequently find that that insect is disliked and avoided
by some of the usual insect-eating animals. Whether the avoidance
is a matter of instinct, or, as is much more probable in the majority
of cases, the result of unpleasant experience, it is obviously in the
interest of the distasteful insect to advertise its undesirable qualities
as much as possible, as for instance by brilliantly contrasted colours
in conjunction with a slow mode of flight, or a chiMce of resting-
place well open to observation. This is the well-known " warning-
colour " theory of Wallace, a theory which has received much sup-
port not only from the studies of naturalists in the field, but also
from experiments actually conducted upon birds and other animals
in captivity. The suggestion has been made by Professor Poulton,
and there is certainly a great deal to be said in its favour, that the
bright colours of these wet-season forms of Precis are of the nature
of danger-signals, warning enemies that an attack on them would be

6

unprofitable. The likelihood of this being the true explanation is
increased when we enquire into the habits as well as the colours of
the species in question. Remarkable as is the change of aspect in
passing from one time of year to another, the change of behaviour in
the successive broods is perhaps even more astonishing. Thus in the
case of Precis antilope, Mr. Marshall, who has had great opportuni-
ties of studymg the habits of butterflies of this group in nature,
informs us that " the dry-season form only frequents the bush,
settling on the ground among the dead leaves, or very rarely on
small plants, the underside colouring affording it excellent protec-
tion. As the season advances the habits of the insect change, and
the latter form may be found .... frequenting open tops of
kopjes, flying boldly about within a limited area, and settling with
expanded wings on shrubs and bushes." With regard to P. archesia
he notes that " the dry phase generally frequents the wooded and
the wet phase the open country." The same correspondence of
habit with change of aspect is also observable in the species of
Precis from which we started, viz., P. sesaniKs. Here the underside
of the dry phase, though not specially leat-like, is well adapted for
concealment in shady places. These are the places which it most
affects, and, according to Mr. Marshall, " if alarmed it flies off with
a rapid, and often zigzag flight, settling abruptly among rocks or
herbage, when its greenish-black underside colouring is equally pro-
tective." The wet-season form, on the other hand, says Mr. Trimen,
" frequents open, grassy hills, especially their summit ridges or
highest points, and is very conspicuous, whether flying or settled."
From all this it appears that, speaking generally, not only the
aspect but also the habits of the cryptic dry- season forms are such as
to aid concealment ; while the behaviour of the wet-season forms
seems to court observation, the choice of locality and the mode of
flight being such as to display their conspicuous aspect to the best
advantage. And these last are just the characters which we should
look for in an insect protected by some unpalatable quality, or possibly
itself palatable but depending for its safety on its resemblance to
some unpalatable model. In the latter case the warning feature
would of course be false instead of true, inasmuch as it would give
a deceptive suggestion of a nauseous quality that did not really
belong to it. This leads us straight to the interesting subject of
mimicry, into w^hich I do not propose at this time to enter, further
than to remark that there is good reason to suppose that some of
these wet-season forms have been affected by contact with the great
group of distasteful butterflies known as Acra?as, either in the way
of actual mimicry, or in the way of forming with them an inedible
group making use of a common warning pattern. In the latter case
we should have to suppose that the dry-season phase, notwithstand-
ing its cryptic habit, is also distasteful; for it is very unlikely,
though perhaps not absolutely inconceivable, that the butterfly
should accompany its seasonal change of aspect and habits with a

corresponding change from nauseousness to palatability. But there
is really no great difficulty here. It is true that provision for con-
cealment generally goes with edible qualities, but there is good
evidence that distasteful forms exist which adopt the cryptic mode
of defence at one time, and the warning, or as Professor Poulton
calls it, the aposematic mode at another. If this is true of the life
of the individual, there can be no reason why it should not also
obtain in the successive phases of the species, and we may therefore,
I think, conclude that as regards these forms of Preih at least, we
have gone some way towards finding the meaning of the seasonal
change. In the wet season, when insect food is plentiful and
enemies are fastidious, it is safe to display warning colours — whether
true or false we need not now enquire — and to push them to the
front. In the dry season, when food is scarce and enemies will eat
almost anything they can get, the best chance is to keep out of their
notice altogether. The contrast between the two forms of defence
is perhaps best seen in Precis archesia, where, as Professor Poulton
has pointed out, the very same feature, viz., the diagonal stripe
from tip to posterior angle, becomes at one time a part of the cryptic
sham by representing the midrib of a dead leaf, and at another time
is developed into tbe most prominent element in a violently con-
spicuous pattern.

Now that we seem to have found a principle which helps us to
understand the seasonal changes in these particular butterflies, let
us see how far it can be made to apply to other cases of the same
phenomenon. There is an interesting genus named Iji/blia, which
for our present purpose may be looked upon as consisting of two
species — IJi/blia ilithijia, which is common to India and Africa, and
Bt/blia (jotzins, which is found in Africa only. Now each of these
butterflies occurs in two distinct phases, so distinct from one
another indeed that, just as in the case of Precis, they were at first
thought to be different species, and received separate specific names.
But from the ascertained facts of the times of their appearance, and
from the very frequent occurrence of the transitional forms, much
more common in these butterflies than in most species of /'(V'('/.s,itwas
soon suspected that the supposed distinct species were merely seasonal
phases of the same butterfly. All possible doubt on the subject was
set at rest by Mr. Marshall, who in each of these butterflies, Bi/blia
ilithijia and lii/blia (jntzins, actually bred specimens of one phase
from eggs laid by a parent belonging to the other phase, thus
supplying the most conclusive possible proof of specific identity. In
these Byblias, it is to the underside that we must look for the chief
differences between the wet and dry-season forms. In each case we
find that the wet-season phase has a variegated appearance, the
ground-colour being tawny and the region of the wings nearest the
body being furnished with an array of small black spots. In the dry
season the ground-colour of the forewings becomes darker, and the
hindwing puts on an entirely different appearance. The wing is

8

now of a deep chestnut-brown colour, and is crossed by three cream-
coloured stripes. The black spots have almost disappeared ; in
specimens where the dry- season character is extreme, they have
entirely vanished. Now comes the question, can we explain this
remarkable seasonal change on the analogy of Precis .' I think there
is little doubt that we can. Looking at the underside of the dry-
season form, we should at first sight be inclined to think that it
must be conspicuous. But when we find from observation in the
field that the butterfly is accustomed to settle with its wmgs closed
over its back, so as to show the underside, among dried grass
stems, we see that the peculiar striping is really well adapted to aid
concealment. In the wet season the striping is lost altogether in B.
gotziiia, partly so in B. ilithyia. The butterfly now presents a rough
resemblance to some of the small Acraeas, and probably derives some
protection from its likeness to that distasteful group of insects.
That this supposition is not merely imaginary appears likely from
some experiment? made by Mr. Marshall with captive baboons. We
have, therefore, in BU/blia the same kind of alternation as ia Precis,
between the cryptic disguise of the dry season and the warning or
mimetic aspect of the wet.

There are other cases in which the same principle will help us to
an explanation. In many parts of the world the dry soil which is
left exposed after the withering of vegetation is reddish in colour.
It is constantly found that the undersides of butterflies belonging to
certain groups assume in the dry season a reddish hue, which cor-
responds closely with the peculiar character of the soil. The African
white butterflies with purple tips, belonging to the genus Teracolus,
are good instances of this defensive coloration. One of these but-
terflies, settling on the ground and closing its wings over its back,
becomes very difficult to distinguish from its surroundings, as I know
from personal experience in South Africa. In the wet season a few
of these butterflies retain the red-earth suffusion of their under-
surface, but the greater number lose it. It is not always possible to
assign any particular significance to the wet-season aspect of the
insects now referred to; it may be, however, that some of them are
mimics, while others may exhibit what are spoken of as " directive
marks," features, that is, which serve to divert the attacks of enemies
to non-vital parts, and so permit the escape of the butterfly at some
sacrifice of its personal appearance. In all the cases, however, it is
to be observed that the method of cryptic resemblance, which is
probably the most efficacious mode of defence, is the one employed
during the perilous period of the dry season. At other times of the
year, when the struggle is less severe, the protection becomes cor-
respondingly less complete. Another point to be observed is that
the defensive coloration, whether cryptic or mimetic, is mainly con-
centrated on the under-surface, that being the surface which is
exposed when the insect is at rest. This seems to indicate that the
enemies against whose attacks it is most necessary to be provided,

9

are not so much those which pursue and capture hutterflies on the
wing, as those that track them down and seize them when settled
and at rest.

From all this it appears that we can with a good deal of proba-
bility attribute a significance founded on utility to many of these
instances of seasonal dimorphism. But, as so often happens in
biological enquiry, before we have gone very far we have to recog-
nise that the case is not so simple as it looked at first sight. Let
us consider another instance. The little golden-red copper butterfly,
so familiar an object in our fields and gardens, has several broods in
the course of the year. In a certain part of its range the butterfly
is seasonally dimorphic, the spring brood being of the well-known
golden-red colour, and the subsequent brood or broods, which have
passed through all their stages in the late spring and summer,
showing an intermixture of dark scales which give a difi'erent aspect
to the perfect insect. It is impossible to maintain with any confi-
dence that this change in appearance is of advantage to the species.
We must be content with the knowledge that the dimorphism is in
some way or other dependent on climatic conditions, but at this
point we have to stop. We cannot, with our present knowledge at
any rate, claim the seasonal variation of the copper butterfly as an
adaptation to the varying conditions of its environment ; the alter-
nation between light and dark must be put down as the direct result
of some external influence, probably that of temperature. The same
is very likely the case with other instances of seasonal dimorphism,
those for example which occur in the white butterflies belonging to
the African and Asiatic genus Belenois.

But whether the seasonal changes are adaptive, that is to say
beneficial, or not, there is no doubt that they are determined by the
action of some external condition upon an organism which is so
constituted as to respond to that action in a particular direction. It
is not a case of simple alternation between the two phases, because
we find in many instances that the number of successive broods
belonging to one phase depends upon the character of the particular
season to which that phase belongs. In tiopical countries, for
example, it is often the rule that more generations of a given species
are produced during the rains than during the drought. An excep-
tionally prolonged wet season will give rise to an exceptionally large
number of successive broods, all of the wet-season form. These wet-
season broods will go on being produced until the weather changes,
when they will in due course be replaced by the dry-season phase.
If the species were so constituted as to produce say three wet-season
generations to one dry in regular succession, the change ni the but-
terfly would simply follow the almanack without reference to any
hastening or retarding of the change of season ; but, as we have
seen, the generations of the butterfly tend to be regulated by the
weather, however much this may happen to be out of correspondence
with the usual conditions prevailing at the actual time of year.

10

Since then the dimorphism we are speaking of is evidently so
completely dependent upon meteorological conditions, it is natural
to enquire whether some of these conditions cannot he artificially
reproduced, and whether we cannot by imitating the change of sea-
son, induce a butterfly which was preparing to emerge in one phase
to adopt the other in its stead. A good many experiments have been
made by different observers with a view to answering this question,
and the results obtained by them are of great interest. An early
worker in this department of research was Dorfmeister, who found
that by subjecting the pupjie of the summer brood of Araschnia
leiana to a lower temperature than they would meet with under
normal conditions, he was able to induce several of the resulting
butterflies to emerge as an intermediate form between levaiia and
prorsa, instead of the ordinary prorm, as they would have done
under natural circumstances. Several experiments of a similar
kind were afterwards made by Weismann in Freiburg and by Stand-
fuss in Zurich, but the most completely successful results with this
species have been obtained by my friend Mr. Merrifield, of Brighton,
a former President of the Entomological Society of London, who is
certainly the greatest authority in this country on the artificial pro-
duction of seasonal variations. Mr. Merrifield finds, as others have
done, that by subjecting the summer pup^e of A. levana to a low
temperature, it is possible in many instances to ensure the emer-
gence of the butterflies as a second generation of levana, instead of
prorsa. But the converse change, that of the normal winter phase
into that of the summer, by applying warmth to pupa?., if possible
at all, is attended with very great difticulty. On the other hand, by
employing the treatment of high or low temperature in the larval
(or caterpillar) instead of in the pupal period, he has succeeded in
the complete conversion of either phase into the other. His experi-
ments shovv conclusively that in this species it is not the pupal, but
the larval stage which is most susceptible to the influence of tem-
perature. x\n interesting difference between the two kinds of con-
version made itself manifest in these investigations. The transfor-
mation of the summer into the winter phase was found to be readily
effected in all except the very last period of larval growth, while the
converse change of the winter phase into the summer was, as a rule,
only brought about when the larvfe were exposed to artificial
warmth from the time of hatching.

In this species, and in others experimented upon by Mr. Merri-
field, there is no doubt that temperature, if not the only, is at any
rate the chief determining factor in the seasonal transformation ; but
there is much reason to think that this is not universally the case.
In tropical countries generally, the most obvious meteorological
difference between the seasons is the alternation between rains and
drought rather than between heat and cold; and it appears from the
combined testimony of many observers, and also to some extent from
actual experiment, that in such regions degrees of dryness or of

11

moisture enter as a factor into the conditions which regulate the
aspect of seasonally dimorphic butterflies. Thus Colonel Manders
conducted some experiments in Ceylon which showed that abnormal
conditions of dryness applied during the larval period, with no
alteration of temperature, were capable of causing specimens of
Cato/isiUa pi/ranthe, a dimorphic species somewhat resembling our
"brimstone" butterfly, to assume the spring instead of the autumnal
or winter aspect.

Some very interesting investigations by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall,
in Mashonaland, point to a similar conclusion. There is a large
genus of butterflies, mostly African, known as Teracoliis. Many of
the species of this genus are the subjects of a well-marked seasonal
dimorphism ; so well-marked, in fact, that for a long time the
seasonal phases were treated as different species and received dis-
tinct specific names, just as in the case of Araachnia lerana and A.
prarsa. Mr. Marshall experimented on two of these species. Tera-
coliis oiiiphale, and T. achiiie, both white butterflies with orange tips,
as follows : — He reared some larvte which under ordinary conditions
would have resulted in dry-season butterflies, under artificial condi-
tions of warmth and moisture. The butterflies which emerged
during the height of the dry season were of the wet-season phase;
the transformation being a little more complete in some which had
been exposed to the experimental conditions both as larvfe and as
pup<T, than in others which had been so exposed as larva? alone.
On the other hand, some larvse which had been reared under normal
conditions, but subjected as pup^e to moist heat, gave rise to butter-
flies which showed little or no change from the dry-season forms
that were captured on the wing at the same time. These experi-
ments demonstrated that in these two TeracoU, as in the Araschnias
investigated by Mr. Merrifield, it is the larval and not the pupal
stage that is most susceptible to the climatic influence. Indeed the
pupal stage in these Teraculi appears to be almost entirely resistant
to experimental interference, while in the Araschnias it is by no
means inaccessible to such influence, though much less so than the
larval period.

That this principle does not hold good in all cases was clearly
shown by some further experiments by Mr, Marshall on Beleiwis
severina, a white butterfly common in most parts of Africa south of
the Sahara. Here no perceptible effect was produced by exposing
the larvae to damp heat, but when the same artiflcial conditions
were applied to both larva and pupa, the resulting butterflies were
transformed into the full wet-season form, though the brood under
ordinary circumstances would have belonged to the dry-season phase.
Hence we must conclude that in Belenois severina it is the pupal and
not the larval stage that is most susceptible. A farther result of
great interest emerged from the experiments on this species. When
the larvfe and pupae were exposed to moisture alone without addi-
tional heat, the butterflies were found to have assumed the bright

12

yellow ground coloration of the hindwing underside characteristic of
the wet season, while the dark veining of the same area, a feature
belonging to the dry-season phase, was not only present but was
strongly accentuated.

There is still another set of facts to be taken into account before
we can claim to have exhausted even the elements of Seasonal
Dimorphism. It is this: that even in cases where the dependence
upon season of the change in aspect is well established, the two
forms may often be found on the wing at the same time. Mr.
Crawshay captured all three forms of Precis sesamns, the " wet," the
"dry" and the "intermediate," within little more than a week of
each other. The two forms, or phases, of Catopdlia poiiwua, were
observed together in large numbers in the Kangra Valley of the
Western Himalayas by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Other naturalists have
recorded similar facts both of Catopsilia pomona and of its near
relative Catopsilia pyranthe. And yet there is no doubt, on the
testimony of quite first-rate authorities, that at all events in many
parts of their range the diverse phases of both these butterflies are
to some extent dependent on the change of season. Many other
instances could be given of the simultaneous occurrence of forms
well kno'ftn to be seasonal, and also of forms which are closely
analogous to ascertained cases of seasonal dimorphism, though the
actual proof of their seasonal character may be lacking. Some of
these instances of simultaneous occurrence may be put down to
overlapping at the change from wet to dry and vice versa, the new
brood emerging while the former one is still on the wing. But
there are many cases which cannot be explained in this way, and
indeed all that we can safely say seems to be that several of these
dimorphic phases, though under certain circumstances and in
certain parts of their geographical range, they may be confined to
their respective seasons, under other circumstances and in other
localities may occur indiscriminately and without reference to the
meteorological conditions prevailing at the time of their appearance-
Taking the fact of these irregularities into consideration, we find it
by no means easy to decide between two opposite views of the origin
of seasonal dimorphism. On the one hand the dimorphism may be
supposed to have arisen as a direct adaptation to external conditions,
and afterwards, in consequence of extension of the range of the
species, or of alteration in those external conditions, to have more
or less fallen out of correspondence with the changes of season. On
the other band the dimorphism may have had an entirely indepen-
dent origin, but have subsequently been brought, under the influence
of natural selection, into a more or less intimate relation with local
and seasonal conditions. It is quite conceivable that both principles
may have been concerned in the production of the state of things
now open to our observation.

Two further facts may be borne in mind in considering the
simultaneous occurrence of different seasonal forms. One is that

13

the members of the same brood may show great individual differ-
ences in their response to what are to all appearance identical con-
ditions. Thus Mr. Marshall on one occasion reared under precisely
similar conditions the larvae resulting from two eggs laid on the
same day by the same parent butterfly. One of these emerged as
Precis natolensis and the other as Precis sesanuis. The second fact
is that, as we have seen, there is much difference between one species
and another in the period of immature life at which the application
of the requisite stimulus is most effective. In some cases, as has
been conclusively shown by Mr. Mernfield, the application of
artificial warmth during even the last few days of the pupal period
may exert a considerable effect upon the seasonal colouring. Now
it has been observed by more than one naturalist that it is in
generally hot and dry localities, such as Aden, that the various
seasonal forms are most often to be seen on the wing together.
Such regions are liable to occasional heavy rainfalls of a temporary
character, and it is perhaps possible that these sudden interruptions
of the general conditions of aridity may last long enough to
cause those species that happen to be in the specially susceptible
stage to assume the wet-season appearance, though their actual
emergence in the perfect condition may take place during the usual
drought. Other species, not in the sensitive period of their life-
history, may be unaffected by the temporary moisture, and may
show on emergence nothing but the aspect which is ordinarily
associated with the dry season. These considerations are doubtless
not suflBcient to account for all the apparent anomalies that occur,
but they go some way towards suggesting an explanation that may
apply to many of them.

We may now put together what we have learned on the subject
of Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies.

(1) We have seen that one and the same kind of butterfly may
appear under aspects so diverse that they have been considered to
belong to entirely different species.

(2) These different phases of the same insect are often found to
appear each at its own time of the year. Thus, in thD case of
Araschnia levana, the levana form appears in the spring, the jirorsa
form in the summer.

(3) Many species of butterfly which produce more than one gener-
ation in the course of the year show this kind of seasonal dimor-
phism. The degree in which the difference is manifested varies
greatly from species to species, every transition being found between
a difference so slight as to be scarcely noticeable, and a diversity so
extreme that nothing short of the breeding of one form from the
other could be accepted as sufficient evidence of their specific
identity.

(4) Seasonal dimorphism is found not only in the butterflies of
temperate regions, where the most obvious difference between the
seasons is one of temperature, but also in those of the tropics, where

14

the change of season is principally marked by the alternation of
rains and drought.

(5) In many cases, though with our present knowledge not in all,
it is possible to discern utility to the life of the species in the
seasonal changes undergone by successive generations. As a general
rule in tropical butterflies, the dry-season phase tends to be cryptic,
or adapted for concealment, and the wet-season phase to be apose-
matic, or adapted for the display of warning colours, which may be
either true or false. The latter come under the head of Batesian
mimicry. The habits of the insect may undergo a change corres-
ponding with the difference in aspect.

(6) The method of concealment is probably on the whole a more
efficient mode of defence than the method of display; and accord-
ingly we find it more often employed in the dry season, when, from
the scarcity of insect food, the need of protection against insect-
eating enemies is felt in greatest measure.

(7) Seasonal Dimorphism is not a case of simple alternation of
generations, but it is determined by the influence of some external
condition upon an organism so constituted as to react to that
influence in a definite direction.

(8) These external conditions can be imitated by artificial means.
In the case of the insects of temperate countries, such as the
Araschnias, the needful stimulus appears to be that of temperature;
in the case of tropical insects, moisture and dryness appear to be
contributing factors.

(9) The stimulus is not equally operative at all stages of growth.
In some instances, as the Teracoli, the larval period is the most sus-
ceptible ; in others, as Belenois fiererina, the pupal.

(10) Though the dependence upon season of these changes in
aspect is in manj^ cases well established, it is often the case,
especially in dry and arid districts such as the neighbourhood of
Aden, that the difterent phases may be found on the wing together.
Some of these cases may arise from individual differences of sus-
ceptibility between members of the same brood, others from a
natural overlapping at the change of seasons, and others again from
the effect of a temporary change in meteorological conditions upon
insects that happen to be at that particular tmie in the most
susceptible stage of their growth.

This concludes what I have to say on the present occasion about
the subject of Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies.

15

Life cycle of Tortrix viridana, L.

By Alfred Sich, F.E.S. Beail Maij 12th, 1915.

The common little green moth, Tortri.v riyidaua, L., is usually
such an abundant insect that entomologists can obtain all specimens
required without the slightest difficulty. No one therefore has pre-
viously had any need to breed this species, much less to rear it from
the egg. Consequently, when in 191-1 some questions were asked as
to its life-history, with the idea of combating its ravages, no definite
answers were forthcoming. It being then the middle of May, and
therefore too late to examine the earlier stages, a number of larvie
and pupae were collected, and from these a supply of ova were sub-
sequently obtained. Fortunately these hatched in the Spring of
1915, before the young larviE appeared in the open, so that the be-
haviour of the captives gave a key to the habits of the larvae in their
natural state. It was then not a great difficulty to find them on
the trees and to discover how they passed the rest of their lives.
The only point still left undiscovered is the position on the tree
where the eggs are laid. There is little doubt, however, that this
must be on the bark of the branches. There was no opportunity ia
1915 of watching the females in the act of ovi position. Such an
opportunity would, of course, settle the matter. Oak is no doubt
the chief foodplant of this species, and for that reason, as well as on
account of the abundance of the insect on this tree, no other kind of
tree was taken into consideration.

In the South of England the moth flies in June. The males may
be seen in numbers on the wing around oaks in the late afternoon.
They soon lose their vivid green colour and become very bleached.
While the males are flying the females may be seen sitting on the
upper surface of the oak leaves. Their more restful habits enable
them to retain their colour for a much longer period. The males
seek the females among the foliage and, judging from captive speci-
mens, it seems probable that the moths remain together for several
hours, and that occasionally a moth of either sex will pair more than
once. In my opinion there is no doubt that the eggs are laid on the
bark of the branches of the oak, but I have not yet succeeded in
finding any eggs of this species in nature. They are not laid on the
leaves nor on the twigs of the first or second year's growth.

The dulness of the newly-hatched larva lends colour to the sug-
gestion that it may have to travel along the dark oak twigs before

16

reaching- a leaf-bud in which it can hide. From observations
detailed later, it may be gathered that the flat eggs are usually laid
in June or July in pairs, one partly overlapping the other, and that
the moth then covers them with scales from her body and with
debris from the oal< bark. Eggs so deposited would be extremely
difficult to discover. This species hibernates in the egg stage and
the larva, making a small almond-shaped hole in the top of the egg-
shell, crawls out at the end of April or beginning of May. It has a
black head and a dull ochreous-grey body. On leaving the egg the
larva makes its way to a leaf-bud that has just burst and hides it-
self in the interior. I have seen them wandering over buds still
enclosed in the brown scales, and they appear to have no power of
biting through the scales as the larvje of some other species do. The
young oak leaves break through the scales at the apex of the bud,
and it is here where the larva enters. It remains in the interior of
the bud, out of sight, until at least after its first change of skin.
Sometimes it spins a few threads of silk over its dwelling, but these
do not prevent the bud from expanding. After feeding for a day or
two on the tender leaves in the heart of the bud it becomes more
slender, paler in colour, and developes a dark band, visible both
dorsally and ventrally ; this is not a pigmented mark but is internal
and appears to be the digestive organ and its contents.

After about four days from its entry into the bud, the larva,
having eaten out a small chamber, lies up for its first change of
skin. This it usually accomplishes in about twenty-four hours.
If during these five days the oak bud has not much expanded, the
larva will pass its second stadium in the interior. But if, as fre-
quently happens, the bud has begun to spread, the larva will take
up its abode on the mid-rib of a leaf not yet fully expanded, where
it is protected by the two sides of the leaf folding over above it. In
this d-welling it lives feeding chiefly at the apex of the leaf. Except
in size its appearance is scarcely altered. In the first two stadia the
very minute larvag are weak and inactive. They are difficult to dis-
cover as they remain so well hidden in the young reddish- brown
oak leaves.

After another three or four days the larva, changing its skm a
second time, reaches the third stage in its life cycle. Here it makes
a distinct advance. The black tubercles, forming so conspicuous a
feature in the older larva, now become visible, and the caterpillar
itself is much more active than when younger. It now forms a
dwelling by turning down the edge of a leaf and fastening it with
silk threads. It feeds on the cuticle and the parenchyma of the
leaf inside its dwelling and also eats out holes in the leaf. It is
still of an ochveous-grey with a broad smoky band.

At the end of a further period of four or five days, it again under-
goes a change of skin. The larva reaches this, the fourth stage,
about the second week in May. It is now about 7mm. in length
and fairly stout, the head and thoracic shield are black, while the

17

thorax and a broad band along the dorsum are dark smoky-grey
with a greenish tinge, the lower portions of the larva are lighter,
with an ochreous tinge. The black tubercular spots are large and
very conspicuous. There are no skin markings whatever. The
caterpillar now turns over a large portion of a leaf, frequently the
whole of one side, parallel with the mid-rib. It is now very active
and, if disturbed, runs with great ease up or down the length of its
gallery, and, if the annoyance continues, will drop out on a thread
of silk. It eats the apex of its own leaf and portions of neighbour-
ing leaves, and in four or five days' time lies up for its last larval
change.

This last usually occupies about forty-eight hours. After the
change the larva may have a black or a brown head ; the prothoracic
shield is ochreous and divided down the centre by a pale line ; the
body is of similar colour to that of the larva when in the fourth
stage but still darker. The larva at this period, the commencement
of the fifth stage, is darker than at any other time, but after a day
or two, as it begins to increase in size, so it gradually loses its
depth of colour until finally, just when fully grown, it becomes very
pale green. The black tubercular spots, however, remain strikingly
conspicuous. The larva measures about 18mm. and is quite stout.
It hides itself by day in a dwelling made by folding- over a lobe or
the whole apex of a leaf and fastening this with silken thread to the
portion adjoining. Occasionally the caterpillars will live between
two leaves spun together, but I have never found T. viridana larvae
in rolled leaves. I have found a great many leaves on oaks rolled
up from the apex at right angles to the mid-rib, but these invariably
contauied the larva of Cacoecia xylosteana. The larva remains in
the fifth stage for seven or eight days, and it is during this period
that most of the damage is done to the oak leaves. The larva
reaches this stage about the third week in May, when the leaves are
green and still tender, but of nearly their normal size. The apical
portions of the leaves are especially attacked and all but the mid-rib
and the stouter lateral ribs are eaten. Less advanced leaves often
found on the terminal shoots at this time are entirely consumed.
When full-grown the larva, which has now become quite plump,
prepares for the pupal change. In most cases it secretes itself in
its last dwelling, but when the foliage has been too severely damaged
to afford shelter the caterpillars will move to any neighbouring
plant and spin up in leaves even of a kind on which they would
probably not have fed. The white silken cocoons vary in toughness,
some larvffi being content with a slight lining to their dwellings,
while others use a much greater quantity of silk.

The pupa remains in the cocoon from two to three weeks. When
the moth is ready for emergence the pupa case is thrust through the
cocoon, usually as far as the fourth or fifth abdominal segment, and
the moth, after freeing itself from the case, clings to it or to the
leaf while it expands its wings. When this operation is complete,

18

the moth usually crawls to the underside of a leaf and settles down
with the wings covering the body in a flat roof-like manner.

Such is the life cycle of this little moth when all goes well with
it, but like every living being, it has its enemies and its misfortunes.
The young larva; are sometimes killed by Hemiptera which, gaining
access to their dwellings, pierce their delicate skins and suck their
juices. The larva of a hymenopterous parasite, which Mr. Morley
has kindly identified as Piwpla maculata, Fab., destroys many. It
lives in the bodies of the larvse and pup«, making its escape when
perfect by biting off the top of the pupa shell. Sometimes the larva
fails in the attempt to change its skin and death ensues. It appears
also that very wet weather is often fatal to larvae.

In captivity the female will pair the same day that she emerges
from the pupa, and will commence laying ova a few hours after
pairing. The first ova observed in 1914 were laid on June 5th at
the junction of the side and the glass top of the box in which the
moths were confined. They were placed in pairs, one partly over-
lapping the other, and both were covered with gum and hidden
beneath a mass of scales from the extremity of the moth's body.
This mass of gum and scales terminated in a point above the ova
and I witnessed the moth raising and depressing her abdomen
repeatedly and drawing out the gum to a point. These cones, con-
sisting of two ova, gum and scales, were constructed by many of
the females, and it therefore seems probable that this method of
oviposition is the one usually adopted.

Some moths after forming a few cones commenced to lay eggs in
small groups in the manner usually followed by other species of the
Tortricina. A few females laid all their eggs in groups. In both
cases the ova were concealed by scales and debris. In one cage
sprays of oak leaves with twigs of the first and second year were
placed, and also one much older piece of branch with rough bark,
the last was the only portion to receive ova though many were
deposited on the muslin sleeve as is usual when moths are confined
in similar cages.

Ovum pale yellow when first laid, afterwards becoming orange-brown, more
or less circular in outline, very much flattened above and below. Wben first
laid more like a circular tablet than a tcale. It measures about 0-74mm. in
diameter. The surface sculpture consists of impressions like those made on
hammered copper, but in most of the ova examined these marks were entirely
obliterated by the impressions caused by the adhering scales from the moth.
The oval stage lasts from nine to ten months.

It may be useful to give a few details of the larva in its different
stages. It is an ordinary caterpillar with three pairs of true legs,
four pairs of abdominal prolegs, and a pair of posterior prolegs or
claspers. In its first three stages it is rather slender, becoming
stout in the two remaining stages. The measurements of the width
of the head are given (in millimetres), as by the aid of these the
stages of the larva can be ascertained. The heads of any stage
vary slightly in width, but within certain limits, so that the largest

19

head of the first stage could not well be mistaken for the smallest
head in the next stage, and so on.

1st Stage. — Head black, width 0-28mm. Collar of prothorax grey. Pro-
thoracic shield brown, body pale greyish-ochreous, with a dark internal band
visible dorsally and ventraliy. The newly-hatched larva is rather short and
broad, without the dark band and thickly covered with strong spicules. After
feeding a day or two it becomes more slender, paler in colour, and the spicules,
though of course, present, are less noticeable as the skin is not now so con-
tracted as it is before the larva has fed. Length ISmm.

2nd Stage. — Head black, width 0-42mm. The larva in this stage is like the
feeding larva of the 1st stage except that it is of course larger and the prothor-
acic shield is blafk. The tubeicular spots are still inconspicuous.

3rd Sta^'e. — Head black, width 0-65mm. In colour and form the larva is
much like those of the two preceding stages, but the tubercles are now distinctly
visible and the larva decidedly shows greater activity.

4th Stage. — Head black, width 0-96. Shield black, collar of prothorax grey.
Thoracic segments and a broad band along the body dark smoky grey with a
green tinge, lower parts of the body with an ochreous tint, and paler in colour.
Tubercles black, very conspicuous. Length 7mm.

5th Stage. — Width of head ITmm. When newly changed the larva is dark
grey and much like that of the 4th instar, but the shield is divided longitudin-
ally down the centre by a pale line. In all the previous stages the shield is
undivided. As the larva grows it becomes pale green, the dorsum being a grey
green, while the lateral portions are more of a yellowish or lighter green. The
black tubercular spots are large and conspicuous, especially on the back of the
larva and the dark line of the pulsating vessel is now clearly visible. The
colour of the head of the male larva is usually, if not always, black, but in
the female the head may be black, brown clouded with black, or simply brown.
The prothoracic shield is ochreous divided down the centre by a pale line with
usually a dark spot on each side of the line at the posterior border of the
shield. The thoracic legs are black marked, while the prolegs and claspers are
pale green with brown booklets. The skin of the larva is thickly covered with
rather long spicules which may easily be seen under a lens. There is nothing
especial about the position of the black tubercular plates. As usual I, II and
III are nearly in line on the meso- and meta-thorax, and these have each two
hairs or setae. On the abdominal segments II lies behind I, and HI above the
spiracle (which is not conspicuous), these only have one seta. IV and V almost
on the same plate are situated on the lateral fold which runs along the body of
larva. VI is present above the proleg, while VII below it is formed of a group
of three small tubercles. VHI is very small and lies on the ventral side of the
proleg. On the ninth abdominal segment most of the tubercles have again
two setie. while one of them has three. The anal shield is usually only slightly
darker than the ground colour. The .skin of the larva is sufficiently transparent
to admit of portions of the spiracular tubes to be seen. There is an anal comb
with eight teeth. The larva varies somewhat in ground colour, some specimens
being of a very pale grey with scarcely a tinge of green, and in these specimens
the tubercular plates are brown and less conspicuous.

The moths bred from the pale larvte were all females. The larva
of Tortrix loetii)i(iiana is exceedingly like that of T. viridana, but it
is smaller and more ochreous posteriorly.

The pupa varies in coloration. It is perhaps most often entirely
black. Sometimes, while the wing- and other limb-cases remain
black, the abdomen may be dark brown. Frequently the pupa is
absolutely brown. This variation of colour is not aflected by the
sex of the pupa. The cremaster is very short and blunt. To this
is attached the cable of silk which prevents the pupa dropping out
of the cocoon when the moth emerges.

20

In conclusion, I will mention that of 62 cocoons, gathered at
random off oaks, 61, or 82%, produced Tnrtrix viridana. Three
female pupae of this species produced hymenopterous parasites and
one pupa died. Thus nearly 89% of the pupa gathered belonged to
the green Tortrix. The first emerged June 8th, the last June 18th.
The sexes were equally divided in the 34 instances noted. Of the
remaining seven pupae, four yielded Pandeiiiis ribeana, one, Tortrix
loeflhujiana, one, Cacoecia lecheana and one, Gypwnoma dealbana,
all belonging to the Tortricina.

The dates of the appearances of the various stages of this insect
will vary from year to year in sympathy with the advanceinent or
retardation of the Spring and also in accordance with the latitude
of the locality investigated.

21

The Maple Aphis and its Dimorphic Larva.

By E. J. BuNNETT, M.A. Head May 27th, 1915.

The Maple Aphis, to which the name Chaitophoras aceris was
given by Linnjeus, occurs, according to Buckton, in the following
various forms : —

(i) An a}iterous viviparous female, some of which are green and

others entirely black,
(ii) A iiin(/ed cirijiaruns female, some bright green, others slightly

larger and shining black,
(iii) The jmpa with green wing-cases and otherwise very similar

to the apterous viviparous female,
(iv) An oviiiarons apterous female which is said to deposit its eggs

in November and December,
(v) llie males, which occur in two forms simultaneously, some

apterous and some alate.
This Maple Aphis may be found plentifully on various species of
Acer in this country, e.fi.: —

A. pseudoplatantis (Sycamore),
A. jilatanoides (Norway Maple),
A. campestre (Field Maple),
A. monspessulaniDii (Moatpelier Maple),
A. negundo (Box-elder),
on all of which I have taken it myself.

There are two forms of the young which appear simultaneously,
the one normal ; the other, the curious form which was described
in 1852 by Thornton and named by him Pht/llophorns testndinatiis.

In 1858 Lane Clark observed it and gave it the name of Chely-
morpha testudu.

Four years later Van der Hoeven described it under the name of
Periphyllus testiido.

So far all had agreed in regarding this strange little insect as the
larva of some unknown aphis.

In 1867 Balbiani and Signoret published an engraving of the
dimorphic larva and stated that the same green viviparous female
of Chaitophoras aceris individually produced both the normal and
abnormal larval forms.

The live specimens exhibited at this meeting including 26 of the
dimorphic larvfe on a single leaf of pseudoplatanus are the first I
have found this season.

22

Buckton gives an interesting account of the dimorplaic form*
illustrated by drawings.!

He describes and depicts the curious appearance of the dorsum,
" tessellated like the carapace of a tortoise." I have, however,
failed to discern outlines of these plates on the upper part of the
dorsal region as shown in his figure, and I have not therefore drawn
them in my own.

From an examination of many specimens I find the number of
transparent leaflets or folioles on the margins of the flattened
abdomen and anal plate to be twenty.

On the head eight, besides a small narrow one on the base of each
antenna.

On the outer margin of each tibife of the first pair of legs, eight
or nine, and two en the tarsus.

On the third pair of legs these appendages are not foliaceous but
are reduced to long triangular, almost linear hairs.

The tarsi of all the legs are terminated by two claws.

The folioles on the head and abdomen are orbicular, those on the
bases of the antennae and on the legs are narrowly ovate and acute.

Buckton states that " each foliole contains a radiating system of
vessels, which Signoret regards as ramifying nerves."

The generative organs appear to remain extremely rudimentary
and indistinct, and since the insect rarely exerts itself by movement
of any kind during the three or four months of its existence, it is at
present impossible to imagine what use this dimorphic form can be
to the species.

Balbiani and Signoret asserted that the insect neither moults nor
undergoes any metamorphosis whatever. Buckton, on the contrary,
states that he had clear proof that the skin was occasionally shed,
and that he possessed casts complete, even to the folioles or
flabellae.

Moreover, he says, " I have every reason to believe that when
such moults occur the insect emerges without folioles, such organs
being replaced by tufts of hair." In plate Ixxix. he figures a speci-
men found so close to the slough (also figured) that he had no
doubt it emerged from it.

In this figure the foholes are no longer present as such, but are
reduced to hairs, and the appearance of this instar is now extremely
similar to that of the normal young larva.

According to Balbiani and Signoret, the green viviparous female
is the parent of the dimorph ; but Buckton figured a black variety
of the apterous viviparous female, which he tells us "yielded on
dissection, June 25ch, nine young, which unmistakeably showed
they were of the abnormal kind." He adds, "several of the pseiido-
morphic young were, moreover, scattered on the same leaf which
supported the aphis, and I conclude were born of her."

* " lirit. Aphides," vol. ii., pp. 126-133.
t PI. Ixxix.

23

As Buckfcon's evidence concerning the parentage of this dimorph
appears to be limited to (i) the accounts of others as enumerated
above, (ii) his personal observations on dissection of one apterous
female, it may be of interest to record the following observations : —

In June of last year (1914) I segregated two of the black apterous
forms with a small piece of sycamore leaf, each in a separate tube.

The following day two or three of the young dimorphic forms
were present, but as the tube had contained the shreds of leaf this
evidence was not sufficiently conclusive.

I therefore removed the black females each to a clean empty tube
at 10 p.m., on Sunday, June 21st. On the following Monday
mornmg, at 8.80, I examined the tubes just in time to see a green
larva being expelled by the female.

I was not at leisure to remain at this critical moment, but on my
return at mid-day the VeriphyllHn (or dimorphic) form was there
fully developed. The following day, Tuesday, at 8.17 p.m., I had
the pleasure of seeing the same black female in the act of bringing
forth another green larva, the whole of which, except the head, had
been extruded.

The margins of the body were folded downwards, so that a trans-
verse section of the abdomen would have exhibited a curve nearly
semicircular.

There was nothing to be seen from above of legs, antennae, or
any of the peripheral leaflets.

By 8.26 three of the folioles were perceptible. A minute later
the antennas were free.

At 8.28 all the abdominal folioles could be discerned ; the legs
appeared and were in motion.

There was al.-o a slight extension of some organ from the anal
region, and the whole of the body was flattening out.

By 8.34 the head was liberated and the birth was complete.

The mother immediately walked away, leaving her extraordinary
offspring to its fate.

At 8 p.m. on the following Thursday the same tube contained
eight young, all of them of the pseudomorphic variety.

The other isolated female also produced several larvje of the
same kind.

The problem relating to the use to the species of this abnormal
larva, which, so far as seems to be known at present, performs no
other function than thiit of feeding, remains unsolved.

It is, however, difficult to believe that nature should produce, in
such abundance, a creature that completes its existence without
being of any service whatever to its kind.

The following are notes on some observations made subsequently
to the reading of the Paper: —

(1) On June 24th Mr. W. West, of Ashtead, kindly furnished me
with some leaves of Acer negundo (Box-elder).

24

On a single leaflet of one of the compound leaves I counted

84 of the pseudomorphic larvse together with seven cast

skins of the same.
The question as to whether these abnormal larvfe moult is

thus no longer in doubt.
The larvfe on this leaflet were, without exception, of the

pseudomorphic (" Periphylliis") form.

(2) The ramifications of the " nerves " in the folioles of these

sloughs were, in some cases, clearly seen to be filled with
air, thus demonstrating their vascular character.

(3) From the same leaves of Box-elder I removed 24 black n-inf/ed

females, and deposited them in four tubes, placing six
aphides in each tube. Three days after, one of these tubes
contained a live pseudomorph.
This establishes the fact that both the alate and apterous black
females may produce the pseudomorphic larvae.

(4) In the month of July I obtained two larvfe of the normal

form from an isolated black apterous female.

(5) July 22nd. On a single leaf of Acer campestre I counted on

the upper side 269 pseudomorphic larvse and on the lower
side 98, making a total of 367 on the whole leaf.

Proc. S. L. E. & N. H. Soc.

PLATE IV.

^^'

y A

:.^

M.^

Y

' ^,ii5^^^'

1. CHAITOIMIORUS ACI-KIS y I'ARKXl' X 22.
i ABNORMAL I. \RVA • !11.

25

On the Metamorphosis of Qeotrupes stercorarius, L.

By Constant Sano {i[ember of the " Wettenachajiiielijke Kiiiifj," of
Antwerp). Read October 14f/j, 1915.

In early Spring the beetle may be seen flying about, especially in
the evening. It searches for a fresh patch of cow- or horse-dung
and begins to dig its nest beneath this. I found that, in the case of
nests just started, the female only was present, and this indicates
that the female makes the excavation. These nests vary very much
in size and form. They consist generally of a more or less vertical
tube, of length varying from 3 to 15cm., according to the hardness
of the ground (the harder the ground, the shorter the tube), and
then three or four horizontal branches running oft' in different
directions. At about 2 to 3^cm. from the vertical tube these
branches become somewhat broader and the extreme end is beauti-
fully rounded. The broad part, which constitutes the food chamber,
is nearly a regular cylinder, 6 to 8cm. long and 2 to 3cm. in
diameter; while the tube giving access to it is oval and just wide
enough to let the beetle pass freely carrying the food {i.e., 1^ to
Ifcm. wide). The sand or clay removed is brought to ihe surface
of the ground and put around the hole. When a food chamber is
prepared, the first few charges of material are taken down and put
at the extreme end. When 1 to l|Gm. of the chamber is filled up,
a little oval cavity is made and its wall strengthened by some clay.
The little cavity is destined to receive the egg.

In filling up the chambers the beetle works always in the same
way. I several times saw, on opening already advanced nests, that
the male was at the top of the tube and the female at the bottom,
but the female was never found at the top. This indicates clearly
that the female arranges the food below, while the male climbs up
and down bringing the food to his companion.

The egg is of a pale greenish or yellowish-white colour, and is
deposited in the little cavity, which is then closed, and the remain-
der of the food chamber is filled up with more dung till this reaches
the vertical tube. The female then starts another food chamber
from the bottom of the same vertical tube, and the process is carried
through till three or four eggs are laid. When an egg is just laid
it has a more elongated form than when it is about to hatch. It
has, when just laid, a length of about 8|mm. to 4mm., and a thick-
ness of l^mm. to Ifmm. When the date of hatching approaches

26

it swells up to about one and a half times its original volume, owing
probably to the absorption of moisture. About fourteen to sixteen
days after being laid, the egg hatches and a small larva appears.
First it is completely white, but the head and mouthparts soon
become darker. As soon as it has hatched the larva breaks through
the clay wall of the little cavity and begins to feed and to grow.
Then the abdomen turns to a slate colour owing to the dark food in
the intestinal canal. It is interesting to watch a feeding larva.
First it breaks ofi" a little piece from the foodmass with the powerful
mandibles and masticates it further with the second pair of jaws.
Then it swallows it. The larva eats nearly the whole mass, but
leaves a wall of about half a mm. thick. The duration of life of the
larva is still more or less a question to me, but from some indica-
tions I am able to make a satisfactory conclusion. I found, for
instance, that when the beetles were digging their nests in early
spring, full grown larvie could also be found. Soine of these I kept
alive and they pupated live weeks later. Secondly, at that time no
half -grown larvae could be found, and thirdly, where I found full-
grown larvae there was only a very slight trace of dung, and this
was then usually covered up with dead leaves. Out of this I drew
the following supposition : —
i. Eggs laid in spring,
ii. Larva hatches in about a fortnight and becomes full-fed in

the following spring,
iii. It pupates about the end of July,
iv. The beetle is formed in the beginning of September and comes

to the surface.
V. Later on it makes a vertical tube, at the bottom of which it

hibernates and comes out again the following spring, when

egg- laying is commenced.
If this be true or not further experience will have to settle. But
since I found no young larvae in spring it is unlikely that eggs
would be laid in September, because then the larvae would be half-
grown in spring. It follows also from this supposition that we
must have two races of beetles, since from egg to egg, i.e., horn the
time that an egg is laid till the beetle coming from this egg lays an
egg, there elapse two years, and the beetle would only be found
every other year. Some connegtion may exist between these two
races, as it is known from other insects which usually take two years
to complete their metamorphosis, that some hurry up in feeding and
take only one year to come to maturity. This may then perhaps be
sometimes the case with Geotrupen: but this is, at present, only a
supposition.

The fuUgrown larva is rather sharply bent. The abdominal seg-
ments are much broader than the thoracic, and measure l^cn). to
l^cm. in the thickest part. The head is about 6mm. wide. The
thorax near the head is 7mm., and near the abdomen 8ium. across.
The whole length of the larva is about 4cm. to 4|cm. The head is

27

yellowish-brown as well as the legs, the mouth parts, however, are
dark brown. The mandibles are furnished with several teeth. The
thorax is dirty white. The abdomen is of a slate colour except the
first and last segments, which are, like the thorax, dirty white. The
dorsal vessel can be easily distinguished. It can be noticed that it
widens out eight times, showing the presence of eight chambers
connected by narrower tubes.

A rather interesting peculiarity can be observed on the second
and third pairs of legs. The middle pair are longer than the
anterior legs, and near the base of each is a flat rugose surface
directed backwards and somewhat to the outside. The posterior
pair are very small (smaller than the first) and in each the side of
the penultimate segments directed towards the rugose surface is
toothed. The larva produces a distinct stridulation by rubbing the
teeth of the third pair against the rough surface on the second pair
of legs. The vibration is very noticeable when an adult larva, or
even the cell containing one, is held in the hand. This i-s quite
startling when first experienced, and one feels nearly the same
sensation as if one gets an electric current from a small coil through
the hand. For what these stridulations are used I could not tell,
but I suppose they serve as defence against enemies or strange
insects penetrating the mass.

When the time for pupation arrives, the larva gets rid of all its
undigested food and uses it to plaster the walls surrounding itself.
The walls consist of unconsumed food and are at first in a very
rough state, but are made quite firm and smooth, and the cavity is
reduced in size to form the pupating cell.

^Yhen the cell is prepared, the larva lies on its back and the
abdomen becomes shorter and much broader. It then awaits
pupation. The undigested food is kept all the way through and is
always used to plaster the final cell. When, however, the wall of
the cavity in which the larva is feeding becomes injured or broken,
the larva at once starts to repair this. Excreting some undigested
food, it puts this on the border of the hole, and, taking some
mouthfuls of food, mixes the whole up and thus obtains a rather
moist mass with which it gradually closes the hole. Soon the
moisture is absorbed by the other food and the new part becomes
fairly hard.

When the pupa is just formed, it looks very pretty. It is then
quite white. The lateral borders and disc of pronotum, as well as
each abdominal segment, are covered with short brown bristles.
The abdominal segment is furnished with two fleshy organs, a few
mm. long, and directed laterally backwards. After remaining four
to five weeks in the pupal state the perfect insect emerges from the
pupal skin in September. A few days before the emergence of the
beetle, the head, disc of pronotum, legs, and last abdominal seg-
ment begin to darken and, some time later, the whole pronotum, as
well as the above-named parts, become almost black. The beetle,

28

at the time of disclosure, lies on its back and moves continuously
the legs and abdomen. The skin splits just behind the head and
slips over this towards the mouth and goes backwards over the
ventral part. As the skin comes along it carries with it the white,
silverlike lining of the trachese. When the beetle is completely
free from the skin, it turns over on its ventral side and lifts up the
elytra, which, together with the abdomen and underside of thorax,
are completely white. Then slowly it stretches out simultaneously
the two wings. After a couple of hours the white parts, except the
membranes knitting the abdominal segments, become darker, and
after five oi* six hours are all black with metallic reflection, except
the second pair of wings, which are brownish and transparent, and
are folded away below the elytra. The beetle is very shiny and
looks as if wet, but after a while this lustre disappears and the beetle
becomes duller. When coming to the surface the beetle does not
always use the original tube made by the parent to take the food
down, but works itself up displacing behind it the remaining food
and the earth through which it passes.

The beetle is of a dark blue-black colour with metallic reflection,
especially on the undersides. The female is, on an average, slightly
larger than the male, but the difference is only very slight. The
male can be distinguished from the female in having on the posterior
trochanters and femora two equally sized teeth, while the female has
none. Both sexes are able to produce a rather distinct noise by
rubbing the abdomen against the hind femora.

When the perfect beetle has emerged at the end of the summer
it comes to the surface for feeding purposes, afterwards it digs a
tube in which it will pass the winter. In the following spring it
conies again to the surface and starts egg-laying.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Metamorphoses of Geotrupes stercorarius, L. (all natural size)

1. Egg in food mass.

2. Yonng larva just hatched, and empty egg-skin.

3. Full-grown larva in pupation chamber.

4. Larva in pupation chamber awaiting pupation.

5. Pupa just after disclosure.

6. Pupa just before liberation of the beetle.

Proc. S. L. r:.& N. H. Soc.

PLATE \'.

r kotos by H. Main.

MKTAMCJRI'IIOSKS OF Gl-OTRUFES STKRCORARIUS.

29

British Cockroaches.

By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Bead October 28th, 1915.

By referring to previous volumes of Proceedings it will be found
that I have already read short papers on three of the subdivisions of
the Orthoptera— the Forficulodea (earwigs) in 1912, the Acridiodea
(short-horned grasshoppers) in 1913, and the Locustodea (long-
horned grasshoppers) in 19U. In this paper I propose to review
the Blattodea (cockroaches).

On November 8th, 1900, a correspondent of the " Daily Mail "
said that "English kitchens breed dyspepsia, melancholia, influenza,
and family jars." In the evening the " Globe" added, "they also
breed blackbeetles."

Blackbeetles ! As we have so often been told, this, the common
name of these insects, is not a happy one, since they are neither
black nor beetles. Another popular name— cockroach— seems
scarcely more appropriate, since the creatures bearing it have no
connection with either fowl or fish. The second name appears to be
derived from the Spanish word " cucaracha " '•=; but if this means
a " little berry," the fitness of the term again is not very apparent.

Two colloquial names attached to an insect proclaim it a familiar
one; and it would seem that to the cockroaches the well-known
proverb may with justice be applied, which says that "familiarity
breeds contempt "—possibly even a stronger feeling still ! No doubt
few besides a limited number of entomologists have given close
attention to these insects, and we may therefore with advantage
spend a few moments in considering the British representatives of
the Blattodea, as this sub-order of the Orthoptera has been named.

It is customary to divide the Orthoptera into seven groups, or
sub-orders : —

1. Forficulodea (earwigs, etc.).

2. Blattodea (cockroaches).

3. Mantodea (praying insects).

4. Phasinodea (stick insects).

5. Gryllodea (crickets).

6. LocHstddea (long-hoined grasshoppers).

7. Acridiodea (short-horned grasshoppers).

• Cucaracha, however, means " woodlousc " also, and a curled-up woodlouse
would not be eo very unlike a cockroach ootheca.

80

We may define the Blattodea as : —

Orthoptera with all the leya wore or less alike ; the lar</e and free
coxa; entirely covering the ve)itral surface of the thorax and the base of
the abdomen ; tarsi of five segments. Head, in repose, bent under the
thorax, so that the fore-part jwints backward ; antenna; long and slender
(there being often nearly a hundred segments). Pronotuin shield-like,
frequently quite concealing the head. Wings with the anal region
capable of fan-like folding (but the alar organs are variable and some-
times entirely absent). Cerci, variable in size and shape, present in
both sexes ; a pair of slender styles also usually present in the male.

Twelve families are comprised within the sub-order Blattodea : —
W.B.- 1. EctobiidfB.
W.B. 2. Phyllodromiidffi.

3. Nyctiboridfe.

4. Epilampridffi.
W.B. 5. Beriplanetidae.
W.B. 6. Panchlorid^.

7. Blaberidte.

W. 8. Corydidfe.

9. Oxyhaloidas.

10. Perisphieriidffi.

11. PanesthiidjB.

12. Geoscapheusidse.

But five of these families are represented in western Europe. Of
these, four contain species that are found to breed in Britain,
though but one — Ectobiida — contains indigenous British insects.

No striking resemblance is borne by the typical cockroach to any
other insect. Perhaps its next of kin — amongst the Forficulodea —
approaches it most nearly in appearance ; but even between these
the resemblance is not very great. The point about a cockroach
that first engages attention is its extreme flatness, that is to say the
narrow space that separates the dorsal from the ventral surface.
This feature enables it easily to hide away in a narrow crevice
during daylight, or should it be disturbed in the course of its mid-
night revels.

Another point is the well-developed pronotum, which, besides
often affording the means of differentiating species, serves as an
efficient protection for head and thorax, just as the elytra, when
present, are calculated to perform that office for the abdomen.
In ordinary circumstances the head is bent under the pronotum, so
that the front of the face is turned downward. Though the head
is usually hidden thus beneath the pronotum and inclined face
downward, it can be turned upward and outward, till the mouth-
parts project considerably forward. Two small areas close to the
eyes and to the insertion of the antennae, of a paler colour than the

* W = represented in Western Europe; B = represented in the British Isles.

31

parts around, and frequently membranous in structure, are called
fenestrae. In the males of some species they are replaced by ocelli.

On glancing at the ventral surface we are at once confronted with
two other striking points in cockroach anatomy — the enormous
development of the coxae of all the legs, and the spiny armament of
the tibiae.

In recent cockroaches the elytra and wings differ considerably in
both shape and texture. Amongst the various species, too, there is
much diversit}' in their length compared with that of the abdomen,
being longer in some, abbreviated in others, while from some species
they are absent altogether. In some cases the wings are less fully
developed than the elytra, while the length of these appendages may
be different in the two sexes. It might seem that here we have a
ready means of grouping the various genera and species, but in
practice it is found that the relative development of the alar organs
is of slight nnportance, as indeed is the case throughout the
Orthoptera.

Of the elytra the principal nervures, omitting the costa, are four
in number, being named in order from the costal margin : —

(a) the mediastinal ;

{b) the radial or scapular ;

(c) the median or ulnar (which sometimes is in duplicate, the

two being called the anterior and posterior medians) ;
{(I) the dividing nervure.
Tiie areas thus formed are : —
(«) the mediastinal, above the nervure of the same name ;

(b) the radial or scapular ;
{c) the median ;

{(I) the anal or axillary.

Being very variable and sometimes abbreviated, the median
nervure is looked upon as unimportant, and consequently the
whole of the area between the radial and dividing nervures is called
the median. In the wing the prmcipal nervures hold the same
relative positions ; but between the radial and the ulnar there is
sometimes a prominent nervure called the " spurious " ; the anal
area, moreover, which at rest is folded longitudinally like a fan,
often occupies more than haU' the wing and is much more delicate
in structure than the anterior part, which in texture resembles to a
great extent the elytron. Wings and elytra are both well filled
with branches of the several nervures. It should be noticed that
when the alar organs are folded there is no mid-dorsal suture, but
the left elytron overlaps tbe light.

In each sex there appear to be ten abdominal segments, besides a
couple of " podical plates " lying one on each side of the anus,
which, according to Huxley, may represent the dorsal part of an
eleventh. The first segment is rudimentary, especially the ventral
plate. In the female the 8th and 9th segments are visible only
when the abdomen is distended. In the same sex the ventral plate

32

of the 7th segment is of large size, and in the hinder part boat-
shaped to assist in the discharge of the ootheca ; the 10th segment
is notched behind. The ventral plate of the seventh segment is
called the lamina srih(/enitalis ; in the male the ventral plate of the
9th segment goes by the same name, the dorsal plate of the same
segment being called the lamina aupra-analis.

From beneath the edges of the 10th segment in both sexes spring
the cerci, which vary in length and shape, and are usually jointed, the
number of segments in Blatta orientaUii and Periplaneta auairalasicB
being sixteen. Seeing that these appendages are supplied with
large nerves, it would seem that they are not merely ornamental ;
perhaps they act as posterior antennae. They often seem to vary in
development almost in direct proportion to that of the alar organs,
being apparently absent in many wingless forms, though search
will reveal them as small plates.

Besides the cerci the males, in some species, have projecting from
the lamina suhi/enitalis, two styles. These are absent from the adult
females, though they are present in the nymphs. Perhaps they are
homologues of the true legs, and if so constitute one more point
tending to demonstrate how old, as a family, the cockroaches are.

Occasionally a female may be observed with a horny purse- like
capsule protruding from the hinder end of her abdomen. This is
the ootheca or egg-case. It is formed inside the body of the female,
and in Blatta orientalis contains sixteen eggs in two rows of eight.
Till that number is complete the case is carried about, and then
after a time — some days may-be — it is deposited. In one exotic
species the case appears to be wanting, and it is possible that cock-
roaches of the past had it not, for Brogniart credits some with an
exserted ovipositor.

When newly hatched the young are white with black eyes ; but
they soon assume their proper colour. They closely resemble the
adults except for the absence of wings. Post-embryonic develop-
ment is slight — another sign of the antiquity of the cockroach
group. At from the fifth to the seventh ecdysis (the number is
doubtful) the nymph becomes an imago, and in the winged species
the organs of flight appear. How long an individual cockroach
may live is uncertain, but it is supposed that the term of its
existence may under favourable circumstances extend to five years.

Cockroaches will eat almost anything — even their own dead
bodies, or at any rate those of their companions — but as Miall says,
"cucumber disagrees with them horribly," and luckily so do phos-
phorus-paste and some other insecticides. It must, however, be
borne in mind that the cockroach has its place in nature. It is an
effective scavenger and so far must be looked upon as a useful
insect, and no doubt would be so regarded could we but conquer our
rooted dislike to it, and the cockroach get rid of its unpleasant
odour. Cockroaches are lovers of warmth and are really numerous

33

only in tropical regions. British cockroaches, too, lack the beautiful
colours sometimes found in foreign species.

In the Silurian sandstone of Cavaldos, in France, the late M.
Brogniart found a fossil, which he considered to be part of an
elytron of a cockroach, and named it Pahroblattina doui-illti. Brauer,
however, thinks it more probably belongs to an msect like the mole-
cricket, while Sharp inclines to the opinion that it does not belong
to the Insecta at all. If there were no doubt concerning the iden-
tification this fragment would represent the oldest insect known.

It is in the Carboniferous period of Paljeozoic times that cock-
roaches first appear with certainty upon the scene — or rather, that
evidences of them first appear, which is probably a very different
matter. The coal-measures of Great Britain, Belgium and Ger-
many, and the coal-measures and mill-stone grit of America, have
supphed a great number of cockroaches, which group of insects
appears to have been more numerously represented and more
generally distributed than any other at this period, which in fact
has been called the " Age of Cockroaches." The Permian period,
has produced but few insects, though amongst them are several
specimens of the Blattodea; but apparently none have come to light
in this country.

Passing to Mesozoic times the Triassic rocks of America have
produced a number of specimens of the Blattodea, but this is not
the case in Europe. In the Lias fossil insects are numerous, and
specimens of those w^e are considering are represented both in
Britain and on the Continent. The Purbeck beds of the Upper
Oolite have preserved several species, but they appear to be absent
from the Cretaceous formations, as we should expect, seeing that a
large proportion of these rocks are of marine origin and were
deposited in deep water.

In Cainozoic times the Eocene period does not seem to have
produced fossil cockroaches in Britam, but perhaps the conditions,
under which the formations during the period were deposited, were
not favourable to their preservation.

The rest of the Tertiary formations are absent from, or not well
represented in Britain ; but the Blattodea have left some remains in
Miocene strata en the Continent, and a few have been preserved in
amber, In the Post- tertiary period fossil insects are rare, except
Coleoptera, to which order all must perhaps be referred.

Judging by the wings, from which almost entirely our knowledge
of fossil cockroaches is derived, these insects are found to bear a
close general resemblance to recent forms. They, however, present
three important differences. First, the elytra and wings were
similar in appearance and transparent ; second, the same number
of nervures was developed in both, whereas in recent forms they are
reduced in number in the elytra ; third, the arrangement of the
nervures in the anal area was different. The wings rather than
the elytra of recent cockroaches preserve more closely the appearance

34

of both wings and elytra of fossil forms. Since Palaeozoic times
cockroaches appear to have decreased in numbers greatly, if not so
much in size, and they must now be looked upon as but a dwindling
remnant of a dying race. Let the careful houseAvife find in this
fact what consolation she may, and at any rate rejoice that she does
not live in the Carboniferous period and have to combat the hosts
of cockroaches that luxuriated in the warm moist climate of that
far distant age.

Artifical Key to British Blattodea.

A. Indigenous ; living under natural conditions ;

small.

(a) Pronotum dark, with pale margins . .
(&) Pronotum pale, with dark markings on

disc ; very small
(c) Pronotum pale, with a few dark dots . .

B. Naturalised; living under artificial conditions ;

larger.

(a) Dark ; wings rudimentary in female,

truncated in male
(6) Wings developed in both sexes.

1. Grey-brown ; two dark lines on

pronotum ; rather small species

2. Sienna-brown ; pronotum nearly

concolorous ; large species

3. Sienna-brown ; pronotum with

yellow margin ; mediastinal area
yellow ; large species . .

4. Very dark; pronotum chiefly

black ; size moderate . .

If we were to admit to the British list all the cockroaches which
under any circumstances have occurred here, the number of species
would be quite considerable. It would be necessary to group them
in three categories : —

{a) Three natives, that is, undoubtedly indigenous species.

{b) Five naturalised aliens, which seem now to be thoroughly
established and to breed here, though not under natural conditions.

(c) Casual visitors — a fair number, which should not, however,
appear on our list, and which therefore I shall do little more than
mention.

In the first group are three insects only : — Ectobius lapponicus,
Linn. ; E. pameri, Steph., and E. i>erspicillaris, Fuessly. All live
out of doors, on bushes, amongst herbage, and in similar situations.
They are small, active insects, very delicate in structure, and with
nothing at all repulsive in their appearance.

Ectobius lapponicus, Linn., though the largest of native
British cockroaches, measures but 20mm. in wing-expanse in the
male, the female is smaller still. Its darker colour separates it from
E. perspicillaris, which is of nearly the same size, while its larger

* Approximate length from front of head in resting position to tip of
abdomen.

*10mm.

E.

lapponicus.

8mm.
9-5mm.

E.
E.

panzer i.
perspicillaris.

14mm.

B.

orientalis.

13mm.

B.

germanica.

33mm.

P.

americana.

26mm.

P.

australasice.

18mm.

L.

surijiamensis.

35

proportions distinguish it from K. panzeri. It is important to note
that the pronotum is black, or at least very dark, with the hiteral
margins pale and transparent. In the male the elytra and wings
are fully developed, but in the female the former are truncate and
the latter rudimentary. To obtain specimens perhaps the best
method is to sweep nettles, heather, low bushes, and the long grass
of rides in woods, to beat larger bushes and some trees, or to search
under moss and dried leaves. It often comes to sugar and occa-
sionally may be seen on the wing. It appears to he mature from
May till September, but perhaps is met with most frequently in
June and ^n\y. In Lapland it lives indoors and, according to
LinnjBus, consumes the dried fish of the inhabitants. K. lapjionicus
is common and widely distributed over central and northern Europe ;
but it is seldom found in the south, and then onl^^ at some eleva-
tion. In England it seems to be confined to the south and south-
east. It has been taken in several localities, in Surrey — Oxshott,
Albury, Gomshall, Horsley, Byfleet, Dorking, Haslemere, Devil's
Punch Bowl, Penslake, and Ockham Common. A few localities in
Sussex — Slindon, Wood Eartham, Dane Wood and Cocking — have
been reported. It is often taken in the New Forest, and is recorded
for Hants also in Pamber Forest and Parkhurst Forest in the Isle
of Wight. Sunning Hill (Berks), Epping Forest (Essex), Exeter
(vaults of City Bank), and Aldermaston (Devon) are all the remain-
ing records that have come to hand.

Ectobius perspicillaris, Fuessly, is of about the same size as
the last species, but is of a general pale straw-colour. The pronotum
is of a reddish tinge ; the disc has a few dark dots, and the margins
are clear. In both sexes the elytra extend beyond the tip of the
abdomen. The insect has a more southern range than E. lap-
ponicus, being not very common in the northern part of Europe.
It is widely distributed in the centre and south, however, and
reaches to Algeria. There are very few certain records for Eng-
land : — Box-hill, Woking, Reigate, and Mickleham (Surrey); near
Tunbridge Wells and Faversham (Kent); Hastings, Slindon, Charl-
ton Forest, and Bognor (Sussex). Other localities that have been
mentioned are : — Devon, New Forest, Darenth Wood, and Birch
Wood (Stephens), Ruislip, Bournemouth, Lulworth Cove, Co. Down.
Luff says it is common in Guernsey and Alderney.

Ectobius panzeri, Steph., is the smallest of British cockroaches,
the distance across the expanded wings being only 12mm. On the
pronotum are some scattered dark markings, which are arranged
somewhat in the form of two longitudinal lines. The elytra and
wings are fully developed in the male, but in the female they are
much abbreviated and quite useless as organs of flight. With us K.
panzeri is usually a somewhat dark insect, some specimens, how-
ever, being much darker than others, especially in the legs.
Stephens described this very dark form as a distinct species, under
the name of nigripes. The fact is, however, that the insect becomes

36

darker the farther north it is found. English specimens may belong
to either form, but apparently the majority are distinctly dark. In
England the species is found along the south from Tresco, in Sicily,
to Kent and even Sufiblk. Its favourite haunt seems to be under
rubbish amongst sandhills, or on a sandy shore. It is not, how-
ever, confined to the coast, for it occurs rather frequently on the
New Forest heaths. It comes to sugar at times. At present, E.
panzeri vecovds ave as follows : — Cornwall: Tresco, Lelant, Lizard,
Kynance Cove. Devon: Kingsbridge, Plymouth, Wenibury, White-
sand Bay, Exmouth, Berry Head, Tregantle, Dawlish, Slapton.
Dorset: Lulworth Cove, St. Alban's Head, Studland, Portland,
Chesil Beach, Glanvilles Wootton. Hants; Bournemouth, Bos-
combe, Christchurch, Hayling Island, New Forest, Blackgang Chine,
St. Catherine's Point, Compton Bay, Alum Bay, Yarmouth. Stisse,c :
Camber Sands. Kent: Deal, Sandwich, Sunny Carvet. Snfolk;
Lowestoft, Felixstowe, Gorton. Luff records the species from
Guernsey and Alderney. Its total range appears to be confined to
the western part of the Pal^arctic region — England, Channel
Islands, Belgium, France, Spain, Switzerland, and less frequently
Germany and Dalmatia, beyond which it does not seem to have
been recorded.

We now pass to five insects, which, though not natives, are
established in these islands, and breed here regularly but never out
of doors — they all require naturally a warmer climate than our
own. They have been spread through the influence of trade till
they have become cosmopolitan.

Blatella germanica, Linn., is a rather small insect— at first
sight not unlike an Ectuhius. It may, however, be easily dis-
tinguished from a member of that genus by the lack of the " apical
area " at the tip of the wings. The pronotum bears two longi-
tudinal very dark lines dilated at the base. Popular opinion in
France and Kussia points to Germany as the home of this cock-
roach, a belief which Linnseus has stereotyped in its specific name.
In Germany, however, it is called " Russen." It lives in woods in
central Europe— in Russia and Germany— while in the latter country
it dwells in houses as well, as it does also in France. B. (jerriianica
is said to have been imported into England by the soldiers return-
ing from the Crimea in 1857 ; but it was numerous in parts of the
British Isles before that date. It is now found in large numbers in
the Zoological Gardens, in warehouses at Bradford, in houses at
Bognor, in restaurants and hotels in London, Hastings, Folkestone,
etc., and in other places. At Aldershot, it is said, these cockroaches
go by the name of " shiners," Avhich term is quite appropriate. B.
yermanica has a wide distribution : Britain, France, Spain, Ger-
many, Austria, Italy, Russia, Algeria, Siberia, Japan, North America,
Mexico, Guinea, Ceylon, Chili, Martinque, Jamaica.

Blatta orientalis, Linn., there should be no need to describe.
In neither sex are the alar organs fully developed. In the mature

37

female both elytra and wings are very rudimentary and the insect
resembles a nymph. B. orientalh has become so cosmopolitan in
its distribution that there seems to be a doubt as to what was its
original home. Linnaeus says: — "Habitat in America, hospitate
in Oriente." It is a native of America, but has taken up its abode in
the East. Further he says : — " Hodie in Russije adjacentibus
regionibus frequens incepit nuperis temporibus Holmiic, 1739, uti
dudum in Finlandia " — common at the present day in parts near
Russia, it has lately, 1739, reached Stockholm, and but just ap-
peared in Finland. He is mistaken with regard to America for B.
(irioitalis is a native of the East and does not belie its name. Fol-
lowing the trade routes it made its way to Holland and England in
the reign of Elizabeth. Early in the seventeenth century Swam-
merdam knew B. nrlentalis as an inhabitant of Holland, and spoke
of it as : — " Insectum apud Indicum, sub nomine Kakkerlak satis
notum " — the Indian insect well-known as Kakkerlak. In 1624
Moufet, in his " Insectorum Theatrum," speaks of its occurrence in
wine cellars, etc., in England. It seems to have spread here slowly,
for Gilbert White, in 1790, speaks of it as an unusual insect at
Selborne, and it is quite possible that it may still be absent from
some northern and western villages. It has, however, been observed
in the Scilly Isles and in the Orkneys, as well as in the Isle of Man.
By means of trade it has now spread practically all over the world,
but it still inhabits principally Asia and Europe— almost always, it
would seem, within doors.

Periplan«ta americana, Linn., is a considerably larger insect
with fully developed wings in both sexes. In colour it is of a nearly
uniform rich sienna-brown; the central part of the pronotum is
somewhat darker than the margins. The antennae are particularly
long. Hailing originally, it would seem, from South America, it
has followed the trade routes over nearly all the world. From its
being so great a pest on board many ships, it is sometimes known
as the "ship-cockroach." In England it occurs in warehouses in
London, Dover, Goole, and elsewhere, in the Royal Horticultural
Society's Gardens at Chiswick, in a sugar refinery at Silvertown,
and there is little doubt in many other places. As a casual also it
is often met with. To Covent Garden it is introduced with fruit
and vegetables, and it often reaches Kew Gardens in cases of plants
from various parts of the world. Stephens recorded it as being
frequently taken in London previous to 1835. According to P>run-
ner : — " Cette Blattaire se rencontre dans le monde entier."

Peri^laneta australasiae, Fabr., is an elegant insect, somewhat
smallec than its near relative, P. americana. The shorter antennne,
yellow mediastinal area, and the dark-centred pronotum with yellow
border are sufficient to distinguish it from the last. Possibly this
species is a native of Australia, but there seems to be considerable
uncertainty on this point. Though undoubtedly established in
Britain, it is a later arrival than P. americana. In 1886 it was

taken in Belfast, probably in a warehouse, and Mr. MacLachlan
apparently thought this was its first record for Britain. Mr. C. W.
Dale, however, had one, which he said was taken at Sherborne in
1839. It has been found very plentifully in the houses at Kew
Gardens, and in Swanmore Park Gardens at Bishop's Waltham in
Hants, and has been reported from other places. It has been
frequently mentioned as occurring in orchid houses, where ap-
parently it is harmful to the plants. As regards its distribution the
following localities have been recoi-ded : — Britain, Belgium, Sweden,
Madeira, Florida, St. Thomas, Sumatra, Java, Australia, West
Indies, Colombia, Brazil, and Central America.

Leucophaea surinamensis, Linn., though larger than B. <ier-
manica is a comparatively small cockroach of a very dark colour; the
wings, however, when spread are found to be nearly transparent and
of a ruddy-brown tinge. The pronotum is black with pale anterior
border. Elytra and wings are fully developed; the former have a
pale line along the anterior part of the costal margin. Length of
male is about 14mm., of female 14-5mm. to 18mm. It was first
recorded for Britain apparently by Burr (" Ent. Mo. Mag.," 2nd
ser., viii., p. 14), Mr. H. L. F. Guermonprez having sent him one
of two, taken in a house at Bognor, and supposed to have been im-
ported from Madeira in bananas. In 1897 (April 15th) I received
two — an imago and a nymph — from Kew Gardens, and in 1898
(June 9th) 1 received another nymph from the same place. No
further notices of the insect appeared till 1904, when on October
17th, the species (found breeding amongst turfs at Faliowfield,
Manchester) was exhibited at the meeting of the Lancashire and
Cheshire Entomological Society. The same year, on December
30th, one was caught in Liverpool Docks, apparently introduced
amongst grain from San Francisco. In 1906 a specimen was caught
in the market at Bradford, Yorkshire. In 1907 it was found to be
firmly established in a hothouse in Lister Park, Manningham. By
the same year it was breeding and had become abundant in the
Tropical Houses at Kew Gardens. In 1909 I received one found
crawling about on Christmas Day in a hot-house at Bishopstoke,
Hants. One would gather from this that the date of first appear-
ance of L. Hurinaineiuis in Britain was just prior to 3 897. However,
Prof. Westwood's Economic Cabinet in the Hope Museum at Oxford
carries the date back at least till 18G8. Specimens there are credited
with eating plants and stove fruits in house (April, 1868) and
destroying orchids (March, 1869). There are also some specimens
and an undated letter to Prof. Westwood, asking for name and for
advice as to getting rid of insects from a pine-house. The writer,
referring to a trap, says : — " I have in this manner destroyed tens
of thousands, and yet at this moment the plunging material is
literally alive with them." L. tiKrinanwiisis is a cosmopolitan species,
found at least in Britain, Paris (Jardin des Plantes), Mexico, British

89

Columbia, Senegal, Java, Philippines, Burma, Amoy, Cayenne,
Martinique, Central America, Brazil.

Quite a number of species of Cockroaches have occurred in Britain
casually. Those mentioned below probably do not exhaust the list.
It is quite possible that in some cases the identification is not
absolutely reliable.

Nyctibora holosericea, Kl. — One taken at Covent Garden, July
6th, 1897, figured in "Entom.," 1900, p. 3. Probably an immature
specimen of the same species, brought to Mr. W. Daws of Mansfield,
April, 1908. One captured at Kew, June, 1904. One from Ship
Canal, Manchester, exhibited at Lanes, and Ches. Ent. Soc, March
19th, 1906.

Nyctibora brunnea, Thunb. — From Bradford Market, Yorkshire
(" Naturalist," March, 1909, p. 113).

Blat&a melanocephala, ? . — Exhibited at Entom. Soc. Lond.,
April 5th, 1869, as having been found destructive in orchid-houses
in this country ("Ent. Mo. Mag.," 1869, p. 302) [ = ? L. snrinawensis,
W.J.L.] .

Stylopyga decorata, Brunner. — One, Worksop, March 20th,
1902. One, Nat. Hist. Museum, November 16th, 1907— so named
by Kirby ; but Burr calls it Dorylea rlwmhifolia (see " Proc. Ent.
Soc. Lend.," November 20th, 1907).

Rhyparobia mtideraB, Fabr.— This species often occurs, but
always casually. There is no suspicion of its becoming naturahsed.
Captures have been too frequent to enumerate.

Blabera gigantea, Linn.- — This very large cockroach, called the
"Drummer" in the VVest Indies, has been taken in Liverpool Docks
(" Entom," 1899, p. 139), West India Docks (" Entom," 1896, p.
161), and at Bradford in Yorkshire (" Naturalist," 1897, p. 26).

Blabera cubensis, S.— Two at Oxford, August 16th, 1906, and
September 2nd, 1906 (A. H. Hamm).

Panchlora exoleta, Klug. — Three mstances have been noted: —
one at Coalville, Leicestershire, June, 1902 ; one at Maxwelltown,
Dumfries, 1902 ; and at Mansfield, Notts, October 25th, 1906.

Panchlora nivea, Linn. ( = P. virescens, Thunb.). — (1) Liver-
pool, exhibited at Lanes, and Ches. Ent, Soc, March 21st, 1904;
(2) Leyland, exhibited at Lanes, and Ches. Ent. Soc., October 17th,
1904. (3) Manchester, from bananas, one in November and one in
December, 1905. (4) Two, Manchester Ship Canal Docks, Novem-
ber 21st, 1905. (5) Warrington, Lancashire. (6) Hoylake, Cheshire,
August 9th, 1906. (7) Warrington, November, 1907. (8) One
exhibited at Entom. Soc. Lond., May 6th, 1908 (the last probably).

Panchlora viridis, Fabr. — Liverpool, exhibited at Lanes, and
Ches. Ent. Soc, March 2 1st, 1904 ; occasionally imported mto Edin-
burgh (Evans); Romsey, May 3rd, 1901. (Of the last two the identi-
fication was somewhat uncertain.)

Epilampra burmeisteri, Guer. — One November, 1905, and one
January, 1906, from the Ship Canal Docks, Manchester.

40

Ischnoptera natalensis, Wlk. — One imported to Kew Gardens.

Nauphoeta brazzse, Bolivar. — Four imported into Kew Gardens,

October 18th, 1898. (Figured in " Kew Wild Fauna and Flora,"

VI.)

Nauphoeta cinerea, Oliv. — One imported to Kew Gardens,
April, 1901. One exhibited at S. Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc,
September 9th, 1909, as N. circunn-anans by H. Main — no doubt
this species. (Figured in " Kew Wild Fauna and Flora," VI.)

As there seems little likelihood of any of these casuals establishing
themselves in the British Isles, their occurrence here is quite un-
important, and their names should not be added to the list of our
Orthoptera.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IIL

Cockroaches.

1. la. Ectobius lapponicus, L., tf and ? (nat. size).
lb. pronotum (x4).

2. Ectohius panzeri, Steph., pronotum (x4).

3. Ectohiua perspicillaris, Fuess., pronotum (x4).

4. 4a. Blatta germanica, L., imago and nymph (about § nat. size).

5. 5a. Blatta orienUilis, L., 3 and ? (about § nat. size).

6. 6a. Periplaiieta aiiiericana, L., wings spread and wings closed (about

I nat. size).

7. 7a, Periplaueta australasim, Fabr., wings spread and wings closed

(about f nat. size).

8. 8rt. 9ib. Pycnoscelux surinamends , L., wings spread, wings closed and

nymph (about § nat. size).

Proc. S. I., li, & N. H. Soc.

PLATE 111.

^(•^

u

1.Mt **

Photos by \V. J. Lucas.

COCKKOACHHS THAT BREED IN BRITAIN.

41

Limacology.

By Alfred Sich, F.E.S. {Member of the Coiicholof/ical Society of
Great Britain and Ireland). Read November Wtli, 1915.

Slugs belong to the Phylum Mollusca and, I think, that is all I
am going to say about the place they occupy in the scheme of
nature which man, the scientific animal, has propounded. If we
wish to study slugs we can go out into the garden, a space often
rich in various forms of land mollusca, in spite of the care we take
to exterminate them. The fields, lanes, woods, and hill sides, as
well as river banks, are also profitable hunting grounds. By turn-
ing over stones, logs of wood, dead leaves in damp places, and by
various other methods, which each ingenious limacologist or slug-
hunter will invent for himself, we can find, take home and get well
acquainted with several species. Then we shall wish to know more
about them, to talk about them to others and possibly even to write
about them. When we have arrived at this stage it is opportune to
think about books, for we shall desire to know what the other slug-
hunters call that small grey one, that solid black one, or that long
yellow one, that we have become so well acquainted with.

Some years ago, when I reached this stage, it was no easy matter
to find a book that would give the desired information, as some of
our species were little known and there was great confusion of
names, even in our own country. Now the condition of things has
certainly improved, for all our known species are firmly established
and there is a tacit agreement in the use of names. For the benefit
of those who know nothing of slugs or snails I will mention two
modern hooks, which have been of the greatest use, and I am very
much indebted to the authors of them. Mr. Lionel E. Adams has
written the " Collector's Manual," a book convenient to take on a
holiday and containing an excellent account of our land and fresh-
water mollusca, especially the slugs. The other is the volume on
slugs in Mr. John W. Taylor's " Monograph." Here we have
beautiful coloured figures of all the species, and maps showing their
distribution, together with full details of the anatomy, habits and
varieties of our slugs. Armed with these two books the tyro slug-
hunter will be able to increase his knowledge to a wide extent. It
is in the books that we can find the family, sub-family, etc., to
which our various slugs belong. The slug itself does not know in
the least whether it belongs to the cattle on account of its horns, or

42

to the serpents by reason of its mode of progression, and if it should
know I do not think it would care one jot. What the slug does
care about is the newly planted lettuce, the seedling aster, or that
nice fungus in the wood. In the popular idea the slug is a loath-
some creature, without beauty, without intelligence, but of exceed-
ingly lazy habits and great keenness of appetite. Like many popular
notions and many scientific theories, parts of this idea are wrong.
The slug has a healthy appetite, its progress is slow, but it has great
intelligence and certainly distinct claims to beauty. When we lift
up a stone off the rock garden, or move a log of wood which has
been lying on the ground for some time, we may see some slugs
beneath. They will of course be resting, and, if we are curious, we
try to make them move, and after a time they slowly creep oft", and
we think what dull animals they are, but we forget that we have
come upon them suddenly in their sleep. One day I brought in
four specimens of Avion circniiDicriptiis from the garden and put
them in a saucer with a little water. They soon began gliding all
over the saucer, and I had some difficulty in keeping them off the
table. Their motions were really quite graceful. One of these I
made crawl up and down an artist's paint brush handle. After a
time it got tired of its promenade and suddenly let itself down by a
thread of slime on to the table, just as a lepidopterous larva would
do on its silken thread. This habit of escaping from uncomfortable
positions by means of a mucous thread is common to most slugs.
For the larger species we require a soup plate or even a meat dish.
Our soft friends glide easily over the smooth surface of such articles,
and one can watch their actions and appreciate their form and pro-
portions. Some species are more slender in form than others and
some have much longer tentacles in proportion to their bodies than
other species.

When first becoming interested in slugs one naturally has to
overcome an inborn feeling of repugnance, but in this case, as in
many others, familiarity breeds contempt and we soon learn to
enjoy the grace and delicacy of the slug. Round London they are
mostly of a dull coloration, but in some parts of the kingdom speci-
mens may be found showing a scheme of beautiful tints. One
disadvantage connected with the study of slugs consists in the want
of any good method of preserving specimens for comparison. They
look very sorry objects when immersed in spirit. They n)ight
perhaps keep their shape and colour better m a 10% aqueous solu-
tion of forujalin. At present a water colour drawing would seem
the best means of bringing back to memory the details of form and
colour of any particular specimen of which we may wish to make
some record. Mr. Main has made some very successful camera
studies of these animals. A good series of such photographs would
be a useful and beautiful addition to any conchologist's collection.
In general slugs are of nocturnal habit, and require a large amount
of moisture to keep them in a healthy condition. A dry heat is

43

quite fatal to them. When staying in the south of France, in 1904,
I often noticed small elongate patches on a very high wall exposed
to the hot rays of the morning sun. On examination one day these
proved to be dried remains of slugs, and later I found some speci-
mens in a moribund condition. It seems possible that these slugs
had commenced to climb the wall while the lower part was in shade
and on reaching the hot part the heat dried up the mucus and pre-
vented their further progress. I have seen slugs on a sunny wall in
Chiswick which had met with a similar fate. In wet weather, or in
damp shady places, especially in autumn, slugs may be found feed-
ing in broad daylight, but it is the shades of night that they specially
delight in. They have many times been observed at sugared trees,
and, like Pi/rcuiieis atalanta, they may be found at fallen fruit,
though they prefer to dine late. The life-history of a slug is as far
as is known comparatively simple. The individuals are of both
sexes when in their prime, but it is stated that some species com-
mence life in a unisexual condition, then develope into a bisexual
state, and finally become again of one sex, but of the opposite one
to that in which they began life. After pairing the animals lay
eggs, which produce young slugs. These at once look after them-
selves, and in due time become mature. The general opinion seems
to be that they require from twelve to eighteen months to reach
maturity, and may then live a few years. In order to get well
acquainted with them it is a good plan to keep them in a large tin
box such as grocers use for biscuits. Fill the box half full with
earth, on this we can lay lettuce leaves, a piece of bread, or a slice
of carrot, or apple. The cage must be kept quite moist and should
be well aired every day. From time to time the animals should be
placed in a second box, with fresh earth, so that the first box can be
thoroughly cleaned. By keeping them in this way and allowing
them to glide over a soup plate occasionally, we can get a very good
mental picture of the diii'erent species, and thus become able to
recognise them when we meet with them, much in the same way as
an entomologist will recognise Apamea seealis {(lidi^ma) in its various
fonais. All our species are well recognisable in their typical forms
when adult, but they vary considerably in colour and to some extent
in marking, especially when immature, so that in many cases very
great care is required in their identification. A white form is known
of many species, and it would be highly interesting if one could
bring white specimens of all the species together at the same time.
One could then more easily appreciate the difterences of form and
proportion in each species.

