Author: State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania

Title: Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association
of Pennsylvania. ..1916

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1916

IVIaster Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg229.2

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PROCEEDINGS

of the

STATE HORTICULTURAL

ASSOCIATION OF

PENNSYLVANIA

for

I916

FIFTY-SEVENTH
ANNUAL MEETING

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State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania

Officers for 1916

PRESIDENT
Dr. I. H. Mayer, Willow Street, Pa.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.
P. S. Fenstermacher, Allentown.

Geo. W. Kessler, Tyrone.

W. J. Lewis, Pittston.

SECRETARY.
F. N. Fagan, State College.

TREASURER.
Edwin M. Thomas, King of Prussi

VICE-PRESIDENTS CERTIFIED FROM THE COUNTY ASSOCIATION.
(Presidents of County Associations for Current Year.)

Adams C. A. Griest; Bedjord, J. Clyde Bierly; Blair, Lynn A. Brua: C
Mix^mno%tt\.\tx\Chester and Delaware, ^d.m\x^\\..'^r\nXon\ Lackawanna A B Ki
Spring Brook; Montgomery,\xv\v, P. Knipe; Somerset, D. B. Zimmerman'; Susquehanna,

W H Banziaf ^*'^^°"' ^' ^^'■'■°"'' ^^yowing, O. M. Treible; Lycoming,

EXECUTIVE BOARD.
(AH of the above named officers.)

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STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1916.

Legislative Committee.
C. J. Tyson, Flora Dale; Dr. J. P. Stewart, State College;

Hon. Ralph Gibson, Chairman, Williamsport.

Exhibition Committee.

A. Freeman Mason, Chairman, State College.

C. A. Wolfe, Aspers; H. F. Hershey, Harrisburg; R. H. Bell, Williamsport;

Geo. W. Kessler, Tyrone.

General Fruit Committee.
Dr. J. P. Stewart, State College.

Membership in this committee is composed of one member from each county
represented in the Association, and such others as the chairman may request to
assist him.

Membership and Expansion Committee.
One member from each county in the State showing horticultural activity.

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MEMBERSHIP

NAME.

POST OFFICE.

NAME.

Life Members

POST OFFICE.

COUNTi^

Adams, W. S., Aspers, Adams.

Anderson, H. W., Stewartstown, York.

Anwyll, Harry L., Harrisburg, *. Dauphin.

Atkinson, D. W., Wrightstown, Bucks.

Atwater, Richard M,, Chadds Ford, Chester.

Bauzhah, W. H., Muncy, Lycoming.

Barlow, Thos. W., Fort Washington, Montgomery.

Bartfam, Frank N., 1639 Race St., Philadelphia, Philadelphia.

Bennett, Eugene B., Easton, Route 3, Northampton.

Blaine, George W., North East, Erie.

Bell, R. H., Williamsport Centre.

Blessing, David S., 4 N, Court St., Harrisburg, Dauphin.

Boltz, Peter R., Lebanon, Lebanon.

Boles, McClellan T., Hanlin Station, Washington.

Boyer, John F., Middleburg, Snyder.

Blair, Charles P., Monaca, Beaver.

Brinton, Wm. P., Christiana, Lancaster.

Brinton, S. L., West Chester, Chester.

Cation, Wm. R., Orrtanna, Adams.

Chase, Charles T., Devon, Chester.

Chase, Howard A., Union League, Philadelphia, Philadelphia.

Cooper, C. A., 1000 Highland Ave. Coraopolis, Allegheny.

Corcoran, J. Paul, New Albany,

Creasy, Hon. Wm. T., . . . .Catawissa, Columbia.

Crouse, E. A., Gettysburg, Adams.

Cummings, Jos. F., Sunbury, Northumberland.

Dickson, B. M., 5711 Elgin Ave., Pittsburgh, Allegheny.

Dill, Robert, North East, Erie.

Dunlap, Jas. M., Altoona Cumberland.

Dunlap, R. Bruce, Walnut Bottom, Cumberland,

Eldon, Robert M., Aspers, Adams.

Engle, Enos B., Harrisburg, Dauphin.

Engle, John G., Marietta, Lancaster.

Espe, August G., Perrysville, Allegheny.

Fassett, F. H., Meshoppen, Wyoming.

Filbert, R. J., Fox Chase, Philadelphia.

Fox, Cyrus T., Reading, Berks.

Freed, A. J., Racine, Beaver.

Freed, W. A., Racine, Beaver.

Garrahan, R. H Kingston, Luzerne.

Garrcttson, Eli P., Biglerville, Adams.

Good, C. W., Waynesboro, Franklin.

Griest, C. A., Guernsey Adams.

Griest, Frederick E., Santa Lucio, Oriente, Cuba,

Grove, W. E., York Springs, Adams.

Haddock, John C, Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne.

Hall, L. C, Avonia, Erie.

Hartman, D. L., Little River, Fla.,

Hartman, George R., Biglerville, Adams.

Hartman, L. E., Etters, York.

Hartman. Wm., Etters, York.

Haverstick, Paul E., Lancaster, Lancaster.

Hawkins, Chas. A., York, York,

Heard, R. E., Buffalo, N. Y.,

Hershey, H. F., Harrisburg, Dauphin.

Hill, William D., North East, Erie.

Hoopes, Abner, West Chester, Chester.

Hostetler, Abram, Johnstown, Cambrii.

Hucy, S. R., Newcastle, Lawrence.

Huflf, Burrell R., Greensburg, Westmoreland.

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Huff, L. B., Greensburg,

Johnston, Mrs. F. C, Dallas,

Jones, J. F., Lancaster,

Jones, S. Morris, West Grove,

Keller, H. M., Gettysburg, R. 5,

Kessler, Geo. W., Tyrone,

Kister, U. G., Etters,

Koehler, Paulus E., Monaca,

Landis, D. M., Lancaster, R. 1,

Landis, Israel, Lancaster,

Large, Miss Katharine S., . Orrtanna,

Lightner, Wm. A., Landisburg,

Loop, A. L, North East,

Lord, John, Wyoming, R. 1,

Macneal, Wm. H., Parkesburg,

MaflFet, Miss M. A., 264 S. Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre, . . .

Martin, J. O., Mercersburg,

Mayer, Guy S Willow Street,

Mayer, Dr. I. H., Willow Street,

McClelland, J. B., Canonsburg,

McCormick, James, Harrisburg,

McFarland, J. Horace,. . . .Harrisburg,

McKee, J. M., Washington,

McLanahan, J. King, Holidaysburg,

Meehan, S. Mendelson, . . .Germantown,

Mendenhall, J. Howard, . . . Glen Mills,

Metzger, Dr. A. H., Millersville,

Mitchell, Ehrman B., Harrisburg,

Moon, Henry T., Morrisville,

Muller, Adolph, Norristown,

Myers, Levi M., Siddonsburg,

O'Conner, Haldeman, 13 N. Front St.; Harrisburg,

Pannebaker, Wm. M., .... Virgilina, Virginia,

Pierce, H. W., '. .Wilkes-Barre,

Rankin, Chas. C, West Chester,

Reist, John G., Mount Joy,

Rick, John, Reading,

Rinehart, E. S., Mercersburg,

Roberts, Horace, Moorestown, N. J.,

Robinson, A. Blaine, North East,

Rohde, Wm., Johnstown,

Runk, J. A., Huntingdon,

Rush, Perry M., Sycamore, R. 1,

Satterthwaite, Fred'k G.,. . Fallsington,

Searle, Alonza T., Honesdale,

Settlemeyer, C. T., Wilmore,

Shaffner, Jacob, Harrisburg,

Shallcross, Frank R., Frankford,

Shank, H. L., Lancaster, % Conestoga Stage,

Sharpe, Miss E. M., Accotink, Va.,

Smedley, Samuel L., 2442 Bryn Mawr y\ve.. West Phila

delphia,

Snavely, H. H., Willow Street,

Stem, Dr. J. C, Lemoyne,

Stewart, Dr. J. P., State College,

Strasbaugh, E. F., Orrtanna,

Swank, Luke H., Johnstown,

Taylor, Ralph S., 325 N. Matlack Ave., West Chester,

Thomas, Chas. L., King of Prussia,

Thomas, Edwin W., King of Prussia,

Trexler, Harry C, Allentown,

Tyson, Chester J., Flora Dale,

Tyson, Edwin C, Flora Dale,

Tyson, Wm. C, Guernsey,

COUNTY.

Westmoreland.

Luzerne.

Lancaster.

Chester.

Adams.

Blair.

York.

Beaver.

Lancaster.

Lancaster.

Adams.

Perry.

Erie.

Luzerne.

Luzerne.

Luzerne.

Franklin.

Lancaster.

Lancaster.

Washington.

Dauphin.

Dauphin.

Washington.

Blair.

Philadelphia.

Delaware.

Lancaster.

Dauphin.

Bucks.

Montgomery.

York.

Dauphin.

Luzerne.

Chester.

Lancaster.

Berks.

Franklin.

Erie.

Cambria.

Huntingdon.

Greene.

Bucks.

Wayne.

Dauphin.

Philadelphia.

Lancaster.

Philadelphia.

Lancaster.

Cumberland.

Centre.

Adams.

Cambria.

Chester.

Montgomery.

Montgomery.

Lehigh.

Adams.

Adams.

Adams.

POST OFFICE.

Somerset.

Waynesboro,.. l:^^^"°"-

T«u„.* ' rranklin.

NAME.

s;"'-". R^rt J Hummeist;;;; ""'""• „ ^o^n-

Weaver, Abram, Windber Dauphin.

Weimer E.A., Lebanon,'.' *"

Wertz, D. Maurice,.

Wertz, Geo. M., Johnstown, .'. ;;^^\^'!"-

Westrick, F. A., Patton R 2 Cambria.

Whisler, Edgar, .... " Etter.! 'r " i ' Cambria.

White, ArthLk,...::::pSi^-^' York.

Willams, Irvin C, Royersford Lawrence.

^T' ^""^u ^' Germantown;." .' ." ." ^h^rTiT^"

Zu'Tu ^-7' Punxsutawney,. . . Philadelphu.

Wolfe, Chas. A., Aspers Jefferson.

Woods, Edward A.,. . . Frick RmV ' p;^* k ' " i Adams.

Voungs, L. G.,. ..;.....•; ;Ch Eaft- "'''"^''' ^"^^h-^-

' line.

Annual Members

Adams, C. S.,

American Agriculturist,! '.'.'. ViV W ' ' I ' ; Reading, Pa.

Aurand, Mrs. Chas. M.,. ^^ i^ourth Ave., New York City.

Balthaser, James M.,. . '. Lewistown.*

Bernard, C. P., Wernersville

Barnes, P. T., North Brook.

Barnhart, Albert, Harrisburg.

Bartram, Geo. H., Lebanon, Pa

Bolton, W. P., ■ West Chester.

Botscheller, A. B., Holtwood.

Brmser, E. C, Dalton.

Brmton, H. C, Middletown

Brooke, R. G., Hanover.

Brown, Wm Schwenksville

Bucher, I Rdly, 2108 Myrtle St., Erie.

Charlottsville Box and Basket Co ^, Lebanon.

J-hapin, Irwin, ' Charlottsville, Va

Cope, Francis R., Shickshinny.

Coursen, I. H., ■„ • Dimock P. O.

Craygo, W. H., Wyoming R. D. No. 3

Cnswell, Robert T., j.^v : • • • • •„• • ■■•;.. -Carmichaels.

Delmotte, A. G., . . '^ Lmcoln Way, E. Chambersburg

Dickey, Samuel, Box 603, Harrisburg.'

E der, Geo. K., :.::: Oxford.

t^lIis, David M.,. . . . Lewiston, Me

Everhart, G.W., Bridgeport.*

Fagan, FN., .; ." ' York.

r assett, Wallace, ... State College

Ford, A. E., Mehoopany.

Fry, John L., • • ■ ■ ■ -• ■ : • • Glen Riddle.

Gibson, Hon. Ralph,. ^^^ Madison Ave., Reading, Pa.

Gillan, R. J., Williamsport.

Good, Martin R., St. Thomas.

Green, Jas. Jr., Blue Bell.

Hasse, Herman, i^Vt ' ' f a' " ' " W ■ Greighton.

Haines, Mary M ^^^ Layfayette Ave., Brooklyn N Y

Hall, Robert W.,. ...;;::.; ; , «• >;u • ■ •. o • Gheltenham."

Harris, Jos. & Bro. . . ^^^ Church St., Bethlehem.

Harrison, Wm. O., y • • „ • • • ,; ^ Shamokin.

Hawkins, E. B., . . . ^^^ ^oor. Keenan Bldg., Pittsburgh

Heilman. R. P., . . . 36 S. Green St., York

Herr, Jno. D., * " " ' / • • • . Emporium.'

rJne, Anihonv, ^^6 Dike St., Lancaster.

Kalbach, C. P.,. .. .'. Curwensville'

Keim, Wm. R., '.'.'.'.'.'. ■ • Berneville.

R- D. 2, Boyertown.

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Kerr, S. W., Stony Creek Mills.

Knouse, T. C, Benton.

Kunkel, Jonas, Orwigsburg.

Lenhart, H. G., 207 Douglas St., Reading, Pa.

Leslie, W. H., Arnold.

Lesher, H. W., Northumberland.

Longenberger, Harry R., R.D.I, Nisbit.

Macneal, Wm. P., Parkesburg.

Maloney Bro. & Wells Co., Dansville, N. Y.

Marble, L. M., Canton.

Mason, A. F., State College.

Mechling, Edw. A., Moorestown.

Mesta, H. J., Finleyville.

Miller, E. M., Hanover.

Minnick, D. N. & Bro., Chambersburg.

Mitchell, E. W., Stuyvesant Falls, N. Y.

Mitchell, Ehrman B., R. D. 2, Beaufort Farms, Linglestown, Pa.

Morey, J. B., Nurseries, Dansville, N. Y.

Muttart, Chas. J., Bryn Mawr.

McClintock, D. I., 2941 Voelkel Ave., Dormont, Pittsburgh.

McHenry, Benton.

Noll, Wm. J., Cornwall.

Peck, Wm. H 3rd National Bank, Scranton.

Pennell, Jos., Wawa.

Pennsylvania Farmer, 261 S. 3rd St., Philadelphia.

Pershing, Thed., Pineville, Pa.

Pratt Co., B. G., 50 Church St., New York City.

Purdy, H. L., Sunbury.

Rawding, Henry, R. D. 2, Moscow.

Rice, F. G., Monroeton.

Rittenhouse, J . S Lorane.

Root, J. W., Manheim.

Row, O. S., Williamstown.

Ruhl, H. F., Manheim.

Rupp, Harry D., York.

Sharon Fruit Farm, (J- G. Jones, Mgr.) Newport.

Shearer, Walter J., Vinemont.

Siegler, Franklin, 320 S. 44th St., Philadelphia.

Silvis, Bert W., Export.

Snavely, R. J., R. D. 2, Lebanon.

Stark, O. v., R. D. 2, Nicholson.

Stauffer, Hurlie A., Ringtown.

Stine, Geo. E., E. Prospect.

Stitzer, Clyde E., R. D. 1, Millmont.

Stover, F. ^., Bowmansville.

Strain, Thos., Merchantville, N. J.

Strong, George C, Ortanna.

Strode, A. Darlington West Chester.

Surface, Dr. H. A., Harrisburg.

Swartz, Samuel, Spring Grove.

Taylor, Clavton R 391 N. Evans St., Pottstown.

Thomas Chemical Co G. R. Cushman,* Baltimore, Md.

Turk, Jesse C, Euclid.

Vogel, A. B., R. D. 3, Lancaster.

Wadhams, Lydia F., 275 S. Franklin St.. Wilkes-Barre.

Walter, K. C, Selinsgrove

Watts, R. L., State College.

Wickersham, R. A., Mechanicsburg.

Wilson, Capt. J. L., Overbrook.

Woolman, Anna, Lansdowne.

CONSTITUTION.

. .,^"'^1;= Q-~-'^f,'"' ?"'{ ^*-'''"'- The name of this organization
shall be The State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania. Its
object shall be to foster and encourage the development of hort !
culture m the State of Pennsylvania. y <■ <J' norti

\A.A^'^""i\u-~^'''"-"'-'''^\ ^"y P^'"=°" ""^y become an Annual
Member of th.s Association by paying two dollars (?2.00) to the

.nn^"l ''' '"''' '"'"'.''"^h.p to expire on the first day of the following

fS20mwr,ri' ""'"'' '""'^''^- ^"y °"« P^y'"g '^enty dollar!
S20.00) to the Secretary at one time shall be entitled to Life Member-
ship^ Persons of distinguished merit in horticulture may be elected
to Honorary Membership for the current year, by a mrjoHty vote
of the members present at any regular meeting. J / ^e

,x. ^^T""" D^ ^--Officers. The officers shall consist of a President
be'deXlT^'h'^n"''' " ^'T'"^ ^"'^ ^ Treasurer, all of whom sha i

Secretlrv ill !f??K^''°" shall be chosen, except that the retiring

Secretary shall edit the report of the annual meeting at which hi!

uccessor is elected. No one may serve as President for more than

two consecutive terms. These elective officers shall constitute an

n.^^h^r f v°"p'"j°"J""'^J'°" "''''• ^" additional indeterminate
number of Vice-Presidents whose names shall be announced by the

h»lV^ the annual election of officers. These Vice-President!
shall be the regularly elected Presidents of any County Associations
organized ,n Pennsylvania for horticultural purposes, whose Const!
tutionis approved by the Executive Board, and whose income from

ten dollars 0510.00). In order to secure admittance to this Board

of the'st^f 7^ '"■ "^ ?°""u'y Association shall certify to the Secretary
of the State Association that the applicant has been duly elected to
stltemlt*''^' President for the current year and shall also submit a
statement showing number of members and amount of dues paid for
the preceding year. All officers must be members of the Association
m good standing at the time of their election and shall assume their
duties at the dose of the meeting at which they were elected

,t-. '^"Tfi'' ^--Quorum. Twenty-five (2S) members of the Associ-
ation and five (5) members of the Executive Board shall constitute
a quorum for the transaction of business. constitute

Article S —Standing Committees. The following Standing Com-
mittees shaH be appointed by the President to serve during hfs term
a cl'minP'TV^'K^" legislation, to consist of three (3)'memC
a Committee on Exhibitions, to consist of five (5) members- a Com
mittee on Membership, to consist of one (1) m^mblr frim ead."
county ,n the State showing evidence of hort cultural ac iv ty and a
General Fruit Committee, consisting of one from each county repre-
sented, with a genera chairman of the whole, each memberorthe
assistants <=°"""'"e« *° have the privilege of appointing two

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Article 6. — Annual Meeting. The Annual Meeting of this As-
sociation shall be held during the month of January in each year, at
such time and place as the Executive Board shall determine. The
regular meetings of the Association shall be closed to all persons,
except paid-up members of the Association, speakers, delegates from
associations outside of Pennsylvania, all ladies, and the minor sons
of members.

Article 7. — Amendments to the Constitution. This Constitution
may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any
annual meeting, provided such amendment shall have been presented
to the Secretary in writing at least sixty (60) days prior to time of
holding the annual meeting, and by him referred to all members m
connection with the announcement of said meeting.

BY-LAWS.

Article \.— Duties of the President. The President shall be the
executive officer of the Association and of the Executive Board, and
shall preside at all meetings of either body designating one of the
Vice-Presidents to serve in his stead when necessarily absent. He
shall pass upon all bills and accounts of the Association before they
are ordered paid by the Secretary; he shall appoint all delegates to
other associations and all special and standing committees of the
Association unless otherwise ordered.

Article 2.— Duties of Vice-Presidents. The Vice-Presidents
shall serve on the Executive Board and any one of them may be
called upon by the President or the Executive Board to assume the
duties of the Chair at any meeting. They shall also actively repre-
sent the Association in its various lines of work m their respective
counties.

Article 3.— Duties of the Secretary. The Secretary shall be the
recording, corresponding, and accounting officer of the Association
and of the Executive Board; he shall incur no expenditure of a large
or doubtful character without the sanction of the Business Committee;
he shall secure the written approval of the President on all bills or
claims against the Association before drawing his order on the Treas-
urer for the payment thereof; he shall attend all meetings of the
Association and of the Executive Board and shall keep a faithful
record of their proceedings; he shall sign all certificates of membership
and all Diplomas and Certificates of Merit, awarded by the Associ-
ation. All money received by him shall be promptly paid to the
Treasurer. He shall have charge of the Association's books and
papers and shall be responsible to the Board for all property placed
in his charge; he shall be the custodian of the Seal of the Association,
and shall have authoritv to affix same to documents when needful;
he shall seek by all suitable means to secure the fullest announce-
ment of the meetings of the Association in this State, as well as in
adjacent states, when such shall be found desirable. It shall also be
his duty, yearlv, to prepare for publication, the Annual Kepojt ot
the Association, together with such other matter as he shall deem

=i«t'<^'"L^S;-\^a'°-l-ch .atte. ,y a„ advisor,
shall receive all necessary expenses tn^ '°T'"',"' '^' Secretary
determined by the Executive Board " ^'^ ^' ""^^^ ''^

ciatio1>"S\*e7a^d t to°^tt h'/nTJrJr ''^ '""''1°^ "'^ ^sso-
burse the moneys of the Associating ,u *''\T';easurer; he shall dis-

only upon order of the Secr«arv ^" ''?^" <=°™^ '"t° his hands
he shall keep the money7"r:cZvTT,Tf ^^^ '^' P^^^'^ent
Memberships as a distinct fund and sL 1 ' ^^'°<^'"'°" ^r Life
the advice and direction of the ExecutiJi R T' '^^ '""'^ ""^er
mterest accruing thereon to the purpo e of thi ' '"P'^'?^ ""'^ ^^e
mediately upon assuming his office ^nH K f ^^""^' '""''■ Im-
duties, he shall execute to^he AsTociat^on "^°% ^TJ'"^ "P°" his
ficent securities conditioned for the sa^l- '^^"^K^°"^ ^''h suf-
of the moneys of the Associatfon and f;r'fr"^ '"'' '''^hursement
the further duties of his office Tn.,!^!, ^''^ P^P" discharge of

the Executive Board, he premier. 'T f l''^" ^e specified by
Association. This bond shall™^ ™ on which shall be paid by the
and shall be deposited with "he c'"" ^PP^°^^' of the President!
the annual meering, he Xall submit to tZ-' ^-^^d'-'l'/ Preceding
ten report showing the amount nT ^he Executive Board a writ-
h.s hands during fhe yearthe l.'"°"7 '^^' '''^" have come in o
"ved and the deposltfon made of /h? °"' ""-^['-^ '" ''^^ been de-
be published in th^e Annua7 tpl";! rAsso^ci'rti::,^;^'"^- ^''^'■

BoardrhairenacTStlestntre^T"''" ^r''' ^he Executive
the affairs of ,he As octt o„ detlrmlnr.t ^°^'''^ managemen tof
and assume the control and manatemlnt /-'^'"i" °^ '^^ °fficers,
have power to displace anv officer^of ,h. A "^"hlbitions; it shal
duty or abuse of position- shaH fill ^11 Association for neglect of
continue until the next a,;nua election JI'T ,•?>: ^PP^'ntment to
(2) regular sessions during the v'^r"' ^'^ l^f ''°''' « '"st two
time and place of the AnLal S "fof" h^''^'' ''?^"- °""^ «' 'he
hold other meetings when called bvTh.q Association. It may
or direction of majoritv of the L^k Secretary under the advice
and places as ma'y be^ emed ^'^st^c?' '^' ^^^/^ at such time
cases, each member must bT H„l^ .T 7^"?'^"'' ^^t in all such
object of such meeting t .h.ll ^ ".° l'^^'^ °^ 'he time, place and
Association, watch over i\s fining P"'''^ '^' interests of the

as they shall arise; it ^h 1 a^po nt from its^o""'^ '°[ '"' "«--''«
bers, who shall constitute a Bus^nll? r '^" """"her three mem-
npon which the Secretary and Treasu,fr°'"'"'"'" '°^ '^' y^"' a^d
ubmit to the Annual Meet"ng through ?!, V°' '"^^= ^"'' ''^hall
upon the condition, general "ntee^t?^ .5^^ Secretary, such report
at.on as it shall judge necessarv or ''7'^'"' °f 'he Associ-
measures shall be submitted to ,h^{ R "P^''"^"'- All important
he resubmitted to the Ast^°.t Ko^mlSt^/ns""^ ^''-''

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during the recess of the Executive Board, to advise with him as to
the expediency of making any contemplated but questionable
expenditure for which occasion may arise during such recess. The
Business Committee shall also audit the accounts of the Secretary
and the Treasurer just prior to the annual meeting and submit
written report of its findings to the Executive Board.

Article 7. — Duties of the Standing Committees. (1) The Com-
mittee on Legislation shall inform itself in regard to such existing
laws as relate to the horticultural interests of the State and brmg
the same to the attention of the Association, at the same time re-
porting any additional legislation which in their judgment is de-
sirable; when so directed by the Association, it shall cause to be
introduced into the State Legislature such bills as may be deemed
necessary and shall aid or oppose any bills introduced by others
which directly or indirectly affect the interests of the fruit grower.

(2) The Committee on Exhibitions shall suggest from time to
time such methods and improvements as may seem to them desir-
able in conducting the exhibitions of the Association, as well as other
fruit exhibitions throughout the State, and with the assistance of
the Executive Board, shall arrange the premium lists, and have
charge of all the exhibitions of the Association.

(3) The Committee on Membership and Expansion, with the
co-operation of the County Vice-Presidents, shall bring the work
of the Association to the attention of fruit growers throughout the
State, and by such means as they deem best, strive to increase the
membership.

(4) The General Fruit Committee shall carefully and thor-
oughly invesugate the subject of fruit culture in general. Each
local committee of three shall collect such useful and mterestmg
information in relation to the subject as may be in their power, and
embody the same in monthly reports, to be made to the general
chairman; such reports to be by him examined and embodied in
his annual and semi-annual reports.

Such other Standing Committees may be created by the Execu-
tive Board from rime to rime, as in its discretion may seem de-
sirable or necessary.

All Standing Committees shall report to the Annual Meering in
Januarv, any information of value to the Association or its mem-
bers, that may have come to their knowledge during the year, as
well as any scienrific theories, deductions or facts that in their opin-
ion may be useful in advancing the object for which the Association
is laboring.

kviT\ci.¥.%.— Nomenclature. The Association shall adopt the
nomenclature of the American Pomological Society.

