Author: State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania

Title: Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association
of Pennsylvania. ..1911

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1911

Master Negative Storage Number: l\/INS# PSt SNPaAg228.9

STA7B HORTlCLXTLRAi

ASSOCIATION
OF

l^l^mSYLVAlIlA

PROCLiilLIMGS

1911 -191b

PROCEEDINGS

of the

Fifty-second Annual Meeting

of the

State Horticultural
Association

of Pennsylvania

Held in

Harrisburg, Pa., January 24, 25, 26, 1911

State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania

Officer* for 1911

• PRESIDENT.

Gabriel Hiester, HarrisburK.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

Hon. Win. T. Creasy, Catawissa ; T^ i . ♦ ,vi ,., , .

K u r .. », . Robert M. E don, Asikts •

i\ H. Tassctt, Meshoi>i)en. ' ^"i"^'^^'

TREASURER.
Edwin W. Thomas. King of Prussia.

SECRETARY.
Chester J. Tyson, Flora Dale.

VICE PRESIDENTS FROM COUNTY ASSOCIATIONS
(I residents of County Associations for current year.) '
Adivms. Robert M. Eldon ■ Hclfnr^ A n v>- u ,

Lucerne. ^^^ J u.is : Pc";'^^, ttevfart^'t^•;;^.•.,f ^'^- ^^"V:^^" «'-- =
Several Counties not heard from in time to prim. '^""'"^^'"«""-

EXECUTIVE BOARD.

All the above named officers.

CO.MMl'ITEES IN CHARGE OF ,9.1 MEETING.

V n 1- , ,r . Committee of Arravscmeuts.

I. T ,w ,. „ Rccet^twti Committee.

'^. J. \\ aiton. Hummelstown ■ T^r t tr nc ......

In Charge of Ilvhibits.

E. p. Garrrett.son, Bigl/rVnie^^^^^^^^

Tunkhnnnock: A. C R chards ^Jh n \"'"''*'^!^' "^"^"town : H. C Baker
town; Ross F^" L^^^^'l^'oter'se^'-^Sv^n f'T.^.^nt'i ^^^"^
James A. Patterson. Ste^artLwu ""' ""''^"'^ =

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR ,9,1.

Willi^M, T r< ^ ., Legislative Committee.

UJlIiam f. Cre;fsy, Catawissa; Howard C vr r

Levi M. Myers. SiddrnS'u?^. ^^""""- ^^'^"^ ^'"^^
Exhibition Committee.

)Vard C. Pelton. N/;th^ Gi^rard""^''*' ^''""■'■"'««' State College.

John B. McClelland, Canonsburg • y,^^^^'' r^^ ^^'"'f^- ^«Per* :

Gencrnl r...:t r . «• ^. Garrahan, Kingston.

ueneral J-rmt Committee

n.e„„er fro,,, each C„u„„ ,„ ,w S.a.e showi,,, H„.„e„.u,ra, ac.ivU..

J^6578(J

MEMBERSHIP

NAME.

Anderson, H. W.,

Atwater, Richard M

Barlow, Thos. W

Boltz. Peter R.,

Boyer, John, F

Blaine. Geo. W

Brinton, William P., . . . .

Chase, Chas. T

Chase, Howard A

Creasy Hon. William 1.,. .

Crouse, E. A..

Cummings, Jos. F.,

Dill. Robert,

Eldon, Robert M.,

Engle. Enos B

Engle, John G.,

Fox, Cyrus T

Garrettson, Joel V..

Good, C. W

Grove. W. E

Haddock. John C

Hartman, D. L

Hartman. Geo. R.,

Hartman. L. E

Heard, R. E.,

Hiester, Gabriel

Hoopes. Abner,

Hostetler, Abram,

Huii, L. B.,

Huff. Burrell R

Hull, D. W..

Jones, S. Morris

Keller, H. M.,

Landis Israel

i-fOop, J\.» i*. .•.•...•....

Martin, J. O

McCormick, James,

McFarland. J. Horace, . . .

McLanahan. T. King

Meehan, S. Mendelson, . .
Mitchell. Ehrman B., . . . .

Myers, Levi M

O'Connor, Haldeman. . . .
Pannebaker, Wm. M., . . .

Reist. John G.,

Rick, John

Satterthwaite. Fred'k.. G.,
Scribner, Prof. F.Lamson,

Shaffner. Jacob,

Sharpe, Miss E. M., . . . .

Snavely. H. H

Stem. Dr. J. C

Thomas Edwin W.,

Tyson, Chester J.,

Tyson, Edwin C,

Tyson. Wm. C

Van Deman, H. E

Wertz, D. Maurice,

Wertz. George M.,

Woods. Edw., A

Youngs, L. G

Life Members

POST OFFICE.

Stewartstown, . . .
Chadds Ford, . . .
Fort Washington,

Lebanon,

Middleburg,

North East

Christiana,

Devon,

Union League, . .

Cajtawissa

Gettysburg,

Sunbury

North East

Aspers

Harrisburg

Marietta,

Harrisburg,

Aspers

Waynesboro. ....
York Springs, . . .
Wilkes-Barre, . . .
Little River, Flori

Biglerville,

Etters,

Buflfalo, New York

Harrisburg,

West Chester, . .

Johnstown,

Green sburg,

Greensburg,

Waymart,

West Grove,

Gettysburg, Route

Lancaster,

North East,

Mercersburg, . . .

Harrisburg,

Harrisburg,

Hollidaysburg, . .
Germantown, . . .

Harrisburg.

Siddonsburg. . .
13 N. Front St
Virgilina, Virginia

Mt joy

Reading

Fallsington,

Knoxville. Tenn.,

Harrisburg

Accotink. Virginia
Willow Street. . .

Lemovne,

King of Prussia,
Flora Dale, ....
Flora Dale, ....

Guernsey.

1630 13 St.. N.W., Washi

Waynesboro,

Johnstown,

Frick Building, Pittsburg,

North East,

H

arrisburg

ngton

D

COUNTY.

.York.
.Chester.

Montgomery.
•Lebanon.
.Snyder.

Erie.

Lancaster.
-Chester.

Philadelphia.

Columbia.
.Adams.

, Northumberland.
.Erie.
.Adams.

Dauphin.

Lancaster.
. Dauphin.

Adams.
. Franklin.

Adams.

• Luzerne.

Adams.
York.

• Dauphin.

• Chester.

• Cambria.

. Westmoreland.
.Westmoreland.
. Wayne.
. Chester.
. Adams.
. Lancaster.
. Erie.
Franklin.

• Dauphin.
Dauphin.
Blair.

• Philadelphia.
.Dauphin.
.York.
-Dauphin.

. Tvancaster.

• Berks.

• Bucks.

. Dauphin,

• Lancaster.
.Cumberland.

. Montgomery.

..Adams.

.Adams.

• Adams.

• Franklin.

• Cambria.
Allegheny.

. Erie.

NAME

Annual Members for 1911

A.

POST OFFICE.

COUNTY.

A^W^ Lancaster Lancaster.

AulTrZ\ r wVr" Adams.

Allen, Carl G Wilhamsport Lycoming.

1 unkhannock, Route 3 VVyoming.

Allen. W. C

Anderson, Jos. W Stewartstown .' .' Vnrk-

Anderson, H. M., New Park Vorb'

Andrews. J. B Roanoke, Virginia

AJSJit^aVne:-:::::::^^^!?^^^. ::::::::::::: ^^1^-

ASrs'^,"^^!^^::J:^Sf-^:.::::::^

Atwater, C. G.., 17 Battery Place. New York, N. Y...

Bedford.

B.

5*!J«y- J- L. Baker Summit,

Baird, A. T Island nv *

Baird, Wm H .* CenS HallV .* : [ ] ] [ [ [ .::::: ^i^"*

^^^v' "V.C: Tunkhannock ! ' ' * ' Wvomini?

links'' m'"h" Mifflintown, ! ! ! ! ! runLT^-

Barclay. R. D., .^7\^u ^,1' •-i.iW^^Mi:: Lycoming.

Barnard. C. P.

~ . » ■' • "••> iTiuiity,

Btrnhart. Albert Annville Susquehanna.

SSct" "• C- ^ Ate' '■ • • • •'■■••• • • ■■■■■'■'■'■'■'■ ■ '■ ■ wSorehnd.

«cociiy, IN. V--., Allentown t .t,;„i.

Bender, E P '^ n.-. . ^ ork.

Benn, M. L., '..'.'.'.
Bergey, James, , . .
Berner, Ralph, A..
Bertolet. Israel M.
Black. William H.."

Canonsburg. Route 4.

. . . Wellsville

. . . Carrolltown

. . . Coudersport,

. . . Mifflintown,

...Tamaqua

Oley,

T?, ' ' TA 1 ueri

.Flora Dale. ^da

. . Cambria.
. . . Potter.
. . Tuniata.
. . Schuylkill.
Berks.

I^"t"%%'". ':. :•••■• il %^li'- ""-';-«.•

ms.

Boland. Thomas E.
Bolton. William P..

State College . '" j^auphin.

<:,..o-*i, Centre,

M^Can"Fe7;v Delaware.

Bostwick, D. C. and Son.' North East Lancaster.

Bourne, L. 'North East. ! Hn*^-

..Springbrook f"l

. . Linglestown.* * .' Lackawanna.

. . East Petersburg Dauph.n.

. . Guys Mills. ]^:. : : : r;"'f *t

. . Arendtsvili;. . , a?, °'''^-

Weef Po,-..,..! Adams.

* * Aspers '^' Cumberland.

"BiXviiie:::::: :^:i^"^-'-

. Willow Street T^^^'"'-

. . Norristown. .'. If "?^*^''-

• •West Chester, ..:; Montgomery.

Tjmicuia, ....... :::; C'^*^^*"-

Bowen,'E.*'T., .,
Bower. A. D. .
Bowers E. C,*, . .

Boyd. J. C

Boyer. W. W., , .
Brashear, Walter
Bream. H. J., , .
Bream. Samuel. ,
Brenneman. J. W

g^KKs. J- s ;

Brinton. S. L

Brinton. William
Brodbeck. A. R
Brooke, R. G ' '

Hanover,

. Chester.
York.

»,„ "'%■;■ ;;^ Schwenksville nVI'

Rrn i. ^,- ^T North East Montgomery.

Brownback. Jesse Taylor West Chester i?V»V ' < ^"*^-

fZlV' 5°"- Stanley?';': Tunkhannock? ^'"*^ ' S?^^*^''-

Brunges, Howard P. Tunkhannock! .'.'.'.'.'.'. .^Xr°'"?"'>'-

Wyoming.

NAME.

POST OFFICE.

I

COUNTY.

Bucher, Dr. I. Reily Lebanon, Lebanon.

Buckwalter, J. T Lancaster I^ancaster.

Buckwalter, Harry, Norristown, R. D.. Montgomery.

Buckwalter, Silas K Lancaster, Route 8 Lancaster.

Bullock, W. H., Honesdale, Route 3. Wayne.

Burgess. Nelson W Wyoming, Luzerne.

Burke, Paul H., F^eading Berks.

Bullers, A. J., Brookville. Route 6 Tefferson.

Butt. G. Will Xorth East, Erie.

C.

Campbell, W. J Hojey Grove Tuniata.

Canfield. H. A ig Potter St., Bradford, McKean.

Card, Fred W Sylvania Bradford.

Carpenter. C. J.. Jr =;o Church St., New York. N. Y

Cassels, Frank Kersey Flk

Catchpole. Geo. C North Rose, N. Y ^

Chambers, Alfred H 0.38 Pear St., Reading Berk«.

Chandler, W. H Scranton Lackawanna.

Chandler. W. H., Jr.. Scranton Lackawanna.

Chapin, Irvin Shickshinny, Luzerne.

Christman, F Sellersville. Buck?.

Christman, T. M Fort Hunter Dauphin.

Claar. William, Queen Bedford

Clark. R. S Dillsburg, York. *

Clegg, William S New Bloomfield Perry.

Clemson. T. W Halifax Dauphin.

Clouse. W. H 4r4 Shaw Ave.. McKcesport Allegheny.

Clouser, S. L Inglenook, Dauphin.

Clovis, A. E Tollytown Greene.

Cochran, T. W., Canonsburg. Route "; Washington.

Cocklin. R. F Mechanicsburg. No. 2. Cumberland.

Cockhn, E. H Siddonsburg York.

Cocklin, T. A Siddonsburg , . . York

Collins. S. C. Bainbridge [ . , Lancaster.

Conley. H. D Etters, Route 2 York

Coray. W. H Pittston. Route i Luzerne

Corson. H. H Avondale Chester '

Coursen. L H Wyoming [ uzerne

Couse. Norman
Cox. T. W.. ..

W North East Krie.

r. , ,„ • '• ^'ew Wilmington Lawrence

Crawford Bros North East prie

r^-.^l^/^\ u^- XT ■^■•- p^y^ftfviiie. ::::::::::::::: Frankb-n.

Cntchfield. Hon. N. B.. . . Harnsburg Dauphin.

Croyle. Robert Johnstown, Route 4 Cambria.

Cumbler. H. R Logania Perry

Curstead. N. B Oliphant Furnace, .*.*.*".*" Fayette

Davenport. Eugene

Davenport, Geo. F

Davis. Wm. H. H

Davison. CM

DeardorfT. T. a.,

Deming. Co

Demming H. C

Dcnehey. W. R

Dcnlingcr, Amos B

Detweiler. D. Z

Detwiler. William P

Dewitt. J. A

DeWitt. H. L

Dickenshied. Fred S

Dickson, Mrs. Jas. P., . . .

Diggory R. J

Downing. Lewis R.,

Dulles, John W

D.

?;-8 W. Main St.. Plymouth. ..
578 W. Main St.. Plymouth. . .

West Chester. Route 7

Chambersburg

Cashtown

Salem. Ohio

Harrisburg

T42.3 N. Front St., Harrisburg,

Strasburg. Route i

Belleville

Phoenixville,

Falls

Riverside

Zionsville. . . .,

Dalton . .. .

^no Walnut St.. Kingston. . . . ! !

Downingtown

West Chester

. Luzerne.

Luzerne.

Chester.
.Franklin.
I.Adams.

. Dauphin.
. Dauphin.
. Lancaster.

Mifflin.

Chester.

Wyoming.

Northumberland.

Lehigh.

Lackawanna.

Luzerne.

Chester.

Chester.

NAME.

POST OFFICE.

COUNTY.

Duncan, P. F

Dunlao, R. Bruce,
Durell. Chas. A.,..
Dusman, W. F., . .

Duncannon,
State College,
Reading, . . . .
Hanover, . . .

Perry.
. Centre.
.Berks.

York.

Eastman, Jas. E., Rome, BrndfnrH

Kbert. Carl, Holmsburg PhiladelnhiA

Edmonds, T. R u„„._..-ri ,,, Philadelphia.

Franklin.
Franklin.
Montgomery.
Erie.

,.. , , „ Hagerstown. Md

hicholz, Henry Waynesboro,

Elder. Irvin C Chambersburg

Ellis, David M Bridgeport,

Ellsworth. J. E Erie, Route 2

Emerson. J B., M.D 40 E. 41st St.. New York. N.' Y.

Emmons. Myron, Rolfe, VM-

Erk ^'ce'^rS ^ ^'f "?,-, i i i i .' ! .' ! ! .' .' ! ! ! Lancaster.

iiric, ueorge beeleyville Wavn*.

Lshnger. Samuel L Lemoync, f^fmWl.n^

Espenshade, F. L Refton, '. . . . . '. '. '. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; uITcaster

Estabrook. F. L.
Everhart, Geo. W

York.

^^!?^^"s .'.'.'Bradford.

York.

r.

• • • • •

Fas.setL C. B., .

Fassett, F. H., .

Fassett. Wallace,

Felix, Geo. C

Felty. G. B. O

Fenstermacher. P. S. ...

Fernald. Geo. H.. . .'

Ferti*". F. R ,

Fincken, Maurice F

Finn. A. O

Flinchbaugh. F. T

The Florex Gardens

Forry. Laroy S

Forsyth, Samuel

Foster, T. C

Frantz, S. P. .' .'

Frear. Edgar C , . .'

Frederick. T. J

Freed. ,A. J

Freed. W. A.. . .

Fridy. R. M .[

Fromuth. Harry C. Tr. .
Fulton. H. R .

Mehoopany Wyoming.

Meshoppen vV'yom

Mehoopany, Wyoming.

yoming.

il^Jif • -. • Cambria.

fl^^r^^^ne Lancaster.

V /!!''^"\ Lehigh.

North East, Erie

I'^^^^on ::;:;;: '.Lebanon.

5027 Florence Ave., Philadelphia.. . .Philadelphia.

S''![°'"^ Susquehanna.

^ ork. York

on.

^"^""*'-.,; Luzerne.

Factoryville Wyoming.

Springchurch Armstrong.

g^*^'."^- • Butler.

Racine. Route 2 Butler

^-"^-"f ::::::LancY;ter.

State College, Centre.

Gammel. Emerson W,..,

Gardner. L. M.. Jr

Garrahan. R. H

Garrettson, Eli P.. ......

Garrettson. Frank. ..'.*.*.'.'

Garret.son. Robert

Gaston. W. F

Gay. Arthur, . . [

Gelder. Chas. C. ..'.'.".*.'.'
Gibson, Bruce A.. ...

Gibson. Ralph '.

Gillespie. J. Frank

Mlpin, Vincent

Oood, Adam E.. ..'.'.'.'..'.

'•ood. Martin R

Gooderham. H, M
Gorham. W R

C, .... IV., ......,,
'raper, A. W

vne.

Honesdale -^y^

York Springs a^-^™-

Kingston. . -^d^ms.

ni«^;;me, .;;:;: ;;;;;:;;:;; :;;;;kr^r

p>i ' „ V» 1 Adams

Mora Dale. .

Downingtown. . . r>i,« 4.

Pitfct«« v> \ Chester.

Pittston. Route i j „,prn*.

VVilliamsport.

Adams.

Patton. .'.;:; l ancaster.

Muncy Cambna.

q6 Diamond Market! *Pit;sbu;g ' .' .' .* .' Mlegheny

8

NAME.

POST OFFICE.

COUNTY.

Graybill, I. B., Refton, Lancaster.

Green, C. A 44 Alumni Ave., Providence, R. I.,.

Green, James, Jr., Creighton, Allegheny.

Grieb, C. B Mill Hall Centre.

Griest, A. W Flora Dale, Adams.

Griest, C. A Guernsey, Adams.

Griest, C. S Guernsey, Adams.

Griest, Frederick E Flora Dale Adams.

Griest, Geo. G .30 Church St., New York. N. Y., . .

Griest, Maurice E., 105 W. 163 St., New York, N. Y.,. .

Gross, W. E., Gibsonia, Allegheny.

Guise, D. H Emmittsburg, Md

Gulden, Harry, Aspers Adams.

Hahne, Frank

Haines. Miss Mary M., .

Hall, L. C

Harbold, Isaac

Harman, T. D.,

Harris. Philip,

Harrison & Sons, T. G., .

Harrold. William H

Harshman, U. W.,

Hartman. G. W

Hartman. William

Hassler, E. O

Haverstick. Paul E

Hawkins. E. B

Hayes, Dr. Robt. G. H.,.,

Hazard, Willis H

Heilman, R, P.,

Kenning, J. C

Hepler, J. R

Herr, Daniel D.,

Herr Frank H

Herr. John D

Hershey, C. A

Hershey, H. F.,

Hershey, H. S

Heyser, William

Hibshman, Geo.,

Hill. William D

Hilton, H. R

Hinkle, Horace

Hoffman, Willis H

Holmes. H. L

Hopkins, H. D

Horton. Harrv H

Howard. JosiaTi

Howe. Homer B

Huff, B. P

Hummel, P. T

Hutchinson, R. H.,

'lydc, A. A.,

H.

. Dubois, Clearfield.

. Cheltenham Montgomery.

. Avonia Erie.

Wellsville York.

. Pittsburg Allegheny.

. Light Street Columbia.

. Berlin, Md

. Greensburg, Route 2 Westmoreland.

, Waynesboro, Franklin.

. Marysville Perry.

Etters, York.

Linglestown, Dauphin.

Lancaster, Lancaster.

York York.l

Bellefonte Centre.

West Chester Chester.

Emporium Cameron.

North Mehoopany Wyoming.

State College Centre

Lancaster Lancaster.

Millersville Lancaster.

Lancaster Lancaster.

*,*'he, Adams.

State Colllege Centre.

East Petersburg, Lancaster.

guldens Adams.

Ephrata, Lancaster.

North East Erie

Port Allegany [.,', McKean.

York, York.

Biglerville Adams.

ON 2nd St., Harrisburg Dauphin.

Mountyille Lancaster.

Sheffield Warren.

w JIT"'" Cameron.

Wellsboro Tioga

Roanoke, Virginia

631 Maclay St.. Harrisburg. ...*.!. Dauphin.

SI Front St.. New York, N. Y., ...

Manns Choice Bedford.

I<Je, S. C Alderson.

. Luzerne.

J.

Jacob. P. A.,
Jacobs, Samuel

Wellsburg. W. Va

Jac^u^, Mr. Elizabeth fL:e:pJ^^^^

Johnson, Howard M Catawissa. .■.....::.::; Smbia.

NAME.

POST OFFICE.

COUNTY.

Johnson J. H.
Jones, A. A., ,
Jordan, J. H.,

Wilcox

1810 Jefferson St.. Philadelphia,
811 Bessemer Bldg.. Pittsburg,

K.

. Elk.

. Philadelphia.

. Allegheny.

ivane, J. A.,

Kauffman. Chas.,

Kauffman, E. F

Keeny, W. D

Keeny, A. C

Keeny. Fred. B

Keifer, A. M

Kell. Reuben H

Kemp, Miss Mary V., .

Kennedy. F. W.,

Kepple. Clarence L., . .

Kernan, William

Kester, R. P.,

Ketchum. E. M

Kidder, O. S

Kilmer, A. B

Kimmel, A. F

Kirsch. A. B

Kleinfelter. U. S

Klock. W. J

Kloss. D. S

Klussman. F. C

Knuppenburg. D. A

Koons, Dr. P. R.,

Koser. G. W

Krady. W. S

Kraybill, S. S

Kreibel. Rev. O. S

Krewson. James

Krug. H. G

Kunkel. Jonas

Kunkel, N. J

. . Biglerville Adams.

, . Stony Brook York.

. York, Route .^ .' York!

. Manheim, Lancaster.

. Laceyville Wyoming.

. Laceyville, Wyoming.

. Greenville Mercer.

. Blam Perry

.6x3 N 8th St., Philadelphia Philadelphia.

. Pranklin, Venango.

. Leechburg, Route 3 Armstrong.

. Dushore Sullivan.

• ^ranipian Clearfield.

. North East Erie.

. North East [[ Erie

• Springbrook. [ Lackawanna.

. Orwigsburg Schuylkill.

• !i.'^'*t°^" Cambria.

• g'Klerville Adams.

• P'tman Schuylkill.

. Tyrone, giajf

• Millvale Allegheny

• [f^l Carey, Wyoming.

Mechanicsburg Cumberiand.

Biglerville, Adams.

^;!' T ^' ^ Lancaster.

Mt. Joy, Route i Lancaster.

Pennsburg Montgomery.

Cheltenham. . Montgomery.

205 S McKean St.. Butler Butler.

New Ringgold Schuvlkill.

New Ringgold Schuylkill.

L.

Lance. John H

Large, Miss Katherine, .

Lamer. John B.,

Lau. Rev. D. B .
Laub. H. H., Tr

Lawrence. H. A

Lawrence, J. P. ...
Lawver. Rufus, '...[.'.'..

Lee A. C

Lee, R. F .'

Leet. C. E

LeFevre, T. C
Lehman. A. S. .

Leighton. Jas. G

Leonard, Frank E .*

Lerch. Fred

T .. .. •

Leslie, William H., ..

Lewis. Bradley W

Lewis. E. P.. .
Lewis, H, G

Lewis, W T

L.. v.. '■' •
ick. Simon

Lightner, William A

Limbert. Benj

Lincoln. Geo. H.

L'sle. R. Mason,' ...'.'"

Livezy. Albert

Lohman. Karl B.. .

• Kingston Luzerne.

. Orrtanna, Adams.

1709 19th St.. Washington. D. C, ..

Hanover, Vo^k.

Lewistown Mifflin

Sunbury, Route 2 Northumberland.

|y"bury Northumberland.

Biglerville ^dams.

i^^y'^art ^,y

NrtHk-::::::::: |?r"^^-

5104 Brown St., Philadelphia Philadelphia.

Chambersburg, Franklin.

Tunkhannock

. Wyoming.

Carlisle Springs. !.".".'.*.' Cumberiand

Scobevville, N. L .. ^umoeriand,

Arnold. Route i. *....: i! i! i! i! i! .* Westmoreland

Trnt^"TH- Wyoming.

Fittston, Route i Luzerne

Pittston Jvuzerne.

o • w.,1 rerrv

Spring Mills Centre

4^0 Wheeler Ave., Scranton, ... l.' [Lackawanna.

Springbrook' *.* S^u*"-

State College Lackawanna.

*^^ Centre. 1

NAME.

lO

POST OFFICE.

COUNTY.

Loomis. Edw North East, Erie.

Lord, John Wyoming, Route i Luzerne.

Lott. J Kerr, Gettysburg Adams.

Lotz, A. G 1610 S. 4th vSt.. Philadelphia, IMiiladt'lphia.

Loucks. E. S., Soudertown Montgomery.

Love. B. D Erie. Route 2 Erie.

Lowe, M. T Bradford McKean.

Luke. W. T Morganza Washington.

Lupo. R. M Biglereville, Route 2, Adams.

Lushen, A. F., Venetia, Route 2, Washington.

M.

MacAskie. K. G

Mackintosh. R. S.,

Macneal, William P

MacVeagh, Walter F.. . .

Maffet. Miss M. A

Maloney Bros. & Wells,..

Martin, A. L

Masters. A. S

Mayer, Dr. L H..

McAllen. R. W

McBride, C. G

McCaleb. William B.. ...

McCanna, Francis T

McClelland. L B

McClure, F. L..

McCord. William C

McDonald, Tames. A

McDonald. T. M

McGowan. Howard G.. . .

McKay. Geo. H

McKnight. W. J

McLain. T. A..

McLaughlin. Jos. M.. . . .

McMurray. Levi A

McSparran. W. F

McWilliams. H. C

Meisenhelder. R. N

Menger. G. A.,

Metzger, S. S.,

Michael. T. E

Michell. Henry F

Miller. Albert

Miller. A. Kent

Miller, Edw. J

Miller, H. A

Miller. Maris T

Miller. Norman

Minter. D. G

Moon, Tames M

Moon. William H

Moore. Benj, S

Moorehead. E. T

Moorehead,
Moorehead
Mottier, C,
Murphy, S. I.,
Murray. D. E.,
Musselman
Musser, Will M
Myers, C. E., . .
Myers, Geo. I*.. ,
Myers. Harry C,
Myers, John R.,

L A.
R. J.
H., .

C. H..

1648 Adams Ave.. Scranton

State College,

Parkesburg

Williamsport,

264 S. Franklin St.. Wilkes-Barre,

Dansville, N. Y

Harrisburg,

Pittston,

Willow Street

Fannettsburg

State College

Harrisburg

Falls

Canonsburg.

New Wilmington

Mendenhall

North East,

North East ,

Geigers Mills ,

1 1 18 Arch St.. Philadelphia

Girty.

Allenport

North East

Canonsburg, Route 4

Furniss

State College

Hanover

Factoryville

Bedford

Norristown, Route .1

SiS Market St.. Philadelphia

Lebanon. Route 10, ,

Somerset

Leetsdale. Box 37

Williamsnort

Kennet Square

Marion

Gettysburg. Route 5

616 Stephen Girard Bldg.. Phila.. ..

Morrisville

Culpsvillc

North East

Mooreheadville

North East

North East,

Wawa

Catawissa

Biglerville

I^ampeter

Ithaca. N. Y.. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.

Biglerville

Siddonsburg

Siddonsburg ' *

Lackawanna.
. Centre.
. Chester.

Lycoming.

Luzerne.

Dauphin.

Luzerne.

Lancaster.

Franklin.

Centre.

Dauphin.

Wyoming.

Washington.

Lawrence.

Chester.

Erie.

Erie.

Berks.

Philadelphia.

Armstrong.

VV^ishington.

Erie.

Washington.

Lancaster.

Centre.

York.

W^yoming.

Bedford.

Montgomery,

Philadelphia.

Lebanon.

Somerset.

Allegheny,

Lycoming.

Chester.

Franklin.

Adams.

Philadelphia.

Bucks.

Bucks.

Erie.

Erie.

Erie.

Erie.

Delaware.

Columbia.

Adams,

Lancaster.

Adams.

York.

York.

NAME.

II

N.

POST OFFICE.

COUNTY.

i2th St.. Philadelphia Philadelphia.

Montgomery.

Northampton.

Naudascher, Chas. F., . . . i 720 N.

Neilson. John Trooper,

Nevin. Tohn D Easton

Newbrough. W. H Lansing. Mich.,

Newcomer, Aaron Midvale ' KrnnH;«

Newcomer, W. S Glenrock York

Nissley, A, H Bamford [ ,\ Lancaster

Nissley, Walter B State College, Cemre

Noble, H. P.. Waymart. . w"J'^-

Norris. H. E North East l]] ehJ

Northrup. A. M Ashley. ....... ^

Norton, W. C Waymart

Norton W. M Waymart, Route

Luzerne.

Wayne.

Wayne.

o.

O'Neill. William C 221 1 W. Tioga St

Oldach, I. F North East

Oppenlander, l'*manuel
Orton Bros.

Philadelphia,

Oyler. Geo Gettysburg,' Route 5

^"^^^^^'r^ Bucks.

North East v^:^

Philadelphia.
Erie.

El
Adams.

P.

Patterson. Jas. A.,

Peachy, T. H

Peirce. Ernest F.. .

Pelton. T. L

Pelton. W. C

Pennel, Jos

Pennock. Edw. A..

Perham. W. E

Perry. T. J

Pershinjr. Thed.. .,

Peters. Earl

Phillips. M. T.,

Pierce, B, R

Pierce, Geo. E., . . . .

Pitzer. H, C

I'ollock. Geo. B.. .
Pomeroy, Tohn H..
Potter, Edwin P.. . .

Pratt, B. G

Prickett. J. W

Purdy. H. P

Pyle. Robert,

. Stewartstown York

• »e»fville .■■**. '.'Mifflin.

.North Girard jrHe.

.State College Centre.

• )), ^^.^ Delaware.

• E?''*''^'"^/ Chester.

. P easant Mount Wayne.

• '"^tate College Centre

. 127 Chviden Ave., Mt. Airy Philadelphia.

• p^L^'^i^ Cumberland.

• £'""f ^y- / Chester.

• ^I«'"<h hast Kri«..

•]^"'"''^ East Erie.

t.^P"«: Adams.

VV yoming Luzerne.

■ ^hambersburg Franklin.

. Ihompson,

St.. New York N. Y.

.^o Church
Aspers, . .

\l^,'rSo;e; • ; : : : ; : ; : : ; : : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; {?h°;i,';";:"''""""'-

Susquehanna,
Adams.

Quigley. J. E.

Q.

4^>6 S. Rebecca St.. Pittsburg Allegheny.

R.

Raffensperger. Chas. E
Raflfensperger, Roy M.,
Rakestraw, Thomas .

Ramer. S. B *,,.

Kawle. Francis,

Reed, Fred B.,
Reifsnyder. Geo

• Arendtsv.lle

. Kennett Square

.Camp Hill

. West End Bank Bldg.'.' Philadelphia,'
Chambersburi?. ..

r:oo.* 2Z;.^i^ X\>-""«r. Route X. . :

Kepp Albert T., Glassboro N. J.; . .'

Rice Dan J.l^"""^" ^r''"^ ^^- ^''^- S*- H.

R "• r^".'*''-^ ^^w Bloomfield, .

K>Ce. Louis S .qrr.nr,f«„

arrisburg.

Adams,
Adams.
Chester.
Cumberland.
Philadelphia.
Franklin.
Chester.
Chester.
. Luzerne.

Dauphin.

Perry.

Lackawanna.

NAME.

12

POST OFFICE.

COUNTY.

Rice, Oscar C Biglerville, Adams.

Rice, Waybright. Biglerville Adams.

Richards. A. C,
Riddlemoser, H. E.

Rife. J. L

Rinehart, E. S..

. . Schellburp Bedford.

McKnightstown Adams.

Camp Hill, Cumberland.

^. , Mercersburg , Franklin.

Rinehart, Geo. W York, Route 4 York.

Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S., . . Lorane, T. Berks.

Robinson, Byron H., Meshoppen Wyoming.

Robinson, F.J Honesdale. Route .1 Wayne.

Rohland, Otto Narrowsburg, N. Y., Route i

Root, A. W Manheim, .' Lancaster.

Root, J, W Manheim Lancaster.

Ross. A. B Schellburg Bedford.

Rouf, Frederick. Hummelstown Dauphin

S°y"*"' K'^^t*'"^ Centre Square Montgomery.

Rozelle, H. E Pittston i uzerne

Ruhl, Harry F Manheim L^ancaster.

Runk, Tohn A Green Ridge, Md..

Rupp, D. C Shiremanstown Cumberland

Rush, John G., West Willow, Lancaster. '

Sampson, H. O

Satterthwait, A. F

Saylor, J. C

Schell, William A

Schell. Walter S

Scholl, Calvin, P

Schriver, H. E

Schuchman. G. W

Searfoss, W. H

Sedelmeyer, L. H

Shallcross. Frank R.. . .

Shay. M. E

Schaeffer. Henry C

Shoemaker, Seth W., . .

Shoener, John

Shorb. Albert

Shreve. Milton W

Seigfried, A, H

Sierer, Dr. A. L

Siegler, Franklin

Silvins, Geo. D.,

Sloan, E. H

Sloat, W. H

Smedley. S. L.,

Smith. Arthur H., '.

Smith, C. M

Smith, Geo. W

Smith. Russel J.,

Smith. Morrell

Smith. W. O., M.D

Snavely, Hon. H. C

Saavely, J. R

Snyder. C. B

Snyder, E. B

Snyder, F. A

Stable. C. E..

Stanton. Jas. F '.'

Starr. W. C

Steele. Wilfred W., . '. '. .

Stein, Geo. E

Stephens, A. W. .

Stevens. C. E .'.

Stewart. J. P

Stewart. William

Stigers, Jas. H

s.

• Scranton, Lackawanna.

. Middletown Dauphin.

. Pottstown Montgomery

. West Chester Chester.

. 1307 Market St.. Harrisburg Dauphin

. Halifax Dauphin.

• Hummelstown Dauphin.

. Carlisle. . Cumberland.

. Wyoming, Route i Luzerne.

. North Ea.st Erie

• grankjord, .' .' .* .' Philadelphia.

. Holmsburg Philadelphia.

, Dillsburg, Route, York.

Scranton. Lackawanna.

. New Ringgold Schuylkill.

. Hanover, York.

. Masonic Temple Bldg., Erie Erie

, Sehnsgrove Snyder.

Mechanicsburg. . . Cumberland.

•?R°^ w^/' ?f-' w^'t'^^'^lf^'" Philadelphia.

p8 S. Wells St.. Wilkes-Barre Luzerne.

Orangevi lie Columbia.

^fj^P "•" Cumberland.

Sfjf: ^- •„• Montgomery.

State College Centre.

Lewistown Mifflin.

Melrose, Conn

Swarthmore '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Delaware.

State College Centre

i^ S. Market Square, Harrisburg.. .' Dauphin.

y^°'?«/ Lebanon.

"^"'^J'"'-^- Dauphin.

f^XTti ^T"" ' Lancaster.

Pwh! p"*^;" Adams.

&4°":^V.::::;:::::::::::kr:r

pL^p'"*^ A/<^- Franklin Venango.

East Prospect Vnri-

T J. , '

Landisburg. . . d »

Hancock. Md

NAME.

13

POST OFFICE.

COUNTY.

Stock. Karl F., Wyoming. Route i, Luzerne

|;°"«^- ^Y: ^' A Shippensburg \ Cumberland.

Stouffer. Dr. C. B C^ettysburg Adams.

f !°'''""w T ^ Bowmansville, Lancaster.

Stow. W. L North East Erie

Strasbaugh. E. F Orrtanna Adams

Strode, A. D West Chester ' ' * * Chester

Strong Robert J Shiresmantown .* Cumberland.

Stull. James B., North East Erie

Surface. H. A Mechanicsburg Cum'h^rlanH

Swank, Luke H.. Swank Bldg.. Johnstown .' ! ! ." Cambria

Swartwood, Morris Ransom. Route i, Lackawanna.

TavW ' A M^""*"" ^?"r^^"'^' ^°"** ^ Washington.

1 ayior. A. M., Biglerville, AHatnc

Taylor. B. C Chester, .' Delaware

Tennant, J. G.. Westfield, N. Y Delaware.

Thomas. Carl B Devon rhi.«t,.r

Thomas. Chas. L., King of Prussia '.'..'.'.'.".' Montsomerv

Thomas, Jackson M Emporium, Camlron ^*

rtZlZ' ^a' k'- ^'■' ' ' VT°"*' • ••••••••• ' Ce"tre°"-

1 nompson, A. F Lykens n u •

Thorpe, Francis Newton,. Mt. Holly ' n"/ iJauphin.

1 hrone. S. E York, Route 3 York

1 ownsend. H. A Light Street ' r^^ 1 •

Treible. C. E.. . Vosbure Columbia.

Trexler. T. A. Sunbury v^°.u'"*^u , .

Tritt. S. J.. .: Huntsdaie Northumberland.

irostie._ F. c York springV. •::::::: 5rJ:!^'""^-

Trout, H. E Manheim.

Tyson, A. R Norristown,

ms.

Lancaster.
Montgomery,

Vandergrift. H. R.,
Van Horn, Edw.. ,
Van Tuyle, G. M..

. . Cheltenham,
. . Dorranceton.
. . Pittston, . . .

. . Montgomery.
. . Luzerne,
. . Luzerne.

W.

Wadhams. Miss Lydia P.,

Wagner, Geo. A

Wagner, Harry S

Wakelin, Amos

Wakelin. Miss Grace V,.,

Waldo. W, S

Walter, William

Walton, Richard C

Walton. Robert L, . .
Watterson, W. F .

Watts, E. L ::

)X^tts. R. L

Way. Darlington

Weaver. Abram

Weidner. A. I., .
Weigle. H. M„ ,,

Wells. W. D '..'.'.'.v.

Weimer, E A. .
Wertz. S. H. ,
Westrick. F, A.

Whitlock. T, B..

Wickersham. R. A
Wiese. H, B. .,.'"'

Wills. F. A

Wilder. H. f

Wiley, L C
Williams. T L

27^ S. Franklin St.. Wilkes-Barie,, , Luzerne

Landisburg Perry.

Carlisle, rumh-ri a

N^nh^Girard, ■:::.•:::::::::; i^-'^^-^y-

Blairsville * T«^;'o.,..

<5fof» n^u^ Indiana,

State College Centre.

Hummelstown Da„r.»,«

Cleveland, Ohio. ,..,..;.:: ^auph-n.

Myerstown, t-k^..

State College, , . r^nfl '

Port Matilda ,,.:;:; luzi-

Windber. ..... . %V^l .

ii^I^viiie. ■::::::::::::::^^r'

NorThtaTt .: p-p^^-

Lebanon. .', fljf-

State College, . . .V..:::/.:'.'.:' ' "^cST"'"''
Patton, Route 2 ••••^ent

West Pittston ,. V'

A/T^^U- — :--! ' l-*

tre.

Patton, Route 2. . . . rl\r.u ■

West Pittston Cambria.

Mechanicsburg, r u"^,' ^

i>o..i,-^u '"• Cumberland.

Parkesburg,

1206 Montgomery Av

State College. ...,,

Bridgeton,

e.. Pbila,

. . Chester.

■ . Philadelphia.
. . Centre.

York.

""'^*-i ::::::::::;::::::Ada'

ms.

NAME.

POST OFFICE.

15

COUNTY.

Willson, H. M Sharon, Mercer.

Wilson, B. F Asoers Adams.

Wilson, J. L.. Overbrook, Philadelphia.

Windle. Francis West Chester Chester.

WininRS, A. H Columbia Lancaster.

Winship. Lionel Moscow, Lackawanna.

Withrow, J. C Vanport, Beaver.

Wolfe, Chas. A Aspers Adams.

Wolf. Dr. W. E Arendtsville Adams.

Woodbourne. D. Sterrett,. Shippensburg Cumberland.

Woodside, T. Frank, ...1210 Chestnut St.. Philadelphia,. .. Philadelphia.

Woodward. Albert L 3312 Haverford Ave.. Phila Philadelphia.

Worrell, Hibberd R SSS N. 17th St., Philadelphia, Philadelphia.

WriRht. A. Cooper Hummelstown Dauphin.

Wright, Robert C Broad St. Station. Philadelphia Philadelphia.

Wright, W. J State College Centre.

Y.

Yentzer. T. R.. Conestoga Lancaster.

Young. WiMiard S 218 Briggs St.. Harrislmrg Dauphin.

Yoder, J. W

Ivyland Bucks.

Z.

Ziglcr, Amos. Klizabethtown Lancaster

Zimmerman. D. B Somerset Somerset *

Zimmerly. H. H State College .". Centre

Membership by Counties

A careful study if this m
most concerned in the growth
it a little space again this year

57 Adams.
44 Lancaster.
38 Erie.

35 Dauphin and York.
32 Chester.

30 Centre and Luzerne.
28 Philadelphia.
22 Montgomery.
20 Cumberland.
IQ Wyoming.
15 Franklin.
13 Lackawanna.
12 Perry.
II Allegheny.
10 Wayne.
9 Cambria and Washington.

atter has proved so interesting to those who are
of ^Jhe Society, that it seems worth while to give
These are the numbers up to April ist 191 1.

8 Berks. Bucks and Lebanon.

6 Bedford. Columbia. Lycoming. North-
umberland. Schuylkill and West-
moreland.

5 Delaware.

4 Mifflin and Somerset.

3 Armstrong-. Beaver. Bradford. But-
ler. Cameron. Elk. Tuniafa. Lehigh.
McKean and vSusquehanna.

2 Blair, Clearfield. Lawrence. Mercer,
Snvder. Venango and Warren.

I Clinton. Crawford. Fayette. Greene.
Indiana. Tefferson. Montour North
amnion. Potter. Sullivan, Tioga and
Union.

whicl, show the best Rains this year. ^ " '"■ '" "'°" '"""• ""= »"^»

report' *"""■" ""■"''"" "'" '" '"'^^^'^J m the following reprint from ,„o

eaeh^o'unr" """"^ "" *""' ""^ ■"""''" "< A""""' ■""' ■"■o Men,I,ers in

it is perfectly poss'we that Wvon,^?!, i^''' """'"'■ '" '^' <""<> •!■"=

College to draw 0^ ntav he-,1 Wh tP t^"""'" <"■ Centre, with State

have a .„. -A-.-i-^TJt.'^^'.lJrLtJts'^oSnr.'na'r^-'^t^^^r^r "'"

I

64 Erie.

?e; Adams.

25 Wyoming.

24 Centre.

2^ Lancaster.

22 Dauphin.

15 Chester and Luzerne.

1 1 Philadelphia and York.

Franklin and Montgomery,

Wayne.

Cumberland.

Northumberland and Perry.

Q
7
6

5

4 Allegheny, Berks, Lebanon and Lack-
awanna.

3 Beaver, Bedford, Butler, Cambria,
Columbia and Somerset.

2 Blair. Bradford. Bucks, Indiana,
Juniata, Lycomintr. Mifflin, North-
ampton, Tioga. Union and West-
moreland.
I Armstrong, Clarion, Clinton. Craw-
ford, Delaware. Jefferson, Lehigh,
Monroe. Snyder, Sullivan, Susque-
hanna Warren and Washington.

County Membership Trophy

A fine silver cup is offered to the County making the most gain in the com-
ing year, as shown by the list to be printed in the 191 2 Report, not necessarily
the largest membership but the most gain over the 1911 list; the cup to be de-
livered to the County Association or to the County member of the Membership
Committee where no County Association exists,
t

Roll of Honor

The following have (jualified for the 191 1 Roll of Honor, by securing five
or more members, one life member counting as ten annuals. The Treasurer and
Secretary are not eligible :

Miss M. A. Maffet,

T. C. Foster.

R. J. Walton.

E. B. Engle.

E. F. Peirce.

A. D. Strode.

E. P. Garrettson.

C. A. Wolfe.

A. O. Finn.

H. H, Snavely.

W. C. Tyson,

H. L. Anwyll.

T. R. Hepler.

J. Frank Gillesnic.

C. E. Raffensperger.

T. L. Rife.

R. F. Lee.

A. R. Tvson.

T. C. Withrow.

W. C. Pelton.

S. L. Brinton.

C, P. Barnard.

CONSTITUTION.

Articlk I.— Name and Object. The name of this organization
shall be The State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania. Its
object shall be to foster and encourage the development of horti-
culture in the State of Pennsylvania.

Article 2. — Menihership. Any person may become an An-
nual Member of this Association by paying one dollar ($1.00) to
the Secretary, such membership to expire on the first day of the
following annual meeting, unless renewed. Any one paying ten
dollars ($10.00) to the Secretary at one time shall be entitled to
Life Membership. Persons of distinguished merit in horticulture
may be elected to Honorary Membership for the current year, by a
majority vote of the members present at any regular meeting.'

Article 3.— Officers. The officers shall consist of a President,
three Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer, all of whom
shall be elected by ballot at each annual meeting, to hold office for
one year, or until their successors shall be chosen, except that the
retinng Secretary shall edit the report of the annual meeting at
which his successor is elected. These elective officers shall consti-
tute an Executive Board in conjunction with an additional indeter-
minate number of Vice-Presidents whose names shall be announced
by the Secretary at the annual election of officers. These \'ice-
Presidents shall be the regularly elected Presidents of any County
Associations, organized in Pennsylvania for horticultural purposes
whose Constitution is approved by the Executive Board and whose
income from annual membership dues during the preceding year
was not less than ten dollars ($10.00). In order to secure admit-
tance to this Board, the Secretary of such Countv Associaion
shall certify to the Secretary of the State Association,' that the ap-
plicant has been duly elected to serve as their President for the cur-
rent year and shall also submit a statement showing number of
members and amount of dues paid for the preceding year All
officers must be members of the Association in good standing at
the time of their election and shall assume their duties at the close
of the meeting at which they were elected.

.nr;J^^'^'''''^1i~^/T''"' , '''^^^"ty-five (25) members of the As-
sociation and five (5) members of the Executive Board shall con-
stitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

rr.r^^^l^'^'''^ J"^u^'"''^'''P Co;»;;n7frr^. The following Standing
Committee^, shall be appointed by the President to serve during l^s
term of office : A Committee on Legislation, to consist of three (^)
members: a Committee on Exhibitions to consist of five (O mem
hers; a Committee on Membership to consist of one (i member
from each county in the State showing evidence of horticulS

16

17

activity, and a General Fruit Committee, consisting of one from each
county represented, with a general chairman of the whole, each
member of the Fruit Committee to have the privilege of appointine
two assistants. ^ o i-r s

Article 6.— Annual Meeting. The Annual Meeting of this
Associa ion sha 1 be held during the month of January in each year
at such time and place as the Executive Board shall determine. '

Article y—Amendments to the Constitution. This Consti-
tution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members pres-
ent at any annual meeting, provided such amendment shall have
been presented to the Secretary in writing at least sixty (60) days
prior to time of holding the annual meeting, and by him referred to
all members in connection with the announcement of said meeting.

BY-LAWS.

Article 1.— Duties of the President. The President shall he
the executive officer of the Association and of the Execut"te Board

n?1hfv Pp'"'','" =*" "'^<=""S= °f ^'"'" ^^V' designating on^
of the V.ce-PresKlents to serve in his stead when necessarily absent
He shall pass upon all bills and accounts of the Association before

tZt'^ °I'^"^^ P""' •'^"'^ S^^^^t^'-y = ■'« ^''^" appoint a I delegates
to other Associations and all special and standing committees of thi
Association unless otherwise ordered.

Article 2.— Duties of Vice-Pre.Hdents. The Vice-Presidents
shall serve on the Executive Board and any one of them mav be

du"i>, o?';L''rh'" '''r''"' "'■'''' E^^«""^^ '^-'•d to aTsume'the
li 1 A ^- "•"" "' ^"y ""^e""?. They shall also actively reore-

<^nZl '^"'"'" "' "^ ^^""""^ '■'"'^^ °f ^°^k in their rtpecUve

Article ^.—Duties of the Seeretan: The Secretary ^hall K.

he recording corresponding and accounting officer of the Asslda!

tion and of the Executive Board; he shall incur no expenditure of

Com^itw r"" "'u''^""^'^'- ^^"h°"' 'h^ '='"^"0" of t*^* Bu ness
Committee; he shall secure the written approval of the Pres d^nt

orde "on ^^V'""-' against the Association before dralin* hi
Si "^wardedT thf ]r ='"^-="' h^o.^"^"'cl^^^<^Ts o

ro secure the fullest announcement of the meetings of the

i8

Association in this State, as well as in adjacent states, when such
shall be found desirable. It shall also be his duty, yearly, to pre-
pare for publication, the Annual Report of the Association, to-
gether with such other matter as he shall deem proper, he being
aided in the selection of such matter by an advisory committee of
the Executive Board. As recompense, the Secretary shall receive
aU necessary expenses, and such salary as may be determined by the
Executive Board.

Article 4.— Duties of the Treasurer. All the funds of the
Association shall be paid into the hands of the Treasurer ; he shall
disburse the moneys of the Association that shall come into his
hands only upon order of the Secretary, countersigned by the Presi-
dent; he shall keep the moneys received by the Association for Life
Memberships as a distinct fund, and shall invest the same under
the advice and direction of the Executive P.oard, applying only the
mterest accruing thereon to the purpose of the general fund. Im-
mediately upon assuming his office and before entering upon his
duties, he shall execute to the Association an official bond with suf-
ficient securities conditioned for the safe-keejjing and disbursement
of the moneys of the Association, and for the proper discharge of
the fiirther duties of his office, in such sum as shall be si)ecified by
the Executive r>oar(l, the premium on which shall be paid by the
Association. This bond shall receive the ai)proval of the IVesi'dent
and shall be deposited with the Secretarv. Immediatelv preceding
the annual meeting, he shall submit to the Executive Board a writ-
ten report showing the amount of monev that shall have come into
his hands during the year, the sources from which it has been de-
rived and the disposition made of the same. This statement shall
be published in the Annual Report of the Association.

Articik S-~Duties of the B.veeutive Board. The Executive
Board shall enact all rules and regulations for the management of
the affiairs of the Association, determine the salaries of its officer^,
and assume the control and management of its exhibitions: it shall'
have power to displace any officer of the Association for neglect of
duty or abuse of position ; shall fill all vacancies by apnointment to
continue until the next annual election : and shall hold at least two
regular sessions during the year, one of which shall occur at the
tmie and place of the annual meeting of the Association. It may
hold other meetings when called by the Secretarv under the advice
or direction of the majority of the members of 'the Board at such
times and places as may be deemed most convenient, but in all such
cases each member must be duly notified of the time, place ^nd
object of such meeting; it shall carefully guard the interests of tie
Association watch over its finances and provide for its neces ities
as they shal arise; it shall appoint from its own number three m^^^^^^^^^
bers, who shall constitute a Business Committee for the vear and
upon which the Secretary and Treasurer may not serve anrHtsha

uiin' y; ^'^.^^"""^^ ^''^\-?^' through the^Secretarv.^Tid epo
upon the condition, general interests and prospects of the ^ssoc^a

19

tion as it shall judge necessary or expedient. All important meas-
ures shall be submitted to this Board, but may, bv the Board be
re-submitted to the Association for recommendations.

Articliv 6.~Duties of the Business Committee. It shall be the
duty of the Business Committee. uix)n application of the Secretary
during the recess of the Executive Board, to advise with him as to
the expediency of making any contemplated but questionable ex-
penditure for which occasion may arise during such recess The
Business Committee shall also audit the accounts of the Secretary
and the Treasurer just prior to the annual meeting and submit writ-
ten report of its hndings to the Executive Board.

Articlk y.— Duties of the Standing Committees, (i) The
Committee on Legislation shall inform itself in regard to sucli exist-
ing laws as re ate to the horticultural interests of the state and brine
the same to the attention of the Association, at the same time re-
porting any additional legislation which in their judgment is de-
sirable: when so directed by the Association, it shall cause to be in-
troduced into the State Legislature such bills as may be deemed
necessary and shall aid or oppose any bills introduced by other
which directly or indirectly afifect the interests of the fruit grower

(2) The Committee on Exhibitions shall suggest from time to
time such methods and improvements as may seem to them desirable
in conducting the exhibitions of the Association, as well as other
fruit exhibitions throughout the state, and with the assistance of the
Executive Board, shall arrange the premium lists, and have cha ge
of all exhibitions of the Association. ^

(^'). The Committee on Membership and Expansion with the
co-operation of the County Vice-Presidents, shall bring the work

state ^nlT"'"T ''' '^'' '""^^'^^" ''^ ^'■"'^ ^— -^ throuSut tl t

iU ^'^ut '• ''*^ peneral Fruit Committee shall carefully and
lioroughly investigate the subject of fruit culture in genera- Fad
local committee of three shall collect such useful ai"n'terestin^1n
formation m relation to the subject as may be in tl e r pow^

cSn T' '" '"^"'^^^>' ^^l^"'*^^' '^ 'b^ "^-^le to t^ gene a
chairman such re,K>rts to be by him examined and embodied h
his annual and semi-annual re[)orts. uuDoaiecl in

tive TWrV^""' Standing Committees may be created by the Execu-

sll^bl^r ne^ssary"" ^^ '""' ^^ '" ''' ^^^^-^'^ ^y --""-

All Standing Committees shall report to the \nnual Meeting in

ber "hat'Z "^""^*'«" -' -^- tJ the AssociaUon or i f f ^"

|on ma, 1. useful in advancing the object ^J^n^li^e^^^^^S

20

Article 8.— Nomenclature. The Association shall adopt the
nomenclature of the American Pomological Society.

Article 9. — Amendments to By-Laws. Amendments or addi-
tions to these By-Laws may be made by a majority vote of the
Executive Board at any meeting, but if objection shall be made, the
same shall "lie upon the table" till the next regular meeting of the
Board. These By-Laws, or any one or more of them, may be sus-
pended for the time, by order of a majority of all the members of
the Association present and voting. A proposition in the general
meeting of the Association for an amendment or addition to these
By-Laws shall be referred to the Executive Board for considera-
tion and decision but the Association may submit therewith its
advice or request.

THE COVER ILLUSTRATIONS

Engraved from Photographs.

FRONT COVER. YORK IMPERIAL.
Grown by Tyson Bros., Flora Dale, Pa.

BACK COVER. WINTER BANANA.
Grown by H. M. Keller. Gettysburg. No. 5. Pa.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

State Horticultural Association

of Pennsylvania,

HELD AT

Harrisburg, Pa., January 24, 25, 26, 1911.

Assod^tinn'nrp''''"'^i ^'"""^^ ^^""^^"^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ Horticultural
Association of Pennsylvania convened in the Board of Trade Build-

rrfr'r >['!^''^' ^^ ^'30 o'clock, Tuesday afternoon, January 24
191 1, with the president, Mr. Gabriel Hiester, in the chair ^

iately'^iV^SK.^ l^T' '' ""'''' '' ''' ^-•^•^-^' -»- --ed-

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

It is very pleasant to greet you again after a seoaration of a
year, dur.ng wh ch tin,e we have all been working a onnractically

ana, judging by the expression of the faces before me reaninp th.^
same reward. Although we had some partial fail^r^s owhf^ to

TJrTvx ztr'rioT't"' r "'/-■ p-iod. .^d'somT:! i:

were Daaiy scared for a few days during peach harvest I think
of*t^ s^asstlatfon'aTidt' l" ''"" ^ "^"^^^"^ °- to Ihe'meJib "s

..,.,.'!'''« f""t exhibit in the other room tells the storv of the nnc«;
bilities of our soil and climate better than the words of anv soeake "

arant^ge' of'soi aiid Ste^ifp "'° r°."'" /"^ g-^eat natu^d

and the^splendi^Lrket tH we hive""1^LTL';' ^r ^^'"^ ^^"''•
realize that we are not livin!^ n^ f„ ^ ^' °."r ''"O". we must

orchards have been"%Zfir,^\TirCrlm\h^^T"^^

21

i8

AsMK-iatioti in this State, a*^ well as in a«ljacent states, when siicli
shall be found desirable. It shall also be his duty, yearly, to pre-
pare for publication, the Atnnial Report of the .\ssociation, to-
jjether with such other matter as he shall deeni pro])er. he beinjj
ai<le<l in the selection of such matter by an advisory ccMumittee of
the Ivxecutive T.oard. .\s rec«»mpetive. the v^ecretary shall receive
all necessarv expenses, and such salary as may be determined by the
l'*xecutive I»oard.

Artici.i: 4.— Duties of the Treasurer. \\\ the funds of the
Association shall be paid into the hands of the Treasurer: he shall
disburse the monevs of the Association that shall come into his
hands only ujH>n order «»f the Secretary, countersij^ned by the IVesi-
tlent : he shall keep the moneys received by the Association for Life
MenilK-rships as a distinct fund, and shall invest the same under
the advice and direction of the Kxecutive P.oanl. ai)plyinj; only the
interest accruing' thereon to the purpose of the general fund. Ini-
niediatelv upon assuming,' his ofHce and before entering upon his
duties, he shall execute to the Association an official bond with suf-
ficient securities conditioned for the safe-keeping and disbursement
of the monevs of the .\ssociation, and for the i)roper discharge of
the further duties of his ofHce. in such sum as shall be sjiecified by
the Kxecutive T.oard. the ])remium on which shall be paid bv the
AsstKiation. This bond shall receive the ai)proval of the l*resident.
and shall be deposited with the Secretary. Immediately preceding
the annual meeting, he shall submit to the Kxecutive r>oar(l a writ-
ten reiM»rt showing the amount of money that shall have come into
his hands <luring the vear. the sources from which it has been de-
rived, and the disposition made of the same. This statement shall
be i)ublished in the Annual Rep<irt of the A'^sociation.

Artki.i: ^.—Duties of the li.veeutire Board. The Kxecutive
l*.oard shall enact all rules an<l regulations for the management of
the afhairs of the .\ss<»ciation. determine the salaries of its officers.
and assume the control and management of its exhibitions; it shall
have ])ower t«» displace anv officer of the Association for neglect of
<Uity or abu>e of position; shall fill all vacancies by apiiointment to
continue until the next annual election: an«l shall hold at least two
regular sessions during the year, one of which shall occur at the
time and place of the annual meeting of the Association. It may
hold other meetings when calle«l bv the Secretary under the advice
.»r direction of the majority of the members of the I'oard at such
limes an<l ])laces as mav be deemed most convenient, but in all such
rases, each member mu^t be <hily notified of the time, place, and
object of such meeting; it shall carefully guard the interests of the
Associati«m. watch over its finances and imuide for its necessities
as they shall arise; it shall appoint from its own number three mem-
Ihts. who shall cou'^titute a liusiness Committee for the year, and
upon which the Secretarv and Treasurer may not serve : and it shall
submit to the Annual Nleeting. through the Secretary, such report
njjon the con<lili«ni, general interests and i)rosi)ects of the Associa-

19

tion as it shall judge necessary or expedient. All important meas-
ures shall be submitted to this lioard. but may, by the Hoard, be
re-submitted to the Association for recommendations.

Artki.i- 6. — Duties of the Husiness Committee. It shall be the
duty of the I'usiness Committee. uiK)n a|)plication of the Secretary,
during the recess of the I'lxecutive Hoard, to advise with him as to
the expediency of making any contemplated but (|uestionable ex-
])enditure for which occasion may arise during such recess. The
Husiness Committee shall also audit the accounts of the Secretary
and the Treasurer just prior to the annual meeting and submit writ-
ten report of its findings to the Kxecutive lioard.

Artici.k 7. — Duties of the Standing Committees, (i). The
Connnittee on Legislation shall inform itself in regard to such exist-
ing laws as relate to the horticultural interests of the state and bring
the same to the attention of the Association, at the same time re-
I)()rting any additional legislation which in their judgment is de-
sirable; when so directed bv the Association, it shall cause to be in-

ml

troduced into the State Legislature such bills as may be deemed
necessary and shall aid or oppose any bills introduced by others
which directly or indirectly affect the interests of the fruit grower.

(2). The Committee on Kxhibitions shall suggest from time to
time such methods and improvements as may seem to them desirable
in conducting the exhibitions of the Association, as well as other
fruit exhibitions throughout the state, and with the assistance of the
Kxecutive Hoard, shall arrange the premium list.s, and have charge
of all exhibitions of the Association.

(3). The Committee on Membership and Kxpansion, with the
co-operation of the County \'ice-Presidents, shall bring the work
of the Association to the attention of fruit growers throughout the
state, and by such means as they deem best, strive to increase the
membership.

(4). The General Kruit Committee shall carefully and
thoroughly investigate the subject of fruit culture in general. Kach
local committee of three shall collect such useful and interesting in-
formation in relation to the subject as may be in their power, and
embody the same in monthly reports, to be made to the general
chairman ; such re|x)rts to be by him examined and embodied in
his annual and semi-annual reiK)rts.