It is not needful now to go into any technicalities, but it may be
useful just to indicate a general idea of a slug, as it will help after-
wards when the different species come to be mentioned. The body
is subcylindrical. The flat part on which the animal crawls is
known as the foot-sole. Lying on the top of the anterior portion of
the creature is the mantle or shield, which covers the heart and the

44

lung, or breathing chamber. From the posterior margin of the
shield there sometimes runs a keel along the back down to the tail.
In front of the shield lies the head. This is mostly all we see when
the slug is at rest. When active it thrusts out the tentacles, the
upper pair bearing eyes on their summits and olfactory nerves, the
lower pair being smaller and destitute of eyes. At the edge of the
mantle on the right side of the animal we see the large aperture of
the breathing chamber, this luay be opened or closed at the will of
the animal. There is no aperture on the left side except in sinistral
specimens, which appear to be extremely rare. The shell slugs, of
which we have three species, may be recognised from all the
others by the small shell which thej^ carry near the end of their
tails. The heart and the opening of the breathing chamber are
also situated in this part of the animal. They are strictly car-
nivorous, feeding chiefly on earth worms, and, like their prey, they
pass a great deal of their life under the surface of the earth.
Though stout when at rest, the shell slugs can elongate their bodies
in a surprising manner, so that they can follow the worms into
their burrows, and if they carried the mantle on their backs like the
other slugs it would get in the way.

You will no doubt remember a splendid exhibition of Testacella
haliotidea made by Mr. West, of Ashtead, in this room some time
ago. This species was the first known of the shell slugs, it having
been discovered near Dieppe, in 1740. It appears to be fairly well
distributed over England. It may be known by its whitish-cream
colour and particularly by the lateral grooves being distinctly, but
not widely, separated at their origin in front of the shell. These
two grooves run from the shell along the body of the animal.
When hungry they will seize the end of a worm protruding from its
hole, and when the worm thus roughly treated retires, it is said, that
the slug elongating its body allows itself to be drawn down the hole
with its victim, thus obtaining food and cover at one fell stroke.
Those I had did not always wait to get the end of the worm, but
would seize it in the middle and slowly engorge it while the tw©
ends were moving about. It was certainly a gruesome spectacle to
behold.

In 1823 G. B. Sowerby discovered Testacella scKtuliim in a garden
in Lambeth, but for many years it was generally considered only a
variety of the last species, as its anatomical difterences were then
not known. From the last species it may be separated by its
tawny colour and in the grooves which join together in front of the
shell. I have sometimes found this species on the garden path or
at the foot of a wall, but more often under lo^^s or by chance when
digging. It IS usually covered by an earthy coat, and its ochreous
colour is not well seen till this is removed. It was this species that
Tapping described as T. niedii-teinpli, having found it in the Middle
Temple Gardens.

The third species, Testacella niait/jei is named after M. Mauge,

45

who discovered it in Teneriffe in 1796. It dififers from the other
two bj' its large shell. In the other two the shell is more or less
flat and shield-like, but in maiKjei it is convex and shell-like. Then
again the lateral grooves are widely separated when leaving the
shell. The animal is generally of a brown colour, paler at the sides.
Mr. Taylor shows by the internal organisation of this species that it
is the most primitive of our three species, and that its chief home
now is along the western coastal regions of Europe.

We now come to the slugs proper, which are chiefly vegetable
feeders, though many of them will eat animal matter when oppor-
tunity offers. Of these we have two distinct families, the Limacidae
and the AriiDiidae. In the former the opening of the respiratory
chamber lies behind the middle of the margin of the shield, while in
the Arions the opening is situated in the anterior of the margin just
before the middle. This is perhaps the most obvious distinction,
but there are other points in which they differ both in their external
and internal organisation. Limax has a thin but distinct shell
which has been found in a fossil state. While Ariun only has a few
calcarious granules, but even these have been reported as found in.
the Pleistocene beds.

Limax niaxinnta is a fine animal, reaching a length of five inches-
or more, generally of a brownish or yellowish grey with dark lines
or spots. The shield is also marked with irregular black spots. The
dorsal keel is not prominent except towards the tail and the foot-
sole is unicolorous. Like the other slugs, it may be found under
logs and stones, but from its large size it requires a more extensive^
shelter than the common garden slug. When coiled up it has
reminded me of a small snake. When at rest it often has the upper
pair of tentacles just protruding, as though it slept with half an eye
open. Its favourite habitat seems to be old gardens or meadows
near farms. It shows itself to great advantage when gliding over a
large meat dish. We can then note its long and slender tentacles.

If size and beauty were regal qualities then the next species,
Limax cineren-nif/er, might be called the "King of European slugs,"
as it is said to reach over a foot in length, and is often brilliantly
coloured in southern Europe. The form most often occurring in
Britain is blackish with a dull yellow keel running along the back
to the tail. It may be known from L. viaxiwiis by the foot-sole
being longitudinally marked by a pale band down the centre, while
this is bordered on each side by a distinctly darker tint. The shield
is generally unicolorous. It is not a common species, and seems to
be of a wilder and more hardy disposition than the last, preferring
open hilly country, such as Yorkshire and North Wales. It has,,
however, occurred in Sussex and as far north as Sutherland in
Scotland Near London it has been taken at Burnham Beeches
and in Epping Forest. It will be remembered that ^Ir. Priske
exhibited a nice example from the latter locality at our last meeting.
I have seen them in Switzerland and the Tyrol. A very fine sped-

46

men of this species would be too large for a meat dish but might be
able to display itself in a large sponge bath.

If we find a small bright yellow slug, with blackish tentacles,
enjoying a fungus in a wood, Ave shall possibly be correct if we
assume that it is Liniax tenellns. Mr. Oldham exhibited some speci-
mens here some time ago, and kindly gave me some to take home.
I found them very lively and agreeable pets. Until a few years ago
this species was scarcely known in Britain, but now that its charac-
teristics and habits have been pointed out, it has been found in
several places. Near London it occurs in Epping Forest. On the
continent, where it is better known, it appears chiefly to inhabit the
pine forests, where I have seen them gathered about fungi in damp
corners. The young are said to lead a subterranean life, feeding on
the mycelia of fungi. When in autumn the toadstools appear above
the ground these slugs, then fully grown, follow them. They
appear to live through the winter, but the autumn is the best time
to look for them.

We have another yellow species, Linia.r jiavus, but this is duller
and much larger than the last. It is usually four or five inches in
length and has bluish tentacles. I once found a giant of this species
at Chiswick, which measured ten inches. It is very common about
old houses, in cellars and gardens, so long as they are sufficiently
damp. Several of them may be found together. I had occasion
one night to visit a shed where there were some brewer's grains.
When a light was turned on these it revealed a large family party
of Liiim.i' flavus. They were of various sizes, and all very busy
feasting on the wet grains. It causes a very unpleasant feeling if
one accidentally treads on one of these large slugs in the dark, but
of course it is still more uncomfortable for the slug.

Perhaps the most beautiful of all our species is Lima.v arbonim.
When in perfection it looks more like a delicate marine creature
than a land mollusc, but it is really so fond of water that it may be
considered amphibious. It is found on trees and rocks, and appears
happiest when lying half immersed in a pool of water collected
between the branches of a beech tree. Many old beeches have de-
pressions, where a branch leaves the trunk and the rain turns these
into aquaria. Here we may find Umax arboruw. resting on a carpet
of soaked leaves, sometimes quite under the water. It is two or
three inches long, of a delicate bluish- or even greenish-grey. The
skin is very transparent, so that some of the internal organs may be
seen through it. The shield is usually marked by a dark band
along the margins. In spite of its delicate aspect it appears to be a
hardy species. Taylor states that it is found from Iceland to
Tenerift'e. It occurs on hornbeams at Epping Forest. I have seen
it in Devonshire, but have found it most plentifully and in great
variety in the old beech forests on the continent.

We now come to the most abundant European slug which every-
body knows, A(jriolimax af/n'stin. The old books used to make me

47

cross, because they stated that, " This species is so well known it
needs no description." One was therefore unable properly to identify
it. It is a small slug of a pale ochreous or pale brownish colour,
without any banding, but often spotted with darker brown. Its
shield is concentrically wrinkled and its slime is milky white. We
shall soon see the chalky slime if we handle the little animal. It
is found almost everywhere, in gardens, fields, lanes, on the hill-
sides, and at all times of the year. The animals are very prolific
and the eggs may be noticed in damp places all through the year.
This is naturally the first species with which the young limacologist
will become well acquainted and of which he will obtain his first
mental picture,

Its congener, A<irioUmax laevis, may be known by its chocolate
colour, its glossy appearance, its large shield, and long neck. When
crawling, the shield appears almost in the middle of the animal
instead of decidedly on the anterior portion as in other slugs. It is
not a garden species but delights in very wet situations, such as the
sides of ponds or canals. By day it may be discovered hidden
among the roots of plants at the w^ater's edge. It is exceedingly
active and a very entertaining species on the saucer. It is worth
mentioning that a snail, Zoiiitoides nitida, whose shell is of some-
what similar shining brown colour, is nearly always found where
this slug occurs. Both these may be taken by the banks of the
Thames at Kew.

The genus Mila.v is characterised externally by the grooved body
and shield and by the prominent keel along the back. We have two
species. Mila.v gat/ates is generally here of a leaden-grey coloration.
Its strong keel, which is well marked right to the tail, is either
unicolorous with its body or of a still darker tint. In the Mediter-
ranean region this slug appears often to be of a jet black, hence its
name. It is one of the less common species, but from its retiring
habits it is probably often overlooked. Mr. Main sent me a fine
specimen from Woodford and Professor Cockerel! has taken it in
Chiswick, though the writer has sought it there in vain.

On the other hand the second species, Mila.c sonrrbii, is a common
animal in Chiswick and the surrounding country. Both species,
however, appear to be absent from the north of Scotland. M.
son-erbii is larger and stouter than its congener, the keel, which is
more prominent on the back and dwindles towards the tail, is
generally of a lighter colour than that of the body. The rug^e or
tubercles of the body are marked oft" by dark lines. It is grey with
yellowish areas. It is thus a variegated slug, while M. (fof/ates
might be described as self-coloured. It is common especially in
gardens under the more deeply buried stones, larger logs, or along
the bases of walls. It is perhaps the most lazy of the whole tribe
and it requires sometimes a lot of coaxing to make it display itself
on the saucer. How^ever, when it glides along its quiet and

48

harmonious tints, chiefly of blue grey and ochre, make quite a
pleasing picture.

I have already mentioned the most obvious distinction between
the Limaces and the Arions, but I might also call attention to the
slime gland at the tail of Arion. This caudal mucus gland, as it is
called, is absent in the Liniacidae. Though the members of these
two families are all slugs yet the families are widely separated.

The largest and best known of the Arions is the common black
slug, Avion ater. It is a plump animal from four to six inches in
length when crawling, and is covered with large elongate tubercles.
It IS fortunately common, so one often comes across it, and most
country people know it as the " black snail," although it has no
shell. It delights in damp fields, hedge-rows, woods, and ascends
high up the mountain side. It varies a great deal. On the con-
tinent there is a brilliant red slug which some authors consider a
form of this species. Though I have seen reddish A. ater in Scot-
land they are paler, smaller, and look different to the large red
slugs on the continent, but perhaps the hotter summers and autumns
abroad may account for the size and brilliancy of these latter.

The next species. Arum stibfuscus, though much smaller than the
black slug, is larger than the three other Arions. It reaches some
three inches in length, has been much confused with the last species
and is not always easy to separate. It usually has, however, a dark
band runnmg across the shield and along the body on each side,
and a mixture of yellow in its coloration. It is one of those slugs
which may be found on fungus in woods. I took it on one of our
fungus forays at Oxshott, but have also taken it in company with
Afirioliuiax laeris at the water's edge. There is a curious point
about the distribution of this species. It has not, unless quite
recently, been taken in the eastern counties. I believe it is not yet
recorded for Essex and it would be interesting to find it in Epping
Forest, a likely locality.

One of the commoner garden slugs is Arion hortensis and its
sister species Arion circitmscriptim may be found there also. I have
sometimes seen them lying side by side under the same stone.
They are both rather small, dark on the back, with a small dark
band on each side of the shield and along the body. A. horteuHis is
slaty-grey with a blackish back and an orange foot-sole. All we
have to do with typical specimens is to turn them over and see
whether they are yellow or white underneath. They both display
themselves well on the saucer but I fancy A. circinnscriptiia is the
more lively of the two. The latter species is fond of fungus and
may be found at Oxshott as well as in most places, though it has
not yet been recorded from Epping where it probably occurs. A.
hortensis also occurs in woods but its chief haunts are gardens and
cultivated land.

The last and least of our Arions is A. intennedius, formerly
known as A. minimus, a, very small and delicate animal about three-

49

quarters of an inch long. It is usually of a yellowish -grey with
very faint darker bands. It has one peculiarity which separates it
from the young of other slugs with which it might be confounded.
If, when we find it, it should be extended, we must try to bring it
into the resting attitude and then, by holding it up to the light,
we shall see that its back is covered with minute prickles. A
lens will show these distinctly. It is as well to note the prickles
in the field, as after we have had the animals in a box for some
time they become inconspicuous. It appears to live chiefly on
fungoid growth. I have found it on Bnletm at Oxshott and among
decaying oak-leaves in Richmond Park. It is probably common
but requires looking for and has no doubt been passed over as the
young of other species. The first specimen I took myself was at
Torquay in October, and, wishing to take it back to our rooms, I
put it in an entomologist's glass-bottomed pasteboard box with a
few blades of grass. When I returned, in about two hours' time,
the grass was in the box but no slug. There was a thin brownish
patch on the side of the box and that was the dried remains of
Arion interniediits. It is always better to carry slugs in metal boxes.

There is now only one more species to note. This is the strange
Irish slug, Geonialacns maculosns. It differs from the Arionis in
having a solid shell under the shield, but the respiratory orifice lies
in the anterior portion of the shield and it possesses a mucus gland
at the tail. It is rather a large slug, usually of a blackish hue with
rather large pale yellow spots all along the back. The only speci-
mens I have seen were exhibited in the Zoological Gardens some
time ago. The peculiar coloration gives the animal an appearance
quite distinct from any other British slug. This species is so very
restricted \n its habitat that unless we are prepared to visit the
south-west corner of Ireland, where it was discovered by Mr.
Andrews in 1842, we shall have little hope of making its acquaint-
ance in a wild state. Outside Britain it occurs only in North-west
France, north-west of Spain, and the north of Portugal. Mr.
Taylor describes its favourite haunts in Kerry as being the much
fissured rocks on the bare mountain-sides near the sea, where the
atmosphere is kept warm and dauip by the Atlantic mists. During
the day these slugs mostly hide in the narrow fissures, but com©
out at nightfall to feed on the lichens growing on the rocks.

Having now given a few hints as to where to hunt for slugs, and
how to study them, and having lightly touched upon all our known
British species, I have only to add that the field of research, open
to any who care to explore it, is still very wide. It would be, for
instance, of high interest to obtain accurate life-histories of the
different species by rearing them from the egg and noting the
colour changes that probably take place during growth in all our
species. Many problems of distribution and variation also await
solution so that the young limacologist, starting from our present
standpoint, need not despair of finding work nor of making
discoveries.

50

British Crickets.

By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Read December dth, 1915.

On previous occasions I have read papers dealing with all the
groups of the Orthoptera represented in Britain with the exception
of the Gryllodea. To complete the series I have therefore prepared
the following paper.

Four crickets are the sole British representatives of a group of
insects which present not a few points of interest. Around one of
them indeed — the house cricket — tradition has spread a halo almost
of sanctity, though in real life the housewife or the baker do not
regard it with the same degree of favour. Romance, however, sees
with very different eyes when it looks upon the " Cricket on the
Hearth," about which novelists have written and poets have sung
so freely.

We may define the Gryllodea as : — Orthoptera ivith slender,
usually long, antenna. Elytra {at reiit) with the dorsal jjart lyiny fiat
on the body, and the lateral turned down over the sides. Tarsi usually
three-jointed; hind leys suited for leaping. "Ear" and "musical"
organs situated similarly to those of the Locustodea. Eemale with a
long exserted ovipositor [except in Oryllotalpida; and Tridactylida).
Cerci long. Many uingless forms.

Seven families are usually given as comprising the Gryllodea : —

Tridactylidfe.

Gryllotalpidffi.

Myrmecophilidae.

Gryllidae.

CEcanthid*.

Trigonidiidae.

Eneopteridfe.

In Britain we have representatives of two families only. Three
of our four species fall into the t^'pical family — Gryllid(v — the
remaining one into the Gryllotalpida. Western Europe has a far
more representative list. Two of the British crickets occur in Scot-
land, whereas but one of the nine Locustids has been recorded from
the Northern Kingdom.

As far as we know crickets seem to be somewhat general feeders,
though perhaps with some at any rate the proclivities are rather

* W = represented in western Europe; B = represented in the British Isles.

w.*

1.

W.B.

2.

W.

8.

W.B.

4.

W.

5.

W.

6.

7.

51

towards food of an animal natui-e. In most cases there is an ovi-
positor (sometimes of considerable length). The first and second
families, however, form an exception to this rule ; members of the
second also possess short antennje. The GryllntalpidiE live under-
ground, and consequently in them we meet with another peculiarity
in structure — their forelegs are so modified as to become efficient
digging organs, resembling quite noticeably those of the " mole "
itself. The faculty of " singing " is well developed, and our four
species are adepts at the art, but other members of the Gryllodea
leave them far behind. As with the rest of the Orthoptera, there
is little post-embryonic development.

Popular names have been given to our four crickets, which in
most cases probably does not so much mean that they are well-
known, as that they are sufficiently distinct from one another, to
make a common name possible. So little resemblance is there in
fact that an identification-table is scarcely necessary. The follow-
ing artificial one is, however, given : —

A. Ovipositor exserted ; fore-legs normal.

(a) Spines of hind tibiae long, slender,

moveable ; tirst segment of

hind tarsi not serrate ; species

dark brown, small .. .. *10mm. Neinobius sylvestris.

(h) Spines of hind tarsi strong, fixed ;

first joint of hind tarsi serrate

on both sides, species larger.

1. Very dark and bulky .. 23mm. Gryllus campestria,

2. Greyish - brown ; less

bulky .. .. .. 18mm. Gryllus domesticus.

B. Ovipositor not exserted ; forelegs modi-

fied for digging ; size very large .. 45mm. Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa.

Nemobius sylvestris, Fabr. (The Wood Cricket). This inter-
esting little cricket is distributed all over Central Europe, and is
found in North Italy, Spain, and Algeria. In Britain there appear
to be but three localities — the New Forest, where it is very common
(W.J.L.) ; Parkhurst Forest, in the Isle of Wight (F. Morey) ; and
Bordwood, also in the Isle of Wight (H. F. Poole). Wood Crickets
are dark brown insects, with head still darker ; the elytra are short
and truncate ; the ovipositor is long. In the New Forest they
occur especially amongst dead leaves, and appear to like dry banks,
or at any rate slightly rising ground. Burr says they are adult in
June and July ; but they certainly are also in August and Septem-
ber, and it is not at all unlikely that some individuals hybernate as
imagines. Small nymphs seem to be always in evidence. N.
sylrestrif; takes short leaps of some nine or ten inches, but it also
runs rapidly, though by fits and starts, and so is not easily secured.
If much disturbed it soon hides amongst the dead leaves and vegeta-
tion. Specimens kept in captivity ate leaves of Pynis tonninalis,

* Average length of the female from the front of the head to the base of
the ovipositor.

52

banana, bread (readily), raw beef (readily), cheese (not readily),
rose leaves (a little), nasturtium leaf (not at all).

Gryllus oampestris, Linn. (The Field Cricket). With the
exception of the extreme noi'th, this cricket occurs throughout
Europe ; it is also found in Algeria, Egypt, and Asia Minor. In
England it is very rare, though, owing to its retiring habits, it may
not be quite so rare as it is considered. Stephens gives Windsor,
New Forest, Devon, and Cornwall as localities. Mr. C. A. Briggg
has a male obtained at Bennett's sale in 1891. C. W. Dale had
four specimens which his brother took at Christchurch in 1885. It
was given as rare in North Staffordshire (Garner's " History of
Stafford, 1844)". In December, 1899, Rev. E. N. Bloomfield gave
me a male (taken at Pett in Sussex in 1899), which was discovered
by its shrill voice, and was found on lifting a slab of wood in a
bathing-shed on the beach. It was said to have been in a hole
beneath the slab. This was the only specimen, and Mr. Bloouifield
had seen no other. In 1901 I received from Major R. Robertson a
nymph taken at Pokesdown, probably during the previous year.
Two other records are Rotherhithe, in Surrey, 1904 (H. Moore),
and Norfolk (J. Edwards). G. ca)iijiestris may be known by its
large size and very dark colour; the elytra, however, are brownish.
The nymphs are shining black. The field cricket should be sought
in hot, dry, sandy places from May onwards. It is easily kept in
confinement, but is pugnacious and very noisy. Burr has found
that it will eat lettuce, paper (!), sugar, and meat. The male sits
at the mouth of its burrow in the sand and chirps loudly. Its cry
is said to become sharper before rain. If the holes can be found,
inserting grass stems in them, we are assured, will lead to the
capture of the inmates. Gilbert White, in his "Natural History of
Selborne," gives an interesting account of the habits of the field
cricket. A long-winged form occurs rarely. There is such a
specimen in the Hope Collection at Oxford, which Burr, however,
thinks may possibly be G. himacidatus, De Geer.

Gryllus domesticus, Linn. (The House Cricket).— What was
the original habitat of this insect is uncertain, but perhaps it is
wild in North Africa. In Britain it is seldom found out-of-doors,
but prefers houses, bakeries, and similar places. There, owing
to artificial conditions of warmth, specimens at all stages of growth-
are found living together — they have lost touch with the seasons,
as have our resident alien cockroaches. Possibly they are becoming
less common with us, and it may be that the cockroaches are
driving them away. Gilbert White speaks of their migratmg with
undulating fiight. The House Gricket lives on refuse and rubbish,
especially sweet-stuff (Burr); it eats bread; moisture is necessary to
it, which may perhaps explain its reputed liking for damp linen.
Burr states that in Belgium it occurs in the steam-heated neigh-
bourhood of underground pumps. Examples with abbreviated
wings are occasionally obtained, but Brunner says he has heard of

53

this form only from Egj'pt. To give here a long list of localities
for the House Cricket would be superfluous ; a few outlying ones
only will be mentioned. About 1898 a colony appeared on a moor
near Paisley — a dumping-ground for rubbish from Glasgow — but
the winter iiilled them (A, M. Stewart). They occur in mills and
bakehouses in Paisley (A. M.S.). A female was taken at Kilbarchan
in Renfrewshire (A. M.S.). A number, of all ages, were found in an
old quarry west of Slateford, near Edinburgh, on the evening of
June 25th, 1907 ; they were under rubbish, old clothes, etc., and
were no doubt introduced with them (W. Evans). Belleisle (Fer-
managh) and Coolmore (Donegal) are given as Irish localities
(S. W. Kemp). It has been recorded for the Isle of Man from
Laxfy, 1902 and 1904, and from Ballaugh, 1904 (R. T. Cassal).
It occurs in Houses in Guernsey (Luff).

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Linn. (The Mole Cricket.) Through-
out Europe, from Sweden to Spain, the Mole Cricket may be found.
It is common in France, where it often does harm in gardens by
destroying roots. In Britain it is local, being found chiefly in the
south. Stephens gives Devon, Cornwall and Ripley as localities,
but several others have been recorded. Berk>f — Besselsleigh (W.
L. Distant). Cnrnwall — St. Enodoc, near St. Minver, 1912 (C. W.
Bracken). Derbi/shire — Side of canals (Glover's " Hist, of Co. of
Derby," 1829). Deoon—{Bigne\\) ; near Exeter (Parfitt). Hants—
New Forest (W. J. L.) ; Netley (C. A. Briggs) ; Southampton (D.
Sharp). Kent^howev Road, Deptford (H. Moore). Linrs —
Grimsby, 1902 (G. Hicks). Near Manchester (M. Jacoby). Xnrfolk—
Stoke Holy Cross (J. Edwards). < )xoii— near Oxford (J. W. Shipp).
Sta/f's — near Birmingham (Garner's "Hist, of Co. of Stafford, 1844).
Siisse.v — near Chichester Canal (H. Guermonprez). Surrey— Ghnvt,
1901, and Milford (G. Dalgliesh). I have a record for Scotland —
one in 1899, from Kilmalcolm, in Renfrewshire (A. M. Stewart.) A
snigle one, in the Natural History Museum, Dublin, was found on
the bank of Lough Neagh, in the North of Ireland (Scharff). It
occurs in Guernsey (Luff). The Mole Cricket lives in holes in
damp places, in potato fields and similar localities, and also, it would
appear, in sandy places. A long winding passage leads to a cham-
ber in which the female lays about 100 yellowish eggs. The mother
displays some amount of maternal solicitude, and Kirby and Spence
speak of its defending the ova with its jaws against a black
ground beetle. It is said that two years are passed in reaching
maturity. The nymphs hybernate, and it would appear that the
imagines may do so as well, for the Cornish specimen mentioned
above was captured towards the end of December. G. gri/Uutalpa
feeds on roots and animal food when the latter is obtainable. In
captivity specimens may be fed on potatoes, turnips, meat, etc. They
should be kept separate from one another. Its stridulation, resemb-
ling the "churr" of the nightjar, may be heard at dusk on warm

54

spring evenings. The rare variety cophta, Haan, with abbreviated
wings, has been recorded from Brindisi in Italy.

One or two casuals may be mentioned : —

Myrmecophila acerYorum, Panz. Burr gives a doubtful record
for Salop. If correct, the species apparently is indigenous.

Homoegryllas reticulatus, Fabr. A female was found on 18th
October, 1898, at Kew Gardens, in a case from the Belgian Congo
State.

Gryllodes (prob. hebraeus, Saussure). Several were taken by
Mr. (j. Massee, in the Jodrell Laboratory at Kew Gardens. Ap-
parently they were breeding there.

Gryllodes sp. One found at Kew Gardens in a wardian case
from Calcutta, 1899.

Gryllacris sp. A specimen found on Nepenthes in propagating
pits at Kew Gardens, 6th October, 1897.

[(Ecanthus pellucens, Scop. One was supposed to have been
taken by Mr. Haworth, near Halvergate, in ISorfolk. Westwood,
however, after purchasing his cabinet, said that the insect had been
misnamed. It appears now to be lost.]

The whole of the British Orthoptera have now been dealt with
as follows : — ■

1912-13. Notes on Earwigs that breed in Britain. 2 plates.
1913-14. British Short-horned Grasshoppers. 3 plates.
1914-15. British Long-horned Grasshoppers. 3 plates.
■^Q^t^ -i/. (Cockroaches that breed in Britain. 1 plate.
(Crickets that breed in Britain. 1 plate.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VL

Crickets.

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Linn.

Wings spread and closed (a little ever f nat size).

Gryllus domesticus. Linn.

(? and ? (a little over f nat. size).

Gryllus campestris, Linn.
cf (a little over f nat. size).

NejHobius sylvestriss, Fabr.
? (x IJ nat. size).

Pioc. S. I.. ¥.. & N. H. Sot.

PLATE VI.

^ 'f^:^

Photos by W. J. Luc

CRICKKTS THAT BRKKI) IN BRITAIN.

55

The European species of the ^enus Melanargia.

By J. Platt-Barbett, F.E.S. Read January 21th, 1916.

My object in writing this paper is to propose a better classification
of this interesting group of butterflies and to suggest that all the
various forms spring from three "root- stocks." I have a friend, a
poultry breeder, who holds an analogous opinion with regard to
poultry, and who argues that all the various breeds can be traced
back to three " root-stocks " — the Asiatic, African, and Mediter-
ranean. At one time I attempted to reduce the Melananjia to one
" root-stock," but could not work it out successfully to my own
satisfaction. I think the idea of three, is practicable.

I acknowledge with thanks the liberal help I have received from
brother entomologists, especially from Mr. Rowland-Brown, who
introduced me to Oberthiir's valuable work, " Lepidopterologie
Comparee," and supplied me with information in addition. I am
also grateful to Mr. Sheldon for specimens of siurarovius from
Russia, to Mr. Durrant for ready help at the Natural History
Museum, and to the following gentlemen for exhibiting valuable
specimens of Melanargia : Mr. Curwen, Swiss forms ; Mr. Frohawk,
British yellow forms ; Mr. Gibbs, larissa, also Balkan and Asiatic
forms; Mr. Turner, Spanish and other forms (with notes); and the
Rev. G, Wheeler, specimens of Zucas/— including one wonderful var.

I prefer the generic name J/e'^a»fl;v//a = " black white" (Meigen,
1829) to ^>v/e = " white" (Boisduval, 1832), but am unable to praise
Meigen any further. He was an inferior artist and his figures
compare unfavourably with those of Hiibner, who flourished 30
years previously. He gives us eleven species : one is electra, quite
a nondescript, and he completes the number with leucomelas, procida,
and (jalena, all vars. of (jalathea. In Hiibner's grand work on
"Butterflies," published in 1805, he divides the Melanari/ia into ten
species as follows : — (1) galathea, &gs. 183-5. vars. 658-9; laihesis,
186-9 ; dotho, 190, 191 ; atrojws, i92, 193 ; amphitrite, 194, 195 ;
thetiH, 196-7; psijche, 198, 199; vars. 677, 678, 694-7; larissa,
896-899; and hertha, 900-903. To complete the number of species
he adds leucomelas, 617-518.

Hiibner's letterpress is very short, but we can gather some valu-
able information from his synonyms.

dotho =syn. Papilio ar^e Russiag (Esper).

atropos = ,, „ japijijia (Cyril).

56

amphitrite = „ arge (Sulzer) Siciliae (Esper).
psyche — „ arge Occidanica (Esper).

Later on Hiibner discovered that thetis was a name already in
use and adopted ines in its place — see " lUiger's Mag.," vol. III.,
page 205 (Hoffmansegg).

In modern times clotho has been replaced by japygia ; atropna has
been reduced from specific rank to japygia var. atropos ; ampldtrite
has given way to arge; psyche is still retained by Oberthiir (1909),
but has been dropped by Staudinger and now stands in his Cata-
logue as sylliits, Herbst, 1796 ; syn. psyche, Hiibner 1799. I prefer
with Oberthiir to stick to psyche ; herta has also disappeared from
specific rank and Staudinger gives it larissa var. herta, H.G., 900-3;
pheriisa, Dahl., was given specific rank by Boisduval (1882), and
has since been reduced by Seitz (1906) to syllius var. phernsa. I
need not go into further details regarding the nomenclature of the
Melanaryia, only to give the names of the species we have to con-
sider in detail. 1, galathea ; 2, lachesis ; S, japygia ; 4:, arge ; 5,
psyche or syllius; 6, ines; 7, pherusa ; and 8, larissa, and to draw
special attention to the vars. atropos and herta.

Melanargia galathea.

This species {Papilio galathea, Linnaeus, 1758) is, of course, the
first of the three root-stocks to be taken into consideration. I have
exhibited my own English specimens (dating from 1859 to 1914),
chiefly captured in Kent and Surrey, and (with one exception),
there is very little variation amongst them. They are similar in
size and in pattern, they all belong to the pale form of galathea,
and agree with the type specimen of Linnaeus. This form appears
to be found in Belgium, France, and Austria, and as far South as
the Ehone Valley in Switzerland (I may add here that Mr. Frohawk
exhibited some English specimens showing a tendency to yellow in
the ground colour). In the Swiss Alps (Berisal, 6,000ft.) the dark
form procida is met with, while the darker form turcica occurs
occasionally near the Simplon Kulm and also at Iselle in N. Italy.
In Tuscany the local form that I captured there at 2,000ft. was
procida, of small size, while in Southern Italy, alike at sea-level,
Gioja Tauro; at 1,000ft., Monte Elie, Palmi ; and at 2,000ft. above
Scylla, the form is dark procida with occasional turcica, and there
is a tendency to produce large females.

I should have liked to make further search in Calabria but was
stopped doing so last year by the war. Seitz tells us that japygia
var. atropos is found there together with the type form procida, and
it is of smaller size. I should have liked to verify that statement,
but I have nowhere met with japygia in Calabria, which is a very
difiicult country to work, as there is no decent sleeping accommoda-
tion in the villages, and long wearisome day excursions are a neces-
sity. Good water is obtainable, plenty of food also, provided, as one
traveller puts it, you take it with you. If you have not done so, you

57

will have to be content with bread (and this you may have to tramp
miles to discover) and wine — which it is wise not to touch during
sunshine, and after the day's work is over and a "pick-me-up" is
needed — the traveller finds the wine is kept in such a foul cask, that
when drinking it he must hold his nose to prevent the stink making
him sick, and swallow the stuff at a gulp. Still it is good wine.
Take Scylla as a typical hunting ground. From the station there is
a most arduous climb of three to four hours up a narrow track in a
gorge, in places washed entirely away, and then it is necessary to
negotiate a mass of rocks and stones forming the torrent bed, the
last hour through woody scrub, almost impassable in places. On
the top of the hill a road is met with just before the wood ends,
which serves the little villages on the plateau and leads nowhere,
and it has no connection Avith the station down below. There are
six inches or more of dust on the road which the tmy ox carts
plough through and raise up in clouds. For more than a mile this
road provides a shelter for pracida, with occasional turrica, which
congregate here in larger numbers than I have seen elsewhere.
Close by are meadows which provide the necessary food-plant.
When resting on the leaves of the undergrowth, procida is a black
butterfly, but when disturbed the underside gives it a much whiter
appearance than we expect. At intervals along the road tall eossiis-
eaten trees attract crowds of Vanessa to the sap, and a collector has
a lively time.

Upon crossing over to Sicily the entomologist discovers that
(jalathea is of large size, some of the females extending to 60 centi-
metres. These specimens resemble a form which occurs in Algiers
and has received the specific name of lucasl or iiuiurf tunica. Mr.
Rowland-Brown has compared the two forms and has arrived at
the conclusion that they are identical. Zeller named his specimens
taken at S_yracuse — syracusana, and therefore I should suggest the
name siciUana for the Sicilian form of (jalatlwa, though I think the
specimens vary a little in every gorge, where they occur in that
island.

Melanargia lachesis.

I next turn to M. lacliem's. I have exhibited onf good variety of
(jalathea taken in Kent by myself in 1875. It was figured by
Newman in the "Entomologist" of 1877, described by my old
neighbour, C. G. Barrett, in his " Lepidoptera," figured by Mosely
of Huddersfield in his "Aberrations" (?), 1869, and Oberfchiir says
he has seen similar vars. on the continent, and has given it the name
" 7)ii)sleyi," which I consider a meaningless one. I should prefer it
to be called var. lachesis. In my specimen, the central black blotch
is missing on all the wings. In typical lac/iesis this blotch is small
on the forewings and missing on the hindwings and the basal black
blotch is reduced to shading. Oberthiir tells us that he knows
that in the parts of France where lachesis occurs, (jalathea is not

58

met with, and vice-versa, and we are told that lachesis occurs in
Spain, but galathea is absent. Therefore I suggest that lachesis
is a sub-species of galathea.

I also suggest that var. herta is a sub-species of procida or turcica
for exactly similar reasons.

Melanargia arge.

The second root-stock is of course M. arge (Sulzer, 1776). I own
that Sulzer's locality for arge, viz., Sicily, puzzled me, for the
Sicilian species is certainly jihernsa. My attention has lately been
drawn to " The Kingdom of the. Two Sicilies," and on rubbing up
my history and geography I have found that two centuries ago the
Kingdom of Naples and the Island of Sicily were distinct. In 1736
the Neapolitans conquered Sicily and formed the kingdom of the
Two Sicilies. The first Kingdom of Sicily included the southern
part of Italy from Naples to Cape Spartivento, and Sicily formed
the " Second Kingdom of Sicily." Naples itself was said to be in
Sicily, and probably Sulzer's "type" specimen was from Sorrento.
Though his figure is badly drawn, and he put on it far too much
indigo, there is a slight resemblance.

Arge appears to be fairly well distributed in Calabria, and its
"colonies" are generally found in sheltered spots on hurricane
swept hills, where much grass grows. All the specimens that I
have seen were over before galathea emerged, and I have never
found them together, as galathea appears to prefer a lower level and
more shelter. I have captured arge 100 miles apart, at Catanzaro
on the mountains near the east coast, at Nicotera on the west coast,
at Cittanuova in the great plain at the foot of the mountains, and
above Scylla, tw^o miles from the procida locality mentioned pre-
viously. In some instances, notably at Scylla, the specimens were
worn, but I took no galathea. 1 took one worn var. approaching ab.
coica, the ringless form.

Melanargia pherusa.
With regard to pherasa, Dahl., which is common on a shelterless
hill near Palermo, with its var. plemura, where it has, so to
speak, " to cling to the grass with its eyelids," I was late one
season and found the specimens all battered to pieces. On leaving
the hill early in disappointment, I reached a hollow where a stream
rushes along after a storm, and there I saw a butterfly flying most
awkwardly. I caught it, and it proved to be a newly emerged
galathea — quite limp. This is the onl}^ specimen I found near
Palermo, and concluded I was too early for it, as it is said to be
common there. M. pherusa has recently been reduced in rank and
now stands M. sglliiis var. pherusa, ab. plesaura, Seitz., 1906.

Melanargia psyche = syllius.
I have had no personal experience of j*.s7/t7(f (Hiibner, 1799) =

59

sijllius (Herbst., 1796). The plates of both these authors are excel-
lent, and the figures supplied by Herbst., plate 188, figs. 3 and 4,
closely resemble the type form of })herH»a. Once more Oberthiir
has forestalled my opinion about these species when he writes in
his " Lepidopterologie Comparee," vol. iii., 1909, that " between
ariie and p/terusa and psi/che {sijllius), such great affinity occurs "
that he considers the two latter are geographical races of arije. In
this view I quite agree, and I would go further and add hies to the
group. This is a group where " crossmg " might occur, but as I
have no data to go upon I will leave this point for more experienced
collectors to discuss.

Melanargia japygia.

The third root-stock is M. japygia, Cyril, whose figure (1787) is
quite good, but his description does not assist us much. Hiibner's
figures— for he gives us two species— are excellent, (1) clotho, with-
out a black band on the hindwings, and (2) atropoa {synon. japi/gia,
Cyril) with a small band. Oberthiir supplies us with life-like por-
traits in his work, vol. v., part 1, plate 59, and with descriptions at
page 315, etc. The specimens figured were captured at Avellino,
not far from Naples, and are probably the descendants of Cyril's
species. He gives normal J , upperside ; and six $ s underside,
showing various small differences in the eye marks, one being
asymmetric, another embryonic, and others varying in depth of colour.
Besides these he has figured three specimens of var. deantlie and
one with no eye markings. He remarks that one space on the
underside otjapyi/ia is usually free from a spot, and gives one speci-
men with a well defined spot in that space. Mr. Durrant has
pointed out to me that Cyril's figure also shows a well defined spot
there, and I find in my specimens that they dift'er — the largest num-
ber have no spot, a few have an embryonic spot, and another few a
well defined spot.

The Sicilian form of japyi/ia, which has been said to belong to
var. atropos, Hilbner, is a very fine insect, much larger than the
figures given by him. The band on the hindwing is as well
defined as that of yalatliea, so it is necessary to search for points of
difterence between them For myself I separate the two species by
the upperside of the forewing. In (jalatliea the pattern is divided
into three well defined portions, while japyyia is divided into four.
Seitz describes the difference thus: — "The forewing of japi/tfia is
crossed about the middle by a transverse line dentate like a saw."
Oberthiir has supplied us with a key from the underside of the hind-
wings, and has pointed out that the last nervure (next to the body)
differs. In (jalathea it is shaped something like a Y, the upper half
being duplicate — this is the case in lachesis, procida, tinra, herta,
and litcasi, while in japytjia the nervure is perfectly straight I with-
out any doubling.

On the yfing japi/i/ia is easily distinguished by its hurried flight,

60

and is met with at a higher level in Sicily than (jalathea, where,
owing to the prevalence of high winds, it is more often seen than
caught, and I wonder whether further differences in the nervures
may be traceable in order to account for this difference of flight.
Should the collector reach the japi/f/ia ground on a calm afternoon,
a very rare occurrence, he will have a great treat, for the place is a
"live" garden in two respects, and the red, white and blue flowers and
butterflies will recall our Union Jack, and alone in the wilds of the
steep gorge he will feel patriotic. Melitcea didyma is the brightest red
" flower," and suns itself in numbers all round. Aylau urticcB and
Pyrameis cardiii settle on the mule-track, almost under his feet. P.
atalanta prefers the tree-trunk close by; Dryas pandora and Issoria
lathonia flit from flower to flower; Pierii^ rajue and J7. japyyia, which
show up white, settle quietly, but do not try to catch a specimen of
the latter, if you do the whole batch hurries off down the slope where
you cannot follow them ; the blues, chiefly Polyoinrjiatiis icarKs,
brighten up the blue and white flowers; Papilio machaon blunders
along, while lovely P. podaliriua soars over the tree occupied by
atalanta, just out of reach. Night comes on quickly in Sicily, and
it is dangerous to be caught by darkness on the steep slope full of
pitfalls, so hurry down to the military road below ; on your way
you may pick the black burnet Syntoniifi phegea oft' the thistles, pass
scores of Adwita statices flying over the Erica, and watch a batch of
larvae of Malacosoma franconica scattering for their evening meal.
After passing the Cataract, a fall of about 50 feet, and having bid
good night to the polite washerwomen who crowd to the stream,
you feel safe, and wish for another calm day in the near future — a
wish very seldom gratified until your coveted specimen is battered
and worn-out.

Melanargia larissa.

I have no knowledge of larissa in its native haunts, but the speci-
mens I have examined appear to me to belong to the japyyia group.
The pattern is divided into four, and the last nervure on the under-
side is straight, not Y-shaped, the females are large, and altogether
there is a close resemblance to the Sicilian ionn otjapy<iia. The
affinity is so close that I have no hesitation in suggesting that
larissa is a geographical form of atropos, Hiibner, and therefore
japy<jia, Cyril. I may add that in the Natural History Museum
Collection, there is a series under this name (from the Elwes Collec-
tion) which requires further examination, as it may be an Asiatic
form.

Suggested Classification of Melanargia (European).

GENUS. MELANARGIA (Meigen, 1829).

Species. (1) Galathea (Linnaeus, 1758).
var. procida — dark,
var. leucomelas ? — pale u.s.

Proc. S. L. E. & N. H. Soc.

PLATE XII.

PluUo. by a. T. Turner.

MELANARGIAS.

61

van turcica — darker,
var. ijalena — no eyes.
Sub-species (a) lachesis — pale. France and Spain.
,, ,, (b) herta — (central pale band). Balkans.
(2) Arge (Sulzer, 1776j. C. and S. Italy,
var. c(eca — no eyes, etc.
Sub-species {c) phenisa. Sicily.
var. plesaiira — no eyes.
„ „ {(1) psyche — sylliiis. Spain, etc.

var. ixora — no eyes.
,, ,, (e) incs = thetis. Pyrenees.

(8) Japygia (Cyril, 1787).

var. cleanthe. France, etc. (pale).
Sub-species (/■) atropna. Sicily (dark).
,, „ (fi) smraroviiis. Eussia, Hungary, etc. (pale).

„ ,, (A) larissa, Greece (dark).

P.S. — The sub-species lucasi (Algiers) may be added to the gala-
THEA Group, and titea (Syria) to the arge Group.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIL

The genus Melanargia.

I. Upper-side of M. galathea var. approaching 31. lachesis. N. Kent, July,
1875.

II. Upper- and under-side of M. galathea var. procida, from Messina, Sicily,
May, 1910.

III. Upper- and under-side of M. japygia var. atropos, the Sicilian form.
May, 1910.
All captured by J.P.B.

The Autumn Butterflies at Eastbourne and some other
notes.

By Robert Adkin, F.E.S. Bead January 21tJi, 1916.

The weather during the autumn months of 1915 was distinctlj^
"patchy." In some districts rain was frequent, while in others for
many weeks hardly a drop fell. For instance, while the neighbour-
hood of London was receiving a respectable amount of moisture,
we at Eastbourne were longing for a decent shower to freshen up
the parched gardens. We had plenty later, but that does not affect
the present question. It was perhaps owing to this difference in
weather conditions that the reports one heard of the scarcity, or
otherwise, of the autumn butterflies arose, but apart from that there
appeared to be a great difference in the relative numbers of what
one usually considers the common species, even in the favoured
districts. Why should Af/lais iirticae be rare while Pymmeis
atalanta was more than common ? They are species of similar
habits and appear at practically the same time of year. Or why
should Poly o))i Hiatus tear us be less common than usual, while
Afjriades thetis (bellaryus) was particularly abundant ? But I am
perhaps anticipating, and should give some details of what came
under my notice rather than indulge in generalising.

The period under notice extended from the middle of July to the
early days of November, but my opportunities for observation were
by no means continuous, consisting as they did entirely of week-
ends, sometimes of two, or at most three days, but more often of
only one, and if that one happened to be cloudy, a full fortnight
might possibly elapse between the times that I had any chance of
watching the butterflies. The chief districts of observation were
the flowery banks along the western part of the parades, the sea
front of the Downs as far as Cow Gap, about a mile beyond, and
my own garden, with very occasionally a walk over the higher
Downs or through Abbot's Wood. It will perhaps be convenient
to deal with the subject under the heading of species rathar than in
sequence of dates, although it may necessitate some repetition of
dates and places.

Pieris brassicoi and P. rapcc. — White butterflies were fairly com-
mon during July, August, and September throughout the whole
district, but at no time particularly abundant ; they were, however,
seen more commonly during the first fortnight of August than be-

fore or after, especially in the case of P. brassicae. Both species
were last seen on October 3rd, when P. rapm was still flying in
some numbers, but P. brassicce was represented by only a couple of
specimens.

Colias ednsa was first seen on September 5th, when one was
noted on the parade banks and another in Cow Gap. Others that
came under notice were, on the 13th, 1 ; 17th, 2; 18th, 4 • all on
the parades, and the last on 19th, when one flitted abiut the
flowers m my garden for a few minutes in the afternoon sunshine,
bo far as T was able to observe them, they were all males in more
or less worn condition.

Goneptertix rhainni.—On August 22nd I was not a little surprised
to see a male example of this species flitting contentedly about some
furze bushes right on the top of the Downs. I know of no Pxhamnns
growmg in the neighbourhood, but the insect appeared to be in
absolutely fresh order, as though only just out of pupa.

Brenthis selene.—A second brood Avas reported as having been
on the wing in Abbott's Wood at the end of August, several being
seen on the 22nd, and a few on the 28th, all appeared small in size
as compared with those of the usual spring emergence.

Vane><sa io also was reported from the same locality on the last-
mentioned date as occurring sparingly.

Jkllais urtico'.—One was noticed on the parade banks on July
13th and another in a similar position on the 18th, but no more
were seen until September 13th, when a couple were noticed along
the parades, and on the 18th a few more. I have no note of it
having been met with along the Downs and it was a rare visitor
to the garden. Usually one may find several specimens feeding at
the plants of Sednni spectahile that are grown in some of the flower
beds near the sea, on any sunny morning in August or September,
but although I visited them more than once, I failed to find nrtic(B
at them.

Pj/rameh atalanta was first met with on August 29th, when, in
the flower- bedecked open spaces about Abbott's Wood, specimens
were frequent, but I did not detect it on the coast until September
13th, when only one was seen. From this time, however, it soon
became more numerous, and from the 18th was one of the most
commonly seen butterflies along the parades, was by no means in-
frequent along the Downs, and quite abundant in the garden, where
It was the usual thing to see anything from a dozen to a score of
individuals gorging themselves at the blossoms of the Michaelmas
daisies at one time. A similar stace of aftairs continued until
October 3rd, and there was little abatement in numbers on the 10th
but on the 17th, a rather dull day, three was the largest number
fieen in the garden at one time. The weather during the week that
followed was cool and rainy, and no more atalanta were seen.

Pyrameis caniid was at no time common. One was seen at
Abbott s Wood on August 29th, a couple on the parades on Sep-

64

tember 18th, and on October 3rd, on a walk along the parades and
the Downs as far as Cow Gap, perhaps half-a-dozen were seen.

Polygoma c-album. — September 18th was a brilliant day and a
red-letter day for Vanessids. During the morning a stranger was
noted among the atalanta that were feasting at the Michaelmas
daisies in the garden, and on a net being procured and the stranger
secured, it proved to be a very nice c-albtim. A second specimen
was taken on the same or following day in a garden at Hampden
Park, an outlying part of the town some two miles inland. So far
as I am aware, Sussex was at no time a home of this species, not
even in the early years of last century, when there appears to have
been well-established colonies in some other of the southern
counties, but stray examples have from time to time occnrred, the
last previous record, I believe, being one at Dormans, a village just
on the Surrey border of the county, on September 11th, 1906. It
would be interesting to know whence these stray individuals come :
of course, there is always the chance of an escape from someone's
breeding-cage, or the result of an attempt to acclimatize the species
in the neighbourhood, a most unsatisfactory proceeding unless the
fact is widely published, but on the other hand there is the
possibility of a migration from some other place, in an endeavour
on the part of the species to extend its range of distribution under
natural conditions.

FJpinephele jurtina {janira) was met with commonly throughout
the district during July, August, and the earlier part of September,
but thinned down towards the end of the month; the last seen was
a solitary one in Cow Gap on October 3rd. During the earlier part
of the time it was a frequent visitor to the garden.

Epinephele titkonns. — A few were noted on August 8th in Cow
Gap.

Ccenonympha paw})hiliis | Were all fairly common during

Rumicia {Chrysoj^haniis) phl(ras,r the earlier part of the time and
and Polyouimatus icarns. ] not infrequent visitors to the

garden. The two latter were seen last on October 3rd.

Celastrina aryiolus was fairly common in the garden and about
the ivy-covered walls along the parades on August 2nd, but had
decreased considerably in numbers by the 8th. The species did not
appear at any time to be so abundant as in some recent years.

Afiriades coridon. — It was not until August 8th that I had an
opportunity of visiting the parts of the Downs where this species
occurs, and I then found it verv commonly, and as a rule the
specimens were fresh. Little difterence in numbers or their con-
dition was noted on subsequent visits up to September 18th. Soon
after this some unsettled weather set in, with a fair amount of rain
and chilly northerly winds, and on my next visit on the 26th 1
failed to detect any, but on October 3rd, during a few hours' of hot
sunshine and calm weather I found one undoubted female although
no males were on the wing.

65

Agriades thetis {hellargns) was not met with until September 5th,
on which day it was found very commonly in Cow Gap and had
evidently been on the wing for some days. To see this species at
its best one needs to be on the ground in the morning, as, soon
after mid-day the sun begins to lose its power on the banks fre-
quented by the butterflies, and early in the afternoon portions of
the ground are in shadow, and a thinning down in the numbers on
the wing is soon noticed, nor are the butterflies then to be found on
the grass stems, but seem to have a knack of secreting themselves
among the rooty parts of the thicker grass tufts and in all sorts of
inaccessible places on the steeper parts of the banks. From the
time when the species was first noted it steadily increased in num-
bers, and indeed appeared to be more abundant than in the past few
seasons, and no diminution in numbers was noted throughout Sep-
tember. During early October there was a decided thinning down,
but even then it was still to be found commonly, and many of the
individuals of both sexes were quite fresh. It was last seen on
October 17th, a beautifully fine, warm morning, when some three
or four dozen were noted, and among them two or three of the
males were brilliant in their freshness. Fine weather continued for
a few days longer, and no doubt the species remained on the wing
through them, possibly to the 20th or 21st, although the last that
I actually saw of it was on the 17th. Tutt, in his " Natural History
of the British Lepidoptera," devotes nearly four pages of closely
printed matter to the earliest and latest dates on which A. thetish&s
been found on the wing ; in these October is given only seven times,
and the 15th of that month is the latest date mentioned. It therefore
appears that even if the 17th, on which I saw it last autumn, was
the last day on which it was actually on the wing, it was an
exceptionally late date for the species.

From the foregoing it will be noted that A. coridon and A. thetis
are flying together in this locality for two or three weeks, and have
every possible opportunity for cross-pairing, yet I have never seen
such an occurrence, nor have I ever come across any specimen that
suggested in any way the possibility of it being a hybrid.

Before leaving the butterflies there is just one other point that I
should like to notice. Many years ago when I used, as a youngster,
to go to Eastbourne very occasionally for a day's collecting, a rough
cart track ran from the end of Meads Street, a hamlet about a
mile from the then western end of the town, across a cornfield and
down the side of an old chalk pit to the beach, and had evidently
been made for the purpose of serving a pair of limekilns, the foun-
dations of which were then still standing. On the left of this track
was a high grassy bank having an almost due south aspect, and this
bank, as long as I can remember, was a haunt of A. thetis. Some
thirty years ago the sloping front of the cliff between the town and
this rough track was converted into parades, and the sloping banks
between them planted with shrubs and flowers and kept in a state

66

of cultivation. More recently the rough track itself has been con-
verted into a good road with asphalt path, and forms the chief con-
nection between the lower parade and the road which runs at the
top of the cliff. The chalk pit also has been planted with cypress
and other trees, and converted into a minature park as a finish to
the parades. As a consequence this particular point has been
brought well within the confines of the town, and there is a very
considerable traffic on the road into which the old rough track has
been converted. Yet, on any sunny morning during its season you
may find A. thetis disporting itself on the few square yards of the
original grassy bank that are still left, showing how pertinaciously
a species will cling to its original haunts even under adverse condi-
tions. So much for the butterflies.

Riiprnctis (Porthesia) chrysorrluea. — One fine morning in the latter
part of September, while on my way along the edge of the cliffs in
the direction of Cow Gap, my attention was attracted by what
appeared to be great numbers of pieces of sheep's wool attached to
the twigs of the blackthorn bushes, but which on investigation
proved to be the winter nests of E. clinjmrrlum. On some of them
the young larvae were sunning themselves. On October 3rd, another
very fine mild day, some of the larvae were again outside the nests,
but on my next visit, a fortnight later, no larvas were visible, the
nests, however, had the appearance of having been thickened up
and strengthened in the interval, no doubt having been prepared to
withstand the winter storms. The species has occurred in the im-
mediate neighbourhood, to my own knowledge, since 1902, generally
being confined to one or another of the small clumps of bushes that
grow thereabout, and on occasion, sufficiently commonly to com-
pletely devastate the particular clump attacked before the larvae
were full-fed, but I have never before seen the nests so abundant as
they are this winter, and although the bushes attacked form by far
the largest clump in the neighbourhood, it is doubtful whether even
they Avill be sufficient to provide food for the growing larvae in the
spring. (See " Proc," 1907, p. 12.)

Ants. — On the afternoon of September 18th, while walking
through Cow Gap, we could not help noticing the enormous numbers
of winged ants that were on the move ; hardly a foot of ground was
free from the crawling hosts and the air appeared to be full of
them. The species concerned, Mr. Donisthorpe, who was present
informs me, were Donisthorpea ni(/ra, D. ffava, and Myninca scabri-
nodis, and we had evidently hit upon them in the midst of their
marriage flight. One knows that ants' nests are fairly numerous
in this locality, but it is only on such occasions that one appreciates
the vast numbers of the individuals, and wonders whether their
presence has anything to do with the abundance of A. coridon and
A. thetis in this locality.

Birds. — During the early autumn the Martins (chiefly Chelidon
urbica, I believe) are wont to congregate in great numbers on the

67

coast preparatory to starting on their migration to sunnier climes.
Often on a tine evening one may see dozens resting on the top of the
wire fences along the sea front, telephone wires, etc., while hundreds
disport themselves in the air, but by the following day nearly all
are gone. Other swarms then gradually collect until they, too,
disappear as suddenly. These successions of migrations usually
occur from mid-September to mid-October, but one generally sees
very few Martins hereabouts after that time. I was therefore not
a little surprised, on November 7th, to notice the evident collection
of a migratory swarm of these birds on the coast, it was not a large
one it is true, and probably included rather less than a score of
individuals, nor does the date constitute a record, as migrations have
been noted as late as the 16th, bat then records are exceptional,
and not often repeated. Probably these belated migrants are late-
hatched birds that are not strong enough to start their journey with
the earlier groups, and possibly it was such as these that caused
our older naturalists to believe that the Martins hybernated in this
country.

68

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

FEBRUARY 11th, 1915.
Mr. A. E. GiBBs, F.L.S., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

Messrs. Gordon Fryer, of Twickenham, and E. J. Bunnett, of
Forest Hill, were elected members of the Society.

Mr. L. W. Newman communicated the following record : —
" Following my record of the copulation of Pyrameis atalanta on
October 12th, 1914 {vide " Ent. Rec," 1914, p. 253), my notes
are : — Ova were laid on October 13th-14th and hatched on Novem-
ber 1st to 28th. Larvae were kept warm and fed up rapidly, the
first to pupate being on November 27th and the last on December
3rd. Immediately the pup^e were firm enough to handle they were
removed from the heat and at once placed in my winter pupae-
house on the concrete floor in metal boxes. Pupae kept in this
house get the frost, and are usually a week later in emerging in
the spring than the natural time, as they never get any sun and
the floor of the house is well below the ground level.

"My hope of keeping my fertile $ till the spring was doomed
to failure, as in early January I had to go into hospital for an
operation, and on my return home at the end of the month I found
the cage containing all my specimens of the species had been
neglected, not having been fed regularly, and all except two males
were dead. This has ruined a very interesting experiment, viz,,
to see if it were possible to keep a fertile female alive all the winter,
and I very much regret the accident. My pupae (some forty in
number) show no signs of forming up yet and are still lively ; so
I think I may claim to have proved that P. atalanta can pass
the winter in the pupa stage. This discovery seems of great
importance and would tend to throw a new light on the life-
history of the butterfly in England. As many know, I have

proved to ray own satisfaction (but not to that of some others),
that P. atalanta cannot pass the winter as an imago. I have for
the past ten years experimented with the species, and the only
way in which I can carry it successfully through the winter, is by
feeding it regularly.

" I grant that several undoubted records are to hand of the imago
being found alive in January and February, among them that of
my friend Mr. Barnes, of Farnborough, whose record is without
dispute ; but his finding the species apparently hybernating does not
prove that those specimens were going to live till April or May and
pair and carry on their race. We all know that in mild autumns
and winters you can find larvae and pupte in November and
December, and we usually bring these into a warm room and breed
out the imago in December or early January. Why should not
these found specimens be very late natural emergencies, say,
January ones, and that being the case, they would live for a few
weeks without food tucked snugly away amongst creepers, but
would die off before the spring. We have, many of us, caught in
April or early May absolutely perfect specimens, which look as if
just out of the pupas, and my discovery that the species can remain
as a pupa through the winter seems to clear up the mystery of
these fresh specimens.

" I wish it clearly understood that I am still of the opinion that
we are almost entirely dependent on immigration for our supply of
P. atalanta."

Mr. R. Adkin remarked on the importance of Mr. Newman's
observations in bringing such definite information on a point in the
life-history of P. atalanta, which had hitherto eluded one's
knowledge.

Mr. Frohawk said that P. atalanta was on the wing all the
winter in suitable weather in the Scilly Isles. It apparently had a
hibernating stage, but there was a succession of broods throughout
the year. The temperature of these islands was uniformly warm,
varying from 47° in winter to 57° in summer.

Mr. J. Platt-Barrett said that P. atalanta was to be seen all the
winter in Sicily on favourable occasions.

Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited a large number of lantern slides of
bird subjects, and gave an address on them, including much first
hand information of his own observations in the Scilly Isles and
elsewhere. He subsequently contributed the following notes
containing a resume of his remarks on

70

The " Bird-life of the Scilly Isles. The Manx Shearwater."

" To the ornithologist and botanist it would be difficult to find a
holiday resort more full of interest than the Islands of Scilly, they
teem with bird-life, flowers, ferns and sub-tropical vegetation.

" This delightful group of islands are situated about 27 miles
south-west of the Land's End and 40 miles from Penzance, from
which port the passage occupies from three to five hours, according to
weather conditions. The group consists of about 200 islands and
islets, some of the latter composed of bare granite rocks. Only five
of the larger islands are inhabited, viz., St. Mary's, Tresco, Bryher,
St. Martin's, and St. Agnes. There is little doubt that in pre-
historic ages the most westward of these islands formed the Land's
End of Britain.

" All the islands and rocky islets are frequented by innumerable
sea birds, which nest there unmolested, due to the protection
afforded them by the Lord Proprietor, Mr. T. A. Dorien-Smith.
From an ornithological point of view Annet, or Bird Island, is per-
haps the most interesting. It is a small island, being about half a
mile in length and much less in breadth, and lies south-west of the
group. It is the home of an extraordinary multitude of birds, of
which puffins are the most abundant, next in number are the Manx
Shearwaters, and then the three species of gulls, of these the lesser
black-back is most numerous, then the herring gulls, while several
pairs of great black-back gulls are dispersed over the tallest rocks
along the shore. Other nesting birds are shags, cormorants, oyster-
catchers, ringed plovers, terns, razorbills, storm petrels, rock pipits,
and lastly and least in size the common wren.

" When I first visited this island during the height of the nesting
season in 1904, I was astonished at the amazing number of puffins
breeding there, I then estimated at least 100,000 were nesting on
Annet. If only 40,000 pairs out of the total number brought off
their young (a single young one), during the following August, no
less than 140,000 puffins, young and old, left this one small island
to spend the next six months at sea, scattered somewhere over the
ocean, but to what part of the world these birds retire has yet to
be ascertained. As I have already stated, the shearwaters ranked
next in number, amounting to at least 30,000, as a safe estimate.
Of this most interesting and curious bird a few notes may be given,
as it is a species which is not commonly observed owing to its
crepuscular and nocturnal habits. Formerly it bred abundantly on
the Isle of Man, but for some years past has been considered extinct

71

there as a breeding species. It nests on several of the westward
islands of Scotland, the Orkneys and Shetlands, also on some of the
Irish islands, and on Skomer oflf the Pembrokeshire coast. In the
Scillies I spent a considerable time in studying the habits of this
bird, and purposely passed a night on Annet in order to observe
their movements during the few hours of darkness in early June. I
landed on this wild island on the evening of June 3rd, 1904, and
spent such a memorable night among the host of sea birds that it
was an experience and pleasure never to be forgotten and rivals
description. The spot selected to pass the night was one of the
highest parts of the island, and which turned out to be the most
suitable site, as every part of the ground was honeycombed with
their nesting burrows. Up till 9.45 p.m. the time was mostly
occupied by watching the movements of the puffins, which con-
tinued leaving and returning to their nests as long as the twilight
lasted. At 9.45 I cook up my position for the night. After waiting
a few minutes the shearwaters commenced crowing to each other
underground, which produced a very weird effect in the darkness.
Suddenly, at ten o'clock, they all appeared to leave the burrows at
the same time, they emerged so quickly that for a minute or two
they fluttered around in a great swarm, in the dim light I could
just see their dark forms flapping about over the surface of the
ground trying to rise, which they are unable to do without the aid
of some hillock or other emmence from which to take flight. Very
soon afterwards the air was filled with a dense swarm of these queer
birds, flying round and round, crowing loudly, the noise they made
by their remarkable cries was so great that the roar ot the sea beat-
ing against the rocks only 30 or 40 yards away was drowned by the
uproar they made. This wonderful assemblage of shearwaters kept
up the flight and screaming for just three hours, when, at 1 a.m.
precisely, there suddenly became silence, as if caused by some word
of command, and the whole multitude went to sea, where they again
set up their perpetual cries and continued until just before dawn,
when they were heard no more. Apparently they all went to some
distant fishing ground to return again at sundown, as at that time
they are generally to be seen flying over the surface of the water
round the islands, or careering along in a direct line homewards.

" Although a few pairs nest on some of the other islands, Annet
is the home of this bird, where their nesting burrows honeycomb
the whole of the ground except part of the centre, which is a bed of
bracken occupied by a colony of lesser black-back gulls.

" Like the shearwaters the puffins riddle the ground with nesting

72

burrows, and very frequently nests of both species occupy the same
burrow, when such is the case the puffin's egg — both birds lay
one egg only — is always nearest the entrance. The shearwaters
nest is placed at various distances down the burrow, sometimes
about 3 ft., but usually further, often at many feet from the mouth
of the hole. In one instance, on another island, I found the
parent bird sitting on its egg at the remarkable distance of 24 ft.
from the entrance, as this was not the end of the burrow I
carefully opened it up, and after digging for another 12 ft. I came
upon a fully grown rabbit crouched at the end of the burrow.
How these two creatures contrived to occupy the same burrow,
which was only just large enough in diameter for one to pass along
at a time, and as it had but one entrance, which had to act as exit
also, it is somewhat of a puzzle, unless they gave each other the
signal for one to emerge or enter to let the other pass along."

" The accompanying drawing (Plate vii.), represents one of the
birds, of which many were found on their nests, taken from the
nesting burrow between 3 and 4 a.m. At first it was placed on a
rock, from which it climbed on to the author's hand, and finally
settled down on his arm as shown, where it peacefully rested until
removed."

FEBRUARY 25th, 1915.

This was an evening for the exhibition of Lantern Slides.

Mr. W. West (Ashtead) exhibited slides of a freshwater alga,
larva of a lace-wing fly, the Psylla of the apple tree, larva of a
firefly, a Coccus of the banana, ditto denuded of its waxy covering,
an Aphis from dogwood, ditto parasitised, pupa of the parasite,
imago of ditto, pupa of a midge on bark, the midge emerging, a
<y of ditto, and the antennae of ^ of ditto.

Mr. Tonge exhibited slides of a species of Tenthredn, resting
attitude of Cidaria pyraliata, ditto of Bryophila mnralis {(jlandifera),
ditto of Notodonta ziczac, ova of Dasychira piidibtmda, borings of
Sesia andrenaformis in viburnum stem, resting attitude of Sesia
ichneumoniformis, ditto of Mandnca atropos, pupa of Apatura iris,
pupa of Limenitis sibylla, larva of Gonepteryx rhamni hung for
pupation, larva of Fieris hrassica, hung for pupation, pupje of ditto,
pupa of Papilio viachaon, pupa of EucJdo'e cardaiiiines, larva of ditto
hung for pupation, pupa of Pararye (eyeria, resting attitude of
Haiiieans liicina, larva of ditto, pupa of Dryas paphia, and pupa of
Mtlitaa aiirinia.

Proc. S. L. L. & N. H, Soc.

PLATE \II.

FKARLICSSNKSS OK THI': MANX SlIIOARWATKR.
A wild bird mi tlie Autlior's arm, 4 a.m., 4tli Tunc, 1004.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited slides of scales of Bithys qnercm, battle-
dore scales of 3 Pieris rapa, scales of Mania wanra, scales of
Tinea pellionella, tongue of Adopaa fiava, cornea of Pyranieis ata-
lanta, cremastral hooks on pupa of ditto and of Pieris bramca,
prolegs of larva Aylais nrtica, stick insect at emergence from ovum,
ova of a Cori.va, larva of Siuudiinn, empty cases of the pupa of
ditto, larva of an aphis, etc.

Mr. Colthrup exhibited slides of the primrose, blackthorn, larvie
of Coccinella bipmictata, pupa of ditto, Helix cantiana, the sea holly,
resting attitude of Hiwera pennaria J , ditto of Mimas tilia $ ,
ditto of Amorpha popidi, ditto of Mania waiira, ditto of Phloqophora
meticdosa, aberrations of Ayriades coridon, aberrations of Dianthcecia
carpophaga, aberrations of Luperina testacea, larva of Amphidasis
betidaria on rose, larva of Endramis versicolor, ditto of Staitropus
fayi, ditto of Lycia hirtaria light and dark forms, ditto of Pachy.
gastria trifolii, ditto of Cnspidia meyacephala, and a ditto of Astero-
scopus niibecidosa.

Mr. Colthrup also exhibited sets of slides on behalf of the
members of the Nature Photographic Society, viz. :—

For Mr. Bedford, the fen orchis, the large helleborine, the lizard
orchis, the man orchis, the bee orchis, and the large butterfly
orchis.

For Mr. Salmon, a series of the blackbeaded gull, in flight, nest-
ing mode of female, settling on nest, courtship, and young.

For Mr. Sanders, a series of the cuckoo, young in a hedge-
sparrow's nest, two stages of growth, being fed, a wren feeding
a young cuckoo, and a brood of young kestrels.

For Mr. Main, ova of a lace-wing fly, ova of another species,
larva of ditto, cocoon of ditto, cocoon opened to show circular lid,
pupa of ditto, lid of cocoon, imago of ditto, and various views of the
same.

For Mr. Hocking, a series of British fungi.

For Mr. Tonge, Ajwria craheyi on pupa-case, ova of Pyramtis
cardui in situ, larva of Brenthis selene, ditto of Dryas paphia, ova of
Ruralis betidce, and ova of Amphidasis betidaria.

For Mr. Irving, an oak tree in summer and in winter, the bole of
ditto, the polar bear, the leopard, and the jaguar.

For Mr. Stanley Cooke, the long-tailed tit, the tawny owl, young
of ditto, male rook getting twigs for a nest, loaded with twigs for
flight, going for food.

Mr. Newman exhibited a fine series of Celerio yallii bred from

74

N, Cornwall ova. They were forced in January, and specimens
were still emerging.

Mr. J. Piatt Barrett exhibited a series of Euchlo'e damone from
Sicily, and stated that the variation in the species was extremely
slight.

Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited a series of Arctia caja bred and
captured in the Scilly Islands. They were of the yellow form of
various shades. He said that in some years the species was very
abundant, and in 1897 in countless thousands. One specimen
exhibited had but little cream colour on the forewings, and the
hindwings had the submarginal spots coalesced into a wide band,

Mr. Adkin stated that the late Mr. J. Cooper years ago took a
number of larvae of this species on Wanstead Flats, and on one
day subsequently bred no less than six or seven yellow forms,
while no other specimen showed that aberration.

Mr. B. H. Smith exhibited a species of beetle found doing great
damage to a cargo of Tasmanian peas which had recently been
imported. It was subsequently found to be Bi-uchus chinensh
{pectimcornis).

MARCH llth, 1915.
Mr. A. E. GiBBS, F.L.S., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr. R. T. Bowman exhibited a bred series of Kphyra pendnlaria
and read the following note : —

" I have a few examples of Eplujra [Zonosoina) pendularia to show,
which I believe to be the form known as var. suhroseata. In the
autumn of 1918 I beat a number of wild larvae in Surrey, and
when the imagines emerged in May of last year, to my astonishment
I found one was what I presumed to be var. subrosaeta. This
example, which was a female, was paired with a typical male, and
I obtained 82 ova and eventually 82 pupse. Of the 32 pup», 28
imagines emerged between the 28th of June and the 6th of July,
and one in the first week of September, so that 3 are still in the
pupal stage. Of the 29 imagines 16 turned out to be of the typical
form and 13 of the pink form, and these again are divided, the 16
typical into 7 <? s and 9 $ s, and the pink into 6 <? s and 7 ? s, a slight
preponderance of the ? sex."

Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited a specimen of the huge South
American Noctuid, Tlii/sania aijrippini {Noctua stri.r) from Costa
Rica, from whence several examples had recently been sent to him.

Ent. .MoThthly Mag. J 9J 5. Plate II.

E.C.Knight del. West,Newman chr.

LAPxVAE OF EVE RES ARGIADES.

75

It was stated to be a somewhat widely spread species. Mr. W. J.
Kaye stated that he had seen it in the island of Trinidad, where
it was considerably smaller in size. It rests on tree-trunks with
out-spread wings like an Eupithecia.

Mr. Witcher, who was present as a visitor, exhibited a remarkable
able gynandroraorphous hybrid Smerinthus ocellatus J x A)iior])ha
populi $ , in which the L. side was c? and the R. side ? .

Mr. Hy J. Turner exhibited a copy of an uncommon book,
"Illustrations of British Mycology," by Mrs. Hussey, vol. i., 4to.,
90 coloured plates, which he had recently acquired from a
bookseller, who was about to tear the plates out and sell them as
" pretty pictures " for a few pence each.

The rest of the evening was devoted to microscopical exhibits.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited under the microscope portions of the
oocoon of Dicram(ra viiuila, arranged to show the ribbon-like form
of the material of which the cocoon is constructed. He also
exhibited antennas of several species of Lepidoptera.

Mr. W. West (of Ashtead), exhibited slides showing androconia
of Pieris brassiae, specimens of a Coccus found on bananas, and a
beautiful micro-fungus on wood, Hypoloxylon coccineiuu.

Mr. Coxhead exhibited a number of mites discovered infesting
Brazil-nuts.

Mr. Ashdown exhibited a number of minute species of Coleoptera
and Hemiptera, including; — Lnciula italica, PliospJianns hemiptevns,
Anthaxia nitidiila, Poecilonota rntilans, Metacant/ucs pnnctipes, Asiraca
clavicornis, and a larva of Ledra aurita.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited the larva of a thrips, which had been
attacked by a micro-fungus.

Dr. Chapman showed mounted skins of the larvae of F.veres
argiades in the first and last stages. In the first stage the larva
is of the form and has the hairs, lenticles, etc., on the general
type found in the " blue " butterflies. It differs in some details
from that of its nearest British ally, Ciipido minimus.

By the courtesy of the Editors of the " Ent. Mo. Mag.," certain
plates illustrating this larva are reproduced in the " Proceedings."

The following is an abstract from the notes in " Ent. Mo. Mag.,''
8rd series, Vol. i. (li.), p. 35.

" Plate II. shows the larva magnified nearly five times. Figs.
1 and 2 show the larva in its penultimate instar, and figs. 3 and 4,
when full grown. In the summer broods, the larva maintains this
appearance (with little change) up to pupation, but the autumn
larvBB, which hibernate, assume, in order to do so, the coloration

76

shown in fig. 5. This change of colour for hibernation was described
by Zeller in 1849, " Stett. ent. Zeit." vol. x., p. 177-182.

I may quote the following from my notes : — •

September 9th, 1918. — The first stage larva, when a little grown,
about l-5mm. long, is, when sufficiently magnified, rather hand-
some. It has a dark green dorsal line, paler green elsewhere with
a series of horseshoe-shaped red marks round the spiracles. Seen
dorsally there are oblique green lines, downwards and backwards
from the dorsal line, ending in a pink-red line about middle of
slope. It is remarkable that on further magnification these oblique
lines are not visible. They are, however, plain enough in the
second instar.

In its fourth instar (penultimate) the larva has a very definite
dark green dorsal line, bordered by paler, that is, almost yellow.
The lateral Ime on flange has a very bright reddish-pink colour ;
between these the almost yellow oblique lines are very marked, four
on each segment, the lowest close to flange, rather obscure. Each
oblique streak therefore appears to be complete, downwards and
backwards, across four segments. The red lateral line is red from
the 2nd to the 7th abdominal segments. On the other segments it
is at first rather yellow ; as the larva grows the red becomes rather
rusty, the yellow becomes whitish.

In the last (5th) instar the red lateral line is dull rusty in colour
and the oblique lines are pale, but not yellow ; the spiracles are
orange and rather conspicuous. Of the hair bases, some are black>
some are yellow, the latter more dominant dorsally, and about the
middle of each segment. They are rather brilliant and sparkling
in direct sunlight. The larger, pale rufous hairs are still rather
abundant dorsally and laterally.

When almost ready for pupation, although still eating, the larva
assumes a much darker tone, the ground colour being a rich, but
pale, pinkish-brown, on which the pale, hardly yellow oblique lines
are very distmct.

When apparently definitely fixed as if for pupation the larva is
very dark, having passed through a red-brown stage in which the
oblique lines were especially conspicuous. The larva observed
made a nest at the bottom of the tin under a leaf with enough
spinning to be almost entitled to be called a cocoon. This proved^
however, to be for a hibernaculum.

Plate VIII. will give some idea of the distribution of hairs and
ienticles in the first instar which conform to the general Lycienine
type.

Proc. S. L. E. & N. H. Soc.

PLATE VIII.

o p-^ o

iWiffiPJil

\^s^

/ 'c

s.

t '^

yO .;-

^J^t

P;io/-.. /.// F. .V. C/in/,-.

SKIN OF T,ARVA OF E. ARCrlADF-S IN FIRST INSTAK X 60.

Proc. S. L. E. & N. H. Soc.

PLATE IX.

^<^^^''^\

^;

^P^v-'-

A-.V

fi

''mi

,v«--- t »■■

^.^•

. t»»>/v -.^

£'. .

P;iO<o. F. N. Chirk.

SKIN OF LARVA OF E. ARdlADES IN LAST INSTAR, X 16.

Proc. S. L. E. & N. H. Soc.

PLATE ■ X.

^,

.J

^ ' ^^ '^ -

" 1

^^'

^. _-^.- ' '« »^- /-N

.i'jj^j^l

#.

*1f*

r

V

D

#•

A

*" .%

Oj

Q

wiP;*

J

Photo, by F. N. Clark.

LARVA OF E. ARGIADKS, PROTHORACIC PLATE, FIRST INSTAR, X 250 ;
SPIRACULAR REGION, LAST INSTAR, X 100.

roc. S. L. E. & N. H. Soc.

PLATE XI.

^:~

r

-Ji ■■*-.■:

:^

"^

*

.y V. ^M

c ■ ■ • . :

t

^ ■

^f

Photo. F. S. Chirk.
LAKVA OF E. AKOIADES, LAST INSTAR, DORSAL REGION, X 40; PRO-LEGS, X 100.

77

Plate IX. shows the same iu the last instar.

The photographs of the larval details may be regarded as sup-
plementing those I contributed to Tutt's " British Lepidoptera,"
vol. X., plates VIII., IX., X., and may be compared with those of
Cupido miniuiiix, our only British species of the Everid tribe.

Mr. Tutt in " British Lepidoptera," vol. x., pp. 43-101 summed
up what has hitherto been ascertained as to Kreres anfiades, and
this may be consulted for further details."

MARCH 25th, 1915.

The main subject of the evening was the special exhibition of
series of Aphautopns hyperantus, contributed to by Messrs. Frohawk,
R. Adkin, Bright, Edwards, Turner, Dennis, Curwen, Ashdown,
B. W. Adkin, Gibbs, and Leeds, and the discussion thereon.

Mr. R, Adkin's exhibit of Aphantopus hyperantiis comprised series
from many English localities, including a long row from the
neighbourhood of Carlisle, the greyish tone of colour of the
undersides of which was very noticeable as compared with the
browner shade of the more Southern examples. Several specimens
showed considerable variation in the markings of the underside, the
extreme in the one direction having the ocelli large and in some
cases elongated, while in the other they were reduced to mere dots
= var. arete, or absent = var. cicca. Two specimens showed
considerable bleaching similar to that which is not infrequently
found in Epinephele jnrtina.

Mr. W. J. Ashdown exhibited specimens of Aphantopus
hyperantns from Switzerland, France, and the New Forest, showing
the variation in ground colour and in number of spots on the
undersides.

Mr. Leeds exhibited specimens of A. hyperantus and particularly
pointed out examples with asymmetrical markings.

Mr. Frohawk exhibited his series of A. hyperantus, including fine
examples of the ab. lanceolata, and called attention to the very
considerable variation occurring in the number and development of
the eye-spots, and in particular pointed out in various exhibits odd
specimens in which a very small additional apical ocellus was
apparent on the forewings.

Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited from British localities, ab. rura from
Howick ; ab. arete from Cambridge ; ab. vidua from Cambridge,
Cornwall, and New Forest ; and from Continental localities, ab.

78

arete from Poligny, French Jura, and Weimar ; asymmetrical forms
from the French Jura, with 3 ocelli on R. forewings and 2 on
L. forewings ; specimens from Eclepens showing well-developed
transverse lines on hindwings.

Mr, Hy. J. Turner gave a summary of the history of the species
of which the following account was the basis : — ■

The species we are discussing to-night was first described in 1758
by Linneus in the " Systema Naturae " (Ed. x., p. 471) as follows:
Papilio (Danai, Festivi) liyperantus, " alis integerrimis fuscis ;
primoribus subtus ocellis tribus; posticis utrinque quinque."

Habitat in Europae sylvis."

In 1761 the same author, in " Fauna Suecica " (p. 273),
redescribed hyperantus as follows: — Alae concolores, fuscae, margine
albido. Primores supra punctis 2 nigris, vix ocellatis ; subtus
ocellis 3, postico minore. Secundariae supra punctis 2 ; subtus
ocellis 2 approximatis anterioribus and 3 posterioribus distinctis.

In 1763 Scopoli in the " Entomologia Carniolica " (p. 167j,
either ignoring or in ignorance of the Linnean name, re-described
the species as Papiliu polymeda.

In 1764, 0. F. Miiller in " Fauna insectorum Fridrichsdalina "
(p. 36) after giving hyperantus (p. 33) described P. arete as follows :
" alis dentatis utrinque cinereo-fuscis ; primoribus duobus, posticis
quinque punctis albis," which we now identify as an aberration of
hyperantus.

The same author (I.e., p. 36) described P. vidua as follows : "alis
dentatis supra nigro-cinereis immaculatis ; subtus e flavo cinereis
nitidis, ocellis primoribus 2 posticis quinque." This is evidently
another form of hyperantus [" possibly a ? form," Tutt, in lit.]

In 1767 Linneus, in " Hystema Naturae " (Ed. xii., p. 768),
substituted " posticis duobus tribusque " for " posticis utrinque
quinque" in the xth Ed.

In 1767 Moses Harris, in his " Essay " on the nervures as
characters for establishing genera, placed hyperantus in the genus
Aryus, with other British Satyrids.

In 1775, Fabricius in " Systema Entomologi:e " (p. 486)
remarked on the variation " alis supra ocellatis et immaculatis,"
and spelt the name with an h, P. hyperanthus.

In 1777, Scopoli, in his " Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem,"
employed the name Argus for a heterogeneous assemblage of more
than 50 species including hyperantus and even Urbicolida.

In 1779, Goeze, in " Entomologische Beitrtlge " (vol. iii., pt. 1.,
p. 288), described Papiliu octoculatus, a description which is now

79

considered as a form of hyperantits, previously dealt with by him
(I.e., p. 195). (" If it be included here at all it must be as a var."
J. W. Tutt in lit.).

In 1781, Barbut, in his famous work " Genera Insectorum of
Linnaeus," used hyperantus as the British exponent of the Festivi
section of the Danai group of the Linnsean Papilio.

In 1783, Retzius, in his " Genera et Species Insectorum " of de
Geer, re-named the species as Papilio tristan (p. 38) giving as a
synonym Linneus' name hyperantus.

In 1799 (?), Hiibner, in " Sammlung Europaischer Schmetterlinge,"
jBgured Papilio polymeda (172,173), and in 1806 gave the text
referring to the figures (p. 28) indicating fig. 173 as the form
arete which he wrongly ascribed to Schneider, " Systematische
Beschreibung," p. 102 (1787).

In 1801, Schrank, in his "Fauna Boica " (vol. ii., pt. 1), placed
hyperant{h)ns in his second group in a comprehensive genus, diag-
nosed in some detail, Maniola.

Our own Haworth, in 1803, in " Lepidoptera Britannica " (vol.
i., p. 14), gives the typical form and refers to a form "alls utraque
inocellatis vel punctis obscuris loco ocellorum," i.e., the form arete
of Miiller. This is our first reference of its being found in Britain.

In 1805, Latreille, in his " Histoire Naturelle, g^nerale et par-
ticuliere des Crustaces et des Insectes " of Buffon's works, placed
hyperant{h)us in his Satyri section of the very "omnibus" genus
Ny^nphalix.

In 1807, in " Illiger's Magazin," (vol. vi., p. 277, etc.), appeared
a long article on the Classification of the Butterflies and Sphingids,
giving the new genera proposed by Fabricius in his " Systema
Glossatorum " (unpublished), and by Latreille in his "Histoire
Naturelle." In this article hyperant{h)us is placed in the genus
Hipparchia.

In 1810, Latreille, in his " Considerationes Generales " (pp. 355
and 440), proposed the genus Satyrus, but did not indicate all the
species it embraced until 1819 in his article in the " EncyclopMie
Methodique." Here he put hyperant{k)us in his section H of the
comprehensive genus Satyrus.

Previous to this inclusion in Satyrus Hiibner had issued his
famous " Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetterlinge," in 1816, and
there described the genus Knodia (p. 61), placing in it the three
species andromache, dejanira, and hyperanthe (polymeda, Scop.)
(hyprant{h)us, L.).

In the same year, 1816, Dalman published a " Systematic

80

Revision of the List of Swedish Butterflies," and diagnosed a genus
which he called Erebia, with the type ligea, and including
hyperantus.

In 1828 Stephens, in his " Illustrations of British Entomology "
("Vol. i., p. 60), dealt with the variation of fiyi)erant{h)us in
considerable detail. He briefly described no less than 17 aberrations
in addition to the type form, but wisely refrained from adding to
our nomenclature thereby. These forms are mainly mutations "of
the number and development of the spots. His genus is Hipparchia.
But in volume iv. (1835), he gave hyperant{h)>is as the British
representative of the Hiibnerian genus Enndia.

In 1839, Freyer, in his " Neuere Beitrage " (iv., pit. 290), figured
and described two forms, but does not name them. (" Neither of
these is very characteristic." — Tutt in lit.)

In 1843, Herrich Schjeffer, in his " Schmetterlinge Europas "
(Vol. i., p. 81), placed /iypera7it{h)ns in the genus Epinephele.

In 1853 Wallengren, in his " Lepidoptera Scandinaviae Rhopalo-
cera " (p. 80), diagnosed a genus, Aphantopus for hyperant{h)us
alone.

In 1868 Butler, in his " Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera,"
placed hyperant{li)us in the sub-genus Minois, Hiib., of the genus
Satyrns.

In 1882 Butler, in the " Annals and Magazine of Natural History"
(vol. 5 (ix.), p. 14), described the large Eastern Asian form as ocel-
latiis, "major subtus obscurior, ocellis majoribus, Stgr."

In 1884 Fuchs, in " Macrolepidopteren des unteren Rheingau "
(" Stett. e. Zeit.," p. 252, etc.), described the form ab. caca as fol-
lows, " The white points of the ab. arete of Miiller are entirely
wanting on the undersides of the forewings, which are consequently
wholly dark. On the hindwings only solitary points are faintly
indicated. The more distinct point stands as the second from the
anal angle of the wings. On each side of this there is merely a
white atom indicated, the rest are wanting. Ab. caca is a further
development of ab. arete."

In 1891 Fuchs, in a further article in the " Jahrbucher des
Nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde " (p. 215), described a dwarf
form as ab. minor, from specimens taken in the Bavarian Alps at a
height of 872 metres (about 3,000 ft.). He says, " The expanse of
forewings from base to apex is only 17mm. in the ^ s and 20mm.
in the ? s, compared with 21mm. <? s and 24mm. $ s in the (aver-
age) Nassau examples. The wing shape is also somewhat dififerent;
both sexes have narrower wings, and thus in the female the wings

81

are distinctly more pointed." He goes into considerable more
minnte detail. [Tutt remarked on this author, " Fuchs, is on the
whole, one too many for me," in lit.]

In 1892 Staudinger, in the " Memoires Romanoff" (vol. vi., p,
206), described the hypcrantus-iorm from the Amur district of Asia,
as a»nireiisis, a much larger form, in which the wings are consider-
ably widened. In "Cat.," ed. iii., 1901, he afterwards acknowledged
that this was identical with the ocellatus of Butler.