Article 9.— Amendments to By-Laws. Amendments or additions
to these By-Laws may be made by a majority vote of the Executive
Board at any meering, but if objection shall be made, the same
shall "lie upon the table" rill the next regular meeting of the Board.

11

ation present and votin!. A 1^ • •^^•'"^'"''"^ °f the Associ-
of the Association for an amendme^r'"°"^j"'''^ S^""^' -^^eting
«ha I be referred to the Execudve Rn"i''?°" '° '^''^ ^^-Lawf
decision but the Association mavsuh^^,K°' ^°T<i^'^^'<'" and
request. '-■aeon may submit therewith its advice or

II

12

I

■

I

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

FIFTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

State Horticultural Association

of Pennsylvania

HELD AT

Reading, Pa., January 18, 19, 20, 1916

The Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting of The State Horticultural
Association of Pennsylvania convened in the ballroom of the Berk-
shire Hotel, Reading, Pa., at 1:30 p. m., on January 18, 1916, with
Vice-President Mayer in the chair.

Address of Welcome.
Cyrus T. Fox, Reading, Pa.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

Chester J. Tyson, Flora Dale.

(Secretary's note: — President C. J. Tyson was prevented from
attending the meeting on account of illness.)

"This is not to be a President's Address nor really an address
at all — ^just a short message, and our Secretary has given me this
opportunity to pass it on to you.

"In the first place, I feel like commending to you the new officers
you have chosen. I know them to be men of sterling qualities,
with the best interests of the Association at heart, full of enthusiasm
and energy that will be directed in your behalf. The affairs of the
Association could not be in better hands, and yet a President and a
Secretary, however capable, cannot make an association. It re-
mains for us all, as members, to do our part; to give sincere and
earnest support to the efforts of our officers, and to back them up
in whatever work may be undertaken in the year to come.

"Write to your Secretary and tell him you are with him for the
good of the cause. Give him your ideas. There may be something
he can use in the year's work, and anyway your encouragement
will help a lot, much more than you may think. Get a new member
and send in his dues. It is mighty hard to do good work without
money to pay expenses, and besides there is a lot of real strength
and encouragement in numbers.

"Now friends, what are we going to do about apple legislation.?
If anything is to be done in the coming session of the legislature,
it is not a day too early to begin careful consideration of this ques-

13

app"e pX°/ Z lllaTLTJr ^.^-'""7'th the New York
Many ^f you have doubtless see^ ^Irf . '"'^ "?" '" operation,
past season, from both Phfl?^ ? u- ''/'.,'1"°'^''°"« through the
New York grars sL. nf P*":^ '"^ Pittsburgh, based on the
on 'A' gradror'B' grade and° if v^.''"" '?^'i'° "^""^ P"'^"
you have found the^commis^il J ""T "'T^"^ "'^"^ """kets,
in the terms of New YoTgrades Whr^'^P'^^'^'"^ ^P^^ing
It seems to me to mean tLf fk- \, ''^^ ''"^ "^an to you?

unqualified endorsement o/ botVoT'th^/: ^-'J^"' ^^^""^ '^e
growers' associations, as well as ,he .nH^""^" New York State
national Apple Shippers' Arori.Lk"'^"'"'^"'''"' °f the Inter-
already ma7e a s fi^^Tim; ^ o^ ' fh^M™' V'7' ">" '" ^as
well as on the principal markets of n?,r. ^^"^ ^°'> """^ets, as
or not we pass a simHarTaw o irln. """ ''t'^' ^"'^ ">" whether
ence to the provisbns ofThls l.w^^ t '""".''^ P^^'^^'' ^'th refer-
by the buying pubHc If these 7^ ^^"^ '^^" ^^'"^ discounted
better have enacted a law of ^„"^' "^ ^!""^' '^en had we not
law-identical in its essen^iall ^^s":, ""l'^" '° ^he New York
ditions in PennsylvanUr ' ^°''''^"^ °"'^ '° ■"«" »P"ial con-

your'o^°ple?;eVrhl^^he'ch^:?r '"' ", ^°" ^^^'= ^"^ '<J-- °f
mittee. He will need your hel^ °' ^°" legislative Com-

thougLYwou'id K: 71 Tn-rt'a'rWl "' ''''■ '' J"^' °- --e
given it before, for it is often on '''''= ^ammg. I may have

over-encourage^nyone to pla„° aool T'"'' '^T ^'y'' ^^ "«
man who takts your advice and nli^i .• ^°"' y°" ^"^ the

apple market for the two vears ". ""^^ ''^^ '°/^8^" ''• The
thought. Not half the pTant'ed ei^a PTt i^b" ■°°'' '^ ^"'°"^
pessimist nor a calamity howler—n^rt? ^ bearing. I am not a

be; but I do honestly beheve anrrdn ''' "°' T """^^ ^^ I should
heard me say it before I sha'l s^v it t, " T^ ^T °ft"=" y°" have
the fruit business and loves tfoVirfl?'"' "'"^ ""'««' a man knows
may bring him, he had bet erTn vest hiT 1 "' ^°'. 'll? "^'"« "
^ome^business he does know. '^^ ^h^r^^^r TuLt^ ^T^l^

fruit "gtotii:^: this1s°"of thl dme\" t'"^''^ '" '■'^^ ''-'-- °f
seemingly ever larger, must be ^et^ ^t °V «"P- Expenses,
cut down. In timfs of w"de mar^fn, h.. '^""'^ Xet intelligently
and selling price of applersom^ „?' A''""'^" '=°'' °^ production
is hard for us to realizrth'at the l/aks and" '^?'"" "^"'"^' ^"^ '^
stopped, may show a nice profit '"^f ' ^"'[ "^^dless expenses, when
had prospered at his trade Whin /d^T^" 'P<^ '^""^^ who
mvariably replied, 'Oh hides ^^l' ^^"' ^'" ''"^'"^'^ he

down.' He framed his' but ^e s%K aTco^Sfn '?"'". '^ '^°'"'"'<
there were no leaks. puucy accordingly and saw that

enerry'^rd'eroug'h^n^dtenctr ''h^'^I '' ^''°-' '"^'^ -"-ge
a successful fruit%ro'i::';;^eTe" i'n° ^^^17 arer^rt-y.'i'""''^ '^^^

14

REPORT OF GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE.

By Dr. J. P. Stewart, State College, Pa.

Summary of Work in Department of Experimental

Pomology.

This Department was started nine years ago, in response to a
direct request from the leaders of The State Horticultural Associ-
ation, for work on certain definite problems. It is therefore fitting
that a brief review of some of the more important work of the
Department be submitted at this time. The various experiments
conducted by the Department may be grouped as follows:

(A) Experiments on the Fertilization of Apple Orchards.

This series includes experiments in the following counties:
Adams, Franklin, Bedford, Center, Warren, Chester, Mercer,
Lawrence, and Bradford. The object of these experiments is to
determine the influence of fertilization on the yield, growth, size,
and color of apples. They involve the various possible fertilizer
combinations, and cover a wide range of soils, varieties, tree
ages, and previous soil treatments. The first three were started
in 1907 and the others in 1908, except in Warren County, which was
started in 1912.

As a whole, these experiments indicate that nitrogen is needed
most often in apple orchards, and potash least often. Phosphorus
alone has given no benefits, but when added to nitrogen, the com-
bination has generally proved more eflftcient than any other treat-
ment in improving yield and growth. An application of 25 to 30
pounds of nitrogen — at least half of which is carried in nitrate of
soda — and about 50 pounds of P2O5, carried perhaps preferably in
acid phosphate, is sufficient for an acre of bearing trees. It can be
applied broadcast, spreading it heaviest over the outer two-thirds
of the area covered by the branches, and it may either be tilled in
lightly or be left on top to be carried down by the rains. In the
latter case, however, it is probable that nitrate of soda will be best
for carrying the nitrogen.

The best time for the application is probably somewhat after
the fruit has set, which permits the amount to be varied somewhat
in proportion to the size of the crop indicated. No important
eff^ects should be expected before the season following the appli-
cation.

Manure at the rate of about 8 tons per acre annually is gener-
ally advisable, though it is much slower acting than commercial
nitrate applications — often requiring a year longer for important
results. A good mulch of manure, however, is one of the best
treatments that can be applied to a young apple tree. It has also
been most efficient in increasing the average size of the fruit in
bearing trees.

15

m

¥

pared with the checks at 'any g.Ven 3atf ^Th'""'^ '"' '' <^°™-
largely due to delayed maturity which tl^ J ^^P- "' '° ''<=
of the more northern varieties Tuch .. 5 advantage ,n the case
Mcintosh, etc., and it is reaH iJ'^ ' Baldwin, Hubbardston

picking. WithVarietLs requi^i';rXn°r r ''^'" ''^ ''^'^^'■"S the'
such as the York Imperial,1t mav a sof./^'°"""^ '"'°"'*'°«'^^er,
a.ds to color, such as op;n prunil°,nH "^'f 7 ^° "''"" °the;
overcome the ill-effects o?nitr''ogenoVcl;°'' culture in order to
While these are the m^iin ^^ i •

present experiments as a "hole yetZ"' ■" ^' ''^^^" ^^'"^ 'he
the Tyson orchard in Adams Countv *.^"\!\°"e experiment-in
most influential, and in stHI oZ ^' " "''"'''' P°tash has proved
yet proved of a'ny mater a 'benefi'"t "fn'tr 'T °' ^"^"-^ ^^^
analyses and appropriate technical .t M- ^'"^."" °f extensive
account with certainty for thesUiff '^'' '■' '^ ^possible to
general way, however, it appears ?hf^.?."' u" '"P°"^<=- '" a
variety of fruit has any cloL relation ' u ' '^^ '°" ^^Pe nor the
the age of the trees, tLf ^^/sen 'ratfof r' P"^^' °'her hand!
other important factors, and especial t?!^""^'^' "'*= '"tus of the
present fertility of the soil, all seem L^h. P^^^'°"^treatment and
the kind of response that may be expected' ' """^ ''°^' ^^'^^''°" ^o

weil !o rprmV„Ti';==prp^ir ."e'ltrl"'' ''T^-^' =' '» ^-ys
suggested in our Bulledn 12 unt f he ria?^ T'^ }\'''^^ '' 'hoL
definitely determined for th;panicnlr" ^^^^° ^ '"'"''="' '^
conclusions to date are not ma'^er X diff' . '"^°lved. Other
given in Bulletin 121. "materially different from those already

^over-Crops m Apple Orchards.

-ng, ^^i:^'^^::^:^:::^ -^r ^--^^-^ Bedford, w.o.

expenments involve the four nrinrf f^^'"^"^^ Counties. The^e
tillage and cover-crops sod m ?I f ^"J'"'^^ "^ethods-ti laee
without fertilization "^^hefimth/e/"^ sod -both with and
others ,n 1908, except as o'the^wise'suteT" ''''''' ^" ^^^7, the

the -ul^hTeld^teVtttarj't" '" '\^ ^'^^^^^ ^f fertih'zation
orchards, while the'tillagl an^^^^^^^^^^ ^f "jost f.uit In ^."^

better in mature orchards Tn tK ^ method has done slLhtl5

usually comparativelv little d?ffe ' ^'' k"" °^ fertilization thS
tural methods, and even he so^ nt'" ^"'^""'^ '^^ ^^^t three cu
been far behind. '^^ '^^' P^"« P'-oper fertilization, has not

The greater efficiencv of th^ i .
apparently connected with its Ire^f"^'^ -^^ '^^ ^«"n^er trees i.
as a proper moisture supply ^i^%fp;',!f."^P'«^"^e-conserving effect
In many cases, the mulch cln be r-'^,^^ on young trees

rows in young orchards, by the use of iff T^^^^^^^^" the tree
other plants, as shown in tLse e;perl:nts '"' ^"^^''^^^ ^'^o o?

J6

1^

4

Among the annual covers, hairy vetch, soybeans, millet,
medium red clover and the combination of oats and Canada peas
are now showing the best results. The results as a whole, however,
do not reveal much benefit from the addition of annual cover-crops,
as compared with tillage alone, excepting possibly in seasons of
abundant rainfall, such as the one in 1915.

The use of tilled intercrops, with appropriate fertilization and
followed by a winter cover of rye or rye and vetch, has proved very
satisfactory in the development of young orchards, and has resulted
in no apparent injury to the trees during the first 8 years. Potatoes
have done especially well in this connection, and buckwheat, early
cabbage, beans, and other vegetables are worthy of special consider-
ation in localities suited to their production.

Nearly all these experiments show that there is a marked
correlation between yield and growth under all normal conditions,
and that it is only when one of these characters develops to a very
abnormal extent that it results in any appreciable interference with
the other. This fact removes the necessity of destroying the early
blossoms on young trees, and suggests that the resulting fruit be
merely thinned to the proper amount for the tree to carry, and then
devote some extra attention to such trees during the growing season.

There is also a marked relation between cultural methods and
the color and size of the resulting fruit — the sod fruit being regularly
highest in color, and the mulched fruit or that in which the moisture
is best conserved, generally averaging largest. In general, however,
the chief influences afi"ecting color are sunlight and maturity, and
that affecting size is the amount of moisture available to each fruit.

(C) Experiments on the Influence of Selection,
Stocks and Heredity in Apples.

This series involves two experiments in the Experimental
Orchard at the College, and also partially involves all the preceding
experiments, since individual tree records are being maintained
throughout. By comparing the latter, we find that 19 groups of
10 trees each — isolated from some 2,200 trees under observation —
have averaged during the last 7 years just 2.6 times as much fruit as
the same number of low-yielding trees of the same kinds in the
same localities and under the same treatments. The actual differ-
ence in yield has amounted to practically 170 bushels per acre
annually, although the trees averaged only 19 years of age at the
close of the period, and the average difference in tree size was only

12.2%.

Whether these striking differences are due to internal causes
and hence are capable of being utilized in selection is now receiving
attention, with the aid of a large number of cions collected in the
fall of 1915. These cions were cut extra long, grafted on short
piece roots, and planted largely in sand in the spring of 1916, in
order to get as many roots to start from the cions as possible. Such
other data as we now have on this point, are sufficiently covered in
Bulletin 134, and in the Annual Report of the Station for 1910-11,
pages 493-500 and pages 503-4.

17

(I>) Experiments on the r^..i^;i- ..

apparenflv ™„ . • '^"^'^ts from the fprtJI,,,.- . "^ County

t'j^aicntiy most imoortant L . '"'"'zation, with n;t,„
Rather distinrtl,, k*^"'' Phosphorus n^vf „ j "'trogen

the use of aH .['^ "'" '""'^^ however are h • "'^ J^"'^'^ '^^t-
The fertnler !,JT "^^erials than from 'a„v . T •""^'^ ^'°"'
acre of a 2i^V ^0 *''"" '" '^°''' equivafen"^^ t^I /i^^""" "^ '^°-
be reduced by fu,t'"so^"'<=-. J^e POUsh, however 'Tl^.""!^ P^^
this has been done^i?^K^'*''°" ^"X 'os in lner;i effi °"^*'"^
In Dauphin c '''^'°" °' '^'^- ^'S^'^ncy, and

^^::/!:^t7^i^^^c^o^::f^;'t^^^^ -ch more

potash seems to K """^ '^^ '"""Its in ErL r '" 8^"^'-^' they
Plan ""'"^ 'mportant in the nl! i?""'^' ^«^Pt that

Dearhl "'^.'■^ completed in 19 n f ^^^"Phm orchard

/pN r. ^cLung It started.

„.. jhis fnrdrpZ:s^r7;or'--«p-^^n.•

«'hich have been' nKr^^"' ^^^^ed in 19ol° '^^'""^^"trated

r^t recen of w^i^h'^'r^'f, '" ^^'ous repons and tu ''?"^'' °f
the recommend .• ^ Bulletin US w/k, , bu'letms, the

that we^re nowT °^ '^^' ''""«" arth.s tTmr"""^ '° ^'''' to
water in the genera, fn^ '">'' '^^°"'""=ndinrabout'n"''''u' '.° "^^^
'nstead of 1-2-1 aToV°™n'- '^^'" makes It read jT^l^'"^ """'^
of 4S-9a60 mJl °'^'S'naIly stated by us rl ^'* "i" ^-6-4.

■'" Builetfn m ^Th^iri' '" ^ ^S-galfon coo£%T[^"'^^ f^^tnu'a
"'^nt very materi.M "^I"^^ ''^duces the amm?„, r '^P^ '^«'"-ed

^P^'-^y injury and its^^reven ,on ^'°? '^ concerned especiallv • .
^"e pnnc pal wnrl ^^*^V."t'on, with peaches a^ tU u^ ^^^ ^^'^h

^910 and J9 iTn an n'^.'' 5^^^^^"^ v^as done ^'^Z.;^'^^ ^"bje^
sufficiently in fh" a '''"^^^^d near Bellefont. ^ -^ summers of

571-78 Th" I "^"""^^ Report of the s" f-' ^"^ '^ '^ reported

/o. iheonly modification tk ? Station for 1911 n

^t this time is fh/t ^u '"^^pon that we would rr,oi y~*^> PP.

'^^ not as reliable V ''l' ^^^ ^^'-P^umbrarsena^. """ '^^' ^^P^^t

l^etter, andt'e'iU^s'i vl^"^^ ^ althou/h he^'e' XT' V'-^^^
^bly not as are;,, o ^ ^^'^ securing the tri JZVr nothing

T-hecaufLraJIirsrth"'"'"^ ^^ thtt't'i^'e"'"^"^ '°™ '^ P-"'

evetfs :tif/t';;ir"^^^^^'°- with^ r;\tn'd^r---".^ -''-.

1

f

J^

In them we fully confirmed our earlier conclusions that such
commercial materials as "Soluble Sulfur," "Spra-Sulfur," and
"Sulfocide," — all of which are soda-sulfur compounds — are very
unsafe for use as summer sprays in combination with any of the
present arsenicals on any kind of fruit. Many important losses
were experienced in the state during the past year, through failure
to realize and act in accordance with this fact.

We also found during the past summer that the new barium-
sulfur compound, "B. T. S.," is rather similar in its action to the
soda or potash compounds, although to a somewhat reduced extent.
At any rate, it is at least unsafe for summer use on peaches in com-
bination with any of the present arsenicals.

(F) Experiments on Borer Control.

This work is grouped under a single project number, although
several different experiments are involved. In them we are testing
some 20 different kinds of materials as coatings for the bases of
tree trunks to prevent the attacks of borers and other enemies.
The work was started on apples in 1909, in the Experimental
orchard at the College, and was extended to peaches in 1910 in an
orchard near Bellefonte. The latter work was discontinued in
1913, and again taken up on the peach both locally and in an
orchard near Tarentum in Allegheny County, in 1915.

The work thus far has shown that the following materials are
either worthless or unfit for use on apple or peach: whitewash,
slaters' cement, rubber roofing cement, water-gas tar, refined water-
gas tar, Barrett coal tar, heavy creosoting oil and dead oil. The
whitewash is safe and probably useful while it lasts, but it flakes
off much too quicklv, especially on young trees which are swayed
by the wind. The various tars make good and effective coatings
but they have proved decidedly injurious both on the apple and
peach, although it has sometimes required 3 or 4 seasons for the
injury to appear. The latter fact probably accounts for some of
the favorable recommendations that have appeared concerning
them in the past.

Of the other materials under test, white lead and oil has proved
distinctly injurious to the peach, but we have applied it annually on
apples for seven years with no apparent injury, except for some
abnormal roughening of the bark. This paint also has made an
apparently effective coating against borers and is easily maintained.
Raw linseed oil is used, without any turpentine or any other ad-
ditional material. In general, however, lime-sulfur is likely to be
safer and fully as efficient if renewed often enough.

The other materials that are still under test on apples are:
"Durable Lac" tree varnish, an asphaltum preparation; Avenanus
carbolineum; dense lime-sulphur (1.24 or over); and Target brand
tree paint, which is a lime-sulphur sludge. The last three of these
and also the following materials are under test on peaches: Gas tar;
Berry Brothers' asphaltum compound; asphaltum compound No.
161; Korine, another asphaltum compound; Borene paste; Scott
Tree Protectors; dense lime-sulfur, ranging in density up to 1.33;
lime-sulphur 1.03, and powdered lead arsenate 1 lb. to 50 gallons;

19

lime-sulfur 1.33, and powdered lead arsenate 5 lb. in 50 gallons-
home-made hme-sulfur sediment or sludge; and white lead and
oil. Of all these materials, the Avenarius carbolineum, both dense
ime-sulphurs, and the various asphaltum compounds now appear
to be the most promising. The gas tar, the Borene paste, and the
lead and o,l paint have all given very severe injury on the peach
and rather unexpectedly the lime-sulfur sludge has also appar-
ently given some injury on this fruit during the past year.

(G) Experiment on Fertilizer Injury,

I9IoTn'^f,l' f"^"^'^ »° ^ ""l^^ experiment, which was started in
IVIO in the Lxpenmental orchard at the College. Its object is to
determine whether or not heavy fertilizer applications, and partic-
u arly those rich in potash, are the real cause of the sever^e and
otherwise undetermined disease, which has appeared especiallv^n

L"tc\n\:r7lTr T '•'^ ''r °"''"''- Th- far the Character-
istic injury has developed only on one tree. This tree was in the

hi Uri"^ ' comp ete fertilizer in which the potash was carr ed

an^o:i::r''in^^h^;fp:ing'o^f''^ri3 '''' '-' ''"' -' - -p'-^'' ^y

uZZ' °^ 't.° '' 'K'''' °f 2 tons to the acre of finely pulverized
imestone. This application would naturally tend to correct the
toxic action of the potash or other similar ions, when they occ"r ed
m excess in the solution of an impoverished so 1, such as obtains in
most of this orchard. A fuller discussion of the latter point is Lwen

Iher'e^f a"sligh'^Tddlt°' '\' '^"'°" '^' ''''^' '' P^^es 461-6s"::d
\T/M ''/''S"t add tional note in the Report for 1911-12 oases
533-34. At present it seems that the danger of injurv i much the
greatest on young trees and on poor soils, and thalit can be over

ZZXmT'''"''"' ^PP'i"'i°"^ of lime, or still better by using
Strawy stable manure on such trees. ^

EVENING MEETING. 7.30 p.m.. TUESDAY. JAN. 18.

Joint Meeting with

The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers Association
'*FOOD VALUES OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES"

Miss Pearl McDonald, State College.

Fruits and Vegetables.

The value of the fresh fruits and vegetable*; ,'n tK^ a- * a
pends upon the purposes served in the body " '^' ^''^ ^'■

1 Tk"^ ^h^^^^^j^^^^^«^ve. three functions in the body:

1. They build and repair tissue. ^

2. They furnish energy which is the power to do work

3. They regulate the body processes.

20

By regulating body processes, we mean to keep the secretion
of the body normal, to aid in the processes of the digestion and
absorption of food materials; to maintain elasticity of the muscles
and the like.

The proteins which include meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs
cereals, nuts and the legumes build and repair tissue and furnish
energy! Their chief function, however, is to build and repair

tissue.

The starches, sugars and fats furnish energy.

Water, the mineral salts and acids are important factors in the
regulating of body processes.

From a study of the fresh fruits and vegetables, we find that
they contain a large amount of water; fat and protein in rather
small amounts, except the legumes which are one of our sources of
protein in the body; approximately ten to twenty percent of carbo-
hydrate, organic acids and mineral salts. , r •

Because of the amount of water they contain, the fresh fruits
and vegetables are refreshing. They are appetizing. Because of
the many kinds of fruits and vegetables they give variety to the
diet. Also, because of the fact that many of them can be served
either fresh or cooked and because they can be preserved in a
variety of ways adds to their value. Because of the fiber or woody
matter that they contain they furnish bulk to the diet which is a
very important consideration. r u r •

Great emphasis needs to be put upon the quality of the fruits
and vegetables purchased and used. This is a matter of equal
importance to the producer and the consumer.

Fruits and vegetables should be fresh and crisp, put up in a
clean and attractive way and, in the market, they should be kept
free from dust and contamination of every kind. The consumer
should be educated to appreciate the value of these points, and the
producer and market men should be encouraged to provide the

best quality of products. j r

From an economic standpoint, it pays to buy good quality.
There is less waste in the process of preparation for use, less time
spent in the preparation, less time required for cooking where the
quality is right. Furthermore, the flavor of the good quality is
far superior to that of the poor quality.

The preservation of fruits and vegetables is an important
economic question. It is comparatively easy to put up fruits so that
they will keep. The canning of vegetables is a more difficult
problem. This is especially true in the case of peas, beans and
corn. Much time has been spent in developing a method whereby
these may be kept successfully. There has been worked out what
is known as the "cold-pack" method of canning. The steps in the
process are as follows: the vegetables are scalded or blanched by
pouring boiling water over them and allowing them to stand a given
time; chilled by dipping in cold water; packed in jars; the jars
filled up with water; a teaspoonful of salt to the quart jar added;
the rubber and cover put on lightly; the jars sterilized for a given
time. The length of time for blanching and for sterilization has
been determined by experiment for the various fruits and vegetables.

21

The products may be sterilized in a washboiler or steamer or

wii do^hTrr'k'iris":' °^, "-"? p^"^"^^ °"'fi' ^1 of ti::

reouired for^K„ ■ T^'^ ^ difference in the length of time

required for the process— the washboiler requiring the loneest Ind
the steam pressure outfit the least time 'ongest and

prodr't?!.' the' or?har]°anTth''" T'"'^ '" ';^""'"8 ^^e surplus
would otherwise be a waste nro7';t" "?' ""'^ '° '°"'''^' ^^at

food supplvTo the d^er/.!.'^ i •''"^ ^''° '° P''°^''l« ^ valuable
»uppiy lo tfte diet during the winter months.

