Author: State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania

Title: Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association
of Pennsylvania... 1921

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1921

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg229.4

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

STATE HORTICULTURAL

ASSOCIATION OF

PENNSYLVANIA

FOR

1921

SIXTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING
HELD IN HARRISBURG
JANUARY 26 and 27

state Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania

Officers for 1921

PRESIDENT
P. S. Fenstermacher, Allentown.

VICE-PRESIDENTS:

C. Arthur Griest, Guernsey. Howard Anderson, Stewartstown.

G. E. Smith, Allentown.

SECRETARY: MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY:

H. F. Hershey, Hamburg. H. A. Schantz, Allentown.

SECRETARY VEGETABLE GROWERS SECTION:
W. B. Nissley, State College.

TREASURER:

Edwin W. Thomas, King of Prussia.
All Presidents of County Associations certified to by their As-
sociation are Vice Presidents of the State Association. (See article
3 of the Constitution.)

EXECUTIVE BOARD:
(All the above named officers.)

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1921:

Legislative Committee:

Dr. S. W. Fletcher, Chairman, State College.

C. J. Tyson, Flora Dale. H. C. Brinton, Hanover.

Exhibition Committee:

F. N. Fagan, Chairman, State College.
Clarence Keller, Gettysburg. E. Bane Snyder, Jacks Mt.

R. D. Anthony, State College. R. Bruce Dunlap, Hollidaysburg.

Membership Committee:

H. A. Schantz, Chairman, Allentown.
H. L. Breidenbaugh, Boyertown. H. C. Brinton, Hanover.

O. S. Rowe, Williamstown. W. J. Lewis, Kingston

Fred Satterthwaite. Yardley. R. E. Atkinson, Wrightstown.

J. P. Hazlett, Coopersburg. W. B. Nissley, State College.

General Fruit Committee:
Dr. S. W. Fletcher. Chairman, State College.

MEMBERSHIP

Life Members

Adams, W. S a t^

Anderson, H. W ^IL" '^l^^''^' S^*

Anwyll, Harry L. Stewartstown, Pa.

Atkinson, D.W..:;; Harrisburg, Pa.

Atwater, Richard M. . . .' .' .* ! .* ." * .* rh.'^A^^'^* ?**

Banzhaf, W. H. . Chadds Ford. Pa.

Barlow, Thomas W. *. '^XWixr' C-^"^^' £^*

Bartra^, Frank N . :::: Kpn^f.'^i"^''"' l^'

Bartram, G. Morris ...;....; ^^TJ r^h'^^f ^' S^'

Bartram, George w ^ ^^u^^^.^""' l^'

Baugher, George L. ^^^* Chester, Pa.

Baugher, H. G Aspers, Pa.

Bell H R Aspers, Pa.

Benneti, Eugene B -State College Pa.

Blaine, Georfe W . .*. ^^'^°">J El*' ^' P'J'

Blair, Charles P. ^^^J^ East, Pa.

Blessing, David S. V m * X ' * V e/ * u ' ^.^^^ca. Pa.

Boles, McClellan T • WW. ^ ^' ^°^"* Hhlf/'^J^^^'^' S^'

Boltz, Peter R. Hanlm Station, Pa.

Boyer, John F. .'.■.*.'.'. U-i:i^^u"°"' S^'

Breidenbaugh. H. L Middleburg, Pa.

Brinton, hT C. Boyertown, Pa.

Brinton, S. L. . . . V. V. V. \ir" l^u^\^''* E^'

Cation, William R. . . West Chester, Pa.

Chase, Charles T. .. Orrtanna, Pa.

Chase, Howard A. ....'.*.'; ^V ''^^^^^ £»•

Cooper, C. A. ihnn' v' 'u^ "J'i"'^}' Po^ono, Pa.

Corcoran, Paul J ^^^^ Highland Ave Coraopolis, Pa.

Crouse, E. A. .;.*.; ' New Albany, Pa.

Cummings, Joseph F Gettysburg, Pa.

Davenport, Eugene i.^^'^lY' ^^^

Dickson, B. M. . . kVi V iri* '.•••.•••• Plymouth, Pa.

Dill, Robert ^^^^ ^^^*" Ave.. Pittsburgh. Pa.

Dunlap, James M.' '.*.'. -^orth East, Pa.

Dunlap, R. Bruce . . ^hipPensburg, Pa.

Eldon, Robert M. HoUidaysburg, Pa.

Engle, Enos B. . . .'. .Aspers, Pa.

Engle, John G. . . Harnsburg, Pa.

Espe, August V. ..'.'.'." ..Marietta, Pa.

Evans, W. H Perrysville, Pa.

Fassett, F. H. Plainsville, Pa.

Filbert, R. J Meshoppen, Pa.

Fletcher, Dr. S.' wV *.;*.*.;;■. '^V^^'^'n^}^^^^' E^*

Ford, A. E. . State College, Pa.

Fox, Cyrus T. ^1^" Riddle, Pa.

Freed, A. J. ... Reading, Pa.

Freed, W. A. . Racine, Pa.

Garrahan, R. H Racine, Pa.

Garretson, Eli P Kingston, Pa.

Good, C. W. Biglerville, Pa.

Griest, C. A. ... * Waynesboro, Pa.

Griest, Frederick * E. ' '.'.'.". • .Guernsey, Pa.

Grove, W. E. Flora Dale, Pa.

Haddock, John C. *.".'.*. Tirn!^ Springs, Pa.

Hall, L. C. ... Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Hartman, D. L. V-* ' ; * -Fairview, Pa.

; Little River, Florida.

4

Hartman, George R Biglerville, Pa.

Hartman, L. E Etters, Pa.

Haverstick, Paul E Lancaster, Pa.

Hawkins, Charles A York, Pa.

Heard, R. E Buffalo, N. Y.

Hershey, H. F Hamburg, Pa.

Hill, William D North East, Pa.

Hoopes, Abner West Chester, Pa.

Hoopes, Wilmer W West Chester, Pa.

Hostetler, Abram Johnstown, Pa.

Huey, S. R R. D. 3., Newcastle, Pa.

Huff, Burrell R Greensburg, Pa.

Huff, L. B Greensburg, Pa.

Johnston, Mrs. F. C Dallas, Pa.

Jones, J. F Lancaster, Pa.

Jones, S. Morris West Grove. Pa.

Keller, C. S Gettysburg, Pa.

Keller, H. M R. D. 5., Gettysburg, Pa.

Keller, Paul J Gettysburg, Pa.

Kessler, George W Tyrone, Pa.

Kister, U. G Etters, Pa.

Koehler, Paulus E Monaca, Pa.

Landis, D. M R. D. 7., Lancaster, Pa.

Landis, Israel Lancaster. Pa.

Large, Miss Catherine S Orrtanna, Pa.

Lawrence, Schuyler 109 Main St., Towanda, Pa.

Lightner, William A Landisburg, Pa.

Loop, A. I North East, Pa.

Lord, John R. D. 1., Wyoming, Pa.

MacNeal, Wm. H Parkesburg, Pa.

Maffett, Miss M. A 264 S. Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Martin, J. O Mercersburg, Pa.

Mayer, Guy S Willow Street, Pa.

Meehan, S. Mendelson Germantown, Pa.

Mendenhall, J. Howard Glen Mills, Pa.

Metzger, Dr. A. H Lafayette, Alabama

Moon, Henry T Morrisville, Pa.

Muller, Adolph Norristown, Pa.

Myers, Levi M Siddonsburg, Pa.

McClelland, J. B Canonsburg, Pa.

McFarland, J. Horace Harrisburg, Pa.

McKee, J. M Washington, Pa.

McLanahan, J. King Hollidaysburg, Pa.

O'Connor, Haldeman 13 N. Front St., Harrisburg, Pa.

Pennebaker, William M Virgilina, Va.

Pierce, H. W Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Pratt, B. G c|o Pratt Chemical Co., New York

Rohde, William Johnstown, Pa.

Runk, J. A Huntingdon, Pa.

Rush, Perry M Rogersville, Pa.

Rankin, Charles C West Chester, Pa.

Reist, John G Mt. Joy, Pa.

Rick, John Reading, Pa.

Rinehart, E. S Mercersburg, Pa.

Roberts, Horace Morestown, N. J.

Robinson, A. Blaine North East, Pa.

Satterthwaite, Frederick G Yardley, Pa.

Schuyler, Lawrence 100 Main St., Towanda, Pa.

Searle, Alonza T Honesdale, Pa.

Settlemeyer, C. T. Wilmore, Pa.

Shallcross, Frank R Frankford, Pa.

Shank, H. L c|o Conestoga Stage, Lancaster, Pa.

Sharpe, Miss E. M Accotink, Va.

5

&T'h*'h ^" ^ ^"^ ^'^ ^"^lAr^" W««' Philadelphia, Pa.

i?em? Dr^j "c. ' .' ^'"°" «*"«»' Lancaster.' Pa.

Stewart, Dr. J. P. ■■.' SMr**' £"•

Strasbaugh, E. F n ^'"0". Pa-
Swank, Luke H. . ........'.■.■ ".• inW*? ""*• 1^-

&- K ^.- ::::-------------.:-.:-.-.-.v.irnr„te: p:

Tyler W D Alletown, Pa.

Tyson, Chester * j.' '.'.*;;;;;;;;;;;;. vinrPn\^* l^-

Tyson, Edwin C Z^ R^^' S*'

Tyson, W. C ;. ^^^^^ ^a^e, Pa.

Walton, Robert J „:/ -^^fT^sey, Pa.

Weaver, Abraham """^'^^aT"' S**

Weigel, H. M. .. . ...Windber, Pa.

Weimer, E. A. . . Harrisburg, Pa.

Wertz, D. Maurice *.*.*.*.*.*.'.'.'. wV^^^l"''"' S**

Wertz, George M Waynesboro, Pa.

Westrick, F. A. * h' •• Johnstown, Pa.

whisier, Edgar ....:::::'; 5- R- 1" ?.!i^''"' i^-

White, Arthur H. . . ! ^' ^' l-'^^^^r?. Pa.

Williams, Irwin C. . . .".*.*. V. p ' ' ^^^/ski. Pa.

Wister, John C. • . Royersford, Pa.

Witherow. R T • .Ciermantown, Pa.

Wolfe, Charles A Punxsutawney, Pa.

Yor^^T^G^" ^- '■'■■■'■■'■'■■■^^^^^^ Pa!

Minnieh &-BrotherVD.MV ! [V^V^ ! ; ! ; ; ; ; ; ichambersburt pl]

Annual Members

Adair, Frank t j- u

Aldinger, A. D. . . . Landisburg, Pa.

Aldrich, H. C. . . Bustleton, Pa.

Allen, H. C Allentown, Pa.

Anderson, H. M. '.'.*.*.* *. jj®^ £a''k' Pa-
Anthony. R. D ::::; kv.i^n u^^"^* l^-

Amer, Austin i>"W\' xr*^ College, Pa.

Atkinson, RE R. D. 1., New Ringold. Pa.

Auton, C. S Wrightstown, Pa.

Baird, A. T • • Pottsgrove, Pa.

Balthaser, Jam'e's" M* '.* '.*.* h?^^ Haven, Pa.

Barnard, C. P. . Wernersville, Pa.

Barr, J. C. TP^*^ Brook, Pa.

Bear, Arthur B. * **.*.'.■.'.'.■.■.'. W * n^'J^^^^^^H^' l^'

Beaufort Farms .... **' ^"u^^'. Yo^'k. Pa.

Beaver, James ?*^«?^^"^^' ^^^

Beaver, James Mifflmburg, Pa.

Bechtel, J. R. . *. rnii«c;^'A^' k " •* 'iV ,^'^^"'*^' Pa.

Benner, B E College of Agriculture. Ithaca, N. Y.

Bikle, Philip M.".*. * *. kJ^^^I Springs, Pa.

Bingham, W. O Chambersburg, Pa.

Bolderberger. W P 5.^- Thomas, Pa.

Bowers, E. C Bridgeville, Pa.

Bowers, William f Elysburg, Pa.

Bowman, A. G. . .' Dawson, Pa.

Bowker Insecticide Co.'. '^PfJ^^y^a, Pa.

Brandt, E. W. j; • Baltimore, Md.

Bream, D. M. rS.^ ^^* York Pa.

Brenner, H. G Chambersburg Pa.

Brinzer, Ephraini ' Coopersburg, Pa.

Falsmouth, Pa,

9

Burgner, M. K Chambersburg, Pa.

Carter, Jr., E. C Allison Park, Pa.

Chapin, Irvin Shickshinny, Pa.

Chenowith Elliot 833 Summit Ave., Hagerstown, Md.

Cherry, Alfred R- D. 1., Bellewood, Pa.

Collmer, Dr. Charles 15 S. 5th St., Easton, Pa.

Cooper, Rev. A. E Jersey Shore, Pa.

Cope, F. R. Jr., ^ luS'"'^^' l^'

Corson, Walter H Plymouth Meeting, Pa.

Coursen, I. H R. D. 3., Wyoming, Pa.

Criswell, R. T Chambersburg, Pa.

Crosman, L. H X' ' * ' * oV Wui \iS^u?' S**

Crowell, Samuel B 4420 Osage St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Cruze George 144 E. 5th St., Bloomsburg, Pa.

Curray, Joseph P uv^*'*H^S^^J^' ^^'

Darlington, H. D ', ' W V/ '^ * F^^^^ Chester, Pa.

DeCou, Benjamin S c|o Y. M. C. A., Norristpwn, Pa.

DeLong, W. D 325 N. 9th St., Reading, Pa.

Derick T. A Newville, Pa.

Devlin,' Thomas Langhome, Pa.

Dickenshied, Fred S Zionsville, Pa.

Dickey, Samuel • • • -^^^^^^^ g^'

Diehl, E. B St. Thomas, Pa.

Dietz, Alex ..Hellam, Pa.

Dudley, D W ; ' * * V ' ^T^l^'^"* S^*

Dull John 222 Butler Ave, Ambler, Pa.

Duncan, D. G Shippensburg, Pa.

Duriff, G. M V . Wellsboro, Pa.

Elder, George K Lewistown, Maine

Ellis, David M Bridgeport, Pa.

Ely, Reuben P New Hope, Pa.

Ench W K Biglerville, Pa.

Eshelman, Clarence Gettysburg, Pa.

Everhart, George W A:;-;.„ ^' S**

Fagan F N State College, Pa.

Felty, *G. *B. b Millersville, Pa.

Fenstermacher, P. S Allentown, Pa.

Fetterman, J. Gordon V4,^®^*?' S*'

Finn A O Clifford, Fa.

Flem'ing, T. H Hummelstown, Pa.