In 1895 J. W. Shipp, in the " Entomologist " (vol. xxviii., p. 17) r
described the form figured in 1893 by R. South (vol. xxvi., p. 281),
and named it lanceolata. The chief points in it are — " Upper
surface, hindwings with four similar ocellated lanceolate spots,"
"in one or two instances produced to a point." "Underside,
forewings with two large semi-lanceolate ocellated spots," "hind-
wings with five lanceolate ocellated spots," etc.

In 1896, Tutt, in his " British Butterflies ; Hedgerow Series "
(p. 412), introduced a form obsoleta, " with no trace of ocellated
spots."

In 1908, Seitz, in " Alacrolepidoptera of the World. Palfearctia
Fauna" (vol. i., p. 137), described and figured the following two
forms of hyperajitna; (1) arctica, a small form from the highest
north, and (2) cenlrifera, the form with the white eye-centres, i.e.,
small rings filled in with white dots often visible on the upperside
as well.

[I have endeavoured to find out the origin of the aberrant
spelling, which one occasionally meets, of hyperantus as hypemnthes^
but without success so far. — H.J.T.]

In 1903 the Rev. G. Wheeler, in his " Butterflies of Switzer-
land" (pp. 115-116), gave the direction of the variation obtainable'
in hyperanthiis as follows : —

{a) Great diminution of size, e.g., ab. minor, ab. arctica.

(h) Loss of eye-spots, e.g., ab. arete, ab. ccEca, ab. obsoleta.

(c) Number of eye-spots. See Stephens' " 111. Brit. Ent.," I., 60,

(of) Arrangement of eye-spots, e.g., ab. vidua, ab. octocidata.

(e) Shape of eye-spots, e.g., ab. lanceolata.

(/) Presence or absence of eye-spots upper side.

(g) Traces of transverse lines on underside, v. rarely.

During the subsequent debate other lines of aberration were
instanced as follows : —

(h) Occurrence of a band on the under side of the hindwing.

{i) Presence of white points in the upper side eye-spots.

82

(j) Development of an additional minute apical eye on upper side
of forewing in rare instances.

(k) Frequent asymmetry in number and in development of the
€ye-spots on the two sides.

(Z) The partial non-development of pigment, i.e., existence of
irregular pale areas in some examples.

(»i) Variation in depth of ground colour, especially noticed on the
under sides of races from different areas. (Carlisle, etc.)

(n) Gyiiandromorphs. No example of this aberration has hitherto
been reported.

(0) Dr. Chapman noted that by daylight the points of the eye-
spots on the forewings appeared yellow, while those on the hind-
wings were pure white.

Some divergence of opinion occurred as to the habit of hyperanttis
to occur in colonies of somewhat restricted areas. Undoubtedly
small restricted colonies do occur, and the apparent divergence may
be explained, possibly by assuming that numerous colonies with
more or less closely approximating areas suggest a general destribu-
tion in some districts.

Mr. Bright exhibited three very interesting aberrations of British
Lepidoptera.

(1) Argynnis aylaia, in which the black markings were much
increased in area and coalesced into large blotches, some of which
were radiate.

(2) Polyomniattis icarus, an underside form of unusually light
ground colour, giving an appearance like no other species of British
'' blue."

(3) An example of male A/puule.'i coridon, in which the eye-spots
on the lower wing were margined with traces of the red scaling
which is usual in the female, a form known on the Continent as
ab. suavis.

Mr. Edwards exhibited a grass snake which had been found at
Blackheath a few days before.

Mr. Colthrup exhibited a large number of clutches of the eggs of
the house-sparrow, and pointed out in each case that there was
always one egg which differed considerably in marking from the
greater uniformity of the rest. The " odd " egg was usually lighter
than the rest. He contributed the following short paper : —

The Odd Egg in a Clutch. — "In 1911 I had under observation
a number of nests of the House- Sparrow {Passer dontesticim) built in
the ventilators of a large building in the country.

"I found that in every nest where there was an odd egg, it was

the last laid. I had not the opportunity to watch which egg
hatched first, so took a long series of eggs for reference, which I am
showing together with a long series, taken at the same place in
1903 for the same purpose. That the odd egg is due to failure of
colouring matter I have very great douhts, because the odd egg is
almost always marked quite differently, in some cases being blotched
W'hile the other eggs are finely speckled, and vice versa. Although
the pale eggs show more of the white ground-colour, the blotch«s
are not weak in pigment, and are what I should call, using a photo-
graphic term, sharp — not washed-out or blurred. Looking at the
various clutches I find that what is the odd egg in one clutch is
the predominant one in another, and in some clutches the last and
odd egg is the darkest.

"I have seen it stated that the influence of the male of a pair of
birds cannot afiect the colour of the egg laid by the female. What
I suggest, however, is that the colouring of the odd egg may be
affected through the male parent of the female having been hatched
from a clutch where pale eggs were dominant.

"The regularity with which the odd egg occurs points rather to
some law at work, either Mendelian or another law somewhat
analogous to it, than to a mere absence of pigment. I should
mention that in some clutches of five there is no odd egg at all.
This may be caused through both the grandparents being from a
stock which laid pale eggs or vice versa, as I have both pale and
dark clutches without an odd egg.

"On the other hand, I have clutches of six where there are two
odd eggs. . That the odd egg is laid by the same female and not
deposited by another, as I have seen suggested, is I think proved in
one clutch, in which all the eggs are of the same peculiar shape,
and in another in which all the eggs have a fault in the shell — a
small bump — in the same position in each egg.

" I have a clutch of six eggs of the Linnet AcantJiis {Carduelis)
cannabina : five have the ground-colour white, and the sixth and
last egg laid has a bright blue-green ground-colour. All the eggs
have the markings normal.

" I have two clutches (five and six) of eggs of the Sparrow-Hawk
{Accipiter 7iistts) with white ground-colour and deep brown markings,
with the exception of the last egg laid, which in each case has a
pale blue ground-colour and bright red markings. In one clutch
four eggs have violet underlying markings ; in the fifth and last
egg these are absent.

"The odd egg, however, is not the last laid with all species. Last

84

year 1 found a nest of a Snipe (Gallinarfo gallinago) with two eggs
only, one dark, the other pale. Subsequently two more pale eggs
were laid. Of course I cannot be certain, but I should be inclined
to say that the dark egg was the first laid, judging by my experi-
ence with other nests of this species and the Redshank, where the
dark Qgg has been the first laid. I also found a nest of the
Meadow-Pipit [Anthus jjratensis) with one egg dark brown, and
three pale grey. The following day a further pale grey Qgg was
laid, which completed the clutch.

"In looking through my series I find in clutches of Robin, White-
throat, Great Tit, Golden-crested Wren and M-igpie, where there is
an odd egg it is pale, but in those of the Blackbird, Carrion-Crow,
Curlew, Tree-Pipit, Meadow-Pipit, Lesser Tern, Common Tern,
Skylark, Kestrel, Redshank, Snipe, and Corn-Bunting, both pale
and dark eggs occur, whereas in the Lapwing and Kentish Plover
the ground-colour is sometimes paler or darker in one egg, the
surface-markings being pretty equal in all eggs in the clutch.
Ringed Plover clutches do not as a rule contain an odd Qgg, but
I have one in which three eggs are blotched and the fourth finely
spotted, and another clutch is exactly the reverse."

MARCH 27th, 1915.

Field Meeting at Oxshott and Claygate.

Leader, W. J. Kaye, F.E.S.

To hold a Field Meeting at so early a date was quite an innova-
tion. It was thought by the Council that given suitable weather
there would be the possibility of procuring several of the early
species of Lepidoptera in some number. Fate, however, was not
favourable, for the wind was biting, and although the ramble was a
very pleasant one, leading as it did through grounds that are usually
closed to the naturalist, nothing was recorded except a solitary
specimen of Hibeniia lencopJuearia.

APRIL 8th, 1915.

Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S. , in the chair.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited specimens of the N. American
butterfly Vapilio ajax with its seasonal dimorphic form telamonides.

86

Mr. Brooks exhibited the unopened flower spike of the Butterbur,
Petasites vnlgaris.

Mr. Scbinassmann exhibited several specimens of the fine Papilio
hoinenis from Jamaica, including a female form showing male
coloration, with a series of the Pierid Hebomoia roepstovfii from the
Andaman Islands.

Dr. Dixey, F.R.S., then read a paper on " Seasonal Dimorphism "
and gave numerous lantern and other illustrations. (See page 1.)

APRIL 22nd, 1915.

Mr. A. E. GiBBS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

The Exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera.

Mr. T. B. Foster, of Addiscorabe, was elected a Member.

The collection of British Diptera kindly given to the Society by
Mr. H. W. Andrews was placed on the table for exhibition by the
the Hon. Curator, with seven other drawers from the Society's
collections.

Mr. West (Greenwich) exhibited four drawers of his col-
lection of Coleoptera including fine series of British Carabiche, a
fine varied series of Notiophilns i-punctatits, including sets of the
forms 3-piinctata and 5-pnnctata, a British example of Calosoma
sycophanta taken in the Borough Market, two British specimens of
Carahns auratus, a nice series of Dytisciis circuiiicinctns including
2 $ specimens with elytra having the smoothness of the ^ , and a
fine series of the very rare species Micraspis 16 punctata, which Mr.
West once took in abundance in the New Forest.

Mr. Schmassmann exhibited : —

(1) A fine opal from Mexico with an enclosure of a milky opal.

(2) An agate stained with a triangular design of layers.

(3) A fine piece of malachite from Rhodesia.

(4) Two specimens of agate showing very fine natural colouring.
Mr. Edwards exhibited several cases of large species of Exotic

Coleoptera including Goliatltns drnnji from Sierra Leone, I^ynastes
hercules from the Antilles, Di/nastes tityus from North America,
Strategus semiramis and Batocera icallacei from India, Heterocomphut
sclionherri from Brazil, Batoceia nibus from Malabar, Cladoynathus
serricornis, Sayra caendea and Hexodon uniculor from Madagascar,
and Rhaphidapsis zonaria from Natal. There were also a pair of
the fine Chalcosoma atlas.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a number of scorpions from the Mediter-
ranean region — South Africa, West Indies and North and South
America; also the pseudo-scorpion Thelejihonns giyanteus from
Florida ; the centipede Scntigera culeojitrata from Chanak (Dar-
danelles), and a large bird killing spider {My (/ale) from the Upper
Amazon ; also the skin of a West African python which measured,
when killed, 16 feet in length.

Mr. W. J. Ashdown exhibited examples of aberrations of the
common earwig, Forficula anrictilaiia, including specimens with
teratological and asymmetrical forms of forceps. One example had
extremely well developed forceps, another had them very consider-
ably dwarfed.

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a drawer of the large and conspicuous
insects he had met with at various times in South America and
especially in Trinidad, including the Coleopterou Dynastcs herculest
the huge dragon-fly Microstiynia sp. from British Guiana, specimens
of the Lepidopteron-like Hemiptera of the Flatina group, the large
Corydolis corhutus, the huge lantern-fly P/iriattis ciiadewa from Rio,
a bird-killing spider Therophosa avicidare from Trinidad, several very
large Phasmids, the harlequin beetle Acrocinns loivjimanus from
Trinidad, and the large Longicorn Titanus 'jii/anteus from British
Guiana.

Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited. — 1. Fruit of Patdoicnia imperialis
(Sieb. and Zucc), and of Catalpa kampferi (Sieb and Zucc).
These trees, he said, both come from Japan. Though their seeds
so are dissimilar, their leaves and twigs are much alike, and they
are often mistaken for one another. Both trees are uncommon in
Britain, but can hardly be called rare. They are of unusual but
particularly handsome appearance, and grow to a height of, say 30
feet, with spreading branches. The leaves are very large, simple,
and spade-shaped. Paulon-nia impeiialis, known in Japan as the
" Kiri," is the only member of its genus usually seen in Britain.
The leaves grow opposite to one another on the twigs, and
the tree carries an erect raceme of somewhat variegated purple
flowers, exactly similar to a foxglove flower in shape and size. It
belongs to the same family as the foxglove, viz., Scropliulariacea.
Catalpa kampferi has three brothers at least. C. bi(nionioi(Us, the
" Indian bean " of the Southern United States ; C. conUfolia, often
called C. speciosa, the " Western catalpa " from Western Kentucky,
Tennessee, etc. ; and C. faryesi from China. C. hunyei, C.
ducloit.rii, and C. teaf>ia)ia, a hybrid, are also recorded. The leaves
of these trees leave the twig in groups of three, and the flower

87

is not dissimilar to that of the horse chestnut in appearance.
The Catalpas belong to the Biynoniacece.

2. A witches' broom formed on larch by the fungus Exoaacus
tnrgidus. This fungus coramonl}' forms •witches' brooms on birch,
but also at times on chestnut, hazel, hornbeam, alder, cherry,
elm, pine, and other treee. Sometimes these brooms are of large
dimensions.

3. Cherines pini. — The pine aphis, on young Scots' pine, to which
it often causes considerable damage.

Mr. R. A. R. Priske exhibited long and varied series of the land
molluscs, Helix aspersa, H. aibiistonnn and Cijloatotna eleyana.

Mr. Colthrup exhibited a large number of varieties of the eggs of
the tree pipit, meadow pipit and skylark, together with a consider-
able number of clutches of eggs of various species, each containing
a cuckoo's egg, and pointed out the apparent resemblance to the egg
of the foster-parent in many instances.

Mr. Smallman exhibited : —

(1) A selected series of Blackbird's eggs showing range of color
and shape, including one with a very rough and hard shell of dull
lavender colour, and one very small egg.

(2) A similar series of Robin's eggs ranging from dark fuscous
to pure white.

Mr. Main exhibited the living larvfe of the fire-fly, Lnciola italica,
bred from ova laid in June, 1914, at Lugano. They had fed upon
portions of slugs. He also showed a specimen of the Neuropteron
yeiitoptera coa obtained by Mr. Bowman at Cintra.

Mr. Frohawk exhibited an egg of the ivory gull [Paynphila ebnrnea),
collected by F. G. Jackson at Cape Mary Harmswortb, Franz Josef
Laud, August 7th, 1897 ; previous to this expedition only four
specimens of this egg had been recorded ; and he also showed a
clutch of four eggs of the great or solitary snipe [Gallinaijo tnajor)
from St. Petersburg, 23rd May, 1906.

MAY 13th, 1915.

Mk. a. E. Tonge, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr. Leeds exhibited several aberrations of each of the following
species : —

A. Fulyommattis icartis.

88

(1) Ab. obsoleta (only one small spot being present on the under
•sarface) ; from Herts.

(2) An asymmetrical 3 aberration approaching ab. obsoleta, with
Ihe marginal row of eyespots somewhat indistinct ; from Hunts.

(3) An underside S" with chocolate band across all wings ; from
Hunts.

(4) An upperside S" sbot with brilliant metallic blue ; from
Herts.

B. Aijriades thetis [hellaiyus).

(1) A female with antennte malformed, club larger and attached
to stem somewhat crosswise ; from Kent.

(2) A pair of males with aberrant spotting on undersides ;
from Kent.

(3) A female with upperside bluish and absence of orange in the
.marginal eye spots ; from Kent.

C. C(en(Hiy)iipha pamphilus.

(1) A specimen with very dark suffused underside ; from Herts.

(2) An underside with small additional ocelli on each forewing
iind an additional black spot beneath ; from Herts.

D. Ayriaden coridon.

(1) Ab. seiiiisynyyapha ; from Herts.

(2) An underside ^ with very smoky ground ; from Herts.

(3) A male with slaty suffused underside ; from Kent.

(4) Two upperside ? s with khaki streaks ; from Herts.

E. Paraiye (pgeria.

(1) The ordinary English form ? ; from Hunts. (This form is
rightly, var. egerides.)

(2) Two Cornish forms in which the tawny markings were much
-enlarged in area and very brilliant, thus resembling the form (cyeria
AS obtained in the southern countries of Europe.

F. Epinephele jnrtina [janira).

A female with strongly ochreous undersides ; from Hunts.

G. Pier is bi'assicce.

An underside female with a pale blue tinge throughout, there
being no trace of orange ; from Monks Wood, Hunts., Aug., 1908.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a short series of a hybrid between
Biston hirtaria c^ and Nyssia lapponaria $ . The males, although
they in size and shape closely approached the male N. lapponaria,
had the wings well clothed as in the male B. hirtaria, and their
markings in two out of three specimens most resembled that
species, but in the third they were nearer N. lapponaria, but more
densely scaled. The females had aborted wings, in general facies

89

very like those of the hybrid N. zonaria g and B. Idrtaria $ .
The specimens were reared by Mr. G. Harrison of Birtley.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a specimen of Aclwrontia {Manduca)
atropos from South Africa, sent to him by post enclosed in a letter.
It was in excellent condition. It was remarked that the other two
species of the genus, A. sti/x and A. lachesis, were eastern in their
distribution.

Mr. Curwen exhibited long series of Polyommatus eros J s and
Latiorina orbitulus, the former from Saas Grund, and the latter
from the Grisons area. Both Mr. Gibbs and Mr. Hy. J. Turner
had met with the two species at St. Moritz, Engadine, and the
latter remarked on the drinking habit of the former species, which
he had frequently seen rise from patches of moisture on the road
in small clouds as he passed.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited living larvse of Odezia atiata feeding
on Ci/tisus, and a series of Xantlwrho'e [Melanippe) fiuctnata showing
much variation in ground colour, one example was very clear of the
indefinite markings on the ground, while at the other extreme was
a form approaching ab. neapoUsata. Both exhibits were from
Finchley.

Mr. Cowham exhibited a number of specimens he had obtained in
Argentina :

(1) Several large Psychid cases, which he stated were abundant
in many parts of the country on the branches of trees. (They were
afterwards found to be cases of Oeketicns platenais).

(2) A large and conspicuous species of " Skipper " with a light
transverse band across the disc of all four wings, upper- and under-
sides and a brilliant red tip to the abdomen. (It was afterwards
found to be (JUnides pluenicola),

(3) Specimens of Colias lesbia var. pynhothea, one of the few
stragglers of the genus which penetrates into the Neotropical
Region. Mr. Cowham stated that there was a lighter form which
corresponds to our ab. helice of C. ediisa but that it was quite
uncommon. It is known as ab. heliceoides.

(4) An example of an Arctiid Kcpanthera indecha J .

Mr. Step exhibited some examples of Fulgurites, the remarkable
tubes formed by the passage of lightning through sand, when the
siliceous grains become fused and form a primitive kind of glass.
For these specimens he was indebted to Mr. J. H. L. Atkinson,
H.M. Vice-Consul at Cuyaba, in Brazil. Readers of Darwin's
" Voyage of the Beagle " would remember his description of the
finding of such tubes in " a broad band of sand hillocks which

90

separate the Laguna del Potrero from the shores of the Plata, at
the distance of a few miles from Maldonado." The exhibitor con-
sidered that a particular interest attached to his specimens because
they had been obtained from the small area of pand described by
Darwin more than eight}' years earlier. At that date fulgurites
were little known — they can scarcely be said to be well-known at
the present time — and Darwin refers to some that had been found
at Drigg, in Cumberland, which had been described in vol. ii. of
the Geological Transactions. In recent years they have been found
also in a district in Poland, but they do not appear to have become
common objects anywhere. This fact probably indicates that
special qualities of sand or local conditions favour the fusibility of
the grains. It is believed that the tubes are cylindrical when
formed, but that their shape is altered by local pressure before
cooling takes place.

Mr. J. Piatt Barrett exhibited series of Thais ]>olyxena, Lencnchloe
[Pontia) daplulice, Eiichloe {Anthocharis) belia {craiiieri] and Antho-
charis [Enchlo'e) cardamines and contributed the following notes : —

" I am showing four species of butterflies, which may be termed
"variable," in fact with them " vatiation is the rule" and not
the exception, and after careful examination it would be probably
correct to say that no two specimens are exactly alike. A small
dot may be enlarged, a blotch altered in shape, colouring slightly
altered and so on; yet on the whole there remains a wonderful
uniformity in the 65 specimens comprising this exhibit.

(1) Thais polyxena is a very striking species and should show at
least one of the abnormal forms, var. runtina, with extra red spots,
var. Cassandra blacker, ab. ochracea dark instead of light yellow,
ab. meta red spots replaced by yellow, or ab. bella the third costal
spot reduced in size, but only one of my specimens differs a little
and may approach ab. ochracea. I have only met with L. polyxena
on one slope in Sicily, and this may account for getting no varieties.

(2) Leucocklo'e [Pontia) daplidice. — A new genus has recently
been created for daplidice and another species, and is differentiated
from the ordinary "whites" [Pieris) by the sub-costal vein, which
has three branches (Pj>>7s has four and Anthocharis i\ve). Certainly
daplidice seems to agree more closely to Knchlo'e [Anthocharis) belia
[crameri) than to Pieris or to Anthocharis, and it would not do much
harm if the Leucochloes and the Euchloes were combined in one
genus. L. (P.) daplidice is very common both in Sicily and in
Calabria and two so-called abnormal forms are shown, (1) var.
bellidice the spring form, which is smaller and darker green, and

91

(2) var. raphani the summer form, with underside of hindwings
yellowish instead of green. Perhaps there is also ab. anthracina
white darkened by black scaling. Examples taken in the South of
England rarely reach the size of the Sicilian summer form.

(3) bAichlo'e (Anthocharis) belia [cramen). — When Cramer figured
belia about the year 1790, his type specimen was a female he had
received from Smyrna and his object was to differentiate it from a
female cardamines, and he adds I do not know if the males have
also an orange coloured blotch (tache) on the forewing as that of
the just mentioned cardamines. However, the name belia has with-
stood all the efforts of the nomenclature revolutionists. [This is not
so. Dr. Verity has conclusively shown (1913, Jin. Linn. Soc, Z(»d.)y
that we should call this species crameri. This our nomenclature
committee has confirmed. — H.J.T.] I have to thank Mr. Turner for
kindly letting me examine his Kuchloes for varieties and abnormal
specimens. Var. ausonia is said to be the summer form of belia.
These which I exhibit belong to the two broods, but in no case can
I find the silvery spotting on the underside, which is said to distin-
guish belia from ausonia. Altogether there are five forms of belia
said to occur in Sicily and South Italy, var. ausonia the summer
form, ab. romana a transition from belia to ausonia, ab. hritgtri
broader greyish-black apex to forewing and underside of hindwing
sharply marked with dark green and white, ab. trinacria apex
strongly spotted with white and underside of hindwing showing
strongly developed white spots, and ab. matutia only small white
spots in black area of forewing the middle black spot being very
large and underside of hindwing showing only a few small white
spots. My specimens are from a wide area, ranging from sea-level
to over 5,000 ft. up, the small specimen, ab. minor we might call it>
was captured at Motta St. Anastasia, on the plain of Catania, where
the River Simeto flows very sluggishly to the sea.

(4) Anchocharis {bhichlo'e) cardamines. — I apologise for showing
these specimens as they have been shewn before. I am very fond
of the small race found on Mt. Etna, which at its "dwarfist"
extends no more than one inch and one line. Apparently the
central spot varies much in size. A dwarf form has been named
ab. hesperidis by Newnham and ab. minor by Cockerell. A southern
form with orange patch reaching only to the black median spot has
been named ab. turritis. Seitz's description of cardamines says
" the average red patch does not reach much further than the
discocellular spot" and I have put in several specimens which agree
with this description from various parts of Italy. In addition I

92

have added a form from Kandersteg, where the orange patch
extends beyond the spot, which is small ; a Kent specimen with
extended orange, and a Hampshire specimen with limited orange."

Mr. Dennis exhibited photographs of a recently differentiated
species of Ant, Formica pratensis, which was closely related to the
well-known species F. rufa.

Mr. Stallman exhibited a remarkable specimen of Timiocampa
gothica ? , with right underwing reproducing the markings of the
forewing, but rather confused by streaks towards the apex of the
wing of the normal underwing colour, the markings are also rather
cramped up owing to the small size of the wing, it being slightly
smaller than usual and of a somewhat different shape. The under
surface of the wing is quite normal, with the central dot. It
was taken at " sallow " at Holmwood, on April 4th of the present
year.

Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited the following specimens of Lepidoptera
from Loch Lomond taken in 1914 : —

Ccenonijmpha pamphilus. — Undersides of the females suffused with
white. The spots opaque. The males very dark. Specimens from
S. England for comparison, one of which had an extra spot on the
forewing.

Brent his selene. — A dark suffused female. A specimen from
S. England for comparison.

Diacri$ia sannio. — A dark suffused male of large size. A
specimen from S. England (Tilgate Forest) for comparison of the
usual S. England small form, but with a minimum of suffusion in
hindwings.

Mr. Adkin remarked that Lepidoptera were plentiful on the banks
of Loch Lomond and evidently interesting — but he had little
opportunity for collecting there. Other species noted included
Acidalia famata, Cabera pusaria, Fulype hastata, Xanthorhu'e sociata,
X. tristata, X. montanata, lodis lactearia, Campto<jramina bilineata,
Loiiiaspilis marginata, Hcemaris tityus, etc. The specimens of
C. pawphilus and D. sannio appeared to be typical of the local
forms, but the B. selene exhibited was the most suffused of a large
number taken and observed.

Mr. Sich then read a short paper, " Notes on Tortrix viridana."
(see page 15.) In the discussion which ensued it was remarked that
a specimen or two representing a second brood had occasionally
been met with. As a remedy against the depredations of this pest,
it was stated that probably spraying was the most effective.
Mr. Adkin noted that on one occasion at Chattenden he had found

93

a considerable number of pupse of the species in spun-up leaves of
honej'suckle, growing beneath an oak which was absolutely denuded
of its foliage by the larval attack.

MAY 27th, 1915.

]\Jr. Alfred Sieh exhibited ova of Tortrix viridana, laid in
pairs and covered with scales from the parent, in the rough bark of
oak. He also showed the cases and young larvae of a Solenobia,
possibly lichenella. Only females were observed. The cases were
three-sided. The pupa thrusts itself partly out of the case before
emergence. The female begins laying eggs immediately after
getting free from the pupa skin. The eggs are laid not in the pupa
shell, but in the case. The larvfe hatched in about four weeks
after the eggs were deposited. The cases were found at Barnes.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a number of Lepidoptera he had recently
received from Johannesburg, South Africa, including Hypolininas
wisippus, the female of which is almost indistmguishable from its
" model " Lintnas chnjaippris ; Precis sesa))iHs, a member of a genus
whose species are remarkable for their dimorphic and polymorphic
forms ; Colias electa, the South African representative of our British
Colias edusa, and its dimorphic white female var. aurivillius ; the
common " swallow-tail " of South Africa, Papiiio ileinodocus ; the
small forms of Pyranieis cardui, which are characteristic of the
southern race ; Hippotion celerio ; and the beautiful deep green
Sphingid Basiothia media.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a number of larvae of Xylophasia
scolopacina taken near Finchley, and a series of 'Idcopteryx
(Lobophora) polycomvuita from Yeovil, Somerset.

Mr. Lachlan Gibb, on behalf of Mr. H. M. Simms, of Stourbridge,
a fine suffused aberration of Pyrameis huntera, a dwarf specimen of
the same species with the typical form for comparison, all from
Montreal, Canada, taken in 19.13 ; a specimen of Bithyn quercus ab.
belltis, in which a small orange patch is present in the disc of the
forewings, taken near Barmouth in August, 1910 ; and an
aberration of Pharetra (Acronicta) menyantliides, in which the
orbicular stigmata are absent, taken near Sheffield in June, 1912.

Mr. Priske exhibited an example of the Coleopteron Morica
planata, a Tenebrionid from Gibraltar.

Mr. E, J. Bunnett read a short paper entitled " The Maple
Aphis," and illustrated his notes by drawings and lantern-slides.
(See p. 21).

94

In addition, a few other lantern-slides were shown by Mr.
Bunnett, including the pygmy nest of the shrew mouse in an open
field ; an Zyg;ienid with the poUinia of an orchid attached to its
head ; the noctule bat, the largest British species ; and a series
showing the slough of a newt.

MAY 29th, 1915.

Field Meeting at Ranmore Common and Pickett's Hole.

Leader.— }1y. J. Turner, F.E.S.

The morning party took the well-known road to Bagden Farm,
turned in the gateway of the footpath to Eanmore, and spent some
time in the hollow between the woods. Thence the little frequented
path along the foot of the northern slope of the woods was taken
past the lonely Tanner's Hatch Farm, subsequently at some
considerable distance further on, a south-westerly traverse of the
woods was taken which brought the party out on to the centre of
Ranmore Common. This was crossed and a footpath leading
through the woods to the crest of the chalk escarpment was taken,
from whence a gap in the fence led by a dark overhanging private
way to the top of the prominent hill which dominates the great
hollow known to entomologists as Pickett's Hole. Here a halt was
called for a meal, in view of the long Holmesdale Valley below and
the range of sand hills opposite, which culminates in the tower
crowned Leith Hill. On the opposite slope of the Hole oth§r
members of the party were espied and afterwards met. The steep
declivity was negociated, and the hollow and the slopes leading
from it were well-searched for Zijgffna trifoUi and Ar/riades thetis,
but with little success, only one or two examples of either species
being obtained, although later on a restricted area further east
produced the latter species in absolute abundance. The afternoon
party joined the others on these slopes and a total attendance of
considerably over twenty was attained. Unfortunately the day was
by no means bright, and slight showers were experienced, the
return home being in very cool air.

Very few results of the meeting have been sent on to me, and
the usual possibilities of the area are pretty w^ell-known to our
members. Possibly the most useful species in the morning was
Drepana uwjnicula, which was beaten in some numbers from the
beeches on the northern slope. Just previously, in the hollow

95

between the woods, Hamearis Incina was met with. Mr. Aahdown
and othei's report Bapta temerata and B. biinaculata, with tiyloj)hUa
prasinana and Nemophora schwa rziella. Mr. Dunster saya that he
found Pi)li/omi)iatus icarus fairly common on the slopes and in the
hollow. Among them he took three specimens of the ab. arena, $ s.
On the way back to tea he met with Astliena caiulidata, Cabera
pusaria, and Loniaspilis maniinata, and subsequently after tea,
besides A. thetis, saw some numbers of Acidalia oniata. Mr.
Stallman reports that he found the nests with eggs of the Chaffinch,
Chiflf-chaft", and Meadow Pipit, and also a few Ephyra annnlata were
procured by Mr. Dunster and himself nearer Dorking by beating
the hedges of maple. Among the Tortrices Mr. Sich took Caatcia
muscitlana and Eulia ministrana, while specimens of Enchroiiiia
purpurana and Phtheochroa rngosana were obtained on the steep
slopes of the hollow. Among the Tineids Mr. Sich reported
GlypJiipteryx fischeriella, Spideria aurifrontella, Ornix acellanella,
Nepticula floslactella, and Micropteryx thunheryella.

JUNE lOth, 1915.
Mr. a. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., Vice-president, in the chair.

It was announced that two members of the Society had been
killed in action in France, Mr. W. W. Penn-Gaskell, who joined the
Society in 1905, and Mr. W. D. H. Gotch, who joined in 1914.

Dr. Chapman exhibited a living specimen, bred from the egg, of
Polyoinmatiis escheri var. rondoui, from Gavarnie in the Pyrenees.
It emerged on June 10th.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited the whole of the coloured plates of
Herbst and Jablonsky's " Natursystem aller bekannten in- und
auslandischen Insecten," vols. i. to x., Coleoptera, which had been
found exposed for sale on a barrow in the street and bought for 5/-.
He stated that these two authors were the first to place the whole
of the known Coleoptera and Rhopalocera in accordance with the
Linnean System. There were in all 177 plates.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a short series of Sclenia hilunaria
{illnnaria) from Yeovil. One female was unusually strongly marked
and a male was of an extreme smoky brown coloration. He also
showed larvfe of Anticlea badiata from ova laid by a female taken
at Yeovil, a red-brown Agrotis nigricans from Wicken and a black
form from St. Anne's, with a perfect specimen of Mimas tili<z,
which had emerged from a pupa which had been crippled.

96

Mr. Dennis exhibited several photographs with the stereoscope,
including His])i<ia atra a spinous coleopteron, Formica pratensis a
newly described British ant, and sprays of Laburnum and Spirjea.

Mr. J. Piatt Barrett, a bred living specimen of Strynwn jn-tini
which had emerged on June 10th. It was generally considered as
an early date for the emergence of the species although Mr. Leeds
stated he had met with one or two specimens in early June, but not
the bulk of the emergence. Mr. Curwen stated that the species was
early in emergence at Eclepens, Switzerland.

Mr. Dunster exhibited a series of Brenthis euphrosyne taken at
Garrard's Cross, Bucks, in late May.

Mr. B. S. Williams reported that he had recently noticed the
buzzing noise made by Hylophila prasinana in flight. He compared
the noise to that of a beetle humming. A number of specimens
came towards his lantern and in each case the noise was apparent
from some distance. Several members stated this phenomenon had
been previously reported, but no one present had had a similar
experience.

Mr. B. W. Adkin read some extended notes on Pochyyastn'a trifolii
and on Rnrnlis betnlce, with more particular reference to the phases
of variation and aberration which he had met with in the two
species. He exhibited the following forms : —

Riiralis hetulce : ab. restricta, ab. restricta-lineata, ab. lata, ab. lata-
lineata, ab. fisoni (asymmetrical), ab. cuneata, and an unnamed
aberration in which there was an almost complete orange border to
all the wings with much orange suffusion.

Pachyyastria trifolii: ab. flava, ab. ohsoleta-flava, ab. pallida -flavay
ab. niedicayinis, ab. viryata-iiwdicayinis, ab. ratama", ab. cervina, ab.
unilinea-typica, ab. siiffiisa-typica, ab. rnfa, ab. contracta-riifa, etc.

Typical forms of the species shown, for comparison.

He said: "From time to time, I have dipped into those
marvellous volumes " British Lepidoptera " by the late J. W. Tutt.
Under the heading "Variation" I find long descriptions of many
forms of ahiiost every insect with Latin names attached. As a
collector, I desire to catch or breed all of those forms. 1 may or
may not approve of an attempt to give Latin names to such forms.
I may possibly find that there are so many intermediate specimens
that the forms may be said to run into one another. I have found
in several cases, where my series of species is sufficiently extensive,
that the more extreme specimens appear to represent, or closely
approach, the forms which are so ably described. I am exhibiting
a few specimens of Rnralis hetuUv female to illustrate my meaning.

97

" Six forma of this are described in the book.

1. With narrow orange patch crossed by black nerviires, ab.
restricta-Uneata, n.ab.

2. With broad orange patch crossed by black nervures, ab. lata-
lineata, n.ab.

3. With narrow orange patch not crossed by black nervures, ab.
restricta, n.ab.

4. With broad orange patch not crossed by black nervures, ab.
lata, n.ab.

5. The orange markings yellowish in colour, ab. fisoni (Wheeler).

6. With sub-marginal series of interneural orange streaks in hind-
wings pointing towards base, ab. cuneata, n.ab.

" These forms, or something approaching them, are shown in my
box. There is also another specimen which I cannot place under
any of the above names, and which I think may be a rare if not a
unique variety. It has almost a complete orange border to all
wings and much orange suffusion.

'' Pachygastria trifoli i.— Tntt divides the forms of this insect that
are found in Britain into five groups, depending on ground colour.

1. Ground colour pale yellow, ab. flava.

2. ,, ,, yellow-grey or buff, ab. medicaginis.

3. ,, „ fawn-grey or reddish-grey, ab. ce>-ijma.

4. ,, ,, reddish-brown, trifolii (Esp.).

5. ,, ,, deep foxy red -brown, ab. rufa.

" On looking over a number of specimens this division appears to
be fully justified. The further sub-divisions are less numerous in
some cases than in others, but there is little doubt that specimens
could be found in each division, if the insect were sufficiently abun-
dant, which would show —

(a) All the wings unicolorous and without markings (except pre-
sumably the white spot).

{b) The forewings with two transverse lines, including a more or
less defined median band.

(c) The median band in forewings more or less contracted.

{(1) Ill-defined transverse lines, but well marked longitudinal
nervures.

(e) The basal line obsolete.

" It would be a good collection that exhibited all these sub-
divisions of each shade of ground colour. Myown falls sadly short
of it, and even Tutt's division fails to give many of them, perhaps
some of them have not yet been observed. It is not necessary to
trouble you further with named aberrations or those for which

98

names have been suggested. I have selected specimens from my
collection which seem to resemble some of those described by Tutt,
and have attached to them some of the names he suggests.

" What is, to me, more interesting is local variation. With regard
to this Tutt suggests two distinct races. (1) The ordinary dark red-
brown form characteristic of the central European races, (2) a dis-
tinct yellow race approximating to the extreme southern (Lambessa)
and eastern Russian and Asia Minor forms.

"The former appears to be the general type from the coasts of
Lancashire, Cheshire, Devon and the heaths of the New Forest,
whilst the latter appears to be confined to the Kent and Sussex
coasts between Dungeness and Beachy Head.

" So far as my experience goes I quite agree with these views, but
I am disposed to think that the specimens from Lancashire and
Cheshire differ considerably from those of the south-western
counties, and that soil and situation do much to lead to local
variation.

"Up to the present I have been unable to fully confirm some of
the views I have formed, but I shall be very grateful for help in the
matter.

" I have brought Pachygastria trifolii for exhibition largely on
account of the more simple division of the forms than Tutt has
favoured us with as compared with the other Lachneides. I should
warmly welcome exhibitions and discussions upon other members
of the group, and would, if my time allows, do my best to assist
them."

JUNE l^th, 1915.

Field Meeting at Otfobd, Kent.

Leader. — Robert Adkin, F.E.S.

The portion of the southern escarpment of the North Downs
adjacent to the village of Otford has already formed the rendezvous
for our Field Meetings on more than one occasion, and considerable
lists of insects, etc., noted there have been published ("Proc," 1903,
p. 47, 1912, p. 96). It will therefore be necessary in the following
report to mention only such species as have not been previously
recorded, or those that some special circumstance makes it desirable
to again refer to them.

A morning party took train to Shoreham, and following a foot-

99

path on the left soon after reaching the main road, worked their
way along the side of the Down in the direction of Otford ; in the
course of their ramble meeting, among other things, with a small
colony of At/riadex tlwtis {bellar(fus) and a wasted specimen of Cupido
minimus. The afternoon party reached Otford station soon after three
o'clock, where the members of the earlier party were awaiting them,
and a start was at once made for the downs. Some took the path
by the side of the " kennels,' and in a field near the top of the hill
met with the pupae of Zi/f/aena filipendulcE in great profusion on
the grass stems, and from one of these a five-spotted form was
reared, but it was noted later that where the species occurred on the
low ground at the foot of the Downs the larvae were not full-fed.
Having gained the Kingsdown road a start was made in the direc-
tion of that village, with the intention of turning down through the
woods and joining up with the other members of the party at the
chalk-pit, but as it was found that a large part of the district was
under military control, and that anyone found wandering was liable
to arrest, it was thought to be prudent to return by the lane to the
Kemsing road, and in that way join the other members. This
brought us along the half mile or so of a low park paling, on which
were found at rest quite a number of Hecatera serena and a
specimen each of (Jucnllia unibratica and Hepialiis liipilinus and so
on to the little bit of still-open down by the chalk pit, where the
remainder of the afternoon was spent. From reports which several
of the members present were good enough to send me a note of, the
following among many other species were taken, Pyrameis cardui, a
solitary worn specimen was seen flying over the top of the hill,
Bithys querciis and Callophrys riibi met with sparingly, Augiades
sylvanus in some numbers, and Rudidia glyphica fell to the lot of
the morning party. Acidalia siibseiiceata, Anticlea nigmfasciaria
and Crambus chrysonuchellun occurred sparingly. A rather well-
marked form of Oxyptilus heterodactyla (teticrii), Mimceseoptiltis fuscus
[pterodactyliis), Feronea aspersana, Sciaphila virgaureana, and Catop-
tria hypericana were all more or less abundant on the short herbage.
Perhaps the most interesting capture of the day was that by Mr.
Sich of Anacanipsis coronillella, a species previously recorded only
from Surrey ; the present specimen, the identification of which has
since been fully verified, thus proving a new record for the county
of Kent. Mr. Sich further reports that a couple of pupae spun up
in leaves of maple produced Tuitrix viridana, but adds that some
oak trees were not far distant, and that some larvfe in rolled sallow
leaves produced the grey form of Tachyptilia populella, also that

100

among his captures were Ptycholoma lecheana, several Bittalis
senescens, and a few Micropteryx seppella, while Mr. Turner closes
the list of small fry with Chnjsoclista aurifrontella.

The day had been very fine and warm, and by half -past six the
members were glad to adjourn to the Bull Hotel in Otford village,
where a meat tea was awaiting them, to which just a dozen sat
down, and at its conclusion the meeting was brought to a close.

JUNE 24th, 1915.

Mr. Fagg, of Lewisham, was elected a member.

Mr. Stanley Edwards, on behalf of Mr. G. Dawson, exhibited the
following remarkable aberrations of European butterflies : —

Polyomwatiis escheri, underside, in which the whole of the sub-
marginal black spots were considerably, but not uniformly, elongated.

Melitaea dictynna, underside, nearly the whole of the markings
on the hindwings were elongated and much confused, while those
on the forewings were much suffused and unrecognisable. The
upperside of this specimen was almost wholly black with a light
sub-marginal narrow band to forewings as the only easily apparent
marking.

Brenthis pales, upperside, very suffused, scarcely a trace of the
usual definite black spotting on the forewings, quite comparable to
the race found in the Heuthal, Bernina Pass. The underside was
quite normal in marking and colour.

Epinephele jurtina,a, xanthic form, with hindwings almost wholly
pale and forewings largely pale in colour.

Polyouimatns hylas, underside, with the outer marginal areas on
all the wings very uniformly pale in colour, the orange eye spots
very strongly emphasised, and the rest of the markings very clearly
developed.

Melitaea didyma, underside, with nearly all the markings
elongated.

All but the last species came from the Rhone Valley, Switzer-
land ; the last came from Digne. (See Plate I.)

Mr. Edwards also exhibited nests of the humble-bee, Bomlnis
lapidarins, from which the perfect' insects were emerging. They
were obtained a day or two before in Worcestershire.

Mr. W. West (Greenwich), exhibited the following uncommon
species of Coleoptera taken by him in late May and early June in
the New Forest : —

101

Leptura scntellata, Mesosa mtbila, Anoplodera sexyuttata, Gram-
tnoptera praetista, Clytus arietis, Anitys ruhens, Elater sanyidnolentus,
Elater miniatus, Trachys troglodytes, Ayrilus viridis, Colydium
elongatum, Thymalits liinbatus, Ips 4-ffiittata, Ischnomera saiiguini-
collis, Aphodius niijer.

Messrs. B. W. Adkin, R. Adkin, Hy. J. Turner, A. E. Gibbs, and
F. W. Cowham, exhibited series of Lasiocampa quercus and Mr. B.
W. Adkin subsequently read notes on the species.

Mr. Gibbs showed a male with complete female coloration from
the New Forest.

Mr. Cowham exhibited a female which was bred from a larva
taken at Epsom. It was two j-ears in pupa, emerged in May and
was of the form var. calliouE. He also showed a specimen in

The Society is indebted to the kindness of Mr. VV. G.
Dawson, F.E.S., ot the Manor House, Upper Wick, Worcester,
one of our Life-member.s, for the coloured plate, which illus-
trates the exhibit on the opposite page and forms the frontis-
piece to the present volume.

'"J

callimic.

Mr. B. W. Adkin read the following notes on his exhibit : —
"At our last meeting I exhibited specimens of Pachyt/astria
trifuUi, showing a range of ground colour from palest yellow (ab.
pallida-flava) to deep foxy red -brown (ab. rufa). That insect is, I
think, the most variable of all the Lackneides. To-night I am
exhibiting specimens of another species of the same family for the
purpose of tracing a similarity in variation of ground colour, and I
am pleased to say several members are supporting."

''Lasiocampa querent. — With regard to this species Tutt states that
" the study of the variation is exceedingly interesting and difficult."
I am in entire agreement with this statement. " Besides colour
aberrations, in which individual specimens may vary from the dark
chestnut brown of the most extreme male forms to the yellow of
the female forms, the character of the pale transverse band also
varies from a narrow line to a wide band that may spread to the
outer margin of the wing, and offers a basis of variation for a great

100

among his captures were Ptycholoma lecheana, several Biitalis
senescens, and a few Micropteryx seppella, while Mr. Turner closes
the list of small fry with Chrysoclhta aurifrontella.

The day had been very fine and warm, and by half -past six the
members were glad to adjourn to the Bull Hotel in Otford village,
where a meat tea was awaiting them, to which just a dozen sat
down, and at its conclusion the meeting was brought to a close.

JUNE 24th, 1915.

M

M
foll(

I
ma

su
maitiii-.f,.

Brenthis pales, uppersiae, w^j ^
usual definite black spotting on the forewings, quite cuiu.jt/ —
the race found in the Heuthal, Bernina Pass. The underside was
quite normal in marking and colour.

Epinephele jurtina,2i, xanthic form, with hindwings almost wholly
pale and forewings largely pale in colour.

Polyommatus hylas, underside, with the outer marginal areas on
all the wings very uniformly pale in colour, the orange eye spots
very strongly emphasised, and the rest of the markings very clearly
developed.

Melitaea didyma, underside, with nearly all the markings
elongated.

All but the last species came from the Rhone Valley, Switzer-
land ; the last came from Digne. (See Plate I.)

Mr. Edwards also exhibited nests of the humble-bee, Bombus
lapidarius, from which the perfect' insects were emerging. They
were obtained a day or two before in Worcestershire.

Mr. W. West (Greenwich), exhibited the following uncommon
species of Coleoptera taken by him in late May and early June in
the New Forest : —

101

Leptura scutellata, Mesosa niihila, Ano-plodera sexguttata, Gram-
moptera praeusta, Clytus arietis, Anitys riibens, FAater sanguinolentus,
Elater mhiiatns, Trachys troglodytes, Ayrilus viridis, Colydium
elongatum, Thymalns limbatns, Ips 4-guttata, Ischnnmera sanguini-
collis, Aphodius niger.

Messrs. B. W. Adkin, R. Adkin, Hy. J. Turner, A. E. Gibbs, and
F. W. Cowham, exhibited series of Lasiocawpa quercns and Mr. B.
W. Adkin subsequently read notes on the species.

Mr. Gibbs showed a male with complete female coloration from
the New Forest.

Mr. Cowham exhibited a female w^hich was bred from a larva
taken at Epsom. It was two j'ears in pupa, emerged in May and
was of the form var. call time. He also showed a specimen in
which the conspicuous white discoidal spot was duplicated on the
■3ft forewing.

Mr. Robert Adkin also exhibited long series of Lasiocampa
quercns from Scotland and North and South England, the moat
remarkable specimen being a gynandromorph in which the wings
and antenna on the left side were normal male, while on the right
side the antenna was normal female, but the wings, although of
female size, were of male coloration, and in the hindwing the usual
pale band was practically absent. He said that it was many years
since he had reared this species in any numbers, but he well
remembered that the conclusion he then came to was that there
was no clear dividing line between L. qaercm and its variety
calluniE.

Mr. B. W. Adkin read the follow^ing notes on his exhibit : —

"At our last meeting I exhibited specimens of Pachygastria
trifuUi, showing a range of ground colour from palest yellow (ab.
pallida-fiava) to deep foxy red-brown (ab. rufa). That insect is, I
think, the most variable of all the Lachneides. To-night I am
exhibiting specimens of another species of the same family for the
purpose of tracing a similarity in variation of ground colour, and I
am pleased to say several members are supporting."

" Lasiocampa qnercm. — With regard to this species Tutt states that
" the study of the variation is exceedingly interesting and difficult."
I am in entire agreement with this statement. " Besides colour
aberrations, in which individual specimens may vary from the dark
chestnut brown of the most extreme male forms to the yellow of
the female forms, the character of the pale transverse band also
varies from a narrow line to a wide band that may spread to the
outer margin of the wing, and offers a basis of variation for a great

102

number of local forms, which are often further specialised by a
marked increase or decrease in size." No less than 40 pages in
Tutt, some of them in extra small print, are devoted to a discussion
upon the variation of this species, and varietal names abound. To
deal with these pages, at a meeting of this kind, is impossible, so
I have contented mj'self with showing a few specimens from my
collection to illustrate variation in ground colour, and variation in
the character of the transverse line.

"With regard to variation in ground colour, Tutt gives for males
(a) reddish ferruginous ; (6) chestnut-brown ; (c) deep purplish or
chocolate-brown ; (r/) russet-brown.

For females (a) yellow or pale yellow ochreous ; (b) dull ochreous ;
(c) faint reddish-ochreous ; (<:/) brown.

I have failed to separate these colours, they may be represented
among those I am exhibiting.

" With all these shades of ground colour there are many varieties
possible. These appear to be mainly as follows : —
Males. — 1. With narrow almost straight line to forewings and
narrow line to hindwings.

2. With narrow curved transverse bands to wings.

3. With broad transverse lines to wings.

4. With normal band to forewings, but the band of hind-

wings extending to outer margin.

5. With transverse band to fore- and hindwings extending

to outer margin.
b. With yellow blotch to base of wings.
Females. — 1. Unicolorous with no transverse markings.

2. With pale transverse band crossing fore and hind-

wings.

3. With outer area of hindwings paler to margin.

4. With outer area of fore- and hindwings paler to

margin.
My exhibit is intentionally arranged to show : —

1. Males — Variation in ground colour.

2. Females — ,, ,, ,,

3. Varieties.

4. Females — Variation in markings.

5. Males — „ ,,

"I find that the rows intended to show difference in ground colour
and those showing difference in marking could almost be transposed.
" As to the varieties : —
Nos. 1 and 2 are males of small size. No. 1 is curiously melanic.

103

No. 2 pale for a male.

No. 3 has absolutely no markings on the hindwings, is exception-
ally dark in colour and the transverse line on the forewings is
unusually small and faint.

No. 4 g and No. 5 $ are somewhat scaleless forms without
markings on hindwings.

No. 6 ? is quite an unusual colour, the white spot is small, the
transverse line very slight in forewing and absent in hindwing.

No. 7 ? is the most uncommon variety in my collection. The
white spot is exceedingly close to the transverse band. The con-
trast between the rich red of the ground colour and the pale yellow
margin is very striking.

No. 8 $ is of dull brown colour, with obscure transverse lines
and very pointed forewings.

No. 9 ? is a pale well-marked specimen, the left forewing being
very rounded in shape.

No. 10 2 is the largest specimen in my collection.

The entire drawer fails to show fully the variation that occurs in
this species. Even my own comparatively weak collection contains
very many specimens that are equally worth a place in the drawer.

"Before leaving the consideration of this species, I should like to
say a few words upon the suggested division into L. querciis and
var. calliniiB. Many of our entomologists desired to separate them
as species. In any case the division is of long standing. Personally
I experience difficulty with it. Although I fear the subject is
rather thread-bare, I hope I may be allowed to take up a few
minutes of your time.

" L. querciis is the " Oak Eggar," var. calliauB the " Northern
Eggar." I do not know the northern limit of L. querciis, but it
extends to Yorkshire and Lanes. Var. calluniB is the usual form in
Scotland, Ireland and upon the moors of North, Central and South
West England. L. querciis under all usual conditions completes
its life history in one year, hybernating as larvffi and emerging in
late July or August. Var. calluna, in the North, takes two years
to complete its life history and emerges in June, but in the South
it frequently appears to take the querciis habit. On the New Forest
heaths and the moors of the Lynmouth district of Devonshire, it
has been observed sometimes to take one year and sometimes two
years to come to maturity. In the Isles of Scilly it appears to
mature in one year, invariably.

" As regards the appearance of the imago, the main distinction is,
perhaps, that the transverse bands in L. querciis are directed towards

104

the abdomen especially in the hindwings, but in var. callnnfe they
are directed towards the anal angle of both wings. I cling to this
as a real distinction, which can be readily seen, though I must
confess that there appear to be intermediate forms. It is asserted
that in L. querciis the antenna have 64 joints and in var. callima
84. This is not seen without a microscope, I offer no opinion upon
it. If it is true, it is a really valuable distinction.

" Several other differences are suggested. I have found them all
indefinite. Though many are correct in the majority of cases.
Shortly, these are as follows : —

" L. querciis, both males and females are paler in colour, show no
"white spot on the underside, have wing nervures of the same colour
as the transverse band, and no basal patch to forewings.

Var. calluna, both males and females are darker in colour,
show a white spot on the underside, have wing nervures darker than
the transverse band, and have a basal patch to the forewings.

"Even my own series show plenty of cases, where none of the
last-named distinctions hold good. I hope to hear many views
upon the distinction of the two forms."

Mr. R. Adkm remarked on var. calhnm that he agreed that
there was evidence of two races running side by side just as had
been suggested in the case of Tephrosia biundulata and T.
crepuscularia. Possibly there was a species in the making.

Mr. Brooks made some remarks upon the habits of Hyria
muricata (axiroraria) as observed by him at Wicken during his visit
in mid-June of this year and on other occasions. It was generally
stated that the species was obtainable in any numbers only at dawn,
which was believed to be its time of flight. He had found it very
common at mid-day during this period, and on the first day when
there was no wind and without disturbing the herbage, etc., it was
possible to take several with one sweep of the net. Ematurga
atomaria was flying at the same time, and both were about equally
common and easy to catch. There were, however, no females taken
by either himself or his companion. Two days later, when there
was considerable wind, he netted two specimens and commenced to
search for females by disturbing the growth beneath bushes from
whence he had observed males rise on the previous day, and was
successful in obtaining a good number of examples. The species
was apparently quite abundant there this year.

Mr. Adkin said that the species was uncertain in its appearance
in the New Forest, and then generally in the evening and at dawn.
Other members had met with it in the day-time.

105

Mr. B. H. Smith reported that among species taken at light in
the Cornwall district he had met with a number of Pi/raineis
atalanta. Mr. R. Adkin said that one of his early observations was
the appearance of P. atalanta at light. It was suggested that the
species was on migration.

JULY Srd, 191.5.

Field Meeting at Swinley Woods, Ascot.

Leader. — B. S. Curwen.

The weather was all that could be desired and there was a good
attendance, a muster of twenty-five. On the way from the station
to the woods Mr. Turner loitered behind and became boisterously
involved in an argument with the irate owner of a fence, which he
was examining from an entomological standpoint. This irascible
individual accused Mr. Turner of being about to make an inscription
on his fence, but whether this was of a scriptural, political,
or even convivial nature did not transpire. After a considerable
mutual exchange of vituperation peace was at length declared, and
Mr. Turner continued his investigation unhindered. This fence is
usually tenanted by numerous Tortrices and Tinea, generally
common species ; all of those taken have been reported on a
previous visit.

On arrival at the ground Arnynnis adippe was found to be in
considerable abundance, flying rapidly over the heather patches
near the brickfield. The flight of this species, however, was quite
different over some rough ground in process of clearing and covered
with brushwood. Here the butterfly fluttered quite close to the
ground and was difficult to net on account of the abundance of the
brushwood. Mr. Sperring captured a striking variety with a much
suffused upperside.

Later in the day the party went to that part of the woods
in which Limenitis sibijlla and lynjas paphia occur. Of the former
species only one specimen was taken, evidently just emerged, and
one or two examples of the latter.

As usual in these woods at this time of year the butterflies were
the principal entomological feature, and the following species were
reported: Fieris brassicd, P. napi, P. rapa, Brenthis seletie, Aniynnis
adippe, Dryas paphia, Aylais urticce, Pyrameis cardui, Limenitis
Sibylla, Pararge megtera (very worn), Epinephele jurtina, E. tithonus.

106

Aphantopiis hyperantus, Ccenonynipha pamphiliis, Bithys quercus,
Callophrys rubi (not very worn), Plebeiiis agon, Polyommatus icarns,
Adopaa flava {thanmas), and Augiades sylvanus.

The afternoon was extremely hot, and some of the party indulged
in a paddle in one of the numerous ponds deserted by the
brickmakers, much to the disgust of a water vole which sought
refuge in flight.

Among the Heterocera the following species were reported. —
Zyyitna trifolii (a form intermediate between the large palustris
form and the small chalk hill form, including several nice confluent
specimens which are as a rule of much less common occurrence in
the larger races of this species), Hylophila prasinana, Miltochrista
miniata, Lithosia mesomella, L. sororciila, Diacrisia sannio [russula),
Hypocrita jacohcea, Porthesia similis, Leucoina salicis, Trictna psi,
Hypena proboscidalis, H. rostralis, Metrocampa marrjaritaria, Hyria
muricata {anroraria) (a good record), F])naturya atoniaria, Biipalus
piniaria, Semiothisa litarata, etc., with larvae of Hibernia defoliaria,
Geometra papilionaria, Himera pennaria, Drepana falcataria, D.
lacertinaria, Lophopteryx camelina, Notodonta ziczac, N. dromedarius,
Asphalia flavicornis, etc.

The Micro-lepidoptera were poorly represented in the captures,
and Mr. Sich reported that nothing notable was taken.

A notable Coleopteron was taken by Mr. Carr and subsequently
identified by Mr. West as Athoits rhonibeus.

An enjoyable and Avell-earned tea at Messrs. Bullock's in Ascot
village terminated the day's outing just as the expected shower
of rain arrived.

JULY 8th, 1915.

Mr. G. B. Pearson, of Russell Square, was elected a member.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited series of Malacosoma lienstria, M.
castrensis, and Cosnwtnc/ie potatoria, and pointed out the variation
shewn.

Mr. Robert Adkin's contribution to the exhibit was confined to
Cosmotriche potatoria, of which species he showed long series,
in which were included specimens from Scotland, Ireland, and
many parts of England. The chief type of variation was the
tendency in some of the females for their colour to approach that
of the normal male, while in some of the males there was a
tendency to approach the female coloration.

Mr. Leeds exhibited the same three species, and pointed out

107

the extremes of variation in J/, neuntria, tlae very dark C. potatoria
males from Norfolk, and also the very richly coloured females from
the same district.

Mr. Sperring showed a very beautifully variegated and dark
suffused female of C. potatoria.

Mr. Brooks exhibited a light yellow male and a dark female with
male coloration of C. potatoria from Wicken. He also showed a
series of M. nexstria, including very red forms, forms with only
mere traces of the transverse band, forms with the band nearly-
divided, extremely dark and light forms, and an aberration in which
the band was very clearly white-edged, a male.

Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited specimens of C. potatoria, including a
female in which the zigzag markings were obsolescent, a male of
uniform pale putty colour and destitute of markings, a male with a
minimum of markings and of a reddish-ochreous suffusion on
forewings, extremely dark specimens from Cambridge, dark
variegated females from Sussex, and several examples in which the
basal pale blotches are extremely emphasised in area.

Mr. B. Adkin then read the following notes on the three species
exhibited by the members : — •

" To-night I am exhibiting specimens of Alalacosoma castrensisy
M. nenstria, and Cosmotriche potatoria, for the purpose of complet-
ing my exhibition and remarks upon those iMchneides which vary
in ground colour from pale yellow to dark brown.

" It is unnecessary for me to give all the forms and names which
are to be found in Tutt. I will state very shortly the main features
of variation.

" Malacosoma castrensis. — -The sexes are dissimilar, their variation
is on different lines, but the most extreme forms, unicolorous
yellow-ochreous on the one hand and unicolorous red-brown on the
other, occur in both sexes. Between these there are many shades
of colour in both sexes, and a great variety of markings. The
typical male has pale yellow ochreous forewings with brown lines
and coppery coloured hindwings. The typical female is fawn
colour with two transverse yellow lines on forewings. The speci-
mens shown, though far from what I should wish, appear to give a-
good idea of the range of variation.

" Malacosoma nenstria. — In both sexes the ground colour varies
from pale yellow ochreous, or buff", to deep rust-red or red-brown.
The markings vary considerably, either two distinct transverse lines
on forewings, or three united, or broken, or forming a band, or
absent. The typical form is yellow or buff, with two distinct trans-

108

verse lines to forewing. The females are seldom yellow and more
often banded. The specimens exhibited show much variation.

" Cosiiiotriche jjotatoria. — In this species, as in those above referred
to, the ground colour of both sexes varies from white ochreous to
brown. The typical male is reddish-brown with intermingled j'el-
lowish shades. The typical female is yellow. The literary type
would appear to be the yellow form in both sexes. In my experi-
ence the yellow form of the male and the brown form of the female
are distinctly uncommon. The yellow male appears to be a form
found only in the Fen districts, but the brown female may occur
anywhere.

" The markings of the forewing consist of a curved line near the
base of the wing, which line is sometimes abbreviated and occasion-
ally absent'; a slanting line from near the tip of the forewing to the
centre of the inner margin, which is seldom absent, but varies in
position and straightness ; and a serrated second line outside the
last, which is sometimes absent, and varies in intensity. The last
two lines are often shaded, and perhaps may occasionally join up to
form a complete band, though no specimens in my collection do so.
I have purposely selected the more strongly marked females for
exhibition, the majority of my females are more ordinary, but there
are many districts where heavily marked females and unicolorous
dark brown males are very common.

" Summary. — On reviewing the five species of Lachneides which I
have exhibited, it appears to me that they show great variation of
ground colour in every case. With the exception of L. quercus,
where yellow forms do not appear to occur in the males (the nearest
I have seen was exhibited by one of our members), both sexes would
appear to vary from pale yellow or buff to dark brown. I do not
not call to mind any other group of the Macro-lepidoptera where
a similar variation occurs.

" Yellow forms of brown insects do not appear to be generally
common. There are many British Rhopalocera that are brown in
ground colour, but it is very unusual for the brown to be replaced
by yellow. It is occasionally found among the Ar<jynnidce, e.g., A.
ettphrosyne, the Vanessidce, e.g., FoUjgnnia c-albam, the Satyridce, e.g.,
Epinephele tithonus, E, jurtina [janira), C'tenonyinplia paniphiltis, etc.,
and in Ruraiis betula and Rumicia phlaas, etc. In the Heterocera,
the tendency is seen in Uochlidion {tleterogenea) avellana {liniacodes).

" The more usual change is I think from red to yellow. Among
the Arctiida the hindwings of Arctia villica and Parasemia planta-
ginis are normally yellow though the latter at times inclines to red,

109

Calliviorpha guaibipitnctaria [hero), normally red, often has j-ellow
and intermediate forms, Arctia caia, normally red in ground colour
of hindwing is not rarely yellow, and yellow hindwings in Calli-
mnrpha duminula, though rare in nature, have come to be exceed-
ingly abundant by means of artificial breeding. The same remark
would appear to apply to the Anthrocerides {Zjj(/acna).

" No doubt there are reasons for these changes in ground colour.
I have not attempted to research, but I feel sure, if a full knowledge
of it is not already available, that it would be an interesting field
for study,"

Mr. Newman stated that he had found it almost impossible to
hybernate the larvae of C. potatoria, and hence one was not able to
ascertain whether any Mendelian characteristics are shown in the
striking variation.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a bred series of Bupalits piniaria
from Leith Hill, including a male of a very pronounced yellow
colour, and a female, which had its colour areas as in the male, but
of two shades of putty colour.

Mr. W. West (Ashtead) exhibited specimens of TriiBna psi and T.
tridens, and asked what were the definite distinction in markings
between the two species. The general opinion was that although
two series side by side were sufficiently different it was practically
impossible to express that difi'erence in words which would suffice in
all cases. Of course the larvae of the species were diflerent in colour
and form.

JULY 22iid, 1915.
Mr. a. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.E.S., Vice-president, in the chair.

Dr. Chapman exhibited the first specimen of Latiorijia pyrenaica
that has been bred, the early stages having up to the present been
unknown ; also several captured specimens, to give members
unacquainted with it some idea of the species. Also specimens of
Latiurina orbitidus var. oberthuri, a form found also in Switzerland,
but more characteristic of the Pyrenees, L. orbitulus and L.
pyrenaica are very closely allied but distinct.

Also specimens of A(piade-'< escheri var. rondoid, bred from eggs
obtained at Gavarnie, though these are var. rondoui, i.e., the
Pyrenean form, they are not ab. rondoui, the form to which that
name was first applied. These have smaller and less bold spots
than the Alpine form, finest perhaps in the Tarentaise, but less so

110

than the ab. rondoui. The males are, however, nice varieties with
discal spots and marginal chevrons.

Also living specimens of Aphidius ervi, Halliday, from the Aphis
of (hwnis arreiisis. It would appear that each species of Aphis has
an Aphidius more or less attached to it only — forming an interesting
field of observation to anyone tired of the more beaten track.

Mr. B. S. Curwen exhibited some first brood females of
Polyommatiis icarus from Pigott's Hole, Eanmore Common, all of
which were much suffused with blue scaling. Two specimens were
of the underside aberration melanotoxa (arcuata).

Dr. Chapman called attention to the fact that a large proportion
of the females of Polyonnnatns icarus in Mr. Curwen's exhibit had
the conspicuous wedge-shaped submarginal blotch of light colour
faithfully reproduced on the upperside.

Mr. A. Sich exhibited coloured drawings, beautifully executed by
himself, of the larvae of the British species of the genus Acronicta,
and referred to the figures of the larva) of Tricena (A.) ])si and
T. tridens, with remarks on the various points of wide difference of
the two species at this stage contrasted with their extreme
similarity in the imaginal stage.

Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited a large series oi Apaturairis and made
remarks on the species as it occurred in Britain. He stated that he
considered this species showed far greater variation than is
generally supposed, and but for its rarity, would be a far more
variable insect than many of our other species of British butterflies.

Two of the specimens shown approached ab. iole, a male had a
brown costa, and a female with heavily marked brown costa had
much brown suffusion over both fore- and hindwings.

Mr, Gibbs said that A. iris formerly occurred in Hertfordshire,
and that Stephens in his "Illustrations," recorded its presence near
Hertford in July, 1833. It was reported to still linger on in the
county, and Dr. A. H. Foster, of Hitchin, had informed him that
he had seen a specimen in 1899 or 1900, just outside Hitch Wood.
Gamekeepers in some of the large Hertfordshire woods confirmed
Dr. Foster's statement, for they said very positively that they
occasionally saw a large purple butterfly, settling on dead birds,
rats, etc., hanging in their " larders." Mr. Gibbs much hoped to
be able to report some day the capture of iris in a locality so near
to London.

Mr. Turner said that one of the old localities was near East
Grinstead, Sussex, but he had sought for it there in vain, and local
report said that it had disappeared many years before.

Ill

Mr. Adkin said that the species was common at Chattenden in
the 80's, but had long since disappeared there.

Mr. Sich said that it occurred in Abbot's Wood in the 70's, but
he knew of no recent captures.

Mr. Newman had seen but not captured it in the N. Kent
woods, and remarked that these woods were so little worked that
possibly it still existed in places.

Several members remarked on its increasing scarcity in the New
Forest, where it had been worked persistently for so many years.

Mr. B. W. Adkin said that it was more common across the Welsh
border, as it also was in the Northampton woods.

Mr, Gibbs called attention to the re-exhibit at S. Kensington of
the material illustrating the results of the investigation on the
destruction caused to army biscuits by insects, and said that the
new methods adopted as a consequence of the report of that enquiry
had been eminently successful, the country being saved thousands
of pounds thereby.

Mr. B. W. Adkin said that this year he had found the females
of Ayriades thetis to show a considerable amount of blue scaling and
to have the orange marking on the upperside emphasised. Mr.
Newman said that this was very usual in hot, sunny years, and
noted that the present year had been very sunny for a long period
during late spring and early summer.

Mr. Edwards and Mr. Gibbs noted that the 2nd brood of
Celastrina aryiolus was now well out.

Mr, Newman said that he had captured immigrant females of
both Pyrameis cardui and P. atalanta a month or more ago, and
found them virgin, whereas specimens he had captured a few days
ago paired readily and were now laying their ova,

Mr, Gibbs reported that F. atalanta had been observed by
Mr. Oldham, of St. Albans, on the top of the high mountains
in Carnarvonshire. Also that a larva found there feeding on lichen
had produced Lithosia complanula. It had fed a little on sallow in
confinement.

Mr. Sich said that almost immediately Kuchlo'e cardamines was
over in Surrey this year he had observed P. atalanta.

AUGUST 12th, 1916.

Mr. B. H. Smith exhibited the following species of Lepidoptera
from New Zealand : — Pyrameis yonerilla, the New Zealand repre-
sentative of P. cardui, Argyrophenya antiporum, formerly placed

112

in the genus Erebia, to which it is closely allied, and several species
of LycanidfB.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a short series of Zijgcena trifolii
var. paliiatris from Somerset, including confluent forms and an
aberration of Xanthorho'e sociata, in which the usual dark fascia on
the left forewing was reduced to a blotch on the inner margin.

Mr. West, of Ashtead, exhibited ova of the Neuropteron,
Chrysopa peiia, laid solitary each on a long stalk.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited a living specimen of a European
Salamander [Salamandra maculata), and contributed the following
note : — " The salamander exhibited was found in a garden at
Blackheath, and an owner was unable to be found for it. It is a
native of the Tyrol, It feeds readily on earthworms and has been
in my possession since November last. It is very fond of its bath.
According to Gadow there are about twenty-five species of
salamander known so far."

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a short series of Brenthis pales var.
aisilache. The series was a small form of the variety, which he
had found in an extremely restricted locality in the Engadine,
between St. Moritz and Campfer, and which was attracted by the
flowers of the Marsh Cinquefoil [Comarum paliistre), of which he
exhibited a dried specimen.

He also showed a series of forms of Parascmia plantaginis, which
he had casually met with around St. Moritz, Engadine, in 1914,
includmg a normal male and female, a male with increase of
yellow ground on the hindwings, two males with the ground colour
on both wings of an almost pure white, but with the black area
much increased especially on the hindwings, a male with the
markings quite ordinary in position and area, but with the ground
colour on all wings pure white, and a male with yellow ground
colour on all wings and a considerable increase of the black area.

Mr Stanley Edwards read the following Report of the delegates
to the Congress of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies
at Brighton.

The twentieth annual Congress of the Union was held at Brighton
from June 2nd to the 6th, in the Public Library in Church Street,
the intended meeting-place, the Pavilion, being occupied by the
Indian wounded, but the present building with its various galleries
of Art, Anthropological and Zoological specimens, was, I think,
more in keeping with a gathering of the kind. Two excursions
were arranged for Wednesday afternoon, one a visit to the fine
Booth collection of birds, under the guidance of Mr. H. S. Toms,

113

where tea had been provided for 100 guests through the kindness of
Alderman and Mrs. Griffiths ; the other, under the guidance of Mr.
F. Harrison, a stroll round "Old Brighton," when Dr. Martin gave
an account of the " Old Ship Hotel."

I arrived as one of your delegates on the Wednesday evening, my
co-delegate, Mr. H. J. Turner, being unable to be present until
Saturday. In the evening, the ex-President, Dr. Chalmers Mitchell,
F.R.S., occupied the chair, and was supported by the Mayor,
Alderman Otter, J.P, The address of the President, Dr. J. S.
Haldane, M.A., L.L.D., F.R.S., was given in the Permanent Art
Gallery. Unfortunately Dr. Haldane was unable to be present,
being detained in London by Government business, and the
Chairman called upon the Secretary, Dr. Martin, to read it. The
subject was, " The place of Biology in Human knowledge and
endeavour," and having referred to the greatest war the world has
ever seen, went on to the problem, " What is Life ? "

The Chairman expressed thanks to Dr. Martin for the admirable
way in which he had read the " Address," and on the proposal of
the Mayor, seconded by Dr. Dukinlield Scott, a vote of thanks was
passed to Dr. Haldane.

On Thursday morning the Delegates met to hear the Annual
Report, the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, F.R.S., in the chair. The
report showed that 73 societies were affiliated to the Union. The
Treasurer, Mr. Adkin, read the balance sheet, which was satisfac-
tory, and it was agreed that, as in 1916 the Union would celebrate
its 21st birthday, the Congress be held at Tunbridge Wells, under
the Presidency of the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, its first President.

Subsequently, Prof. Boulger in the chair, Mr, C. C. Fagg, of
Croydon, read a paper on "Natural History Societies and Regional
Surveys," in which he advocated maps as being the most compre-
hensive method, and illustrated it from the Croydon survey.

At twelve o'clock Mr. Hugh Findon, F.L.S., gave a paper
illustrated by lantern slides, " The Problem of Fluviatile and
Terrestrial Shellfish," Mr. Whitaker, F.R.S., being in the chair.

In the afternoon, one excursion was to visit churches at Sumpt-
ing (which is considered unique in England on account of its four-
gabled spire), Old Shoreham, Lancing, Broadwater, and West Tar-
ring, under the guidance of Mr. P. M. Johnstone, F.R.I.B.A. It
was a delightful drive, although the weather might with advantage
have been warmer.

The other excursion was a local geological one, to the Black Rock

114

for examination of the "Brighton Cliff Formation," conducted by
Mr. E. A. Martin, F.G.S.

In the evening the conversazione took place, when the Mayor and
Mayoress received the President and some 300 guests ; and a few
impromptu speeches were made. The various galleries were well
filled with objects of interest, amongst which was a very interesting
local botanical exhibit. A good musical programme enhanced the
evening's proceedings.

Friday morning was devoted to two papers, one on " Brighton's
Lost River," by Mr. E. A. Martin, who said, "In the Brighton
valley we know that within the memory of many who are still
living, the London road from Patcham has been rendered impass-
able at times owing to the welling up of water from underground
sources. As recently as 1876 this Wellsbourne, as it was called?
flooded the road into Brighton. The port of Brighthelmstone ex-
tended in ' recent times from about the Old Ship Hotel to West
Street." A discussion followed, when Mr. F. Merrifield said he
remembered the stream in the London road in the forties. Mr. H.
D. Roberts, Director of the Library Institution, mentioned that the
traces of the lost river were so near to them as to exist in the base-
ment of the Public Library, where machinery had been installed to
pump out the water, Avhich at times percolated through from the
old river course.

Mr. A. Bonner then read a paper on " The Study of Place names,
with illustrations from the South-East of England." He gave
amongst others the evolution of a place name as illustrated by
Parkminster, the Carthusian Monastery at Cowfold. The original
name of the farm there was Picknowle, the land was bought by a
man who built a big house there, and thinking the name not good
enough, he changed it to Parknowle. Eventually he sold the pro-
perty to the Carthusian monks, who changed the name to Park-
minster.

At a sectional meeting a paper on " The House Fly Peril "
was read by Major G. Hurlstone Hardy.

On Friday afternoon there were two excursions. The first was
to Leonardslee, Horsham, the estate of Sir Edmund Loder, Bart.,
J.P., where some 76 members went by motor charabancs. After a
very pleasant drive, we arrived at this " earthly paradise," and
thanks were duly given to Councillor Henry Cane for obtaining
permission to go over this estate. Sir E. Loder conducted us,
pointing out a magnificent display of rhododendrons, azaleas, etc.
There were also wallabies, emus, deer, and beavers living free in

115

the open pai'k. We saw our host's museum, where there were
trophies from many lands, as he is a great sportsman. Eventually
the party were brought back to the house, where tea had been
provided on the lawn by Lady Loder. Professor Boulger proposed,
and Mr. Merrifield seconded, a hearty vote of thanks to Sir E.
Loder for his kindness. The other field meeting was a local
Archaeological one, and conducted by Mr. H. S. Toms, to Holling-
bury Camp.

On Friday evening, before a crowded audience, Mr. E. J. Bedford
gave a most interesting lecture on " Sussex Orchids," illustrated
with many lantern slides.

On Saturday morning I attended the Delegates meeting, when
Reading was suggested as a suitable place to hold the Congress in
1917.

At 11.30, Professor G. S. Boulger, F.L.S., gave a most interesting
historical account of " Kew, some notes on its connection with the
History of Botany," with Dr. Scott, F.R.S., in the chair.

In the afternoon Lewes and its churches were visited, and also
the castle, the conductor being Mr. J. S. North.

A Botanical meeting was held at Saddlescombe and Poynings,
conducted by Mr. H. Edmonds, B.Sc.

So ended the Congress, which if on account of the war, was not
so largely attended as some of the previous ones have been, was
second to none in interest.

AUGUST 2eth, 1915.
Mr. A. E. ToNGE, F.E.S., Vice-president, in the chair.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited leaves of the sycamore showing the
circular holes made by the larvae of the sawfly, Phi/llotoma aceris,
when constructing its case for pupation. In two of the leaves the
discs were not yet detached. He also showed leaves of the alder in
which another species of Phtjllotoma fed. In this case he pointed
out that the species did not detach a disc containing its pupal
chamber, but the whole leaf fell.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited a number of butterflies from
South America illustrative of the genera Cybdelis, Cijcloyramyna,
Catonephele {Epicalia) and Mijscelia, most of the species showing
extreme sexual dimorphism. Included were Cybdelis mnasi/lus,
Cyclof/ramvm pandana, Catonephele iiunnlia, 0. acontius, E/jicalia
chromis, E. ni/ctimiis, E. salambria and Myscelia orsis.

116

Mr. Newman exhibited a " blue " captured by him in Kent on
July 4th, which he considered from its colour and markings to be a
hybrid between A<jriades con'don and A. adonis. Dr. Chapman said
that it appeared to resemble a specimen he had obtained from the
" Tutt " collection, and which on examination microscopically he
found to be the hybrid known as polunns. Mr. Newman also
exhibited two underside aberrations of A. coridon, in one of which
the ground colour was pearly white with large spots, the other was
a form ab. ohsoUta.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited the ova of Chrysopa flava. These were
attached to long stalks, but were assembled in a bunch, not soli-
tary as in the case of the Clirysopa jierla exhibited recently by Mr.
West.

Mr. C. B. Williams exhibited a box containing the Lepidoptera he
had met with in the Italian Val Formazza, leading up from Domo-
dossola to the Tosa Falls (912ft. to 5400ft. above sea level). (See
"Ent. Eecord," vol. xxviii., p. 4.)

Mr. Ashdown exhibited two aberrations of C'occindla bijinnctata ;
one having irregular blotches on each elytron and the other having
a transverse bar and marginal spots. They were from Surrey.

Mr. West exhibited a rare species of Coleoptera, ScjpiinKs arcuatus,
presented to the Society by the Rev. J. T. Perry, formerly a mem-
ber, from Henley-on-Thames. It was a rare species. Mr. C. B.
WilUams suggested that it was the larva of this species he believed
to feed on the Aleijrodes (Aleiirodes) sp. which was found on ivy.

Mr. Sperring exhibited some extremely dark aberrations of Boar-
mia (jemmaria [rhomhoidaria) which he had bred from ova. The
larvae were hibernated in a sleeve on privet. The parent was taken
at Daren th, Kent.

Mr. Tonge exhibited examples of Zyriaena tilipendtihe, the con-
fluent form, from Reigate, and asked if this aberration had been
met with elsewhere. Several members, in spite of breeding large
numbers, had not obtained this form.

Mr. B. S. Williams, on behalf of Mr. E. Wanhill, exhibited a
curious example of Gonepteryx rhamni, bred from a North Kent
larva. It was predominantly a male, in which the forewnngs were
streaked with female coloration. He also showed melanic examples
of llibernia defoUaria from Epping Forest, and two very pale almost
aibinistic forms of the same species.

Mr. Bowman exhibited a long series of Hibernia defoUaria taken
in Epping Forest in 1914. Included were a dozen decided melanic
specimens, nine of which had smoky hindwings, while the other

117

three were somewhat paler. A few specimens were very light in
ground colour, and a few others fairly dark. The bulk of the series
were mostly dark banded with a light ground. Two of the melanic
specimens had a deep yellow marginal area, all the rest of the
melanic specimens had dark fringes on the outer margin. One of
the examples had an irregularly widened submarginal band which
angled out nearly to the margin. A considerable proportion of the
specimens had a portion of the light central area white, while one
example had almost the whole of this area white. In one specimen
the sub-basal transverse band was extended to the base. Several
examples had the transverse light band of two distinct shades of
colour longitudinally. There were only three of the form with the
almost uniform orange mottling. There were several specimens in
which the two dark transverse bands approach one another very
closely near the inner margin. Mr. Bowman said that during the
nine previous years he had only obtained two melanic forms in the
same locality, while in 1914 he alone had taken the twelve examples
exhibited, while other entomologists also had obtained the form.

SEPTEMBER 9th, 1915.
Mr. A. E. GiBBS, F.L.S., Vice- president, in the chair.

Mr. Sano exhibited living larvae, pupae, and imagines of the
Longicorn Coleopteron, Rhaijium inquisitor.

Mr. Leeds exhibited a number of underside aberrations of A(jriades
coridon mainly from Royston, Herts, including some with very dark
ground colour, asymmetrical, and nearly obsolete forms. He also
showed A. coridon ab. syiujra/iha with very dark borders, ab.
seniisynipapha, and numerous female Puhjommatns icarus with much
blue suffusion. It was the observation of several members who had
visited Royston, Herts, this season, that the females of coridon were
not in the great majority over the males as they had been reported
to be in previous years.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited imagines of the pi/lades group of the genus
Papilio and read the following note : —

" The piilades group is composed of but a few species having
fairly well-defined Inuits of distribution south of the Sahara.
P. pylades is found from West-North Tropical Africa to the White
Nile, and southwards to the most northerly part of the Congo
State. F. anyolanus (Goeze) from the Congo southwards to the
coast of Natal. P. morania (Angus) from the south-east coast

118
of Natal to Delagoa Bay. P. endochus (Bsd.) is confined to

Mr. West (Greenwich) exhibited the rare Coleopteron, Athous
rhombeiis, taken at the Field Meeting at Ascot on July 3rd by
Mr. Carr.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited an aberration of Ei(pithecia
siibnotata, in which the usual mottled markings were for the most
part absent, the submarginal area of the forewings being marked
by a series of quadrate light spots. He also reported a conflict
between a robin and a Catocala nupta ; the latter finally escaping.

Mr. R. Adkin reported having seen Colias ediisa near Eastbourne,
and Mr. Leeds reported var. helice from Hertfordshire.

SEPTEMBER lUh, 1915.

P'lELD Meeting in the Claygate and Oxshott Woods.

Leader.— Ry. J. Turner, F.E.S.

It was thought that a larva-hunting field meeting might be held
in this generally good locality with some profit to those taking part.
Apparently this was not so, as only one record waa sent in, and
personally, but few items were noted, while the nine members who
succeeded in finally gaining the tea-house had met with but little
luck. The number nine is somewhat misleading, for taking into
account those members who got lost in the maze of woods, those
who attended the meeting and did not go to the tea, those who did
not know that there was a meeting and were present a part of the
time, together with those who sent in their names and cried off, we
should have scored at least twenty.

Mr. Ashdown records finding no less than nine species of
Coccinellid(e by beating the fir trees, while by sweeping he got
nothing but a few Hemiptera, the only capture of note in this order
being PilojJtoriis cinnamojtterus.

[Subsequently to the reading of the Report the following species
were reported as being taken in the larval stage: — hhipitJiecia
coronata, K.lariciata, E. albipitnctata, E.centaureata, E.absijnthiata,
E. assiviilata, E. vulgata, E. saccenturiata , E. exiguata, Arctia ro/a,
Heniithea strigata, Cabera ])iisaria, Euchoeca ohliterata, etc.] .

SEPTEMBER 23rd, 1915.
Mr. A. E. GiBBS, F.L.S., F.E.S. , Vice-president, in the chair.
An evening for the Exhibition of Lantern-slides.

119

Mr. Rowan exhibited a long series of slides illustrating the habits
of birds, many of them taken under difficult circumstances, and only
after great patience. The series included sets of the Common Owl,
Common Tern, Little Tern, Wild Duck, Bullfinch, Robin, Song
Thrush, Moorhen, Dotteril, Lapwing and Turkey.

Mr. Tonge exhibited slides of the resting attitudes of the imagines
of Urapteri/x saiiihncariti, Ereiiiobia ochroleiica on a flowerhead,
Dicranitra viniila on a tree-trunk, Pyrameis cardiii on a flower, and
ova of Cidaria corylata.

Mr. Colthrup exhibited the attitudes of the living larvfe of
Zyija-na liippocrepidis, Angerona prunaria, Dicranura vinula, and the
resting positions of Brenthis enphrosyne, Epinephele tithonus, E.
jurtina J , Gonepteryx rhanmi, RuDiicia phUms, Melauaryia yalathea,
with a group of Polyoinmatus Icarus settled for the night.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a series of coloured slides of botanical
and entomological subjects, including slides of Orchids with Cypn-
fedium, Alpine Plants, Narcissus with the narcissus-fly, a Dragon-
fly, Water-plants, a sunset scene in Epping Forest, etc.

Mr. Tonge exhibited a long series of Boarmia repandata and var.
conversario, reared by him from ova laid by a female var. couversaria
taken at Holt, Norfolk, on June 20th, 1914. The result was a most
abnormal one being 5 s repandata form = 29, 3' s repandata form =
1; 2 s converaaria iovm — d9, g' s conversaria iorm^^O. Mr. Tonge
also exhibited a series of Nunieria pulveraria reared from ova laid by
a female taken at Abbot's Wood, in May, 1918, in which the varia-
tion was practically nil. The result showed of 3 s = 24, ? s = 27.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a specimen of Crocallis elhujuaria,
captured at Finchley in August, in which the yellow ground colour
was heavily dotted with dark brown, while the central band was
much darker with a sharp pale line separating it from the ground
colour.

Mr. West, of Ashtead, exhibited a specimen of the Fairy Shrimp
Branchippns diaphanus, a freshwater Crustacean, taken in a deep
cart rut where water had collected, during the Society's Field meet-
ing at Claygate, on September 11th.

Mr. Morford exhibited the case of the Psychid, I'achythelia villo-
sella from the New Forest.

Mr. Buckstone exhibited a small bred series of Lithoaia deplana
from Mickleham. One ? specimen had all four wings dark smoky
colour, the costal margins and fringes being rich yellow^

Mr. Priske exhibited the large Dipterous galls in the stems of
thistles caused by Urojdiora eardiii.

120

Mr. Leeds exhibited a number of specimens of " blues " that he
had taken this season, mostly in Herts ; they included aberrations
of Agriades coridon from Royston, males with perfect rings on the
hind margins of the hindwings, forms of the female with khaki
streaks, underside aberrations, and a specimen of Epineplielejurtina
with additional spots on both upper and underside forewings. He
also showed an example of A. coridon ab. semhywjrapha from Kent.

OCTOBER Uth, 1915.
Mr. A. E. ToNGE, F.E.S., Vice-preddent, in the chair.

M. Sano, a Belgian entomologist, exhibited a large number of
lantern-slides illustrative of the life-history of Geotnipes stercorarius,
and contributed a series of notes on the exhibits. He also exhibited
lantern-slides which had been made by Mr. Main who had col-
laborated with him. (See page 25.)

Mr. Priske exhibited the seven British species of the genus
Geotrtipes, and called attention to a coppery coloured aberration of
G. stercorarius.

Mr. Main exhibited some cages which he had in use to watch the
method of cell-making by these beetles, and contributed the
following " Note to M. Constant Sano's paper on the Dor Beetle,"

" The Society is indebted to M. Sano for the interesting paper
which he has allowed us to publish,

"I wish to record my thanks to him for introducing me to such
an interesting insect, and for his kindness in going to much trouble
to secure for me a number of specimens from which I was able to
make the accompanying photographs.

" During the War our Society offered its hospitality to members
of the Natural History Societies of our Allies, and we were able to
welcome M. Constant Sano, of Antwerp, as a frequent visitor and
exhibitor.