"ECONOMIC FERTILIZATION"

Thomas P. Kn.ght, Philadelphia, Pa., Editor of "Practical Farmer"

vegetX7nd\ro77^-r,- -b%°' ^^^^nili.ation of

Morning Meeting. Wednesday. Jan. 19. 9.30 a.m.
SPRAYING PEACHES

A. J. Farley, New Brunswick, N. J.
Spraying Peaches.

or an^o'peSr o^nl^To' b"f ^r^o '''7 l! "°,!°"^" ^" experiment,

culturist': It is nt^cotil^r rrri^L^plrfof tir^' 'T
grower's farm ODeratJon.; an.^ .u , ';6"*^^ P^^t ot the successfu
f- r n yP*^'«* Lions and absolutelv necesqarv fo,- i^u^ j

tion of profitable crops of first-class fruit Th/^ ,i^^ produc-
the number of fruit trees nl/nL^ , n' 7 ■ "P"^ increase in

years has been aclm nan ledhv f """^"^ ''";.'"S the last twenty
number and variety o7in,"Jriou^'^^„. "^^<=^P°"'''"g '"crease in the
are still those who cla m hit ornfit.M' '"'^ ^""r^?"' P"^'" There
grown without spraying, but s'^ch cla m'/7' °' ^'Y^ f^"" "" ^'
tween. The value of in elligent snrivin. nf f "-"^ '^"^ t"'^ '" ^'-
clearly shown by careful exoeHm^n^f I u ^""u"" ""^" ^^' ''een so

thousands of prjQi^.T^z: r^l:'^^l?:^^^^^^^^^ "^

might seem superfluous. However in , " r.!r ^' •^'"'^^""

spraying does not produce the desired rL,\J ■ '"^"J' '""an"s

some fundamental point has b en ovelokid"' Wha? '"" 'Y
essentials for success in sDravino' j°7/'°°''«'': What are the

grower have a thorough knowledge o( WT?-!"^- "'V '^^ ^'"'"

the exact structure and scientific name of every insect that he may
find in orchards? A thorough knowledge of such things is quite
essential to the scientific investigator, but not essential to success in
practical spraying. A fruit grower, equipped with a clear under-
standing of the preparation and practical range of usefulness of
three or four standard spray mixtures, with an efliicient outfit, and
with a determination to do thorough work will be more successful
than the man who insists on experimenting with every new prepar-
ation without the use of ordinary common sense.

The essentails for successful results in spraying are three: first,
thoroughness of application; second, proper materials; third, appli-
cations made at the right time.

Thoroughness of Application.

What constitutes a thorough application.? Stating it briefly,
thoroughness means putting enough material to do the work in all
places where work is to be done. To insure complete control, a
tree infested by San Jose Scale must be sprayed in such a way that
every scale is covered with the insecticide. This means that the
spray must be driven into the crevices of the bark, forced behind
and under bud scales, and through the fine hairy covering of the
young shoots. In spraying peach trees for leaf curl, every bud,
twig and branch must be coated with a thin layer of spray material.
Any part of the tree that is not covered remains exposed to in-
festation by the leaf curl fungus. In spraying for the curculio
every peach that does not receive its share of poison is liable to be
injured or destroyed. On the other hand it is quite possible to
apply too much material, resulting in unnecessary waste and with
active growing trees may cause severe injury to both fruit and
foliage. If the nozzle is held too long in one position, thereby
drenching certain branches, the danger of injury is materially
increased. A relatively coarse spray applied at very high pressure
is more likely to cause burning than a fine spray applied with
moderate pressure. A strong, powerful pump, equipped with
durable hose and efficient nozzles is a very important factor in
making thorough applications. The most industrious and careful
man is seriously handicapped when forced to use inefficient nozzles.
It is very convenient to have nozzles that may be changed to
regulate the amount and fineness of the spray in accordance with
the size and character of the trees to be sprayed, and the speed of
the men doing the work. With the disc type of nozzle this may be
accomplished by providing several discs having apertures of differ-
ent sizes, while with the Bordeaux type of nozzle provision is made
whereby the nozzle may be accurately adjusted.

Another factor that influences thoroughness of application is
that of condition of trees. Trees made thick by crowded branches
are not only difficult to spray, but also afford ideal conditions for
the growth of fungi. The second essential for success m spraying
is the use of proper materials.

23

limc-Rulfur r^\ uul powdered IcHd arsenate ^ !h. in 50 gallons;
home-made lime-sulfur sediment or dudyjc; and white lead and
oil. Of all these materials, the Avenarius carbolineum, both dense
lime-sulphurs, and the various asphaltum compounds now appear
to be the most promising. 1'he gas tar, the Horene paste, and the
lead and oil paint have all given very severe injury on the peach
and rather unexpectedly the lime-sulfur sludge has also appar-
ently given some injury on this fruit during the past year.

(G) Experiment on Fertilizer Injury.

This is confined to a single experiment, which was started in
1910 in the Experimental orchard at the College. Its object is to
determine whether or not heavy fertilizer applications, and partic-
ularly those rich in potash, are the real cause of the severe and
otherwise undetermined disease, which has appeared especially in
another experiment in the same orchard. Thus far the character-
istic injury has developed only on one tree. This tree was in the
plat receiving a complete fertilizer in which the potash was earned
by the high-grade sulphate. The tree died and was replaced by
another in the spring of 1913.

The present lack of further results in this experiment may be
connected with the fact that the whole orchard was limed in the
summer of 1910 at the rate of 2 tons to the acre of finely pulverized
limestone. This application would naturally tend to correct the
toxic action of the potash or other similar ions, when they occurred
in excess in the solution of an impoverished soil, such as obtains m
most of this orchard. A fuller discussion of the latter point is given
in the Annual Report of the Station for 1910-11, pages 461-65, and
there is a slight additional note in the Report for 1911-12, pages
533-34. At present it seems that the danger of injury is much the
greatest on voung trees and on poor soils, and that it can be over-
come by accompanying applications of lime, or still better by using
straw v stable manure on such trees.

EVENING MEETING, 7.30 p.m., TUESDAY, JAN. 18.

Joint Meeting with

The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers Association

*»FOOD VALUES OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES''

Miss Pearl McDonald, State College.

Fruits and Vegetables.

The value of the fresh fruits and vegetables in the diet de-
pends upon the purposes served in the body:

We find thai foods serve three functions in the body:
L They build and repair tissue.

2. They furnish energy which is the power to do work.

3. The) regulate the body processes.

20

Rv regulating body processes, we mean to keep the secretion
of the body normal, to aid in the processes of the digestion and
absorption of food materials; to maintain elasticity of the muscles

and the like. .,,1

The proteins which include meat, fish, mdk, cheese eggs
cereals nuts and the legumes build and repair tissue and furnish
energy! Their chief function, however, is to build and repair

tissue

The starches, sugars and fats furnish energy.

Water, the mineral salts and acids are important factors in the
regulating of body processes. ^ 1 u

From a study of the fresh fruits and vegetables, we find that
thev contain a large amount of water; fat and protein in rather
small amounts, except the legumes which are one of our sources of
protein in the body; approximately ten to twenty percent of carbo-
hydrate, organic acids and mineral salts. u t u ( -^

Because of the amount of water they contain, the fresh fruits
and vegetables are refreshing. They are appetizing. Because of
the many kinds of fruits and vegetables they give variety to the
diet Also, because of the fact that many of them can be served
either fresh or cooked and because they can be preserved ma
variety of ways adds to their value. Because of the fiber or woody
matter that they contain they furnish bulk to the diet which is a
very important consideration. r *u f •«.

Great emphasis needs to be put upon the quality of the fruits
and vegetables purchased and used. This is a matter of equal
importance to the producer and the consumer.

Fruits and vegetables should be fresh and crisp, put up in a
clean and attractive way and, in the market they should be kept
free from dust and contamination of every kind. The consumer
should be educated to appreciate the value of these points, and the
producer and market men should be encouraged to provide the

best quality of products. jr..

From an economic standpoint, it pays to buy good quality.

There is less waste in the process of preparation for use, less time

spent in the preparation, less time required for cooking where the

quality is right. Furthermore, the flavor of the good quality is

far superior to that of the poor quality. , , . . ^ ,

The preservation of fruits and vegetables is an important

economic question. It is comparatively easy to put up fruits so that

they will keep. The canning of vegetables is a more difficult

problem. This is especially true in the case of peas beans and

corn. Much time has been spent in developing a method whereby

these may be kept successfully. There has been worked out what

is known as the "cold-pack" method of canning The steps in the

process are as follows: the vegetables are scalded or blanched by

pouring boiling water over them and allowing them to stand a given

time; chilled by dipping in cold water; packed in jars; the jars

filled up with water; a teaspoonful of salt to the quart jar added;

the rubber and cover put on lightly; the jars sterdized for a given

time. The length of time for blanching and for sterilization has

been determined by experiment for the various fruits and vegetables.

21

in a Jo^,^S wa"eTsea'l?"''^^<^ '" ' --^boiler or stea

-od S.PP,, .. tht^^rc -t^it:^^^^^^

"ECONOMIC FERTILIZATION"

Thomas P. Kn.cht, /"A.-W,/^,"""^ j, ,. , .^

^ Jill' '^"°' °' P^^tical Farmer"

'Secretary's notf» T^u i

ve.e.B,e. an. „. cop/^L t^^t.^J- ^ £je....o„ o.

SPRAYING PEACHES

A- J. Farley, A^,e^ Brunswick, N. J.

The D Spraying Peaches.

o^, an opem?o"o°nl??oT ''"?'' ^^«^ '^ "° 'onger an exn. '

f :? pr^fitasrcror/ ^''?"-r^nt?;a7;L;^\:-4"i

number and variety o7in""'^ ^^. ^ '^"^^espond "f L' '"" 'w^'y
are still those who ^laim t'haT^ T"L? '"^ ^"ngo^u p^st?' Th^''^

r:Zn "?^"' ?p"^-n". bt sCh' ct ;:r ^ °f ^ancy'7ruit cln't:

thousands of practfrfl f ^^P^^'^ents and by the re.nltc ^^^" '^

son, J 4tmen°ur°pt" t '^tf'^'^ -"''-" g':^:",J:J<"--ces
essentials for sucrUf • ^' '"^^n overloolced U/u "^ ^^^^

rt]

2^

he know

> '

the exact structure and scientific name of every insect that he may
find in orchards? A thorough knowledge of such things is quite
essential to the scientific investigator, but not essential to success in
practical spraying. A fruit grower, equipped with a clear under-
standing of the preparation and practical range of usefulness of
three or four standard spray mixtures, with an efficient outfit, and
with a determination to do thorough work will be more successful
than the man who insists on experimenting with every new prepar-
ation without the use of ordinary common sense.

The essentails for successful results in spraying are three: first,
thoroughness of application; second, proper materials; third, appli-
cations made at the right time.

Thoroughness of Application.

What constitutes a thorough application.? Stating it briefly,
thoroughness means putting enough material to do the work in all
places where work is to be done. To insure complete control, a
tree infested by San Jose Scale must be sprayed in such a way that
every scale is covered with the insecticide. This means that the
spray must be driven into the crevices of the bark, forced behind
and under bud scales, and through the fine hairy covering of the
young shoots. In spraying peach trees for leaf curl, every bud,
twig and branch must be coated with a thin layer of spray material.
Any part of the tree that is not covered remains exposed to in-
festation by the leaf curl fungus. In spraying for the curculio
every peach that does not receive its share of poison is hable to be
injured or destroyed. On the other hand it is quite possible to
apply too much material, resulting in unnecessary waste and with
active growing trees may cause severe injury to both fruit and
foliage. If the nozzle is held too long in one position, thereby
drenching certain branches, the danger of injury is materially
increased. A relatively coarse spray applied at very high pressure
is more likely to cause burning than a fine spray apphed with
moderate pressure. A strong, powerful pump, equipped with
durable hose and efficient nozzles is a very important factor in
making thorough applications. The most industrious and careful
man is seriously handicapped when forced to use inefficient nozzles.
It is very convenient to have nozzles that may be changed to
regulate the amount and fineness of the spray in accordance with
the size and character of the trees to be sprayed, and the speed of
the men doing the work. With the disc type of nozzle this may be
accomplished by providing several discs having apertures of differ-
ent sizes, while with the Bordeaux type of nozzle provision is made
whereby the nozzle may be accurately adjusted.

Another factor that influences thoroughness of application is
that of condition of trees. Trees made thick by crowded branches
are not only diflftcult to spray, but also afford ideal conditions for
the growth of fungi. The second essential for success in spraying
is the use of proper materials.

23

Use of Proper Materials.

Fungicides.

The fungicides as implied by the name are used to prevent
the development of fungous diseases. The fungicides in general
use for spraying peach trees are concentrated and self-boiled lime
and sulfur solutions.

Concentrated Lime and Sulfur Solutions.
Concentrated lime-sulfur solutions may be prepared on the
tarm or purchased from a reliable manufacturer of spraying ma-
terials. The home-made solution has the advantage of being
cheaper, but the commercial preparation is more convenient, being
purchasea in a form that is all ready for use after it is properly
diluted with water. The home-made preparation is the most
practical for the large commercial grower, while the man who has
but a few trees to spray will find the commercial preparation most
satisfactory. The safest and most efficient fungicide for use as a
summer spray on the peach, is the so-called self-boiled lime-sulfur.
1 he ingredients used in preparing this mixture are the same as those
used in preparing the concentrated mixture, but the quantities
used and the method of procedure is quite different.

Preparation of Self-Boiled Lime-Sulfur,

FORMULA.

8 pounds stone lime,

8 pounds sulfur.

Water to make 50 gallons.

Time of Application.

There is a certain time during the life cycle of every insect and
fungous disease at which an application of a certain spray material
will do the most good. The successful fruit grower acquires a
practical know edge of the life history of the more important insects
and fungi, and acts accordingly. Spraying as a preventative is
more efficient than spraying to check the spread of an insect or a
disease after it has made its appearance. This is particularly true
of spraying to control fungous diseases, such as peach leaf curl
scab and brown rot. The main objects of applying a fungicide
should be to prevent the germination of the spores from which the
disease develops not to check the growth of the fungous plant after
Its roots or mycelium have once become established.

.f .^""^ ^^l ""' consider briefly some of the more important pests
nlH f • Pf.l T^V^\ ^\ ^^'^^y '^^^' necessary to mention our
old friend the San Jose scale in view of the fact that every successful
fruit grower realizes the necessity of keeping this dangerous insect
under control We occasionally have reports that the scale is
dying out, and that it is no longer necessary to spray for it but
upon critical examination, it will be found that such instances are
quite rare and the favored areas very small. We are still spraying
to control scale in New Jersey and expect to continue to do so until

24

Fio. 1. Peach twies showing condition just after the petals have fallen.

Propt-r stage for the first application uf arsenate

of lead to control curculio.

Use of Proper Materials.

F ungicides.

The fun-icidcs as implied hy the name are used to prevent
the development of fungous diseases. The fununcides in general
use for spraying peach trees are concentrated and self-boiled lime
and sulfur solutions.

(^.oucc-utrated Limt' aud Suljur Solutious.
Concentrated lime-sulfur solutions mav he prepared on the
iarm or purchased from a reliable manufacturer of sprax in- mi-
terials. 1 he home-made solution h:K. the advanta-e of "being
Cheaper, but the commercial preparation is more convenient, bein.^
purcha^edm a h^rm that is all readv for use after it i. propcrlv

I'.iluted with water. The Ik

)nu'-made preparation is the most

practical lor the Li rta- commercial grower, while the man who has
but a few tree, to .pray wil! find the commercial preparati(Hi most
satisfactory. I he safest and most cfhcient funi:icide for use as .
summer .pra>- on the peach, is the ^o-callcd self-boiled lime-sulfur
J he ingredients used in preparin- this mixture are the same as those
used m preparing the concentrated mi.xture, but the quantities
u>^a and tiic hu-thoil of procedure is quite difierent.

Prrparatiou </ Sr'j-Bnilrd Liwr-Su/fur.

FORMll.A.

S pc«und> >tone lime,

N pounds sulfur,

Water to make 50 gallons.

Time of Application.

^ '^^'■-' ' ^' certain time during the life cvcle of ever\- insect and
fungous .ii.ea.e at which an application of a certain sprav materia!
will do the most L^.H.d. The successful fruit -rower acquires •,
practual knowled-je , ,t the life history of the more imp.utant insects
and fufu^i, and act> accordinirly . Spravine a. a preventative is
more ethcient than ..prayin- to check the spread < >\ an inject or •
disease after it ha. made Us appearance. This is particularlv true
•». sprayiUL: to control fun::..:i. di.ea^e^, .uch a. peach leal^ curl
^cab and hrown rot. The mam object. <A applvin- a fum:icide
should be f.) prevent the uerminaiion of the spore, from which the
disease ueveh.p,, not to eheck the -rowth of the fun-.uis plant aMer
Its roots or mycelium have once her. .me e>t al^li^hcii,

^"^' ''*,^ ^'^ eon.ider briefly ...ur- --t liie more important pests
, , . V ^V'V' -•■^li'l'-d. It hardly seem, necessarv to menti..n .)ur
-Id friend Ine >an Jo.r .cale in view of the fact that everv Micce.sfui
truit grower reah/c;. the neccitN of keeping this dauLrerou. insect
under control \\ e occa.ionallv have reports that the scale ,.
dym:: <h,». and that ,t is no lonirer nece.sarv to .prav for it bu'
upon critical examination, it will be found that such instance's are
qmte rare and the favored areas very small. We are ^lill spravin-
' '^ ^''"^^' Jt^rsey and expect to continue to do so until

'o control

1. I'r.uh lu;-^

-111 lU lU'j «.■< liuti! ;
.ijf t'l-i' slu- tir~!
-1 liavl Itt c- 'ir

attc!

24

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

Fig. 2. Fruit from .sprayed and unspra\ cd trees, sliowing

the effect of

sc

If-'boiled lime-sulfur on scab.

nil tri ini -;mm\ (.-U aiut uii-;

ill li u-ii imir

i INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

we find a more satisfactory remedy. The peach grower is very
fortunate in being able to control San Jose scale and peach leaf curl
with the same application provided the proper material is thoroughly
applied, at the proper time. In order to control leaf curl it is very
important that the application be made before the buds start in
the spring. Leaf curl, being a fungous disease, that is carried over
winter by means of minute spores clinging to the buds and branches
it is necessary to prevent the germination of these spores, if the
growth of the fungus within the tissues of the young leaves is to be
avoided. Furthermore, satisfactory results will not be secured
unless trees are thoroughly coated with the spray mixture.

Another pest that often materially decreases the yield is the
plum curculio. The decrease in yield caused by this insect may
not be serious if the crop is very heavy, but if the crop is light the
fruit lost through curculio injury may greatly reduce, if not entirely
eliminate the profits. In some cases it may be cheaper to allow
the curculio thin the crop than to thin it by hand, but it is never a
safe or reliable method.

Peach scab and brown rot are well known to every peach
grower and if at all serious directly limits or prevents the production
ol profitable crops. These diseases are also caused by the germin-
ation and growth of fungi, thereby making preventative measures
more satisfactory than any attempt to control the disease after if
has made its appearance.

The following is a brief spraying schedule recommended for
the peach.

First. — Concentrated Lime-Sulfur having a specific gravity of
LOS, applied in the spring before the buds begin to swell. This is
primarily for San Jose Scale and Leaf Curl.

Second. — Self-Boiled Lime-Sulfur to every 50 gallons to which
is added 2 pounds of Arsenate of Lead Paste or 1 pound of Arsenate
of Lead Powder. This application is made to control curculio. In
this application the self-boiled lime-sulfur simply acts as a spreader
for the Arsenate of Lead. If the self-boiled lime-sulfur is omitted
and it is thought that the Arsenate of Lead may cause burning of
the foliage, four or five pounds of slaked lime should be added.

The above application is generally omitted in those orchards
where curculio is not serious or in which the crop of fruit is very
heavy.

Third. — The same combination of Arsenate of Lead and Self-
Boiled Lime-Sulfur applied just as the little husk or calyx is falling
off the small fruit. This is primarily for curculio and scab.

Fourth. — Three weeks later an application of Self-Boiled Lime-
Sulfur alone. This is primarily used to control scab, but is also of
some value in controlling brown rot on early varieties.

Fifth.' — A second application of Self-Boiled Lime-Sulfur alone
three weeks after the first for scab and brown rot. This application
should be omitted on varieties ripening before August.

The fourth and fifth applications are omitted in orchards in
which scab and brown rot are not serious, but are very important
in all orchards in which these diseases are at all prevalent.

23

COMMERCIAL RASPBERRIES.

M. J. Krull, Irving, N. Y.

We do not claim to know all there is to know about the growing
and marketing of raspberries, but the writer must say we are hand-
ling about 400 acres of farming land of which the principle and
only cash crop is small fruits and vegetables, and raspberries are
one of the heavy cash crops.

We grow upon our farms three varieties of berries, namely,
Cuthbert Reds, Black Diamonds and Columbians. Perhaps it is
well to explain the Columbian berry a little more fully as it is not
commonly known to some growers. It is a berry, if memory serves
me right, bred by a man near Oneida, N. J., a cross between a Greg
Black Cap and a Cuthbert Red. It is a purple fruit when good
and ripe has a dirty appearance and that one thing, made it a hard
berry to get established in the trade, but there seems to be enough
human instinct in the American people that when something tastes
good they buy it, and this is a typical case of the Columbian berry
as it certainly tastes good and is a good bearer.

In the setting of our fields, will say we prepare our fields in
the best possible manner and set in the spring, in our locality. In
the month of April, if possible, we set seven feet between rows and
Blacks and Columbians about 3J^ feet between plants. Reds
should be set closer in row. If we feel our soil which is a sand
and gravel, is down in fertility, we add some plant food around
roots. When setting, a short manure compost is good to give
growth the first year.

We always plant some crop between rows the first year, such
as green beans preferably, as when the beans are through, we plow
the vines toward the berry row, which we all well know has a fertil-
izer value, in the way of humus.

The next spring the dirt is plowed from the bush after trim-
ming, then hoed and thrown back by horse hoe. We keep up
cultivation until fruit is well set. When new shoots are of sufficient
height, we cut the tops so as to encourage the bush to thicken and
widen for next year's growth, then our picking season starts about
July fourth, and through all of the varieties it lasts until the tenth
or fifteenth of August. We pay one per cent per quart for picking.
After picking is completed, we trim out the old fruit wood and all
canes leaving three or four for next year's fruit. Then we plow
the patches, using a walking gang plow. We consider, speaking of a
wide area, that growers get on an average of 2,000 quarts per acre,
but will say, it is not an infrequent thing for a good grower to obtain
3,000 quarts per acre from well kept fields.

The fruit in our locality is chiefly sold to canneries. Seven
cents per quart is the price usually paid for Black Caps and Col-
umbians, and ten to fifteen for Cuthbert Reds. This price un-
doubtedly seems small to growers who are used to large market
prices, but will say here now, there is nothing out of our price in the
way of expenses. As the fruit is picked from the bush, it is handed

26

to the canneries or juice plants. Our pickers are our own people,
living on our own farms. In our own colony houses we employ
about 75 to 100 during the summer months. These people are
handled by a foreman.

**INSECT PESTS OF THE APPLE, WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO NEWER INSECTS."

Dr. H. a. Surface, Harrisburg, Pa.

In discussing the insect pests of the Apple before a Pennsyl-
vania audience one must not forget the importance of the old-
established insects, such as the Codling moth, the San Jose scale,
the Oyster-shell scale. Canker worms, Aphids (including such
species as the Green aphis, the Rosy aphis, the Oats aphis or Bud
aphis), also the Woolly aphis. Bag worms and Round-headed and
Flat-headed borers. All these are pests that have long been estab-
lished throughout the State, and for them there are standard
remedies, which, however, may be improved from time to time.
It is my duty to speak of some improvement in remedies for these
pests, and subsequently to discuss in some detail some of the newer
or lesser known pests of the apple, as they now occur in some parts
of this State, and may become more general.

The Codling moth, because of its conspicuous injury to the
fruit, remains the most destructive insect of the apple in Pennsyl-
vania, with the possible exception of the San Jose scale. The
latest positive information in Codling moth suppression is the proof,
which has been established by careful tests during the past two
years in this State, that spraying thoroughly with diluted lime-
sulfur solution alone, without arsenate of lead, will prevent
damage by this pest. We have known of some cases of conspicuous
arsenical injury through the calyx end of the fruit. We have seen
some cases where it developed into the rot at the calyx end. How-
ever, the latest recommendation for spraying for the Codling
moth is to spray just after the blossoms fall, and again in a month
from that date, with one pound of dry arsenate of lead, or two
pounds of arsenate of lead paste, and one gallon and one quart of
concentrated lime-sulfur solution in fifty gallons of water. The
value of birds, such as Nuthatches, Chickadees and Woodpeckers
in destroying the larvae of the Codling moth during the winter
time, is further demonstrated, and we recommend all possible
effort toward the preservation of these beneficial insectivorous
birds.

Canker worms have been destructive to the foliage and young
fruit of apples in a few of the mountainous regions of the State
of Pennsylvania. The Tent-caterpillar during the past year was
unusually abundant and destructive in the mountainous portions
of the State. There is no reason why these conspicuous and easily
controlled pests should be permitted to continue to effect such
havoc as they do. The Canker worms can be kept down by band-

27

ing the trees during the latter part of winter. This ought to be
done before the snow has all left the ground. iMost persons who
use bands put them around so late in the spring as to be ineffective
or they do not use bands that are really impassable. Also the
Lanker worms and Tent-caterpillars are easily killed by spraying
with arsenate of lead when the eggs hatch and the young pests
hrst begin their work. Any man who is at all worthy of being called
a horticulturist lives in his orchard, and sees these things when
they commence. From one-half ounce to one ounce of arsenate
ot lead in each gallon of water applied about the time the larvx
commence to feed will effectually put an end to them. None of
the leaf-eating insects should be tolerated. It should be remembered
that the leaves serve the function of both stomach and lungs to
the tree, and, therefore, pests should be destroyed before these
vital organs are ruined.

Bag worms are common in the southern part of the State
1 hey are conspicuous on the trees during the winter time. Any
man in pruning who does not make a practice of pulling off the
bag worms, and all leaves and cocoons that are held by silken
threads, makes a mistake, and either invites the destruction of
his crop, or makes necessary the use of the spray pump later. The
bag worm is hkewise destroyed by spraying with an arsenite as
soon as it commences to feed on the leaves in the spring In
many instances the spray application for one of these insects will
also destroy other species that may be present.