Fleming W. M 237-17th Ave. N., Seattle, Washington

Friend Mfg. Company • • • • -.Gasport, N. Y.

From, W. H • •.• " * '^i"^*"^ Spring, Pa.

Fry John L c|o C. K. Whitner & Co., Reading, Pa.

Funk, J. K 117 E. Franklin St., Hagerstown, Md.

Funk, Sheldon ^'-^'k" -Joyertown, Pa.

Galbreath, Dr. J. Willis R- D. 2., Nomstown, Pa.

Garrahan, C. E . .Kingston, Pa.

Gates, G. H Shippensburg, Pa.

Gehr, Harvey J Waynesboro, Pa.

Geigley, Amos Orrtanna, Pa.

Geigley G. W Orrtanna, Pa.

George,' Thomas K • ■ • • • Homer City, Pa.

Gideon, George D 240 N. 16th St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Gillman, R. J St. Thomas, Pa.

Glass, S. J Bulger, Pa.

Goshom, Taylor L ^"2*=^' S**

Graybill, I. G ', ; ' • : * M ' ^¥*i?"' /*'

Guyton, Thomas L. . . .Bureau of Plant Industry, Agricultural Dept.,

Harrisburg, Pa.

Haines, 3rd, Robert B 130 E. Main St., Moorestown, N. J.

Haines, Dr. W. A ^ • ' r k' V wr ' ri' ^^i^^o^' g^-

Hardt, C. W 2245 North 2nd St., Harrisburg, Pa.

Hamish, James B Sinking Springs, Pa.

7

rl

Harshman, D. R -_^

Hartman, Dr. G. W enV W "o 'J 'A ' ' Waynesboro, Pa,

Hawkins, E. B . . .". ^^^ N* ^^^ St., Harrisburg, Pa.

Hayman, Guy L Delta, Pa.

Hazlett, J. P Northbrook, Pa.

Heilman, Albert .*.*. Coopersburg, Pa.

Heilman, M. D.. Dr VaW xir' ' ::^ 'A Cleona, Pa.

Heisey, J. A. .'. ^^^ W. 4th St., Emporium, Pa.

Heisey, S. A Camp Hill, Pa.

Heisey, S. C • • . Greencastle, Pa.

Herr, John D Elizabethto wn, Pa.

Hershey, H. S ;^ Reading, Pa.

Hess, Willis A -^^st Petersburg, Pa.

High, John S. . .'.*.*.*.'.'.*.'. 6"i\'\"J^^' A^^o» Pa.

Hile, Anthony . . K. D. 4, Pottstown, Pa.

Hill, W. F. . . Curwensville, Pa.

Miller, C. H. . .'.'.*.'. Huntingdon, Pa.

Hitz, Cyrus ... i," * * • Tacony, Pa.

Hocker, Clifford H "• D. 2., Hummelstown, Pa.

Hope, Arthur W. '. .*. ^' ^' !•» Dauphin, Pa.

Horling, Levi Cornwall, Pa.

Horst, J. Morris o x xr

Howe, Homer B Route No. 3, Lebanon, Pa.

Huber, Ben S. ... .*.'.' • :. Benton, Pa.

Huber, Levi Elizabethto wn. Pa.

Hunter, James C. Lancaster, Pa.

Hull Brothers Werf ord, Pa.

Ide, Linford C '. • • • • Waymart, Pa.

Jacobs, D. C Sweet Valley, Pa.

James, Paxson V. '.*.*.'.' .' cam ' h'iA^' "a"" • Gettysburg, Pa.

Johnson, Edwin . ^^ ^^^^^ ^^e., Philadelphia, Pa.

Johnson, E. R. . Taylorsville, Pa.

Kane, D. R. . . Center Ridge, Pa.

Kauffman, J. B. Elliotsburg, Pa.

Kennedy, Bailey M. *.'.' York, Pa.

Kistler, J. M. .... Dauphin, Pa.

Knight, Paul Stroudsburg, Pa.

Knobel, E. M. . . Tarsdale, Pa.

Koch, C. H Sunbury, Pa.

Kruppenbach, Harry McKeansburg, Pa.

Kunkel, N. J /. Robesonia, Pa.

Lachman, John . . ir* ' Xi • A Orwigsburg, Pa.

Latshaw, J. E. ^^' ^^^^^^ Station, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Lau, L M ;;.;; ....Marion, Pa.

Lau, L. B Littlestown, Pa.

Laub, H. H .*.' East Berlin, Pa.

Lehman, EHas Lewistown, Pa.

Leonard, P. E. . . .* ••R- D. 5, York, Pa.

Lesher, H. V. .. ^oute 1, Carlisle, Pa.

Leute, H. S. . . Northumberland, Pa.

Lewis, W. J. . . Bamesboro, Pa.

Linde, J. Eric . Pittstown, Pa.

Lindner, F. J. ... Schnecksville, Pa.

Linville, Arthur S. w Ringtown, Pa.

Livingood, W. W. Route 2, Media, Pa.

Long, D. Edward ..'.'.".'.".■ 2l"q" T^iUrniJ" ' * Wi.- '^P^^^^^^a, Pa.

Long, W. W ^"^ ^^"^^ 2Jd&» Chambersburg, Pa.

Longenecker Brothers Eighty Four, Pa.

Loose, Erwin M ; • • • Palmyra, Pa.

Loose, H. H Menges Mills, Pa.

Love, N. H. Menges Mills, Pa.

Loy, W. G

Marble, Mrs. L. M. .V. Newport, Pa.

Marble, L. M Canton, Pa.

g Canton, Pa.

MJartin, J. Warren r"^' •O^^an"*, Pa.

Mason, A. Freeman Agr. Exp. Station,

New Brunswick, N. J.

Mason Drug & Chemical Co Hancock, Md.

Melcher, George W • • • .Bally, ra.

Merkel, Floyd ^- 'A' V * *J? i ^-^f' E?'

Mesta Brothers R- D. 1, FinleyviUe. Pa.

Meyer, Henry T • .Lewisburg, Pa.

Miller, Albert Ro^te 3, Lebanon, Pa.

Miller, Amos Ro^te 4, Hanover, Pa.

Miller, C. Clayton ...Manon, Fa.

Miller W M Lewisburg, Pa.

Minnich & Brother, D.N Chambersburg, Pa.

Mitchell, J. C ^fL^oy^^ g^'

Monosmith, S. B ..Weisel, Fa.

Moore, John W Nomstown, Pa.

Moore, W. C W * W * ^'"^""^^T"' It'

Moyer, Samuel R- D. 2, Hershey, Pa.

Musselman Brothers r!ll+^"^** p '

Musselman, John ♦ • • • Orrtanna, ra.

Muttart, B. F Schwenksyille, Pa.

Myers, C. E • • • • State College, Pa.

Myers J M Route 2, Westminster, Md.

MacKenzie, G.' W 1831 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. Pa.

McGowan P A Williamsport, Pa.

McNeal, Isaic B 612 W. 13th St., Tyrone, Pa.

MacFlickinger, J Fannettsburg, Pa.

McCabe, H. Dallas .Monessen, Pa.

Devlin, Thomas 'r; ' ' ' 'Ar 'tV"^- u ®* o

Nells J B 1108 Penn St., Harrisburg, Pa.

Newcom'er,' Aaron Smithsburg, Md.

Nichols, William ..Bustleton, Pa.

Nicodemus, Ed A^fy^^^^^^^' E^'

Nissley, W. B State College, Pa.

Nixon, E. L State College, Pa.

Nolt, Harrison S Colunjbia, Fa.

Northup, H. J • Dalton, Fa.

Oppenlander, E Coopersburg, Pa.

Orchard Farm Spring City, Fa.

Orr, James W • • .Frankford, Pa.

Orton, C. R State College, Pa.

Page, C. N .... .....Ely, Pa.

Parker Co R- D. 1, Boyertown, Pa.

Parthemere, Jacob Lewisberry, Pa.

Patterson, W. J 50 Water St., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Pease Company, F. B Rochester, N. Y.

Peck William H c|o Third National Bank, Scranton, Pa.

Pelton, W. R State College, Pa.

Perkiomen Orchards Route 1, Norristown, Pa.

Pershing, Theodore Pineville, Pa.

Pierce, E. F 121 W. Fayette St., West Chester, Pa.

Pierce H. W Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Pollock, G. B. '.' Route 3, Wyoming, Pa.

Powell, H. B .Clearfield, Pa.

Preston, J. Albert Wemersville, Pa.

Price, J. L 13th and Sycamore Sts., Harrisburg, Pa.

Prickett J. W Aspers, Pa.

Raff ensperger, * Charles E Arendtsville, Pa.

Ramer, O. G R. D. 2, Pitman, Pa.

Reist, A. E Palmyra, Pa.

Renfrew, R. M FayetteviUe, Pa.

Rhoades, J. M Manon, Pa.

Rice, Daniel New Bloomfield, Pa.

Rife, Jacob L. R. D. 1, Camp Hill, Pa.

9

Riland, W. J. G

Rittenhouse, Dr J S Halifax, Pa.

Rittenhouse, S. B Lorane, Pa.

Roberts, Arthur V, Lorane, Pa.

Rohlfing, F F McKnightstown, Pa.

Romig Brothers '.'.*.".'.*. Hummelstown, Pa.

Rose, William J ;,'o W ' \" ' W Downingtown, Pa.

Rowe, O. S ..;;;;:; ^^^ Market St^ Harrlsburg; Pa.

Sanders, Dr. J. G ^I'i'A": ' WiHiamstown, Pa.

Schantz H. A ;. fioo^ff *^ S^P^^S^' Harrisburg, Pa.

Schantz L. M 1 7^1 q^S!"?^*''" ^^" Allentown, Pa.

Schantz, M. P.' .'. fino xj ^m"!"* I^" Allentown, Pa.

Schmidt, John C ^ Hamilton St., Allentown, Pa.

Schoemaker, Seth wV ! ! '. '.elo InternaifonaY borrespo^dence Schoor^

iefr^r%^T^^' •^^•' Gl'eriSlfl^: L"

Shearer, Walter J Morrisville, Pa.

Sheibley, J. W Vmemont, Pa.

Shields, C. E. Alinda, Pa.

Shorb, Albert Roxbury, Pa.

Shover, D. J. W * u' * ^^"over. Pa.

Siegler, Franklin* '.*.*.'.'.'.*.'. f akomV ' P.Vi.' * ^^^^^anicsburg, Pa.

Small, George lakoma Park, Washmgton, D. C.

Smedley, S. L., jr!.' '.'. xr ' M' -Wyoming, Pa.

Smith, CM.. Newtown Square, Pa.

Smith, Edwin n * *A" ■ ^ewistown, Pa.

Smith, G. E **• ^'* Royersford, Pa.

Smith, Leonard R K : •• Allentown, Pa.

Department of Horticulture,

Smith, Noah State College, Pa.

Smith, S. A. , Lewistown, Pa.

Snyder, C. B. '.*."*." .' Yoe, Pa.

Snyder, E. B. . . . Ephrata, Pa.

Snyder, T. S. ... Jacks Mt., Pa.

Sovett, P. R Brodbeckes, Pa.

Stark Brothers' Nursery Harrisburg, Pa.

Starkey, Ralph . Louisiana, Mb.

Starkey, S. H. Morrisville, Pa.

Stear, J. R '. • ■ • • .Bustleton, Pa.

Stephens, H. M 1 1 1 "o " X "r, * ^^"ambersburg, Pa.

Stewart, William . " ^' ^^^ege St., Carlisle, Pa.

Stitzer, C. E. Landisburg, Pa.

Stock, McClain ..;.;*.;'. i' • ■ • V • • • Mi"mont, Pa.

Stockton, Manley Security Bldg., York, Pa.

Stolfus, Isaac N. . Biglerville, Pa.

Stoner, H. S Ronks, Pa.

Stoudt, D. M. o" V< • • -^^^anna, Pa.

Strode, Marshall . . . .' «' Jv' 7,V ^» Hershey, Pa.

Struble, Vem T ' ^* ^®^* Chester, Pa.

Supiot, A. L. . . ^' ^' 2, Athens, Pa.

Swartz, Samuel . . .'. • • • -.•Cornwall, Pa.

Swartz, Samuel, Jr., Spring Grove, Pa.

Taylor, Porter R. • ///////.Bureau ' of" MaVkeis-g'eot^'iTKr!''-
Torr, W. H. Harrisburg, Pa.

Trax, R. L Mechanicsburg, Pa.

Treible, C. E. . Library, Pa.

Tyson, A. R '. '^ ' •" - "J^^^shoppen, Pa.

Uncle Peters Fruit Farm ' Norristown, Pa.

Veshore, Jacob . . Mt. Carmel, Pa.

Vogle, Elias i, Ely, Pa.

Walker, JamesF ^' ^'* Lancaster, Pa.

Walton, R. C. . . : • Westtown, Pa.

Y • Arendtsville, Pa.

Walton, W. J ""T.i^r;' ?a

Watts, D. H • • v^®"™^°^» C**

Watts R. L p^*f%^^Yn?k' ll'

Weaver, C. F Route ,9, York, Pa.

Weinberger, J. H • • -Zionsville, Pa.

Welshams & Sons, M. O Jersey Shore, Pa.

Wenger, M. P A* wnV Po*

Wenker, W. G • • • • • Camp Hill, Fa.

Wertz, S. H Route 2, Readmg, Pa.

Wemig, Charles M R- D- b, York, ra.

Whiteford, Clay P W V o '^^'^^ u ' Po

Wilson, C. C Route 2, Sharpsburg, Pa.

Wolper, D. L Vi ' V^^S^'^tP'^Vr-^S'

Woodley C A Benton Harbor, Mich.

Worthington, H. R Route 4, West Chester, Pa.

Wotring, Oscar Siegersville, Pa.

Wrightstone, N. E ^^L ""*♦ i^**

Yoder & Handrich • • • ..Orrtanna, Pa.

Yohe George S 146 E. Street, Spring Grove, Fa.

Yohel Thomas E ^v^^^"^TT^,r®^!' £*'

Zimmerman, H. S New Holland, Pa.