"M, Sano's observations correct a number of errors commonly
repeated in our books on Coleoptera. Nearly every writer I have
referred to on the subject of the insect under consideration
introduces or copies numerous errors.

"One well-known popular author, in addition to errors in his few
remarks on its life-history, says the Dor Beetle is " the Shard-borne
beetle of Gray's well-known Elegy." What the poet really
says is : —

" . , . . the Beetle wheels his droning flight,"

121

" It is Shakespeare who says : —

"Ere to black Hecate's summons,
The shard-born beetle with his drowsy hums
Hath rung night's yawning peal."

" Both references are generally considered to refer to the insect
in question."

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited a very long and varied series
of Aplecta nebulosa and its varieties ab. robsoni, ab. thompsoni, and
intermediate forms, A pairing was obtained in 1914 from male
and female, both of the robsoni form ; about 400 ova were laid, of
which over 350 were successfully reared to the imago, and the
percentages are as follows : —

Robsoni (mcluding intermediate) 50 %, typical specimens 26 %,
thoinpsoni 24 %.

He also showed a series of Boarmia rejiandata var. convermria,
from a pairing obtained between a typical light Hunts $ crossed
with conversaria <? . A large percentage of the brood were reared,
and that every specimen produced was var. conversaria, and every
one a $ , is a most remarkable result.

Mr. Newman recorded the following interesting breeding
experience that had occurred to him with Abra.ms yrossnlariata of
the race containing ab. varleijata.

" In 1908 I thought I had lost this strain, but I continued to
inbreed from typical specimens from the same race that in 1907
produced the var., and this year I bred 10 % varlei/ata, so that the
var. has remained dormant in the stram five years, during which
period nothing but typical forms were produced."

Mr. Kaye, in reference to Mr. Newman's exhibit, quoted the
opinion of the late J. W. Tutt that not all melanic forms are new,
but were ancient forms which for years had ceased to be dominant,
but which were liable to reappear in favourable circumstances.

Mr. P. A. Buxton communicated the following record sent from
the Dardanelles by his brother, Mr. D. A. J. Buxton.

" I saw a big hawk moth one evening lately, and was going to
pursue it with my helmet, when a young butcher-bird swooped
down and flew off with it to a tree across a field. I followed,
hoping to find the wings at least, and there he was pecking away
and enjoying himself. As he shewed no intention of dropping it,
but rather of flying off elsewhere, I threw a stone at him and he
disappeared, but he took his dinner with him. It was a spurge or
striped hawk, or similar species."

Mr. Main, in referring to Mr. Buxton's communication, said

122

that he had allowed an Amorpha popnli to escape in the twilight
one evening, when it was immediately chased by a starling from
the roof and caught on the wing. Mr. Buxton said that some time
ago Dr. Cockayne had set free a very large number of this species
and had thereby attracted all the sparrows of the neighbourhood.
It must be noted that A. popnli is not a strong flier.

Mr. Morford exhibited a number of specimens of Setina irrorella,
S. aurita, and its var. ramosa, sent to him by Professor Morel
from N. Italy.

Mr. Ashby exhibited a long series of the rare Buprestid beetle,
Agriltts viridis, which he had met with in some numbers in the
New Forest. He pointed out the sexual dimorphism in colour, the
^ being green on the under surface of the abdomen and the
? coppery. He said that he found it of no use to beat for the
species, the females were taken flj'ing low.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited specimens of Zi/t/icna JilipendidcB,
reared in July last from pupse collected in a field at the top of the
Downs near Otford, Kent, on the occasion of the Society's field
meeting. One of the specimens had only five spots on the upper-
side of the forewings, the usual outer sixth spot being absent, but
on the underside the position of the missing sixth spot was
indicated by a dull red blotch. The black margins of the hindwings
were somewhat broader than is usual in Z. fiiipendula, in this
respect resembling Z. trifolii, but the fact of the pupae being found
high up on a grass stem, and the presence of the sixth red blotch
on the underside showed that it could not be the latter species.

Mr. Newman recorded that a correspondent of his near Brighton
had bred some thousands of Z. fxUpendtdir, and amongst them were
between twenty and thirty of this five-spotted form, while a large
number had the sixth spot only very faintly marked.

OCTOBER 28th, 1915.
Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S., in the chair.

Mr. W. J. Lucas read a paper on " British Cockroaches," and
exhibited a large number of lantern slides illustrative of his subject.
(See page 29.)

In the subsequent remarks Mr. Edwards noted that he had
observed at Blackheath that Blattella gemianica was gradually turn-
ing out the formerly abundant species lUatta oricntaiis, and Mr. P.

123

A. Buxton said that at Cambridge it was Periplaneta anstralasifi that
was supplanting Blattella geniiauica.

Mr. P. A. Buxton exhibited a box of butterflies taken by him some
time ago during a tour in Algeria, and called attention to the fact
that the species were practically all either European species or forms
closely allied to them, Teracolus nnmii being the only species purely
African in its affinities. There was included a nice series of the
beautiful Enchlo'e charlonia, and also specimens of the rare Antlio-
charts falloui.

Mr. Alfred Sich exhibited two mines of the rare Tineid, Nejiticnla
tilice, Frey, from the Torrent Walk, Dolgelly, Merionethshire, and
stated that many empty mines were noted in the Fairy Glen,
Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire. The larvae mine the leaves of the
lime, and seem to prefer trees growing in a shady situation near
water.

Mr. Priske exhibited a rare slug, Liinax cinereo-niijer, which he
had found in Epping Forest. It was, he believed, the first record of
the species in Essex. Mr. Sich remarked that the species was by
no means common, and that when full grown it was much larger,
in fact it was one of the largest of our indigenous species.

Mr. Moore exhibited a living male specimen of the stick-insect
{Linchodes, sp.) which has been so extensively bred in England
during the last few years.

Mr. Brooks exhibited a series of Plebeiiin aijon from Kendal, in-
cluding several examples of the beautiful blue female form known
as ab. masseiji, Tutt. He also showed a specimen of Chamas
giaminis, in which the usual wedge-shaped submarginal dark mark-
ings on the forewings were nearly obsolete.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a short series of Maiiwstra [Hadena)
trifulii {clienopodii), including a very pale ochreous grey form bred
from Finchley, a dark greyish fuscous form captured, and a reddish
ochreous specimen taken at Wicken. The last form he stated
was very uncommon.

Mr. Bowman exhibited a specimen of Saturnia carpini which was
very dark in general coloration with exceptionally red lower wings.
He also exhibited an abnormally sized and shaped cocoon of the
same species, which possibly might prove to have been made by-
two larvae.

NOVEMBER llth, 1915.

Mr. A. E. GiBBs, F.L.S., F.E.S., Vice-preaident, in the chair.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a short series of FAipithecia castif/ata

124

reared in May last from ova obtained from a moth taken on the
occasion of the Society's field meeting at Beaconsfield on June
^Oth, 1914. The larvse were fed almost entirely on the flowers of
an Alpine campanula (Campanula piisilla), a species often grown in
rock-gardens, apparently preferring it to any of the numerous other
wild or garden flowers with which they are usually associated.

Mr. A. Sich exhibited the following four species of British slugs,
AgrioUmax arjrestis, Milax sowerbii, Avion hortensis, and Testacella
scutuliuii, and a series of coloured drawings of all the British species
of land slugs, executed by himself. He then read a paper entitled
" Limacology." (See p. 41.)

In the ensuing discussion Mr. Priske stated that he had frequently
seen Testacella disgorge the worm it had just previously swallowed.
Mr. Morford said that in Cornwall slugs were considered as a cure
for hooping-cough, and Mr. Edwards noted that in some parts of
the country they were strongly recommended to those suffering
from consumption, Mr. Adkin referred to the impossibility of
satisfactorily preserving slugs for any length of time. Sooner or
later the body shrinks and the colour goes. A weak solution of
formalin, as a preservative, is only effective for a few months.

NOVEMBER 25th, 1915.

Annual Exhibition of Varieties.

Mr. A. E. GiBBS, F.L.S., F.E.S., Vice-president, in the chair.

Mr. A. E. Tonge exhibited : —

(1) A specimen of Pyrameis atalanta with the band of the
hindwing orange in colour instead of red. It was taken at Deal.

(2) A series of Poli/oiinnatiis icarus, males and females, selected
from the year's captures, to show extreme blueness in female
upperside and range of underside aberration in both sexes, taken at
Deal and Reigate.

(8) A(jriades thetis {bellaiyns), females of very blue coloration of
the first brood from Reigate.

(4) Selected specimens of A;/riades coridon, of both sexes, from
Deal, Ashford, and Reigate, showing considerable aberration. One
(J has a leaden-coloured upperside, with underside clouded and
indistinct, suggested as due to moisture.

(5) A short series of confluent forms of Zi/i/wna filipendula, in
which the central and basal spots were united into an irregular
blotch.

125

Mr. H. A. Leeds series of Lycpcnid aberrations as follows ; —
Agriades coridon.

<? . Very wide blackish border. (Upperside, Herts.), a.b. suffusa.
3 . Intermediate between ab. fowleri and type. (Upperside,

Herts.)
3 . Approaching ab. fowleri. (Upperside, Herts.)
3 . Marginal black spots of hiudwings completely ringed with

white and black circles — margin of forewings also well

marked. (Upperside, Kent.)
5 . Ab. sfi)iis;/ngya}ilta with khaki streaks on right forewing.

(Upperside, Herts.)
3 . Central spots elongated into streaks on forewings, (Under-
side, Herts.)
3. Forewings: — Left side, 4 interrupted spots, approaching

ab. an-ua; right side, var. melanotoxa, but with t\>o black

lines instead of one. (Underside, Herts.)
3 . Pale spots, small and few in number. (Underside, Herts.)
$ . Spots large on all wings, and forewings whitish suffused.

(Underside, Herts.)
5 . Heavy coalescence of many black spots on forewings.

(Underside, Herts.)
2 . Some spots coalescent on forewings. (Underside, Herts.)
5 . Many spots lanceolated or comma-shaped on forewings.

(Underside, Herts.)
? . Few spots elongated or united on forewings. (Underside,

Herts.)
? . Underside whitish on forewings, with additional dots and

fine streaks of black, nervuuos well-defined. Upperside,

ab. seiiiisiiwjraplia. (Herts.)
$ . Sparsely spotted vars. (Underside, Herts.)
Polyoiii Hiatus icarns.

2 . Mauve-blue ground, discal spots surrounded with whitish,

within outer marginal border are large wedge-shaped
whitish markings, on all wings. The forewings have only
two faint ocellated spots on border, hindwings orange
markings very slight, but black dots are distinct. (Upper-
side, Herts.)

? . Dark metallic blue ground. (Upperside, Herts.)

? . Metallic blue ground. (Upperside, Herts.)

? . ab. cwndea. (Upperside, Herts.)

3 . Sparsely spotted vars. (Underside, Herts.)
? . Very slightly spotted. (Underside, Herts.)

126

? . Spots elongated. (Underside, Herts.)

? . Black spots and their white surroundings elongated on upper
wings ; also additional dots. (Underside, Herts.)
Ccenonympha pamphilus.

y . Large, bright tawny with ochreous blotches. (Upperside,

Herts.)
S' . ab. hjUus. (Upperside, Herts.)
^ . ab. pallida. (Underside, Kent.)
c? . Ochreous ground, borders approaching ab. hjlUiH, apical spots

dark. (Upperside, Herts.)
$ . Approaching ab. jiallida. (Upperside, Kent.)
? . Very large and dark apical spots. (Upperside, Hunts.)
Agriades thetis [bellargmi).

t? . Smoky suffused. (Underside, Kent.)

$ . Forewings with few extra spots, some coalescing. (Under-
side, Kent.)
Chattendenia [Thecla] iv-albuni.

3- . W almost absent. (Underside, Hunts.)
Epinephele jiirtina (ianira).

? . Two extra spots beneath ocelli on forewings. (Underside,
Herts.)
Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited a series of Dijaatroma concinnata
taken by Mr. E. Y. Horn, at Terbert, on the mainland of Argyle-
shire.

To compare with these were series of D. concinnata, Arran Isle,
and melanic aberration, the two Irish concinnata taken by Captain
Gwatkin-Williams, R.N., on Achil Island, D. citrata {innnanata) ab.
pythonissata from the Shetlands, a varied series from E. Aberdeen-
shire, D. tnincata, English and Scottish, and a form from Suther-
land showing great resemblance to concinnata. The point of the
exhibit is that concinnata has not been taken on the mainland of
Scotland since Curtis took it in August, 1835. Mr. Home's series
was taken at rest on rocks amongst heather, and no typical tnincata
were present. The specimens were taken in July, 1915.

Mr. Percy Bright exhibited very fine series of striking aberrations,
of which the following are the principal forms ; —

limnicia phlaas. — (1) An underside right hindwing with markings
of upperwing reproduced. (2) An underside having very dark
hindwings with striated markings in lighter colour.

Arctia caja. — (1)A graduated series of aberrations from a
magnificent specimen with forewings wholly cream coloured, except

127

a central spot, to a melanic example with forewings completely
brownish-black without lighter colour. (2) A striking asjaiimetrical
form in which the right fore- and hindwings were very melanic.
(3) An extraordinary form in which the colours on the forewings
were reversed.

Atjriades coridon. — A curious silvery-white specimen found in an
old British collection without data, comparable with a Spanish form.

Pieris brassiae. — (1) An unique aberration of the (J of a pinkish-
drab colour, bred by Mr. Percy Kichards from wild larvae this year.
(2) A fine $ form in which the markings on the forewings were
connected into a more or less perfect band.

Euchlo'e cardamines. — (1) An example with pale orange apex of
forewings. (2) One with clear yellow apex. (3) The scarce
aberration without central spots. (4) Six gynandromorphic speci-
mens, including one with left side 3 , right side ? . (5) A very
dark underside with much less white than usual on the hindwings.

Leptosia sinapis. — (1) A dark cream coloured example. (2)
Three without dark tips to the forewings. (3) An underside of
dark brown. (4) An underside of deep green.

Gonepteryx rhainni. — (1) Four specimens with scarlet markings.

(2) A very striking form with bright scarlet tip to the left forewing.

(3) Three gynandromorphic specimens. (4) An example with a
very dark underside.

Chrysophanus dispar. — A series of 14 examples, including one
with bleached right forewing.

Mr. Bright also exhibited for Mr. Tatchell of Bournemouth : —

1. A J Satiirnia carpini of very dark general coloration, bred
in 1914.

2. A bred 5 of FJrioiiaster lanestris with the central white spots
on forewings replaced by dark brown.

3. An extremely finely-developed ab. fouieri of Ayriades coridon,
taken in the Isle of Purbeck in 1914.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited : —

1. Long and varied series of Pieris napi from Ireland, showing
extreme variations from spotless to very large spotted and
approaching banded males, and females very heavily marked and
yellowish.

2. Long and varied series of ApLeeta nebidosa bred from ova
obtained from a pairing of the var. robsoni, the brood producing 50
per cent, robsoni, 26 per cent, type, and 24 per cent. t}u»iipsoni.

3. Series of Zyyana tilipendida bred from ova, the larvjie being
two years in feeding up. Female parent being the orange variety

128

and male parent yellow variety, the result being all pmk, orange,
and yellow specimens, no red being bred.

4. Specimens of Abraxas (/rossidanata ab, vaiieyata bred from a
strain which had produced types only for the past five years. In
the previous years to this vaiieyata were bred from the strain each
year.

5. Series of Ennomoa tpiercinaria bred from a Regent's Park
female, including banded and unicolorous chocolate forms.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited—

1. A series of aberrations of Agriades coridon from Royston,
Herts, including a number of ? ab. semisyngrapha, incomplete
seinisyngrapha, a female irregularly striated with blue on the fore-
wings, a number of specimens with the discoidal spots on all wings
conspicuously marked with white, and one or two aberrations in the
underside spotting.

2. A series of ten males and nine females of Paniassius deliiis
taken in the Engadine at 8000ft. on one afternoon in August, 1914,
showing much minor aberration.

Mrs. R. E. Page exhibited, on behalf of Mr. P. A. H. Muschamp,
of Stafa, Switzerland, a long series of more or less gynandro-
morphous males resulting from one brood of crossing of Lymantria
dispar and its. \qx. japonica. The breeding of these insects is inte-
resting as a proof of the truth of Dr. Schweitzer's theory that one
out of every four batches of ova from this particular degree of
mongrelisation, should give all gynandromorphous males. Further
particulars will shortly be available in the "Entomologist's Record."

Mr. A. Mera exhibited a variable series of Lainpropteryx (Cidaria)
sujfuiiiata and other allied species, and remarked that the principal
feature consisted of three specimens of sujf'imiata taken in East
Devon and given to him by the Rev. J. W. Metcalfe, who told him
that where the insects were taken there is none of the usual food-
plant of stifumata, viz., the common hedge bedstraw. The three
specimens certainly stand out very distinctly from the other siij^u-
viata in the drawer, both in shape and size of wing, and seem in
markings and size as near to Enstroma (Cidaria) silaceata as to
SKlfiiiiiata. One of the three is a second brood specimen and was
not taken in the same wood as the other two. This was considered
by Mr. Metcalfe to be a rare occurrence of a second brood of siijfu-
niata, whereas it is well known that /•>'. silaceata is always double-
brooded. As to the genitalia, Mr. Metcalfe, who is an expert, in
such investigations, can find no difference between these odd speci-
mens and siijfutxata.

129

Mr. B. S. Curwen exhibited a drawer of many aberrations of
Folyommatiis icarus, all from the British Isles, and including the
named forms ab. carulescens, ab. carulea, ab. mvjulata, ab. striata, ab.
vulanntnxa [arcuata), ab. iphis, ab. icarimis and ab. semi-persica.

Mr. R. T. Bowman exhibited a bred series of Geometra vemaria,
including an example in which the transverse lines on the disc of
the forewings converge and nearly meet in the centre, and another
specimen in which these lines converge, and on the right forewing
are united by a considerable suffusion of white. The specimens
were from Kent larvfe. He also exhibited some melanic forms of
Hydriomena iniplnviata bred from larvae collected at Oxshott,

The Rev. G. Wheeler exhibited three small boxes of British
Lycsenids, taken in July and early August this year : —

1. Pobjoinmatus iranis, Rott., from the Durham coast, remarkable
for their large size and the brilliant tint of the <? s ; they included
a (J ab. icarijius.

2. Plebeius (eyon, var. masseyi, Tutt, the form from the northern
mosses, the ^ s bright blue, with very narrow black border and con-
spicuous black marginal spots on the hindwing, the $ s strongly
suffused with blue, in most cases as extensively as in Agriades
coridon ab. semisyngrapha ; the underside of the J s was remark-
ably white ; amongst the latter was an aberration having lead-
coloured hindwings on the upperside, and two with some of the
spots of the underside striated.

8. Alicia medon, Hiifn., from the Durham coast, including almost
typical specimens ; var. salniacis, as described by Stephens, the ^
with a black discoidal spot on the upperside of the forewing, the $
with a white one ; ab. similis, Tutt, the ^ with a white discoidal
spot ; ab. albiannulata, Harr., with black discoidal ringed with
white, so frequently described as var. sabnacis, the original descrip-
tion of which excludes this form ; ab. vedra, Harr., with its extreme
form ab. obsoleta, Obth., in which the spots of the forewing are
missing on the underside, as well as those of the hindwing ; ab.
semivedra, Harr. ; and ab. inclara, Harr., with its silvery-white
ground colour on the underside, this specimen being also somewhat
striated. To these were added a few var. arta.rerxes, F., from
Kinghorn, on the coast of Fife.

Also a series of Pieris napi, L., from the latter locality, remark-
able for the extent of the black markings on tho forewings of the
g 3 , and the grey suffusion along the costa, inner margin, and
nervures of the forewings of the $ ? .

130

Mr. Fryer exhibited a fine striated underside aberration of
Polyommatiis icariis.
The Rev. A. T. Stiff exhibited ;—

1. Series of varieties of Epineplwle tithonus, taken at Tavistocli in
August, 1915, together with a long series of varieties taken in the
same district in previous years. Colour variation was not so
pronounced this year as in some former years, but the series
included one lemon-yellow and two golden-yellow females, and both
males and females in which the usually fuscous border was
replaced by mouse-grey. Both males and females with one or two
extra spots on the forewings were well-represented, but the most
noticeable features of this year's collection were the unusually large
size of the anal spots on the hindwings, and the presence in one or
two females of a well-defined additional spot below the anal spot — a
very rare variety. One female had no fewer than five spots on the
hindwing, including this spot below the anal spot. In several
cases the white specks on the underside of the hindwings were
developed into well-defined streaks.

2. A specimen of Ccmoni/Dijiha pa)iiphiliis, taken at Royston in
August, with a double apical spot on the underside of the forewings.

3. A specimen of Catocala ntipta taken at Leigh-on-Sea in
September, with well-defined black streaks running from the angles
of the submarginal line on the forewings to the series of marginal
black linear spots. These spots were greatly intensified in size.
The specimen had also three black transverse lines on the disc of
the forewings.

The Rev. J. E. Tarbat exhibited : —

1. FJpinephele hyperantns, — An underside of unusually light
ground colour causing the ocelli to stand out very prominently.

2. Abraxas grnsxidariata. — A dark form and an ab. varletjata.

3. Luperina testacea. — Five very dark melanic forms taken at St.
Anne's-on-Sea.

4. A(jrotis niyricans. — A melanic specimen.

Mr. W. West (Lewisham), on behalf of the Society, exhibited ten
cabinet drawers containing the collection of Canadian Lepidoptera
presented to the Society in 1889 by Mr. Lachlan Gibb.

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited two large drawers of Morphos,
including Morpho cacia ; M. adonis, S and ? , the latter being
extraordinarily rare, Mr. Kaye had himself seen numbers of living
males, but never a ? ; M. cypris, males and females, the latter of
the usual yellow, and also the very much rarer blue form ; M.
sulJcowslcyi, $ and ? ; M, eras, ^ '■, ^I- aurora and M. aureola, a

131

male of each ; M. nraneis, a $ , this was probably the rarest
species of Morpho, and as it comes from the Upper Amazon, about
Iquitos, it cannot be much overlooked, as large collections have
been sent home from there ; M. cijtheris ; M. flodarti, S s and $ ;
M. (Bi/a, ^s and ? s, the females of the latter were graduated
from the yellow form to the extreme blue form, although usually
rare, there were localities where the blue form was frequent and as
common, if not commoner, than the usual yellow form. The
remainder of the specimens were all geographical forms or supposed
geographical forms of the old species, M. wenelaus. The series
consisted of some thirty examples of the following forms, M.
vienelaus, g and ? s, British Guiana ; M. menelans var, ainathonte,
Colombia ; M. menelans, var, melacheilns, Upper Amazon ; M.
vie)ielaits var. nestira, S. E. Brazil; and M. menelans var. didins, a
variable series from Peru, besides the already mentioned M. ijodarti,
which it was anticipated would be proved to be a geographical race
of M. meiu'lans.

Mr, L. E. Dunster exhibited a series of Aiiriades thetia {hellarfjiis),
including specimens from Seaton, S. Devon, August, 1911, Pickett's
Hole, May, 1914, and Kanmore, May and June, 1915, and August,
1915.

One female specimen was suffused with blue and had large red
spots on the left hindwing. It was taken at Ranmore on June 6th,
1915, by Mr. G. Ingram, of Palmer's Green.

Mr. G. Talbot exhibited, on behalf of J. J. Joicey, Esq.,
numerous new and brilliant Lepidoptera from New Guinea.

1. The principal forms of the genus Delias found in New Guinea,
illustrating 52 species.

2. The Delias inhabiting the Schouten Island, North New
Guinea; represented by seven species, six of theae having been
recently described as new.

3. Four species of Delias new to science, from the Wandammen
Mountains, Dutch New Guinea.

4. The principal forms of the genus Milionia, etc., found in New
Guinea, illustrated by 37 species of the genera Milionia, Callhistia,
Lobocraspeda, Eubordeta, (Jraspedopsis, and Bordeta.

5. A local race of Papilio (Truides) paradisea from the Arfak
Mountains, Dutch New Guinea ; a new Dicallaneura, a new
Prata.dla, and a very distinct new Diacrisia, unlike any other
known in the genus, all from Dutch New Guinea.

6. The largest New Guinea Pyrale — Kthopia roseilinea, Walk.
Mr. F. H. Stallman exhibited : — .

132

1. Aniorpha {Sinerinthiis) pnpuli. — Eight c? s and four J s bred in
May and June, 1915, by his brother, Mr. E. C. Stalhuan, from ova
laid by a wild $ from Dulwich, 1914. The parent was so damaged
(through being washed down a garden drain), that the colouring
could not be made out, but what there was of it seemed rather
coppery. The specimens bred show, in the males, three of typical
coloration, three of rather coppery tint, and two grey with olive
markings. In the females, one rich copper, and three very pale
olive tinted with indistinct markings. Included was a typical
female from a dug pupa, Dulwich, for comparison.

2. Boarmia ahietaria. — -A series bred from larvffi beaten in the
spring by Mr. J. G. St. Aubyn and himself from yew at Box Hill.
The males show all forms from type to completely black.

3. Boarmia gemmaria. — A short series bred from larvae obtained
with the abietaria. There are greyish and ochreous forms in both
sexes, but two females are Yar.jierfiimaria. One male has markings
on upper wings formed into a narrow black band, there is a
corresponding band on the lower wings.

4. Sixteen species of the genus Eupithecia bred during 1915, viz.,
oblongata, pimpinellata, assimilata, absiiithiata , goossensiata (minutata),
albipunctata, vulgata (very dark from Dulwich), lariciata, castiyata,
satyrata, tenuiata (series of 24 showing considerable range in
colour and markings), nanata, exigiiata, sobrinata, pumilata, and
coronata — one specimen from larva collected with larvse of
albipunctata at Oxshott on September 11th, the imago emerging
October 8th.

Mr. W. Schmassmann exhibited the following species and series
of Exotic Rhopalocera : —

1. Papilio memnon — many of its female forms.

2. Papilio memnon $ f. achates and P. coon — from Java, and

3. Papilio mayo ? , and P. rhodifer — from the Andamans, show-
ing similar pattern and flying together in their respective localities.

4. Cethosia leschenaultii — from Wettar Island, showing curious
resemblance to Vanessa antiopa.

5. Argyrophorus argentens — a silver coloured Satyrid from Chili.

6. South-American Nymphaliihe, CalUthea optima, C. sapphira, 0,
deyandii, C. davidi, C. batesia, and C. hemichryseis.

Mr. C. B. Williams exhibited under the microscope : —

1. Several interesting species of Thrips (Thysanoptera), including
the life history of the Pea Thrip, Ka/cot/irips pisivora.

2. British' species of Protura.

3. He also showed a pair of the dark chocolate variety (ab.

133

olivacea, Tutt) of Lasiucampa {Bomhyx) qiiern'is from the Cheshire
coast sandhills, with the dark cocoon from which one of the above
were bred, and a very dark coloured larva (preserved) similar to
those which produced the melanic forms.

Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited a series of 56 specimens of Aijriades
coridon, selected frOm series taken in 1915, in or near the borders
of Hertfordshire. Among the 47 specimens from Royston were
examples of ab. semi-nynijraiiha, females showing series of blue spots
inside the usual antemarginal ones, female with white fringe,
rayed females, minor underside variations, including a 5 in which
the light borderings of the spots on the underside were coffee-colour,
contrasting with very white-ringed specimens. Three specimens
were from Dunstable, two of which, females, had one pair of wings
smaller than the other. There were six examples from Aldbury,
taken by Mr. A. J. Wightman. One is a male, and it has a well
marked bright orange spot inside the second black antemarginal
spot on hindwing ; the second is a female, and has a row of quite
brilliant little blue points adjoining the antemarginal band on
hindwing. Other specimens have the discoidal spots conspicuously
outlined in white.

Mr. A. Bacot exhibited living examples of the yellow-fever
mosquito, Stetjonn/ia fasciata, ova, larvte, pupae, and adults.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited species of the parts group of the
genus Papilio, including P. c/aiiesa, P. pulyctor, P. arjiina, P. brama,
P. arctiiriis, all from India, P. peranthns from Java, P. inontantis
from Ceylon, and P. bianoj from China and Japan. He also
showed the Palaearctic form of P. parts from Thibet with the spring
form, var. renialis, and the local race, var. karna, from Java.

Mr. E. J. Salisbury, D.Sc, gave an exhibit illustrating the
Variation in the Seedlings of Zea mais, and contributed the
following notes : —

" The embryo of grasses has been variously interpreted. The
Scutellum is by some regarded as the Cotyledon, and by others as
only part of the cotyledon. The first green structure or coleoptile
is in the latter view regarded as the sheath of the modified first
leaf or scutellum.

" If the scutellum be regarded as constituting the entire cotyledon
then we have the difficulty of two leaves, viz., scutellum and coleop-
tile superposed. That the scutellum is part of the cotyledon is sup-
ported by its origin being terminal, as is the single cotyledon in
other monocotyledons.

134

"Comparison with the embryo of sedges also supports the view
that the scutellum and coleoptile together represent the cotyledon.

" As a result of her anatomical study of the seedlings of mono-
cotyledons, Miss Sargeant came to the conclusion that the single
cotyledon was the result of fusion of two cotyledons. The specimen
exhibited shows a seedling of Zea main [in which the cotyledon
sheath (coleoptile) is bifurcated at the apex, and possesses two
vascular strands throughout its length. Numerous seedlings raised
at the same time as the specimen exhibited showed the same phe-
nomenon, though the degree of bifurcation varied. In all cases,
however, there were two vascular strands.

" The case in question cannot therefore be regarded as a mere
monstrosity, and may well be in the nature of a reversion to the
ancestral condition."

Mr. Eobert Adkin exhibited eight representative series of families
of Boarmia gemmaria reared through successive years from captured
females of the black form. He said that the present exhibit was in
continuation of one that he made five years ago (" Proc," 1910, p.
151). The race that he was then dealing with had become weakened
by interbreeding, and appeared to be on the point of dying out, and
as a matter of fact five moths only, all of the black form, were reared
in 1911, these, however, formed the one stock from which the series
now exhibited were descended, and would be referred to as X. The
other stock was obtained from a female of the black form taken wild
in 1910, and from the ova which she deposited a brood consisting
of 67% typical and 83% black imagines were reared in 1911, and
which will be referred to as Z.

A. B. C. brood. Three typical males Z were paired with thre^
black females X, and in 1912 produced a brood of black imagines of
which 39% were males and 61% females, the black characters in the
weakly stock X thus apparently for the time overcoming the typical
characters in the more robust stock Z.

D brood. A black male Z was paired with a typical female Z,
and in 1912 produced a brood consisting of 44% typical (66% male
and 34% female) and 66% black (49% male and 51% female).

E brood. A black male and female A. B.C. were paired, and in
1913 produced a brood of which 22% were typical (70% male and
80% female) and 78% black (75% male and 25% female), thus it will
be seen that although no typical characters had been intentionally
introduced they had reasserted themselves in the second generation.

G brood. A black male A. B.C. was paired with a black female
D, and in 1913 produced 50% typical (42% male and 58% female)

135

and 50% black (42% male and 58% female). It will be noted that
this was a very symmetrical brood, both in regard to the numbers
of typical and black imagines and the relative proportion of sexes in
each.

H brood. A black male D was paired with a black female A. B.C.
and in 1913 produced 29% typical (53% male and 47% female) and
71% black (54% male and 46% female), the typical strain in D brood,
as might be expected, not being overcome in this generation.

J brood. A typical male D was paired with a black female
A.B.C. and in 1913 prodaced 62% typical (40% male and 60%
female) and 38% black (40% male and 60% female), showing that
the typical strain when reintroduced at once asserted itself.

K brood. A black male H was paired with a black female H,
and in 1914 prodaced a wholly black brood (47% male and 53%
female), the typical characters thus being eliminated in the third
generation of breeding black with black.

M brood. A black male J was paired with a black female G, and
in 1914 produced 29% typical (17% male and 83% female) and 71%
black (29% male and 80% female), the introduction of the typical
element in the second generation thus continuing to assert itself.

Both of the 1914 broods were beginning to show signs of weak-
ness, and the experiments were therefore not continued further.

Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited —

1. Lycaena arion. A long series of 44 males and 44 females from
Cornwall, showing the variation this species is subject to as regards
the markings, ranging from spotless males to heavily spotted males,
equalling those (with spots) of normal females in size. Females with
spots similar to normal males and a gradual increase in the spots
to large club-shaped markings, the spots also ranging from five to
ten in number in the forewing.

The spotless form does not occur in the female.

Also a series of dwarf examples of both sexes, which occur yearly
in the Cornish locality. These are much duller in colour, in the
males all markings are pale and somewhat indistinct. The females
are generally of dusky appearance.

2. A fine variety of Gonepteryx rhamni, similar in colour to the
species G. deopatra. The specimen was captured at Aldeburgh,
Suffolk, August, 1896.

Mr. C. P. Pickett exhibited very long series of Ayriades coridon
from Hertfordshire, taken mainly in August, 1915, as follows: —
1. Sixty-six ab. loystonensis, asymmetrical gynandromorph

L

, ,, ,

R

, hindwing ,

L

> )j )

R

, forewing ,

L

„ ,

R

„ hindwing ,

L

, forewing ,

136

females, in which one side has smaller wings with blue
scaling of the male and androconia.
32 specimens had R side wings smaller.
12
1
2
13
5 „
1

and
This last was a most curious and unique specimen.

2. Fourten ab. inaqualis, females with normal sized wings but

asymmetrical splashes of male colour, all gynandromorphic.
5 splashed blue on R side forewing.
1 „ „ „ R „ hindwing.
1 ,, ,, „ R ,, fore- and hindwings.

3 „ „ ,, L ,, hindwing.

4 ,, ,, ,, L ,, forewing.

3. A series of female aberrations not falling under the above

categories, including —

Two very light golden-brown forms.

Several with golden-brown patches.

Two uniformly very dark.

Several white-rayed examples (quite a new foria).

Several partial ab. semisyngrapha.

Several ab. semisyngrapha with very pronounced red

lunules.
Two complete ab. obsoleta.
Several with blackish-gray undersides.
Several ab. striata and ab. minor.

4. A series of male aberrations including —

Specimens of various shades of blue from whitish to sky-
blue.
Several ab. iuffusa and ab. minor and ah. pallida.
Five ab. obsoleta (all four wings).
Three ab. obsoleta (lower wings only).
Two very dark grey undersides.
Four approaching ab. fowleri.
All other aberrations named by Tutt.

5. Series of Abraxas grossulariata bred from Aberdeen of the very

dark race, containing ab. varleyata and forms approaching it.

6. A long series of Angerona prunaria showing the results, after

137

18 years, of strict inbreeding, together with the results of
subjecting the larvae to colour environment. Those larvas
that were fed up under orange coloured muslin have a great
tendency to produce imagines of a deeper orange. Those fed
under green muslin produced imagines all much lighter and
the orange shade entirely absent. Those fed under red
muslin produced imagines all deep reddish-orange in the
males and deep chocolate banded in the females. The ab.
picketteria, a half-banded form, of which a long series was
shown, is now a constant strain, the deep orange ground
colour in the females gives them a striking appearance.

DECEMBER 9th, 1915.
Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S., in the chair.

The decease of a member Professor Meldola was aonounced.

Mr, F. W. Frohawk exhibited a remarkable female aberration of
Papilio itiachaon in which the ground colour was of a dark cinna-
mon-brown, it was bred from \Yicken Fen in 1895 ; a male form of
the same species with odd coloured anal angle blotches on the hind-
wings, the right side being deep ochreous-yellow, the left side dark
Indian-red ; and another male with both anal blotches of a pale
ochre-yellow, both the latter were also from Wicken Fen. He also
showed three Colias hyale and one C. edum blotched with crimson,
and a coloured diagram showing the magnified scales of different
colours, varying from yellow to crimson, some single scales of the
latter colour were isolated and scattered round the edge of the
blotch. Mr. Frohawk was of opinion that the abnormal colour was
not, as had been previously conjectured, the result of a stain.
Reference was made by members to the red of a similar brilliancy
and tint, occurring naturally on the costa of Goneptenjx rhamni and
in some South American Pierids of the genus Catapsilia.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a cage which he had had made to
enable him to watch the excavation of its burrows by Geotriipes sp.,
and explained his method of observation with some of the results so
far obtained by him.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited an example of Kphyra pcndidaria
var. suhroseata which he had bred from a wild larva beaten in the
autumn of 1914, in Surrey.

Mr. Dunster exhibited dwarf specimens of —

138

Pieris napi, ^ measuring Ifth of an inch across the wings,

taken at Mill Hill, Middlesex, on May 9th, 1915.
Polijommatus icariis J , measuring only |^th of an inch across

the wings, taken at Horsley, May 23rd, 1915.
Some upperside aberrations of P. icarns females, taken at Kan-
more, June 6th, 1915, High Wycombe, September 5th, 1915,
and Hoylake, Cheshire, August 5th, 1915.
Some underside aberrations of P. icanis males, taken at Ran-

more, June 6th, 1915.
Some underside aberrations of P. icarus females, taken at

Ranmore, June 6th, 1915, Beaconsfield, August 21st, 193 5.
A lilac tinted ^ specimen of Plebeim agon, taken at Oxshott,
July 4th, 1915.
Mr. F. H. Stallman exhibited, at the request of Mr. F. W. Fro-
hawk, a specimen of Lyaena arion J , to place on record the
extremely late date of capture, viz., August 26th, 1915. The
previous latest date for capture of the imago known to Mr. Frohawk
being August' 15th. The specimen exhibited was taken in North
Cornwall by his brother, Mr. E. C. Stallman, and was the only
specimen seen during his stay there from August 25th to Septem-
ber 1st. It is to be noted that the specimen shows no appreciable
sign of wear and cannot have been out of pupa for long.

It was the opinion of members that possibly the larva of this
specimen had been an exceptionally slow feeder, and that any off-
spring which it might have would inevitably be doomed to succumb
as the food-plant of the earlier larval period, thyme, dies early in
the autumn.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a melanic specimen of Thera variata
{obeliscata) which he found at rest on the frame work of a window
in his house at Lewisham, where it had no doubt been attracted to
light, on June 8th, 1915. The specimen was fully as dark as the
melanic Paisley race, and showed great contrast with the forms
commonly found in the Kent and Surrey pine woods, specimens of
which were shown for comparison. He said that the only coniferous
trees of which he was aware in the neighbourhood of his house were
a few isolated examples of foreign species that were grown in
adjacent gardens for ornamental purposes.

It was remarked that a melanic form of the same species had
been reported from Eltham, taken in a garden among fir trees, and
that at Finchley, where fir trees were existent in numerous gardens,
etc., T. variata (obdiscata), Seiniothisa litiirata, and Ellopia prosa-
piaria [fasciaria) had been met with.

139

JANUARY Uth, 191(3.
Mr. A. E GiBBS, F.L.S., F.E.S., Vice-j^resident, in the chair.

The death of Mr. A. C. Morris, of Norwood, a life member, was
announced. He was killed in action in France.

Mr. Leeds exhibited an exceedingly rare form of gynandro-
morphism shown in a specimen of Ayriades coridon, taken at Roy-
ston, Herts, in 1915. Blue markings were present on both the
upper wings only, the lower wings being completely female in
colour. The female element predominated and the ground colour
was strongly dark. Androconial scales were detected on both fore-
wings. The fringes were dusky and the underside rather darker
than usual. Mr. Leeds also exhibited a series of undersides of the
same species to show the variation in general ground colour of the
Hertfordshire races.

Mr. C. B. Williams pointed out that it would be interesting to
know if dorsal-ventral gynandromorphism occurred in the Lepi-
doptera.

Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited an interesting letter in his possession
written by Henry Doubleday to Bernard Pift'ard, giving information
as to the famous Hewitson collection.

Mr. Buckstone exhibited two small and dark suffused specimens
of Polijploca flavicornis bred from full-fed larvae taken at Peaslake,
Surrey, and a curious semitransparent example of Gonndontu biden-
tata bred from an ovum laid by a female taken at Horsley, Surrey.

Mr. Buckstone also exhibited several short series of Zi/i/t/na
trifolii taken in several Surrey localities, and contributed the follow-
ing note : —

" At Swinley Woods, Ascot, the larvte of Zijuirna trifolii spin
up close to the ground, but a few cocoons may be found high up on
grass, heather and low shrubs. From two dozen of such cocoons I
bred the four female specimens exhibited. The remaining cocoons
produced a species of Diptera of which I show a specimen. For
comparison I have placed in the box specimens of Z. trifolii captured
at the following places — Swinley Woods, Pickett's Hole and Esher.
Also a few specimens of Z. lonicera;. It will be noticed that one of
the bred specimens of Z. trifolii has narrower and more pointed
wings than have any of the Z. lonicera. With regard to the
antennae those from Pickett's Hole have the shortest antenna', and
those from Esher the longest."

Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited series of—

1. Melanarijia syllius, Hbst., from France, Central Spain, and the

140

Pyrenees, including an example of the form without ocelli, ab.
ixora, taken at Ille-sur-Tet, Pyrenees Orientales.

2. M. ineridionalis, Feld,, Chang-Yang, China.

3. M. lachcsis, Hb., Pyrenees, including the yellow form caniyu-
lensh, Obth., also ab. cataleiica, Stgr., with markings suppressed on
hindwing beneath, and corresponding to the form lencomelas of
(lalathea, from Central Spain.

4. M. ines, Hffmg., from Central Spain.

5. M. parce, Stgr., from Tian-Shan.

6. M. ar;/e, Sulz., from Spain and Central Italy.

7. M. jiipygia, Cyr., from Spain and Sicily, with its forms
sawaroviits, Hbst., from Central and North-Eastern Russia, and
transcaspica, Stgr., from Turkistan.

8. M. larissa, Hb. Gey., from the Balkans, and its western lighter
var. herta, Hub. Geg., from Ragusa, Dalmatia.

Mr, Curwen exhibited species of the same genus and including —

1. M. galathea, British and continental, including var. procida,
from North Italy, a form with obsolescent eye-spots near ab. galene,
.and from Spain ab. lencomelas.

2. M. lachesis, a form approaching ab. cataleuca.

3. M. larisna var. herta.

4. }[. titea, from Asia Minor, an unusually strongly marked and
small form of this species.

Mr. Hy, J. Turner exhibited species of the same genus, and
including —

1. M. galathea var. galene, with the eye-spots represented by mere
traces, ab. lencomelas^, from the Pyrenees, and a large form from the
Balkans approaching var. turcica.

2. Ji, titea, the usual large somewhat dull species from Asia
Minor.

In his remarks he noted that there was no striking aberration in
the whole genus such as occurred in the Vanessids, Pyramein ata-
lanta, P. cardtii, etc., but that the whole of the variation might be
summed up in the words "extension or diminution of the black
coloration in area and intensity and the variation of white to
yellow." Various authors had named steps in this continuous line
of forms in the species of galathea which perhaps might be thus
arranged : —

Intensity and amount of black, — leKcontelas ; galene; galathea:
procida, galaxcera, nicoleti ; syriaca, turcica; nigricans; vielaina ;
liigens.

Size. — syriaca ; galathea ; syracttsana, lucasi {^)na>(reta)iica).

141

Colour. — fidva ; fidvata, var. /3 of Stephens' " Illns."
Markings. — ama rfjinata, vispanli.

Mr. Frohawk exhibited a picked series of M. i/alathra from Britain
which showed the variation of the ground colour, from very pure
silvery-white through white, creamy-white, clear lemon-yellow to
buff-yellow, and noted that otherwise the species in this country was
not prone to variation or aberration. There did however exist a
pure white specimen, which was taken in the forties, and also a
wholly black specimen taken in Kent, ab. lugenii. He said that it
might not be generally known that the larvfe hatched in the last
days of August and went at once into hibernation. They fixed
themselves on dead grass stems to which they exactly assimilated
in colour and never on the green blades. At the beginning of the
new year, about this time in January, they started to feed.

The Rev. G. Wheeler exhibited examples of var. Incasi [moure-
tanica) of M. r/alaihea from Algeria, and also his unique aberration
of M. (jalathea in which the left side was completely ab. higem, the
wholly black form, while the right side was predominantly black but
considerably and irregularly streaked and blotched with the dull
white of the typical ground colour.

Mr. Piatt Barrett exhibited his collection of the same genus,
calling attention to a unique form of M. galathea (see pi. xii.) taken
many years ago in Kent, which closely resembled the Spanish Ji.
lachesis in having a broad white band across all four wings, and also
to the various forms of the several species with which he was
familiar in South Italy and Sicily, as follows : —

Melanargia {Arge) (jalathea = Y,x\g\\sh — type form = Kent, 1859,
1880, 1900-1915; Surrey, 1870; Gloucestershire, 1912. Variety (one
only), Kent, 1875, all pale forms ; also Brigue, Switzerland, 1909 (pale
form) ; and Vienna, Austria (pale form 1913). Dark form = var.
^*joc/(/a = Berisal, 1911 and 1914 ; Tuscany, 1911 ; Calabria, at sea
level, 1,000ft. and 2,000ft. with some var. turcica, 1911 and 1914 ;
Sicily, specimens chiefly prucida, with large females from eight
different localities, 1912, 1913, and 1914, including syracusana,
Zeller, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1918, and 1914.

M. japygia. — Sicily (large and dark), 1911-1914, France,
Brindisi, etc.

M. phenisa. — Sicily, Palermo, 1910-1914, also var. plemura.
M. arge. — C. Italy, Sorrento, 1913 ; Calabria, various localities,
1910 19i4.

M. larissa. — Var. herta — one specimen.
M. lachesis. — Two specimens.

142

M. sylliiis.— Two specimens.

M. ines. — Two specimens.

Mr. Barrett then read a paper on the genus Melananiia.
(See page 55).

Proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Barrett for his instructive and
humourous account of his experiences with the genus, especially in
Sicily, Mr. H. Rowland- Brown said that he had not much difficulty
in deriving the whole group from one primitive ancestor. The
genus probably had its origin in northern Asia Minor, spreading
thence over the Balkan peninsula, and east and west along the
northern Mediterranean coasts, the Alps of Central Europe, etc.
He did not consider that the Algerian A. liicasi, Rbr., was the
result of an extension along the north African coast region, but
that it had probably found its way there via the Italian peninsula,
Sicily, and the now submerged " bridge " which connected Sicily
with the African mainland of to-day ; a probability heightened by
the extraordinary similarity of M. galathea, the fine form of Sicily,
and M. lucafii. Mr. Barrett's exhibits confirmed his own conclusions
that the two " species " are, in fact, identical ; at all events they
appeared to be superficially inseparable, and the breeding experiments
of Mr. H. Powell, of Hyeres, disclosed identical forms of larva and
pupa, varying only in size. He also regarded M. lachesis as a
species recently evolved from the galathea form, which spreads
westwards to the Bay of Biscay, and which at a certain point in the
Pyrenees - Orientales overlaps, and apparently produces by inter-
breeding a race intermediate between the two. The wonderful
lachesis-like aberration of JM. galathea, taken by Mr. Barrett in Kent
in 1875, exhibited that evening, suggested the close affinity of the
now separate species.

Mr. Rowland-Brown also remarked that the brown coloured form
of M. galathea ( = var. fidvata) occurred not uncommonly in Cantal,
the mountains south of Auvergne, on volcanic formation ; while
the form with silvery-white ground colour he had taken at Le
Lioran, as well as on the roadside between Huntingdon and Abbots
Repton, in July, 1899.

JANUARY 27th, 1916.

Annual Meeting.

Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S., in the chair.

The meeting was devoted to the business of receiving and adopt-
ing the Reports of the Council and Officers for the past year, and

143

the announcement of the results of the election of the Officers and
Council for the ensuing year.

In the unavoidable absence of the President and the fact that
there was no presidential address, Mr. Hy. J. Turner read a series
of extracts showing the views of the non-entomological world on
entomologists and the objects of their study.

The following is a list of the members elected as Oflficers and
Council of the Society for the Session 1916-17.

Pre>iuient.—'H.y. 3. Turner, F.E.S.

Vice-j,resi(lentt.—E. Adkin, F.E.S., and A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S.,
F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Treasurer.— T. W. Hall, F.E.S.

Librarian. — A. W. Dods.

Curator. — W. West (Greenwich).

Editor of Proceedings. — Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.

Hon. Secretary.— ^io^nley Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Council.—^. E. Ashby, F.E.S., B. S. Curwen, F. W. Frohawk,
F.E.S., M.B.O.U., W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., D. R. Morford, W. G.
Sheldon. F.E.S.. F. H. Stallman, A. E. Tonge, F.E.S,, C. B.
Williams, B.A., F.E.S.

Votes of thanks were accorded to the President, Treasurer, Secre-
taries and other officers.

Ordinary Meeting.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., Pres^ident, in the chair.

Mr. Edwards exhibited a copy of Brongniart's History of Fossil
Insects, calling particular attention to the plates containing details
of the huge dragon fly, Met/aneura monyi, which measured quite two
feet in expanse of wing.

Mr. C. B. Williams remarked upon the wonderful state of preser-
vation of species of thrips in the amber of Konigsberg. It was
quite possible to examine the details with a microscope up to ^in.
and find even the minute hairs just as perfect to-day as they were
in the living specimens.

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited specimens of the three species of Caliyo
occurring in Trinidad, viz., C. braziliensis sub-sp. minor, Kaye, C.
ilioneus sub-sp. salt us, Kaye, and 0. teucer sub-sp. insulanut. There
had been great confusion between the first and last of these. Mr.
Kaye's sub-species minor had been sunk by Stichel as synonymous
with his C. teucer sub-sp. insulanux, but Lord Rothschild, who has

144

the type of insnlanus at Tring, has discovered that the sub-sp. minor,
which he has now seen, is quite distinct, and must be considered as
a form of hraziliensis. But C. eiirilochus and C. braziliensis, Lord
Rothschild finds, to be distinct species. Quite recently Fruhstorfer
had described from Trinidad a form of C. eurilochus as sub-sp.
phryasus, the type of which is also at Tring, and which turns out to
be the same as Mr. Kaye's eiirilochus, now known as braziliensis sub-
sp. 7ninor.

Mr. Brooks showed a specimen of Papilio machaon found by him
impaled on a thorn-bush in the Fen district. It was in excellent
condition. Presumably it had been caught and impaled by a species
of Shrike.

Mr. F. H. Stallman exhibited a short series of Ilythyia semirnbella
{carnella) from Pickett's Hole, Surrey, July 12th, 1914, and Box
Hill, August 1st, 1915. Tliere was considerable colour variation in
the specimens, and one specimen had a beautiful fairly wide snow-
white streak along the costa. This is said to be not uncommon in
some localities, and known on the continent as ab. icterella.

Messrs. Sich, Newman and others made remarks on the unusual
season.

At Hampstead Hibernia lencopJuearia had been met with on
January 19th, and fourteen specimens were noted at Bexley about
the same time. Among other records were : — Larvae of Callimorpha
doininnla already out of hibernation and feeding, Dimorpha versicolora
had been bred, as also had numbers of Tephrosia crepuscnlaria (out
doors), the larvae of Arctia caja were feeding on suitable days, and
those of Abraxas grosstilariata were moving on January 1st.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a specimen of Polygonia c-album taken in
his garden at Hodeslea, Eastbourne, on September 18th last year,
and read a paper entitled " Autumn Butterflies at Eastbourne and
some other Notes." (See page 62.)

DECEMBER Wi, 1915.

Addendum.

Mr. W. J. Lucas communicated a paper, " British Crickets,"
(See page 50.)

INDEX

144

East-

62,

xiv, XV

67, 70, 118

121, 144

82, 87

PAGE

Abnormal colour in Coliads . . 137
Abstract of Proceedings . . . . 68

Abundance of nests of L. chrysorr-

,}S^^ 66

Additions to the Collections . . xi
Additions to the Library. . . . xii

Analysis of British Blattodea, 34,

British Gryllodea . . . . 51

Annual Exhibition of Varieties,
124, of other orders . . . . 85

Annual Meeting 142

Ants ;; 66

Aphides 21, 87, 110

Asymmetry in P. icarus . . . . 88

Attendance at Meetings . .
"Autumn Butterflies at
bourne," by E. Adkin ..
Balance Sheet
Birds . . . . 6G,

Birds attacking insects . .
Birds' eggs exhibited
Birds exhibited
"Bird-life in the Scilly
The Manx Shearwater,"

W. Frohawk

Books exhibited .. ..75,95,

Breeding of, maple aphis, 23 ;
E. pendularia var. subroseata,
74 ; B. repandata and var.
conversaria, 119; A. nebulosa,
121, 126; B. repandata, 121;
A. filipendul£B from ova
Broods of P. napi, 126 ; A. populi,
132 ; B. gemmaria, 132, 134 ;
Z. pendularia . .
Buzzing of H. prasinana in flight
Casual British species of. Cock-
roach, 39 ; Cricket
Characters of Blattodea, Salient. .
Characters of Gryllodea, Salient
" Cockroaches, British," by W.
J. Lucas. . . . . . 29,

Cocoon structure, 75 ; Double . .
Coleoptera 25, 85, 93, 100, 105,

116, 117, 118, 122
Collections of the Society . . 85 I

"Crickets, British," by (('. J. I

Lucas .. .. .. . . 51 I

Crustacea . . , . . . ..1191

Isles.
by F.

70

127

137
96

54
30
50

122
123

I uuckoo s eggs in clutches . . 87

Delegates ^ii

j Description of, ova of T. viridana,
18 ; larva of T. viridana, 19 ;
larva of G. stercorarius, 26 ;
Blattodea, 30 ; Gryllodea, 51 ;
larva of E. argiades . . . . 76

Destruction by, B. chinensis (pec-
tinicornis) . . . . . . 74

Dimorphism, in A. levana, 1 ; in
P. octavia, 2 ; in P. napi, 2 ;
in P. simia, 4 ; in P. antilope,
5 ; in B. ilithyia, 7 ; utihty of,

8 ; some inexplicable cases of,

9 ; in T. omphale, 11 ; in B.
severina .. . . . . . . 11

Diptera . . . . 85, 119*, 133

Direction of variation in, A. hyper-

antus, 81 ; M. galathea .. 140

Discussion on, P. atalanta, 69;
A. hyperantus, 77 ; P. trifolii,
97 ; E. betulffi, 97 ; L. quercus
and var. callunee, 103 ; A. iris,
111; Melanargia .. .. 140

Distinction between A. psi and
A. tridens . . . . 109, 110

Donations, to the Library, ;

to the Collections
Double cocoon of S. carpini . . 123
Drinking habit of Lepidoptera . . 89
Dwarfs, Exhibits of 86, 135, 138

Early appearances, of S. pruni,
96 ; records of . . . . . . 144

Egg-cases of Cockroaches . . 32

Exhibition, Special, and dis-
cussion of, A. hyperantus, 77 ;
other orders, 85 ; 11. betuliE,
95; P. trifolii, 95; L. quercus,
101 ; M. neustrirt, M. castren-
sis, and C. potatoria, 106; A.
iris, 111; Annual, 124; the
genus Morpho, 130 ; the genus
Eupethecia, 132 ; the genus
Melanargia, 141 ; species of

Cahgo 143

Exotic Coleoptera exhibited . . 85
Exotic Lepidoptera exhibited 84,
85, 89, 93, 111, 115, 117, 123,

130, 131, 132, 133, 143

146

Explanation of seasonal dimor-
phic forms occurring at the
same time . . . . . . 12

"European species of the genus
Melanargia," hy J. Piatt
Barrett 55, 142

Field Meetings, Oxshott, 84 ;
Banmore Common, 94; Otford,
Kent, 98, ; Swinley Woods,
105; Claygate 118

Five-spotted, Z. filipendula^ 99 ;
Zygfenid bred . . . . . . 122

Flying together of A. coridon and
and A. thetis . . . . . . 65

Food plants of maple aphis . . 21

Forms of maple aphis, Poly-
morphic . . . . . . . . 21

Fo«sil, Cockroaches, 33; dragon-
fly 143

Fulgurites 89

Fungi 49,75, 87

Grouping of, Orthoptera, 29 ;
Blattodea . . . . . . 30

Gynandromorph of, hybrid S.
ocellatusxA. populi, 75; L.
quercus var. callunre, 101 ; G.
rhamni, 116, 127 ; mongrel L.
dispar X car. japonica, 128;

A. coridon . . . . . . 139

Habits of, Precis, 6 ; young larvas

of T. viridana, 16 ; Large Noc-
tuid T. agrippina, 74 ; H. muri-
cata, 104 ; H. prasinana, 96 ;

B. pales far. arsilache .. 112
Hemiptera.. .. 21,75,86,118
Hibernation of, P. atalanta . . 68
History of, A. hyperantus . . 78
Hybrids of, gynandromorph H.

ocellatus x A. populi, 75 ; B.

hirtaria x N. lapponaria, 88 ;

(?) A. coridon X A. thetis .. 110
Hymenoptera .. 66,92,100,115
Influence of environment of larvae

of A. prunaria . . . . . . 137

Ivory Gull, Egg of . . . . 87

Lantern slides exhibited 1, 21,

25, 29, 50, 69, 72, 93, 119, 120, 122
Larvae 16, 19, 26, 75, 87, 118,

124, 144
Larval changes in T. viridana, 16 ;

E. argiades . . . . . . 75

Late, migration of swallow, 67 ;

emergence of L. arion, 138;

date of A. thetis . . . . 65

Letter of H. Doubleday . . . . 139

Library, Additions to . . . . xii

"Life-cycle of T. viridana," hy

A. Sick 15

Life-history of, T. viridana, 15 ;
G. stercorarius . . . . 26,

Light

"Limacology," hy A. Si fit 41,

List of Members . .

List of Officers and Council i.

Local races of, A. hyperantus, 77 ;
M. menelaus

Localities :•- Algeria, 123 ; Annet
Is., 70 ; Argentine, 89 ; Clay-
gate, 118 ; Dardanelles, 121 ;
Eastbourne, 62 ; Johanisburg,
63 ; Loch Lomond, 92 ; Ox-
shott, 84; Otford, 98: Ban-
more Common, 94; Sicily, 55,
70, 140 ; Swinley Woods

" Maple Aphis and its Dimorphic

Larva, The," by E. J. Bunnett

21,

Marriage flight of Ants . .

Melanism in, H. defoliaria, 116 ;
D. concinnata, 126; L. testacea,
130; A. nigricans, 130; L.
quercus, 133 ; B. gemmaria,
134 ; T. variata, 138 ; P. flavi-
cornis

Membership . . . . . . x

Mendelian results.. 119,121, 127

" Metamorphosis of Geotrupes
stercorarius," hy Constant
Sano 25,

Meteorological conditions, Season-
al Dimorphism depends on . .

Micro-lepidoptera . . . . 15, 95,

Microscopical exhibits

Mimicry . .

Minerals exhibited

Minute Coleo.ptera under the
microscope

Mollusca .. ..41, 87, 122,

Mongrel brood of a B. repandata x
var. conversaria, 121 ; L. dispar
x ('(()■. japonica

Mosquito of yellow fever

Neuration of Blattodea . .

Neuroptera . . . . 112,

New Members . . 68, 85, 100,

" Notes on Everes argiades," hy
Dr. T. A. Chapman

" Notes on four Sicilian Butter-
flies," hy J. P. Barrett

" Notes on Lasiocampa quercus,"
hy B. )V. Adkin

"Notes on M. neustria, M. cas-
trensis, and C. potatoria," hy
B. W. Adkin

"Notes on Pachygastria trifolii
and Ruralis betulse," hy B. W.
Adkin

120
105
124
iii
143

131

105

93

139

120

10
100

75
132

85

75
124

75

88

101

107

96

147

" Notes on P. atalanta," hy

L. W. Newman.. .. ..68

"Notes on Paulownia and Catalpa

trees, hy B. W. Adkin.. .. 86

" Notes on R. betulre and P.

tritolii, hy B. W. Adkin .. 9(5

"Notes on the evolution of the

genus Melanargia," hy II.

Rou-land-Brou-n . . . . 142

"Note on the genus Morpho,"

hy W. J. Kayc 130

" Note on the pylades group of

Papilio," hy H. Moore .. 117

"Notes on Tortrix viridana,"

by A. Sich 92

" Note on Variation in the Seed-

ingsof MAize,"hy Dr. Sali.'^hury 133
" Notes on Variation of A. coridon

at Royston," hij C. P. Pickett 135
Obituary .. '. . 55, 137, 139

Objects of the Society . . . . ii

Observations on Slugs
"Odd Egg in a Clutch

C. If. Cvlthrup
Officers and Council
Orchid
Orthoptera
Ova of, T. viridana, 18, 93; G.

stercorarius, 25; C. ttava, 116;

C. perla 112

Oviposition of T. viridana . . 18
Papers read, List of . . . . xi

Past Presidents, List of . . . . ii

Persistence of, A. thetis at East-
bourne, 65 ; varietal strain in

A. grossulariata . . . . 121

Photographs, Exhibit of.. 92, 96
Plants, Exhibit of 85, 86, 119, 133
Preservation of Slugs . . . . 42

Psychidse .. .. ..89, 93, 119

Puffin, The 71

Pupa 19, 122

Pupation of G. stercorarius . . 27
Pupal stage of T. viridana . . 17
Rarespecies exhibited, P. c-albuni

(Eastbourne), 64; C. gallii,73;

Coleoptera, 85 ; P. escheri var.

rondoui, 95; A. rhombeus, 105,

118 ; S. arcuatus, 116 ; A. viri-

dis, 122; A. falloui, 123; N.

tiliffi, 123 ; L. cinereo-niger,

123 ; D. concinnata . . . . 126

Report of, the S.E. Union of

Scientific Societies . . . . 112

Reptiles 82, 86

Resting attitudes of, Lepidoptera,

119; larvaj 119

Salamander exhibited . . . . 112
Sawfly cases for pupation .. 115

43, 123, 124

The, hy

.. 82
i, 143
.. 119

.29, 86, 123

PAGE

" Seasonal Dimorphism," hy Dr.
F.A.Duey .. .. 1, 85

Seasonal Notes .. .. Ill, 144

Sexual Dimorphism .. .. 115

Sbearwater, The Manx . . . . 70

Snake at Blackheath . . . . 82

SouthEastern Union of Scientific
Societies, Report .. .. 112

Species of Melanargia . . . . 56

Stereocopic views. . .. ..96

Succession of broods of P. atalanta

in Sicily and Scilly , . . . 69

Summary of facts in seasonal
dimorphism . . . . . . 13

Swiss Insects 77, 89, 90, 100,

109, 116, 128
Teratological specimens.. 86, 88

Thrips 132, 143

Variation in, A. hyperantus, 77;
birds' eggs, 82, 87 ; T. poly-
xena, 90 ; P. daplidice, 90 ; A.
crameri (belia), 90; E. car-
damines, 90; P. trifolii, 97; L.
querciis, 101 ; M. neustria,
106 ; M. castrensis, 106 ; C.
potatoria, 306; L. orbitulus,
109 ; P. escheri, 109 ; P. plan-
taginis, 112; A. iris, 110;
Lachneides, 108 ; B. repandata,
119; A. nebulosa, 119; A.
medon, 130; E. tithonus, 130;
L. arion, 135; A. coridon at
Royston, 135 ; Z. trifolii, 139 ;
M. galathea, 140; Caligo, 143;
I. semirubella . . . . . . 144

Varieties and aberrations. Strik-
ing, of, A. caja, 74, 126; A.
aglaia, 82 ; A. coridon, 82, 88,
120, 124, 125, 127, 128, 133,
135, 136 ; P. icarus, 82, 87, 88,
no, 124, 125, 129, 138; A.
thetis, 88, 126, 131 ; C. pam-
philus, 88, 126 ; P. SBgeria, 88 ;
E. jurtina, 88, 100, 120, 126;
P. brassic£E, 88, 127 ; X. fluc-
tuata, 89 ; T. gothica, 92 ; B.
selene, 92 ; P. huntera, 93 ; B.
querciis, 93 ; P. menyanthidis,
93 ; S. bilunaria, 95 ; P. tri-
folii, 96, 97; Z. filipendula^
98, 116, 122, 124, 127; P.
escheri, 100 ; M. dictynna, 100;
B. pales, 100, 112 ; P. hylas,
109; M. didyma, 200; L.
querciis, 101, 133; C. pota-
toria, lOi; ; M. neustria, 106;
B. piniarius, 109; A. iris. 111 ;
Z. trifolii, 112 ; C. bipunctata,
116; B. gemmaria, IKl; E.

148

PAGE

subnotata, 118; C. elinguaria,
119; L. deplana, 119; S.
aurita, 122; P. ajgon, 123,
129 ; C. graminis, 123 ; H.
trifolii, 123; S. carpini, 123,
127 ; P. atalanta, 124 ; C. w-
album, 126; R. phlseas, 1215;
L. sinapis, 127 ; G. rhamni,
127, 130; C. dispar, 127; E.
lanestris, 127; A. grossulariata,
128 ; L. suffumata, 128 ; G.
vernaria, 129 ; A. medon, 129 ;
P. napi, 129 ; E. tithonus, 130 ;
C. nupta, 130 ; L. testacea,
130; A. nigricans, 130; A.
prunaria, 136; P. machaon,
137; G. bidentata, 139; M.
galathea.. .. .. 141, 142

War Notes 95

Witches' broom . . . . . . 87

Amphibia.

maculata, Salamandra .. .. 112

Abachnida.

aviculare, Therapbosa . . . . 86

giganteus, Thelephoniis . . . . 86

Mygale 86

Aves.

cannabina, Acanthus, CardueHs 83

domesticus. Passer . . . . 82

eburnea, Pagophila . . . . 87

gallinago, Gallinago . . . . 84

major, Gallinago . . . . . . 87

nisus, Accipiter . . . . . . SB

pratensis, Anthus. . .. ..84

urbica, Chelidon . . . . . . 66

COLEOPTERA.

arcuatus, Scymnus . . . . 116

arietis, Clytus . . . . , . 101

ater, Hispida . . . . . . 96

atlas, Cbalcosoma . . . . 85

auratus, Carabus . . . . . . 85

bipunctata, Coccinella . . 73, 116

cierulea, Sagra . . . . . . 85

Carabidtc . . . . . . . . 85

chinensis (pectinicornis), Biuchus 73

circumcinctus, Dytiscus . . . . 85

Coccinellidffi .. .. .. 118

druryi, Goliathus. . .. ..85

elongatuni, Colydiinn .. .. 101

Geotrupes .. .. 26, 120, 137

giganteus, Titanus . . . . 86

hemipterus, Phosphronus . . 75

hercules, Dynastes . . 85, 86

inquisitor, Rhagium

117

italica, Luciola . . . . 75,

87

limbatus, Thymalus

101

longimanus, Acrocinus . .

86

miniatus, Elater

101

niger, Aphodius . .

101

nitidula, Anthaxia

75

nubila, Mesosa

101

pectinicornis = chinensis

planata, Morica

93

proeusta, Grammoptera . .

101

quatuor-guttata, Ips

101

quatuor-punctatus, Notiophilus. .

85

quinque-punctatus, Notiophilus. .

85

rhombeus, Athous . . 106,

118

rubens, Anitys

101

rubus, Batocera

85

sanguinicollis, Iscbnomera

101

sanguinolentus, Elater . .

101

schonherri Heterocomphus

85

scutellata, Leptura

101

semiramis, Strategus

85

serricornis, Cladognathus

85

sexguttata, Anoplodera . .

101

16-punctata, Micraspis . .

85

stercorarius, Geotrupes . 25, 28,

120

sycophanta, Calosoma . .

85

3punctata, Notiophilus . .

85

tityus, Dynastes

85

troglodytes, Trachys

101

unicolor, Hexodon

85

viridis, Agrilus . . . . 101

120

wallacei, Batocera

85

zonaria, Rhaphidapsis . .

85

Crustacea.
diaphanus, Branchippus

DiPTERA.

cardui, Urophora..
fasciata, Stegomyia
Simulium . .

POSSILIA.

monyi, Meganeura

FnNGi.
Boletus

coccineum, Hypoloxylum
turgidus, Exoascus

Hymenoptera.

aceris, Phyllotoma
Aphidius . .
ervi, Aphidius
flava, Donisthorpea
lapidarius, Bombus

119

119

133

73

115
110
110
66
100

149

maculata, Pimpla
nigra, Donisthorpea
Phyllotoma
pratensis, Formica
rufa, Formica
scabrinodis, Myrmica
Tenthredo . .

PAGE

.. 18

.. 66

.. 115

92, 96

.. 92

.. 66

.. 72

LEPlDOPTEnA.

abietaria, Boarmia

absinthiata, Eupithecia .. 118,

achates (memnon var.), Papilio

achine, Teracolus. .

acontius, Catoneplaele

Acronicta . .

adonis, Morpbo ..

adonis = tbetis.

adippe, Argynnis . .

ffiga, Morpbo

SBgeria, Pararge . . . . 72,

segon, Plebeius . .106, 123, 129,

aglaia, Argynnis . .

agrippina (strix), Thysania

ajax, Papilio

albiannulata (medon «b.), Aricia

albipunctata, Eupithecia 118,

amarginata (galathea ah.), Melan-
argia . . . . . . 84,

amathonte (menelaus var.),
Morpbo . .

amestris. Precis . .

araphitrite = arge

amurensis (hyperantus var.},
Apbant^pus

andrenaeformis, Aegeria, Sesia..

andromacbe, Enodia

angolanus, Papilio

angulata (icarus ah.), Polyomma-
tus

annulata, Ephyra

Anthocbaris

anthracina (daplidice ab.), Pontia

antilope, Precis . . 3,4, 5,

antiopa, Euvanessa

antiporum, Argyrophenga

Aphantopus

Araschnia • .

archesia, Precis . . . . 5, 6,

arctica (hyperantus ah.), Aphan-
topus

Arctiidaj . .

arcturus, Papilio . .

arcua (coridon ah.), Agriades . .

arcua (icarus ab.), Polyommatus

arcuata = melanotoxa.

arete (hyperantus ab.), Aphanto-
pus . . . . 77, 78, 79,

Arge = Melanargia

131
3

81

72

79

117

129

95

90

91

6

132

111

80

1

7

81
]08
133
125

95

132

75',

77

64,

111

78

108

133

35,

138

129

112

PAGE

arge, Melanargia 55, 56, 58, 59,

61, 140, 141
argenteus, Argyrophorus
argiades, Everes . .
argiolus, Celastrina
Argus
Argynnidse
arjuna, Papilio
arion, Lyctena

artaxerxes (medon var.), Aricia
aspersaria, Peronea
arsilache (pales var.), Brenthis
assimillata, Eupithecia .. 118, 132
atalanta, Pyrameis 43, 60, 62,
63, 64, 68, 69, 73, 105, 111,

124, 140
atomaria, Ematurga . . 104, 106
atrata, Odezia . . . . . . 89

atropos (japygia var.), Melanar-
gia . . 55, 56, 59, 60, 61
atropos, Manduca . . 72, 89
aureola, Morpho . . . . . . 130

aurifrontella, Spuleria, Chryso-

clista 9o, 100

aurinia, Melitnsa .. .. ..72

aurita, Setina . . . . . . 122

aurivillius (electo i'«/-.), Colias . . 93
aurora, Morpbo . . . . . . 130

auroraria = muricata
ausonia (crameri var.), Antho-
cbaris . . . . . . . . 91

avellana (limacodes), Cochlidion 108
" . ..95

.. 95
.. 132
.. 9

avellanella, Ornix

badiata, Anticlea . .

batesia, Callitbea. .

Belenois . .

belia = crameri

bella (polyxena ab.), Thais

bellargus = thetis

bellidice (daplidice var.), Pontia 90

bellus (quercus ab.), Bithys . . 93

betulffi, Ruralis . . 73, 96, 97, 108

betularia, Aniphidasis . . . . 73

bianor, Papilio

bidentata, Gonodontis . .

bilineata, Camptogramma

bilunaria (illunaria), Selenia . .

bimaculata, Bapta

biundularia, Tepbrosia . .

Bordeta

bi'ama, Papilio

brassicro, Pieris 62, 63, 72, 73,

75, 88, 105, 127
brazilieniensis, Caligo . . 143, 144

Byblia 7, 8

cacia, Morpho . . . . . . 130

cfEca (hyperantus <(/*.), Aphan-
topus 77,80, 81

90

133
139
92
95
95
104
131
133

150

PAGE

caeca (galathea ah.), Melanargia

58, 61
cserulea (icarus ah.), Polyommatus

125, 129
Cffirulescens (icarus ah.), Polyona-

matus . . . . . . . . 129

caia, Arctia 74, 109, 118, 126, 144
c-album, Polygonia 64, 108, 144

Caligo 143

Callhistia 131

callunse (querciis var.), Lasio-

eampa .. .. 101, 103, 104

camelina, Lopbopteryz .. .. 106

candidata, Asthena . . . . 95

canigulensis (lachesis var.), Me

lanargia . .
cardamines, Euchloe 72, 90, 91,

111, 127

cardui, Pyrameis 60, 63, 73, 93, 99

105, 111. 119, 140

carnella = semirubella

earpini (pavonia), Saturnia 123, 127

140

. 123,

106,

Melan-

ab.

Pachygas-
96,

81

carpopbaga, Diantboecia. .
Cassandra (polyxena var.), Thais
castigata, Eupithecia
castrensis, Malacosoma .
cataleuca (lachesis ah.),

argia

Catonephele (Epicalia) .
Catopsilia . .
celerio, Hippotion
centaureata = oblongata
centrifera (byperantus

Aphantopus
cervina (trifolii ah.

tria
charlonia, Euchloe
chenopodii = trifolii
chromis, Epicalia
cbrysippus, Danais
cbrysonucbellus, Crambu
chrysorrhcea, Euproctis .
citrata (immanata), Dysstroma.. 126
cleanthe (japygia var.), Melan-
argia • • . . . . 59,
Cleopatra, Goneptcryx . .
clotho (japygia var.), Melanargia
55, 56,
complanula, Lithosia
concinnata, Dysstroma . .
contracta (trifolii ah.), Pachy-

gastria . .
contracta-rufa (trifolii a/;.), Pacby-

gastria . .
conversaria (repandata rar.),

Boarmia.. .. .. 119,

coon, Papilio

coridon, Agriades 64, 65, 66, 73,

82, 88, 116, 117, 120, 124, 125,

. 115

. 93

6()

61
135

59
111
126

121
132

90,

106,

127, 128, 129, 133, 135, 136,
coronata, Eupithecia . . 118,
coronillella, Anacampsis
corylata, Cidaria . .
crameri (belia), Anthocharis 90,
Craspedopsis
eratfegi, A.poria . .
crepuscularia, Tephrosia 104,
cuneata (betulas ah.), Ruralis 96,

Cybdelis

Cyclogramma

cypris, Morpbo

cytheris, Morpbo..

damone, Euchloe..

Danais (Danaus) . .

daplidice, Pontia . .

davidii, Callitbea. .

dealbana, Gypsonoma

defoliaria, Hibernia

degandii, Callitbea

dejanira = lycaon . .

Delias

delius, Parnassius

demodocus, Papilio

deplana, Lithosia. .

Diacrisia . .

Dicallaneura

dictyuna, Melitsea

didius (raenelaus var.), Morpbo

didyma, Melitsea . . . . 60,

didyma = secalis

dispar, Lymantria .. 127,

dominula, Callimorpha .. 109,

dromedarius, Notodonta..

edusa, Colias 63, 89, 93, 118,

egerides (segeria var.), Pararge . .

electo, Colias

electra, Melanargia (?) . .

elinguaria, Crocallis

endochus, Papilio

Enodia

Epicalia = Catonephele

Epinephele

Erebia

eros, Morpbo

eros, Polyommatns

escberi, Polyommatus

Eubordeta

Euchloe

Eupithecia

euphrosyne, Brentbis

eurilocbus, Caligo

exiguata, Eupithecia

fagi, Stauropus

falcataria, Drepana

falloui, Anthocharis

fasciaria = prosapiaria

Festivus

79,

80,

95, 100,

108,

118,

PAGE

139
132

99
119

91
131

78
144

97
115
115
130
131

74

79

91
132

20
116
132

79
131
128

93
119
131
131
100
131
100

128

144

106

137

88

93

55

119

118

80
112
130

89
109
131

90
132
119
144
1.32

73
106
123

79

151

i-AGE

filipendulse, Zygsena 99, 116,

122, 124, 127

fischeriella, Glyphipteryx . . 95

fisoni (betulae ah.), Kuralis 96, 97
flava (thaumas), Adopaa 73, 106

flava (tvifolii ah.), Pachygastria

96, 97
tiavicornis, Asphalia, Polyploca

106, lay
floslactella, Nepticula . . . . 95

flactuata, Xanthoi'lioe .. ..89

fowleri (coridon ah.), Agriades

125, 127, 136
franconica, Malacosoma.. .. 60
fulva (galathea ab.), Melanargia 141
fulvata (galathea ab.), Melan-
argia 141, 142

f iimata, Acidalia . . . . . . 92

fuscus = pterodactyla .. ..99

galathea, Melanargia 55, 56, 57,

58, 59, 60, 61, 119, 140, 141, 142
galaxaera (galathea ab.), Melan-
argia . . . . . . . . 140

galene (galathea ab.), Melanargia

55, 61, 140
gallii, Celerio .. . . . . 73

ganesa, Papilio . . . . . . 133

gemmaria (rhomboidaria), Boar-
mia . . . . 116, 132, 134

glandifera = muralis

glyphica, Euelidia . . . . 99

godarti, Morpho . . . . . . 131

gonerilla, Pyrameis . . . . Ill

goossensiata (minutata), Eupi-

thecia 132

gothica, Taeniocampa . . . . 92

gotzius, Byblia . . . . 7, 8

graminis, Charseas . . . . 123

grossulariata. Abraxas 121, 128

130, 136, 144
hastata, Eulype . . . . . . 92

helice (edusa var.), Colias 89, 118
helicoides (lesbia 2;rtr.), Colias .. 89
hemichryseis, Callithea . . . . 132

hera = quadripunctaria

herta (larissa var.), Melanargia

55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 140, 141
hesperidis (cardaniines var.),

Euchloe 91

heterodactyla (teuerii), Oxyptilus 99
Hipparchia . . . . 79, 80

hippociepidis, Zygsena . . , . 119

hirtaria, Biston, Lycia ..73, 88, 89
honierus, Papilio.. .. ..85

hyale, Colias . . . . . . J37

hylas, Polyommatus . . . . 100

hyperantus, Aphantopus 77, 78,

79, 80, 81, 82, 1U6, 130
hypericana, Catoptria . . . . 99

huntera, Pyrameis

icarinus (iearus ab.), Polyomma-
tus

icarus, Polyommatus 60, 62, 64,

82, 87, 95, 106, 110, 117, 119,

124. 125, 129, 130,

ichneumoniformis, .Egeria, Sesia

icterella (semirubella ab.), Lly-
thyia

ilioneus, Caligo . .

ilithyia, Byblia . . . . 7,

illunaria = bilunaria

immanata = citrata

impluviata, Hydriomena

insequalis (coridon ab.), Agriades

inelara (medon ub.), Aricia

indecisa, Ecpanthera

ines, Melanargia 55, 56, 59, 61,
140,

insulanus (teucer var.), Caligo
143,

io, Vanessa

iole (iris ab.), Apatura . .

iphis (icarus ab.), Polyommatus

iris, Apatura
irrorella, Setiiia . .
ixora (syllius ab.),

jacobffise, Hypocrita
janira = jurtina
japygia, Melanargia

72,

Melanargia
61,

55, 56, 59,
60, 61, 140,
japouica (dispar var.), Lymantria
jurtina (janira), Epinephele 64,
77, 88, 100, 105, 108, 119, 120,
karna (paris var.), Papilio
kriigeri (crameri var.), Antho-

charis
lacertinaria (lacertula), Drepana
lachesis, Acberontia
lachesis, Melanargia 55, 50, 57,
58, 59, 61, 140, 141,
Lachneides . . . . 98,

lactearia, lodis

lanceolata (hyperantus ab.),
Aphantopus . . . . 77,

lanestris, Eriogaster
lapponaria, Nyssia
lariciata, Eupithecia .. 118,
larissa, Melanargia 55, 56, 59,
60, 61, 140,
lata (betulffi ab.), Ruralis 96,

lata-lineata (betulae ab.), Ruralis
96,
lathonia, Issoria . .
lecheana, Caccecia, Ptycholoma
20,
lesbia, Colias
leschenaultii, Cethosia ..

PAGE

93

129

138
72

144
143

129
136
129

89

144
63
110
129
110
122

140
106

141
128

126
1.S3

91
106
89

142
101
92

81
127

88
132

141

97

97
60

100
89
132

152

PAGE

leucomelas (galathea ab.), Melan-

argia 55, 60, 140

leucophsearia, Hibernia . . 84, 144
levana, Aiaschnia 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 13
lichenella, Solenobia . . . . 93

ligea, Erebia 80

limacodes = avellana

liturata, Semiothisa . . 106, 138

Lobocraspeda . . . . . . 131

Iceflingiana, Tortrix . . 19, 20
lonicei-ffi, Zygasna . . . . . . 139

lucasi (galathea var.), Melanargia

55, 57, 59, 61, 140, 141, 142
lucina, Hamearis. . .. 72, 95

lugens (galathea aft.), Melanargia

140, 141
lupulina, Hepialus . . . . 99

Lycffinidae . . . . . . . . 112

lyllus (pamphilus ab.), Ccenonym-

pha 126

machaon, Papilio.. 60,72,137,144
Maniola . . . . . . . . 79

margaritaria, Metrocampa . . 106
marginata, Lomaspilis . . 92, 95
masseyi (segon imr.), Plebeius

123, 129
matutia (crameri ab.), Antho-
charis . . . . . . . . 91

maura. Mania . . . . . . 73

mauritanica (galathea var.),

Melanargia . . 57, 140, 141

mayo, Papilio . . . . . . 132

media, Basiothia . . . . . . 93

medicaginis (trifolii var.), Zy-

geena 96, 97

medon, Aricia . . . . . . 129

megacephala, Cuspidia, Acronicta 73
megfera, Pararge . . . . . . 105

melacheilus (menelaus var.),

Morpho 131

melaina (galathea ah.), Melan-
argia . . . . . . . . 140

Melanargia . . 55, 56, 60, 142

melanotoxa (icarus), Polyomma-
tus . . . . 110, 125, 129

raemnon, Papilio. . .. .. 132

menelaus, Morpho . . . . 131

menyanthidis, Pharetra . . . . 93

meridionalis, Melanargia . . 140

mesomella, Lithosia . . . . 106

meta (polyxena ab.), Thais . . 90
meticulosa, Phlogophora . . 73

Milionia . . . . . . . . 131

Minois . . . . . . . . 80

minor (braziliensis ah.), Caligo

143, 144
minor (coridon ab.), Agriades . . 136
minor (crameri a?>.), Anthocharis 91

minor (hyperantus ab.), Aphan-

topus 80, 81

miniata, Miltochrista . . . . 106

minimus, Cupido. . ..75,77, 99

ministrana, Eulia . . . . 95
minutata = goossensiata

misippus, Hypolimnas . . . . 93

mnasylus, Cybdelis . . . . 115

montanata, Xanthorhoe.. .. 92

montanus, Papilio . . . . 133

morania, Papilio . . . . . . 117

Morpho 131

mosleyi (galathea ab.), Melan-
argia 57

muralis (glandifera), Bryophila 72

muricata (auroraria), Hyria 104, 106

musculana, Caececia . . . . 95

Myscelia . . . . . . . . 115

nanata, Eupithecia . . . . 132

napi, Pieris, Ganoris 2, 105, 127,

129, 138

natalensis, Precis. . .. 2,3, 13

neapolisata (fluctuata ab.), Xan-
thorhoe 89

nebulosa, Aplecta.. .. 121, 127

nestira, Morpho . . . . . . 131

neustria, Malacosoma . . 106, 107

nicoleti (galathea ah.), Melanargia 140

nigrofasciaria, Anticlea . . . . 99

nigricans, Agrotis . . 95, 130
nigricans (galathea ab.), Melan-
argia . . . . . . . . 140

nouni, Teracolus . . .. .. 123

nubeculosa, Asteroscopus . . 73

numilia, Catonephele . . . . 115

nupta, Catocala . . . . 118, 130

nyctimus, Epicalia . . . . 115

Nymphalidffi . . . . . . 132

Nymphalis 79

obeliscata = variata

oberthiiri (orbitulus car.), Latior-

ina 109

obliterata, Euchceca . . . . 118
oblongata (centaureata), Eu-
pithecia 118, 132

obsoleta (coridon ah.), Agriades

116, 136
obsoleta (hyperantus ah.), Aphan-

topus 81

obsoleta (icarus ab.), Polyomma-

tus 88

obsoleta (medon ah.), Aricia . . 129
obsoleta-flava (trifohi ah.), Pachy-

gastria . . . . . . . . 96

ocellatus, Smerinthus . . . . 75

ocellatus (hyperantus ab.),

Aphantopus . . . . 80, 81

ochracea (polyxena ah.), Thais.. 90

153

PAGE

ochioleuca, Eremobia .. .. 119

octavia, Precis . . . . . . 2

octoculatus (hyperantus ab.),
Aphantopus . . . . 78, 81

olivacea (querciis ab.), Lasiocampa 133
omphale, Teracolus . . . . 11

optima. Callithea. . .. .. 132

orbitulus, Latiorina . . 89, 109
ornata, Acidalia . . . . . . 95

orsis, Myscelia . . . . . . 115

pales, Brenthis . . . . 100, 112

pallida (coridon ab.), Agriades . . 136
pallida (pamphilus ab.), Cceno-
nympha.. .. .. .. 126

pallida-flava (trifolii ab.), Pachy-

gastria 98, 101

palustris (trifolii var.), Zygsena

106, 112
pamphilus, Ccenonympha 64, 88,

92, 106, 108, 126, 130
pandana, Cyclogramma . . . . 115

pandora, Dryas . . . . . . 60

papbia, Dryas .. ..72,73,105

Papilio .. .. 79, 117, 133

papilionaria, Geometra . . . . 106

paradisea, Papilio, Troides . . 131
parce, Melanargia . . . . 140

paris, Papilio . . . . . . 133

pavonia = carpini

pellionella. Tinea. . .. .. 73

pendularia, Ephyra . . 74, 137
pennaria, Himera . . 73, 106

peranthus, Papilio . . . . 133

perfumaria (gemmaria var.),

Boarmia 132

phegea, Syntomis, Amata . . 60

pherusa, Melanargia 56, 58, 59,

61, 141
phlffias, Rumicia 64, 108, 119, 12(5
phoenicola, Oenides . . . . 89

phryasus = minor (braziliensis n6.)
picketthria (prunaria ah.), An-

gerona 137

Pieris 90

pimpinellata, Eupithecia . . 132
piniaria, Bupalus. . .. 106, 109
plantaginis, Neraeophila ' 108, 112
platensis, Oeketicus . . . . 89
plesaura (pberusa var.), Melan-
argia 58, 61, 141

podalirius, Papilio . . . . 60

polonus, Agriades .. .. 116

polycommata, Tricopteryx . . 93
polyctor, Papilio . . . . . . 133

polymeda = hyperantus

polyxena, Thais . . . . . . 90

pomona, Catopsilia . . . . 12

populella, Tachyptilia . . . . 99

populi, Amorpha.. 73, 75, 122, 132

109
131
106

8
106

96
110'
61
99'
72
.. 119
.. 132
.. 95
92, 95, 118
.. 117

potatoria, Cosmotricbe 106, 107,
108,

Prffitaxila . .

prasinana, Hylophila ..95,96,

Precis .. .. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,

proboscidalis, Hypena . .

procida (galathea var.), Melan-
argia 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,

140, 141

prorsa (levana var.), Araschnia

1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 13

prosapiaria (fasciaria), Ellopia . . 138

prunaria, Angerona 119, 136, 137

pruni, Strymon . .

psi, Trifena, Acronicta 106, 109,

psyche = syllius 55, 56, 58, 59,

pterodactyla (fuscus), Stenoptilia

pudibunda, Dasychira

pulveraria, Numeria

pumilata, Eupithecia

purpurana, Euchromia . .

pusaria, Cabera . .

pylades, Papilio . .

pyraliata, Cidaria

pyranthe, Catopsilia

pyrenaica, Latiorina

pyrrhothea (lesbia var.), Colias

pythonissata (citrata ab.), Dys
stroma . .

quadripunctaria (hera), Callimor-
pha

quercinaria, Ennomos . .

quercus, Bitbys . . 73. 93, 99,

quercus, Lasiocampa 101, 103,
104. 108,

ramosa (aurita ab.), Setina

rapes, Pieris 60, 62, 63, 73,

raphani (daplidice var.), Pontia

ratamffi (trifolii n/j.), Pachygastria

repandata, Boarmia .. 119, 121

restricta (betulffi ab.), Ruralis 96, 97

restricta-lineafa (betulas ab.),
Ruralis 96,

rhamni, Gonepteryx 63, 72, 116
119, 127, 135.

rhodifer, Papilio . .

rhomboidaria = gemmaria

ribeana. Pandemia

robsoni (nebulosa ab.