The scale insects yet remain sufficiently destructive in Penn-
sylvania orchards to demand mention, but together with the para-
sites which are their natural enemies, and the intelligent use of
the spray pump they have been so checked in numbers and destruc-
tiveness as to be, at present, of but slight importance. The San
Jose scale, the Oyster-shell scale and the Scurfy scale all are by
far best controlled by the use of the boiled lime-sulfur solution,
either home made or commercial. One can make his own lime-
sulfur solution at home cheaper than he can buy it, and it is just
as good. In my own orchard work I boil one pound of fresh lime
with two pounds of sulfur i^n each gallon of wate"^ for three quarters
of an hour, and dip off and store the red liquid. It can be kept as

est^7 \'oT:'"% ^^^'" '"'"^'^ -'^ T '^' ^''"^^ '^ ^ hydrom^eter
test of 1.03 specific gravity, or in the absence of a hydrometer

use one part of this hquid to seven of water. The troubfe wiUi the
commercia material is that in many cases it has been used to
fl^l t I 7 ^^^ sediment in other vessels to paint or spray on
the trunks of trees in midsummer to prevent attacks of ^borers"

prentv rnron? ^r."""'^'-''^ ^^ ''^^''^ ^"^ "^'^^^ ^"^ can shoW
plenty ot proof of its efficiency.

the'JI'Ll^'^"''^" }^^' attack the San Jose scale are continuing
their efficiency, and are migrating both northward and westward
A tew years ago they were abundant in the city of Harrisburg-

Snnhr''' ^T '^''' h""'}' '^^^^hward were near Milton, above
Sunbury, and westward of near Lewistown on the Main Line of

tn^TUArt r''^'°'^- ^' '^"^ P'-^^^'^^ '^^^ ^hey are abund-
dant in Bedford County, apparently working westward, and in

28

certain parts of Centre, and the western part of Lycoming County.
We have sent them to places where they have been successfully
introduced, although in some instances attempts at their artificial
introduction were not successful, as all were not supposed to be so.

It will be remembered that it was before this Society that the
speaker said at the Summer Meeting in Gettysburg, that this
announcement of the presence of parasites completely destroying
the San Jose scale in this State was the most important horticul-
tural announcement that could be made at that time. Many
persons ridiculed the idea. Some theoretical professors went into
some of the orchards, and said they could find no evidence of such
parasites. The agricultural newspapers in the western part of the
State published that some of the farmers claimed that the dis-
appearance of the scale was due to climatic conditions, and added
derisively that "it remains to be seen whether the plain, practical,
hard-headed farmers were right, or whether a ^bugologist' had only
again prematurely exploded." They know now that our state-
ments concerning the parasites were correct, but they have never
made any explanation to the public, nor any apology to the "bug-
ologist."

We wish also at this time to take occasion to call attention to
the universal use of the lime-sulfur solution for spraying in both
winter and summer. Many of us know that there was trouble to
get it well started in Pennsylvania, chiefly because of the opposi-
tion of the agents for oils, but it is now the standard remedy every-
where. Let us go back a few years to the advertisements of some
of the oil companies, and you will see that they published in their
advertisements something like this, "Pennsylvania spends 335,000
annually to teach the citizens of Pennsylvania how to use lime-
sulfur solution to destroy the San Jose scale, while our oil is better,
etc." Although this statement was erroneous and misleading, as
the amount mentioned covered all nursery and orchard inspection,
as well as other horticultural and entomological service by the
Department of Agriculture at Harrisburg, yet it is now very evi-
dent that the efforts of the Department in teaching the use of lime-
sulfur solution were in exactly the right direction, and nothing
better could have been done with the State's funds.

For Borers we have proven that the best possible remedy is
to insert the tip of a spring bottom oil can, and inject a little car-
bon bisulfid wherever the opening of a Borer can be found. Then
close the hole with mud. Keep Borers out by painting the trunks
of the trees with the sediment from the lime-sulfur solution made
with the addition of one quarter ounce of arsenate of lead to each
gallon of sediment. In fact, we have found it effective without
the added arsenate.

The Woolly aphis has proven continuously destructive. After
it has attacked the bark of trunks or branches for a few months it
passes down to the roots, and when it becomes fixed on the roots
causes knots, which restrict the flow of the sap, and have a similar
effect to that of Crown Gall.

The best development of insecticides during the past year
has been in the use of nicotine extract and soap combined, for the
sucking insects. For the Woolly aphis above ground spray with

29

one ounce of tobacco decoction and one quarter of a pound of soap
dissolved in four gallons of water. For the Woolly aphis below ground
or on the roots, remove the soil from above the infested roots, and
sprinkle tobacco dust abundantly over these roots, or wash them
with a strong solution of nicotine extract. Replace the earth, and
the pests will be killed.

The past year was one of considerable destructiveness by
various plant lice, commonly known as Green aphids, but which
on the apple represented any one of at least four species, such as
Rosy apple aphis, the Green apple aphis and the Oats aphis or the
Apple bud aphis. The most destructive of these pests passes the
winter as little black shining eggs on the twigs of the apple trees.
Spraying with strong lime-sulfur solution destroys it, and we have
found by tests that the best possible method of cleaning up Apple
aphids is to spray with a strong lime-sulfur solution just after the
buds burst, and before the leaves expand. The little leaves need
not be more than one quarter of an inch in length, just peeping
through the buds, but they will at that time be attacked by the
young aphids, which hatch and at once crawl to the leaves and
commence to feed. Then a spray with the lime-sulfur solution,
the same strength as for the San Jose scale, destroys them and also
the scale and Canker worms and other pests as well. Later, after
the leaves have commenced to curl, due to the presence of the
aphids, it is possible to destroy these pests by spraying with one
ounce of tobacco decoction and one quarter of a pound of soap in
four gallons of water. There are very few spray liquids that will
kill the pests within the curled leaves, but the strong tobacco
decoction is one that is effective in this regard.

Among the newer insects, or those not yet generally dis-
tributed throughout the State, I should mention such as Apple-
seed chalcis, the Apple maggot, also known as the Railroad maggot
and Fruit fly, the Pear-leaf blister-mite, the Pear midge, the Pear
psylla, the European Hornet {Vespa cabro), and the Red leaf-
beetle.

The Apple-seed chalcis is abundant and very destructive in
the northeastern quarter of the State. It is a small dark-colored
wasp-like insect, the female of which has a long ovipositor or e^^^
guide, which she inserts into the young fruit when it is no larger
than the end of a man's finger. The seed is reached and the tgg
laid therein. From this egg hatches a maggot or larva, which feeds
m the seed and causes the carpel, or section of the apple bearing
that seed, to remain stunted. The fruits may be considerably
deformed, or all the carpels may have infested seeds and the fruit
may be uniform in shape but very diminutive. It does not grow
after being attacked. It does not remain in clusters, as does fruit
that IS damaged by Aphids, and it may remain on the tree all
winter, or may drop to the ground in the fall. The larvx pupate
withm the seeds, and do not come out until they transform to the
winged stage in the spring. There is no remedy, of course, after
the fruit is attacked, and there is only one means of prevention
that is considered effective. This is to destroy the damaged fruit
by any means possible. It is efficient to let pigs or sheep run in

30

the orchard after the crop is gathered and during winter. Be sure
that the fruits are all knocked from the limbs in the late fall or
early winter, so that the pigs can gather them. If this is not done
by pigs or sheep, then they should be gathered by hand and de-
stroyed.

The Apple maggot, also called the Railroad worm and the Apple
fruit fly, is becoming quite destructive in the northern portions of
Pennsylvania, and as the infested fruits wash down the Susque-
hanna River and lodge along the banks, we may expect the spread
of the fly by this means in its southern distribution. It attacks
chiefly the small and sweet varieties of apple. The fly itself is
smaller than the House fly, with spotted wings, living in the early
part of the summer beneath the shade of the trees, darting quickly
from place to place. The eggs are laid in the fruit when it com-
mences to ripen, and the larvae or maggots tunnel quickly through the
pulp of the fruit in winding channels, and hence the name of Rail-
road maggot. Such injury is, of course, very severe because it
causes the fruit to rot quickly, and no one wants to eat an apple
in which he is liable to find some unexpected insect.

The best treatment of this pest is to sweeten a solution of
arsenate of lead, and apply it in large drops. Sprinkle it over the
foliage under the trees, and especially on the leaves of the lower
branches. The flies sip it and are killed before they lay their eggs.
Ordinary molasses can be used in sweetening a common mixture
of arsenate of lead and water about the strength that is used in
killing the Codling moth.

The Pear-leaf mite is spreading considerably. It attacks the
leaves and fruit of both pear and apple, making them look smutty
or sooty. They have a yellowish blotched and slightly wrinkled
appearance as viewed from the upper side, but the underside looks
as though soot had been rubbed into the leaves. I have sometimes
seen a bunch of pear leaves badly infested on a tree, and no others
on that tree attacked. In such cases it is best to cut off the infested
bunch and destroy it. The fruit itself is made to appear sooty and
cracked, and cannot be good unless treated to destroy the pests.
Spiaying with strong lime-sulfur solution during the dormant
season destroys the Pear-leaf mite, because it passes the winter
under the scales of the buds. Also, spraying during the summer
with nicotine solution and tobacco, as mentioned above for the
aphids, is a good means to destroy this pest. Sulfur or sulfur com-
pounds in any form are always good to apply for Mites at any time
when they are present.

The Pear midge was found destructive last year in the south-
eastern part of Pennsylvania. The young pears get to be about
the size of the end of a man's finger and drop off. On opening
them they are found filled with little larvae, which are the young
of the insect known as the Midge. Remedies for this pest are not
possible, because the larva is within the fruit and cannot be reached,
but it is possible to prevent the damage by spraying with tobacco
and soap decoction shortly after the blossoms fall, and repeating
this in two weeks. It is advisable to mix some free sulfur with the
spray liquid, or use one gallon of strong lime-sulfur solution in
fifty gallons of the tobacco and soap decoction.

31

The Pear Psylla.

This jumping plant louse passes the winter in rubbish, and also
under the scales of bark of the trees. Thorough spraying with
strong lime-sulfur solution at high pressure, blowing it into the
bark from different angles, will kill this pest. Chickadees, nut-
hatches and woodpeckers feed abundantly upon it. Preserve the
birds, and thus reduce the necessity of the use of the spray pump.

The European hornet {Fespa cabro) has, as far as we can learn,
for the first time appeared in the State of Pennsylvania. It has
been known for a few years in the State of New York, and may
have come across the border. From Wyoming County we received
specimens of peach wood from which the bark and cambium had
been peeled as completely as could be done in an irregular manner,
looking as though one had taken his thumb nail to peel away these
tender layers down to the solid wood. Upon comparison with the
work of Fespa cabro, or the European hornet, we find that this is
the pest doing the damage. This Hornet makes a nest of paper,
as does our American hornet, but it is more liable to live in a cavity,
as a hollow place in the trunk or limb of a tree, or among rocks!
The nest should be sought and destroyed. A little kerosene oil
and a lighted match will soon do the work. Spraying branches as
soon as the first attacks are seen, with one ounce of arsenate of
lead in each gallon of water, with a little glue or soap added to make
it adhere, is also advisable, and would no doubt be decidedly effec-
tive.

The Red Leaf Beetle {Galerucella cavicollis).

This pest showed a very decided outbreak in this State during
the past year. Its native food plants were not known, neither
were its habits, nor life history. Upon investigations by the office
of the Economic Zoologist of the Department of Agriculture, it was
learned that the native food plant of this newly destructive insect
is the wild fire cherry (Prunus pennsylvanicus). It feeds in all of
Its stages upon this plant, which grows so abundantly in the hilly
and mountainous regions of the northern portions of the State.
The adult beetles attack cherry, peach and plum verv consider-
ably, and also pear and apple to some extent. In no less than ten
or twelve Counties there was considerable damage by the attacks
of this insect. Upon careful investigation we discovered its life
history to be as follows: The adult passes the winter in rubbish
m any protected place, and comes forth in the spring and feeds
on the leaves of trees of the kinds mentioned above. It goes down
to or near the ground of the fire cherry tree, and there lays its eggs
on the soil, or on rubbish near the soil, or on the base of the trunk
of the tree. As the young larvae hatch from the eggs they crawl
up the trunks of the trees to the leaves, and there feed and molt
and grow and continue to feed. When they have finished their
growth, they again crawl down the trunks of the trees, and pupate
at the surface of the soil, to come forth in the fall as mature insects,
and again climb the trees and feed on the foliage for a short time
before they scatter to various places to find protection for the
winter.

32

We found that spraying with arsenate of lead with the regular
formula of from one-half to one ounce in one gallon of water will
kill both the adults and the larvae, but what is more important is
that as the larvae were found to feed only on the leaves of the fire
cherry, and as this tree is not of any economic importance or value,
we reconimend the destruction of the fire cherry tree in regions
where this Red leaf beetle is liable to occur.

Afternoon Meeting, Wednesday, January 19, 1.30 p.m.

((

ADVANTAGES OF THINNING APPLES."

Dr. I. H. Mayer.

The advantages of thinning fruit are so important that growers
everywhere should study the question, try at least a few trees and
get valuable experience every year.

Conserving the vitality of the tree is one of the most impor-
tant objects attained by thinning. If one apple is matured instead
of eight, the number of seeds — the main loss of tree vitality, will
be only one-eighth as great and good big fruit buds for the next
crop will be developed and annual cropping will eventually be
established.

One apple four inches in diameter occupies as much space as
eight apples two inches in diameter and will sell for two, three, or
maybe ten times as much money.

The grower can select the specimens of fruit giving promise
for best results. All imperfect or deformed fruits can be removed
at the time of thinning; and if done early and with care, the center,
upper, or lower little apple of a cluster can be selected — just as the
florist selects the terminal or other bud on different varieties of
Chrysanthemums for instance. While a specially constructed
scissors is used most persons will use good thumb and finger nails.

The distance between specimens can be partly controlled.
Large varieties like Wolf River, Alexander, Pound Sweet, etc.,
can be spaced eight, ten or even twelve inches if fancy results are
to be attained, while smaller varieties like Jonathan, Winesap,
Golden Russet, etc., may be limited to four inches. Other varieties
can be spaced at the will or judgment of the grower. Apples prop-
erly spaced and if the trees are fairly well pruned, will not only
have greatly increased size, but much will be gained in color and
quality.

Question. — "How often do you thin.^"

Dr. Mayer. — "One, two or more times.'*

Mr. Cyrus T. Fox. — When I visited Dr. Mayer's orchards a
few years ago his men were thinning the fourth time."

Question. — "How do you prevent breaking fruit spurs .»*"

Dr. Mayer. — "By using the finger and thumb nails, but

usually on larger fruit by giving the specimens to be removed a

*twist and jerk' — a motion harder to describe than to practice.

With care and persistence the ordinary worker soon learns."

33

Question.— "How do you thin tall trees?"

Dr. Mayer. — "With our low trees we seldom need more than
a broom handle with an eightpenny wire nail driven through it
near the end. That makes an efficient hook, and with a little prac-
tice with the same *twist and jerk* movement used in finger thin-
ning, the apple desired can be gotten with scarcely any failure.
For high trees cane fishing rods of proper length answer well. The
tip should be sawed off and the end well wrapped with wire when
the pole will be ready for the wire nail. None but the most careful
workmen should be entrusted with the long pole."

"HARVESTING, PACKING AND MARKETING THE

PEACH."

A. J. Farley, New Brunswick^ N, J.

We all know that the number of bearing peach trees throughout
the country has increased very rapidly during the past few years
with the natural result of a material increase in the production of
this popular fruit. We must also admit that such a large increase
in production should be accompanied by a corresponding develop-
ment of efficient and systematic methods of handling the crop.
While it is quite true that considerable progress has been made
during the last few years, the present lack of system and organized
eifort in this branch of the peach industry is very noticeable. The
benefits to be derived from the practice of up-to-date business
methods in the harvesting and marketing of peaches are not fully
appreciated by the average grower. It is the man who can harvest
and market his fruit with a fair margin of profit during a season
when peaches are plentiful, not the man whose trees by some
lucky freak of nature produce a heavy crop when the supply is
limited, who will be most successful in the long run. It requires
very little skill to sell at a profit when the supply is far below the
demand, but when the opposite conditions prevail the most care-
ful attention must be given to every detail connected with harvest-
ing and marketing the crop. Fruit sent to market by careless
and inexperienced growers during a season of heavy crops is more
often sold at a loss than at a profit. How often do we hear the cry
of fruit sold at a loss during a season when the crop is heavy, while
at the same time those growers who use proper methods have a
liberal profit to show for their season's work!

Orchard Management.

It is extremely important that careful attention be given to
the many details connected with the production of the fruit in
order to facilitate harvesting, packing and marketing. It is not

34

1

my intention to give a lengthy discourse on orchard management,
but I simply wish to remind you of the fact that proper cultiva-
tion, fertilization, spraying and thinning, all have a direct and
important bearing upon the size, color and quality of the fruit.
It is essential that the fruit be of fair size, while uniformity
of size and color make grading and packing much easier. It is
almost unnecessary to add that all fruit should be practically clean
and free from disease. Fruit that has been properly sprayed is
not only more attractive, but will keep longer and reach the mar-
ket in better condition than unsprayed fruit of the same variety.
Systematic pruning not only produces fruit of larger size and
higher color, but also facilitates harvesting by keeping the growth
of the trees within reasonable limits. Trees on which the fruit
has been properly thinned will produce uniform specimens, which
may be rapidly harvested, graded and packed.

4 Harvesting.

There are fruit-growers in every locality, who, by intelligent
care and attention secure heavy crops of fancy fruit, but lose what
might be a liberal profit by insufficient attention to harvesting
and marketing problems. One of the most important questions
to be considered in connection with the harvesting of a crop of
peaches is the labor problem. It is essential that the pickers be
careful, intelligent and properly organized. This is particularly
important in large orchards. A competent foreman should see that
the pickers handle the fruit in a careful manner and remove only
those specimens that are in the proper condition. Small bruises,
made in the orchard or packing house, often increase to four or
five times the size by the time the fruit reaches the market.

The proper degree of maturity at which peaches should be
picked depends to a large extent upon the market. Fruit carted
to a nearby local market may be allowed to become more mature
on the trees than fruit that is to be shipped to a distant market.
The quality of a peach which ripens on the tree is higher than if
it is picked rather green and allowed to ripen in storage. The
proper degree of maturity or ripeness may be determined most
accurately by practical experience. One of the best indications is
the appearance of the flesh as seen through the skin on the uncolored
side of the fruit. The dull, unattractive, green flesh gradually
changes until it presents a ripe, mellow appearance. The degree
of ripeness should never be determined by the amount of red
color. Pickers should never be allowed to test the degree of maturity
by pinching the fruit. It is very essential that peaches be picked
at just the proper stage, if they are to reach their destination in
good condition and present an attractive appearance on the mar-
ket. A delay of one day in picking may prevent the shipment of
a large amount of fancy fruit, as well as greatly reduce the speed
of the packers. It is generally necessary to make at least three
pickings, going over each tree every other day. Rigid oak-stave
baskets make excellent picking baskets. The ordinary sixteen-
quart peach basket is often used as a picking basket, but is not
very satisfactory, owing to the fact that it is not rigid or durable

35

and may seriously bruise the fruit. A low wagon will be found
very useful for carting the fruit from the orchard to the packing
house. The orchard foreman should see that the driver of this
wagon keeps the pickers well supplied with picking baskets and the
packers supplied with fruit at all times.

Grading and Packing.

A packing house will be found very convenient, if not absolutely
necessary. It need not be expensive, but should be light, roomy
and convenient. A building 20 feet wide and 25 feet long will be
found very satisfactory in orchards of medium size. It should
be provided with wide doors on both sides, so that the fruit as it
comes from the orchard may be taken in on one side, graded and
packed, and sent out the opposite side, ready for market.

It is very essential that the fruit be carefully graded before it
is placed in the shipping package. The grade should be determined
by the size, color and amount of blemish. Very large, poorly colored
specimens do not belong in the same grade, or in the same package,
with fruit of medium size and high color. The grade is too often
determined by size alone, without giving proper consideration to
color and freedom from blemish. The fruit in each package should
be as uniform as possible in size, color and degree of maturity.

Package.

Peaches are sent to market in various types of packages; the
types most commonly used being the sixteen-quart Delaware or
Jersey basket, and the Georgia six-basket carrier, having a capacity
of twenty-four quarts. The most satisfactory package in which
to ship peaches is one that is fairly rigid, attractive, not too expen-
sive and, far as possible, thief proof.

The sixteen-quart basket is not a satisfactory package in
which to ship fruit, but is well adapted to the needs of those growers
who are so located that they can cart their fruit from the orchard
to the market. Wooden covers should always be provided to
prevent unnecessary bruising.

The Georgia carrier is undoubtedly the most satisfactory
package in which to ship the better grades of fruit. It is neat,
convenient to handle, and of such shape that it can readily be
packed into cars. Peaches properly packed in Georgia carriers
present a very attractive appearance on the market and usually
command high prices. It is a more expensive package than the
basket, as well as requiring greater skill and care in packing. It
is not a practical package for inferior fruit, or for the small grower
who carts his fruit to a local market. A packing table will be
found very convenient, if not a necessary part of the packing house
equipment. A table 2 feet wide, 12 feet long and a trifle more than
waist high having one shelf 20 inches above the center of the top
and another on one side 12 inches below the top will be found
very convenient. The carrier is placed on the lower shelf and
the cover, upper three tills and divider placed on the center shelf,
while the fruit is being packed in the tills in the bottom of the crate.
The graders stand on the opposite side of the table, and should see

36

Fig. 1. A tree on which the fruit i? evenly distributed requires very little grading.

Vh.. 2. (jeorgia carrier. Shuwini: 2-1 pack.

and may seriously bruise the fruit. A low wagon will be found
very useful for carting the fruit from the orchard to the packing
house. The orchard foreman should sec that the driver of this
wagon keeps the pickers well supplied with picking baskets and the
packers supplied with fruit at all times.

Grading and Packing.

A packing house will be found very convenient, if not absolutely
necessary. It need not be expensive, but should be liirht, roomy
and convenient. A building 20 feet wide and 2S feet loni: ^vill be
found very satisfactory in orchards of medium size. It >hould
be provided with wide doors on both sides, so that the fruit as it
comes from the orchard may be taken in on one side, graced and
packed, and sent out the opposite side, ready for market.

It is verv essential that the fruit be carefullv graded before it
is placed in the shipping package. The grade should be determined
by the size, color and amount of blemish. \'ery large, poorl\' colored
specimens do not belong in the same grade, or in the same package,
with fruit of medium size and high color. The grade is too often
determined by size alone, without giving proper consideration to
color and freedom from blemish. The fruit in each package should
be as uniform as possible in size, color and degree of maturity.

Package.

Peaches are sent to market in various types of packages: the
types most commonly used being the sixteen-quart Delaware or
Jersey basket, and the Georgia six-basket carrier, having a capacity
of twent}-four quarts, llie most satisfactory package in which
to ship peaches is one that is fairly rigid, attractive, not too expen-
sive and, far as possible, thief proof.

The sixteen-quart basket is not a satisfactory package in
which to ship fruit, but is well adapted to the needs of those growers
who are so located that they can cart their fruit from the orchard
to the market. Wooden co\ers should always be provided to
pre\ent unnecessar\' bruising.

The Cieorgia carrier is undoubtedly the most satisfactory
package in which to ship the better grades of fruit. It is neat,
convenient to handle, and of such shape that it can readily be
packed into cars. Peaches properly packed in Cjeorgia carriers
present a very attractive appearance on the market and usually
command high prices. It is a more expensi\e package than the
basket, as well as requiring greater skill and care in packing'. It
is not a practical package for inferior fruit, or for the small grower
who carts his fruit to a local market. A packing table will be
found very convenient, if not a necessary part of the packirig house
equipment. A table 2 feet wide, 12 feet long and a trifle more than
waist high having one shelf 20 inches above the center of the top
and another on one side 12 inches below the top will be found
very convenient. The carrier is placed on the lower shelf and
the cover, upper three tills and divider placed on the center shelf,
while the fruit i^ being packed in the tills in the bottom ot the crate.
The graders stand on the opposite side of the table, and sliould see

36

h,. I. \ t rrr ''ii wiiirh the Iniit i- rxmlv tli-l rihutcj rrquii"- \ <. '. \ lillU- u:radiii:

!... J ( M

\ tWJ _■

■ U K.

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

that the packers are provided with plenty of fruit at all times. The
packers should also have crates within easy reach directly behind
them, so that as soon as one crate is packed work may be started
on the next without unnecessary delay. One of the most important
points to be considered in connection with the packing of peaches
in carriers is that of rapid work. In order to pack rapidly the fruit
should be of uniform grade and everything in the packing house
systematically arranged so that the packers may keep at their
work without interruption.

The actual method of placing the fruit in the tills may seem
complicated to the novice, but is in reality quite simple. There
are two styles of pack in common use, known as the 2-2 pack and
the 2-1 pack. The former is adapted to the smaller sizes of fruit,
and the latter to the larger sizes. All fruit between 7 and 83^ inches
in circumference may be packed in one or the other of the above
styles, by placing three layers in each till. For fruit over S}/2 inches
in circumference, only two layers should be placed in each till,
while it will require four layers in each till to properly fill the crate
with fruit under 7 inches in circumference.

The approximate number of peaches of a certain size re(jaired
to fill a crate may be readily determined: For example, fruit 8}^
inches in circumference should be packed in the 2-1 style, and will
require 6 peaches in each layer, 18 in each till, making a total of
108 to the crate. Peaches 8 inches in circumference will pack 23
to the till, or 138 to the crate. This will also require the 2-1 style
of pack, placing 8 peaches on the bottom and top layers of each
till with 7 peaches in the middle layer. The packer should carefully
maintain the proper alignment by properly spacing the peaches
in the first layer and placing the fruit in each additional layer
directly over the spaces thus formed. In other words, no two
peaches should be placed directly above one another. This method
encourages rapid packing and helps to prevent serious bruising of
the fruit on its way to the market.

The crates should be packed in such a manner that a bulge
of one or one and one-half inches, will be apparent after the cover
is made secure. A neat, attractive label on each end of the crate
adds at least twenty-five or fifty cents to the selling price, and is,
therefore, a very profitable investment.

Careful consideration should be given to the purchase of an
ample supply of all packages as soon as it is possible to make a
fairly accurate estimate of the crop. The grower who waits until
two or three weeks before the fruit ripens, before ordering crates
or baskets, is quite likely to be disappointed. Estimate your crop
as early as possible, and order baskets or crates accordingly. It
will always pay to buy new packages for first-class fruit. Such
packages are more attractive, and fruit packed in them will com-
mand a higher price than the same grade of fruit packed in a second-
hand package.