Such other Standing Committees may be created by the Kxecu-
tive Hoard from time to time, as in its discretion may seem de-
sirable or necessary.

All Standing Committees shall report to the .\nnual Meeting in
January, any information of value to the Association or its mem-
bers, that may have come to their knowledge during the year, as
well as any scientific theories, deductions or facts that in their opin-
ion may be useful in advancing the object for which the Association
is laboring.

20

ART1CI.K »—\oniciii'laturi\ The Association shall adopt the
nomenclature of the American Pomological Society.

ArticlK (),— Amendments to By-Laws. Amendments or addi-
tions to these Hv-Laws mav be made by a majority vote of the
Executive Hoard 'at anv meeting, but if objection shall be made, the
same shall 'Mie upon the table" till the next regular meetmg of the
Board. These Hy-Laws. or any one or more of them, may be sus-
pended for the time, by order of a majority of all the members of
the Association present and voting. A proposition in the general
meeting of the Association for an amendment or addition to these
By-Laws shall he referred to the Executive Board for considera-
tion and decision but the Association may submit therewith its
advice or request.

THE COVER ILLUSTRATIONS

Engraved from Photographs.

FRONT COVER. YORK IMPERIAL.
Grown by Tyson Bros., Flora Dale, Pa.

BACK COVER, WINTER BANANA,
Grown by H. M. Keller, Gettysburg, No. 5. Pa.

OF THE

FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

State Horticultural Association

of Pennsylvania,

HELD AT

Harrisburg, Pa., January 24, 25, 26, 191L

The Fifty-second Annual Meeting of the State Horticultural
Association of Pennsylvania convened in the Board of Trade Build-
ing, Harrisburg, at 1.30 o'clock, Tuesday afternoon, January 24,
191 1, with the president, Mr. Gabriel Hiester, in the chair.

The meeting was called to order by the President, who immed-
iately proceeded with the

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

It is very pleasant to greet you again after a separation of a
year, during which time we have all been working along practically
the same line, thinking the same thoughts, fighting the same enemies,
and, judging by the expression of the faces before me, reaping the
same reward. Although we had some partial failures, owing to
unfavorable weather conditions at critical periods, and some of us
were badly scared for a few days during peach harvest, I think
the year taken as a whole, has been a profitable one to the members
of this association, and we have reason to congratulate ourselves on
a bright prospect for the future.

The fruit exhibit in the other room tells the story of the possi-
bilities of our soil and climate better than the words of any speaker,
and those of us who have watched the exhibit from year to year can
read a history of rapid advancement in the art and science of grow-
ing fruit. It shows advance in horticultural knowledge, improve-
ment in business methods, and a general healthy growth in all direc-
tions. While it is right for us to feel a just pride in the progress
we have made, it will not do for us to sit down and fold our hands,
even for a day. If we were to take into account the great natural
advantages of soil and climate in Pennsylvania for growing fruit,
and the splendid markets that we have right at our doors, we must
realize that we are not living up to our opportunities. Commercial
orchards have been planted in a few localities, but there are yet

21

22

many thousand acres of ideal fruit land on the foot hills of our
mountain ranges, that will produce fruit as fine as any on exhibition
here to-dav that are absolutelv neglected and not paying a dollar
of profit to their owners. One of the objects of this association
is to bring to the voung men of the state a knowledge of the possibili-
ties of these rough lands, and we will not rest contented until every
acre of fruit land on the foothills of these great mountain ranges
shall be planted in fruit, representing one vast peach and apple or-
chard extending diagonallv across the state from the ^lary and hue
to the banks of the DelaWare in Pike County, and the northern tier
of counties shall be vieing with New York in the production of
winter apples.

The question is often asked : "Don't you think there is danger
of over production?" to which 1 reply not so long as Nve grow per-
fect fruit and pack honestlv, and make a i)roper selection of varie-
ties For ten vears 1 have been urging the importance of having
an investigation made to ascertain the eflfect of different types of soil
and subsoil on the various varieties of fruit, so that as new dis-
tricts are opened up we mav be able to plant only such varieties as
will develop their best quality in that particular place. And my
reason for so persistently referring to this subject is that the most
costly mistakes I have made have been mistakes in the selection of
varieties After many unsuccessful attempts to interest the au-
thorities higher up. at last through the infiuence of Dr Hunt.
Director of our Experiment Station, the Department at W ashington
consent-d to loan Mr. H. T- \\'ihler of the lUireau of Soils to our
station for one year. As most of you are aware he has been at
work during the past summer and has secured much useful informa--
tion from a number of widelv different sections of our state, but not
cnou<^h to make a connected or strictly accurate report. He has
made an excellent start, and I think you are all beginning to apprec-
iate the importance of this work, and will agree with me that we
should not be satisfied with one year's service. I hope at the proper
time vou will pass a resolution asking a renewal of the loan.

If we are going to grow apples extensively it seems to me they
should be sold from Pennsylvania and go to the markets of the
world as Pennsylvania fruit.

The western Xew York apple men are enthusiastic over a scheme
to make Rochester the greatest apple market of the East. The plan
contemplates the holding of a two weeks' apple show and sale in
Rochester to draw buyers from all parts of the country. Ihe hrst
apple show and market will be held the last week of November
and first week of December, 191 1.

I believe we ought to begin to lav plans for a similar show and
«ale in Harrisburg. You may think I am a little premature in this
matter, but I find it is well to have a definite plan to work on— a plan
that will provide for conditions that are bound to arise in the future,
lu less than five years we will be in position to hold right here in
Harrisburg as fine an apple show and market with as many barrels
and boxes offered, as they can hold in Rochester next fall. I would
<;uggcst that our Executive Committee carefully note the progress

23

of New York along this line, as well as the marketing methods of
the far western states and the i)each growers of the South, so that
we may be prepared to formulate a plan suited to our own condi-
tions when our young orchards come into profitable bearing.

Tlie importance of working together is being more forcibly
illustrated each year. We have found it of advantage in our town-
ship and county associations. We have found it of advantage in our
State Association. On the 21st of December The Eastern Fruit
Growers' Association was formed, which is designed to take in all
the state and county associations of the Eastern coast states. Our
association is invited to join. I will ask our Secretary to bring the
matter up for action at the proper time.

Adams Cointy Youk I mimikiai.s.
See paper of Prof. R. L. Watts.

In the matter of securing uniform legislation as to size of fruit
])ackagcs and the grading of fruit we are invited to co-operate with
New York, New Jersey, Michigan. Ohio and \'irginia : this is a
subject which concerns us all and I will ask the Secretary to make
it an item of new business at one of our sessions.

We should keep in closer touch w^ith the State Department of
Agriculture and our State Experiment Station, they are all operated
for our benefit and if we do not get as much fn^n them as we think
we are entitled to it is largely our own fault.

We find some very interesting results showing up in the orchard
experiments of Professor Stewart : one especially attracted my at-
tention. I referred to it in my report as Pomologist of the State
Hoard of Agriculture, and consider it of sufficient importance to
mention it here. Professor Stewart reports that nitrogen applied

oo

manv tliousaiul acrc< ni ideal fruil land on the font lulls (>f our
mountain ranges, that will pm.lucc fruit as t^nc as any on cxlnbition
here to-dav that are absolutelv nec,decte(l and not pa>in.i;- a dollar
of profit to their .mncrs. One of the objects <>t this association
is to bring to the voting men .^f the state a knowledge ot the possibili-
ties of these rough lands, and we will not rest contented until every
acre of fruit land on the foothills of these great mountain ranges
^hall be planted in fruit. rei)resenting one vast jieach and apple or-
chard extending diagoiiallv across the state fn>m the Mary and hue
to the bank, of the Delaw'are in I'ike C.ninty. and the northern tier
(,f counties shall be vicing with New W^vk in the im.duction ot
winter ai)ples.

The (|ue>^tion is often a>ked : -Don't vou think there is danger
of over production?" to which I reply not s.> long as we grow per-
fect fruit and pack honestlv. and make a i.roi)er selection ot varie-
lie> Kor ten vears I have been urging the imi)ortance of having
an inve.tigati(^ii nuule to ascertain the etiect of dilterent types ot soil
and subsoil on the various varieties of fruit, so that as new dis-
trict." are opened up we mav be able to plant only such varieties as
will develop their l)cst (jualitv in that ])articular i)lace. And my
reason for so persistentlv referring to this subject is that the most
costlv mistakes I have made have been mistakes in the selection of
virieties \fter manv uuMiccessful attemjns to interest the au-
thorities higher u]). at la^t through the intluence ot Dr Hunt.
Director of "..ur h:xi)eriment Station, the Department at Washington
consent'Ml to loan Mr II. 1. WihW of the Ihireau ot Nnls to our
stati<^n for one vear. As mo>t of you are aware he has been at
w..rk during the past summer and ha^ secured much usetul intorma-
tion from a number of widelv ditlVreut sections of our ^tate. but not
enouoh to make a connected .^r strictly accurate report, lie has
uiade an excellent start, and 1 think you are all beginning to apprec-
iate the im])ortance <.f this work, and will agree with me that we
should not i)e sati>fied with one year's service. I hope at the proi)er
time vou will i)a>s a resoluti(.n asking a renewal of the loan.

If we are going to grow ap])les extensively it seems to me they
shouM be sold' fn.m IVnnsylvania and go to the markets ot the
world as j'ennsvlvaiiia fruit.

The western New N'ork apple men are enthusiastic over a scheme
to make Rochester the greatest api)le market of the iuist. '1 he jWan
contemplates the holding of a two week>' api)le show and sale m
R,.chester to draw buvers from all j.arts of the country. I he tirst
a])ple >how and market will be held the last week ot Xovember
and fir>t week of December, n^ii.

I believe we ought to begin to lav ])lans f«»r a siuiilar show an<l
-ale in ilarrisburg. ' \in\ mav think I am a little premature in this
matter, but 1 find it is well to have a definite' i)lan to work on— a plan
that will i)r()vide for conditions that are bound to arise in the future,
lu les^ than five vears we will be in position to hold right here in
Ilarrisburg a> fine an apple show and market with as many barrels
and boxes oftered. as thev can hold in Rochester next fall. I would
Miggest that our Kxecut'ive Committee carefully note the progress

23

of Xew Vork along this line, as well as the marketing methods of
the far western states and the ])each growers of the South, so that
we may be prepared to formulate a plan suited to our own condi-
tions when our xoung orchards come into i)rofital)le bearing.

The imi>ortance of working together is being more forcibly
illustrated each year. We have found it of advantage in our town-
.ship and countv associations. \\e have found it of advantage in our
State Association. ( )n the -M st of December The Ivastern Fruit
('.rowers' Association was formed, which is designed to take in all
the state and county associations of the Kastern coast states. Our
association is invited to join. 1 will ask our Secretary to bring the
matter u]) for action at the proper time.

Src \yA\nv of I'n.f. I\. I,. W'att^.

In the matter of securing uniform legislation as to size of fruit
packages and the gra<ling of fruit we are invited to co-operate with
Xew ^■ork. Xew Jersey. Michigan. ( )hio and \ irginia : this is a
subject which concerns us all and I will ask the v^ecretary to make
it an item of new biisiuess at oiu' of our sessions.

W'e should keep in closer touch with the State Department of
.Agriculture ;ind oiir State b'.x])erimeiit Station, they are all operated
for our benefit and if we <lo not get as much from them as we think
we are entitled to it is largely our own fault.

Wc find some very interesting results showing U]) in the orchard
exjieriments of l'r<>fe<s(,r Stewart: one especially attracted my at-
tention. I referred to it in my report as I'oniologist of the State
I'.oard of Agriculture, and consider it of sufficient importance to
mention it here. Trofessor Stewart reports that nitrogen applied

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

24

in the form of nitrate of soda to bearing apple trees in June after
the fruit has formed, will increase the size of the fruit as well as
the growth of the tree, but this increase in size is attended by loss
of color in red apples ; this loss of color Professor Stewart attributes
to delayed ripening, and his opinion is that in those sections hav-
ing a longer season — notably southern Pennsylvania — the fruit will
regain most of its color. We all know if we spray our apple trees
with a fungicide under proper weather conditions the foliage may
be kept green and healthy until killed by frost, and when such is
the case the fruit hangs on the tree much longer. This may mean
a great deal to the orchardists in the York Imperial belt. If by
the judicious use of nitrogen as a fertilizer and a proper fungicide
as a summer spray we can hold our Baldwin, Spy, King and Smoke-
house on the tree until the middle of October, by which time the
sun will certainly have painted them the proper color, we can double
the profits on these varieties — and will be encouraged to plant more
of them than we are now doing.

Since our association was first formed conditions have changed
very materially, so much so that we find our present Constitution
does not meet the requirements of the times. During the interval
between sessions, I have appointed a committee to take up this
subject and in consultation with the Executive Committee suggest
such changes as in their judgment are necessary. These amend-
ments will be presented for your approval at this meeting. In con-
clusion I will quote a new year sentiment given by Governor Stewart
because it is much better expressed than anything I can formulate:
**Let us commence the new year by resolving to do something worth
while, something that will be of benefit to some one besides our-
selves, and let us make sure that at the end of 191 1 we shall be able
to say that we have been of real service to our fellow men, our city,
our state, our nation. Let us eliminate as much of the selfishness in
us as possible, so that when the next New Year comes around it
may be truthfully said of us, that we have remembered that there
are others."

REPORT OF THE GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE.

By Mr. J. D. Herr, Chairman, Lancaster, Pa.

In offering this report I wish to state that the data herein con-
tained are compiled from one hundred local reports received from
members of our committee located in nearly every county in the
State, in reply to a Hst of questions sent out about December ist.
I desire to express my appreciation of the assistance given me by
the members of the committee, and my thanks are hereby extended
to all who have so kindly and carefully answered the numerous
questions submitted.

The yield of apples for the year 1910 appears to average 40%
of a full crop. This average is kept low because of the reports of
failure of the crop in the western half of the State, caused by a
killing frost which visited that section about May ist, after an un-

25

usually early spring had forced the trees into bloom. It is worthy
of note that only orchards located on sites with faulty air drainage
were affected, while others in the same locality, but situated more
favorably, escaped uninjured.

The quality of the fruit is reported as good and very good by
over 50% of my correspondents. Twenty-five per cent report poor,
while the remainder is divided between medium, fair and "good
where sprayed." Prices vary as may be expected, about as widely
as quality, and range from 50 cents per bushel and $1.25 per barrel
to $3.00 and $4.00 per barrel. The prices in the commercial sections
seems to have been $2.50 to $2.75 per barrel net at the time of pick-
ing, while such growers as have stored their crops are now receiving
a considerable advance on these prices.

Eightv per cent, reply in the affirmative to the question, "Is
the crop profitable in your county?'' and only 6% in the negative,
and these explain in the next answer that the failure to make the
crop pay is due to lack of care, neglect, and indifference on the part
of the owner. We have here an eloquent commentary on the possi-
bilities of fruit growing in this State. Commercial planting is re-
ported on the increase from sixty counties, the varieties most
planted being Stayman Winesap, York Imperial, Jonathan, Rome
Beauty, Grimes Golden, Summer Rambo and Smokehouse, in order

named for the southeastern
section of the State, while the
Baldwin, Spy, Greening,
Wealthy, Duchess, Stayman
Winesap, Mcintosh and York
Imperial appear to be the
favorite varieties for the re-
mainder of the State.

In sharp contrast to the
report of a year ago the yield
of pears has been good, with
few exceptions, all over the
State. The few counties re-
porting poor yields or failures
are included in the section
visited by late frosts, and such
failure is attributed to this
cause. The price and quality
was good, except in some
cases for Kieffers. Only 15%
of replies report commercial
pear growing on the increase.
Pear blight is without doubt
the leading pest of this class
of fruit trees, and may be a
factor in preventing commer-
cial planting. San Jose scale, codling moth, borers, and leaf blight,
are other destructive pests mentioned.

26

The peach crop of 1910 was without doubt one of the heaviest
ever grown in this State, many counties reporting ioO;f of a full
yield. There was a combination of favorable conditions in nearly
all sections where jieach trees thrive in this State for the production
of a full crop of fine fruit, the ([uality being reported good from
all such sections, while the prices received were somewhat lower
this season than the preceeding, ranging from 50 cents to $1.25 per
basket, and averaging 80 cents. The crop is said to have been
profitable in all sections of the State, except the northern tier of
counties in addition to Cameron, Klk and Forest.

The most destructive pests of the peach are said to be yellows,
San lose scale. Ix^rers, monilia rot. curculio : while under this
head are mentioned winter killing, vagabonds and neglect. No
better evidence is needed to prove that the Pennsylvania peach
grower knows the best methods of combating the pests common to
this fruit than the uniformity with which these answers agree upon
their treatment. Cutting out of trees infected with yellows, remov-
ing the borers, and spraying infested trees with Lime-sulphur Solu-
tion for scale insects, and as a protection against rot, is universally
reported as giving the best results. The control of brown rot is.
as yet, a problem only partially solved, since 60% report that this
disease is not being controlled, a number having failed in their efforts
to save their fruit, even by the use of the Lime-sulphur Washes.
There is no doubt that most thorough going treatment must be ap-
plied to eradicate monilia rot from the orchard when it has once
gotten a foothold, and pruning, gathering and destroying mummied
fruits, as well as thinning, are giving best results in connection with
the use of Lime-sulphur Sprays. All sections, except those al-
ready mentioned as not well adapted to the growing of peaches,
report an increase in the planting of commercial peach orchards.

The yield of plums is given as fair to grx)d over the State gen-
erally, with quality medium to very good, and the price averaged
$1.60 per basket. A few growers quote 20 cents to 30 cents per
8-pound basket, and this would seem to be a very good package
in which to handle i)lums. The conditions governing the produc-
tion of this crop were usually gcxxl. although a number of growers
report late killing frosts as having curtailed the yield. Commer-
cial planting of plums is not on the increase, except in half a dozen
counties, and the varieties mostly grown arc the German Prune.
Lombard. P>radshaw, York State Prune, while a few prefer the
Japanese varieties, as the lUirbank, Abundance, and Satsuma. The
curculio is without doubt the most serious pest affecting plums.
This, with brown rot, black knot, San Jose scale, together with
limited markets in most sections for the fruit, no doubt has tended
to deter extensive planting.

Sixty per cent, of my correspondents state that cherries are
not grown largely in their respective sections, although where they
are grown they are nearly always profitable. As to the best va-
rieties for shipping, Montmorency receives the largest number of
votes, with the Early Richmond a close second. Following in order

27

are Dyehouse, Napoleon lliggareau, Black Tartarian, May Duke
and Reine Hortense.

There is but one section of the State in which grape growing
is carried on extensively, viz: the extreme northwestern, and here
the crop has been fair to good. In the remainder of the State
grapes are usually grown for home use, and to supply the local mar-
kets to a certain' extent. The worst pests of the grape are black
rot. mildew, grapeberry moth, rose bugs, and root worms. Con-
cord. Niagara, Worden, Brighton, and Moore's Early are the prin-
cipal varieties.

The favorite varieties of strawberries seem to be Haverland.
P>ubach. Dunlap, Sample. Glen Mary, P)randywine and William
Pelt. Of raspberries, the (»regg is the most popular, followed in
order with Cumberland. Cuthbert and Kansas, as the best paying
varieties of raspberries, and Snyder. Eldorado. Erie, Kittatinny.
Merserau. are voted the hardiest and best blackberries. The only
other small fruits grown with profit reported are currants, goose-
licrries and dewberries.

•■1

*»■ J^-m^^

'T-^v -tp

ff"!-.^^ r->

M

J^^

i. '■■■

'r^- ■"

'>

FiKi.i) OF RHunARH ON THE F'arm OK Matthkw Hrist.
vSee Address of Prof. R. L. Watts.

The past season has. as a rule, been favorable to the growth of
vegetables, and tomatoes, potatoes, beans, peas, cabbage, corn, aspar-
agus, and onions, are crops which have i)aid best. The crop is gen-
erally profitable, and ]:)otato bugs, cabbage worms, root maggots,
aspargus beetles, and rust are the most destructive enemies. All
but (V/c of the replies contain the statement that the San Jose scale
is now being held in check. The spray giving best results is Lime-
sulphur solution, this being given in all but five replies, which name
Scalecide in connection with Lime-sulphur. Twelve state that the oil
sprays are unsatisfactory, and eight that these materials are in-

'■I

28

jurious to the trees, dentalizing them, closing the pores, cracking the
bark, kilhng the bark and kiUing- the tree.

Spraying for codHng moth is becoming common throughout
the State, and over three-fourths of the rephes indicate that this
pest is being successfully controlled by the use of arsenate of lead,
Paris green and Pyrox. Only two failures to control codhng
moth with arsenical sprays are reported.

In spraying for the control of fungous diseases of the orchard
a remarkable change has taken place in the selection of the fungi-
cide. Bordeaux mixture, for many years the standard, must now
yield to Lime-sulphur, the palm of popularity, since there are a
slightly larger number of growers reporting good results from its
use than from Bordeaux. The degree of dilution on apple and
pear averages 1-30, while on peach it is reported as being used
much weaker.

Collar rot is reported from fifteen sections of the State, and
twig blight on apple, pear and quince from fifty. The only treat-
ment reported successful is cutting out of diseased portions, spray-
ing with a fungicide, and applying equal parts of lime and sulphur
about the diseased collar of the tree.

Borers on apple, pear, peach and plum trees constitute a most
serious menace to the industry of fruit growing, and 65% of the
reports contain the statement that this pest is doing much damage in
their respective sections. There is no perfect preventive of borers
yet found, although a number of growers report fair success from
the application on the trunk of whale oil soap solution. Lime-sul-
phur solution, liquid manure, white lead and raw linseed oil, un-
leeched woodashes and wrappers. All recognize the necessity of
cutting out borers when they have once entered the tree.

Mice and rabbits are doing considerable damage in many sec-
tions of the State, and it is evident that the proper steps are taken
to prevent injury by these pests. Persons annoyed by them are
cleaning up the rubbish in the orchards, killing the rabbits and
applying to the trunk of trees in orchard where damage is antici-
pated, veneer, wire screens, white lead and raw oil, blood and salty
lard. I have personally found one orchard which was abundantly
infested with these pests absolutely protected for five years from
these pests by one application of axle grease to the lower twelve
inches of the trunk.

The use of fertilizers in the orchard is on the increase, and
one-half of the reports state that the practice is followed in their
community. The best results attend the application of stable
manure or a complete fertilizer to the amount of 400 pounds, mixed
after the formula of 2 — 8 — 10. The use of lime is well understood,
and it is no longer applied generally as supplying any of the ele-
ments of fertility, but an occasional treatment for the purpose of
sweetening the soil and setting free the elements of fertility by its
chemical action upon vegetable and mineral matter.

On the subject of tillage most growers agree that young or-
chards should be cultivated either with or without an intercrop, a
few answering that this is absolutely essential in the case of peach

29

orchards. Many are practicing clean cultivation up to July, when
cover crops are sown, and crimson clover is the favorite among
these. Rye, mammoth clover, vetch, buckwheat and oats are other
crops grown for this purpose.

Thirty per cent, of replies state that mulching is practiced in
orchards of their section, especially in orchards planted on hillsides
with good and very good results.

A slight majority of correspondents advise against the prac-
tice of heavy pruning of apple and peach. A number qualify their
replies by limiting this work to young trees only, and others take
the medium ground that pruning should be done only when neces-
sary.

There is a remarkable unanimity of opinion on the subject of
thinning trees, all but two replying that this work can be done pro-
fitably.

The necessity of keeping bees in the orchard is still a mooted
question, although the majority agree that bees play an important
part in the pollenation of the blossoms.

In order to learn the general sentiment prevailing throughout
the State, the question was asked, "What has been the effects of
experimental and demonstration work as conducted by State Col-
lege and the Department of Agrilculture ?" and the replies received
are "Good," from twenty-five reports ; "Awakened general interest
in fruit growing," by ten: "Admirable," by five; "Very good," by
six; Very excellent," by five; "Many have profited," by three; and
other answers are "Wonderful and surprising," "Remarkable,"
"Aroused wonderful interest," "Made fruit growers sit up and take
notice," etc., while one replies that "It has made a corpse walk and
jump."

One correspondent objects to what has been and is being done
in this direction, by saying that it is not the proper work of any
State, or National Department, to do propaganda work in any par-
ticular industry. The reply to this objection is obvious, and that is
that so long as the fruit trees of the State are threatened with ex-
termination because of the failure to apply well known scientific
treatment, or the State has thousands of acres of lands highly
adapted to fruit growing, some Department of the State Govern-
ment can well devote a small part of its revenue to disseminate this
knowledge without laying itself open to the charge of paternalism.
The fact that the Western states are shipping fine fruits into Penn-
sylvania, which have taken the place in all good markets of home
grown fruits, should arouse a feeling of pride in our own natural
advantages and abilities, and this I believe is being done.

\'ice-President Eldon in the chair.

The Chairman. — You have iieard the report of the General
Fruit Committee. What is to be done with it?

A Member. — I move it be accepted and entered on the Journal
of the Association.

This motion was seconded, and carried.

30

THE VALUE OF THE PROPAGATION OF FRUIT

TREES FROM SPECIAL SELECTIONS WITH

REFERENCE TO CONSTITUTIONAL

VIGOR AND PRODUCTIVENESS.

By Gkorgk T. Powkll, New York City.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It certainly gives me
great pleasure to again stand before a Pennsylvania audience. It
was my privilege between 1897 and 1904 to meet with many
audiences in your state, called for the discussion of agriculture. I

have attended some years
every I'armers' Institute in
vour State, and have fre-
quentlv spoken before your
State Hoard of Agriculture.
I remember on one occasion
in speaking before the State
TJoard of Agriculture on
"Good Roads." When I fin-
ished, a member of the IJoard,
who was a very intelligent old
German farmer, got up and
said he was much interested
in what the gentleman from
New York said on ''Ciood
Roads," but, he said, "I don't
think much of what he said
about brakes on wagons, be-
cause I think he is a

poor horse that cannot keep
out of the way of a wagon
in going down hill.''

This afternoon I am to
speak to you on the subject
of ( )rcharding and the Pro-
pagation of Trees. I do not
know of a more important
subject. We have been planting millions of fruit trees in
the past few years, i)articularly of apple trees, atid we are
still planting ai)])le and other fruit trees by the millions, and yet,
never in the liistory of a])i)le culture, have ai)ples been so high as
at the ])resent time. W'c have seen a wonderful increase in the
])lanting of fruit trees, and yet fruit is jjractically out of the reach
of hundreds of thousands of our people who should have it. In
1896 the ai)|)le crop of the United States was something like 68,-
000.000 barrels, and we have never produced anything like it since.
Our general yearly i^roduction runs from 23,000,000 to 45.000.000
barrels. Now, why is this so with all the extensive tree planting:

31

why is there not an increased yield all over the United States^ I
believe one reason is that we have not given as much thought to
the propagation of our trees as we should.

I can take you through orchards in New York State and
show you numbers of trees there that produce very little, and 'some
years nothing at all. They simply cumber the ground, and thus the
propagation of fruit trees becomes one of the most important sub-
jects before our growers to-day.

Now. why should there such a different in the production of
trees. Simply because there is in all plant life the same variation
in productivity that we finrl in animal life. Every farmer here this
afternoon, who may be a live stock breeder, will understand that
in his breeding of animals he discovers much variation. It is verv
seldom that you can breed from the same stock a number of colts
that when grown,, will be of the same type. It is seldom that vou
can breed along the dairy line, two heifers from the same stock that
wil give an equal yield i„ milk and butter. It is this law of variation
that makes ,t so difficult to produce in animals anvthing like uni-
formity, and in fruit trees this same law of variation is at work
hence we do not get uniform results in our orchards

Now, my suggestion is this: I believe it is possible for us to
get more uniform resuUs in our orchard practice, if we studv th-
stock from which we take our scions. I„ nurserv practice, seedling
stocks are used, and then we take the buds from 'the voung trees iii
the nursery and put them on these seedling stocks. ' What is the
result.- \\e are grafting on our trees scions that have simplv a
vegetative teiu ency. It takes the Northern Spv, i„ New York
Mate from fifteen to twenty years to come into bearing. I can
show you trees that have borne no fruit in twentv veafs and I
firmly believe that by exercising the principle of se ection, we can
produce a high quality of fruit in a nuich shorter time. We need to
take our scions from the more mature trees. There are choice va-
rieties of Spitzenberg. Jonathan. (Crimes Golden-all verv fine apples
\\hy don we have more of them !> Because thev are not Tone
trees or vigorous bearers. The King of T<.mpkins Count- i s a n^-
other choice variety, but it does not produce well. It is not of

rSl?' T%r "''^"'^ '^ ^*"^'^^' ^'''' '''' '^'^ -^» pass out !erv

IS variet> Now, I believe it is possible to grow the Kinjr and
the Spitzenberg profitably. I think I have proved this faJt^

It IS something more than twenty years ago that I beira'i to
advocate taking our scions fron. the strolig, vigo^rous, mi-eTan ^

men ber of tT^^^^^ ''•''" '^"''^^O'n^n's Convention, but not a
member of that Association accepted mv theory Thev said fh^v
(lid not believe there was anything in it: 'that a bud was^a bu and
would prochice a tree. Now. tha? does not appi in tock ite dh c^

same principle will apply in plant life, and starting on tl^s plan
began to work it out. I choose as my first expernu'u! the^Kin.

-lai*^

32

because of its high vahie. I selected first the buds from an ideal
King tree and top-worked Northern Spy trees ; you know that
tree is known and noted for its vigor. It has a good, strong root
system, and when you can get roots that will go down deep into
the soil and take strong hold there, you will have good and vigorous
trees. It is twenty-one years ago since I started this experiment
on my father's farm. He had planted the King trees, not one of
which is now left, but in this orchard in which I experimented, we
have trees that have been top-worked for twenty-one years ; which
show no evidence of canker, and are producing from seven to nine
barrels of apples to the tree. Now, this is a wonderful record for
the King; it is a fine fruit, but not a heavy yielder, and yet these
trees show every evidence of going right on and being profitable
for a half or three-quarters of a century more. Now, that is what
I mean by our propagating stock with greater care. I might men-
tion one or two others — the Talman Sweet (the wood is like steel),
the Northern Spy, the Northwestern Greening — are the same, so
fine grained is the wood, and so hard ; you can use these safely to
work the other varieties on them. I believe in this way we can in-
crease the yield of apples in the United States at least fifty per cent,
in the next twenty-five years, and produce fruit more abundantly
that consumers ought to be able to have.

One other point. For a number of years, I produced among
my trees large quanties of currants, but they were not satisfactory,
and I began to investigate why the yield of this fruit should be so
small, and I found that many of the largest appearing plants were
not producing anything at all.

As the pickers came in one day, I discovered that a large
number of trays came in with very little fruit from their rows, and
then, again, other pickers came in with baskets filled in a very short
time, heaped up with beautiful fruit, while it took the pickers in
the thin rows a long time. I began to investigate, and found that
in these thin rows bush after bush had no fruit upon them. They
were large bushes, but had nothing whatever upon them. Many of
the bushes were of this type— strong bushes, strong stem with per-
haps only a single currant upon them, while side by side with them,
were the bushes of this type— the bushes loaded from top to bottom.

These weak bushes were at once taken out and burned up, in
order that we might not propagate from them longer, but propagate
only from the strong bushes. Thus we began propagating our bushes
from strong producting plants. As the result of this selection, we
have increased our yield from an average of only one quart from a
type of bush like this to an average of sixteen quarts from a bush
of this type. This is a principle of sixteen to one that beats William
Jennings Bryan's financial theory of i6 to i in silver and gold.

By studying the productivity of the plant you can propagate
from the most productive plants, and increase your yield from fifty
to five hundred per cent.

Now, when we begin to study tlie tree from this standpoint,
there is not a grower who cannot, in a few years, build up an
orchard that will be infinitely more profitable than it is to-day.

33

son,e„.|rere else until 'yoffifd ho e^^irj""""^''"^'^""''' "'
tliirt)', forty or fifty years and fpT^ , , / ^"'^" ''<=<^°''<1 of

it on the /orthern "SpTor t1"e'd ee^ g'of "h xZan T ^T' ""1
you can .ncrease your orchard yield very pc'rcentabl ^'''''' '"''

nuestt^^;/ r^^^^^tn-oS irr' "^•'^"' "- - 'he
thevitalitvof thetrL %,ati^H,^ J ,"'"'^^ "^^' '"^''^^'^ with
Yo„ can 'take the be'i bro d tree LS ,°" "• ''""^"^^ ""^ '"^ects.

W repeated injury throS? he diCnt'tlrs", •'"'"">' '° ^''"'"'^'
"1 otir country graduall? increr^NiJ '"^ of "isects. We have

are producing a most ileterion.^^ff "?'"'" °' '"'''''■ «"'" 'I'^y
ll>at are allowed yeTr after yen t' df "' 7°" ""' '''''■ ^ "«<=cts
will i„ tinie so re<l,^e tl eir v^.l n/n" •'","■""' "^ '^''^ f°'i«ge.
«e lose these i".porL„ ,a ii'lt '' „ t eer'''\r "-V"'?'"*'""' "'^'
hat >t is not only to <le troy insects L tn ••' ' '' °^ r'"'^>''"S ''
tivity of the tree- not nnl,. » '"?e"s, mt to increase the produc-

^•eep up the pr^iuctK.rtfo "tr't" :'" '^^T''''' °' '""'''"' '"
from ui„ry vou prescrye the so, rr» )\? ^''■" '"'°'<^« "'« tree
tree vyith ;tronij vitality ston^ con f> ^''''T "'""'''■ ^■''^'" =

transnut to other trees Ih^tZ^^er/ii"'/:'' •''I '''«"'• "'"' >°" ^3"
tion. • ""^ P™Perties that niflucnce their produc-

Another ,,„int raised on this subject was- At ,i, .
ti e nurserymen said to me we cJX Iff i .' •^' """ 'Convention
plan; it costs too much. l'f\yeti|i the i H T'" ''''' °" y""""
tliey ^yill fail ,„ „r<,u- That i! tr.. > "f' ^'''"' '""'"'■e trees

notgro^v so well •■|!uf' sad "t ' ',■" ^?"' '"^""-^ fees do
for a tree grown after this fashion t .7"m ""'"■ ''">' >°" => ''""ar
|l>e nurserv bn.ls at fifteei, ce ts ' ^ - """" '''^' ^™"" f-"™"
■'••• This'iH.int is disS b ofr'c'iemi'fi'"'^ ' "',' ^''" "'"'^ '^-^^
Jincstion xyhother vou can <^et f^f • ' ',"''"• "'<^>' ^^v it is a
have on my farn, to-day onftenZ.s^'fr ''•' ''"'' ''^'^''""- f
«"'! most of which Nvere prona"at'd ,1 'Z'- T"y ^^^""S fruit,
■luced Rhode Island ('reen L^ J "^ "'" '""C- f ''ave pro-

worked with selecCl scons 3\ ^? , '"■""' "'^' l'«ve been iop-
of apples to the trcv a t ree yea s' v"'' '"'"''"'if" '•="' ^ '"-''el
l<l">de Island Crecning i ,ot an enVl V'"' -'""t''"" '^"""' "^''t »l'e
;■-■ e.ght years, sometimes ™, ge l" LeTr' •" " '""''">' ^"•-'
"' three years from the time mv t/jl i ''^,"" '" Produce, yet
can get fron, half a bushel to a Che of T ''""" '"P-^o^ked; I

During this season I have Z Me f '' t '" ''' "■'"■
}\ealthy apple. It i, natMr-dl =''"e to make a record ^yith the

farm si.v ,!ears afte tl^ ee "."'re'n; ^''?'"'^■■•, •''"'' >« "" -v
wore able to show a profit of sKtv M ''""' '"P-«orked. we

known as the mulcli sv,."em V / ,""":'' f""'"^ " '"' "''<•>' '^
trees, otherwise the whole s^sten" y iTfa r ' ";:, '" -i^-' f ""''"^

ran. You will understand

mill

34

that I am an advocate of culture in the orchard, not of the mulch
system. Now, this Wealthy orchard has been thoroughly cultivated
from the time the trees were set out. During the year 1909 there
was a very good setting of fruit, but tlie most of the fruit was taken
off. I^ast year it came out with a magnificent bloom, and a fine
setting of fruit. Then we went over the trees and had at least one-
half of the fruit taken off. That was when the fruit was about one-
quarter grown — about July ist. IVIen and women were set to work
again two weeks later, with instructions to take olT anything be-
tween six or eight inches, no matter how perfect the fruit was.
The result was that the fruit was very fine, and sold for $4.50 a
bushel, so that after deducting all expenses for freight, barrels,
commission, etc.. when the balance was struck that young orchard
showed the profit of which I have S])oken,

Six-Yi:.\K-Oi.i) McIntosh Tkkks.

From special selection when propagated, some trees of which horc one barrel

of apples each the first season — Orchard of George T. Powell.

Now, I believe that great value lies in propagating from per-
fect trees. You don't want one tree full, and the next half full,
and on the next perhaps none at all. Through this method of pro-
pagation you may have every tree in your orchard giving you a
satisfactory yield. There is no other way possible in which you
can get uniformity in orchards, and a greater uniformity in bear-
ing, except through his princi]ile of selection of which I have spoken
and advocate.

I believe it is possible to extend this principle to the propa-
gation of peach trees. Why is it. that when we have frosty i)eriods
in the spring, that a i)ortion of the crop — perhaps one-half — in the
same localities, is not afi"ected by the frost, and suffers no harm?

35

I Tow can you explain the fact that in the same orchards some trees
will come out unharmed ? Here comes in this same principle of varia-
tion, and it applies not only to the productivity of the trees, but also
to hardiness and resistance in trees. I believe it is possible to so
develop trees that they will not only show greater productivity, but
will have greater resistance to fros't, and will come out unscathed.
Such trees are to be discovered and to piopagate from them, in
time will enable us to produce trees that will be practically frost-re-
sisting. Also we should study and propagate tixes for resistance to
disease. I sent a man over Central New York to find a King tree
that had been bearing for thirty years, and had in that time sliown
no sign of disease, and when he found it. had him send me buds
irom that tree from which to top work mv Northern Spy trees
]\y working in this manner T believe it is possible to produce a tree
that IS also practically disease resistant as not a trace of disease has
yet ap])eared in this King orchard.

Now, I think T have made this point clear to vou. IJeforc I
close I want to give you an o])pt)rtunity to ask mJ any (|iiestions
which you care to.

Prof. Surface.— What age do you jiropagate the tree, and how
<!o }ou do it.-'

Mr. Powell.— I set the tree, and top-work it the same season.
It J set it in the spring. I bud it in the fall. I have changed mv
opinion somewhat m that respect. 1 used to take two-year-old trees
and top-work the following vear.

Prof. Surface.— From what growth do you want the bud?

Mr. Powell— I want a perfectly sound tree. For instance
apple trees iisiially make their growth from the middle of Tune to
he nnddle of August, then T go through the orchard and select buds

thrL^%\'T '^'""y'^''''' '^''' ''^'^t growth in that time. Cho<.sing
tile buds that are strongest and best developed.

the rooMfT^^'T'^r' T'' ''^' '\'^^>-t'^^'''^ ^Vy transmits vitalitv t.,
me root it is grafted on?

root

^f\f'''^.^"r^'''- }> ^^'y ^'^' "^ '"^^'•'^^^l i"^^"^^'>^'^' ^Unm the
s of the slock upon which it is budded.

A Member.— Would it do it as well

as it It was grafted 011^

on its own n'ot — as well

Mr. Powell._I tlimk it tnifjlu n, .t aftVct its own roofs the same
was ,nv,te,l to n,cet the ^rowors of tl,e C).nrl< soctio,?, f Ihsso r?
In tlR. discission of tliis ,|ueslio„ tluTC, one of tl,c <^^^dcst ero vers

Oiifiht he « as the onlv man who knew anvthing ahowt that nn,l
tl.en he relatc.1 how he ha,] arrive,! at In's conclt.sio,, '::i;ich was'The

3fi

same as mine. He ^aid that in that region when he came to plow
out their blocks of rejected nnrsery trees, one mule could take out
any variety except the Northern Spy; for that he had to take two
mules, and he discovered that wiien stocks were budded with the
spy buds, the roots became stronger, and it took two mules to plow
them out. He then budded light growing varieties on the Spy
stocks.

A Member. — Have you noticed any difference in the time of
ri])ening in ])U(lding the different varieties on the same tree?

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Picking Adams County York Impkriai,.
Sec Paper of Prof. R. L. WaUs.

Mr. Powell. — Xo, I cannot say that I have, exce])t i)ossibly in
the case where a very early variety \\ as top-worked. Mv father
had some l\arly Harvest trees, and T grafted tliem over with the
Twenty Ounce ap])le, pnd T have been able to ship the Twenty
Ounce a])ples a month earlier. T ship them to England, and by the
(^ne month's earlier shipment I have been able to realize (|uite higher
l)rices.

Prof. Surface. — What early variety is strong enough ^o top-
work ?

37

Mr. Powell.— If r were going to use an early stock I would
choose perhaps the Wealthy, upon which to work an early varieay.

Mr. Wickersham.— T was thinking that it is not, perhaps, so
strong a grower.

Mr. Engle.— How about the Red Astrachan?

Mr. Powell.— Yes, it is a good grower of the Russian type.

A Member.— For, say, tlic Mcintosh Red, what would you
jirefer as stock to work on?

Mr. Powell.— The Si)y, or the Talman Sweet, or the North-
western (.reenmg. j would buv the best one-vear trees to be had
and mstead of i)lanting in the orchard, I would plant in nursery
rows because you can cultivate cheaper in this wav Then 1
would bud them the same season, and I would put the buds
close to the ground. This gives the advantage of double working
\ou get this mrtuence of the double working not only on the root
but on the top. 1 believe in a low-headed tree— I would not have
the head m(, re than two and a half or three feet from the ground
bor the Rhode Island (Greening i would put tlie head at about four

A Member.— Why not allow the nurseries to do this work?

Mr. Powell.— That is a very practical question. In the fir'.t
place It ,s the busmess of nurseries t(. grcnv trees, and thev will
take better care of them than anv farmer will. Now if the nur-
serymen will do this, select the buds from fine mature trees, that
would be the best t nng to do. We will gladiv pav them the extra
price for the trouble. For the farmer or fruit grower to go h to
an orchard of five hundred or a thousand trees, and do thif extra
work requires considerable time. The work can be better done in
the nursery. 1 believe that there is no better class of men than
nurserymen, no more conscientious men who desire to grow -ood

tit var'ties "^ '"'' '" """" ^^''''' ''"^ "^'^^''^^- made^n re^^d

A Member. — TFow al)niit flu- agent ?

. Mr. Powell.-Well. I.cwarc of the man wlio goe, roun<I .how-
mg the n,ost beant.ful pietnres of trees, and has i,H,is poeke N abe s

a lersHo farts ^, ' ",' 'T ''" ''7: '"" '">■ '""'^'y ""'' vou ^v nt-
^tSibVn^r^er™'™"' ''""■ ' "'"^■^ '"'>• '"■'■'' f""' "-"-^—

".an. 1 „e « nkr a goo,l thn,g ean he .lisseminate.l the hotter for all!

L

3fi

sanu' a.> niiiie. lie •^aid tliat in that region wIkmi lie came to plow-
out tlicir l)locks of rejected inir^erv trees, one nuile conld take out
any varietv except the Xortliern v"^]))' : for that he had to take two
nuiles. and lie (hscovcred that when stocks were 1)udded with the
spy l)uds. the roots 1)ecanie str(»ni;er. and it took two nuiles to ])l(nv
them out. lie then budded liijht throwing varieties on the Spy
stocks.

A Member. — Nave you noticed any difVerence in the time of
ripeiiin;.;' in hiiddiiii^ the diiTerent \ariv'tie> nu the same tree?

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J'kKI\(. AhAMS CoiMV ^■()UI< I M I'l.Kl \l..

Soi- i'apcr Ml" |*r(,t. 1\. I.. \\";itl>.

Mr. Powell. — \o. I cannot >>ay that I haw. except po>>il)ly in
the caM' where a \ery early variety wa-- io])-\\i irked. \\\ father
had some l\arl\ llar\e-t trees, and I L;rafted them over with the
Twenty ( )nnce ap])le. and I h.'ive been able to >hi]) the Twentv
f )unce ai)ple>> a month earlier. 1 ^hi]) them to h'liLjland. and bv the
one montirs earlier -shipment I ha\e been able to realize (piite hii^her
price>.

Prof. Surface. — What early \arietv is stroiiij; enough to top-

Mr. Powell.— Tf 1 were going to use an earlv stock T would
choose ])erhai)s the Wealthy, u])on which to work an early varieav.

Mr. Wickersham.— r was thinking that it is not. perhaps, so
strong a grower.

Mr. Engle.— How about the Red Astrachan?

Mr. Powell.— N'e-.. it i> a good grower ..f the Russian tvjie.

A Member.— 1< or. ^ay. the Mcintosh Red. what would voii
preler as stock to work on ?

Mr. Powell.— The Spy. ..r the Talman Sweet. ..r the Vortli-
weMern (ireenmg. I would buy the best one-vear trees to be had
and instead <.l planting in the oirhard. I would plant in nurscrv
nnvs because- ynu can cultivate cheaper in this wav Then "l
uouM biKl them the same scas,,n. and 1 would put the buds
close to the ground. This oivcs the a.lvantage ..f double workin-
^.m get this mtluence of the double working n..t oiilv ou the ro.^t'
but on the top. I hdieve in a low-headed tree— 1 would not have
the iK'.'i'l ;ii"V than tw.; and a hall < ,r three ieet from the ground
•or the Kh.ule Maud ( .reening I wo„ld pm ilu- ],ead at about four
ie«.t.

A Member.— Wh

y not allow the nurseries to d,, this work?

w< irk

Mr. Powel L-lhat ,s a very practical (piestiou. 1„ the rirst
place ,t is the busuies. <»f nurseries to gn.w tree., an.l thev will
take better care ot them than aiiv farmer will. Xow if the nur-
serymen will do this, .elect the buds from tine mature trees that
W'Mil'I iK" the best thing to d< .. We will gladlv pav them the extra
'"•'^■^' •"■ ^^'.^''V^^''^'- '-'- tin- farmer <.r fruit grower to 1.. i,
an orchanl ot hve hundre<I or a tlK.usand trees and do tluC extra
w.>rk requires considerable time. The work can be better ,lo„e iii

t^ervn;;^- n " ''^' ^'"" " "" ''''''•'' ^''^'^ -' '"- than
iHirscxneu. no m..re couseientious men wIk. desire to grow good

A Member.— I low ;il«uil ihr a,t;iiit :-

mu llK in...i iKaiililiil |„cUi,v. ,,| i,vc-., an,l l,as i„ l,i. ,„,ek-ets lal,ok
;. van„„s .„.|s ., ,l,a, I,,, .an ,ivc v„„ anv varLtv ,ha ,, , v _

Mr. Powell.-Wdl 1 l.av. „„ M,„,,a.hv wi,l, ,|,at kin.l of a

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

38

Dr. Mayer.-Would you not prefer root grafts, on the same
prniciple that Kerr propagates tlic American plum on peach roots ?

Mr. Powell.~I think it would he advisahle if it can be done
and the same results obtained. I have not used root-grafts I
prefer the whole root tree in its propagation.

A Mernber.-\Vill the budding of one variety upon another
change its flavor, and to what extent ?

Mr. Powell.— No, I think not. I think vou cannot discover
any change m flavor, grafted on the difl'erent varieties.

A Member.— How a}3out color ?

Mr. Powell.— Xo, I think that is not afl'ected. either That
comes from the sun.

A Member.— If the soil, elevation and varietv is the same, do
you thnik there is a difterence in the trees' resistance?

fU. M^- P°^f--Yes, I think there is. Individuality which is
he result of the law of variation will be found under^dl comh-
tions and we need to study, to observe and then to select.

A Member.-Will the matter of a change in a degree of lati-
tude make any change in the propagation of Ihe tree?

XT ,|^''-.,fT^"'""^'''' ^ ^^^'"^ "^^- ^ think those planted in the
North will do very well for you here in Pennsylvania^ and wo Id
Jttst^as soon have trees grown in Pennsylvania.'as tho'se in m^own

Kingt ^^'^^^'—'^^^^'^^ ^1^> you consider characteristic alx>ut the

, Mr. Povv.elI.-Its wood. When I prune mv King trees it is
It IS a soft nood and hence, is not so resistant to disease- but

tt:",hUrofstfe';r' ' ' ^ ^^^>- "-" — • ^^ - '^^ -«S

ity of tll^TcI'od^"''"" "'" '^'•"'-«'-"''"> '•■-«ve any effect o„ the qual-
and more resistant to disease. "rmcr, and Harder,

bud

A Member.-One question : Does it matter where you put the

39

T .1 -T* ^°7*"— So long as you have the influence of the stock
I thmk you have the benefit just the same if budded close down
or higher up on the body. "own,

The Chairman -We will now take up the next number on the
prograni, wh.cl, ,s 'nhglus and Cedar Rust on Apple^' bv Prof
H. R Fnlton of State College. Two subjects have been assiWi
Mr. I.ulton. He will read both papers, after wbieh both w f be
ojien for discussion. "^

APPLE RUST.

By Prof. H. R. Fultox, State College, Pa.

The fact that certain of the rust fungi attack two entirelv Hif
forent host plants during their complete life cycle, is°ra'^e enough
to cha lenge perhaps immediate belief. One of he most^wtorious
examples of this is the stem-rust of small grains, which has a second

S :^h';;'"irx/. "k "-rr^ '"^''^^y- -'^'er'^^^ommon
piaiit witli us Jn .New England, where it early became established

growers of wheat noted what was also noted in^thrSklWorM that

P a ic*aTna' r'iotf of v" ""T"' ""'' '''"'''">' '^""'- ^ and si' he
practical patriots of Massachusetts, some years before the colonics

as a protection foi their grain crops against rust Unfortunatelv
tins rus has the ability to bri.lge over from one grab crop to tfe
next without the aid of barberry, largely through^ nfection of 1 e
fall-sown grains aiul certain wild glasses A?t„=l ,!r„^T / lu

Ixi^v": °tl *''\r"' '"%'" -""'" crop.s^:rthe oi e Urand to bar-
berrv on the other was first made by a German botanist in 864

nish.VK >?":.'="■'• f' I'--""^!' I'otanist followed up the cue fur-
nished by horticulturists- traditions, that aonle J,l nVh^r L
ceous plants contract orange rust from cedars -i , ^f^'''

perimentally that certain Kuropean species of n.s? 1'''°'"'. """
ce<lars to apple and related plains, and'TiVe versa ° ''"'' '"""'

l<or certain Amercan forms of cedar rusts, Drs Parlow
o, s nr/'"' f''"' ''^"^'^ established the relationsl ipsto p^nace-
ou plants, and we now know with the certainitv that comes from
r g..l experimental proof that at least four distinct spedernf rus

n^;t o :t""T^ '" "•<= ^'""' f-ymnosporangium. and all pLsing
a part of their lives on jumpers, attack apple in the other statue of
tbeir existence causing the sometin,es troublesome orange oTftdll

The three forms commonlv occurring on red cedar in P^nncl
ceuar apples, but the galls are rough and scaly, and the long gela-

40

tinous horns are replaced by short protrusions of rusty red masses.
Ihese galls persist for several seasons. The third species (G
cavipes) attacks larger twigs and causes very slight swelling, but
the bark IS roughened, and through cracks there protrude reddish
masses of spores; it is also perennial, and may attack the low, stra^-
ghng common jumper as well as red cedar. At maturity, always in
the sprmg months, the reddish or orange spores are producecl for
a smgle year m the case of G. macropus, for several years in the case

if.

GVMNOSPORANGIUM MaCROPUS.

I. Cedar-.pple with gelatinous liorns. 2. A spore from a gelatinoiis horn
S;r rT^'"V'^n''"''"^ ^"""^ '"f-^tion spores, one oT wS is cle
the'^cf!tstJr^c^J;r^/^;^"i;^J --• 4. App,e leaf and ir.il'^lk

nlfZrfZr'l^\.^^^^^^ ''^'"^ ^'^^^^^^^ ^"^^ continuous

moisture for 12 to 48 hours, these spores will germinate in the

gela inous masses, and give rise to a limited amount of jrrovvt and

produce within this period a number of smaller s co mbrT sr^^^^^^

As t^he mass dries, these last become detached, and being exceeS

small and light, are easily carried long distances by the windra vveU

41

as by insects that feed on the masses. The gelatinous masses may
swell and dry several times in April and May, as the showers come
and go, giving rise to successive crops of secondary spores through-
out a period of three or four, or perhaps six or eight weeks

These secondary spores are short-lived, and to reproduce the
fungus they must meet with suitable conditions of moisture tem-
perature and food supply within a very few days at most ' The
food supply must be leaves or the fruit, or possibly ^the young shoots
of some pomaceous plant, for C. macro f^us, it must 'be ordinariW
apple, wild-crab apple or hawthorn; for G. i^lobosum, apple, quince
oHunXr^ry.'' ''" ^^^^^^^^^^" ' ^"^» ^^' ^- ^^^^^^•'>^^. apple, pear, quince',

The fungous threads, on entering the apple tissues, develop
slowly, and it is usually two weeks before the yellow spots are
I)erceptible. and four to eight weeks or even more before thev are
comp etely developed. They are distinctly yellowish, early develop
minute black dots on the upper side, later produce swelling'of leaves
toward the underside, and develop on the cushion thus formed a
number of little cups with delicately fringed borders. Attack on
fruit IS near the flower end, the spots growing to be as large as a
silver quarter; there is no swelling but the fungous threads grow
deeply ,„to the flesh producing a conical, firm, slightly discofored
mass Superficially the black dots occur near the center and cups
may be formed at the margin. This stage on pomaceous T>lants is
known as the 'cluster-cup" stage, which is closely similar but not
Klentical for the several rust species. A third type of spore is
produced abundantly in these cups, and serves to' carry infection
back to the cedars m midsummer or later, to produce in turn galls
liat may not mature until as late as the spring after the next thus
l)ringmg us back to the starting point. Unlike the grain rusts 'these
parasites seem to have no means of spreading directly from cedar to
cedar or from apple to apple.

\v. /\"''"^ • '^'?' '" •'^^"t^^^'*" Pennsylvania. Afaryland. A'irginia and
U est \ irginia. there was an abnormally severe outbreak of the cedar
rust on apple. The explanation for this is to be found, no doubt,
in moist spring weather conditions that greatlv favored apple in-
fection. In Center County. Pa., at least, the cedar apples JikI pul

"hL"';'i''^ ^"1 ^""T",'^ ■:^econdary infection spores several weeks
earlier than usual, and their production extended over about twice
the usual period Furthermore, moist weather prevailed several
<lays at a time when young apple leaves and fruit were developing
a condition that promotes the formation of secondarv spores ami
tlieir germination after chancing to reach the apple. 'The rus'ts on
cedars we have always with us ; what the effect on apples will be

commions^'''" '''"'^'' '" '"^ ^^' ^" '"'"^ ^""^^^'^ '^'"-"^>' "I^^" ^^'^^^her
I have tried to enlarge my limited observations for the nas<-
'tM^^n^L7 r^^ information from apple growers in the four^
^ tates named. The majority of these reports show that red cedars
have grovyn very near badly infected orchards and there is abundant
and striking circumstantial evidence of their relation to outbreaks

4

. 42

Sometimes the cedar trees are reported at a distance of ]A to i mile
Ihis IS no bar to their being a source of infection. Estimates indi-
cate tliat a "cedar-apple" is capable of prorlucing upwards of
30,000^ infection spores; this would furnish 50 for every square
foot of a 20-foot fence encircling the tree at a distance of one mile
trom It; and ordinarily an infected cedar tree produces quite a
number of cedar apples. Of course the chances are against most
of the infection spores being carried as far as a mile; but certainlv
many are carried farther by strong winds. The vast majority will
chance not to lodge uj^on a proper host, and of those that do, inany
will perish in the absence of favorable conditions for germination
Init there are enough infection spores formed to insure a certain
number hnally meeting with conditions suitable for growth

More anomalous are cases of apples near cedars rusting less
than those farther away. Three conditions might bring this about
1 he varieties growing nearer the cedars might be non-susceptiblJ
ones ; winds prevailing at the proper time for transferring spores
might carry them axyay from the nearer trees, and towards trees
further away m another direction ; and thirdly, the cedar trees that
were in mind may not be infected with any of the three dangerous
species of rust, while some unnoticed cedar nearer the infected
apples might be the real source of the rust. For the rust species
although common, do not necessarily infest every cedar tree In
our class work in freshman botany, we have occasion to use a good
many cedar apples annually, and we go to three or four lots o

thot'b ''' ^^^^^^^,./^/^>' '-'^y be had in greatest abundance; al o
these have susceptible pomaceous plants growing near

A wo or three correspondents do not know of any cedar trees
in their localities, and yet have the rust. If there is no confusion

atef :n '"^^ ^'"'^^"1 ^"^^^ ^"^^' ^'- question iHseswletr
after all a close search might not reveal a few cedar trees that
have passed unnoticed. "'

While some striking cases have been reported of prevailincr

spring winds carrying infection from cedars o appirit^mus b?

remembered that an occasional blow from an unu ua quae f

at just the right time, may be more potent than davs of wi u when

. conditions are not suitable for infection. The question of how far

Zm'^'^ r 1''"'"' r ^1"^"^^^>' ''' '^'^ ^l"--^tion of how far am
ust-hke particles may be carried, and depends upon the force of

obstacles' 1 Z^^^ ^ '"^""""^ ^^^^^' '"^^ the'encounter ig o
obstacles. A mile or two seems not at all impossible

Removal of cedar trees near apple orchards 'has freouentlv
given highly satisfactory results. The efficiencv o this mea u ^
will l>e greatest when the cedars removed are the ^ole or main so^^^^^^^^^
of infection for this particular orchard. Wherever valuTlXfZLh
susceptible varieties of apples grow, cedar tree 'l ouU be re C^^
from the vicinity as completelv as is practicable \V 1 ,L
P ants, .isceptible like tfe apple, may^ gro^aLg't e c'edar^Tnd
help to keep up a hotbed of infection readv tn o.L. ^ ceciais and

43

tabulate a number of varieties according to rust susceptibility. In
Its preparation error n,ay have come from necessary clepen,le,Ke on
unaKled me.nory; from the fact that different assortments of va
r,et,es will show d.fterences in the relative rating of any given
varR^y: from varymg local chances of infection; from the biennia
fru, n,g of some varieties: fro.n the possibility hat different one
of the three species of cedar rust have been involved in drfferent

S;' the :rrietr ■ '"™ """'"''' '" '"''^''"^ ^^^

For fruit infection the most susceptible varieties seem to Hp

Vork Imperial, Fallawater, Rome P.eauty. Smoke ouse ami Be,t

Davs. Less susceptible are Rambo, Smith's Cider, Red DocToT

n^l^lwtn'an^ NorX"',, Spy!'"" ''" ^""'''''"' >'^'='^"-" ^^''^-P-
Susceptibility of leaves to infection does not follow the same
or, er. York Imperial seems to be „ndoubte<lly most luscep fb le
■ollowed at a distance by P.en Davis, Wealthv, Newtown KpZ'
Jonathan, .Vraulen lilush, Oano, Stayman Winesap and Grimes
(.olden in <le,scen<hng or<ler of susceptibility. As to resistance suf
ficient to make the variety practieallv, if not ab olnte y ' mmiinl

eraTZrcTfo ^^^r 7'"' "'""^ ■'"'''"''■ ^'™^^ Gollfen rgen:
era choice for first place in resistance. In a second clas^ cnmo

W fesan Xorthor'n't'' ',T"""" \^'^ ^'"P"' P'^'<'"^"' Stayman
rZ' „ff I '•■'>■•, '^"""«^- r*">-ter and Strinetown Pippin.

vervlittle^'.n ,"%•■'/'''•" ^"""'""'^^ rcported,-from nothing or
very httle. up to 80'/, in one case, and 90% in another- these
hgures being for some special tree or group of trees. When l^ave!
a, e badly infected during a season, the manufacture bv them of
foo<l for storage and l,u,l formation is interferred wth and a
bortage in the ne.xt season's crop from such trees is to be looked
for In some instances leaf attack has been severe enoHgh to nre-
yent proper maturing of the current crop, notably when rust attack
was severe enough to cause early .lefoliation and 'consenuen dwarf

rfad • low'e'd '''\r'""- n'" T"'""^ ''' ^""' '•--tl "attackldl
.prtatl} lo«eied. Many sol.l such apples for cider this last season •

but with a strong market prevailing others dispose<l of tldrs as No"
2 s or along with the general run of the orchar.l. Buvers seem
not to have been as critical as they may be another season"

iTom the habits of the fungus, proper spraying ougiit to con-
trol cedar rust on apple. In practice, n closely watched exner

ir" 1 urr*"ln '^i;; r'Tt '7",' ^""-^'"'.^ '"■•- -rieVftm rr/ s"
to tailure. In the light of last year's experiences it seems thaf^

routine spraying for scab with Ilor.leaux, elf-boiled imesnlnlinr
commercial lime-sulphur an.l certain prop ietary p epa a ^n, i^ ';
a sure and reliable preventative of rust. Reparations is not

of iff'?'' ""' '''°"' <^""s'(Ierable seasonal variation in the time
cf infection spore production: and these spores are formed in
several crops extending over a period of a month or two If fuLi
cdal spray aphcations are timed according to the fre uent swe l^g

44

of the moistened spore masses, the treatment will prove costly, and
cannot he carried out during periods of continuous moisture.