11,

72
12

109'

8^

126

10»
128-
106

133
122
105
91
96

97

20.

Aplecta

121, 127
rcepstorfii, Hebomoia .. ..85-

roniana (crameri ab.), Antho-
cbaris .. .. .. ..91

rondoui (escheri var.), Polyom-

matus 95, 109

rondoui (escheri ab.), Polyomma-

tus 109, no.

roseilinea, Ethopia . . . . 181

rostralis, Hypena . . . . 106-

154

royslonensis (eoridon ah.), Agri-

ades 135

lubi, Callophrys .. .. 99, 106

i-ufa (trifolii ab.), Pachygastria

96, 97, 101

rugosana, Ptheochroa . . . . 95

rumina (polyxena var.), Thais . . 90

ru=sala = sannio

salambria, Epicalia . . . . 115

salicis, Leuconia . . . . . . 106

salmacis (medon ah.), Aricia . . 129

saltus (ilioneus var.), Caligo . . 143

sambuearia, Urapteryx . . . . 119

saiinio (russula), Diacrisia 92, 106

sapphira, Callithea . . . . 132

satyrata, Eupitbecia . . . . 132

Satyridse . . . . . . . . 108

Satyi-us 79, 80

sehwarziella, Nemophora .. 95

scolopacina, XyJophasia. . .. 93

secalis (didyma), Apamea .. 43

selene, Brenthis 63, 73, 92, 105
semi-persica (icarus ab.), Poly-

ommatus . . . . . . 129

seinirubeila (carnella), Ibythia .. 144
seir.isyngrapha (eoridon ab.),

Agriades 88, 117, 120, 125,

128, 129, 133, 136

semi-vedrae (medon ab.), Aricia 129

senescens, Butalis . . . . 100

seppella, Micropteryx . . . . 100

Serena, Hecatera . . . . . . 99

sesamus, Precis . . 3,6, 12, 13, 93

severina, Beienois .. 11, 14

sibilla, Limenitis.. .. 72, 105

siciliaiia (galatbea var.), Melan-

argia 57

silaceata, Eustroma . . . . 128

simia. Precis . . . . 3, 4

similis, Portbesia. . .. .. 106

similis (medon (/&.), Aricia .. 129

sinapis, Leptosia 127

sobrinatii, Eiipitiiecia .. .. 132

sociata, Xanthorhoe . . 92, 112

Solenobia 93

sororcula, Lithosia . . . . 106

statices, Adscita . . . . . . 60

striata (eoridon ab.), Agriades . . 136
striata (icarus ((?).), Poiyommatus 129

strigata, Hemithea . . . . 118

strix = agrippina

Styx, Acherontia . . . . . . 89

subnotata, Eupitbecia .. .. 118

subroseata (pendularia ab.),

Ephyra 74, 137

subsericeata, Acidalia . . . . 99

succenturiata, Eupitbecia .. 118

suffumata, Lampropteryx • • 128

suffusa (eoridon ab.), Agriades

125, 136
suffusa-typica (trifolii <(').),
Pachygastria . . . . . . 96

sulskowskyi, Morpho . . . . 130

suwarovius (japygia var.), Melan-

argia 55, 61, 140

syllius (psyche), Melanargia 55,

56, 58, 59, 61, 139, 140, 142
sylvanus, Augiades . . 99, 106

syngrapba (eoridon ab.), Agriades 117
syracusana (galathea var.), Me-
lanargia.. .. 57, 140, 141

syriaca (galathea var.), Melan-
argia . . . . . . . . 140

temerata, Bapta . . . . . . 95

tenuiata, Eupitbecia . . . . 132

Teracolus 8, 11, 14

testacea, Luperina . . 73, 130

teueer, Caligo . . . . . . 143

teucrii = heterodactyla
tbaumas = flava

thetis (bellargus), Agriades 62,
(35, 66, 88, 94,95,99, 111, 116,

124, 126, 131
thetis = ines .. ..55,56, 61

thompsoni (nebulosa var.),

Aplecta 121, 127

thunbergella, Micropteryx . . 95

tilise, Mimas . . . . 73, 95

tiliffi, Nepticula . . . . . . 123

titea, Melanargia.. .. 61, 140

tithonus, Epinephele 64, 105,

108, 119, 130
tityus, HiEmaris . . . . . . 92

trans-caspica (japygia var.), Me-
lanargia.. .. .. .. 140

tridens, Triaena, Acronieta 109, 110
trifolii (chenopodii), Hadena . . 123
trifolii, Pachygastria 73, 96, 97,

98, 101
trifolii, Zygeena 94, 106, 112,

122, 139
trinacriae (crameri ab.), Antho-
charis . . . . . . . . 91

tristan = hyperantus

tristiita, Xanthorhoe .. ..92

truncata, Dysstroma . . . . 126

turcica (galathea var.), Melan-
argia . . 56, 57, 59, 61, 140, 141
turritis (cardamines var.),

Euchloe 91

umbratica, Cueullia . . . . 99
unguicula, Drepana . . . . 94
unilinea (trifolii ab.), Pachygas-
tria 96

unilinea-typica (trifolii ab.),
Pachygastria . . . . . . 96

155

PAGE

131

60, 62, 63, 73, 105

57

108

uraneis, Morpho

urtica, Aglais

Vanessse . .

VanessidiE..

varleyata (grossulariata ab.)

Abraxas.. 121, 128, 130,

variata (obeliscata), Thera
vediaj (medon ah.), Aricia
vernalis (paris car.), Papilio ..
veniaria, Geometra
versicolora, Dimorpha . . 78
vidua (byperantus uh.), Apban

topus 77, 78

villica, Arctia
villosella, Pacbythelia . .
vinula, Dicranum . . 75

virgatamedicaginis (trifolii ab.)

Pacbygastria
virgaureana, Sciapbiia . .
viridana, Tortrix 15, 17, 19, 20
92, 93
vispardi (galatbea ab.), Melan

argia

vulgata, Eupithecia
w-album, Chattendenia .
xylosteaiia, Caccecia
ziczac, Notodonta
/onana, Nyssia . .
Zygeena

MOLLUSCA.

agrestis, Agiiolimax
arborum, Limax . .
arbustoium. Helix
Anon

Arionidse . .
aspersa, Helix
ater, Anon
canliana, Helix . .
cinereo-niger, Limax
circuinscnptus, Arion
elegans, Cyclostoma
flavus, Limax
gagates, Milax
haliotidea, Te>"acella
horteuriis, Aiiu.i . .
intei-medius, .vi;on
Iffivis, Agrioli..i.t.i. .
Limacidea . .
Limax

maculosus, Geomalacus .
maugei, Testacella
maximus, Limax . .
medii-templi, Testacella,

Milax

minimus, Arion . .
niiida, Zonitoides
scutuium, Testacella
sowerbii, iMilax . .

136
138
129
133
129
Hi

81
108
119
118

96

99

. 141

, 132

. 126

. 17

, 106

. 89

. 109

,46, 17, 124

.. 46

.. 87

45, 48

.. 45

.. 87

.. 48

.. 73

45. 123

42, 48

.. 87

118

.. 47

.. 44

48, 124

48, 49

44

subfuscus, Arion . .
teuellus, Limax . .
Testacella . .

Myriapoda.
coleoptrata, Scutigera ..

Neuroptera.

coa, Nemoptera . .
cornutus, Corydalis
flava, Cbrysopa . .
perla, Cbrysopa . -

46
124

86

87

.. 116
112, 116

Odox.\ta.

microstigma

Orthoptera.
acervorum, Myrmecophila
Acridiodea..

americana, Periplaneta . .
auricularia, Fo'licula
australasise, Periplaneta . . 32

34,
37,

I bimaculatus, Gryllus

Blattodea . .
1 brazzBB, Naupbseta

brunnea, Nyctibora

burmeisteri, Epilampra

campestris, Gryllus

cinerea, Naupbajta

circumvageas, Naupbieta

copbta (gryllotalpa var.}, Gryllo
talpa

orientalis, Blatta . .

cubensis, Blabera

decorata, Slylopyga

domesticus, Gryllus . . 51

douvillei, Paleeoblattina . .

Eetobiidie . .

Ectobius . .

exoleta, Pancblora
I Forticulodea
j germanica, Blatella

51.

34, 36, 38,
122,

48

48

45

49

44

45

45

.. 47

.. 48

.. 47

44, 124

47, 124

gigantea, Blabera . .
Gryllacris . .
Gryllidffi ..
Gryllodea . .
Gryi lodes . .
gryllotalpa, Gryllotalpa
GryllotalpidiB
hebneus, Gryllodes
holosericea, Nyctibora
lapponicus, Ectobius
Linchodes . .
Locustodea
maderoe, Ilbyparobia
Mantodea . .

123
52
29
40
39
39
52
40
40

54
122
37
39
52
33
30
36
39
29

123
39
54
60
29
54
53
51
54
39
35

123
29
39
29

156

PAGE

melanocephala, Blatta . .

39

natalensis, Ischnoptera . .

40

nigripes (panzeri var.), Ectob

ius

35

nivea (virescens), Panchlora

39

orientalis, Blatta

32, 33, 34, 36

37,

122

panzeri, Ectobius. .

34,

35

pellucens, Oecanthus

54

perspicillai-is, Ectobius . .

34,

35

Phasmodea

29

reticulatus, Homcegryllus

54

rhombifolia, Dorylea

39

surinamensis, Periplaneta,

Leu-

cophsea 34

38,

39

sylvestris, Nemobius

51

virescens = nivea ..

39

viridis, Panchlora

39

Phanerogams.

Acer

21

arvensis. Ononis . .

110

Bignoniaceffi

87

bignonioides, Catalpa . .

86

bungei, Catalpa . .

86

campestre, Acer . .

21,

24

cordifolia, Catalpa

86

Cypripedium

il9

Cytisus

89

duclouxii, Catalpa

86

Erica

60

fargesi, Catalpa . .

86

imperialis, Paulownia

80

kasnipferi, Catalpa

86

mais, Zea

13*3

134

monspessulanum, Acer . .

21

negundo, Acer
Nepenthes . .
palustre, Comarum
platanoides, Acer. .
pseudoplatanus, Acer
pusilla, Campanula
Scrophulariaceffi . .
speciosa, Catalpa..
sper.tabile, Sedum
teasiana, Catalpa. .
terminalis, Pyrus. .
vulgaris, Petasites

Ehynchota.

aceris, Chaitophorus

Aleurodes = Aleyrodes

Aphis

aurita, Ledra

cinnamopterus, Pilophorus

Corixa

clavicornis, Asiraca

Coccus

diadema, Phriatus

Flatina

Periphyllus

pini, Chermes

punctipes, Metacanthus . .

rntilans, Poecilonota

testudinatus, Phyllophorus

testudo, Chelymorpha

testudo, Periphyllus

Thysakoptera.
pisivora, Kakothrips

page
21, 23
54
112
21
21
124

63

21
116
110

75
118
73
75
75

132

Correction.

Proceedings, 1914-15.

On Plate VIII., Fig. 8, for C. nigricella read C. bicolorella .

Proceedings, 1915-16.
p. 59, line 44, for turca read turcica.

p. 74,
p. 144,

38, ,, agrippini read agrippina.
13, ,, Ilythyia read Ilithyia.

THE ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

For 1886, 1887. 1888^9 (1 Vol.),

1890^91 (1 Vol.), 1892-.3 (1 Vol.),

1894, 1895. 1896, 1897. 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901,

1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908,

1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913 and 1914.

Are still in print, and may be had on application to the Librarian.

1886, price 1/6 ; 1887, price 2/6 ; 1888-9 and

1890-91, price 3/6 each; 1892-8, price 3/-;

1894, price 2/6 ; 1896, price 2/- ; 1896, price 2/6;;

1897, Part 1, price 2/-; Part 2, price 2/-;

1898, Part 1, price 1/- ; Part 2, price 2/- ;
1899, price 2/6 ; 1900, price 2/6 ; 1901, price 2/- ;
1902, price 2/6 ; 1903, price 2/- ; 1904, price 2/- ;
1905, price 2/6; 1906, price 2/6; 1907, price 2/6
1908, price 2/6 ; 1909, price 5/- ; 1910, price 4/6

1911, price 4/6; 1912, price 3/-; 1913, price 4/-;
and 1914, price 4/-.

N.B.— MEMBERS are allowed a discount of one third off the above
prices.

CONTENTS.

FAOE

Officers and Council i

Objects of the Society ii

Past Presidents ii

List of Members iii

Eeport of the Council xi

Balance-sheet xvi, xvii

Seasonal Dimorphism, By Dr. T, A. Dixey, F.R.S., F.E.S 1

Life-cycle of Tortrix viridana. By A. Sich, F.E.S. 15

The Maple Aphis and its Dimorphic Larva. By E. J. Bunnett, M.A. . . 21

On the Metamorphosis of Geotrupes stercorarius. By Constant Sano . . 23

British Cockroaches. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S 29

Limacology. By A. Sich, F.E.S 41

British Crickets. By W. J. Lucas, B. A., F.E.S 50

The European species of thegenus Melanargia. By J. Piatt Barrett, F.E.S. 56
The Autumn Butterflies at Eastbourne and some other notes. By R.

Adkin, F.E.S 62

Abstract of Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

The Bird-life of the Scilly Isles. By W. F. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. 70

The Odd Egg in a Clutch. By C. W. Colthrup 82

The Lachneides, By B. W. Adkin, F.E.S 96,101,107

Index 146

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

1916-1917.

Thursdays; May 25th, 1914; June 8th; June, 22nd; July 18th,
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25th (Annual, at 7 p.m.); February 8th, 22nd; March 8th,
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LIBRARY OPEN AT 7 p.m., CHAIR TAKEN AT 8 p.m.

Members exhibiting specimens at the Meetings of the Society
are requested to be good enough to hand to the Secretary, at the
Meeting, a note in writing of the generic and specific names of all
specimens exhibited, together with the names of the localities in
which such specimens were obtained, and any remarks thereon
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in writing the Secretary cannot be responsible for any errors in
connection with his report of such exhibits, or for the omission of
any reference thereto in the Proceedings.

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CottttciL

S. R. ASHBY, F.E.S. D. R. MORFORD.

W. J. ASHDOWN. C. W. SPERRING.

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G. BROOKS. W. WEST, L.D.S. (Sutton).

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'i)oxx, ^vea-&xxvev,

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^on. §jccx*ctrtvtj.

S. EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc. {Gemrol Sec],

15, St. German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3

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The Society has for its object the diffusion of Biological Science, by
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec-
tions. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the
Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings m each month,
from Seven to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society's Rooms are
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the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to
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All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,
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PAST PRESIDENTS-

1872-4.

J. R. Weli.man (dec).

1894 ..

1875-6.

A. B. Earn, E.E.S.

1895 ..

1877 .

J. P. BARRETT, E.E.S.

(dec).

189(5 ..

1878 .

J. T. Williams (dec).

1897 . .

1879 .

R. Standen, E.E.S.

1898 ..

1880 .

. A. EicKLiN (dec).

1899 . .

1881 .

V. R. Perkins, E.E.S

1900 ..

1882 .

T. R. BiLLUPS, E.E.S.

1901 ..

1883 .

. J. R. Wellman (dec.)

1902 ..

1884 .

. W. West, L.D.S.

1903 ..

1885 .

. R. South, E.E.S.

1904 ..

1886-7.

. R. Adkin, E.E.S.

1905 ..

1888-9.

. T. R. BiLLUPs, E.E.S

1906-7.

1890 .

. J. T. Carrington, E.L.S.

1908-9..

(dec.)

1910-11.

1891 .

. W.H.TuftWEI.L,PH.C.

(dec.)

191213.

1892 .

. C.G. Barrett, E.E.S.

(dec.)

1914-15.

1893 .

. J. J. Weir, E.L.S. , etc (dec.)

1916 .

E. Step, E.L.S.

T. W. Hall, E.E.S.

R. SoDTH, E.E.S.

R. Adkin, E.E.S.

J. W. TuTT, E.E.S. (dec).

A. Harrison, E.L.S. (dec).

W. J. Ldcas, B.A.. E.E.S.

H. S. Eremlin, E.E.S., etc

F. NoAD Clark.
E. Step, E.L.S.
A. SicH, E.E.S.

H. Main, B.Sc, E.E.S.
R. Adkin. E.E.S.
A. Sigh, E.E.S.
W. J. Kaye, E.E.S.

A. E. ToNGE, E.E.S.

B. H. Smith, B.A., E.E.S.
Hy. J. Tm?NER, E.E.S.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Chief subjects of Study : — h, Hymenoptera ; o, Orthoptera ; he, Hemiptera;
n, Nenroptera ; c, Coleoptera ; d, Diptera ; I, Lepidoptera ; ool, Oology ; orn,
Ornithology ; r, Eeptilia ; m, Mollusca ; cr, Crustacea ; '), Botany ; mi, .Microscopy ;
e, signifies Exotic forms.

Year or
Election.

1886 Adkin, B. W., F.E.S., Trenowith, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent.

Z, orn.
1882 Adkin, R., F.E.S., Vice-pirsulent, Wellfield, 4, Lingard's Rd.,

Lewisham, S.E. 13, and Hodeslea, Meads, Eastbourne. I.
1901 Adkin, R. A., Hodeslea, Meads, Eastbourne. »/.
1907 Andrews, H. W., F.E.S., Shirley, Welling, Kent. d.
1914 Archer, T. H., 52, Elsenham Street, Southfields, S.W. 18. l.
1901 Armstrong, Capt. R. R., B.A., B.C. (Cantab), M.R.C.S.,

F.R.C.P., 55, Granville Park, Lewisham. S.E. 13. e, I.
1895 AsHHY, S. R., F.E.S., 119, Greenvale Road, Eltham Park,

Kent, 9. <; I.

1895 Ashdown, W. .J., Belmont Road, Leatherhead. /, '•, he.
1888 Atmore, E. a., F.E.S., 48, High Street, King's Lynn, Nor-
folk. I.

1896 Barnett, T. L., 19, Osmond Gardens, Wallington, Surrey. I.

1887 IUrren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. 15. /.
1912 Bateson, Dr. W., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., The Manor House,

^lerton, Surrey. {Hon. Member.)
1911 Blair, K. G., B.Sc, F.E.S., 23, West Hill, Highgate,

N. 6. n, ,:
1911 Blenkarn, S. a., F.E.S., Norham, Cromwell Road, Becken-

ham, Kent. I.
1898 Bliss, M. F.,F.E.S., Coningsburgh, Montpelier Road, Ealing,

W. 5. I.

IV

Year or
Election.

1895 Bowman, K., The May Sharp Construction Co. Ltd., Edmon-
ton, Alta, Canada. I.

1909 ]3owMAN, R. T., 108, Station Road, Chingford. I.

1891 Briggs, H. M., 8, High Street, Canterbury. I, orn.

1887 Briggs, T. H., M.A., F.E.S., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O.,
N. Devon. I.

1909 Bright, P. M,, F.E.S., Cheriton, Porchester Road, Bourne-
mouth. I.

1913 Brooks, George, 28, Hilton Avenue, Friern Barnet. /.

1900 Browne, G. B., Thorndene, S. Benfleet, Essex. I.

1909 BucKSTONE, A. A. W., 807a, Kingston Road, Merton Park,
Wimbledon, SW. 19. I.

1915 BuNNETT, E. J., M.A., 9, London Road, Forest Hill,
S.E. 23. mi.

1890 Butler, W. E., F.E.S., Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading.
I, c.

1889 Cant, A., F.E.S., 33, Festing Road, Putney, S.W. 15. I, mi.
1910 Cardew, Major P. A., East Hill House, QueenstoAvn, Co.

Cork. I.
1886 Carpenter, J. H., F.E.S., Redcot, Belmont Road, Leather.

head, Surrey. I.
1899 Carr, F. B., 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E. 12. I.
1899 Carr, Rev. F. M. B., M.A., L.Th., The Vicarage, Alvanley,

Nr. Helsby, Cheshire. I, n.
1897 Chapman, T. A. ,M.D.,F.E.S.,F.Z.S.,Betula,Reigate, Surrey. I.
1879 Clode, W. {Life member.)

1915 Cockayne, E. A.^ M.D., F.E.S., 1 6, Cambridge Square, W. 2. I.
1899 CoLTHRUP, C. W., 103, Woodwarde Road, E. Dulwicb, S.E. 22.

I, uol, GDI.

1907 CooTE, F. D., 25, Pendle Road, Streatham, S.W. 6. I, b.

1909 CouLSEN, F. J., 17, Birdhurst Road, Colliers Wood, Merton,

S.W. 19. I.

1902 CowHAM, F. W., 118, Minard Road, Hither Green, S.E. 13. I.

1911 CoxHEAD, G. W., 36, Linthorpe Road, Stamford Hill, N. 16. c.

1899 Crabtree, B. H., F.E.S., Cringle Lodge, Levenshulme, Man-
chester. I.

1898 Crow, E. J., 2G, Tindal Street, North Brixton, S.W. 9. I.

1910 CuRWKN, B. S., 9, Lebanon Park, Twickenham. I.

V
Year of
Election.

1917 Darwall, Rev. D. M., Dagpole, Barclay Oval, Woodford
Wells. I.

1888 Dawsok, W. G., F.E.S., The Manor House, Upper Wick,

Worcester. {Life mewber.) I.

1900 Day, F. H., F.E.S., 26, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. I, c.
1912 Dkxter, S., 13, Bankwill Road, Lee, S.E. 12.

1889 Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, S.W. 1.

I, mi, h.

1901 DoDs, A. W., IJon. Librarian, 88, Alkham Road, Stamford

Hill, N. 16. L
1912 DuNSTKR, L. E., 44, St. John's Wood Terrace, N.W. 8. L

1904 East, F. J., 69, Cazenove Road, Stamford Hill, N. 16. /.

1886 Edwards, S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Hon. Sec, 15, St.

German's Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3. I, d.

1914 Emmett, C. p., F.E.S., Messrs. Cox & Co., Charing Cross,

S.W. 1. L

1915 Fagg, T. a., 55, Mt. Pleasant Road, Lewisham, S.E. 13. Z.

1887 Fletcher, W. H. B., M.A., F.E.S., Aldwick Manor, Bognor,

Sussex. {Life member.) L
1889 Ford, A., South View, Irving Road, West Southbourne,

Bournemouth, Hants. I, c.
1915 Foster, T. B., Parkview Road, Addiscombe, Croydon. /.

1907 Fountaine, Miss M. E., F.E.S., 1, Myola via Cairns, N.

Queensland, Australia. L
1912 Freeman, C. N., 54 5, Coleman Street, E.C. 2. /.
1886 Fremlin, Major H. S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.E.S., The

Elms, Kingsbury, N.W. 9. I, mi.
1912 Frohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., F.E.S., Vicr-pre^ident, Stanley

House, Park Road, Wallington, Surrey. I, am.
1915 Fryer, Gordon, L. D. S., 52, London Road, Twickenham. L
1914 Fryer, J.C F., Craven House, Northumberland Av., S.W. 2. Z.

1911 Gahan, C. J., M.A., F.E.S., British Museum (Natural

History), South Kensington, S.W. 7. r.

1912 Gardner, J. E., 204, Evering Road, Upper Clapton, N.E. 5.
1884 GiBB, L., F.E.S., 38, Blackheath Park, S.E. 3. {Life

member.) L

1908 GoFFE, E. R., 160, Ramsey Drive, Wosfccliff-on-Sea, Essex. Z.

Year of
Election.
1908 Green, E. D., 17, Manor Park, Lee, S.E. 13. /.

1888 Hall, A. E., F.E.S., F.R.H.S., Cranlield House, Southwell,

Notts, l.
1884 Hall, T. W., F.E.S., Hon. Trmiiurer, Stanhope, the Crescent,

Croydon, Surrey ; and 61, West Smithfield, E.G. 1. I.

1891 Hamm, a. H., 22, Southfields Road, Oxford. I.
1906 Hammond, L., Letchmere, Alden Lane, Purley. I.

1903 Hare, E. J., F.E.S., 7, New Square, Lincoln's Lin, W.C. 2. I.
1911 Harris, P. F.

1913 Haynes, E. B., 17, Denmark Avenue, Wimbledon, S.W. 19. I.
1905 Hill, E., Roseneath, 3, Dorville Road, Lee, S.E. 13. I.

1888 HiLLMAN, T. S.,F.E.S., 11, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. I.
1911 Holding, A., 95, Kyverdale Road, Stoke Newington, N. 16. I.

1889 HoRNE, A., F.E.S., 60, Gladstone Place, Aberdeen. I.

1910 HuMM, P. S., L.D.S., 56, Victoria Street, Westminster,
S.W. 1. I.

1914 Jackson, W. H., Holmfield, Plough Road, Purley, Surrey. I.
1886 Jagkr, J., 65, St. Quentin's Avenue, North Kensington,

W. 10. /.

1886 Kane, W. P. de V., M.A., F.E.S., M.R.LA., Dadmans,
Sittingbourne, Kent. /, »//, iiiarhie invertebrata.

1898 Kaye, W. J., F.E.S., Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey.
I, S. Awerican I.

1900 Kemp, S. W., B.A., F.E.S., Indian Museum, Calcutta. I, c.

1910 KiDNEK, A. R., The Oaks, Station Road, Sidcup, Kent. I.

1914 Leeds, H. A., 2, Pendcroft Road, Knebworth, Herts, l.

1911 Leslie, J. H., F.E.S., 84, Huron Road, Tooting Common,

S.W. 17. /.
1896 LuGAs, W. J., P..A., F.E.S., 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-
Thames. Brit, v., odonata, n, m, b.

1892 Main, H., 13. Sc, F.E.S., Almondale, Buckingham Road, S.

Woodford, Essex. I.
1886 Manger, W. T., 100, Manor Road, New Cross, S.E. 4. I, c, cr.
1889 Mansbridge, W., F.E.S., 4, Norwich Road, Wavertree,

Liverpool. I.
1916 Mason, G. W., 99, Seaford Road, Ealing, W. 5. L
1885 Mera, a. W., Outwood, High Road, Loughton, Essex, l.

vu
Year of
Election.
1881 Miles, W. H., F.E.S., 7, Church Lane, Calcutta. Post Box

126. ////, b.
1880 MoNTiERo, A. A. DE C, F.E.S., 70, Rua do Alecrim, Lisbon.
1889 Moore, H., F.E.S., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E. 16.

/, h, d, e I, e h, e d, mi.

1910 MoRFORD, J). R., 16, Spencer Road, Cottenham Park, Wimble-

don, S.W. 19. l.

1911 MoRicE, The Rev. F. D., M.A., F.E.S., Brunswick, Mt. Hermon,

Woking. {Life Me)iiber.) It.

1912 Neave, B. W., Lyndhurst, 95, Queen's Road, Brownswood

Park, N. 4. l.
1906 Newman, L. W., F.E.S., SaUsbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.

1911 Page, H. E., F.E.S., Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross,

S.E. 15. l.
1915 Pearson, G. B., 5, Upper Bedford Place, Russell Square,

W.C. 1. I.
1908 Pennington, F., Oxford Mansions, Oxford Circus, W. 1. I.
1880 Perkins, V. R., F.E.S., Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire.

I, h, d.

1911 Peskett, G. E. H., Llanberis, 37, Woodbury Grove,

Finsbury Park, N. 4. I.
1887 Porritt, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., Elm Lea, Dalton, Hudders-
field. I, n.

1912 PouLTON, Prof. E. B., D.Sc, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.E.S.,

Wykeham House, Oxford. {Hon. Member.)
1897 Prkst, E. E. B., Corrie, Ashtead, Surrey. I.
1903 Priske, R. a. R ., F.E.S., 9, Melbourne Avenue, W. Ealing,

W^ 5. I, w.

1911 QuAKRiNGTON, A,, 14, The Broadway, West Norwood,
S.E. 27. /.

1902 Rayward, a. L., F.E.S., Rockford, Beechwood Road, Sander-
stead, Surrey. I.

1887 Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham Com-
mon, S.W. 4. am.

1902 Riley, N. D., 94, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. 17. /.

1910 Robertson, G. S., M.D., St. Anne's, 101, Thurlow Park
Road, Dulwich, S.E. 21. /.

VIU
Tear of
Election.

1887 Robinson, A., B.A., 5, King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.G. 4. I.
1894 Robinson, Leigh, F.Z.S., 4, Queen's Walk, Ealing, W. 5. l.
1911 Robinson, Lady Maud, F.E.S., Worksop Manor, Notts. I, n.
1887 RouTLEDGE, G. B., F.E.S., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.

l,c.
1900 RowDEN, A. 0., 3, Archibald Road, Exeter. I, b.
1904 Rowland-Brown, H., F.E.S., Oxhey Grove, Harrow W^eald. I.
1890 RowNTREE, J, H., Scalby Nabo, Scarborough, Yorks. I.
1898 Russell, A., F.E.S., Wilverley, Dale Road, Purley. I.

1915 Russell, S. G. C, Monkswood, Heathside Park Road,

Woking. I.

1908 StAubyn, J. S., Tregothnan, Endlesham Road, Balham,

S.W. 12. I.
1914 Schmassmann, W., Beulah Lodge, London Road, Enfield, N. I.

1910 Scorer, A. G., F.E.S., Hillcrest, Chilworth, Guildford, l.

1911 Sennett, N.S., F.E.S., 32, Bolton Gardens, S. Kensington,

S.W. 7. c.
1910 Sheldon, W. G., F.E.S., Youlgreave, South Croydon. I.
1898 Sigh, Alf., F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, W. 4. I.
1903 Smallman, R. S., F.E.S., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle Road,

Beckenham, Kent. I.
1908 Smith, B. H., B.A., F.E.S., Edgehill, Warlingham, Surrey. I.
1890 Smith, William, 13, St. Mirren Street, Paisley. I.
1882 South, R.,' F.E.S., 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up-Hill,

Brondesbury, N.W. 2. I.

1908 Sperring, C. W., 8, Eastcombe Avenue, Charlton. I.

1873 Standen, R., F.L.S., . F.E.S., Newlyn, Romsey, Hants.

{Life viember.) I, b.
1872 Step, E., F.L.S. Oakwood House, Barnett Wood Lane,

Ashtead, Surrey, b, vi, cr.: Insects, all Orders.

1916 Stewart, H. M., M.A., M.D., 123, Thurlow Park Road,

Dulwich, S.W. 21. I.

1909 Stone, F. J.,

1910 Stoneham, Lieut. H. F., F.E.S., Stoneleigh, Reigate. orn, I.
1913 Storey, Gilbert, Dept. of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt. Econ.

Ent.

1911 Stowell, E. A. C, B.A. (Oxon.), Laleham, Bexhill. I.
1911 Sweeting, H. R., M.A., Wilfruna, Alexandra Grove, Finchley,

N.W. 3. I

IX
Year of
Election.
1916 Syms, E. E., 22, Woodlands Avenue, Wanstead, N.E. I.

1894 Tarbat, Rev. J. E., M.A., Fareham, Hants. I, onl.

1913 Tatchel, L., 23, The Arcade, Bonrnemouth. I.

1910 Tautz, p. H., Cranleigh, Nower Hill, Pinner. /.

1911 Todd, R. G., The Limes, Hadley Green, Barnet. I.

1902 ToNGE, A. E., F.E.S., Aincroft, Grammar School Hill,
Reigate. I.

1887 Turner, H. J., F.E.S., President, 98, Drakefell Road, Now

Cross, S.E. 14. /, c, 7i, he, h.

1889 Vine, A. C, 45, Temple Street, Brighton, Sussex. I.

1889 Wainwright, C. J., F.E.S., 45, Handsworth Wood Road,

Handsworth, Staffs. I. d.
1911 Wakely, L. D., 34, Lancaster Road, Wimbledon Common,

S.W. 19. I.
1880 AValker, Comm. J. J., M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., " Aorangi,"

Lonsdale Road, Summertown, Oxford. I, r.

1886 Walsingham, The Right Hon. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.,

F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &C. {Hon. member.) I, am.

1888 Webb, S., Sussex House, Shepherds Well, Dover. I.
1911 Wells, H. 0., Inchiquin, Lynwood Avenue, Epsom. I.
1872 West, W., Hon. Curator, 8, Morden Hill, Lewisham Road,

S.E. IB. I, c, he.
1878 West, W ., L.D.S., Glyn, Sherwood Park Road, Sutton,
Surrey. I, mi.

1911 Whkeler, The Rev. G., M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 37, Gloucester

Place, W. 1. I.

1887 Whiffen, W. H., Holmwood Lodge, Laton Rd., Hastings. I.

1914 Williams, B. S., 77, Durham Road, E. Finchiey, N. 7. I.

1912 Williams, C. B., B.A., F.E.S., Department of Agriculture,

Trinidad. /.
1905 Winkworth, J. T., 290, Burdett Road, E. 14. I.

Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors in,
additions to, or alterations required in the above Addresses and descriptions.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 1916.

THE Council of the South London Entomological and Natural
History Society, in presenting the forty-fifth Annual
Eeport, is able to state that the Society continues in a
satisfactory condition.

Possibly owing to the present circumstances only two new
members have been elected, and one old member, who resigned
some years ago, has rejoined.

The Society has to deplore the loss of five members by death,
viz., J. Piatt Barrett, C. A. Briggs, F. Enock, H. W. Martin and
H. A. Sauze, and three have resigned.

The Membership at present stands as follows : 3 Hon. Members,
7 Life Members, 131 Ordinary Members and 22 Country Members,
—total 163.

During the year several of our active members have undertaken
military duties, this and the darkness of the streets has somewhat
interfered with the attendance at the meetings, nevertheless a
good average has been maintained.

The Council would like to place on record their great appreciation
of Mr. Step's hearty co-operation in all that has been brought
forward for the advancement of the objects of the Society for many
years past, and trust that in the near future circumstances will
again permit him to continue his useful work amongst them.

The Balance Sheet, duly audited, is printed on pages xiv-xv.

The Special Exhibition of " Orders other than Lepidoptera," was
held on May 11th, when there were numerous exhibits of great
interest.

The Annual Special Exhibition of Varieties and other objects of
special interest was held on December 14th. Although the attend-
ance was smaller than in previous years, yet the exhibits, especially
those of Lepidoptera, were of more than usual interest.

Mr. Dennis has again kindly filled the office of Lanternist.

Mr. D. R. Morford continues as Recorder of Attendances.

The following is a list of Papers read before the Society : —

February 10th. — "Ocmnia dtspar in Britain," by R. Adkin, F.E.S.

April 13tb.-"The Flight of Birds," by F. W. Frohawk,
M.B.O.U., F.E.S.

May 2oth. — " On the Genus Catocala," by the President.

September 14th. — " On Paranje aeyeria" one by the President
and one by Mr. A. E. Gibbs.

October 12th. — "On Paranje aei/eria var. eijerides from Devon," by
Mr. A. E. Gibbs.

October 26th. — " The Genus Faran/e," by the President.

November 9th. — A Lecture by Professor Bateson, F.R.S., " Re-
marks on the Mendelian Theories, with especial reference to their
recent application in experiments made in America."

January 11th. — "On Rearing Beetles of the Genus Gcotrupes,"
by Hugh Main, B.Sc, F.E.S.

The Honorary Curator, Mr. W. West (Greenwich) reports the
following additions to the Cabinets : —

Mr. Leeds, four examples of Stnjmon pruni.

Mr. Priske, a pair of CoprU hmaria.

Mr. Ashdown, a pair of Crijjitocephalmi cori/li.

Mr. Routledge, a pair of ^[ela!iOllla (rneniii, also a pair of And-
struiti/cJia abdi)iiiinalis.

Mr. Bunnett, a pair of Mj/CL'tophai/ati pojndi.

Dr. Chapman, several species of Orthoptera.

Mr. Ashby, several species of Coleoptera, and from the Curator
himself numerous species of Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Orthoptera.

The Honorary Librarian, Mr. A. W. Dods, reports that the
Library has been well used for reference on the meeting nights, and
the sales of "Proceedings " show a large increase on previous years.

There have been seven Field Meetings during the year :—

April 8th. — To Cobham and Oxshott, conducted by Mr. W. J.
Kaye.

May 20th. — To Wisley, conducted by Mr. W. J. Kaye.

June 24th. — To Clandon, conducted by the President.
July 22nd, — To Boxhill, conducted by the President.
August 12th.— To RoYSTON, Herts, conducted by Mr. A. E. Gibbs.
September 9th. — To Westerham, conducted by the President in
the absence of Mr. R. Adkin.

October 7th.— Fungus Foray to Oxshott, conducted by Mr. W.
J. Lucas.

Reports of these meetings, furnished by the respective conductors,
will be found in the " Proceedings."

Messrs. S. Edwards and A. Sich were the Society's delegates to
the Annual Congress of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific
Societies held last May at Tunbridge Wells.

Prof, Bateson, F.R.S., was the Society's delegate to the Conference
of the representatives of the Corresponding Societies of the British
Association at Newcastle in September.

The Volume of "Proceedings" published during the past year
consists of xvi. and 156 pages, with twelve plates, two of which are
coloured.

The following is a list of the additions to the Library : — •

Books.

" Biographical Index of Fossils in the United States Museum."

" Synopsis of the Genus Poh/ponis,'' Cincinnati.

" Natural History of Bournemouth."

" United States Museum Bulletin, Birds."

" Catalogue of the Meteoric Collection," United States National
Museum.

" Osteological Material," Connecticut Academy,

" Sessile Barnacles," United States National Museum.

Mafiazines and Perindicah
Irish Naturalist."

" Entomologist's Monthly Magazine."

" Entomological News."

" Entomologist."

"Canadian Entomologist."

"Balletin of the Soc. Ent. France."

" Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation.

" Phillipine Journal of Science."

liejiortK caul Transact idhs of Sucieties._

" South-Eastern Naturalist," 1915-lG.

" Report of the Meeting of the Corresponding Societies of the
British Association."

" Smithsonian Annual Report," 1915.

" Proceedings of the Smithsonian Institute," 1915.

" Annual Association of Naturalists of Lovallois-Perriet, 1918."

" British Association," 1915.

" Torquay Nat. Hist. Society."

" Hastings and St. Leonards Nat. Hist. Society."

" Proceedings of the Bournemouth Science Society," Vols. I. -VII.

" Croydon Nat. Hist, and Scientific Society."

" Reports of the United States National Museum."

" Proceedings of the United States Museum," 1915.

"Lancashire and Cheshire Nat. Hist. Society," 1911-15.

" London Nat. Hist. Society," 1915.

" Bulletins of the Agricultural College of Portici," Naples.

" Entomological Society of Ontario."

" Annual Report of the Chicago Nat. Hist. Museum."

" Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy."

Two parts of the " Transactions of the Entomological Society of
London," from Mr, Lachlan Gibb.

FanqiJih'ts and Separata.

" Alternation of Generation," by Janet.

" Egg of Dolosa iilobator," by Janet.

Three separata from Stockholm.

"Fungi of Dorset," 2 pts. and 1 sup., from Rev. E. L. Linton.

" Revision of the genus Lv/a, U.S. Museum " (hot.).

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OO

Ocneria dispar in Britain.

By Robert Adkin, F.E.S. — Ju'dd Febriianj lOtli, 1916.

Pi'obably the occurrence of Ocneria dixpar in this country and its
subsequent more or less complete disappearance, have given rise to
more controversy than similar phenomena in regard to any other
species that we are pleased to call British. I suppose that the
present day lepidopterist, if he troubles his head about the matter
at all, is content to assume that the species was common in " the
fens " up to about the middle of the last century, when it, like
another fen loving species and namesake, Chri/sophauKs dispar,
suddenly disappeared. So far so good, but is that all?

So far as 1 have been able to trace, our oldest writers were not
acquainted with the species. Moufet's " Insectorum Theatrum,"
1634 ; Ray's " Historia Insectorum," 1710 ; and Petiver's " Opera
Historiam Naturalem Spectantia," 1764, are all difficult to follow,
but so far as I have been able to follow them, no mention of any
species that will pass for (). dispar is included in them, neither does
Stephens in his Catalogue refer to any of these authors under this
species. I ought perhaps to say that llaworth in his " Lepidoptera
Britannica," among a long list of references to various authors,
chiefly coutmental, quotes Albin's " Natural History of English
Insects," 1720, plate 93. Fortunately Albin, on practically all his
plates, figured both larva and imago. On plate 93 is depicted an
undoubted Geometrid larva and an equally unmistakable Geometrid
imago, which he tells us the larva produced ; these figures cannot
therefore be intended for (J. dispar — no names are given throughout
the work — nor is there any figure on any of his " One hundred
plates" that can be taken to represent that insect; neither does
Moses Harris, who by the way does give English names to all his
insects and Latin names also to many of them, make any mention
of the " Gipsy Moth " in the " Aurelian " published in 1766. All
these old writers appear to have been ardent collectors, and I think
we may fairly assume that they had not recognised O. dispar as a
British species.

The first mention I find of the species is in Benjamin Wilkes'
"Natural History of the Moths and Butterflies," published in 1778,
I believe, so far as regards letterpress, but the plates appear to have
been published somewhat earlier ; at any rate he figures the insect
in all its stages and tells us that a Mr. Peter CoUinson received a
nest of eggs from Germany, gave them to one Charles Lockyer, Esq.,

who bred moths from them and " turned numbers of them wild
about Ealing, near Brentford, in Middlesex," where they were to be
found but not anywhere else that he had heard of. In passing I
may mention that Wilkes refers copiously to the older authors, often
quoting among many others the three that I have already mentioned,
but he does not refer to thein in regard to 0. dispar, which I think
may be taken as further evidence that it was not known as British
in their day.

In this connection an entry in an old diary, for a note of which I
am indebted to Mr. Frohawk, is of interest. The diary was written
by a William Jones, of Chelsea, and is in the possession of Dr. F.
Dawtry Drewitt, of Kensington, and in it there is this entry " 15
July, 1764, Bred 3 female Gipsy Moths and 1 male." Dr. Drewitt
has also very kindly furnished the following information. " In the
diary of the ' Society of the Entomologists of London,' of which
Wra. Jones was the moving spirit, and who recorded butterflies and
moths captured or bred between May, 1780, and August, 1782, there
is no mention of the Gipsy Moth. In Jones' own list of 130 moths,
with dates of their appearance, etc., it is not mentioned, but in his
later list of 310 moths the Gipsy is included on the authority of
Harris. Among the insects in the Jones' cabinet there is no
specimen of 0. dinijar with an eighteenth century pin, as there is of
Fsilura vwnacha and others near it." The inference, therefore,
appears to be that Jones' specimens, like those mentioned by Wilkes,
were bred from continental ova, had they been of British origin he
would surely have mentioned them in some of the numerous lists
that he compiled, and have kept the specimens in his collection.

Well, Wilkes having set the ball rolling, others were eager to
take it up, and so Moses Harris, in " The English Lepidoptera or
the Aunlian's Pocket Companion," 1775, a tabulated list of names,
times of appearance, etc., gives the "Gipsy" and adds Linnaeus's
name " Dis/iar." Berkenhout, " A Synopsis of the Natural History
of Great Britain and Ireland," 1795, mentions it as frequent about
Ealing, in Middlesex ; and Donovan, " The Natural History of
British Insects," 1790, says that it cannot have been "uncommonly
scarce about fifteen years ago," as almost every collector has a
specimen in his collection, but they majj^ have been bred from ova,
and that Harris did so breed it in 1775, but that it never was
"frequent about Ealing" ; and that being unable to obtain British
examples to figure he had to rely upon German, " which exactly
agree with those found in England." Haworth, " Lepidoptera
Britannica," 1803, mentions disiiar as " with us very rare."

This appears to close the first phase in its British history, for
nothing se< ms to have been heard of it for some years subsequently.
Whether Wilkes's circumstantial account of its artificial introduc-
tion in the neighbourhood of Ealing be correct or not, the collectors
of about 1773 and the few following years appear to have obtained
specimens which they accepted as British, but those of a few years

later were unable to find the species in that neighbourhood ; if the
species ever did breed there it had disappeared, the chroniclers
of the later years of that century apparently having founded their
assertions not on their own observations, but on the records of
those of the seventeen-seventies.

At just what date it was rediscovered is open to some doubt, but I
am inclined to think it must have been somewhere about 1820, and
what appears to be the first record we have of it is by John Curtis,
who, writing of the species, says : " It is not easy to conceive the
delight I experienced when a boy on finding the locality of the
Gipsy moth ; after a long walk I arrived at the extensive marshes of
Horning, in Norfolk, having no other guide to the spot than the
Myrica f/ale, and on finding the beds of that shrub, which grows
freely there, the gaily coloured caterpillars first caught my sight ;
they were in every stage of growth, some of them being as large as
a swan's quill ; I also soon discovered the moths, which are so
totally different in colours as to make a tyro doubt their being
legitimate partners ; the large loose cocoons were likewise very
visible, and on diligent search I also found bundles of eggs." I
have quoted Curtis soiuewhat fully as his account of his findmg the
species gives a better idea of its abundance than would be conveyed
by any words of ray own.

In or about the year 1830 the Rev. Jenkins found the moth very
plentifully in the fens about Whittlesea Mere, but Henry Doubleday
was unable to find it there in 1836, he, however, found the larvae
swarming at Yaxley Fen in 1839, and it was still common there in
1846. In 1845 Frederick Bond found it abundantly at Holuie and
Ramsey Fens, and at about the same time the Rev. Jenyns met
with it at Burwell Fen. These are the latest definite records of
which I am aware and it appears to be fairly certain that it dis-
appeared entirely from the fen lands about 1850, and thus closes
the second phase in its British history. But it will be noted that
in those days it was distributed abundantly over a wide district, far
more so than one would imagine could be the case as a result of any
artificial introduction.

For some years after this period O. ilispar appears to have been
absent as a wild species, but numbers were being bred in confine-
ment, and are so even to the present day, in the fond belief that
they are the descendants of those old "fen" insects, a belief in which
to say the least of it, there is reason for very considerable doubt.
It is also a point for consideration whether the large numbers that
are known to have been reared artificially, have or have not any
bearing upon the records of wild captures that have been from time
to time recorded of more recent years, of which the following may
serve as examples. In 1870 our late member, Major Ficklin,
captured a female at rest on a tree trunk in the New Forest ; and a
Mr. W. Holland, a male flying in a wood near Odiham, Hants. In
1872, Dr. F. D. Wheeler found the larvje on hawthorn at Monks

Wood, Hants ; the Rev. G. H. Raynor, one at Cherrv-Hinton,
Cambs., in 1875 ; and in 1885 a few more were recorded as having
been taken on hawthorn, in Warwickshire. Mr. J. F. Green
records that on the night of August 3rd, 1899, a male flew to light
in a bed-room in a house that he had at Sandgate ; and Mr. S. G.
Hills, that he reared a fine male from a larva inadvertantly brought
in on some hawthorn gathered in the Warren at Folkestone, in the
same year. Mr. B. W. Adkin has a series received from a corres-
pondent at Malvern, Worcestershire, who says he bred them from
wild larva? taken on the hedges of the neighbourhood in 1907, but
that he has not come across any larvn? since then.

But the most interesting and circumstantial account of any recent
captures is that given me by Mr. H. A. Leeds, who informs me that
one evening early in August, 1907, when collecting in Huntingdon-
shire, he noticed, while it was still daylight, a female (h disjiar
clinging to a twig of a blackthorn hedge. The moth was boxed
and on the box being examined on the following morning it was
found that a number of ova had been deposited, from which a
small brood was ultimately reared. He further informs me that
in previous years he had taken some three or four male imagines in
the same locality. The lane where these moths wore taken is some
four miles or so from the celebrated " Monk's Wood," and is
bordered on the one hand by old timbered wood-lands and on the
other by hedges dividing it from rough fields and pasture lands, and
although the district cannot be said to be in the fens it is only about
a mile from them and on a somewhat higher level, but it is not
infrequently under water, especially in winter. The older records
of the species pretty generally give fen-country as its habitat, and
from the description of Mr. Leed's locality one would imagine that
it might be a likely one to find it in, but unfortunately he has only
once since 1907 been able to make a further and then unsuccessful
search.

Then there is the female that I found at rest on the trunk of an
elm tree at Eastbourne, on the 30th August, 1909. It w^as an
unusually large specimen, and although in fairly good condition
externally and apparently full of eggs, it seemed to be so utterly
worn out that my most careful attentions for several days failed to
induce it to part with them.

On the continent of Europe (K dispar is pretty generally
distributed and is, as a rule, a common species. In America, where
it was accidently introduced, it has become disastrously abundant
in many districts ; in fact its geographical range extends over
practically the whole of the Pahearctic region, and the species appears
to have the power of becoming locally very abundant, tor, it ixiay be,
a short or more extended period without, so far as we know, any
particular reason, but no doubt in response to some special conditions
that are beyond our present knowledge. So far as concerns
Britain, the question whether this or that particular specimen or

group of specimens that we may have in our collections are genuine
natives or not, unless they show some marked peculiarity, is matter
of little scientific importance; the point that is of importance is, are
we right in including Great Britain as within the natural geo-
graphical range of the species '?

In a very serviceable little book published in 1896, on the cover
of which we find the legend " The Common Moths of England,"
but which is probably better known to you by its title page
inscription " British Moths," by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., we read at
page 87 " The Gipsy Moth {Ocneria dhpar). — This species has no
place whatever in our indigenous British fauna." Is this really so?
So long as I can remember, and I doubt not for many years before
I was born, Ocneria dispar, as a British insect, has been looked
upon with a certain amount of suspicion. Probably this was
engendered by Wilkes' circumstantial account of its attempted
introduction by artificial means, but according to his own showing
the attempt failed within a very short space of time, apparently a
matter of a couple of years or so. It is also well known that many
attempts have been made within recent years to re-establish the
species by turning out large numbers of ova, larvfe and pupa? in
various parts of the country, and it is by no means improbable that
some of the records of recent captures may have resulted from such
attempts, but so far as we know all such attempts have ended in
almost immediate failure. Does it then seem reasonable to suppose
that any artificial introduction would result in the abundance of the
species, that there undoubtedly was, in the fen districts for man}^
years '? Is it not far more probable that the species established
itself there under natural conditions and prospered, until some
untoward circumstance occurred which rendered its further existence
there impossible ? What the particular circumstance that caused
its extinction may have been we know not, but it is significant that
this species and another — Chn/s^np/ianus dispar — -disappeared from
the fen districts, so far as can be gathered from known records,
within a year or two of one another, leaving us to deplore them as
lost, but none the less, British species.

An interesting discussion followed, in the course of which Mr, C.
B. Williams said that in America, where the species was always
more or less common and had at times become a serious fruit-tree
pest, its economy had been carefully studied for many years. It was
noted that at one time a restricted area would be devastated by it
while the surrounding country was comparatively free from its
attacks, and it would then appear in profusion in some other district.
This led to very careful investigation, in the course of which it was
definitely proved that the young larvie were carried on the wind; in
one notable case it was shown that vast numbers of young larvie
were thus transported from one place where they were abundant to
another previously free from them, eleven miles distant across an

6

arm of the sea. Mr. H. J. Turner referred to the tendency of the
species to develope deformities when inbred in confinement for
several generations ; and Mr. F. W. Frohawk considered that the
wild British fen insects differed from others in the shape of their
wings. Messrs Sich, Curwen and others also took part in the
discussion.

The Genus Pararge.

By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.— /.Wr/ October 26t/,, 1916.

In Britain we have been accustomed to allocate the two species
ae(jeria and iiu'tiera'- to the genus Paranie, and those of us who are
interested in the continental Lepidoptera also include maera, hiera,
achine and other less common species.

A quite casual glance at our two British species will suffice to
suggest to us that the differences are weight)- enough to place them
in separate genera or at least in sub-genera.

This was the opinion of the great Hiibner a century ago when he
was preparing his List, the " Verzeiehniss," 1816-1827.

Position of the Pararge species previous to the " Verz.'' of
HiiBNER, 1818.

Linn^us in 1758, " Sys. Nat.," ed. x, p. 472, etc., included ae(/eria
in his section " gemmati" of the division "Nymphales" of Papilio.
In 1767, I.e., ed. xii., mer/era was added to this section which was
distinguished from the " Heliconii " and " Danai " by the edges of
their wings which are indented or scalloped in the " Nymphales,"
and adorned with eyes which are found on all the wings m some
species and in others only on the hindwings, in the " Nymphales
gemmati." Thus we get a collection including such diverse species
as io, aeiieria, and iris.

In 1767, Moses Harris issued an "Essay," to precede a supple-
ment to his " Aurelian," 1766, in which appears a systeuiatic
arrangement of the British butterflies based on the wing-veins. All
the species we now recognise as Satyrids were included in the genus
An/IIS. This name as a genus name has been, and may well be,
discarded, for it has been used in a most irregular way for various
groups at different times, even being employed to contain sections
of the Li/raeiiiila,'. [See Scudder, " Hist. Sketch," p. 118 (1875).]

In 1776 (1775) t , Schifiermuller brought out his wonderful "Verz.,"
known as the "Vienna List," (orW.V.), in which he ably collated all
that was known of the larval stages of the Lepidoptera, into a
marvellously correct (as we now consider) natural arrangement for
the time. In the section F,, p. 165, " Larvit subfurcativ " of the
" Day-lepidoptera," he placed all the then known European Satyrids,

* This is the original spelling of Linnseus.

f Mr. Durrant tells me that early copies have 1775 on the title page.

8

those species whose larvas were unknown being placed close to the
species to which in the imaginal stage they appeared to him to be
related. <!.//., met/era next to aeijeria. " Two-horned larvae, margin-
eyed butterflies."

Scopoli, in 1777, " Introd. Hist. Nat.," placed all the Satyrids
and many other species such as apnllo, iris, etc., in a genus Argus,
which he diagnosed as having wings somewhere ocellated, not tailed,
nor ornamented. This he subdivided into (a) e3'ed, hijpermitKs, etc.,
(b) eyed and banded, meiiera, etc., (c) eyed and l^lotched, oeiferia,
etc., (d) eyed and spotted, io. Quite an unnatural classification, but
at the same time he perceived that the aegeria group of species was
separable from the megera group.

Borkhausen, 1788, "Nat. eur. Schm.," placed the Satyrids in the
4th Family " Oreaden (Oreades) " of his 1st Horde " Nymphalen
(Nymphfe)," but did not further subdivide it.

Fabricius, in 1793, "Ent. Sys.," vol. iii., placed all the Satyrids
(119) in the genus Hijipardiia which he described as follows in
1807 (" Illiger. Mag.," vol. vi.) :—

" Palpi 2, long, fine, compressed, longer fringed towards the
outside, 8-jointed, 3rd joint short, bent inwards, pointed, turned
back below the apex. Antennte thicker towards the extremity,
rather pointed."

In 1801, Schrank in " Fn. Boica.," vol. ii., (1), established the
genus Moviola for all the species we now term Satyrids. This he
divided into sections without names, galathca, acijeria, megera,
maera, dejanira {acldne), etc., being in the first section.

Schrank diagnosed his genus Maniola as follows : —

" Antennae filiform, clubbed at the end, the clubs cjdinder shaped,
slender. Feet six, the first pair extremely short, hidden under the
breast hairs, clawless, tufted. Wings at rest entirely erect.

A. Wings mostly brownish ; some ocelli at the hind margin.
Larvae tapering backwards, the anal extremity with small

double points.
The head almost round. Transformation in the air in a
front 2-pointed pupa, which hangs merely by the hinder
end point.

- Wings many eyed, short toothed.

*:;: Wings many eyed, smooth edged.

'•'*"'' Wings toothed with a few small ocelli."

This includes the whole of what are known as Satyrids. (The
division B. includes iris, etc.).

In 1H05 Latreille, "Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins.," vol. xiii., placed
our Satyrids in the Satgri section of Xgiiip/ialis.

In 1809 Latreille, " Gen. Crust, et Ins.," vol. iv., p. 194, con-
tinued the use of Mgin/ihalis with Satgri as the group name.

In 1810 Latreille, " Considerations gen.," pp. 355 and 440, sepa-
rated Satgrus from ygiiiphalis, and included a heterogeneous set of
species.

Leach, in 1815, " Edin. Ency.," vol. ix., adopted the genus W//>-
parchia for the whole of the Satyrid species.

Ochsenheimer, in 1816, " Schm. Eur.," vol. iv., adopted liip-
parc/iia for the Satyrids, which he divided into seven sections
without diagnoses, of which section C contains our species and
hi/perantKs, etc.

Dalman, in 1816, "For. sys. Upps. Sver. Fjar.," produced a
systemic arrangement of the butterflies, placing all our Satyrids in
the genus hlrebia, diagnosing it as in the family " Papiliones," the
section and phalanx " Tetrapodes," and division II characterised by
" Alae posteriores areola clausa, nervos radiatim emittente. Larva
nuda, ano bimucronato." A still further subdivision is indicated
for ai'i/eria, iiiaera and tuccfera h\ the character " oculis hirtis,"
hairy eyes.

Original Desckiptiox and Differentiation.

It was in the year 1818 that the genus (Coitus) Paraiiie was
founded by Hiibner, " Verz.," p. 59, and it contained {a)e<ierla and
.rijihia (with meone). The genus (Coitus) THra was at the same time
founded to contain roxi'lana, iiiei/tn-a, maera and ch/tiis.

The former genus, Pararf/e, is described as follows: — The wings
pale spotted above, the forewing marked with one distinct eye-spot,
the hind wing with several indistinct ones.

The latter genus, Dira, is described as follows : — The wings are
spotted orange above, below marked with white wavy lines and
finely ringed eye-spots.

These two genera, Paranje and Diva, were both in Hiibner's
family Mannoratae, described as having both wings eyed and
marbled, but the forewing less so than the hindwing.

This family, Marnioratac, was the fifth family of the Stirps IX,
which Hiibner called Oreades, and to which he referred as equal to
the Genniiati of Linnreus and to the Sati/ri of Fabricins.

This last reference I have, so far, been unable to trace. Latreille,
in 1805, uses this name Satyri for the section of his ^.'i/niphalis,
which contains the species we now are accustomed to call Satyrids.

Thus we see that Hiibner, whose judgment is rarely in error,
considered the two species, which happen to be indigenous in Britain,
as sufficiently distinct to merit a generic separation.

Hiibner placed the species achine {dejanira) in the 7th renus
(Coitus) of the same family, Marmoratae, which he called Kmulia.
With achine were associated hiijierantHn (now separated in the genus
Aphantopm) and andrnuiacha (now partlandia and taken as the type
of Knodia). Achine alone remaining was therefore placed by Moore
in a new genus, i'rebreta.

It must be noted that Hiibner used the genus-name Hijipatchia,
Fab., and the name Mani(da, Schrnk., for quite difl'erent species,
and omitted the genus-name Sati/run, Latr., altogether without
reference, as he also did the name Erebia, Dalm.

10

The history of the genus Pararge and its species subsequent
TO the "Verz." of Hubner.

In 1819, Latreille, " Eney. Meth.," vol. ix., divided the genus
Satt/rus into sections unnamed, in the fourth of which we find
nuffera, aeijeria, (/alat/iea, senirle, actliiopi^, etc., in fact all our British
Satyrids.

Stephens, in 1827, " 111. Brit. Enfc.," vol. i., p. 53, included the
whole of the 20 British, actual and reputed, species of Sati/ridac in
the coiuprehensive genus Hipparchia, at the same time stating that it
was a " most heterogeneous assemblage." He subdivided the genus
into sections and subsections. In the section with " Eyes pubes-
cent," he placed aet/eria, iiief/era and ntaera. (This last was then
held to be a British species, but very rare.)

In 1828, Curtis, " Brit. Ent.," fol. 205, put the whole of the
British Sati/ridac in the genus Hipparchia, but separated meiiera and
ae(jeria as a section characterised by pubescent eyes.

Meigen, in 1829, " Sys. Bearb. Eur. Schin.," after placing all the
galatlwa species in Melanaipia, adopted Maiiiola, Schrank, for the
remainder of the Satyrids.

Boisduval, in 1829, " Index Meth.," placed the whole of the
Satyrids in the genus Satijri(s.

In 1829, " Icones," Boisduval divided up his tribe Satyrides into
Ari/e, Krehia, ('kinnnhas and .S'«/////(.s. Aeficria and mefjeia are in the
last.

Her rich- Sehaeffer, in 1835, " Nomenclator Ent.," used Hipparchia
for all the European Satyrids.

In 1840, Westwood, " Brit. Butt.," p. 15, placed both ae<]eria and
me.ffera in a genus which he named Lasioiinnata. In thus picking
out mcffera from the genus Dira of Hiibner, Westwood came in as a
first reviser, leaving ro.relana and the exotic species chitioi in the
genus Dira, while viepera became the type of the genus Lasioiinnata.
The following is the description of this genus : —

" This genus is at once distinguished from all the other Hippar-
chiides by having the eyes thickly clothed with hairs, in addition tO'
which the palpi are ver}' slender, moderately clothed to the tip
beneath with long hairs, the terminal joint being very short ; the
wings, especially the posterior pair, are denticulated, and consider-
ably varied, the forewings with one, and the hind ones with five or
six eyes ; the antennje are straight, distinctly annulated with black
and white, and with the clubpyriform ; the mediastinal and median
veins are more or less swollen at the base, the anal one being simple.
The fore legs, although considerably smaller than the intermediate
ones, are yet very conspicuous ; they are of equal length in both
sexes, but those of the males are comparatively slender and more
densely clothed with long slender hairs; the tarsal portion in the
male is simple, but in the female it is broader and articulated with
several short strong spines at the tips of the joints on the underside;.

11

the larva of /-. me<jera is elongated, villose, with two short points
at the tail, and the pupa is short, thick, with small angular points,
and two points at the head ; it is suspended by the tail. The
chrysalis of L. iiiaera, according to M. Marloy, is suspended by the
tail in the open air ; it is naked and angular with two points on the
head, and with broad brown bands on the wing-covers. This genus
corresponds with the first section of Hipparchia, of Curtis and
Stephens, and with Dnponchel's fifth group, Vicu-tden, the species
being said to occur in the neighbourhood of habitations. Stephens
more correctly states that they frequent woods, lanes, and highways.
They form Hubner's two groups I'arann' and Ih'ra."

In 1840, Boisduval brought out another "Ind. Meth.," in which
he much subdivided the genus Sati/rus, including under "oculi
hirti," cli/iiie)U', roxelaiia, iiiaera, hiera, )iie[/era, oeitcria (and var.
.rijihia), and dejanira {achine).

In 1813 Herrich-Schaeffer, " Sys. Bearb. Schm. Eur.," vol. i.,
spelled the genus Farania, possibly copying Heydenreich, " Verz.,"
and included the same species.

Duponchel. in 1844, "Cat. Meth. Lep.,"' used S«^//n/.s in the same
sense as Boisduval, much dividing it into sections.

In 1850 Stephens, "Cat. Lep. B. M.," restricted his former
extended use of Hipparchia for all the Satyrids to comprise only
seiiii'le,ja)iiia&ndtithoitiis. He adopted the genus Lasinnnnata oi
Westwood for cwiieria and )iiei/i'ra.

In 1850 Doubieday, Westwood and Hewitson, " Gen. Diur. Lep.,"
vol. ii., p. 885, in a very elaborate way, redescribed the genus
Lasioiimiata and made it very comprehensive, including the follow-
ing somewhat heterogeneous mass of species : dimenc, roxelana,
niacra, Iiiera [li/!<sa), iiiei/era {tt'.(/eliiis), aef/eria, xipliia, tiejaiiii a =^ achine,
cfersinanni, schakra, cordace, satriciis, montrollii, vlenuion [.■), zac-
liaeits (/), uiernpe, phileynpe, bcntksia, Jiobartia, arhanta {.-), simja (''),
abcoua (/), latltoniella (/), and making it an omnibus genus to cover
/)//•(/, I'ararije, Epini'jdiele and F.noilia of Iliib. Some of the above
specie.s were included doubtfully, and in fact the last thirteen have
been since definitely and properly removed from Lasionnnata in
which they were certainly misplaced.

In 1852 Lederer, ''Verb, zool.-bot. Ver. Wien.," used LUuaiija for
aeijeria, nici/era, etc., copying the spelling of Herrich-Schaeft'er, etc.

In 1856 Herrich-Schilfter, "Sys. Bearb.," vol. i. and vi., p. 3
(Verz.), still spelt Hiibncr's genus as I'arartja, and arranged the
species thus : —

1 . (h'/aiiira = achiitr.

II. 1. A. rb/inene (var. rtKcandra) and roxdniia.

B. (a) {ti;/diiis), hiaera (var. adraxta), and ineffera.
(b) hiera.
2. aeijeria, meone and xiphia.
placing them in verj' natural subdivisions. He had dropped the

12

genus name Hipparchia of 18B5 and put the European Satyrids
into eight genera, of which Paranja is the seventh.

Rambur, in 1858, in his " Cat. Lep. And.," used Parania for the
same species.

Butler, in 1867, " Ann. and Mag. N.H.," (19), p. 161, described
a genus Aviccera for tiwiiera, etc., leaving aet/eria in Lasidunnata,
Westw. At the same time he pointed out that the genus Taiarjeoi
Hub. " possessed the advantage of prioritj-." In this last statement
he is quite correct, and Lasinunnata cannot stand as the genus of
aef/eiia, etc., but must be restricted to mef/era, etc. Thus his genus
Amecera for the last species is redundant and must be used for some
other species. At the same time Butler criticised Westwood's
Lasionnitata as including very widely distinct species, and pointed out
the divergent general characteristics of acucria and weaera as species
of the same genus.

In 1868, Butler, "Cat. Diur. Lep. Saty.," made two genera of
this group of species, puttmg in Pararr/e, aetjeria with tinh and
meoue, xiphia (Fab.), ro.relana, diinene, epimenides, uhvenckii, maackii,
luenetriesii, achine, deidaniia and canthiin, and into his new genus
Amecera (1867), megera with lyasa, adrafsta, paraiiiefiaera, xiphia
(Boisd.), viaera, viaerida, inenara, Khal;ra, riiadarahal, hicra, erers-
vianni and baldira.

Kirby, in 1871, " Syn. Cat.," p. 73, uses the name Sat;/riis for the
species in Paran/e and Diva of Hilb., the fMaioiiniiata and Anwcera
of Butl., including the species aegeria, epimenides, dejanira (ackine),
deidamia, maackii, schrenckii, ro.relana, clij)iie7ie, eversimanni, maera,
maerida, schalna, vienava, maderakal, hiera, megera (tigelius), .rip/iia,
Bdv.

Apropos of the genus name Sati/nis, the remarks of Scudder, 1875,
"Hist. [Sketch of Generic Names," p. 265, may well be referred to
here. Since Latreille, 1805, I.e., used Sati/nis (le Satyre of old
authors) as the name of the species now recognised as }iiaera, and is
also preoccupied in Mammals, and as Satgra in Diptera, " it must
be dropped," being based upon a specific name. As this genus-
name has been used in such a loose way, and for very different
groups by different authors, it woull seem better to avoid the use of
it for the future, as Scudder proposed.

Dale, in 1890, " Hist, of our Brit. Butts.," adopts Hipparchia and
selects subgenera Lasiommata for aegeria and inegera, Hipparchia for
semele, Satgrns ior janira and tithoinis, and Eiioilia (ov hgprraiitus,
omitting Pararge altogether. Apparently this is a random selection
without any historical basis.

British opinion and practice of the last 20 ykaks.
In 1893, Barrett, " Lep. Brit. Is.," vol. i., p. 227, included both
aegeria and megera in Pararge. He diagnosed it, " Antenna? mode-
rately long with a narrow or somewhat spatulate club ; head, palpi
and eyes hairy ; forewings rounded and having the sub-costal and

13

median nervures dilated near the base ; hindwings slightly elongated,
with faintly scalloped margins. Larvae smooth and elongated, with
two anal points. Pup;e stout, angulated, with two points to the
head ; suspended by the tail."

In 1896, Tutt, " Brit. Butt.," p. 375, etc., included the same two
species. He diagnosed the genus, "Larva, with three subsegments
to first thoracic segment, four to the second and third thoracic, and
six to the abdominal segments. Pupa with two movable abdominal
incisions." (Power of movement in the incisions between the 4-5
and 5-6 abdominal segments.) He laid stress upon the more
generalised characters in both larvae and pupaj of this genus among
the Satyrids.

Meyrick " Hand. Brit. Lep.," (1896) added nothing to the above,
except a table of what he takes to be the philogeny of the Sciti/n'floe
as ii whole, deriving Paran/c and Sati/rux from Epiiiephele, p. 336,
contrary to the indications given by both larva and pupa as pointed
out bv Chapman [1895, " Ent. Rec," vol.vi., p. 101 (Citv of Lond,
Ent. Soc, 1894)] .

Kirby, in 1896, " Hand. Lep.," p. 207, included only aet/eiia as
the British representative of Para /v/t' and placed tueijera in the genus
iScttiftiis with iiiaera.

He added to previous diagnoses of Pararije, " palpi with the ter-
minal joint short" and "wings with the costal nervure inuch
thickened at the base."

Wheeler, in his "Butt, of Switz.," p. 102, etc., 1903, included
rnaera, hieia, iiietiera, aeneria and achine in Paranje. He stated the
distinguishing character of the genus to be " upperside hindwing a
series of eye-spots following outer margin."

Recent opinion on the Continent.

Staudinger, in 1901, in his " Cat.," ed. iii., p. 60, gave specific rank
to .rip/iia, Fab., and )iienaca and added epimemdea, ('painiuoiidas and
sc/irenckii, while omitting thibetaiia, ('piscopalia, pracnsta, iiiajiisvida,
didiietoniHi and ratt'ua, all of which had been described previous to
1901, by Leech or Oberthiir. Possibly he considered them extra-
palaearctic, or was it an iiiiiore-ance of Oberthiir's work.

We now come to what is probably the latest published opinion,
that of Dr. Seitz.

Seitz, in 1908, "Mac. Lep. Pal.," vol. i., p. 133, considered that
the genus Paran/e may well be an inclusive one as the species are
very near each other morphologically and biologically. He included
aegi'ria {.ciphia and .ripliioides), thibctano, episcopalis, praeiista, mxe-
lana, rlii>ie)U', erersinanni {cashmiroisis), iiier/era, hicra, maera {inaentla,
iiienara, slialcra), majii^cula, deidanieia, dutnetonuii, ac/iiiie and catena.
He adds very little to the previously given generic characters, speaks
of the " feebly marked, somewhat flattened club, the entire wings, with
margin undulate on hindwings, sometimes dentate, and sometimes

1 "

the inflation of the base of the submedian as well as the costal and
median vein."

The three species, epinieiddes, epaDimoiuhis and sc/iroickii, were
placed by Seitz in the genus Lethe.

Notes from the British Museum Collection.

The species tJubetana, Obtr., is placed alone in a genus Tatiuija,
separated from the genus Paiarge (sens, lat.) by the genus Aphyao-
neura, which contains a superficially very dissimilar species, A.
piflinentaiia, of black and white coloration. Thibetana has a facies
very similar to praeusta and episcopalis, and is included in Paranje
by Seitz.

The remaining species are placed in Paranje, which is itself
divided into sub-genera as follows : —

Pararge.

1. Chonala, Moore, includes

masoni, broad, irregular, white band.

epixcopalis, narrow, irregular, white band.

praeiiata, yellow irregular band. All from W. China.

2. <J)vh('ta, Moore, includes almost identical species.

acJdne, from Europe.

catena, but slightly difi'erent from achine, from the Far

East.
S. Lopinija, Moore, contains two species.

dndniiiia {nienetriesii) and var. erebhia, with duller, more

indefinite markings.
ilniiietnniiii. Both from W. China.

4. Paranje, Hb. (.se«.s. str.), includes —

aegeria [riieone) {tircis). A series from Russia are small

with very light comparatively large blotches.
.riphinides, very slight, if any, difference from aeijeria

on the upperside.
xiplda appears to be a very much enlarged, strongly

marked aejen'a.
intdue, very brightly blotched aejeria. The African

iiieone still brighter with larger blotches.

5. Ladoiintiata, Westw., includes —

niigenx. Ail the varieties except tiijelins {paraiiiejaera)

are hardly worth varietal names.
Iiiera. Very uniform from all localities.
inaderakal. Not in Museum, does not look a distinct

species from Seitz' figure.
inacra. var. monotonia and var. adrasta are the dark
and light extremes,
var. sicula. Extreme development of a series

of parallel marginal lines,
var. adrnstoides. Very large bright apical

15

fascia on the forewing, especially in
the 5 , rest of area v;niformly dark.
sJiakra and maernla. Practically indistinguishable

from iiiaera.
iiiaJKsctda. A large, bright, very distinct species.
iiicnava (niaeroides) [nashreddini). Very comparable to
adrastoides, and if taken in Europe would be called
iiiaera undoubtedly.

6. Amecera, Butl., includes —

I'fcrsiiuinni. A quite distinct species. var. cashmi-
rensis, with darker suffusion of markings, especially
in the $ .

clhuene. The form roxandra is figured by Herrich-
Schaffer, but not described — ca»ca.s/c«.

7. Dira, Hiib., contains only —

nu-elana, which is quite a well differentiated species.

8. Kiriiiia, Moore, includes —

epaiiiiiKDidas {fentoni),) two very similar species or
epinienidcn ) forms.

9. Nini/uta, Moore, contains only —

scfirencJcii. A very large and very distinct species.
These last three species are not included by Seitz in Paranje, but
are placed in the genus Lethe, to some species of which they
apparently have considerable affinities.

Reference List of species and chief named forms inci-uded in

THE genus PaRARGE (sENSU LATo) BY SeITZ AND OTHERS 1)UH1NG
THE LAST 25 YEARS.

aef/eria, L., 1758, " Sys. Nat.," ed. x., p. 473.

egerides, Stgr., 1871, " Cat.," ed. ii., p. 30.

tircia (Geoff., 1764, " Hist. Ins.," vol. ii., p. -48), Ernst, and
Engr., 1779, " Ins. d'Eur., vol. i.,'p. 117, etc.

meone, Esp., 1789, " Schm.," Cont. p. 9, pi. 95 (50), fig. 1.

xiphia, Fb., 1775, " Sys. Ent.," p. 492.

xiphioides, Stgr., 1871, "Cat.," ed. li., p. 30.

intermedia, Tutt, 1896, "Brit. Butt.," p. 388.

bipiipillata, Mosley.

meone, Cram, 1782, " Pap. Ex.," vol. iv., p. 61, pi. 314.
thihetmia, Obtr., 1876, " Etud.," p. 28, pi. 2.
episcopalis, Obtr., 1885, "Ann. Soc. ent. Fr.," p. ccxxvii.
praeusta, Leech, 1890, "Ent.," p. 188.
roxelana, Cr., 1782, "Pap. Ex.," pi. 161.
climene, Esp., 1783, " Schm.," vol. i. (2), pi. 85.

.syiuiiinene, Hb., 1818, " Verz.," p. 59.

roxandra, H.-S., 1850, "Sys. Bearb. Schm.," pi. 99, figs. 471-3,

caucasica, Nordm., 1851, " Bull. Mos.," p. 410, pi. 10.
eversnianid, Ev., 1847, " Bull. Mos.," pi. 2.

cashinirensis, Moore, 1874, " Pr. Zoo. Soc," p. 265.

16

imicolor, Gr.-Gr., 1892, " Hor. Ross.," p. 884.
duvietorinn, Obtr., 1886, " Etud.," p. 23, pi. 4.

fidvescens, Alph., 1889, " Rom. Mem.," p. 118.
viegera, L., 1767, " Sys. Nat.," ed. xii., p. 771.

'xiphia, Bdv., 1832,"'" Icon.," pi. 44.

mediolugeus, Fuchs., 1892, " Jhrb. Nass.," p. 87.

vieqaerina, H.-S., 1856, ? " Sys. Bearb.," vol. vi., p. 19.

hj^m, Bdv., 1832, " Icon.," vol. i., p. 222.
H. G. (Hb.), 1828, " Sam.," figs. 914-7.

tiqeliKs, Bon., 1824, "Mem. Torin.," pi. 1.

paraiiiei/afra, Hb., 1823, " Sam.," figs. 842-4.

alberti,' klht., 1895, "Ent. Zeit. = Guben," p. 57.

tramcos/tira, Stgr., 1901, "Cat.," ed. iii.. p. 60.
hiera, Fb., 1777, "Gen. Ins.," p. 262.

/in III arc Idea, Neuberg., " Soc. Ent.," xx., p. 49.
niaera, L., 1758, " Sys. Nat.," ed. x., p. 437.

monotonia, Schilde., 1885, " Ent. Nachr.," p. 137.
adraiita, Dnp., 1832, " liist. Nat.," sup., vol. i., p. 46.

Hb., 1823, "Sam.," figs. 836-9.
ma]a, Fuchs., 1873, " Stett. e. Zeit., p. 98.
Hicula, Stgr., 1876, " Stett. e. Zeit.," p. 188.
oiientalis, Stgr., 1901, "Cat.," ed. iii,, p. 61.
adrasto'i'ies. Bien., 1870, " Diss.," p. 80.
menara, Moore, J865, " Proc. Zool. S.," p. 499, pi. 30.
na^hreddini, Chr., 1877, " Hor. Ross.," p. 240, pi. 5.
Hhakra, Koll., 1848, " Hiig. Kash.," vol. iv., p. 496, pi. 15.
iiiontana, Horm., 1897, " Verb. z.-b. Ges. Wien., p. 40.
hiiiilaea, Mab., 1885, " Bull. Soc. Phil., Paris," p. 55.
waeroides, Feld., 1867, " Reise Nov.," vol. iii., pi. 69.
«nV>y«, Fuchs., 1886, " Jahr. Nass.," p. 195.
maerae, Esp., 1777, " Schm.," vol. i. (2), pi. 68 (18).
maerida, Feldr., 1867, " Reis. Nov.," Lep., vol. iii., p. 496.
inaf/aerar, Esp., 1777. " Schm.," p. 100, pi. 68 (18), fig. 2.
iiiajnscula, Leech, 1892, "Butt. Chin.," vol. i., p. 67, pi. 12.
iiiaderakel, Gr. Men., 1849, " Lefv. Voy. Abyss.," 6, p. 381.
achine, Scop., 1763, " Ent. Carn.," p. 156.

dejanira, L., 1764, " Mus. Ulr.," p. 282.

iiiendclensiii, Lowe, 1904, " Ent.," p. 272.

acliinoides, Butl., 1878, " Cist. Ent.," vol. li., p. 283.

e.rimia, Stgr., 1892, " Iris," p. 337.
catena, Leech, 1890, "Ent.," p. 30.
deidaiiiia, Ev., 1851, "Bull. Mosc," p. 617.

menetriesii, Brem., 1858, " Schm. N. China," p. 8.

erebina, Butl., 1883, " Ann. and Mag., p. 278.
epimenides, Men., 1859, " Schrenk. Reis.," vol. ii., p. 39, pi. 3.
epanrinondaa, Stgr., 1887, " Mem. Rom.," iii., p. 150, pi. 17.
sclnrnckii, Men., 1859, " Bull. Ac. Pet.," p. 215.
niaaclm, Brem., 1861, " Bull. Ac. Pet.," p. 468.

17

iiwrtiinalis, Mot., 1860, " Etudes," vol. ix., p. 29.
? {balciiva, Moore, 1865, '« Pro. Zool. Soc, p. 499, pi. 30.)

In the discussion which ensued Mr. Frohawk, in referring to the
very close affinity in which the species of some genera stood,
instanced the form .siiirarocius \n the genus Melanargia in which
even the larva differed but slightly from the larva of M. (jalathea,
the form suwaroriiis itself being held as a geographical race of the
species M. Jai'ijuia.

Mr. Curwen in exhibiting a considerable number of specimens of
the genus I'aran/e from the continent, remarked that P. achine and
7'. aegeria were both shade-loving species always flying somewhere
in close proximity to trees, while P. uiei/era and P. inaera were sun-
loving, flying along sunny walls and cliffs. He pointed out that in
the case of the extensive genus Pamassius one had to consider the
species it comprised in groups such as the a polio section, the
Dineiiiosijne section, etc., which was in fact dividing the genus into
sub-genera without designating them by special names.

Mr. Edwards referred in the same way to another very large genus,
that of Papilio, where a similar method of group naming was in
vogue, for instance one spoke of the iiiarhaoa group, the ipldclides
group, the poli/tes group, etc.

Mr. Adkin strongly objected to the giving of special names to
small groups particularly as they rarely gave an indication of their
significance. He was equally averse to the multiplicity of varietal
names, names given to every minute aberration, and which in many
cases were subsequently found to be ledundant or even absurd.

Mr. Turner in reply instanced the enormous number of aberra-
tional and other names which had been applied to Parnaasius apollo.
One of the objects of his paper was to prove the necessity of
recognising in some way, that although the species in a large genus
were closely allied it was a matter of necessity to, if possible, group
them around certain individual species, but at the same time these
groups need not be too small nor need they have definite sub-generic
names, which in most cases where they have been introduced, as in
Pararge, are non-informative and hence are a hindrance to
progress.

18

On Rearing Beetles of the Genus Qeotrupes.

By Hugh Main, B.Sc, F.^.S.—Bead January llth, 1917.

The life-history of one of these interesting beetles {Geotriijjes
stercorarii(s) was told us by M. Constant Sano and printed in our
" Proceedings " of last year. I was fortunate in getting a personal
introduction to the insect by our young friend, and I have since
made the acquaintance of several of the other species belonging to
the genus.

M. Fabre, the illustrious French naturalist, recorded his observa-
tions of a number of the dung-beetles that occurred near his home
in Provence, and several of these are also found in Britain. The
specific names of some of these insects have unfortunately under-
gone a good deal of change, and it is by no means certain that the
beetle we now call G. stercorariitu is the species referred to by Fabre
or other earlier writers under this name. Hence apparent dis-
crepancies in the records of various authors about an insect may be
due to the fact that different species are being referred to under the
same name. As a case in point, Fabre gives the autumn as the
time of oviposition of G. stercorarius, while the insect which now
goes by this name lays its eggs in the spring, and it is our G.
spin'Kier, whose name he does not mention, which lays its eggs in
the autumn. The war has prevented me from getting direct
evidence on the subject from France, but I hope to obtain this
later on.

It might also be put on record that the interesting account of the
parasitism of Aphodiiia porciis, related by Dr. Chapman in the
" E. M. M.," 1869, pp. 273-276, should be referred to G. s/dnvfer,
Marsh, as the host, and not G. sinrororiKs, L., the names having
certainly been transposed since the date of the published account.

It has been difficult to learn exactly what happens in the case of
insects which carry on their work underground, but an " observa-
tion cage," which I have devised, allows one to watch in ease and
comfort the whole process of making " dug-outs " and furnishing
them with provisions for the nutrition of the young larv^, and the
later stages of pupation and emergence of the perfect insect. The
cage consists essentially of two sheets of glass separated by a dis-
tance corresponding to the width of the insects under consideration,
and the interspace is filled up with earth. Any one with a little
knowledge of carpentering can easily make a few cages and in spring
or autumn beetles can readily be found that will start work in them.

19

The glass should be thick, called technically 21 -oz., and two pieces
12x9 inches make a convenient size. The wood required consists
of:—

1 base 9 X 5 X f inches.

2 supports 5x2x^ inches.
2 sides 14ixlfx^ inches.

2 separating pieces VAx^xi inches for sides.

1 separating piece 8x^x| inches for bottom.

■1 supports for glass 12x|x-^ inches.

1 cover 8| x ^ bare x ^ inch.

The two supports are first nailed below the ends of the base, the
sides are then screwed on centrally, perpendicular to the ends of the
base, and the side and bottom distance pieces nailed centrally to the
sides and base respectively. The glass is then put against the
distance pieces on each side and the four supports for the glass put
in with a screw into each through the sides. The supports can be
removed easily for cleaning the glasses and setting up the cage
again after use. The ends of the cover are slotted and thinned so
that they can rest on the top of the side distance pieces, and are
held in position by means of screw eyes inserted into the ends of
the latter ; a half turn of the screw eyes holds the cover on, a very
necessary precaution as the beetles are very strong and active. A
piece of stout wire with the ends bent at right angles and passing
into two small staples driven into the side pieces near their upper
extremities holds these together at the top. A card hung on each
cage serves for recording dates and observations.

Clean sieved soil {e.i/., top spit) is pressed into the cage layer by
layer to within about three inches of the top of the glass. For
Cr. tt^i^hoeiis, however, the sand in which one always finds these
insects should be employed. The soil should be damp but not too
wefc. If in the course of a few months it gets dry it should be
moistened from the top as drought is fatal to the successful develop-
ment of the insects.

A "filling hopper " is a great convenience for putting in the
earth and also the food for the beetles. To make this get two pieces
of tin 4 X 21 inches. Rule a line down the middle of the length of
each, make cuts 1 inch long parallel to and haif-an-inch from each
end and then fold back the upper part of the tin in the same
direction as the strips at about an angle of 45°. One tin on the
top of each glass forms the hopper which can be used for any
number of cages.

In the autumn one finds commonly under the same patch of cow
or horse dung, shafts containing (J. atercorarins and (t. s/iini!^er,a.nd
in certain localities, such as the New Forest, (r. imitator also, while
G. ti/pkoeus may likewise be met with, although it is generally more
associated with rabbits, deer and sheep. Perhaps G. sylraticns may
also be found with the above-mentioned beetles in the same spot. I

20

have certainly found all these together, except G. ^jriniijer, in the
spring.