Always remember that attractive, properly matured fruit,
carefully and honestly packed in a clean, bright crate or basket,
bearing a neat, distinctive label will always be in demand at a
profitable price. Furthermore, it should be the aim of every grower
to grow, harvest and market fruit just a little better than the aver-

37

age. Many believe that the present rate of peach-tree planting
will soon result in an over-production of fruit. This may apply
to the poor, to medium grades of fruit, but should never worry the
man who produces high-grade fruit by combining intelligent
methods of growing his fruit with careful attention to harvesting,
grading, packing and marketing.

"THE CONTROL OF INSECTS INJURIOUS TO PLUMS

AND CHERRIES."

Parker Thayer Barnes, Harrisburg.

I am afraid that my talk will be very similar to that other
talk on spraying peaches, because the insects that infest one infest
the other, with greater or lesser severity, according as to whether
the food plant is appetizing to the insect.

The first insect we have to fight is the San Jose scale. As it
is and has been for the last fifteen or twenty years the most talked
of and most written about insect, I doubt if there is any necessity
of my going into details about it here. But you would be surprised
to see the samples of scales coming into our office with requests
for information as to why trees are dying.

There are still people in the State who regard the San Jose
scale in exactly the same light as the man who went to the circus
for the first time. On his way through the menagerie he came upon
the giraffe. He looked and pondered and for a long time apparently
was fascinated by the sight. Finally he fled, and on his way out
was heard to remark ''There ain't no such animal."

As long as we are fruit growers just so long must we make
annual application of lime-sulfur wash or other scale killing
material.

This can be applied at any time during the dormant season.
The effect of this — in addition to keeping down the scale — will be
to keep the trees healthy; it will reduce the amount of damage
done by such diseases as the shot-hole fungus.

One grower in Allegheny County called my attention a year
or two ago to a plum tree in his hen yard. It was early in Septem-
ber. Seventy-five per cent of the leaves had fallen and those that
remained had, from a distance, a ragged, rusty look. The difference
between the plum orchard which was in perfect condition, and this
lone specimen was that he could not readily spray it with lime-
sulfur and so was not sprayed. The tree is gone now, I believe.
The grower did not want that tree as a source of contamination
for the rest of the farm.

In addition to the San Jose scale there are several other scale
insects which infest the plum. The European fruit lecanium
(L. Corni) and the terrapin scale (Lecanium nigrofasciatum) are
of the most importance. Of lesser importance are the Oyster shell
scale (Lepidosaphis ulmi), Putnam's scale (Aspidiatus ancylus),
Howard scale (Aspidiotus howardi), European pear scale (Epidi-
aspis piricola), Cherry or Forbes scale (Aspidiotus forbesi). Walnut
scale (Aspidiotus Juglans-regiae), and the cottony maple scale

38

(Pulvinaria vitis). All of these lesser scales need not be given any
consideration if one gives one's plum trees an annual application of
lime-sulfur wash or other spray for the San Jose scale.

The lecanium scales need a somewhat different treatment.
You are all familiar with these. They are large as scales go, the
females being about J/g ^o % of an inch long, dark brown, and
much the shape of a well rounded shell of a turtle.

In both instances the scale is vulnerable during the winter.
Kerosene emulsion, diluting the stock solution with four or five
parts of water will kill them. Personally, I have not had occasion
to fight these pests so that I have not much experience. The only
case which has come under my own observation was in the orchard
of Augustus Espe, Perrysville, Allehgeny County. Mr. Espe had
some plum trees infested with lecanium scales. He sprayed with
a very strong solution of lime-sulfur and cleaned them up abso-
lutely. I would prefer to use lime-sulfur to anything else; it
is foolproof, to use Prof. Gossard's expression.

I have never yet had to fight the aphids on the plums, but it
does exist and I have seen orchards where the growth was seriously
affected by them. By examining your trees now you can tell
whether the trees are going to be infested with aphids because
the eggs will be there — very small, almost round, black eggs, that
will remind you of small black glass beads. These hatch soon after
the buds open, and that is the very best time to fight them. Do
not wait until the tree is in full leaf and the leaves begin to curl.
Do it immediately upon finding that the eggs are hatching and use
a tobacco extract, such as Black Leaf 40, diluting 5,4 pints in 100
gallons of water and three or four pounds of soap to make the spray
material spread and stick better. Whale oil soap and kerosene
emulsion can also be used in fighting this pest.

Later sprayings can be made, but when the tree is in full foliage
more material will be required and because of the thickness of the
foliage the spraying will not be nearly so thorough.

An interesting thing about these aphids is that they change
food plants. For instance — wherever hops are grown the hop
plant louse spends the winter and spring on the plum. The meals
plum louse migrates during July to various species of grasses, but
returns to the plum again in September. Another species migratey
to the pond weeds — and some of them we have not yet learned
where they go.

The plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst) is found
everywhere east of the Rocky Mountains and is an exceedingly
serious pest. Dr. Quaintance of the Federal Bureau of Entomology
has estimated that the annual loss caused by this insect alone is
$8,500,000. The curculio is 1/5 of an inch in length and in color
is mottled black, gray and brownish. It has a snout that hangs
down like the trunk of an elephant, in the end of which are located
the sharp, biting jaws.

The curculio passes the winter in the adult stage hidden under
leaves and other trash; stone fences, hedges and wood lots furnish

39

ideal places for the insect to hibernate as has been illustrated in
instances where one side of a plum or peach orchard adjoined such
conditions.

The plum curculio attacks all the stone fruits. It is respon-
sible for the worms in plums, prunes, peaches, nectarines, apricots,
and for part or all, as the case may be, of the worms in cherries.
It also attacks apples, pears and quinces.

In addition to laying eggs in the fruit soon after setting, the
adults feed later in the season upon the maturing fruits, making
small wounds which detract from the beauty of the fruit. And
further, all these injuries are places of entrance for the brown or
Monilia rot.

If the curculio is held in check In the plum orchard so that no
injury occurs there are few varieties of plums that will rot readily,
bo It is up to one to keep one's plums free from curculio injury.

About the time the buds open the adults desert their winter
quarters and appear on the tree. They attack the fruit as soon as
It has set.

Two kinds of wounds are made in the fruit by the curculio
when attacking the fruits— a round hole in which the insect feeds.
1 his is often Ys of an inch deep which is about as deep as a curculio
can reach with its snout. When making a hole in which to deposit
an egg the skin is cut and the snout is run obliquely into the flesh
under the skin where a hole is gouged out in which to deposit the
egg. Ihen the mother turns around and places a minute white
egg in that hole, and again turning she pushes it into the cavity
with her snout. Then just in front of this hole she makes a cres-
cent-shaped cut which forms a lip that extends under the egg, so
that in reality this newly laid egg is in a little flap.

A female may lay anywhere from 100 to 500 eggs during her
lite and the egg laying period extends through the season, but most
ol them are laid within a month of the setting of the fruit.

From three to seven days are required for the eggs to hatch
and then the little white or yellowish grub eats its way towards
the pit. About twenty days are required for the little larvae to
reach maturity, during which time the fruits holding them drop
to the ground, so that when the larvs wish to transfer themselves
to the ground they have the ground at hand.

Upon leaving the fallen fruit they burrow an inch or two into
the ground where a small cell is constructed, in which the worm
transforms to a beetle About twenty-eight days elapse from the
time the worm enters the ground until the adult appears. Approxi-
mately sixteen of these days are used to complete the transforma-
tion, and the balance to so toughen up that the hardships of diggine
a way to freedom can be withstood. ^^ ^

Control measures are various, but the most effective is sprav-
ing with arsenate of lead. Two pounds of the paste form to fifty
gallons of water; if the powdered form is used, one-half that amount
is sufficient. Make the first application as the shucks fall, but do
not make it before they fall, or the poison will stick to the shucks
and tall with them, necessitating another application. Repeat
the spray in two weeks. The addition of two pounds of lime may

40

assist the material to stick, and also it will have a tendency to neu-
tralize any acidity there may be in the lead and so prevent burning.

When I was employed at the New York Agricultural Experi-
ment Station twenty years ago it was a morning's job for two men
to jar the plum trees, catching the possum playing curculios as
they fell, in a large sheet-like contrivance under which was carried
a box in which were kerosene and water. Into this the curculios
were swept. This was slow and expensive and has been super-
seded by spraying.

Clean cultivation is also a very important method of holding
this pest in check. As I have pointed out they go only one or two
inches into the ground, so that if the soil in the plum orchard is
stirred frequently to conserve soil moisture the pupal cells will
be broken up; and if the insects are not immediately killed by the
operation, they will either die a slow death or will be found and
destroyed by their natural enemies. The soil under the trees should
be very carefully stirred as most of the curculio will be found
there. To get the best results from this method, in Pennsylvania,
cultivation should be continued until about August 1st.

Pruning also helps to reduce the damage from curculio, for
the insect is a lover of shaded places. In Illinois experiments
have proven that when infested plums lay on the ground exposed
to the direct rays of the sun the larvae in them have died. To get
the best results from this method the trees should be pruned so
as to admit an abundance of sunlight.

Borers.

The peach tree borer does not confine itself to the peach trees.
It is not uncommon to find it in plum and cherry and other stone
fruits. It is just as destructive to these trees as to peaches.

Cutting out is a very good way to get rid of the borer but is
slow and expensive. Protective washes have been used with
success, these being applied before the adults appear — about
June 15th. The protective covering must be kept in good shape —
that is, the whole trunk must be kept covered — until the adults
cease flying, about September 15th. Lime-sulfur wash is probably
as good a protective covering as anything.

There is only one brood a year, but the adults may be found
emerging all summer.

The adults of the peach tree borer are moths which look like
wasps, particularly the male which has clear wings. Upon emerging
they mate and eggs are laid on the trunk and in the grass or trash
about the trees. These eggs hatch in about ten days and the larvae
immediately hunt the weak places in the bark — cracks, breaks of
any kind, and many of them crawl down below the soil line where,
because of the moisture, the bark is more tender.

Then they feed, the runs expanding in size with the growth
of the larvae. Upon the approach of cold weather the larvae stop
feeding. The smaller ones usually come out and spend the winter
in the gum on the bark protecting themselves from the gum by a
case made from the frass produced while feeding on the bark. Upon

41

lune Th. ^m! i =°™mence emerging about the middle of

feer il'tle^fho/er"' ''°" "'"' '^"^^ '^'^ ^"'^ '^'^^ ^^^^'

Ratzlbuirl'!"^ ^ ^f""'^ '•'^ shot-hole borer (Scolytus rugulosus
or even tllh. V" ^ f'"-"" ''"f " ■ ?" '^ '' "°^ ^°"fi"«d t° the plum
ft c„ .• • 'r°"^ '■""'*'• ^t '"f"ts all the orchard trees Whi^

atheTthrrh'"^"?' "V/^'l^ ^'^^'^^ '^^-' ^"<=h - the "xcepdon
ln.A ( '■"'^- Usually ,t is trees which have become weak-

ened from one cause or another. "ci-ome weaK-

onea^ntff.r"f-'^-«"','"'°°''' ^ >"="' ^"^ because they overlap
°here m°a;"e 'L iflf "" k' ™P°«^'''le to tell just how many broods

of the^e little insects '" ""''' '° ^°™P'"^ ^''^ "^^ '^'""^^

struction a S' l''"' • ""'" °""- "r" '^^ ^^'^ ''"^"^ °f its con-
struction a hai^d lens is necessary, for the adult is only about

1/10 of an inch long. It is dark brown with reddish legs

but the aduTts'wllI ?"'*' ^•'" ^^ 'T''" '^' '"^* °f this beetle

ately hunts a Tu LhT T '" '^^ '"^l T'"^' ^h^ f^-^^'e immedi-
ately nunts a suitable branch in which to deposit eees and thpn

proceeds to bore into the sap wood and lay eggs ^^ '"

Protective washes have been used in Ohio with good results
horTh"'","-""-*^ '"r"" P^""'"g i" the case of peacrtrees and
264 bv^Prnf H 'I'T ^°' the greater part of the season Bullet"n
comlLjfn V- A^ ^"''■"'^ °/ '?" Ohio Experiment Station is ve y
holsters '^'^'"^^'°" °f the Orchard Bark beetles and pln-

tK„ Cut out the badly infested portions of the trees stimulate
them by feeding and cultivating and you can bring [he trees bacL

The Plum Tree Borer (Euzophera semifuneralis Walker).

cherrTe'','' 't^ u *''%^"^'="'i.° i« "ot always the cause of wormy

(R "usta Os'te'n slrk^"^" "'" ^^^^agoletis Cingulata Loew) a3

Cher fes I do nnf t ^ T r""""""' ^^^ ""'^ °f the wormy
cnerries. 1 do not know whether or not these insects are nre.Pnr

Jersey"s:'tha7n„ h'^'k? ^ '''"'''' '" ^ew York^a'nd'^New
&rrhe;'n"n"dM:^e'rntL^,;:.''^"^" '" '''' ''^"'' " '"" '"
,nH T*"^ ''H"y '■■"'^ '^'" ^""^ ^""aller than the common hou.e flv

apS maggot. '' '-'' " '^"•"^^^^^- ^^ ^^ ^ ^^-^ reUti^^e^of tt:
.n^ P^ ^'^'f^?' ^^^ ^^^ ^^^' ""^^'" ^he skin of the ripenine cherrv

cannot tell he ,s there until the cherries are used When the
cherries are npe and fall to the ground the maggot is full erown
and ,t crawls out and goes an inch or so into thfground wh^ere it
turns into a brownish puparia which hibernates.

42

If clean cultivation is given the cherry orchard at this time
much good will be done killing the insects. But the easiest way is
to take advantage of the fly's sweet tooth and so lure it into par-
taking of a little poison. Prepare a mixture of five pounds of lead
arsenate (paste), three gallons of cheap molasses and one hundred
gallons of water. If one pint of this is squirted on the cherry tree
there will be no damage from cherry maggots. In mixing this in
small amounts use 134 ounces lead arsenate, four ounces molasses
to a gallon of water. That is enough for eight fair sized cherry
trees such as will be found in a commercial cherry orchard.

Another insect which I have found troubling plum trees particu-
larly, but also the apple trees, is the Red Spider (Tetranychus
Pilosus Harvey). You can see the eggs at this time of the year.
They are about the same size as plant lice eggs and rusty red in
color. The Red Spider lives by sucking the plant juices from the
leaves, and leaves so affected become grayish in color. At a dis-
tance the tree looks as if covered with fine limestone dust from a
macadam road.

The European plum is the favorite food plant of this mite
but apples and cherries are preferred foods in the above order.

I have sprayed plum trees with this pest as the leaves were
appearing with lime-sulfur wash, the dormant strength. The
leaves one year were 3^ inch long but it had no affect on the spider.
The only method I have found successful has been to spray the
trees while in foliage. I used flour paste, following the suggestion
given in a Circular by W. B. Parker of the Federal Bureau of
Entolomogy, when fighting red spider on hops in California.

Flour paste was made by boiling one pound of Red Dog (a
cheap grade of flour) in one gallon of water. This work was done
on the fruit farm of R. L. Trax, Library, Pa. We made ten gallons,
the material was boiled until it formed a very thin gruel. Four
gallons of this paste was diluted with 46 gallons of water in one
experiment. In another experiment we used in a fifty gallon
barrel of water, two gallons of this flour paste and V/2 quarts of
concentrated lime-sulfur wash testing 1.24 specific gravity.
Neither Mr. Trax nor myself could see any difference in the effec-
tiveness of these spraying mixtures. Both killed all the red spiders
that had been wet with the material. The chief difiiculty is to
get all the foliage wet. These plum trees had been pruned so that
the foliage was not thick, and still we had some difficulty in cover-
ing all of the leaves.

The Pear Slug (Eriocampoides limacina Retzius).

The Pear Slug (Eriocampoides limacina Retzius) is common
throughout the State. It infests pear, cherry and plum trees. Eggs
when laid upon other and adjoining trees, such as the peach,
never develop mature larvae. The young are apparently not able
to thrive upon that kind of a food plant. The slug is the larva of
a four-winged fly about 1/5 of an inch long which appears in May.
The female has a saw-edged ovipositor with which she deposits
her egg under the epidermis or skin of the leaf. The eggs hatch
in about two weeks, a whitish grub resulting, but it does not remain

43

sH^V Thl / soon becomes covered with a brownish thickish

lea^e; WhenT/df "TT.°^u'^' ?'"«^ ^"'"^ ^^ ^^e slcin of the
of the leaves ^ ^ ^'^ " """"'"^ '^^' ''"' '^^ ^''^'"°"

Where only a few trees are to be treated a little dry earth
road dust, or a,r-slaked lime dusted over the plants wmkilf the
Ss. •^°'"'""'='^' °-hards arsenical sprays'wiU give tte best

Evening Meeting, Wednesday, January 19, 7.30 p.m.

"COMMERCIAL STRAWBERRIES."

M. J. Krull, Irving, N. V.
VVe grow and harvest usually about 35 acres of this fruit
^CtaTn't^S'^cr^Jrof^thrfrr -''' ^'"' ' ^^^'"« ^^^^ ^^^

Willilm fn7w-n-"' uT T\""'?' "^^^'y- P^^^°"s Beauty,

ator D,;nln ^ll>am Belt, a though such other varieties as Sen^

ator Uunlop Glen Mary, Gibson, Bederwood; the later named

ru, ,s a good frmter in our locality but its poor features are S

nll'cL: " The W^r°' "h"^'"? '' '' t''"°' -"'" its r"d colour
n everv wav Jut thl .k"' ''^Y' ''"" " 8°°'^ ''"^>' ^''h us

season Th^ P p"^ thing-.t has a green tip the first part of

season. The Parsons Beauty is a dandy with one exception— when
we are having extreme dry weather in fruit time it wil? grow ill-
shaped and the white seed become very prominent. So we find
ome one thing or another with all varieties, but the important
thing IS to grow something that produces a good crop Tnd elk
well to the kind of market you may have "^

th.t 1? ?■■«?"'"? our fields for setting we endeavor to select fields
tha have had thorough cultivation the season before so as to be

l2 ^1°"" ^"'''' '' P°''''''^' '' ^«^d g>-owth is the greatest
fight we have to contend with in the growing of strawberrifs

We usually set about 3 feet 10 inches between rows and the

s«t"er' 'h/"/''^"V^° '"'^''1^ '" ™^- We do not ^e mach Se

t U h. ^, f"f 'K"" °"' ^"' '^° "°t f^^' satisfied with results

Jlaiit hat '"'''''"' ^'^'^ '"'^ ^ "«^y ^°°' -^ - strawberry

fi»u^^^ '^° i"°' '7 *° '■^''^ ^"y "°P between rows the vear the

ott out of the strawberry rows; so we let the strawberry plants have
full swing. We pay one cent for picking, except gene^ ^the la.t
picking we pay l^ cents. The price usually obfainedf mm j^

areTA"hL\''^-'r"''"r " "^ ^^"^^ per quart.^ Speaking o?T large"
area 1 think it is safe to say strawberries average about 4000
quarts per acre and sometimes growers get from^6oSo to t^

44

quarts from an acre. Quite often fields are left over for another
year's fruiting where same are fairly free from weeds. The fields
are then mowed and sometimes burned over and then thoroughly
cultivated and hand-weeded. But where fields are quite foul we
do not advocate leaving them over. We plow as soon as fruit is
off and plant to late potatoes or beans. Matted row is the only
system with us.

About the only thing we have had to fight in the way of insects
is the white grub working on the roots the year the fields are set.
This fellow sometimes cleans up whole fields, but his damages can
be overcome if you rotate properly. We have blight, commonly
called leaf-spot, sometimes, but never had enough of it to cause
any alarm.

The writer is a strong advocate of canneries and juice plants, as
where would our prices in the large markets go to if all large growers
dumped their large acreage into such markets. Friends, my opin-
ion is this: We have to educate the masses that good things
to eat come in tin cans as well as fresh.

Instead of overloading our markets with them, why would it
not be better to put the bulk of such things as small fruits, which
are very perishable, into cans, where they will keep and can be
marketed and the masses can use them. Such things can be done
at a fair profit to grower and packer and be sold to the consumer
at a reasonable price. Do your best to encourage this to your
city brother — make him feel that good things can be sealed up
in cans.

••GLIMPSES OF PACIFIC COAST HORTICULTURE."

Dr. J. P. Stewart, State College, Pa.

(Secretary's Note — This was a very interesting illustrated lecture
and the most interesting feature of it all was that it showed
the many methods used by our Western growers in overcoming
their territorial and climatic disadvantages. It also showed
their business-like methods, which is likely one of the most
salient reasons for their success. It showed the wonderful
contrast between the thoroughness of the Western grower,
and the general indifference of many of our Eastern orchardists.)

Morning Meeting, Thursday, January 20, 9.00 a.m.

t«

DISEASES OF THE APPLE, PEAR AND QUINCE."

(Illustrated.)

C. R. Orton, State College, Pa,

Two years ago the writer had the privilege of addressing this
Association on the subject of "Some Orchard Diseases and Their
Treatment. "(1) In that paper the subjects of "Fire-blight" in its

45

Rust and Brown Rot" of stone fruits were treated. Inasmuch
as that paper was published in the "Proceedings" and is pre-
sumably available to all mterested in this State, I have thought
best to hmit this paper to a discussion of the diseases not treated
in the above mentioned paper.

Any attempt to thoroughly discuss more than one or two dis-
eases in the limited time at my disposal, would be impractical
were it not for the fact that adequate literature on this subject is
not available in Pennsylvania at the present time. The compara-
tively short time which the writer has been connected with this
phase of investigations in Pennsylvania has shown him the great
Sme """'^ available information for the horticulturists of the

I have thought it best to take up the various diseases of these
home fruits according to the hosts chiefly for the reason that it
facilitates reference to them. They are arranged in alphabetical
order under each host according to the common name of the

Diseases Affecting the Apple Chiefly.

Blister Canker (Nummularia discreta).— This disease is
prevalent m Pennsylvania where it has been known over eighty
years It is most serious in neglected orchards, seldom appearing
in well-cared-^^^^ 1,3 hief diagnostic characte^rT hf

peculiar roundish blister caused by the formation of the spore
stage as it pushes through and ruptures the bark. Further con
elusive evidence of blister canker may be had by shaving off the
diseased bark with a knife. The blisters are developed from the
cambium region and when mature form there a black circle about
the size of a small nail head. Fig. 1. ^

^;c. ^^""^^ be successfully treated by the prompt removal of all
diseased or dying parts and protecting the wounds with some
good ree paint Inasmuch as the fungus is a wound parasite t^e
annual removal of cankers and dead limbs in the orchard wUl
usually keep the disease out.

r.r.^^l''^^ (Phyllosticta solitaria).-Apple blotch is spreading
rapidly in Pennsylvania and promises to become one of our mosf
serious apple diseases. The evidence points to the introduction
of this fungous disease on nursery stock from more southern
regions where the disease has been severe for several years It

MaTd'en BlusV^p"^'^ T''' ^" Smith Cider, HawthorHdon and
Maiden Blush in Pennsylvania. Other important varieties which
are reported as susceptible are Arkansas Black, Tolman Sweet

TwTri'. r"''"'"' ^r°' ^^'"^^ ^"^^ ^"^ Mammoth Black
1 wig. Varieties reported as quite resistant are Jonathan Grimes

Golden, Wagener, Wealthy, Winesap and York Imperial

The disease attacks twigs, fruit and leaves. On the twies it
produces cankers which are small at first but which may enfarge

broken F^e '! ^o'tl'T'.T^' ^^"^T ^^^^^ '^' ^^^ muTh
n -'u ^* \ ^" ^^^ '^^^ ^^^'^ "^^y be produced very small
yellowish-green dots which are often overlooked at fim'^ Small

46

sunken spots frequently appear on the petiole and midvein of
leaves. On the fruit the disease is most conspicuous. Its appear-
ance varies considerably on different varieties of apples. Usually
an irregular blotch-like spot appears, not unsimilar to the "sooty
blotch." This appears about six to eight weeks after the petals
fall. The margin of these blotches is usually fringed at first.
Fig. 2. Gradually the blotches become sunken and finally the apple
presents an irregular pitted appearance with small black dots in
these areas as seen in Fig. 6. The fruit becomes totally unfit for
market, home consumption, or cider making.

The satisfactory control of this disease depends very much
upon the removal of the cankers in which the fungus lives over
winter. Much of this should be done when the trees are pruned.
This should be supplemented by spraying as a protective feature.
Bordeaux niixture has given more uniformly good results than
lime sulfur in controlling this disease.

Too much care cannot be taken in the purchase of nursery
stock from more southern and western regions.

Brown Rot (Sclerotinia fructigena). — The decay of apples
known as "Brown Rot" is caused by a fungus very closely related
to the one causing the "Brown Rot" of the peach. Its life history
is almost identical.

The decay on the fruit usually follows some injury such as
those caused by apple worms, etc. Probably the most important
factors in its control are sanitary measures. It is not usually to
be feared in properly managed orchards.

European Apple Canker (Nectria coccinea [Pers.] Fries).—
This disease about which there is comparatively little American
literature has been known in Pennsylvania only a short time al-
though specimens sent in March, 1915, from Susquehanna County,
showed cankers apparently 15 years old. That it does considerable
damage in orchards which have been somewhat neglected is certain.

The causal fungus is a wound parasite following winter injury
or sonie other primary injury like tree cricket, hail-stone injuries or
fire-blight, and is perennial in the wood causing the annual killing
back of the callus formation of the previous season. This gives
the cankers a ringed appearance which is quite characteristic.
Fig. 5.

The pruning out of cankered limbs and the protection of
all wound surfaces with some tree paint is the logical treatment.
It should also be borne in mind that the disease attacks other hosts
than the apple and suspicious looking cankers on any host near
the orchard should be removed.