It is also difficult to apply promj^tlv enough to he effective when
the danger is greatest. Where such j^rocedure has heen most care-
fully tried, usmg I'.ordeaux mixture, the rust was diminished on the
sprayed trees, but not satisfactorily controlled.

We ought to know whether' apple leaves and fruit are sus-
ceptible equally at all stages of development, or whether the period
of susceptibility is somewhat restricted. The constant occurrence
of rust spots at the flower end of the fruit is suggestive • although
tins may simply mean that spores lodge here more securely and
nave more moisture for germination.

It may be that the disappointing results from spraving are due
to the use of fungicides that are less effective against' this fungus
than against others : for we know that some fungi niav be con-
trolled by preparations that are ineffective for others' Several
correspondents have noted some reduction in rust from the routine
use of l.ordeaux mixture or Pyrox : but T have received onlv one
report of pronounced success. I wrote again asking for further in-
formation on several points, but in the absence of a reply. I simnlv
quote from the first letter: ''Vork Imperial vield is cut 90% the
first 100 feet (from the red cedars) : and about 75% the second
TOO feet: and alx.ut soVr for the next 500 feet. \\e spraved with
hme-sulphur solution. P.ordeaux. self-boiled lime-sulphur and
atomic sulphur. All the other sprays failed except atomic sulphur
which finished up a crop of very fancy ^'ork Imperial Apples worth'
en dollars per tree withm too feet of red cedars on mv neighbor's
land, where the unsprayed trees were not worth picking Our ob-
servation IS that no fungicide applied after Afav isthwill do anv
good toward controlHng cedar rust." I simplv pass^n "o vou this

hs meritr'"'"'' "' '' ''"' "'^'""'''^ '" "'"' "'^'^^ ^^'"^'" >'^" '^ i"^^^^
Serious outbreaks of cedar rust arc sporadic and so have been
the '^/tempts to devise reliable methods of control. In the K.st an
South and Middle West there is the constant ix>ssibilitv of an epi-
demic, and hardly a season passes without the repor't of serio^ s
loss from some apple growing district. We need to have at or
command a knowledge of means of control t^at can be relied upon in
such emcrjTcncics. '

APPLE BLIGHTS.

r,v Proi-. it. R. Fflton'.

It has been suggested that this Association might be interested
n a < .seuss,on of apple blights: and by the plnral form oV 1 e wor
T understand to be meant mainly the varions forms of the bactlwa
bbgh . canse,! bv Baclh.s amylororns. affecting the r t .pi'rs o
new tw,g growth or the hark of larger limbs and trunk or pos^iblv
the crown region of the tree, and perhaps also two or three troules

45

S;' n^hlrlffeelf' "''"" '™- ''"'"''''^ '^^'"^^^ ^'-g'" -P-
The story of bacterial blight is an old one with you, and I have

o otl er'i ' WeT '".l""^ ''"^'" '^"^ "'>■ °«'" work ^r 1 e work
of other.,. W e must keep constantly in mind the fundamental facts
about thus disease of apple an<l ,>ear an<l quince It is constantiv

I™ bV intr'aTd" '' '^ '"^'^'-^ ~"'--'»'--' I' ^' tran tr"re^
large!) by msects and gams entrance through wounds however

slight, and exposed flower parts. It spreads "rapidly and taes

Twig Blight of Apple.

briV'fh'r;- "''""/:;•'''■'" •'"'"'' "■'■■^"'" <--""'li'i""s favor: this ,nav
e at the tune ot flowering, with destruction of flowers, and later

.e d ml'l. '"h "■■ " 1"'-;' '"-' '^"■' /" '"^ ^^^^"'> »■■"' ""'- "'""e<I-

r., ts fif,Vn 1 ''"■'''^''' ''""■""■f'' "' ^'"'S'- f"'i'^I>">-s and water

^pronts hnally becoming estabhshe.l within the thick bark of large

S:;s r""-> ^","' ' '"'T '^'"'■"S ''"l""-'="" 1«"^ "f "'e tree: an,H
foCi^gTisoI,^; '" '"'■' '-■'"'^""' "'"-^ ■^'"■'"'S "''' ">f^'--"°" "'«

m

->

44

of the moistened spore masses, the treatment will prove eostly. and
eamiot he earried()ut dnrin.i^^ periods of eontimious moisture.

It is also difficult to applv promptly enough to he et^'eetive when
the dani^er is greatest. Where sneh im.eednre has heen most care-
fnlly tried, nsmo- IJordeaux mixture, the ru^t \va> diminished on the
si)ra\ed trees, hut not satisfactorily controlled.

We ou^lit to know whether api)le leaves and t'ruit are sus-
eeplihle ecpially at all sta-es of developuient. or whether the period
of snsceptihihty is somewhat restricted. The constant occurrence
'•» rnst spots at the flower end of the fruit is su-oestive; altlK.uuh
this may simply mean that spores lod-e here m'ore securelv and
have more moisture for ,i,^erminatio:i.

It may he that the disappointing results from s])raviiirr are due
to the use of fungicides that are les^ eliective against' thi^ fundus
than aoain>t others,- t'or we know that some fun-i niav he con-
trolled hy i)reparations that are ineffective f..r others' Several
correspondents have note.i .onie re<li!cti..n in ru<t from tlie n.utine
use of IJordeaux mixture or \\vns: hut I lu-ue received onlv one
report ot pronounced success. I wrote a.i^ain askin- for further in-
tormatiou 0,1 several points, hut in the ahsence of a replv I simnlv
<|Uote from the f^r^t letter: -'Nork Imperial vieM is cuVno7r the
first TOO feet f troin the red ce.iars i ; an<l ah.mt 7^^/. the second
TOO feet: and aln.ut 50'. f..r the next w feet. WV'spraved with
hme-sulphur solution. Bordeaux. sdf-l,niled lime-sulphur and
atomic sulphur. All the other spravs failed except atouiie sulphur
which nn.hed up a cron of very fancy Nork Imperial Apples worth'
tyn ^Inl lars per tree within 100 feet of red cedar, on mv nei.ddx.r's
land, where the unsprayed trees were not w..rth pickin- (T,„- ,,),.
-ervatK.n is that no fu„oioi,le applied after Mav i^thwill do anv
j.^ood toward omtrolhi,.. eedar rust." I .iniplv pas' .p to vou this
hit ..f experience a. it w:.s reported to me. a-M leave vo„ to nuW,.
Its merits. - • -"^

Sorio,,s o„il,roaks ..1 ,-o,lar n>.t au. .,„,ni,lio an,! .,, Imve hocn
tl.o nttn„|,ts 1,. ,kMM- ,vlial,k. „u.,l,.„I. ,,f ,.o„(rnl. I„ ,1,,. l.'a.t in
Sn,„h an,l M„I,1U. WV.t tlu-rc. i. ,1,. o„„..a„. „„s.il,ili „ '; on
-Icnnc. a,„l l.anllv a h.,.,.,, ;,a>.,.. »itl,„„l tlu. ,v,„„-, ..i" .crZ<

loss fn,,,, .,„„. ;,|,|,U. „,,„,i„j, ,,i,„.i^., \\.^.

n.,n,na„.l a k-,„nvle.l.,v „f nu-an. „| cnln.l ,l,al can 1„. rHiol ,„ „,
such emeri^^encies. '

APPLE BLIGHTS.

4

111

V>y I'Koi-. If. R. Imi.tov.

Tt has heen sii-cjested that this Association mi^ht he interested
n a di.cus.ion of apple hli<dits: and hv the plural form of 1 e wnr 1

hi";: ";^u':: / h 'vr^' ""'i^- '^^' ^-^^'"^v"^ ''-i. of the h^eu-na

Dli^li . caused In hanlhis amyloronis, aflectin- the fruit s,)i„-^ or
new twij, c^rowth ..- the hark of larger limhs ami trunk r^^l^-
tlK« crown re,Mon of the tree, and perhaps also two ,.r three trouhles.

45

■■ii(

Twig I!i,!i.iit ui' Api'i.i:.

|k'-lrnotiy. ulu.n warn, „v.i-, u catlior c,.n,|i,i,,n. fav,,r; ,l,i. ,„av
.11 IIH innr ..I llowum^. u itli (k>lnKii,.n ..r ll,,wi.r^. ami latoV

iaCh!;;',':'. "■":','■ '"■ " ;"■■'; '" '^"^- "' "'^- ^^■••'-■" "i"' '*«i^- '■"">'-'■

rn ; tn ,, ^''"'"'^ <l"W"wanl i„ ,wi.u., h-„it.,Hn-s an.l water

^J .">. tniallvlKVonnnii ..,al,l,.lu.,| within tlu- ll.ick hark ,,i karLV

;' .>. iM.tay «,r,IK. thc.c killin.u i,n,,„rtan, ,,art. nf ,1,, tree: an,l1,

> u-«nKarI. n, >„.h cankers. ,h,t< Martin,, now infootion tl,o

' • 'I IO\\ lllli C(>-| c, ,11

•Will!; season

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

46

Blight can be kept out of orchards, but it requires systematic
persistent, thorougli-going effort. Affected twigs and spurs must
be looked for regularly and frequently at dangerous periods, and
removed before the infection spreads to larger limbs, the renioval
of which would entail greater loss. Trees should be kept clear of
useless water sprouts and on very susceptible varities, fruit spurs
had best be confined to smaller limbs. In cutting away affected
twigs, hmbs, and bark canker areas, care must be taken to include
all possibly invaded material. In active lesions the bacteria push
constantly forward into new regions, and always exist beyond the
evidently dead portion. It is a good practice to cut twigs and limbs
a foot below apparently affected parts if i)ossible. remembering
that if an v part of the invaded tissue is left, the work has been f(^r
naught. The greatest difficulty is in dealing with cankers on larger
hmbs, and it is well worth while preventing their development bv
promptly removing affected twigs and spurs before infection extend',
to the parent limb. Sometimes these occur in crotches when it is
hard to get at them ; and always there is little chance to cut awav
much bark beyond the dead area. But all bark showing anv dis-
coloration inside must be cut awav if the work is to be successful
Jn all of t lis removal work, disinfection of wounds and tools must
be carried out. Wound disinfection is placed first because if
wounds are clean cut their prompt disinfection will not onlv de-
stroy bacteria immediately introduced from possiblv infected tools
but will offer continued jirotection for some time' to come If a
sponge or swab is carried .it is easy to touch every cut surface with
the disinfectant, and to wipe the tools at frequent intervals -\
number of antiseptic substances might be used; probably the "best

;roi';!^r''n "•]'" '" '''""^.^J^ ^^ ' ^^ ^^^^ «^ ^"^ «""^^ to seven
or eight ga lo„. of water. C^f course, the larger wounds should

afterwards be painted with thick lead and linseed oil paint Whil '

It IS a safe precaution to collect and burn all infected trash ' it is far

Zir^rTo]' ': ^"' :' '"• Yr"J ^^"'" ^^^^' ''''' than irom the
ground. The Ijacteria die quickly in pruned twigs, some tests made

last summer indicating that four or five davs is about as lo g as thev
can be expected to live in these under onlinary conditions, wh le on
Inthr' '^ "''^ '^"''""' ^''''' development for weeks or

In this general connection comes the matter of colhr-rot
crown-rot or root-rot of apple trees. The exact natuie an all t e
fac ors concerned m the development of such troubles are not
understood. It is likely that two or three distinct troubles a ffec
the region of the tree in question. It mav be that the bliX or^^^^^^^
ism Itself plays a part at times, at least in extending tie rot f^
matter is under investigation, but the problem is a complex one and
work must be carried on for several seasons befor7defiiX'con
elusions can be reached. Meanwhile, I should like to know from
you and others as much as possible about the occurrence of sue
trouble in the orchards of the State For control tTv^^ii
the importance of guarding against the Ipre^otol^^
material from tree to tree es,,ecially in worming! The use ofTto

47
locx) corrosive sublimate solution on all wonnrk o.,^ f i •
sonable precaution in such work If T affec ", ba V'caV'b:
reached and cut away thoroughly at an pnrh.cf .^ ^" '^^

lives of some of the affected trees ■n;,vn n Pr°'"»*^heahng, the
;;r^t«. fron, an infected tree r^he'Sife :,Y't'h:r: '^V^Z

smmmmm

ptsis irom season to season. -^

"f fht fci^dl"''""'"' "■''"■ "'■'' ''"^■"•- '■'">' '^«'^-^' ™> "'^' g'-owth

younrsfoclf"'*""-"^'''' " ''"^' ^o^^ctiuK-s affect the growth of

A Member.— Does it affect the apple ?
iousl^"'' ^"'*°"-'^<^^' sometimes ; certain varieties, rather ser-

overtte^'r^e-^e?? ' '^"""' '™'" '"^ '^"^-^ "" "- S™""''

48

on. a,uM„ a i'';:z^:^,„ fe';:;":^:' •■■^■"'"^" "-^^ -^-^ "-

so far a« ,vp u, "■ , '-■ 1" "'<-'i!>aI means to overcome it

not st.fficienV ^. r^ spraymjr o|,erati.ms, at this time is

.f oSrart,':rp'r':::rn' time.'^''''^'' -' ""- '"' ^-■" '° -^"^

way T^an^afthaTtl^e"";;' ^^ 't' '"-■fi"!'^'j.y..l;"t in a general
varietal resistance to liscase T ,,\ i *^/' 'n,livi,l„al as well as
from strong trees, r^ttlhln from "iKr^^ef"'"^"'^ "'>' '"''''

san,e'?,oleTn'tl"ctZ-;7l)^",^e™" r'"'^^' ,'"^"""*^ » '^^^ "' "-
featment wonW y.„; a.Tvise ''"'"'''' '"■'^' •-""'• 'f ^". «'l>at

^a.v. r:ffns;trr;'to.^^„s;;;;x!rt.^^^^^ "r -

(lefimtely what the effect would be. ^ '^ ''^""'" ^^y

in th

49

abourearo5'fceT°onZL''Zl''^ °?''^ ^ ^°^'' °f <^--"-0"
whether there is a posXit?of Peach' Yen" ""T-- ^ ^°"'^ ^^l^"
nnplements used on diseased peach trees? '' *"'"« '""^^ ''y

tory rvTd';„re"on'I;~r^'mXrr.f'H'?' " ^~'l ''^^' "^ ~"'^adic-
is thought that the Yellow is"ot earr ie 1 f"" ?" "^ S^"^^'" ^^v it
plements used. There i also a heb/f 1 .'T ^l^^"" '° P'^<^^ °" ■",-
sLoukl like to know fir^wl^at the Ye tf ' "•" ''"' '^'^^" P'^"^^' I
conditions for its spread are It k J •"' ^"'^ ^'^ ^^''"t f'^

Mde, and to get thl disea:"," trels'outTthTTay:° '' °" '^'^ ^^^

luvelhe'^YdbwsTimrv^^^^ X' *'"'-^°" '"'^''''

would you reconimend for the soi hlf ' , ^^"^^ treatment

that place? ^ ^°" '"'^°'^^ planting another tree in

transm'i°tirtl^r°oJ';^^',;: 'so.f'^andTret''' ^ "' ".'^ ^^"°^^^ '^ "°'
planted without any special iiMreatment.' '^'" ^"<^'^^^^f"%

Prof. Surface. — :\rr riniVma,. t

!'.e points brought out bv 'l "p^^.eirhLrTnT"''' '"""''''"^ ""^
nuiuiry which I subnutted to him h! ' '' '" ''"■''"''^'' ^ an

to me to be the most impor,°an '1 t „^f'IL°'." P°'"' ^'"x^'' '^^™^
mistaken in mv views h„t T Vr.- i f • '^* discussion. I may be

•"inntes that I have advoea ed thi '' " ^ """"' "^ ^«°^" "> °"r
Powell has done n,ay be a n/atL nf ' ^T' '" ^^""^ ^^at Mr.
will notice that the i.xcelt t esuU T", ?' '"f 7^"' '° "'■ ^ou
were not obtaine<l by pronrlth " f J P""''' ^'■°'" '"^ <'""^"t^

verv old wood. I.nt\Joi?the fdi ZllTs;/'!^ ^"""^ """'^ ^
mdividual selection \\'e n,„.;f r„.,' ? ! •, " '^ " '"a't^r of
-lecHon gave the resultl^H lircurraT^I.^ ''"' "'^' """^■'^-'

'•" '"'ddhV; h:TlecIl'i,''Vl'nf ■'■"■f ■;'"'^'"P<='' l^"'' ^- h- tree
iKxIs are developed ,i o herra":' o "'' r^f "i'^" ^"""^ "' "'-
variation. A\e know tha te e^v bu.l ,/; tie "^rf ^T '"'^ '""'
a tree just as soon as it is set ; ^, ■'"^'^'I'-'ity of becoming

"'"•k that the succe" of'llT pi::{^t\'jri ' '"' '"f "<^" '"
propagating from old woorl [\ f, "' ,''"*' '" ""'^l' to bis

tlnnk we ctn recogn ' e tTe fact ';°"\?''''^"".' """^idual bu.ls. I
>"st as there is iX e ^r m n ' o aln";!,'' '"f ''^"f '>' '" tt-ees.
young-bearing tree we can see, t' ^">" '"? ^''«- I* we want a
tree. I havc^ winesan Int ho ° . "^ ^^"^ ^ >'°""« ''-taring
old. the onlv tree n the orclnrdtLf •^■<=5-.'«\than three year!

l-agate from that tree a,u Ic^ t 1 t'^''' ^""i ' ''"''''" '^ ^ P™"
Produce a voung-bearin.. s rah T l ^T'' "f ^<-'e<:tion, I can

>■" propagation is trrecog, Ie he nrn t"^' ""' "'" P'""--'Pa' I'oint
-dividual tree, and the'nT-patte' fr^ ,?";t%;;:'''t k """• '"-'"^
from that individual tree. ItVnot .^o'Zr ;S:;^„7j;;, ™

50
or new wood, as it is of the individual properties we wish to select

cated\°v'AfrP^''''„'™"'f 'f ^ °"' "''^ ^^<^<="'^"f Principle advo-
ea e ami t!, f m^r" I" ;'"'^'°P"'g => ""^e that is resistant to T-
^rthe n , ^H ; T ' '° ^""S°"' S'-owths. Those of you who were
at the moetnig at Lancaster several years ago may recall that T
made the statenient there that I believed it possible to deve lo„ a

;hr^;d:nct"'c^;-p-!,i:;:na^^^

was Mr. Surface hiniself Tl en I ,,ad U ''""'°" '" ^"'^ "'"'"
in practical tree developn,enl""l ^l^^' '' p^ '^Th^l^Xrout
:x3:;cf " "^^ "■^" ^^ '"■"« ^-™ to^rower^V'^their'ow,:

I appreciate very highly the excellent tnllc of Aft- t^ n
am glad to be allowed th? opportunity "r^^J^^LfapSio^"''

A YEARS WORK IN DEMONSTRATION ORCHARDS.

Bv Professor H. A. Si-rpace, Harrhburg, Pa.

Socklv- ^uit"'n k"'''" '""'"^^'•"'^". /^'V/^.. .!/<•,„&.„ „f ,kc

aC l-e 1 ne of ho^r " u"' <^"~""g'"S '^> "^ to see the progr s
Ti ?. r ! * horticulture, because of the justifiablv hi<rh rank

t k nr-'^Tree^T";- ^'f'- !'"'^ -^l^'-ally Pcnnsvlvan a Tits a e
taku.g. Tree plantnig has nicreased largely all 6ycr the State not

ov r :; ;: ra"i""b"r?,! '"'^- r "r'l '^- '"='' -4"ifico,''t.h

St,tVc^,„ 1 ■ , thousands of nidividual growers all over the

"C fo^;^"dr 1^--.^-- -: X'ld ith: <: l srst

Mage, tor the clisconragement was iustifiahl^- Tu^ i ' , " .^

.^ri?erp;t TtVar'"^ '"^""^■^", '^ '''^ ^-^ - ->: and
aLr^ do'if ;\,icl :: ,;r,^::,!::;i,:i;.''" {-f-'g -o era,licate then,,

tlirough the Div i^ rof V<^ Lf ''%^^l-""-'t of Agricultu're.

compelled to go out into the hi^iwavs nndh,^ •. "''''■''
thcni to see. There were , n,,,, ,? ^ , ''y-"=»ys .ind compel

on their own respo "si i ,?y X "^^^fa ^7 ^' em ''''"" ""'/"*^ \° '■'>' '"
•h-scouraged that they did no eve" are to y T 'o ''"'^'""^ ?"''
we had to go out an,l do the work ourselves Ind riX '""^°"'' ^}"''
on the result of the work WI ,? , ' v , "^^ ""'' reputations

one man sai.l, tl at we were exnm«; T'/'r' «? °"'' '* ^^'='"'=''' «=
clilapidated orchards ^.^ Z^^Z'^^^^^l^^Z:;::^ ^ '"-t

enabled us to do good-wc:;^%!:U\.eTa^'od^; ;?,/"-'■'-- "-'

.51

of le^'wnrdo°a!r'the" "'' "'"^-^"'Ph»^ -^o't-tion, and tl,e arsenate
whara''bTe'sL'g wl b: toTo'niX're'lo 1°" '""li,™^ ^"^"^^'
IS necessary tor a summer and a vv nter snrav T fI-.,-tii. fi.« /• •

d IV^^r "^^^^^^ - - ^om a map

:xc:^*in^:b'.!:rr''^::': --/riit' -Tr'"" -• ^"-v- ^^

foX<rSthe".'r:r'''''^"r'^^°'-"^^^^^^^^

^m|

MUTILATED TEXT

"ori:e;tetTrrS:;visI^ '"",• "r "---• «-' w^ can-
pie con,ini whe, thev I rX "i"''''^"'' ""''""' 'l°^^"« "f peo-
VVe find ,?o <liffia It7i gmL l'""°"f "•"'"■ '-^ gO"'g to be there,
anywhere : often the v , ,„fh Ir I ^"''"^"'••'■' """% at any time or
froni a lawyer ^t Sera to ?, fl' ?'?'^ ''"""'''<-■''• ' I'''"-' « '^ttor
strator ean,l th re to ^^ ^ i;!'"?;': "^ ^''>:^ "'«' ^vhe„ tl,e ,len,on-
weatlier was so bad h-if fX i i ^P^aying of his orcliard, the

over, and tl en eame ba ok to" b° "' "'"1' "'" ^"•' '"""^^'l "^^^ orchard
teen persons gat'i^i;^<,ttalV;,^t?:,:"o;r'"' """^^' ''"^ ^-"^ -'

showing hi';;' h"^Sd'"^„;d'tir''""','" t'^'' "'•'" '"^ g— «..<!

orehanf-for eacl treeha a TnhV ,' "r/^'-" ' ""'"'i'l-al tu'c in his
cow. or l,orse, or ,a', has-i ' ^'k'T^' "' "' "''"■ J"^' as ever>-
result... It is bardl wnrH, I ■ ''*^,''<^=t '"««"« of obtaining good

tell you what r m wlar e havint "^ ""' '° -^'f"'' '"^^-'^ J"" -.'l
are the people who gc" the re uhs^' I .•'"" ^'" ''"^''"^' '^^'^^"^«^ "'"
pie in this a.Mlience v o are I »■ ^" '"'"" >°" '° " ''°^<=" l'«^o-
tiiese „,ethods, th.;;,^ th '"e:"- ^'1;^' "T''' '''"' '''"^' '^>-
our c.y ,s not so n.ueh "„,ore f rt.lt ' s " eUc^-'f u,^ """ "''"'' ''"'
perinTe'; altg^ 'c^ tt^J"''^ f ^='">' Pa^'.i- beyond the e.-
tl.at he had s,!d n, or" nurse ■ tofH "T"'"]"" *"'" "'' ''^'^'■-^^^'
'lian in anv other state he V^^ ^, " ™"^>'^=""a the past vear
of our nurservmen that h f^r •• , " '**^™' *" '"^ "«= opinion

you ask. '-what ^vi hj bj"^^. i'!'-!'"^;-^ '"r^^-S very rjpidly.
very goo.l fruit, and a .-reat dV- f "'" '''' ^ S'*'^' <l<^al of

still n,a„y people wh.f in g LJ't t^ ."['.t'Z''/''"'', ''}",'-' '''''
tree an.l put it in tl,e groun^l Ici o it fl l .f" °'"'^''="'''- '"'>' a

ti.en get good results. An" m-in wb ,"'""=„ "'tl'out attention, an.l
l-e there on the spot and L i, st t/ ,' ''"' "'" f^"' "-^ ""'^t
If lie <loes not. he wilf fain i k' V 7', '"' ""'^'^^ ="''^ '"^ subjeet.
going into anv exte,Hi e , ,'un i U-, n "''7. '•"'' '' ""«■• ''<■''"■■<•■
I" this ;an,e h.nid n'. ' I en^ T.^ """';' '""^" ^'''^^'^'^ ''"^^^s.
now going on, at which The it e„ h,f.*' '? '''S'-ieultural meeting
-t is liere. .\t the san e ti c " "^ , " ''''""" ""' 'l"^"^'- "''a^
ceived from vour fruit trees •w\h' ""IV^ "'*^ '"""fi's von re-
on the rest of vour farm hi 7" "' "'<■ S*""'''"'" farm crops

tigt-res but let- n"c^el o,/ | ^^t^ af; "r"'' "7 "•'"■'^' '" ^''^ ^on
turned t.. I'ennsvlvania beo se o^bt ™."' '^"''"''^ '' ''<--i"'>'
are growing- a's fine as "in. |,''' u'"'f "'''^'^"t '""■t our people
fruits we can produce the le a ml colo ' r" '■■''"'•"-■^'l- I" m-r
.ty, and we save over fiftv ce n r 1 ,'' I'" H^" '''«' "'<^ <l'"al-
of three n,en who are now ellin .ifei Ve':!' '", ^'■'^'f''- ^ '<"ow
to Penn.sylvam-a to grow fruit 1 bn J , ""' '^"''■'* '" ~""-'

«'l.o has sold his Oregon h- Is nt <l\l ''" "" ^'^^'■''' f"-'"" a man
this p„r,K,se. We Inve a 11 1 ■ ^ •.T''"' '""" '" '^ome here for
the clinic : we haveTbe t' / , ir 'f' l'^^ "' .-"-s. \\e uLl

He does here, be'would fad/r, ol/lheXtud': if Il^'^^stl' "

53
man were to come here with his methods he wn„l,I b» ,l,i= * „
"'^■•^/"f' better frnit, without the expjL'of^Sment TlfeS
effor^t^of the latter would be directed toward nre'thorougrJ::[

the hmetfi,:i;n;'s;/.'::-r-:i,- ^°nr' r^/ «""

: !:[hl":t't;l'^r';r ^ Th^'T'n ^^^^^^

an,:;,rth: r^ uf rd^ia : f :;<? \.s is'r°rr,it^^'''Y^'"r^'

:<r^;ghb.i;;?ere:r;:fih ^r,e^^^t -^^^'^^-^ ^

and pro,h ci g ,!4 fi ' n^ rui \\ e "''■' """• ='''?'"'^'>' f-"^^'

(Map showing location of demon.stration orchards shown here ^
fied to learn of this success I will mil ^,, f L ?^^*''

ihSLvrfinV---"-"

un>iX^ti:rd:;^it\;"Sr ir^f; ;::.'':'' '- -^r^- - ^i-

present at the .lemon'stratiof „ eeti - Ihil v;.r '", ^''' P''?°"'
eighteen .lifferent requests f o rthe tow of V^ er' ■ I"'', '''"'"?''

ITere IS the fundamental principle for sucre.^ ;„ c
I.se^the r,ght n,aterial freely a,',d str'ong In^^'lratl do Tc^^^:^^,;

heen trtr:cr^;i^srz::t.v;v''"i''^ ;' "r" -^

;low„. but the scale is now un! r co ,p et ' contto ''''l e ''id"
"We cannot afford to give up this wcrk." "'^ ^''''''

54

Only recently I was in Oliio and I saw persons there cut down
hundreds of trees because infected with scale. I an glad le are
sWmg the people here how to save then,, rather "Ltcurthem

In Bedford County we have some of the finest fruit in Penn

ZrZjV'^ ' i"'''""^- L""' S''°^^' 'h<= Jonathan apple grown
by Brother Richards, received special attention and first avvaH
Hs trees were once completely infected, but he spraye.l w th Time
sulphur, and now has the scale in full control

,!,» 1? ^1''="'*°''!' County I have a communication sayin.. that

the results of spraying were very satisfactory. Mr. FrecUiohlaver
of Iroy. writes: "I suppo.se you will want io hear abo, the work
<Ione by the State in our .Alodel Ochar.l. The re dts frou the
work done in the spring are certainly a surprise. VVh le most of e
on-hards bloomed nil i„ the spring, most of the bios ons dropped
ofif, except those that were sprayed. In this part ofTl e conmrv
there are scarcely any apples. In our own orcMiard „ wln'ch von
gave the demonstration, I have about si.x hun.lred bushels Thev

as 1 have no trouble with the worms " / j' " nuy une.s,

,1,-. 1 r'! ^'^"l ^°T'' "'?" "'<= linic-'^t'ilphnr is also a preventative of
the blister mite, if applied while the trees are dormant

ofX-irrTs 'rfte ?or'm^r^ '^ '"' ^^ ^ '^^^ t^^^^^^

tMct ^j\^^"''- '-""• '' ^- - '■--' wonrdir^o'.*:

Blair County.~l want to ask our friend, Mr Kloss whit th^
results liave been in his orchard? ' ^''^^ "^^

Mr. Kloss.~I cannot tell you the full results but I want tn
give you one or two examples. We have a nuniher' nf%L I
trees, two near the house^nd the oU^^s ov" t ^ orc&

o^fi ir ^d'^nr-Lct^^^^^

cts' arples"' "" "°"" ""' '^"-*^' °^ «' ''-'-^ aud'fiv'rof tond-

some^'oT'thf^^rfi;;': u:^^':::j^^:'i:i^f'^;''^ '- ^^"'^"

writes "The orchard seems to be in aZiri h^rcomh o, -Z^Zk
done by your men was greatly needed and highirrnnreclite 1 T.^

:a: e::j'rorti!i-:?:"'^'"- "■" p-ic.e^fui^<i:rSemL^!

55

From Chester County, likewise, we have had remarkable re

s^^L/wtT'o'v'er^^th^^.^^'"'''^ '° '«^" "^ '^ -"'^ "t^edtju"

Mr. Windle.-I don't think the results have been so remark-
can '"ay 'that 'at thrr°"","'M'"' ""T '"^^ ''-" -^>' sltisflTary.
1 can say that at the County Home, the Spraying was handicanned

ma great many waj^, but they are highly pleased w i h tl e res^.'^ts
They never had much fruit over there Thev cannot lietfr,^?^!.!;
at other places, because the inmates destroy the fri^i? Ct Mr Ga^
rett is so pleased with the results that he advocates tLlimesulp uu"

SiTo^chrnrbu '"" "t °^ r- '^"^^ -- '•-'•'- <•" - -

stration orchard, but no work was done there owine to the sickness
of the owner at the time to demonstrate. We pruned and spra"e,
for the San Jose scale and the Codling Moth-one spravi e ?o one
tree, and yet the result has been conspicuous. The ovvneS e
had never had such fruit as he had on those spraml rees That
was Mr. Qn.nn over in Bran<lywine Township.' ^ ^'"'

papers Mr tl "''" ,''"' ^T'^ "''"^''' =""' '' "as announced in the
papeis. .Air. .Alexander, a large commission dealer, had it cut out
of the paper, an. pasted beside it the report of a man in the Sou?

ami he'a';ide,r "Co T'' "'", "f 'iT'^ "" ^^^'"^ ->"'"d n"t !p aj:
ana ne added, Go thou, and do likewise." ^

Does Squire Lonx have anything to say about Bucks County?

Mr. Loux.— The best recommendation, I think is the num
bcr of supervision orchards that are asked for vvi , V

year at the Karm School, and we Lve made gLl'' Ve'l^e su^'
ceedcl in raising the grade every year in thc^ppie orchard We'
have a large orchard that was almost praeticallv killec^bv the scall
\\ e dehorned and sprajed it, an<l this vear the crop was about ha f'

have mall'rgo:,!:"^ '"'''""''' °" ""^ '-" "-- -""-v^^lL'te
Prof. Surface.-I-rom Butler County we have a similar record.

Cawbria Co,wty~\\e had two demonstration orchards one of
Wild, procluced remarkable results, an,l the other d?d not There
are cases where the trees need something else beskles snraWnl

wi'tl' c::^tf"a, d 111!:, "a:""^- '°" ^"^' '"■"="<= '-e mucrtV fo
rent: th^fir^i time «:%;'"''' "" """' ""' '''^''' ' ""-'-d pcr
Center Counly.~Co]. Reynolds sold $20,000 worth of peaches
from the orcharc m which we gave the demonstration '^There
«ere quite a number of students from the Colleee as vpII ,=
other people there to meet my inspectors In Mfbrin onl 1 i'
we sprayed one side of a tree; how about that tree ? "'''"''^

.1

I

56

^a^^^LraSrS5S^'iSi::F-^^^

spray is producing very -ood fruits vvith CI , ° 'P^^>'' 'P^^>''

future, and for the li'L^ofour ^^eT U^^^^^^^

to see the interest in iho.L^lJ. . ^ ^^'^"^ >'^"- ^^ is good

near J t.';tf o"n'eTjn4!;eT '■■""■" """' "^^^^ '-^ ^ -"P- ^^

cen„-rroi.r^Cecto7s'^In7,h"".r ' "t'l-^ ^ ^^"<^^'^'^ « '^"^r con-
ware Conntv co'n'T^el? L ;h™"'''v"°"''"'^"- ^™'" J^^'^
afternoon in n,v orcl,ar<l hJ i t ti't ■ V"" "'^I'*^'^*"'- spent the

and I want to ^c^^ate": ^ ' " CtroTtl" "^ ''''''■
employ." ' <^naracter of tlie men you

tttStinSe.e'^strei-li-"'^^^^

Hvering 4I bushels of "pplAtrX: '^ra^.'^-.^"'" ■?>'' "^ =>- 'l^-
day. " • "^y ^' ?'io — maknig $46.20 a

tail., o&^f :;i'i:''con,rt"' ^?'; rv^'^^ "'"^ *- -"-" ^f-

say that the report f r™^ [ "con, „e Co-t ''"?''"''• ^"' ^ "'■•^l' "^
terest and vah e, Tl,e wr fer " f W ■ " '° "" "^ 'P^^'a' i"-
you of the results of spra ing ami denio Vs;ra;;-n''-V, ^ ^"'^'' *° *^'!
trees. In 1903 I ha,l about ^C) bill lis ''^vc about ,.000

about 1.000. I„ ,90,. a bu;;r^ „' , ,tl ?°'' "I""'"'' ■■" '904.
and ,oo.e.l over .^Jllar a"^. sa^^T'^l'^^JeTurTr^ilre.^^:^

57
refused all the others because of the condition they were in THis
crop was runmng down ] In 1906 and 1907 it was hardly worth die
trouble of gathenng. [He got down to the discouraged point.] In
1908 It was but httle better." In 1909 he purchasecl a .spray Lmp
and commenced to spray luider our supervision. The ?rees w^re
sprayed twice, w>th liordeaux and with lime-sulphur, a,id, he wr tes

nrt^iate' of'lTd ""1m-- «-"-'="<'= -- '" -t spraying wS
arsenate of lead. This year he sprayed with it, and had i 400
bushels of „,ce arge apples, the finest his orchard has ever pro<luctT
J s not that I want to take any honor in writing this," he w-nte s
but to express ,ny appreciation to those of you whi have been
hannnermg away at us fellows, telling us what to do. A ntmber o
people are startmg orchar.ls in this and adjoining towns! ins and
we are gouig to organize a Horticultural Society " """'P'' ^"<'

I have not taken the time to prepare a paper ; the stress under
which I have been working for the past fevv days is my exc se
for this, and I trust vou will pardon it excuse

In conclusion, as the result of this success, all we ask is that

you give us your kmd and cordial sympathy and co-operation wl cl

«e have h.a.l heretofore. The work that has been smarted s neces

ary for he continuation of your success. We aim to meet the

eeds of the peop e and we invite your friendlv criticism \\l hive

he .satisfaction of knowing that we have been of public serv ce and

orif^t^oTr ^f^r '" -'-• '"^ ^•"^''-' -' -p-'-
.r^rfo^f ^:^-^^:'::y^ i:^x 'z^-S!

They must feel very much gratified at the success of their efforts
but we don't want them to get swelled hea.ls over it; we want them
to go right on and do better things next year.

TUESDAY, JANUARY 24, 7.30 P. M.
\ice-President Eldon in the Chair.

'^^^ SS^A1"^ON OF THE SOIL TO PLANT LIFE AND
THE VALUE OF TILLAGE FOR ORCHARD

DEVELOPMENT.

By GKORr.n T. Powi-ll.

Mr C/winnan. ladies and Gcitlancu: On the subiect for dis
eassion tins evening. "The Relation of the Soil to Plant Ufe,"prac
tically dcpeiKls the continuance of our entire work As a nation
we have enjoyed for a period of perhaps two hun Ired vears t° e
greatest prosperity. We have been the best fed nation „ ^he world
uring this time, an<l have accumulated great wealth. In facTwe
bave. as a nation, accumulated in the last three centuries grea Ir

f

58

^t:!:^^^^^ & \:° "~<> ^ars. how has
soil richer tl,an L,y oflier i, e worW '^ T ^'T ^''" ^iven a

past three or four ^ea s t e^re las co "^ °"' ^''^' """°"- ^" 'he

in the ..nexpected-and ^XVr'ertl^'c'o^t'orr"" ' '"/^'^
affected our entire |)0|n,lation esnecia K- h=f . T^' ^' '^as
our large cities flJ coi nfrv hi k ^ '• P"""''"" °f '' ''ving in
and n,illio„s are co,Se^"' | 'iu'c^ie^f "'' ''^'"^^ "' ''' P^P"''""^"-
with this prohlen, of the co t of 1 vin'/ 1 f u^ "°*^ confronts
fro,n 30%- ,o 300%. Now we are cn"S. J'" ''?f '"''"S^'' "l»^"'l
giving back to Ihe soil the er ilitv wh^h f '"u'' "'" P™'^'^'" °f
it for more than two ifnnXe Vear wJ'r ''r" '«'<'"g °"t "f
and putting nothing hack to replace the P a.'t fo™I ■'?• '"^'"« °"'
to retani the fertility of the so 1 VVV „J . '"" " "'^c'^s^ary

of the dei,letion of our soil w l.ile onr ^ T' '" '"^'^^' ""= Problem
creased. In the past wo cent, rts w P ^""' "'"^ '""'^' ^e in-
wheat per acre hut two or three 1m si els )'' TIT"^ ""' >'^'^' °f
•IS in tliat respect. In F",4and IhTl ' '"^ ^":' ''^" f^"" *^^ceede,l
four bushels, while i^ t li s c^ ' ' 1""'^ ^■'^'•' P" ^^""^ '^ thirtv-
We have been inc eas nf n non JHtion'h'':'' ^"V" ^"'" ^ ''alf.
responchngly increased i prS o As t"s"'1'''? '!"^<= ^^ ^°^-
ni.lhons of people unable to eat ann « K ""'' /""''='>'• »•<= ^"'1
prices demanded for them. "^P'"'' '''^^^"''^ °f '^e exorbitant

Another point I wish to sneat ^f :. n
our forest la. ,1s. We have s« ent /' ^ '■''^'''"'■'' ''"^struction of
cut awav our great ore t .„>'./?;;'' our great continent, an<l
dryness that comes to a"soilT!ud:,'':;ir; ref'^'C 1' '■" *^

flepletion of our ": 'e' M,piv' M^'of '"," ''"''''''''' ^^ ''-
■n the East, have been suffe ng as never be 'T "'"'■ ^«P<=^iallv
Towns and cities in Xew York were .rJ'?' ^"' "='"' °f "-atcr.
tl-eir houses and on thlr farm We ar^ "n""" ""'" '"PP'^ ''"
for the wholesale destruction for sofl i ,"?■" P"" '"^ "'^ f ^"=''ty
and it is necessary for us X' to 1 <l^p ction, and our forests.

life and to renew ^he ferlili.v'f the"au7' '"^ '° ^'^^'°''^ ^""'^ P'''^^'

iife\l:^^rat'it:'ma;''^;^r;;:h^'lru;^'^''""" v- -" '^ p-a-t

we know tl,e extent to wl^ch ev"ry t ee'^an?i'e'- '" Z'"" ^''' P^^''-
flower that grows is <lepen,len on the'soH fo -•; ''r?'' ^"'' ^^■^■•^'
necessity of understanding that earl, v»' I?' "f''^'^- ''cnce the
plant life is lessening, an Uh. '„,W Jf^";, ''" -^''""'y '° ^"stain
this lost fertility, ead, vear if le 1' ' 1 "^ ]' ''""" '" ^^P'^^^
the cost of living to humantty ^ *" '"PP'>'' =""' "'creLing

food'e^ t'^^'S'^^j;',::,;:-";- r ^•'"■'"'^'^" °' '^^ p'-'

".austing the soil anywhere ^ this count v"' u"7 ''"'«^^ "' ^'^-

~? ^«e:f cr^eirt -:iB "'~ ™i'rthi:

-nmg all life and he so placed\^hem tLt'it' is^ p-tS; i^^^L"

59

to exhaust them. We have reached the stage where the soil is be-
ginning to disown the people who have abused it, and that is why we
^ee the cities crowded to-day. Many people who thought they
owned their farms find that the injured soil has disowned them and
driven them away because of the neglect that was shown it

Aow we want to consider how most economically fertilitv mav
be restored. There are methods which may be emploved to build
up needed plant food. Some of them are very simple. ' Awav back
m the sixteenth century there lived a man bv the name of Jethro
riill. He was a great student of the soil, and he discovered that
illage was a very important factor. He thought he discovered
that plants actually took up particles of soil as food. He was a
student, and left a book in which he tells of the increased yield from
tillage He is the first writer on the subject of tillage. We know
now that he was mistaken in his theory that plants take up particles
of the soil, yet no man has done more for the improvement of
the soil than did Jethro Tull, because he first discovered that bv
tillage we can increase production. Why ? Because there is hidden
away in the soil enough plant food still to meet the demands for
centuries to come.

Next to the tillage comes another question of green crops I
want to apply this directly to the orchard this evening. In settiiiff'out
an orchard, it is necessary to understand the soil, its character, type
and quality There are many orchards set out to-day on the wrong
type of soil. I said this afternoon that there are millions of trees
planted that are not producing fruit. One reason is that there are
many trees planted on soil that is not suited to the production of the
app e. Ihat is one of the reasons so many trees planted add nothing
to the increased production of fruit.

There on this chart are shown two distinct types of soil On
the right side you will see entirely distinct types of soils. It' is of
the oldest limestone formation ; here you get the clay soil and the
clay loams. On this side of the chart are the sandv types This
sandy type will almost always be found along the coast. Along the
Atlantic coast, particularly, you will find it, and it is generally well
adapted for market gardening; therefore, along the coast line from
Alaine to Florida we find the market gardens more than elsewhere

As we go back from the coast we find the more mountainous
country ; here we have more of the limestone soil, and here is where
we get our finest fruit. The old limestone is not in every part of
our country. We find it in California, in Washington, in Oregon
then in Colorado, in IVJichigan. then on Lake Champlain. in xNevv
York, and along the Hudson River \^alley, where you get this soil
you can grow trees and fruit as you can nowhere else. So it is
important that when a man is first starting to invest money in the
fruit business he should know something about the soil, so that he
may make no mistake in his location.

Here on the chart is a form of soil known as "Hardpan " I
remember a number of years ago in going over your state, I came
across a small stretch of country where nothing seemed to flourish
as It should; the farms did not show a prosperous appearance, the

It

if

|;

i

6o

foi„Kl that the sorwas m 'r „ of thk7"'' ""' P'-"fPe'-°"^- I
iiani sub-soil that conies Z to 'J, > V,"- '>'P'= °/ liardpan. This
soil is very nnuAZ^lZZ^n^' "^o^Jl^^^^f'':?' "^ '°I'
Kast aiKl in the West with this Wi H J^\ r ' '^"^'""^ '" the
it works, like a cen.nt^mK,'!":,,^ "^ °/4°; p ^rfn.'iT's;!? "?r"
always e„her too wet or too dry. an,| can n^t'l e we ||" ' ^' "

ihcn here is the verv san.K- .i,,:i , i • i ■ ■ tilled,
fruit. It is almost altvavs <lrv ll ' . 'I" ?'"'"'' ^^ '""' f"""

the plant food that is iVt^e ' o 't, °t /' T ", '° '™''' ''^■^"^'''^
to grow to-dav, because certain f„„ f ^ "1"'''^'' '' '" <''ffi'--"'t

Plete<l an<l aciiVco'dirns , fv \ [? ope" t'l:;". it'*^ '•^^•^' '^^^" "^-
growth of clover, which grew- , Erh , • ""J""""^ '" t'lc

-any years ago. In the la^t s"te , " ';■, "e'T h.f 7 ""' "'
|)erimenting w th clover T lia,,^ ;„„, •>"-'rh. since i have been ex-
soil one hnndred per cen a' 1 have" . ^'^"'^tW'ty of mv
mercial fertilisers, iltho'^h' iT,;', a be i erl"' he,",' Tm """-
can release the plant food thnt ic cf;n i i ^'>^ tillage you

it to work to s.jtai;.'a!:rt'o'n;;v: ,:';jeto;s="" '" "" ^°''- -"• -'

great'grTn^dfTttr" wy:;ti:;d";;fa/.r'" ""' T^i ""•"^■" '^>' -^
pohcv being followe.l v m limif? '' <^""',='"'l wheat .• the same

to farm, I found the orchards^ werir, """ ''''"'"'' "'"•'" ' ^^S^"

discovered that the nUn foo, b , M " "'^""^' ^' f''*^>- »I">"1'' I
..,;ii „ii ,. !"a"t tood liad become inncb donlct,-,! if

will allow me a httle of personal history-Afy f ' , . \Vi' •"'!

farmer and a good biisines.; ma,, ..„ i i i ■ ,- '■*'""-' was a goo<

ing until one Sf tl esl',Xs ,,'•,' '''''^1 °"'"^ '" ''••""< '^^k"
his friends and his accnm'S^^^ '"'^l" a^'^^"

one hundre-1 acres Ta s „h' n>e,l ■ i -.^ >", 'erited the farm of

Most of yon will ti.l:'^:t:Tir:ituJ:'zzr' ^""°°°-

man just married. The first thuJ t j;i \ '^"rden for a young

the soil and how to i".prov:s; ':,?;, 'i';:^:,",-/,^^?!-^'"''^'"'^'

Iiuiidred cents on the dollar, an.l the firm ^,1, -u ^^^ """
ever was and covers at present nel'v tb? , S^,,';,^;"" "-n it

to do this, I believe t r^.r'necesl iv T'; ^i ""r"'"' '" "'•^'^'■
tillage, and follow intelige t^p"S ^Vb?t "'", '''"'<«"P'"- of
do for us? Every time we Te X ^l ^^''='1''"*'' "'*^ •'^"^■" P'-T't
use the .Alammotl/crer-ft semi L "''7 '•^"'-'=-P'^'--ially if we
loosens up the sul>soi ami br ',1 „n ,1 ? '^'"s" ',"'" ""^ '"'^ and
yet been 'touched. It bH g, ^^ .^e M"' •^""'' •',''=" ''^^ "'=^'^'-
and adds to the soil nitrogjn The c'o t^."^ ?r r J""'', ""'' P°'='^''
sttch as cow peas and belns. .^a:;%'^lir;;i'^";„'f;,;tm'lrS

6t

itself nitrogen, and help to build up the soil by adding to it the nitro-
gen that we know It needs. It is like a miracle, this building up
of the SOI by the legume plants. I have improved my soil princ^
pally bv- the use of clover, aiul it is a pleasure to go over n/ farm
year after year and see the improvement that is taking place bv

a mnuber of ' '""'' '''f ^ -"-P""'"g "^ack into it. /remember

a uimber of years ago when I first came to this state and advo-
cate ,n your institute work the sowing of crimson clover the foU

Urn IlKMii-i) .\|.|'i.i; Tkek— ,S Yr-Mis Oil)
()rch.-,r,I at Gcx.rgc T. PcvvcII-Uwarf.d l.y l,-,te sunnner pruning.

a'teciriln'.lv'V''''"'' 1" •^"i''"'" ^''''""" °f y°"' -^f^*^ an<l make
a special stu.ly of your buildings, your cattle, and vour farms in

order to be able to discuss the subject even more effectivelv ai '

m going over the Penn.sylvania Railroad through some beautf i

sections of your state, here and there I saw fiel.l.^dotted wiM, "r m

son clover m sections where [ l,a,l advocate.l it in the ins itu e

1 knew there were the elements of fcrtilitv being ad.led to the oil'

and I never travele.l anywhere vvith greater satisfaction than I d-'

. t that time when 1 saw the Crimson Clover that ha.l been sown i'

the corn fiehls. I an, firmly convince.l that vou can grow cr mso

clover m your state and thereby restore to the soil much of itsTos

62

u'^to'b- i,„ Ip°"vors:,-r:::a .rn ■'" r ■• ■^^"'^^^ ^"" «" "-

taken from the atmosphere '^ " "'' ""'■°^^" " ^«"'^' '^'■g^'y

Another important point in tillaee i=; tlii«- iv„ » i

moisture in the soil as viell as nlant fLrT T ," "",'" ''^""^

an examination of a lar»e strPtrh ^J i • ''\':'' '"'''^^""y '"'»''<=

was opened to irriea fon T !n . "'""'■>' '" ^^'^ ^^^^'^ '"'at

effect ^f wat^r n'of t Te arid K o7Zt sratf^ ',' T''"^ "^"^
hack to mv own farm T ^^ '^"/'^ f't tnat state, and when com ng

just as bea'-ti fnl a^ 's 'iu^t a r'Jl'S:':', °' ' ''"'', '''■ '''^"
co.mtry of New Afexico wLr fi "^^' '" "'=" irrigated

or n,or-e feet to ol ta'n a m nnlv n ^'""■%'"r """^ ''''"' ''"^n 200

of apples on n^ ar . be aT e uZum '"""'' %'"^f""f"' ^^""
of the vcar hefnrp T ,•?,,• , "y ""^Re saved the moisture

a dolLTor r,^a,ion'in° Fa^" "^2^^"' ^ "-^^^ *° ■''-""
water by tillage As he Lif' 1 ''"7^ '° ''" "' '« '^ve the

and become h^her and LheTon t"""T "'I '^T^''^"'"-^ "^<=''-
pressure of the mo^.t re ifZ J • ''""f^'^^ ^ f'^" "'ere comes the

ated. Now 1 ow n ud n,nl r ' ^'^''"'^ "P*"'"'^' *« ''<^ ^^^por-

ont of the soi i^ "u^ v f o T '''^ /''" ^"Ppose one acre will lake

the North wi ;,r bC g ° 'e r'ji:, L ^n^r^ ''r ''^•^ ■" J""^- ^^''"'

take up one h,„,drc<I to,?; of v'^ter ^^ What," ll""'-'°Y P" "'"
lake up? It will reouire ;,l?nnr • , , V," '' ""i^'^ '="'ge tree

twentNf-four W ' T hen we ™f 't '' "T'""^ '""' "^ "'="^^ "'^"-y
this moisture and iln is Inn. I "•''''•'' '' P""" "^ ™"servin^

soil until we ho I ,ck t , ' ?" , "' "■ ?*"T"S •-""' ■'e-stirring of the
subsoil. '"' ""^ "^'" ^"PP'y "'«t '^ so abundant in this

starting"'i^''a^'heTeginnin:;'T"L''ff M "^""I'T =* f^"' >-^='- «g°- ^"
growers of M dn»,? I^e J, f"""»<^'l •''<= ;"etho,Is of the peach

•illage. an<l con iS it ,n tM hn ' T''^''""'' *'"" 'y''^"" "f ^'«i'v

keted. That -as"on I \rofh:e':T hrf^Mof "'""",' T' "'=''-
tmic the peaclies were one ouart^r „rn, .m ?^ ^" '"•''' '""" t''<^

Kverv <lav that orchard wT.l, ^ , """' "'<^y ""'^ n>arkcted.
and the othe h the ex\ Whr™""'' """ 1^'' '" ""^ '"^^^-'i""-
the harrowing w^s till goi), J o' 'ZT" r^^'""^ "'^ '^''^'y ""^^•
market was filled witl pSZs el " „ ? fifr*" °""- ^T'' "'"■'^ "^^
"ot sell a carrier for leTs tl m, t",? Vn '' "'"' " 'f^'^'*^'- ' '"'"
pensive : so it was hut look It fit ■; ^' '""■*>' '^y "'=" ""s ex-
at that price. It proved tint w "' ^""T '"' =»"<= "f P^='^-''es

..rought1,.v propeV'dSa,^ whLrirriS"'- '"""'"' ''''''"''

>y propei
A Member.-Did you roll it, or break it any?

and ^e-^^e-::^^:::j::t z^i:::::!"!^ \'r '-"- •™-

to be in holding the moisture e'o the soH 7 ''' '"'""' "

moist all of the time \mlj""l I f "''— four inches down was

"tes the results on^mcverveffe^ve" T -."" '" '"^' ''' f<^"' ■""■"-
clover culture. " '^"^'^'^'"'' '"'^''^ ^'«"g ""s line and with

A Member.-What effect would that have on "Hardpan?"

63

Mr PowelL-Wcll, the "Hardpan" is so packed that you can
not get the water through anywhere. "Hardpan" is a clay soil vW«

;;.v;xriLX" ■" "• '' '^ °^ "^^ -^'-^ °f ---'-'• -5

Here are just a few figures which will verify all I have said
and which I will explain to you: In one portion of a pear orcha d
were sown eighteen pounds of crimson clover to the acre. We cul
tivated the orchard up to about the 5th or loth of July; then we
sowed the crimson clover. That is for apple orchards
sown" Tt" portion of this orchard to tiie right, no clover was
sown. At the end of three years, when we were introducin.. into

ome 7 h"''' ?;:''" '•'''°?'^ '^^^°"^ °" **= i'"Portance of teasel ing
some of these hings in the schools, I had some of the students
visit my orchards, and with them was a chemist from Come and
he was so impressed with the soil that he requested me to send hi"
-samples of it for analysis, and this is what he found •

In the three years of the clover-treated land, the water contents
showed 15% as against 8.75% on the land not put in clover N itro
gen .20%, as against 12%. and humus 2.94% as against 94%
There is where the explanation comes in. The phosphorou was
.0.5% as against .(^8%. 6.25% more availableVater rom X

tZ7T"'"^ '°' • ^''=" ^^'''^ '°"' P'' ^"^ of water means 1 b g
thing to us in a dry season. He also found that I had added 00%

i-^"r::S ptnt."'"^'^ '-"^ >-""^= °^ pHosphorous^'ool?

A Member.— Any gain in potash?

^^ fi ^''' ,^?'^f ^'"""J^^ '"^^'^ "^ analysis of the potash. He desired
to find what effect the clover had in adding nitrogen and humus

freezt i!f Wer'"^^ '"'" ^''' '"^' *''^"''^' '"' ^^"^''"^ ^'•""^^" '^''''''

^ Mr. Powell —It is true that crimson clover sometimes freezes
Ml winter; herefore I advocate Mammoth clover with it If vo'
can get, as I do, from 20 to 26 inches of crimson clover before \o-
v^iiber. ,t does not matter whether it freezes or not, because we have

nS"thrs's'"';''^ "V' ^"1- -V'? "^ ^^^^'^^ ^«'- '^ ^^- troX
ot makmg th s sod so fine and rich through clover and tillage we

"His protect It, or we will lose a great deal of the nitrates e^ have
produced and set free. Put on rve. if nothing else, so as to keen
It covered during the winter months. ^'

corn fieW?'""^"''""'''" "'"'^^ ^^^'' ''^" ''"""'^^" '^^'''' S^^'^ ''" a

_ Mr. Powel.— I have had it 8 to 10 inches. Four-inch erowth
IS well worth getting in corn. gro\Nth

A Member.— But not after the crop was harvested?

H *

growtli is imich stronger. '"°"Ser gronth. In the orcliards the
crin^frcbv^rtto'^n?'"' " "^^ "^'-"'^^ "^ >-"■ -•>' -hen the

tio„. an.l after T"cZntZ\uTo\T '"'''"'' ""^ '^^' <^"'"^-
stronger. ' ""^"' °* '^^''''se. it covers the soil

A Member._II,„v much <lo yon sow?

half mlmm^rci;;^;^"""" '""""^ '" ""•• -■-■- '-'f crin.son a„,I
A Member._\\l,e„ ,lo you stop cultivation ?
Mr. Powell-Abont the 4th to the ,oth of Jnly in Xew York,
clovet? '"'"•'"-Do you think you get better corn by using the

l.enefi^f'fV^nhe'cToler? "' ""'"' ^"- ^^'' ""'"^ ""•' '••-" S^''^ ^o,„e
A Member._\\l,at is the be..t tin.e to turn it in?

l.ave'll,e wX'i^^LiTi^fthe",.'""' " '" ■■" "''^ ^''-'«- "— 3-
A Member.-\\l,en ,Io you turn it in i„ „„. sprin.^

Ieave'^t'u,™;~;-tt\ki„:f u^' .f^i'^r"'";' '""?"^^' ''"y ''- vo..

to grow in tl,e spring i w uZ o n'ni '■, "'^' '''''■ ' ' ="'"""'
W'c nu.st prevent tiris by plotw^g'-' "elt!; ■*'" '°"-^ "^ »«'" <'any.

hcacM sor:s7o\'::i.''",^,ir:fte7l^^^ "'"> ■-- ^Pl-^ trees

beiiev?h,''c!:-,i^r';;./e^"w: tn'T ""r !" "'^ — "•• I

philosophy of orcharding I ere h he Fa 1 M ""^' T"" "^"'•'=
overcome or meet the comnet tin n^> i a,)'''" "'^''" ''« «ble to

have trees fortv feet in the ' h- \\'/ n ^^''' ^' '""« «« "«
.Tose Scale or the CocWlini Moil, „ .'" ""'""' ™""-o' t'l^ San
''igl>- Afy plan is not to'^rune" trc^fun;^;, '""''^ "J ^"^'>' f^^'
years old, and then the pnm ne is n, Tl % ^^^ ^''"' ">• ^''^
ont the leading branches «,e?e" °P °^ "'*= 'rec, cutting

65
Prof. Surfacc-I thought you pruned it when you set the tree?

five y'^;;s''°"""-~' '°' =""' "'^" ''''■' '■' -'""'^ for the next four or

A Member.-How high do you make these trees ?

top-w'^rke!rr;Kl'-,";;etr:d'- f [he .^ '"•°->'^r-°''' ."•-■• >f i' '-as been
Z.t four feet; Sd c'l,; tl/'Tnr S ^.^ f, -.[^'-r:

of yo'^,r*'orctrdr"°" "" '■■' ■■•^"'" '"''' "''•^" >"" ^'°P '■■""-vation
were good for half a century more ^ ' ' '°"''' ^' '^ "

1

State Coi.,.f/-.e Stim.ents at Wokk Catherixc To.mvtoes
Sec .Address of Prof. R. L. Watts.

A Member.-IIow do you get up to the trees?

Mr. Povirell.— We do not cultivate up t,. the tr.inl.. f ,1

extr'emities, ^rtlKr^T^ire'the'cuUil^Sj'r^^^ °'" =" "^^•
A Member.-How do you cultivate it in the sprin-^^

:

|1

66

rootst '^''"ber.-Don't the plow tear up a great many of the small

be cMo^Tthlr^": 'r ''""^ "° "'°"'''*^ ^''°'" "'at. They shcUl
IK cut ott If tlicy <loii t know enough to keci) out of the vvav T I

shouiTbe'lroff-^iii't^jf r.i:!:^/:r- " "7 ^"^'"^ "" '"^^

vation. ■ ^° ''"" " '''" a> * ""'^" regular culti-

A Member.— Is your ground fairly level ?

as vo'!fr''lan°Terr m'; ZJT' '%^^'^' ■■"""'«• "'-'' the sanic
.0 keep , c^i;;:^ in-l!;Ure;';^.f ;'-j^T!.,:r ^r- •:- ="'"
A Member.-Would a little root pruning hurt the tree?

.his .^.en^r^u'it-a'ironi'itt^p!^^^^^^^^^^^ T "^"■""^ "■'"

too high. ' ' '"* 'rce from runnmg up

Prof. Surface—Mow about oats for a winter cover?

soil ifVll''rlTu"-l^|,ev-;vnrf.''' "^''^ '"'''""^ "'=" "■•'> '"-Ip the
the soil. R^^e is better. ''"""' '"" •''*^''' '""''^ ""' ''°l'l

A Member.-You spoke of top-working your trees ?
top.™rk<ri7nd'-t-J"s?t Z '^" '■" *"^ ""^-^>- -«• f- '- .-a-

impi^-'it: 'i^Sd^'n; tra;:ted'\o """'r"- ^ '^"""' "^ - °-'-'-''

hate then, for'^he V.t w ere hevh '^^f"'^ ~'r'*"""^- They
|.ere in the East we\:ave"a'drff : t' ;: ^%'„;T; l'7l^^

an^'e^t nsi::, ' roir^fth^i'^: " '-'r ^ "'^"-' *■"•---

length and on S,^' p ,t „.„ or dlr;:" T"'" '" '^^'''" '*« '"
that would cut i-ithe cc^ure o th" ""'" Sa"g-plows-son,ething
branches. Thev have%Iroi,k "' "?, ■'•''^"; ^nd partly under the

I hope to givef a tH^l S rinr Ve^'''-/''" '"'' '" ^™-- -<1
with it: we onlv wa,,rtrrreTk m th.\ • "" ' "'"' '■" ^"^ => ^""'''^
face cultivation. "'' ""^ '"'' '^^ "s to g,ve it light sur-

A Member._Is that the riding harrow ?