There are two other species in the genus, viz., G. vemaliy and
G. pi/ri')iaeufi, but these I have not yet found and therefore can say
nothing about them at present. Of the first mentioned insects the
only one which lays its eggs in autumn is G. spinit/er, and it
continues right on into December, and, as far as I can make out,
the beetles then die ofi" in January. I have found a number of dead
ones in the field then, and certainly one does not come across any
alive again till the following autumn, when the beetles, originating
from the ova laid in the preceding winter, come to maturity.

G. mutator emerges in the autumn, but does not commence egg-
laying till the following spring, and the resulting beetles appear in
the autumn of the same year.

G. steirorariits emerges in the autumn, commences egg-laying in
the following spring, but the resulting beetles only appear in the
autumn of the succeeding j'ear. This was surmised by M. Sano in
his paper, and I find that larvie from ova laid last spring (1916) are
going over the winter nearl}^ full grown and will, therefore, be out
next autumn (1917), while ova of G. imitator deposited at the same
time all produced the beetles last autumn (1916).

Concerning (t. ti/p/ioeKs I am not yet quite clear. Beetles taken
in the autumn of 1915, did not commence to lay till the spring of
1916, and all the resulting larvae appeared to be full grown in
December, but none have yet pupated (January, 1917). According to
Fabre, the beetles should have appeared last autumn, but tempera-
ture may have something to do with the difference in the rate of
development.

G. si/lraticiis has been the most difficult to get to oviposit, and I
have to make further investigations with this species before saying
much about it. It certainly is found abundantly in the autumn,
and again in the spring, at which time it commences egg-laying.
1 have only one larva and that is passing the winter quite small.

It is exceedingly interesting to watch the division of labour
between the male and female beetles when making the cavities and
filling them with food for the larva\ The female is the skilled
worker, the male the labourer-'. It is she who excavates the chamber
at the bottom of the shaft, while he takes the earth up to the sur-
face to get rid of it. As he pushes a small mass up the shaft he
rotates, making a quarter turn each time followed by a vigorous
heave. In the cages, it is necessary to remove the earth brought
up to the surface to prevent accumulation, and when it is seen that
the food-chamber is about ready, some fresh horse-dung is put into
the top of the cage. The male carries down the food and the female
takes it from him at or near the bottom of the shaft, carries it in,
and rams it into the end of the chamber. She is very particular
about the way the various layers of material are added, and goes
through a wonderful series of gymnastic feats in the process of

21

packing them in. After a small amount of food has been put into
the cavity by the female, Fabre says, speaking of bis G. stprrorariitx,
that the male, at the time of the laying of the egg, retires discreetly
aside, the female deposits the egg and closes the cavity containing
it, and the male then takes up the work of completing the sausage.
I have been unable to confirm this and various other details men-
tioned by Fabre, in the case of any of the species I have had under
observation. In every case I have watched, the female has always
completed the work of sausage making herself. I have indeed seen
a female G. spinifier carry out the whole of the work of shaft-
sinking, excavating, and making two sausages by herself, while the
male was hiding in an adjacent " funk-hole." Fabre contradicts
the statement of the German naturalist, Frisch, quoted by Mulsant,
that the egg of (j. sti'irorariu^ is laid in an earthen cell. That of
G. s/iinif/rr is certainly placed in a cavity surrounded by clay, the
whole lying within some la3'-ers of food material as previously
described by Dr. Chapman in his paper referred to above. A
photograph of one of these cells is seen in Fig. 1, Plate I. As to
the way in which the operation is carried out I have unfortunately
never been able to observe, not being present at the critical time to
see it, but with more leisure at command the whole operation could
be easily inspected in one of the cages. There is a small amount of
clay surrounding the cavity containing the egg of (r. fit>'ieorariiis as
noted by Sano, These points can readily be seen in sausages dug
up in the field, at the right time of year.

At times the male appears to get tired or perhaps lazy and does
not return with a supply of material. The female then calls to him,
using the stridulating apparatus situated on the base of the abdomen
and the posterior coxie. It is quite audible to an observer. If he
still lags she comes up after him and gives him a good dressing
down, clawing him vigorously, and he then once more resumes his
task. I found that G. spiniifer and G. imitator took about 24 hours
to excavate a food chamber and about 48 hours to till it. After a
short rest they would commence another chamber higher up the
shaft, succeeded by a third, fourth, or even a fifth. In the field the
food chambers radiate at the same level from the bottom of the
shaft eight or ten inches below the surface. It is generally safest
to remove the beetles when three or four cells are completed, as they
often start a fresh shaft then which in the confined space may
interfere with the work already completed.

With regard to G. ti/iihoeim, as Fabre has noted, the egg is not
laid in the sausage but at a distance of about half an inch from the
end of it, in the sand. The larva has to burrow its way to its first
meal. This larva has not got the stridnlatory apparatus situated on
the second and third legs that is found in the larviB of the other
epecies. Probably the continental coleopterists are well advised in
placing this insect in a separate genus '/c, Minotaitnis.

There are many details to be recorded about the methods of work,

22

the time taken to perform the different operations', etc. ; but I must
postpone the record of them till after further observations and
confirmations of some of the notes already made. In the meantime
I hope that others may take the opportunity of making some of the
cages and watching these most fas'cinating insects for themselves.
Although the beetles are carrying out the lowly work of scavengers,
their work is a most important one, a? they convey large quantities
of obnoxious matter below the surface of the soil, much being
abandoned by the insects during the time when they are engaged
upon feeding and not ovipositing, and so serving as a fertiliser.
Their habits and mode of work make them appear to be endowed
with many virtues and much intelligence. A good deal has been
written about them by Fabre in which speculation however plays a
large part. His votaries did not show him the insect actually
engaged on much of their work, but his assiduit}- and devotion in
recording in most delightful language his observations and specula-
tions make his works an inspiration to many besides his own
countrymen. It is not sufhcient however for one to be satisfied
with reading about things which can be seen for oneself in ones
own immediate neighbourhood, hence the evolving of the
" Observation, cages," and these notes.

Proc. S.L.E. d-N.H.Soc.

Plate I.

Photo, hji 11. M„ii.

1. Observation cage.

2-3. Egg of Geotrupes in cavity in kood mass.

23

ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS

OF THE

Soutb ITonbou (l-ntomo|ogital uub llaturiii .^istor];
Society.

Read January '2oth, 1917.
By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.

IT is usual for the member, whom you annually select to preside
over your meetings for the year, to give in the Address, which
the Bye-laws state that he shall make, a few words on the
state and progress of the Society. As you have already had a more
or less detailed report of this from the Council I need only say that
all our activities have been l^ept going and even our field-meetings
have been successful. There is however one other item of our
work, which I cannot pass over, and that is the admirable volume
of Proceedings which the Society has published, probably the best
of its series, and for which so many active members in one way and
another by their mutual help and mutual confidence have had a
share in perfecting.

There is another duty and that a ?ad one: to enumerate those
who have passed.

We all knew Fred Enock, many a time has he entertained us in
this room with his inimitable expositions of insect life-histories.
We had thought to see and bear him again, but with enfeebled
health and more than 70 years of a strenuous life he passed away
in quiet retirement at Hastings.

Chas. A. Briggs, was scarcely known to most of those who now
attend our meetings, but a quarter of a century ago and more he
was a most active and enthusiastic member, whose hospitality those
present at a field meeting more than once enjoyed. Although for
years past he had lived at Lynmouth, he still retained his love for the
Society and kept up his membership to the day of his death, at the
age of 65.

24

J. Platt-Barrett was " one of us " and some have known him for
more than forty years. He was Secretary of the Society in its
infancy, from its birth in 1872 until 1876, when he was elected its
President. Removing from London he left the Society, but on his
retirement from his life's work in the Deaf and Dumb School at
Margate, in 1908, he rejoined and has been on the Council. His
subsequent entomological experiences in Sicily and the terrible
incidents of his presence in Messina during the earthquake are
probably well known to you all. Just after Christmas he succumbed
to a heart attack and passed away at the age of 78. His collections
go to Horniman's Museum, Forest Hill.

H. A. Sauze was a most regular attendant who participated in
our meetings for some years and acted as Hon. Librarian for a time,
but owing to his wife's serious ill-health had rarely been present of
late. As to his death I have no particulars.

Of H. W. Martin of Stroud, a country member, I have no details.

" Some we loved
That Time and Fate of all their Vintage prest,
Have drunk their Cup a Round or two before,
And one by one crept silently to Rest."

" Ah ! make the iBost of what we yet may spend.
Before we too into the Dust descend."

For some time after you did me the honour of electing me to
preside over your meetings, I failed to find a subject for an address,
which would be both interesting and instructive, neither too grave
nor too gay, and free from those tedious details, which, although
necessary for the proper presentation of a scientific argument, are
often wearisome in the hearing. A gleam of hope arose at last. I
had put into my hands the proof sheets of the Annual Address read
by the President of the Medical Society of London entitled
"Shakspere and Medecine," an admirable composition. Why could
not I, in a more humble way, choose for my title ?

Shakspere and Insects.
Critics of our great poet never fail in their admiration for his
detailed and accurate knowledge of almost every subject, which
directly or indirectly came under his pen. Whether he used
fact or incident in medicine, the law, scholastic macters, history,
soldiery, the Church, love, royal ways, trade, not only had he the
superficial knowledge of the average well-informed citizen, but he
generally exhibits a knack of assimillating salient technical details

25

and using them in their proper setting in his wonderful compositions.
I hope to show by a series of extracts that besides being a
marvellously acute observer of human character, Shakspere must
have been a by no means casual observer of those smaller items of
wild nature, which you and I feel so much pleasure in studying
to-day.

What better image of enjoyment have we than that put into the
mouth of the delicate Ariel —

" Where the bee sucks, there suck I." — Tempest, v., 1.

The social economy of the bee has attracted writers of all ages,
but few can rival the rich and glowing picture in the speech of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, a description poetical in the highest
degree, and pleasing to both ear and imagination —

" So work the honey bees ;
Creatures that, by a rule in nature, teach
The art of order to a peopled kingdom.
They have a king and officers of sorts.
Where some like magistrates, correct at home ;
Others like merchants, venture trade abroad ;
Others like soldiers, armed in their stings.
Make boot upon the summer's velvet buds.
Which pillage they with merry march bring home
To the tent royal of their emperor ;
Who, busied in his majesty, surveys
The singing masons building roofs of gold ;
The civil citizens kneading up the honey ;
The poor mechanic porters crowding in
Their heavy burdens at his narrow gate ;
The sad-eyed justice, with his surly hum,
Delivering o'er to executors pale
The lazy yawning drone." — Hennj V., i., 3.

Like all ancient writers, Shakspere ascribed maleness to the
queen bee. In the last passage he calls the head of the bee-king-
dom "a king," and again in the answer of the Goth warrior to the
Leader Lucius —

" We'll follow where thou lead'st
Like stinging bees in hottest summer's day.
Led by their master to the flowered field."

Titua AmlronicKs, ii., 5.

The " drone " is often chosen as a type of laziness, as when
Shylock says of his servant Launcelot —

" Drones hive not with me." — Merchant of Vrjiice, ii., 5.

26

Probably the true nature of the drone in Shakspere's time was
unknown. Although the crime suggested in the following must
have been a mistake —

" Drones suck not eagle's blood, but rob bee-hives."

2 Henry VI., iv., 1.

Is there not here a confusion with the wasp, who maj' be more
justly charged ?

The contagious anger of the bees is well imaged, when Warwick
in his report to the king that the good Duke Humphrey, the leader
of the rebels, had been murdered, says —

" The commons, like an angry hive of bees,
That want their leader, scatter up and down,
And care not who they sting in his revenge.''

2 Hennj VI., iii., 2.

We infer that Shakspere was aware of other than the hive bee,
for when Bottom the weaver, in the character of an ass, gives orders
to his attendants, he says —

" Monsieur Cobweb, good Monsieur, get your weapons in your
hand, and kill me a red-hip'd humble-bee on the top of a thistle ;
and good Monsieur, bring me the honey bag."

MidsiDinner yiffht's Dream, iv., 1.

In another passage we find an allusion to one of the more solitary
species —

"That red-tailed humble-bee." — AlVit Well, iv., 5.

Sealing-wax to-day is made of lac and resm, but beeswax may
have been used in olden times on legal documents, for Jack Cade,
when proclaiming his schemes of reform, proceeds —

"Is not this a lamentable thing, that the skin of an innocent
lamb should he made into parchment, and that parchment being
scribbled o'er should undo a man. Some say the bee stings ; but I
say 'tis the bee's wax: for I did but seal once to a thing, and I was
never my own man since." — 2 Henri/ 17., iv., 2.

Edgar justifies his opening of the letters confided to Goneril
the messenger —

" Leave, gentle wax, and manners, blame us not,
To know our enemies' minds, we'd rip their hearts;
Their papers are more lawful." — /"><?«>-, iv., 6.

Again when Imogen receives a letter from her lord Leonatus,
her words are — ■

27

" Good wax, thy leave, blest be
Yon bees, that make these locks of council ! Lovers
And men in dangerous bonds pray not alike ;
Though forfeiters you cast in prison yet,
You clasp young Cupid's tables." — Cymbelinf, iii., 2.

Shakspere adopted the universal, but incorrect, opinion of his
day in the line —

" Our thighs are packed with wax." — 2 Hennj IV., iv., 4.

King Henry V., in the camp at Agincourt, urging that there is
good in evil, says —

" There is some soul of goodness in things evil.
Would men observingly distil it out ;
Thus we may gather honey from the weed."

Henry V., iv., 1.

Honey is a favourite expression with poets and Shakspere's use is
frequent, although often strained in its application.

When Romeo is waiting in his cell for the visit of his beloved
Juliet, Friar Laurence says —

" These violent delights have violent ends ;"
and adds —

" the sweetest honey
Is loathsome in his o\\n deliciousness.
And in the taste confounds the appetite ;
Therefore love moderatelj'." — Rnmeo, ii., 5.

However the word is seldom used in so literal a sense as in the
last extracts, and sometimes the metaphor is unduly stretched.
Norfolk when speaking of Wolsey says —

" the king hath found
Matter against him, that for ever mars
The honey of his language." — Henry VHl., iii., 2.

Ophelia, bewailing Hamlet's mental aberration, deplores her own
in the words —

" And I of ladies most abject and wretched,
That sucked the honey of his music vows."

Hamlet, iii., 2.

Romeo utters a similarly worded lament at fair Juliet's tomb —

"0 my love 1 my wife !
Death, that hath sucked the honey of thy breath,
Hath had no power j-et upon thy beauty."

Bnnieo and Juliet, v., 3.

28

"Honey" is even used to intensify the meaning in numerous
descriptive phrases, as when Brutus bids the boy attendant Lucius,
who was fast asleep, to —

" Enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber." — Julius Caesar, ii., 1.

The close setting of the bees' cells and the stinging power are
both used to increase the effect of the words of Prospero in reply to
Caliban's imprecations —

'• Thou shalt be pinch'd
As thick as honey-combs : each pinch more stinging
Than bees that made 'em."~Tempest, i., 2.

That the poet was aware the bee lost its sting in the wound, the
words of Pandarus show —

" Full merrily the humble bee doth sing,
Till she hath lost her honey and her sting ;
And being once subdued in armed tail.
Sweet honey and sweet notes together fail."

Trnilus and Cressida, v., 12.

So in the sarcasm of Brutus and Cassius against Antony the
same idea is uttered —

" Cas. The posture of your blows are yet unknown ;
But for your words, they rob the Hybla bees,
And leave them honey-less.
Ant. Not sting-less too.
Bru. 0 ! yes, and soundless too ;
For you have stolen their buzzing, Antony,
And very wisely threat before you sting."

Julius Caesar, v., 1.

So easy was it to find simile and metaphor in the economy of the
bee, that in one scene in 2 Henry IV., it is mentioned twice.
First, when the King fears the future of his son from his past bad
habits, he says—

" Tis seldom when the bee doth leave her comb
In the dead carrion." — .'^ Henry IV., iv., 1.

[Was the story of Samson and the Lion the suggestion of this ?]
and later on when he supposes a sinister motive for the removal of
the crown from his pillow — -

" How quickly nature falls into revolt,
When gold becomes her object.
For this the foolish, over careful fathers
Have broke their .bleeps with thought, their brains with care,

29

When, like the bee, tolling from every flower

The virtuous sweets,

Our thighs are packed with wax, our mouths with honey ;

We bring it to the hive ; and, like the bees.

Are murder'd for our pains." — 2 Henry IV., iv., 4.

Even up to our own times this killing of the bees to obtain the
honey was practiced. The poet more than once shows his objection
to this useless method by the terms he used, as when Talbot
describes the method of the " witch " Joan of Arc in repulsing the
British troops —

" As bees with smoke, and doves with noisome stench.
Are from their hives and houses driven away."

1 Hmrt/ VI., i., 5.

That Shakspere appreciated the differing characters of bee and
wasp we know from various passages.

When the spirits before Prospero's cell discuss the ways of Venus,
Cupid is described as —

" her waspish-headed son." — 'Tempest., iv., 1.
The messenger Silvius used the same term when he gave the
letter of Phoebe to Rosalind and foretells the tenour of its contents
as if he had himself read them. —

" I know not the contents ; but, as I guess
By the stern brow and waspish action
Which she did use as she was writing it,
It bears an angry tenour." — As Yon Like It, iv., 3.

In the scene where Brutus is using his best endeavours to be
reconciled to his former bosom friend Cassius, he protests that
henceforth —

" I'll use you for my mirth ; yea, for my laughter.
When you are waspish." — JkUks Caesar, iv. 3.

So also in the wooing of Katherine —

" Pet. Come, come, you wasp, i' faith you are too angry.
Kath. If I be waspish, best beware my sting.
Pet. My remedy is then to pluck it out.
R(tth. Ay, if the fool could find it where it lies.
Pet. Who knows not where a wasp doth wear his sting ?
In his tail." — Tamiiuj of the S/irew., ii., 1.

The same characteristic is used to depict resentful actions.
When the wretched Queen Tamore urges her sons to murder she
says —

30

" Let not this wasp outlive us both to sting."

Titus Andronieiis, ii., 3.

Again when Suffolk replies to the query —

" Will the king
Digest this letter of the Cardinal's ?"

he says —

" There be more wasps that buzz about his nose,
Will make this sting the sooner." — Henry Ylll., iii., 2.

Shakspere's knowledge of the wasp rapacity in raiding honey
is well shown in the metaphor used by Julia to express the detesta-
tion of her act in tearing Protheus letter —

" Oh ! hateful hands, to tear such loving words :
Injurious wasps, to feed on such sweet honey,
And kill the bees that yield it with your stings ! "

Ttvo Gentlemen of Verona, i., 2.

It is more than strange that only twice does Shakespeare mention
the insect so universally known as the ant, [See addendum.]

" We'll set thee to school to an ant, to teach thee there's no
labouring in the winter." — Lear, ii., 4.

When the sweet music of the invisible Ariel comes to the ears of
the monster Caliban, even he, with murder in his heart, is con-
strained to soften, for he says —

" The isle is full of noises,
Sounds and sweet airs : that give delight, and hurt not."

Tempest, iii., 2.

Who among us does not feel the better for our wanderings in the
paths of nature, with the brighter sun and sweeter atmosphere amid
the hum of Nature's workings ?

It is curious that two quite mutually destructive views should
exist together, yet we find that Hamlet is made to express the com-
mon notion at that time —

" If the sun breed maggots in a dead dog." — Hamlet, i., 2.

while numerous other allusions point to " flesh-flies " as the origin
of the maggots, as when Trinculo is taken out of " the filthy
mantled pool " into which he had fallen in his drunken fit, says,

" I have been in such a pickle since I saw you last, that I fear
me will never out of my bones ; I shall not fear fly-blowing."

Tempest, v., 1.

31

Before following Lucius, Imogen, as Fidele purposing to bury
Postbumus, says —

" I'll follow, Sir. But first, an't please tbe Gods,
I'll bide mj^ master from tbe flies, as deep
As tbese poor pickaxes can dig." — Cymbeline, iv., 2.

Ferdinand, when be avows his passion for Miranda, says —

" Would no more endure
This wooden slavery, than I would suffer
The fiesb-fly blow my mouth." — 'Tempest, iii., 1.

And again Biron, when making love to Rosalind, forswears at
length the long drawn-out " figures pedantical," which he had
uttered, and asserts that —

" Tbese summer flies
Have blown me full of maggot ostentation."

Love's Labour Ijost, v., 2,

When Florizel, the Prince of Bohemia, is undecided whither to
flee, he uses tbe simile of tbe habit of flies at emergence, to rush
into tbe air and disperse whither the chance breeze takes them —

"So we profess
Ourselves to be the slaves of chance, and flies
Of every wind that blows." — Winter s Tale, iv., 3.

In Sbakspere's time tbe "blow-fly" was equally an object of
detestation, for we find Doll Tearsheet reviles the beadle, who has
arrested her, as —

" A blue-bottle rogue." — 2 Henri/ IV., v., 4.
When the noble Gloucester reflects upon tbe cruel fortunes of
those who remain faithful to Lear in his banishment, he says —

" As flies to wanton boys, so we to tbe Gods ;
They kill us for their sport." — Lear, iv., 1.

When in Titus' house, Marcus savagely strikes tbe dish with a
knife, his host at once exclaims —

T. " What dost thou strike at, Marcus, with thy knife ?

M. At that that I have killed, my lord — a fly.

T. Out on thee, murderer ! thou kill'st mine heart ;

Mine eyes are cloy'd with view of tyranny.

A deed of death done on tbe innocent

Becomes not Titus' brother. Get thee gone ;

I see thou art not for my company.
M. Alas ! my lord, I have but kill'd a fly.
T. Poor harmless fly !

That with his pretty buzzing melody
Came here to make us merry, and thou hast kill'd him."
TituR AndronkiiH, iii., 2.

The diminutive size of flies on the whole is often noted. Lear
mentions —

" The small gilded fly." — Lear, iv., 6.

Queen Mab's driver is described —

" For waggoner, a small grey-coated gnat."

Midsnnniier Xif/Jifs Dream, i., 4.

So Imogen says that her eyes had followed her lord —

" till he had melted from
The smallness of a gnat, to air." — Cijnibeline, i., 4.

Antipholus of Syracuse reviles his servant Dromio for his un-
wonted levity, and enforces his remarks by a homely simile —

" When the sun shines, let foolish gnats make sport;
But creep in crannies, when he hides his beams."

(Jo)neily of Errors, ii., 2.

Flavius to more fully impress Tiinon that his bought friends are
unreliable, says —

" One cloud of winter showers,
These flies have couched." — TiiiKm of Athens, ii., 2.

The sufferings and terror shown by cattle are aptly portrayed in
more than one passage. Nestor, the leader in the Grecian camp, in
a punning reference, says that the fleet is susceptible more to the
winds than the enemy —

" The herd hath more annoyance by the brize
Than by the tiger." — Trtolns and Cressida, i., 3.

Scarus describes the flight of Cleopatra after the battle of Actium
in no unmeasured terms —

" Yon ribald nag of Egypt,
Whom leprosy o'ertake ! i' the midst o' the fight,
When vantage like a pair of twins appear'd
Both as the same, or rather ours the elder,
The brize upon her, like a cow in June,
Hoists sail, and flies." — Antonij and Cleopatra, iii., 8.

The curious belief, which once held sway, that flies become blind
in autumn, appears in the remarks of Burgundy —

" Maids well summer'd and warm kept, are like flies at
Bartholomew tide, — blind though they have their eyes."

Henry V., v., 2.

33

Passing to one of the unwelcome but insistent companions of
man, we find the boj^ in attendance at Sir John Falstaff's death-bed
reports that the old knight said —

" a saw a flea sticking on Bardolph's nose," which he called " a
black soul burning in hell." — Hcnrij V., ii., 3.

And not infrequently does Shakspere bring in the "lively hopper,"
of which there was evidently no scarcity in thedaj^s of "good Queen
Bess."

The carrier at the inn in Rochester, says —

" Your chamber-lie breeds fleas like a loach."

1. Henrij IV., ii., 1.

The Duke of Orleans, discussing the valour of the soldiei'S opposed
to the English, says to the Constable of France —

" That'fS a valiant flee that dare eat his breakfast on the lip of a
lion." — Henri/ V., iii., 7.

Sir Toby Belch infers the white liver of Sir Andrew Ague-cheek
by asserting —

"If he w^ere opened and you find so much blood in his liver as
will clog the foot of a flea, I'll eat the rest of his anatomy."

Tu-elfth Xi'niit, iii., 2.

Mrs. Ford is evidently in execution an expert, for to her jealous
husband, when he searches the basket, she says —

" If you find a man there he shall die a flea's death."

Merri/ Wives, iv., 2.

Poverty and improper food was ordinarily supposed to engender
bots, and we find the ostler, at Rochester, says —

"Pease and beans are as dank here as a dog; and that is the
next way to give poor jades the bots." — I Henri/ 1 V., ii., 1.

Of the miserable nag of Petruchio it is stated —

" he is so begnawn with bots." — 'ramimi of the Shrew, iii., 2.

The wounded Cliftbrd, ere he dies, compares the supporters of
the Duke of York —

" And whither fly the gnats, but to the sun ?"

Ilennj Vl. (3), ii., 6.

and again says, that when King Henry held the sway —

" They never then had sprung like summer flies."

Henr,/ V]. (8), ii., 6.

34

Cleopatra, foreseeing her coming fate and that of her country,
says —

" My brave Egyptians all,

Lie graveless till the flies and gnats of JSile

Have buried them for prey." — Antony and Cleopatra, iii., 11.

" Dost know the water-fly ? " asks Hamlet.

Hamlet v., '2.

and Thersites, with his bitter sarcasm, attacks the Grecian noble,
Patroclus —

"Ah! how the poor world is pestered with such waterflies,
diminutives of nature ! " — Troilus and Cresmla, v., 1.

But Cleopatra has a different fly in mind in her bitter and hope-
less words to her captor, Proculeius —

" Rather on Nilus mud
Lay me stark naked, and let Avater- flies «

Blow me into abhorring." — Antomj and Cleopatra, v., 3.

The destructive power of larvas have furnished Shakspere with
many a metaphor. Bolingbroke called the creatures of Richard, no
doubt on account of their destructive proclivities —

" The caterpillars of the common wealth." — Kuui Hic/iard IL, ii., 4.
and again the Duke of York's reflection on the destruction of hia
hopes of Kingdom —

" Thus are my blossoms blasted in the bud.
And caterpillars eat my leaves away."^ — 2 Henry VI., iii.,1^

" False caterpillars " is the epithet bestowed by Jack Cade on his
opponents, but the metaphor is never employed more justly than in
the colloquy between the gardener and his attendant in King
Richard IL, on the state of the Kingdom. Instead of silently
carrying out the orders of his superiors to ''Cut ofl' the heads of the
too fast-growing sprays," the servant enquires —

" Why should we in the compass of a pale
Keep law, and form, and due proportion.
Showing as in a model our Arm state ;
When our sea- walled garden the whole land
Is full of weeds ; her fairest flowers choked up,
Her fruit trees all unpruned, her hedges ruined.
Her knots dis-ordered and her wholesome herbs
Swarming with caterpillars ? "- — Kiny Richard IL, iii., 4.

When Coriolanus has become the invincible leader of the enemies
of his native city of Rome, Sicinius, a Roman noble, asks —

35

" Is't possible that so short a time can alter the condition of a
man ? "

and most justly is he answered byMenenius —

" There is a difference between a grub and a butterfly ; yet your
butterfly was a grub." — Coriolanus, v., 4.

The observant eye of Shakspere could not fail to note how des-
tructive were the larvie of minute moths. Thus Borachio speaks of
" the smirch'd moth-eaten tapestry."

Much Ado about Nothiwf, in., 4.

and when the visitor to Virgilia bids her to "lay aside her stitchery "
and " play the idle huswife," she taunts her —

" You would be another Penelope ; yet they say all the yarn she
spun in Ulysses' absence did but till Ithaca full of moths."

(Joriolanus i., B.

Those who take delight in the " innocent flower" will appreciate
the words of Montague, who uses them as a simile to express his
half suspicion of the inexplicable conduct of his son Romeo —

" the bud bit with an envious worm
Ere he can spread his sweet leaves to the air.
Or dedicate his beauty to the sun." — Romeo and Juliet, i., 1.

Probably one of the most delicate images that the poet ever
employed was when Viola, masquerading as a boy, relates of the
inward love of her " sister " that —

" She never told her love ;
But let concealment, like a worm i' the bud,
Feed on her damask cheek." — Twelfth Nitfht, ii., 4.

The " worm " is often referred to as " the canker " as when
Laertes cautions Ophelia against Hamlet's favour —

" The canker galls the infants of the spring.
Too oft, before their buttons be disclosed."

Hamlet, i., 3.

One of the duties Titania imposed upon her fairy attendants is —

" To kill cankers in the musk-rose buds."

Mids.uwiner Xii/ht's Dream, ii., 3.

When Prometheus is defending himself against the raillery of his
friend Valentine, the image he employs is skilfully turned against
himself —

Prometheus. " Yet writers say, as in the sweetest bud
The eating canker dwells, so eating love

36

Inhabits in the finest wits of all.
Valentine. And writers say, as the most forward bud

Is eaten by the canker ere it blow,
Even so by love, the young slender wit
Is turned to folly : blasting in the bud.
Losing his verdure even in the prime."

Two Gentleinen of Verona, i., 1.

Not always is the " worm " a " canker." Othello when he
demands the handkerchief, venerated as the dying gift of his
mother, says —

" The worms were hallowed that did breed the silk."

Othello, iii., 4.

The temptation to use the nut without a kernel as a figure could
hardly be overlooked, and we find it often used as in the terse
sketch of the character, or rather absence of character, of Parolles —

" There can be no kernel in this light nut."

All's Well that Ends Well, ii., 5.

The wretched Thersites in his scurrilous abuse of the defenders
of Greece, Achilles and Ajax, against Hector, says —

" Hector shall have a great catch if he knock out either of your
brains ; a' were as good crack a fusty nut with no kernel."

Troilus and Cressida,.n., 1.

When Rosalind is angry with her lover as he " comes not," Bella
adds fuel to the fire by her remarks that she thought him —

" as concave as a worm-eaten nut."— ^« You Like It, iii., 4.

Very pretty is the passage where the equipage of the fairy Queen
Mab is described —

" Her chariot is an empty hazel nut
Made by the joiner squirrel, or old grub.
Time out of mind the fairies coach-maker."

Romeo and Juliet, i., 4.

'Tis not always that " worm " in Shakspere means larva, for no
doubt we remember Cleopatra's request —

" Hast thou the pretty worm of Nilus here, that kills and pains
not ? " — Antony and Cleopatra, v., 2.

When Hamlet is at supper with the king, subsequent to the kill-
ing of the poor old eavesdropper, Polonius, he says that Polonius
is " at supper," " not where he eats but where he is eaten," and goes
on to say —

37

" Your worm is your only emperor for diet.
We fat all creatures else to fat us,
And we fat ourselves for maggots." — Hamlet, iv., 3.

It is quite clear that worm is used here again for maggot, but
when the Duke addresses Claudius —

'■ Thou art by no means valiant,
For thou dost fear the soft and tender fork
Of a poor worm." — Measure fur Measure, iii., 1.

that again the poison-snake is meant.

Poins, in answer to Prince Hal's query at the Boar's Head
Tavern, " Shall we be merry ? " says —

" As merry as Crickets." — 1 Henry IV., ii,, 4.

Thus Shakespere accepted the common notion that the chirping
of the fire-side was significant of mirth.

How pretty is the delicate description of Queen Mab's equipage,
part of which we have already quoted —

" Her waggon spokes made of long spinner's legs.
The cover of the wings of grasshoppers.
The traces of the smallest spider's web,
The collars of the moonshine's watery beams.
Her whip of cricket's bone ; the lash, of film."

Midsummer Night's Dream, i., 4.

Frequently, when the poet wishes to emphasise complete stillness,
he appeals to the cricket.

Lady Macbeth, in reply to Macbeth's question after the murder
of Duncan, if she heard aught, says —
" I heard the owls scream and the crickets cry." — Macbeth, ii., 2.

Again, when lachimo surveys the chamber where Imogen lies
sleeping, his first words are —

" The crickets sing, and man's o'er-labour'd sense
Repairs itself by rest." — Ci/mhdiue, ii., 2.

That insects hear, has often been questioned by the naturalist.
We have the poet's view when young Mamillius, dared by Hermione
to fright her with goblin tales, says —

" I will tell it softly;
Yon crickets shall not hear me," — Winter's Tale, ii., 1.

One would have thought that the rapacious, devastating powers of
the locust would have afforded a wealth of imagery, and that by
reading and report the poet would have been familiar with it, yet

38

the word " locust " occurs but once, and obviously it has no insect
interpretation.

" Fill thy purse with money," says lago to Roderigo, " the food
that to hina now is as luscious as locusts." — Othello, i., 3.

Naturally one would expect to find the butterfly imaged in many
ways, by one who was so conversant with the character and heart
of man. Yet the references are very few, and appeal but slightly
to the sense of beauty. Achilles reflects as the Grecian lords pass
him with greeting or disdain —

*' What the declined is
He shall as soon read in the eyes of others,
As feel in his own fall ; for men like butterflies,
Show not their mealy wings but in the summer."

Troiliis and Cresdda, iii., 3.

Was it the gloriously coloured wings of the " peacock " butterfly
that were intended in the order of Titania to her fairy attendants
in her passion for Bottom the weaver ? —

" pluck the wings from painted butterflies,
To fan the moonbeams from his sleeping eyes."

Midsummer Niyhfs Dream, iii., 1.

Then there is the whole piece in which the phrase " gilded
butterflies" is embedded, which emphasises the then popular notion,
that those who noticed butterflies were insignificant and trifling
persons.

The old monarch Lear, " fourscore and upwards," when sent to
prison by his unnatural daughter, addresses his younger and
faithful daughter in the simple but pathetic words —

" Come, let's away to prison,
We two alone Avill sing like birds i'the cage ;
When thou dost ask me blessing, I'll kneel down
And ask of thee forgiveness : So we'll live,
And pray, and sing, and tell old tales, and laugh
At gilded butterflies, and hear poor rogues
Talk of court news and we'll talk with them too.
Who loses, and who wins ; who's in and who's out ;
And take upon us the mystery of things.
As if we were God's spies." — Lear, v., 3.

Still the same idea underlies tbe scene when Virgilia, the wife of
Coriolanus, is visited by her friend Valeria, and is asked by her,
" How does your little son '? " she answers —

"0 my troth, I looked upon him o' Wednesday half an hour

;-{9

together. I saw him run after a gilded batterfl}- ; and when he
caught it, he let it go again, and after it again, and over and over
he comes, and up again ; catch'd it again ; whether his fall enraged
him, or how 'twas, he did so set bis teeth, and tear it. 0! I warrant
how he mammock'd it." — ('orinlaniiii, i., 3.

Again, in the same play, when Marcius Coriolanus, with the
enemy Volscians is threatening his native city, Rome, Cominius,
the Roman general, describes them to Menenius in these words —

" He is their God : he leads them like a thing
Made by some other deity than Nature,
That shapes man better ; and they follow him
Against us brats, with no less confidence
Than boys pursuing summer butterflies,
Or butchers killing flies." — Cnriiila)iiis, iv., G.

" Moth " is a term often used for something trifling, and we
have —

" A moth will turn the balance." — Miihtininier Nii/ltt's Dream, v., 1.
•' Wash every moth out of his conscience." — Ilenry V., i., 4.

A pathetic reference is in the scene between Arthur and Hubert —

Arth. " Is there no remedy ?

Huh. None; but to lose your eyes.

Arth. Oh Heaven ! that there were but a moth in yours ;
A grain, a dust, a gnat, a wandering hair.
Any annoyance in that precious sense !
Then feeling what small things are boist'rous there,
Your vile intent must needs seem horrible."

Kiuij Jnlin, iv., 1.

One hardly understands the reference of the gentle Desdemona
who calls herself, when pleading for leave to accompany Othello on
a diplomatic journey —

" A moth of peace." — OtJwllo, i., 8.

When the Prince of Arragon, the disappointed suitor, leaves
Portia, he utters the beautiful simile, which is so well known —

" Thus hath the candle singed the moth."

Mi'rc/iant of Venice, ii., 9.

Who has not heard the weird hum which strikes one's ears when
twilight falls upon a country scene ? —

"Beetles black approach not here" is the injunction of the
attendants of the sleeping fairy-queen Titania.

MicLsiniuiier Xitiht's IhecDii, ii., 3.

40

Macbeth when bracing up his courage for the " dreadful deed,"
promises Lady Macbeth —

"Ere the bat hath flown
His cloister'd flight ; ere to black Hecate's summons
The shard-borne beetle, with his drowsy hums,
Hath rung night's yawning peal, there shall be done
A deed of dreadful note." — Macbeth, in., 2.

" Shard " appears to have been a common term, for we find the
friend of Mark Antony images the close unity of the Triumvirs
when he speaks of Lepidus —

" They are his shards and he their beetle."

Antonu and Cleojiatra, iii., 4.

Again Belarius in the mountains of Wales in voicing his love of
the wild freedom and the healthy pleasure there is in danger, says —

" Often to our comfort do we find
The sharded beetle in a safer hold
Than is the full-wing'd eagle." — Cijinhelinc, iii., 3.

Not that ''shard" always has this meaning, for it occurs in its
primitive English significance — a piece of broken tile — when the
priest says of Ophelia —

" Shards, flints, and pebbles should be thrown on her."

Hamlet, v., 1.

There is some ambiguity in the wording put by the poet into the
mouth of Isabel imaging her fear for Claudio in prison and in
expectation of death — •

" The poor beetle that we tread upon
In corporal sufferance finds a pang as great
As when a giant dies." — Measure for Measure, iii., 1.

It would appear at first that the ancient view that insects suffered
pain was here voiced, but like many a text divorced from its context,
a wrong impression is produced. Close students of Shakspere years
ago pointed out that there were few instances of a more complete
perversion of the meaning of a poetical quotation by omission of the
context than in this passage. The lines preceding the passage
quoted —

" Oh ! I do fear thee, Claudio ; and I quake.
Lest thou a feverous life should'st entertain,
And six or seven winters more respect
Than a perpetual honour. Darest thou die ?
The sense of death is most in apprehension ;"

41

leave no doubt that the purpose was to show how little pain a man
really felt in dying.

Another passage where " beetle " occurs is in Caliban's impreca-
tions against Prospero —

" All the charms
Of Sycorax, toads, beetles, bats, light on you."

Tempeat, i., 2.

That one brought up in the country should know the glow-worm
might be assured. Titauia the spellbound queen instructs her
hand-maid fairies " Pease-blossom ! Cobweb ! Moth ! and Mustard-
seed !" to work for Bottom and—

" Steal from the humble-bees,
And for night-tapers crop their waxen thighs
And light them at the fiery glow-worms eyes."

Midsiiinnier Nitfht'a I > ream, iii., 1.

Of course " glow-worms eyes " is a poetic licence which again occurs
when the ghost urges his adieu to Hamlet —

" The glow-worm shews the matin to be near,
And 'gins to pale his uneHectual fire." — tlamlft, i., 5.

In one passage we find a beetle used in a simile to enforce the
dizzy height of Dover cliff —

" The crows and choughs that wing the midway air.
Show scarce so gross as beetles." — Lear, iv., 6.

In Hermione's reply to the spiteful jealousy of Leontes —

" Sir, spare your threats,
The bug which you will fright me with I seek."

Winter s Tale, iii., 1.

" The bug" is not that beastie to which we could apply the words
of Jacques —

" let's meet as little as we can."^ — Ah You Like It, iii., '6.
but as always in Shakspere is short for " bug-bear."

In days when cleanliness of person was not quite so possible as
at present another domestic beast was more comnaon.

When the rival justices are holding forth on the importance ol
Justice Shallow and his family, Slender says —

" All his successors gone before him have done it, and all his
ancestors that come after him may : they may give the dozen white
luces in their coat.

Shallow. Tis an old coat.

42

Krans. The dozen white louses do become an old coat well :
it agrees well passant ; it is a familiar beast to man, and signifies
love." — Merry Wives of Windsor, i., 1.

In conclusion I must say with Mark Antony —

" I am no orator." — Julius Caesar, iii,, 2.

Yet, as King Richard's queen, Elizabeth says —

" An honest tale speeds best, being plainly told."

Flichard 111., iv., 4.
and Theseus says —

" For never anything can be amiss
When simpleness and duty tender it."

yiidsinmner Nitihfs Dream, v., 1.

May I beg you to excuse this thing of

" Shreds and patches." — Hamlet, iii., 4.

and trust that you have not found it

" Weary, stale, flat and unprofitable." — Hauilet, iii., 2.

In his reply to the Vote of Thanks the President said that he
might use words put into the mouth of Hamlet

" Beggar that I am, for I am even poor in thanks.
But I thank you." — Hamlet, ii., 2.

and expressed the hope that he might be able to feel with Ariel,
when his time came to vacate the chair that —

" I have done thee worthy service ;
Told thee no lies; made no mistakings."

Tempest, i., 2.

Addendum : — p. 30. Insert —

And Hotspur explains as one of the reasons of his anger with
Mortimer's father —

" With telling me of the moldwarp of the ant."

/. Henry 71'., iii., 1.

N.B. — I am indebted to Mr. Brooks for pointing out that the
word " pismire" is an old English name for ant.

"Pismire" is once used by the poet. Hotspur in his graphic
description of his feelings when he hears of " this vile politician
Bolingbroke " says —

" I am whipp'd and scourged with rods.
Nettled, and stung with pismires."

/. Henry IV., i., 240.

4S

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

FEBRUARY 10th, 1916.
Ml. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., President, in the chair.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited a fasciated branch of the ash
tree from Blackheath, obtained by Dr. Ofenheim.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited a spray of hawthorn in almost full
leaf, and also the fully opened catkins of willow. He stated that
he had on the previous day seen quite fully 50 bushes of sallow in
full bloom in the N. Kent area. Mr. Newman also showed a
gynandromorphous specimen of Polygonia c-alhnni and pointed out
that the sexes differed in size, contour of the outer margins of the
wings, and also in the markings of the undersides. These differ-
ences were quite apparent in the exhibit.

Mr. Turner stated he had examined all records of gynandro-
raorphs up to a recent date and as far as he had ascertained the
example was unique. Mr. Frohawk confirmed this opmion.

Mr. Sperring exhibited aberrations of Ari/i/nnis adippe and Auimpha
popnli. The A. udippe was taken at Swinley, during the Field Meet-
ing in 1915, and had an enlargement and coalescence of the black
spots crossing the disc of the fore wings. The A. popidi had the large
inner-marginal blotch on the hindwing of a bright orange-red
colour instead of dull brick-red.

Mr. C. B. Williams exhibited some very good coloured drawings,
magnified about 30 diameters, of the larvas of two British species of
Neuroptera, Cuniopterijx tineifonais and Seiiiidalis olenrodiformis.
These larviP are predaceous and feed on young scale insects, mites,
and eggs of insects and spiders. The drawings were made by
Mr. H. J. Osterstock.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited one of his observation cages in which
he was rearing the larvfe of the Coleopteron (leotrnpes apinvjer from
•ova. He stated that many of his observations were absolutely at
variance with those published by the late M. Jules Fabre.

44

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a series of Salebria semiruhella
{carnella) and contributed the following note.

" At the last meeting Mr. Stallman exhibited this species and
pointed out the form with a white costa to the forewings. In the
short series now exhibited are three forms of aberration — (1) with
white costal streak, (2) with yellow costal streak, (3) with the whole
costal area suffused with very dark scales almost obliterating the
rosy colour of the type. Hiibner named the form with the yellow
costa ab. sangiiinella and Staudinger's short diagnosis is " al. ant.
vitta costali fiava." Stephens says that mnijitinella has the costa
"white or pale." Ragonot described a form with white costa as
ab. ictcrella, which Staudinger shortly diagnosed as " al. ant. flavis,
costa alba, ciliis roseis." This form with white costa might
according to Stephens, come under sant/niiieUa as " pale," while it
does not fully agree with Ragonot's icterella, which has yellow and
not rosy forewings. The other form in the series, in which the
costal area is suffused with very dark scales has not yet received a
name, but has been observed and noted by various authors from
Stephens onwards. The species is extremely local with a wide range
extending from Ireland, across Europe and Asia to Japan, and is
restricted to chalk districts. So local is this species that the late
Mr. C. G. Barrett, who had collected extensively in many parts of
England, Wales, and Ireland, had never taken it himself. I have
taken this species at several places on the southern face of the
North Downs in the day-time in sunshine, when it was disturbed.
It is stated to fly at night."

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited the flowering sprays of several hybrid
orchids of his own growing, and contributed the following note.

" The fine Odontoi/lussiim jasper is a tertiary hybrid of harnjanum
and cri.ynim, and exhibits the remarkable phenomenon that it shows
that there has been complete fusion each time and thus the last
form jasiicr exhibits practically ^ crispnni to | harryaniDii, it being
really an octoroon, assuming harri/aiuDJi to be the nigger and crisjntui
the white man. The parentage is as follows : —

harryanum x crispnni

I I

I
harryano-crispum x crispum

I ^i

amabele x crispum

J_ I

I
jasper

45

" The other hybrids shown are Odoyito(jlossttin triuinphosiini, a
primary hybrid showing complete fusion between ( >. triuwphans and
■0. cin-hosnin ; Odontofiloasinn jienidtio)), a crossing of two different
hybrids, involving three species ; and Odontoi/losnutn tristan, a
•crossing between a species and a hybrid, also involving three
species."

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a series of Hydroecia paludis from
8t. Anne's-on-Sea, comprising 18 specimens taken in 1914, showing
the great amount of variation of ground colour including pale
■ochreous, red, and fuscous grey forms. The reniform stigmata also
varied from white to orange. Some forms showed a considerable
amount of chestnut reticulation, whilst in others this character was
obsolete.

Mr. Frohawk brought a newspaper cutting announcing the
supposed appearance of the cuckoo at Minster. He stated that the
•earliest authentic record of the arrival of this migrant in this
country was March 29th. It was remarked that the late Prof.
Lyddeker was once led to make a similar announcement and after-
wards to find that he had been deceived bj^ the wonderful imitation
•of the note by a country labourer.

Mr. Sich in remarking on the early season said that at Epping
the hawthorns were much advanced, and at Hampstead he had
seen two bushes that were perfectly green with expanded leaves.

Mr. Frohawk remarked on the extraordinary early dates for the
blackbirds to commence singing. He had heard them on Dec. 26th,
Jan. 1st, and Jan. 7th, whereas normally they did not begin until
the end of February or the beginning of March. He also knew of
a starling that had already commenced to sit in Cambridgeshire.
There has been a nest in this situation for the last 16 years.
Several members had noted the early state of the Hawthorn, and
the Celandine and Blackthorn were also already in flower in places.

Mr. Robert Adkin read a paper entitled : " Ocneria dispar in
Britain," and in illustration of his remarks exhibited a short series
of specimens of the form that occurred in the fen districts about
the years 1830-1840; of the form commonly reared in confine-
ment for many generations, the specimens shown having been
bred about 1880 ; and of specimens reared from ova obtained from
a female taken wild in Huntingdonshire in 1907 ; also a male
specimen bred from a wild larva found at Folkestone in 1899, and
an unusually large female taken at Eastbourne in 1909 (page 1.)

Mr. H. A. Leeds exhibited the remainder of the brood reared

46

from the Huntingdonshire female referred to above, also a male
taken wild in the same locality, one of several that he had taken a
few years previously, and explained that believing O. ilispar was a
common species he had taken no special care to look for it.

Mr. B. W. Adkin also exhibited, among others, a series reared
from wild larvae taken on hedges in the neighbourhood of Malvern
in 1907, and it was noted that the females much resembled the old
fen captured examples.

In the discussion which followed Mr. F. W. Frohawk remarked
that the shape of the wings, more particularly of the females, of the
old specimens taken in the fens, appeared to be somewhat different
in shape from those that had been reared in confinement, and the
President said that it had been frequently noted that specimens that
had been long in-bred often showed peculiarities of wing formation.

Mr. C. B. Williams said that he had recently visited those parts
of the United States of America where (h-neria dispar was devasta-
ting the fruit trees, and where a large number of trained entomolo-
gists were continually engaged in an endeavour to cope with the
mischief. In the course of their investigations it was very
necessary for them to find out how the^species spread from one
part to another with such rapidity as was known to be the case.
It w^as noted that the very young larvje were covered with abnor-
mally long hairs which rendered them easily dislodged from the
trees by the wind. With a view to ascertaining whether the larvag
in this stage could thus be carried to any considerable distance, a
large wire screen was erected on an island eleven miles off the coast
of a badly infected district, at a time when a strong wind was
blowing oft" the land, and the meshes of the wire were well greased.
Upon subsequent examination considerable numbers of the young
larvHB were found adhering to the screen, evidently having been
carried over the eleven miles between the mainland and the island
on the breeze.

Mr. Sich thought it was also quite possible that the range of the
species might be increased by the migration of the impregnated
female moths.

Mr. R. Adkin in winding up the discussion said he agreed with
Mr. Sich in thinking that it was quite possible that migration
might, in some cases, account for the spread of the species ; it was
true that it had been asserted that the female moths did not Hy to
any great distance, but he thought that in this, as in the case of
some other sluggish species, the powers of flight were very great

47

when once they were called into action. But whether this were so
or not, the case of the young larvae being carried on the wind, as
related by Mr. Williams, would offer a probable explanation of the
eruption of the species that occurred in the fens in the earlier part
of last century, and possibly account for the occasional finding of
larva? m other parts of the country, for it having once been
demonstrated that the young larvfe can be carried on the wind the
distance to which they might be taken was limited only by the
force and the duration of the breeze.

FEBRUARY -lith, 1916.

This meeting was devoted to the exhibition of lantern-slides.

Mr. Main exhibited a series of slides illustrating the parasites of
the larvae of On/i/ia antigna.

Mr. Sperring exhibited a considerable number of slides in colour,
kindly lent by the Paget Company.

Mr. Dennis exhibited slides of the leafy willow gall, the flowers
of Aspidi'itra, views of Water-end in Weymes Park, where the
stream disappears underground in dry summer weather, as does the
Mole at Burford Bridge, the flowers of the Milkwort, flowers of the
buckthorn, Wiamu'is frangiila, the pappus fruit of the Goatsbeard,
and views of Drosserfield Lake in Essex, and of Epping Forest near
the " Wake Arms."

Mr. Colthrup exhibited a number of sets of slides kindly lent by
the Nature Photographic Society and also some of his own. These
series included sets of slides of the Redshank, Ringed Plover,
Common Tern, and Lapwing on and about their nests, concerning
which he remarked that when the bird's commence to sit, those
that lay four eggs arrange them point inwards, but those that lay
only three usually arrange two side by side and the third at right
angles across the points of the other two. The remaining slides
were a series of the Wheatear feeding its young, various species of
butterflies at rest on flowers, a number of larva; feeding or resting,
several illustrating the habits of spiders, and a considerable number
showing moths at rest on tree-trunks, fences, etc. It was remarked
that it was most unusual to lind Aspilatex ochrearia {citraria) resting
on a tree-trunk, and in the series of Brt/ophila muralh it was noted
that the insect was in varied positions, even head downwards.

48
MARCH 9th, 1916.

Mr. L. W. Newman, on behalf of A. Home, Esq., of Aberdeen,
exhibited specimens of Pieris hra.'isirae bred from wild Aberdeen-
shire larvae, showing a very distinct pink tint all over the wings
and especially noticeable in the males. The aberrational colour
was of the same character, but not so pronounced, as that of the
remarkable male of the same species exhibited by Mr. Percy
Bright at the Special Exhibition of the Society in November last.
Mr. Newman also showed a Noctuid taken wild in Aberdeenshire,
generally considered as a dwarf and varietal form of Ma)nest)a
thalamna, which species it resembled closely in all basal and discal
markings. The outer marginal markings, fringe, etc., were very
indistinct and suffused, while the insect was barely two-thirds the
size of normal M. thalassina.

Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited some half a dozen fine aberrations of
Abraxas f/wstiiilariata bred from wild larvfB taken near Huddersfield,
including (1) an extraordinary lead and j-ellow coloured specimen
having a large conspicuous star-shaped pale mark on the right fore-
wing, (2) a female ab. varleyata with a black body, the only one
with that form of abnormality he had ever bred or even heard of,
as hitherto this aberration had always a constantly normal body,
(3) two examples in which the yellow band of the forewings was
complete and much emphasised over the black markings, one
specimen had almost spotless hindwings.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited dwarf specimens of several species of
butterflies, they were all captured, not bred examples, there was
therefore no question of their size having been artificially reduced.
In the following list of the species the wing expanse is given in
millimetres and the place of capture quoted : —

Pieri>i rapcE, $ 33mm., Colchester.

Pieru napi, 2 38mm., Colchester. 2 39 mm., Braemar.

Eiu'hloe cardaniines, ^ 32mm., Royden. $ 34mm., Colchester.

Melitaa athalia, 35mm., Dfedham.

At/lais iirtica; 38mm., Dundee.

Epinepliele jurtina, 3 37mm., Newport, I.W. 3 38mm.,
Eastbourne.

Polj/oiinnatiis icarm, g 22mm,, Eastbourne.

AijriaJeK cnridon, 3 30mm., Eastbourne. 3 32mm., Eastbourne.

Mr. Adkin said that although several of the above specimens
were of much less wing expanse than generally recognised as a
minimum for the species, notably P. rajHr, K. cardawines, A. iirtictr

49

and P. icarus, which varied between 13mra. and 5mm., smaller
than the minimum sizes given by various authors, others
practically agreed with such minima, notably P. )ia}ii, M. athalia
and A. coridon. Of these, the last mentioned was the only species
in regard to which he had been able to make any extended
investigations, but from observations extending over many years he
found that these 30mm. examples of A. coridon were not
infrequently recurrent, and he was of opinion that in such species
there was a well established small race, mdependent of any
accidental circumstances, such as shortness of food or similar
happenings, to which some other exceptional minature examples
might posssibly be ascribed.

Mr. Frohawk exhibited specimens of Pi/ranieis atalanta, P. cardxd
and Vanessa io, to show extremes in size. The measurements of the
specimens exhibited were —

P. atalanta, Crohamhurst, 1880, 47mm., and Wallington, 1914,
76uim.

P. cardid, Littlehampton, 1888, 45mm., and bred New Forest,
1892, 7iimm.

V. to, Chattenden, 1868, 47mm., and bred Ventor, 1891, 7Hmm.
He remarked that E. antiopa, P. atalanta and T'. io were
somewhat prone to extremes, whereas P. cardui varied but little in
size. As to the existence of dwarf races, he was convinced that
there was one of Lycaena avion in Cornwall, as year after year he
bad there met with, or known of, dwarf examples being taken. In
1893 most of the New Forest examples of Drj/as paphia were
exceptionally small ; this was not racial but due to the excessive
dryness of the season during the later portion of the larval period.
He also remarked on the wandering habits of the Vanessid larvae,
and the power this gave them of seeking far distant food when their
first supply was exhausted. Mr. Curwen said that he had met with
a small race of Vanessa io near Caux, Montreux, Switzerland. Mr.
Turner suggested that dwarfing in Alpine species of Vanessids
would possibly often occur from the superabundance of the larvas
causing an absence of food. It was pointed out that this would not
occur with a more or less solitary species like P. atalanta.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited specimens of Envanessa antiopa taken near
Lake Winnipegosis, Canada, and a large water-bug (Hemipteron)
BenicHs griseiis, taken at the electric light in the same place. He
also showed a photograph of Saniia cecropia from Canada.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited species of the African genus.

50

Enrijphene, of butterflies to show the extreme divergence of sexual
dimorphism, some of the sex forms having originally been described
as separate species. There were included E. phranza, E. cocalia,
E. sophus, and E. plautilla, with the allied Cijinothoe sangaris and
Enplicedia arcadiiis.

Mr. Frohawk exhibited a stoat which had been killed in the
transition stage of the alteration of its fur from summer to winter
colour, and made the following remarks : —

" I exhibit a remarkable and probably unique variety of the stoat.
The specimen was obtained in Cambridgeshire several years ago.
The chief peculiarity is the manner in which the white is distributed
over the sides of the neck and back, leaving a lateral band of the
normal rufous-brown colouring along the neck and body ; con-
sequently the change to the white winter coat has taken place in a
reverse order. In normal specimens the change to white is assumed
by the extension of the white from the belly upwards, leaving the
brown along the middle of the back, as well as on the upper part of
the head and neck. The last portion to remain brown is a ring
encircling the eyes ; when the rings finally disappear the animal is
then in the complete ermine dress."

MARCH 23/(/, 1916.

Mr. E. A. Syms, of Wanstead, was elected a member.

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited the roots of the plant of Orobaiiehe
hiinor previously exhibited (Proc. 1915, p. 141), which was parasi-
tical on the roots of a species of Salria in a pot in his garden. It
was pointed out that the roots of the Oruhanche grow over and clasp
those of the Salvia.

The Rev. F. M. B. Carr exhibited a box of Lepidoptera received
by him from the Andes, near Tolima in Colombia, S. America,
mostly taken at an altitude of about 6,000 feet. The following are
the chief species shown : —

Moipho peleides, Papilio phaton, P. paon, Actinote, sp. ? Anartia
jatropha, A. amalthea, Peridromia ferentina, Catagranniia pitheas,
Oxeoschistus, sp. ? Danaiis eresimus, Pyrrhopyge, sp. ? Mechanitis
vienapis, Dynamine viylitta, Cohvnis tithrauatus, C. juno, C. vioneta,
Anaia viorvus (/), Disniorphia nemesis, D. melite, Heliconiusclysonymiis,
H. charithonia , Megalura coresia, M. cinna, Leodonta maryinata,
Cosmosonia tigrift, Hyiiioiitia androiiiache, Leucot/iyris aquata.

51

Mr. Carr also exhibited a box of Lepidoptera, collected in North Staf-
fordshire last June, including a series of Adscita {leryon: a very small
pair of E'uchloe cardaininfn : a short series of H i/drioinena impluviata,
including some dark forms ; a Kidi/jie hastata : a series of Tephrosia
punct Ilia via from Cannock Chase, includmg some rather pretty forms ;
and a series of T. oejjiisciilaria, including both pale and dark forms,
nearly all taken in the same wood. One female has both forewings
and right hindwing of the typical dark form, but left hindwing of
the typical light form and very strongly marked.

Mr. H. Leeds exhibited aberrant examples of the following
species : —

Di/sstroiiia citrata {iiinnanata) from Hunts and Loch Lomond.

Acronicta leporina var. hradijporina, usual British form, and the
type leporina from the Norfolk Broads, July 17th, 1915.

Ayriopis aprilina, with the central area heavily marked with
black. Herts, Sept. 25th, 1914.

Polia chi, with wedge-shaped markings inside margin, large and
very distinct. Loch Lomond, Aug. 1910.

Xylophasia inonof/lypha, 5 aberrations from Hunts, including an
extreme infiiscata form approaching at/tiojis.

'raeniocaiiipa ynthica of various forms.

Dinjcla 00, seven specimens from Hunts, including ab. renago.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited a photograph of a fasciated stem of
a tulip bearing three flowers and a painting of the rare orchid
Cypripediinii fairieanuiii.

Mr. F. H. Stallman exhibited a most unusual aberration of the
Coleopteron Rhagium hifaficiatiim, in which the whole of the surface
of the elytra was of a unicolorous pale buff colour. It was not an
immature specimen and came from Leith Hill, taken on March 19th.

Mr. Curwen exhibited a box of European Lepidoptera showing
extremes of size. The following were the measurements of the
various species shown : —

[Figures are mm., those in brackets previous records taken from
Wheeler's " Butt, of Switz."]

Parnassim apollo, $ , Zermatt, 64. ? , Digne, 100.

Pierh rapce, England, 40 (37). Mickleham, 56 (58).

Pieris napi, 3 , England, 86 ; $ , Woodstock, 40. J , Folkestone,
60.

Knchloe cardaminea, S , England, 36 (31). $ , Beaconsfield,
48 (49).

Colias ediisa, ? , Iidice, England, 46 (32). $ , La Roche, 60 (52).

52

Limenitis sibilla, S , Laon, 48. ? , New Forest, 64.
Vahesm io, Caux, 48. ? , Swinley, 72.
Af/lais iirtic(B, Bognor, 48. Swinley, 58.
Melitica aurinia var. merope, Montana, 37. ? , Swansea, 50.
Melitcca cinxia, Aix-le-Bains, 37- Hyeres, 52.
Melitcea didyiiia, J , Larche, 36 (32). $ , Bg. St. Maurice,
53 (48).

Melitcua athalia, Saleve, 33. Lavey, 46.

Melitcra p/icvbe, lAvolla, 44 (38). Martigny, 53.

Issoria lathonia, Montana, 48 (38). Tragacete, 60 (50).

Brenthis euphrosyne, Tinieres, 40. Laquinthal, 50.

Brenthis daphne, Switzerland, 48. Martigny, 56.

Brenthis pales, Wengern Alp, 31. Gedre, 46.

Argynnis cydippe {adippe), Swinley, 52 (52). ? , Swinley, 67 (65).

Melanaryia yalathea, Eclepens, 42. Pallanza, 62.

Hipparchla semele, ^ , Continental, 50. $ , Martigny, 68.

Epinephele jnrtina, ^ , Swinley, 36. <? , Tattone,' Corsica, 52.

Cmnonympha pamphilns, St. Triphon, 23. Bg. St. Maurice, 40.

Pararge inegeia, ^ , Swinley, 40. ? , Swinley, 50.

Loweia donlis var. subalpina, Brigue, 28. Grindelwald, 36 (38).

Lyccma avion, g- , Bude, 34 (32). $ , Villach, 52 (44).

Celastrina argiolus, ? , Oxshott, 31 (25). $ , Wiclien, 36 (35).

Lyccena euphemua, ? , Carinthia, 32. ? , Wolfsburg, 41.

Lyccena tolas, g- , Budapest, 38 (32). $ , Budapest, 52 (44).

Citpido winimm, J , Simplon, 22. ? , Grindelwald, 30 (26).

Agriades thetis, ^ , Eastbourne, 30. <? , St. Triphon, 38.

Folyu)iniiatiifi icariis, <y , Piggott's Hole, 23. ? , Piggott's Hole, 36.

„ ? , Mickleham, 25. ^ , Horsley, 38.
Aricia medon, J , Mickleham, 25. $ , Brugnasco, 34.
Plebeius argus, g , Digne, 22. ^ , Digne, 36.

? , Oxshott, 22 (23). ? , Digne, 29 (32).
Scolitantidcs baton, g , Continental, 22. g , Corsica, 32.
Hesperia vialvae, <y , Horsley, 22. ? , Holmwood, 26.
Nisoniades tages, g , Simplon, 26. ? , Piggott's Hole, 32.

APRIL 8th, l'J16.

Field Mekting at Cobham and Oxshott.

Leader.— V^. J. Kaye, F.E.S.

This Field Meeting was held in lovely weather. Train was taken

Proc. S.L.E. if- N.H.Soc.

Plate II.

Jli^hr of fSi-rd.S.'^^st'S

53

to Cobham, and from thence the walk was to the Black Pond at
Esher, and back to the train at Oxshott Station. I have no records
of captures except that of Semioscopus avellanella. Tea was obtained
at Packham's, just outside Surbiton Station, at which about a dozen
members and friends sat down, all having enjoyed the early ramble
in full sunshine.

APRIL 13th, 1916.

Mr. F. W. Frohawk gave a lecture on the " Flight of Birds,"
exhibiting a number of preserved skins in illustration of his
remarks.

The following is a short resume :- —

" Before referring to the different modes of flight, allusion may
be made to the difference of the wing area in comparison to the
weights of birds, which vary considerably in this respect, consequently
the strength and bulk of the pectoral muscles vary accordingly to
correspond with the different types of birds. The formation of the
wings likewise varies enormously in different species ; in some, like
the falcon and swift, they are long, narrow, and pointed, while in
others like the pheasant and partridge the wings are short and
rounded. But it is not birds with the greatest wing area which are
always possessed with the greatest speed, as very frequently we find
the reverse ; for instance, heavily built birds with conspicuously
small wings, like guillemots, divers, and ducks, are capable of
attaining tremendous speed ; the teal has been proved to fly at the
enormous velocity of 150 miles an hour. On the other hand gulls,
terns, and owls, with great wing area, although adapted for long
sustained flight, are comparatively slow. The following table will
convey an idea of the comparative weight with the wing area in
certain species: —

lb. oz.

Guillemot

expanse

24fin.

... weight

1 13

Puffin

,,

21fin.

13

Mallard

,,

35iin.

:^ i

Great Black-back Gull ...

,,

63 in.

2 14

Common Tern

,,

31 in.

4

Pheasant <?

,,

31fin.

2 12J:

Red-legged Partridge ..

,,

21 in.

1 1

Short-eared Owl

,,

39 in.

13

As will be seen by the

above, a

great black-back i

nill and

54

pheasant weigh ahnost the same, yet the former has an expanse
double that of the latter, and a common tern weighing only 4oz.
has an expanse about equal to a pheasant. The guillemot has the
smallest wings, in comparison to its size, than any other British
bird, but its flight is one of the swiftest in a straight steady course
by great rapidity of wing strokes.

Birds have three principal modes of flight — 1, gliding or skim-
ming ; 2, sailing or soaring ; 3, active strokes of the wing.

Glidbui. — When a bird has acquired a certain velocity' it ceases
to beat its wings, and with them and the tail extended it glides
along in a forward motion either horizontal, ascending or descend-
ing. This is a common form of flight with buzzards, gulls and
other large birds of ample wing area. See diagram fig. 1, pi. ii.

A falcon swooping down on its quarry descends w^ith extra-
ordinary velocity by means of its wing being only partly expanded
(fig. 2), should it miss its mark striking at its prey it is enabled by
sudden expansion of its wings and elevating its head to instantlj^
glide upwards, which action is due to the impetus and formation of
its wings. Consequently a bird with its wing brought forward
(fig. 1) glides slowly, and one with its wings only partly expanded
(fig. 2) glides Avith great rapidity. It can alter its course when
gliding by slightly turning its head to one side or by partly closing
one wing, the bird then turns to the same side.

Soarinij. — Typical soaring birds are eagles, buzzards, falcons,
owls, gulls, and crows. Most soaring species are of large size and
possess great Aving area. But it is only w^hen a certain amount of
wind prevails that soaring is possible and it is perfected during a
strong wind. In a calm it is not possible. Thus in a wind, after
an elevated position is attained by w4ng strokes, it can then sustain
itself on outstretched wing, and without further apparent motion of
its wings describe circles and curves which enables it to glide both
up and down the wind. One of the finest examples of such flight
is performed by a soaring buzzard, which is also capable of ascend-
ing to a very great height by a series of a few wing strokes at
regular intervals ; between each series it sails round and round for
about three times forming a perfect spiral figure, by this means I
have watched them soar upwards until appearing as a tiny black
speck in the sky. Gulls may frequently be observed soaring to and
fro and up and down in front of a cliff, which they appear to
delight in doing when a strong wind is blowing direct against a
cliff and is diverted upwards, in this strong current of ascending air

55

they allow themselves to be carried to the top and above in the
current as far as it ascends, and then fly down to the base of the
cliff to again be carried to the summit with their wings motionless,
fig. 3."

Mr. Sperring exhibited an extremely interesting and unique
living aberration of Spilosonia itiendica bred by him from " larvje
taken wild." It was a male with a moderately wide margin around
the forewings of the usual dark male coloration, the whole of the
central area being of a much lighter smoky tint with considerable
scattered and definite dark spotting as in the female. No one in
the meeting had met with such an aberration in this species.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited Papilio telearchus with its mimic
Euplcea midainiis, Papilio rhetenor with its mimic the moth,
Epicopeia pobjdora, with Papilio bootes and P. dasarada, and com-
municated the following note : —

" The genus Epicopeia consists of about 10 species, which are
found in Java, India, China, and Japan. The larvje of these moths,
according to Mr. Dudgeon, are covered with long processes of snow-
white efflorescence, like wax, exuding from the skin, and mimic a
colony of the larvte of a Homopteron. Hanipson states that the
imagines mimic the Papilios of the philoxenun group. The antennae
are bipectinate and the frenulum rudimentary. The genus is placed
by Dr. Sharp (" Insecta," Cambridge) next to the Uraniidce."

Mr. Newman exhibited a living example of Pt/rameis atalanta
bred in September of last year, 1915. It was kept alive in a
warmed room and fed at intervals throughout the winter. It
seemed quite perfect and in no way damaged by its long vigil.

Mr. Frohawk exhibited a twig from Addington upon which was
fastened the three last segments of a chrysalis, which had been
fully identified as the remains of a pupa of Colias eihtsa.

Mr. R. Adkin made some remarks on the season at Eastbourne.
He had met with Sesia stellatani))i, Af/lais iirtinr in some number,
and Celastrina ar;iiolus.

Mr. Frohawk said that he was doubtful if ^S. Rtellatanun was a
true bibernator, although, undoubtedly, it did at times live through
the winter in this country. He gave from July to April as the
period for hibernation of A. urticfr, while in Surrey he was
accustomed to consider it as from October to April. He had seen
Vanessa io in January in Cornwall flying over the snow, and had
also noted two Gonepteryx rhamni on the Friday after the recent
heavy snow.

66

Mr. Piatt Barrett said that he had evidence of S. stellatanuii
hibernating in a large building at Margate, which was heated
with hot water. When the species had been common he always
expected to find a few hibernate in this waj'. In Sicily they
occurred throughout the year.

The Rev. G. Wheeler said that S. stellataritin hibernated in
Switzerland usually from November to March. He had seen
G. rhcnnni flying over the snow there, but probably it had come up
from the lower elevations which were already clear of snow.

Mr. Brooks reported that he had seen Pieriii brasdca on April 2nd.

APRIL 21th, 1916.

The evening was spent in looking at objects under the micro-
scopes which had been arranged under the supervision of Mr. West,
of Ashtead.

Mr. West showed the wonderful Zoophyte Meliccrta riwjem in its
beautiful tubular structure, a number of Diatoms in situ on speci-
mens of Coralline, a living Daphne pulex, the so-called " Water-
flea," mounted to show the pulsation of its "heart," and various
species of Desmid, under his own and Mr. Turner's microscopes.

Mr. Dunster exhibited slides of Diatoms in fiitii on sea-weed, and
the verj' young larvae of the Spiny Lobster.

Mr. A. W. Dennis exhibited the eggs of the Dipteron Anthonii/ia
pluvialis, and the Mycetozoon Didynmim. epusuw.

Mr. A. W. Dods showed the foot of a bird-catching spider,
Mycfale.

Mr. Ashby exhibited sections of the Hart's- tongue Fern,
Scolopendrinm.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited the head of a Tsetze Fly, Glossina
tachinoides, the foot of the same species, a section of the stem of
Hippiiris vidgaris, the Mare's-tail, and a marine zoophyte with its
tentacles expanded.

Mr. Edwards exhibited slides showing the disease, Rickets, in a
child, the Trichina worm in muscle. Variola in skin, a species of
Podura, and the nest of a small spider.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited the larval hairs of Xola albiilalis, and
of <)r;ii/ia antiqiia, J and $ antennae of Satnrnia pavonia {carpini),
and the genitalia of Ptycholoma lecheana.

Mr. W. J. Ashdown exhibited Coleoptera, Hemiptera, etc., in-

57

eluding a specimen of Pogonochdrua hispidulits, Pillar ( = bidentatns.
Thorns.) taken at the Society's field meeting at Oxshott on April
8th, also MnlorcJiiis nmhellatarum , Microrrhaniis pi/giiiff.im, Ledra
aurita (and larvte), Tricliofimjlla rvalkeri, etc., together with some
crystals under polarised light.

Mr. F. G. Wood, a visitor, showed a number of Chemical Crystals
under Polarised Light, including Asparagine, Salacine, a series of
Platino-cyanides, and Hippuric acid, many of them very beautiful
in the colour and arrangement of their particles.

MAY 11th, 1916.

The. Exhibition of " Other Orders."

Mr. Ashdown exhibited three boxes containing varieties and
aberrations of Cocrinellida, comprising : —

1. About 20 different forms of Adalia bipunctata.

2. A very large number of Coccinella 10-piinMata showing a great
range of aberration, from spotless examples to specimens with
coalesced spots and blotches, and also several dwarf and some very
large forms.

3. Many forms of Coccinella hierogbjphica showing a similarly
large range of aberration from spotless forms to a specimen in
which the thorax was entirely black.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a weathered flint that he had found on
the Downs near Eastbourne, and which so closely resembled a
mushroom in general appearance that, when in an upright position
one might easily have been tempted to gather it as such.

Mr. West (Ashtead) exhibited the living larva of a stag-beetle,
Liicanus cervus.

Mr. West (Greenwich) exhibited five drawers of his collection
of Coleoptera, including his very fine series of Cocchiellidce,
Chryso)iieiid(t', Endo^injchida', Brucliidcn, Scarabaidce, LucanidcB,
etc. Among the LucanidcB was a fine series of Lucanus cervus, the
stag-beetle, showing extremes of size, the largest J measuring from
the point of the antlers to the tip of the elytra just 3^- inches, while
the smaller measured If inches.

As a contrast some of the Trich<)jiteri/i/iilae\\ere exhibited to show
the difference between our largest and smallest Coleoptera, mcluding
Pteryx suturalis, Math., |-|mm. ; Ftinella denticollis, Fairm.,

58

:|mm. ; Ptilium exaratuin, All,, f-|mm. ; Actidinm coarctatum,
Hal., -i-^mm,, etc.

Mr. West also called attention to the Society's collections, eight
drawers of which he had placed upon the benches for inspection,
including the Diptera, the Neuroptera, the Orthoptera, the Hymen-
optera, and the Hemiptera.

Mr. Pierson exhibited a cocoon of Samia cecropia, which he had
received from Brooklyn, U.S.A., where it had been collected. It
was cut open and contained a mass of cocoons of a Hymenopterous
parasite.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited three pocket boxes containing speci-
mens of several groups of the Rhynchota and communicated the
following notes : —

" In the first box are a number of species of the two families
Pe.ntato}ui<hr. and Scutelleridm. The species of the latter family
may easily be separated from those of the former by the fact that
the thoracic shield or scutellum is extremely large and usually
covers nearly the whole of the abdomen, the wings being concealed
beneath it as they are in the Coleoptera under the elytra.

" In the PetUatoiiiidcr the scutellum is also large, usually more or
less regularly triangular in shape and attenuated posteriorly, the
apex reaching to about the base of the membrane of the wings when
folded in repose. The head and prothorax together form a regular
triangle.

** These two families belong to the section of the Rhynchota
known as the Heteroptera, in which the forewings are partly mem-
branous and partly coriaceous.

" In the second box are a few species of the Flatina group of the
l^iih/oridfr, or lantern-flies. They are remarkable for their resem-
blance to the Lepidoptera, but of course their mouth structure at
once separates them.

" The third box contains, on the left side, several species of the
Tettu^onid', a group of leaf-hoppers, on the right side several species
of leaf-hoppers of the Jassime group, and in the centre a few
immature forms of Rhynchota species. Many immature forms in
this order are extremely brilliant in coloration, but this is very
evanescent, and usually disappears in all preserved specimens.

" The species shown m the last two boxes belong to the section
Homoptera in which the wings are wholly membranous and not
divided into two parts, a membranous and a coriaceous, as in the
Heteroptera."

59

Dr. Chapman exhibited and communicated the following note: —

" 1. A male and female of Tnchvmma tibialis, Stephens = trtnleta,
Klug, which Mr. Morice tells me is the correct name of this, our
common hawthorn species. I also show two eggs laid beneath the
upper cuticle of hawthorn leaves. With a lens and a light behind
the leaves it should be possible even in the artificial light of our
meeting room, to see the brown-black eyespots of the developing
larva), and their weird to and fro movements at short intervals.

"2. Specimens of Psila rosae, bred from parsnip. This is the
' carrot-fly,' a well-known pest of carrots and to some degree of
parsnips. It was interesting to note that a bit of the inside of a
parsnip put on damp sand to rear the larva of the fly, developed
roots below and leaves above. The roots arise from brownish
callosities, whilst similar but greenish callosities have arisen where
leaves developed.

"3. Specimens of the somewhat rare fly Penoinyia hijosrijania, (its
parasite and puparia), bred from Datura straiiwnium. Mr. Collin
gives me the name and says he has only two specimens, females,
that were bred from Atropa belladonna — named from being bred from
Hi/oscyannm — all belonging to the atro)>a branch of the Solanacea;
(night-shades) — If it attacked potatoes (belonging to the Solanacem
branch) it would necessarily be a much commoner insect than it
appears to be."

Mr. R. A. R. Priske exhibited the shells of a number of species
of British Water Mollusca, including Linni(ea auncularia from
Uxbridge and L. staiinalis from Staines, both species particularly
well developed and not worn ; Vivipara contecta from Staines,
unusually large and perfect, and F. vivipara from Cheshunt ;
Anudonta cy;/nea from West Drayton and A. anatina from Staines ;
Vnio tioniduH and U. pictoniin from Shepperton ; a very variable
series of Siilucriiim corneioii from Uxbridge ; and N. riricola from
W. Drayton.

Mr. S. R. Ashby exhibited several drawers of his finely mounted
British Coleoptera comprising the Ground beetles of the genera
Ilarpalus and Pterostichns, the Water beetles of the genera Ariabioi
and liliantus, the Lucaniila-, Scarahiridie, Buprestvloi, FAaterida., etc.,
and the genera Otiorrln/nchnK, Polydrxmin and Phyllobins.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a number of cockroaches and earwigs
taken alive in a city warehouse, in merchandise from Japan, in
April, 1916; the nests of a Weaver-bird (Ploceidfc) from Simons
Bay, S. Africa ; and the eggs of the Tropic-bird, PJitrtlion

60

ftaviroHtru. It was remarked that one of the cockroaches was an
example of Blatta americana.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited several boxes of Exotic Insects :

1. A number of species of " stick insects," Phaamidae and their
allies, including the beautiful Diiira riolescens, and the Bornean
Heteropterus f/iayi, which was not a true Phasmid. One of the
phasmids measured more than 10 inches from its head to the
extremity of its abdomen, viz., Phryt/ani^tria sarnientosa from
Queensland.

2. A box of Mantidf/i mainly from the Malay region,

3. A box of large and conspicuous Coleoptera mostly from
Borneo, and including the curious " fiddle " beetle Mormolyce
phi/llodes.

4. A box of Burmese Coleoptera including some beautiful
Biiprestid(B and several species of the large and eccentric shaped
Sayra genus.

Mr. Frohawk exhibited a considerable number of sketches from
life in colour of the heads of various specimens of Orang and
Chimpanzee, which had been in the Zoological Society's Gardens
during the past twenty years, and gave an interesting account of the
animals sketched.

He said that the first sketch was of an Orang received when
about 10 years old and measured at that time two feet six inches
high, had an arm expanse of 6 feet, a span of 8 inches between
finger and thumb of the hand, and the mid finger with a circum-
ference of 4 inches. Another sketch showed the head of the same
animal at the age of 21 j^ears. It now had an arm expanse of
between 8 and 9 feet, could span some 12 inches and had developed
large cheek collosities on the [face. These last had begun to show
when the animal was about 16 years old and had been supposed to
be a sign of adult development, but recently it had been found from
a series of investigations made in Paris that this development was
a sign of senility. Mr. Frohawk referred to another sketch and
remarked that the hair of that example was extraordinarily long,
reaching 2 feet in some parts of the body. A sketch of the head of
a Mandril was referred to ; the long tusks resembled those of a lion
and were knife-edged on the inner side ; the animal was naturally
very savage. He then remarked on the characters and gave personal
reminiscences of the various chimpanzees whose portraits were
shown, pointed out the peculiarities of the different races, and
referred to one animal which perfectly well understood the numerals

61

1 up to 6, and was in every way most intelligent. In the discussion
which ensued it was stated that many orangs drink their own urine.
Mr. Frohawk stated that in dealing with these animals it was
necessary to speak softly, but with decision, and to show no fear.

MAY 20th, 1916.

Field Meeting at Ockham and Wisley.

Leader.— V^. J. Kaye, F.E.S.

A Field Meeting Avas held on May 20th to Ockham and Wisley.
The morning party left "Waterloo by the 9.20 and arrived at Effing-
ham Junction about 10.30, and, from the collecting point of view,
all the principal captures were made in the morning. The weather
was fine and dry and before lunch a ramble was made in the covers
near the station. These consist largely of oak, and the trees, owing
to the tremendous denudation of the foliage by the larvfe of chiefly
Tortrix viridana and Hibernia defnliaria, presented the appearance of
midwinter instead of late spring. In places quite curtains of white
silk were to be observed formed by the strands by which these
larvfe lowered themselves. The denudation has been noticed all
over Surrey and the adjacent parts of Hampshire. It was left to
the afternoon party to largely swell the list of the plants observed,
and also of the Odonata which were noted at Wisley pond. Tea
was to have been taken at the " Black Swan," but owing to
structural alterations, at the last minute it was found necessary to
go to the " Hut " Hotel on the Portsmouth road. Notwithstanding
the short notice of less than three hours a most comfortable and
enjoyable tea was provided at 5.30. A long detour was made after
the refreshment was over by way of Ockham, the route lying along
the Portsmouth Road as far as the " no motors " road on the left,
and turning left again in Ockham village. The distance proved
longer than anticipated, and some very sharp walking was called
for to catch the train. Some elected to come back b\' a later train
and to sample the rewards for dusking. The following insects and
plants were among those observed during the day : —

Lepidoptera. — Gonepteryx rhamni, Pieris brassica, P. rapae, P.
napi in some numbers, Euchlo'e cardamines a few, Vanessa in, Bren-
this eiiphrosijne just coming out, Hesperia malice very common,
Nisoniades tatjes, Hypocrita jacobate, Diaphora inendica, Maniestra

(Hadena) genista, Heliaca tenebrata a few, Venilia macidaria, Opistho-
graptis {Rumia) luteolata, Tephrosia crepiiscularia (bitindnlaria), T.
jmnctulata, T. consonaria, Cahera pusaria, Macaria litiirata, Lozo-
gramma petraria, Ematnrga atomaria, Eupitkecia vulgata (in the
train), E. exiguata, E. abbreviata, Lobophora halterata (hexapterata),
Thera variata, Coremia iinidentaria, C. designata {proj>ugnata),
Eustroyna silaceata, Xanthorlio'e Jiluctuata, Gelechia ericetella, Micro-
■pteryx calthella, etc.

CoLEOPTKRA I — Cicindela sylvalica locally in numbers.

Odonata : — Libellnla deprcsm and Agrion puella.

Plants, mostly in flower : — Caltha palustris, Cardamine pmtensis,
NastKrtimn officinale, Lychnis diurna, Arenaria trinervis, Stellaria
holostea, Geranium robertianiiin, Bhamnus frangula, Genista anglica^
Orobus [Lathyras^ macrorrhizus, Vicia sepiuvi, V. sativa, Geiim
urbanum, Cratcegus oxyacantha, Heracleum sphondyUinn, Anthrisciis
sylvestris, Veronica chaiiuedrys, V. beccabunga, Pedictdaris syloatica
(in great masses), Scrophidaria aquatica, Ajnga reptans in quantity,
Listera ovata. Arum maculatmn, Eriophorum polystachyon, Antliox-
anthiim odoratuni, Melica unifiora, Aspleniwn rutaiimraria, Opliio-
glossiwr vtdgatiim, Eqnisetnm liviosnm, etc., etc.

Mr. Turner subsequently reported that he had bred a quantity of
Rhyacinia {Retinia) pinivorana from the shoots of Pinus sylvestris
which he gathered behind the smaller pond and that he had taken
the other Tortrices, Epippiphora cirsiana, Pcedisca ratzhnrgliiana,
and Phoxopteryx unguicella.

MAY 25th, 1917.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited specimens of Catocala palaeogama from
the Alleghany Mts. and C. nnpta from the Gironde, France.

Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited specimens of the Catocalina' group of
the Nocti(id(E, including : —

1. New world species :

Euparthenos nubilis, Hb., from Arizona : range from Canada

to the Southern States.
Ephesia desdemuna, H. Edw., from Arizona : range only

Arizona.

2. Old world species :

Catocala fraxini, L., a British specimen bred by Mr. C. E.
Seaborne, of Watcombe Hall, Devon, from an ovum laid by
a $ caught near Brighton in 1896.

C. promissa, Esp., a dwarf example from the New Forest.

C. elocata, Esp., Italy : range Central and South Europe and

Western Asia.
Moniioiia dilecta, Hb., Corsica, taken by himself, at rest on a
tree at Bocognano, on July 27th, 1911. A species allied to
C. sponsa. Range S. Europe, N. Africa, and Asia Minor.

Mr, Gibbs also showed an aberration of Pararye meijera taken by
Dr. R. C. L. Perkins at Brixham, in September, 1915. It was
similar to a specimen figured by the late C. G. Barrett (" Lep. Brit.
Isles," vol. i., pi. 32.) in which the space between the two central
transverse lines of the forewing is filled up with dark brown. The
specimen is a female and possibly belongs to a third brood.

Mr. W. J. Ashdown exhibited a further series of aberrations of
Adalia ohliterata, L., including some forms with strongly accen-
tuated markings, and one specimen with black elytra, and also a
black aberration of A. biiJimctata.

Mr. B. S. Curwen exhibited a series of the forms of Cienomjmpha
pamphilus from the Mediterranean seaboard and islands, including
well marked var. hjllns the southern summer form, ab. niarginata
with very broad dark distal margin on all wings, and var. thijrsides
the large form with light straw-coloured ground with well
emphasised marking both upper and undersides.

Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited leaves of Hawthorn and Birch,
showing how Trichiusoma tibialis (the large Hawthorn sawfly), laid
her eggs quite close to the margin of the leaf of Cratmjus, and that
Cimbe.v si/lvariDii (our largest British sawfly) in the birch leaf laid
her eggs nearly a quarter of an inch from the margin. One might
suppose the Trichiosoina was actually trying to enter the leaf at the
actual margin. This species lays her eggs almost always on the
upperside of the leaf, the Cimbex apparently invariably on the
underside. The movements of both species seemed slow, careless,
and lumbering, and seemed to have no particular attitude to enable
them to determine the point of the leaf they desired, which was
nevertheless always secured with much accuracy. In reply to a
question by the President, it was explained that the eggs are laid in
a pocket made by the ? with her " saw," beneath the cuticle of the
side of the leaf afiected ; on hatching, the larv^ are not miners,
but emerge on to the surface of the leaf and disport themselves
much as Lepidopterous larvae do.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited the following species of the genus
Catocala and read notes on the exhibit.

64

British : C. sponsa, C. nupta, C. proinissa, and an aberi-ation

with cream instead of crimson hmdwings.

Continental : C. elocata, C. electa, C. pacta, C. dilecta, C. pnerpera.
C. fraxini.
C. diversa, C. paranympha [fnbninea).

American : C. concumhens, C. cava.

C. similis (aholah) and C. chelidonia.

" I am exhibiting a few species of the conspicuous genus
Catocala, popularly known as the ' red underwings,' although not
all of them are red. In fact, of the genus in its old and widest
sense not only are there species with red underwings, but also
species with blue, yellow, very dark brown, and as aberrations even
white lower wings.