11

r

CONSTITUTION

izatio1.1Sle"Th:S hSPi. ^^.' "^"^ of this or.an
sylvania. Its object shift tofn^^f' Association of S-"
development of horticultSe'^'n he Ste ^?i^"<=«r^eThe

tl^f^-S^^-S^^^ rXr an

distinguished merft in h3rt?.,^i ® Membership. Persons of
orary Membership fo? the curS' ""^^ u^^ «'«cted to Hon-

Society^sha^f rem^'tolhe t *^" ^"""t^' Local or District

SociegUa'lf trfn'smiU^the st' ?"'^*y' ^ocal or District
tion annually, at the call of th. If T °^*^« State Assoc a-
^ts ofScers and membefl together S Secretary, a ifst of
teVeii M'"fe'''y «f those matterltLf """^^ J^P^^t of its
terest to the Horticulturists of the State''' "' ^'''''^' '"'

these Reports' ints Ked" t l^-T^e""" «hall publish
«es thST''^'-^''^P of twSty^V^h shall be distribu ed

gteS-aS'-Te? 5 ^^iSie^^- a'^^^^^^^^
JfficerrTh"*' ^^,.*h« Secretary a? t"hp T^^^^n^^es sha"l

ed%?esid?ronty-a'nta^^^

12 ^^^""ations, organized in

Pptinsvlvania for horticultural purposes, whose Constitution
fs approved by the Executive Board, and whose income from
anS membership dues during the preceding year was not
f^ssthaTten dollars ($10.00). In order to secure admit-
tance t^this" Board, th^' Secretary of |"f gC^ji^y ^^S^
tion shall certify to the Secretary of the btate Associauoii
that the applicant has been duly elected to serve as their
President for the current year and shall also submit a state-
ment showing number of members and amount of dues paid
for the pTecfding year. All officers must be meg^^^^^^
the Association in good standing at the time ot tneir eiec
tiontndshaU assume their duties at the close of the meet-
ing at which they were elected.

Article 4 —Quorum. Twenty-five (25) members of the
Assodatfon andfive (5) members of the Executjve Board
shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

Article 5 —Standing Committees. The following Stand-
ing Committees shall be appointed by the President to serve
d ivinff his term of office : A Committee on Legislation, to
consist of thi^e (3) members; a Committee on Exhibitions,
to consist of five 5) members; a Committee on Member-
chiWn ronsist of one (1) member from each County in
S'k*aVXwing evideic^ of horticultural activiiy and a
General Fruit Committee, consisting of ""e from each
rniintv represented, with a general chairman of the whole,
each member of th^ General Fruit Committee to have the
privilege of appointing two assistants. , ,, .. e

Article 6 -Annual Meeting. The Annual Meeting of
this Afsodation shall be held during the month of January
in eaVh yeir at such time and place as the Executive Board
Than detemine. The regular meetings of the Ass^iatio"
shall be closed to all persons, except paid-up members oi
Se Association, speakers delegates fjom associations out-
side of Pennsylvania, all ladies, and the minoi sons ot

™''" Article 7— Amendments to the Constitution. This
ConstitSn may be amended by a two-thirds vote o^^^^^
members present at any annual ^fftmg Piovi<^ed such

rti'Ailix^T'eoMaK^^^^^^^

TnSmeSg, andVy him -f en-ed to all mem^^^^^ in con-
nection with the announcement of said meeting.

BY-LAWS

Artide 1— Duties of the President. The President
shall be the executive officer of the Association and of the
Executive Boai^ and shall preside at all meetings of either
Sd^ d^fgnS one of the Vice-Presidents to serve in his

13

stead when necessarily abspnt Wo o«,«ii
and accounts of the Cc^tion Lf^""" ?f ^ "P°" «" ^Hs
paid by the Secretary; he sTallanno^!.^^?!^^^^^ ^'"^ "^^^^ed
associations and all soecial an/?f^„^* *" delegates to other
Association unless o?Kse ordered "^ committees of the

dents^£L^-?"oS*?hf SS^^ ™/ Vice-Presi-

them may be called unon ivf ^ o ® ^^^^ »"«' any one of

Board to assume Ihe'^dStL^s of the' rtf Z ^^' ^^^^^^^^^
They shall also actively rcDresent th» a^*.^".^ meeting,
various lines of work iJti!^tlZcZ ^0^4^" ^ "^

shall be*thl 47rS*'coneslonHr'*^'J' ^^^ S«=retary
of the AssocS fAd of thr&«v/r"",*^"u^ °'«'=«^
mcur no expenditure of a lari'^ nt h^,^k7/ > ^?*^*^ ^ ^^ ^^all
out the sanction of the BusfnT« r„l >f"' character with-
the written approval of fh IT. ^"'nmittee; he shall secure

against the A^sStifn *befor^^?Iwin? v' '''"j "'^ *='^™«
Treasurer for the payment the,lofhT^ n'^f"'*'!'' <>" t^e
ings of the Association fnd nfthfv< ^^ ^i"-*" ^^""^^ a" ^eet-
keep a faithful rlcord nf f^ J^ Executive Board and shall

all certificates ofTembeJshiD anT«.fn"f ' ^^ «'^^» ^^^
ficates of Merit. awlTded by^ff a"S fo'^^' it ^^'^'-
received by him shall h^ m-V..^I,fi,^ *."**".• ^^^ money
He shall have charge of thHT?"^ .?^'^ 1** *h« Treasurer,
and shall be re^Sle to the fiSr ' .^"""^^ ^"^ papers
in his charge: he shall hp th! nTl^J*^' *'i Property placed
Association? and shall have anthntH*^'f" t **>« Seal of the
ments when needfuf he Ihall toTt^ K^^"^ ««">« to docu-

secure the fullelt announcement of thV" 'T>'''^ I"«^"« to
sociation in this State as TpirL- **»«.nieetmgs of the As-
such shall be found d'esfra^t 1 .^'^^\^7^ ?*^*««' ^^en
yearly, to prepare for SiV«H«„L^ a" *'^? ^^ his duty,
Association, together wHh such 'ntlfpv^""lf ^^^'^ "^ the
deem proper, he bein^ aid^-H in tK ^'^i "i^"^*" ^^ he shall
ter by an advisory comSee of thVFv'*''i? °^x,^"'='^ "^^t-
recompense, the Secret^ shall r^efve ."n"'^ ^°*''^- ^s

the As?Satt;;r?h"all'L";aid%^^^^^^^^ f' f\'--^^ of
urer; he shall disburse the moniv<=^%K^"l^ "^ ^^^ Treas-
shall come into his hands onTv?Zn "/ i*"^ Association that
countersigned by the Pre.^di^f".T "l^'lf ?^ ^^^ Secretary,
received by the AsLcLtTolf f^.^r ■I'^^'i.^^^P l^e mone/s
distinct fund, and shafl invest thpl^' Memberships as a
and direction of the Executii RnfT^ "",''^'" ^^^ ^^J^ice
interest accruing thereon to tv,.^'^*'' applying only the

14

safe-keeping and disbursement of the moneys of the As-
sociation, and for the proper discharge of the further duties
of his office, in such sum as shall be specified by the Execu-
tive Board, the premium on which shall be paid by the As-
sociation. This bond shall receive the approval of the
President, and shall be deposited with the Secretary. Im-
mediately preceding the annual meeting, he shall submit to
the Executive Board a written report showing the amount
of money that shall have come into his hands during the
year, the sources from which it has been derived, and the
disposition made of the same. This statement shall be
published in the Annual Report of the Association.

Ailicle 5.— Duties of the Executive Board. The Execu-
tive Board shall enact all rules and regulations for the
management of the affairs of the Association, determine the
salaries of its officers, and assume the control and manage-
ment of its exhibitions ; it shall have power to displace any
officer of the Association for neglect of duty or abuse of
position ; shall fill all vacancies by appointment to continue
until the next annual election; and shall hold at least two
(2) regular sessions during the year, one of which shall oc-
cur at the time and place of the Annual Meeting of the As-
sociation. It may hold other meetings when called by the
Secretary under the advice or direction of majority of the
members of the Board at such times and places as may be
deemed most convenient, but in all such cases, each member
must be duly notified of the time, place, and object of such
meeting; it shall carefully guard the interests of the As-
sociation, watch over its finances and provide for its neces-
sities as they shall arise ; it shall appoint from its own num-
ber three members, who shall constitute a Business Com-
mittee for the year, and upon which the Secretary and
Treasurer may not serve ; and it shall submit to the Annual
Meeting, through the Secretary, such report upon the con-
dition, general interests, and prospects of the Association
as it shall judge necessary or expedient. All important
measures shall be submitted to this Board, but may, by
the Board, be resubmitted to the Association for recom-
mendations.

Article 6. — Duties of the Business Committee. It shall
be the duty of the Business Committee, upon application of
the Secretary, during the recess of the Executive Board,
to advise with him as to the expediency of making any
contemplated but questionable expenditure for which oc-
casion may arise during such recess. The Business Com-
mittee shall also audit the accounts of the Secretary and
the Treasurer just prior to the annual meeting and submit
written report of its findings to the Executive Board.

Article 7.— Duties of the Standing Committees. (1)
The Committee on Legislation shall inform itself in regard

15

to such existing la^vs as relate to the horticultural interests
of the State and bring the same to the attention of the As

latZ whi-?h -^'^""^ ^™" ^■^P"'-""^ ^ny addhioLl le^s-"
lation which in their judgment is desirable; when so d rSt

ft I «i% Association, it shall cause to be Produced ?nto
the State Legislature such bills as may be deemed Ssarv
and shall aid or oppose any bills introduced by otherl^wWrb
directly or indirectly affect the interests of th^e ?ruft growet

fjrv, \K- ® Committee on Exhibitions shall suggest from'
time to time such methods and improvements as mlv llt^
to them desirable in conducting the exhTwtions of the A^

irarand;^^^^^^^^^^^^
So^^s^fXTsriS.-'^ ^-^ cha^rof'aTfhll^ii

•4.U ^?} ^^^ Committee on Membership and ExnatKsinn
with the co-operation of the County Vice-Presidents S
bring the work of the Association to the attention of fruit
growers throughout the State, and by such means as tW
deem best, strive to increase the membership ^ *^^^

tv, ^ 'u, ■ General Fruit Committee shall carefullv and

eial. Each local committee of three shall collect such TiTp
ful and interesting infomation in relation to the sub^^t

rlp^t^ 'tVbe*mtde'ZTh ""'' '""Yl t^e saSe^'n'mZ^*
f « kI K u • ^^^^ ^ ^^^ general chairman ; such renorts

semtntuaVTepTrt""^' ^"' ^"^^°^*^^ *" '^^^ -"-' -^

Such other Standing Committees may be created bv thp

Executive Board from time to time, as in its dTscietion mav

seem desirable or necessary. • "» uisci etion may

iw«>„*^" Standing Committees shall report to the Annual
Meetng in January, any information ^ value to the As
sociation or its members, that may have come to thef^

deXcS: offaf ts'tVaf • ' ?."-^" ^^^^ «''«""«' theoS:

"'SI tr '^ wh£ thSciS^i raSU"
the ^^'sp^.s^^siiSit^^

S st fL^SX^re tLr .^ut-n^KL^^^^^^
the next regular meeting of the Board '^hlse Bv Laws
or any one or more of them, may be suspended for the tfm^'
by order of a majority of all the members of the AssoeiS
K^" A'ssiratioTfo^ proposition in tL glnertl m'S
tS4=t"retn^"d r S'Ku^Jlv^e'^Srd V)Z
t£S iSdvlSSeSt!'^^ AssociatL^X^rub^t

16

THE SUMMER TRIP OF 1920

V.EW or PH.. „r. sr... p.«„ .^oo.cxs show. „.kh„. p.. m. .. ., ... .«, .,,.

By H. F. Hershey, Secretary.

Since the last Annual Report was printed in 1917 there
have been three Summer trips which have been highly suc-
cessful. The 1918 Summer Trip started at Chambersburg,
and two days were spent in the orchards of FrankUi and
Adams counties. The trip then led to Winchester, Virgmia,
where we joined with the Virginia Society in visitmg the
orchards around Winchester, Va., and Martinsburg, West
Virginia. The trip finally broke up at Hancock, Maryland.

The 1919 trip started at Bustleton near Philadelphia in
a vegetable growing section, and the rest of the trip was
in New Jersey. In the Glassboro section we found orchard
rows a mile in length. From Glassboro the trip led through
the Haddonfield-Moorestown section and finally wound up
for the night at Trenton. At Freehold we joined the New
Jersey Society in their tour of Monmouth County. Condi-
tions here were certainly different from Pennsylvania in
that there is plenty of sand and no hills of any account.
The night of the second day was spent at Asbury Park and
the following day the Pennsylvanians gradually left for

their homes. . , , j

The success of these two summer trips was largely due
to the courtesy and co-operation of the Virginia and New
Jersey Societies. Everyone who took the trips was very well
pleased and felt amply repaid for the time and money spent.
Our growers found out that they were not the only ones
who had problems, but that our neighbors had them as well.
In 1920 we staid at home in Pennsylvania. The trip
was started in southeastern Berks County at Boyertown at
the Dr. Funk orchard, which is now operated by his son-in-
law, H. L. Breidenbaugh. The same day the State Hill
orchards, Wernersville, owned by Mr. John Rick, of Read-
ing, were visited, as well as the orchard of Mr. David Meyer,
Annville, and the East End Fruit and Truck Famis of Mr.
R. J. Walton at Hummelstown. The night was spent in
Harrisburg and the following day we left for York for the
dedication of the York Imperial marker. Enroute we visit-
ed the very well cared for orchard and truck gardens of
Mr. Levi Hartman in York County. While not an extensive
grower Mr. Hartman is very painstaking and gets results.
August 18th, 1920, will always stand out as a red let-
ter day in the history of the Society. It is altogether fitting
and proper that we should have dedicated this marker to
the York Imperial apple, a Pennsylvania production, which
has given a livelihood, wealth, and happiness to a multitude
of people. As Dr. Fletcher says, "It is dependable and it is
this dependability which makes it a prime favorite among

17

THE SUMMER TRIP OF 1920

}

t

%

MEW OF PRIIT KXHIBIT. STATE FARM PRODL

CTS SHOW. HARRISBl RC. PA.. JAN 25. 26. 27. 2H. ,

921

ft
I

1

By H. F. Hershey, Secretary.