Jonathan Spot (Alternaria sp.). — While the Jonathan apple
is frequently affected with "Bitter Pit" or "Stippen," as many
prefer to call the pitted appearance of fruit so prevalent in the
Baldwin, there is also a common spotting of the skin which affects
the skin and only slightly the flesh underneath as long as the fruit
is in cold storage. When such spotted fruit is removed from
storage it usually decays rapidly. A species of Alternaria has been
repeatedly isolated from these skin spots and appears to have some

47

mint fnr7h?« H ' 'f'°"'"|-- ^' ^^ ^= ''^^^ "° satisfactory treat-
ment for this disease, and us prevalence would warrant the recom-
mendation not to set out many Jonathans until some sat'sfacto^v
method of controlling this disease is developed. -^^siactory

r.( <i^f^^}^A (""^e ""known).— The pimply effect on the twigs
of Smith Oder and Maiden Blush has been described by He^ift

^vdy hdd"that^^i';"n° """ '^^- ""'" '"""'^ ""'^ ^^^ idea'^^s tenta-
tively neld that It IS non-parasitic in nature. It, however seem^

co„rt;e"Je? bTeTdeter '" ^^^ "-^- ^^ ^"^"^^ ^^

best !n?wn^Ir^rrppi;°?i'i;;r3tt'L?th^°T°" ;"'^k'^ .^*»^

A A^^^ • *• -1 ^,V diseases as it has the widest distributor!
fn,? '5 r" ^"''■'y necessary. It attacks foliage, wigs f uk
spurs and fru.t. It is sometimes so severe on leaves aTto cause

Sooty Blotch and Fly-Speck (Leptothyrium Pomi) -The

u"h?r't '^7"'" P''^^'"^ ""''" these names is veTy wWespread
While It does not as a rule cause any decay, it sreatlv de^r!r,;

It/'' xf P"''"f °^ '^' '^"'' ^"'i coLequenly lower tsmarke

^^ck"Ind '7J°'"'l?^ '\ "^i^"- ""'!" 'he nam^s "sooty
Blotch and F y-speck" are both supposed to be caused hr th^

certain for most efficient control methods. ^ '°° """ .

Spongy Dry Rot (Volutella fructi).-This disease is rather

--^^^^svt: S^LX'-":^^.'j brs^TtB

Diseases Affecting Both the Apple and Quince

Brooks?- WM^th-^'!?'"' ^°"'' P"'^-' Cylindrosporium Pomi
svlvanii'it h.. K ''""''= apparently is not common in Penn-

win'^nd York St'loe^'T" 'r^'^'^.f^'T' °"^^'°- °" '^e BalS-
in .M F . u ■ ? " '* ^'^° ^^^'^ '° be common on the Quince

rpor whrcrciosli^e^s:rbie\^L'rvf d°" ""'"^^ '"^'""^''''

relationship has 'Z y«^£ luny'^elrabm?"'" "^^^ ''"' '''^'^

Two applications of the ordinary summer spray during the
first part of July has controlled the disease in Pennsylvania.

Diseases of the Apple, Pear and Quince.

Bitter Pit, Stippen, or Fruit Pit (non-parasitic).— The
most serious fruit disease of the apple in Pennsylvania and in many
other sections is this disease which passes under several common
names. It is so common on the Baldwin that almost every grower
of that variety is acquainted with it. The pitting of the apple
around the calyx end and the brown spotting of the flesh are
usually suflicient characters for diagnosis. Fig. 7. The same trouble
is found less commonly on the pear and quince. Other varieties
which are often seriously affected are the Gano, York Imperial,
Ben Davis, and Northern Spy. Varieties which are sometimes
affected are Winter Banana, Smith Cider, Smokehouse, Fall Pippin,
King, Ohio Nonpareil and Stark. Apparently immune varieties
are Maiden Blush, Summer Rambo, Wealthy, Stayman, Winesap,
Grimes, and Rome Beauty.

McAlpine in Australia considers that fluctuating temperatures
and humidity are the principal contributing factors in the develop-
ment of the disease. Transpiration tests show that there appears
to be a relation between excessive transpiration and the produc-
tion of the disease. Lowering the humidity of the air increases
the transpiration and consequently the amount of pit. Fruit
borne on laterals are less affected with the disease than those borne
elsewhere on the tree. This may be due to the more unfavorable
arrangement of the food and water conducting tissue on laterals
as compared with that in leaders.

Bitter pit is arrested in development at a temperature of 30-31
degrees F. in storage. Careful picking and storing are to be especi-
ally recommended.

Crown Gall (Bacterium tumefaciens). — This bacterial disease,
which is essentially a nursery disease, is one of the most common
fruit tree diseases and also attacks many other trees, shrubs and
woody perennials having no relation to our fruit trees. In the
nursery it is often quite destructive, but not usually so to mature
trees.

One of the most interesting features regarding crown gall is
its similarity to certain forms of cancer. This has been carefully
worked out by Dr. E. F. Smith, Bureau of Plant Industry, Wash-
ington, D. C. The galls which frequently appear on the limbs
and trunks of trees may often be of a secondary nature, being con-
nected by a "strand" or streak of diseased tissue within the host
with a primary gall which may be on the roots or some other part
of the host far removed from the visible gall. The cells of the
host which make up the secondary gall are like the cells of the
primary gall, so that for instance, if the primary gall or infection
was on the roots and a secondary gall was formed above on a
branch (the two being connected with "tumor strands"), the
secondary gall would be made up of root-like cell tissue and such
secondary galls if placed in moist sand may send out buds which
develop roots instead of branches.

49

fh. Jm '"^^'''7 t° successfully treat crown gall by cutting out
the gals depends upon this peculiar habit of the diseased ceUs
containing the parasite to travel from one part of the tree to an

d suUe aTav '%Z"'''^ '"'^''J ''T' -^"^ ^^"^ ^^ ^^ -me
aistance away. The only remedy then is to remove and burn the

injury. The three diseases are distinct, but the effect udoT tJi^
appearance of the tree is practically the same in each case '^Collar
bhght has been quke thoroughly discussed in Bull 136 of the
Pennsylvania State College Experiment Station, which is available
to all residents of the State who may wish it. available

some^wound" TnfVll^ '°°-' °J '^' ''^^ «"'' P^^ably through
some wound After it has gained entrance to the host it eraduallv

works inward toward the collar of the tree and then upward on

the trunk killing the bark and wood as it progresses Ttp^ h, J?

root rotted frequently break off just below^hf g ound I^e and an

covered with grayish or brownish fungus threads In certain
seasons the fruiting bodies of the fungus appear around the roo"
or trunk of the affected trees. This stage resembles ?he common

iTcfoabT^r" V^' """''^ ^"<^ fi^''^^ Inasmuch a the fungus
s capable of living for an extended period in the soil and upon roots

whe e , 'k' " K "°' '^^'"'^^'^ '° '^'^^ t^«^ for several yea s
where trees have been removed which were affected bv root rot

unless as many of the roots as possible were removed and the so i

ll^Vf"" thoroughly sterilized. Perhaps corrosive subHmate

rhiT f ^P"J """""" bichloride to 1000 parts water) would be

depth of 10'to'l2'-' 1° ""• .Ajhorough soaking of the soU to a
aeptn ol lU to 12 inches would be necessary.

less Sect' to^'^t^h?-"^ n T'"""^''^ ""^^°°^ P^^"^^ '^' ^ore or

cal ed toT r^-- ^ '""' ^^'"•'' '"•'"'^•" ^"' attention is

ca led to It more frequently on fruit trees because of the oresenr

value of the crop. It also seems that our cultivated ? ees are mo?e
subject to this trouble than the non-cultivated. ^

There are several forms of winter injury not all due to the same
combination of conditions. Apparently the most serious formis

collar-blight. This form of winter injury often takes place durine
winters where there is much alternate freezing and thawL with
the collar exposed; or it may occur during winters follow nl such
a season as 1915 when the trees ripened their wood much later
than usual and went into the winter without proper seasonfnT
or it n.ay occur when trees have been heavily fertilized the J eviol'
season and growth has thus continued longer than usual or k
may result when the soil is improperly drained and an excels o
moisture collects about the roots and collar as in the case of soil

50

Another form of so-called "winter injury" occurs commonly
on the trunks or branches of trees and results in the bark splitting
and frequently turning back and exposing the sapwood. This type
of injury usually occurs in the spring and is most common on the
southwest side of the tree. It is frequently due to the thawing of
the bark and sap wood in the early afternoon and the sudden
freezing at night. The sudden fall in temperature results in the
sap which has started during the warm part of the day, suddenly
freezing and the cells bursting.

The remedy in any case is to promptly cut out the diseased
bark and paint the exposed surface. This prevents the entrance
of wood destroying fungi and other wound parasites which may
become serious.

Diseases Confined to the Pear Chiefly.

Leaf Spot (Septoria pyricola). — The leaf spot of pear is not
frequently serious enough to occasion much alarm. It is detected
by small spots on the leaves with an ashy gray center. Small
black dots may be frequently seen in these areas. The disease
should be prevented by the regular spray as for pear scab.

Scab (Venturia pyrina). — The pear scab is very similar to
the apple scab in its appearance as well as its life history. It does,
however, often attack the twigs more seriously than does the
apple scab. A description is hardly necessary for it is almost iden-
tical with apple scab, yet it appears that the two fungi causing
them are sufficiently distinct to prevent their passing from one
host to the other. The spray as outlined in the following calendar
is usually efficient in the control of apple and pear scab, provided
it is thoroughly applied.

Diseases of the Pear and Quince Only.

Fruit and Leaf Blight (Fabraea maculata [Lev.] Atk).—
This characteristic disease of the pear and quince occasionally
causes considerable damage in the State. On the pear fruit it
causes an effect similar to scab in some cases and in the early stage
a red spotting somewhat like scale injury. On the quince fruit
the spots are characteristically circular in outline and sunken
with a single pustule in the center of each from which the spores
are discharged. Fig. 4. The leaves of the pear and quince are
also attacked and spots caused, which on the quince are larger
and more conspicuous than on the pear. The black dots also appear
in the leaf spots. Spraying is usually a satisfactory method for
controlling this disease.

Spray Calendar for Apples, Pears and Quinces.

The spray calendar published by Stewart in Bull. 128 of the
Pennsylvania State College Experiment Station is to be recom-
mended. There are certain further recommendations which appear
valuable. One is the addition of Nicotine solution ("Black Leaf
40") to the first two sprays in orchards where twig blight is trouble-
sonie. This is for the reason that twig blight is spread chiefly by-
various aphides, and other insects having a similar feeding habit.

51

If these insects can be prevented from feeding on the twi^s much of

PC s Wl' th'e'Lnir '' f'™-"ed- It appears that th^'^hTrdlnd
possibly the fourth apphcations also should have nicotine add^H

arr^r" he' WiV'h^°°'^^ ^^ ^"^^'"^ '"^^^^ ^^ich ar^'f "en actte
earners of the blight organism. It seems to the writer that the Von

the Lit'"'""'- '^■ '''^■' ^^"^ '^^ ^^™°^«1 of hold over cankers'
the most practical and important factor in the control of fire bligh'

oinkl-J^y^ just before or just when the blossoms are showing

SD ^r TLnH '™^.^"'f"^ (commerical, diluted 1-40 about, or Toi
sp. gT.) and nicotine extract 1 nint nf 40 t^^^ .>^«* ^^ut, ur i.ui

sulfnr « ''"^ ^^°f ^""^ ^^^l'' ^fter second spray with lime
sulfur, same strength, and nicotine eitrart F^, u j •

sooty blotch, blotch, f'ruit spo and black roi afso forLl''"'"'
sects escaping first two sprays. Bordeaux Mix ureT2 3 ?m"? '?"
ro\ ^r^^^Telall" t""'-^"""^ ■" ^'^'"'^ wht^rtih't'S^ bLc^k

Of bl|h!;^oS blIf|:f^^^;--nrbKi"^ fcdtux°K

r|s-\- ^\L"lL^ttoT;n^e1rrrinlS^ "--"'^- '^ ^^-
curcu'^b, SerS 1tc"'Te!d'a' "H"^ ^^i!i'\''^ ^P^'^ -™.

so^SKti^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -^ o^th-irto

HKcrs and (Jj extreme care in the purchase of nursery stock.

"CO-OPERATION FOR FRUIT-GROWERS."

A. Freeman Mason, State College, Pa,

have emphasized the necessity of plying Rre^ter heed to ^"a^'
posal of our products Th, F,.». c e^eater need to the dis-

in their P-grfm jus"^an„Iute^d ^ J;;rto E: tlir""^"'

With sucr c^ia[nTr:raU^d^ur^r:o-fte%tLf t'^

52

i

1

Ml

Vu.. 1. Blister canker nn a lar^c apple limb. .\. tc the
black circles where bark has been cut a\va\ .

I'lc. 2. Blotch on liaulhorrid.-n apples. Note the frinL'eJ appearance at this stat't

If these insects can be prevented from feeding on the twigs much of
L / , L , " , ^rplications also should have nicotine adHp,l

sulfur .»''"■' ^''°'l' '"'"^ "■'^"^'^^'^ ''fter second sprav wi-h lime
suHur same strength, and nicotine extract For sLh ,V ,!

rot Trf p^^e^al'nt"""-^"'^"^ '" '"'''''^ ^'"^ "lotc^h a,td' black

^a ;s--i- l;^I,",Lt:^o'"cTu^e1^^lv'in;!;r^" '---'^- ^"■■- '''-
50 gaii:!:^; /he ':iirufed :;.;'.?"'" °^ ' ^°""^ °' "'<-■ ^°"-^- -

are fn'the 'l^H^,"''^'}' '"f^^^res in the control of orchard diseases

"CO-OPERATION FOR FRUIT-GROWERS. "

A. Freeman Mason, Smtr (.V/,-.v, /V.

HorSlS*'\"socTaioi'"¥^ ''' '"'^f Pennsylvania State
topics trc-ired V,t ,?,^ -'^ ■''^''■' P'^"" "^-^ 'he list of

asrocia;[:;Vs1vilVi o rthe Taa'trt" /'' V"T ^^^''^"'-"'

Phase- Th^^gre-rSi!"^' V'"Pr^^ ->"-er

have emphasized he necet it o^"' -^ °''^' "'^"1"^ "''^ '''""'h,
posal of 'our products The" Fastern'Trrf'" '^'^•^^° "^"^ ^''^-

wit^^rac^-iir^o-^Tf'i^'-'-

cuMT) going on all around us, it would be titling that

32

fr-

:»4

■-4^

^■r^

.«?S'

'\J </f^

%

■ k.

-tl

f

.^fidL

\

/ INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

I'K.. 3. Blotch on iwit's. 'I'hc infected arca>
arc well niarkctl b\' the rouuh bark.

tiG. 4. Fruit blight on quince. Characteristic appearance of fruit in st

oraue

1 1 , . V 1)1

I... 1,

I INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

n

tiG. 5. European Apple Canker on King apple

tree. Characteristic appearance of

young and old cankers.

'f L

Fig. 6. Blotch on Smith cider apples. Note the pitted appearance. These spots

are quite leathery.

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

Tk.. 5. I-

ir 'jHMii \y\Av C'aiikiT < '!i K

trrc. C'h.ir.ict

iilL' appk-

cTi>tii- appraraiicf < it

\'iiunL' and <ild cank

IT-

I'll. <>. Blotch ,,„ Smith cidi

r appk'-^ \(>tc the jMlttd app

iraiKc. r

K'-C -p. il>

arc quite IcatfuTx

Fig. 7. Bitter Pit on Baldwin (top), Jonathan (second), York Imperial (third)

and Northern Spy (last).

1

ZJ^ Z/"""" °^ ,"''= r ""°"' ^'''^'^ <^°nf^°nt us in this Rreat
State, and try to solve the problems which have troubled uf for
years. We have come to the point where the difficulties of po
ducfon no longer g.ve us worry, the greater difficultirof mar
ke mg havmg caused us to wonder if we are not reay troubled
with over-production. So this morning I have been TsL/Zlt
a few words along the lines of co-operftion, bring „Vout some of
otnitior ^ '"' disadvantages of that form^ o^f '':^.^;i

drive!' ;U^e"b"''on\'c"u^t"£."a°;;osr" '""f^' ^^^ ^""^^^
and well into Z heartXTe^of the tron«st o"f XJ^'l' ^'"^^°"''
This drive took the Germans allTt^o^Xelat "Fftis""H"ad
anyone prognosticated such an invasion they woud have 1^.^
scorned, because France had nnp r.f th„ u 1 "^°""' "^^^ been

armies in the world. But let us go back ^H^t,'"'^ i""' '''"'PP^'^
Germany was the battleground of Euron. T u ""'"'^ ^8°

she was the "goat" in all nf th» ■ ."'"P?' T° "'^ ^''^ vernacular,
period. If England wihed to ' seulTX' '^°">P''"Jti°"'' of the

war. She had aTl nf k/ f preparing for years for just such a

her the sreattt .ffi ^ f°rces organized in such a way as to give

long' bef^ r wa'r wa? Zla^el "co'" "''^, '" ""^' '"^^ ^^°^

by these vand^lc **"^erusea death and destruction wrought

side of . The obacToTusT'h.H °/ """A P"^""^'^^ 8'^^" '° °-
to S cents ner rT.nT xu u ^°''"'' '''^ P"'^^ °f 'obacco down
cussed the pHce of tnh.. ' !,°''u"° ^'""'"^ organized and dis-
the trust to give het a M^ "'' ^'/' \"''. '"""^ °f persuading
year they we?e unsucTessfK" *?"" ^°.' "'^'^ P^^'*""" The firsf
next vear thev decided nm^n 1 l"^ ""^ P^"" '° ^^'^" ^°"- The
were then the few l.n K iP "I ^"J' tobacco. Of course there
year for ,1,. J i*^" '^^° thought that that would be iust the

'ion' Sich wa Vorn/?""?.''"'^ /°^ ^^^ '^'^-^ °" the oSi^a!
were visited in the S ^L InH ,h "^'IT' ^T'^J ^"' '^ese men
so thoroughly that thev'.lJ ^ Jobacco-beds were cultivated
the vear and tlf-. 7- "'^^'' "° f""''^'' attention the rest of

groWer 'co.ope a^ed so ,',';/"'^^f" "j-^-hipped. The tobacco
come to their ermc ^""^^""y th" they forced the trust to

product, a very Zd nri 'Y '^T '^ """'' "" P°""'' f°^ 'heir
' ^^O good price for tobacco.

53

When you consider that there are thousands of acres of fruit
out in the West, and tens of thousands of acres planted in the
East, is it not possible that, when the great strain of competition
strikes Pennsylvania, we may not be able to get our organiza-
tion completed quickly enough to meet the demands, if we do not
look about for the most advanced methods of marketing.

Co-operation is defined simply by calling it organization for
community interest. In a great many places the term '*co-opera-
tion" is much misunderstood. It reminds me of the answer an
evangelist received from a man in a small town. The evangelist
asked one of the town loafers if they had a branch of the W. C. T. U.
in the community. "No," replied the fellow, "but we have the
B. & O. and the P. R. R. runs two miles west." This afternoon I
will endeavor to bring out some of the essential features in co-
operation for fruit-growers.

The movement is of comparatively recent development. Fifty
years ago we did not have a railway network over the country;
we had no large commercial plantings which demanded quick
movement of crops. There was very little business organization
in farming. Fruit was grown merely as a side-line by the ma-
jority of farmers, and they put it all on the local market for any
price they might get. The season for fruit such as strawberries
lasted but three or four weeks. The apple season was a fall and
early-winter proposition, instead of lasting all year round. There
was little demand for the fancy brands now put on the market.
There was practically no competition, and a man's market con-
sisted in the small community in which he lived. Wages were
low, and hours were long. You cannot compare the old conditions
and practices with those we use now.

On the other hand, the last fifty years has marked a tremendous
upbuilding in every branch of industry. The railroads opened up
new country, and offered immense advantages in shipping to growers
in outlying districts. The West was settled up, and immediately
the big plantings there sprang into importance. That forced the
development of the refrigerator car, because all of that Western
fruit had to arrive East for a market. Parker Earl, formerly
strawberry king of Southern Illinois, came out with the first such
cars forty years ago. It was not at all like the finished product we
have today, but it opened the way for improvements. With it
came the up-building of the fresh-fruit trade from the West.
Seasons have been immeasurably lengthened, making a demand
for such cars all the year round. Some organizations own their
own cars.

In addition to these mentioned, the commission business has
been developed; the great amounts of capital in the trade enabling
them to take advantage of the smaller businesses. I am not at all
antagonistic to the commission man. He is just one more obstacle
to overcome. If it were not for the commission man, the insects
and diseases, God bless them, fruit growing would be so easy that
everybody would go into it, and none of us would get anything out
of it. Finally, the farm has been put on a business basis, with expert
book-keepers, or at least a set of books. Almost all of them can tell

54

the cost of production on most of their lanric r^ • i ,

tig... pfod.«io„ com L°S':."j°:*,' ;;-;:"""'■ ""'' '»^ '■"."■

in farming methods Dr Carver fX ?[ ^^^''^^ reorganization

. home, Li .he,rfi„.LSd To, bl,h r«d u'i'JT""'"''""'!:

i" Xf z £rtc." r/, JhTS:;.? "i'S °xr

;nd .ppk, .h. „,h„ d.,_,"Mib.n.it„.P* '""'";

he remarkpH th,t K^ • 7 national reputation — and

"or aTnL "R^' 7u' ^"'""^'^ °PP°'^'^ ^° '^e box as a package
summer o° the first car^o.H Ji "" ^''' u°''' "^ '" California this

brcVu^e'TetastrersSr/"' T ''f'"t --^ """^"d;
.0 improve Their m«hodf ™'««'^'"-'y that they would have

\\ hen 'air ofthe1up°pHe°s u'sTd""^ '^ ' '''°"' P°'"^ '° --'^er.

c^^ad lots ^^^T^-^: ^2:::^:t: ^^r%t

SJln";: tool: ^XtL^^-^'r'^-. •'-^^ fertnizt.Tays Inl
reduced roctT"uu l"^' supplies for its members, at a ereatlv

55

in itself, great things can be accomplished by such an agent. The
California Fruit Growers' Association marketed 50,000 carloads
of oranges and lemons, with approximately 400 boxes in each car,
at a total cost of $.0659 per box. Six and one-half cents is a very
low marketing cost, but it included all of their organization and
marketing expenses. If fruit is sold f. o. b., it is not subject to
market fluctuations, and when a single day may mean a difference
of a dollar a barrel this item cannot be overlooked. Frequently
fruit is allowed to stand on the tracks so long that it perishes before
reaching the buyer. After the fruit is shipped, it has to be sold
at any price it will bring, while if sales are f. o. b., the shipper
knows his price before it leaves his hands, and the buyer will handle
it with a great deal more care than if it still belonged to the grower.

Co-operative advertisement always advertises a community,
instead of an individual, and therefore is much more effective. A
single grower has no capital to spend in the great dailies and weeklies,
while an association of several hundred members can afford to
spend thousands of dollars for space in the leading magazines.
Witness the effective advertising campaigns of the California
association, "Sunkist" means California citrus fruit in every market
in the world, yet there is probably not a single widely known
Eastern brand of fruit on the market.

Protection against railroad discrimination, and the collection
of damages is another important feature of combination. An indi-
vidual has not the capital to press claims in the courts so has to
be satisfied with what the railroad will give him in settlement of
his differences. Although the time of railroad control seems to be
rapidly passing, still they own considerable interests which the
individual cannot combat.

Centralization of the selling and distribution is accomplished
by co-operative organization. This is emphasized most by the
annual depression of the market in the fall when the buyers come
through a section to take up the fruit. Perhaps they go to one
orchard, and purchase the fruit for 32.75 per barrel. The neighbor
has taken better care of his fruit than the first man, but after a
precedent has been established, it is hard to force the price up
where it belongs, and the one man has done a great damage, and
the rest have to sell at 32.75 or a figure very near that. Many do
not realize that by holding off a little, and turning the north ear
to the buyer until the tone of the market is established, they could
do a great deal better in marketing. If there are five hundred
growers and twenty buyers, time is taken for ten thousand conversa-
tions, while if the co-operative organization marketed the fruit,
it could be sold in twenty. Central marketing also prevents
glutting of the market by indiscriminate dumping. If the supply
is steady and small, the market will hold an even tone, and will
maintain it throughout the year, and when a certain market has
been developed, the supply of fruit will be large enough to supply
it clear through the season, not only holding the market for the
fruit from your community, but keeping the prices stable. In
1890, J. H. Hale, then head of an Agricultural commission, issued
a report forecasting the production of 10,000 carloads of citrus

56

fruits in 1900. The whole legislative delegation from California
visited him the day the report came out, violently protesting,
stating that he had ruined immigration into the state, because no
one would dare to plant any more fruit for fear of over-production —
yet the intricately organized co-operative selling agency in California
not only sold the 10,000 carloads in 1900, but they beat J. H. Hale,
two to one, and sold 20,000 carloads in 1900, and now they are selling
50,000 carloads, and in the next few years that will increase an-
other 10,000 — simply because they know how to distribute evenly
and widely.

The development of new markets should be considered. It
is difficult to do it on a small scale, because frequently it meets
with reverses in the first year or so. But Oregon is developing
South American markets for her surplus fruit, and it is beginning
to appear barely possible that the surplus will soon go there instead
of into the European markets.

Lastly, the use of by-products turns small leaks into profitable
streams. In all of the great factory enterprises they have eflficiency
engineers, who go about seeking uses for the waste products, and
the same can be used in fruit-growing. Now we have a great many
canneries in some sections, but they take the profit, rather than
returning it to the grower. Where an organization is large enough,
it can put in a complete plant, and take care of all of the culls
which would otherwise go to the dumps. Then, in years of over-
supply, it can take care of much of the poorer fruit which would
otherwise glut the market, letting only the best fruit go into the
trade. All of the fruit, and a great many vegetable products are
taken care of in this way in most of the Western associations, and
the evaporator and canner is going a large part of the year.

In forming a co-operative organization, it is pretty hard to
lay down rules which will fit every case, but under the present
economic systems in the United States, the fundamental principle
of farmers' organizations is that they must be based on small
specialized units. Thus in Pennsylvania here we have many com-
munities whose interests are wholly allied, fruit-growing being the
important industry, and which are ideally adapted to the forma-
tion of co-operative fruit-growers' associations. But before any
steps are taken there must be felt a distinct need for such an
organization. Time after time a community has felt altruistic
ideals, and high motives, upon which they tried to base a co-
operative association, and just that many times has the proposition
failed. There must be a need which binds the members together,
such as the tobacco-growers felt, when they established their
brotherhood, and such as the South felt when it organized the Ku
Klux Klan. If such a necessity is not felt, then the financial troubles
of the association mount up the members have not the courage
to back it up. So, if you feel that you could benefit yourselves
greatly, and that you would be able to get a better return for your
produce, and that you could work together amicably, then it is
time to start in.