" Three species, as you are no doubt all aware, are indigenous in
Britain, C. nupta (a common species), C. sponsa and C. proiniiisa
(both more local), while a fourth C. fraxini is a doubtful native.

" The characteristic habits of the British species are pretty
generally those of the whole, a love of sweets and the custom to
rest on the bark of trees to which the arrangement and colour of
the markings on the forewings have an extraordinary resemblance.
This resemblance extends even to the larvae of some species, most
of which feed upon forest trees and have the habit of resting
lengthwise on the branches, on which their somewhat flattened
form, their mottled grey and variegated bark-like colour, and
the irregularly carunculated sides with hairs directed downwards,
render them most inconspicuous. I recall to mind that on more
than one occasion I have found the imago sitting on a fence in the
brilliant sunshine, but still admirably protected by its colour and
marking. The brilliant hindwings are always covered when the
moths are at rest.

" Representatives of our three indigenous species are in the box I
exhibit. There is a specimen minus a head of what I take to be an
aberration of C. proinissa. It came from one of the late Mr. Tutt's
duplicate boxes and I think that it must have been under his strong
suspicion, or it would have been in his cabinet.

" Hoffmann in ' Gross-Schmetterlinge Europas,' ed., ii. (1894),
gives the following 22 species as the representatives of the genus
Catocala in Europe: — C. fraxini, L., C. elocata, Esp., C. adultera,
Men., C. nupta, L., C. dilecta, Hb., C. sponsa, L., C. prouiissa, Esp.,
C. conjnncta, Esp., C. lupina, H.S., C. pacta, L., C. optata, God., C.
electa, Bkh., C. pnerpera, Giorna, C. neonyuipha, Esp., C. nymphcBa,

Esp., C. par any III pha, L., C. hyiiieiuea, L., U. conversa, Esp., C
eutijchea, Tr., C. diversa, Hb.G., C. disjuncta, Hb.G., and C.
nymphafjoga, Esp. Several of these I am exhibiting mainly obtained
from the duplicate boxes of the late J. W. Tutt.

" Staudinger in 1901 in his 'Catalog. Pal. Grs.,' ed., iii., expands
this number into 53 species for the whole of the Palsearctic area,
but exactly agrees as to those which are only found in the European
countries. His nomenclature is the same with the one exception
that for paranyiiipha, of L., he substitutes the na,m.e fiilminea, Scop.,
which has prior claim."

" In volume iii. of Seitz Palfearctic section of ' Gross. Schm.'
(1914), the sectional editor, the late W. Warren, divides the 87 species
he recognises into three genera. In Moniionia he places three
species, including our British C. sponsa; in Catocala (sen. strict.) he
includes 46 species, among which are found the British remaining
representatives C. niipta, C. proinissa and C. fraxini ; in the third,
Ephesia, are 33 somewhat smaller species most of which have yellow
hindwings. .

" Both the genera Mormonia and Ephesia had been founded by
Hiibner many years before, but were seldom used until restituted
by modern research and study.

" The basis of this separation into lesser genera is mainly the
structure of the hind legs. In Moriiwnia and Catocala the hind
tibiae are furnished with spines, while in Ephesia the hind tibi?e have
no spines. To separate Moriiinnia from Catocala, the species in the
former have spines along the whole length of the tibiae, while in the
true Catocala these spines only exist in the space between the two
pairs of tibial spurs. This latter distinction may be found useful
for us to separate any doubtful examples of C. jn-oiniasa and C.
sponsa.

" America however is the great home of the ' red underwing.'
On consulting Dyar's ' Cat. of N. American Lep.' (1902), I find no
less than 104 species in the genus Catocala, but I do not find that
any one species is common to both continents. A perusal of
American entomological magazines shews a considerable number of
entomologists who specialise in these insects alone.

" In N. America the usual way of hunting for Catocalas is to go
through the woodland, gently rattling the leaves with a long
switch and watching closely where the disturbed moth settles. As
they are large in size and do not as a rule go far this is not a
difficult task. The large trees in their known habitats are care-

fully examined for all doubtful V marks, which usually indicate a
resting moth. In some localities it is said to be possible to capture
more than a dozen species of this genus in one day's ramble. This
must be exciting. I have seen a record from New York State
announcing 39 species in one season's collecting in the writer's
neighbourhood.

" Coming to our latest authority, Hampson, in ' Cat. Lep. Phal.
Brit. Mus., NoctnhUr,' (1913), we find that he includes 199 species
in the list of the whole world and that he adopts two other genera
which have been made from the original Catocala, viz., Euparthenos,
Grote, with one species and Catahaiita, Hulst, with 22 species. A
number of species with blackish brown underwings are included in
the latter genus. Figures (coloured) of many American species can
be seen in Holland's ' Moth Book,' a copy of which is in our
Library.

*' A writer in the ' Ent. News ' (U.S.A.), states that he has found
C. conctiwhens, a species of which I exhibit several specimens, to be
addicted to settling on telegraph posts in numbers, and on one
occasion he took no less than ten specimens from one pole. He
makes the curious observation that when a lot of new poles were
put up beside old ones, the moths never on any occasion were to be
found on the newer lighter coloured poles where they would have
been easily seen. The writer calls this a selective faculty on the
part of the insect, but may it not be that before the more or less
sporadic visits of the entomologist, who was not as keen as the
avian hunters for their meals, all such conspicuously situated
moths had been thoroughly removed by force. In a subsequent
year the same writer found that when the new poles were weather-
worn the moths rested on them as they did on the old original
poles, and were equally protected by their resemblance."

In the discussion which ensued Mr. Frohawk remarked that near
the Zoological Gardens, Eegent's Park, several supposed C. nnpta
were noticed on trunks of trees, and a pin was thrust through the
thorax of what was considered the finest specimen. On examina-
tion it was found to be an example of C. fraxini. He also referred
to an example of C. nnpta captured by the late Mr. Winkley in
1892, in which the usual red colour of the hindwings was replaced
by a very delicate warm brown, while a purplish glow covered the
whole surface of the wings.

Mr. A. E. Gibbs recalled an instance in which C. nnj/ta had

67

remained all day at rest oa an oak fence skirting a public path
along which people were continually passing.

Dr. Chapman in referring to the flight by day said that a species
he had met with on the uplands of Spain, C. cnnversa, one of the
" yellow " underwings, was accustomed to fly in considerable
numbers in daylight.

Mr. Wolley Dod said that he was only acquainted with about
four species in Alberta and that but few species occurred in
Canada, the Eastern States of America were the great home of the
genus, and specialists had given big prices for many of the rarer
forms.

Several members had met with C. niipta resting in the sun-light.

On behalf of Mr. P. J. Barraud, Mr. Gibbs exhibited several
specimens from Salonika and contributed the following note : —

" Pte. P. J. Barraud, R.A.M.C, has sent me home from Lembet
Camp, Salonika, where the Ambulance to which he is attached is
stationed, a skin of a lizard, which I think I am right in calling
Aijaina stellis, L. At any rate there are only two species of Agama
found in Europe and the other one is confined so far as our
continent is concerned to a limited area in the Caucasus. The
range of this species is S.E. Europe, Asia Minor, Syria, N. Arabia
and Egypt. Pte. Barraud says the lizard is common among the
rocks and there are many smaller green lizards and numbers of
tortoises. Lembet Camp is about 4 miles N. of Salonika and
about 400 ft. above sea level.

" I also exhibit a large centipede sent home by Mr. Barraud from
the same place. I believe it to be the S. European species known
as Seolopendra ohsciira, this of course is not an insect, it belongs to
class Myriopoda, which includes the centipedes and millipedes. In
the Eastern Counties the centipede is called ' Forty-legs,' which is
nearer the truth than its better-known name of centipede, for I
believe our common English species of Scolo]iendra has 21 legs on
each side. The examples I show you have 19 pairs of legs. It is said
by biblical scholars to be the creature spoken of in Leviticus, xi.,
30, as the ' mole ' in the list of ' creeping things that creep upon
the earth, and which are unclean.' "

JUNE 8th, l'J16.

Mr. W. J. Ashdown exhibited male and female specimens of the
Coleopteron Cri/ptocfp/talitH corijU to show the sexual dimorphism.

They were taken in Surrey. Also a male example of the Dipteron
Ctennphora fiaveolata (?) belonging to the Tipididn', from Surrey.

Mr. H. Main exhibited (1) a small cockroach found among
bananas, the colour of which it closely resembled. It was supposed
to be a species of Panchlora. (2) Male and female of the burying
beetle Necrophorus huwator covered with Acari. At first there were
only a few Acari on each. When a piece of meat was placed in the
box the Acari left the beetles and attached themselves to the meat.
Now they had again settled on the beetles, and since their number
had increased so as to almost completely cover them, the Acari
must have bred while on the meat. It was asked what use the Acari
were to the Coleopteron; Were they simply parasites, or were they
scavangers, or did they use the beetles merely as means of
transport ? And (3) nearly full fed larvae of the " firefly " Luciola
italica bred from ova laid in 1914. He thought that these larvae
would possibly not produce imagines until 1917, thus passing three
winters in their pre-imaginal stages.

Mr. West reported the nest of a Tit in an iron pipe, which was
lying in an oblique position against a fence, and Mr. Piatt Barrett
called attention to the almost complete denudation of the foliage
of the oaks in the London District by the attacks of the larvae of
Tortri.c riridana and other species.

JUNE 22nd, 191(5.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited a specmien of the fungus
Poluporiis suljihureits found on an oak trunk at Dulwich by Mr. C.
W. Colthrup, and read the following note : —

"Plant very polymorphous in its shape, and unequal in size,
composed of a number of mostly imbricated pilei, more or less
grown together, so as to form one mass from which the rounded
and lobed margins of the pilei project in a tiled manner or shoot
out into various excrescences, or even somewhat cylindrical, simple
or divided branches, the whole sometimes attaining two or three
feet in breadth. Colour yellowish, orange, red, or a bright union
of these hues, fading in age, the spores always of a fine sulphur tint
when old, dry and friable, never coriaceous."

Mr. Edwards also exhibited several teeth of a shark, Oduiitaspis
cuspidata, found at Eltham, Kent, in the Woolwich Beds of the
Lower Eocene. This shark was of moderate size, chiefly inhabiting

69

the Atlantic, but found also in the Mediterranean and the Southern
Pacific.

Dr. Robertson exhibited an abnormally marked larva of the
Geometer Cleora jubata [ijlabraria) from the New Forest. Most of
the usually lighter areas were suffused with the deep black colour so
that the larva seemed almost wholly black.

Mr, Priske exhibited a short series of the very rare British beetle
Cojiria liiiKtn's, and pointed out the sexual dimorphism in the
development of the frontal horn, referring at the same time to the
fact that the smallest males can scarcely be distinguished from
the well developed females.

Dr. Chapman exhibited the larva of the Sawfly, Cinibc.r ni/lcaniui,
a large species that feeds on birch, and stated that the ova were
laid by a virgin female and should all produce males.

Mr. F. B. Carr exhibited a spider he had found lurking for prey
in flowers in the Wye Valley recently, and stated he had met with
the following species in that neighbourhood. Leptoaia sivains,
Chattendenia ic-albiivi, Emujchia octo)iiaciilata, Perinephele lancealis,
Brenthis en/ihrosijue, B. selene, Asthena blomevi, Abra.ras sylvata
(ithnata), Ci/niatophora fiuctnosa, Eulype hastata, etc.

Mr. A. Sich exhibited three specimens of Ariiyresthia brockeella,
Hiib., showing the type form, the aberration am-lvittella, Haworth,
and an intermediate form. He also showed a cocoon of Tortri.v
viridana, L., spun on a blade of grass, picked off a hedge bank at
Kingsbury. The larva adapting its silk to rhe grass had spun a
long narrow cocoon.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited 15 species of Pi/raiintijia' brought
from Sierra Leone by Mr. Bacot. Most of them were notable as
being species of very extensive geographical distribution. They
were all taken near Freetown. He contributed the following
notes : —

" Knt('iiltria cribrata is found also in S. Africa, India, China, N.
Guinea, etc.

" Zinckenia fascialis occurs in Texas, Jamaica, India, Formosa,
Vladivostok, Bagdad, Abyssinia, Hawai, Australia, Fiji, etc.

" Mciras)iiia venilalis comes from Mashonaland, Seychelles, Khasia
Hills, Sumatra, New Guinea, etc.

" Marasiiiia trajH'zalia occurs in Uganda, Fiji, Singapore, Florida,
S. Paulo, etc.

" Si/ntia)iiia lloridalis comes from Natal, Java, N. Hebrides, N.
India, Formosa, etc.

70

" '^>/ni/aiiiia ahritptalia comes also from Nyassaland, Fiji, Formosa,
Ceylon, etc.

" Bocchoris insj>e)-salis is met with in the Nilghiris, N. China, Java,
E. Africa, Nyassa, etc.

" Xacoleia indicata comes from N. Guinea, Andamans, Shanghai,
E. Africa, Mexico, Paraguay, Brazil, Guatemala, etc.

" Sijlt'pta balteata occurs in the Balkans, Brussa, Japan, China
(interior), Burmah, Cameroons, Calcutta, etc.

" Sijle/ita (lenujata is also met with in the Cameroons, Transvaal,
Formosa, Calcutta, Vladivostock, Tenasserim, W. China, N.
Guinea, etc.

" Ghjpltodea iiidica is one of the most widely distributed insects of
the world as it occurs in almost all tropical and subtropical areas.

" Giyphodes sinitata is perhaps the least distributed species in the
box. It is mainly an African species. The British Museum has a
specimen said to have come from the Nilghiris in India. It is a
most beautiful species.

" Sanu'odes cancellatus has been met with in Nyassa, India, China,
N. Guinea, etc.

" Martica testnlalis is another species with a wide distribution.
Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Madeira, Calabar, Transvaal, W. China,
Ichang, Singapore, Fiji, Sarawak, N. Guinea, etc.

" Pac/iijzanc/ia ])h(coj)tivalis is still one more well distributed species
coming from the Cameroons, E. Africa, Transvaal, Argentine, W.
Indies, Costa Rica, St. Helena, Singapore, N. Guinea, Pekin, India,
Pitcairn, etc.

"Many other species of this group show extreme geographical
range and one would like to know what this indicates. Is it that
the Pyrales or the Pyraiisthuc section of them are more primitive
Lepidoptera ? or is it that the distribution is the result of
commercial intercommunication ? One is inclined to think that
the latter is a factor in the problem since so many of the
places mentioned are on or near the coast, islands, and areas in
direct communication with the sea. At the same time whore a
species occurs it is generally quite abundant and evidently has
considerable constitutional strength and probably has been estab-
lished for many years."

Mr. West (Greenwich) exhibited the specimens of the rare
Coleopteron Ancintnmyclia abdoiiiinolis presented to the Society's
Cabinet by Mr. G. B. Routledge.

JUNE 2ith, 1916.

Field Meeting at Clandon.

Leailer.—Ry. J. Turner F.E.S.

The meeting was not a very successful one as regards numbers,
nor were the captures numerous or noteworthy. The day was
somewhat showery but not until the last quarter of an hour before
tea did the rain make itself really unpleasant.

The morning party left the train at Horsley station and went by
devious paths to the sheep leas and thence to Netley Heath, at the
upper end of which the road leading west was taken. About a
mile further on an obscure path was taken to the right and thence
by field and woodland to the isolated spot known as Ireland Farm.
From this the rough slopes were traversed and a path taken
skirting the woodland towards the eastern end of Merrow Downs,
where the direct road leads up from Clandon Station. Here the
afternoon party (2) met the earlier contingent and collecting
continued by a somewhat different route until the rough slopes
were again crossed. The rest of the time was spent in the rides or
penetrating the almost solid masses of bush which cover the
surroundings of the old race course. The rain now came in
earnest and a hurried retreat was made to tea at the village of East
Clandon.

Even on this dull day ten species of butterflies were noted.
Pieris ncijii, P. brasaica, P. raptv, (jonepterijx rhauini, Eucldo'e
cardaiiiines, Brenthis euphrosijne, Poli/omiiiatiis icanix, Epinephele
jnrtina, CtenonymjJia pauiphUus, Hesperia iiialiur, and Aiigiades
sijlcaniis. Among the Geometers Cahera pnnaria, Seiniothua
litinata, Tiniandra aiiiata {I'io), Tephroaia biimdularia, Tephrosia
consonaria, Venilia niaculata, Tliera obeliscata, Lozo;/rain)na jietraria,
^lelanippe procellata, Astliena luteolata, Biipaliia piniaria, Craspedia
ornata, Aatliena candidata and Caiiijitot/rmiinia bilineata were
reported. One pupa of Zyt/ccna filipendidfe was seen, a larva of
Arctia caja and imagines of Hipocrita jacobiea were found. From
larvae taken a short series of Porrittia (lalactodactijla was subse-
quently bred. The Tortrices Coccyx ta:della, Ptycholoiiia leacheana,
Catoptria hyper icaiia, Dkhroraiiipha petiverelln, and D. plumbana
were reported.

Mr. W. J. Lucas very kindly furnished the following notes on the
" other orders," plant-life, etc.

72

" Amongst the Dragonflies Libelhda dejivessa was seen near
Netley Heath, but escaped capture. The Homopteron, Triec-
phora vidnerata, was found near Newland's Corner. Neuroptera
were: — Panorpa communis, one J ; P. germanica, one ? ; Micromus
■paganus, one ; Hemerobius concinnus, five ; Hemcrobins qnadrifascia-
tus, one ; Chrgsopa flavifrons, one ; C. alba, two. The Micromus and
the Henierohii were taken by Mr. W. J. Ashdown while beating.
One Tetrix bipunctatus (Orthoptera) was taken in imaginal condition
by Mr. A. Sich. It being damp a few Heli,r pmiuitia were found in
a state of ' activity.'

" Though the weather was dull and insects were not numerous
the early summer flowers were very plentiful. Honeysuckle was
commencing to bloom and some clumps were profusely covered with
flowers. Seven orchids were met with in blossom — Ophrgs musci-
feia (fly orchid), Habenaria bifolia (butterfly orchid), LisU'va ovata,
Cephalanthera pallens (white Helleborine), Neottia nidus-avis (bird's
nest orchid). Orchis maculata (spotted orchid), and Habenaria conop-
sea (sweet-scented orchid). The last was particularly fine and abun-
dant, and one or two practically white blooms were obtained.
Ophrys apifera (bee orchid) was not seen. Other plants noted
were : — Geranium colunibinum, on the chalk ; ChaeropJigllum teiiiu-
luiii and Lithospermum officinale, both by a pathside in a wood near
Newland's Corner: Antligllis vnlneraria, Hippocrepis comosa and
Lotus corniculatus, both plentifully ; Jarduus nutans, of very fine
colour; Linum catharticum ; Asperula cynanchica, a local plant;
Hosa canina and E. arvensis, the latter not well out ; Orohanche
minor, a parasitic plant ; Valeriana officinalis (the cat valerian) ;
three Campions — Silene cucubalus, Lychnis diurna, and L. vesper-
tina ; Spiraa filipendula ; Helianthemum vulgare (rock rose), one or
two having white petals with a yellow base. On or near the Sheep-
leas was secured a plant new to the party, which was found to be
Thesixim humifusum, some specimens being much attacked by a rust
fungus [Puccinia thesii). Strawberries were large, numerous, and
well flavoured.

JULY, IStJi, 1916.

Mr. H. A. Leeds exhibited a box containing a large number of
aberrations of Polgommatus icarus, taken in May and June this year
in Huntingdonshire, viz. :

1. Male underside, with heavy black markings inside of hind

I

73

margins, consisting on forewings of — 1 streak, 4 wedges, and 2
streaks, and on hindwings 6 long streaks and 2 wedges, latter
coalescing. Ocelli absent except at base.

2. Male approaching ab. obsolcta.

3. Male underside, forewings with 5 ocelli, hindwings approaching
ab. obsnleta.

4. Male underside, very small ocellated markings.

5. Male underside, forewings slight whitish striation and few
additional small ocelli.

6. Male underside, ocellated markings much nearer central spot
on all wings, several absent, hindwings show slight coalescence.

7. Male upperside, asymmetrical, and right forewing partially
bleached.

8. Gynandromorph. Left forewing with interrupted blue streak
crossing wing. Right forewing with slight trace of blue.

9. Gynandromorph. Left forewing slight blue mark at tip.

10. Female upperside, large marginal markings.

U. Female upperside, forewings black margin, no markings,
hindwings small, markings almost without orange.
12 and 13. Females upperside, deep orange lunules.

14. Female upperside, large, palish brown, slight blue suffusion,
large orange lunules (similar to pale forms of Agriades thetis
ibellar(/i(!<).

15. Female, bluish right forewing with bleached blotch.

16. 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21. Female upperside?, blue Avith whitish
wedge-shaped markings (ab. aiu/iilata^).

22. Female upperside, very dark velvety blue ground, forewings
with whitish wedge-shaped markings, orange markings very slight
on all wings (ab. avf/itlata ?).

23 and 24. Females, uppersides, blackish ground with whitish
wedge-shaped markings on forewings (ab. anunlata?).

25. Female ab. ctc.ndea, with whitish costal margin.

• 26. Female approaching ab. obsolcta.

27. Female underside, forewings innerside of hind margins, also
all spots, very black.

28. Female underside, forewings smoky-whitish suffused.

29. Female underside, forewings black spots, large.

30. Female underside, several black spots elongated or enlarged,
and few small additional ocelli.

31. Female upperside, pale blue, considerable portion of forewing
suffused whitish-lilac.

74

32. Female upperside, very dark ground and slightly bordered.
83. Female, blue markings, almost confined to a few black dots.

34. Female, blue, margin of hindwings suffused with broad'
whitish-blue.

35. Female, hindwings with additional edging of blue on inner-
side.

36. I'emale, blue with large bright marginal markings.

37. Female, blue with small marginal markings.

38. Female, blue, forewings with dark border, hindwings large
black marginal spots.

Mr. H. Main exhibited —

1. Pupa of Geotrupes spiniijer ohta^'med in confinement from ova.

2. A pair of living Copris Innaris from Surrey, where it had-
occurred in some numbers in several places, together with a mass of
cow-dung enclosing an ovum, and a photograph of the vault exca-
cavated by the beetle to contain these egg masses, of which as many
as seven may be found in a single excavation.

3. A larva of the scorpion-fly, Panorpa tjer))ianica, feeding on a
white Dipterous larva.

4. An ichneumon just bred from a disc of the larva of the saw-
fly of the alder, Phyllotoum rai/am. The disc of this larva forms
the pupa-case, but is not detached as with P. aceris.

5. The larva of the saw-fly of the Solomon's Seal, I'hijniatoccra
aterriiiia. The female of this species lays parthenogenetic eggs.

The Rev. F. D. Morice exhibited a British specimen of the wasp
Puli.stes (tallica, taken by Mr. J. H. Harrison, at Wolsingham, Dur-
ham, some distance from the sea-coast. The species was common
all over the continent but extremely rare in Britain, and when found'
generally near some port visited by ships from the continent.

Mr. Priske exhibited shells of the Mollusc, P/n/sa Injpnoniiii, from
Braunton Burrows.

Dr. Chapman exhibited the larva of Tricoptenjx riretata from
Reigate, feeding on the flowers of Com us sanifuinea.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited —

1. The cocoons of the Micro-lepidopteron Ihirctdatrix ai(riiiiacii-
lella, which much resembled minature cocoons of a Zygaenid. They
were pure white, and the pupa cases were protruding from one end
in some instances where imagines had been produced, in others a
comparatively large round hole in the side of the cocoon showed
where a parasite had emerged.

2. Leaves of birch which had been mined by the larva of a beetle,.

75

(hcJu'sti's nisei. Each leaf showed a perfectly circular hole at the
end of the mine from which a portion of the leaf had been cut to
form a flat circular case, the pupa being secured between the two
surfaces of the leaf. The case when completed was separated and
fell to the ground.

3. The beautiful open network cocoon of the Micro-lepidopteron,
Chrywcortjs festaliella, an anomalous species which systematists had
placed in various positions in the lists. It was attached to a rose leaf.

4. The curious tubular larval cases of a Tineid formed on dog's
excrement. It had been sent from Aden to the late Dr. Buchanan
White.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited (1) the flowers of a species of Aristolochia.
(2) A spike of the Marsh Orchid, Malaxin palitdnsa, which was pre-
served in a solution of 2^% of formalin. The structure was admir-
ably preserved, although it had been in the solution for the past six
years. (3) Larval cases and living imagines of Coleophora nvjricella
on hawthorn, and added a few details of larval habits, which he
hoped later on to more fully describe.

Mr. F. B. Carr exhibited a pupa of Gnneptery.v rhaunii. Several
members noted that the larvfe of this species had been particularly
common this year.

Mr. E. Adkin communicated the following " Notes on the
Season " : —

" The season at Eastbourne has, so far, been disappointing.
Occasionally a few fine warm days gave promise of things to come,
but hardly had one realised their possibilities when it would turn
wet or cold again, or both. The very wet month of March, as a
matter of fact the wettest March on record, and the bitterly cold
weather of its closing days, seem to have left their mark on the
season, added to which my opportunities for observation have been
few, yet it may not be without interest, on an occasion when we are
invited to give our experiences of the season, to mention briefly
what has come under my notice in this locality.

" Although the latter days of March had been so inclement, the 1st
of April was a very fine day and fairly warm, and 1 met with my
first butterflies of the season, some half dozen or more Ai/laia urticcB
being on the wing in a sheltered corner of the Downs. The 2nd
was even finer, and in my garden I saw several more A. nrticie and
a couple of Celastrina aiyioltis, Avhile a very lively Scxia [Macro-
(llossa stellatariim was seen on the sea front buzzing along the stones
of the parade walls. Then we had more cold weather, but on the

76

23rd it was sufficiently warm and sunny to bring the I'urthesia
chnjsorrhcca larvae, which were very abundant on some blackthorn
bushes on the Downs, out of their nests in search of food.

" Having a few fine warm days at the end of the mouth white
butterflies began to get common, and on the 30th Pieris rajxF and
P. napi, also C. avf/iolnx, were all flying in the garden in some num-
bers, the last named being quite abundant, and this species con-
tinued on the wing until May 21st, while the ' Whites ' were flying
on fine days right up to July 2nd, when the last was seen, the later
brood does not appear to have yet started with us. I'ortri.v pionii-
hana was flying in the garden on May 28th, and I have no doubt
also on other sunny mornings about that date, when I was not there
to see it. On the same day PoUjommatus icariis favoured us also.

" During June we found that XanthorJio'e [Melanippe) jitictiiata
was just as frequent in our garden here as in the London gardens,
but, so far as we were able to observe, less prone to variation. Odd
specimens of Dicrmiura vinula, Acronicta aceris, Maiiiestra brassic<r,
P^iipithecia viilt/ata, Hepialus luj)uliniis, and such like species were
met with. It was also reported to me that early in the month a
single specimen of Colias ediisa had been seen on the Downs near
Shoreham, Sussex. On July 2nd I watched a specimen of AcjlaU
iiitica: feeding at the Valerian blossom on the parade for several
minutes, its colour was dull, suggesting that it was not freshly
emerged, but in other respects it appeared to be perfect. And on
the 9th a Sesia {Macrotflossa) sitellatarum spent some time around a
large plant of Anchum in the garden, apparently well satisfied with
such nectar as he was able to extract from its blossoms. These two
insects can hardly have been the progeny of the April specimen?,
but if not whence came they ?

" It's raining and blowing hard and horribly cold as I write, so I
can't say much for the season."

Mr. Curwen had spent some days in the New Forest recently, and
subsequently also in Ashdown Forest. He found that imagines were
generally scarce, while larvje were plentiful. From June 15th to
24th he was taking Breutlns nelene in the New Forest in good condi-
tion. On June 27th, at Tilgate, the species was worn to rags, while
on June 29th, at Ashdown, it was quite fresh. Cleora jnhata {ijlab-
raria) and Alencis jiictaria were in some numbers in the larval stage
in the New Forest.

Mr. Hare had found things generally up to date in various
localities.

77

Mr. Newman remarked that Acpiadcs t/iftis was in thousands in
North Kent, and was a grand sight, the whole hill-sides were
coloured with them. Some twenty-five years ago it was equally
abundant in the same area, but in the intervening period had been
very uncertain in its appearance and had practically disappeared.

The Eev. F. D. Morice had spent a fortnight at Swanage and a
fortnight at Brockenhurst, returning on July 6th. During the
whole time the weather was quite unsuitable for Hymenoptera,
cold and windy at Swanage, incessant rain on several days and
very little sunshine on others in the New Forest. He had taken
one good species at Studland, viz., a male of the very rare
Miscuphiis )iiaritiiiitis, hitherto recorded only from Deal. Liuienitis
sibilla was pretty abundant on one day in the New Forest. A
wounded officer whom Mr. Morice had met had taken seven fine
examples. Several members reported that the larvje of this species
had been very scarce for some time past.

The Rev. F. M. B. Carr communicated the following " Notes on
Collecting in Staffordshire in early July 1916."

" I have had a much better week this week, but the weather has
been pretty awful on the whole. However * It's an ill wind, etc.,'
for although many of the days have been bad, it has helped things
at night as the moon has been hidden. Now the weather seems ta
be improving a bit so of course we are getting the moon at night.
We ' bug-hunters ' are hard to please.

" I went out sugaring when I arrived on Monday. The weather
had been very wet during the day, and there were heavy clouds and
thunder about at night. I had studied the Staffordshire List
before coming, and saw that somebody had taken many Aplecta
tincta at sugar in Burnt Wood, so 1 was hoping to get a few, as it
appeared from the books to be about the right time for it. The
great question was, ' Would sugar be any good ? ' Well to make
a long story short things swarmed at sugar and sure enough there
was A. tincta. I took over 30 that night, and could probably have
taken another 30 if I had wished — gloriously fresh ones too. It is a
lovely thing when fresh. Other species at sugar were Tricmn jisi,
Phaietra niiiiicis (incl*tiding 1 ab. salicis), 2 or 3 Ci/iiiatoj>h(»a
dui)lari>i, Xylophania monofjbjpha (polijodoii), A', riirea, Leacania
comma, Miana strif/ilis, Riisina tenehrosa, Af/rotis e.vdainationis, A.
seijetuiii, A. striynla {porphyrea), 4 Aplecta prasina {herbida), A.
nebidusa, yoctua plecta, N. aiujur, x\. festica, Ajuviiea (jeiiiina,
Manu'stra thalaaaina, M. uleracca, M. trifidii [rlicnoptnlii), 2 .1/. pisi.

78

TripJuena pronuba, Euplexia liicipara, and Aiinebe riridaria
(pecthiitaria).

" This was an encouraging start ; on some patches there \A'ere
between 20 and 30 moths.

" Tuesday evening was much the same, and I got another" P
riDJiicia ab. salicis and a few more A. prasina. The additional
species were Leucania j'allens, Miana fasciimcitla, Thyatira hatis,
Habrosi/ne derasa, Apamea hasilinea, Noctiia c-nigrnm, N. hrunnea,
Di pterin/ ia scabriuscnla {pinastri), and Metracampa mar<jaritaria.

" Wednesday was a comparative failure owing to cold and moon.
Thursday was impossible owing to downpour most of the day and
all the night.

" Friday turned out the best night so far, after a very wet day.
A friend came over and he was delighted to get Aplecta tincta, as he
had never seen it common before. He took as many as I did
on Monday, or more. A fresh species was Acronicta leporina of
which I took three and my friend two. Two were of the usual
form and three appear to be ab. melanocepliaia which is said to be
taken in the Liverpool district. They are much darker and have a
black thorax. I also took about eight A. prasina and one or two C.
diiplaris. Leucania lithartpjria, Cnspidia megacephala, Bomolocha
fontis (3), Sewiothisa notata (1), and Cidaria corylata were the new
comers — 40 moths on one patch !

" Last night we had the moon again and things were not nearly
so good, I took only one dark A'. mono(jhjpha. The new-comers
were Fhlogophora meticidosa and Ma)iiestra brassicce. The greatest
number on one patch was 20.

" Day work was fair : — Brenthis selene (abundant), Diacrisia san7iio
(russida), Eulype hastata, S. notata, B. fontis, Eucosinia nndidata,
Lygris popidata, Chloroclystis debiliata, Boarmia repandata, Yenusia
camhrica, Pylarye finnata (1), Leptomeris striyilaria, etc.

" Burnt Woods are very extensive and consist chiefly of oak and
birch, carpeted with bilberry and heather. There is also a
■considerable open heath space and a big alder swamp."

July 22nd, 1916.
Field Meeting at Box Hill.
Leader.— Uy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
The meeting was quite a successful one as regards numbers,

79

although but little collecting seemed to be done. Insects were
generally scarce and reports of captures more so. There were some
twenty-six members and friends present of whom eight formed a
morning party. The slopes, woods and valleys at the" back of Box
Hill proper, were wandered over and some useful things obtained.

The following Lepidoptera were reported by various members. —

Rhopalocera. — Generally very scarce on that portion of the hill
visited. Epinephele jiirtina, Cd'noiiipiijiha pauip/tilus, and Pieris
rap(e.

BosiBYCES, ETC. — A colony of Zi/f/dna nlipenduUe (cocoons) at the
foot of the slope to the main Dorking road produced nothing but
minor aberration ; Lithosia Jeplana.

Geometers. — Ourapteri/x nambucaria, Hydriomena furcata {sordi-
data), Metrocampa mar(jaritaria, Cahera pusaria, Boarmia f/emmaria,
B. abietaria, Ortholitha bipiinctaria, Caniptogramina bilineata,
Pi/larc/e {AcidaUa) arersata, Ptychopoda [Acidalia) trigeminata,
Melanthia procellata, Mesoleuca bicolorata.

DELToms. — Hypena proboscidalis, Zanclognatha tarsi pennalis.

Pyrales. — Ayrotera nemoraUs, Botys niralis, Cledcohia anyustalis,
Ebulea crocealis.

Crambi. — Cranib)(s chrysonuchellns, C. yeniculens, C. pascudlns.

Alucitid^. — Stenoptilia pterodactyla.

ToRTRicES. — Tortrix forsterana, T. xylosteana, Phoxopteryx comp-
tana, Aryyrotoxa conwayana, Batodes angustiorana, Chrosis alcella,
Cydia {Carpocapsa) splendidana, Aplielia osseaJia (pratana.)

Mr. Lucas reported that Orthoptera were numerous and the
following species were noticed : — Chothipjnis parallelus : Stanroderus
bicolor ; Oinocestns virididiis ; Gowjihocerus macidatns ; and Tetrix
bipimctatiis. The only Neuropteron was Hemerobius stigma taken by
Mr. W. F. Ashdown, which he thinks he swept from Yew. On
Mr. Lucas' return Glow-worms were shining at Oxshott Station.

Mr. Lucas has sent the following interesting remarks on the
flowers and plants observed during the day.—

" Wild flowers were numerous and, amongst others, the
following were noticed : — Orchis pgrawidaUs ; Epipactis latifolia,
Broad-leaved Helleborine (nearly out) ; Papaver somnifernm, Opium
poppy (given to me by a visitor) ; Hypericion Itirsiitiuti, Hairy
St. John's Wort ; Malca nwschata, Musk Mallow ; Geranium
prateme, Meadow Cranes-bill ; Aspenda rynanchica, Squinancy-
wort ; Inula conyza, Ploughman's Spikenard (nearly out) ; Mono-
tropa Jiypopitliys, Bird's-nest (under Beech) ; Campanula glomerata,

80

Clustered Bell-flower ; Spinm filipendula, Drop- wort ; Enjthma
centanrixm, Centaury ; Echiuia vulgare, Viper's Bugloss ; Pastinaca
satira, Parsnip (downy form) ; Verbascum blattaria [ I make it this
and not V. mi/ruin] ; Galenpsis ladanniii, and liupatienn parviflornm
[I make it this species] found by Mr. Turner."

JVLY 21th, 1916.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited the fungus Poly par )i>i snlphureus
found on the occasion of the Field Meeting held at Box Hill on
July 22nd. It was said to be edible and to taste slightly astrin-
gent. Its odour was fragrant, becoming disagreeable. Its habitat
was living trees and stumps of oak, yew, chestnut, willow, cherry,
alder, poplar, walnut, pear, apple, larch, robinia, ash and pine,
from May to October. The pileus was covered with crystals of
binoxalate of potash. In times past it was much used for tinder,
Trte-trunks that are attacked usually rot in the centre leaving
the outside sound. It is sometimes phosphorescent. Ueriomyces
aurantiacus has been stated to be an imperfect state of this species.

Mr. Frohawk exhibited a figure of a unique and extraordinary
form of Melanaryia (jalathea in which there was neither trace nor
suggestion of the black markings usual on either surface, but there
was a slight general suffusion of yellow. The specimen was taken
in July, 1843, in the neighbourhood of Walmer, Kent.

He also showed a specimen of Euchlue cardamines in which all
trace of black coloration even on the underside of the hindwings
was absent, and an example of CoUas hyale in which the intensity
of all the dark and black markings was weakened to a faint dusky
shade.

For some weeks he had been in Norfolk and during almost the
whole time there had been an extreme scarcity of insects and most
of the few he had met with were late in their appearance.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a short series of Parnassius apollo
var. valaisica from Macugnaga, South side of the Alps, and ab.
inontana from St. Moritz, the high mountain form. The former
were large in size and more brilliant in coloration, the latter were
small and generally less emphasised in colour and marking.

Mr. Turner also exhibited larval cases of a number of species of
Coleophora, which he had bought with many similar specimens of
numerous genera, mostly Tineid, in a small tobacconist's shop at

81

Nuuhead. He was now practically certain that they had formed
part of the collection of the late H. T. Stainton, but as to how they
had reached the hands of a " picker-up of unconsidered trifles " he
was unable to say. The whole of the specimens, as well as the
glass-topped boxes in which they were contained, were clean and
well preserved, and most of them were labelled and dated, often
with the name of the correspondent, such as Milliere, Ragonot,
Walsh, Elisha, Healy, Buchanan White, Frey, Miihlig, etc. There
was little doubt that some of the specimens were those which were
referred to in Stainton's " Tineina of Southern Europe," published
in 1869. Among the contents of the boxes were —

Culeophora calycotomella. Larval cases on Calycotouie spinosa
from Cannes, March, 1867. These are probably the cases discovered
by Stainton when collecting at Cannes with M. Milliere, the famous
entomologist of South France. They are referred to by Stainton
on page 225 of " Tin. Southern Eur."

Coleophora chanuBdnjella. On page 213 of the above work this
species is referred to as occurring in the larval stage at Mentone, in
March 1866. The box exhibited is so labelled, and probably con-
tains the cases therein spoken of. The larvae feed upon Teitcrinm
chaiiuidrijs.

Coleophora (jiiandi. The species whose larva makes this curious
case is apparently rare. It was described in the French " Annales"
by Ragonot, to whom it had been sent by Giraud, its discoverer.
M. Milliere, " Cat. Rais.," subsequently gave the food plant of the
larva as Dorycnimn.

These three species are from the South of France.

Coleophora iinisculella. The larva feeds on Dianthiis superbus.
The date on tha label is May, 1861, and the letters *' F and M "'I
take to be the initials of Stainton's correspondents Frey and Miihlig.
The species was not described until 1864. Stainton refers to these
in " Ann," 1862, p. 134, as having been received in May, 1861,
from Miihlig.

Coleophora polonicella. Zeller described this species in 1865, in
the " Ent. Zeit. Stett.," and the date of the specimens exhibited is
June 10th, 1866, Zeller. The larva feeds on Astragalus arenarius.
It is, I believe, a very rare species.

Coleophora corniita. The larva which makes this beautiful cornu-
copia-like case was sent to Stainton by Frey. I have so far been
unable to find further information about the species as Stainton
only lists it as a new species.

82

Coleophora otita. This species was described in 1839 by Zeller,
in the " Isis." The larva feeds on Silene otites and Silene nutans,
on the underside of the leaves.

The above four species are from the Central European area.

Mr. Bowman exhibited a specimen of the Coleopteron Lytta
(Cantltaris) vesicatoria (the Spanish Fly), taken in the Isle of
Wight, which is apparently a new locality for it. It is said to be
rare in this country; records of its occurrence in Hampshire,
Gloucestershire, Cambridge, and Essex have been published.

Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited several species of the genus Eiipi-
thecia, including E. lariciata from Leith Hill, with two melanic
forms, E. casf.i;/ata from Yeovil, a melanic form from Finchley, and
a series bred from larvas taken on the occasion of the Society's
Field Meeting at Oxshottlast autumn, and also E. albipnnctata.

Mr. Sperring exhibited (1) dwarf specimens of Pohjommatns
icarits, measuring respectively— a male from Cuxton, 2nd brood,
1911, 22mm., a male 24mm., and a female 22mm., both from
Portsmouth 1st brood, June, 1916; (2) very light forms of the same
species from Cuxton and Portsmouth ; (3) a series of blue females
of the same species from Portsmouth ; (4) a specimen of Eupithecia
oblongata (centanreata) with a strongly marked transverse bar on the
forewings, which was expanded to a large blotch on the costa ; (5)
seven specimens of Epinephele tithonus from Sidmouth, in all of
which there were two additional eyespots on the forewings ; and (6)
a female of the spring brood of PierU napi, of yellow coloration, the
forewings being much stronger in shade of yellow.

Mr. F. W. Frohawk called attention to the very destructive habits
of the larvffi of the Stag-beetle, Lucanus cervus, in attacking the base
of. posts around the gardens in his neighbourhood. There was
scarcely one which had not suffered from these depredations.
Several members confirmed the remarks of Mr. Frohawk as to the
destructiveness of these beetles.

AUGUST 10th, 1916.

Mr. H. M. Stewart, M.A., M.D., of Dulwich, was elected a
member.

Mr. Leeds exhibited a short series of Hibernia leucophttaria from
Herts, March, 1916, showing light and banded forms with the dark
margined ab. nianiiorinaria, and with the black ab. vieridaria ; and
an aberration of PoUjommatus icanis, viz., a 5 upperside, ground

coloiu- blue, paler approaching outer marginal areas, and terminat-
ing in whitish wedge-shaped markings ; forewings without orange
spots, but hindwings largely bordered ; taken in Herts, in June,
1916.

Dr. Chapman exhibited a series of Vespa norefjica, and said, "This
wasp has, so far as I can learn, been not uncommon near Reigate
this summer, these specimens are from a large nest taken ten days
ago. The species is common in the north, but apparently very rare
in S.E. England. During many years collecting at Reigate Mr.
Frisby does not appear to have met with it here, but has once taken
it in Kent. The female specimen has the 3rd and 4th abdominal
segment dorsally fused."

Dr. Chapman also exhibited bred specimens of Sdenia bilmiaria,
and contributed the following note : —

" I had some Selenia hilnnaria which emerged rather early, and
not wanting them as specimens they laid a number of eggs, and
these I reared, rather because other work amongst living insects was
scarce, at any rate they fed up and pupated at a fairly normal rate,
and tolerably together. But in their emergence as imagines they
have been coming out often several a day, now and then more, for
the past two months, and there are still a number in pupa, whose
intention I don't know. The moths that have emerged are some
of the spring and some of the summer form, the difference having
no relation to earlier or later emergences.

" I only recently pinned a few specimens, so that perhaps the
exhibit wants the most characteristic specimens. This mixing of
both forms in the summer brood is, I fancy, very usual, but I did
not know it was associated with such a prolonged emergence."

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited living plants of the rare Bladder-wort,
Vtricularia nenlecta from Epping Forest; the pupa of the tiger-
beetle, Cincindela campestris, produced in one of his small observa-
tion cases ; and a brilliant red fungus, Pcziza sp., from Epping
Forest.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner made the following exhibits : —

1. The life history of Coleophnra iiif/ricella, including numerous
bred specimens, larval cases, both the small curved cases used for
hibernation and the straight more mature cases and leaves of the
hawthorn to show the mines of the larva and the angle of
attachment of the case.

2. The " winter cots " or hybernacula of a species of N.
American Linicnitis. The young larva eats away the willow leaf

84

on both sides of the midrib for some distance from the apex and
folds the two sides of the remaining portion of the leaf neatly
together, closing the tube at the bottom but leaving it open towards
the apex. In addition to this it secures the petiole of the leaf to a
twig by a band of silk, to prevent its falling to the ground.

S. A number of cocoons of Xepticiila euphorbiella made by larvae
collected by the late H. T. Stainton at Mentone, in March, 1867, in
mined leaves of Kitphorbia dendroides.

4. The three leaves of the cork tree, Quercus fmber, from which
Stainton bred a new species of Neptictda, X. suberis, in 1868. The
larvffi were met with at Mentone in March 1867. The mines are
large blotches on the upperside of the leaf.

5. A number of cocoons of Nepticida catharticella made by larvas
taken in March, 1867, at Mentone, feeding in mines in the leaves of
of lUuDinius alaternns.

6. Three leaves of Quercus suber showing the tortuous mines of
the larvae of Nepticida subericora with the cocoons. The species
was discovered by Stainton at Cannes, on March 9th, 1867.

7. Cocoons and webs of Zelleria }diillyrella among twigs and
flowers of Philhjrea angusti folia, taken by Stainton and Milliere in
March, 1867, at Cannes.

These specimens of Microlepidoptera are all referred to, or
described, in Staniton's " Tineina of Southern Europe," pp. 224-
229, as forming part of his " cabinet of economics."

AUGUST 12th, 1916.
Field Meeting at Eoyston, Herts.
Leader.— A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

This was a whole day meeting somewhat beyond the area
within Avhich the Society usually holds its meetings. The special
object was of course to obtain specimens of the races of Aijriades
coridon for which this locality has recently become so well known.

About a dozen members and their friends were present and all
returned quite satisfied with the day's work. A. coridon was in
countless numbers and aberrations were obtainable, but needed
much patient selection. The forms ab. senii.synfjrai)ha, ab. roysto-
nensis, ab. inaqnalis, etc., of varied degree of emphasis were taken.
It was particularly noted what a large number of pairs in cop. were

85

observed, especially in the late forenoon. Very bright fresh
examples of Urbkola comma were in number, and Parart/e wegera
with Kpinepliele jurtina were observed.

The party sat down to tea in a pleasant garden at the back of
one of the houses in the town, and an early return to London was
made.

AUGUST 2ith, 1916.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited a Flying-fox, Pteropiis sp., from
Australia, and communicated the following note on the genus: —

" The genus Pteropus has more than 40 species. All are of large
size, and the absence of a tail, the long pointed muzzle, and the
woolly fur covering the neck, render their recognition easy. They
are commonly known as 'Flying Foxes,' or 'Fox-Bats.' One
species from Java measures five feet across the fully-extended wings,
and is thus the largest known species of the order. The range of
this genus extends from Madagascar and the neighbouring islands
through the Seychelles to India, Ceylon, Burma, the Malay Archi-
pelago, S. Japan, New Guinea, Australia and Polynesia (except the
Sandwich IslanJs, Ellice's Group, Gilbert's Group, Tokelau, and
the Low Archipelago). Of the islands inhabited by it some are
very small and remote from any continent, such as Savage Island
in the South Pacific, and Kodriguez in the Indian Ocean. Although
two species inhabit the Comoro Islands, which are scarcely 200
miles from the African coast, not a single species is found in Africa,
but in India, separated by thousands of miles of almost unbroken
ocean, a species exceedingly closely allied to the common Mada-
gascar Fox-Bat is abundant. The Malay Archipelago and Australia
are their headquarters, and in some places they occur in countless
multitudes. Mr. Macgillivray remarks of P. conspicillatns, "On the
wooded side of a hill on Fitzroy Island, I one day fell in with this
bat in prodigious numbers, looking while flying in the bright sun-
shine (so unusual for a nocturnal animal) like a large flock of rooks.
On close approach a strong musky odour became apparent, and a
loud incessant chattering was heard. Many of the branches were
bending under their load of bats, some in a state of inactivity, sus-
pended by their hind claws, others scrambling along among the
boughs, and taking to wing when disturbed."

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited : —

86

1. Larva, pupa and imago of the water beetle Pelobius tanlns,
dug out of the bank at the margin of a pond in Epping Forest.

2. A Syrphid Fly killed by a fungoid growth, the eyes, centre of
the thorax on dorsum and the wings being curiously bare of the
growth.

3. Ova of Hemerohiua concinnus.

Mr. Curwen exhibited bred series of Cleora Uchenaiia and Cleora
jiibata (<ilahraria) from the New Forest. The larva) of the former
were fed on a lichen of the genus BamaUna and the latter on a
species of Cladonia and neither would eat the other's food. Lettuce
was left untouched even when there was a shortage of food. The
larvte of C.jnhata were unusually plentiful at Denney Wood, New
Forest. Dr. Kobertson and he took 40 in a late afternoon's collect-
ing. He also showed o. Xantliorho'e flnctiiata, entirely asymmetrical
in shape and markings. It was suggested that it might exhibit
gynandromorphic genitalic characters if examined.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited further details in the life-history of
the following species of Micro-lepidoptera.

1. A leaf of ViburniDii tiniift, lauristinus, picked in the Boboli
Gardens at Florence, on January 3rd, 1869, which produced Litho-
colletis lantanella on April 3rd (" Tin. South. Eur.," p. 286), and a
series of British L. lantanella. It is a local species.

2. A leaf of oak which was curled into a pyramidal shape by the
larva of Gracilaria alchimidla {sirederella), and imagines of the
species. Common.

3. Galleries of the larva of Cfelechia phujitinella {turpellu) from
Katisbon, presumably sent to Stainton by Zeller in November,
1863, and British imagines from Cheshunt. It is a local species.

4. Leaves of Crataijus pi/racantha with mines on the uppersides
of the larvae of LitJiocolletis leiico(/raji/u'lla, a non-British species.
They were found by Stainton at Florence on March 2nd, 1863, but
he was unsuccessful in breeding the imagines. ("Tin. South.
Eur.," p. 207.)

5. The beautiful net work cocoons of Epiblemia {t'lianliudes)
stricteUiiti, sent to Stainton by M. Constant in November, 1886.

6. A number of larval cases of a Culeophora sp. found feeding on
the seeds of <?Jienopodiu)n. maritiinuni by our former member G.
Elisha, and sent by him in November, 1881, to Stainton as C.
salinella. There is a doubt as to the species which is more
probably Coleophora larlpennella, of which I exhibit the life history.

87

The larva of C. salinella is supposed to be confined to the seeds of
Atriplex po) tidacoidea.

Mr. Turner also exhibited coloured figures of a dozen striking
aberrations of Dryas paphia.

Mr. Frohawk exhibited some most remarkable forms of Arctia
caja bred from larvfe taken by him in the Scilly Islands, including
a practically unique specimen with forewings uniformly chocolate
not even showing a subdued outline of the fainter markings as many
aberrations do. The hindwings of this specimen had nearly the
whole wing suffused with black, but in this case the indications of
the usual round spots were marked by a violet tint seen when the
specimen was held in certain positions. The other specimens
showed these tendencies more or less, particularly in the union of
the dark spots and blotches on the hindwings. One specimen had
conspicuously yellow ground colour on the hindwings.

Mr. WoUey Dod exhibited a specimen of Saturnia pavonia in
which the antennae were intermediate in development between those
of the male and those of the female. The pectinations were con-
siderably developed although the insect was apparently, from wing
markings and body, a female.

Mr. Lachlan Gibb exhibited flower-heads of the common teasle
{DipsacKs sylvestris) and of the fuller's teasle (Z>. fullomiin) and
remarked on the development of the scales of the receptacle into
strong hooks at their extremities. It was remarked that some
authorities considered the latter as a derivative from the former
and not a true species.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited an example of the rare plant Tri folium,
restipinatiwi from Hayes Common, together with several ripe
capsules. He also showed a specimen of the glow-worm {Laiiipyris
noctiliica) with bifurcate tibia of the hind leg.

Mr. Carr exhibited a living specimen of Vlatyptilia (jonodacUjla
taken by him in the heart of the city.

Mr. Frohawk remarked on the occurrence of Amorpha populi and
suggested a second brood. Mr. Turner had also had a fresh speci-
men brought indoors by a cat a few days before.

Mr. H. Moore exhibited a short series of Ayriadea coridon from
Royston, including ab. semisi/iii/rapha and ab. roystouensia, and read
the following note.—

Agriades cokidon. — Gynandromohphs and ab. roystonensis.
" Gynandromorphs : — To describe these blue-scaled females as

gynandromorphs is to my mind absolutely wrong. They are in all
particulars save adornment true females, presumably fertile and
functionally perfect and positively as capable of pairing as their
normal sisters, that is if any Royston ? can be said to be normal.

" The possession of a secondary ^ character does not alter sex,
though it might indicate decreased fertility in the higher orders,
but here we have nothing to do with age. On August 12th last, I
took a number of paired couples, and found several blue-scaled
females amongst them. In looking over my series I can see no
approach to the male in the shape of the wings, however blue they
may be, but on the contrary, as if to accentuate their sex, the red
lunules on the margins of the hindwings are as a rule con-
spicuously developed and in a variety of unusual ways. In
speaking of gynandromorphs we are dealing with forms not
TRIMMINGS, and these blue females are no more such, than those
hirsute ladies whose faces have not a truly feminine appearance
though their features may be perfect.

" It ought not to be difficult to find or coin a word of truer
descriptive application to these masculine females of cnridon or any
besides.

" Ab. roystonensis : — The enthusiasm of Mr. Pickett over the
Royston forms of A. coridon, is probably shared by all who have
collected there, but he is really very unfortunate in wishing to
confer the name of roystonensis on what is nothing more than a set
of cripples. These misshapen specimens, like others to be found
all over the world, appear to me to be the victims of a disease that
is endemic at Royston, and not even there confined to coridnn.

" What is wanted is a pathological term that will cover all similar
cases wherever found.

" Take goitre for instance. ' Derbyshire neck ' might do for it in
that county ; it would be absolutely senseless in the Alps or
Himalayas, yet the disease is known to the doctors of all climates,
by one word, understood by all, whatever their mother tongue.
How can we say I'apilio clearchus ab. roystonensis or P. tJtestylis ab.
roystonensis, of the S. American and Indian faunas !

" If it is advisable to call any form of coridon ab. roystonejisis, let
it be bestowed on one well defined and developed, rarely found
elsewhere.

"Mr. Pickett tells us that last year he examined 60,000 speci-
mens and found 66 roystonensis, or say 1 per 1000. This is
misleading, it is commoner than that. On my first visit (August

89

12th last) the day of the Field Meeting of the South London Ent.
and Nat. Hist. Socy., I simply collected, that is I captured without
selectimi, and with the exception of several ab. seiiti-sijngrapha
hardly knew what I had got till setting them.

" In round numbers I took 100 females and 25 males, of these 8
were the so called roystonensis, 7 females and 1 male. Ten days
later I only took 1 female in 40, the 5 males I took in addition were
paired, but quite normal. I could make the percentage even
higher for both occasions, but I have only reckoned as roystouensis
those with wings appreciably smaller not those slightly so. If the
shortening of the wings followed a rule, I could understand
bestowing a distinctive name, but where it is now one side, then
another, now forewings, then hindwings, then a mix up of the two,
or only one or three of the wings. Why, I should have to invent
another set of names before I could say which form of roystoneufiis
I was referring to. The proposition is absurd."

SEPTEMBER 9th, 1916.

Field Meeting at Westerham, Kent.

Leader.— B.Y. J. Turner, F.E.S.

This was a very pleasant autumn meeting, which brought
together about a dozen members and friends. The early party
wandered along the slopes of the Downs picking up a few blue
females of Pidyommattui icarus and noting Ccenonympha paniphiluSy
some Goiiepteryx rliainni, a specimen of Pieris napi, and a Vanesaa io.
On one slope large masses of the parasite Cuscuta epithyuinm were
found in flower. The afternoon party went through the woods
towards Limpsfield and were subsequently met by the morning
party on Crockham Hill. Thence an eastern direction was taken
for beating, but as there were few discoveries and time had flown,
the path was taken through Squerries Park back to Westerham
village to tea. Among the captures were Lyfjris testata, Teras
containinana, Grajtltolitha ra»iella and G. penlderiana, Cerostoma
costella, and C. radiatella with other small species.

SEPTEMBER Wth, 1916.

The meeting was taken up with an exhibition and discussion of
Pararye ayeria, introduced by the President.

90

Mr. Turner read a series of notes on the various points in con-
nection with the species, of which the following is a summary : —

I. Original Description.

1758. Linnfeus. — " Systema Naturre," ed. x., p. 473.

Notes. — a. Eeferences to Keaumur, " Mem.," vol. i., and'
Wilkes, "Papil.," for figures (Northern form).

b. Habitat "in Europse australioris," and "in'

Mauritania" (Southern form).

c. Aef/erio not in Linnaeus " Fauna Suecica," 1762.

11. Enlarged and modified subsequent Descriptions.

(1) 1767. Linnfeus. — " Sys. Nat.," ed. xii., p. 771.

Notes. — o. "luteo-maculatis " substituted for " luteo-varie-
gatis."
b. " nee fasciatae " added to the description. [Tutt
remarks {in lit.) " This makes it almost certain
that Cramer's and Herbst's uieone do not
represent the type."]

(2) 1781. Fabricius. — " Species Insectorum," vol. ii., p. 73.

Notes. — a. "Habitat in Europae," the African area omitted.
b. References for figures are in addition to Reaumur
and Wilkes, Roesel, " Ins. belust.," vol. iv., pi.
30; Sepp, " Besch. Ned. In.," vol. i., pi. 6;.
Schaeffer, " Icones," vol. i. (2), pi. 75 ; Esper,
" Schm.," vol. i., pi. 7 ; Bergstrasser, " Nomen.,"
vol. ii., pi. 22 ; Harris, " Aurelian," pi. 41 ;.
Petiver, " Gazoph.," pi. 24. (All northern
forms.)

HI. Nomenclature.

1758. ayeria (not ci/cria). Linnteus. — " Sys. Nat.," ed. xii., p. 771.

1762. tircis. Geoffroy. — " Hist. Ins. Paris," vol. ii., p. 48. (A
duplicate name which has priority over ei/erides.)

1775. .viphia. Fabricius. — " Sys. Ent.," p. 492. (A Madeiran
form, or a separate species.)
[Most authorities consider this a species. Tutt says (/» lit.)
" Most certainly a species." Kirby at first did not but
was subsequently disposed to do so. Staudinger calls it a
species. Bethune-Baker, who went into the question very
thoroughly in "Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.," 1891, has no

91

doubt that it has specific rank. Seitz, in 1909, places it

as a geographical race of (Fi/eria.]
1782. meone. Cramer. — "Pap. ex.," vol. iv., p. 51, pi. 314

(described and figured from an Algerian form). [Tutt

discusses this form (in lit.) and considers it a var. of

mjeria. Most writers do the same."]
1789. vieone. Esper.— " Abbild.," p. 9, pi. 95, cont. 50 (described

and figured an insect from Nimes, which he considered

to be Cramer's )iieoue). [Tutt says {in lit.) " Where to

place this I don't know. . . . Kirby does not place

this figure under ayeria — Staudinger makes it equal the

type, which it certainly does not."]
1832. .viphia. Boisduval. — " Icones," vol. i., p. 238, figs. 6 and 7.

[Butler says, " Cat. Sat.," p. 128, " This insect has

nothing to do with the adphia of Fabricius. M. Boisduval

suggests the possibility of its being a varietj' of meone,

which it neither resembles in structure, pattern nor

coloration."]
1847. vulgaris. Zeller.— " Isis," p. 145 (from an example from

Naples).
1871. xiphioides. Staudinger. — " Cat.," ed .ii., p. 30 (diagnoses

a Canary Is. insect as var. xiphioides of xiphia), [Bethune-

Baker, I.e., says that it is undoubtedly a local race of

fegeria.]
1871. et/erides. Staudinger. — "Cat.,"ed. ii., p. 30 (as first reviser

of the Fabrician scope of mjeria restricts the original name

to the S. European form, and names the northern form

egerides, ignoring the prior tircis, Geof.]
1896. pallida. Tutt.—" Brit. Butt.," p. 387 (described and named

the extreme pale form from Irish specimens).
1896. intermedia. Tutt. — I.e. (described and named the form

between the type tryeria and the e/jerides form, typified by

examples from Central France).
1908. canuena. Fruhstorfer. — " Int. Ent. Zeit.," Guben, p. 9

(local race from the Tyrol).
1908. er/estas. Fruhstorfer.— ^.c. (local race from Dalmatia).
1908. fortnnata. Fruhstorfer. — I.e. (Canary Islands). [I can

express no opinion on these three, except that the last

must run xi/i/uoides veiy closely.]
1908. sidoa. Verity.— " Bull. Soc. Ent. It.," 1908, p. 114, fig. 7

(the slightly modified Sardinian race).

1916. italica. Verity.—" Ent. Rec," p. 167 (the slightly modified
Italian race from the neighbourhood of Florence.)
? . bipiipillata. Mosley.
1905. casJmiirensis. Bingham. — " Fn. Ind.," vol. i., p. 112 (some-
times thought to be a Himalayan form of (rt/eria).
Note. — There is a considerable amount of unravelling of the
various forms still needed. The vieone, for instance, of
the different authors are very different insects.

IV. Time of appearance.

1. Continental. Seitz says ("Mac. Lep.," p. 13B), "In the
warmer districts the butterfly is on the wing all through the year,
the numerous broods overlapping."

2. British. Barrett says (" Lep. Brit. Isles.," vol. i., p. 231),
" Doubtless the warmth or coldness of the weather, with the
presence or absence of sunshine, is largely influential. The result
of this susceptibility to external influences is that the butterfly is
seen on the wing in different years in every month from March to
October, or even November."

V. Growing Scarcity (Evidences of).

1. Absence of species in lists of captures in all the magazines,
particularly in the neighbourhood of London.

2. Practical disappearance from Hertfordshire : teste Mr. A. E.
Gibbs in Annual Address to the Hertfordshire N. H. Society, 1916.

3. Records summarised by the Rev. C. R. N. Barrows for the
last 60 years, "Ent. Record," vol. xxviii., p. 112 (1916).

4. Disappearance from Ranmore Common, Bookbam, Merrow,
Epping Forest, Lewes, Kent, etc., teste J. Jenner Weir, Prof.
Meldola, C. Fenn, Hy. J. Turner, etc.

VI. Breeding experiments.

1898. Mr. H. Williams.—" Proc. S. Lond. Ent. S.," p. 114. Ova
laid July 27th, hatched August 7th, 1st larva pupated
September 1st, 1st imago appeared September 19th, $ .
Rest pupated end of September. Some pupte subjected to
high dry temperature, some to high saturated tempera-
ture, some in a cage near the fire-grate, and eight out of
doors from November. Imagines of first three sets
emerged in November and December, the eight out doors
emerged in early April.

93

1903. Ml'. Carpenter. — I.e., p. 59. Mr. Joy had a brood of larvje

from ova laid by a bred $ paired in captivity.

1904. Mr. Joy. — I.e., p. 84. Insects bred from above pairing and

two sets from a pairing of them exhibited. 80% hiber-
nated as pupae, emerging early in May. 20% hibernated
as larvte (half-fed) and emerged in June.

YII. Variation.

1. Characteristics. The best summary is Stephens (" 111. Brit.
Ent.," vol. i., p. 54). " This insect varies much in the intensity of
its colours, particularly on its under surface ; in some specimens
the posterior wings are nearly plain griseous, in others they have a
distinct broad, very irregular, central band." He refers to fine
specimens having on the underside of the hindwings " the hinder
margin purplish, with a series of white dots in lieu of the ocelli."

2. Lines of variation.

a. Depth of ground colour, upperside.

b. Intensity of the spots.

e. Depth of ground and intensity of spots together,

d. Number of eye-spots on lower wings (8-6).

e. Development and extent of purple on lower wing underside.
/. Shape of forewings (rounding of apex).

ff. Size and number of markings on the upperside (coalescence

rare).
/(. Development of clouds to blotches (rare on hindwings).
i. Duplication of apical spot (rare).
Ic. Tendency of spots on hindwing to reduction to dots.
I. Most constant spots on forewings are two in 1st transverse row,

four in 2nd row, in size, shape and distinctness.

3. Sexual Variation.

Tutt ("Brit. Butt.," p. 388; 1896) says, "The males are
considerably darker, having the pale spots much more restricted
than the females, whilst towards the centre of the wing is an
oblique shiny patch of androconial scales, easily detected if the
butterfly be looked at sideways."

4. Aberrations. Striking aberrations seem rare.

a. The apical ocellus duplicated. Said to occur regularly in the

Channel Islands. The bipupiUata of Mosley.

b. Figure by Mosley "111. Var. Brit. Lep.," Sati/nm, pi. 1,

collection Sam Stevens. Dark area much decreased on all

94

wings. No blotches, wide bands of light and dark across all
wings. Apical eye bipupillate.

c. Dale, " Hist. Brit. Butt.," p. 87, records one with light rings

to ocelli on hindwings quite wanting.

d. Fowler, " Ent.," 1891, p. 285, records breeding a $ with all

the pale spots replaced with tawny.

e. " Another almost unicolorous dark brown."

/'. Fowler, " Ent.," 1893, p. 30, records a specimen " with extra
central markings forming an interrupted broad band from
tip of hind margin similar to megera."

g, A specimen " with the four spots surrounding the eye much
reduced, all the others nearly obsolete."

h. One with " the row of eye-spots upon the hindwing reduced to
white dots very slightly surrounded with black."

/. Many females " have an extra spot between the two near the
anal angle and the one above " (forewing).

A-. Others " have two inside the anal ones," (forewings), and

I. Some "have the ground all brown."

m. Barrett records, " Lep. Brit. Isl.," vol. i., p. 229, "a specimen
almost of an orange colour taken in Hertfordshire in 1884,"
and

n. Another taken by Major Still on Dartmoor, in August, 1892.
" Its forewings have most of the usual spots, more or less
faintly indicated, but the hind- show no trace of the usual
black spots, or of their yellow rings, or of any marking what-
ever except two minute white dots, which would have been the
pupils of the two black spots, had they existed ; the entire
upperside of the hindwings, with this exception, being of a
blackish olive-brown. The colour of the underside of the
hindwings in this specimen is hardly affected, but that of the
forewings is an unusual shade of tawny olive-brown."

o. Mr. R. Adkin records, 1905, " Proc. S. Lond.," p. 94, a speci-
men with the pale rings on hindwings absent, the ground
colour intensified and somewhat less prominent pale mark-
ing.
5. Geographical Races.

a. (?) xijihia, Fab, Madeira.

b. weone, Cram. Algeria.

c. cgerides, Stgr. Central and North Europe.

d. .viphioides, Stgr. Canary Isles.

e. caiincna, Fruh. Tyrol.

95

/. ei/estas, Fruh. Dalmatia.

(/. siiioa, Verity. Sardinia.

h. italiea, Verity. Florence and Italy.

i. (?) cas/tinirensis, Bing. W. Himalayas.

VIII. Questions for further investigation..

1. The position of the xlphia of Fabricius.

2. The figures of xiplda in Herrich-Schaeffer.

3. The position of the meone of Cramer.

4. Where does Esper's meone come ?

5. What is .viphioides, Stdgr. ?

7. Is Wagner's figure of meone, " Keis. Alg.," vol. iii., pi. ix.,

1841, the nearest approach to Linnaeus' ayeria'?

8. What is Boisduval's figure of .viphia, " Icones," vol. i., pi. 44,

figs. 6 and 7 ?

9. The elucidation of Hiibner's figures 179, 180, 181, 182.
10. Are there parallel races not repeated broods in the j'ear ?

Mr. Gibbs exhibited a case containing a series of difterent forms
of Paraiye ayeiia from widespread localities, including var. etjerides,
from England, Seine-et-Marne, Vosges, and Swiss Jura ; the eight-
spotted Balkan form from Montenegro, which Cosmovici has named
var. alba ; a specimen from Salonica which more nearly approaches
typical (ii/eria : intermediates from the Eiviera; the ordinary
southern form from eastern Pyrenees, Corsica, Sicily, Cyprus, and
Algeria ; the true vieone, Cr., from Morocco ; and var. xijihioides
from Teneriffe. He expressed the opinion that modern authorities
were correct in holding that Linnaeus had bestowed the name (ryeria
upon the southern form ; the definite statement as to the locality
from which the specimens he was describing came, and the colour-
adjective he used, were strong evidence that this was so. He
thought, however, that Staudinger's name for the northern form,
ei/erides, must fall before the earlier appellation tircis used by
the French authors for this butterfly. So far as he was aware the
name tircis was first printed by Geoftroy in 1764, but he gave no
figure, and the description did not help much. It must be remem-
bered that but six years had elapsed since Linnjeus bestowed the
name (/■(leria on the species, and the difference between its two forms
was probably not then recognised. But in 1779 Ernst and Engra-
melle published their " Insectes d'Europe," and in it they figured
and described the northern form under the name of tircis. J. B.

96

Godart, in 1821, did the same thing, but he also dealt with the
southern form separately, under the name of weone. Mr. Gibbs
therefore expressed the opinion that the proper name for our British
variety of aijen'a was tirciH, and that the authorship of the name
must be ascribed to Ernst and Engramelle. The insect called
meoiie by Cramer was the very red form, which flew in Algeria,
Morocco, and Gibraltar. Cramer's original drawing was at South
Kensington, and that, in conjunction with the fact that Cramer's
specimen was known to be from the Barbary coast, disposed of all
doubt. The name meone was wrongly applied by subsequent
authors to the South European form. Esper created confusion by
quoting Cramer's description, but making meone, Cr., a synonym of
xipliia, Fab., a totally distinct insect. Hiibner made matters worse,
first by applying the name meone to the South European form and
also by perpetuating Esper's mistake of supposing meone andxiphia
to be the same thing. And so it came about that our North Euro-
pean form was called legeria and the southern darker spotted form
meone, both of which names were wrongly applied, and it was only
in comparatively recent years that the mistakes were found out.

Mr. Gibbs also exhibited a smaller case of Devonshire specimens,
including a number taken by Dr. K. C. L. Perkins and himself in
April and May, 1916, and a short series of the summer brood
captured by Dr. Perkins in 1911. He remarked that in some
seasons that gentleman had taken the insect as early as March 20th.
He was pleased to say that Dr. Perkins was conducting some rear-
ing experiments which would p'robably yield valuable results.

Mr. Platt-Barrett exhibited specimens from various localities,
British and continental, and contributed the following note :- —

" I first captured this species in Yorkshire, at Doncaster, on April
19th, 1856, and I have never seen it so abundant since.

" When I came to London, soon after that, I was told it was a
common species in woods and shady lanes (suburbs of London
excepted). It had disappeared from Peckham Rye and other subur-
ban localities within the memory of active entomologists. This
disappearance has gradually increased over a greater area.

" Outside the London area — the * Wood Argus ' as I called it —
always appeared as a pleasant surprise. I met with it at Ashtead
under the oak trees, near Headley under the beech, and near Dork-
ing under the pines, but only in small numbers. Also at Loughton,
when I went for Erastria venustula, at Darenth also and other
Kentish woods, the best locality being between Eynesford and
Shoreham.

" Around London, since the year 1900, I have not taken many-
specimens. These I exhibit are all taken by myself. New Forest
(1906), Shoreham (1908), Porlock (1910), Sidmouth (1911), and
one stray specimen, Chattenden (1913). I have searched for the
last three years near London without success, but I hope to be
more fortunate in my dates next year."

Dr. Chapman showed three specimens of Paranje .viphia from
Teneriffe, a dozen P, (Etjena from the Kiviera (Alassio, Cannes,
Hyeres), three Devonshire specimens, one poor specimen from
the Pyrenees Orientales, better and more extreme specimens had
been given away, but even this one showed that specimens from
this locality, Vernet, and especially Amelie-les-Bains, give to an
English eye the impression rather of inei/era than of a/jeria.

Mr. Leeds exhibited five specimens taken August 1911, var.
eiferides\ three specimens, also August 1911, resembling ffr/t^/v'rt as
obtained in the southern countries of Europe. All taken wild in
Cornwall by Mr. D. Hann, of Knebworth.

Two specimens, Hunts, June 22nd, 1901, var. egerides. On this
date there were thousands in Bevill's Wood, but worn. He had not
seen it there since, although he had frequently visited the locality
every year. Also five specimens taken in South Devon, July 24th,
26th, and 31st, and August 4th, 1916, var. egerides, where it was
only seen occasionally in woods or lanes.

Messrs. Curwen and Hy. J. Turner also exhibited the species from
many localities.

It was generally the opinion that the species was by no means a
a denizen of the woods, but was quite as frequently met with along
hedge-rows in lanes, and even in open fields.

SEPTEMBER 28th, 1916.

Mr. T. W. Hall exhibited a larva of Cossus ligniperda, sent to him
by a friend, and called attention to the habit it had, when annoyed,
of emitting a dark brown evil smelling liquid, apparently out of its
mouth, ejecting it for a distance of quite three or four inches.

Dr. Chapman called attention to the figure of Rosel in " Insect
Belust.," 1740-6, vol. i., pi. xviii., in which a larva is shown shoot-
ing out a liquid from its mouth.

Mr. Bunnett exhibited a piece of wood having a large number of
the beautiful sporangia of the Mycetozoa, Physarum compactum.

98

Mr. Newman exhibited an aberration of Agriades tJietis, of which
several had been taken by him in Kent during the past season.
The specimen was a male, in which the whole of the wings were
suffused with a dark leaden colour. It was probably the rare form
known as ab. nigra. Mr. Newman said that he only knew of a few
of such aberrations having been taken in this country.

Dr. Chapman exhibited considerable series of grasshoppers, taken
by him on the southern slopes of the North Downs, east and west
of Box Hill, and contributed the following note : —

" A few years ago I sent Mr. Lucas some grasshoppers
from Buckland Hill, two of which he (Mr. Lucas) said were
in his experience rather scarce, and he should like to see
some more. The opportunity to go into the matter occurred
this autumn, with the result that one of these species,
Stenobothrus lineatus, was found to occur wherever sought
for on the slopes of the North Downs, between Eeigate Hill and
Pickett's Hole, most abundantly along the lower part of the drive
in the- Denbies estate, more sparingly elsewhere. The other species
GuDiphocerus rufus seemed to be absent in places, it occurred on
Colley Hill and was most abundant on the slope above Pickett's
Hole. It seemed to be absent (certainly very rare) on Box Hill,
where Gomplwcerns niaciilatKs, a very pretty little grasshopper when
alive, was very abundant, but though a very common species was
not seen on any other part of the slope examined. G. ru/iis, and
less markedly S. lineatus, were most abundant in places where
Agriadea thetis {hellargiis) occurred, i.e., where Hippocrejiis grew.
This may have some meaning or may be mere coincidence. At the
beginning of September nearly all S. lineatus were mature at Dork-
ing, but a few days later (September 7th) barely a majority had
reached the imago state on Colley Hill.

"I exhibit specimens of these and of Chorthipinis parallelus and
Staiir()deru.s bicolor, two species that were not uncommon in the same
localities. It is worth noting again, as something having a reason
behind it that I have not discovered, that Gowplwceriia macidottis
occurs abundantly only on the one portion of the slopes examined,
from which G. rufus appeared to be absent, but was not found else-
where, that the two species appear to be, in fact, on these slopes,
mutually exclusive."

In reference to G. riifiis, Mr. Lucas said that as a rule he had
found it among grass in much damper situations than that in which
it occurred in Dr. Chapman's experience.

99

OCTOBER 1th, 1910.

Fungus Foray.

Leader.— \^. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.,

Mr. Lucas reports. — " On October 7th, the last excursion of the
season, the Fungus Foray, took place, the hunting-ground being
Oxshott Heath and Esher Common. The day was not an ideal one
as regards weather, though the little rain that fell was not sufficient
to interfere with proceedings. This, however, may have had something
to do with the fact that but six members (Messrs. Sich, Turner, Kaye,
Gibb, Ashdown, Lucas) and one visitor were present. The Selborne
Society and the Wimbledon Natural History Society, we found,
were present on the same quest as ourselves. They were under the
leadership of Dr. Somerville Hastings, Mr. A. A. Pearson, and Miss
E. M. Wakefield, and, as some of their party were known to us, we
decided to join forces. Consequently about 40 naturalists were
piloted through the pine-woods by the various leaders,

"Specially interestmg is the fungus-flora of the pine-woods, if
only from the fact that many species will grow in such a habitat
and nowhere else. Of course Sparasda crispa of which our Society
has previously found on its forays such fine examples, received
marked attention. Several clumps, which were not inaptly com-
pared to the inside of a cauliflower, were met with on this occasion,
and an attempt was made to trace the " stem " of one down to the
roots of a Scotch-fir, near one of which trees the species seems
always to grow. Dr. Hastings considers that the fungus kills the
trees, and was locating examples for further observation. Biisunla
emeticn, with its vivid red cap, was met with everywhere on the
ground, as were many other species, some brilliant in colour, others
more soberly clad. The strange little yellowish fungus, Leotia
luhrica, was found in one spot, and the gelatinous hydnum, known
as 'Iremellodon i/elatinoanni, on several stumps ; but what seemed to
interest the party most was the discovery of a bed of a small black
club-shaped fungus about an inch or so high, called Conlt/ceps
ojihiof/lossoides. This fungus peeps up amongst the fir-needles, and,
when dug-out, is found to be parasitic on the false truffle, FAaplio-
mijces {jranidatii^, a fungus about the size and consistency of a
chestnut. The presence of these underground truffles would scarce
be detected if it were not for the presence above ground of the
sporophores of the parasite. Many of the truffles were brought to
light, not all of course being parasitised. Judging by the fact that

100

one often sees small holes scratched in the earth, it would appear
that some small animals, perhaps squirrels, are able to detect the
presence of the truffles. One or two only of the many fungi found
are here referred to. Some interesting species of those strange
" plant-animals," the mycetozoa, were met with, but on them I am
not able to report. As darkness came on our small party made its-
way to Oxshott and had tea together before making towards home.
"Mr. Tamer who was the sole representative of the morning
party spent his time collecting the genus Feronea along the hedges
of the path leading from the " covers " to Abrook Common. A
varied series of Teras containinana was obtained, and a few late
examples of other species."

OCTOBER 12th, 1916.

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a specimen of the new species of
Ornithoptera recently figured and described in the "Ann. and Mag.
of N. Hist.," 1915, p. 59,, pis. iv. and v., as (). joirciii. It was from
New Guinea.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited several specimens of the extreme
melanic form of Boannia consonaria from East Kent ; examples of
a fine melanic form of B. comortaria from Warwickshire, very
much darker than any form known from other localities, together
with an interesting intermediate specimen ; a good series of full
sized var. rossica of Callimorpha doiiiinnla from Kent; and a bred
series of Dicranura bicnspis from Tilgate Forest.

Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited a case of further specimens of Faranje
(Bfjeria var. ef/eridea from S. Devon, and read the following notes : —

" It will be remembered that at a recent meeting I exhibited a
number of specimens of the spring brood of var. ei/erides captured by
Dr. Perkins and myself at Paignton. I drew your attention to the
fact that Dr. Perkins was conducting some rearing experiements
and gave you an idea of the direction in which his observations
were leading. I have now received some most interesting memo-
randa from him which I should like to lay before the Society.
When I was in South Devon at the end of April and the beginning
of May freshly-emerged females were fairly common, but females
appear to have been less in evidence later on. The comparatively
few captured by Dr. Perkins in May and up to the middle of June
(excepting one or two, evidently virgins, freshly-hatched specimens)

101

were all kept alive in cages for eggs. Large numbers of ova were
laid by these from the latter part of May till the end of June. The
resulting larvjB were fed on growing luxuriant food under natural
conditions of temperature. The rate of growth was very slow, and
it was not until the 29th of July (though possibly overlooked on
the 28th) that the first butterfly, a 9 , emerged.

" On the same day the first second- brood wild female was
observed in the lane whence the stock had been procured. These
two specimens I am exhibiting this evening.

" From the latter part of June till July 29th, the butterfly in a
wild state had become very scarce, though throughout May and till
the middle of June it was extremely common in the lanes. Except
perhaps a few worn examples it disappeared in July, and .in 1916 it
may be said that the second brood did not begin to emerge till the
end of that month.

" By the end of July and in early August Dr. Perkins had
hundreds of larvas varying in size from those full grown or nearly
so to those still very small, or about in the second and third stages.
A few butterflies emerged from August 10th to August 17th, fcom
May or early June eggs, bat on August 10th most of them were
still in the larval stage and many not more than half grown, some
smaller still. On August 9th several pupated. Three butterflies
emerged from these pupae on October 1st to 3rd. One of them was
a cripple, but the other two which are rather small and peculiar
specimens are in the case, these were bred indoors. The pup;e are
dimorphic, a beautiful clear green or brown.

" On September 12th and following days the butterfly was found
in great numbers in some of the lanes behmd Paignton, many of
the specimens being very fresh and perfect. About the same date
some of both sexes were bred from early August pupae. Some of
the males are exhibited to-night, but the females were put in cages
and wild males with them to obtain fertile eggs. Ova were laid by
these females till the end of the month but many of them were
destroyed by predaceous insects or bad weather, the last butterfly
dying about October 1st, after exposure to several nights of violent
rains. The first caterpillar emerged from these eggs on October 5th,
and half a dozen or more on the following morning.

" On the 3rd of October the grass on which the eggs were laid
was dug up, potted, and placed in the open window of a loft.

" The conclusions at which Dr. Perkins has arrived from his
observations and experiments during the present year are exceed-

102

ingly instructive. No very early (March) specimens such as occur
some years were seen m 1916, but the first brood of eijerides
appeared without any break or diminution of numbers from early
spring till the middle of June. There is little doubt that all of
these belonged to one brood derived from eggs laid the previous
year. A distinct gap was then observed in the occurrence of the
butterfly and it was not until the end of July that fresh specimens
appeared. The fact that many of the eggs laid in the latter part of
May and beginning of June did not become butterflies till
September 12th to October 3rd, while hundreds of. larv* less
advanced than these and only half grown in the second and 3rd
week in August were thrown away for want of facilities for rearing
them, renders the idea of a 3rd brood in 1916 impossible. It seems
unlikely that most of these larvae could possibly have produced any
butterflies till next year. It would appear then that in 1916 so far
from being three-brooded efjerides has been probably only partially
double brooded, for it is extremely unlikel}' that the latest laid eggs
of the first brood have yet produced butterflies, or that they will
do so. It is to be presumed that the young larvae, from the eggs of
the first brood, which were flung out about August loth to 20th,
would have hibernated as larvfe or pupfe, or some in one stage and
some in the other. The continuous succession of perfectly freshly
hatched butterflies from early spring till the middle of June would
indicate the hibernation of individual larva) of very difi'erent
growths, or of larviB and pupa). It appears to be extremely likely
from these 1916 observations that t'l/eiides sometimes takes the full
year, or about that time, from egg to imago.

"Dr. Perkins draws my attention to another interesting point
which I should like to mention. It appears to be the case that
while the 2nd brood males are normally and on the average darker
than the first brood, it is the reverse with the females, which are on
the whole brighter in the second brood.

" These experiments by Dr. Perkins are exceedingly useful and
we are very thankful to him for undertaking them and for giving
us the results of his work. They go a long Avay towards clearing
up many obscure points in the life-history of this butterfly, in the
south-western districts of our island, and we look forward with much
interest to his further observations on the brood which will result
from the late summer and autumn laid eggs, some of which are
now hatching out."

In the discussion which ensued it was shown that the larva

103

could hibernate at almost any stage from quite young to almost
full grown, and that hibernation also took place in the pupal stage.
Mr. Newman stated that he saw no spring specimens in 1916 but
that from a female obtained in June he had ova which produced
imagines in September, not one remaining over.

Mr. W. J. Kaye read the report of the Field Meeting held at
Ockham and Wisley on May 20th (see page 61).

Mr. Hy. J. Turner read the reports of the Field Meeting held at
Clandon on June 24 th (see page 71), and of the Field Meeting held
at Box Hill on July 22nd (see page 78).

Mr. Sich reported that the balsam Impatiem payri/lora occurred
wild in the neighbourhood of Chiswick, and also that he had
recently met with a larva of Mamestra oleracea feeding on ivy in
the Temple Gardens,

Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited a $ Celaatvinn aiijiolim in which
there were several small streaks of 3 coloration running through
the wide marginal band on the left forewing, and also an underside
of another specimen of the same species in which there was a
streak of black of irregular width extending from the base of the
wing across the centre to the hind margin near the anal angle of the
hindwing. He also showed a specimen of Aryijunia cijilippe [atlijipc)
from an old collection, in which the black markings on the upper-
side were united across the disc of the wings to form a narrow
irregular transverse band. The specimen was large, the ground
colour dark and rich and the underside was quite normal.

Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited a number of purse-like galls on the
petiole of the leaves of poplar, Popnlns niijra v. jii/ramiilalis. They
were ascertained to be caused by the Aphid, PempliKjua bnrsarius.
He pointed out the illustration of a similar species in the recent
" Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario " in a plate
reproduced from Malpighi's " De Gallis," 1686, and communicated
the following note : —

" Galls of Pemphigus bursarius, ItocH. — In the garden of
Bricket House Hospital, St. Albans, are some Lombardy Poplars
growing close to the fence. Passing by them one day in July after
a gale of wind I noticed some of the leaves which had been blown
off had curious swellings on their petioles. Examination showed
that they were galls caused by insect puncture. My attention
having been arrested by these stray leaves, I looked at the tree
more closely and observed that a very large number of the leaves
had been similarly attacked. I took one of the galls home and in

104

a short time bred from it a number of aphides. Other galls which
I cut open contained nymphs. The history of the gall is this : the
queen aphis punctures the cuticle of the leaf stalk which causes the
sap to exude and to form a swelling, which gradually increases in
bulk and encloses the queen aphis, leaving only a small aperture at
the apex of the gall. In this cavity the queen brings forth a
numerous brood of nymphs, which, when they arrive at the winged
state, make their exit through the opening at the top of the gall.
The shape of these galls is very variable, but the majority of those
I picked up were roughly pyriform. Among the specimens I show
will be seen a petiole on which there are two galls, one above the
other. An illustration of the galls may be found in the late Mr.
Edward Connold's " British Vegetable Galls," p. 239, etc., pi. 104,
(1901)."

Mr. Gibbs also showed a new species of the Sijntowichc and
communicated the following description : —

•' I also exhibit a moth which is new to science. It was sent
home by ray collector Norton and was taken by him in the moun-
tains of Guatemala in December last, at a place called San
Cristobol, where the poor fellow died suddenly a few weeks back,
and the sad news of his death has just reached me. It is a
Chlorostola, and its nearest relative is C. coridon, from which it
differs chiefly in the orange-red colour of the terminal segments of
the abdomen. I propose to call it Chlorostola phylli.s, n. sp."

Mr. Dennis exhibited a photograph of the species of Dodder,
CiiscHta europaa, parasitical on clover. Mr. Turner reported that
the morning party at the Westerham Field Meeting in September
met with large masses of the species C. epitl^jwHui on wild thyme,
and that when trodden upon and bruised there was a distinctive
scent.

OCTOBER 26tli, 1916.

The death of a member, Mr. C. A. Briggs, F.E.S., of Lynmouth,
was announced with regret. He was a constant attendant at the
meetings a quarter of a century ago.

Mr. Bowman exhibited examples of Aricia vwdon (astro reJw) in
one of which the discal spots on the underside lower wings are
missing and are replaced by white splashes. Another example was
a pure var. ubsolcta in which all the spots on the underside were

105

absent except the discoidal in each wing. All four wings were
heavily striated with white.