Since the last Annual Report was printed in 1917 there
have been three Summer trips which have been highly suc-
cessful. The 1918 Summer Trip started at Chambersburg.
and two days were spent in the orchards of Franklin and
Adams counties. The trip then led to Winchester, Virgmia,
where we joined with the Virginia Society in visitmg the
orchards around Winchester, Va., and Martinsburg, West
Viro-inia. The trip finally broke up at Hancock, Maryland.
""The 1919 trip started at Bustleton near Philadelphia in
a vegetable growing section, and the rest of the trip was
in New Jersey. In the Glassboro section we found orchard
rows a mile in length. From Glassboro the trip led through
the Haddonfield-Moorestown section and finally wound up
for the night at Trenton. At Freehold we joined the New
Jersey Society in their tour of Monmouth County. Condi-
tions here were certainly different from Pennsylvania in
that there is plentv of sand and no hills of any account.
The night of the second day was spent at Asbury Park and
the following day the Pennsylvanians gradually left for

their homes. . ^ ^ ^

The success of these two summer trips was largely due
to the courtesv and co-operation of the Virginia and New
Jersey Societies. Everyone who took the trips was very well
pleased and felt amply repaid for the time and money spent.
Our growers found out that they were not the only ones
who had problems, but that our neighbors had them as well.
In 1920 we staid at home in Pennsylvania. The trip
was started in southeastern Berks County at Boyertown at
the Dr. Funk orchard, which is now operated by his son-in-
law. H. L. Breidenbaugh. The same day the State Hill
orchards, Wernersville, owned by Mr. John Rick, ot Read-
ino- were visited, as well as the orchard of Mr. David Meyer,
Annville, and the East End Fruit and Truck Farms of Mr.
R. J. Walton at Hummelstown. The night was spent in
Harrisburg and the following day we left for York for the
dedication of the York Imperial marker. Enroute we visit-
ed the very well cared for orchard and truck gardens of
Uv. Levi Hartman in York County. While not an extensive
o-rower Mr. Hartman is very painstaking and gets results.
August 18th, 1920, will always stand out as a red let-
ter day In the history of the Society. It is altogether fitting
and proper that we should have dedicated this marker to
the York Imperial apple, a Pennsylvania production, which
has o-iven a livelihood, wealth, and happiness to a multitude
of people. As Dr. Fletcher says, "It is dependable and it is
this dependability which makes it a prime favorite among

17

/ INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

Jessup. ^'"Perial apple and its propagator, Jonathan

The progi-am for the day was arrancoH u-,, tu^ r» j-
tion and Marker Committee, consfsW of tL ?nn^*''*=^"
members : Dr. S. W Fletcher qtn(-« fv.L nt /o"owmg
Arthur Griest, Guemsev H r r ^^''^ge Chairman ; C.

F...™rtet »-^j^i f4si4'i aTpr- i?sst

Address-Mr. C. J. Tyson, Flora Dale, Pa.

Mr S7c Smfd? f "' l^^ °^"^'" ''f Springwood Farms,
i^ Ihe ereSion'^o^lL MaSei?""?fer'*'"^f ^"^ '^'^ help

P.eSnt-el^ro^r^H^^

him is his share of the happiness whirh^K* "^^ ^^" ^'^^

will , continue to be give^tr^^f g' fc fe^m^S

ed int' Vat "t^otfr UnZtutleS^^^dr^^ *=""«""-

orchards,^and ?his trip'tasTo eSic^n" n^^'^l' 9^""*^
due the Adams County Growers a^Tfh^ir^"'" ^^""^^ ^""e
arranging the trip and^v?SVuf the dete™. ^"•■^"" '"•

havellken'themXThey™?/ "Tak^^^'■^^ ^^^o^e who
and you will nevei regret it *^ "^''* °"^ ^^^^ us

18

ARE OWNED BY MR. JOHNC. sSdT o^ VORK^

1

THE YORK IMPERIAL APPLE

WAS FIRST PROPAGATED ABOUT 1820
IN THIS FIELD BY

JONATHAN JESSOP

IT IS THE MOST WIDELY KNOWN VARIETY

OF PENNSYLVANIA ORIGIN AND HAS

CONTRIBUTED LARGELY TO THE

HORTICULTURAL PROSPERITY OF THE STATE

A TRIBUTE BY
THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA

1920

L.

dj

f

THIS TRIBUTE TO THK YORK IMPKR, x, x,.,., •• ,. .^ ,,, ,,^, „, ,

SPRINGUOOD FARMS ABOIT TU ;; v... o; k '^'' *^^^ '^''^'^^ '^ ^'>*

THE YORK IMPERIAL APPLE

WAS FIRST PROPAGATED ABOUT 1820
IN THIS FIELD BY

JONATHAN JESSOP

IT IS THE MOST WIDELY KNOWN VARIETY

OF PENNSYLVANIA ORIGIN AND HAS

CONTRIBUTED LARGELY TO THE

HORTICULTURAL PROSPERITY OF THE STATE

A TRIBUTE BY
THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA

1920

%
>

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

A TRIBUTE TO THE YORK IMPERIAL APPLE

By S. W. Fletcher,
Professor of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania Statf College.
Springwood Farms, York, Pa., Aug. }\lf\^^
We have met to pronounce a eulogy on a friend. Hap-
nilv for us om friend, the York Imperial apple, is living, not
ffi- we dedicate this memorial to its pronuse for the
future Is well as to its achievements in the past An apple
l"ke a man must have certain qualities of featness to caU

forth the tribute that we pay to-day The ^^PPl^iif^U rf
who have gathered here, from .several States, will tell ot
thpse each from his own experience. l,shall mention Dui
oStfs dependable. That is why I call it our friend the
Yo^Imoerial for surely the quality that we prize most m
YorK ™Pf "r* f "' f "tabilitv • we like to feel that we can
depend on him t1 York Ts not'beautiful like the Jonath-
Si shapely, like the Rome; not rich-flavored like the

Stayman; not precocious in bearing l'^%*h|, P"^J^b|;.rers
it is dependable. It can be counted on to till the oaneis.
Tt has the solid homely virtues of the common people. Like
« human friend it will even stand some neglect without
K T^„ w rpinonds gratefully to considerate treatment.

'■''''''^'^^ll!^:^'itA-,lut it i as ff iV; -p-

tiPvfection in an app e as in a man. Some of our inerias
hive pe°"erse periods which we tolerantly call their off
davs '^ Our affection for the York is not dimmed, even
throuffh its frequent "off years." There are a few other
flaws bu why dwell on them when they bulk so small in
oomnarison with the great weight of real worth?
'°Ttfs?h^ quality of dependability that has made the
York a variety of national prominence. It is g»own to a
considerable extent in sixteen states and is a dominant
varietv^n four states-Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia
Ind West Virdnia. The United States Department of Agri-
culture esWmltes that about 3'> of the total commercial
apple crop of the country is York, totaling from 1,500,000
to 3 000 000 barrels annually. A recent sui-vey by the
Pennsylvania State Department of Agriculture and the De-
nartment of Horticulture of State College showed that in
thr?ounties of Adams, Franklin, Cumberland and York
there are 16363 acres of commercial apple orchard, of which
6 426 teres, or 38'/., are York. Surely we can say that the
York is not without honor in its own country.

We sound the praises of the York as a money-maker,
vet I would not like to think that the tablet we dedicate to-
day r^resents a sentiment wholly commercial. Money and
?he me^anlof making money have value only a^^ey mm^s^
ter to the happiness and usefulness of man. 1 am tninKing

not so much of the millions of dollars that are now bendine-

hannf T fh^^'t^' ^^7^'"'' ^PP'« t^ees, from the Susqu^
nanna to the Shenandoah, as of the homes fhnt ^ni i^

V sfw f ^ -^^ ^^^'■^^^^ I h*^« «S thT past s^x weeks
visitmg fruit growers in this and neighboring countiel On
many of these farms the York Imoerial ani^P i« tt!! i,
buTbai-^'j' '"'^.^ prosperity^ iTarpafd'off mortgaged
Sence, !; fh".* K^' boys to College, installed modern conl
to the homp t'^f •}»"«« a"'',''!;?"^**^ happiness and comfwt
Imperial aDnleHp' *'^^"'^ God for our friend, the York

mmMmm

good and perfect gift ' ^ ^'''^'' "^ *^'^ ^"^ every

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS

P. S. Fenstermacher, Harrisburg, Pa., Jan. 26, 1921.

President Fenstermacher: Unon th,« tt,^ c- ,.
second Annual Meeting of the Assop?^h„„ }^^ ^'''^y-
peculiar and distressing siH.nLr; a *'""' ^5 ^^«=^ * most
reckless buyinS snen^ "- -^'k^^^ "'■^^."^ War, waste,
with stagnS of infftrifs and ^t, «!.Vf "^ retrenchment,
tainty and Pessimism, all this has 1,^,?^*^*"^'"^ ""*=«•-
under-consumption along all HnesThi?^*^''." *" ^'"^ "^
with a year of bumnei- rrnnVlo,!' ^^^ conditions coupled

prS;Tk"L^'SiHB??¥^^^^^^^^

Pota?otndX^~3--^^^^^^ ^^^^^

demand is slow and we arJ ^Lf^^'l^^r^ ^"'^ ^^t- ^^e
from 50 to 60 cents pIibusheTTL''* '**^'''"^ ^*^t'°"« «*
pie crop over the entire UnitpH <iJll''^ '? /"* estimated ap-
forty million bulhe"s and a cor«mpf ' f ^'^'^ ^""""^'-^^ a"d
niillion barrels, which fs a ea^n o7 tpn^' T"^ ^^ thirty-six
the 1919 production The1fu"k of tL^'"'°" ^"'.'"^'^ "^•°'-

.l^a-rilK tSS*^ £ *4 •^^--P o^ nine i^?,!
Pennsylvania's in=^if -?,-'^- P^Sl-li^rtwr^^f:

lion barrels this year, as against seven hundred and fifty

thousand barrels last year. . u u i -p ^v,;^

The Lord only knows the number of bushels of this
State's entire crop. It seems as though the farmers' apples,
and the supply shipped in bulk apples should some time be-
come exhausted, so as to give us poor but honest commercial
growers a chance to dispose of our crops before prices go
to nothing. I believe it is beyond contradiction that the
production of this year's holdings was never so costly m
the history of apple growing, and which is at present selling
at prices far from being profitable. ..,_,■,

At a meeting of the Virginia Horticultural Society held
at Roanoke in 1911, I heard Mr. H. P. Gould, of the United
States Department of Agriculture, comment upon the
status of the fruit industry at that time by referring to
the heavy planting of fruit trees for the past twenty-five
years in pracically every section of the country. There be-
ing hardly a nook or comer anywhere within our borders
in which fruit of some kind is not more or less grown, and
in some sections where twenty-five years ago fruit culture
was thought to be impossible, and even its suggestion was
a matter of ridicule, men were finding fruit growing a veri-
table Eldorado.

We very commonly refer to "the present status ot
fruit gi'owing." I have been wondering a great deal of late
just what the "present status" really is. What is the road
that has been traveled in the present development of fruit
culture? Whither are we bound in its future development?
In those slangy but sometimes expressive words —
"Where are we at in fruit growing?" Have we already
reached the period of over-production before half of the
more recent heavy plantings are in bearing? With these
vast plantings over such a wide extent of territory, can
there ever again be a failure of the apple crop? Is it a
fact that a total failure in one section cannot materially af-
fect the aggregate crop of the Country? Does calamity stare
us in the face? Has the situation as predicted by Mr. Gould
ten years ago arrived? What can be done to counteract
these seemingly adverse conditions?

The problem is before us, and here at this meeting is
the time to devise ways and means for its solution. It may
bo that there is some over-planting in certain sections by
men with more money than practical experience, or where
soils and climatic conditions are unfavorable, or railroads
and markets are too far distant. However, the products of
such orchards will reach some market whether at a profit
or loss. So will also the products of thousands of farms
and orchards, where trees are growing some apples fit only
for hogs and their owners, but alas, too many of which
also reach markets at some price to the deteriment of the
legitimate grower, causing glut and depression of prices,

21

However, to my mind the increased production and slut
ot apples at present is not as much over-production as it is
under-consumption brought about by too many years of
high retailers prices, which has caused the consumer to
class the apple as a luxury to be used only for dessert, and

n«Lt! t" ^'^^''H ?u ^°''^; Q"**^ naturally the mass of the
people have lost the apple-eating habit, and not many of
the younger generation have acquired it <» J' "i

^f f "^^/^ ^*u®l"""^ substitutes in a more stabilized article
of fruit which they soon learned to know, and very conven-
ient for quick service at meals. The quality of this is easilv
recognized by a novice, and sold in quantity and at prices

dtrus ??■^it7"^*!!" housewife's approval. The banana and
citrus fiuits, which once were articles of dessert, have now
become a necessity as a part of the daily diet to most ol
the city people, and many of the folks living in the cZntry

citru?fS'itll*l*" •*•?'' popularity of the banana and
ciirus truits, it is surpnsing to see the trouble these erow-

W^L^tf ^f *,^^? in disposing of this year's crop I^^h
to read the following taken from an Allentown newspaper:

Floridas showed forty-three , ^J^^^lST^^AZ^^'

"FLORIDA ORANGE
GROWERS FORCED TO
UNUSUAL STEPS.

Fruit So Plentiful, Grove
Owners Bring Twenty-
Eight Cars to This State

and Personally Sell Fruit.
Allentown in all its history
has never satisfied its appe-
tite for oranges as it is doing
to-day, for during the past
two days the better part of
a carload of this fruit has
been retailed at the Central
freight yards at prices that
make even "before-the-war-
prices" look large.

The advent of this carload
of oranges tells an interest-
ing tale of economic condi-
tions m the farming indus-
try of this country and par-
ticularly that branch of it
growing.

Oranges are so plentiful in
l^ionda that many of the
growers cannot even give
their fruit away. Some of

22

the growers have now taken
the unusual step of bringing
their products north them-
selves and disposing of them
here, something unprece-
dented it is believed in the
history of Florida orange in-
dustry.

At this time there are said
to be twenty-eight cars of
oranges in this State, each
m charge of an owner's re-
presentative who came north
with the car. Each car is
heated with a coal-oil stove,
and this has prevented f reez-
ingat this time of the year.
4.U oranges which are of
the Florida variety are tan-
garines or kid glove variety
are of the finest quality and
are large, the tangarines
especially being twice the
size of the oranges of this
variety that usually get into
this market.

Hundreds of householders
yesterday bought oranges of
peck. A count of a peck of

• -M

/'

t

f

*

A'.

■k..<

oranges. Some small dealers
bought at $2 a bushel for
Florida oranges and at ^^.oy)

of a bushel of Floridas show-
ed ten dozen oranges.

I

NOW here is a rather ^f^J^^^J^ ot'^S^c^S,

in reaching the 9<>n™,^i„^"J^eSSion by every apple
which is worth givmg venous consioerai y ^^^^ ^^

and vegetable grower "^^yj'^ing public to the merits

bringing the attention of the cons'iming pu ^.^^ ^

of the apple as an a^icle of food at pnces ^^^^ ^ ^

them to buy and eat. ^ s"Feme enor ^^^^^^^

made to stabilize the aPP^tbusiness so tftw wn

buy apples they know what they are seTO^ a ^^^

satisfied customers >f tf.^infaSs astog as they can
get back into the habit "/"^^"^ apples as 8 .^^^ ^^

:ntVo%t^^a^ ^^^^B^^^ ^" '^"'^

any apple that i^ worth whUe to a higher ^e^^gu^. ^P
tion than can any State oi ^"^" "'^-eration in grading
perative requirements XiP^roreaSon for the selling
and packing, and more efficient organ zauon ^^^^_

of the products of our orchards and farms, we n.