Membership in such an organization must be voluntary. On
the other hand, it must be of a nature permanent enough to assure
the strong support of the community. When such a proposition

57

is floated, it meets unexpected competition in many lines. The
commission men frequently try to disrupt it by offering higher
prices to the men on the inside, to get them out, and it only takes
a few backsliders to weaken the association. Therefore it is neces-
sary to insert some sort of a clause which will bind the members to
the organization for at least one year. There are some legal diffi-
culties in the latter connection. It is impossible to prevent a man
from disposing to anyone through whom he sees fit, even though
he be a member, as such an action would be combination in restraint
of trade. This has been established in the courts in many states.
However, the point can be approached from a different angle, and
you may hold a man by a heavy damage clause, in which he is
held liable to 25 cents per bushel damages, if he sells any of his
produce outside of the association. The California Fruit Growers'
Association has such a clause, and it has been upheld. It fines any
member who does not conform to the rules and wishes of the
association 25 cents per box for every box of fruit involved, the
fine representing the damage supposed to be done to the association
through selling outside, after the organization had prepared to
handle the fruit. At a certain time of the year there should be
given to the members an opportunity to drop out for the ensuing
year if they so desire, and to admit new members.

The fees should be low. A high membership fee will keep out
a great many of the lukewarm men, who would take a chance on
it if they could get in at a reasonable figure. In financing, the money
can either be borrowed from banks or individuals, a note from the
corporation being given, for which the members of the association
are liable to the extent of their share, on the basis of their crop;
or it may be financed by assessments on the individual members.
One of the simplest and most effective methods of getting money
for the new association is to incorporate, then have the members
give notes, payable on demand, based on the amount of land from
which they expect to market crops through the organization, which
are held by the co-operative association to use as collateral security
for a note borrowed by the association from a bank. Any bank
will lend money backed up by notes of this kind, and when the
money is paid back, the notes are returned to the association,
which puts them in the safe, to use the next time money is needed.
It is only during the rush period of the year that a great need of
money is felt, and the loan from the bank need only be made for
a short time, and the notes can be used again and again. It is not
the intention of the co-operative association to ever cash these
notes, but it simply uses them as collateral security for the corpora-
tion, but of course the signers would be held responsible in case
the business failed, to the amount of their individual notes.

The running expenses are taken from the returns, on the basis
of the amount of fruit handled for each grower. The management
should be simple — a board of directors, elected by the members,
who in turn elect a manager. The latter is the most important
individual, and the one on whom the success or failure of the ven-
ture will often rest. It is not an uncommon thing to see the directors
choose a man who is a good fellow out of a job, and put him in the

58

important position, when he is absolutely unqualified for the
position. Only the most astute men should get into the directorate,
and they should use the greatest wisdom in choosing their manager.
After selecting the latter, they should give him wide rein, to look
up markets, and to carry on the business with an eye to the future
as well as present needs. Frequently an excellent manager is ham-
pered by a carping directorate. Only the united support of the
directors should be given a manager, and he should submit the
question of policies to the directors at their meetings.

Co-operation is not confined to the sale of products. Some of
the greatest are buying co-operators. Fertilizers, groceries, imple-
ments, supplies, seed, bulls, stallions, and other things are often
the property and units of a co-operative organization. I mentioned
a saving of at least 2 cents in buying boxes by the carload. If a
grower had 15,000 bushels of fruit it would mean an annual saving
of 3300 in that item alone. Shippers often combine merely to
insure proper handling of their cars — in order to see that they are
properly iced at the right points, and that they are moved promptly.
In many places they have organized crop improvement societies —
one of the most important and beneficial forms of co-operative
effort. Cow-testing associations are frequent, and the great grain
elevator societies are familiar to all here.

Now let me tell you of a couple of examples of successful co-
operation. The first is the California Fruit Growers' Exchange.
This association is made up of seventeen district associations, which
are made up, in turn, of a number of local associations. The
central association is a non-profit corporation, with a capital of
$1700, each of the seventeen members sharing to the extent of
3100. Its function is the furnish marketing facilties for the mem-
bers at a pro-rata cost. It has agents in all of the principal markets
of the United States and Canada, and it gathers market informa-
tion, and distributes this daily to the local associations. It does
business on the cash basis, handles all litigation, does all of the
advertising, declares no dividends, nor does it buy or sell any
commodity, and has absolutely no control over either the buying
or selling of the fruit. It merely provides facilities for the sale,
which may be taken advantage of by the members.

The district exchange is made up of local exchanges, all cor-
porations without profit, and it merely acts as a medium through
which the local exchange may do business with the central ex-
change. It also orders all cars, and sees that they are placed at
the disposal of the local associations at the proper times, receives
the proceeds of the sale of fruit, from the central exchange, and
distributes them to the proper association.

The local exchange, of which there are now 115, varies in mem-
bership from 40 to 200. It is a corporation without profit, issuing
stock to its members in accordance with the amount of fruit pro-
duced by each, bearing acreage, or equally. The local association
assembles the fruit in the packinghouse, and there grades, pools,
and packs and prepares it for shipment. It is managed by a board
of directors, who elect a manager, and it is conducted exclusively
for the profit of its members. They declare no dividends, and ac-
cumulate no profits. Some of them even care for the trees of the

59

members. Each local association has its own brands for its grades,
but all of the grades are uniform. Membership is voluntary, and
one has the opportunity of signifying his intention to drop out or
remain during the month of August. Sixty-two per cent. (62%)
of the fruit goes through the exchanges.

Up in the Northwest are the apple exchanges. They actually
sell the fruit, in a yearly pool, and distribute the money at the close
of the season in the spring. This latter method is distinctly a draw-
back, as most growers need the money for their winter opera-
tions. They have a charge for membership which is based on the
amount of fruit sent through by the growers. It amounts to 16
cents per box at the present time.

Up in Erie sixty-seven milkmen were going over the city dis-
tributing milk. One day they organized and formed a co-operative
milk association, and now ten men distribute the milk formerly
distributed by the sixty-seven. The milk is all brought to a com-
mon station, where it is separated, and then the cream and milk
are remixed so as to have a uniform butter-fat content. The
organization resulted in unusual advantages to the producers.

Just one more example may be of interest to you. About the
1st of October I was in Bedford County — perhaps one of the most
unfavorably situated and undeveloped counties in the State.
Several fruit-growers had good fruit, but were unable to market it
advantageously. They were getting but 32.00 and 32.50 per barrel
for it, or selling it in the orchard for from 35 cents to 50 cents per
bushel. A few were interested in grading and packing, so on the
9th of November I went down there, and we graded and packed
out a partial carload of fruit. The work was done by six young
girls, with a capable young fellow to oversee it. Two weeks later
we sent that fruit to Philadelphia, where it went on the market and
brought 32.15 per bushel for all sizes larger than 104s. Next year
these men are going to try to market all of their fruit in boxes,
graded and wrapped and packed co-operatively. They figure on
about fifty carloads of fruit, and if they can increase their returns
from 50 cents to 32.00 per bushel at an additional expense of but
25 cents per bushel, their net profits would build the finest storage,
packing, and by-product plant in the State. If they do so well with
their fruit, it is probable that they can improve their condition in
milk, butter, and eggs. They are ideally located for successful
county co-operation. Other sections are just as ideally located, and
with the facilities which they have at their disposal they could
probably make a greater success of it.

60

Business Meeting, January 20, 1916, 11.20 p.m.

Meeting called to order by Vice-president I. H. Mayer, J. A.
Runk in secretary's chair.

Report of Committee on Resolutions read and accepted.

Various members of the association spoke in memory of Prof.
S. B. Heiges, H. E. Van Deman, Henry Snavely and D. W. Hull,
members whose loss has been keenly felt by the association during
the past year.

Moved by the Resolutions Committee that the association
instruct the Legislative Committee to draft a proposed grading
and packing law which could be presented to the association at
their next meeting in 1917, which, if adopted by the association
could be placed before the next legislature in hopes that a good
uniform grading and packing law, covering all fruits, would be
enacted by the State Legislature of Pennsylvania.

Old Business:

The following amendment, which was proposed at the 1915
meeting was brought before the association and discussed. At the
suggestion of the Vegetable Growers' Committee, composed of R. J.
Walton, R. H. Garrahan, and C. E. Myers, it was decided to take
no action in regard to the amendment. C. T. Fox moved that the
amendment be deferred to the next annual meeting, and that we
recognize the above named Vegetable Growers' Committee for future
conferences.

ARTICLE— Amendment to the Constitution.— Members

of the Association who are especially interested in vegetable garden-
ing, shall have the privilege of organizing a Vegetable Growers
Division, with power to elect such officers, to appoint such com-
mittees, and to undertake such work as the Division may decide.
Half the annual dues of those designating preference for member-
ship in the Vegetable Division shall be paid to the Treasurer of
the Horticultural Association and half shall be used in defraying
the expense of the Vegetable Division. The Division shall exercise
full authority in preparing and printing programs but the proceed-
ings of the Division shall be published in the annual reports of the
Association.

R. L. Watts,
M. G. Kains,
C. A. Greist,
Harry Pierce,
C. E. Myers.

Amendment to Article 3 of the Constitution, that the follow-
ing clause shall be inserted, "the President and Secretary of the
Vegetable Division shall be members of the Executive Board."

R. L. Watts,
M. G. Kains,
C. A. Greist,
Harry Pierce,
C. E. Myers.

61

Election of Officers:

Moved and seconded that we proceed to the election of officers.

Nominations for President: Dr. I. H. Mayer, Willow Street,
Pa.; F. H. Fassett, Meshoppen, Pa.; Moved that nominations be
closed, seconded, passed.

Nominations for Vice-presidents: D. M. Wertz, Waynsboro
(withdrew); P. S. Fenstermacher, Allentown; H. A. Chase, Phila-
delphia (withdrew); Geo. W. Kessler, Tyrone; W. J. Lewis,
Pittston.

Nominations for Secretary: F. N. Fagan, State College.

Nominations for Treasurer: Edwin W. Thomas, King of
Prussia, Pa.

Moved, seconded and passed that we vote by ballot for Presi-
dent, and Dr. I. H. Mayer was elected.

Moved, seconded and passed that the Secretary cast the ballot
for the three Vice-presidents, Secretary and Treasurer. So ordered.

Meeting Adjourned.

3n iWemorp

of

PROFESSOR S. B. HEIGES
PROFESSOR H. E. van DEMAN

Former Pomologlsts of the

United States Department

of Agriculture

T. C. FOSTER, Lewisburg, Pa.

HENRY C. SNAVELY, Cleona, Pa.

D. W. HULL, Waymart, Pa.

Former Members of the
Association

62

63

Afternoon Meeting, Thursday, January 20, 1.30 p.m.

**UNIFORM GRADING AND PACKING OF EASTERN

APPLES."

H. B. Knapp, Ithaca, N. Y.

Secretary's Note — Mr. Knapp discussed the Apple Grading and
Packing Law of New York State. He showed the importance of a
standard uniform grade and pack from the growers', packers',
dealers' and consumers' points of view. He said it undoubtedly
aided the commission man in his buying and selling, and the same
effect was of great benefit to the grower. He mentioned the advan-
tage the western box now has with its uniform grade and pack.

A general discussion followed Mr. Knapp's lecture by many
members of the Association. It was the general opinion of the
members that a good, workable grading and packing law would be
a great benefit to Pennsylvania growers. Several members urged
the Legislative Committee to work up a proposed bill for the con-
sideration of the Association at its next annual meeting.

Dr. L H. Mayer's remarks were as follows:

"Mechanical graders have been successfully operated, but
only grading as to size; blemishes of various kinds, lack of color,
etc., being left to chance, or good, bad or indifferent help.

"In Lancaster County where three or four millions of dollars
usually is the price of the yearly tobacco crop, there are hundreds
of workers who are experts in sorting or grading tobacco. Every
leaf must be handled and inspected separately and when millions
of leaves are handled every year, lack of judgment and lack of speed
mean the difference between loss and gain. The speed of some is
something really remarkable and is one of the essentials of successful
and profitable tobacco growing. The same speed, quick eye, and
persistent push is the great essential in grading apples even if a
mechanical grader is at work."

"EASTERN APPLES IN THE WESTERN BOX."

A. Freeman Mason, State College, Pa.

The speaker took up the great advances made by the West in
grading, packing, and marketing their products during the past
ten years. He emphasized the need of better methods of handling
fruit, in order to eliminate much of the worthless fruit which now
holds down the price of all grades of fruit.

The value of the box over the barrel and basket, was not
emphasized, Mr. Mason stating that he believed that all three
were essential to the grower and shipper, but that it was the quality
and perfection of the pack which would prove of greatest value.
He called attention to the preference of different markets for differ-
ent packages, and strongly advised the adaptation of the package
to the demands of the market in consideration.

64

The expense of gradmg and packing was taken up, Mr. Mason
showing how the Northwestern growers were reducing their grad-
ing and packing costs each year by efficiency methods. While the
average cost of actual harvesting and packing and hauling, in all
orchards ran around forty cents per box, many growers who had
orchards of fair size, and equipment for economical handling, were
actually putting their fruit up from the tree into the car for 25
cents to 30 cents, including managerial expenses. He stated that
the picking cost approximated 5 cents; grading and wiping, 3 cents-
packing, 4 cents; making boxes, hauling, nailing, and stamping!
wl^M V ''^'' ^9 J^"^«> P^Per, 3 cents; and superintending, 1 cent!
While the cost of boxes would be greater here, he stated that this
would be counteracted by the cheapness of farm labor

A discussion of grading and sizing machines followed, and
Mr. Mason discussed the principles involved in the mechanism
ol the different types, drawing the conclusion that the machine
grading by weight was the most satisfactory for box-packing work
although others were entirely satisfactory for barreling. The costs'
given ranged from S75.00 to 3500 00 with capacities ranging from
250 bushels (or 100 barrels) to 1,500 bushels (or 500 barrels) He
strongly advocated the immediate adoption of the grading machine
by all men in the commercial end of the business, turning their
barreled apples out in four or five sizes, and the boxed stock in
regular twelve or fifteen common sizes.

The conclusion of Mr. Mason's talk was a plea for more
honesty and business methods in the business, stating that the
Lastern fruit is just as good and better than the Western fruit
and that there is no reason why the Western fruit should not be
entirely eliminated from the Eastern markets.

QUESTION.

\r./'^!\ I'''~^^ ^^y^ ^" ^^^^^ "^"^h of the sale of New

iork Mate apples at auction, and I want to ask Mr. Mitchell
who IS here from New York, to tell us how these auctions are man-
aged and how they like the system in New York
bnic tK ^^'^^helL— When a shipper wants to sell at auction he
bills the car to some receiver, such as the State Department of
Poods and Markets, the Auction Sales Co., the representative o

lo\"^\\7r^lTr7 ''''w-^'k^;^"^.?,^^! "">' ^^^^'^^^' ^^^h instructions
o sell at auction With the bill he sends a letter describing con-
prow.''' ^^' ^""^ ^U""^ '^'f ^^"^' ^ catalogue is printed showing the
growers narne, the number of different lots or marks in the car

\vtn\T '^' ^'^^' r^"'"^ ^"^ """^b^'- °^ packages in each lot
VVhen the car arrives the agent or receiver pavs the freight sees
that It IS properly unloaded and piled in lots as isted and tha
proper samples of each lot are taken to be opened and shown If
late? on. ^"^ ^^'''^^^^ ^' damage he notes it for making claims

sold ^nd^fl^n""-^ '^u'"' 'a- ^'^S^' '^' 5^^";^^""^ ^^^ '' "«^ '^''^^ ^ntil

h! exnen.. n'l u" "^''""l^^ '° '^^ ^">^^^'« P'^^^ «^ business at
his expense. Only the samples or -parts of marks" are carted at

65

I ?rKi:„^^T»; i St^T l'-^ '^ ^f^^r of hav-
The samples are exhibited prooerlv .nH fu P'°°' warehouse,
one of the catalogs. He insnects th ^'^ """^^ '^ furnished
catalog ,ts conditio^n and ho^^^.r, i'/cC^ he wf„t"s"" °" ''"

assemb.^ifire a^cti'on'ro^or^Sh: f"! "VP' ^"^^ ''">'e"
log to the highest bidder ^*""" " '°''^ ^'•°m the cata-

buye^iSia^ti' ;:cot4l^fta;■:^^""^' r/'^" -- ^^e
naturally brings the pricfun to th. ^ ," '"'',''"' ^°' ''• ^^hich
ceases and the fruit ifsold tL k '"^'">ct. value before bidding
fruit which is delivered upon TeceiSt oT/h ^'T '" "^''^^ f°^ ^hf
action is completed and the check .nH ^ °'''"' ,^"<^ ^^e trans-
the shipper usually within 24 hou.s "' '"'" ^""''"^'^ 'o

5% aT!'d%ron?;'cha°rr"atV' '^e. auctioneer and receiver is
and about 10 cen^ts^'^^or rottr^auK' ''"'^^'"^ ^^'^'^'-

withT: te[: -tpt^: :.f r ft x r ^v -" p'--'^

which is naturally to be exoerf^H . ^''^ ^^'^ P°°^ returns,

any commodity in any market ' """ °^ '^'PP"^ °f

than?h: me"i;°o"d :r"r,Vate sde^fn!? --""r ^^P'" ^"'^ — 'cal
highest price the buye"s andth; >" ^'^^n^' '''"' '° secure the

only one lot is being^offered at . T"' " Z'^l P^>'- The fact that
eliminates the compftidon of salesmerand'' ^ °"/'' °"^ ^^'«'"-'>
which tends to reduce price and nlTr., 1 °"^ '°' '"'^ ^"°ther,
larger number of buyers than coll hf 'he competition among a
and this competitive' bidding keeps ma?ke?n'' " ' ""Y'' -I^'
the best market price for each lof P "P ^"'' '"^cures

assembling of samples of r^ore frui^ ^thl .^"u'"^ '°''"- The

m any other way' and thTorderlv assemhl ""'''r''' ,"^''>' ^^own
of buyers makes for a better marLrhTn? °^ \''^S^ ""'"her
and buyers are scattered over a larL / "^^TJ^"" commoditv
makes for healthv and stabL markef ''^'■- ^"hlicity of prices
I can heartily recommend the Tu^tn r;sfr?:Vou' ' '^'^ '"^^^

Evening Meeting. T^^^^^^^^Z^^ 20, 19,6, 7.30 p m

C. R. Orton, 5/^/^- Co%^, Pa.

brai^tre^l'^^^^^ con..onl, called

of the Mississippi River. ^' ^'^'^'"^ ^ ^^'^^ range east

(56

The common native plants are not free from diseases bur for
hin^r' J apparent that with cultivation and the subseauent

J?^2, 'ti:7ST «■•■£' s's:r. - E
LslE' !l""ir "''"?-• -

wherlif iSySs 'theTem ""f ''T'"''' ""^ '''^ ^—^
the plants quicklv Th. r f '^"i"'" "P ^"'^ '^°*" ki'hng

color^nd if^clos fv obse ved^'slll "" ? "^"''.'-"'^ ''^ ^ "«htef
scattered over thf infected a;earFi:"l'' "j"?'" ""Y ^' '""

^tlLT^k- p£~ - ^^"^' Ar;^^ntf;^?nE^
able periods ^'^ ""^ '""'"^" "'"' ""t""^" ^"ring favor-

whei;:: l",:iziz\i- ^z:v^:.:i i-ir.;:^ CoT •
.^g^ rpSLr^:L^drn'g^r ^..r,^^^r-{ 9 ?^ f «

apparently mature ascospores being found in January /A "'Th"*'
are without doubt ahlp tr. r.o...« • ' . '" Jf""'*ry iyi3. l hese
perhaps the most difficult of .nv, ^P-i^S mfecfon. The disease is
and Eustace (Ij n New York u '^"'"''' 'o control. Stewart

w; m i\ew 1 ork wtic unable to control the disease effec-

67

Afternoon Meeting, Thursday, January 20, 1.30 p.m.

••UNIFORM GRADING AND PACKING OF EASTERN

APPLES."

H. B. Knapp, Ithaca, N, Y.

Sfcrttary's Note — Mr. Knapp discussed the Apple Grading and
Packing Law of New York State. He showed the importance of a
standard uniform grade and pack from the growers', packers',
dealers' and consumers' points of view. He said it undoubtedly
aided the commission man in his buying and selling, and the same
effect was of great benefit to the grower. He mentioned the advan-
tage the western box now has with its uniform grade and pack.

A general discussion followed Mr. Knapp's lecture by many
members of the Association. It was the general opinion of the
members that a good, workable grading and packing law would be
a great benefit to Pennsylvania growers. Several members urged
the Legislative Committee to work up a proposed bill for the con-
sideration of the Association at its next annual meeting.

Dr. L H. Mayer's remarks were as follows:

"Mechanical graders have been successfully operated, but
only grading as to size; blemishes of various kinds, lack of color,
etc., being left to chance, or good, bad or indifferent help.

"In Lancaster County where three or four millions of dollars
usually is the price of the yearly tobacco crop, there are hundreds
of workers who are experts in sorting or grading tobacco. Every
leaf must be handled and inspected separately and when millions
of leaves are handled every year, lack of judgment and lack of speed
mean the difference between loss and gain. The speed of some is
something really remarkable and is one of the essentials of successful
and profitable tobacco growing. The same speed, quick eye, and
persistent push is the great essential in grading apples even if a
mechanical grader is at work."

44

EASTERN APPLES IN THE WESTERN BOX."

A. Freeman Mason, State College^ Pa.

The speaker took up the great advances made by the West in
grading, packing, and marketing their products during the past
ten years. He emphasized the need of better methods of handling
fruit, in order to eliminate much of the worthless fruit which now
holds down the price of all grades of fruit.

The value of the box over the barrel and basket, was not
emphasized, Mr. Mason stating that he believed that all three
were essential to the grower and shipper, but that it was the quality
and perfection of the pack which would prove of greatest value.
He called attention to the preference of different markets for differ-
ent packages, and strongly advised the adaptation of the package
to the demands of the market in consideration.

64

The expense of grading and packing was taken up, Mr. Mason
showing how the Northwestern growers were reducing their grad-
ing and packing costs each year by eflRciency methods. While the
average cost of actual harvesting and packing and hauling, in all
orchards ran around forty cents per box, many growers who had
orchards of fair size, and equipment for economical handling, were
actually putting their fruit up from the tree into the car for 25
cents to 30 cents, including managerial expenses. He stated that
the picking cost approximated 5 cents; grading and wiping, 3 cents;
packing, 4 cents; making boxes, hauling, nailing, and stamping,
5 cents; boxes, 10 cents; paper, 3 cents; and superintending, 1 cent.
While the cost of boxes would be greater here, he stated that this
would be counteracted by the cheapness of farm labor.

A discussion of grading and sizing machines followed, and
Mr. Mason discussed the principles involved in the mechanism
of the different types, drawing the conclusion that the machine
grading by weight was the most satisfactory for box-packing work,
although others were entirely satisfactory for barreling. The costs
given ranged from ^75.00 to 3500.00 with capacities ranging from
250 bushels (or 100 barrels) to 1,500 bushels (or 500 barrels). He
strongly advocated the immediate adoption of the grading machine
by all men in the commercial end of the business, turning their
barreled apples out in four or five sizes, and the boxed stock in
regular twelve or fifteen common sizes.

The conclusion of Mr. Mason's talk was a plea for more
honesty and business methods in the business, stating that the
Eastern fruit is just as good and better than the Western fruit,
and that there is no reason why the Western fruit should not be
entirely eliminated from the Eastern markets.

QUESTION.

Prof. Stewart. — We have all heard much of the sale of New
York State apples at auction, and I want to ask Mr. Mitchell,
who is here from New York, to tell us how these auctions are man-
aged and how they like the system in New York.

Mr. Mitchell. — When a shipper wants to sell at auction he
bills the car to some receiver, such as the State Department of
Foods and Markets, the Auction Sales Co., the representative of
his co-operative society, or in fact, any receiver, with instructions
to sell at auction. With the bill he sends a letter describing con-
tents of car and from this letter a catalogue is printed showing the
grower's nanie, the number of different lots or marks in the car,
and the quality, grade mark and number of packages in each lot.
When the car arrives the agent or receiver pays the freight, sees
that it is properly unloaded and piled in lots as listed, and that
proper samples of each lot are taken to be opened and shown. If
there is any shortage or damage he notes it for making claims
later on.

The bulk of the car is left at the terminal and is not carted until
sold, and then is taken directly to the buyer's place of business at
his expense. Only the samples or "parts'of marks" are carted at

65

the shipper's expense except in cases where there is danger of hav-
ing fruit frozen and then it is taken to a frost proof warehouse.
The samples are exhibited properly and each buyer is furnished
one of the catalogs. He inspects the sample and notes on his
catalog its condition and how many packages he wants.

At a given hour, as advertised, a gong rings and the buyers
assemble in the auction room, and the fruit is sold from the cata-
log to the highest bidder.

Whenever a lot is offered below its actual market value the
buyers immediately recognize the bargain and bid for it, which
naturally brings the price up to the market value before bidding
ceases and the fruit is sold. The buyer is given an order for the
fruit which is delivered upon receipt of the order, and the trans-
action is completed and the check and account sales returned to
the shipper usually within 24 hours.

The combined commission of the auctioneer and receiver is
5% and the only charges are for carting and displaying samples
and about 10 cents a line or lot for cataloging.

The shippers who have tried the auction are very well pleased
with the possible exception of a few who have had poor returns,
which is naturally to be expected among a number of shippers of
any commodity in any market.

The auction system of selling is more rapid and economical
than the method of private sale, and is always sure to secure the
highest price the buyers and the market will pay. The fact that
only one lot is being offered at a time and by only one salesman
eliminates the competition of salesmen and of one lot with another,
which tends to reduce prices and places the competition among a
larger number of buyers than could be assembled at a private sale,
and this competitive bidding keeps market prices up and secures
the best market price for each lot.

Naturally the public sale and the name of the seller and buyer
being known, precludes any possibility of fraud in any form. The
assembling of samples of more fruit than could be easily shown
in any other way and the orderly assembling of a large number
of buyers makes for a better market than where the commodity
and buyers are scattered over a large area. Publicity of prices
makes for healthy and stable market conditions, and 1 feel that
I can heartily recommend the auction system to you.

Evening Meeting, Thursday, January 20, 1916, 7.30 p. m.

**DISEASES OF THE BRAMBLES AND METHODS OF

CONTROLLING THEM/*

C. R. Orton, State College^ Pa,

The blackberry, raspberry and dewberry, commonly called
brambles, are common native bush fruits having a wide range east
of the Mississippi River.