Mr. Brooks exhibited specimens of the introduced floating water-
plant Azulla caroliniana from Enfield. Some years ago it was
reported as being found in ponds in the neighbourhood of
•Chigwell. It is a Rhizocarp not far removed from the ^larsiliacea.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a stereoscopic picture of the stag-
beetle, Lucanus cerviis, taken shortly after pupation.

Mr. Frohawk exhibited drawings by himself of two remarkable
aberrations of British birds ; a specimen of the Curlew from
Caithness in which the markings were both strongly melanic and
strongly albinistic, and an example of the Lapwing which was pure
white with the exception of the breast. It was noted that although
lapwings were extremely abundant, very little aberration of
marking had been noticed.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a collection of specimens arranged
to show the genus Paraii/e in its most extended sense, and in the
same order as they are placed in the National Collection, to
illustrate his paper, " The Genus Paranje, Hiib.," which he then
read. (See page 7).

Mr. Frohawk reported that he had just received a letter from
Ireland announcing that on October the 20th a specimen of Anmia
plexippiis had been captured in Co. Cork. So far as he knew this
was the first Irish specimen of this species. There were now he
believed some 30 British specimens of which nine had been met
with m Cornwall. In answer to a question as to its flight by
night, Mr. Frohawk said that there was no direct evidence of it,
but that it must do so, as to cross the Atlantic in a "day was quite
impossible. He noted that many species flew by night in their
migration, and specimens had been seen to float on the water and
even to rise from it to continue their flight. The stages of the
species were so extremely short that neither ovum, larva nor pupa
could be brought over, nor was there the special food-plant
available to sustain the larva.

Mr. Curwen asked the opinion of members as to whether they
considered this migration to be voluntary or a matter of com-
pulsion from the force of the wind. Some years ago he had
noticed Pyraineis cardni in some numbers strenuously endeavouring
to stand against the wind, which was blowing strongly from the
low clifls, apparently not wanting to go but compelled to by the
wind force.

106

Mf. Frohawk said that in calm weather many observations had
been made of these migrations, which appeared to be quite-
vokmtary, and he instanced a case in Switzerland in which for
hours individuals of a species had been noted as passing a
particular spot, all flying definitely in the same direction every
minute or two.

Mr. Turner recalled the remark of the late Mr. McArthur
that one of the best opportunities, which occurred to him while
colleqting in the Himalayas, was to capture the swarms of butter-
flies which came up from the lower valleys against the wind
blowing down from the mountain slopes.

Mr. Frohawk noted that a head-wind afforded excellent facility
for birds to rise against the wind, and Mr. Brooks referred to the
advice of old collectors at Wicken, that the sheet and light should^
be so arranged that the moths would come up against the wind.

Mr. Leeds and Mr. Adkin had seen migrations come in from the
sea in quite calm weather, and Mr. Adkin said that the method of
flight of the insects he had observed on migration quite gave him
the impression that it was a voluntary matter. He referred to the
case of quantities of Plunia ijanuna going up straight into the air
from a wheat-field, completely out of sight.

NOVEMBER 9th, 1916.

Mr. G. W. Mason of Ealing was elected a member.

Professor Bateson, F.R.S., gave a lecture with lantern and other
illustrations entitled, " Remarks on the Mendelian Theories, with
especial reference to recent extensions in their applicatton made
in America." Some discussion subsequently took place.

Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited a gynandromorph specimen of
Lasiocaiiipa querciis and an olive-banded male of the same
species, both from the moors near Huddersfield. Also a lemon-
yellow male of Cosmotridie potatoria from Cambridgeshire.

Mr. J. Platt-Barrett exhibited a considerable number of Lijranidie.
taken by himself this season, and contributed the following notes
on his exhibit.

" This season I have seen seven species of Li/ran idtr on the wing.

" 1. Celastn'na ari/iolitx. Forest Hill as usual.

"2. I'oli/iinnnatiis icanis. Mid Kent, the end of May, one speci-

107

men exhibited, an intensely blue one. During the summer I only
met with worn specimens.

" 8. Aijriades thetis. In Mid Kent, where in early June I paid
a special visit, I caught one $ only, so went on to E. Kent where I
could easily have reached my limit of 50 specimens. I show the
best blue $ s that I took, also a ? ab. minor, which occurs some
years. Some of the females were large, and one 3 was deformed
on the left side. In September a $ was captured also deformed
on the left side, and generally the females were small and without
blue scaling.

" 4. Alicia iiicdiin (astrarc/n'). The spring brood only.

" 5. Ciqiido inininiiis. July, then worn.

" 6. Plebeius idjon. In early August abundant at Oxshott. It
varied in size, one ab. minor 3 was taken. The undersides varied
from grey to brown. A blue ? and several ab. major were taken.

" 7. Af/riades coridon. Tempted to Royston on August 12th, I
first saw Agriades coridon literally in hundreds, and I no longer
wonder that the specimens there vary so much. I wonder they
have not turned cannibals to get sustenance and destroyed them-
selves entirely, and I should not be surprised to find that deformity
follows overcrowding and that when the numbers decrease, ab.
roijstuneni^is will disappear. Near Tring on the 15th August after
tramping a mile on Downs that barely produced a specimen of A.
coridon, our small party discovered the metropolis, almost as
crowded as Royston and I was lucky after the heavy rain had ceased
to pick up a few blue examples and also some " deformities." One
5 taken was almost the form ab. fon-leri, and the undersides
showed much variation in depth of ground colour."

NOVEMBER 23rd, 1916.

Mr. Edwards exhibited several seeds of vegetable ivory, and con-
tributed the following note : —

" The plant yielding the ' vegetable ivory ' of commerce is known
to botanists as P/njteh'idiaa wacrocarpa, a palm, a native of South
America, chiefly on the banks of the river Magdaiona, Columbia,
not only, however, on the lower coast region as in Darien, but also
at a considerable elevation above the sea. It is mostly found in
separate groves, not mixed with other trees or shrubs, and where
travellers tell us even herbs are rarely met with, ' the ground appear-

108

ing as if it had been swept.' It is a stemless or caulescent palm-
like plant, the top of which is crowned with from 12 to 20 very long
pinnatifid leaves. The plants are diaecious, the males forming higher,
more erect, and robust trunks than the females. The fruit consists
of a conglomerated head composed of six or seven drupes, and con-
taining six to nine seeds, the whole being enclosed in a walled,
woody covering, forming altogether a globular head as large as a
man's. A single plant sometimes bears at the same time from six to
eight of these large heads of fruit, each weighing from 20 to 25 lbs.
They are imported into Britain under the name of ' Corozo ' nuts, a
name by which the fruits of some species of palm, Attalea, are
known in Central America, their uses being chiefly for small articles
of turnery."

Mr. West (Ashtead) exhibited a very beautiful specimen of fossil
Madrepore.

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited a fine series of very darkly marked
specimens of Aijriopis aprilina, from Teesdale.

Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited a bred series of Chrijsopliauus mtiliis
bred from ova, the race originating in Holland. He considered it
the nearest approach to our now extinct C. dispar. The Austrian
race was less like the latter and had less developed spots. He also
exhibited a drawing of a very rare form of the Red Grouse {Layopiis
scoticiiH) from Derbyshire. It was of an extreme silvery variety, of
which only one or two previous examples had been recorded. This
species varies extremely, but an albino of this degree was stated to
be almost unique.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a long and very varied series of
Peronea cristana, including many named forms. Mr. Adkin
remarked that although many names had been applied, it appeared
to him that the variation fell into a series of more or less well
defined groups, and the variation occurring in the groups was not
sufficient in most cases to justify the bestowal of further varietal
names.

Mr. Turner also exhibited examples of I'arnossiKs vinfDiosi/iie from
various continental localities, showing trivial and local variation.
One female specimen showed the " pouch " formed below the
abdomen after copulation.

Mr. Brooks reported that he had heard from Mr. B. S. Williams,
who was at Blackpool, that recently the sea there had been extremely
phosphorescent. He himself had seen two Martins at St. Margaret's
Bay, on November 15th, which he considered was a very late date;

109

the latest dates he had previously known were November 9th and
November 11th. He asked if the finding of imagines of Acronicta
vieciacephala on a poplar trunk, on the dates June 8th and August
8th, two months apart, indicated two broods.

In the discussion Mr. Adkin said that according to Eagle Clarke,
November 16th was the latest recorded date for the Martin to be
seen on migration in this country. Mr. West (Ashtead) said that
phosphorescence Avas seen at times on most parts of our coast, and
was due to the presence of a vast quantity of Koctilnea. It was not
considered that A. vietjncejihala had two broods in the season.
Probably it was only a retarded emergence. Mr. Sich had seen a
specimen in October some years ago.

Mr. Blair exhibited larvae of the Dipteron Microdon iiiutabilis,
which had been sent to him from the New Forest where it had been
found among Spluifininn. It was usually a guest of ants and was
supposed to act as a scavenger, subsisting upon the various debrin in
the ants' nests.

Mr. F. W. Frohawk reported a new habit he had this year noticed
in the common wasp, that of collecting the ears of corn. He had
found a portion of a field, 300 yds. by 12 — 14 yds., more or less
completely ruined by this hitherto unrecorded habit. The nest in
this case was some distance away, situated in a shed. If this habit
grew and spread, formidable destruction of corn crops might ensue.

DECEMBER Uth, 1916.
The Annual Exhibition of Varieties.

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey:^

(1) A well-marked gynandromorph of Papilio lycojihron var.
fhanias, E. and J., from North Peru.

(2) A pair of Polyf/rapha cyanea, Godra. and Salv. The c? is
not rare in the tropical Andean region of South America, but
the $ was unknown till the specimen here exhibited was taken in
Ecuador by M. G. Palmer. A second specimen has not been re-
corded as far as we know. This female is remarkable in presenting
a strong resemblance to certain species of Oimphanes. These Bras-
Bolids fly round the houses at dusk, and as the female Polyyrapha
was found drowned in a native water-pot outside a house, it is pos-
sible that it flew in company with the Opsiphanea.

110

(3) Zijiiaena trifolii, Esp., a yellow aberration, one of the original
series taken by Mr. W. M. Christy in 1893, at Watergate.

(4) Zyijaena filipendulic, L., a yellow aberration taken by Mr, C.
D. Head, at Tenby, ] 897 ; an aberration with confluent spots on
left forewings ; an aberration intermediate between yellow and red ;
and a fine bred example of the aberration chrysantlieuii, much
darker than usual.

(5) A new phase of variation illustrated by twelve new forms
of Heliconius vielponione from French Guiana, taken between
the two places, St. Jean and St. Laurent, on the Maroni river.
These were named primus, J. & K., collis, J. & K., \nelpina, J. & K.,
nei/roiila, J. & K,, maris, J. & K., faustalia, J. & K., elefjantula, J. &
K., eltriju//taiiii, J. & K., piinctarius, J. it K., majestica, J. k K.,
Incimh'lla, J. & K., and stygianus, J. & K. The most remarkable
among these were primus, uiarls, and punctarius, which collectively
represented a wholly new phase of variation in vtelpomone, with a
conspicuous yellow spot within the cell. In describing all these
new forms it was pointed out that the end kept in view was that, as
the iiielj)omene forms divide up according as to whether they have
a hindwing with either (1) a black, (2) a red base, (3), a red base
and flame-streaks, it was necessary to describe each phase of the
forewing in each category of the hindwing as soon as it was known
to occur. In many instances this repetition is known to occur, but
in some few cases up till now the links are missing. For instance,
there is no known pure black -melpomeue. Yet it seems possible that
some day it may occur, for forms occur with all the discal forewing
colouring absent, and melpomene itself has of course a black hind-
wing, but till now absence of discal forewing colouring is only
known when the base of the forewing is red, when also at the same
time the hindwing is either red at base or flame-streaked in addi-
tion. Most of the forms named above were to be figured on a plate
to appear in the " Transactions of the Entomological Society of
London." (1916, p. 412, pts. cvii, cviii.)

Mr. W. J. Kaye himself exhibited a large cabinet drawer containing
practically all the species of the Ithomiine genus, Leucutlnjris. The
genus was characteristically composed of transparent insects with
black markings, and a recurring feature was a black belt across the
cell of the forewing. Although the majority of the species were
thus coloured there was a small group that had developed a varying
amount of orange marking on the forewing. These species were
■doubtless mimics of other Ithomiines, or species of other families.

Ill

The different species were found from sea level up to 10,000 feet, at
which elevation the largest species, L. orestilla, was found. Leuco-
tftifris zelica was undoubtedly a mimic of Pierines of the genus
Disinorphia, and not a model as might at first sight be supposed.
Haensch considered that the species composing the genus could be
split up, but while there are minor structural differences, such as a
longer, or a shorter hindwing cell, the genus seemed a very natural
one. The peculiarly oblique position of vein 5 of the hindwing
usually revealed a LeucotJii/ris at a glance.

Dr. Cockayne exhibited an aberration of Pobiijonia {Grajita)
c-albnm, taken in Montgomeryshire, September 7th, 1916, by Lord
Oarioch. The two large costal spots on forewing united into a
semicircular black patch, and the hindwings are almost entirely
suffused with black.

Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited examples, males and females, of
two pairs of closely related Lycsenid species, one species of each pair
having only been differentiated in recent years, viz., Callophrys ruhi
and C. avu, from the French Riviera, and Lationna orbituliis var.
oberthilri and L. pyrenaica from the Pyrenees. He also showed the
double-brooded South European Ayriades, which Dr. Verity dis-
tinguishes from A. coridon as a new species, under the name of
arayiinensis. Its life-cycle is that of thetis, with two broods, not of
coridon, which is single-brooded. The appendages of coridon and
arayonenaiH are indistinguishable.

Mr. Leeds exhibited the following aberrations of British
Lepidoptera, taken in 1916 : —

Polyoinitiatun icarits. 1. g . Short streaks instead of black dots
on forewings. Underside. Herts, August 25tb, 1916.

2. 2 • ab. carulea of very pale blue ground. Upperside.
Hunts, June 3rd, 1916.

3. $ . Brilliant blue, with blotches of inner margin pinkish-
scarlet. Upperside. Hunts, June 3rd, 1916.

4. ? . Very dark bluish-brown ground, blotches of inner mar-
gins of hindwings reddish-brown. Upperside. Hunts, June 3rd,
1916.

5. $ . No orange markings, ground-colour bluish- brown.
Upperside. Hunts. June 9th, 1916.

C(cnunyiiip/ta pamjihiltix. 1. $ . Forewings with straw-coloured
suffusion. Upperside. Herts, June 7th, 1916.

2. J . Large, with dark fulvous ground colour. Upperside.
Herts, May 23rd, 1916.

112

Bithi/s (Thecla) qi(erciis. 1. $ . Type for comparison. Upper-
side. Devon, July 24th, 1916.

2. 2 • Dark blue instead of purple patches. Upperside. Devon,
August 2nd, 1916.

Affriades coridnn. 1. J . Considerable blackish suffusion. Upper-
side. August 26th, 1916.

2. ^ . Marginal spots of hindwings ringed with orange instead
of white. Upperside. Herts, August 12th, 1916.

3. ? . Very dark ground, several small blue spots on hind
wings. Upperside. Herts, August 26th, 1916.

4. 2 . Pale buff ground. Upperside. Herts, August 26th,
1916.

5. $ . Within inner margins nervures separated by pale wedges
on forewings and whitish-blue on hindwings, latter contrasting
sharply with a dark blue suffusion of wings. Upperside. Herts,
August 26th, 1916.

6. 2 • Central area blue on all wings, hindwings with pretty
border of white and red rings to black spots, and interior pale blue
small wedges. Upperside. Herts, August 17th, 1916.

7. 2 . Black markings of forewings elongated and very large,
also additional small black dots. Underside. Herts, August 26th,
1916.

8. 2 . Spots very large and irregularly shaped, also many extra
spots on forewings, ground colour of all wings dark. Underside.
August 26th, 1916.

9. 2 • With ab. porisiensis markings on each forewing. Under-
side. Herts, August 26th, 1916.

10. 2 • A very dark ground, and ocellated spots large. Under-
side. Herts, August 26th, 1916.

11. 2 • Hindwings with small pale streaks instead of ocellated
spots, latter quite obsolete, central spot large and pure white.
Underside. Kent, September 9th, 1916.

Epinei>hele jurtina [janira). 1. J. Central area of each hind-
wing bleached. Upperside. Devon, August 1st, 1916.

Kpiiiephele tithoniis. 1. J . On forewings two small black spots
placed slightly apart, instead of one, only one spot has white centre,,
and this is very minute. Upperside. Devon, July 27th, 1916.

2. 3" . Two extra ocellated spots on forewings, and all wings
considerably bleached. Upperside. Devon, August 1st, 1916.

3. <y . All wings with three spots. Upperside. Devon, August-
6th, 1916.

113

4. 2 • Extra spot, and straw-coloured streak on each forewing.
Upperside. Devon, August 5th, 1916,

5. (? . Complete absence of black spot from each forewing.
Underside. Herts, August 20th, 1916.

6. 2 • Two very large additional ocellated spots on each fore-
wing. Upperside. Devon, August 5th, 1916.

7. ? . Ab. iiiincki (yellow) with an extra black dot on each fore-
wing. Underside. Devon, August 3rd, 1916.

8. ? . Small black streak beneath usual spot on each forewing,
ground colour ochreous, borders pale. Underside. Devon, August
1st, 1916.

Mr. L. W. Newman, on behalf of Mr. Percy Richards, exhibited
a very fine collection of preserved larviC of Macro-lepidoptera con-
taining about half the British species. The larvaa after being blown
were hand-painted by Mr. Richards, so that they appear in their
natural colours.

On behalf of Mr. G. B. Oliver, of Wolverhampton, Mr. L. W.
Newman exhibited a fine series of varieties of Agriades thetis {ado)iis),
including a fine ab. obsuleta, two ab. aemi-obsoleta, a ver}^ fine ?
underside forewings obsoleta, and hindwings beautifully striated, and
the whole of the ground colour creamy white, a <? underside of the
snow-white ground colour, and other interesting undersides. A
leaden coloured upperside J , a 3" having the leaden colour and
normal blue colour mixed, and a fine <? with ground colour
about half way between normal and leaden.

A series of Polyommatus icarus, $ s, showing considerable varia-
tion, a fine ^ ab. obsoleta, large spotted and other forms, and

Cimonytiipha panqJiilus imderside spotless, and one with extra
spots.

On behalf of Signior Piazzo, Mr. Newman exhibited a fine
example of the decoraria (subroseata) form of Zonnsonia pendtdaria,
but having a white line behind the dark outer border between
it and the red suli'asion.

Mr. Newman's own exhibits were : —

1. A series of Celerio (jallii, bred from North Cornish parents.

2. A series of hybrid ocellatiis x populi showing considerable
variation.

3. A long series of Amorpha populi aberrations from extremely
pale to rich pink, and also some pretty mottled and some dark forms.

4. Unicolorous black specimens of Eupitliecia lariciata from
Warwickshire.

Hi

Mr. Newman also exhibited a series of a species of British
Geometer new to science, and contributed the following note : —

"I am exhibiting what is believed to be a new species of Geo-
meter, first discovered by the Rev. W. Metcalfe, in North Devon,
nine years ago, and again found by the same gentleman in East
Devon in 1914, and pronounced wrongly to be a small local form of
Lampropteri/x siifuinata. It has also been found in 1914 at Bod-
min, in Cornwall, by Mr. A. Bowen, in the same locality as L.
siifamata and Eiistronia silaceata, both of which species it resembles
in some characters. All evidence, except genitalia, so far points to
the fact that this is a new species.

" It is double-brooded, appearing in May and August, whereas L.
siiffiimata in the same locality is single-brooded, it appears freshly
out when L. suffumata is worn, and both fly in company in the same
wood. It refuses all Galium, as a food plant except Galium saxatile,
which is obviously not its natural food, as the locality is a boggy
wood and L. sufumata will freely feed on all species of Galium.

" The 1st and 2nd brood specimens are almost identical, and both
when placed beside a series of L. sufumata are very distinct. The
shape of the wmgs is entirely different, the new species having a
very rounded forewing, whereas that of L. sufumata is pointed.
The colour of the hindwings is duller and devoid of marking.

" It is hoped to work out the whole life-history in 1917, and publish
the records, which will firmly establish this interesting insect as an
addition to our British moths."

In the remarks made on this very interesting exhibit, Mr. Mera
said, " I am quite of opinion that this is not a form of L. su/fumata,
but is a distinct species which has been overlooked. Having dis-
cussed the subject with the Rev. J. W. Metcalfe of Ottery, St. Mary,
Devon (who takes the species), he very kindly procured me a few
ova during the early part of May, and as he had already tried them
on the usual food plant for L. sufumata without success, I gave my
larvae a variety of choice, including the small willow-herb [Epilo-
bimii pariifiorum /) and also K. aiuiustifolium (I believe), and a spray
of the small white bedstraw (Galium saxatile), which usually grows
on open common land. This last named plant was the only one
touched. I only succeeded in getting four larvte to commence to
feed, all of which I reared to the perfect state. They all emerged
as a second brood in the beginning of August. These again paired
and I obtained ova, but although I gave them the same food as
before I could get none of the larvae to feed. I think this failure

115

may have been due to some extent to the extremely lethargic nature
of the young larvte, which appear to keep to the spot on which they
hatch, and there perish."

Several members considered that the food-plants mentioned so
far were possibly only substitutes, and that the true food-plant had
yet to be discovered.

The Rev. A. T. Stiflf exhibited—

1. A series of aberrations of Kpinc/i/iele jurtina {janira), including
bipupillate specimens, females with yellow instead of orange round
the apical spots, very pale females, females with extra spots on the
undersides of the forewings, and a male with pale, indistinct bars
on the hindwings. This last is a particularly interesting specimen,
as the scales under the microscope show no sign of abortion or
' bleaching,' but the bars are apparently genuine pale bars such as
are usual in the female, but generally hardly apparent in the male.
All are from Folkestone or Tavistock.

2. A short series of An-tia villica, bred from Bentleet larvfe, show-
ing considerable variation.

8. A pale, semi-transparent Hi/porrita jaci)b([<r, bred from a Tavis-
tock larva ; comparing in colour with the rest of the brood as
Zijijiina i>nri)uralis does with Z. trifolii.

4. Three aberrations of Cfenonijmjiha jia)n}ihili(s. (a) A very large
femnle with black ocelli on the hindwings. Folkestone. (/;) Female
with double apical spot on the underside, (c) Male with minute,
but perfect, apical spot on underside.

Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited a very fine series of extreme forms of
Abraxas firoasidariata ab. nvjrosparnata, bred by himself from Hud-
dersfield wild larvae in 1916.

Mr. W. West (Greenwich) exhibited twelve drawers of the Euro-
pean butterflies presented to the Society by the widow of the late
Mr. F. F. Freeman.

Mr. S. G. Castle Russell exhibited —

1. ApIuuitoiJKs Iii/iierantiis. A series of varieties, including ab.
cicca, ab. arete, and var. lanceolata, together with specimens with a
number of rings on upper hindwing, varying from one to three. All
the specimens with two exceptions were from North Hants. Mostly
bred from ova.

2. A;iriailes coridnii. A male specimen showing unusually rich
colouring, Wilts ; a male specimen showing unusually pale colour-
ing with absence of black margins, Herts ; and a typical bred speci-
men for comparison, Surrey.

116

3. Satiiniia pavonia. A gynandromorph having head and antennae
male, body female, and one wing male.

4. Deiopeia piilchella. An example taken on the Surrey Downs,
June 14th, 1913.

5. Mimas tili(r. A specimen lacking the four spots on the upper
wings,

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited several series of Selenia Imuiria
originating from the Teesdale District.

A. Type forms (for comparison) bred from parent insect. Emer-
gence, June.

B. Fourth generation bred in captivity. Emergence, April to
June, 1916. A selected female of each generation was paired with
a wild male.

C. Fifth generation. Inbred from two pairing of B. Emergence,
October 4th to December 5th, 1916.

Failed in an attempt to force pupa^ in summer, but fourteen
moths emerged under natural conditions. There are 46 pupae
remaining over.

D. Dwarfed specimen bred from a full fed larva taken at Box
Hill in September. Moth emerged in the following May.

He communicated the following note : —

" Both the type and a much darker form occur in the Teesdale
district (on Yorkshire and Durham side). Some of the specimens
shown at B and C would appear to approach ab. stMunaria.

" It is usual for the pup;c of the second (summer) brood to remain
green, but those which produced the moths which emerged October
to December (C) were brown, as are those which have yet to emerge.
The moths themselves are, speaking generally, considerably darker
than the April-June specimens, instead of being lighter as those of
the second (summer) brood almost invariably are. These two
peculiarities, together with the fact that the moths commenced to
emerge only after the pupie had been subjected to frost, cause me to
consider them rather as precocious members of the usual spring
emergence.

" Specimens exhibited varied from greyish through various shades
of brown to red-brown, thickly sprinkled with red scabs."

Mr. Bowman exhibited a short series of Zunosonia {/■!/>}ii/r(i) pendu-
laria, and communicated the following notes : —

" 1. Examples, in which the pink suffusion on the forewings is
almost absent.

117

" 2. Examples, in which the space between the inner and oviter
lines on the forewings is heavily suffased with pink.

" 3. Examples, in which the white ground colour is absent, and
instead all wings are completely suffused.

" 4. Examples, in which the dots forming the inner and outer
lines on both fore- and hindwings are elongated in such a manner
as to give them the appearance of being striated forms.

" 5. Examples of var. niijro-Hiibroseata.

" The first example of this form I bred on April 27th, 1911, from
a wild larva beaten in the autumn of 1913.

" By pairing this form with the typical form I have obtained,
what I believe to be, an entirely new form of this insect. Whereas
in the var. nigro-snbroseata the space between the inner and outer
lines on the forewings is pink, in this new form it is the same
colour as the marginal bands, and therefore they may be described
as being purple all over with the exception of the white inner and
outer marginal lines.

" I am showing the only two examples I have of this form."

The Rev. J. E. Tarbat exhibited — 1, A female Aiiriailea cnridon
with no trace of orange marginal spots. 2. A male of the same
species with the right lower wing malformed, another with the
marginal spots of the hindwings coalescing, and an ab. obsolcta.
3. A Miina'i tilue aberration asymmetrically marked, the right upper
wing having the band divided into two spots, the left having only
one portion of the band, that on the costa, present, and of less size
than the corresponding portion on the right side.

Mr. Prideaux exhibited a series of aberrations of the female of
Fubjoiiniiatns icariis, and an example of the ab. schtiiidtii form (yel-
low) of Riiinicia phl/ms.

Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited a number of species of exotic
Papilionida and various species of the genus Enrania.

Mr. H. Moore, in support of his contention that the ab. roi/sto-
nensis of A;iriades coridon is a cripple and not worthy of a varietal
name, exhibited a box of specimens of various species from different
parts of the world showing a like deformity, and said probably most
of them were due to a like cause, i.e., a disease which arrested their
full development, and that a term was wanted tbat applied to all simi-
lar cases wherever found. He also su,<=;gested that 9 s showing male
coloration should be styled "gynandrous," that the possession of
"androconia" did not necessarily indicate any alteration in sex, and

118

that only those having portions of their anatomy of the S ^hape
should be called gynandromorphic.

Mr. C. P. Pickett exhibited a drawer of representative specimens
of Ani/erona prunaria showing results after interbreeding for 19
years, the last five years being devoted to colour. Those fed under
yellow surroundings are all of a decided orange-yellow, many females
approaching the males in coloration ; those fed under green, the
ground coloration being much paler, approaching more to whitish-
yellow, quite a contrast to the orange-yellow forms. Those reared
under red conditions are of a deep rich orange in the males and
deep banded chocolate in the females, the chocolate predominating,
the yellow in some cases being almost absent. Those reared under
pink are certainly lighter in colour, the chocolate markings being
broken up, and the yellow extending through to the edge of the
wedge. The ex'hibit included a long series of ab. pickettaria. This
form shows the chocolate bands very narrow and running across
nearer the centre of the wings, the borders being quite yellow in the
females and orange in the males.

Mr, Pickett also exhibited several drawers of A;iriades corUlon
aberrations taken in the Herts district in 1916.

Males. — Uppersides : — Long series varying in colour from
whitish-blue to almost cuUmu blue, containing ab. fouieri ; many
without the black borders ; several ab. mart/inata with the black
margin extending along the lower wings, giving them a striking
appearance ; one with lower wings of a lilac shade ; several ab.
siiJf'Ksa and ab. iniiior : one with left side wings typical, right side
upper wing ab. nitff'Ksa, and lower wing powdered black over the
whole area ; another with left side lower w^ing of a bleached whitish
shade, the other wnigs being normal ; one with right upper wing
rounded same as lower wing with cilia extending around ; one with
only three normal wings, the left upper wing missing entirely (was
captured flying).

Undersides: — Two perfect ab. ohsuleta; three with -extra large
spotting ; one with left side lower wing true ab. absoleta, and the
other wings typical ; one of a white ground colour with hardly any
trace of markings on border, the black dottings showing very con-
spicuously; three with very dark ground coloration approaching the
female.

Females. — Uppersides : — Long series containing ab. se>iii-.v/n-
grapha : five almost ab. si/)iiiiapha\: four with the whole of the wings
black, showing no border markings; five with the upper wings

119

intense black with no markings on border, the hindwings showing
blue spotting over the red lunules, a lovely striking form ; two with
white spotted borders, as in ab. f aider i ; several with red bordering
on all four wings ; several with white-rayed borders extending from
edge of wings to the central areas; ab. minor; four ab. incequalis
containing deep dashes of male coloration (gynandrous) ; three ab.
ri>ystonensis (gynandrous), the right side both upper and lower wings
much smaller than the left, and well powdered with blue andro-
conia.

Undersides : — One perfect ab. ohsoleta with whitish ground colour ;
another ab. ohaoUta with left wing without the usual border, the
markings rayed into the central area, the right side unfortu-
nately being crippled, otherwise it would have been a choice speci-
men; another true ab. obsoleta with the groundcolour of a beautiful
cinnainon-brown ; two with right side lower wings perfect ab. obso-
leta, other wings being typical ; two ab. striata with deep black
dashes in place of the usual spotting ; many with ground colour of
a blackish-brown ; one of a very light ground colour (passable as a
male) ; one with very dark borders, the central area being white.

Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited series of Fuhjommatns icams. from
Scotland, including the Orkney Isles (representing its most northerly
British range) and the Outer Hebrides, North and South Ireland,
North Wales, the North and South of England, the Isle of Man, and
the Scilly Isles. The series from the North of Ireland were remark-
able for the large size of the individuals comprised in them, some of
the males measuring 88mm. in expanse, and for the brilliant blue
coloration and large size and intensity of the red submarginal spots
of the females. Many of the Scotch specimens also were of large
size, especially those from Orkney and the Hebrides, but the females
were generally less brilliant except in the case of those from the last
named locality, which closely approached the Irish. The South
English series included many well-marked undersides, intensely
blue and brown females, with many intermediates, and a couple of
gynandromorphs taken respectively on Wandsworth Common, in
1860, and at Dover, in 1900.

JANUARY nth, 1917.

^Ir. West exhibited a spray of flowers which had just expanded
from the buds sent to him from South Africa. Mr. Morton said

120

the plant was a Liliaceous one, known there as the "cape lily," and
was very common.

Mr. Curwen exhibited examples of the various forms of the genus
Zyifana allied to the beautiful Z. carniolica. The series included
the named forms, Z. carniolica, Z. formoaa, Z. hilaris, Z. occitanica,
Z. lata, and Z. sedi, considered to be forms of specific value, with
ab. herolinensis and ab. lieJijsari of Z. carniolica, and ab. alhicann of
Z. occitanica.

Mr. Moore exhibited specimens of the deep green Sphingid
Euchloron megara from South Africa, and a specimen of a large
Phyllodine moth, Miniocles discolor. (See Kirby's •' Hand. Lep.,"
vol. v., p. 168, pit. 142.)

Eev. F. M. B. Carr exhibited his captures of the past season in
Staffordshire and at Wye on the Severn, together with a series of
Agriades coridon forms and other captures from Koyston. There
were nice varied series of the early emergence of Leptosia sina/iis, of
Brenthis selene, Ayrotis segettuii, some very dark forms of Acronicta
leporina, examples of the intensely black form of Xylophasia wono-
glypha, a nice series of Euhjpe haatata, a row of Venusia cainbrica,
etc.

Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a cage made by him to facilitate the
breeding of burrowing beetles of the genus Geotrnpesi, and at the
same time to allow of full observation being made of the whole
process of digging the galleries, massing the pabulum, laying the
ova, feeding and growth of the larva, the act of pupation, etc., and
read a paper entitled " On Rearing Beetles of the Genus Geotmpes,"
summing up his observations so far and criticising somewhat
strongly previously published records of similar observations. (See
page 18.)

It was suggested that possibly cages on the same lines might be
suitable for observation of the life-history of some of the burrowing

JANUARY 25tli, 1917.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., Prksident, in the chair.

The meeting was devoted to the business of receiving and adopt-
ing the Report of the Council and the Treasurer's statement, and the
announcement of the results of the election of OfMcers and Council
for the ensuing year.

121

The President read his address. (See page 23.)

The following is a list of the members elected as Officers and
Council of the Society for the Session 1917-18 : —

Presulent.—B.y. J. Turner, F.E.S.

Vice-Fre!^ide7its.—'R. Adkin, F.E.S., and A. E! Gibbs, F.L.S.,
F.E.S.

Tn'as„re,:—T. W. Hall, F.E.S.

Librarian. — A. W. Dods.

Curator. — W. West (Greenwich).

Editor of Proceed ini/x. — Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.

Hon. Secretarij. — Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., F.E.S., etc.

Council.—^, "r. Ashby, F.E.S., W. J. Ashdown, K. G. Blair,
B.Sc, F.E.S., G. Brooks, F. W. Frohawk, F.E.S., M.B.O.U., D. R.
Morford, C. W. Sperring, A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., and W. West, L.D.S.
(Ashtead).

Votes of thanks were accorded to the President, Treasurer,
Officers, Council, and Auditors for their services daring the past
year.

INDEX.

PAGE
59

43

108

Abnormal growth of parsnip
Abstract of Proceedings . .
Abundance of, G. rhamni larvoB

75 ; A. thetis, 77 ; at sugar, 77

A. eoridon
Acari and host. Relation of
Additions to the Collections
Additions to the Library. .
Albinism . . . . 105

Annual Exhibition of Varieties,

109 ; of other orders, 57 ; Ad-
dress . . . . . . . . 23

Annual Meeting . . . . . . 120

Asymmetry in S. tiliai .. .. 117

Attendance at Meetnigs . . . . x

Balance Sheet . . . . xiv, xv

Birds . . . . 47, 105, 108

Broods of, S. bilunaria, Dr. Chap-

7111111, 83 ; P. ffigeria, 92, 100 ; S.

lunaria, 116 ; C. rutilus, 108 ;

A. prunaria . . . . . . 118

British Museum Collections, genus

Pararge . . . . . . . . 14

Catalogue of Species in genus

Pararge . . . . . . . . 15

Colias edusa in Britain . . . . 55

Collecting Catocalas . . . . 65

Collections of the Society xi., 58, 115
Colour influence on A. prunaria 118
Comparative weight and wing area

in birds . . . . . . . . 53

Crystals exhibited 57

Delegates . . , . . . . . xii

Description of, genus Pararge, by

H. J. Turner, 9 ; Observation

cage, by H. 31um, 19 ; the genus

Pteropus. bij S. Edwards . . 85
Destruction, of foliage, by S. viri-

dana, 61, 68 ; by L. cervus . . 82

Diptera 30, 56

Direction of Variation in, P.

legeria ' 93, 94

Discussions on, 0. dispar, 5, 45;

genus Pararge . . . . . . 17

Distribution of, Larvre of 0. dis-
par,46; PyralesandPyraustinffi,

70; genua Pteropus .. ..85

Division of labour in Coleoptera . . 20

PAGE

Donations to the Library, xi ; to
the Collections . . . . . . xi

Drawings of, Coniopteryx larvae,
43 ; Orangs, etc. . . . . 60

Dwarfs, Lepidoptera 48, 49, 51 , 57, 82
Early appearance of, hawthorn
bloom, 43, 45 ; willow catkins,
43 ; cuckoo, 45 ; blackbird song,
45 ; starling nesting . . . . 45

Ejection of fluid by larva of C.
ligniperda . . . . . . 97

Exhibition of. Special, and Dis-
cussion of, Pararge, 7 ; P.
segeria, 90 ; Zygronids.. .. 120

Exhibition, of other Orders, 57 ;

Annual 109

Exotic Coleoptera. . .. ..60

Exotic Lepidoptera 50, 55, 62,

64, 69, 110, 120
Fasciation in, ash-branch, 43;

tulip .. .. 51

Field Meetings at, Cobham and
Oxshott, 52 ; Ockhani and
Wisley, 61 ; Clandon, 71 ; Box
Hill, 78 ; Boyston, 84 ; Wester-
ham, 89 ; Oxshott . . . . 99

"Flight of Birds," by F. W.
Froliawk . . . . . . . . 53

Flight, Daylight, of Catocalas . . 67
Food of Cleora species . . . . 86

Formalin, Use of .. .. ..75

Fossil, Shark's teeth . . . . 68

Fungi, Sulphur . . 68, 72, 80, 99

Galls on P. nigra 103

" Genus Pararge," The, by Hy. J.
Turner . . . . . . . . 7

Gliding of birds . . . . . . 54

Grasshoppers on the N. Downs, by

T. A. Chopinnn 98

Gynandromorph of, P. c-album,
43; S. pavoiiia, 87, 116; A.
eoridon, 87, 117; L. quercus,
106 ; P. lycophron . . . . 109

Habits of, 0. dispar, 46; in Cato-
cala, 64 ; grasshopper species,
98 ; New, of wasp . . . . 101>

Hibernation of, P. atalanta, 55 ;
S. stellatarum, 55, 50 ; G.

123

103

10

109

20

rharani, 55; A. urticoe, 55;
V. io, 55 ; butterflies at East-
bourne, 75 ; P. aegeria
History of, 0. dispar in Britain,

1 ; genus Pararge
Hybrids of, Orchids, 44, 45;
ocellatusx populi .. .. 113

Lantern slides exhibited . . 47, 106
Larvee . . . . . . 34, 113

Late, season at Eastbourne, 75 ;
migration of martin . . 108,
Library

Life-history of, Geotrupes species

List, of Members, iii ; Officers and

Council, i, 1'21 ; species in

Pararge, 15; species in Catocala,

64 ; named forms of P. osgeria 90

Lizards at Salonika . . . . 67

Localities, Colombia, 50 ; N.
Staffordshire, 51, 120 ; Cobham
and Oxshott, 52 ; Ockhara and
Wisley, 61 ; Salonika, 67 ; Wye
Valley, 69. 120 ; Sierra Leone,
69 : Clandon, 71 ; Eastbourne,
75 ; New Forest, 76 ; Burnt
Wood, 77, 120; Box Hill, 78;
Koyston, 84. 107 ; Westerham,
89 ; N. Downs, 98 ; Oxshott,

99 ; Tring 107

Mammalia . . . . . . . . 50

Melanism in, Eupithecia species,

82 ; B. consonaria, 100 ; curlew 105
Membership . . . . . . x

Mendelian results, Paper by Prof.

Dateson . .
Microscopic exhibits
Migration Question, The. . 105,
Mimicry, in Papilio and Euploea,

55 ; in Epicopeia . .

Mollusea . .
New Members

New species, C. phyllis, 104 ;
Lampropteryx sp., hij L. W .
Newman and A. Alera . .
Night flight of A. plexippus
Nomenclature of, P. segeria, 95 ;

Pararge . .
Notes on " S. semirubella (car-
nella)," ly Hij. J. Turner, 44 ;
" Hybrid orchids," by II'. J.
Kdiic, 44; Rhynchota from S.
America, 58 ; genus Catocala,
by A. E. Gibbs, 62; ditto, by
j'ly. J. Turner, 63 ; " The
Season," by li. Adkhi, 75 ; ab.
roystonensis, by H. Moore, 87 ;
P. ffigeria, by A. E. Gihbs, 95,
100 ; by J. Piatt Barrett, 96 ;

PAGE I ^ PAGE

Oviposition of sawflies, by T.

A. Cliai}nuin,5i), 63; Lycamids,
by J. P. Barrett .. ..106

Obituary, F. Enock, 23 ; C. A.
Briggs, 23, 104 ; J. Piatt Bar-
rett, 24 ; H. A. Sauze . . 24

Objects of the Society . . . . ii

Observation cage for rearing bur-
rowing larvte .. ..18,43, 120

" Ocneria dispar in Britain," by

B. Adkin .. .. 1, 45

Odonata 62

Officers and Council .. i, 121

Orchids 44, 51

Orthoptera. . . . . . . . 37

Ova of, A. pluvialis . . . . 56

Oviposition of, T. tibialis, 59, 63 ;

C. sylvarum . . . . . . 63

Papers read. List of . . . . xi

Past Presidents, List of . . . . ii

"Pararge sBgeria," paper bi/ Hy.

J. Turner 90

Parasites, Orobanche minor on
Salvia in pot, 50; on S. eecropia,
58 ; on false trulfie . . . . 99

Parthenogenesis in sawfly 69, 74

Photographs, Exhibit of . . . . 47

Races of , dwarf A. coridon, 49 ;

D. paphia, 49 ; P. icarus . . 49
Rare species exhibited— P. hyos-

ciamia, 59 ; C. fnixini, 62 ; C.
lunaris, 69, 74 ; A. abdomi-
nalis, 70; T. humifusum,
72 ; P. gallica, 74, 120 ; M.
niaritimus, 77 ; L. versicatoria,
82; V. norvegica, 83; T. resu-
pinatum, 87 ; A. caroliniana,
105 ; A. plexippus, 105 ; D.
pulchella .. .. 116

" Rearing Beetles of the Genus
I Geotrapes," by Hnyh Hldin .. 18
j Recent records of, C dispar, 2 ;
I Genus Pararge . . . . 12, 13

References to, C. dispar, Authors,
i 1 ; Genus Pararge . . . . 7

Resemblance of Polygrapha and
Opsiphanes . . . . . . 109

Rhynchota.. .. .. ..58

Scarcity of P. ffigeria . . 92, 97
Seasonal Notes 43, 45, 55, 75,

76, 77, 106
Second brood, A. populi.. .. 87

Selective faculty of Catocalas . . 66
Sexual ^dimorphism, in Eury-
phene, etc. . . . . . . 50

I " Shakspere and Insects," Inj Hy.

J. Turner . . . . . . 24

I Soaring of Birds . . . . . . 54

114
105

124

Stainton Collection 74, 80, 81,

83, 84, 86, 87
Subgenera of Catocala . . . . 65

Summary of, species and forms
in Pararge . . . . 14, 15

Symbiosis of ant and Dipteron . . 109
Time of appearance of P. aegeria 92
•Unusual, size, V. io, 49 ; P. ata-
lanta, 49 ; P. cardui, 49 ; Lepi-
doptera, 51 ; L. cervus, 87 ;
Cocoon of T. viridana, 69 ;
Food-plant T. viretata.. .. 74

Variation in, H. paludia, 45 ; C.
hieroglyphica, 57 ; C. 10-punc-
tata, 57 ; P. icarus, 72, 73, 83,
111,119; P. ffigeria, 93 ; P. cris-
tana, 108 ; H. melpomone, hy
U\ J. Kaye, 110 ; Leucothyris,
110; A. "thetis, 113; E. jur-
tina, 115 ; Z. pendularia, 116;
A. prunaria, 118; A. coridon,

112,118, 119
Vegetable ivory . . . . . . 107

Varieties and Aberrations de-
scribed— Strikingof, A. cydippe
(adippe), 43 ; A. populi, 43 ; P.
brassiCcB, 48 ; A. grossulariata,
48; a stoat, 50; T. crepuscu-
laria, 51 ; R. bifasciatum, 5] ;
S. raendica, 55 ; P. megera, 63 ;
A. obliterata, 63 ; C. pamphi-
lus, 63 ; C. jubata larva, 69 ; P.
icarus, 72, 73, 74, 82, 111 ; M.
galathea, 80 ; E. cardamines,
80 ; E. tithonus, 82 ; E. oblon-
gata, 82; P. icarus, 83; A.
caia, 87 ; P. jegeria, 94 ; A.
thetis, 73, 98 ; C. argiolus, 103 ;
A. cydippe, 103 ; A. medon,
104 ; Curlew, 105 ; Ijapwing,
105; Red grouse, 108; Z. fili-
pendulas, 110 ; H. melpomone,
110; P. c-album. 111; A. cori-
don, 112, 118 ; E. tithonus, 112,
113; Z. pendularia, 113, 116;

M. tili.e 116, 117

Wasp Habit, New 109

Zoophytes exhibited .. ..56

AVES.

flavirostris, Phicthon
Bcoticus, Lagopus. .
Ploceidtc . .

abdominalis, Ancistronycha
aeneum, Melasoma

60
108
59

Agabus

I

AGE

59

bidentatus = hispidulus .

bifasciatum, Rhagiuni .

51

bipunctata, Adalia

57,

63

Bruchidas . .

..

57

Buprestidaj . .

59,

60

campestris, Cicindela

83

cervus, Lucanus . .

!57,

82',

135

Chrysomelidae

57

coarctatum, Actidium

58

CoccineUidffi

57

coryli, Cryptocephalus .

67

decempunctata, Coccinella

57

denticoUis, PtineMa

57

Elateridse

59

Endomychidaj

57

exaratum, Ptilium

58

Geotrupes

.xi.

18,

120

Harpalus . .

59

hieroglyphica, Coccinella

57

hispidulus, Pogonochicrus

57

humator, Necrophorus .

68

italica, Luciola

68

Lucanidffi

57,

59

lunaris, Copris

. xi

69,

74

Minotaurus

21

mutator, Geotrupes

.19

20,

21

noctiluca, Lampyris

87

obliterata, Adalia..

63

Otiorrhynchus

69

phyllodes, Mormolyce

60

Phyllobius . .

59

Polydrusus..

59

populi, ;Mycetophagus

xi

porcus, Aphodius . .

18

Pterostichus

59

pygmffius, Microrrhagus .

57

pyremeus, Geotrupes

20

Khantus

59

rusci, Orchestes . .

75

Sagra

..

60

Scarabaddffi

57,

59

spiniger, Geotrupes 18

'l9

20.

21

43,

74

stercorarius, Geotrupes

18

19,

20,

21

suturalis, Pteryx . .

57

sylvatiea, Cicindela

.

62

sylvaticus, Geotrupes

19,

20

tardus, Pelobius . .

86

Trichopterygidffi . .

57

typhcius, Geotrupes

.19

20,

21

umbellatarum, Molorchus

57

vernalis, Geotrupes

20

vesicatoria, Lytta..

82

Cryptogaimia

caroliniana, AzoUa

115

125

paoe

Cladonia

. . 86

equisetum, Limosum

.. 62

Marsilaceaa. .

. . 115

Kamalina

. . 86

rutamuraiia, Asplenium . .

.. 62

Scolopendrium

.. 56

Sphagnum . .

.. 109

vulgaris, Hippuris

.. 56

vulgatura, Ophioglossum

.. 62

DiPTERA.

flaveolata, Ctenophora ..

.. 68

byoscyamia, Pegomyia . .

.. 59

niutabilis, Microdon

. . 109

pluvialis, Antbomyia

.. 56

rosfe, Psila

.. 59

tachinoides, Glossina

. . 56

Tipulidie

.. 68

FCXGI.

aurantiacus, Ceriomyces . .

.. SO

crispa, Sparassis . .

.. 99

emetica, Russula . .

. . 99

gelatin osum, Tremellodon

.. 99

granulatus, Elaphomyces

.. 99

lubrica, Leotia

.. 99

opiiioglossoides, Cordyceps

.. 99

Polypoius

.. xii

Peziza

.. 83

suiptiureus, Polyporus . . £

8, 80

tbesii, Puccinia

.. 72

Hymenoptera.

aceris, Phyllotoma

.. 74

aterrima, Phymatocera . .

.. 74

Cimbex

.. 63

gallica, Polistes . .

.. 74

maritimus, Miscophus . .

.. 77

novegica, Vespa . .

.. 83

sylvaium, Cimbex

33, 69

tibialis, Trichiosoma . . c

)9, 63

Trichiosoma

.. 63

vagans. Phyllotoma

.. 74

vetulata = tibialis ..

.. 59

Lepidopteea.

abbreviata, Eupithecia . .

.. 62

abeona, Lasiommata

.. 11

abietaria, Boarmia

.. 79

abruptalis, Syngamia

•• 70

aceris, Acronicta . .

.. 76

achanta, Lasiommata

.. 11

achine (dejanira), Pararge, C

re-

beta 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14,

16, 17

achinoides (achine ah.), Parai

ge 16

Actinote

.. 50

adippe = cydippe .. ..43,52,

103

adonis = tbetis

adrasta (mtera ob.), Pararge 11.

12,14,

16

adrastoides (ma;ra ab.), Pararge

14, 15,

16

adultera, Catocala

64

BBgeria, Pararge xi, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,

12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 89, 90,

91, 92,93,94, 95,96,97, 100,

102

ic-gon, Plebeius .. .. 52,

107

sethiops, Erebia . .

10

ffithiops (monoglypha ab.), Xylo-

phasia

51

Agriades

111

aholah = similis, Catocala

alba (aegeria ub.), Pararge

95

alberti (megera ab.), Pararge . .

16

albicans (occitanica ub.), Zygosna 120

albipunctata, Eupithecia

82

albulalis, Nola

56

alcella, Cbrosis

79

alchimiella (swederella), Graci-

laria

86

Alucitidse

79

amalthea, Anartia

50

amata (ria), Timandra . .

71

Amecera .. .. .. 12,

15

andromacha = portlandia

andromache, Hymenitis..

50

angulata (thetis ab.), Agriades . .

73

angustalis, Cledeobia

79

angustiorana, Batodes

79

antiopa, Euvanessa

49

antiqua, Orgyia . . . . 47,

56

Aphantopus

9

Apbysoneura

14

aprilina, Agriopis.. .. 51,

108

apollo, Parnassius . . 8,17,51,

80

aquata, Leucothyris

5a

aragonensis, Agriades

111

areadius, Euryphene

50

arete (hyperantus), Aphantopus

115

Arge

10

argiolus, Celastrina 52, 55, 75,

76, 103,

106

Argus 7,

8

argus = ffigon

52

arion, Lycsena .. .. 49,

52

astrarche = medon

atalanta, Pyrameis . . 49,

55

atbalia, Melitffia .. ..48,49,

52

atomaria, Ematurga

62

augur, Noctua

77

aurimaculella, Bucculatrix

74

aurinia, Melitaea

52

aurivittella (brockeella i'(n'.),Argy-
resthia . .

126

PAGE

avellaiiella, Semioscopus

53

avei-sata, Pylarge, Acidalia

79

avis, Callophrys . .

111

baldiva, Pararge . .

12",

17

balteata. Sylepta . .

70

banksia, Lasiommata

11

basilinea, Apamea

78

batis, Tbyatira

78

baton, Scolitantides

52

bellargus = tbetis . .

berolinensis (carniolica

var.),

Zygfena

120

bicoloiata, Mesoleuea

79

bicuspis, Dieranura

100

bilineata, Camptogramma

71',

79

bilunaria, Selenia

83

bipunctaria, Ortholitha .

79

bipupillata (legeria ab.),

Pararge

15, 92,

93

biundularia = crepusculaiia 51,

02,

71

blomeri, Asthena . .

69

Bombyces . .

79

bootes, Papilio

55

bradyporina (leporina ab.

, Acro-

nicta

51

brassiese, Pieris . . 48,

ss, ei'.

71

brassicas. Mainestia

76,

78

broekeella, Argyresthia .

69

brurinea, Noctua . .

78

car:alia, Euiypbene

50

Cffica (hyperantus ab.),

Aphan-

topus

115

cserulea = ceronus (thetis

ab'.),

Agriades..

73

csBiulea (iearusab.), Polyommatus

111

caja, Arctia

71,

87

c-album, Polygonia

43,

]11

calthella, Miciopteryx .

62

calycotomella, Coleophora

81

cambrica, Venusia

78,

120

camaMia (aegeria ixic), Pararge 91,

94

cancellatus, Sameodes . .

70

candidata, Asthena

71

canthus, Pararge ?

12

cara, Catocala

64

cardaniines, Euchloe 48,

51, 61,

71,

80

cardui, Pyrameis . .

41),

105

carnella = seinirubella

carniolica, Zygivna

126

carpini = pavonia . .

cashniirensis (eversmnnni

(•((/•.I,

Amecera, Pararge

13,

15

casbmirensis (tegeria ?

var.)

Pararge

92,

95

castigati, Eupithecia

82

Catabapta

66

PAGE

14, 16

catena, Pararge, Crebeta 13.

catharticella, Nepticula . .

Catocala .. . .xi, 63, 64, 05,

Ca local i lue. .

caucasica = roxandra

caucasica (climene var.), Pararge

cecropia, ISamia . . . . 49,

centaureata = oblongata ..

chamsedryella, Coleophora

cbaritonia, Heliconius

chelidonia, Catocala

chenopodii = trifolii

chi, Polia . .

Chionobas . .

Chlorostola

Chonala

chrysanthemi (filipenduht- ab.),

Zygiena

chrysonuchellus, Crambus
ehrysorrhcea, Porthesia . .
cinna, Megalura . .
cinxia, Melit;ea
cirsiana, Ephippiphora . .
citraria = ochrearia
citrata (immanata), Dysstroma..
clearchus, Papilio..
cleriiiion, Lasiommata ..
clymene, Pararge, Amecera 11,
12, 13,
clysonymus, Heliconius . .
clytiis, Dira . . . . 9,

c-nigrum, Noctua . .
Coleophora .. .. 80, 86

coUis (nielpomoneab.), Heliconius 110

84
68
62
15
15
58

81
50
64

51

10

104

14

110
79
76
50
52

64,

77

85

79

06

.. 64

62, 71 100

.. 100

89, 100

05, 67

comma, Leucania..

comma, Urbicola . .

coniptana, Phoxopteryx

concumbens, Catocala

conjuncta, Catocala

consonaria, Tephrosia

consortaria, Tephrosia

contaminana, Teras

conversa, Catocala

conwayana, Argyrotoxa .. .. 79

cordace, Lasiommata (?) . . . . 11

coresia, Megalura.. .. ..50

coridon, Agriades 48, 49, 84, 85,
. 87, 88, ^9, 107, 111, 112, 115,

117, 118, 119, 120
coridon, Chlorostola .. .. 104

cornuta, Coleophora . . . . 81

corylata, Cidaria . . . . . . 78

costella, Cerostoma . . . . 89

Cramhi 79

Crebeta 9, 14

crepuscularia (biundularia), Te-
phrosia . . . . ..51, 62, 71

cribrata, Entephria . . . . 09

127

Coremia

63,
10, 11, 12,

cristana, Peronea . . . . . . 108

crocealis, Ebulea . . . . . . 79

cyanea, Polygrapha . . . . 109

cjdippe (aclippe), Argynnis 43, 52, 103
daphne, Brenthis . . .. ..52

dasarada, Papilio . . . . . . 55

debiliata, Chloroclystis . . . . 78

decoraria (subroseata),(pendularia
ah.), Zonosoma.. .. .. 113

detoliaria, Hibeinia . . . . 61

deidamia, Lopinga, Pararge 12,

13, 14, 16
dejanira = achine ..
Delfcoides . .
deplana, fiithosia. .
derasa, Thyatira . .
derogata, Sylepta . .
desdemona, Ephesia
designata (propugnata
didyma, Melittea . .
dilecta, Catocala . .
Dira .. ..9,

discolor, Miniodes

disjuncta, Catocala

Dismorphia

dispar, Chrysophanus .. 1,5,

dispar, Ocneiia, Lymantria xi, 1,

2, a, 4, 5, 45, 46
diversa, Catocala . . . . 64, 65

dominula, Callimorpha . .
dorilis, Loweia

dumetorum, Lopinga, Pararge 13,
14,
duplaris, Cymatophora . . 77,
edusa, Colias ..51,55,

egerides (oegeria var.), Pararge 15,
91, 94, 95, 97, 100,
egestas (a?geria var.), Pararge 91,
electa, Catocala . .
elegantula (melpomoneab.), Heli-

conius . .
elocata, Catocala . . . . 63,

eltringhami (meiporaone ab.),
HelicoHius

Enodia 9, 11,

epaminondas, Kirmia, Pararge
13, 14, 15,
Ephesia
Epicopela . .

epimenides, Kirmia, Pararge 12,

13, 14, 15,

Epinephele .. .. 11,

episcopalis, Cbonala, Pararge 13,

14,

Erebia 9,

erebina (deidamia ab.), Lopinga,
Pararge . . . . . . 14,

eresimuB, Danaus..

79

79

78

70

62

62

52

64

15

120

65

111

108

100
52

16

78
76

102
95
64

110
64

no

12

16
65
55

16
13

PAGE

ericetella, Gelecbia . . . . 62

Euparthenos . . . . . . 66

euphemus, Lycasna . . . . 52

euphorbiella, Nepticula . . . . S4

euphrosyne, Brenthis 52, 61, 69, 71

Eupithecia 82

Eurania . . . . . . . . 117

Euryphene.. .. .. ..50

eutycbea, Catocala . . . . 65

eversmanni, Amecera, Pararge

11, 12, 13, 15, (92, 95)
exclamationis, Agrotis . . . . 77

exignata, Eupithecia . . . . 62

eximia (achine (ih.), Pararge . . 16
fascialis, Zinckenia . . . . 69

fasciuncula, Miana . . . . 78

faustalia (melponione ab.), Heli-
conius . . . . . . . . 110

fentoni = epaminondas .. .. 15

ferentina, Peridroraia . . . . 50

festaliella, Chrysocorys . . . . 75

festiva, Noetua , . . . . . 77

filipeudulffi, Zygfena ..71,79, 110
finmarcbica (hiera var.), Pararge 16
fioridalis, Syngamia . . . . 69

fluctuata, Xanthorhoe . . 62, 76, 86
fluctuosa, Cymatophora . . . . 69

fontis, Bomolocha . . . . 78

formosa, Zy^asna . . . . . . 120

forsterana, Tortrix . . . . 79

fortunata (fegeria var.), Pararge 91
fowleri (eoridon ab.), Agriades

107, 118, 119
fraxini, Catocala . . 62, 64, 65, 66
fulminea = paranympha ..
fulvescens (dumetorum ah.), Par-
arge 16

fumata, Pylarge . . . . . . 78

furcata (sordidata), Hydriomena 79
galactodactyla, Porrittia. . .. 71

galathea, Melanargia 8, 10, 17,

52, 80
gallii, Celerio . . . . . . 113

gamma, Plusia . . . . . . 106

gemina, Apamea . . . . . . 77

gemmaria, Boarmia . . . . 7i)

Gemmati . . . . . . . . 9

geniculeus, Crambus . . . . 79

genistas, Mamestra . . . . 62

Geometry . . . . . . . . 79

geryon, Adscita . . . . . . 51

giraudi, Coleophora . . . . 81

glabraria = jubata

gonodactyla, Platyptilia . . . . 87

gothica, Tatniocampa . . 51

grossulariata, Abraxas . , 48, 115
halterata (hexapterata), Lobo-
phora . . . . . . . . 62

128

.. 16

.. 65

12, 115

71

hastata, Euljpe .. 51,69,78,120
bedysari (carniolica ah.}, Zygana 120
heJice (edusa rt6.), Colias .. 51

nerbida = prasina ..
hexapterata = halterata ."."
hiera, Pararge 7, 11, 12, 13, 14. 16
hilans, Zygi^na . . . , i^q

Hipparcbia . . 8, 9, 10, ll", 12

nobartia, Lasiommata 1 1

byale, Colias .. .' ' "' «:;

bygUea, Pararge . .
bjmena;na, Catocala
hyperantus, Aphantopus 8
bypericana, Catoptria . .
icarus, Polyommatus 48, 49, 52'
71, 72, 73, 76, 82, 89, 106, 111,'

• , „ / 1^^' 117, 119

ictereila (semirubella ah.), Sale-

. ^™ •• •• .. .. 44

immanata = citrata

impluviata, Hydriomena ' " 51

ineequalis (coridon ah.}, Agriades

indica, Glyphica '70

indicata, Nacoleia . .' "70

infuscata (monoglyphaa?).'), Xylo-

phasia ;

inspersalis, Bocchoris .' .' ['

intermedia (tegeria ah.}, Pararge

10, Vanessa 7, 8, 49, 52, 55, 61
lolas, Lycffina . . . . '

iphiclides, Papilio..
iris, Ajmtura . . . * V

italica (segeria var.}, Pararge 92'
jacobaefe, Hipocrita ..61, 71

janira = jurtina

japygia, Melanargia ." .' ' " 17

jatropbe, Anartia.. .. " 50

joiceyi, Oraitboptera .. ! * 100

jubata (glabraria), Cleora, 69, 76
86 ; juno, ColaTiis, 50 : Epine-

phele J,

jurtina (janira), Epinepbele, 12*

^. . 48, 52, 71, 79, 85, 1121 115

Ja'ta, Zygajna

lancealis, Perinepbele '.

lanceolata (byperantus

Apbantopus
lantanella, Lithocolletis .'
lariciata, Eupitbecia
laripennella, Coleopbora!
Lasiommata . . 10, H 12 14

lathonia, Issoria .. .'. ' ."' 52

latbonieila, Lasiommata (?) * 11
ecbeana, Ptycboloma .. 56* 71
leporina, Acronicta ..51, 78']20

PAGE

14, 15

.. 82
110, 111

62.

51
70

91
89
52
17
8
95
115

ah.},

15
120

69

115

82, 118

Letbe

leucograpbella, Litbocolletis

leueopbaearia, Hibernia

Leucotbyris

iicbenaria, Cieora

iigniperda, Cossus

Limenitis . .

lilibargyria, Leueania ".'

iiturata, Semiotbisa

Lopinga . .

JucmdeJla (melpomone ah'.), Heli

conius
lucipara, Euplexia ..

lunaria, Selenia . .
lupina, Catocala . ." .' '

iupulinus, Hepialus
luteolata, Opistbograptis. . 6'^'

j Lycainidae _' 7'

lyeopbron, Papilio '. '

lylius (pampbilus ah.), Camo-

nympba . .
lyssa = biera

iyssa (megera var.}, Pararge 12'
maackii, Pararge .. .. 12'

macbaon, Papilio. . .' "'

macularia, Venilla '. '. 62,

madarakal, Lasiommata. .12, 14*
msera, Pararge 7, 8, 9, 10,' 11,' 12'
13, 14, 15', lo',
mffiroides = menava
mferoides, Pararge
morula, Lasiommata, Pararge
. ^ 12, 13, 15,

maja, Pararge
majestica (melpomone uh.}, HelV-

conius . . . . _ 210

major (asgon ab.), Plebeius .'.' 107
majuscula, Lasiommata, Pararge

, TT 13' 1-5, 16

malvff, Hesperia .. ..52,61 71

Maniola .. .. 8 9' 10

margaritaria, Metroeampa ' 78 79
marginalis, Pararge . . . ' 17

marginata, Leodonta . . " 50

marginata (coridon «6.), Agriades 118
margniata (pampbilus ah.}, Cceno

nympha

maris (melpomone ah.'}', HelY

conius
Marmorato!
marmorinaria (leucoph£earia ah'.)',

Hibernia
mason i, Cbonala . .
mediolugens (megera ah.}', Pararge
medon (astrarche), Aricia 52, 104,
megacepbala, Acronicta, Cuspidia
78,
megffirffi, Pararge

97
83
78
71
14

110
78

116
64
76
71

106

109

63
11
16
16
17
71
16

17.
15
16

16
16

63

110

9

14

16

107

109
16

129

megjerina (megera t'(ir.), Pararge 16
megsera, Euchloron .. .. 120

megera, Pararge 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,

12,13,14,16,17,52,63,85,94, 97
Melanargia . . . . 10, 17

melanocephala (leporina ah.), Ac-

ronieta . . . . . . . . 78

melpina (melpomone ab.), Heli-

conius . . . . . . . . 110

melite, Dismorphia . . . . 50

melpomone, Heliconius . . . . 110

menapis, Mechanitis . . . . 50

menava, Pararge, Lasionimata

12, 13, 15

mendelensis (achine vnr.), Par

arge

mendica, Spilosoma . . 55
menetriesii = deidameia ..
meone (a?geria var.), Pararge 9

11, 12, 14, 15, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95,
merope, Lasiommata
merope (aurinia var.), Melitsea . .
merularia (leucophsearia tar.)

Hibernia..
meticulosa, Phlogophora. .
midamuE, Euplwa
mincki (tithonus a6.),Epinephele 113
minimus, Cupido . . .. 52, 107

minor (segon a6.), Plebeius
minor (coridon «^.), Agriades 118
minor (thetis ab.), Agriades
mnemosyne, Parnassius . . 17
monacha, Psilura..
moneta, Colcenis . .
monoglypha (polyodon), Xylo-

phasia .. .. 51,77, 78, 120

16

nigrosparsata (grossulariata ab.),

Abraxas . . . . . . . . 115

nigro-subroseata (pendularia ab.),

Zonosoma .. .. ..117

Ninguta . . . . . . . . 15

Noetuidffi 62, 66

notata, Semiothisa . . . . 78

nubilis, Eupartbenos, Catocala . . 62

I nupta, Catocala 62, 64, 65, 66, 67

nympbaea, Catocala . . 64, 65

nympbagoga, Catocala . . . . 65

Nympballs . . .. .. 8, 9

obeliscata, Thera. . .. ..71

obertbiiri (orbitulus var.), Latio-

rina Ill

oblongata (centaureata), Eupi-

thecia 82

obsoleta (coridon ab.), Agriades

117, 118, 119
obsoleta (iearusa^.),Polyommatus

73, 113
.. 104

monotonia (majra ab.), Pararge 14,
m on tana, Pararge
montana (apollo var.), Parnassius
montrollii, Lasiommata (?)
Mormonia . .
morvub, Ana;a
muralis, Bryophila
musculella, Coleophora . .
mylitta, Dynamine
napi, Pieris 48, 49, 51, 61, 71,
76, 82,
nasb reddini , Pararge,Lasiommata
15,
nebulosa, Aplecta.

negroides (melpomone ab.), Heli-
conius .. .. .. .. 110

nemesis, Dismorpbia . . . . 50

nemoralis, Agrotera . . . . 79

neonympba, Catocala . . 64, 65

Nepticula . . . . . . . . 54

nigra (thetis ab.), Agriades . . 98

nigricella, Coleophora .. 75, 83

I obsoleta (medon ab.), Aricia

obsoleta (thetis ab.), Agriadei
73
j occitanica, Zygjena

ocellatus, Smerinthus
I ochrearia (citraria), Aspilates

octomaculata, Ennychia. .

oleracea, Mamestra

00, Dicycla

Opsiphanes

optata, Catocala . .

orbitulus, Latiorina

Oreades

orestilla, Leucothyris

orientalis, Pararge

ornata, Craspedia . .

Ornithoptera

osseana (pratana), Aphelia

otitffi, Coleophora . .

Oxeoschistus

pacta, Catocala . .

pffion, Papilio

palasogania, Catocala

paleides, Morpho . .

pales, Brenthis

pallens, Leucania. .

pallida (ffigeria ab.), Pararge

paludis, Hydrcecia

pamphilus, Coenonympha 52,

71, 79, 89, 111, 113, 115

paphia, Dryas . . . . 49, 87

Papilio 7, 17

Papilionid8B . . . . . . 117

paramegaera(megeraab.), Pararge

12, 14, 16

paranympha (fulminea), Catocala

64, 65

113

120

113
47
69
77, 103
51

109
64

111
9

111
16
71

100
79
82
50
64
60
62
50
52
78
91
45

130

.. 50
1U3, 117
.. 89
.. 100
.. 71

Paraige xi, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,

15, 17, 105

Parnassius . . . . . . . . 17

pascuellus, Crambus . . . . 79

pavonia (carpini), Saturnia 56,

87, 116

pectinitaria = viridaria ..

peleides, Morpho . .

pendularia, Zonosoma 113

penkleriana, Grapholitha

Peronea

petiverella, Dichrorampha

petraria, Panagra, Lozogramma

62, 71

phaeoptivalis, Pachyzancla . . 70

phaston, Papilio .. .. ..50

phanias (lycophron ab.), Papilio 109

philerope, Lasiommata . . . . 11

phillyrella, Zelleria . . . . 84

philoxenus, Papilio . . . . 55

phlaeas, Rumicia 117

phcebe, Melitaea 52

phranza, Euryphene

phyllis, Chlorostola

pickettaria (prunaria al.), Ange-
rona

pictaria, Aleucis . .

pigmentaria, Aphysoneura

pinastri = scabriuscula ..

pinguinella (turpella), Gelechia

piniaria, Bupalus..

pinivorana, Rhyacionia . .

pisi, Mamestra

pitheas, Catagramma

plautilla, Euryphene

plecta, Noctua

plexippus, Anosia. .

plumbana, Dichrorampha

polonicella, Coleophora . .

polydora Epicopeia

Polygrapha

polyodon = nionoglypha ..

polytes, Papilio 17

populata, Lygris . . . . . . 78

populi, Amorpha .. ..43,87,113

porphyrea = strigula

portlandia (andromacha), Lasi-
ommata . . . . . . . . 9

potatoria, Cosmotriche . . . . 106

prseusta, Chonala, Pararge 13, 14, 15

prasina (herbida), Aplecta 77, 78

pratana = osseana . .

primis (melpomone ab.), Helico-
nius

proboscidalis, Hypena

procellata, Melanthia

promissa, Catocala

pronuba, Triphaena

71,
63, 64,

110
79
79
65

78

PAGE

pronubana, Tortrix . . . . 76

propugnata = designata . .

prunaria. Angerona .. .. 118

pruni, Strymon . . . . . . xi

psi, Acronicta . . . . . . 77

pterodactyla, Stenoptilia. . .. 79

puerpera, Catocala . . 64, 65
pulehella, Deiopeia .. ..116

punctarius (melpomone), Helico-

nius .. .. .. .. 110

punctularia, Tephrosia . . 51, 62
purpuralis, Zygffina .. ..115

pusaria, Cabera .. ..02,71, 79

Pyrales 79

Pyraustinse . . . . 69, 70

pyrenaica, Latiorina .. .. Ill

Pyrrhopyge 50

quercus, Bithys . . . . . . 112

quercus, Lasiommata . . . . 106

radiatella, Cerostoma . . . . 89

ramella, Grapholitha . . . . 89

rapas, Pieris .. 48, 51, 61, 76,

71, 79

ratzburghiana, Psedisca . . . . 62

renago (oo ab.), Dicycla . . . . 51

repandata, Boarmia . . . . 78

rhamni, Gonepteryx 55, 56, 61,

71, 75, 89

rhetenor, Papilio . . . . . . 55

Rhopalocera . . . . . . 79

rossica (dominula ab.), Calli-

morpha . . . . . . . . 100

roxandra (clyraene var.), Pararge,

Amecera.. .. .. 11, 15

roxelana, Pararge, Dira 9, 10,

11, 12, 13, 15
roysfconensis (thetis var.), Agri-

ades 84, 87, 88, 89, 107, 117, 119

rubi, Callophrys .. .. .. Ill

rumicis, Pharetra. . .. 77, 78

ruralis, Botys . . . . . . 79

rurea, Xylophasia . . . . 77

ru3sula = sannio ..

rutilus, Chrysophanus . . . . 108

salicis (rumicis ab.), Pharetra 77, 78

salinella, Coleophora . . 86, 87

sarabucaria, Ourapteryx.. .. 79

sangaris, Cymothoe . . . . 50

sanguinella (semirubella ab.),

Salebria . . . . . . . . 44

sannio (russula), Diacrisia .. 78

satricus, Lasiommata .. .. 11

SatyridsB 10, 13

Satyrus 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 93

scabriuscula (pinastri), Dipterygia 76
schakra, Lasiommata, Pararge

11, 12, 13, 15, 16

schmidtii (phlaeas ab.), Rumicia 117

131

schrenckii, Ningula, Paiarge 12,

13, 14, 15, 16
sedi, Zygaena . . . . . . 120

segetum, Agrotis . . . . 77, 120

selene, Brenthis . . 69, 76, 78, 120
semele, Hipparchia 10, 11, 12, 52
semi-obsoleta (thetis ab.), Agri-

ades .. .. .. .. 113

semirubella (carnella), Salebria. . 44
semisyngiapha (coridon ab), Ag-

riades . . . . 84, 87, 89, 118

sibilla, Limenitifi . . 52, 77

sicula (msera var.), Lasiommata,

Pararge . . . . . . 14, 16

sidoa (aegeria var.), Pavarge 91, 95
silaceata, Eustroma . . 62, 114
similis (abolah), Catocala .. 64
sinapis, Leptosia . . . . 69, 120

singa, Lasiommata . . . . 11

sinuata, Glyphodes . . . . 70

sopbus, Euryphene . . . . 50

sordidata = furcata .. ..79

splendidana, Cydia (Carpocapsa) 79
sponsa, Catocala .. ..63,64, 65

stellatarum, Sesia, Macroglossa

55, 56, 75, 76
striata (coridon a?J.), Agriades .. 119
stricteilus, Epiblemia . . . . 86

strigilaria, Leptomeris . . . . 78

stvigilis, iliana . . . . . . 77

strigula (porphyrea), Agrotis .. 77
stygianus (melpomone ab.), Heli-

conius .. .. .. .. 110

subalpina (dorilis var.), Loweia. . 52
suberis, Kepticula. . .. ..84

suberivora, Nepticula . . . . 84

sublunaria (lunaria ab.), Selenia 116
subroseata = decoraria
suffumata, Lampropteryx . . 114

suffusa (coridon ab.), Agriades .. 118
suwarovius (iapygia var.), Melan-

argia . . . . . . . . 17

swederella = alchimiella ..

sylvanus, Augiades . . . . 71

sylvata (uimata), Abraxas ... 69

synclimene (clymene ab.), Pararge 15
syngrapha (coridon ab.), Agi'iades 118
Syntoraidse .. .. .. 104

taedelia, Coccyx 71

tages, Nisoniades . . . . 52, 61

tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha . . 79
Tatinga . . . . . . . . 14

telearchus, Papilio . . . . 55

tenebrata, Heliaca . . . . 62

tenebrosa, Rusina . . . . 77

testata, Lygris . . . . . . 89

testulalis, Maruca. . .. .. 70

PAGE

thalassina, Mamestra . . 48, 77

thestylis, Papilio 88

thetis (bellargus, adonis), Agriades

52, 73, 77, 84, 87, 88, 98, 107,

111, 113, 117, 119
thibetana, Tatinga, Pararge 13,

14, 15
tbyrsides (pamphilus ab.), Coeno-

nympha . . . . . . . . 63

tigelius (megera var.), Pararge

11, 12, 14, 16

tigris, Cosmosoma . . . . 50

tiliffi, Smerinthus . . .. 116,117

tincta, Aplecta . . . . 77, 78

tircis = aegeria "12, 14, 15, 90, 95, 96
tithonus, Epinephele 11, 12, 82,

112, 113

tithraustus, Colcenis . . . . 50

Tortrices 79

transcaspica (megera var.),

Pararge 16

trapezalis, Marasmia . . . . 69

trifolii (cbenopodiij, Mamestra .. 77

trifolii, Zygffina . . . . 110, 115

trigeminata, Ptychopoda. . .. 79

triops (msera (lb.), Pai-arge .. 16

turpella = pinguinella

uimata = sylvata ..

undulata, Eucopmia . . . . 78

unguicella, Phoxopteryx. . .. 62

unicolor (eversmannia?j.), Pararge 16

unidentaria, Coremia . . . . 62

Uraniidae . . . . . . . . 55

urticffi, Aglais 48, 52, 55, 75, 76

valaisica (apollo rar.),Parnassius 80

variata, Tbera 62

varleyata (grossulariata ab.),

Ab'-axas . . . . . . . . 48

venelalis, Marasmia . . . . 69

venustula, Erastria . . . . 96

Vicicoles . . . . . . . . 11

villica, Arctia .. .. .. 115

vinula, Dicranura.. .. .. 76

viretata, Tricopteryx . . . . 74

viridana, Tortrix . . . .61, 68, 69

viridaria (pectinitaria), AmcelDe. . 78

vulgaris (aegeria var.), Pararge .. 91

vulgata, Eupitbecia . . 02, 78
w-album, Cbattendenia .. ..69

xiphia, Pararge 9, 11, 12, 13, 14,

15, 16, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97
xiphioides (aegeria var.), Pararge

13, 14, 15, 91, 94 95

xylosteana, Tortrix . . . . 79

zachaeus, Lasiommata . . . . 11

zelica, Leucoihyris .. .. Ill

Zygaena . . ' 120

132

Mamjialia.

conspicillatus, Pteropus . .

.. 85

Pteropus

.. 85

MOLLDSCA.

anatina, Anodonta

.. 59

auricularia, Limnaea

.. 59

contecta, Vivipara

.. 59

corneum, Sphaerium

.. 59

cygnffia, Anodonta

.. 59

hypnorum, Physa

.. 74

pictorum, Unio

.. 69

pomatia Helix

.. 72

livicola, Spbseiium

.. 59

stagnalis, Limnaea

.. 59

tumidus, Unio

..'59

vivipara, Vivipara

.. 59

MyCETOZOA.

compactum, Physarum ..

.. 97

effusum, Didymium

.. 56

Myriapoda.

obscura, Seolopendra

.. 67

Scolopendra

.. 67

Neukopteea.

alba, Cbrysopa . .

.. 72

aleurodiformis, Semidalis

.. 43

communis, Panorpa

.. 72

concinnus, Henierobius . .

72, 86

flavitions, Cbrysopa

.. 72

Hemerobius

.. 72

germanica, Panorpa

72, 74

Micromus ..

.. 72

paganus, Micromerus

.. 72

quadrifasciatus, Hemerobius

.. 72

stigma, Hemerobius

.. 79

tineiformis, Coniopteryx. .

.. 43

Okonata.

depressa, Libellula

62, 72

puella, Agrion

.. 62

Okthoptera.

americana, Blatta

.. 60

bicolor, Stauroderus

-^79, -98

bipunctatus, Tetrix

.. -79

globator, Dolosa . .

. . xiii

grayi, Heteropterus

.. 60

iineatus, Stenobotbrus . .

.. 98

maculatus, Gomphocerus

79, 98

Mantidoe

.. GO

Pancblora

..•■ 68

parallelus, Cborthippus . .

79, 98

Pbasmidse . .
rufus, Gomphocerus
sarmentosa, Pbryganistr
violescens, Diura . .
viridulus, Omocestus

Phanerogajiia

alaternus, Khamnus

amabele, Odontoglossum

Anchusa

anglica. Genista . .

angustilolia, Pbillyrea .

angustifolium, Epilobium

aquatica, Scropbularia .

apifera, Opbrys

arenarius. Astragalus

Aristolocbia

arvensis, Rosa

Aspidistra . .

Attelea

beccabunga, Veronica

belladonna, Atropa

bifolia, Habenaria

blattaria, Verbascum

canina, Rosa

catharticum, Linum

centaurium, Erythrsea ..

chamiEdrys, Teucrium . ,

chamtedrys, Veronica

cirrhosum, Odontoglossum

columbinum. Geranium .

comosa, Hippocrepis

conopsea, Habenaria

conyza, Inula

corniculatus, Lotus

crispum, Odontpglossum

cucubalus, Silene..

Cuscuta

cynanchica, Asperula

dendroides, Euphoi'bia .

diurna, Lychnis . . ,

Dorycnium

epitbymum, Cuscuta

parviflorum, Epilobium .

europffia, Cuscuta

fairieanum, Cypripedium

filipendula, Spirea

frangula, Rhamnus

fullonum, Dipsacus

gale, Myrica

Galium

glomerata. Campanula

harryano crispum, Odontoglossu

harryanum, Odontoglossum

Hippocrepis

hirsutun:, Hypericum

holostea, Stellaria

138

humifusum, Thesiuin .
Hyoscyamus

hypopithys, Monotropa .
Inaga

jasper, Odontoglossum .
ladanum, Galeopsis
latifolia, Epipactis
nmcrocaipa, Phytelephas
macrorrbizus, Orobus
maculata, Orchis . .
maculatum, Arum
maritimum, Chenopodium
minor, Orobanche
moschata, Malva . .
miiscifera, Ophrys
neglecta, Utricularia
nidus-avis, Neottia
nigra, Populus
nigrum, Verbascum
nutans, Carduus . .
nutans, Silene
odoratum, Anthoxanthum
officinale, Lithospermum
officinale, Nasturtium
officinalis, Valeriana
Orobanche . .
otites, Silene
ovata, Listera
oxyacanthse, Crataegus
pallens, Cephalantbera
paludosa, Malaxis..
palustris, Caltha . .
parviflora, Impatiens
parviflorum, Epilobium .
penultum, Odontoglossum
polystachyon, Eriophorum
portulacoides, Atriplex
pratense, Geranium
nratensis, Cardamine
pyracantba, Crataegus
pyramidalis. Orchis
pyramidalis (nigra var.
reptans, Ajuga
resupinatum, Trifolium
robertianum, Geraniun
Salvia

sanguinea, Cornus
sativa, Pastinaca
sativa, Vicia
saxatile, Galium
sepium, Vicia
Solanaceae . .
somniferum, Papaver
sphondylium, Heracleum

PAGE

PAGE

. . 72

spino.'^a, Calycotome

. 81

. . 59

stramonium, Datura

. 59

.. 79

suber, Quercus

. 84

. . xiii

superbus, Dianthus

. 81

44

sylvatica, Pedicularis

. 62

.. 80

sylvestris, Antbriscus

. 62

.. 79

sylvestris, Dipsacus

. 87

.. 107

sylvestris, Pinus

. 62

.. 62

temulum, Chaerophyllum

. 72

. . 72

tinus, Viburnum

. 86

.. 62

trinervis, Arenaria

. 62

Ti ..86

tristan, Odontoglossum . .

. 45

50, 72

triumphosum, Odontoglossum .

. 45

. 79

uniflora, Melica

. 62

. . 72

urban um, Geum

. 62

.. 83

vespertina. Lychnis

. 72

.. 72

vulgare, Echium . .

. 80

.. 103

vulgare, Helianthemum . .

. 72

.. 80

vulneraria, Anthyllis

. 72

.. 72

.. 82

a ..62

.. 72

Pisces.

cuspidata^ Odontaspis . .

. 68

.. 62

.. 72

Reptilia.

.. 50

Agama

. 67

.. 82

stellis, Agama

. 67

62, 72

.. 62
. . 72
.. 75

Khynchota.

aurita, Ledra

. 57

. . 62

bursarius, Pemphigus

. 103

80, 103

Flatinae

. 58

.. 114

Fulgoridae

. 58

a ..45

griseus, Benicus

. 49

m . . 62

Jassinae

. 58

.. 87

Pentatomidaj

. 58

.. 79

Scutelleridas

. 58

.. 62

Tettigoniae

. 58

. . 86

vulnerata, Triecphora

. 72

.. 79

walkeri, Trichopsylla

. 57

Populus 103

.. 62

Zoophyte.

.. 87

Noctiiuca

. 109

.. 62
. . 50
.. 74

pulex. Daphne

. 56

ringens, Melicerta

. 56

.. 80
.. 62

Unclaspified.

.. 114

Acari

. 68

.. 62

Mygale

. 56

.. 59

Podura

. 56

.. 79

Trichina

. 56

.. 02

Variola

. 56

Corrigenda.

Page 16 line 33 for magarce read mega-ro'.
,, 37 ,, 13 ,, Sbakespere read Shakspere.
(Three out of the five actual signatures of the poet are so spelled.)
lu/oscyania read hyoscyami.
flluctuata read fliictuata.
Rhyacinia read lUiyacionia.
leacheana read lecheana.
vjtlnerarice read imbierarice .
25 and 27 lor inelpomene read melponivne.

„ 59 ,

, 16

„ 62 ,

, 7

„ 62 ,

, 22

„ 71 ,

, 35

„ 72 .

, 23

„ 110 ,

, 25

THE ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

For 1886, 1887. 1888^9 (1 Vol.),

1890^91 (1 Vol.), 1892^3 (1 Vol.),

1894, 1895. 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901,

1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909,

1910, 1911. 1912. 1913, 1914 and 1915.

Are still in print, and may be had on application to the Librarian.

1886, price 1/6; 1887, price 2/6; 1888-9 and

1890-91, price 8/6 each; 1892-3, price 8/-;

1894, price 2/6; 1895, price 2/-; 1896, price 2/6;

1897, Part 1, price 2/-; Part 2, price 2/-

1898, Part 1, price 1/-; Part 2, price 2/-;
1899, price 2/6 ; 1900, price 2/6 ; 1901, price 2/- ;
1902, price 2/6; 1903, price 2/-; 1904, price 2/-;
1905, price 2/6; 1906, price 26; 1907, price 2/6
1908, price 2/6 ; 1909, price 5/- ; 1910, price 4/6

1, price 4/6; 1912, price 3/-; 1913, price 4 -;
1914, price 4/- ; and 1916, price 5/-.

N.B. MEMBERS ure allowed a discount of one third off the above
prices.

191

CONTENTS.

Oflfiicers and Council

Objects of the Society

Past Presidents

List of Members . .

Report of the Council . .

Balance-sheet

Ocneria dispar in Britain. By Eoberfc Adkin, F.E.S.

The Genus Pararge. By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. . .

On Rearing Beetles of the Genus Geotrupea, By Hugh Main, B.Bc

F.E.S

Annual Address. Shakspere and Insects. By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S
Abstract of Proceedings . .

The Flight of Birds. By F. W. Frohawk, F.E.S., M.B.O.U

The Genus Catocala. By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.

Notes on the Season, By Robert Adkin, F.E.S.

Notes on Collecting in Staffordshire in July, 1916. By Rev. F. M. B
Carr

Notes on Pararge asgeria. By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., and others .

Pararge eegeria from S. Devon. By A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.Z.S. . ,

Annual Exhibition

Index ..

XIV, XV

1
7
18
23
43
53
64
75

77
90
100
109
122

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

1S1Q-1917.

Thursdays : June 14th, 1917 ; June 28th ; July 12fch, July 26th ;
August 9th, August 28rd ; September 13th, September 27th ; October
11th, October 26th ; November 8th, November 22nd; December 18th.
1918 : January 10th, January 24th (Annual, at 7 p.m.) ;
February lith, February 28th ; March 14th, March 28th; April 11th,
April 25th ; May 9th, May 2brd; June 18th, June 27th.

JilBRARY OPEN AT 6.30 p.m., CHAIR TAKEN AT 7 p.m.

MiaiBEKS exhibiting specimens at the Meetings of the Society
are reqtieoted to be good enough to hand to the Secretary, at the
Meeting, a note in writing of the generic and specific names of all
specimens exhibited, together with the names of the localities in
which such specimens were obtained, and any remarks thereon
which the exhibitors have to make. In the absence of such a note
in writing the Secretary cannot be responsible for any errors in
connection with his report of such exhibits, or for the omission of
any reference thereto in the Proceedings.