» „ *v,<. activities of your Association was a veiy
Among the activiues oi j^uu latter part of

successful summer T?^"C?made through the orchards
August. Atwodays tnpwasmadetnroi^K Counties,

of Berks, Lebanon, dauphin, York ana Aoam _

The viewing of these manyj^ll kept orcharas^

C."ayr^i?y^r=Ssair^^^^^^^^

"'• The most notable event of the {"P -f ie^trist
a marker by this Apociation near the s^te where i^^^^^^

York Imperial Apple tree ^*« P^^Pff^perial is the best
Jessup, about the year l^fO. JDie 1^rK imper ^j^ ^^^

known variety of Pennsylvania origin, and nasco
largely to the horticultural prospenty^ of the so^ V

i^^^ prteSfScel ^'^^^^i^^WC
re SSf rtCA^n^lSrtsSorai we will

.^

llf^^}^'' for many days the courteous treatment and lavish

i"sSt.';^i}i:si^' '-"^'- "" ""^ '«*»

+V.O x?""" ^'■^I'^^J.* *^®® attended the summer meetine of
the New York State Horticultural Society held in th^

ffiS^^t''^'"- ^•'•^!J* ^i**^^*"^^ near SyrLuse^ "crS?
Hitchmgs has acquired quite a reputation by his demonstra-
tion of a system of orcharding which he claims is the most
economical in existence. It is known as the mulch svS
and IS simply an easy method of tree planting in old so^
knd by placing holes at certain distances, and the tr^s
^ven very little if any attention thereafter/until they comi
into bearing. What grass and weeds grow up are mowd
and let remain as a mulch. Some spraying and dustine^e
done when trees come into bearing. " ^ ^ " uusung are

That this system is one of the shortest cuts and lea<!t

thaf the ^fa?h'l?T '^ «««-evident, and when youTonS
that the father, two sons and a boy care for nearly 40
thousand trees with no extra help except at times of
picking and packing, when they are assisted by their women

ioR SgTf iTelft/"^ ^«"^^«'^«« *^^* these^rcharTsTr^

probEct Tnl?afon?^rtr SnTKlL^I S
very emphatic in his belief that he can produce applS it
a profit when most of us fellows are put out of busfness by
the low prices of over-production "usiness oy

day as Pr'^lilnt ^^^ ^l^*^."/^ ^^""^ ^ «*«"<J before you to-
rtvfo- ^'^^s'Vent, to make the customary annual address

of t^» ifr'"^" T'^ '".**'« ^ P""t and distribute a reS
of the last annual meeting which were not fulfilled Ar!3

show his^'face."" remarked-"Makes a fellow ashamed''to

However the facts are that this was not tho fa„u r.t
your officials, but was caused primarily the smlii^Lh
balance in hands of the Treasurer which we thoifoSt if^,t
wise to deplete before we had LCsted eve?y^effort to"
increase the association's revenues by a larglr membe/shi
Mr Harold ffint^n/'A?,^ membership w^'s hlauSed.-
teke char«. nf fhi " Allentown very kindly consented to
taKe chaige of the same without any remuneration Y«,,v

sS-etlix"' '""'" *' "'"'^^ '"^ apU^hil^'Member^hS

Mr. Shantz mailed a circular letter to every known
fruit and vegetable grower in the State, and the memhr

AXonfr^ ^l'''"' ^ hundred new names Whii;
we leil snort of reaching our jroal we arp nof qc xr^IIi;

XnTili ^"*' •^^^^ ^''''^'^ sev^?al'pTans wWch we'^Sll l;
glad to advise our successors in office if they so desire With

24

a life membership of 149 names f-^ -horn we deme^no
annual revenue, and an a^n^^ton Xt if this association
n^es, it must be fPP^^^ J {he industry which it
is to proper y./ssist and b«^^^^^^ step must be to

represents, it 's ""PfX^ncre^e its annual receipts, either
rrS^^Lnp1>r^pTa\i?n:"ire;sed membership fees, or

outlined a plan by which the life ^^^^^^ J^^^n js to
useful as well as .ornamental. « ^^^ ^ ^e enough funds
adequately benefit its members Sit rSs of the proceed-
at the disposal of its officials ^o that repor ^^^

ings of all its meetmgs and bulletos o" J > V^ ^ ^^^

be issued to every jn^^^ff ,v," i;tereKf the great fruit
the official representative c^f the inteiests 01 t^^g^ .^

and vegetable mdustry which has rapimyo^ ^^^^^_

value to no other 'nterest m the Sme^e^^^^ ^^^^

''■^t o'n^ret^dt'embeXfand^^bTon the/ob "In Sea-
fo^and" "Opleasf ' tf ^^^^^^^^^ to

. ,^"^X^IfvTT\ousanXCs ank^^ I do not .see
ToVlfcSi^^drrK^^^

r^aLST^of S the

oHgil^nd^l-oTv'^rieS^^^^^^^^^^

?& upon a large commercial scak and have ^^arge^^^^
ion of big things m the future, umyoy possible to

of all those engaged in «»s great^usmess. ^s P ^^^.^^

r J^ti\rtJif tS: ?ooYrrk'Si?uted by the eminent

men who were its founders. introduce Mr. A.

Mr. Fenstermacher : • I ^ow ;^^s^^ Ex^riment Station,
Freeman Mason, of ^^^, ^?,^Ji!^o!^^^
who will address us on the Peach Borer.

By A. Freeman Mason,

N. J. Agricultural Experimental Station.

New Brunswick, N. J.

Mr. President and Friends:—

The unfortunate absence of Mr. Blakes^ee^h^as given me
an unexpected pleasure. Having been '^^^^H rather feel
'^ZS^'^^^Si^or^X^yV^ti State Hoi.i-

2b

cultural Society and it is good to be able to look again into
these friendly faces. However, I regret very much that Mr.
Blakeslee cannot be here, or that Dr. Alvah Peterson, ot the
New Jersey State Experiment Station, could not be here to
tell you first hand of their experiments and experiences with
the use of Paradichlorobenzene for the control of the Peach

Root Borer. . ^ ,^. , ,

Paradichlorobenzene is a white crystalline substance,
insoluble in water, which slowly gives off a colorless gas
which is much heavier than air, at temperatures above 50
degrees Fahrenheit, and which has poisonous properties. The
material looks like Epsom Salts, and smells something hke
napthalene mothballs, or peach kernels. Its use m the con-
trol of peach borers was first made successful by Mr. E. R.
Blakeslee, of the United States Department of Agriculture.
Since that time the material has been tried out in an experi-
mental way in a few experiment stations, and in a com-
mercial way in certain parts of the East. In New Jersey
we have been using it in a demonstrational way this past
year, having over four thousand trees under treatment on
soil types ranging from the Ughtest of white sands to the
heaviest of red clays. The experiments have all been high-
ly promising, while the demonstrations and commercial ap-
plications have been attended with unusual success.

Three or four features regarding this material stand
out prominently. First, it is effective, second, it is very
easy to apply, third, it is inexpensive, and fourth it is only
recommended for use on PEACH TREES SIX YEARS OLD
or OLDER.

Regarding its effectiveness, let me tell of the results
of some of the experiments and demonstrations as carried
out by the Agricultural College in New Jersey. It was first
tried out in New Jersey a year ago last summer, by Dr.
Alvah Peterson, after the information was received from E.
R. Blakeslee in the form of his bulletin. Various quantities
were used on trees of various ages in different soil types.
At Clementon on the lightest sands, one ounce per tree
was applied in July to trees which had previously been
wormed in June. Four weeks later the earth was removed
from about the roots to make the evidence of borer injury
plain, and a week later the trees were "wormed." On 10
untreated trees, 45 live borers were found, an average of
4.5 borers per tree, while on 10 treated trees, only one live
borer was found. At Englishtown, on heavy red clay, on
trees which had not been wormed for four years, 10 un-
treated trees yielded 74 borers, or 7.4 borers per tree, while
10 treated trees in an adjoining row showed not a single
live borer. At Haddonfield, a demonstration showed one
live borer above the location of the paradichlorobenzene on
a dozen or more treated trees examined, while on adjoining
untreated trees, 12 were taken from one tree and 7 from

m

.„oth«. Th.se trees. ««« O~e>»sboro's .nd h^ ^^
of the ground, in * "^rrow band as d^^^^^ ^^^^^

«ATerr.ts|^f|S»the5^Mt^^^^^^

sary to mo"nd»p around the tiee, so m^ ^j^/^t^er hand, if
ing will get into these higlVSa'^j^ ^qT necessary to dig
the borers are deep m the ^ounj it 'Ij^'^^.^rf^e crust will

away any soil alth°"2Ji, '^^^3 the roots more readily,
enable the gas to sink down around tne loo ^^ ^^^^

Mr. Howp-d DeCou of Haddonfidd N^ ^^^

it costs him $12.50 per acre TO won appication of

that he does it twice a yeai. while tne ^pp
paradichlorobenzene should "O* «>'* -Timportant feature
Lre and is only doj.« °nc| JJe ^^ mipo^ ^

SrKrSu1?ut^S=n^^^^^^^ -^^"^ ^"-'^^ *^^
old system of wormmg with a knite. ^ne-half ounce

The materia IS ^^^^^^ing sufficient to do trees of
to one 0""<=%«VXeSS of the season last summer it
all sizes. At the oe^^"™!^"^,,-, j arums making the cost

New York city, who ■«»"?'■"» 'L'''^S to StJthat

^XS^^^^ £^^ it ^trrsi^ yTrtof
Its use should be confined *» P^^J^^/oundXt a
age and older for the present. Mr. Blakeslee touna^^ ^^^^
number of one year old trees were KUieadi

badly injured by small <l"a^t ties of th^ C wh e on four
and three year old trees the »nJ"*^y ^as less, w

;-X^«rs«r^3^ SSieE
was observed. The injuiy was ut.ud.ij' n j^g jt being

surfaces along the sides "^ /Jl^, *^^L^m'" Dr Fletcher
evidenced by a darkening of the ^^^-^^^b^t the size
and I are using it on our ovm trees wni^JJ^^ neglected
of well-grown three year old tiees, having oeen g
before we purchased the .Place-JO^e thickness oitn
seems to be the determining factor in injury, a you »

27

with thin bark being readily injured. Several New Jersey
glowers are putting it on four year old trees, considering
the chances of injury preferable to the borer injury. How-
ever the N J. Experiment Station does not recommend
fte use on trees less than six years old as yet. Experiments
are being carried on indicative that soon a method will be
tvolvid thereby it may be used with safety on trees of
all aires Dr. Peterson used small quantities in August on
June buds of the previous June, leaving it on for three days
to a week, and then scraping it away, with Promismg re-
sults, but he is not ready to make any recommendations as
vet It cannot be used on apple trees, Mr. Blakeslee s ex-
Sriments having shown that considerable injury results
to the tree from its use.

Lastly, the time of application is important. Any in-
sect contro measure should be applied before the insect does
a^y damage to be ideally effective. Borer moths emerge
fn Jun^July and August, laying eggs in a few days after
emerSng Eggs deposition is practically entirely over by
sTpt Tind thi young worms hatch outwithin a. few days
and shortly thereafter enter the bark. The matenalshould
not be applied, therefore, until the borers are about all
hatched out; so that August 15 is about the eariie^* ^ag
advisable. The gas lingers in the soil for from four to six
weeks so would kill all the late arrivals. On the other hand
the material must be applied eariy enough so as to have t
all out of the ground before the giound freezes, because if
it is in the ground over winter the tree will be injured from
the long exposure to it. Therefore Sept 15th is about the
latest date advisable for application. Now I realize that
this interferes with peach harvest, coming right at the
heaviest time. However, there is usuaUy a lull between
Champion and Belle and Elberta when the material could
be applied, while in most seasons Elberta is over by Sept.
lOth; at the latest, leaving a week or so for application.
The objection to Spring applications is that the borers do
their damage to the tree before being killed and the ma-
terial cannot be applied eariy enough to stop this damage,
because paradichlorobenzene does not give off gas rapidly at
a temperature below 50 degrees and in New Jersey the soil
temperature does not reach that point until the middle of
May, in the central part of the State, which is comparable to
the peach growing section of Pennsylvania. It would be
better to apply it eariier in August than to wait until
Spring. Only one application per year, from August 15th
to Sept. 15th is necessary.

To Summarize— Paradichlorobenzene can be used ef-
fectively and safely on peach trees six years old and older,
by placing from one-half ounce to one ounce per tree in a
narrow band as close as possible without touching the trunk,
and above the topmost galleries of the borers, and covering

28

it with a few inches of earth- It should be appUed ^tween
August 15 and Sep* ^Sj" as to get au oi ^^^^ .^

It'\s'Ur;et''rti SrSe'tr ^^^^^^^ t/ees less than six

^^^\CweT- ^KTay'rso^t" lSe» Worms
-^^Bf CtSerrdo-yJuirtKrS^^^^
^''^^^Alwer- Put the material as close as you can with-

out gtxrit a'4iit^he K r^^^^^^^^^^

Sm thXrr Th'e do^e^Stftrunl. and th'e closer the
Answer: Always cover it with dirt.

Question: Just how soon would you put it on .
Answer" Put it on as soon as the weather warms up.
ThistTvary. Some Springs we have warm weather eaili-

"' ^'iiTonVto-I understand that the first year it is
all right to use it twice, providing trees have not been

wormed before? ., ^^if^r.

Answer: On trees of six years you can use it twice.

T Sim not sure about the very young trees.

QuesPn: Was the gum previously pulled away from

the trees? enough to remove the gum,

but frnoVkn'^w%nt\TsLXl' However, it is better

to do it. ^

The announcement of the following Committees was
made by President Fensteimacher :

"^^'•ss ss'™h»T' ■"■■ ^- "■ """'"■•

H L. Breidenbaugh, W. B. Nissley.
NOMINATING COMMITTEE: ^ ^ _ ^ _ „ , ^..^
D M. Wertz, Chairman ; H. C .Brmton, R. P. Lovett.

AUDITING COMMITTEE : , t i, -f r M Smith

E. C. Bowers. Chairman; Jacob L. Reife. C. M. Smithy
Mr F^nstermacher, I now wish to introduce to you

Prof HodgkTss!oT the State College Extension Semce.

29

INSECT CONTROL IN APPLE ORCHARDS

H. E. Hodgkiss, Extension Entomologist,
State College, Pa.

The role which insects play in t^^ economy of planUife
tacking apples; the curculios on plum and qmnce iiu ,

ffid and may then be able to more successfully duect
h?s orchard operations against these pests Unless the
indivMualcan learn to apply correct methods to his own
ronditions little good will result from spraymg.