Mr. PoweII._Yes. it has a seat for the driver.

67

would b'^rot^t ou7;[:s"'' "• ""^ '^ ^''°"' ^«" '"^'^^ "-'

are ^ thf :r;;;d^^ ''IX^ ^^ ^-- ^L't^ -nr ^ ^^^

A Member.-Do you allow your trees to hang on the ground ?

for ,^'^' ^°Y^";— 'TJiat i.s an important ((ucstion. I begin nruniuLr

A Member.—Will .such a tree break?

Mr. Powell.-Xo, I think the lateral branches are apt to break
n my own expenmcnts I began pruning on the under lie amfl

vr h:;"io;o;':^e:r '^rr "^'V'"' "'"^ years ohta/bSaT,
ie:'t',":;:,i;l„t 1;?:::,^ ^"-'■-'" ^'-'"" ->-^ '-^.."Tfthirt;:;

A Member.— Then you prui;c back ?
back** of""""-"!, '•"'" '°^ '"''' '" ""^ acre, so I have to prun-

!4'es, /e;wrh;Tt;:c':;;„e':uf"Th'^^ ^"" "•"^" ^"^ '""^'

vearson,i;issyslenr.:f fiHenln";;:,. ""-^- ■"=•>■ •"" '^ «« «'-"
1 here is one other p<,int. We have overlooked the birds Thcv

at vo„\hu I "■* " " ''"* '° >'""'" ^"^O' intelligent legislation

that jou still have so many wrens left. On I^n- Island ther is

an enormous can iflower in.lustry. and vet the^ l^ave a great ' la
o trouble w,th the cabbage worn,. 0,ie faniilv of w?e,^ a omd
the place and n, the garden, will keep one quarter < f a^ acre n
cauliflower absolutelv clean of the cabbage worn, V * °

how those birds help us.. I'rolSo h e bii.h°: on^of" tlK
?r7hLrr:'::.oductr ^°-""^^^'^ -'" ^^ --^ --™-^e ^ur

and St ^:^,d !::aX":::^^^:!- k.^: z'^r :^r^

destructjve insects. If he sees one he will folliw it unti he !e"s °t
In France they understand the value of this so well ha? thev
have resorted to ,oa<l farming, l-arisian farn,ers go i, o he narS

!

I;

|i

m

68

making an investigation of the ton I . J" ''°'""' ''^"^ ^^^"

"'otl, an<l the J!rSwn-taM Moth iL f T"' '°" "■""' ""^ <-J'P«y
ont from .„„ler his ,>o d wr ' ni. I t i""' "?' ''"= '"^'"'^ ^^"^'-•
iigln a,Kl catch the mot as tl-" t '"i .r""'*' f ,"'"'" '''« arc

cir'i^jr:h^^-t^~^

iarge cities .ho .ion't fi„ ^'rt^^^Ir^-^,:^-;^^^^
PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTURE.*
l!v J'R,,,.-. K. r.. V^^stalc College. Pa.

opportunity. ui «eic secured hy the speaker as he l,a<l

I'eiinsylvania liorticulturc
may be best shown bv con-
trastnijr witli operations alonsr
horticultural h'nes i„ othcT
states. ( )ur state occupies a
pronnnent place in practicall^■
all of the varied lijies of coin-
niercial horticulture. Tinmcnse
i-n-cen houses have been built
:" '■'-■'^^"' .vears and the irrow-
">.!,' of vegetables as well as
flowers ,s conducted on a
tiuich larger scale than a few
vears ago. The frnit industrv
has receive.l a wonderful ini'-
Pctus durn.g the past three
or four years, f.arge areas
aie being planted to apples
'eayhes. „l„,„s a,,,, 'Jj, ;

fnuts and there is every rea-
'"" «" '«''H-ve that the devel-
;'.mK.nt will be even greater,
n.e pictures which von will

'"' •"-'".^I't "ill show that we
are not |„,,„„,| ^„,^^ ^

;;;''l^-'' are well knowuNor
.'^tarlinir in Ohio w. fir , . " <^"' aggressivcnes.s.
tensive work d, ,1' ,;' ^cnbo' ,'" ^''Y''' f'"'^ "''''^^ "^ 'l-^' --
tenik. On this fan„ e 'find a S^;'"' ^'"^T "' ^'- '- '<"e-

oi «.a.ss devoted to the growini^ ""leit.;:;: t:;;;;^::;;^:;'^,;.^;

Cyg

The houses are large and provi<led with the Skinner svst-m of

uum Thrs ' '' ;'" T "' °^'''''"" "^--^ '--' -'l-- ' o a mi"^

fo most th ■ r T'r'l "' "'^'<=""S '^^^ a'^« '^'^^" installed
tor most of the work out of d,M,rs. It has revolutionised the work

nse "for''mV,v ttrf'NT'"'^ "">'^^' ""^"•^'^'^ ."e'Lo'ls halVl e" ,
n.t I tor man) \ears. Manure is enipk)ved most freelv Tt ic

c-ustomary to apply horse maiuirc from theliverv stables a'ihe a e

ot fifty tons per aere annually, both i„ the open and urn er tdasl

Uith^such liberal application the returns have 'been large and sit?::

One of ibe best crops on the Ruetenik place is celery The cron

m-r'^Virof-l ;■"■%'■ r'" '"' ""•■'•^'"■"« '-■" 'ate |uh\m,i!chrs,'-
n.as. .All of the plants are started under glass, sprkvilie at short in
.ervals to control blight. For the earlv cn.p. p a 'n fre se ",, Ik-
..pe.. ground after clanger of hard frosti. As .soon as Isslb e "f e
planting, resh mannre from the liverv stables is applied as a nu Icb
jetween the rows at the rate in.licate.l. It is cus , mart tVa low
he mannre to remain in small piles for a few ,lavs before a mlvi "
When use,l at the rate of fifty tons per acre the 'mulch s\ho,{ fi!^:
"iches <lee|, nud-way between the n.ws. sloping 'raliallo tl,:.
plants. I his mulch conserves moisture in the mo^t et^ec He w. v ttl
a so furmsbes a liberal su|.ply of plant food when the l^ter i\< a
plied by means o, the above gro.m.l svstem. This la of Ch , e his"
heen signally successfully both with the earlv an I laVc cV , a ,,l 1
.as been rapidly exten,le,l in the Clevelaiur.listrict as we I " i
other parts of the L nited States

^:t:;r ml:r'^;; t:; Sv-;!:--:^;;;';;: tir'"^^^^^^^^^

I „ .. 1 . .. '"'{5'-'/ f,i ^'\> 11 Lr()T).S 111 tills JJ^arriPll nri>

-eets. etUice. ra.hshes, carrots an.l other cmps wl ich 1 av be
plante, close together. Onliiiarily the rows o ero vl cMt are
worked with wheel hoes are not more than ten inchjs a art O..
mo.st farms, however, twelve inches are allo^ve I etwe^n 'row;
the intensive gardens it is .piite customarv to start a sec' ml cron be
fore the firs, crop has been remove.l. \\lanure is use w , bj

m'h.'o /T"'"'," T """■';•'?'■ ""'■'«^- *^ Siy'.-n throtighon he eas '
At the east end of Long Islaiul is locate.l .Mr. L. 1 1 | lalkck w lo
•s one of be most iiiten.sive market ganleners ^n he is an. I I
eu tivates fe acres of land ami gives eiuplovment to 40 o 10 e nte '
1 he men are care.l for m neat colony houses. comL to"ether for

heir meals in a central boar,ling house which is niala^cfl v M r
Hallock. There are few establishments in the conn rv ,,1, 0
hamllcl as skillfully as that of .Mr. 1 lallo k I'm ; ,s ^ ' nn'
niires are used extensively on the Hallock farm. Al Is ppl s '"'
brought to the farm by steam boats operated bv Mr I II ck\, ,
all vegetables are taken to luarket bv means of the sane boats
A full hue of market gar.lening crops are grown at this place

. /''<^'-e are many operations about I'.oston to interest hortiml
tun,sts. The work m Xew England is intensive and ZV^ llJln^^^y

t! !

skillful growers. Manure is used with freedom and many growers
also resort to the use of commercial fertilizers. A general line of
garden crops are produced for the Boston market. The greenhouse
industry is especially large near lioston. I.ettuce, tomatoes and
cucumbers are the most important crops. I'robably no city in the
L'nited States grows more cucumbers than Boston. Nearly all of
the greenhouses are 40 feet wide, of the three-fourths span of con-
struction and manv of them several hundred feet long. Cucumbers
arc also grown extensively as an early summer crop in cold frames
as shown in the accompanying picture.

One of the most important trucking centers of the Kast is
vSweedesboro, X. ].. Immense ([uantities of early tomatoes and
sweet ])otatoes are shii)pe(l from this station. At (ilassboro, X. J.,
are located the extensive orchards of Mr. Albert T. Repp. Four
Inmdred and fifty acres are devoted to apples, pears, jieaches and

If

CucuMiu-R Framks IX rni- Gakdkns ni- \V. H. Ai.i.Ex, Armxc-

Tox, Mass.

graj^es. The apple is the leading fruit in these orchards. Winesaj)
has been most largely i)lanted. The trees are pruned very lightly
until they come into bearing. All of the spraying is done with gaso-
k-ne engines. Ever since the appearance of San Jose scale in the
Repp orchards, crude oil has been used with entire success in com-
batting it. Practically no trees have been lost from the effect of the
scale or from injury of the oil. The secret of success of applying
oil on Mr. Repp's trees is to i)ut it on as finely as possible. It is
applied in a very fine mist so that no large amount is permitted to
collect in any one place. The spray is so exceedingly fine that two
gallons of oil is sufficient to spray a tree that is twenty-five years
old. ^Ir. Repp has his own storage house which is large enough to
hold 10,000 barrels of fruit. The apples are placed in five-eighths
bushel hampers in the field and covered with paper and placed at

The Patapsco Xeck, near J.altmiore, nas lou^ ilnUed States
one o the mo'^t important f -lening reg.ons m '- U™^^ ,f jt^ni
The fevtilitv is maintained by manure w ch is take to
on barges, and the use of '^7.'"^,/;; J^" ovvn ntf Kaltin/oro,

ach are perhaps the t^^« "^°f "^1™ are' produeed for Baltimore
aUhough a large variety of \egttaines arc 1

""" Th"' m^ hSortant trucUing.district of t.;e United States i^ at

^'-'°'^ofVe'm.imi:;.y'\f".:r;=4"-''-

"C" " Tdmaloe'sr'pilrach. beans, peas, cucumbers and many

PACKixr. FixK Adams County Apples.
(Mammoth lUack Twig.)

other crops are grown -•^-^-^'t^^^-peTtlli'e^rs^'llrbtn

n,ethods as .s l'°^J' '%'Xf in t community. It is not un-
used with the grcate^t trecdom m i ^ ^^^,^

common for a SJ-- ';' ;X'; >;;:V" * t" .h^^I th^ fe'^rtilizers have
season. Some of «''*= f "" "^ ^^l^ ,„.,„, erops liave not been grmyn
been used too free v. or rfi*^"^ ''■''»., 5 , ' condition. The

as l-g^ly as possible U, keep - >' ' *^^ rime' because they fin<l
growers lu this ^S™ '^^J J^ ,*J '. The use of lime has been the
it is necessary to 1^<^<'"':<=/'" , ''' , Venderiu" it more useful to possi-
meansof sweetening the ^°'' ^"'' ';"'''""»The Norfolk Truck Ex-
bly all the crops grown in that region, ine Aorioi

70

skillful «^M-.)\vcr>. Manure is u^c<l with frt'cdoni and many grciwcrs
also resort lo the use of commercial fertilizers. A general line of
.i^^arden crops are i)ro(luced for the T.oston market. The "greenhouse
industrv is es])ecially lari^e near iloston. Lettuce, tomatoes and
cucumbers are the most im])ortaiU crops. Probably no city in the
I'nited States j^rows more cucumbers than T.oston. Nearly all of
the i^reenhouses are 40 feet wide, of the three- fourths s])an of con-
struction and mam of them several hundred feet lo:ii>-. C'ucumbers
are also ^rown extensively as an earl\ >ummer crop in cnld trame>
as shown in tlu' accomi)anyinj,'- picture.

( )ne of the most inijxyrtant truckinj;- centers of the I'.ast is
S\vce<lesboro. \. ].. lnimen>e (|uartitie>> of early tomatoes a:i<l
sweet ])otatoes are shipped from thi^ station. At ('da'^^boro, \. j..
are l<;cated tin- extensive orchards of Mr. Albert T. Kep]). h'our
hundred and lift\- aero are devoted to aiijjles, pears, l)eaclu•^ and

C'rCfMliKU I'UAMKS IN 'illi: (". AKI'KNS HI- W. II. Ai.i.r.N. AUI.INC-

■|n\, M \>S.

j^n-apes. The apple i-« the leading- fruit in the>>e orchards. \\ ine^ap
ha> l)een most lar.L^ely planted. The tree^ are pruned very lightly
until thev come into bearing. AH of the >i)raying i^ done with ga^o-
K-ne engine^. I^ver since the ai)i)earance of San jose scale in the
ivepp orchards, crude oil ha^ been u^ed with entire success in com-
battiuL^ it I'racticalh- no tree^ have been lost from the effect of the
scale or from injury of the oil. 1 he secret ot success ot ai)pl\nig
oil on Mr. i\e])p's tree^ is to put it on as finely as jxissible. It is
af)i)lii'd in a verv fine mist ><) that no large amount is ])ermitted to
collect in anv one i)lace. The s])ra\- is so v-xceedingls fme that two
gall«»ns of oil is sufficient to spray a tree that is twenty-five years
old. Mr. Repp has hi< own storage house which is large enough to
hold 10.000 l)arrcls of fruit. The ajjples are ])laced in five-eighths
bushel hampers in the field and covered with ])ai)er and placed at

' .nlinarily tile a,.pK. arc 1,01.1 n, stora,. , , 1 > ,J--,^^.„ ,,,
The i'atapsco Neck, near l.altimoie na^ i u^ i ^,:uvl Stites
„„e ,!f";„i „„lt in„H.r,ant Kanlcnin, rc^-ons n. '-;, ' . h ' nln.
T\,o fcTlililv i- mamtanK'.l by inanmc "1 >>li '- r Kln-e ar,! ^pin-

-■-"' The"n;;"t'in:p;.r.ant tr.ckin, ,li^trict „f tlK- rnitcl States is at

x,.h!,11:. \ vi.t f, this ai^tnct iv-;;;:;:;:^/;' ^;;.i;, e,rV^ Z.

region.

■ the magnitude m win... ..v.v......^ -

'r ♦ <• sniirich beans, peas, cucumbeis and man\
1 omatoes, spmaeii. nvan . i

Packing; Fink .\i'NM> Cixi v Aci-i Ks.
(^ManiniMtli I'l.u-k Twii;. )

„H..l,o.ls a> .^ l'''~r , f col , i., ' o..-m."itv. It is not un-
"^"' "'";■ ^i ,':;t r .. 1 ■■"' an.l ..no-l,alt t.'.ns ,,o,- aero oaoh

common toi a giowu lo .hm .. -,,iniit that fert izers have

:..a..n. S..n,c ..f tl.o .'--,■> ;;;^;/ -^j ;:',.'; ..^ ,,ec„ ,.w„

boon .,so.l t.K. trocly ..r 7">^-', ','", 7, \V,\ .,,„,,,,. c.m.lili..n. Tbo
..largely a>,«.MbUM,,koo,. 1 ~ .1 ' <^ 1 ,^^,^.^^^_^^, ,,,^,^. ,,„,

vo,-> ;,'•;."; ;;:>;;'• ,' a,;:, rw „>o .„• un.o bas boo,, ti,o

" " '" ,?:; -c , , tbo ...il a„.l ro„.lo,-inj; i, „,..ro use.u t,. p.^ss-
moaiis .it s\\oLtii,,i,„ uii ,.,.,n,,„ Tlie Norfolk Inick I'.x-
bly all tbc crops grown ,1, tb.it logion. 1 lic Aor

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

72

periment Station, of which Professor T. C. Johnson is director, has
been exceedingly vahiable in helping to solve the problems of the
hundreds of producers in this locality. A number of frame grow-
ers operating near Norfolk have been realizing good profits. These
men start and mature practically all their crops as beets, spinach,
lettuce and cucumbers in frames. Overhead irrigation has been a
great advantage on one of the places which has met with great suc-
cess.

Leaving the South and coming back to Pennsylvania it is a
pleasure to show a number of ])ictures of the splendid orchards in
Adams county. This region is not only well known to the horticul-
turists of this state but it is known in many parts of the United
States as a region which has been remarkably successful in the pro-
duction of ap])les. ^lost of the pictures illustrate the spreading or
open-head method of pruning or training. As is well known, York
Imperial is the leading variety. Probably nine-tenths of the bearing
trees in this county are of this variety. In most recent plantations,
Stayman W'inesap has been planted to a considerable extent and
is doing well. Grimes Golden. Jonathan. Rome l»eauty and a few-
summer varieties have been planted to some extent in the young
orchards.

Kennett Square has long been known as one of the most prom-
inent mushroom sections in the I'nited States. ^Nfost of the mush-
r(X)ms are grown in inexpensive houses, although a few more costly
establishments have been built and have met with success. \\r.
H. K. Hicks has, for example, erected a mammoth building with
a double cellar in which he has been meeting with entire success.
The greenhouse industry is also a paying proposition. Not only
are roses, carnations and other flowers grown, but tomatoes are
grown extensively for the Philadelphia market.

The last census report shows that P!iiiadel])hia County is fourth
in the United States so far as yields and returns per acre are con-
cerned. Some of the best and most intensive market gardening as
well as truck farming may be foun(l both north and south of the
city. The farm of Thomas I'rooks, Jr., is especially notable as
being conducted in a thoroughly up-to-date manner. Practically
no weeds can be found on this farm at any season of the year. The
crops follow each other in quick succession and companion crop-
ping is largely practiced on this farm. Stable manures are relied
upon mainly for the sup))ly of plant food. They are composted
before using and then applied in large amounts. A great variety
of crops, such as rhubarb, carrots, onions, celery, tomatoes, cab-
bage, lettuce, etc.. are grown north of the city. South of the city
the places are restricted mainly to crops that may be planted close
together, permitting the use of intensive methods.

One of the best examples of intensive gardening may be found
in Lancaster city. Ritchie Brothers have been cultivating vacant
lots and meeting with entire success. Rotten manures are used
more freely, perhaps, than in any other garden of the State and

73
sorinkling devices are also employed to control soil moisture con-
cC's Intercropping and succession cropping are used to a great
extent.

Skinnkk System Wir.i Ckt.ctv on thk Farm «v R.'hkkt J.

Walton.
Young Orchard in tbc nackgronnd.

One of tlic notable establislinients near Ilarrisbm-g is that of
Mr Robert J. Walt.in, of Humnielst.nvn. ]-r,ut grown.g and mar-
ked Mnlening on a consi.lerablc scale are carne.l on here ami a
u'orougWy c^qtn,.po,l an<l very satisfactory Skunter systent .s nt

"'""""Most of our borticultnrists are familiar uitb tbe grape in-
,U,str'v of Erie eonnty. llnn<lre.ls of vineyards near Nortbeast
luwe'been returning to the owners sat,sfact,,ry profit .1 robabl)
OS tier cent of tbe plantings ni this region are of Concord.
^^ 'Man" of the ,'narket Vr.loners an.l trnck farn,ers xvlnch w
have met'dnring tbe past few years grow a large percentage of then
ow^, eelTbis «,Kle;.cv is on tbc increase, not beeansc dealers arc
sdling poorer see<l tban formerly bnt because growers reahze ntcne
fuUv tic importance of growing an.l us.ng tbe best seed. Some
o tlie niost successful growers in tbe Trnte.! States have beco. le
Wan b eeders in a practical way, tbeir see.ls bemg produced by
lealer wbo recogni/e tbe importance of furnisbn.g tbeir pa ro, s
'tl'Vbe verv best seel. I regret that it bas been uuposs.ble to
show 'i\ore C'iews iUnstrati.ig borticultural operations m dtfferent

•'='^'rln?cr;^rtre are numv people bere to nigbt wbo are

interestcl in tbc work of tbc Department o lort.culturc at e

•eunsvlvauia State College, Experiments are bemg conducted along

•ar ous ines In vegetable gardening, cabbage, tomatoes an<l aspar-

ags are receiving the most attention. The aim of the Department

74

is to make a most thorough study of the most important questions
relating to the culture of these three crops. All of these vege-
tahles are of the greatest commercial importance to Pennsylvania.
The i- train tests with cabbage and tomatoes have been particularly
valuable. The results indicate great variation in strains of the lead-
ing varieties of cabbage and tomatoes. In Karly Jersey Wakefield
for exami)le, some strains have cut about $100 more per acre than
f)thers. There have been marked differences in types and yields.
An acre of experimental asparagus is giving most excellent results.
Measurements and weighing show that it is exceedingly important
for commercial growers to plant large crowns of plants rather than
small ones. Palmetto seems to be the best variety to ])lant because
of its power to resist disease and its vigor and productiveness.

Ri-TAH. Market Wacon 01 Roukkt J. Walton, Hummelstowx.
Pa., Showing ax Inkm'Ensivk Shed i-or the Mixing of
Si'RAv Materials.

The entire field of horticulture is covereil by the various courses
of study which are offered by the college. Most of the subjects arc
taught by lecture with accompanying laboratory exercises. Re-
si^3nsibilitv is placed upon the students as much as possible so that
they will develop self reliance and attain the greatest possible effi-
ciency in the management of crops under glass as well as in the open.
In greenhouse work, for example, each student is assigned given
areas on which he grows lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers or perhaps
flowers. lie is held absolutely responsible for the plot, giving the
care that may be required from day to day. On tlu? college farm
he is also assigned areas for garden work for which the student
makes plans and then carries out his plans. In plant propagation
the students are taught budding and grafting in a practical way.
The root-grafts, for example are tied together in bunches with the
student's name attached and he afterwards plants them in the nur-
sery on the college farm. There are three distinct values to be

75 -
gained in conducting laboratory wo,d< in Uiis mami^. Vn^ it

^cal operations in market gardenmg. vegetable forcmg, ttoncul
ture and orchard management.

.... »i- <;'r\Ti' CoiiEGE Showing the

One Ol- THE (.KEKNHOrShS at ^rATL LOLLM.fc.,

^'^'' StldEnt Plots.

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 25, 9 A. M.

President Heister in the Chair.

VEGETABLE FORCING UNDER GLASS.

\\\ C. \V. \V\ni, -Vca' Carlisle, Ohio.
Indict and Ccntlcmcn: li^d^, it gives me great pleasure to

^^''^'"; f, 1 ^vlth vou as with us. that the subject of apples is most

Uavc xv.th yen. o" o ' ;^^' ;^ 7,,^,,. ,,„„i,,er an authority he-

"r^eof he abie av '\v ichhe produces a first-class fruit. You
cause "f «;^ /''\'\-> ,_.,,., |,eing bkcke.l tip by experience an<l suc-
«:s.""L.^sel'rbavc eighty acres of orchard started, but not >n

76

bearing as yet. But there are other prochicts in the Horticultural
ine besides the growing of apples, and since coming here, I have
learned tliat you are producing along the lines about which I am to
speak to you. but T doubt wether most of vou realize this oppor-
tunity as you should. ' ^ ^

You talk about the Western man coming into the Eastern mar-
ket and selling his apples. Do you know what the greenhouse men
are doing to-day? .Men in Massachusetts and in Ohio and in New
Jersey are buying your coal and your glass and sending the lettuce
back to your people and selling it, and making money on it too
and good money at that. Is there no opportunity here for 'you ^
1 here are a gotxl many in the business, but not nearly so many
as could profitably engage in it, and 1 hope if you are not already
mterested. you will consider the subject with m'e this morning and
become interested. 1 am confident that many of the young men
under IVofessor Watts will take up this work and make a success
of It and vegetable forcing under glass will be one of the lines

U hen I accepted the invitation of your Secretary to talk to you
on this occasion, I told him that I make no pretense to being a public
speaker. L nhke most of those who have preceded me, I am seldom
able to get away for even this length of time, as our work is very
conhning. 1 realize that looking after the details of the business
IS where success usually comes. I will now take up my subject
and If there are any questions that I can answer, 1 shall be pleaded
to do so. '

No doubt most of you are aware that vegetable forcing in
(Jhio has attained very large proportions during recent years The
places at which the greatest development has occurred' are Ashta-
bula, Toledo and Cleveland. All located in the northern part of
the state and not far removed from the lake. P.esides the develop-
ment at the i)laces named, small or medium-sized plants have been
built near or within easy shipping distances of most of the larger
cities throughout the state. It would seem safe to say that at least
one half of the present area of glass in Ohio has been built within
tlie last ten years.

At Ashtabula there are less than a dozen plants all located
within a mile of each otlier. These sets of houses cover over twenty
acres of ground. At Toledo there are about one half dozen large
plants and a large number of small greenhouses. The total area
covered by glass and devoted to vegetables is probably somewhat
greater than that at Ashtabula. The largest plant in the'state is tha
owned and operated by the Searles P.rothers, at Toledo, and consists
ot a set of old houses covering three acres and a new plant which
was planned to cover ten acres, two acres of which is vet to be built
Ihis eight-acre greenhouse plant is all under one roof The ser-
vice room alone wcnild be considered a good-sized greenhouse bv
many growers. " »"i^iisc \n

At Cleveland there are a very large number of houses, many of
which covers one-fourth acre or more. Mr, A[. L. Ruetenik's plant
which covers about three acres is the largest. The total area would
probably not be over one-half that at Toledo. There are only a

77

few small greenhouses in or near Cincinnati. This is probably due
to the fact that growers there have depended on hot beds and cold
frames and have not as yet become much interested in the con-
struction of greenhouses.

Style of Houses.

The style of houses in use varies considerably although the
narrow span is most popular. Most of the large plants at Toledo
and Ashtabula are made up of sets of narrow span houses, the width
being atout 15 feet and the length varying from 100 to 750 feet.
The Crane Uros. of Toledo have both narrow and wide houses.
The wide houses are 45 to 50 feet in width and about 350 feet in
length. They are individual houses, having been built separately and
are giving satisfaction. This style of houses has a decided advan-
tage over the connected houses in a section where the snowfall is
heavy. It takes a comparatively short time for the snow to slide
olT of a roof which has no gutter while a much longer time is re-
(juired to melt the snow out of gutters of connected houses. Our
own houses are 32 bv 200 feet and connected. We find that the
snow clears from the outside slopes much quicker than from the in-
side. - , , • •

So far as results are concerned we hnd good crops growing m
narrow and wide houses, connected and disconnected houses, in
houses running north and south and east and west. It would seem
from this that the stvle of house has little to do with the quality of
the crop grown. This is assuming that all of the construction is
good. Light, clean houses are always sui)erior to dark, dirty
houses. The stvle of house which we select will depend on our own
individual i)reference. the coini)arative cost and apparent durabil-
ity. We usually find more or less similarity in construction in
each community. This shows the tendency to "Go and do — like-
wise." , • 1 T

It is the opinion of the writer, although 1 must admit that 1
have no data to su])i)ort my statement, that wide houses can be
heated more economically than narrow houses. It would also seem
that when tender crops such as cucumbers and tomatoes are grown
in midwinter that the danger from draughts would be much less
in wide than in narrow houses.

Heating.

At Ashtabula and Cleveland nearly all of the houses are heated
by steam. At Toledo hot water is the i)oi)ular method of heating.
Anyone who thinks hot water not practicable for large plants should
visi't Searles Brothers' eight acre plant. The water is pumped
through the system. The heating pij^es as I remember are all i '4
inch pipes. They are run in sets near the surface of the ground,
one set under each gutter. The houses are 750 feet long and the
heating pipes half that length. In our own houses in which there
are 20,000 sq. feet of glass we heat with hot water. The l^oiler is
a Kroescheil with a mercury generator attached. The heating pipes

•!

i':

78

arc two-inch, one flow and two return in each set. For houses the
size of ours or smaller there is no doubt but that hot water is the
most economical method of heating. It would take a careful set of
expenments conducted over a long period of time to determine
whether steam or hot water is most economical for large plants.

Glazing.

The most popular size of glass is the i6 by 24 double strength
A. glas>. ]'. glass is used in a few instances and a verv few grow-
ers use single strength. lu most cases the 16 by 24 glass is laid the
16 inch way. The glass on our own houses is laid the 24 inch way.
This gives a very light house and has been quite satisfactory. Once
last winter when we had an unusually heavy snow and drifts formed
to a depth of from 3 to 4 feet in the gutters, several glasses were
cracked. It would seem from this experience that it would not be
wise to space the glass the wide way in a section of the country
where heavy snows are common. If the glass is spaced the 24 inch
way It is advisable to jiave some glass, either in the sides of the house
or in the roof of a small house spaced the narrow way. This should
be done so that use can be made of the ])anes of glass from which,
small corners are broken.

There is quite a difference of opinion as to whether butted or
lapped gla>^s is to be preferred. As a general thing there is le^s drip
from lapped than from butted glass. On the other hand butted
glass IS more secure than lapped as the lap holds it in place. JUilted
glass IS usually easier to keep in repair than lapped.

Soil and Soil Treatment.

The soil at Ashtabula is very sandy while that at Cleveland and
Toledo IS a sandy loam. It might seem from this that sand is neces-
sary m the vegetable forcing business. This is not the case, how-
ever, as It has been demonstrated bv the Kxi)eriment Station and
several growers throughout the state that heavy soils will give re-
sults equal to sandy soils. In anv case large amounts of organic
matter should be added to the soil. 1 xvould as soon have clay loam
as sand for the basis of the soil for forcing. The soil in our green-
houses was made up of two parts clav ^loani. which contained a
fair amount of organic matter and available plant food, one part
muck and one part stable manure. It will be necessary, no doubt
to add more muck from time to time in order to keep the soil mel-
low and in a gocxl physical condition.

^ It is only in rare instances that soils are renewed in vegetable
Torcmg iK^uses. vSeveral years ago I saw a crop of lettuce growing
m sod which had been in continuous use for thirty years and the
crop I saw was a very good one. So far as I know tliis soil is still
in the houses. In most cases the greenhouse soil is kept in a i)ro-
ductive state by the addition of large cpiantities of well rotted stable
manure which is spaded into the soil just previous to the plantim'
of each crop. The Ohio Experiment Station and a few growers iii

79

the state have for several years followed another plan of renewing
the soil fertility. Briefly the plan is as follows: As soon as the
tomato or cucumber vines are removed from the houses, about
August fifteenth, a heavy coat of manure is spread upon the soil.
Water is applied at frequent intervals, once or twice a week, and
in sufficient quantity to leach the fertility out of the manure into
the soil. Just before the first crop is planted the coarser part of the
manure is removed and the finer worked into the soil. No more
manure is added to the soil until the tomato or cucumber crop is to
occupy the ground when well rotted manure is worked into the soil
or coarser manure applied as a mulch. Thus two or three crops
of lettuce are grown with but one application of manure. This is
the plan we follow and w-e have found it very satisfactory.

As a general thing little or no commercial fertilizer is used in
vegetable forcing houses. Tests which w-ere conducted by the Ohio
Station demonstrated that commercial fertilizers can be used to
supply the plant food in greenhouse soils but it is necessary to
supplement them with some form of organic matter. Manure or
muck being suitable for this purpose. When stable manure which
has not been exposed to the weather can 1)€ secured in sufficient
quantity without too great an outlay there is little use made of com-
mercial fertilizers for greenhouse work. There is need, however,
of further investigation by our Experiment Stations and others to
determine when and in what quantities commercial fertilizers can
be used to advantage in vegetable forcing houses.

Lime has been used \yith good results in some cases. We save
all of the ashes which result from the burning of the tobacco stems
and work them into the soil.

Soil sterilization has been found necessary in many of the
commercial houses. Steam has given best results although formalin
has been used successfully in some cases. The outfit for sterilizing
with steam should consist of a steam boiler with c(Mmections to per-
forated ])ii)es buried in the soil to be treated. The soil is not moved
from the beds or benches but treated where it is in use. The
steam is forced into the pipes under pressure and the pipes are not
removed or moved until the soil is literally cooked. Where sub-
irrigation is used the steam is turned into the tile for sterilizing the
soil. Some of the Ashtabula growers use muck in which to start
the seedling plants. The muck is placed in a box through which
])erforated pipes are run. the steam turned on and the soil sterilized
before it is used. This treatment kills all disease germs and weed
seeds and thus renders it ideal for a plant bed. On heavy soils it
is necessary to allow^ the soil to stand untouched at least one week
and two weeks is better after sterilizing, before any ])lanting is done.

To sterilize with formalin use il^ to 2 quarts of formaldehyde
to fifty gallons of water applying one gallon of the solution to each
square foot of surface. This solution may be applied through the
overhead watering system if J^iich a system is in use. Formalin has
given fairly good results as a means of overcoming the disease
known as Lettuce Rozette but is not effective in controlling lettuce
rot.

8o

iNTKxsivE MiriHons IX Xkw Cari.isi.k, Ohio ( '.rkicx houses—
IHKKK Crops oi- Lettuce ix Oxe Bed.

Crops Grown.

Tlic general practice in Ohio is to grow three crops of lettuce
[(Allowed bv one of cucumbers or tomat<,es. This is varied some-
what by ditferent growers and different vears. Tomatoes are grown
as a fall crop m a few cases. A very few growers fore- cucum-
bers in the fall. Radishes, beans, cauliHower, beets, parsley etc
are all grown more or less. In a few insta>ices chrvsanthemum.
are forced instead of lettuce in the fall.

Lettuce.

r. ^"^1?'^ Hapids lettuce is grown almost exclusively in Ohio.
Wne of the difficulties which confronts the grower right at the start
IS that pure seed is hard to get at any price. I have vet to see a
crop grown from seed purchased from a seedhouse that did not
show some tendency to revert to the coarse dark colored type The
Ohio wStation has secured seed by selection which is very 'nearly
pure. Ihis shows that it is possible to produce pure seeds' and the
growers should let the seedsmen know that they want pure seed
and are willing to pay for it. It is not necessary, however, to de-
pend on the seedsmen for lettuce seed as it can be grown quite
easily and the greenhouse who secures satisfactory strain bv pur-
chase or by selection should grow his own seed. "

At Ashtabula the seeds are sown in solid beds which have been
covered to a depth of four to six inches with sterilized muck The
seeds are covered with moist brown paper. As soon as the'plants
are large enough to handle they are pricked out in other inuck

8i

filled beds being spaced about two inches apart ^f JJ/y-^jJ^Vants
development of the plants in this soil is ^^^^^^^^^^Z ^^^^^^^^
are allowed to grow to a height of three or fo^r inches when they
are removed and transplanted in the permanent beds

The Toledo growers use flats in which to sow the seed and

crrow the vouno- plants. These flats are about one and one-half by

Uvo feet fn ^'e and the bottoms are made of closely woven gal-

^nized w^re One of the chief advantages of the ^^t -^^^^^^^^^^^^

the fxround bed is that the flats may be carried to where the plant

' is Tne and the plants removed and set with much more dir

of the gain. Another advantage of the flats .s that the r^t^ a«
more or less confined, the soil being shallow in the flats, and thus
overgrown plants are less frequent with flat grown than w.th bench
°rown plants If it were possible to set the plants every t<me just
f sTon as thev were large enough this advantage would be slight
b itT?s frequentb' necessary to Lid them ^^veral days after they
are of sufficient size and the flat grown plants «n ^e^^^edo 'r^w:
.lancer of iniury than those grown in beds, Ihe loleflo growers
TfZ lei Jhdr plants grow as large as the Ashtabula growers be-

'°^%T,tf:wn7o:rwrs^arttbe lettuce in ^ats and m^ke one
transi anting into flats. The first crop is not transplanted but once
unl it suan Wanted from the flats to the beds. For the second
In th rLroDS the seed is sown in flats, the seedlings pricked out n
flats mKl aTso'^n a' crowding begins the plants are transplanted m^
two-inch pots or into flats and given more room. When the pots
a e used Ly are plunged into the soil between the ^^^ °/;;""^^^
Hvice as many pots as there are plants in a row. In this way we
Ire able to tecure verv stockv plants which when planted by the side
:',f thole wlch have not been'transplanted the ^-^''^ ''^ .f^,,^
glin of two or three weeks over the smaller plants. Jh ga^n
in time we think justifies the extra work involved. By settmg tne
not between he'plants in the beds we have two crops growmg
on the same ground at one time and thus economize room. When
the nfaiKarf Znged in the sub-irrigated beds we give he soil a
tloroS watering Is soon as the pots are in place and htt e or no
Ser w'ateriug is needed as a sufficient amount of moisture s
1 avvn into tl f pots from below. The same is true of the beds
atere, with the Skinner svstem. I would not recommend t is
practice, however, where the watering is done with a hose in the
old fashion way. ^ , , ^^

When the plants are set in the permanent beds they are space
7 hv 7 nches wJhich we think a very satisfactory distance The soil
be^wee the Pla s is stirred once or twice with hand weeders. This
is donT to km weeds and to prevent the formation of a crust on
IS done to Kill w^"' ' , ; j^ troublesome we scat-

f;: tobtS °dus'r;'th "sti'fa'e of th'e soil just before the leaves

f

82

spread enough to cover the ground. Much care is taken in distrih-
uting it not to get the dust on the lettuce leaves as it is very hard
to wash off after it has been on the leaves for some time. It is
also a good plan to work some of the dust into the surface of the
soil before planting.

IMost growers aim to keep a night temperature of 45 degrees
with a day temperature at least lo degrees higher. We aim to run
the temperature somewhat higher than this at night, 48 to 50 being
what I consider about right. On cloudy days we do not try to run
the temperature above 60 and 55 degrees is satisfactory. \\'hen
the sun shines the temperature often runs very much above this
but no harm will result if the ventilators arc opened wide. \'en-
tilating the houses is one of the most important operations connected
with greenhouse work and I might add that it is the one most com-
monly neglected. Our houses arc ])r()vided with ventilators on both,
sides of the ridge and on the sides and we make use of all of them.
It is only on very cold, zero or below, weather or snowy davs that
we keep the ventilators closed in the day time. When the' nights
are warm we leave them up an inch or s'o all night. If 1 were to
give the cheapest and surest way to prevent lettuce rot in the green-
house I would say use elbow grease on the ventilators.

Packing and Marketing Lettuce.

The Ashtabula growers pack all of their lettuce in splint ba.s-
kets. four pounds to a basket. The Cleveland growers sell in the
local market and i)ack in bushel crates. The Toledo growers pack
in large sized barrels. We are able to procure barrels at a low cost
and as our market is close we can pack in barrels and place on the
market in good condition. We ship by traction and sell through
commission men. If we were to sell to grocerymen direct we would
pack in a five or ten pound box or basket.

The important thing in packing is to put in nothing but clean
marketable lettuce and have it alike throughout the ])ackage. I>)
not leave k)ng stems, dead or rotten leaves on the plants.

The .\shtabula growers are most of them organized into an
As.sociation. called "The Ashtabula Lettuce Growers' Association."
Mr. E. A. Dunbar is General vSales Manager and looks after the
selling of the combined produce of the members of the .Association.
This does away with the competition and resulting cutting of price<
among the growers themselves which I have been informed was
finite common before the organization was formed. It also enables
the growers to give more time to the growing of their crops as thev
do not need to devote any time to the selling of them.

Growers who arc located near a good market have a decided
advantage over those who ship long distances. They are able to
place the lettuce on the market in a fresher condition 'and thus can
get one or two cents more per pound for it. They are not com-
pelled to pay as much expressage and are often able to cut out one
or more middlemen.

M

^>

83
Cucumbers.

At least 75 per cent, of the total area of glass for vegetable
forcing in Ohio is devoted to cucumbers in the spring and early
summer. The White Spine is grown more than any other kind.
Seeds are planted in pots or in solid beds about four weeks before
the plants are to be set in the permanent beds. The time of setting
varies with different growers and different seasons and extends
from March first to the middle of April. Cucumbers are more
])articular than lettuce as to treatment and must be handled with
much more care. The temperature should not be allowed to go
below 65 and 70 is better. Daily ventilation should be given but
cold draughts should be avoided. When started in pots care should
be taken not to overwater, on the other hand the plants should not
suffer for lack of water. Cucumbers should be given all of the
room in the beds as the i)lants grow so fast that other croj^s do
not have time to mature before the cucumbers occupy the space.
Seedling plants grown in flats may be ])laced between the cucum-
ber hills for a short time but should not be left too long.

The soil for cucumbers should be supplied with an abundance
of available plant food either by applying manure to the soil or
by mulching after the cucumbers are set. The spacing of the ])lants
varies more for cucumbers than for any other greenhou.se crop.
When the inverted \' .shaped trellis is used upon which to train
the vines the rows are set from eight to sixteen feet apart, and in a
few ca.'^es even wider, and the plants from 6 to 18 inches apart in
the rows. When the vines are trained upright the plants are set
from two to three feet apart each way. When the vines are trained
on an inclined or \' shaped trellis the cucumbers hang below and
are ea.sy to gather. The chief objection to this form of training
is the unequal distribution of the roots in the soil. Our ])ractice
is to set the i)lants two feet apart each way, (^mc plant in a place,
and train the vines straight u]). This gives a very even distribu-
tion of foliage and roots as well. While I have only meager data
at hand, some tests made at the Ohio Station a few years ago in-
dicated that the largest yield per s([uare foot is secured when the
cucumbers are planted two by two feet rather than much wider apart
one way and closer the other.

Nearly all growers practice removing all laterals or side run- '
ners. Some cut them off next to the main vine while others cli])
them just beyond the first female blossom. The last method gives
the mo.st fruits in my judgment. l>ees are nearly always kept in
the houses during blooming time to assist in the pollinating of the
flowers.

As soon as the cucumbers are large en(nigh. i)icking begins.
After the first week or two we i)ick three times a week. The cu-
cumbers are graded into first, seconds and culls. The .second grade
runs smaller than the first but the specimens must be of good color
and not too irregular. \o effort is made to sell the culls.

The Ashtabula. Cleveland and Toledo growers use the same
package for cucumbers that they do for lettuce. We have found

84

d

1^,^ 4._-

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1

NCrSLiai

!?>T^

' -"M%

T>

^""^W* ^

."-r. *•

H

Li^^"^^

'-??%M,

^ifi^^L.

&p^?^

^W^m^

Manurk is Used Extkxsivf.i.v in Xokth Phii.adeuphia.
See Address of Prof. R. L. Watts.

the 24-qiiart berry crates a very satisfactory ])ackaj^e to sliij) in.
Tliey must be nailed securely and the slats removed from the tops.
Some of the Toledo growers turn the hose on the cucumbers after
they are in the barrels. \\'e have always avoided wetting them
using a cloth or gloves to clean when sandy or in need of cleaning.

Cucumbers have the advantage over tomatoes of coming into
bearing earlier or sooner after they are set in the beds. There is
usually less work connected with the growing of cucumbers than
tomatoes but the tomato crop is surer. The comi)arative net i)rofits
depends on the prices at which both crops sell.

Tomatoes.

As I am scheduled to treat the subject of tomatoes this P. M.
T will only refer to this important greenhouse crcjp in a general way
at this time. The tomato is a very satisfactory crop to force in
greenhouses for si)riiig and early summer markets. The cpiality of
greenhouse tomatoes is so superior to anything on the market early
in the season that when the trade has once learned to know the
difference the demand is nearly always good. The croj) is depend-
able, also, thus serious loss is seldom experienced.

Radishes.

It is only occasionally that radishes arc forced as they are
generally considered less profitable than lettuce. W'c grew radishes
the last two seasons and while the returns were not as good as from
lettuce at good prices yet they were better than from lettuce at low
prices. One crop gave a net return of 8J/^ cents per square foot

-

j^

85

which is about the same as 8 cents per pound for lettuce. Our
method of growing them was different from that usually followed.
Instead of thinning the plants so that each radish would have plenty
of room to develop we left the plant quite thick in the rows, from
one-half to three- fourths of an inch apart. As soon as a few of
the radishes were large enough for market they were pulled and
this answered the purpose of thinning. In a few days another pull-
ing was made and so on until all had developed and were pulled.
This gave us a much larger yield per square foot than we could
have secured any other way although the time required to grow the
crop was somewhat longer than it would have been if the plants
had been thinned out more at the start. The varieties used were
Mreball and Scarlet Globe. We also grew some Icycle but they
will not stand crowding as well as the button varieties.

An oversupply of lettuce is not an uncommon thing in the
early fall. In order to avoid this it is w^ell to devote some of the
space to other crops at that time of the year. Radishes, string
beans, cauliflower and beets are all suited to this purpose.

The writer does not know how well the inarkets are supplied
with greenhouse products in your state, but if there are any cities
of 10,000 or more population which are not supplied locally with
these crops each one is offering someone an opportunity to make
a good living. No one should start in the greenhouse business,
however, on a large scale without having had some previous ex-
perience along that line, \egetable forcing under glass is most
exacting and requires the closest attention to details of any form
of gardening. On the other hand there are few lines of work
which will show the effects of a master hand more quickly and
fully or give more genuine satisfaction to the man who likes that
kind of work than vegetable forcing under glass.

The President. — The speaker will be at your service now, to
answer any questions you may want to ask.

A Member. — Is the dry manure preferable to the fresh stable
manure?

Mr. Waid. — It is hard to get fresh stable manure.

The President. — Is it as readily available as the dry ?

Mr. Waid. — There is a large amount of available plant food
in it, sufficient, I think, to supply the needs of the plant, but not
as much as in dry manure.

Prof. Watts. — Does the muck soil prove better than the sandy
soil?

Mr. Waid. — I am satisfied that the plant development is better
in the muck, than in the sandy soil, but I think a mixture of the
sand with the muck is better.

84

Mamki: is l'>i;it 1v\ti:.\>i\ i.i.n' in Xoktii I'iiii. aukii-ih a.
v^cc Address of Trot R. L. Watts.

the J4-(iiiai-t bcrrv crates a very <alisfactt»rv packaj^c to sliip iti.
'I'lu'v iiiiist ])v nailed sc'Citi-cl\ and the slats removed from the tops.
Some ot the Toledo <4ro\ver> turn the liose on the ciiciimhers after
they are in the barrels. We have always avoided wettinj;- them
usm«;- a eloth or j^loves to clean when sandv or in need ot* cleaninju.

Ciicnmhers have the advanta.^e o\er tomatoes of cominjj^ i:ito
l)earin,i( earlier or sooner after they are set in the heds. 'iMiere is
nsnally less worlc connected with the ,i,n-owin,«;- of cncnmhers than
tomatoes hnt the t(»mato cro]) is siiri-r. The comparative net profits
depends on the ])rice> at which both cr<»ps sell.

Tomatoes.

As I am scheduled to treat the siihjoct c-f tomatoes thi^ j'. M.
I will only refer to ihi^ important jLjreenlioii>e cr. ip in a i^eneral wav
at this lime. The tomato is a very satisfactor\ crop to force iii
jLjreenhonses for si)rin!L( and earl\ -tnnmer market>. The <|nalitv of
i^reenhonse tomatoes is >,, superior to anxthiiiL,^ on the market early
ill the season that when the trade has once learned to know the
diflerence the demand is nearly always ijood. The crop is depend-
ahle. also, thus serious loss is seldom experienced.

Radishes.

It i< only occasionally that radishes are forced a^ tliev are
jjjeiierally considered less ])roJitaI)le than letttice. We .i^rew radishes
the last two seasons and while the returns were not as j^ood as from
lettuce at j^ood prices yet they were better than from lettuce at low
prices. One crop gave a net return of S'l- cents per s(|uare foot

t

85

which is alunit the same as 8 cents per pound for lettuce. Our
method of j^rowing them was different from that usually followed,
instead of thinning the plants so that each radish would have plenty
of room to deveUjp we left the ])lant ([uite thick in the rows, froni
one-half to three-fourths of an inch ai)art. As soon as a few of
the radishes were large enough f»)r market they were pulled and
this answered the purpose of thinning, in a few days another pull-
ing was made and so on until all had developed and were pulled.
This gave us a much larger vield ])er scpiare foot than we could
have secured anv other way although the time re(iuired to grow the
cro]) was somewhat longer than it would have been if the ])lants
jiad been thinned out niorc at the start. The varieties used were
iMreball and Scarlet (Uobe. We also grew some Icycle but they
will not stand crowding as well as the button varieties.

An oversupplv <d' lettuce is not an uncommon thing in the
early fall. In order to avoid this it is well to devote some of the
space to other crops at that time of the year. Radishes, string
beans. cauliHower and beets are all suited to tliis purpose.

The writer does not know how well the markets are supplied
with greenhouse products in your state, but if there are any cities
(tf 10,000 or more population which arc not su])i)lie(l locally with
these crops each one is ottering someone an opportunity to make
a good living. Xo one should start in the greenhouse business,
however, on a large scale without having had some ])revious ex-
l)erieiice along that line. \ egetable forcing under glass is most
exacting and re(|tiires the closest attention to details of any form
of gardening. ( )n the other hand there are few lines of work
which will show the effects of a ma>ter hand more quickly and
fully or give more genuine satisfaction to the man who likes that
kind of work than vegetable forcing under glass.

The President. — The speaker will be at your service now. t<^
answer anv (|nestions yon may want to ask.

A Member. — !> the dr\ manure jjieferable to the fresh stable
manure?

Mr. Waid. — Tt is hard to get fresh stable manure.

The President. — Ts it as readily available as the dry?

Mr. Waid. — There is a large amount of available plant foo(l
in it. sutficient. 1 think, to sui)ply the needs of the plant, but not
a< much as in dry manure.

Prof. Watts. — Does the muck soil prove better than the sandy

soil?

Mr. Waid. — T am satisfied that the jilant develojiment is better
in the muck, than in the sandy soil, but I think a mixture of the
sand with the muck is better.

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

86

Prof. Watts. — Are the advantages sufficient to make it advis-
able to have the muck soil shipped for that purpose ?

Mr. Waid. — That would depend upon the expense. I wouKl
not go to a great deal of expense,

A Member. — Arc these the solid beds that we have heard
about ?

Mr. Waid. — Yes, sir.I do not refer to the florist's work at all.

The President. — Where muck is not available, would rotted
sods take its place?

Mr. Waid. — So far as the greenhouse work is concerned, it
would be all right, but 1 do not think it would do for vegetable
forcing under glass.

The President.— What is the difference?

Mr. Waid. — It is more of a physical than a chemical difference.

A Member. — When and how often do you sterilize your soil?

Mr. Waid. — We never sterilize: we have never had occasion
to, where the summer mulch has been practiced. Where we do
sterilize the soil, we do it at least once a year; sometimes it is
done more frequently, but at least once a year.

A Member. — When is that done, in the spring or fall ?

Mr. Waid. — In the fall, between the last croi)s and the ones
])ut in in the fall.

A Member.— Has there been any use of the Ilydrocianic (ias
fumigator ?

Mr. Waid. — Xot to my knowledge. It has been done in the
case of the white fly.

A Member. — Have you any trouble with that?

Mr. Waid. — It is a very troublesome pest where it becomes
established, in the growing of the tomato and cucumber; it does not
bother the lettuce very much.

THE MUSKMELON.

15 V Proi*. J. W. (;RKr.r., State CoUcijc, Pa.

Mr. President: It affords me peculiar pleasure to be present
at a meeting of this Association and have the privilege of address-
ing you upon a subject dealing with a crop that to many minds is
the garden's unequaled delicacy.

>

8/

Writers tells us that the muskmelon has been grown as an
article of food from a very early date, and that from the hotter
parts of the Orient it has been introduced all over the world until
to-day it is a favorite in many home gardens as well as of great com-
mercial importance in many sections of this country. At the mere
mention of the name we immediately think of New Jersey, the
Delaware Peninsula, Maryland, Ohio and the districts around
Rocky Ford, Colo. We think of these sections as affording ideal
soil and climatic conditions, of their methods as the best and of
their growers as thoroughly up-to-date as the light of modern
science will permit. However true this may be, the fact remains
that we are usually very much disappointed in the fruit from these
sections as it reaches our markets and tables, and wc are rapidly
recognizing the high-quality of home-grown melons whenever they
are to be found on our markets.

St ART IXC. MrSKMF.I.OXS IN HoTDEDS.

Courtesy of C. ('«. Woodbury, Lafayette, Ind.

We find that comparatively few melons are raised in Pennsyl-
vania and that our larger markets are being supplied almost wholly
by the sections previously mentioned, while merchants in many of
our smaller towns and villages do not pretend to handle them at all,
thereby depriving a large rural population of a most delicious and
healthful food. This condition sliould not be so, because by con-
tinuous breeding together with the varying soil and climatic con-
ditions of this country the melon has become adapted to a wide
range of territory and is capable of being grown in larger numbers
in Pennsylvania. I presume, however, that the low status of
melon growing here in this state may be due to three causes, first,
lack of knowledge regarding culture. Second, the tendency to
late maturity, and third, improper selection of varieties. Many

88

have failed or obtained only partial success because the requirements
of the crop have not been thoroughly understood. Soil, seed, plant-
ing, cultivating, harvesting, marketing, insect pests and diseases are
all factors that spell success or failure in proportion to the amount
of knowledge and proper practice of each.

It is not my purpose this morning to lay down any specific rules
that will guarantee a crop of melons, but rather to consider some-
what broadly perhaps the vital points of melon growing in I'enn-
sylvania with the hope that some suggestions may be offered that
will lead to a more general production of this highly desirable
article of food.

While we usually recognize a sandy loam as best adapted to
melon growing, it is a fact that heavier soils containing a consider-
able amount of clay, if well drained, well located and supplied with
humus and plant food will grow good melons. I would select if
possible a piece of land that has a good slope to the South in pre-
ference to land on the lower levels, because the former is more
quickly warmed up in the Spring, natural drainage of the soil is
usually better and there is good air drainage. Such land- should be
brought into as high a state of fertility for melons as for any other
crop. Soil capable of growing a good clover sod may be consider-
ed in good condition for melons in fact, it is recommended to plow-
flown a clover sod in the fall and in the spring make an application
of yard manure at the rate of lo or 15 tons per acre. The fall
plowing should be deep and the working of the soil with a disc or
cutaway in the 'spring should be most thorough in order to com-
pletely incorporate the manure with the soil and to make the soil
open, loose and fine and capable of holding large amounts of mois-
ture for the future needs of the plants. The melon is usually con-
sidered a shallow rooted plant and for this reason soils in the past
have not been worked very deep, but it has been my experience
that a deeper root system is encouraged by a deeper working of
the soil and this means stronger and healthier plants and a better
crop in every respect. The melon plant when well grown has an
extensive root system, as well as a large vine and leaf surface, and
it takes a large amount of plant food to support this growth. We
do not need to worry about getting the soil too rich for melons pro-
viding the plant food is well balanced. 1 mean by this that if
clover sod is plowed down and heavy applications of manure have
been made we will need to use phosphoric acid and potash in suf-
ficient amounts to balance up the nitrogen that has been added to
the soil by the clover and manure, otherwise the plants are liable
to produce too much vine growth at a sacrifice of fruit. I believe
many plants blight or become weak and stunted in growth late in the
season because of the lack of sufficient plant food to hold the plant
up during the period of fruit production. Chemical fertilizers have
not been used successfully in the Colorado districts but I believe
here with our heavier soils they may be used to advantage and the
sources of supply for the different elements should be chosen with
reference to a gradual availability in order that the plant may be
kept growing throughout the season.

'

I

^

89

It is Impossible to recommend a fertilizer that will suit all
conditions. Each man will have to work out his own fertihzer
problem and apply in amounts to suit the needs of the crop m his
soil. A fertilizer that has been found satisfactory in many cases
consits of four per cent, nitrogen, eight per cent, phosphoric acid
and ten per cent, potash applied at the rate of 800 to 1500 pounds
per acre. It has always been my practice to apply the phosphoric
acid and potash and a little of the nitrogen broadcast and thorough-
ly work it into the soil with the harrow and save most of the nitrate
of soda to be used as a top dressing to start the plants off after
they have produced their first true leaves or after they have be-
come established if transplanted from a cold frame. Some growers
on a small scale especially prepare each hill using two or three fork-
fuls of manure in the bottom and covering with about four inches
of soil in which the seed is sown, but the general practice is now
to prepare all the soil evenly and thoroughly.

After the soil has been put in good condition the seed may
be safely sown about the 15th of May and by the time the young
plants are through the ground all danger of frost will be past and
the nights will be getting warmer. 1 do not believe anything is
gained by planting seed too early in cold, wet soil. The seed germ-
inates slowly and the plants are often stunted by cold nights and show
the effect throughout the season. There are two methods of plant-
ing with varying distances for each. Seed is often sown in hills,
the common distances being six by six to facilitate cultivation in
both directions. The larger growers, however, are now planting in
hillrows ranging from seven to nine feet apart and sowing enough
seed so the plants may be thinned to stand two or three feet apart
in the row^ This system requires more hand cultivation but has the
advantage of allowing two rows of early peas to be grown between
each row of melons before the melons need the space. Care should
be taken not to plant the seeds too deep. An inch and a half is deep
enough in light soils, while an inch is better with our heavier soils.

By sowing seeds in hotbeds and transplanting to the field it
is possible to gain one or two weeks in the ripening season. Great
care and attention is necessary, however, to grow the plants strong
and healthy in the frames and in transplanting them to the open
ground. The melon is a plant that does not like to have its root
.system disturbed and as a result, careless planting often checks the
plant to such an extent that it is a fit subject for disease or insects
and if it succeeds in living at all it shows the effect of the check
throughout the season.

After the plants are up, or immediately after transplanting, they
should receive constant cultivation to check all weeds and to conserve
moisture. Shallow^ cultivation should be kept up until the growth of
the vines prevent. Hand weeding and hoeing must often be re-
sorted to to keep weeds from occupying the space needed by the
melon vines.

After sowing the seed or transplanting the young seedlings
from the hotbed to the open ground we must be prepared to fight
insects and disease. The striped cucumber beetle is probably the

90

worst enemy of the plant during its first stages of growth. Var-
ious reme(hes have been used and recommended but probably the
most valuable of all is Bordeaux mixture as its presence on plants
is distasteful to the beetles especially if some poison like J^aris Green
or arsenate of lead is added. J Bordeaux mixture at 4-4-50 strength
with one-half pound of Paris Green or two pounds of arsenate of
lead will effectively control the beetle.

The one objection to this mixture, however, seems to be that
It should not be used until the plants begin to vine as it has a
tendency to check the growth of voung plants. Tobacco dust with
powdered arsenate of lead added forms a verv reliable lepellant up
to the time the I Bordeaux can be used. Jt is a question with me
just how many beetles die from the effect of the poison, probably
a few but to my mind this mixture docs more to keep them awav
than to kill and they are expert at dodging spraved or dusted plants
I'or this reason, trap plants may be left untreated for them to fed
on until this period of danger is past. Clean culture in the fall also
serves to destroy winter hiding places for the beetles.

St.xrtino Ml'skmelons in lIoXliEUS.
Courtesy of C. ('.. Woodbury, Lafayette, Ind.

The melon aphis is the other serious j)est that must be fought.
It is advisable to watch the young i)lants closely and ])ull up and
burn if only a few plants are attacked. These insects are somewhat
difihcult to combat as they work on the under side of the leaves and
must be killed by a contact spray. A ten ])cr cent, solution of
kerosene emulsion sprayed on the under side of the leaves with ^rood
force will successfully control the aphis, but the great diffiailtv
seems to be in hitting all of them and they must be hit to be killed. '

Rust is the worst fungous disease of the melon and a great
deal of attention is being paid to the breeding of a rust resistant

M

91

varietv At the present time a variety known as Pollock seems
to be Showing up quite well along this line. All experiments how-
ever tend to show that this disease can be successfully controlled
by spraying with Bordeaux mixture (4-4-50 or 4-5-50); Ihe hrst
spraying may be made as the plants begin to vine and other applica-
tions made as growth takes place in order to keep all new growth
covered with the bordeaux. The rust is the worst in hot, wet
seasons.

There are many varieties of melons differing in earliness, color
of flesh, shape and size. The green fleshed varieties are firmer than
the salmon fleshed varieties and should be grown on the warmer,
lighter soils and for long distance shipping. W hile the orange
fleshed varieties arc much richer in flavor, as a rule, but become
over ripe and soft, quickly when grown on light, warm soils, they
are perfect mek)ns in every respect when grown in a cool location.
While it is claimed that some markets are particular in their de-
mands for certain varieties, 1 find that if the flavor is present it
does not matter what the size is or whether it is a green or sa mon
fleshed varietv. Of the green fleshed varieties, Netted Gem, Long
Island Beauty and l\)llock, are probably the leadmg ones, while
Emerald (kmi. Hoodoo and Millers Cream lead the salmoei fleshed
varieties. I thank you.