66

The common native plants are not free from diseases but for
the most part show a marked degree of resistance over niany of
the cultivated varieties. This is usually true for most cultivated
plants It is apparent that with cultivation and the subsequent
handling and propagation of plants their resistance to disease is
gradually broken down. On the other hand disease resistant
varieties may usually be developed under similar methods but
unfortunately the efforts of plant breeders have not often been
expended in this direction or at least not until serious conditions
have arisen which call for selection and breeding for disease resis-
tance.

If in the future plant breeders would attempt to combine
disease resistance with quality and good yield, noteworthy results
should follow.

Anthracnose (Gloeosporium venetum). — This is one of the
most common of the diseases attacking brambles. It attacks
many species of Rubus, chiefly on the canes, but may cause damage
to leaves and also the fruit of certain varieties, particularly the
Snyder blackberry. Of the raspberries, it attacks the blackcaps
most severely.

The most characteristic symptoms are a conspicuous, ashen-
colored spotting of the canes. The fungus causing the disease
lives over in the spots on the old canes where it produces its spores
which infect the young canes.

Cutting out the old canes as soon as fruit is picked, supple-
mented by spraying to protect the young canes will usually keep
the disease in check.

Cane Blight (Leptosphaeria coniothyrium). — Undoubtedly
this disease is becoming, if not now, the most serious disease of the
blackberry and raspberry in Pennsylvania. It attacks both red
and black raspberries more severely than the blackberry. The dew-
berry appears to be rarely attacked. It may be recognized in the
field by the wilting and dying of the canes about the time the fruit
is well set or ripening.

The fungus attacks the canes most frequently near the ground
where it quickly girdles the stem and works up and down killing
the plants quickly. The diseased area is marked by a lighter
color and if closely observed, small raised pustules may be seen
scattered over the infected areas. Fig. 1. It frequently appears
higher up on the canes, particularly in the later stages of the
disease. These pustules are filled with the spores which spread
the disease to the new canes in the spring. Apparently infection
may also take place through the summer and autumn during favor-
able periods.

The fungus lives from season to season in the infected canes.
Whether the summer spores are able to live over winter is not known
with certainty under Pennsylvania conditions but the perfect
stage (perithecia) forms during the fall and early winter with us,
apparently mature ascospores being found in January 1915. These
are without doubt able to cause spring infection. The disease is
perhaps the most difliicult of any bramble disease to control. Stewart
and Eustace (1) in New York were unable to control the disease effec-

67

lively. F'rom our observations the development of resistant
varieties promises the most satisfactory remedy but the prompt
removal of all infected plants, the thorough spraying with Bordeaux
Mixture to which some sticker has been added to make the spray
adhere to the canes, should keep the disease under control in plan-
tations where it is not widespread.

Crown Gall (Bacteriumjtamefaciens). — Blackcap raspberries
appear most susceptible to crown gall. The blackberry appears
to be less frequently attacked. The disease is caused by a specific
bacterial organism which may live in the soil and gain entrance to
the host plant through wounds of some sort. Young plants are
most seriously attacked.

The disease is really a plant cancer which is remarkably like
certain malignant cancers in animals and the human body. This
has been carefully worked out by Dr. E. F. Smith of the Bureau of
Plant Industry, Washington, D.C.

Cutting out the galls on the roots or stems is of no value, for
the disease is spread invisibly through other parts of the plant.
The prompt removal and burning of all infected plants is necessary
and new plants should not be reset where diseased ones were removed
for three or four years, at least. A very careful inspection of all
nursery stock is important.

Double Blossom (Fusarium rubi) . — This is a very common
disease of the native dewberries in Pennsylvania and other eastern
states. It spreads easily from the native plants to the cultivated
dewberries and rarely the blackberry. Cook (2) who studied it
in Delaware, states that the Lucretia dewberry is the most sus-
ceptible variety.

Its chief characteristic is the witches broom effect at each
bud, several branches developing where only one should normally
develop. Fig. 5.

The fungus causing the disease infects in the spring the young
leaf and flower buds of the following season and remains in a semi-
dormant condition until the next spring when the witches broom
effect appears. Little if any fruit is produced on such plants.

Cook states that hand picking of the diseased buds in the
spring when they appear larger and more highly colored than the
normal buds, is a practical method of control. Spraying has not
proven effective thus far.

Leaf Spot (Septoria rubi). — A common disease on black-
berries and dewberries; less so on raspberries. Produces a circular
spot with a gray center often having a reddish margin. Fig. 2.
Appears first on the lower leaves and spreads gradually up the plant
until all the leaves may be infected. Rarely severe enough to
cause defoliation except in old, neglected plantations. The ordinary
sanitary methods together with spraying will control it.

Root Rot (Ramularia sp. & Fusarium sp.). — Root Rot was
reported in Pennsylvania in 1915 where it was serious on blackcap
raspberries. The red and purple raspberries growing in the same
plantation were not affected. The disease is chiefly confined to
the collar where it becomes constricted and decayed. Two species

68

of fungi, Ramularia and Fusarium were apparently associated with
the disease but which one was the primary cause was not deter-
mined. Both are probably soil organisms and control measures
would necessitate the sterilization of the soil where the disease
appears if it is desired to grow brambles longer in the same soil.

Spur Blight (Sphaerella rubina). — The spur blight which is
a widespread disease in the United States is severe in some sections.
It has not been reported to me in Pennsylvania but it seems prob-
able that it must exist here.

It is usually recognized by brown spots appearing first at the
bases of leaf and fruit spurs. Fig. 4. This causes the leaves and
fruit to die early and only the naked canes remain with perhaps a
few healthy leaves near the top. It has been confused with cane-
blight. The symptoms seem quite similar.

The disease has been studied by Stewart and Eustace (1) in
New York and recently by Sackett (3) in Colorado. The latter
found that spraying was a satisfactory method of control in Colo-
rado.

Leaf Rust (Pucciniastrum articum americanum Farlow). —
This true rust disease is comparatively rare in Pennsylvania but
quite common on several of the native species of Rubus further
north. It only attacks the foliage where very small light orange
colored pustules appear on the under side of the leaf. Scientifically
it is of much interest for it belongs in a group of plant rusts which
have two hosts, widely separated as a rule, between which the fungus
alternates in much the same way that the apple rust and white pine
blister rust alternate with the red cedar and the currants. The
alternate host for this leaf rust of brambles is not known but
reasoning by analogy it should be the hemlock or some closely
related host.

It seems safe to conclude that this disease will not be of much
importance in Pennsylvania.

Orange Rust (Gymnoconia interstitialis). — This disease which
is frequently called "the orange leaf rust"is widespread throughout
the United States and Canada except in the Rocky Mountains, caus-
ing a conspicuous development of orange colored spores over the entire
under surface of leaves from infected plants. Fig. 3. Blackberry,
raspberry and dewberry plants are attacked, many of the native
species being very susceptible.

The life history of this rust fungus is still perhaps doubtful
when all forms from different sources are considered. However, it
seems probable that under Pennsylvania conditions the fungus has
but one spore stage which is known by the orange colored masses
on the under side of the leaf. Infection takes place during the
summer after the orange spores have matured. Apparently spores
may be produced later in the same season from the earlier infec-
tions. The mycelium of the fungus works into the canes eventually
and thereafter becomes perennial and every part of an infected
cane is uniformly diseased. Such plants may be detected as soon
as the leaves are unfolded in the spring by the dwarfed and yellowish

69

or golden appearance of the leaves. The plants may be handled
and removed at this time without danger of spreading the infection
to other plants.

In any case the only sure method of controlling the disease is
to remove and burn all infected plants. Particular care should be
taken in handling the infected plants after the orange spores have
appeared, to prevent spreading the infection. Further, any native
species of Rubus which show the disease within a half mile or so of
the plantation should be removed as the spores are undoubtedly
wind borne and possibly carried by insects.

Stem Rust (Kuehneola Uredinis).— 1 am calling this disease
the "stem rust" because of the fact that what is supposedly a
repeating spore stage of the above named rust is frequently the
cause of a serious disease of brambles and appears about May 1st
or later, as conspicuous orange colored pustules (made up of spores),
breaking through the cortex of the canes. The fungus is apparently
perennial in the canes at this stage of the disease and the same
methods of treatment as recommended for orange rust must be
carried out. One party in Pennsylvania purchased 750 plants
infected with this stage of the disease last year. Fortunately their
diseased condition was detected before they were all set out.

Another form of what is supposed to be the same disease attacks
the leaves of many brambles. Reddish blotches about the size of
a pin head appear on the upper side of the leaf about midsummer
in central Pennsylvania. Fig. 6. Later minute orange colored
spore masses appear on the under side of the leaves. These are
followed by more conspicuous, white, spore masses also on the under
side of the leaves, the latter being the resting stage by means of
which the fungus is able to live over winter. Fig. 7. The minute
orange colored spore masses produced upon the under side of the
leaf is supposedly the same spore stage which appears on the canes.

Yellows, Curl or Mosaic (cause unknown). — This common
and destructive disease attacks the ra^^pberry most commonly and
is known in various localities under some one of the above names.

It usually appears the second year after planting and may be
recognized by a stunted and crinkly appearance of the leaves which
also show a mottled color, yellow mixed with green.

The disease is very destructive. It appears to be rather closely
related to peach yellows, mosaic or calico of tobacco, and other
similar diseases. It is pretty certainly a parasitic disease which
may be carried by various insects and probably by handling dis-
eased plants in the field particularly while pruning.

Diseased plants must be removed and burned at once. No
other method of eradication is known.

Winter Injury. — In some parts of Pennsylvania brambles,
and blackberries in particular, require winter protection.

Layering is still the most satisfactory method in use. Loosen-
ing the roots of the plant and turning it down and covering with
soil seems to be the most satisfactory method to follow. It costs
from six to ten dollars per acre to layer brambles. Care must be
taken in the spring not to remove the protection until danger from
frost is practically over.

70

Fig. 1. Cane blight on blackberry. Note small

whitish pustules on upper part of cane left.

The fungus has decorticated the

canes near the ground.

Fig, 2. Leaf spot on blackbcrrx-. Spots

are ashen-colored at center

withvcddisfi margins.

or golden appearance o
anci removed at this time \vi
to other plants.

f the leaves. The plants may be handled

thoLit danger of spreading the infection

1

tl

n anv case tlie onl\' -^ure mc

'thod of controlling the disease is

to remove and burn all infected plants. Particular c

th

taken in handling the infected plants after the orange spores have

:are should be
h

ap]U'are
species c

d, to \

re\ent spreac

]in<j the infection. Further, any native

f Rubus which show the di>ea>c uilhiu a

the plantation ^
wind borne and \

Id b
ibl

c remove

-lOssibU' carriec

d
.1 bv

a^ the s{
insects.

half mile or so of
Huch aie undoubtedly

th
re

Stem Rust (Ruehneola Iredinis).— 1 am calling this disease
e "stem rust" because of the fact that what is .-ui.jH.^cdly -•^
peating spore stage of the abu\e named rust is trequentl\

cau>e i

>\

)f I

A serious disease ot brambles and appear

bh

the
d^out Mav Isi

(.)r

hit

er, as conspicuous uraiige c

()

lored

pustules ( made u{

ol spores

breaking through the cortex of the canes. 'I'he fumrus is apparently

y

erennia
_p....i.

I in

tl

le canes

at tl

lis staLa- <

le disease

aiKi

th

methods o

treatment as recominene

carried out. One party m 1 eniis\

f tl
Jed f
Ivania lui'^diased 7.^0 plant^

or

)i a

liize rust must be

e same
t b

lU

d

fected with this stage of the disease last year. rc.rtunateU
i condition was detected before the> weie all set out

th

eir

1 sea seel

Another form of what is supposed t(^ be the same disease attac

•ks

the 1

ea\ e

( )

f m,

I

.in\" bramtues

bl<

Reddish

blot

Che

:ibout

tl

le si/e ol

pin head apjH-ar on the uj^per side of the leaf about midsummer
in central Pennsylvania. Fig. ^. Fater minute orange cohere '
spore masses appear on the uiu

ler side (;f the lea\e

f..ll.
sid

iwed b\ more conspicuous

w

hit

e, spore masses also on the under

11

th

icsc aic-

d.

e o

f the leaves, the latter being the resting stage b\- means (A

which the funiri
coh >re*.l

is Is able

to li\ e o\ er winte

... m,

ri'j. /

11

le minute

cnai:
leaf

re*.i sj<»ie iiuis^e- {M'oduced upon

d

d

sU

y\

Mjsee

.11 V tl

le same sj

H)re s

tage

w

hicl

the under side ot the
ears on the canes.

1 a PI

Yellows, Curl or Mosaic (cause unknown

.— Fl

lis commo)n

an
ib

d destructi\e disease attacks the laspberrx most comnionl)' and

localities undei scmie one ot the abo\ e names.

k

now n in \anou;

It

usu

recc'LHUzed b\

alh appears the second \ear after planting and nun be
nted and crinkK appearance of tlie leave- whiLh

b

a s t Li

ilso sh<A\ a mottled color. \ ellcAV mixed with green

'Fhe disea-e i- \ f! \ t.!e-l ruct i\ e

related t

each \ell<A\

UK '■

It app

h

ears to be rather closch'

or calico o

>i tol

iacco, an

d otl

ler

Sim

diseases.

It

Is

prett\ ( er

.ml)' a }

arasitic disease w

hich

max vv earned

b\

\ a IK lUs insects a

nd probabl) b\- handling dls-

ased plants in the tieid parlicularlx while pruning

1)

iscased

ants

mu

■ t I

le rem*

\ ed and burned at once

N

o

h

ulhei me

thod of eradication is known

Winter Injury

n some

r

art

s Ol

1

eniisN l\ aiiia

L)i am

bh

and blackberries in juirticular, require winter prt. lection

Faxeting is still the most satistactorx metliod in

use.

F

oQsen-

ini£

the Kiots of the plant and turning it down and covering with

t -ati^factorx method to tollow. It costs

sou seems

to

be th
from six to ten dol
taken in il

los

rs {

er acre

to I

I

.i\ei brami>ies

en m trie spriiiL^ not 1(j lemove trie
fro/s! i- practicall) over.

1 I < ' o'

Care mu
il

-t be

•tion until danger troiiii

ic. ]. C';iiU' b'i.'lit .III bl;uklH-rr\ . \''tc -iiuill
\\liili>!i pustiik-- ''!i upiHT |\uM < <\ f.iiir Irtt.
riic tiuiL'ii- ii.t- JcL'irlicated tin.-
caiK'^ near t !ic u'f' miikI.

{/

rii-i'. •] it eciUiT

u ;l h Ti\ulisti HI. I- -

' INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

Fic. 3. Oranire rust on blackberry. Note

dwarfed leaves. The blotches on under

surface are orange colored.

Kui. 4. Spur hlit'lit on rasphcrr) . (Illus-
tration by courtesy of Professor
\\. G. Sackctt.)

V\(.,. 5. Double blossom of dewberry
Adxaneed staue of disease. (Illus-
tration b\' court CSV of
Dr. MJI r. Cook.')

( )■

- 11 1' ! . 11. t •

1-t ' .11 hi;

\..t<

W . (

Di. \1. I . I

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

A

1

w 1

km'

\

Fig. 7. Late stai^e of stem-rust on under

surface of blackberr\' lea\-

es.

Spots

s are

\vliit<

<lr^

V u;. 6. I'.arly stat'C of stcni-rusl on upper >urtavH- ( if Icax

cs.

Spot

s aic iiranu'c ruioic'd.

M .. ' I,

^ i 1 r ; .1 1 I ■ I 'I i M . 1 ■ ,, ! II

^. I-

.1 1 1\ -I .i .;i- III >l (111 ; ii-«:

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

General Recommendations for the Control of Diseases of

Brambles.

1. Careful nursery inspection for anthracnose, cane blight,
crown gall, spur blight, orange and stem rusts and yellows. Buy
no plants until you are satisfied they are free from these diseases.

2. Propagate only from healthy stock.

3. Remove old canes as soon as the fruit is harvested. This
is particularly important in the control of anthracnose, cane blight
and spur blight. Keep plants well thinned as diseases are less
severe in plantations where the plants get plenty of light and air
circulation.

4. Remove all native diseased plants within a reasonable dis-
tance from the plantation. They are often the source of serious
trouble.

5. Spray with Bordeaux Mixture (3-3-50) to which is added
some sticker to make the spray adhere to the canes. In the past
the failure to control bramble diseases by spraying has been due
in part to the difficulty in making the spray mixtures adhere to
the canes, apparently on account of the bloom on them. Sackett(3)
has found that "rosin-fish-oil-soap" added at the rate of two pounds
to fifty gallons of the spray makes a good sticker and that spraying
was then much more eflFective. There would seem to be no reason
why other materials might not be used with equal success as stickers
for the Bordeaux mixture.

Spraying should begin as soon as the young shoots are a few
inches high and two or three later sprayings at about two-week
intervals should be made. One application after fruit is harvested
should be made to carry the canes through the remainder of the
season and thus lessen materially the chances for later summer
infection. Brambles should not be sprayed while the fruit is
ripening.

It has been found in Michigan(4) that a dormant spray with
concentrated lime-sulfur (1-19) in the early spring before growth
starts is quite effective in controlling anthracnose.

•THE POSSIBILITIES OF NUT CULTURE IN

PENNSYLVANIA."

(Lecture, Illustrated.)
F. N. Fagan, State College, Pa.

In the past few years the people of the state have become very
much interested in the growing of various nut crops. The interest
has been confined primarily to home planting, but a few people
have ventured into the business in somewhat of a commercial scale.

The Persian walnut, commonly known as the English walnut,
has received the most attention. People have seen the old walnut
trees standing in various parts of the State, and the Experiment
Station at State College has undertaken to locate the trees in
hopes of establishing varieties suitable for home planting, at least,
throughout Pennsylvania. Many old trees have been found

71

throughout the State, but principally in the southeastern counties
and in Erie County along the lake. Nearly all of these bearing
trees are seedlings, having been planted many years ago. The
ages vary from 10 to 80 years, and even older. Through the help
of the newspapers, by correspondence and travel, about 2000
bearing Persian English walnuts have been located. Samples
of nuts have been collected from a large number of trees, and while
many are not up to the standard of the commercial nut found on
our markets, at the same time several have been located that com-
pare favorably with the nuts coming from California and abroad.

The hardiness of many of these old trees indicate that it will
be possible to select parents which will stand our average winter
conditions. In a number of cases, good trees have never been killed
by our low temperatures; other trees were found that had been
killed back yearly. Buds and scions can be taken from the good
trees and worked into young black walnuts successfully. In this
way desirable varieties perpetuated. The budding and grafting
is not an easy task, for workers meet with many failures. Experience
and practice, however, give results as indicated by the three nut
nurserymen now propagating stock within our State; namely,
John G. Rush, West Willow; J. F. Jones, Lancaster; and L. C.
Hall, Avonia,

The culture of the Pecan in Pennsylvania is an uncertain
proposition, not because the trees are likely to be injured by winter
temperature, but our growing season is not long nor vigorous enough
to guarantee the full maturity of the nut. In the southeastern
part of the State an occasional tree is to be found, but the fruits
are generally small, which would not make attractive for market
or home use. A few of the northern types of varieties which are
found in southern Indiana, Illinois, and northern Kentucky, are
probably worth trying for home planting, especially in our south-
eastern counties. Some of the desirable varieties for testing are
the Indiana, Niblack, Posey, Busseron and Major.

More attention should be paid to the growing of the European
hazel nut known as the filbert in our markets. A blight affecting
the imported filberts has in past years likely been the cause of
failures where this nut has been grown. Careful inspection of the
plantation, however, and the removal of the blight as fast as it
appears will possibly make the growing of this desirable nut a
success for home use.

The question of chestnut culture, as you all know, has received
a severe blow at the hands of the chestnut blight. Where the
chestnut is grown in an orchard form, even this trouble will even-
tually be conquered. Our apple growers have not given up on
account of the San Jose scale or the codling moth. The pear blight
has not completely wiped out the pear industry, but not many years
ago growers throughout the East could see very little prospect
for the continuance of this business. Where chestnut trees are
handled as orchard propositions and a thorough study is made of
the blight, workers will be able to keep the pest under control by
continuous cutting out and destroying affected wood.

72

THE FRUIT EXHIBIT.

t;
I-"

First place ribbon.
First place ribbon,
First place ribbon,

No special effort was made to attract the growers' attention
and develop a fruit display. The premium list was not mailed out
until early in January, 1916, but several former exhibitors dis-
played some very creditable fruit. The following prizes were
awarded:

Class 1 — For the best barrel of apples, any variety.
First place ribbon. Red Doctor var.— W. S. Adams, Aspers, Pa.

Class 8 — For the best plate of five specimens of any of the
following varieties. Premium for each section. Section (a) Arkansas
(Black Twig); (b) Baldwin; (c) Ben Davis; (d) Esopus (Spitzen-
berg); (e) Fameuse; (f) Gano; (g) Gravenstein; (h) Grimes Golden;
(i) Hubbardston; (j) Jonathan; (k) Northern Spy; (1) Oldenburg;
(m) Rambo; (s) T. King; (t) Twenty Ounce; (u) Wagener; (v)
Wealthy; (w) Winter Banana; (x) Yellow Bellflower; (y) York
Imperial; (z) York Stripe.

First place ribbon, Arkansas— J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane, Pa.

Baldwin — The Kranzles Farm, Nesbit, Pa.

Gano — D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro, Pa.

Grimes Golden — D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro,
Pa. > / ,

Second place ribbon, Grimes Golden— J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane,

Pa.

First place ribbon, Jonathan— D. M. Wertz, Waynesboro, Pa.
Second place ribbon, Jonathan— J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane, Pa.
First place ribbon. Northern Spy— O. S. Row, Williamstown, Pa.
Second place ribbon, Northern Spy— The Kranzles Farm, Nesbit,

Pa.

First place ribbon. Winter Rambo— J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane,

Pa.

First place ribbon, Tompkins King— J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane,

Pa.

Second place ribbon, Tompkins King — S. W. Kerr, Stony Creek

Mills, Pa.
First place ribbon, Wagener— J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane, Pa.
First place ribbon. Wealthy— J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane, Pa.
Second place ribbon, Wealthy — J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane, Pa.

First place ribbon, York Imperial— D. M. Wertz, W^aynesboro.

Pa. » / ,

Second place ribbon, York Imperial— W. R. Keim, Boyertown, Pa.

Class 9 — For the best three plates of apples, and three
varieties.

f Opalescent ]
First place ribbon, | Rome Beauty | J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane, Pa.

[ Smoke House J

73

First place ribbon,
First place ribbon,
First place ribbon,
First place ribbon,

Class 10 — For the best collection of five plates, any one
variety.

Paragon, — W. R. Keim, Boyertown, Pa.

Fallawater — W. R. Keim, Boyertown, Pa.

Oliver — W. R. Keim, Boyertown, Pa.

Stayman, — J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane, Pa.
Second place ribbon, Stayman — W. R. Keim, Boyertown, Pa.
First place ribbon, Jonathan — J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane, Pa.

Class 15 — Section A, for the best plate of English walnuts.
Section B, for the best plate of Black walnuts. Section C, for the
best plate of native chestnuts. Section D, for the best plate of
European chestnuts. Section E, for the best plate of Japanese
chestnuts. Section F, for the best plate of shellbarks. Premium
for each section.
First place ribbon, English Walnut (Persian) Seedling No. 1 —

L. C. Hall, Avonia, Pa.
Second place ribbon, English Walnut (Persian) Seedling No. 3 —

L. C. Hall, Avonia, Pa.
Second place ribbon. Black Walnut — L. C. Hall, Avonia, Pa.

NOTE — Judges did not award a first place ribbon on Black
Walnuts.

First place ribbon. Hickory nuts — J. S. Rittenhouse, Lorane, Pa.
Second place ribbon. Hickory nuts — L. C. Hall, Avonia, Pa.

TREASURER'S REPORT.

Edwin W. Thomas, Treasurer
To The State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania, Dr.

RECEIPTS.

Cash Balance, 1st month, 19th, 1915, $ 65.33

2-13-1915, from j. A. Runk, annual dues, 44.00

1-15-1916, from Eldred B. Hawkins, annual dues, 2.00

1-15-1916, from interest on life-membership fund, 2.57

3113.90

DISBURSEMENTS.

1-28-1915, to L. T. McFadden, Treas $ 25.00

2-10-1915, to J. L. Rupert, 60.40

1-12-1916, to Western Union Telegraph Co., 4.44

1-12-1916, to The Reoublican, Bellefonte, 22.05

1-18-1916, to Balance, Cash on Hand, 2.01

311390

Reading, January 18, 1916.
We, the undersigned, have examined the Treasurer's account, and find the same
to be correct, showing a balance of 32.01 in Treasurer's hands.
Also a credit in the Life Membership Fund of 320.00.

c- J f I. H. MAYER,
iiigned I ^ ^ GRIEST.

74

INDEX

ADDRESSES: Page
Apples, Advantages of Thinning
Dr. I. H. Mayer 33

Apple, Insect Pests of, with Special Reference to Newer Insects
Dr. H. a. Surface 27

Apple, Pear and Quince, Diseases of

C. R. Orton 45

Apples, Eastern in W^estern Box

A. Freeman Mason 64

Apples, Uniform Grading and Packing of Eastern

H. B. Knapp 54

Brambles, Diseases of

C. R. Orton 55

Co-Operation for Fruit Growers

A. Freeman Mason 52

Food Values of Fruits and Vegetables

Miss Pearl McDonald 20

Fruit Auction Sales

E. W\ Mitchell 65

Nut Culture, Possibilities of, in Pennsylvania

F. N. Fagan 71

Peach, Harvesting, Packing and Marketing of

A. J. Farley 34

Pe.\ch, Spraying of

A. J. Farley 22

Plums and Cherries, The Control of Insects Injurious to

Parker Thayer Barnes 3g

President's Address

C. J. Tyson 13

Raspberries, Commercl\l

M. J. Krull 26

Report of General Fruit Committee

Dr. J. P. Stewart 15

Strawberries, Commercial

M. J. Krull 44

BY-LAWS OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF

PENNSYLVANIA 9

BUSINESS MEETING .61

CONSTITUTION g

FRUIT EXHIBIT, THE 73

IN MEMORY OF

F'osTER, T. C 63

Heiges, Professor S. B 63

Hull, D. VV .6^

Snavely, Henry C 63

Van Deman, Professor H. E 63

MEMBERS:

Annual 6

Life 4

OFFICERS, 1916 3

TREASURER'S REPORT 74

75

END OF YEAR