Among the more important of these annua miscreants
which havf been abundant in Pennsylvania dunng the past
Teason the Rosy Apple Aphis, Apple Red-bugs and Curculio
Irf S-ticularly woi-thy of discussion at this meeting.

Rosy Apple Aphis

Plant lice are sucking insects. Injuries from their at-
tacks on fruit trees are due chiefly to the extraction of large
auantit?es of sap from the stems of the young apples at a
?Z when the fruits appear to need considerable q^^^^^^^^
ftf moisture for their development. After the seeos nave
fJrSed and the type of the fruit has become established
moisture seems to play but a minor Partm the shaping
of the apples. The excessive withdrawal of sap trom tne
young stems during this period produces small undersized
or misshapen fruits or what are commonly known as clus-

^^^ ^The eggs of the rosy aphis are deposited during October
and November on succulent twigs, in crevices in the bai k,
ofat the bases of the buds. They hateh early ^ the Spring
and the young insects gather on the green tips of the open-

WE RECOMMEND OUR ADVERTISERS

30

characters by ShSardists can determine the species.
As they mature, however, the color changes and a chaiac-
teristic curling of the leaves serves to indicate the insects
•! tiV„ Prmn experiences with recent outbreaks it ap-
Ss fnadSwe tTwairuntil destructive numbers of the
PJ^ftiannMr before spraying practices are adopted. Fruit
ZwersFnThe m^^^^^^^ gromng areas are com-

fJ^tn adopt precautionary measures to protect the truit

S periods the lice are amply protected, and the damage

'"^ **^iiT £ Sft&ThTcrhte been suggested for
combtS the p'sl the Pof bijjtf « «/ th^^^^^^^^^^^^^
*\^^^%^rr,d'\tehfr?mty be\' goodly rSZn i!; the

ovl nAt HPtiPndable The ovicidal value of this spray is
direct?v proSonal to the maturity of the egg and since
there k a considerable variation in this respect, it is seldom
SssU)fe to mlke'an application -hichwil^d^^^^^^^
numbers of the hce to make the eftort wortn ^niie. lue

they remain unprotected for some time .^t this peiioa tne
iWrt<( are tender and qu te susceptible to contact spiays,
while as the leaves unfold there is an opportunity afforded
the insects to be protected from the sP/ay-

Durine the past season a series of demonstrations wdh
conducted !n a n'limber of fruit growing counties in which

?"'"fdtrrlpty Wh'erttme"^^^^^^^^
SttdTu'riigXr p4^^^^^^ attecJof the lice Induced
the crop about one-third. As a result ot the tests tnese
nvrharXts are planning to include the mcotine in the de-
raySdomaraScation as they now recognize its place m
the economy of orchard practice. ^ , , . „ ,„ „,.„

The delayed dormant treatment should be made p e-
fprahlv when the green ends of the more advanced buds
ire fronTone-fourth to one-half inch in length For this
spray uTe nkotine sulphate (Black Leaf 40) m the propor-

^ 31

tion of three-fourths of a pint to »- f^d-d go^^
diluted lime sulphur solution It ^^^^P^^ //t the ends
*rA?r''S''c^f ?nd atteXXtle manner of
fp,J££r MtKarm'hoSld result to the trees from at-
tacks of the lice. ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^

The extent of injuries from these insets h^^^^

emphasis, as r^tg^TThP^'.ttS of t^e pests ^here
misshapen apples due to t^e attacks o^ me pe ^^^^

are two species of red bugs but in t-ennsy wan

destructive ?Pf '^^.^^^s "e^^eS have si|nally fail-
years spraying practices as recomme g^^sonal occur-

ed to si^^..ffZ^'^^^'^^ undertaken at our Field Lab-
rences of the two fPf les was " ^ j jj ^^ ^.g ^vere dif-

oratory, Arendtsville, Pa;.[°..f^f "j-ich might account for
!^^'"*^''h Hon' Inlhese Sd'es ft was" retained that the
this condition. 1" th^?f,4™ a neriod following the appeai-
apple red-buf ha ch djrmg a period ^^^^

Z! ^'^rt^e'P^ niSd^Knditr rSiT-
-dt ^l:'^^^tl^rS'^^'r.'^^o. two weeks

'""XL^eruW?^^^^^^^ tr r^^ £

the peU fall application would give added control, a numbei
of telts were made in widely separated areas. These aem
iSLTs showed that w^^^^^^^^

f fn^eTbv KuS In al i^^^^^^ ^here an applica-

blossoms show pink.

Curculio

On iDDles especially, this insect seems to have caused
the itTouirits coAtrol on stone fruits appears no^: to

ranTnfaSVwirh Z ranS^StS^ipVl

'''' ^&?ypls"ofinjuSon apples are caused by this in-
insecTlnTe spring during the oviposition period crescen

i:^t^t^^£^ ad eT^gerLatlSf me^^^^^

iiH?ton"tElsS^^^^^^^ woiS

less wWch otherwise would pass as first class apples.

* 32

The prevention of these attacks is in a considera^^^
TTod"tKa?ly%-"ngrZX^^^^^

f?n^fimtVp?icS?AS^^^^^
^o^ViTrr ,"r?sVf «4 as a precautionary measure
against the late feeding of the insects.

Spraying Methods

of sprays which are suggested Ihese aie no

ed without a purpose and each has its place >" ^{^'^ « .^

33

Name

Delayed
Dormant

Blossom
Pink

Petal
Fall

Cluster
Apple

Mid-summer

APPLE SPRAY SCHEDULE

Time

Diseases and

Insects

Controlled

Material for
100 gal.

When leaves of San Jose, Oys- Li m e-sulphur to
^oTsoJ^l buds ^e-heUX'_ ^.t. Mb \

moths, Leaf-
rollers^ ^^.■^^— —

are out hi to h^
inch.

When blossoms Apple scab. Bud
show pink. At moths. Leaf-
separation of rollers, Curcu-
the cluster lio.
buds.

When % of the
netals have fal-
len.

Lime-sulphur to
test 1.008 Sp. G.
Arsenate of lead
powder 3 lbs.

Apple scab,
Codling moth.
Red bug, Cur-
culio. Frog eye.
Leaf-spot.

Two weeks later
or when the
young apples
are the size of
hazelnuts.

Apple blotch.
Scab, Red bug.
Caterpillars,
Frog eye, Leaf-
spot.

Lime-s u 1 p h u r to
test 1.008 Sp. G.
Arsenate of lead
powder 3 lbs.
Black Leaf 40 1 pt.

Repeat "Petal Fall"
spray, or substi-
tute Bordeaux 3-
4-50 for Blotch.

Late July or
early in Aug-
ust.

Second brood
codling moth,
late bud moths,
Apple scab,
Apple blotch.
Sooty fungus,
Bitter rot.

Lime-sulphur to
test 1.008 Sp. G.
Arsenate of lead
powder 3 lbs. Sub-
stitute Bordeaux
for Blotch and
Bitter rot.

H

TmakiKhe usual S^cSls in the spraying schedule.
«r^^ «uoh treatments with poison sprays are, when care-
While such t»^?f^™|."r° r'il i^nften necessary to use coars-

S'du?as"Such to lack of care in making the applications,

a« to inadequate amounts of material. „. • *.

Material-Insecticides which have proven to be efficient

indiscriminately Cost^s a large ,^ ^^^^^ ^^y be

I?r.iS''«S»ti» .nd .t '!« -™ •riS" torn

?re^aSU^;^fyTrif a^Jc^ these materials.

Question: Did you put nicotine m all sprays?

A „«w..r • Lime sulphur ar d arsenate of lead were used,
if cond" rons- w™te7we put it in. We advise putting in
nicotine as many times as we can get the grower to use u.
It is a good thing anyhow. „„o„HtiP<!

Member : It is too expensive to use m gieat quantities

Answer: Well, use it whenever you can, as it is a

gi-eat help. . , ... ., „

Pr„f HnHo-kiss- It is not a question of how little you

ing good fruit.

Question: Please tell us about dusting.

Prof. Hodgkiss: If you will be here tomoriw you will
hear about that side of the ^'J^'-Sn^erSi jiifeS^^^^^
'^rXl.'ZT^Z.'^l^X^^^^^^ to elaborate on
it and answer questions fully.

35

Question: How often do you ^pray in a jear ?
D.„f H»H<rki<»- We have gotten to the point where
we makl'S'sfrky allThrough fhe season, whenever it xs

"""^Question : What is the time for making dormant spray

'" ?rt HSgktf Mr. Nixon will tell you about that to-
morrow.

tirely, depending on the dust.

Prof W. A. McCubbin, Deputy Director of Plant In
dustiy will now discuss 'Teach Yellows.

PEACH YELLOWS

By W. A. McCubbin,
Deputy Director, Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Pa.

Thi^ disease was the subject of some discussion at the
This disease wdb t j ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^

meeting of 1919, but tnei e Qi" "" opemed to us to warrant,

*^tf '?rthfs' su^ey io7orSri were covered in nine
ease. 1^ tms survey, w^ v. ^^ these, 8,710

were definitely attectea oy leiiu v words,

were suspicious, a total of 13,987 oi ^^/j^/ '..C," "^i^pased or
°"^ *TJVSViLSe"'TC-'Slors" Sasetaffound
?nTutS^n^?9%?ler ^percentage record of the disease

^" ^'onW8 p'ea^h'orchards were found in which Yellows
was no 'preLKaVeater or If- -ten* The amount of
disease in one orchard ran as high as 95 /s and 6 ot the

°'*!SrSnIllff S%?suT^^^^^^^^^^^ orchard conditions, it
may be seen ihat fhey are not to be despised since the^ are
about 120 to 125 peach trees on an acre. The lesults in

36

''^^X 'YeZr \i ^^ey Sue ^c^Teefl^^ KUS
year by Yellows, in money vd average loss

frthSft;eS.Sthe?e'is'no doubt that similar loss is
hint suItS^^ed by other peach growing sections.

fr^stertsT^e second difficu^^^ is the neg.ligence of cer-
S mSers'of a community -ho -m car^^^^^^^^^^^^^
pratelv allow their trees to remain and to spreaa i^^e aisedbe
both to their own and their neighbors' orchards Foresee-

c,«w./* ar^vf ni c-fofp sunervision is necessary lor succets&.
X Bureau of S Industry is prepared to use some

to attemnt Yellows eradication unless the truit powers,
to ^l^^^v^.\r;^^n xup„ are favorable to the movement,
Tnd are'^w £%o s?p^rt t iSdually and collectively.
We c/nn^t Proceed in the Yellows question as we have m
S WoWart foble^^^^^^^^^^ SdTwSo^-sSg

fhTn^nXr vice In the YeXwf question we prefer to
pr^^d only when the fruit growing public demands our

37

action. For this reason I shall be |la^^^ SVtheS
tion thoroughly df^f^f^^^VSprction for Peach Yellows,

^i^^^^^uATiro^^^V^^^-t, as'is possible with-
in the time limits. .

Mr. Bowers: The old adage that "necessity is *e
n^other of Preventior^' is very aP^-^ %m the^case^of Yel^
lows. . In 1905 the San Jose ^^^^'^^ destroying every-

Lee-islature saw the necessity ot it, ana |"**"J^ "^ ^ .
iu^/ ftl T po-i^lature of 1905 passed a law that any tiee,
that the Legislature oi ^^^^ *^ .,, c, j ^ g^ale should

Industry, that could tell the owner either to spiay oi de
stroy it by some method.

isThe Thing to do. and that is the way to get them to do it.

n M Wert7- I believe that a large number of us do
not r^ekltTh" importance of this subject JJi'e we "la^
think that the matter of removing a tree with »eiiows ib
ill rieht we may also think that we may be able to get
another ylar-r benefit from it. and we do not have the

ti a weat extreme when our homes are quarantined for
Various ^seSs! but it is a good thing, and we are flourish-

38

;^n. nnHpr that severe quarantine law, and I question wheth-

wiiTtrPPr It should be done in a systematic manner,
'5h liherefoVe Usrto present the following Resolution,
which I wUl read I believe it should be adopted by this
Association.

RFSOLVED That in view of the increasing prevalence
„f P^ach Yellows and Little Peach in the important fruit
™ini^areas of the State, and recognizing the virtual im-
EwUtv of controlling these diseases without some sort
possibility otconiro. g Horticultural Association

" f^il npnarSt of Agriculture to establish an efficient
Sc«on se?vkTfor thefe^^^^ and pledges its support
forTSam which will lead to their contrd;.and further
urges^thff t? existing legislation is not sufficient for the
nnroose additional legislation be provided, together with
indequate appropriation for the effective carrymg out of

this work. ^ , , .

Mr. Fenstermacher: You have heard the Resolution
read, does anyone move its adoption .

It was moved and seconded.

Mr Wcrtz- I would be glad to have the general body
of iAssc^ration Think of. and consider this Resolution.
fbSe it Se well to have it acted upon by the members
themsllvesrrather than have it referred to the Committee
on Resolutions. , . , t. u„

Mr Lewis- I have seen a whole orchard wiped out by

thi, dll'ease At first! only a few trees in the orchard had

he Yelfows. and later in tie f r." ShelusTaleSee"

ed. I tried hard to get them to take o"tJ^%*;'^i*_^7s " |m

fo^^^J S^a i?wlK£Srn%otM^^
rZove Lch diseased trees, we wo"ld not be obhged to
remove any trees in the course of a few years, and au oi
us would be benefitted.

Mr Hoist: I think we ought to include in this Resolu-
tion thkt the Department of A^-f"""'-t,'i%rfTom^^^^^
compel the nurserymen to use stock that f ft-ee fiorn Y ei

lows^ Should Yellows sho^ P a;;j^^Jibl^^ Tome'of t^em do
=r^"c2^ wUl tht ^\HSn\"t^^^^^^^^

fo-g^rrir^S-^w^ir; t^^^^^^ ^^

we are continually buying infected stock.

39

Mr Fenstermacher: Won't Mr. Wickersham defend

they knew a great fal about it. Th^yhThave generally
nurserymen how to g«>w trees, ana i y

made great failures of >*•. ^^.^^^ ^^f on" round that was
from healthy seeds and healthy buds, on grou

not surrounded by Yellows I think tf^t^sf 'cowers. I
nurseryman can go for the «^^k« ?* \';ysXt did not get
Viavp not always succeeded in growing vieea <-"" TViero

tagonize them. j^^^^^ ^^t ^e

^^^^^^ n,.f nn . There is no question but that the Peach
grower has ^ deal with, j; "J^^^ ;7 ^nd it is increasing,

^"' TmoSon was made to pass the Resolution, which was
unanimously passed by the Association.

Wednesday Afternoon, January 26, 1921.