Mr. Engle.— What is the difference between muskmclon and
cantaloupe ?

Prof. Gregg.— That is the same old question. Most of the
varieties we are growing in this state are muskmelons. The canta-
loupe is supposed to be more of a luiropean ])ro(luct ; we very
seldom see the true cantatloui)e grown in this country. On the old,
true cantaloupe, the rind is hard and rough. They have not the
appearance of our netted muskmelons, and as grown in some sec-
tions lack flavor. Thev are grown freely in many of the older sec-
tions of the world, but'as I understand it, they are not often tound
in this country.

Mr. Engle.— Is the Casaba coming in from California a musk-
mclon or a cantaloupe?

Prof. Gregg. — It is of the cantaloupe type.

A Member.— Is it true that old seed is better than new seed?

Prof. Gregg.— I don't think so. Mr. Waid, what do you
know about it?

Mr. Waid. — Xo, I don't think it is.

A Member.— Do vou think it advisable to take a bucket with
tobacco or kerosene emulsion in it, and dip the leaves and vines in it?

92

Prof. Gregg. — That lias been done bnt would be slow and ex-
pensive on a large scale,

Mr. Engle. — Your method of combating the striped beetle is
a surprise to me. You say nothing about covering the plant with
gauze; this method is used by many of our growers here.

Prof. Gregg.— Tt has been done; the only objection is that it
takes so much gauze, and so much time, and it does not last two
years. You have to buy new material every year.

Mr. Fox. — You spoke of spraying with Bordeaux mixture;
would it not be injurious to the plant to use the llluestonc as stron*^
as 4-4 ?

Prof. Gregg.— Some injury has resulted in some sections, but
it is a g(X)(l formula.

A Member. — What causes the crackiness in the melon?

Prof. Gregg.— Too rapid growth, and sometimes too hot, rainv
weather just before the period of ripening.

A Member. — Do you apply your liordeaux for the beetle im-
mediately after the plant comes u]), or do vou wait until it has tjot
a start ? ' **

Prof. Greeg. — Sometimes the i)lant coming through the ground
is checked by the api)lication of P>ordeaux, but I know men who
begin to spray immediately after the vines come through the ground.

A Member. — A[y experience has been that the beele will attack
the young plant and keep right on with its work.

Prof. Gregg.— ^'es. that is so. and the method of keeping the
stem covered by dry earth will help to prevent that.

A member. — Afy experience has been that using phosphoric
acid, or a strong antisceptic, such as creolin or carbolic acid, will
help to overcome them.

Prof. Gregg.— Yes ; or a mixture of sawdust and kerosene will
do. They do not like anything with a disagreeable odor, and also
dislike any covering.

The President. — I am glad we had this subject on the pro-
gram this morning, for the reason that llarrisburg pays thousands
of dollars every year for muskmelons shipped in from the South
and from California, when it should be paid right here. We have
some of the finest melons raised right over here in York county,
and there is no reason why melon growing cannot be developed into
one of the most successful and profitable branches of horticulture
in our state.

93
PEACHES.

By W. W. Farnsworth, IVatcrvillc, Ohio.

I am glad to be with you this morning, and bring to you the
greetings of the fruit growers of the Buckeye State.

It seems that anvthing outside of the apple does not receive
much attention. I am not jealous of the prominence of the apple ;
the consumer has been paying a liberal price for the fruit, and it has
become so profitable that there may be some excuse for giving it
the prominence it has attained. Still, there are other varieties of
fruit both of the large and small varieties that can be made equally
as profitable. Take for instance the first of the spring fruits, the
strawberry, or, of the larger fruits, the peach, of which I am to
talk to vou this morning.

The first thing. i)erhaps in the growing of peaches, is the soil,
and I fear that in this, very often, has been laid the basis for niis-
takes. We have been told that the peach will do best in a soil that
is poor. I believe this is a mistake, and in the light of our present
methods and knowledge, it does better to have a rich soil, although

94

we must be careful not to have too much nitrogen, so as to permit
the trees to grow too rapidly, but T believe a good, rather heavy soil
is the best. We have there in Ohio the Catawba Island section,
which is a lov . flat rather heavy soil, naturally underdrained by a
layer of sand, which also acts as a conservor of the moisture ; and
there is also the section along Lake Erie, where the climate is moder-
ate, and where they do not seem to feel the lack of air drainage so
much as in some of the inland sections. We realize, however, that
the peach will not thrive with wet feet.

In selecting a soil, I would give preference to a soil that is
moderately rich, and well-drained ; if it is not well drained, it should
be made so. In your rolling country, you have an opportunity tn
select soil that is naturally drained. With us, in Ohio, we have to
select our soils, and in manv cases underdra'n them bv tiles verv
thoroughly. In selecting a soil for growing ])eaches, I would like to
get a soil in condition to grow a first-class crop of potatoes, and one
of the best ways to get it into this condition is to grow a first-class
crop of clover and plow it down. We prefer to plow it down in the
fall, and plant in the spring.

Some have been using the smaller sized tree. Having had trou-
ble in securing suitable trees, I undertook to propagate some on my
own place. They grew larger than any trees I had ever ])lanted.
and 1 was templed to throw them on the brush ])ile, but I wanted to
plant the trees, and could not get them the size I wanted, so I ])lantefl
them,, and gave some to my neighbors, and they gave me better
results than any other trees I have ever planted, and I believe we
have been making a mistake in planting the smaller, weaker trees.
I don't want an over-grown tree, but one that has enough vigor and
constitution in it to make a good, vigorous growth.

Of course, in pruning you should prune it back to the single
stem, at a height you want the tree.

There has been a great deal said about laying out the orchard.
We have a very simjilc way. \\'e simi)ly take the double team and
cultivator, and in that way we can lay out the orchard very (juickly.
and although there may be a variation of one or two inches in a
few years it will not be noticed.

The Secretary. — May I ask whether ytju are on level or roll-
ing ground ?

Mr. Farnsworth. — I have fairly level ground. You cannot
lay down any hard anil fast rule. That makes our profession better
than any other. The carpenter knows that if he makes a rule, the
joint will come at a certain i)lace, no matter which wcxxl he uses,
but in our work we know that this is not so. I am speaking of
my own experience, and my soil is fairly level. On rolling soil this
plan might not work so well.

After we have the soil in ])roper condition, and the orchard
laid off, we are ready for planting, v^ee tliat the trees are received
in good condition. We use a low down wagon for our jilanting —
one with crossed reach so that you can turn very easily. If the
front wheels clear the tree, the back ones will do it also. We load

.'/*

95

the trees on this flat wagon, and never leave them exposed to the air
any length of time ; then we drive on and set the trees in place. The
]jlanting is done easily and quickly in this way. One of the points
on which many fail, is in leaving too much top on the tree. My idea
is that if you can get four or five roots six or eight inches long, it
is better than to have a lot of little fine roots. They simply get in
the way. Then commence cultivation at once.

The first year raise small crops. In doing this, I would very
much ])refer to plant vegetables that can be cuUivated early in the
season. V*\ handling the ground properly, I can get just as much
growth as i)ossible early in the season ; then by stopping cultivation
a short time before sowing other crops that will act as a cover cro]),
it will save the moisture in the ground, needed for growth later in
the season. The strawberry is objectionable, because there can be
no cultivation early in the season. However, we overcame that In-
throwing a mulch around the tree until the fruit is harvested, and
then the berries are plowed.

Now, about prun.ing : this is a very unsatisfactory subject to
talk about unless the speaker has a tree and a pruning knife. We
may say. however, that the i)each recpiires much more pruning than
anv other fruit. It is about midway between the apple and the
gra])e in that respect. We cut out all the useless branches the first
vear, and cut the tree back to about i8" or 2o". Then we afterward
go over it each year carefully, although we do not cut so much as the
fir.st year. W^e think we get a better growth in this way. Then in
the .spring we go over it carefully and prune so that there will be
no two branches directly opposite. If we think we have been a
little too easy in the beginning, we cut more sharply. The i)each.
you kno^^ puts out new branches every year, and bears only on the
new wood.

My soil, on which I am growing peaches, is a sandv loam, a
good deal darker now than when I first got it, because of the humus
I put in it. It is a very friable, mellow soil, but I fi'id that I cannot
cut back as severely as they can on heavier soil. In my case, I
have been obliged to give the trees a little more room than is usually
allowed. I would rather have a few less trees and give them the
room to spread out, so as to get the sunshine and air and get the
l)roper color, than to have double the number of an inferior quality
and flavor. My last orchard was jilanted 22 x 25, of Klberta and
Kalamazoo. This may be a little more than necessary, but I think
the tendency is to give a little more room. It was my privilege to
spend three or four weeks with the fruit growers of Michigan.
The people u]) there grew peaches on sandy soil, and got splendid
results. They gave clean cultivation, but they failed to give the
cover crop, and tlie result was that in a few vcars the soil was robbed
of its humus, and the peaches began to fail with the Yellows and
the Little Peach, and in a very short time, the peach industry of
Michigan sank to a verv low ebb, and to-dav there are many less
peach trees grown in ^Michigan than were fifteen or twenty years
ago. They are beginning to realize the necessity of keeping humus
in the orchard if they want to make a success of raising peaches.

96

It is with the fruit just as it is with the animal; in cold, hard
weather, the weak, sickly animal will succumb; and so it is with
trees. Our method is to start cultivation early in the season, and
cultivate largely the early part of the season. Our time of starting
cultivation will depend largelv upon the weather, and the character
of fruit the tree is bearing, 'if it is a light, and a rainy season, we
often stop the first of July but if it is dry, and the crop is a heavy
one, we often cultivate on right up to the first of September.

Now, then, as to the cover crop ; in our orchard work we often
use oats or barley, preferring barley. We have to use something
that will make as' great a growth as possible before the \yinter sets
in, and plow it as early in the spring as possible, so that it will not
take up any of the moisture that the tree needs. In the case of a
voung orchard, where we can sow early, we use clover or vetch. We
have been growing vetch for fifteen years. It has a tendency to
creep on the ground so thoroughly that it keeps out the frost, and
if you can keep it growing in the Spring, it will be of great service.

It has been said that manure is a poison to the peach, but T
think that after the orchard is established and has borne one or
two full crops, we can very profitably use more stable manure on it
than most of us have been doing. This also depends somewhat on
the variety. The Elberta will stand more manure than any other
variety. As one of our .growers puts it, "the Elberta is a hog for
manure." In the spring of 1909 I gave quite a liberal supply of
manure to an orchard that had borne two or three crops, putting
on about fifteen tons to the acre. We had sprayed that orchard
the year before for the scab, and it denuded the trees, and to rem-
edy it, I gave them this application. The result was that the growth
for 1909 was very satisfactory, and last year we picked over 600
bushels per acre from that orchard, all running very high in quality.
So I believe that in connection with the phosphoric acid, we can
use larger quantities of the stable manure to supply nitrogen. We
use the South Carolina dissolved rock, and apply it at the rate of
forty pounds to a ton of stable manure and spread it at the same
time. I believe that we get better results by balancing it up this

way.

The matter of spraying has been developed largely in the last few
years. A few years ago we sprayed only for the Scale, but we find
that by using the lime and sulphur, it takes care of the leaf curl. For
a long time the rot and spot and scab were very prevalent ; then we
began to use Bordeaux, using it very weak: we began by using
about a pound and a half of the copjier sulphate to three or four
pounds of lime and fifty gallons of water. But we found it hurt
the foliage, and then wc learned of the self-boiled lime-sulphur,
and we find by its use that wc can control all these pests. For
the curculo, we spray two or three times with arsenate of lead. The
Yellow St. John seem more susceptible to this pest than any other
variety.

I want next, to speak for just a moment about thinning. Until
recently, growers seemed to think that thinning was all right in
theory, but not in practice. I went up to the meeting of the Roches-

97

ter fruit growers a few years ago, and found some of them rather
inclined to sneer at it, but it is something you cannot afiford to over-
look. It is a good deal more profitable to sell peaches at $2.50 a
bushel than at $1.50, and while the consumer may be inclined to
grumble a little at first, a week or two later he will remember only
the quality. Give them the best and give them a square deal, and
they will come back again. I believe that a good many of us are
a little inclined to be short-sighted in that respect. We seem to
think that if we only get the consumer's dollar it ends there. But
it does not end there ; we want that consumer to come back to us
again, and the surest way we can get him to do this is to give him
good value for his money and not overcharge him.

We begin to thin immediately after the June drop because those
peaches remaining on the trees take up the moisture and fertility re-
quired by the peaches we are going to market. Now, in thinning

1

\

kJ""'^^ ^-^

m

Thyme on the Farm of Frank Shaixcross, Frankford,

Phila., Pa.

See Address of Prof. R. L. Watts.

there is no hard and fast rule to follow any more than there is in
any other line of our work. Some say 6" to 8" ; but the best way
is to go into your orchard and look it over, and then get the right
distance. ^Most of us err on the side of not thinning enough, rather
than too much. I thin all kinds of fruit in my orchards — apples,
peaches and plums, and get my best results in tliat way. We began
to thin our plums last spring, but in the midst of our thinning,
cherry picking time came on, and we were obliged to drop everything
for at least five weeks and get our cherries off ; and at the end of
that time, we found that on the trees that had been thinned, the
plums were 50% to 75% larger, and we got more bushels.

Now, just a few words regarding picking and marketing. I
think a great many growers do not do enough work on their fruits

98

to get the best returns. Some growers pick them all at one time
We go over our peaches every other day, and then make several
grades of them. It means extra work to do this, but you get better
quality, better work, and the consumer is better satisfied. We are
better situated for marketing our crop than a great many growers.
We are within half a mile of an electric road that gives us un-
equalled service. They place a car on the siding for us every night,
and we keep our fruit in cold storage until evening, and then put
it on the car. Early in the season we use the eight-pound basket,
like the grape basket, because at that season most of the fruit is used
for eating. Later in the season we use the half bushel and bushel
basket. For long shipments we use what is called "the seven-
eighths basket," which will hold a full bushel heaped up. We grade
our peaches carefullv by hand, and then cover the basket and set
it in the car carefully, 'so there will be no bruises. Then in the
evening this car is taken out behind the regular car and shipped
South. We have found that it is a mistake to depend entirely upon
the larger towns. In towns of five to six thousand they have not the
facilities to get fruit that the larger cities have, and they are glad
to pay the price. Also, early in the season, we go to see the
grocers, and arrange with them to handle our fruit : we work for
their interest and expect them to work for ours, and it is usually
very satisfactory to both sides. One of the firm goes with the car
and sees that the fruit goes where it is intended to go, and gets
there in good condition. Of course, this is unusually good service,
but I think vou can easily prevail on your trolley company to give
vou the same kind of service, especially if there are competing lines
near you, or the trolley has a railroad to compete with. You will
be astonished to see the number of peaches you can market right
near home.

Possibly this is all the time I should take, because I believe in
allowing plenty of time for discussion.

A Member.— What do you think is the best distance for
peaches ?

Mr. Farnsworth. — That will depend on soil and variety. I am
planting smaller sizes 20 feet apart and larger ones 26 feet.

Mr. Thomas. — How do you treat the borers?

Mr. Farnsworth. — We go over them about twice a year; you
can mound up in the fall, when there is not much to do, and it will
be of some help, but I think our preventative spraying is the best
method. We have very few borers.

A Member. — Do the roots of the trees ever give you any trou-
ble in the tile ?

Mr. Farnsworth. — No, sir; if I were draining a stream or a
pond they might.

99

A Member. — Have you ever tried painting trees with white
lead and linseed oil?

Mr. Farnsworth. — No, sir.

A Member. — What varieties of peaches do you use?

Mr. Farnsworth. — The last orchard T ])lanted, I used the Car-
men, the Champion, Yellow St. John, New Prolific, Kalamazoo,
Klberta and (lolden Drop.

A Member. — How much later does the Kalamazoo ripen than
the Klberta?

Mr. Farnsworth. — Well, it is a little bit later, but it begins to
ripen before the Klberta is gone.

A Member. — Almost the same size as the Klberta?

Mr. Farnsworth. — Xu; it is a smaller peach. We have found
the Klberta a ])rofitable market peach ; some growers do not grow
anything else, but we have found it advisable to grow something
a little different that we can sell a little cheaper for canning. I
am planting more Gold Drop and less Kalamazoo.

A Member. — Have you used commercial lime-sulphur on
]H'aches, and if so, with what effect?

Mr. Farnsworth. — 1 have not ; T know of a number who have,
and I am going to try it this year ; it is still in the experimental stage.

A Member. — How many sprayings do you give for rot ?

Mr. Farnsworth. — Twice a year, of course, with some of the
later varieties it might be well to spray three times.

Mr. A. R. Tyson. — Does the self-boiled leave a sediment on the

tree?

Mr. Farnsworth. — Yes; it is apt to do so.

Mr. A. R. Tyson. — Has the time of cultivation in the spring
any effect on the buds coming out?

Mr. Farnsworth. — Well, I know some growers do not want
to cultivate until the blossoms begin to fall, and you are losing
moisture, but I like to go over my orchards just as soon as I possi-
bly can in the spring.

A Member. — Plave you any rot ?

Mr. Farnsworth. — I had until we ])egan to spray.

lOO

A Member.— When do you spray for it?

Mr. Farnsworth.— About two or three weeks after peaches
have formed ; and about ten days afterwards.

A Member.— Do you use arsenate of lead with the spray?

Mr. Farnsworth.— Not when we are spraying with self-boiled
lime-sulphur.

A Member.— Ts the Gold Drop subject to rot?

Mr. Farnsworth.— Not so nuich, we find, since we have been
spraying; the Champion is.

A Member.— Do you have much trouble with the Yellows?

Mr. Farnsworth.— No ; we have never had any trouble in our
county.

Prof. Surface.— W hat time do you spray for the rot ?

Mr. Farnsworth.— About two or three weeks after the blos-
soms droj). I believe, however, that our dormant spraying with
lime-sulphur has a great deal to do with our getting rid of the
spores that hold over.

A Member.— \\ hat do you do for curculio in the peach and
plum ?

Mr. Farnsworth.— In the summer we spray with lime-sulphur,
about 1-40, and about 2 pounds of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons
of water. For curculio we prefer to spray from one side one day,
and then wait a day or two aiid then spray from the other side. The
next time we sprav simplv with the arsenate, and the third time,
which is usually the last time, we again use the lime-sulphur and
the arsenate of lead. We not only w^ant to kill the Scale, but w^c
are controlling the fungus diseases at the same time, and incidentally
we are cleaning out our currants, which grow in the same orchard.

A Member.— What has been your experience in spreading out
young trees, leaving three or four main branches, and then not cut-
ting away nuich wood, but practising summer pinching?

Mr. Farnsworth. — I have done that the second and third years.

A Member.— In buying the Ciold Drop, are you sure you get
the variety ?

Mr. Farnsworth. — There is nothing sure except death and
taxes. A pretty good way is to write to the nurseryman first, and

lOI

ask him what he has, before you tell him what you want. It is just
like a man coming to you for advice ; find out wdiat he is after, and
give him what he wants, and he is your friend, and has a very high
opinion of your ability.

A Member. — Do you use the European varieties of plums?

Mr. Farnsworth. — ]{ntirely so; we tried the other, but did not
find it profitable.

A Member. — WHiat variety of plums do you grow?

Mr. Farnsworth. — Many of them — the P>radshaw, the Niagara,
the Lombard, the Reine Claude, the Monarch and Grand Duke.

Prof. Surface. — Does it pay to grow plums as well as peaches
in the same soil?

Mr. Farnsworth. — Well, it has not done so heretofore, but it
is beginning to do better the last year or two. I believe it is ad-
visable to si)read your crop over the year, rather than to have only
one variety.

Prof. Surface. — Do you use peach for filler in your apple or-
chard ?

Mr. Farnsworth. — No; T use apples — the Jonathan or the
Wealthy or something of that kind.

Prof. Surface. — Do you grow currants under your peach trees?

Mr. Farnsworth. — No ; I grow them with the apples and plums.

A Member. — \\'hat strength do you use the lime-sulphur?

Mr. Farnsworth. — 1-33 on the ai)ple, and 1-40 on the pear,
peach and plum.

Prof. Surface. — With what results?

Mr. Farnsworth. — The very best.

The President. — r>eforc adjournment I want to announce the
following committees :

Committee on Resolutions. — Mr. F. II. Fassett, ^Ir. I. W.
Prickett, Mr. Abram llostetler, Mr. U. W. Harshman, Mr.'S. L.
Brinton.

Auditing Committee.— Mr. lohn F. Bover, :Mr. A. O. Finn,
Mr. T. C. Foster.

102

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 25, 1.30 P. M.

President Hiester in the Chair.

TOMATOES.

15y C. W. Waii), AVti' Carlisle, Ohio.

We will first consider the growing of tomatotes for the canning
factory and late tomatoes for city markets. There are limitations to
the profitable production of tomatoes at canning factory prices.
One of the most successful growers in our locality discontinued
growing for the factory recently because he found that the distance
he was^'obliged to haul, about f(nir miles, reduced the profits to too
low a figure. The distance which a grower can aflford to haul to-
matoes to the factory will depend very largely upon the character
of the road over which he nuist haul. Tomatoes can be grown pro-
fitable at factorv prices only when the soil is in a condition capable
of producing at'least 200 bushels or six tons per acre. Even at this
figure the profits are small. If 350 or 400 bushels can be gro\yn the
profits are very satisfactory. Another drawback to the growing of
tomatoes for the factory in some places is the difficulty of securing
sufficient labor at picking time.

These limitations will apply equally well to the growing of
late tomatoes for the city markets. The labor problem is even
greater than when growing for the factory owing to the extra labor
required in the cleaning, grading and packing of the fruit. With a
given amount of help a considerable larger area can be grown for the
factory than for the city market.

We have been growing tomatoes for the factory at $8.00 per
ton or about 24 cents per bushel. Our place is two and one-half
miles from the factory and twelve miles from a city market. I
consider this price com'parable with 50 cents per bushel in the city.
This difiference would be somewhat reduced if we were nearer the
city market. It is quite a satisfaction to know that all of the crop
is sold even if the price is low as is the case when contracting to a
factory.

The Soil.

I,ate tomatoes can be grown successfully on a wide range of
soils. A sandy loam is perhaps to be preferred to any other type
although a clay loam is very satisfactory. In any case the soil
should be well supplied with available plant food and organic mat-
ter. A poorly drained soil is to be avoided as is one that dries out
too easily. An application of stable manure supplemented with
phosphoric acid and potash and in some cases nitrogen will increase
the yield on nearly all soils. The amount of manure or commercial
fertilizer which it will be profitable to apply will depend on the
previous treatment of the soil. When the soil is rich and full of

103

humus the aplication should be comparatively light as too much
available plant food in the soil will grow vines at the expense of
fruit. With us the Stone is grown more than any other variety.
If it could be bred or selected so that it would begin bearing two
weeks earlier it would be an ideal tomato for the factory or city
market.

There is no greater mistake made in connection with tomato
growing than the setting of small spindling plants. This mistake
is more commonly made by those who grow for the factory because
of the poor facilities which they frequently have for the growing
of the plants. When the factory people raise the plants themselves
they often grow them too thickly and thus send them out in bad
condition.

Another serious mistake is the carelessness about the source
of the seed supply. When the company furnish the seeds they often
])urchase them at the lowest price possible. The idea seems to be
common that any quality of seeds that will grow is good enough. At
most the seeds for an acre cost very little and the best obtainable are
none too good. Another cause of serious loss in our locality is the
lateness of the setting of the plants. The season with us is not long
enough to mature all of the fruit on late kinds and a delay of two
or three weeks in planting means a big loss in the fall.

We sow the seeds for our late tomatoes about March 15th.
As soon as the plants are large enough to handle they are pricked
out into flats about two inches apart. When they begin to crowd
they are transplanted either into two-inch pots or into flats again
but given more room. If potted the pots are plunged into soil be-
tween the tomatoes in the greenhouse. Plants grown in this way are
stalky and can be planted with a tobacco planter or by hand. We
.set four acres to this kind of plant in one day last season with the
aid of a tobacco planter. No water was used as the soil was in a
moist condition. The ground had been marked one way and the
boys dropped the plants in the marks. They did a much better job
than I expected and while it was some more trouble than it would
have been to have rowed them only one w'ay it w^as a decided advan-
tage to be able to cultivate them both ways. Nearly every plant
grew thus we secured an excellent stand.

When the plants are small the cultivating is done with a two-
horse cultivator. After the vines begin to spread we cultivate with
a one-horse cultivator once in a row^ W^e cultivate to conserve
moisture as well as to destroy weeds. If the cultivating is done at
the right time and frequently enough no hoeing and little weed pull-
ing will be required. If the soil becomes cloddy on the surface it
is a good plan to run through the spaces with a plank drag. Women
make good pickers and boys and girls can be used also if an older
person is with them. We pick in baskets and empty into crates. A
flat hay rack or ladders as they are sometimes called, mounted on
a low wagon makes a good conveyance for hauling. Springs should
be placed under at least one end of the rack. In hauling tomatoes
long distances they carry much better in small baskets than in bushel
baskets or crates.

104

Two Types of Swiss Chard Grown by Walter Yahn, Onuy,

Phila., Pa.

See Address of Prof. R. L. Watts.

Early Tomatoes.

The profitable production of Early tomatoes has greater limita-
tions than the profitable growing of late tomatoes. Early tomatoes
can be grown successfully only on certain soils. Besides the re-
quirements which were mentioned for late tomatoes the soil should
be what is popularly called an early soil. A sandy loam with a
southern exposure is generally considered best for early tomatoes.
Clay soils are not well adapted to this purpose. It is also important
that the location be near a good market or shipping point. Unless
the person who grows early tomatoes has a greenhouse or hotbed
in which to start the plants or can buy them already grown in one of
these places his chances of success are slim.

It is of even greater importance that good seed be secured for
early tomatoes than for late. We should not only have a good
variety but the best strain of the variety w^e select obtainable. In
my judgment there is much yet to be done in the way of improving
the tomato. We may not need new varieties but we do need better
strains of the best varieties now grown. Have you ever kept a
careful record of the yield of a number of plants of a variety grown
under similar conditions? If not try it and see for yourself what a
variation not only in total yield but in time of ripening these plants
show. Some plants will ripen all or a large part of the fruit at
one time and early in the season while others will ripen the bulk of
their fruit late in the season or a little at each picking throughout
the season. Some plants will produce two or three times as much
as other plants adjacent to them. Is this all due to variation in
environment ? Much of it may be due to soil variation but I am
confident that some of it is due to what we call inherent tendencies

105

or the power of the plant to reproduce itself without respect to its
surroundings. When we save seed from a fine tomato which has
been selected from a basket of fruit we may be getting just the kind
of seed we do not want. We often find the finest specimens of fruit
on vines which have very few fruits on and are therefore not pro-
ductive. When we select specimens to save for seed from a basket
we know nothing of the character of the plant from which they
come. It is very important therefore that we take into considera-
tion the entire plant when making selections for seed or our work
will be useless. If we expect to do thorough work in the wav of
improving the tomato by selection we should save seeds from a few
specimens of several apparently ])ro(!uctive and otherwise satisfac-
tory plants and test them out for several seasons much after the plan
followed by the corn breeders in their ear-to-row work. The fact
that tomatoes can be propagated from cuttings and thereby kept pure
should be of great help in this work. "

Where a strictly early variety is wanted it is doubtful if there
is anything superior to the best strains of Earlian. For medium
early the Beauty is a first-class purple sort and Chalk's Early Jewel
a good red tomato.

We grow the plants of the early varieties in much the same way
as we do the late sorts except that the seed is sown two or three
weeks earlier. In transplanting the second time the plants are set in
four instead of two-inch pots. This enables them to grow to a
larger size without becoming pot-bound. The plants are removed
from the pots at the greenhouse when we are ready to plant them
and hauled to the field in flats made from glass boxes.

The last two or three seasons we have had long spells of cold
v»et weather after some of our early plants were set in the field.
The plants set after the cold spell have always done better than
those set before. From this experience I have come to the conclu-
sion that it is not always advisable to be in too much of a hurry
to get the plants in the field.

With us there is not as much staking of tomatoes as was prac-
ticed a few years ago. The scarcity of help recently has no doubt
had some influence along this line. Where it is not necessary to
economize space mulching with straw will answer much the same
purpose as staking. The mulch will keep the fruit clean and at the
same time conserve the moisture. One of the drawbacks to the use
of mulch is that it affords a hiding place for crickets and other in-
sects which perforate the skin of the tomatoes and render them un-
saleable.

Greenhouse Tomatoes.

Tomatoes may be grown in the c^rcenhouse the vcar round if
desired. A few of the Ohio vegetable growers devote a part of
their houses to tomatoes each fall. They aim to have them ripening
at least by Thanksgiving time and in some cases considerable earlier.
It is important to have the plants and fruit as well quite fully de-
veloped before the usual dark, cloudy weather of winter sets in.
Tomatoes require sunshine for their best development but when the

104

Twi) Tvi'Ks or Swiss Ciiakd C.kowx i;v Wai.tkr Yaux^ Oni.Kv,

I'nii.A., i'A.

Sec A.ldrcss of Pruf. R. L. Watts.

Early Tomatoes.

'J'lic i)r<ifital)k' production of l-'arlv tomatoes has j^reatcr liniita-
ti(»iis tlian tlic ])rotital)lo jjjrowiiii; of laic tomatoes. JCarly tomatoes
can he i^rown Miccess fully onl\ on certain soils. IJesides tlie re-
([nirement>- which were mentioned for late tomatoes the soil shonld
he what is popularly called an early soil. A sandy loam with a
sonthern ex])o--tn"e is L,aMierally considered 1)est for early tomatoes.
Clay soils are not well adajjted to this ])in-pose. It is also important
that the location he near a i^ood market or shij^pinjj^ i)oint. L'nless
the j)erson who ,s^rows early tomatoes lias a fTi-<^.enhonse or hothed
in which to start the ])lant^ or can hiiy them already grown in one of
these ])laces his chances of Micces> are slim.

Jt i^ of even tjreater importance that jj^ood seed he secured for
early tomatoes than for lati'. We shonld not only have a good
variety l)tit the hc'^t strain of the variety we select ol)tainal)le. In
my judgment there is nnich yet to he done in the way of inijiroving
the tomato. We may not need new varieties hnt we do need hetter
strains of the hot varieties now grown. Have y<»n ever kept a
carcfnl record of the yield of a nnmher of plants of a variety grown
tinder similar conditions? If not try it and see for yourself what a
variation not only in total yield hnt in time of ripening these plants
show. Some plants will ripen all or a large part of the frtiit at
one time and early in the sea-on while others will ripen the htilk of
their frtiit late in the season or a little at each ])icking throughout
the season. Some i)lants will prodnce two or three times as much
as other plants adjacent to them. Is this all due to variation in
environment? ]\luch of it may he due to soil variation hut T am
confident that some of it is due to what we call inherent tendencies

^1

105

or the power of the plant to rci)ro(luce itself without respect to its
surroundings. When we save seed from a tine tomato which has
hcen selected from a ha^ket of fruit we may he getting jtist the kind
of seed we do not want. We often tind the finest s])ecimens of fruit
on vines which have very few frtiits on and are therefore not pro-
tinctive. When we select specimens to ^ave for seed frc^m a ha>ket
we know nothing of the cli.'iracter of the plant from which the\-
come. It is very important therefore that we take into considera-
tion the entire plant when making .-^elections for seed or our work
will he useless. If we ex])ect to do thorotigh work in the wav of
improving the tomato hy selection we should «-ave seeds from a few
specimens of several apparently i)roductive and otherwise satisfac-
tory j)lants and test them out for several seasons nuich after the i)lan
followed hy the corn hreeders in their ear-to-row work. The fact
that tomatoes can he i)ro])agated from cuttings and therehy ke])t pure
-liould he of great help in tiii> work.

Where a strictly early variety is w.uited it is dotihtful if there
is anything stiperior to the hest strains of i''arli[m. For medium
early the jieauty is a hrst-cla>> purple sort and Clialk's h'arlv leu el
a good red tomato.

We grow the ])lants of the early varieties in much the same wav
as we do the late sort> except that the seed is -own two or three
weeks earlier. In tra.nsj)lanting the second time the plants are set in
four instead of two-inch i)ots. This enahles them to grow to a
larger size without hecoming ])ot-houn(l. The i)lants are removed
from the pots at the greenhouse when we are readv to j)lant them
and hauled to the held in Hats made from glass hoxes.

The last two or three reasons we have had long si)ells of cold
wet weather afier sonic of our earK j)lants were set in the held.
The plants set after the cold ^pell have always done hetter than
those set hefore. l''rom this experience I have come to the conclu-
sion that it is not always advisahle to he in too much <tf a hurrv
to get the ])lants in the held.

\\ ith us there is ncit as much staking of tomatoes as \\ as ]»rac-
ticed a few years ago. 1'Iie scarcity of help recently has no dotiht
had some intluence along this line. Where it is not necessarv to
economize space mulching with straw will answer much the same
purpose as staking. The mulch will keej) the fruit clean and at the
same time conserve the nioistiuT. ( )ne of the drawhacks to the use
of mulch is that it affords a hiding place for crickets and other in-
sects which perforate the skin of the t<»matoes and render them un-
saleahle.

Greenhouse Tomatoes,

M'omatoes may he grown in the greenhouse the vear round if
desired. A few of the ( )hio vegetahle growers devote a jxart of
their houses to tomatoes each fall. They aim to have them ri])ening
at least l)y Thanksgiving time and in <ome cases considerahlc earlier.
It is important to have the jilants and fruit as well (|tu!te fully de-
veloped hefore the usual dark, cloudy wMther of winter sets in.
Tomatoes require sunshine for their hest development hnt when the

i

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

io6

fruits have attained their normal size they will ripen even in
cloudy weather. The plants of the fall and early winter crops are
allowed to produce fruit as long as thev give profitable returns
Such seasons as the present when we have so few clear days the
fruits ripen very slowly but on the other hand prices have been
good, partly as a result of the slow ripening.

A much larger area is devoted to tomatoes in the spring and
early summer than in tlie fall. We do not grow any in the fall but
make a specialty of spring tomatoes. Tomatoes are a verv satis-
factory crop to grow under glass when weather conditions are
favorable as is usually the case in the spring. There is a beautv
and quality about greenhouse grown tomatoes which makes them
superior to those grown in the field even when the field grown
fruits are allowed to mature before being picked and there is a verv
wKle range of quality between the grenhouse tomatoes and those
which are picked green as is usuallv the case, of necessity with
southern grown tomatoes. Those who know the diflference in the
quality of greenhouse grown and southern grown tomatoes are
a ways willing to pay much more for the former. We have been
able to get $2.00 per bushel for greenhouse grown tomatoes when
early homegrown field tomatoes would not bring over $1.50.

Varieties.

There is quite a difference of opinion among growers as to
which varieties are best adapted to forcing. It should be under-
stood whenever this subject is under discussion that the varieties
which are suitable for spring and early summer forcing mav not be
satis actory in the fall and vice versa. The small fruiting varieties

r.n fr >' T ^f^ ^""'"'"^ r ^^'^ "^^'"^"'^ ^t th^^ ''^'^^ ^^emand
small fruits. In the spring larger fruiting varieties can be grown

as he prices are not as a rule as high as in winter and thus the
trade is not as particular as to size. The small fruiting sorts pro-
duce such very small fruits toward the close of the season that thev
do not sell well when they are forced to compete with the larger
fruits from the south and the local field-grown crops. The fruit-
ing season in the greenhouse with us extends from fune first to
August fifteenth thus we must sell in competition with southern-
grown tomatoes from the start and with local field-grown tomatoes
ovvard the close of the season. Our list of varieties this vear con-
sists of I^fagnus, Heauty, Globe, Stone and Grand Rapids Forcing.

Starting the Plants.

We have found it necessary, owing to the very dull winter
weather which we have experienced the last two or three years to
sow the seeds soon after the first of Xovember. If half or more
of the days were fair it would not be necessary to start the plants
until about December Tst We aim to have the plants ready ?ose
in the permane.it beds about March ist. This brings them into
fruiting about Decoration day. In some localities it would no douM

107

be better to get the plants in their permanent places earlier but with
us February is usually a pretty cold month and we prefer to keep
the plants in the plant house until the worst of the cold weather is
over. Then too we plan to have the second crop of lettuce coming
off the last of February and first of ^Farch and the tomatoes are
set with the third crop of lettuce.

The plants are transplanted three times the same as for Early
field-grown tomatoes. When a crop of lettuce is grown with the
tomatoes it is best to have the lettuce started before the tomatoes
are set in the beds, but tliis cannot always be done. The lettuce
should not be allowed to crowd the tomatoes too much as it will
make the plants spindling. Lettuce grown in this way will be light
in weight but the returns usually justify the effort necessary to
produce a third crop.

The tomato plants are set about eighteen by twenty-one inches
apart. A home-made wire, twisted into corkscrew form at one end.
and looped at the other is screwed into the ground by the side of
each plant. Wires are stretched the full length of the greenhouse
directly over each row of plants and above the truss rods which
supix)rt the roof. A string is fastened to the loop below and tied
to the wire above. In training the plant up they are twisted about
the string or tied to it with raffia or both. All suckers or side
branches are broken off' when small. Only one stem is allowed to
grow to each plant. Our beds are six feet in width thus four rows
of tomatoes are set in each bed. This makes it very convenient
for work with the plants when pruning, pollinating or picking. It
is not advisable to set closer than this distance and some growers
prefer two by two or even two by three feet.

Pollinating.

As soon as the blossoms commence to open hand pollinating
begins. We use two sticks about 18 inches in length for this pur-
pose. One stick has a spoon sha])ed end whittled into it and the
other a spatula at the end. To pollinate the ladle is held under the
flower and the blossom tapped gently with the spatula. This jars
the pollen into the ladle and when a sufficient quantity of pollen is
secured to show in the ladle the flowers are pushed into it until
the end of the pistils touches the pollen. The releasing of the pollen
and the placing of it on the pistil is done in one operation after a
.start has been made. We aim to go over the plants every other day
and all of the blossoms which are fully open are treated at each
operation.

There is a good deal of difference in varieties as to the need
of hand pollination. Some varieties will set much fruit without any
hand pollinating while others will set almost none. When the
blooming period comes at a time that will permit of wide open
ventilators much of the time hand pollinating is not so important
as when the houses must be kept closed or nearly so a good deal.
We think it safer to do a little more work than necessary than to
run the risk of heavy loss through a small saving in labor. Care

To8

should be taken to do the work with as Httle injury to the pistil as
possible as rough fruits often result as a neglect of polhnating or
from careless pollinating.

Picking and Packing.

The picking is done three times a week. Only the specimens
which are nearly or fully cc.k^red are picked. The gradmg is done
on a bench macle for tliat purpose. Two grades are made and al
fruits which are included in the first grade must be smooth and not
below a certain size. The second grade is made up of //""its too
.mall for seconds but not too small to be marketable and those that
are a little rough but not rough enough to make them unsightly. It
should be said in this connection that greenhouse-grown tomatoes
are nuich more liable to ])e rough than the same varieties grown m

We pack in small baskets similar to those used by many south-
ern ^.rowers w^eighing out five pounds in each basket. ihese
l,askets are packed in crates made to hold four baskets or twenty
pounds. This is a neat package but is adapted only to warm

weather shipping.

We seldom get more than $2.50 per crate nor less than 75 cents
and that only at the last of the season. Two pounds per square
foot of bench space is considered a good yield. The supply of
southern tomatoes on our markets governs the price which we are
•ible to ^et for the greenhouse stock to a considerable extent but
when tlfe trade has' once learned to know the difference in the
qualitv of the greenhouse grown and southern grown tomatoes, there
is little difficulty in disposing of it at quite an advance over the
southern stock.' The markets could handle to advantage many
times the present output of greenhouse tomatoes.

The President.— Don't you grow head lettuce at all in Ohio?

Mr. Waid.— Xo; the reason is because we don't succeed, and
our people seem to prefer the other kind.

STRAWBERRIES.

Bv T. W. Kkrr, Denton, Maryland.

No other fruit plays so diversified and inconsistent a roll as
this, lender, even ordinarv management, it is renumerative to the
frrower and most acceptably increases his revenues wholly indepen-
dent of the tariff. Tt presents itself at a season of the year when its
refreshing acidity is an unfathomable joy. In communities where
grown ou a large scale, it becomes the innocent disorganizer of the
household and a harassing family nightmare. Two cents per quart
for picking presents a temptation that mobilizes and leads to the
barracks hastily improvised for them all the house help, for miles
around, without limitations as to color, nationality or religion ; nor

109

does it stop at robbing the house\vife of her help, but all too fre-
quently, able bodied men hired by the year to work on the farm,
suddenly fail to answer the roll call of their employers, and hie
themselves with their wives and children to the berry fields. It is
quite natural, when house-hold customs and out-door interests on
the farm both are so severely jolted, that the cause should be severe-
ly criticised and denounced ; but that little blushing sinner of a
strawberry just keeps on covering itself with blushes, so as to better
its chances to imitate the smart country girls and boys that are
swallowed up in the large cities.

"Between the bays" the straw-
berry (to put is accurately) is
exploited rather lavishly. From
one, to one hundred acres of
strawberry plantation, under the
management of one man ; and in-
consistent as it may appear on its
face, the larger the acreage, the
more thorough and business like,
from start to finish, is every de-
tail and essential, which as a
rule, at the final wind up of the
season, writes the broad straw-
berry smile on the Christian
countenance of the man behind
the check book.

The large growers by force of
circumstances, affecting soils
more particularly, but market pe-
culiarities to some extent also,
may differ in the minor lines of
procedure, but in the great es-
sentials of the work their opera-
tions are in exact acc(^rd. In ex-
])lanation one grower may pos-
sess a liberal acreage, that nature
has fitted in important particu-
lars, for the successful growing
in soil requirements ; and such
varieties more generally adaptive to different soils, are most suc-
cessfully and profitably utilized. Again, the grower may not have
on his farm, the kind of soil upon which such varieties can be de-
pended upon, for a good and i)rofital)le \ield. Ask this grower to
explain the absence in his j^lantation of such kinds and he will truth-
fully tell you that they don't pay him. In the county where I live
there is one of the largest growers on the peninsula — a man noted
for his enter])rise. a?id clear-cut business thoroughness : this man
grows and picks from twenty to thirty acres annually of the Candy,
a late variety that will never disclose its full capabilities unless on a
moist rich soil. The gentleman T have in mind bought such land
adjoining him at a nominal figure, because it was wet and swampy

of some varieties, — fastideous
kinds. -^— to the exclusion of

no

and overgrown with bnshes. Cleared np, and a good system of
tinderdrains installed, made it ideal land for growing the Gandy
strawberry to perfection. There are other late ripening kinds that
donbtless are more satisfactory on land affording less moisture, but
on somewhat low. dark, loamy soil, with clay subsoil, the Gandy
holds the Blue Ribbon.

None of the large growers so far as I am aware use the plant-
ing machine for setting their i)lants. While for certain kinds of
vegetable plants this machine is used to some extent, strawberry
growers prefer the disk marker to oi)en the rows ; setting the plants
by hand to the bar side of furrows thus i)repared. The plan of
cross marking the land and setting the plants at the angles of the
squares, sufficiently distant from each other to permit the passage
lietween them of a narrow cultivator, and cross cultivating, while it
lessens the expense of hand hoeing considerably, is making no great
gains in popular favor. AVhat is everywhere known as the matted
row plan is given the ])reference. With the strawberry, as with
all other fruits ; results are dependent ui)on the efforts bestowed in
their production. In the matter of cups and crates, wonderful pro-
gress has been made. Did the strawberry growers of to-day have to
])av as nuich for cui)s and crates as was the case fifty years back,
their business would ])romi)tly collapse. Think oi it — $30 per i.ooo
for quart cups; $2.00 each 'for thirty-two quart crate. The gift
quart cups at that period could be had at ten dollars per thousand
in the flat, the growers ]nitting them together themselves. Under
present conditions the forty-eight quart crate is most popular and
is furnished, including the forty-eight cups and divisions for less
than forty cents each. The old go-as-you-j^lease plan of shipping,
every man for himself, single handed, bush-whacker like, had a
much longer lease of existence than it deserved. Metaphorically
the tail had to wag the dog before escape from the old growers was
practicable. Almost at the extremity of the peninsula a few years
ago, a fruit and vegetable exchange was organized and conducted
on sound business principles. Results were a genuine revelation.
To-day branches of that exchange in nearly all the jieninsula
counties are substituting system and method for the "Any-way-so
you-get-there" j^ractice that formerly attenuated the bank accounts
of the shippers. These exchanges are in constant touch with the
market conditions of all the cities and large towns that are in
timely reach of perishable products, and the goods have daily con-
signment to points where prices are most inviting. At some points
strawberries, as well as other fruits, are sold at public auction by
the exchange, thus introducing a mild form of speculation, that im-
Inics the buyers and the growers with the excitement of expectancy.
The loaded wagons are driven to the stand of the Auctioneer, the
berries are hurriedly examined by the buyers that locate at these
points. If the bids are satisfactory the grower accepts and returns
home with the money for his berries in his pocket. Tf the grower
suspects any understanding among the buyers to co-operate in fix-
ing prices, they ship through the exchange instead of selling at the
railroad station. The inauguration of these long needed reforms

III

insures to every member of such exchanges a fair and just value for
his fruit. If it is extra fine in quality and condition, the quick per-
ception of the buyer is prompt in acknowledgment. On the other
hand, where fruit grades low, the grower receives a very impressive
admonition to mend his wavs.

Stavmax Winksap From Mr. Kkrr.

We .sometimes read of marvelous results and achievements by
special methods of cultivating or growing this fruit ; and while such
sensational revelations may be true in a prescribed sense, when the
entire story is told, instead of inspiring the confidence that would
beget widespread invitation, it is soon lost ill the flitting shadows of
forget fulness. In localities where the growing of this fruit is made
a business, every principle of economy and progress is worked out
in finest detail by men whose financial prosperity demonstrates
(juite clearly that they not only excel in the business requisite but
elso that penetrating and comprehensive study of plant nature, that
insures to each variety, situation and soil fertilization, such as its
individualtiy craves, and must have to make it profitable. By the
unerring scales of practical test, they determine the value of novel-
ities. and the new variety is thus accurately analyzed as to its merits.
Where plant growing as a business proposition is not combined with
fruit growing, a very small per cent, of the annual new productions
are observable, ^'ou find that disturbing desire for new kinds far
more pronounced and conspicuous among the small growers than
those higher up. The advent of the Hovey back in the thirties,

no

and ovcr<;TOwn with Imshes. Cleared up. and a ^ood system of
nnderdrains installed, made it ideal land for <,M-n\vinjj^ the Gandy
strawberry to perfection. There are other late rii)ening kinds that
donbtless are more satisfactory on land alYordini:^ less moisture, but
on somewhat low. dark, loamy soil, with clay subsoil, the (landy
holds the IJlue Ribbon.

Xone of the lar<;e growers so far as ! am aware u^e the i)lant-
hv^ machine for setting- their i)lants. While for certain kinds of
vej;etal)le plants thi> machine is used to some extent, strawberry
.^rowers i)refer the di^k marker to open the rows: settin.ij the i-)lants
In hand to the bar >ide of furrows thus ])repared. The i)lan of
cross markini,^ the land and settin*;- the ])lants at the an<,des of the
^(piares. sufficiently distant from each other to permit the i)assa^e
between them of a narrow cultivator, and cro>s cultivatin^,^ while it
lessens the exi)ense of hand hoeini;- considerably, is makiujL^ n(i great
}^^ains in popular favor. What is everywhere known as the matted
row plan is ^iven the i)reference. With the strawberry, as with
all other fruits: results arc dependent upon the eti'orts bestowed in
their i)roduction. In the matter of cu])s and crates, wonderful i)ro-
j^ress has been made. Did the strawberry i^rower.s of to-day have to
pax- as much f(tr cups and crates as was the case fifty years back,
their business would i)romi>tly C(»llai)se. Think of it — S30 per i.ooii
f(«r quart cu])s : S2.n0 each for thirtv-two (juart crate. The *,uft
(|uart cups at that jjcriod could be had at ten dollars i)er thousand
in the tlat. the i,n-owers jjuttinj:; them t«igether themselves. I'nder
l)resent conditions the forty-eii^ht (|uart crate is most i)o])ular ancl
is furnished, includiui,^ the fort\ -i-'i^ht cups and divisions for less
than fortv cents each. Tlic old L^o-as-x ou-plcase ])lan of shi])i)inj^\
rverv man for himself, sinj^de handed. bu>h-whacker like, had a
nuicii lon,i,^er lease of existence than it deserved. .Metaphorically
the tail had to wajjj the doj;' before escape from the old <rrowers was
l)racticable. .\!mo>t at the extremity of the peninsula a few years
i\i^i), a fruit and vegetable exchan.^e was organized and conducted
on sound business i)rincii)les. Results were a <jjenuine revelation
To-dav branches of that exchan.5^c in nearly all the i)eninsula
comities are substituting^ system and method for the ".\ny-way-.so
yon-i^^et-there" ])ractice that formerly attenuated the bank accounts
of the slii])pers. These exchanges are in constant touch with the
market conditions of all the cities and lar<;e t<nvns that are in
timelv reach of i)erisliable products, and the ii^oods have daily con-
sii^nment to points where ] trices are most invitin_<^. At some jxtints
strawberries, as well as other fruits, are sold at public auction by
the exchange, thus introduciuLi^ a mild form of speculation, that im-
Inies the biners and the growers with the excitement of expectancy.
M'he lr»aded wai^oiis are dviven to the stand of the Auctioneer, the
berries are hurriedh examined by the buyers that locate at these
points. If the bids are satisfactory the i^rower accepts and returns
home with the nionev for his berries in his jxtcket. If the thrower
sus])ects anv understanding anioui;' the buyers to co-operate in fix-
incj ])rices. tliev ship tlirou|L,di the exchan.ije instead of sellinj^ at the
railroad station. The inaujuuration of tliosc loni; needed reforms

III

insures to every member of such exchanges a fair and just value for
his fruit. If it is extra fine in ([uality and condition, the quick per-
ception of the buyer is promj)! in acknowledgment. On the (jther
hand, where fruit grades low. the grower receives a very im])ressive
admonition to mend his wavs.

Si AN MAN \\im:s\p Fkom .Mk. Kkkk.

\\ e sometimes read of marvelous results and acliievenieMts bv
special methods of cultivating or growing this fruit: and while such
sensational revelations may be true in a i)rescril)ed sense, when the
entire story is told, instead of insi)iring the confidence that would
beget widespread invitation, it is soo?i lost in the Hitting slia<lows of
torget fulness. In localities where the growing of this fruit is made
a business, every principle of economy and progress is worked out
in finest detail by men whose financial prosperity demonstrates
quite clearly that they not only excel in the business re(|uisite but
elso that penetrating and comi)reliensive study of i)lant nature, that
insures to each variety, situation and soil fertilization, such as its
individualtiy craves, and must have to make it profitable. P.v the
unerring scales of practical test, they determine the value of novel-
ities. and the new variety is thus accurately analyzed as to its merits.
Where ])lant growing as a business proi)osition is not combined with
fruit growing, a very small per cent, of the annual new prodnctions
are observable, ^'o^ find that disturbing desire t'or new kinds far
more pronounced and conspicu<ius runong the small growers than
those higher up. The advent of the [Tovev back in the thirties,

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

112

though a pistillate, was a long stride forward in American straw-
berry development. The introduction of the Peabody in the fifties
triumphantly marked a great epoch. This fact was especially no-
ticeable in its relation to the breeding or originating of new varieties.
The five dollars j^er dozen for plants, as received by the propagators,
who got in on the ground floor, when the Peabody tide was at its
flood, caused* many who were horticulturally inclined, to see visions,
and to dream golden hued dreams, when they were not sleeping.
A steady shower of new varieties began to fall upon the public;
tinted by the glittering crystals of beguiling hopes and the fascinating
charms of unbridled expectancy, hundreds of these little innocents
still in their swaddling attire of gorgeous tinsel, were adjudged and
condemned as horticultural "goldbricks." They simply made a faint
and brief little twinkle, and w^cre promptly replaced by that same
shower which seems as though it might ''go on forever."

In Fuller's small Fruit Culturist, published in 1867 there are
named one hundred and twenty odd varieties of strawberries of
American origin. In a revised edition of this work, published four-
teen years later (1881). the same author only names 94 American
varieties. In neither list is there a variety named that is regarded
as profitable or desirable by the successful growers of the present.
]n 1867, Orange Judd and' Company published the first volume of
their horticultural annual or year book, and in the Introduction by
the editor this sentence occurs: "We difi'er as much from Europe in
our horticultural operations as we do in other matters, and it will
be a long time before we attain — if we ever do — that state of refine-
ment that comes of a dense i)opulation. cheap labor, and great in-
dividual wealth." I take it that the word refinement as it appears
in that somewhat remarkable sentence has reference to our horti-
culture only. I5e it so, and what do we behold as we look through
the Kaleidoscope of pro.eress during the interval between 1867 and
the present? Surely the great wealth of individuals no longer bars
us from full partici])ation in the ennobling distillations of that
Euroijean refinement in horticulture. If growing a car-load of
strawberries where but a crate was growm in 1867, and distributing
the same, at prices so as to make them available to the pent up resi-
dents of all our large cities, if this tends toward refinement, our
American horticulture is giving its European cousin the busiest
time in its history, to maintain its supremacy. If however, a re-
finement of our horticulture is in any way dependent upon a pauper-
ized condition of labor, it is infinitely preferable that it continue in
its plebeian vulgarity. While the standard of excellence as to
([uality and size has made little if any advancement in strawberry
culture, during the last half-century there certainly has been marked
progress in meeting and supplying the essentials for field culture, in
varieties embodying size, firmness and productiveness ; features that
vitally afi^cct the interests of growers for distant markets. This
([uestion of varieties at best is so very local and circumscribed in its
nature, that it resolves itself into a ])roblem to be correctly solved
by personal or individual experience only. The general and fixed
peculiarities of the plant render it sensitive to any lack, or uncon-

113

geniality in soil conditions. One variety proves a rank failure
where another is every way satisfactory, while perhaps not a mile
distant the conditions as to behavior of the same varieties may be
just the opposite of this, so that any discussion as to varieties is
likely to develop as many sides to the question as there are growers
present. When a grower has varieties that are adapted to his soil
and situation he betrays a business weakness when by the glamour
and glare too common in the introduction of novelties, he is in-
duced to slight or neglect the known, for the specious uncertainty
of the unknown. There is a difference, far reaching in its import-
ance, between the commendable principles and spirit of enterprise
and progress, as compared with that universal human thirst for
change.

A Member.— I would like to ask what varieties you would
recommend for home use?

Mr. Kerr.— Where do you live?

A Member. — In Cambria county — heavy clay soil.

Mr. Kerr. — There are a number of varieties that would suc-
ceed there, but there is one variety in particular that I think would
do very w^ell ; it is safe, not so very large, but it is sweet, and it
grows easily — Cameron's Early.

A Member. — What is your method of protecting in winter?

Mr. Kerr.— :Mulching with straw.

A Member— Do you let the runners go or do you cut them off?

Mr. Kerr.— Well, we cultivate as long as we can, and then
when we get in with the handhoe, if the runners are long we cut
them oft"; if not, we let them go.

A Member.— What sort of implement do you use to cultivate ?

Mr Kerr.— The ordinary five-toothed harrow is used ordin-
arily. vSometimes we run over the plants with a weeder: this does
not hurt. ■

A Member.— You speak of covering with straw: what do vou
do when it blows off?

Mr. Kerr.— A\^e have never had any trouble in that way. W^e
put it on in the fall, and it is tramped down w^hen it is put on It
does not cover the plant entirely, and in the spring it is raked off
and left in the row, so that the men can stand on it to pick the
berries. ^

A Member.— As I understand it, on the Peninsula there are
about a hundred acres out in starwberries on many of the farms?

114

Mr. Kerr.— Oh, yes.

A Member.— What I would Hke to know is, how any man can
take care of a hundred acres, give them the care and proper culti-
vation ?

Mr. Kerr.— Well, it depends entirely, just as in anything else,
on the man. There is not one man out of twenty-five that is cap-
able of doing that. There is not one strawberry grower m ten that
can do it, but there are men who do do it, and some of these young
men here who are not afraid of work, are going to do it.

A Member.— Well., where do they get their labor?

Mr. Kerr.— Well they make provision for that before they
start out with the hundred acres of strawberries. The young fel-
lows who do these things now-a-days know beforehand just what
they are going to do, and where they are going to get their labor.

A Member.— Well, there has got to be a good deal of hand
hoeing and weeding.

Mr. Kerr.— Yes, but not nearly so much as you think, because
you cuhivate until your berries get too large.

A Member.— I would like you to tell us something about your
plan of culture — what is your means of fertilizing?

Mr. Kerr.— In the first place, our greatest dependence for
fertilizers is on the fertilizer factories of Baltimore ritv. There
are, of course, some exceptions ; some prefer to fertili/v with .stable
manure, but there is not nearly enough of this to go • n.,,d. You
know there is a great deal of fertilizer required by these plants, and
the commercial fertilizer is being used by these growers very pro-
fitably.

A Member.— Another thing I would like to know— whether
you consider it safe to plow down the fresh sod, so as to be safe
from the attacks of the grub worm.

Mr. Kerr.— I think it is rather risky to plow down the fresh
sod on account of the grub worm. Outside of that there could be
no objection to it. However, the hoed crop would be profitable for
another reason, because it would keep down the weeds; tomatoes,
beans, or anything else that necessitates clean culture, so that you
can prepare for your strawberries is all right. It may give you a
little more work, but it will pay in the end.

A Member. — Have you been balancing up with the chemical
fertilizer ?

Mr. Kerr. — Yes ; you have to keep the balance u]) very care-
fully as you go along. There is no question about that. And it

IIS

requires some spirited young fellow to keep up with the nitrogen,
so that he does not get too much of that, and still gets enough.

nen

A Member. — Do vou depend on stable manure for your nitro-

Mr. Kerr. — No ; we depend upon cover crops.

A Member. — How do you prepare for your second crop?

Mr. Kerr. — Well, some of them set fire to the straw and burn
it ofif, and then give it a top dressing with some fertilizer that has a
little ammonia in it.

Mr. Atwater. — I have a moderate sized strawberry bed, and
also some hens ; how do you overcome that ?

Mr. Kerr. — You have my sympathy ; and T don't doubt in the
least that they are your neighbor's hens, too. In that case I don't
care to oflfer advice, because I don't care to breed trouble between
you and your neighbors. With the birds we simply surrender; we
are not allowed to slioot them, and we cannot afford to cover our
beds entirely, so we make the best of it.

A Member. — What analysis of the commercial fertilizer do
you use?

Mr. Kerr. — Why, for strawberries, 6-8-10.

Mr. President. — I would like to call on our friend Hale, of
Connecticut, to give us his impressions of our fruit since he was
here last.

Mr. J. H. Hale. — Mr. President, and Gentlemen : Your
worthy President says come u]) here because you want to see what
I look like. A few days ago I took the train in New York, and
was awakened in my berth by an argument going on between the
porter and a lady who found she had to take an upper berth. She
objected to this, but was finally convinced that there was nothing
else to do, all the lower berths being full. "Rut," she asked the
ix)rter, "who have I got to sleep over?" "Oh." the porter assured
her, "you needn't be afraid, lady; he's a mightv nice-lookin' old
gentleman ; got on here in New York." Now, that "mighty nice-
looking old gentlemen" was me, so I can understand verv well whv
your President wanted me to get up here so that you can look at
me. and considering that you have had to look at him for the past
two days, I don't wonder.

Now, answering the question that your President has put. you
want me to tell vou what I think of vou since vou have grown up ;
am I to tell the truth?

The President. — Yes ; we don't want any bouquets.

ii6

Mr. Hale. — Well, then I'll be candid. Some years ago (I think
it was ten years ago) I was invited to come over here and deliver an
address, and a friend of mine told me "God pity you. Hale ; they're
a slow-going bunch of people ; you can't put an idea into their heads ;
they'll go to sleep while you're talking to them." Well, some of
them did go to sleep, but not many. Then, three years ago, I came
back again, and found considerable more life and interest. Yester-
day, in passing by this way in coming from Pittsburg, I decided to
stop and see whether there had been any improvement over three
years ago, and I was charmed with the crowd that w^as here yester-
day, and ])articularly pleased to see so many live young people. I
saw that there was hope and expectancy in the horticulture of Penn-
sylvania. And then I went over to that hall and saw the exhibit.
The first time I was here there were probably a hundred specimens ;
the next time there were a few more of a little nicer quality. To-
day the exhibit shows what has been done by your Experiment Sta-
tion and your teachers. It is a wonderful change, and it is a won-
derful chance that is coming to us in horticulture.