The meeting was called to order by the President, when
the business of the Association was taken up. t,^^

ThP nuestion was discussed as to wneiner '"*'"'"'='•
who Ire not paid"up members of the Association, should be
nHmitted to the meetings. ,

Mr Breidenbaugh: I think it is the idea of the people
tv,at th; nroceTdinglof all the Associations listed in the
that the pioceeaings "/"■,. „_j ^^e people behevmg

40

kind of a levy from the life members, if we need it. We
must go forward, and that is the only way

Mr. Starkey suggested that dues be increased to five

"^""^Mr^Ch^- Under the constitution a proposition of
that tod'^w^ld have to be submitted in writing and go
into consideration at the next meeting.

ThP Secretary was then asked to read Article 7 of the

This motion was seconded.

FUTURE POLICY OF THE SOCIETY

S. W. Fletcher, State College, Pa.

The State Horticultura Association of Pennsjjvanm

has had a long and honorable ^'story. "^!f *^^^^^
the most potent factors m develop mg the horticuRure o^^
State. None of us, however, feel that the society is^ y
accomplishing the work for which it was cre^ed^ we

SStfttlSolh^e-^^^^^^

StlrU of members who are not able to come to the a^^^^^^^^

meetings, unless annual proceedmgs are published egniany.

ThA hi<r nroblem of the Assoc ation, as I see it, is that

Horticultural Societies of New Jersey, Y-'^.f "'* ?,'Jl thev
neighboring States is due to the appropriation which they

receive from the State. Personally, I am strongly in favor
of a limited State appropriation for this Society. It is jus-
tified for exactly the same reasons that warrant the ex-
penditure of State money for farmers' institutes and county
fairs. It is not class legislation in a narrow sense, for it
is in the interest of the public welfare that the agricultural
and horticultural resources of the State be developed as
rapidly and as fully as possible. I have had an opportunity
to observe the working out of the policy of State aid for
horticultural societies in several States always the benefits
have far outweighed the disadvantages. I am convinced
that an appropriation to the State Horticultural Associa-
tion of Pennsylvania of $5,000 a year, which is the amount
that the Virginia society receives from its Legislature,
^yould do more to promote the horticultural development of
the State than an appropriation of several times that
amount to any other agency. Among other things, it would
permit the employment of a paid secretary through whom
the society would function throughout the year, not simply
at the annual meetings. I should hke to see the Associa-
tion reopen this question with the Secretary of Agriculture.

If we are to be dependent wholly upon membership
dues, as at present, the income must be much larger than
it is now. The State Horticultural Society of New York
has no State support but it has an annual income of about
$5,000 a year. Last year the commercial supply exhibit
at the annual meeting netted the society over $1,000. I
raise the question whether the State Horticultural Associa-
tion of Pennsylvania is not entitled to some income from
the FaiTTi Products Show. However that may be, it is evi-
dent that most of our income must come from membership
dues.

We should have a membership of several thousand
rather than several hundred. The horticultural interests
of Pennsylvania are large and are expanding rapidly. With-
in fifteen years, I believe, we shall be a close rival of New
York for first place in the horticulture of the East. There
are enough people in Pennsylvania who are interested in
horticultural to make a membei-ship of 2,000 not at all un-
reasonable, but we shall not be able to secure it under the
present type of organization. It will be increasingly dif-
ficult to maintain a strong State society in Pennsylvania,
because our horticulture is so localized. Three-fourths of
our fruit gi'owing and practically all of our vegetable grow-
ing is retail ; the products are grown for local markets, not
for shipment to wholesale markets. This means that our
growers do not have so many interests and problems in
common as the growers in gi-eat wholesale districts like
western New York or Virginia. Hence, the tendency has
been and is still for local, county, or district societies to
develop at the expense of a strong State organization. This

42

i<; a mistake- both are needed, the county society for the

tive. but complementary. I *ink ^^h*^? .^^t ^Ses
shniilrl ask the various ocal, county and aisUict socieues

final action at tnis ■"^^J''"*- ,.„„i„,„ <.!,„ ofaVo association
*r, in«»n1 societies generally, ultimately the btate associauuii
^llTa^vra membership of several thousand and then will
b2 inTpositiZ as it is not now, to speak authoritative-
ly for the horticulture of the State in regard to legislation,
and other matters of general interest.

A proposition quite the reverse of. this has bf en advanc-
ed by somr It is that the membership fee of ^^is Ass<x;ia
tion be increased to $10 or more a year f^^ that » w^e" paid
spcretarv or manager be employed to looK a^''®'^ j"*^. ""^f
n^ss interests of the members, such as. the purchasing of

suppl es and the sale of products, ^AJv" VrSfo^
Association, in effect, a co-operative society. Heret°toie
^ has been a strictly educational organization k^^^^^

tftkPn cire of by other organizations, created for that
spedal Sofe. A State horticultural sodety should ex^^^^
?^« 4^v,« KorTofit nf all the growers of the btate, noi a lew.
rshSld bett tltrvice^of the man with only -^acre -
two, as well as the large wholesale grower Under no othei
conditions could State s"PPort.be lustified Jor ^hese^i^a
sons I feel that the membership fee should be Kept 'ow *iiu
that' no attempt should be made by the Association to do
business for Tts members except, possibly, to supply timely
infomation on cost of spray material packages ete The
business side of horticulture should be handled by local com
modity co-operative societies.

In brief, I suggest :—

(1) That the Executive Committee be requested to

43

take up with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Legisla-
ture the question of a State appropriation to the Associa-
tion.

(2) That the membership fee remain $2, except for
members of affiliated local, county, or district societies.

(3) That article two of the Constitution be amended
by adding the following :— "Members of local, county, or
district horticultural societies are eligible to membership
in this Association under the following conditions:

1. The local, county, or district society shall have a
bona fide paid membership of not less than twenty-five and
shall hold at least one stated meeting a year.

2 The secretary of the local, county, or district society
shall certify to the secretary of the State Association not
later than January 31 of each year, a list of the paid mem-
bers of the society and shall send $1 for each member so
certified, which shall be their annual dues in the State
Horticultural Association.

3. The State Horticultural Association shall include
in its annual proceedings such reports of the meetings of
local, county, or district societies as may be forwarded by
the secretaries of these societies." .. .. ,

Member : I move that Article 2 of the Constitution be
amended as suggested by Dr. S. W. Fletcher, as follows :

"That the Constitution of the Association be amended
so as to provide for the affiliation of County or Local Horti-
cultural Societies with the State Horticultural Association,

as follows : . , , « • ^•

Members of County or Local Horticultural Societies
shall be granted membership in the State Association under
the following conditions: , „ ,

1. The County, Local or District Society shall have at
least twenty-five paid up members, and shall hold at least

one meeting a year. ,^. ^ • i.

2. The Secretary of the County, Local, or District
Society shall remit to the Secretary of the State Associa-
tion annually one dollar for each member before January
31st, of each year, which shall be their dues in the State
Association for the year. , « . .. . „

3. The Secretary of the County or Local Society shall
transmit to the Secretary of the State Association annually
a list of its officers and members, together with a brief re-
port of its work, particularly of those matters that are of
general interest to the horticulturists of the State. The
State Horticultural Association shall publish these reports
in its Proceedings which shall be distributed to the member-
ship of those county or local societies that have complied
with these provisions."

The motion was passed by the Association, and the
Secretary was directed to record it in the minutes.

44

Mr. Fenstermacher: Are there any further remarks in
regard to amending the By-laws ?

Dr Fletcher: I think this will certainly give more
money There are seven or eight societies If theij: interest
Sin be enlisted, our membership should certainly go up
within a vear or two. Not knowing whether this motion
wouM b'e Sted, it was suggested to the -e-^^^^^^^^^
T ancaster County Association, one of the strongest spcie
tiefrnd they approved of it. They have a membership of
^voAevZ^ and with that as a starter, I think we
can put this over. ^4.^

Mr. Fenstermacher: What have the Adams County

people to say? j 4. „ii

Mr. Tyson : It has not been considered at all.
Mr! Fenstermacher: How does it strike you?
Mr Tyson: It would mean that in order to carry on
the loc^l Association that the dues would be at kast two
dollars, and they would each have to settle that but 1 my
QPlf think well of the plan, and I am not at all suie jusi
how much more in memVhiP it might give us than some
other plan. At any rate it would b« ^"^th a lot to the S^^^^^^^
Ac=rv>intioTi to be tied up with the County Associauons.
of ^ufse, to a con^erable extent we might expect that
most ofoui members here are members of some local as-
sociation I think well of the plan and can see its advan-
tages. -

Question: Might it not be well to ask the members of
this SoSon wh'o are present, whether they ai^ member^^
^f P/MiTitv A<;«^oriations? It seems to me that mempeib
fctivrn LtrSenTng --ci-tions at least are -embe-
of our Vegetable Assoc ation of the State, so as far as tne
Vegetable Growers are concerned, it would be no advantage
to you in membership.

Dr Fletcher The point is that we have to have the
«,mnm t of allDaits of the State, and horticulture is so local-
zTd'^thiftS'peSe in Wyoming County for instance, are
ffoino- to organize a society and never come ao^n heie. tne
fame is truiaround Beaver County. If we want those pee-
ked up with this Society the only way I see is by some
such move.

Mr. Fenstermacher: We "sed t«/"t«^ti,*o*^t1,tP
societies by having the meetings held all over the State

Mr Bowers: It seems that it is a question of finance
as to whether this Association is to thrive or not Since
the Association is in need of members from aU paits ot the
State, why not ask for an appropriation Iv more imoor^-
Dronriatine funds for many purposes, not any moie impoii
Int^ihan this one. and I think an appropriation could be

45

secured, and then we should make these meetings so mt-
eresting that the men will come. Also, there is another sub-
ject; I know there are quite a few nien come w^^ose time
is limited, and this morning the meeting was set for 9 :00,
and it began thirty minutes behind schedule. The same was
true of this aftemoon^s meeting. If we say 1 : 30, make it
1 -30, and then make these meetings so very interesting that
the people will come. The Lancaster County people make
their meetings so interesting that the people do come out.

Question : Do I understand that the local associations
are to contribute toward this Association one dollar per
member per year? Belonging to this Association costs me
two dollars, plus one dollar for the local association.

Answer: The dollar sent in by that Local Society pays
your dues to the State Association.

Mr. Chase: I move the adoption of Amendment to By-
Laws as proposed by Dr. Fletcher. The motion was sec-
onded.

Mr. Fenstermacher : All in favor of the motion to
make it a part of the Constitution will please rise.

The motion was passed unanimously, and the Secretary
was instructed to send a copy of this motion to the County
Societies

Mr. Fenstermacher : We will now have the Treasurers

Report.

THE TREASURER'S REPORT

RECEIPTS

Cash balance 1-21-20 '^ynkrCW'^'A ^^^2i?

3-16-1920— From Interest on $100 Liberty Bond ^-i-

3-19-1920— From H. F. Hershey, 118 Annual dues . ... ...... 236.00

3-19-1920— From H. F. Hershey, Donation by D. M. Wertz . . l^.&O

3-19-1920— From H. F. Hershey, Sale of Fruit 69.65

1-22-1921— From H. A. Shantz, Membership Secretary .... 206.00

1-22-1921— From H. F. Hershey, 7 Annual dues 14.00

1-24-1921— From Interest on Life-Membership Fund &.u^

12-10-1920— From John Bacon, Annual dues ^.""

9-16-1920— From Interest on $100 Liberty Bond -^-^^

$883.42

DISBURSEMENTS

3-19-1920— To Torsch & Franz Badge Co $ 6.05

1-20-1921— To H. A. Schantz, Postege ^O.uu

1-20-1921— H. Ray Haas & Co 44.50

1-21-1921— To H. F. Hershey, Expenses oi'tn

1-21-1921— To The Gettysburg Compiler ^o.&u

1-21-1921— To Torsch & Franz Badge Co alt'La

1-26-1921— To Cash on Hand bU».bO

$883.42

1-20-1921— To H. S. Schantz, Postage 30.00

WE RECOMMEND OUR ADVERTISERS

46

AUDITORS' REPORT

The Report of the Auditing Committee was now sub-
mitted by Mr. Bowers : . , ^u

"We, the undersigned Auditors, have examined the ac-
counts, bills and vouchers of the Treasurer Edwin W.
Thomas, and find the same correct, showing the receipts to
be $883.42, and the disbursements $274.76, leaving a balance

of $608.66.

Respectfully submitted,

E. C. BOWERS,
JACOB L. REIFE,

Auditors."

THE REPORT OF THE NOMINATING COMMITTEE

The Report of the Nominating Committee was next
submitted as follows :

The Committee presents the name of our present
President, Mr. P. S. Fenstermacher, for President ; Mr. C.
A Griest for First Vice President ; Mr. Howard Anderson,
SecSd Vice President; Mr. G. E. Smith, Third Vice Presi-
dent; Mr. H. F. Hershey, Secretary; and Mr. Edwin W.
Thomas, Treasurer.

Submitted by Nominating Committee composed of

ROBERT LOVETT,
D. MAURICE WERTZ,
H. C. BRINTON.

Mr. Tyson moved the approval of the nominations, and
the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot and the
officers named were elected by announcement of the becre-
tarv

Mr. Fenstermacher: Members of the Association, I
appreciate the honor you have shown me in re-electing me
I did not expect to serve another year for two reasons, one
is, I am a pi^tty busy man,-in fact, I have more to do than
I really want to do half the time, and. next, I think the
honor should go around, be spread around as much as pos-
sible. I am reluctant to accept. However, if it is your
choice and I accept, what co-operation are you going to
giv^^me this coming year? How will you help to mcrease
the membership? How many are going to get a new mem-
ber? I will accept this office provided you each promise to
do what you can All tho.se willing to do that will please
rise. The majority seem to be in favor of helping. Now
see that you do.

We have been going along in a half-hearted manner for
a number of years, and it sort of palls one to be connected
with something of this kind, giving what time you have to

47

spare and getting no results. I am a great man to want to get
results. I am in favor of quitting this thing altogether or
getting results. We should have at least two thousand
members. It is going to be a big thing in a few years. We
can grow anything that is adapted to this latitude, and we
want to make this Association worth while. I thank you
again, and I hope you will do your best, and I will also,
so that this Association will not be one of the lowest in
numbers, but at the very top notch.

I would now like to introduce the next speaker, whom,
I am certain scarcely needs any introduction. Dr. U. P.
Hedrick, of the Geneva Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.

BREEDING FRUITS

By Dr. U. P. Hedrick, Geneva, N. Y.