Up in Spokane they are paying for fruit land three and four
hundred dollars an acre, and for a planted orchard from six to eight
hundred dollars an acre, and the people are paying it. and going
away out there. People in my state, and in your own state of Penn-
sylvania, pay three to five hundred dollars for raw land, and eight
hundred to a thousand dollars for land already planted, while there
is land right here at home equally as good, at half the price, just
ready to plant into an orchard, right in the heart of civilization, on
railway lines that will take you to Europe or to California, or any-
where you want to go to spend some of that money you make in
your orchard. You are close to the great labor markets of the
world. Why, the modern grower here in the East, is in touch with
the ports, where he can get all the labor he wants for $2.00 a day.
Out there they have to i)ay in a]:)ple season from four to five dollars
a day. And in addition, our fruit is incomparably better in quality.
The Western fellows think their fruit is prettier than ours, but we
know that ours is better. I took up one of their recent magazines
(I think it was the January number) and it was filled with adver-
tisements of the great and wonderful opportunities the West offers
to the orchardist, but I turned over a page, and found sixteen adver-
tisements of s])ray pumps, etc. Now, we people here in the East
have w^onderful opportunities. I don't think it is all Pennsylvania,
or Connecticut, or New York or West Virginia, but the whole East-
ern section of the United States, of which Pennsylvania is about
the center, has the soil and climate to grow the finest fruit, and
then, in addition, we are within twenty-four hours of thirty millions
of people who consume it. The Western man has to pav $300 per
car to get his produce to market, while you can do it for $30 or $40.

T enjoyed the talk of ATr. Powell and of the Professor with
the slides last night, and of Mr. Farnsworth this morning — all plain
talk, and all good, plain common sense. The low-headed tree, that
is what we are coming to. T left Pittsburg yesterday, and came on
here, not particularly through a horticultural country, but I saw a

117

good many fine trees. Heretofore we have had trees that took a
thirty or forty-foot ladder to reach the top. Now we dehorn them,
and we have trees where you can stand on the ground and pick the
fruit.

We have been told that we cannot interplant an apple and
peach orchard. I have done it. 1 picked a little over six thousand
bushels of apples this yast year, and the pickers stood on the ground
and i^icked every one of them. Next year I hope it will be ten thou-
sand, and I expect every one of them to be picked from the ground,
and the same thing with the peach orchards. Keep them down.
You say, ''how about cultivation ?" Well, the man who is going to
make money, is going to do it somehow. Keep your trees down.

Just one word more. In order to produce fruit properly, you
must do a great deal of spraying. I keep spraying implements in
all my orchards, and spray two, three or four times. I have tried
every kind of a spraying implement, and I believe you will never
get a thoroughly satisfactory spraying implement until you get air
pressure. Compressed air makes it possible to do the greatest
amount of work with the least amount of friction, and with the
greatest economy. You will all come to it sometime ; it may be next
year, or in five years, or in ten years, but you will come.

I thank you, Mr. President, for this opportunitv to say a few
words, and let these people see what I look like.

The President. — We have been on very friendly relations for
a number of years with the State of Xew Jersey; we have with us
one or two delegates from their State Society, one of their ex-presi-
dents, IMr. E. S. lllack. and their secretary, Mr. Taylor. I want
to call on ]\rr. Plack to say a few words to us.

Mr. E. S. Black. — Ladies and Gentlmen (before I say "^Mr.
IVesident," because I knew him before T ktiew you) : I am glad of
one thing, and that is, that Pennsylvania knows a good thing when
you get it. I was here as a delegate from Xew Jersey when you
elected Mr. Gabriel Heister vour President, and I am glad you
know enough to keep him. the next year you sent him down to
Xew Jersey, as a delegate, and he came back so full of information
that your society has grown since to an extent that I would never
have known it, and, at the same time, Mr. Iliester left an impres-
sion on the Xew Jersey Society that has never been forgotten.

I always tell my people that they expect too much of me : they
always put me on the program to speak after Herbert Collingwood.
the most popular and eloquent lecturer that comes before our So-
ciety, and now I come over here to Pennsylvania, and you ask me
to speak after Mr. J. H. Hale. I was glad to hear him'sav what I
said to our secretary, Mr. Taylor, last night: that I was glad to see
so many young men, and so manv ladies present. I want to tell
you, however, that when I was down at Hartford last vear to visit
the Connecticut Society, I saw Mr. Hale's son, that the son is better
looking than his father, only he don't talk so much, and I'll lav mv
money on him every time. He is following in the footsteps o'f his
father, only he is going to be more successful than his father be-

ii8

cause (let me tell you aside) what Mr. Hale did down in Georgia,
he got a Jerseyman to do for him.

When I was here the last time, six years ago, you had a little
exhibition of fruit that I was ashamed of, and I told you then that
you would never get any sort of an exhibition until you offered
prizes, and now look at your exhibit ! You need take off your hats
to no state except New Jersey. I told our Society last year that
I was proud of it, and when I was in Connecticut last year, every
man, woman and child said "I am from Connecticut," and seemed
proud of it. I like to see that spirit, and when I came down the
Hudson, and crossed into New Jersey, I felt that my foot was on
my native heath, and that my name it was MacGregor. Next year
I will have to tell our Society that Pennsylvania is fast approaching
New Jersey. You have a thousand plates of apples, of every va-
riety, and these young men who are here are laying up an invest-
ment that will, in the future, pay them better than any bank stock,
better than government bonds, by making these hills and valleys of
Pennsylvania grow fruit. Don't go to the city ; stay here and while
Pennsylvania may have a little graft, you also can grow fruit.

As Mr. Taylor and I came up from Philadelphia the other day,
I saw some fine apple farms that were infinitely more attractive to
me than that beautiful building up on the hill. In that you have
sunk your money, and here you get your money to pay for it. I
will say to these young men here, "don't leave the farm ; don't marry
a girl who wants to go to the city.' You know the girls have great
influence over the young men, and the ministers realize this in the
revival meetings, and get the young men into the church through the
girls, so I will say to these young men, ''don't marry any girl unless
she is willing to go on the farm and roll up her sleeves sometimes,
and do her part in the most beautiful work that man can engage in,
the raising of beautiful fruit.

]»e proud of your work. Re proud of your possibilities. Be
proud of your president, and send a representative to New Jersey
next year, and if we don't show you more apples, we will show you
at least as many. I, personally, and my friend, Secretary Taylor,
will go back to the New Jersey Society, and tell them that we saw
here a fine-looking lot of men and women and girls, and almost as
good apples as we can grow ourselves.

The President. — I would like Mr. Hostetler to tell us what
they arc doing in Cambria County. H you are doing well, we want
to know it, and if you are not doing much, we want you to get
busy.

Mr. Abram Hostetler. — T.adics and Gentlemen: I just expect
to tell you what you asked for. About two years ago, Dr. Funk
from the Eastern part of the State was on the Institute force, and
he talked apple culture to us, and we got the idea of starting a
County Horticultural Association, and with the assistance of an
aged gentleman in our midst here to-day, and of Dr. Funk, we
started the Society. As nearly as I can remember, we started out

119

with some seventy members, at our first meeting. We had a num-
ber of meetings, and last Fall we had a little exhibit that drew a
great deal of attention. It was a very small exhibit compared with
what we have here, but the people of the city of Johnstown seemed
to be surprised that we could raise such fruit in Cambria County,
just as the strangers seem to be surprised at the display here. W^e
are keeping right on and doing our part. That is about all I have
to say.

The President. — We find that one county after the other is
coming in just this way. The first year there are only a few mem-
bers, the next year some more, and then the next thing they talk
about becoming bigger than our State Society, and this is what we
want. We want each county organization to feel that they are
the biggest and best part of the State Association.

Now, it seemed to me that we have reached a point in Pennsyl-
vania where I began to fear we were getting swelled heads and did
not know good fruit when we saw it, so we decided to get an expert
Pomologist to judge our fruit, and we invited Colonel Brackett, the
Pomologist of the Department of Agriculture at Washington to
come here and do it for us.

Now, Colonel Brackett, give us your honest opinion of where
you think we fall short in our display, because we want to learn
how to succeed.

I now have the honor of introducing Colonel Brackett, the
Pomologist of the Department of Agriculture at Washington.

IMPRESSIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA FRUIT.

By G. B. Brackktt, Pomologist, Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D. C.

My impressions of Pennsylvania fruit date back to 1876 when
I had charge of the Pomological Exhibit at the Centennial Exposi-
tion. My attention was there first called to the wonderful pro-
ductions of Pennsylvania orchards.

My connection with the Exposition required my attendance
from its opening to its close, consequently it gave me an opportun-
ity of examining fruit as it w-as placed on the tables beginning with
the ripening of small fruits and continuing throughout the season
until September when the great exhibit of tree fruits was made. It
was the finest exhibit of its kind ever held in America up to that
time. Twenty States as well as Canada and foreign countries were
in competition.

Twenty prizes were awarded to Pennsylvania exclusively on
her fruit exhibit. The apple was by far the most important fruit.
The most popular varieties of this fruit exhibited at that time were
Williams, Red xAstrachan, Maiden Blush, Summer Queen, Porter,
Fameuse, Gravenstein, Lowell. Jonathan, Baldwin, Yellow Bell-
flower. Swaar. Rhode Island Greening, Roxbury Russett, Seek-no-
Further. Gilliflower and Talman (Sweet).

120

I find only seven of the above mentioned varieties on your
premium list, thus showing the great changes that have taken place
in the last 35 years.

Among the many valuable varieties found on your exhibition
tables are some that deserve special mention :

York Imperial is perhaps one of the most profitable varieties
grown in your State and also southward throughout the Blue Ridge
and Appalachian region in \'irginia, West Virginia and North Caro-
lina. It also grows to perfection in the Aliddle West, where it finds
a ready market in Chicago and other cities of the Mississippi
Valley.

It may be of interest to note
here that Pennsylvania has
originated on her soil 285 va-
rieties of apples of which
York Imperial among the
number. As most of you
know, the tree was a chance
seedling found by Mr. John-
son on his farm in York Coun-
ty ; finding it to be of attrac-
tive color and a good keeper,
he got ;Mr. Jonathan Jessop, a
nurseryman, to propagate it.
Mr. Jessop thought well of
the variety and named it
Johnson's Fine Winter. He
sent a basket of the variety to
the late A. J. Downing, who
l)ronounccd it "the imperial of
late keepers," and as it origin-
ated in York Coimty. Mr.
Downing suggested the name
of "York Imperial", an ap-
])ropriate cognomen for this
valuable commercial variety.
It is now one of the leading
varieties in manv sections of
tlie country where it brings large returns to the grower.

Air. J. N. Craig of Rose Cliff Orchard at Waynesboro, Vir-
ginia, and Commissioner Coiner of the Department of Agriculture,
Richmond, \^a., report an orchard of York Imperial, ten years old'
4 acres, that yielded the comfortable return of $2,000 the past
season.

The vStayman Winesap is one of the most promising varieties
now being planted in commercial orchards. It has been found to
succeed over a very wide area of country extending from the Atlan-
tic to the Pacific. It originated in Kansas from where it spread
first eastward and then westward. The tree is a vigorous grower
very productive of large fine fruit of good quality and it is justly
entitled to the reputation it has gained.

121

Jonathan and Grimes Golden stand at the head of the list of
choice varieties, especially for quality, for which they always com-
mand the highest market price.

There are several other varieties that might be mentioned that
are well adapted to soil and climate conditions of many of the
counties in Pennsylvania.

I fail to find any mention of Rome Beauty on your fruit lists
Just why you have omitted this is a question I cannot solve In mv
estimation it should rank with York Imperial, and though not so
prolific, It comes into bearing early and its quality is better than
York Imperial; and it is the ideal apple tree for sandy soils

The question of varieties to plant is one of paramount import-
ance. In times past little attention was paid to this matter but
in recent years it has been the subject of verv careful investigation
It was partly for this object that the American Pomological Societv
was organized. And for this purpose, bv means of extensive cor-
respondence with fruit growers all over the United States and Can-
ada, data has been obtained upon which the Pomologist of the De-
partment of Agriculture at Washington has been enabled to publish
m pamphlet form, a list of varieties of fruit adapted to the various
sections of the United States and Canada. It is known as the Re-
vised Catalogue of Pruits and the publication is revised from time
to time in order to keep pace with the progress in Pomological In-
vestigations. S ax -1 1

I cannot urge upon your growers too strongly the necessitv of
planting varieties adapted to your soil and climate. If mistakes are
made in cultivation. si)raying. pruning and such things, thev can be
corrected the folowing year, but if mistakes are made in the selec-
tion of varieties it means a loss of seven or eight vears' time which
no one can afford to lose in the short space of a life-time

A mistake very often made is in planting too many varieties
Four or f^ve of the very best sorts that have been tried and known"
to succeed in the locality where the planting is to be made, are suf-
ficient for a commercial orchard.

According to the Census of 1900, Pennsvlvania is one of the
great apple-growing states, ranking third in to'tal value of all kinds
of fruits. It IS probably safe to say that there is not a countv in the
State of lennsylvania in which some kind of fruit cannot be grown
Nvith profit. It IS needless to state here the different kinds of fruit
that can be profitably grown in tlie diff-erent sections of Pennsvl-
vania \ou can decide better by wliat has succeeded best in anv
KKahty ^^dlat is likely to be the moneymaker in a given section
Since the Census of iqqo when Pennsylvania ranked second to New
^ ork ni lier apple crop, great changes have taken place, and more
attention has been paid to up-to-date methods of orcharding

U\thorfn7^ '"^''''' '" ''"'y\'^ ^'^'^''"- ^'^' >^^^" awakened,
orchaid or small commercial planting; now under the new im-
indse large p antations are being started and Pennsvlvania is keep-

poiibllitier t :'T ^''''' '" '^'' ^'''' movement, and her

possibilities. It is safe to say, are unsurpassed by anv of them but

122

if she would keep up with the procession she must adopt the im-
proved methods of the times, in all the details of culture, pruning,
spraying, thinning, harvesting, grading, packing and marketing the
fruit.

Intensive versus extensive culture is the watchword. Eternal
viligance is the price of good fruit. The old method of planting
an orchard and trusting to providence to take care of it is a thing
of the past. Much depends on the man behind the enterprise. Suc-
cess in fruit growing is not the result of chance or accident. It
means the exercise of brain and muscle ; it means business in every
sense of the word.

However much you have done in fruit culture, recent statis-
tics show that your orchardists fall far short of growing sufficient
fruit to supply the great home demand, and large quantities are
shipped in from other States. With this condition existing and
with the wonderful possibilities of fruit growing in Pennsylvania,
it seems to me that there never was a time in the history of the in-
dustry so favorable for orcharding as at the present, when view-
ing this subject from a commercial standpoint.

With the favorable climatic and soil conditions of Adams,
Berks, Lehigh, Lancaster, Lebanon, Montgomery, York and other
fruit growing counties of your State, and with such fine markets
as Pittsburg, New York and Philadelphia right at your doors, there
is every incentive to further the progress of fruit growing.

Next to the long list of apples that originated in Pennsylvania
comes the list of pears consisting of fifty-two varieties of which
the most valuable variety of all is the Seckel.

Your Horticultural Society is one of the oldest, having been
organized in December, 1827 ; since then nearly all of the terri-
tory west of the Mississippi river has been settled and made into
States whose populous cities teem with varied industries.

Your Society has on its roll of honor such names as Meehan,
Landreth, Hoopes, Warder, Barry, Fox, Wilder, Parsons, Parry,
Thomas and other distinguished pomologists, many of whom have
passed to the Great Beyond. I would urge the young men of your
State to take up the great work so ably begun by these illustrious
pomologists for orcharding is a pleasant and profitable occupation.

To go back to the exhibit over here, I have not had time to
make the notes I would like. My time was so taken up judging the
fruit that I did not have the time to make the notes I wanted. In
looking over the county displays, Perry. Adams and Luzerne have
w^onderful displays of almost perfect fruit — especially Adams. I
trust you will pardon me if I make any personal allusions. Adams
County makes the best display of any county. There is scarcely an
imperfect speciment there in the way of the coddling moth.

Lewis Brothers, of Luzerne County, have one of the most re-
markable exhibits in the hall. Every one can see the fruit for him-
self, and know what it is by the label. This exhibit was not in
competition with the others, but it is a noteworthy exhibit.

123

In some of the exhibits I find the Spitzenberg, which used to
be grown years ago, but has lately been dropped almost entirely.
It is a high quality, and very valuable.

There are four boxes of apples over in the hall that come
nearer perfection in grading and packing than anything else there.

I find some varieties that, perhaps, have not been tried, but of
the tried varieties, there is the Rome Beauty, growing in many
parts of the country. In Ohio, where it originated, it has become
nearly perfection, and judging from the specimens I see over here,
it will become one of the leading varieties of this state. Next
comes the York Imperial.

By the way, I must not pass by a very fine exhibit of pears,
sent in by your w^orthy President. He says it is due to cross-
pollenation. That is something that has never been fully estab-
lished before, but if this is the effect, it is something to know and
make use of.

The Banana apple, which is coming into notice, originated in
Indiana, from there into Michigan, and from there into the North-
west, seems to be doing as well here as out there. It is quite a
choice variety, and I hope to hear further reports from it.

There is one thing that I wish to call your attention to in regard
to the Jonathan. There is a disease which has lately shown itself
in the way of spots on the skin ; they are only skin deep, but is de-
tracts from the market price of the apple. They do not know yet
exactly what it is. The first time my attention was called to it was
when a man came clear on to the city of Washington from the
•state of Washington. He had sent a 'carload of fruit there. It
was sent by the way of Pittsburg and distributed through a com-
mission house at Washington, and he received complaint of these
spots, which it was supposed had developed while in storage. They
showed me some of the specimens, and my impression was arsen-
ical poison, which did not show itself at the time, but developed
while the fruit was in cold storage. I find among your apples quite
a number of specimens affected in this way.

Now, you are aware that there has been a tremendous impetus
given to fruit-growing throughout the country. I think that Penn-
sylvania is to-day quite close up with other states. I have been
w^atching this impetus, especially in connection with Virginia and
West Virginia, and I suppose you, in your state, are doing the same
thing. Now, I don't want to hurt your feelings any, as fruit
growers, but I want to tell you that you have not yet attained to
the high water mark in fruit growing. Now, if you will look over
the display you will find a number of specimens that could have
been improved by spraying, and you will find this, especially, in parts
of the country where they have not had any education along this
line. Then, in grading and packing you 'fall short. There is
scarcely a box or a barrel on exhibition that would stand the test
of the Hood River district. Out there they have specialists to do
their packing. No man is allowed to do his own packing, so as to
detract from the uniformity of the fruit. It is quite an art to
pack fruit properly and carefully and nicely. Now, if you will go

over and look at the boxes there, and then at Lewis Bros, box, yon
will see the difference. Some of the boxes are not more than two-
thirds fnll, and in no way can they come under the head of first-
class packing.

Then there is another thing you will have to have your atten-
tion called to here. You spray for moth, and for the San Jose
scale, but you do not prepare for frost. If you realize that the cold
air settles at the bottom, you will have your orchards in such posi-
tion that the cold air can escape without injuring your blossoms in
the early spring. There is no telling what you may have to over-
come in this matter of damage by frost. I have written out a few
notes here, which, if you can spare me a little time, I will read :

Among the most wonderful achievements in the progress of
horticulture in recent years is the discovery of means for the pre-
vention of frost injury to fruit trees during and after the blossom-
ing period. The danger to fruit trees by frost injury is not so
great during winter months, but when the tender blossoms appear
there are a few days in spring time when the weather is apt to be
capricious.

It is perhaps safe to say that at least 40% of our crop of fruit
is cut off annually in the spring of the year by frost. In some of
the commercial orchard districts this ' disaster has occurred so
frequently year after year that thousands of acres of orchard trees
have been abandoned and are being cut down to give place to other
crops. In this age of invention it is not wise to attempt to set
bounds or limits to the ultimate power of man to overcome the
forces of nature or to modify and change atmospheric conditions.'
There is little in the way of man's achievement that seems hopelessly
impossible. Already it has been fully demonstrated that the tem'-
perature of the air can be raised a number of degrees by artificial
means. ^Many devices for orchard heating have been invented and
are now on the market.

From the abundance of testimony already obtained from re-
liable sources in all parts of the country, it is 'safe to say the pre-
vention of frost injury to fruit crops has already passed the ex-
perimental stage and has become a well-established fact that cannot
be controverted or lightly passed by. For the past three or four
years practical tests have been made in Colorado and other west-
ern states, with perfect success. We have reports of many re-
markable instances where thousands of dollars have been saved bv
the use of heaters. A single case in point will perhaps be sufiicient.
.Mr. C. E. ]\Iincer, of Hamburg, in reply to questions put by the
Editor of the ]\[issouri Fruit Grower in November, 19 10, as to
why he prepared for frost fighting, says :

"We lost several crops of fruit by frost and we either
had to save the fruit or get out of business. In one year,
while experimenting with means to prevent frost lo'sses]
we saved 6,000 bushels of peaches by burning brush in the
orchard, and another year we .saved a part of the apple
orchard by the same mean.s. The success we had with

125

burning brush led us to equip a portion of our orchard
containmg 900 bearing apple trees with 1,000 of the small
size Iroutman orchard heaters. We also constructed a
large storage tank that would hold several tank-car loads
of oil and obtained an outfit of tank wagons, buckets, light-
ers, etc. The concrete storage tank is constructed of rein-
forced concrete and holds 16,000 gallons. The tank is all
below ground and over the top is arched steel bedded in ce-
ment. An i8-inch man-hole is left in the top so that it may
be entered at any time when necessarv. The bottom of the
tank slopes to one corner where it opens into a two-inch
pipe that leads down hill to a point where easy loadinjr in
the wagons can be affected. The unloading of the tank car
IS done by gravity and by taking advantage of the slope of
the lane ; the handling of the oil is also done by gravity
when reloading the wagons. The oil is thus handlecl easily
and quickly. ^

/'The orchard pots or heaters must be managed so as
to light quickly. We did not try to light the pots till the
temperature dropped below thirty degrees. We did this to
economize on oil. However, when the temperature reaches

Iff. .i' "} ' 'J ^ ^'^'''''^ ""^ ^-^ ^^ 36 hours has elapsed
after the trees have come into bloom the fertilization will
probably be completed.

Records of Temperature. 'The first night of the frost
a7o P^V t ^".this night the temperature was at 34
at 9 K M. At midnight it had dropped to 27 : at ^ A M
It had reached 23 degrees and at 4 A. M. it reached' the
minimum close to 22 degrees. Inside of the orchard
vl !, f '-^'^ burning, the temperature at this hour

n^Llt ?T' '" r''\^ ^J^^^' ''^"^ 32 degrees in others.
Outside of the orchards the temperature did not reach 32
degrees until noon the next day. On this night the wind
was b owing so hard that it was difficult to pour the o
f om the buckets into the pots. It must be poured iiUo
burning pots slowly or it will put out the fire Ancl to

hitrand z' ''i:^''' '''''''''' "^, ''''' '"^^^^ '^' -- --i"^

snn er .n f "'^ T'""''' "^ '^'^ ^^^^ ^^"'^^^^ the oil to

'^"^^?;;^'i;J P^P/^^"^. tHe pots, wasting a great deal of it.

. On I hursday night, April 21st, we had the most con-
vincing est of the value of smudging with oil heaters. It
was a clear night and still, and the temperature in the even-
ing dropped to 28 degrees, reaching^ a minimum of 2
where 1 remained until 9 A. M. the next dav. We l^hted
one-half the pots and watched results. A dense f^lack
smoke formed over the orchard and surrounding fields
The temperature outside of the orchard was 2 s degrees
and inside it was 36 degrees. Outside the orchard everv-
hing was covered with thick, white frost, while inside the
trees were dripping wet with moisture

126

In all we burned the oil pots nine nights, and the time
ranged from five hours to twenty hours in each twenty-
four. At the last the temperature would drop about four
o'clock in the morning to freezing point and frost a little.
We would light about one-third of the heaters and let them
burn until past the danger time.

"The expense of heating the orchard this past spring
was approximately 7 cents a bushel for the apples har-
vested. This includes the expense of equipment for the
work, building the oil storage tank, the tank wagons, light-
ers, pots, buckets and enough ready oil on hand to fight an-
other season of frost equally as bad. So that the actual
cost the past season was far below the 7 cents mentione^l.

"The cost of this protection is so cheap compared
with the returns that it is absolutely folly for the fruit
grower not to be prepared. The type of pot used was the
Troutman, which was selected after much investigation
from a number of sources, and we doubt if we could have
made the successful fight with any other kind of oil burn-
ing pot."

There are thousands of acres of good orchard lands in your
State and the awakened interest in fruit growing among your people
will result in that sucessful orcharding that tends to make happy
homes and increased revenue.

It is a great pleasure to me to meet with you and see what
you have been doing along this line. I like to keep in touch with
the fruit growers all over the country. Last week I was judging
at the'Ohio apple show, which, by the way. was a wonderful show.
Last fall I was at Denver. As you know, that is one of the finest
fruit-growing countries in the w^orld, and fruit growing has become
one of their most important interests. Some of the fruit I had to
judge out there was wdiat they call "jumble-packed." They put in
a layer at the bottom, then put in the apples, with another layer
on top. Every section has its own methods, but eventually they
will all have to adopt the methods of the Northwest. The buyers de-
mand it. I will give you an instance of this. A grower of Vir-
ginia who grew some very fine Winesaps. shipped some of them
to New York, packed in boxes the same as they do in the North-
west and the dealer wrote him that if he had left his name oflf
the box, he would have sold them for Northwestern fruit.

Now, I have said enough on this subject. I know the next
time I come here I will find still further improvement in the grow-
ing of your fruit — in the spraying, in the pruning, but especially in
the matter of grading and packing, which is one of the most im-
portant things. It is better to keep at home all your imperfect
fruit. It detracts from the value of your fruit if sent to market.
You, perhaps, think that all the Western fruit is like that you see
here. It is not so. What we see here in the Kast is perhaps not
one-half of their fruit, but they can not afford to pay freight on
their imperfect fruit. You arc 3,000 miles nearer the market
than they are, and I think that going to the West is a step back-

127

wards. Within the last few weeks I have had three inquiries from
Western men who want to sell out their fruit land and come East
to raise fruit. They ask me where they can find a good location.
There are still large sections here in the East, particularly in Vir-
gmia and West Virginia, that can be profitably used for fruit grow-
ing, and I suppose it will be so for some time.

The President.— We are indebted to Colonel Brackett for the
very hard work he has been doing for us.

A Member. — I would like to ask the gentleman what it costs
to heat an orchard?

Colonel Brackett.— Seven cents a bushel, with all the outfit;
the next year, with your outfit already on hand, the cost will only
be half as much— not more than two or three cents a bushel.

The President. — The members of the Pennsylvania State Hor-
tilcultural Association have a very friendly feeling towards State
College : in fact, we have begun to lean on it. I noticed Dr. Sparks
the President of State College, coming in a few minutes ago, and
I want to ask him to say a few words to our Association.

Dr. Sparks. — Ladies and gentlemen who are interested in
horticulture: I want, first of all, to congratulate you on your in-
terestmg meeting, and on the exhibit you are making here. I went
in last night to view the exhibit, and I not only profited mentally,
but I also profited so far as the Department of the Interior was con-
cerned. The fruit there would certainly be a credit to the State
of Washington.

Now, it has been said frequentlv. that many things are lost
because the people do not go after them. That is something State
College can never be accused of : we are going after things. Twenty-
five years ago State College was known as a place where the boys
and girls went and came awav. The college is usually judged bv
what comes out of it. That is hardly fair, because it is impossible
to take poor stock and make good stock out of it. You must have
a good foundation to begin with. To-dav State College stands for
achievement, and nothing shows it better than the increase in value
of property up there. To-day vou people have about $2,000,000
worth of property at State College, and vou are just beginning to
find out about it. You want some interest on your invesment In
earlier days the father sent his bov to college iDCcause he expected
to get some return from him ; he did not alwavs find it necessarv to
send the girl, and many sent neither the bov nor the girl Now' the
boy and the girl have a right to the college, and if thev cannot go
to the college, why the college must go to them. So demonstrator^
liave been sent out everywhere throughout the State to show the
people the things that have been worked out at the College.

You people here are more interested in the development of
fruit trees than anything else. The United States gives $30,000
each year to this state, every pennv of which must be spent in agri-

128

cultural experiments. I„ working out how to get these exoeriment^

correspondence conrse. In order to 7ln L! 7. • ^^- ^'"^ "'<=

money, and we exnect to "n hJ? . Aesc tilings, we iimst have
appropViat Lrtliat wi 1 enfh.^ f "'" legislature and ask for an
P'4iint sli^iiUrUl'llarraU^fe toZ T.aJ^^^^/lrf ' I'd'"'^

enrollecl there this ve^r a ,kn f '•^•^° ''°^'' ^"'' S'*'''* ^^'•^ ^ave

the college ont ^^^^^i:!^'^::':;;'^:^'^^:':^ 'i^''
t oi;'4",i'!iarJ,^:;:,r.°t;r^::„:": "1 iu;-'-"^ %"""<^-'

mitteii: sr;^a^rd ^^ K''^'r," P^r ^'i fr ^°"-

port. pii^«^i>. wui 1 rof. Wright please re-

of ^:!.^Ji^'Se^'''''^'''^ ^"""^^'^ '''' ^«"-'-^ -PO'-t

CI.ASS T.—Sinqlc Barrel
( I ) Tyson Brothers, Flora Dale.

(I) William Stewart. Landisburg.

Class Ill,—Swq1c Bov
(3) DAr'werir'wIyntro;;; '^^ ^^^^ '^-'"-. F'°- Dale;

129

ClAss IV.— Three Boxes— Any One Variety

hnJ'] ^l^^l-^'!'°^^"\f^°'%>?^H '^^ A- ^- Ric'iards, Shells-
f""^?. (3) Daniel Rice, New Bloomfield.

Class y.-(Pro« C«/. Special)-Three Boxes of Three Varieties
btirg ^'°" ^'■°*<^"' F'°'-^ Dale; (2) Wm. Stewart, Landis-

Class YL-Single Plates.
Arkansas (Mammoth Black Timg).—(i) D M Wertz
Waynesboro; (2) A. D. Strode, West Chester '

^a;;/n/.fr.— (i) E. F. Kaufman, York.
^a;io.— (I) D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro.

Waynel^o^r^S^ f • T ' V^/'^^^^^^^ ^^)^- ^^- ^ertz,

vvaynesporo (3) b. L. Bnnton, West Chester.

iVcrrtm, 5/.y.-(-i) F. H. Fassett, Aleshoppen- (2) T C

fus Uwi SrvTlle-^'^ ^'"'- ^'^^^•"'' L^'"^''-^'- (^) R-

Hennlng!- NTZVan'v! ^^ "^^ ^'^'^^''^' '^^"^''"^^^ (^) J" ^

^o.r6»ry— (I) E. F. Kaufman, York.

,S-;;/o*W.o,«r.-(i) Wm. Stewart, Landisburg- (2^ H P
Cumbler, Logan.a: (3) E. F. Kaufman. York '^ ' ^ ' '

AT •^'''^';''''"— (I) Tyson Brothers, Flora Dale- (2\ T AT
Myres, S.ddonsburg; (3) E. P. Garreison, Aspers ^^ '

tZZ- '^""'.^"-i^} Tyson Brothers, Flora Dale

Howi;"&ra"'-^'^ ^- ^^ ^"='^"^^' Shellsburg;' (2) H. B.
i,r ./f"^'''"'''— (0 A. C. Richards, Shellsbure- (2^ FT R H„
Wellsboro; (3) Wm. Stewart, Landisburg '

Ke.l|'|;y^"-^{') ;-^-^^^^^ ,,^ H. M.

ler, Getty sbS'"^'^ ^'''"- ^""'''' L^"^'^'-"'"? -^ (^) H. M. Kel-

/ ^ tr ^^'^^^ VIL— i(7r,7«< A^Hmft^r 0/ Varieties.
(i; H. C. Snavely, Cleona.

Class Vm.-Colkction-Three Plates.

Dale /;TTa "ctl"''^-!/'"^'-^'^ ^yson Brothers, Flora
Dale, (2) J. A. Cocklin, S.ddonsbtirg ; (3) Wm. Stewart, Landis-

I30

Class IX.— Collection— Three Plates.

Bdzcin C. Tyson, Pruning Special.— (i) A. C. Wriijht, H
melstown. **

um-

Class X.— Collection for the Home Orchard.
Bdunn C Tyson Harvesting Special.— (i) S. L. l^rinton, West
Chester; (2) A. C. Richards, Shellsburg; (3) Wm. Stewart, Lan-
disburg.

Class XI. — Collection — Five Plates.

1 ^V N^V^;^'^'"?,"' ^'""^^ Chester; (2) A. C. Richards, Shells-
•J"*"?; (3) J- A. Cocklin, Siddonsburg.

Class XU.— Plate "Delicions" Apples.
Stark Brothers Special.— (i) E. F. Kaufman, York.

Class XIU.—Bo.v— Jonathan Apples.
Stark Brothers Special No. 2.-(i) A. C. Richards, Shellsburg.

Class XIV.— Single Plate— fi^r Varieties

(.^ v'''^''^J'{^^'^' ^^' ►^^^'^'''^•-(1) Tyson brothers. Fk,ra Dale;
(2) L. F. Wilson, Aspers; (3) A. C. Richards, Shellsburg.

Class XWl.—Nnts..

(o\ w'''%'/ (English Walnuts).-(i) J. G. Rush, West Willow;
(2) A\m. Stewart Landisburg; (3) L. C. Hall, Avonia.

(.\ -^''/r^i •IP^'Ar^^^""'-'^--^^^ ^^'"^- ^^tew^^t' Landisburg;
(2) J. \V. Sheibley, Alinda. ^

Section B (Butternuts).— (I) J. W. Sheibley, Alinda.

Class XX—S'-arepsfakes.
(I) Tyson Brothers; (2) Wm. Stewart; (3) A. C. Richards.

Class XXJ.—Connfy Association Troph\.
(i) Adams County; (2) Perry County.

r .,T^^ President.— It may be well to announce that at the '
of this session there will be a "Good Roads" meeting right in
room, at which the Governor has consented to be present and for
which you are all invited to remain. pi^^enc, and tor

to c^ic^^^t''" '^"'"^ ''^'■^•^^'^"^' ' "^^^^ ^ -^^ ^' ^'-"k«

vote.'^'"' motion was seconded and unanimously carried by a rising

Col. Brackett.-Tt is very gratifying to me to see so manv

thairiou." '" '"' '"'" ' ^^'^^^^^^^ "° --^^ appreciatir -I

131

Mr. Fox.— As one of the oldest members of the Society, I want
to say that I think we are indebted to Col. Brackett for his work in
judging the display. I don't think there is any one who has been
a member of this Society longer than I have. I became a member
in 1870, so tnat I am forty-one years a member. I am glad to see
the young men come in and take such an active interest.

In regard to State College, we are glad to hear the earnest
words of Dr. Sparks. I„ 1871 I first went to State College; I was
a trustee for twelve years under Dr. Atherton, together with our
I resident .Mr. Hiester. Ten years ago we had hardly a single
member from my own county of ] Jerks. To-day we have forty-
eight in the institution, and a number of alumnae, and the same re-
ports are coming in from all over the state. It simply shows the
impetus that is being given to fruit growing all over the state \
year ago I was with the Orchard Train for three weeks through
twenty counties of Pennsylvania, and we could see the awakening
At eighty meetings we had more than two thousand people turn
out to meet this train. At one place, Selinsgrove. five hundred
people stood all afternoon in the slush and rain. Then State Col-
lege had Its orchard train out. and to-morrow the "Goods Roads
Irain will start. All these are bringing an education and an up'-
lift to the people of this State. ^

I am certainly proud of this crowded room. I know the time
when our friend Hiester and myself came to verv slimlv attended
meetings, but nn e have now reached the stage where we are proud of
having our friends from Ohio and New Jersev and New York and
Conncticut come in to see us, and we are proud of our Association.

Mr President.— Ts Mr. Fassett in the room? We want to
know why W yoming has not sent a county exhibit to this meeting.

Mr Fassett.— Afr President, Ladies and Gentlemen : I hardly

Societv ^''''"''' ^"^ ^'''"^ ^'' ^^'^ President and members of this

, I feel that the coming of the Association to our countv last

winter has conferred on the people a lasting benefit; the people of

Wyoming County are doing things. We are growing fine apples

of exhibits here from Wyoming countv. but no ccnintv exhibit I
want to say to you, however, that Wyoming Countv is coming to' the
front as an apple county; and I believe that the coming of the So-
ciety to W yoming County last year is one of the things that is goin-
^ help to boost us in growing apples. Our Countv Association will
meet at Tunkhannock next week and exchange views on apple -nnv-
mg. and at the next meeting of the State Societv, 1 think Wvoming
County will be a competitor of Adams Countv for the prize for
countv exhibits. ' *

it

. '^}'^ President -irr. Fassett is excusable. He t«,k tlie first
he is excu^ab^;"" "•'■ ""' ''"' ''"''" '""'•^ ''""'« ^"^'""'^ "■°'-'^- ■'^°

132

The Secretary.— Mr. President, I think we can excuse them be-
cause I can report as Secretary that Wyoming County has come up
better with renewals than any other county.

The President.— That speaks w^ell. If ]\Ir. Zimmerman is in
the room, we would like to know what they are doing out in Somer-
set County. I helped to organize that Society.

Mr. Zimmerman.— Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : It
gives me great pleasure to be able to meet with all the prominent
apple growers of the State of Pennsylvania.

I didn't come here to make a speech ; I am onlv a small grower,
with fifteen or eighteen acres, but I am just beginning. We grew
apples out in Somerset from the time of our grandfathers, but it
is only in the last ten years that we have learned how to cultivate
them, the same as many others here. I would rather grow apples
in Pennsylvania than out in Washington or Oregon. There is no
reason why we cannot grow better apples here than they grow out
there. We have better soil, better climate, better markets— every-
thmg but a better color. Pennsylvania is a great apple state, and
I don't believe it will be long before we will be shipping apples by
the shipload or the trainload to foreign markets. We can't do that
now simply because we have not got the apples.

I am here from Somerset County ; we are taking a small, but
active part. We are like the blossoms on the tree, just beginning,
but I think we are willing to do our part in building up the State
Association, and if you people will do your parts, we will try to
help you along, so that we may become a community of apple grow-
ers and apple shippers, and make Pennsylvania all wc can desire.

The President.— Xow wc w^ould like to hear from Franklin
County, the next neighbor to Adams Countv. \\'herc is Mr. D. M.
W ertz? Is there any one here to stand up'for Franklin County?

Mr. Ledy.— Gentlemen, I am here t(J stand up for Franklin
County.

The President.— Mr. Ledy, one of the largest peach and apple
growers is ready to stand up for hVanklin.

Mr. Ledy.— I just came into the room in time to hear you
call for my friend and neighbor, :\[r. D. M. Wertz. He was in the
room a few minutes ago, but I think he has just gone out, but I am
here as one of the standard-bearers of Franklin Countv. I believe
that we have shown at Philadelphia, and are showing here at TTarris-
burg that the State of Pennsylvania can raise fruit that is infinitelv
better than anything the West can produce, and I believe we will
be the peer of any State in the I'nited States ere lonjT \\^e are
growing, up in the Cumberland A^allev, a little better fruit than any-
where else in the state, and a little more of it. I am blowing mv
own horn, but you will have to excuse me. We are growing a

133

little better fruit than the other fellow, and a great deal better
fruit than the Western fellow. Let us be united, and make Penn-
sylvania the Excelsior of the Union in fruit growing. We can do
It. We have the natural conditions that will enable us to do this
if we only use our brains and muscles, so let us do that.

Mr Black.— May I say another word? You called on Mr
Wertz a few minutes ago. I have in my possession a card of
"D. Maurice Wertz, grower of peaches and apples" and I want to
say that at the New Jersey meeting he came nearer scaring the New
Jersey people than any other fellow there. He had some beautiful
apples there, and the judges reported that they were sorry they
could not give him a prize because he was out of the state You
need not be anxious about Franklin County if Mr Wertz lives
there.

WEDNESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 25, 1911.

The State Live Stock Breeders' Association, the State Dairv
I nion and the State Horticultural Association met in a joint ban-
(juet at the Lochiel Hotel. An attempt on the part of the hotel peo-
ple to handle a crowd far beyond their capacitv, resulted in delay
and a very uncomfortable time in the dining room.

Toasts were responded to by Governor Tener as a guest and bv
representatives of the three associations in short speeches full of
force each in his own way-and spicy. Thus what the occasion
Ijicked in physical food was more than made up in the mental treat
afforded.

THURSDAY, JANUARY 26, 9 A. M.

President Hiester in the Chair.

The President.— The first business this morning is the con-
sideration of a new Constitution. Our Constitution, written thirtv
or forty years ago, does not seem to meet present conditions- we
seem to have outgrown it. In the interval between the sessions I
ai)pointed a committee to go over the Constitutions of other State
societies, and pick out what they considered wise for our own use
Vour Committee did their work, and drafted a plan which thev'
presented at a joint meeting of this committee and the Executive
I. ommittee, and with a few changes it was approved bv the Fxecu-
tive Committee^ I will ask the Secretary to read the 'whole of the
proposed new Constitution and then it can be acted on bv the So-
ciety, as a whole, or section by section, as preferred.

nn 1 V'% ^'''''^^^''y thereupon read the proposed new Constitution
and Ly-Laws as a whole.

134

On motion, it was taken
cussed.

up section by section and fully dis-

Ihe matter of dues received special consideration. A few
members feeling verv seriously tliat tbe dues should be raised to
three or even five dollars annual and twentv-five dollars life Others
were equally seri^nis in feeling that th. 'time was not ripe for a
change m the dues. *

A few nu'nor changes were made and the Constitution and By-
Laws pruned m the early pages of this report were finally adopted.

The President.-The next thing iu order is the appointment
f>t a Aoniinatiiii; Committee.

The following gentlemen were name<l l)v tlie lioii^c and the
appomtment conhrme.I In- the I •resident: I) F Mnrri'v W I
Lewis !••. II Fassett, K. I!. Kngk, josiah W. IVicket't. R "f 'Walton
and Ahran, llostetler. Mr. Kngle was n,a,le chairman.

ORCHARD MANAGEMENT.

liv W. W. l'\R\s\v(iRTi[. Il'atcn-ille. Ohio.

\yhen I first hegan thinking of hortienltnrc. and hegan to plan
ehangmg over from general farming to frnit growing, l^was ,| n
«.ns,dera ,le work ,n the woods. I have alwavs heen a h ve o?
ees. ami a lover of the soil, an.l I realized that this new ground
when the plow first went into it. was rich in hnnius an,l whe T
compared ,t w>th the richest lan.l f ha.l for fnnt grow ng ", 'he
...fference; I reah.e,! the diflerence. an.l f realize.l that t was de
to the d.tference n, Imnu.s. Then I rea.l a ,,amphlet hv 1> H-,r an

am saw the farmers grownig clover, withont nntting manure on the
o and I soo,, found that soil to be ntore productive timn otle-
sods. Then learne.l that the clover n,ade he .soil rich made Tt
larker and ra.se.l the temperature of the soil, putting in it he moi
ture and the lunuus. and the ,,lant food that is .so <leficient i tl e old
so, s of our country. There is no pleasure in farming a ".o so
f have always been a humus crank, a.ul am growing w'orsl a 1
worse from year to year. It seems to be a hopeless case Pro
ably the best I can do in mv limited time is to tel ,r,„ f -

m.v work. I feel there that 1 an, stand,- ',g™rsoli' grot,?. I '"'"" "'
T grow a general h„c of orchard crops-strawl.?rries cherries
cu,-ra„ts. apples, pears, peaches. an,l ph„„s. and I ..row some of t^;
or.hnary farm crops. ,uostlv as a feeler to mv orchnr I 1

healthy lee by ;^;;:^„ J.: ^u^utli^.^i^^rm^irr trt
gets nearly to the bearing age. T have thousands of "trawberr^e
and currants growujg in my orchards, and I find this a ^erv sat s^
factory and profitable method. ^^^ ^^^"^"

135

Mk. Farnsworth's Yoixc. Orcii.xkd With Cover Crop.

The first thing is to get an orchard site that is free from frost
damage. \\ e want frost drainage. I am about twentv miles south
of J.ake hrie; then we have, again, the \allev of 'the Maumee
Kiver, which is thirty or forty feet lower than mv farm, and these
things seem to give us protection to a large extent.'against the frost-
ni fact, we have been very free from frost, having but one severe
loss from frost in the last twenty-three vears.

Having selected the ground', the next step is to see that it is
well underdrained. In my own case, we lav tiles three or four
feet deep and 80 to 100 feet apart. Some people claim that good
Iruit soil should be naturally drained, but I have found the tile
drainage to work very well in my peach orchards.

I like to start an orchard by using a hoed crop first. I put in a
hoed crop and then plant the orchard. I have been doing a good
(.eal of fall planting, mostly ai)ple. pear and plum; we are usuallv
so busv in the spring that it is hard to get our tree planting done.
L'ntil lately, we have not been doing much with the one year old
trees. My preference has been t(^ get a two-vear-old tree. Most
ot my orchards are planted twenty feet apart each wav on the filler
system, for which purpose T have used apples. I have 'a great manv
early varieties, and 1 prefer to use them in part. Some growers
have been very successful with peaches, as a filler, but I have pre-
ferred not to mix my varieties, and have used the apples, chiefly
of the earlv bearing varieties, such as the Yellow Transparent.
Okenburg. Jonathan or Rome IWauty. all of which do very well
with us. \ on can hasten the bearing of these filler trees bv proper
niethods. In the case of the apple. T h'ke fall planting, and in sprin-
planting T want to get them in just as early as possible after th?
ground IS ready After T have planted the tree in the fall, I top
work It the following spring. I prefer the Northern Spv for a

136

stock and have used the Ben Davis. I always h'ke to cut the scion.
»^scion wl'Il "^"1^° '"'^'' ^''"" *e ground, and use a single

^:^ ^fcr^x^s;^-^;^^-;-- - we g

jla^THoltatn^^^^^^^^^

heve that I have gotten better res.dts than if I had not praSced^t'

necesrarv'evn'''"T7;°^ ^'""'uf' ""^ ■"''^™ '^ ««t pruning is a

Kar or two .t does not n,atter, and you a^a^voi^^'r U"! h^h
berriI'''"Tw?'^"' '" "'^ f^-^'^^"'- P^'^toes or currants or stravv-
moisture. We seldom nirW n„r cf^o u • orchard of some

'nn.s^fci?i?-''-'^^^^^^

We take them out when t,Tr"e Z^IZ hT'^"^''^ 7 ^ ^" ^'■""'•
up the ground and grow cover croo^ uT"^l '"I "'""/^'^ P'°^^

theVs to go Info tt orchard 'ZlVah:""" Te"": V'° '"T
my own practice has been to let tlie beans ^n*^ f!^ ti ^ ^"f ' •""
turn them in. Then, I hke crimso clover ^V- ^ ^'■°""''' ^"^'

about eight years old iiist rZin^ -7 u ^^^ ''"''^ °"^ orchard,

bushel per tree Zhs^Msonin^H,. ""f'""^' "'^ S°' ^•'""t «
ing it mulched aro'^dTe t^ees Tnd XnX^?n" ^•'''^^■■' '^^^-
turned it in again. Another cove; cron /h^? *^ followmg spring,
the sand vetch. One obiecdon to if ?f fl . -T^ "'^ ''f ^ '^''S^'y '^
in the spring and thus p vents cult vation and f v'"' '^^^' ^^"''
ture that is required bv he tree Thr », ?' t ''''^' "P *^ "1°''^-
..p an immense amotmt of motstul L f ,' •"'^'V^''' '^'""^ *° t^l^^

bushels more potatoes than where we had grown clover. We like
to sow the vetch in July, to get the best results, although we have
sown It as late as September, and still had good results. It lays
quite low on the ground, and is very convenient to work around
because it is not high, and it makes a wonderful growth.

Now, after the young tree has been shaped, we try to do just
as httle pruning as possible. I think we often delay the bearing
time of our young orchards many years by unnecessary pruning
of the horizontal limbs. I know, in my own young orchard, years
ago, I explained to my foreman what I wanted done, and he sairl
It didn't look right to him. I gave him permission to do as he
thought best, but on my side, I carried out my theory, and in a few
years, we saw the good results of it. We will have to be a little
more sparing in our use of the knife. We will have to learn from
our wiser friends. We are just in the kindergarten stage of fruit
growing^ A few years ago when the Western men began to ship
in this fine fruit, and our orchards were attacked by the San Jose
Scale, we became discouraged, but we find that we can grow just
as fine fruit as they do in the West, and the Good P>ook says that
God gave man dominion." and that must include the San Jose Scale
and everything else. In fact, it has been the best blessing we have
had. It has been a little hard on the small grower, but it has put
thousands of dollars in the pockets of the commercial grower Let
us spray more freely, and we will not have to do so much pruning
Of course, that does not apply to the peach trees, which need more
pruning The apple., the pear and the plum need very little thin-
ning. Many have said that the sour cherrv needs but little thin-
ning, but I find It needs about the same as the apple does We do
our pruning in the fall, winter or spring, any time after the leaves
fall oft.

In the manner of cultivation, we believe in earlv cultivation in
he ear y hfe of the tree. In the second stage-the orchard may
be divided into three distinct stages— it is when we grow cover crops
we are growing fertility right there in the orchard, and the third
stage, when the trees begin to occupy the ground completely, we
depend on hauling in all the vegetable matter we can get— leaves
and straw, and manure or anything that will rot and become vege-
table matter. ^

In regard to spraying. I hesitate a little to give vou mv methods
of spraying, but I do so, to show you what can be done under favor-
able conditions. We have only been spraving twice a year Per-
haps you will say we don't get results, but as a statement of what
we get, at the last Ohio show, the best we have had in Ohio, with
a carload and a half of fruit on exhibition, we got thirtv-nine prizes
thirty-six first and three second, out of forty-three exhibits That
was secured by spraying twice. Now. don't go home and do this,
and lose your fruit, and then say I advised vou to do so. We have
been spraying for the past twenty-five years. We sprav once, just
before the blossoms come, with lime and sulphur, and then once
when the blos.soms fall. We reach the tree from four or five dif-
ferent sides. We never consider a tree spraved until it is sprayed

138

/ho'ro„Iih"wnru''''TT'"r- "" ■"''■"' <i''"""'*^ "'^' ''^y- =>"'' "'^ '1°
nrZl 1 7n . J- '•■•^l"-'-'.'"*-""' Station di<l some thinning in my
orcliar,! and Prof. C.reen sa,<l there was less than one lialf of one

vorn:^ T T""'"'"' ^","' "'"' "'°"''^'' ^">- ^^^-^ "^ «"v .lisea e or
worms. That was not because of two sprayings alone 'bnt because
we have been spraying for twenty-five years: fn the Sc nthe n part
of the state tl,ey have Hitter Rot an.l must sprav more but we 1 ave
uot ha<l any troul.le witl, it in our part of the state

Ihe next thing I want to talk about is thinning It is im-
possible to gnnv a high gra.le of fruit without thi,nu-n|. Yo w 1
have nubbms. Suppose you have a tree bearing a thousan.l ann e

ui (Mober than to pick them all at one time? That tree will be
h'vo pickings"' "'" ™" ""' '''' ••' '""^^ ""^'^ '"^ ^-^ f'-i' b? the

I.e..a"t'.'riool"Vr"''''''r'' "■"■' ,''^g'""''"g to wn-e into bearing, I
egan to look aroun, among the commission men. dne of them

orcha <ls. paymg an average price of $..oo per barrel but the
.".e the storage, the freight, an.l ,be commission, etc were a Ide 1
l>ose apHes must retail in winter to the consumer at $7 (^ per

l".-hel. The result was that when I started in the bus ness r nu'

up n,y own storage house. Then I went to the lea, ig ITo^ers'^if
he nearby towns an,l showed them mv samples. \ow I niake it •,

point to have something a little better than the lien I a vir^o offer
have never use.l the lien Davis apple in mv life, intil last vear
lanted a thousan.l of them au.l top worked them \Ve a Tanked

♦lit '^ \"'y-^. I Ma\t aiwavs set the nnce on pvpr\'fliitirr

K'frunrr&i ^^tr' v;.^;- :^::^l:£^

the Western fniit. Tha,. about the oti e's de w • fa'doHa;
and a half to two and a half a bushel ' \,„>lLI ,f 'i u ' , ,

;wth'i-:f'3::;'; ^be^'-- - ^ ^.''""'-.' --fi^tr .^ t!!::^.t^

tl,e'"'ex:rbitant p'rcer"'"'^ '""'""'" «''" ^ ' =•«-<' '« I-y

n..hL'ir;;r^ec;uat^^;i!' t;::;;;:;7;:r:r'\^i^^^ ';;" -r -' ''-

method is about the 'samp ^Jf ! fi • ^ '^^' ^^'"^ '^^^^^O'. our

cultivation a 1 le ear ier Yo hl^' "TT'^ '^'^' ''' ^^" ''^'^
wantinc? a tliin soH Th.; ; 7 about chernes and peaches

that wn, fc^d t,::;!; i.It t^rs:!:::"T:^heJi^itrij^?^ ^ 1'

been practically overcome b'^" raying ' '" '"' ""'''''''' ^^^^'^ ^--

139

I think I have about covered the necessary points. When I
see the progress we have made in gruit growing. I think the out-
look IS better than ever.

A Member. — How about your cold storage ?

Mr. Fakxsworth's Cor.u Storage House.

Mr. Farnsworth.— Thirty l)y fortv, inside measurements, built
of concrete blocks. Inside of that we have a two bv two studding,
with buildmg paper, then another two bv two w'ith plaster If
binldmg again I would prefer a double wall of concrete blocks,
i hen we have our ice boxes overhead. The apple room is 14 feet
high ; then above is our ice box about twelve feet wide and thirtv
feet long. We put the ice in before we put in the winter apples.
J he (.nines (Golden is the fir-t apple we put in. We drive right in
with our fruit. We can keep it in fairlv good condition. We have
an outside packing room. We ])ack them readv for market in 20-
pound baskets, with a little pink label, bearing our trade-mark— a
tour leaf clover, and that is the guarantee that the fruit is all riHit
\\ e never have to solicit a customer. Our basket on the sidewalk
makes all the announcements necessary. Most of our fruit goes to
J oledo. hften miles distant, to which we have a splendid trolley ser-
vice Ihese baskets would not do verv well for long shipments
but for local shipments, we have no trouble with them.

A Member.— I would like to ask concerning the summer sprav
of hme sulphur and arsenate of lead. Do you combine them?

Mr Farnsworth.— Yes. sir; a few vears ago the chemists said
we cou (1 not combine them, but we practical men have done so and
we find we get better results than bv the use of either alone It

I40

mixes to a little sticky mixture, which we have no trouble in clean-
ing from the pipes by dipping them in vinegar.

A Member.— Tell us how you bring about early bearing.

Mr. Farnsworth.— Well, it is largely a matter of variety, and
largely a matter of pruning— earlv pruning— and largely a matter
of top working I think these are the three things that have the most
influence.

Dr. Mayer. — Arc your scions for top working taken from
bearing trees?

Mr. Farnsworth. — Yes, sir.

A Member.— I low can you use apples as a filler?

Mr. Farnsworth.— \\> plant our trees say forty feet apart,
and put apples in between. Now, my system is generally this; if
you are trying any new variety, by the time you have tested it, you
can take out either the new or the old tree. Now suppose I put a
Jonathan at each corner, and in the centre a filler of apple. This
way I get twice as many trees as I need, and when I get ready to
take them out, I can take out those that are not profitable. My plan
is to try to keep my lal^or busy throughout the year. I would rather
keep eight or ten men busy all the year round, than thirty or forty
men for a few weeks. I begin my apple crop with the Yellow-
Transparent. We keep stock largely to keep our men busy during
the winter.

A Member. — About what time do you pick your Jonathan?

Mr. Farnsworth. — Until this year, we did not pick them until
we picked the Baldwin. This year we picked them after the Grimes
Golden, and the Greening. We never clean up with one pick ; we
pick our trees some twice, others more frequently. The red apples
we pick three, four and even five times. Our Greenings we usually
pick at one time, but I believe it would pay to go over it twice. I
have one orchard that had a pretty liberal treatment of hen manure
this year; one of the men lives near it, and he has a hen house
right by the orchard, and you could tell the difference in those trees
forty feet away. The fruit would not take on color, and was slow
to mature. It got too much nitrogen. You can overdo it. That
is the reason why I add acid phosphate to the stable manure w^hen
putting it out.

A Member. — Do you have much trouble with the mice in the
straw mulch?

Mr. Farnsworth. — Yes, mice and fire are the two enemies of
the mulch system. We bank up the soil around the trees.

141

A Member.— Do you find any bad resuUs from the arsenate
of lead?

Mr. Farnsworth. — No, sir.

A Member.— Will sour cherries do as a filler for apples?

Mr Farnsworth.— I have never tried them. On general prin-
ciples I don't like to mix two kinds of fruit. The spraymg comes at
different times. W^e might want to spray the apples when the sour
cherries were nearly ripe, and it would not do.

Dr. Mayer.— I understatul you to say you prune at all seasons.
Now, in cutting the cherry, are you not troubled with gum or bleed-
ing?

Mr. Farnsworth.— I would not cut off large limbs at any time.
We grow only sour cherries.

,»c ">

A Member.— How do you market your sour cherries

Mr Farnsworth.— We use the quart measure, or boxes, like
strawberries. That is largely a question of your market. I know
people who use the grape basket. W'e put up some of our Jonathan
apples in bushel boxes but most of them in baskets because that is
what the general run of our customers want. I would always
study the wishes of my customers, and try to meet them.

There is something that has occurred to me, and that is, that
the Eastern districts are making a mistake in trying to copy the
Western methods too much. I know that our Eastern fruits are
much superior to the Western fruits in quality, and once the con-
sumer finds the Eastern fruit on the market he will not take the
Western. The trouble is that there is no distinguishing mark for
the Eastern fruit ; the customer goes to market, gets a box of East-
ern fruit, and then goes back for more of the same kind, but be-
cause there is no distinguishing mark, he is just as apt to get West-
ern fruit, which is not so good. Now. I believe that the Eastern
grower should have some distinguishing method of packing and
'labeling his fruit, so that there can be no confusion. It has been
suggested in our State v^ocietv that we adopt a little blue label, which
can be procured from the Secretary, stating that if the contents of
the package were found not satisfactory, to report to the Secretary
and any member who was found guilty of misrepresentation would
be refused the benefits of the label. I believe that our Eastern grow-
ers should devise some separate plan by which w^e can protect our-
selves. We can grow as fine fruit as the Western growers, and
put it on the market at one half the price, and if we have the quality,
we can find the market, and we should protect ourselves.

A Member.— In planting trees, do you consider the question of
pollenation ?

142

Mr. Farnsworth. — I have never studied it because I plant a
great many different varieties. If 1 were planting a big block of
one kind, 1 would look into the question of pollenation. 1 find it
of more advantage to have a greater variety in dealing with the local
market than I would if 1 shipped in carload lots.

A Member. — What do you find the best package for the Yellow
Transparent ? ,

Mr. Farnsworth. — ^\'e use the twenty pound basket, because
we do not ship any distance. ThosO of us who ship to the local
market find it to advantage to have an early apple ; for those who
ship long distances, it does not matter so nuich.

A Member. — Do you use a wooden cover over the Yellow
Transparent ?

Mr. Farnsworth. — No; we simply put on the gauze. W'e do
not ship over twenty or twenty-five bushels at one time, and so we
do not stack them very much, and so far we have had no trouble
with them, shipping this way. We are trying now to devise some
little basket that will hold say half a dozen, with a wire handle, that
can be taken home with the fruit. We want to create a demand
for that kind of trade.

A Member. — How do you fasten the netting?

Mr. Farnsworth. — We simply use a dull knife and tuck it
under the rim of the basket.

A Member. — \\'here do you get it in (piantities, all ready for

use

Mr. Farnsworth. — Thompson & Co., Chicago. [ think. Any
of the larger dealers can sujiply you with the street and number.

A Member. — Can you tell what it cost

its."

Mr. Farnsworth. — lUishel size aliout Si. 25 per 100: half bushel
size about 80 cents.

A Member. — Do you ever plant field corn in between your
trees ?

Mr. Farnsworth. — \\'ell. I have planted it. but I don't like it.
T would nuich rather ])lant a low crop, beans or peas ; we mosth'
plant potatoes.

A Member. — You might give us the kind of implement you
use in cultivating.

Mr. Farnsworth. — In the spring, when the ground is a little
heavy, we use the turning plow, but we depend mostly upon the

143

cutaway harrow, and follow this with the spring tooth harrow. We
use a long bar so that we get close to the tree with one end, and
keep the team away from the tree.

A Member. — Does saw-dust make a good mulch ?

Mr. Farnsworth.— I doubt it : there is a large slat factory near
us where we could get the sawdust practically for the haulmg it
wav, but I have never thought it advisable to use it.

' Just a word about cultivation : there are a number of orchard-
ists in Ohio and New York at work on a gasoline tractor to run
our harrow^s instead of horses and 1 believe it wdl prove to be a
very satisfactory thing.

A Member.— How do you ever drive a furrow right up to the
tree ?

Mr. Farnsworth.— I don't always try. The best plan is to
drive as close as you can safely and leave three or four feet of the
tree to roots and mulch. It is very satisfactory; we get very good
results that way.

A Member.— Does that seem to do well in growing peaches ?

Mr. Farnsworth. — \\'ell, I never cultivate too close to my trees
in anvthing. 1 believe it is safer for the tree.

THURSDAY, JANUARY 26, 1.30 P. M.

President Heister in the Chair.

The President.— The meeting will please come to order. Is
the Nominating Committee ready to reports-
Mr. Engel.— Mr. President and members of the State Horti-
cultural Association, vour committee appointed to nominate officers
for the coming vear, begs leave to report the following names:
For President, Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg.
For \'ice-Presidents.— Hon. \\m. T. Creasy, Catawissa ; Robert
M. Elden, Aspcrs; F. H. Fassett, Meshoppen.
For Secretarv, Chester J. Tyson, Flora Dale.
For Treasurer. Edwin \\'. Thomas. King of Prussia.

On motion this report was received and adopted.

Mr. Engle— I move that we elect the officers by ballot, and that
the Secretary be authorized to cast the ballot of the Association.

This motion was properly seconded, and carried.

The Secretary, in accordance with these instructions, cast the
ballot for the officers as nominated and they were declared elected.

144

LIME SULPHUR SPRAYS FOR THE SUMMER TREAT-
MENT OF ORCHARDS.

Bv W. M. Scott and J. W. Robkrts, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.

S. Department of Agriculture.

(Presented by ]Mr. J. W. Roberts.)

Dilute Lime Sulphur Solutions for Apple Diseases.

The lime-sulphur preparations for the summer spraying of the
apple have been developed not because Bordeaux mixture has not
l)roved to be a good fungicide, but because it often injures both
fruit and foliage to a very serious extent. On the fruit of many
varieties the injuries caused by Bordeaux appear as russeted streaks
or areas. Often, too, many of the apples are dwarfed or badly dis-
torted. The applications made within three or four weeks after
the blossoms fall are largely responsible for these injuries, which
are particularly serious in a wet spring.

]\Iidsummer or late spraying, such as that required for bitter
rot, seldom russets the fruit since by that time the tissues of the
skin have become more mature and are accordingly less tender. The
skin of the young fruit is injured by the copper, the injured parts
enlarging with the development of tlie apple and finally forming the
famihar russet spots and streak'^. In wet seasons russeting of fruit
may be so serious as to reduce its market value 25% or even 50%
in some cases.

Lime-sulphur preparations then, comprise the results of an
attempt to find a summer spray of less causticity than Bordeaux
mixture but possessing its fungicidal powers. During the past four
years the Bureau of Plant Industry, and some of the experiment
stations, have been conducting experiments with lime-sulphur fung-
icides and the results have been such as to warrant the recommenda-
tion of a dilute lime-sulphur solution as a partial substitute for Bor-
deaux mixture.

The Lime-Sulphur Sprays.

The lime-sulphur i)reparation used for summer spraying is but
a weak modification of the old wash, long used as a dormant si)ray
for scale and peach leaf curl. Concentrated lime-sulphur solution
may be made at home by boiling lime and sulphur in water, or it
may be purchased already made up, requiring then merely dilution
to make it ready for use.

Home-made lime-sulphur solution to be used, when diluted, as
a summer spray on apples, may be prepared as follows: Boil 16
pounds of sulphur and 8 pounds of lime with 10 gallons of water
for about an hour, finishing with 8 gallons of concentrated solution.
Then strain and dilute with water to make 200 gallons of spray.
In each 50 gallons of spray there are 4 lbs of sulphur, which accord-
ing to our experiments is about the right strength for apples during
the growing season.

145
If it seems desirable to make it up in larger quantities 50 pounds
of lime and 100 pounds of sulphur may be used with enough water
to leave so gallons of concentrated solution when the boding is done
For summer spraying two gallons of this solution should be added
to so gallons of water. Lime-sulphur solution at this strength will
control apple scab, leaf spot, and cedar rust fully as well as Bor-
deaux mixture and with injury which is very slight compared to

that of Bordeaux. . ^ ^ ^ 1 r

For specific directions for the preparation of concentrated hme-
sulphur at home, vour own experiment station's bulletins by 1 rof.
Stewart, contain the latest and best information. (Bulletin 99).

Fig. I.— York Imperial tree sprayed with lime-sulphur, showing

luxuriant foliage.

Numerous brands of commercial lime-sulphur for fungicidal
and insecticidal uses are now to be found on the market. :\lost ot
these test 32° to 33° on the Baume spindle and for summer use on
apples are to be used at a strength of iK^ gallons to 50 gallons of
water Such a dilution gives us about 4 pounds of sulphur to each
SO gallons of spray and is equivalent to the home-made solution
diluted to the before mentioned summer strength. All of the com-
mercial solutions, which we have used, gave fairly umform results
and compared favorably with the home-made solution. Ihe chiet
difference between the home-made and commercial preparations
seems to be in that while the former is much the cheaper, it is also
the more troublesome.

Results of Experiments.

with

Experiments comparing the lime-sulphur preparations
Bordeaux mixture in the treatment of apple diseases have been con-
ducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry in \ irginia, Nebraska, Mis-

146

souri and Arkansas. Excepting bitter rot and blotch, all diseases of
the fruit and foliage in all the experiments were as thoroughly con-
trolled by the lime sulphur solution as by the P.ordeax mixture. The
lime-sulplnir produced very little or no russcting of the fruit and no
serious foliage injury while the iJordeaux injured both fruit and
foliage of l>en Davis. Jonathan. Yellow Newtown, and some other
varieties. The lime-sulphur sprayed fruit was invariably superior
in apj^earance to that s])rayed with Bordeaux.

Experiments for the control of apple scab on Winesap were
conducted in \'irginia during 1909 with the following results. On
the plots sprayed with lime-sul])hur solution less than one i)er cent,
of the fruit was affected with scab: on that sprayed with liordeaux
mixture about two per cent, of the fruit was affected ; and on the
check or unsprayed plot thirty ])er cent, of the fruit was scabby.

During the same year similar experiments were conducted in
Michigan with like results. The scab was held down to four per
cent, of the crop by the lime-sul])hur solution and to three and one-
half per cent, by I'ordeaux mixture, while eighty per cent of the
unsprayed fruit of the same variety ( W'agcner ) was affected.

Results of experiments conducted in Arkansas by the Dei)art-
ment of Agriculture were not favorable to the lime-sulphur solu-
tion in the control of bitter rot and apple blotch. These tw^o dis-
eases were checked by the spray but not thoroughly controlled.
There is therefore some doubt as to the efficiency of the lime-sulphur
solution as a remedy for bitter rot and blotch.

In both the Mrginia and the Michigan ex])eriments the com-
mercial lime-sulphur solution at a strength of 2 to 50 slightly
scorched the leaves particularly on the terminal shoots, but this did
not prove to be serious and at the end of the season the foliage was
in good condition, the apple leaf-s])ot having been controlled and
the cedar rust held in check. It was found also that arsenate of
lead used with the lime-suli)hur solution did not result in injury to
fruit or foliage and that it controlled codling moth as thoroughly
as when combined with Bordeaux mixture. A full account of these
experiments was published in Circular Xo. 54 of the Ihireau of
Plant Industry.

Experiments of 1910.

During the past season experiments were conducted at Waynes-
boro. \ irginia. on Winesaj). York lmi)crial and l)en Davis. Erom
75 to 200 trees of each variety were sprayed and a check of about
ten trees of each variety was left unsprayed. Each variety was
divided into four plots and treated as follows :

Plot I. — Commercial liiue-sulphur solution, jjA to 50
with 2 ]ioun(ls arsenate of lead.

Plot 2. — Home-made lime-suli)hur solution. 2 ])oun(ls
of lime and 4 pounds of sul))hur to 50 gallons of water,
with 2 pounds arsenate of lead.

Plot 3. — liordeaux mixture, 3 ])ounds bluestone and 4
pounds lime to 50 gallons water, with 2 pounds arsenate
of lead.

Plot 4. — Check, not sprayed.

147

The Winesaps were sprayed, (1 ) after the cluster buds opened,
just before thev bloomed (April 5th); (2) as soon as the petals
fell (April 19th) ; (3) three to four weeks later (May 17th) ; and
(4) nine weeks after the petals fell (June 26th). The P>en Davis
and York Inij^erial received only three treatments, the first applica-
tion given the Winesaps having been omitted from these varieties,
for the reason that in X'irginia they do not suffer seriously from
attacks of scab.

Lime-Sulphur Solution and Apple Scab.

In order to find the comparative efficiency of the sulphur and
copper spravs for the control of ap])le <cab. fruit from four Wine-
sap trees in each ])lot and six check trees were sorted and the re-
sults are given in the following table:

TAP>LE I.

Lime-Sulphur Sohitiou 7's. Bordeaux for Apple Seab.

Plot ^l'"^-' ^^'-^^"^^ ^ •^^*^- Scabby Fruit.

1. Commercial lime-sulpluir solution (i^-j lo 50) plus

2 pounds arsen.itc of lead 2.2

2. Home-boiled lime-sulphur solution (2-4-50) plus 2

pounds arsenate of lead, 6. i

3. Bordeaux mixture (3-4-^0) plus 2 pounds arsenate of

lead 6.2

4. Check, not spra\ ed 99-8

Erom this table it will be seen that the home-made lime-sulphur
solution and the P.ordeaux mixture both held the scab down to
alx)Ut six per cent of the crop, while practically all of the unsjirayed
fruit was scabby. The plot si)rayed with the coiumercial solution
had the lowest ])ercentage of scabby fruit ( 2.2^/c ) but this was prob-
ably ihiQ to a difference in the ])lots and not in the fungicides. Plot i
contained medium-sized trees ea-ily sprayed while the trees in i)lots
2 and 3 were large and rather difficult to spray with the outfit used.

It would ai)])ear from these results and those obtained in j^rev-
ious ex])eriirients that the efficiency of the lime-sulphur solution as a
remedy for apjile scab need be questioned no longer.

Effect on the Foliage.

Directlv after the second sj^raying of the I'en Davis and \'()rks
the foliaire of these two varieties showed injnrx to a noticeable ex-
tent. Thi^. however, was to be exi)ected as the unustially cold and
wet weather of April and May was ])articiilarly favorable to si)ray
injury.

On the lime-sulphur ])lots the leaves of the young shoots were
somewhat scorched about the margins, and as a consecpience. some

n

148

of them were curled and distorted. Also on some leaves a few dead
spots were to be seen and for a time it looked as though serious m-
iurv might ensue. The leaves, however, showed no further mjury
as the season advanced, even after the next aplication. by mid-
summer practically all evidence of injury had disappeared and dur-
ing the remainder of the season the foliage was in excellent condi-
tion There was no apparent difference between the foliage ot
trees sprayed with the commercial solution and those sprayed with

the home-boiled. .

The foliage injurv caused bv liordcaux mixture was marketUy
"reater than that caused by the lime-sulphur preparations and dif-
fered in that it became worse as the season advanced. 1 he leaves
were more or less spotted with circular brown areas and a consia-
erable percentage of them turned yellow and dropped.

The trees spraved with the lime-sulphur solution went through
the season with much better foliage than those sprayed with Bor-
deaux mixture, showing the marked superiority of the former
fungicide as a foliage spray.

I<io 2.— Unspravfd York lini)crial tree almost dcfohated by
leaf-spot, lo'cated iti same orchard and photographed at
same time as that shown in Fig. i.

The api)le Icaf-sjiot disease was controlled e(|ually well by b()th
fungicides, but the lime-sulphur solution showed some superiority
over Bordeaux in its tendency toward the control of cedar rust, a
disease which seems to yield' more readily to the sulphur than to

the copper spravs.

Effect on the Fruit.

There was no a])preciable difference between the lime-sulphur
solution and Bordeaux mixture in the control of the diseases that
occurred on the fruit. Apple scab, fruit spot and sooty blotch were
controlled equally well by both fungicides. But particularly in

149

the case of the Ben Davis there was a decided difference in the
tne case oi i soraved with these two fungicides. Ihe

?Kra:^l w h Bo S was considerably russeted although
le V 1 tUe of it Was dwarfed or distorted as often occurs wth Bor-
deaux SDraved fruit. The Winesaps were also russeted though no
so imieh" as the Ben Davis, while the Yorks showed only a shght
roughening of the skin. The latter variety .s almost >mmune to

^"""t"alir varieties sprayed with the >in---'P'>"-°'f '-,««
frtiit was almost entirely free from spray russet. The natural
ru et It the s em end was enlarge<l slightly and on sonie specmien
;hr.an over on to the si.lc of the apple, but m^^^^^l^
^11 h-idlv ru'-seted were extremely rare. .\s a lule tne truii was
«Lnd clean ami highlv col,>red ; placitig it in a grade higher than
Ta^^^aved with I'.ordeaux mixture which would mean twenty-five
cents to fifty cents a barrel m price.

*> -.

•*» . ;

% • .

^'-W^

p,o 3 -Apples spraved with commercial lime-sulphur-Scahby

fruit on the right.

Adoption of Lime-Sulphur in Virginia.

\s a result of the experiments conducted in Virghiia during
inoQbv the lUireau of Plant Industry, practically all of the \ irgmia
ip^e rcharcls were spraved with the lime-sulphur solution during
^pa t season. We personally examined some of these orchards
and hive had reports from manv of them. In every case so far
'"s Jri'ave been able to ascertain, the results were satisfactory,
both asTo the control of diseases and as to the effect o the spray
on fruit and foliage. In the early part of the season there was a
n n her of reports of injury to the young leaves, but in no case di(
is prove to be serious. In the Yellow XewtONvn orchards where
bitter-rot is a serious factor, the lime-sulphur solution was used ni
he earlv treatments for scab and leaf-spot, and this was followed
; applkations of Bordeaux for bitter-rot. This plan was entirely
successful the rus.eting of the fruit having been avoided and the
bitter rot disease controlled.

150
Conclusions and Recommendations.

The evidence obtained from various experiments conducted
by the U. S. Department oi Agriculture, and several of the ex-
periment stations seems to warrant the following conclusions:

Bordeaux mixture often russets the fruit and injures the foliage
of many varieties of apples and its use in the early part of the season
sliould. therefore, be avoided as much as possible.

Lime-sul])hur solution, diluted so as to contain four pounds of
sul])hur in each fifty gallons of spray, is a good substitute for Bor-
deaux mixture in the treatment of apple scab and some other dis-
eases, and will not materially russet the fruit nor injure the foliage.
The concentrated soluti(^n may be ]nu"chased from the factory and
diluted at the rate of ii{> gallons to 50 gallons of water, or it may
be ])rei)are(l at home.

TS^'-s^i*'*"'

}'n.. 4. — Unsprayed apples — Scal)l)y fruit on the right.

This fungicide will control ap])le scab, fruit spot, leaf-spot, and
cedar rust, fully as well as I Bordeaux mixture, but has not as yet
])roved to be as satisfactory for bitter r(n. Where it is necessarv
to sj^ray for this disease, tiie early lime-sulphur applications for seal)
may be followed at the i)roper time with Bordeaux for bitter rot,
thus avoiding the russet and yet controlling the rot. There is also
some doubt about the efficiency of lime-sulphur in controlling apple
blotch and where this disease is bad Bordeaux should be used

Arsenate of lead may be safely and successfullv used in com-
bination with the dilute lime-sulphur solution for the control of the
codling moth and other insects.

The course of treatment best suited to orchards in Pennsyl-
vania and adjacent districts may be outlined as follows :

L'se the commercial lime-sulphur at a strength of i '/, gallons
to 50 gallons of water, or an equivalent strength of the home-made
I)reparation, with the addition of 2 lbs of arsenate of lead in each 50
gallons of spray. vSpray the varieties subject to ap])le scab: (i)
as soon as the buds have opened, just before blooming: (2) as soon
as the petals fall, beginning when they are two-thirds oft*; (3) three
to four weeks later; and (4) nine to ten weeks after the i)et'als have
been shed. The first application of this outline may be omitterl
from varieties that are not subject to serious scab infections.

151

\Miere it is necessai-y to spray for bitter rot the first three ap-
])lications of r)Ordeaux mixture at intervals of two weeks, beginning
about lune 25th to July 1st.

In' mild cases of apple blotch the lime-sulphur treatment would
probably be sufficient ; but in severe cases two or three applications
of Bordeaux will be required ; the first to take the place of the third
m the above outline and the others to follow at intervals of two
weeks.

Self-Boiled Lime-Sulphur Mixtures for Peach Diseases.

Owing to the suscei)tibility of peach foliage to injury by ap-
plications outlined above should be followed by two or three ap-
l)lications of fungicides, the i)each grower has been practically
])owerless to combat the diseases aff"ecting the fruit and foliage.
The use of Bordeaux mixture has been frequently attempted and
in some cases, especially in dry seasons, the results have been satis-
factory, but as a rule the injury produced by this and other copper
fungicides is so great as to i)rohibit their use on the peach.

The eff'orts of the I'nited States l)ei)artment of Agriculture
during the ])ast few years, to develop and perfect a satisfactory
fungicide for use on the ])each during the growing season, have been
crowned with unusual success. We have found that a preparation
known as the self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture can be safely and
successfullv used on the peach for the control of brown rot and
scab or black-si)ot. The mixture when i)roi)erly ai)idied. controls
these diseases almost com])letely and does not injure the fruit or
foliage.

The experiments have been conducted in C.eorgia, \'irginia.
West \irginia, Arkansas, Missouri and Illinois, and in every case
the treatment was successful. During the past year many fruit
growers in Georgia, West X'irginia. and other sections, sprayed
tiieir orchards with the mixture, and so far no adverse reports of
results have been received. So far as it has been tried the treat-
ment ai)i)ears to have been universally successful in controlling both
peach scab and brown rot.

Arsenate of lead may be added to the mixture for the control
of the curculio. which not only ])ro(luces wormy fruit, but increases
the brown rot infections bv ])uncturing the skin and oi)ening the
way for the fungus. The insect occurs in destructive numbers in
nearly all eastern i)each orchards and in most cases where spraying
witli the self-boiled lime-suli)hur for scab and brown rot is done,
arsenate of lead should be added.

Preparation of the Mixture.

To prepare self-lK)iled lime-sulphur, use 8 pounds of fresh stone
lime and 8 ])()un(ls of sulphur to each 50 gallons of water. In order
to get good action from the lime the mixture should be prepared in
rather large (|uantities. say enough for at least 200 gallons at a time,
making the formula 32-V-200. Place the lime in a barrel or tub

fei

152

and pour on enough water to almost cover it, then all the sulphur.
Stir thoroughly while the lime is slaking and add more water if
necessary to make a creamy paste. Slaking of the lime and the stir-
ring will make a good mechanical mixture of the sulphur and the
lime, only a small percentage of the former going into the solution.
As soon as the lime is thoroughly slacked more water should be
added to stop further chemical action, as there is some danger of
dissolving enough sulphur to injure peach foliage. The mixture is
then ready to be strained and diluted for spraying.

Outline of Treatment.

For the treatment of peach brown rot and scab, in Pennsylvania
and adjacent territory, the following is recommended : Spray the
early varieties, like Carman, Hiley, and Champion, about a month
after the petals fall and a month or six weeks before the fruit
ripens. Later varieties, as the Elberta, Smock, Salwav, and Bilyou,
will usually require three applications for the best results ; the first
to be made a month after the petals fall, the second, three to four
weeks later, and the third, a month to six weeks before the fruit
ripens.

For the curculio. arsenate of lead at the rate of 2 pounds to
each 50 gallons of self-boiled lime-sulphur should be used in the
first application but not in the others. Where this insect is a serious
factor, an application of arsenate of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons
of water, with 2 or 3 pounds of lime, to be made a few days after
the petals fall, is recommended, but is probably not often necessary
in this section.

A Member.— I would like to ask whether the commercial
ground sulphur is as good as the flowers of sulphur?

Mr Roberts.— It has given us just as good satisfaction.

A Member.— One word; what is the 2-4-50 formula?

Mr. Roberts.— Two of lime, 4 of sulphur, with a little water,
boiled forty-five minutes, and then adding fifty gallons of water; if

A Member.- To what strength do you dilute the commercial
Jime-sulphur for peaches?

Mr. Roberts.— We used it i-ioo; but got some injury, so that
we do not recommend it.

Mr. Engle.— Would 1-150 prevent that and still do some good?

Mr. Roberts.-It is doubtful whether it would do any good.
We have known it to burn at 1-200. and at that strength it is doubt-
ful whether it would do any good in an orchard that is badly in-

153

A Member.-Will the Japanese Plums stand the same strength
that the peaches will?

Mr. Roberts.-I think so; the self-boiled lime-sulphur did not
burn them.

A Member.— ITow long did you boil it ?

Mr Roberts.-As soon as you see red compounds begin to
come to the top, you know it is time to stop. This takes about
fifteen or twenty minutes.

A Member.— Have you been experimenting on the apple scab?

Mr. Roberts—Well, we tried at one place with concentrated
lime-Vulphur i-so, but the results were not ^ich that we could be
irsfie Tbe'cab had not broken out sufficiently for us to be
satisfied. We tried it in one orchard for foliage, and it controlled
it very nicely.

A Member.-TTave you made any effort to determine the origin
of the peach yellows?

Mr Roberts.-Well, one of the best men in the Department
has been trying to do that, and if T could, my reputation would be
made.

A Member.— Will there be any bulletins published showing the
results of your 1910 experiments?

Mr. Roberts.— Yes, sir; very soon, and they may be secured by
writing to the Department.

The President.— I see our Treasurer is now here, and we will
have the Treasurer's report, if he is ready.

TREASURER'S REPORT FOR 1910.

Disbursements.

To Robert A. Smythe, ^f]^

To Gabriel Heister, 3 ,e

To J. G. Leighton, J

To G. Dow DewiU, ^o

To Sebring & Co., ^^

To J. S. Briggs, ;-]

To H. F. Hershey >; ^;

To L. W. Amy, /J ^

To H. F. Thompson, V^ -XZ

To John D. Herr, | '^

To R. L. Watts, " ^-

To Chester J. Tyson '^-^ p

To M. B. Waite ^^ '^-J

To John F. Boyer, r^

To H. P. Gould ^703

154

To Lewis F. Walton 3 10

To Frances N. Thorpe 15 00

To Whitehead & Hoag Co 14 00

To J. P. Stewart 106^

To C. E. Myers, 5 28

To W. F. ^IcSparran, 19 67

To B. J. Case, 16 89

To Puhlishing House of the United luangclical Church, .... 2>7 5^

To Mrs. I). AT. Stewart, 75 00

To r.atchel & Manning 9 00

To Kdwin W. Thomas 14 22

To The Sackett & Wilhehns Co 25 00

To Publishing House of the United Evangelical Church. . . 197 29

To Chester J. Tyson 60 T2

To balance, Cash on hand, 364 62

Total, $1,439 76

Rcccil>ts.

Cash balance, January t i, tqio $74 51

Annual dues for 1910, collected at Tunkhannock 29 00

Received January 15. 1910, State Appropriation 50000

Received from C. J. Tyson, annua! dues collocted during iQio. 260 00

Received from C. J. Tyson, for S. Morris Jones, life member. 10 00
Received from C. J. Tyson, for Miss E. M. Sharp, life mem-

l>er 10 00

Received from C. J. Tyson, for Geo. ^f. Wertz. life member. 10 00
Received from C. J. Tyson, for Sam'l C. Moon, life mem1)er. 10 00
Received from C. J. Tyson, for Robt. M. Eldon. life member. 10 00
Received from C. J. Tyson, for Thos. W. Barlow, life num-
ber JO GO

Received from C. J. Tyson, b.ilance from Phila. Ivxhibit, . . 9 25

Received December 2;^, iQio. State .Kppropriation 500 00

Received animal dues for 191 1 in adv.ince, 7 00

Total $r,439 76

Harrisburg, Pa. January 25. 1911.
We. the undersigned, have examined the above Treasurer's account and
find the same to be correct.

JOHX F. BovKR,

C. O. Fixx.

T. C. Fo.STER,

Auditors.
On motion this report was accepted as read.

PLUMS.

Bv J. W. KiKK, Pen foil, Maryland.

First : Can plnms be grown in a commercial way in this state,
with reasonable assurance of fair ])rofit ?

Second: Tf so. what as to adaptability of soils?

Third : .Are there any special cnltm-al operations, indispensable
to the realization of the golden hopes of the ])lanter?

Konrth: How decrease the errors, common in the selection of
varieties?

155
Snppcse a plat anywhere east of the Mississippi river, one
hundred miles square, had a plum specialist at each single angle to
X the e queries bv the rec,uiremetns of modern orchard manage-
mirt; as far as general principles would atcl ^^ ^^^^ \\
branded with a similaritv. suspicious because of the monoton> it
tie square is reduced to'one-hundreth of this size with an en hu -
h!tic orchardist at each corner a comparison as to dchuh would dis-
dose a variety, rivaling that in the recorded and publicly expressed
opinions of the lien Davis apple.

The accomplishing of the absorbing and vital end, compels the
utili7ati(Mi of means, unlike in kind and character, in the prompt con-
rdo emergencies, quite frequently and unexpectedly thrust upon
the person in charge. Xo doubtful logic-no inconsistent h>-
otheses-no fragile assumption need be employed in making af-
t^.. answer%o (luery! Xo. i. A far better, st-nger anc
clearer proof than is possible by such means is the tanglible fact that
in everv countv in this great commonwealth, plums are grown ma
Hmited'wav. and in some instances by pnmiive means, f^r fam >
use • this \; common knowledge, and practically indicative as to the
pos^bilities possessed by this fruit for market growing, as also re-
ablv exemplifving the esteem in which it is held by the people
'The <^reatest plum puzzle 1 have seen, hails from a county in
this state,%vhere only slight and crude attention »/ g;y.7\.^;%l^ i;!];;
outside of what is necessary to provide suft.cient truit tor fan il>
use • vet fr(Mii this whollv unexi)ected source, where tor years it ha>
been the main dependence for such purpose, we have a variety, upon
the botanical status of which the be.st authorities do not agree tp
10 the present it remains a what-is-it, as relates to ^P^^Jf ^- ^/^^V.n
gression is made simply to emphasize the important tru h, t.iat when
nlums are discussed from the stand point of a prescribed area the
merits of the fruit as a whc^le are generally underestimated. Xox
if here and there on the farms and about the homes of the people
in the ditterent counties, this fruit grows well enough to attord ^^
supplv to such families, where in most instances the onU attention
.Mven'the trees is to gather the fruit from them, at all other seasons
Treated with cruel unconcern and superlative neglect : by what men-
ial nrocess will anv other rational conclusion appear in the lime
licdu of comm..n sense, other than that for market purposes, the
phim can be successfully gr.nvn in almost every county in this
state re-ardles. of the variabilitv of concomitant circumstances, a>
relates to soil and atmosphere? Comparatively, plums are little it
anv more perishable as a market commodity than peaches, thougli
the creneral familv consumption is more restricted, whicn is but a
natunil residt of circumstances. That all .)f our smaller cities and
lar-er towns offer profitable markets for much larger (luantities
.,f die fruit, than are now supidie.l, is neither fanaticism or .soph-
istrv but an everv dav fact. Referring t(. the second (|uery. soils
as relates to their adaptation for especially desired purposes, are
lar-elv controllable bv and amendable to intelligent ambition and
die'demands of necessitv ; for in many instances hue truits are pro-

156

duced now, on soils which but a score of years back, a seriously ex-
pressed intention of their utilization for such purposes would have
been ruled out by the admonition of prudence and the promptings
of sound judgment; because of the apparent violation of the accept-
ed teachings of nature. Nature itself, however, is not infallible. It
is none the less a fact, that the nauseating stench of the sweat-shops
stamps its deathly pallor on their inmates with no more certainty,
than do the untreated and neglected conditions of unsuitable soils on
tree and plant life. The exercising of good horse sense would
promptly find a remedy in either case, the best soils in an agricul-
tural sense are largely artificial, the degree of fertility and adaptive-
ness to profitable production in special lines, simply portrays in a
broad sense, the intelligence and business qualities of the owner.
Not every one distinguished by the honorable title of farmer, is
an expert in soil renovation and improvement; neither is every one
who plants an orchard expert in soil analysis. The common school
of nature does in such cases accurately and distinctly blaze the trail
for willing eyes to follow to needed improvement. Generous addi-
tion and discreet subtraction will with mathematical precision pro-
vide a balanced ration for the soil, and thus assure to it, both ability
and inclination for liberal and kindly response to the wishes of its
quarter master, who happily treading in wisdom's ways, has learned
that tillage is more closely akin to irrigation than to manure, and
that effective drainage is a "plumb" necessity.

Query number three if technically construed might imply that
some special or unusual process, different in mode and measure
from culture given to other fruits is essential with the plum, but
the experience everywhere of successful growers thoroughly estab-
lishes the opposite ; the practical sanity of profitable plum growing,
while tolerant and forbearing, discloses a somewhat unyielding con-
viction, favorable to frequent surface stirring with such implements
as are adapted to the character of the land. That is to say, often
enough to protect it against waste either by useless weed growth or
in moisture. The means employed to prevent the one, promotes
the other. Present day fruit growing operations of the commer-
cial class are notable for deeply interested vigilance and searching
economy. Not the kind of economy that restricts needed cultural
expenditure, and loses ten fold in the quality and quantity of the
orchard products; the Book of Books warns against this type of
economy in the parable of the talents. True economy in commer-
cial fruit growing of any kind implies general investment for the
needs of the trees, as discerned by kindly watchfulness, confirmed by
good judgment and rendered effective by methodical application.
No arbitrary code controls, nor ironclad rule regulates in the essen-
tial activities of brain and brawn, to forestall unfavorable weather
influence ; the intuition growing out of personal interest and ex-
perience is the surest reliance.

The fourth inquiry invites consideration of features, viewed
collectively, are conspicuous in their instability; because of potent
local influences, more cs])ccially climate and market. Atmospher-
ical extremes as relates to temperature are more pronounced as

157
vou recede from large bodies of water ; inland situations while shorn

'ofsKl amelioratiifg and softening i"^---- ^ J-^P:;t"t free
tl-iP other hand by the same conditions are to a larger extent iree
f om exceXe humiditv-the foster mother of brown rot in he
nlum The selection of varieties for a commercial orchard, is much
lirreading a sign-board that reads different y from chfferent
andes Subsequent to the determination of a selection meeting he
c ma e requ rements. is the choosing from such se ection, a st
Sv in keeping with the demands of the market for which e
fruit is ntencLd The fundamental or primary work in establishing
m orcharT is not a whit less important than in other business en-
lerDriserLi^d^ safelv executed under the directions of the

rhvkv of when whv and what, than that of heard, haste and hope.
Vow ve profound the pomological knowledge of the pl-|er-prac-
licTl and t^horough may be his judgment -/« ^^^'^f ^^^^^^^
varieties as to climate and peculiarities of market it very rareiy
occurs hat a majoritv of the varieties found in his first orchard
wU be fomul in the second ; actual test exposes in the most impres-
V manner a weakness or short coming in some l-ftict^ar that^^^^^
fails to remedy. Experience of this kind in one or two instances
does not conclusivelv establish that varieties thus condemned and
barred by one planter, are unprofitable under the management ot

others. . ^^ ., ,.,1

Fpitoniise.l— the entire question as relates to profit, soil, cul-
ture, market, and varieties is largely luuler the eftective control of

"" hrrre'r'of the several species, or groups of pUuns as our
authorities have classifie.l then,, for the purpose of selec uig vanet.es
\ romising for a co.nniercial orchar.l. ,t ,s wholly "seless to
Imlc tl e Xi^ra group. Not because of any .[uestion as to lard-
es of tree^^n \vithstan.ling low teniperatures. but the th.ck,
eatherv skin of the fruit makes it undesirable in our markets. The
san tuafon exists, to a great extent -itb the Ameru:ana group,
thouch it contains a long list of varieties. For the west and north-
e th group affor.ls niuch greater assurance of crop I-ro-U'Ction
than anv other, but with the exception of a very few varieties the
fri.lt is nii't ncceotable with Ivastern consumers.

( )^,e of "he most notable exceptions to this thick skinne.l feature
is found in the variety name.l Hanson, which is t'''^ «'^'>«t '" ^^=J;
son of the kinds constituting this large group. ^ '^^ S'<'<';^^™ '^
another varictv which shows less of the politician in its skm than
die average, and possesses that captivating merit of large size.
TherTare <uite a good '"any other kinds belonging to his group,
that produce fruit of a large'si.e. but in markets where buyers can
choose, the plums with thinner skins are preferre.l

The Miner •'roup is somewhat of a pleasing modification of the
\,ncricanas as pertains to the skin, but is deficient to the same degree
in he -olor of the fruit : and on this account is rather unattractive
the package. None of the varieties of this group are early 11.
season The "Domestica" group which embraces about all the old
time garden plums including the Damson, Prune and Gage, shows ni

158

its better varieties that much greater eflfort has been given to its im-
provement, than is evidenced by any of the native groups. It is
still regretably patent that to make a selection of the Domesticas,
for commercial orchard purposes, would be a very uncertain and
lottery like transaction ; though in several counties in this state,
splendid fruit is occasionally produced from such varieties as Lin-
coln, Pond. etc. The Richland — a 1 Jerks County i^roduction. while
not so large has vigor and productiveness of tree that gives it favor
in some localities. Lombard is i)erhaps planted over a wider area
than any other variety of this time honored grou]) ; it seems to
adapt itself to varied localities more satisfactorily than most of the
Domesticas. In quality it is ([uite variable — ])oor at all times, but
worse some seasons than others. Generally this grouj) offers no
specially inviting promises to him who would grow ])lums for mar-
ket. The care and skill necessary to grow tlie finer kinds make
them too expensive to favorably comi)ete with the attractive i)ro-
ducts of the Pacific coast. The many varieties of this group that
were imported hom Russia some years back, signally failed to ful-
fill the high hopes that many ])lum specialists entertained for them.
They are rarely catalogued now by tree iiropagators.

The Trifiora or ja])anese grou]) has assisted very materially in
creating a more general interest in this beautiful and wholesome
fruit. Fortunately the earliest im])ortations of these contained
one of the best varieties of the species —the Abundance. This va-
riety deservedly holds first place in i)ublic esteem. Good color,
size and ([uality. with a free growing, healthy handsome and j^ro-
(luctive tree : it is well e(|ui])])ed for the market orchard. The
Chabot ripening two or three weeks later is another variety that
has won favor with growers ; while the fruit of this is in all respects
equal to the Uurbank. there is no comi)arison in the trees : the Chabot
with its fine, vigorous upright habit in growth, while the limit is
overlea])e(l in sk)venly. dowdy habit by the Ihu'bank. The Red June
another pure Japanese variety ])roves ])r()fitable for markets not too
exacting as to (juality : its early season anrl brilliant color usually
secure profitable sale for it ; the tree is a good grower, of good
form, but compartively short-lived. These constitute the cream
of this grouji and arc about all that are worthy of nuich thought
as commercial kinds.

Amongst the "I lyl)ri<ls"' there are a fc:<' j)rofital)le market sorts ;
the most i^romising one is the Sixweeks. a Texas ])roduct and clearly
the earliest in season of any i)lum. worthy of attention by market
growers. A rapid growing tree, forming a ratiier close head, that
is regular in contour : an abundant bearer of bright colored fruit of
full medium size ; rather deficient in quality, but attractive to buyers,
owing to its very early season and bright red coloring.

America is the only one of the many kinds from the Pacific
coast that is sufficiently resistant to brown rot. to hold out a reason-
able hope of fair profit as a market j)lum.

Gonzales, from Texas is superb in size and api)earance. good
enough in ((uality but not sufficiently resistant to Monilia or brown
rot to warrant uncjualified endorsement.

159
The Wayland group embraces some varieties that should be
profitable to grow in most, if not all the counties of this state; the
good citizens of which are generally graduates m gastronomy, and
never dishonor their diplomas. Your tradition not only Perpe uates
but promotes a liberal domestic provision of sweetmeats and able
condiments, and this group of plums is unequalled in possibilities
in that relation.

For preserving it is unexcelled : and for fruit butter (umler the
dexterous maniinilation of the tactful kitchen queen) it affords a
relish, unapproached in its appetizing fascination; for spicing these
plums are in everv particular, the peer ot the best Damson. Tl.
rees, too, are not onlv pleasing to the eye, but distinctly and reliably
productive. The lienson is a Nebraska variety, with fruit as large
as anv of the grou)). bright cherry red. handsome, and a little earlier
in season than the other choice varieties of the group. Tree a very
rapid grower with fine healthy foliage. Reed, a trifle later in
ripening, but otherwise similar to P>enson. The tree o this variety
is notablv prettv. clothed in showy, large, healthy, foliage : robust
and stockv in growth. Wayland. still later in season and every way
fine While there are other good varieties in this group, this trio
mav safelv be classed as the select. This class of plums are free
from leaf-blight and black-kiK^t- almost immune to injury by tlie
curculio and brown rot and when well rii)ened are very acceptal3le
for eating out of hand. Whv not grow them for the "if/^^t^^

The Wildgoose grou]) has in many localities established its
value for commercial planters, and at this day re(|uires no certifi-
cation of merit in its discussion, farther than an expression of pre-
ference as to varieties, i^rieflv stated-the Milton for early, fol-
lowed bv Wildgoose and W'hitaker and finished u]) with the Mrs.
Cleveland give the planter the most i)rofitable varieties of the
grou]), for a commercial orchard, all of these kinds are very pro-
ductive when jn'operly i)ollinated. , ,. , 1 . ,u:.
It is a generally known fact that the kinds named in this
Ln-oun whether i)lante(l sei)aratelv or together will prove unsatis-
factor'v in bearing. Vet the Simley. classed in this group-inter-
spersed in such iilanting sui)plies at the right period effective pollen.
The Chicasaw grou]) off'ers nothing to large, or market growers
that would warrant their use in anyway, except as ])ollinators. tor
nearby or local markets, the Munson possesses merit : more on ac-
count of its size and earlv season than its (piality. It is too soft tor
distant market. Newman is f|uite a jiroductive variety and some
seasons attains size large enough, but it keeps the grower guessing
as to when he will finish picking them, as its fruit ripens over a
long period. These two varieties are both, thoroughly reliable as
effective pollinators for the Wildgoose type.

The several other species or groups contain nothing claiming
attention in this i)ai)er. In conclusion, the likes, dislikes and pre-
dilection of the planter, will in a large measure determine the group
best suited for him; and after settling upon such choice, varieties to
fit the market he aims to supply, can be chosen with a minimum of
uncertainitv.

i6o

A Member. — IVIay I ask Mr. Kerr whether it is any trouble
to get the people to take the Benson in place of the old Damson?

Mr Kerr. — Well, it is like pulling teeth to make any intelligent
housewife believe there is anything equal to the old Damson. It
has been hammered into them with far greater force than Sabbath
School teaching. It was quite a while before I could get my wife
to believe it, but finally she became convinced. Once you succeed
in getting people to try them there is no difficulty ; one trial is suf-
ficient. You plant one of these trees, and in ten years see the dif-
ference between it and the Damson. It is superior in foliage, in
bloom and in fruit.

Prof. Surface. — What is the color of the fruit?

Mr. Kerr. — Red. The color is the same in all these varieties.

Prof. Surface. — What do you know about the Satsuma?

Mr. Kerr. — If I were to tell you what I really think of it, it
would not sound very well. I planted three hundred of them, and
they are an absolute fraud and failure in my climate, but I find
some places down here and in the Northeast, where it is splendid.

A Member. — If you could raise the Japanese varieties suc-
cessfully, would you raise any of the Wild Goose group?

Mr. Kerr. — Well, if I was raising them for money, I don't
think I would raise any Ta])ancsc. In 1898 — it sounds fishy, but
it is absolutely true, although dangerous to talk about in public —
I netted over $2,800 on three acres, a trifle over $900 an acre. I
think you will agree that was doing fairly well.

Prof. Surface. — What about the German Prune?

Mr. Kerr. — No good with us ; nothing in the Domestica group
does well with us.

A Member. — In connection with the Japanese, will the Wild
Goose bring as good a price?

Mr. Kerr. — ]\Iore per acre ; not as much per tree.

A Member. — The gentleman spoke of the tree pollenizing itself.
I want to ask him what he thinks of a tree standing half a mile
away from any other plum tree, as to whether it is necessary to have
a plum tree, or plum trees of two or three varieties in order to have
it pollenized? If this is the case why does a tree such as I have
described, pollenize itself?

Mr. Kerr. — It takes a good deal of time to answer that. You
take, for instance, the Keifer Pear; ordinarily it is very fertile, but

161

there are cases where the trees standing in the middle of the plot
were less fertile than those that received their pollen from other
sources. This is a large subject, and the most complete information
that you could get is contained in a bulletin issued by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture at Washington.

The Secretary read a letter from Prof. Symons of the ^lary-
land Agricultural College relative to the "Simmons Bill" which pro-
vides for the quarantine and inspection of all imported plants and
nursery stock.

The President. — This communication brings up a very import-
ant matter and I shall refer it to the Committee on Resolutions.

On the 2 1 St of December last, there was formed at Washing-
ton, D. C, an association called "The Eastern Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation," and we w^ere asked to join it. It is intended to take in
every state and county organization from jMaine to Florida. Its
object is chiefly to watch legislation at Washington, and help or
hinder such legislation as may aflfcct the fruit grower. I think the
annual dues are five dollars for the Association and one dollar for
an individual wishing to join. It is a proper move and I hope our
people will take it up.

THURSDAY, JANUARY 26, 7.30 P. M.

President Hiester in the Chair.

The President. — The meeting will please come to order. The
first thing on the program is the report of the Committee on Reso-
lutions.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.

Your Committee on Resolutions begs to report as follows :

W^iiHRKAS, We. the members of the State Horticultural Associa-
tion assembled, believing that this has been one of the best meet-
ings in the history of the organization, desire to express our ap-
preciation to all who have in any way contributed to its success;
therefore be it

Resolved, That we do hereby tender special thanks to the Com-
mittee of Arrangements and to the Chairman and members of the
Exhibit Committee for their untiring eflforts ; to the representatives
of the press, who have reported our proceedings ; to the visiting
speakers from a distance, who have rendered so much valuable ser-
vice in the line of instruction, and especially to the Hon. G. B.
Brackett, of the Department of Agriculture. Washington, D. C,
for his highly satisfactory work in judging the fruit exhibit.

l62

WhERK \s, The orchard experiments, as conducted by Prof. J
P. Stewart, of the Pennsylvania State College, promise results of
very j^reat value to the fruit growers of this state, be it ^

Resolved, That this Association express its appreciation of
these investigations and urge their continuance as long as may be
necessary to arrive at definite and positive conclusions.

WiiKRKAS, Tn view of the increasing interest in all horticul-
tural lines and' from our knowledge that the School of Horticulture
at State College is laboring under great difficulties, for lack of room.

Resolved, That we urge upon our legislature the necessity of
providing sufficient funds for the erection of a Horticultural Hall
commensurate with the great industry in the State.

WiiKREAS. \A'e have been apprised of the fact that there are
serious diseases of the honev bee, and that they are destroying this
inost useful insect to an alarming extent, in many counties of
Pennsylvania, and

WiiKRi'AS. This causes a serious loss in that industry known
as ''Bee-keeping," and also to fruit growing through a reduction
in the number of bees needed to fertilize blossoms, therefore be it

Resolved, That we commend our Kconomic Zoologist, Prof.
H. A. Surface, for his excellent work along this line and urge that
our Legislature provide sufficient funds U^v continued investiga-
tions on this subject.

WiiKRKAS. P.clicving that a parcels post would serve a large
public interest, through the development of its possibilities along
the line of bringing the producers and consumers into closer rela-
tions, this Association declares itself as favoring the speedy en-
actment of such a law : therefore be it

Resolved, That the Association urge its members to continue
in their efforts to secure its enactment.

Resolved, That we heartily endorse the "Good Roads" move-
ment and do all in our power toward improving road conditions in
Pennsylvania.

Resolved, That we heartilv commend our Governor, the Hon.
J. K. Tener, for the interest taken in our work, and the willingness
on his part to use his influence and office for the betterment of our
conditions.

Wttkrk AS, This Association has profited greatly by the special
appropriation of $r,ooo for two years, secured from the State
through the efforts of our worthv Secretary of Agriculture, Hon.
N. P). Critchfield, be it '

Resolved, That we express our appreciation of this financial
support, and request that at least a thou'^and dollars per annum
be appropriated to the Association for the extension of the work.

163

Revived, That we heartily endorse the bill now before Con-
gress known as the ''Simmons Hill," which provides for a national
inspection of all imported trees and plants.

Resolved, That we highly commend and endorse the movenieiit
recently inaugurated in Washington, L). C, and known as Ihc
Eastern Fruit Growers' Association.'

WiiKRKAS, P.elieving a State Fair would be especially of great
advantage in advancing the l^-'-tic"Hural interests o the Sta^^^
brniging about each year a state exhibition of truit, vegetables,
flowers and plants, be it .

Resolved, That we hereby express ourselves heartily in favo.

of the project.

Resolved, That we appreciate the importance. an(l heartily en-
dorse he work accomplished by Prof. H. J \\iMer. o Uie l)epart-
ment of Soils, in connection with our State Experiment Station, an
we i-e.pectfullv re(,uest that our State Experiment Station use such
Influence as they deem proper to have l>rof. Wilder continue the
work for the ensuing year.

Wiii-RK\s, Providence in His almighty wis(k>m, has removecl
from our' ranks one of our honored members, an ex- I reasurer ot
J;,;' Cciation. Mr. J. Hibbard liartram, of Cluster bounty: a^sj3
Mr. Samuel C. Moon, a life member troni lUicks Countv, a cll-
known nur.^eryman and landscape gardener, also an ex-Trea.urer.

be it , f 1

Resolved, That this Association express its deep sense ot loss
and extend to the bereaved families, its sympathy.

(Signed) ^

^ ^ F. H. Fassktt.

loSIAH W. I'RICKKTT,

r. W. Harskmax,

AURAM HOSTKTLKR,

S. L. Prinwx.

On motion this rejwrt was accepted.

Mr D S Kloss.— There has been a wide work done in this
State which I would like to recognize. I have therefore prepared
this resolution :

Resolved That we herebv endorse the excellent work of the
Division of Zoologv of the Department of Agriculture, in arousing
an interest throughout Pennsylvania in the saving of the orchards
of the State, the extensive planting of new orchards, and the pro-
duction of perfect fruit, which work has been especially advanced
by meTiis of what has become known as "i;iie Model Orchard Plan,
as devised by Prof. H. A. Surface, State Zoologist, and ably carried
out by his force (^f horticultural in^pect(^rs.

1 64

Resolved, That we hope that State Zoologist Surface will be
given every encouragement in the continuance of the work by the
members o'f this Association, and we wish him and his inspectors
God-speed in their efforts to maintain Pennsylvania in its position
as one of the foremost fruit-growing states of the Union.

Mr. W. E. Grove.— I move an amendment to this resolution :
That we include the work done by the Department of Agriculture,
under Secretary Critchfield, and co-workers ; by the Pennsylvania
State College and Experiment Station under President Sparks,
Dean Hunt. Professors Watts, Agee, Wilder, Stewart. Wright.
Gregg, Armsby, and co-workers and all other work being done in
Pennsylvania in the interest of agriculture and horticulture.

On motion this resolution and amendment were duly carried
in the regular way.

Mr. Fox. — These resolutions have been adopted, but there ha^
been very little said about the death of two of our members, Mr.
Bartram and Mr. Moon.

The President. — I will take the liberty of asking Mr. Fox to
l)repare a memorial of the death of these gentlemen. He is
familiar with the circumstances.

Mr. Fox. — As a former secretary and one of the oMest mem-
bers of the Association, and well acquainted with these two gentle-
men, I shall be pleased to do so.

IN MEMORIAM.

Bv Cyrus T. Fox, Reading, Pa.

I would regret very much to have this part of the proceedings
pass by without a further reference to the two deceased members
of this Association, whose names have been mentioned in the re-
jjort of the Committee on Rcsolntions. Each served as Treasurer
of this Association, and rendered valuable services.

J. Hibbard Bartram.

J. Hibbard Bartram served longest in that office, and during his
connection of many years with the Association was very faithful
in his attendance. ' He was a zealous and successful fruit grower,
and did much to advance the interests of horticulture in his part
of the State. A native of Chester County, and a member of the
Society of Friends, he came of distinguished horticultural stock.
He was a lineal descendant of that John Bartram who was one
of the earliest botanists of this country; after whom Bartram's Gar-
den in Philadelphia, a wonderful collection of the trees and flora
of America, located on the Schuylkill river in the southern section

165

of that great city, is named. The death of J. Hibbard Bartram
occurred about the first of April of last year. He attended an
( )rchard Meeting shortlv before, at which your speaker was present,
and he then appeared to be in good health. He was a man greatly
esteemed bv his neighbors for his uprightness of character. He
is survived 'by a widow, one son and one daughter. We was about
75 years of age.

Samuel C. Moon.

Samuel C Moon was one of the most prominent nurserymen of
this country, and was President of the Pennsylvania Nurserymen s
Association for two years. He was a son of :Mahlon Moon, the
pioneer nurservman of Bucks County, and was born on the ohl
Moon homestead where he passed away. The nursery conducted
bv Mr Moon has been in operation since 1848. and contams many
rare plants and shrubs, including what is said to be the largest purple
beech in the United States. He was likewise a naturalist of re-
nown, having been one of the foremost members of the Delaware
Valley Naturalists' Union.

\s an illustration of his .strict business ideas, it is related of
him that, upon one occasion, George J. Gould, the railway and tele-
graph magnate and multi-milli(Miaire, called at Mr. Moon's nur-
sery one Sundav, and was given permission to inspect the grounds.
Mr. GouU\ became enthusiastic over the magnificent specimens ot
shrubbery on the place, and expressed a desire to have duplicates
of manv'of the choicest things he saw. He was ready to give an
order, which in the aggregate would have run into thousands of
dollars, but Mr. Moon declined considering it, "because it was the
Lord's Day." A number of months elapsed before the order was

renewed.

Mr. Moon was a member of the Orthodox branch of the So-
ciety of Friends, and for twenty years had been a member of the
Board of :Managers of the Westtown School, near West Chester, a
Friends' institution. His death occurred after several days' illness
on January 21, just a few days before the present annual meeting of
this Association. Surviving' him are his widow and one daughter,
besides two brothers, William H. Moon (a former President of this
Association) and James M. Moon.

PENNSYLVANIA APPLE SOILS.

By ProI". H. J. WiLHKR. Bureau of Soils, Washington, D. C.

Mr. Chairman, readies and Gentlemen: There are many local-
ities in the State of Pennsylvania that are well adapted to apple
growing, and it is to the leading growers of such locaUiies that the
State owes the existence of this organization. Now, those sections
of the State alreadv developed are fairly well known, and it is my
purpose at this time to invite your attention to such portions as
have not been so well developed. I will say right here, however,

i66

that we would not have to go very many miles from where we are
now to find plentv of undeveloped fruit soil as good as any already
planted, that mav' still be had at very reasonable prices. , ^^ ^

Nine years ago vour President prepared a bulletm for the btate
Department of Agriculture on ^*\'arieties of Fruits That May be
vSuccessfullv Grown in the State of Pennsylvania." and I may take
occaMon at' this time to call vour attention to the particular excel-
lence of that work in serving the horticultural interests of > enn-

sylvania. . . ^ . . ,

I will a^k vou to start with me on an imaginary trip from here
to Northeastern Pennsvlvania. The map on the wall has been j)re-
l^ared to show some of the i)rincii)al soil boundaries. The yellow
color represents the South Alountain range. The r»lue Mountain,
or North Mountain, is here shown by the blue belt extending froni
near Jkdvidere on the Delaware River southwest to the Maryland
line.

A Row IX .\h<. II. C. Snavkuv's Okciiard, Lkuanox Cou.ntv,
ox Ha(.kksto\vn Ci.av U)AM.

S«Mith ^ Fountain and its adjacent slopes are well adapted to
fruit gnnving. as most of vou know. Pennsylvania owes, in fact
'I great deal of her fruit growing reputation to that region, and 1
mav add that it is trulv astonishing that the prices of good fruit
lands in this state are so low as they are, even in the South Moun

tain region. . , , ,, , r* .

Tust east of the Alleghcnv Mountain, or the Allegheny Front
as it' is often called, is outlined the "Appalachian Mountains and
X'allevs Region" which extends in cross-section southeastward from
the Alleghenv Front to lUue ^Mountains, and lengthwise fn^m the
Delaware River southwest to the state of Maryland. Tts width in
Maryland is practicallv the distance between Cumberland and
Hagerstown, the latter town being in the limestone valley just to the

167

est -Mo„g the Delaware River tbe same broa.l belt extends from
; tlir. Witer Can to the ncrtheast corner of the State. This
::^ons a plrt oiThe great Appalachian Monntain S>.^em wh^d,
becomes mnch higher in elevation m the bonthern states i ne
rg Consists of" a series of elevatio.js and -"•«-, ^ff^f^^^^^l

re th ee is nc cla ses of soils to be fonnd there : Fjrst are those
;.7ls derix^d rom veilow and brown sliales and san.lstones which
, calle the iTkalb soils: secoiul the Upshur soils which come
t on red shale ' and thin-bedded san.lstones of the same color ; and
as V the agerstown. or hn,estone. soils which occnr in some o
tl^ va evs In this section of the State there are many suitable
ca io s-for orchard planting but they should be selecte, wit i care
.to tlio rhiracter of the sol. and to the air and ^\atcr drainage.
Th pri^e "r In'l are so excee.lingly moderate that "---"-
, ecessarv for anv Tennsvlvanian to go out ot his own State to
"rou fruit The old Tuniata ixach belt, once famed iov its ex-

-.1 iLm-or. r^f ciicrcss It 1^ oulv humau to think tnai \\ uai

:" r mv uJh' or tcs 1 too cai, ,1.. and the result in that b.cahty
was tint m,: evervbodv tried tb.e peach business an.l it was this fact
Int led in^^^me measure at least to the great number ot failure .
The suiki-g illustration which the old Juniata peach belt ahords is
i contra t to <,ther .listricts not far from it that are jus as wel
adapted to peach orchar.ling. yet have never been ,levetope.l. I.aivl
prices are still verv low in this whole region.

Ooin.' northeastwar.l to the region aroniKl Wilke.-r.arre suuilar
tonoSic con.litions are foun.l. I spoke a moment ago of the
series of rid. es crossing the State from the northeast to southwest.
This -rc-en line (™>inting) was put there to indicate the southern
extenJio of K- Jlacier which is supposed to have come <low^t f-m
the Nor h snreadhig over the hills an.l valleys to this line The soi
and rock dX-lefrin- the glacier gives rise to the Xolusia series of
sns Where the laver is so verv thin that ,t has been of less in-
lutVx. in fT>rn 'g the present soils than the original "-tenals over
which il.assed. the soils have been separated and mapped as the
Warren series ui.l again, where underlaying re, shale was grovind
,,,, so fine bv'-lacial .-Tction. or where the glacier lett an overdeposit
of re<l oils dc-ep e.iough to determine the character of the surface
materials, the I.lckawanna soil series was mapped, being naincl fo,
T.ackawanna County where it was first found.

Tn northwest I'ennsvlvania other areas of the Wairen soib

;„ rrlwford an<l Warren counties, in fact the series name

;::^rtaU-n'^from tilat of tl. latter county. Northeastern Pennsyl-

i68

vania, it seems to me, possesses wonderfully good opportunities for
orcharding at the present time. I was deeply interested in finding
how cheap good orchard land can be purchased in that section of
the state. Thirty, forty, fifty dollars an acre, and sometimes even
less than that, will buy excellent orchard land in that region within

Nine-Year-Ou) Wagenkr on Lackawanna Silt Loam.

a few miles — frequently not more than ten, and very often not more
than five — of the Wyoming \'alley markets, which are among the
best in the United States. You all know that the coal town markets,
whether located in the anthracite or the soft coal regions, are won-
derfully good. And even if the commercial orchards should be
developed to such extent that these local markets could not take
all their products, they are within a short distance from New York
and other eastern cities with an aggregate population of many mil-

169

lions of people. This is where the winter varieties can be grown
to marked advantage. The Northern Spy, Bellfieur, Baldwm,
Stark Rhode Island Greening and many other excellent varieties
can be grown profitably in this region. I will not take the time o
enumerate manv varieties, but the Northern Spy interplanted with
Waeener which also does remarkably well there makes a very et-
fective combination. There are men from that section attending the
meetings here this week who own orchards that the W agener has
paid for bv the time the Northern Spy came into bearing One
(,thcr advantage that district has in growing the Northern bpy is
that it comes into bearing sooner after planting than in most sec-
tions of New York, in fact it will average to bear in the Wyoming
Valley region three vears earlier than in Connecticut or New \ork
Now this is a remarkable advantage which the state possesses, and
there is perhaps no apple of finer ciualitv than Northern Spy when
well grown. liesides the Wagener there are other early bearing
sorts that have given excellent results as fillers, especially the
Wealthy and Oldenburg.

I want to sav just here— though it is somewhat of a break in
the subject— that'at the T.ancaster meeting a few years ago 1 sau
that the lialdwin and Spv would not do their best on the same kind
of soil that a light soil' brought the best results with the former
varietv and that a soil somewhat heavier was preferable for the
Spv ' Some one attending got the idea from what I said that neither
of tiiesc varieties could be grown with any degree of success on any
other kind of soil than the ideal described. Now, I hope I did not
present the subject in quite so obscure a manner as that, in fact 1
'im sure the records do not so state, but if anyone else did get that
idea from anvthing T said I want to correct it. ^ly idea is that
within a driven set of climatic conditions there is an ideal in soils
for certain varieties and that in orchard planting we should aim to
select those soils that come nearest the ideal conditions for the dif-
ferent varieties. Tf the best possil)le soil for each variety is not
available the trees should be planted on the soil that comes nearest
the ideal and one should alwavs work with that end in view.

Tn the central northern part of the State (indicating on the
map the following counties: Warren. Forest, :\[cKean. Klk. Cam-
eron Venango, and northern Clearfield, Jefferson and Clarion)
the conditions are quite different. The altitude is high— say 1600 to
>'^oo feet or possiblv 2500 feet— and the soils are quite different.
The region has not' been glaciated at all, and the sandy types
of mountain soils predominate. The district is not generally so well
adapted to orcharding as some others, though good soil locations
mav readilv be found. There is a good deal of waste land, but the
prices are such that one can afford to have some waste land— from
$3.00 an acre up. Well improved land including buildings may be
had at $30 to $40 an acre. ,

In the southwestern part of the State we have three series of
industrv has been developed, and here in Mercer, Lawrence, Craw-
ford and southern Erie counties the glacier has passed, forming an-
other important area of X^olusia soils where orchards can be grown

I/O

<nccessfiillv. T.and prices are slightly higher than in the last dis-
trict (lescrihed hut still thev are only forty to fifty dollars an acre,
with sixty dollars for verv good improved land with good buildings.
Just to the south are excellent markets, although not so remarkable
as the coal markets of the northeastern part of the State. In
many localities within this region there are splendid opportunities
to grow special crops. One of the cases I have in mind is that of
a young man from one of these towns who came to me up at State
College the other dav and said he wanted to grow fruit. His father
is a fruit dealer but he said, "\ don't believe T am worth as much
to the business in town as T am on a farm not far distant which my
father owns, and I would rather develop the farm. Similar cases
are not infrecpient at the present time. Near Pittsburg special
crops can be grown to advantage for that market.

In the sopth western part of the State we have three series of
soils: The DeKalk previouslv mentioned: the T.rooke series, de-
rived from limestones but still very different from the Magerstown
soils that come from the limestone of southeast and central Penn-
sylvania: and the WestiiKM-eland soils which come from a mix-
ture of shale and limestone, making very good soils. If it were not
for the injury from c(^ke smoke these should lie very productive
.soils.

Now, T have gone over this map upon which are indicted only
the broad divisions of soils very hurriedly and will not take any
more time in a general description of soil conditions unless there are
some fjuestions. Considering the present prices of land and soil
conditions, there are three forms of orcharding that may well be
develo])ed with i)rofit. Fir^t, the commercial orchard— and ther.»
are two wavs to work along this line,— one, by the extensive method,
and the other bv the intensive. The goal of the first is to produce
a large number' of carloads, but with the other the qualitv of the
fruit is the first desideratum, the quantity the second. The first
means more acres, the other more salable fruit per acre. I believe
the most profitable tvpe of commercial development is a combina-
tion of these two fornis. One may hardlv plant t(^o large an acreage
until the point is reached where excellent care is sacrificed in some
measure, owing to the large extent of the orchards. This will varv
much with circumstances, but I believe it is very easy for a man to
l)lant so large an acreage that he is compelled to neglect sonie of the
finer jxunts of the business, even from the strictly commercial view-
point : and there is a question as to where this point comes — where
the individual acreage should stop. In planting, the character of
the market must be taken into consideration, and those who adopt
Mr. Karnsworth's idea of growing for a special market must in-
clude varieties that ripen during a long season, from early to late.
This particular method of intensive growing is coming to have more
and more influence on orchard development.

Then there is the farm orchard. I am enthusiastic enough
about the commercial orchard but we must not forget the farm
orchard which, in fact, is responsible for the high rank Pennsyl-
vania has held in the apple industry for the last half century. A

171

PentT^vlvania R. R. ot=ficial was aske.l Ijy a Xew York apple '"'.ver to
Hrect 1 m o two or three towns in this State where he cm.Ul get
ew a oaas ol certain kinds of apples. The ra. road offieial tc^d
htm o? everal towns in the Appalachian d.stnct o '^e State. The
New York man went to that region but could not find any apples
In one town he rode around all day without success. F'na'ly '^
vent lack to .\ew York without having fou.id any apples and sat
mvn and wrote a somewhat sarcastic letter to the Pennsylvania
ffi al It was for the I'ennsylvania official to --ke good so
wrote hitn to come again, but n, the meantmne *" P"*^"/^ ^ t^'^e'-

do so in the future. I wat.t to make a special plea for the ten
ere orchar.l on the dairv farm and the general crop farm. There
; : th u^nds of farmeVs in the State to whom the Pa" ;;^g "
such an orchard shouW mean much because its care fits m we I
with other farming operations, and it serves as a profitable mone>

""'''in dosin- T woul.l like to call your attention to four things
First he vile range in this state of soils and of climatic con<ht.on.
H n ^re s^el to commercial an,l less extensive forms of orchanl-
! 4eo the long list of varieties high in ,|ual.tv that are now
; n;wn witl profit-vou need not worry at all about the qi-aLt.v >;"•
;Tl e able o produce if vou select the varieties that can be g own
o ukan age in vour soil an.l climate. Thir.l, cheap and-s,> cheap,
'act that it mav be found not far from any particular neighlxjr-
,od where one wishes to live. Fourth, the best markets in the
Un ted States are nearbv. .\ more complete combination of cir-
eum^nces conducive to success cannot be found a'-ywhere .^d
it seems to me that the prospects of extensive tree planting m th.>
State are excellent.

A Member.-.Xbout the soil from Sunburv ti^ Wilkes-Barre.
what particular soil do you find there on the bluffs .-

Prof Wilder.-From Sunbury to Xescopeck the yellow Dekalb
-^ncl the red L>shur soils. Thence to Wilkes-Iiarre the \ olusia and
u"e WarrJii soils. All these soil series contain good orchard sites.

A Member.— You do not say much about the limestone soil.

Prof Wilder.— Xo; I said I was going to leave out southeast-
ern Pennsvlvania because it was pretty well developed. What par-
ticular locktion of limestone soils do you refer to.

172

A Member. — None in particular ; I was simply interested in
a general way, particularly in the Cumberland \''alley.

Prof. Wilder. — The Hagerstown or limestone soils there will
grow apples very well where the elevation is fairly good. Some of
the limestone areas have insufficient elevation for the best results,
and some of the soils are rather heavy, but otherwise they should
give good results. Other good apple soils may be bought more
cheaply, but if one already has these soils he need not hesitate to
plant. The so-called pine lands, occurring between the limestone
soils there and South ^Fountain, are very promising.

A Member. — Bedford County?

Prof. Wilder. — You can find there every kind of soil I have
described for the Ap])lachian Mountain and \'alley region. There is
a good opportunity there for orcharding.

A Member. — How about the northern ])art of Cambria?

Prof. Wilder. — >rost of it is Dekalb soil, and you can grow
there most of the Xew York or winter varieties. These soils are
not generally as productive as some of the other soils, consequentlv
it may cost you a little more to bring them to a productive condition
but that is not difficult if suitable cover crops are grown.

A Member. — TTow about the limestone land at the foot of the
Allegheny ^Mountain?

Prof. Wilder. — T will give you the same answer I gave to this
gentleman over here in regard to similar soils in the Cumberland
V^alley. They are all right where the local air drainage is good.

A Member. — TTow is northern Rucks?

Prof. Wilder. — T liave not been over it thoroughly, so I can
answer only in a general way. (lood orchard soils occur there but
some of the blue shale soils south of I Hue Mountain are poorly
drained and very shallow. They are often marked by a scrubby
growth of cedar from 3 to 6 or 8 feet high. It is well to avoid that
soil.

Mr. Walton. — Professor, you have said very little about the
southeastern portions of the state east of the Blue Ridge.

Prof. Wilder. — Between Blue ^fountain and the Cumberland-
T^ebanon- I^ehigh \'allev and extending from Delaware Water Gap
to the Maryland line there is a broad area of the Berks series of
soils, the shale loam and the silt loam being the predominating types.
These soils have not been developed in fruit as their worth warrants.
The valley mentioned is occupied principally by the Ilagcrstovvn or

173

limestone soils, but it also includes many important areas of the
Berks soils in the more rolling portions. Below the valley is
South Mountain on which the Porters soils, the Alont Alto soils
and the stony types of the Chester series are most extensive. All
of these soif series include excellent fruit soils some of wdiich are
still for sale at very reasonable prices. Below South ^lountain
are important areas of the Penn soils— the red sandstone and shale
soils of the Piedmont section, which may be contrasted with the red
sandstone and shale soils of central Pennsylvania at much higher
elevations, already referred to as the Upshur series. Interspersed
with the red Penii soils are large areas of brown Chester soils de-
rived from hard or granitic rocks. So well developed are these in
Chester County that they were given the name of that county.
Broadly speaking the Penn soils are fully as well adapted to peaches
as to apples, while the opposite is true of the excellent Chester series.
Some of the Brandywine soils in southern Chester. Lancaster and
York counties are also moderately good but they are not quite as
productive as the Chester. The ^lanor soils (white and red slate)
are less desirable.

Mr. Walton. — Now if any one were to ask you what portion
of the State to go to plant a commercial orchard, what would you
say?

Prof. Wilder. — I would dodge every time. To save a few of
my friendships I think I would ask him where he lived, and then
call to his attention the best conditions in his own locality. If one
wished to grow certain varieties or wished to cater to certain mar-
kets, then definite recommendations could well be made to suit the
individual conditions. In the confusion of questions a moment
ago someone asked about Monroe County, which contains consid-
erable amounts of land too rough for profitable development on
account of competition with smoother areas which are also low in
price. This leaves Monroe County with a lower average of soil
adapted to orcharding than some other counties, but nevertheless it is
not at all difficult to find many good locations there.

A Member. — How about the soil T asked about on the east
side of the river, and how about the west side of the river? (Cen-
tral Pennsylvania).

Prof Wilder. — Hither is good. The I'each bellows have at-
tacked trees there but that does not trouble the apple.

A Member. — In the Cumberland \'alley what nUnxt the sand-
stone ?

Prof. Wilder. — Where do you find that in the Cumberland
Valley? Do you refer to the Pine Lands?

A Member. — Yes.

1/4

Prof. Wilder.— That is very good ; a good opportunity to grow
fruit.

Prof. Surface.— What varieties are to be grown there?

Prof. Wilder.— York Imperial and Staynian W'iiiesap. Jona-
than is very worthy of more extensive trial, and the Pine Lands sod
is well suited to it.' The C,ano does very well there, and I think the
Rome lieautv well worth thorough trial. Vou have, of course, very
irood demonstrations there of several proven varieties,

A Member.— What about the soils in Lancaster?

Prof. Wilder. — The limestone land in Lancaster is very high
in price, and just as good or better apple soils can be purchased
for much less money. It is well adapted to Grimes Golden and
some other of the green varieties. The red sorts often fail to color
satisfactorily but \'ork Imperial is profitable. Are you going to
buy land or' do you already own it?

A Member. — I own it.

Prof. Wilder.— What is it, lime or shale?

A Member. — Shale.

Prof. Wilder.— The shale soil is well worth developing. Well
colored attractive fruit of the red varieties may be secured, and the
land is reasonable in price. If I did not own any land and were
going to buy there to plant fruit trees of any kind I would buy the
shale in i)reference to the limestone.

A Member. — What is the reason for planting green varieties
on the limestone?

Prof. Wilder. — In many seasons good color is not secured with
the red varieties, especially the varieties of superior (piality. With
some weak growing sorts' like Jonathan a better growth of tree is
obtained on soils that are more mellow and porous than those of
limestone origin. In some cases there may be additional reasons.

A Member. — I am particularly interested in that region running
from Sunbury to Wilkes-Uarre.

Prof. Wilder. — A gtx)d region for i)lanting, and land is gen-
erally cheajx Avoid the bottoms of the narrow valleys. Good
fruit soils are found well up the slopes and on the hills where frosts
may be largely avoided.

A Member. — What varieties?

Prof. Wilder. — Northern Spy with Wagener tiller if the latter
plan of planting is desired. Stayman should also prove successful.
Smokehouse is also excellent for a fall apple.

175
A Member.— How about the Baldwin?

Prof Wilder.-The Baldwin has been very profitable but in
certahisect^i s the brown spot has given trouble, and there is one
hSon about planting it extet.sively until methods of contiol
shall be perfected.

A Member.-Have you gone over York County and looked at
the Pigeon Hills?

Prof. Wilder.-Yes, to some extent. The soils are favorable
and reasonable in price.

Prof. Stewart.-Tl.c <iuestion has been '•^f '' 'rtllr'i'f it
vou can get land at ?io an acre that is considerably hill>, f 1
would not be Tetter to a.ld something to that price and get something
more nearly like what you want 1

Prof Wilder.-I think so. In those sections even where land
can be b mW,t for $3 an acre I would rather pay $40 or $50 than
pav the th^ee because the ultimate cost of production is likely to
be' less on the higher priced land.

Mr. Walton.— How about land at $100 an acre?

Prof. Wilder.— It depends upon where it is located.

Mr Walton.— South of the Blue ^^lountain Would it pay
W bm land at this price for the purpose of starting a commercial
oixh^rd oil a large Lale^ There is a company being tormed here
in Harrisburg for that purpose with this end m viexN.

Prof Wilder.— If near enough to special markets or other
ndvintac^es to more than off-set the extra investment there is no
reason whv it should not be just as good a business venture, pro-
vided there is plenty of capital to carry it.

Mr. Walton.— They have plenty of money, but as a money-
making proposition?

Prof Wilder.-I think it all right up to a valuation of $100 an
acre, but good apple and peach soils may still be had in favorable
locations in this state at one-half that price.

Mr Walton —These irentlemen are undecided whether to take
land!^ ih!^ pr"; or lan<l at S.o an acre. The land at Sio is pretty

hillv.

Prof Wilder— Well. T would avoid very hilly land as a rule:
spraying 'is much ni..re difficult and all orchard operations are more
expen ve'than on smoother groun.t. Many orchards were plant<.l
InTk-inia and West \irginia hef.ire spraying became i.eces>ary,

\ \

176

and it is almost impossible to spray some of them. I would almost
rather pay $200 an acre for smoother land than to meet the extra
expense of spraying on ground that is too steep. That applies to
a good bit of the Albemarle Pippin region.

A Member.— Do not the apples get larger on the limestone soil ?

Prof. Wilder.— Not necessarily. I think the shale soil can
be handled so as to get just as large fruit. I have seen just as
hne Smokehouse apples grown on the sandstone soils near Sunbury
as anywhere else. 1 would not plant the trees quite so thickly on
the limestone soil so as to allow for a heavy growth.

A Member. — I am a representative of Bedford County. We
have wonderful possibilities over there, and we want vou people to
come over and see what we have to offer before you decide to buy
elsewhere. We have the soil and we have the climate, and every
opportunity that any one can ask. You can get land from $20 to
$50 an acre, the very best orchard land that can be had.

Prof. Wilder.— I know the soil is there, likewise the oppor-
tumty, and several counties in that part of the vState which have not
been mentioned individually have comparable soil conditions.

Mr. Wertz.— Every mother thinks her baby the prettiest.
Franklin County is just the same.

A Member.— What about the possibilities of the Pocono Moun-
tains ?

Prof. Wilder. — That is mostly sandstone soil which occurs at
higher elevation than the shale. It will cost a little more per acre
to bring that soil into a good productive conrlition than some others
Along the D., L. & W. railroad from Scranton to New York the
land over those mountains is exposed to high winds, and that mav
cause «?ome little trouble with the fruit, especially about blowing off
Then there are other conditions to be considered. You are alto-
gether dependent on one railroad and the cost of transportation
under such conditions may prove to be an important item. Mv re-
marks do not refer, of course, to the railroad concerned in this'case
but to a general condition of transportation.

RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR KNOWLEDGE OF LIME-
SULPHUR.

Bv J. P. Sticwart, n.vpcrimcntal Horticulture, State College, Pa.

Owing to the increasing interest in the subject, I have been
asked agam to run over the details of making concentrated lime-
sulphur. Detads are hard to remember, however, and since thev
are already available for the asking in our Bulletin 99, it has seemed
to me wiser to deal here with some of the more general phases of the

177

subject, presenting rather the principles upon which the details de-
pend. In doing this, it has seemed best to trace out the develop-
ment somewhat along historical lines, adding briefly in their proper
places those features of most importance that we have learned dur-
ing the past vear.

As we have noted before, the career of lime-sulphur as a spray
material has been rather checkered. Starting in 1886 at Fresno,
Cal., when a Mr. Dusey borrowed a pail full of sheep dip from his
neighbor, Covell, thinking that if it killed the lice on sheep it ought
also to do it on trees, it speedily became the leading contact insect-
icide throughout the Pacific Coast. It was then brought East in
1894, soon after the discovery of scale in Virginia, was tried in
Maryland, and discarded, being found aparently useless under east-
ern conditions. It was partially revived by Marlatt in 1900. but
failed to secure wide acceptance until after the work of Forbes
and others in 1902. From the latter date until approximately 1909,
it remained the standard insecticide throughout the country, 111
spite of its many objectionable and disagreeable features. This
was the old, home-boiled, dilute mixture which finally came to be
made by using 15 or 20 pounds of lime and 15 pounds of sulphur to
50 gallons of total product.

While this development was taking place in the dilute mixture,
another preparation, without the objectionable features, was grad-
ually coming to the front. This was the so-called commercial or
factory-boiled lime-sulphur. It was storable, free from sediment,
easily applied, and though much denser than the home-made prep-
aration, it was practically free from crystals. Just when and by
whom it was first used as an insecticide, I have been unable to dis-
cover. It appears, however, that along in 1902 or 1903, a Stock
Food Companv of Omaha learned that some of their patrons in
Utah were buying a few extra barrels of a concentrated cattle-dip
for application to trees. Later inquiries and tests showed the yalue
of this, and from that beginning has developed the present remark-
able production of commercial lime-sulphur materials. Both types
of lime-sulphur insecticides, therefore, came into use rather acci-
dentally and apparently independently, as the result of a transfer in
use from dip preparations.

Along in 1908, when the writer became interested in the
situation, the making of these dense, non-crystalizing insecticides
was supposed to be accomplished by some difficult, factory process,
wholly beyond the capabilities of the orchardist, and consequently
worth about three times as much to him as we now know they can
be readilv made for at home.

At this time it was learned that Cordley in Oregon had made
a "stock solution" lime-sulphur. Details of his work were meager,
however, and not generally available. There also appeared to be
some doubt as to the correct ratio of lime to sulphur, and the proper
concentration to be used. For example in the version of his formula
given by Parrott,^ a 6o-to-i25 ratio was advised, while in his own

1 New York Geneva Bui. 319.

178

later account,' 6o-to-iio was used; the latter ratio having appeared
in 1906 in a formula used by Thatcher, at one-half the present
weights.^ As to concentration used, it appears that with the larger
amounts of ingredients * only enough water was added at first to
make 45 gallons of mixture, while with the smaller amounts the total
was brought up to (k) gallons. Xo further additions of water were
indicated in either account to make up for the losses in boiling,
which was to be for one hour or more. After boiling and settling,
only the clear liquid obtainable above the sediment was drawn off;
and in the former case this amount of licfuid was diluted to make
the final 50 gallons of concentrate. This was again diluted for use.
at the rate of i to 10 (total), and the sediment was to be re-u.sed
in succeeding boilings.

The faults and uncertainities of this method are very evident
now ; and it was doubtless fortunate for the home-made concentrate
that no wide attempt was made to strictly carry it out in orchard
practice. It is of interest, however, as marking the advance made
up to the early part of 1909.

The next move was made at the Pennslyvania Station. The
work had begun before the above accounts appeared, though most
of their facts were known. The general attitude and prospects for
success at that time may be gathered from a remark by one of our
leading insecticidal chemists, then at the Station, whom the writer
was trying to enlist in the cause. J lis advice was to go ahead with
the work but not to be disaj^pointed in case nothing was learned,
because the whole subject had been studied thoroughly already by
chemists, and nothing new was to be expected.

The results of the subse([uent work have appeared in various
]3laces, and we can here merely mention some of the leading ])oints
established.^ We found that the crystals occurring iu the okl. dilute
preparation were due to excess of lime. The value of this excess
was questioned and later proved to be unnecessary against scale
as was already known in the case of fungi. The cause of the crust
which develops over concentrates was shown to be due to exposure
to air, and its prevention was readily accomplished.

The proper ratio of lime to sulphur was studied, and the ratio
of these materials /;/ solution was found not to be constant as
Thatcher supposed (Wash. lUil. 76) but to vary primarily with
increase in density.*"* Thus in dilute solutions the ratio occasionally
ran as low as i to 1.8. while in dense concentrates it averaged about
I to 2.5, with individual cases much higher. Owing to losses in
making and impurities in the best of our commercial limes, however,

- Cordlcy. Better Kruit. April, 1909.

3 Washington Bulletin 76.

^60 pounds of lime to 125 pounds of sulplnir.

'^ For details and data, see Pennsylvania Station Reports for 1908-09
and 1909-10; Bulletins 92, 99 and 106; Report of the Society for Horticultural
Science, 1909; and Rural New Yorker 1910, pp. 944 and 1096. Bulletins 99
and 106: 11-13 contain the essentials of making and use, in condensed form.

® The ratio of lime to sulphur in solution is also apparently afTected some-
what by ratio of ingredients.

179

Figures i anp 2.-(0r/^M;u//). A new type of stramer for hmc-sulphur or
ofher spray materials. The liquid aUcrs at M.; Mfcs "/'/f^''/ '''''^"f '
the screen and is carried inhere desired through a liose attached to the
sPiqot The coarse particles thus fall azvay from the screen instead of
accumulating on it. Any solution retained in the sediment may be se-
cured bv running through it the water required for the next bothng.

i8o

we found definitely that for orchard conditions the best ratio of in-
gredients is one pound of high calcium lime to two pounds of
sulphur.

In connection with the matter of concentration, the relation
existing between volume, density and utilization of materials was
determined. The greater densities, obtainable with lower volumes
of concentrate, were shown to be associated with less economical
use of materials, and hence to be undesirable. Where storage con-
ditions are to be met, however, a final volume of i to i.i gallons
of total product is about right in the home preparation, for the
weights of ingredients named above. Otherwise somewhat greater
volumes may be used, diluting according to density in all cases.

The sediment in properly made concentrates was found to
actually occupy much less than ten per cent, of the total volume,
though by settling alone it apparetitly occupied 30 to 50 per cent.
Most of it is unobjectionable in the home ])reparation. but for more
readily removing its coarser portions, we have recently made a new
type of strainer, the construction of which is shown in the accom-
])anying figure. The usual clogging is avoided in it by straining
upward, the coarse particles falling away from the screen instead of
accumulating on it as in other strainers.'

The amount of sediment was found to be influenced by the
manipulation, by the ratio and purity of the materials, and by tiK'
amount of 1x)iling. The best index for completed boiling is the
evident dissolving of the sulphur granules.

Ordinary winter temperatures were found not to exert any
permanent effect on the concentrates, the only danger in freezing
aparently being the possible breakage of containers, and the freezing
])oints lowered with increase in density. Acids and carbon dioxid,
however, readily break down the solution.

In connection with the use of lime-sulphur, the first definite sys-
tem of dilution according to density was developed, foliage tests
were made, some of the conditions influencing spray injury were
determined, and the thorough control of scale on apple by summer
applications alone was demonstrated. This was accomplished with
three s])rays, the first being applied immediately after the young
began to emerge with the others following at intervals of alxiut
ten days, when additional young were observed.** The amount of
spray injury was found not to depend exactly upon density of appli-
cation, but rather upon the density attained on the leaf before
evaporation is complete. This was aft'ected by the abundance of ap-
plication, the density of the material applied, and the size and loca-
tion of the drops retained by the leaves, the younger leaves an 1
under surfaces being most vulnerable.^ Injury is also especiallv
liable to occur when lime-suli:)hur is used after applications of bor-
deaux or after previous applications of lime-sulphur which have

''For fuller account of this strainer, see Rural New-Yorker 191 1, p. 276.

8 See our Annual Report for 1909-10, and the Rural New-Yorker 1910,
p. 944-

» Pennsylvania Report 1908-09:286-89; and Bui. 99:15.

181

broken the epidermis. This accounts for some of the anomalous
cases of severe injury that have come to our attention durmg the

last two seasons.'" . . 1 1 .. 1

The recent work at various other stations cannot be adequately
treated in the present space. The general outburst of activity along
all lines of sulphur sprays has been quite remarkable. The excel-
lent work of Scott at Washington in showing the usefulness of the
^elf-boiled preparation, especiallv in the control of peach diseases,
and also of Ouaintance in showing its value in the summer control
of scale on peach are worthy of special note. Wallace's extensive
work at Cornell against apple diseases, his development of a labora-
tory method of testing fungicides, his demonstration of the special
value of the lime-sulphur-lead-arsenate combination, and his em-
phasis of the relation between broken epidermises, by scab or in-
sects, and lime-sulphur injury are also noteworthy. This injury
is thus brought in line with that of Bordeaux, as pointed out by
Crandall in Illinois, and with that of arsenicals, as ix)inted out by
(;illette in Iowa (Iowa lUil. 10. 1890). Parrott, at Geneva, has
demonstrated the value of sulphur sprays against blister mite, and
has shown the worthlessness of the sediment against scale. \ an
Slvke and P.osworth at the same place have emphasized the general
undesirability of magnesium in the lime used in the ingredients ; and
Waite at Washington has called attention to possible values of
copper and iron sulphids. Besides these workers, Taylor in Mis-
souri, Fulmer and Ciesar in Ontario, Bonus in jMaine, liallard and
Yolck in California, and many others are doing their share in the
present movement of advancing, verifying and perfecting our know-
ledge of the making and use of sulphur sprays, and still there is
work to be rlone.

THE SUMMER SPRAYING OF PEACHES.

By T. p. Stkwart, Experimental Horticulturist, State College, Pa.

During the season of 1910, an opportunity was offered to the
DepartmeiU of Experimental HorticuUure, at State College, to
make some further studies on the summer spraying of peaches. A
block of trees in the extensive orchard of Mr. W. Fred Reynolds
of Bellefonte was very kindly offered for this purpose, and the
necessary additional assistance was provided in the Department.'
The resiilts secured, though not conclusive in all cases, are believed
to be of sufificient interest to warrant presentation at this time, espec-
iallv as a report of progress.

' The primarv object of spraying peach orchards in summer is
to control brown rot. The control of curculio is a pre-requisite for

10 Rural New-Yorker 1910:1096; and Pcnna. Bui. io6:ii-i3-
1 One of our advanced students, Mr. W. H. Sill, had direct charge of
the work during the writer's ahsence. and much of the success attamed is
due to him Excellent service, in addition to his other duties, was also
rendered bv Mr. H. F. Hershey, regular assistant in the Department.

1 82

this, and the practical prevention of peach scab, the black spotted
disease that often cracks the fruit and makes it more or less lop-
sided, is incidentally secured. The object in our work was essen-
tially to try out the best known method - of accomplishing these
ends, and to compare it with other available sprays in order to
secure possible improvements. The relative safety of these sprays
upon the foliage and fruit was also considered, as well as their ef-
fect upon the carrying quality of the fruit in shipment.

For the experiment, a block of some 280 trees about 10 years old
was chosen. The peach trees were Early Crawford, which had
been planted as fillers among apples, every fourth tree being the
latter. This variety was chosen especially because in previous years
it had shown more rot than the others in the orchard, and its trees
were well covered with blossoms.

Outline of the Experiment.

The plan of the experiment involved three sprayings and nine
different treatments, with appropriate "buffers" and checks. In
the first spraying, all plots except the checks were treated alike,
using lead arsenate, lime and water at the rate of 2-2-50 ^ This
application was aimed primarily at the curculio and was applied on
May 19. just as the calyces or "shucks" were shedding. The second
application was made a little less than a month later, on June 11
and 14, the "data" trees being all sprayed on the nth. At this
time the different funeicide and arsenical combinations named below
were applied. In the third spraying, the arsenicals were omitted,
the application being made on June 24. For best results in con-
trolling the diseases this third apHcation should have been deferred
for 3 or 4 weeks, since the fruit proved not to be ready to pick until
August 23, or about 8 weeks after our last application, when it
should have been only about a month between these dates. All
treatments were under the same conditions, however, so that for
l^urposes of comparison the experiment was not appreciably af-
fected.

The materials used in the second and third applications (with
arsenicals omitted in the third) were as follows :

Plot T. Check, (l^nsprayed throughout).

Plot II. "Buffer." (Three rows of trees, sprayed as in Plot 3, that were
included between the data trees and unsprayed portions to avoid
undue exposure of the former to sources of infection).

- The self-boiled lime-sulphur treatment proposed by Scott of United
States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bui. 174, 1910.

" The lead arsenate was the same throughout the experiment, being
kindly furnished us for the purpose by the Grasselli Co., of Cleveland, Ohio.
The lime throughout was high in calcium, about 95 per cent. CaO ; and the
water used was rain water obtained from a cistern. In all cases the applica-
tions were fairly heavy, averaging about 2% gallons to the tree. They were
made with a barrel hand-pump in all cases excepting the second and third
applications on Plot VI, in which a Niagara gas sprayer was used.

Plot HI.

183

Self-boiled lime-sulphur, 8-8-50; and lead arsenate 2 POunds to
50 gallons. (Made as described by ^cott, m U. b.^ U. A., Bur.
of Ent. Cir. 120:5-7; and B. P. I. '^ *

Bui. 174. 1910)-

Plot IV.

Plot V.

Plot VI.

Plot VII.

Lime-sulphur solution. 1.003; and lead arsenate, 2 lb. to 50 gal.
(The applied lime-sulphur solution in all cases was made as de-
scribed bv the writer in Penn. Bui. 99. iQio. A density of 1.003
is approximated equal to a dilution of i to lOO of our best com-
mercial lime-suiphurs, those testing 1.30 Sp. Gr. or 33 Mj Baume).

Lime-sulphur solution, T.003; and arsenite o^.^'^e ^ Pints to 50
g.illons. (The ar.senite of lime here and m Plot VIII was made
as described in Penn. Bui. 99)-

Lime-sulphur solution, 1.003; and lead arsenate, 2 lb. to 50 gal. ;
applied with carbon dioxid gas sprayer. (This was expected to
eliminate the burning by precipitating the sulphur, without losing
the fungicidal action).

Sulfocidc. T to 400; and arsenite of lime, 2 pints to 50 gal. (This
combination was not advocated by the '".anuf'-^cturer but was
tried to determine results, since we had evidence that the t'ans
green recommended was unsatisfactory).

Plot VI H. Sulfocide, I to 400; an darsenate of lime, 2 pints to 50 gallons.
(Tried for reasons indicated in VII).

Pvrox, 5 pounds to 50 gallons of water. (This is a commercial
preparation of bordeaux and lead arsenate which has given
good results on apples. It was tried here a little stronger than
the manufacturers recommended, but apparently is not desirable
for peaches, as later results show).

Plot X Bordeaux, made with vr..pound copper sulfate and 6 PO""tls lime

to 50 gallons of water: and lead arsenate, 2 b;^to 50 gal. (This
spniy was formed by doubling the amount of CuS04 in the next
for comparison with it).

Plot XI. Bordeaux. V4-6-50; and lead arsenate. 2 lb. to 50 gal. (This
snrav wa«^ recommended as having been in successful use for
scve'ral years, in Van Lindley orchards of Southern Pines, North
Carolina).

Plot IX.

Plot XII. Buffer. (Sprayed like XT. See Plot II).

Plot XIII. Check. (Unsprayed).

The plots were adjoining and contained 20 trees each in double
row^ excepting II and' XII, which contained 30 trees each, in three
rows' The data on all plots were taken from 5 or 6 central trees,
thus providing in all cases a ''buff-er" of at least three sprayed rovv-s
between the spraved data trees and unsprayed conditions. It will
be noted that the experiment contains six sulphur treatments, and
three Bordeaux.

The Weather.

The weather during the time of the experiment was as follows :

Date

Date

184

MAY 15-31.

Temperature.
Maximum Minimum Mean Precipitation

15 56

16 66

17 70

18 66

19 76

20 ^2

21 78

22 75

21 67

24 80

25 12

26 63

27 60

28 74

29 17

30 61

31 50

38

47

0

34

50

0

40

55

0

4«

57

.19

48

62

0

53

63

.23

60

69

.20

55

65

Trace

56

62

.02

57

69

.75

55

64

.65

46

55

0

40

50

Trace

47

62

0

45

56

.10

49

55

0

41

46

Trace

JUNE.

Temperature.

Maximum Minimum Mean Precipitation

r 52

2 64

3 62

4 67

5 59

6 "J 2

7 60

8 74

9 69

10 59

11 58

12 62

13 72

14 78

15 81

16 69

17 80

18 80

19 83

20 87

21 88

22 87

23 88

24 80

25 80

26 78

27 8r

28 80

29 84

30 87

40
44
47
40
51
51
47
45
45
49
50
52
50
55
56

59
60
61
60
59
59
64
64
62

50
55
64
60
60
62

46
54
55
54
55
62

54
60

57
54
54
57
6t

67
69
64
70
71
72
7i
74
76
76
71
65
67
7^
70
72

75

.13
Trace

.47
o

.58

.03
.02
o

.12
.69

.15
o
o
o

.28

Trace

.07

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

.01

'77

o

o

185

JULY.

Temperature.
Date Maximum Minimum Mean Precipitation

I 89 64 77 o

o " 88 67 78 o

\ ' 78 65 72 Trace

4 "■■;;■;;: 76 65 71 Trace

e 79 52 66 o

6 82 57 70 o

7 76 57 67 .90

8 86 64 75 o

Q ■ 86 60 7Z .31

10 ■■" 87 62 75 .08

11 86 60 73 o

12 " 84 61 7:s .81

II, 82 66 74 .35

,4 ;;:;: 83 53 68 o

, e 84 60 72 O

t6 .' 85 62 74 .08

17 ^^ ^ ^z ^.-^^^

18 74 55 65 Trace

19 75 51 63 o

00 ..." 81 51 66 o

21 72 59 66 o

o'> 84 60 72 O

7\ '.'.'.'..'.'..'.'. 85 67 76 .15

24 91 63 77 o

2? 86 63 75 o

^ 80 62 71 o

27 '.'. 83 58 71 Trace

28 ! 79 61 70 .83

29 84 54 69 o

30 80 64 72 .02

31 75 53 64 o

AUGUST.

Temperature.
Y)ate Maximum Minimum Mean Precipitation

J 78 46 62 o

2 '^'.\^.......... 85 54 70 o

-> 88 50 69 o

4 86 71 79 Trace

5 ."." 74 56 65 o

6 77 48 63 o

7 79 53 66 o

8 72 59 66 .66

9 77 56 67 .02

10 74 58 66 .78

ji 80 58 69 .02

j2 80 54 67 o

n 81 54 68 o

14 :;.: 83 s8 71 o

iq 84 58 71 o

t6 78 63 71 o

17 75 66 71 o

18 7^ 62 68 .37

19 75 64 70 .22

20 77 49 63 o

21 79 49 64 o

22 76 60 68 o

2-1 82 60 71 o

24 '.'.'.'.'. 82 64 73 o

25 84 64 74 o

I

1 86

Results.

Since the injury caused by the spray itself is one of the most
important matters in peach spraying, special attention was given to
it throughout the experiment. The extent of the injury as well
as its nature was noted. The amounts of twig injury and of fruit
and leaf-drop were determined by trial counts and estimates. The
injury to the picked fruit was determined by the random-sample
method described below. The approximate maximum injuries are
shown in Table 11. These injuries were not all at their maximum
at the same time, those from the liordeaux preparations developing
most slowly. The fruit drop recorded against the checks approxi-
mates that occurring on the unsprayed trees from various causes,
up to picking time.

TABLE IT.

Effect of Sprays on Pniit, Foliage and Tii'igs.

*

i

C/3

Plot

Treatment

^

' "

I-

"5

en

fe^ ;

K

4

c.S

^^

u

S

c

p.*

H-l

c ^

If

li u

« £

u

T. Check 549 o o 5-io o o

HI. Self-l)oilc(l lime-sulphur and Some shot-

Arscnate 430 o o o o hole injury

IV. L-S and Arsenate 424 « o 5 5 5

V. L-S and Arsenite 4^7 n ^-^^ 5 5 10

VI. L-S and Arsenate applied

with CO2 45.^ 49 10.8 50 20 50

VIT. Sulfocide and Arsenate, ... 245 17 ^).94 90 70 qo

VIII. Sulfocide and Arsenite, ... 359 3^ 10.58 40 ^o 50

IX Pyrox (5-50) 377 178 47-2 50 50 65

X. Bordeaux (^-6-50) and Ar- considerable

senate 5i5 55 10.7 i o shot-holing

XL Bordeaux (14-6-50) and Ar- considerable

senate, 459 43 9-8 5 o shot-holing

XIII. Check 495 o o 5-10 o o

It will be readily observed that the amount of injury to fruit,
foliage and twigs is so great in treatments \T to TX as to rule them
out at once from serious consideration as summer sprays for

*In this tahle and those following, the effect of the various treatments
on the picked fruit was determined in all cases hy the random-sample method.
In obtaining these samples, all the fruit on the data trees of a given plot
was picked and weighed. From each basket of this fruit a sample was
taken at random and placed with other similar samples, enough being taken
from each basket to make a total of one or two bushels in the total sample
from each plot. This fruit was carefully examined for rot, scab and curculio
or spray injury, and the per cent, of each found in the sample was consid-
ered to be a correct representation of the fruit conditions of the plot. The
accuracy of this method of course increases with the number of fruits in
the sample. In most cases our numbers seemed to be large enough. But
from the results obtained in one or two instances as indicated later, it seems
probable that some injustice was done.

187

peaches. From the injurv to the fruit, this is also practically true
of X and XI; with V in the doubtful class, despite its efficiency
which appears later. .

The nature of the injury is of special interest, primarily be-
cause it is only through a" correct understanding of its nature that
we can hope to learn its control, either on peaches or other fruits.
In plots VI, VII. IX and X for example, the injury to the fruit
was apparently identical in character, thotigh the fungicides evi-
dcntlv varied. There can be little doubt, therefore, that this injury
is directly due to the arsenical, since it is the only common material,
and also since a similar injury is reported by Haywood and Mc-
Donnell * where lead arsenate only was used.

FiGUKK i.-Typical injured peaches from plots VI to XI The injury is ap-
parently due to the arsenical directly, with the fungicide aiding indirectly.

The general appearance of the injury on the picked fruit is
shown in Figure i. Most of the dropped fruit on these plots was
similarly affected. The injurv was mo.st freciuent where the spray
material had collected on the 'fruit in some quantity, especially be-
tween the fruit and its adjacent twig or between fruits, and dried.
The injured portion became dark, sunken, more or less hardened
and leathery, and frequently cracked away from the sound portion
and emitted' gum. The inju'ry to the foliage and twigs is also doubt-
less largely of the same nature, though not of necessity entirely so,
Muce it is well known that the foliage is (juite susceptible to some in-
jurv from the fungicides ak)ne, even at the low strengths used.

' Assuming then that the injury to the fruit at any rate, is prim-
arily due the arsenicals, the question arises as to how it is brought
about. The arsenate evidentlv did not become soluble with water
and lime alone, in sufficient ([uantities to cause the observed dam-

* U. S. Bureau of Chemistry, Bui. 131 : 36-37- iQio.

1 86

Results.

Since the injury canst'd by the spray itself is one of the most
important matters in j^each sprayin^-. special attention was o-iven to
it throughout the exi)erinient. The extent of the injury as well
as its nature was noted. The amounts of twig^ injury and of fruit
and leaf-drop were determined by trial counts and estimates. The
injurv to the picked fruit was determined by the random-sample
method described beUnv. The approximate maximum injuries are
sh(nvn in Table U. These injuries were not all at their maximum
at the same time, those from the Bordeaux jnTparations developini^-
most sloulv. The fruit drop recorded aj.,^'iinst the checks api)roxi-
mates that occurring- on the unsi^rayed trees from various causes,
ui) to pickini^" time.

TAIU.K II.

liijfcct of Spniys on Pniif, I'ol'huic and Twiqs.

I'lot

TieatTurnt

u

C.

tr.

O I

'^^

*: c-

I. C'lurk 5-1') <> <> 5-10 <i o

!ir. SL'lf-l)«>ik<l liiiu->.nli)liur and Some sh<n-

\f^(..iiati- 4.i" " <> " " l'"k' injury

l\'. i,-S and Ar-cnatc 4-'4 <' <> 5 5 5

\'. !,-S and .\i>enitt' A>^7 i" - -'• 5 5 '<»

\I. k-S and Ai-Miiat^- applinl

with CO-' 45.? 40 lo.S 50 jo 50

\'ir. Sub'ocidc and Ar-ciiato. ... -'45 '7 0.04 (jo 70 QO

\'IIk Sulfocide and \i>cnitc-. ... .^50 .^f< 10.5S 40 M^ 5"

I X I'yn.x ( ys<> ) . ^77 ^7^ 47-' 5^ .^o 05

\. 15()r(k\'iiix ('•.•-6-50) and Ar- considerable

senate. 515 55 10.7 i o sliotdioling

S\. T.i.rdeaux ( '1-0-50 ) .and .\r- con>i(kTal)le

senate. 450 4.^ Q.8 5 o shot-holing

XIII. Clieek 495 <> o 5-10 o o

It will be readily observed that the amount of injtiry to fruit,
folias^e and twij^s i^ >o j^reat in treatments \ I to 1 .\ as to rtile tlum
out at once from >erious con>ideration a^ Mimmer si)rays for

"In thi» t.ihle and th«i-e foljowint:. the efteet of the various treatment'^
on the ])icl<ed fruit wa^ determined in all eases hy the randoin-saniple method.
In ohtaining the-e s;inii)Us. ,,// the fruit on the data trees of a given plot
was picked and weighed, h'rom each ]»asket of this fruit a saini)le was
taken at random and i)laced with other similar sami)Ks. enough heing taken
from each hasket t() make a total of one or two hushels in the total satnple
from each \)h>\. This fruit was c.arefidly examined for rot. scah and curcnlio
or spray injury, and the per cent, of each found in the sample was consid-
ered to be a correct representation of the fruit conditions of the plot. The
accuracy of this method of course increases with the numher of fruit:* in
the sample. In mo^t cases mir numhers seemed to lie large enough. But
from the results oljtained in otie or two instances as indicated later, it seems
prohahle that some injustice was done.

187

peaches From the injurv to the fruit, this is also practically true
of X and XI: with \' in the doubtful class, despite its efficiency

which appears later. ••11

The nature of the injurv is of s])ccial interest, primarily be-
cause it is only through a correct understanding of its nature that
we can hope to learn its control, cither on peaches or other fruits.
In plots \I. \ II. IX and X for example, the injury to the frnit
was apparentlv identical in character, though the fungicides evi-
d.Mitlv varied. ' There can be little doubt, therefore, that this injury
i^ directly due to the arsenical, since it is the only common material,
and also' since a similar injury is reported by I lay wood and Mc-
Donnell^ where lead arsenate only was used.

l.„,i Ki- I —Typical injured peaches from plots VI to XI The injury is ap-
parently ihK- to the .arsenical directly, with the tungicide aidnig mdn-ectly.

The general ai)i)earaiice of the injury on the i)icke(l fruit is
shown inlMgure 1. M<»t of the dropped fruit on the-^e pk.ts was
Minilarlv ati"ected. The injurv was most fre(tuent where the si)ray
material had collected on the fruit in some (|uantily. especially be-
tween the fruit and it> adjacent twig or between fruit^. and dried.
The injured portion became dark, sunken, more or less hardened
and leatherv. and fre(iticntlv cracked away from the sotiiid portuMi
and emitted' gum. The injury to the foliage and twigs i> also doubt-
less largely of the same nature, though not of necosity entirely so.
since itis 'well known that the foliage is (|uite susceptible to s(Mne in-
jurv from the funuicides ak)ne. even at the low strvMigths used.
' ' Assuming theii that the injury to the fruit at any rate. i< pnm-
arilv due the arsenicals. the (luestion arises as to how it is brought
about. The arsenate evidently did not become soluble with water
and lime alone, in sufficient (|uantities to cause the observed dam-

■» L'. S. Bureau of Cheinistry, Bui. 131 : 36-37- 'Qio.

■ INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

1 88

age, as is apparently proved by the fact that no perceptible injury
resulted in 3^2 weeks following the first application. Atmospheric
carbon dioxid, which has been suggested as the possible dissolving
agent, appears to have no action on lead arsenate directly, since
Haywood and McDonnell ^ have found that lead arsenate of either
composition, PbHAs04 or Pb3(As04)2, is rather "less soluble in
distilled water saturated with carbon dioxid, even when heated to
50° C, than in cold distilled water free from carbon dioxid." Cer-
tain salts, especially of sodium, when present in the spray water even
in relatively small quantities, are well known to exert a very marked
solvent action on lead arsenate.*^ But even this can hardly have been
operative in our results, since only rain water was used. Our con-
clusion therefore is that the addition of the fungicides, especially
those in soluble form, have acted like other salts in solution, and
have brought about the dissolving of the arsenicals.

In plot III, the fungicide was not in solution to any appreciable
extent, hence little or no action.'^ In IV, a reaction occurs, but the
dissolved arsenate is reprecipitated as rapidly as formed, probably
largely as calcium arsenate, and thus the injury is relatively slight.
In plot VI, however, where carbon dioxid also is added, soluble
arsenic was evidently set free in considerable quantities. The gas
therefore was apparently able to break down the secondary com-
pounds formed in IV, probably changing the arsenate of calcium to
the carbonate in the process. Regardless of the exact reaction, how-
ever, the use of the gas sprayer in connection with the combined
lime-sulphur arsenate spray is obviously very dangerous and not to
be recommended. On the other hand, in the third application with
the gas and lime-sulphur alone, no additional damage was done to
the trees of the plot and none whatever to adjacent trees sprayed
only at this time. In this plot, therefore, all the injury is unques-
tionably due to modifications in the arsenical.^

In plots \'II and Mil, this solvent action of the fungicide upon
the arsenicals is very evident and easily explained. Here we had
a material, Sulfocide, that according to our analysis is a soda-sul-
phur compound, to which has been added a neutral organic sub-
stance that renders it viscid. It has been used alone on peaches,
at I to 400 with no appreciable injury. But when either of the
arsenicals used by us is added, there results the excessive injury
shown in Table II. The addition of paris green is evidently no
safer than that of lead arsenate, as indicated by the results of Dr.
Clinton in Connecticut,^ and also by disastrous results on pears

^ U, S. Bureau of Chemistry, Bui. 131 : 45-46. 1910.

8U. S. Bureau of Chemistry, Bui. 131:46-48; and Headden, Colo. Bui.
131 : 22. 1910.

"* In any case the reaction can occur only to the extent in which both
reacting materials are in solution, a point which seems to have been lost sight
of in many discussions of this subject.

8 Similar results are reported by Wallace, in a forthcoming bulletin, No.
288, of the Cornell Station.

^Connecticut Report 1909-10, p. 611. Tn our results, it is noteworthy
that the injury with arsenite of lime was only about half that with lead
arsenate, though of course neither arsenical is usable in this combination.

189

obtained this past season by our President, Mr. Hiester. In short,
the soda-sulphur fungicide in this case acts like other sodium salts
in rendering soluble the arsenicals combined with it. Similarly
in plot V, it is probably the trace of sodium that still remains in
our preparation of the arsenical, which is responsible for the burn-
ing obtained, since calcium arsenite itself is apparently less soluble
than calcium arsenate, which is formed to some extent in IV. The
action with Bordeaux, in plots IX to XI, may be somewhat different,
but it is of less importance to us in this discussion.

Summary of Spray-Injury. — In this whole matter of sulphur-
arsenical injury therefore it seems (i) that when used at proper
diiutions. mbst'of the injury is due directly to the arsenical, but in-
directly to the solvent action of the fungicide used with it ; (2) that
certain sulphur spravs are entirely unusable with present arsenicals
since thev contain soda; (3) that the use of spray water containing
appreciable quantities of sodium salts, or the use of commercial
lime-sulphurs to which sodium or potash salts have been added, is
especially dangerous in connection with arsenicals ; and (4) that the
solving of the spray injurv problem, so far as it depends on the
materials themselves, probablv consists in the elimination of the
solvent action of the fungicide by properly putting it out of solu-
tion, coui)led with the use of an arsenical of the highest grade. The
details of this process, we expect to try to work out in the future.

TABLE III.
Hft'cct of Sprays on Yield and General Soundness

of I'ruit.

Plot

Treatment

.0

l-J

.tJ u

3 5>

'/I

V

U

•0 i!

'<*

ti —

J! .

.—

.y^o

^-^

0

H

>>

•0

01

c

"5*

u

§

4-i

in

5. a

u 0

c

.O""

u

y.

0^

y.

I

I. Clieck 258

Iff. Sclf-boik'd and Arsenate \27

W. L-S and Arsenate 547

V. 1,-S and Arsenite 399

VI. L-S and Arsenate applied with

CO2 359

Vir. Sulfocide and Arsenate, I77

VIII. Sulfocide and Arsenite .^4^

IX. Pvrox (5-50^ ^99

X. Bordeaux (V-j-6-5o) and Ar-

senate, 649

xr. Bordeaux (^4-6-50) and Ar-
senate 564

Xlir. Check 374

50

84.3
108.4
79.2

67 r
463
475
562

34
3<5^
310

414

5.07
65.7

65.47

73.6

70.4

34.8

66.7
50.9

627

2>22

485
II07

428

171

298

667

68.2

531

6T.5
60.34

127.8

679

502

73-9

1 10. 1

459

7^22

70.3

72.9

612

lOI

16.5

In Table HI, we have a partial representation of the influence
of our treatments upon yield and general soundness of the fruit.

♦The samples in this case include both picked and fallen fruit and in
all other tables picked fruit only is considered.

190

We say "partial" because the yield differences are only partially
attributable to the sprays, the differences being chiefly due to varia-
tions in the original crops, in the size of the trees, and in the amount
of thinning. Some of the low yields, however, those on plots VII
and IX, are rather directly connected with the materials applied, on
account of the resulting fruit drop. The generally higher yields of
the other sprayed plots, as compared with the checks, are also
doubtless due to reduction of loss from curculio and rot.

The differences in soundness are more significant. On the
checks, the perfectly sound fruit ran from 5 to 16.5 per cent.,
while on the best sprayed ])lots it ran from 65 to 73 per cent. It
will be observed that the bordeaux O2-6-50) has given the highest
per cent, of sound fruit, followed very closely by the sulphur solu-
tion and lime arsenitc. Plots II T and T\', however, were lowered
in soundness primarily by their greater damage from curculio, shown
later in Table III. With this exception their fruit was the best
of all.

The soundness of the fruit on \l is also notably high, thus show-
ing that the fungicidal nroperties were not lost by the precipitation
of the sulphur. The injury came quickly on this plot, the damage
being done by the second spraying : and recovery was also very
rapid.

Effect of the Strays on Color. — The fruits remaining on the
tree, in plot \ I especially, averaged large and were c.vtronclv
brilliantly colored. This was i^robably due to stimulation by the
arsenic, when ])resent in less than killing strengths, coupled with the
decreased foliage which admitted more light to the fruit. A similar
increase in color ai)peared in all the sprayed plots, the increase be-
ing roughly proportional to the severity of the arsenical injury.

TABLh: \y,

liffect of Sprays on Cnrculio.

^

>.

1)

VI

4

u

Plot

Treatment

f Fruil
sample

jured
"culio

4-»

0
. e

0 —

.= 5

ccn

k;

0

u

"J

C-

T.

ITT.

IV.

V.

VT.

VI r.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XITI.

Check. 540

Sclf-boik'd aiKl Arsenate 430

L-S and Arsenate 424

L-S and Arscnitc 487

L-S and Arsenate, applied with CO2 453

SulTocidc and Arsenate 245

Sulfocide and .\rsenite 359

Pyrox (5-50) yj-]

Bordeaux (Mj-6-50) and .Arsenate 515

Bordeaux (Vi -6-50) and Arsenate 459

Check, 495

T.^5

24.7

120

270

88

20.75

14

2.9

42

9.27

51

20.8

n

3.62

13

3-45

41

7.96

22

4.8

129

25.1

191

Table IV shows the effect of the treatments in controlling cur-
culio. It contains some surprising results, some of which may be
due to accidents of sampling or to other elements of chance within
the experiment, and more repetitions are needed before drawing final
conclusions. The first sun)rise is in the remarkable efliciency dis-
played by arsenite of lime, in the second application, in both plots
in which it occurs (V and \III). The other is the equally sur-
prising failure of lead arsenate in certain of its plots III, IV and
MI). We do not attempt to explain this, further than to say that
some of the inequalities are due to the fact that the droped fruit
was not here considered and. in the rotted fruit, the curculio in-
jury was often obscured so that it could not be recorded with cer-
taiiity. The plots with considerable dropping and rotting therefore
doubtless escaped being charged with some of their insect injury.
The relative injury is presented, however, because of its bearing
ui)on some of the results that follow.

ImgukR 2.— Unsprayed apples, showing effects of curculio. These marks are
caused by feeding or egg-laying punctures that failed to develop larvx.
When the eggs hatch, the fruit drops.

An interesting l)y-])ro(luct was secured in this connection in
some remarkable control of curculio on the apple trees within the
experiment, which were sprayed along with the peach. The condi-
tion of the apples on unsprayed and sprayed trees is shown in
Figures 2 and 3. These results held practically throughout the
experiment.

192

The control of curcuHo in this case is the more remarkable
because of the relatively late applications of the arsenicals, the first
.spraying being about 10 or 15 days after petal fall on the apples,
and the second about three and one-half weeks later, as indicated
above. Incidentally, we may sa}^ that the control of curculio is
doubtless of more importance on apples than is generally supposed.
We know of one instance, for example, where over 80 per cent,
of the June drop apples were found affected with curculio larv.x.
We have been told heretofore that, in the apple, if the fruit drops the
egg of the curculio hatches. In the writer's opinion, it is probably
more correct to say that if the egg hatches, the fruit drops, the
former statement merely having "the cart before the horse."

Fgu-rk 3. — Apples .sprayed with lead arsenate and lime-sulphur. The spray-
ed trees were of the same variety and location as those shown in Fig. 2.

lit the control of curcuho on a])])lc. however, we do not say
that the times indicated above are necessarily the best. That is a
j)roblem for the entomologist. We are merely calling attention to
one case of quite thorough control at the times indicated, prim-
arily with lead arsenate and lime-sulphur, though certain other
materials were at least equally effective.

/

193

TABLE V.

Effect of Sprays on Scab and Brown Rot of Peaches.

JS

XI

,X3

*J

M

• ^

a

0

?

V)

^

»

Plot

Treatment

^1

• ^ CD

3 0

uC/3
fa

c
0

2**
fa

•

l«

^

d

Ph

0

52;

^

I.
III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.
Vlll.
IX.
X.

XI.

XIII.

Check, 549

Self-boiled and Arsenate 430

L-S and Arsenate, 424

L-S and Arsenite, .... ... 487

L-S and Arsenate, applied with

CO2, 453

Sulfocide and Arsenate, 245

Sulfocide and Arsenite, 359

Pyrox (5-50), 377

Bordeaux (y2-6-5o) and Ar-
senate, 515

Bordeaux (^-6-50) and Ar-
senate, 459

Check 495

470
28
31

79

85.6
6.57
7-3

16.2

262

35
92

55

477
8.2

217
11.33

42
36
82
20

9.27

147
22.8

5-3

51
30
30
80

11.26
12.24
8.36
21.2

38

7-37

37

7.2

48
443

10.48
89.5

43
97

9-4
19.6

In Table V, in which direct fungicidal values are compared,
first place plainly lies between plots III and X, which are practically
equal in their per cent, of scab and rot. The advantage is with III,
however, since the conditions near it were apparently more severe,
as indicated by the nearest checks. The rot reduction on plot XIII
was probably due to its being within two or three rows of the edge
of the orchard, at which there was a sudden steep break or descent
in the hill, thus affording better ventilation or air drainage. This
did not affect the amount of scab, however, and it is doubtful
whether the reduced-rot influence extended much beyond the ad-
joining plots. The high efficiency of the 1 Bordeaux of plot X is
certainly worthy of note, however, and of further trial.

It will be ob.served that the sulphur-arsenate combination in
plot IV controlled scab very well, reducing it from an average of
87.5 per cent, on the checks to 7.3 per cent, but tliat it apparently
failed rather badly in rot-control, reducing it only about one-half.
In plot VI, however, the same materials applied with carbon-dioxid,
which we have seen is an undesirable treatment, show very satisfac-
tory control. This is quite surprising, especially in view of the in-
creased fungicidal action obtained from this combination by Wal-
lace, and it is another of the cases that we do not attempt to ex-
plain. We believe, though, that the showing of the figures in IV,
against rot is worse than tlie actual facts, due to accidents of sam-
pling in this plot as ahxady noted in connection with Table IV. It
is probable that about 15 per cent, of rot is more nearly correct.
Even at that the advantage in Plots V and VI is probably connected
with their better control of curculio and to the much greater amount
of sunlight in \'I as a result of loss in foliage. These conditions
also doubtless partly account for the excellent showing against rot

194

in VIII, another undesirable treatment. It should be noted espec-
ially, however, that the precipation of the sulphur in VI at least did
no appreciable damage to its fungicidal value.

Influence of Sprays on Carrying Quality.

Any treatment that improves the carrying quality of such a
short-lived fruit as peaches is of great importance. To determine
the effect of our most promising s])rays on this point, some fifteen
half-bushels of fruit were taken from each of the plots indicated in
Table VI. This fruit without further spraying, was placed in a
car of peaches for shipment from ijcllefonte to Duliois, l*a.

The test turned out to be a })articularly severe one. inasmuch
as the car was left un-iced and un-ventilated and, owing to various
delays, it failed to reach its destination for fruit delivery until
August 26, three days after the fruit was picked. The condition of
the fruit when examined by Air. Sill is shown in Table \'I.

TABLE VI.

Effect of Different Sprays on Carrying Quality of Peaches.

•c

CA

1^

•0

CI
0

CI

*J
*•*

0

I4

fr, V

u

c

•<- c

u

c

0 rt

u

V

X

.0

s

0

0

S3

^

^

III. Sclf-boilcd linie-sulpluir and lead ar-
senate, 52

IV L-S and lead arsenate 53

V. L-S and lime arsenite 51

XI. Dilute Bordeaux and lead arsenate, .... 49

XIII. Check, 50

166

33

19.87

200

94

47.

216

31

14.32

181

62

3425

144

144

100.

The unfavorable conditions of shipment, with the accompanying
rapid respiration of the poaches, developed a thoroughly stifling heat
in the unventilated car, and furnidied ideal conditions for rot.
The result was that the un^prayed fruit showed 100 per cent, of
rot as indicated in the table. I'nder the same conditions the rot 011
the sprayed fruit was reduced to 14.3 ])er cent, in one case, and to
19.8 per cent, in anotlier. Such improvements in carrying (juality
alone certainly justify the practice of spraying.

The difference observed between ])lots ]\' and \' is probably
largely due again to the difference of curculio injury, coupled with
the larger amount of rot present in the fruit when ])icked. This
gave a greater chance for infection in liaising over the mechanical
sizer, which was used in grading the fruit. It will be noted further
that throughout the experiment, excepting scab control, arsenite of
lime '" in the second sulphur spray has a])i)arently i)roved a little
more efficient and a little more dangerous than lead arsenate. This

195

greater danger, and also the unfavorable results with the arsenite
re])orted by Wallace at Cornell, make it inadvisable as yet to recom-
mend its use. For the present, therefore, it appears to be safest to
use high grade lead arsenate in connection with lime-sulphur sprays.
The self-boiled preparation again shows its marked superiority
over the bordeaux. If we disregard its failure against curculio,
which may have been accidental in this instance, it still remains the
safest and most reliable peach spray that we know, and the only
one that we can safely recommend on a large scale for this fruit.
The excellent showing of the clear solution in certain instances,
however, would indicate that with a little tp.ore knowledge of injury-
control it may yet supercede the self-boiled, at least in the third
application. This is primarily because of its apparently equal effi-
ciency, even at the high dilutions required, together with its greater
economy and convenience and its lessened staining of the fruit.

Prof. I. W. Voder. accom])anied on the ])iano by Mr. Berger,
sang several selections during the evening which were very accept-
able.

Adjournment.

^'Mt slionld be remembered that this arsenite of lime was made accord-
ing to the formula which we presented in Bnls. gj and go. It still doubtless
has its faults, but it apparentb- is less dangerous than the material reported
harm.ful l)y Scott, which was made by another method.

INDEX

Addresses —

"President's Address" 21

"The Value of the Propagation of Fruit , Trees from Special
Selections, with Reference to Constitutional Vigor and

Productiveness", 30

"Apple Rust", 39

"Apple Blights" 44

"A Year's Work in the Demonstration Orchards" 50

"The Relation of the Soil to Plant Life and the Value of Tillage

for Orchard Development", 57

"Pennsylvania Horticulture", 68

"Vegetahle Forcing Under Glass", 75

"The Muskmelon" 86

"Peaches", 93

"Tomatoes" 102

"Strawberries", 108

"Impressions of Pennsylvania Fruit", 119

"Orchard Afanagcment", 134

"Lime-Sulphur Spravs for the Summer Treatment of Orchards" 144

"Plums", '. 154

"'Pennsylvania Apple Soils" 165

"Recent Advances in our Knowledge of Lime-Sulphur" 176

"The Summer Spraving of Peaches" 181

"Apple Rust" ; 39

"Apple Blights" 44

Audit Committee, 154

Awards, 128

Black, E. S., Remarks 117

Brackett, G. B., Address 119

Portrait, 120

Business Session, 133

By-Laws 17

Constitution, I , 16, 133

"Demonstration Orchards" 50

Flection of Officers 143

Fxhibit Committee Report 128

Farnsworth. W. \V., Address, 93, 134

Portrait. 93

Fassett, F. H., Remarks, 131

Fox. Cyrus T.. Remarks 131

Fulton, Prof. H. R., Address, 39, 44

Gregg, Prof. J. W., Address, 86

Hale, T. H.. Remarks II5

Herr. John D., General Fruit Committtee Report 24

Portrait 25

Hiester. Gabriel, Address 2T

Hostetler, Abram, Remarks, 1 18

Illustrations —

Adams Countv York Imperials, 23

.T. D. Herr, Portrait 2S

Field of Rhubarb. Farm of "Matthew Heist, 27

George T. Powell, Portrait, 30

196

Six Year Old Mcintosh Trees, 34

Picking Adams County York Imperial, 36

Cedar Rust 40

Apple Blight 45

Prof. H. A. Surface, Portrait 51

Low Headed Apple Tree, 61

Tomatoes in State College Greenhouse, 6';

Prof. R. L. Watts, Portrait 68

Cucumber Frames, Arlington, Mass., 70

Packing Adams County Apples, 71

Skinner System, Farm of Robert T Walton, 7?^

Retail Market Wagon of Robert J. Walton 74

One of the Greenhouses at State College 75

New Carlisle. Ohio, Greenhouse 80

^lanure is used extensivelv in North Philadelphia 84

Starting Muskmelons in Hotbeds, 87

W. W^. Farnsworth, Portrait 93

Thyme on the Farm of Frank Shallcross, 97

Two Types of Swiss Chard, 104

Stayman Winesap Apple iii

Mr. Farnsworth's Orchard, 135

Mr. Farnsworth's Cold Storage, 139

York Imperial Tree Sprayed with Lime-Sulphur 145

York Imperial Tree not Sprayed, 148

Apples Sprayed with Commercial Lime-Sulphur, 149

Unspraved Apples 150

H. C. Snavelv's Orchard 166

Nine Year Old Wagener in Lackawanna Silt Loam, 168

Lime-Sulphur Strainer, I79

Peaches Injured bv Spray 187

Unsprayed Aples Showing Effect of Curculio 191

Apples Sprayed with Lime-Sulphur and Lead Arsenate 192

"Impressions of Pennsylvania Fruit", I19

"In Memoriam", 164

Kerr. J. W., Address, 108, 154

Portrait lOp

Ledy, J. H., Remarks 132

"Lime-Sulphur Sprays for the Summer Treatment of Orchards",.. 144

"Muskmelons", 86

Nominating Committee 134. 143

Orchard Heating 124

Orchard Management, 134

"Peaches", 93

"Pennsylvania Apple Soils" 165

"Pcnnsvlvania Horticulture" 68

"Plums", T54

Powell. George T.. Addresses 30. .S7

Portrait • • .30

"Propagation of Fruit Trees from Special Selections", 30

Premium Awards, 128

"Recent Advances in our Knowledge of Lime-Sulphur Sprays", 176

"Relation of Soil to Plant Life" 57

Report of General Fruit Committee 24

Resolution Committee i6t

Roberts, John W., Paper, I44

19^

Scott, W. M., Paper,

Sparks, Dr. H. K., Remarks, '44

Stewart. Prof. J. P., Paper, .....■.■"• ^ '^7

Strawberries", 176, J8r

';Sumnier Spraying of Peaches'', ^^

Surface, Prof. H. A., Address '^^

Portrait, ' 5o

51

"fillage for Orchard Development",

1 omatoes", 57

"Treasurer's Report", ' '^j

153

"Vegetable Forcing Under Glass"

' 75

VVaide, C. W.. Address, ...

Watts. Prof. R. L., Address 75, ro2

Portrait, ' 68

Wilder, Prof. H. J.. AMrcs^y. '..'.'. J^

Wright, Prof. W. J., Report, '.'.'.'.'.'.'. ^^'^

I2o

/^inmierman. D. B., Remarks,

132

END OF YEAR