Plant-breeding at the New York Agricultural Experi-
ment Station began some thirty years ago. Fifteen years
ago the work came into the hands of the speaker and he
roughly outlined the work in the Station looking to the
improvement of fruits under several heads. Plant-breed-
ing requires time, trained help, experience and money; since
equipment and material do not create, it also requires ideas.
Lacking some of these factors entirely and falling short
considerably in most of the others, not as much progress
has been made as could be wished, yet something has been
done with all of the experiments started and with some a
mass of data has been collected, which promises rewards
when it can be worked up. The experiments now have to do
with the breeding of all tree fruits, grapes, red and black
raspberries, strawberries, blackberries, currants and goose-
berries. The writer has in mind for this brief paper an ac-
count of experiments under way.

A study of correlations in characters of plants heads
the list of experiments. The importance of correlations of
the characters of plants, from the standpoint of either breed-
ing or practice, is too well known to need setting forth. In
particular, the greater the knowledge of correlation, the
better the fortification for the attack on plant-breeding
problems. By correlation is meant the connections between
parts or functions of plants. Such connections are not com-
mon phenomena and the seeker is so seldom rewarded that
you will not be surprised at the few which from our several
years search, we are able to name.

Before the work of plant-breeding came in the hands
of the writer it had been found that size, weight and specific
gravity of the seeds of some plants were correlated with
germination and vigor of the seedling. Later, we found
that grapes with long inteniodes, give long, scraggly bunch-
es and we therefore discard all seedlings with very long in-

48

temodes. So, too, a seedUng with a very short internode
is discarded because it gives a short-clustered bunch. Very
generally, but with many exceptions, the foxy taste and
aroma of grapes is associated with the color of the skin.
Thus white grapes usually have a pure flavor ; other colored
grapes, especially those with black and red fruits, more
often have a foxy flavor. Reflexed stamens are correlated
with self -sterility ; upright stamens with self -fertility.
Slendemess of stalk or twig and smallness, thinness and im-
perfectness of leaf in seedlings nearly always portend lack
of vigor in vine, bush or tree fruits. Thominess in pears
and apples is usually associated with an inferior fruit.
These are but a few of many indications used in discarding
seedling plants.

One of the most striking correlations found is in the
peach. In some of the blossoms of this fruit the color of
the inner surface of the calyx-cup is green. In other vane-
ties the cellular tissue of the inner part of the cup is deep
orange in color. Upon investigation it is found that the
flowers having the cups gi'een inside are those of the white-
fleshed varieties while the blossoms with the orange cup
are those of the yellow-fleshed sorts.

Investigations of the laws of inheritance in fruits is the
title of another problem projected. As examples of what
has been learned in this field the following may be given :
From data now at hand, we know how a number of charac-
ters of grapes are inherited. To illustrate : The seedlings
of black grapes may be black, white and red ; of red, red and
white, but the seedlings of white grapes are always white.
From a study of nearly seven hundred seedlings we find
that crosses of grapes with large berries have given a^ a
progeny nearly thirty per cent of which have large bernes ;
while parents whose size of berry is only slightly above
medium gave us only four per cent large ; and in the tew
cases in which we have crossed varieties, whose size is below
medium, we have never had a single seedling with large
size berries.

A study of the inheritance of upright or reflexed sta-
mens in grapes is interesting for the reason that grapes
possessing reflexed stamens are self-sterile and so require
mter-planting with other varieties. Four hundred crosses
of reflex stamens crossed with upright give us practically
equal proportions of these two classes, while crosses ot re-
flex crossed with reflex, out of a small number of seedlings,
^ve us more nearly two reflex stamens to one upright.
When we come to study the 230 seedlings, whose parents
on both sides have upright stamens, our expectations
are not realized for neariy one quarter have reflexed sta-
mens. Certain varieties, however, seem to be pure for up-
rightness, and the problem on which we are now working is

49

to find why there is this difference. The possibility of
eliminating sterile varieties in future breeding seems bright.

In work with the apple, the results of which have been
published, inheritance of skin color, flesh color, size and
shape, acidity and sweetness, and of ripening period, are
given. With strawberries, we find that when imperfect
varieties have been pollinated by perfect sorts, the resulting
seedlings are of the two types in practically a one to one
ratio. The results secured when two perfect sorts have
been crossed are: 2190 perfect, nine semi-perfect, five im-
perfect. The five imperfects may be regarded either as
representing errors in observation or as being the product
of abnormal perfects. The seedlings secured by self-pol-
linating perfect varieties, differed materially from those
from cross-pollinated perfects. There were 3159 perfect,
685 semi-perfect and 474 imperfect. (All of the imperfects
were secured from eight perfect varieties.)

A third experiment calls for a test of all varieties of
fruits that will thrive in New York. To this end the Sta-
tion is now testing about 2500 named varieties of American
and foreign fruits. We regard this as valuable work. It
is yielding important results and promises greater results
for the future to fruit-grower and breeder alike. Moreover,
we must have a variety collection to furnish material with
which to breed and to keep before us concrete ideals in
breeding work.

The varieties, too, on our grounds, enable us to publish
a series of books on fruits, which, when completed, we hope
will contain much of value for those engaged in plant-breed-
ing. There is no question but that under the ferment of
new ideas we are at the beginning of a new era of great
improvement in fruits. There never have been well-direct-
ed efforts to improve fruits, yet something has been done
with all. Now when there is an onrush of new discoveries
in plant-breeding it seems to be a particularly opportune
time to tell all that can be learned about how fruits have
been bred from the wild state to their present perfection.
This we try to do in the fruit books in giving the origin and
heredity of varieties, especially as to parentage and manner
of origin.

At the beginning of our work we started a collection
of all the wild species from which tree, vine and bush fruits
have descended. We still look upon this as about the most
important project in hand but lack of land and lack of time
have prevented the formation of anything like the kind of
an arboretum we want. This leads me to say that before
we can do much in breeding fruits or agricultural plants of
any kind we must have an orchard in which may be found
the wild fruits of the world suitable to the region.

60

In several projects we are attempting to develop hardy
plants. The peach and European grapes are the special
objects of experimentation. Considerable preliminary work
has been done in the study of the factors which influence
hardiness of the peach. A plantation of all available peach-
es apricots and nectarines, numbering about 450 varieties,
was set out for experimental and breeding purposes and
the study of hardiness is one of the chief uses of the planta-
tion. We are growing, too, about one hundred varieties of
European grapes among which are the hardiest sorts ob-
tainable. (This matter of hardiness we find to be a most
complex subject and we have to push toward the goal not
by direct line but by by-ways and often back-ways and con-
tinually run into blind alleys.) We long since came to the
conclusion that we could get forward in this matter only
by hybridizing, but even so there is much to check progress.
The discovery of new and hardier species of practically all
fruits in foreign countries promises to furmsh much valu-
able material for hybridization. , ,, , , 4. ^4?
Some attention is being given to the development of
the resistance of disease in practically all the plants we are
now breeding. Immunity to contagious diseases, or the tact
that some animals and plants are more or less secure against
infectious germs to which near of km are subject is elemen-
tary knowledge alike to those who have charge of the
health of humans or of the lower forms of life. In spite of
the wealth of recent discoveries the cause and conditions
of immunity are not well known. With plants, especially,
knowledge of immunity is a thing of shreds and patches
But while we are in comparative ignorance of how immunity
is transmitted in plants, we now have a substantial body of
facts showing that it can be bred m plants. As far back
as 1900 the breeding of disease resistant plants had been
Tegun and hafbeen steadily carried on since through cross-

•

'"^^ Meanwhile, not much real building can be done until we
have the foundation laid and that foundation niust be
knowledo-e of immunities and susceptibilities of existing
vSes! At Geneva we have been taking notes for a num-
ber of years as to the relative resistance of varieties of the
fruits we are growing to several diseases, chief of which
arefapplescab^Tple blight, curl-leaf, curl-leaf of peaches
brown-rot of peaches, cherries and P """^blf k-knot of the
Dlum and pear blight. We are growing about 2000 seedling
Sears fron? parents more or less immune to pear blight w^h
toe hope of getting a variety immune to this disease. We
have too, a considerable number of goose-berries, crosses
between American and English sorts, with the hope of get-
tfni a variety of the English gooseberry comparatively free

from mildew. , . £ jf -4.^

It is certain that bringing forth new sorts of fruits

51

immune to this or that disease is a distinctly forward move-
ment in horticulture and that success in this work will
again justify the time-honored saying, "An ounce of preven-
tion is worth a pound of cure." Yet it must be a long
drawn-out process and we are not hoping for very im-
mediate results. It will be remembered that Pasteur made
the confident assertion toward the end of his life, "It is in
the power of man to make all parasitic diseases disappear
from the world." The immunizing treatment of animal life
against diseases bids fair to fulfill Pasteur's prophecy but
we can hardly hope for immunizing treatments with plants
and must look to plant-breeding as the chief means of caus-
ing parasitic diseases to disappear.

In all the experiments in breeding an attempt is being
made to discover what varieties of the several fruits are most
suitable to breed from for the various purposes. Possibly
the most valuable result so far is the knowledge we have
obtained of varieties of plants preeminently suited to our
purposes. We feel that we have already found a number
of plant geniuses in breeding work, many of them worthless
for commercial purposes, upon which we can depend to ob-
tain certain characters in the offspring. With some groups
of plants at least we are thus at the point where we can
begin real work. On the other hand, in some of our prob-
lems we know that we must continue the search for parents
that contain the characters we want. To illustrate: the
Concord, Delaware, Niagara, the three leading grapes in
New York of which we have grown a thousand or more
seedlings, are wholly unsatisfactory for breeding puiT)oses.
On the other hand. Governor Ross, Mills, Winchell and Dia-
mond, as examples, sorts of which one seldom hears, may
be depended upon to give certain characters which they
possess to their offspring. The President, Marshall and
Sample strawberries are Shakespeares in this fruit. Among
the numerous varieties of red raspberries with which we
have worked, Marlboro and Superlative alone have given us
offspring worth while.

There are now several hundred promising seedlings of
vaiious fruits selected out of as many thousands, to be dis-
tributed generally in the State for further testing. It is in-
teresting to note that not one of these is a pure bred seedl-
ing. The progeny of selected plants in our work, so far as the
value of the offspring for commercial purposes is concerned,
are almost worthless. Pure bred plants are so lacking in
vigor that one may almost make the sweeping generaliza-
tion that they are worthless in the improvement of varie-
ties. Quite contrary to the old notions of such seedlings we
find that they very generally resemble the parent closely
enough so that even a tyro can tell from whence they came
— there are but few cases in which they revert to the wild
proto-type.

52

It would require a long volume to set forth the fac-
tors that govern the choice of parents in cross breeding;
yet all are set forth in every cross we make on our .founds.
Two general ends are in mind with most of the fruits ; first,
wlcfoss this or that species of a variety to help establish
Tome principle. Second, we combine the characters of
Ses or varieties in the hope of getting an offspring with
the good characters of the two parents minus the poor
characters. In either case the rouge of speculation quickens
?he charm of the work. We never can tell just what we

^^^^Tht^'last of the experiments to be mentioned, and pos-
sibly the one to which we have given most time and atten-
tion is the improvement of varieties by bud selection. It is
held that the variations found in the varieties of fruit can
be reproduced by taking buds from plants Possessing the
variations. Nurserymen put this theory in practice and of -
fer plants with a "pedigree" to show that they come from

^""""^wTSwIgone at this problem in several ways. First,
we have studied the histories of apples, grapes, plums,
peaches and cherries as set forth in the fruit books we
hive pubUshed or are publishing, to find out how many
sorts have come into existence through bud mutations, and
?o sL if they have been the least improved by continuous
selection throughout their existence or /o see if any ha^^^
dpo-enerated A few sorts have originated as bud sports or
Stlon^'pofsibly one out of a thousand, but we have
S no^d^nce to show that any fruit has been changed
in the least by continuous bud selection or that any has de-
generated. , ^^
The use of the term "pedigree" by nurserymen has
made it desirable to hasten these expenments in bud sel^-
tion. For this reason it was decided to work with some
plant where a generation could be secured more rapidly than
with the annle The double violet offers desirable material
Sit wafdecM^^ the length of the blossom stem was
the simplest character to use. In the autumn of 1914 eight
hundred Marie Louise plants were grown and the work ot
LlS beTun. Data for five years' work does not show
SS thlt the length of the flower ^tem f n b^^^^^^^
ed or diminished, though many interesting things have
come out of the experiment which is only as yet well be-

^''"' There are from fifteen to twenty thousand distmct
varieties of fruits on our grounds, counting seedlings. The
men in the department are instruct^^/o search /or sporty
or bud mutations. Occasionally we find one that reproduces
?tself but they are rare. In one project ^ow u^^^^^^
we are growing all the supposed strains of the Baldwin
Tpple and trees of the Baldwin apple bought from nurseries

53

i

in all parts of the United States with the idea of seeing
whether the resulting trees and fruits will be identical with
the New York Baldwin or whether each supposed strain
or local variation will be reproduced. In another experi-
ment we have propagated a considerable number of apples
from scions taken from the best trees in a Rome Beauty
orchard and the poorest trees in the same orchard.

None of these experiments having to do with bud selec-
tion are finished but we have gone far enough to satisfy
ourselves that through seeds, and seeds only, can the plant-
breeder find means for improving fruits. Yet, we are open
minded in this matter and will welcome most warmly any
critical evidence that may be produced to show that bud
selection can be used in improving plants.

It may be interesting to note in conclusion that incid-
ental to these experiments the Station has distributed
twelve new strawberries and six raspberries which are mak-
ing their way in the small fruit industry of New York, a
dozen new varieties of apples, six grapes have been named
and distributed and we are propagating about sixty more
of these desirable grape seedlings, some of which have been
distributed, and all of which we hope to have grape grow-
ers test within the next few years. All told, we have grown
about 20,000 seedling fruits under breeding numbers, about
12,000 of which have fruited. At least 10,000 fell by the
wayside before the mid-wives could even christen them with
a number. Possibly there are six or eight thousand more
now in the nurseries.

More might be said of the work at the Station if time
permitted and if it were worth while. (I have left many
things unsaid because to formulate them into statements
might expose my ignorance of the whole subject of plant-
breeding.) If I were asked from my experience to give
helpful advice to others the chief item would be, "Do not
attempt so much." I sometimes fear that our work at
Geneva is "like a circle in the water which never ceases to
enlarge itself till by broad spreading it disperses to naught."
We are attempting too much. Yet those of us who have
had a hand in the work have the comfortable feeling of
Longfellow's Village Blacksmith:

"Something attempted; something done,
Has earned a night's repose."

Mr. Brinton: Do I understand that contrary to all
that has been advertised on pedigreed trees you have not
found any advantage in bud selections?

Dr. Hedrick: We have not found any advantage, and
we have worked with system on the bud selection. I under-
stand that they can improve citrus fruit by bud selection,

54

but they are very different from our fruits of the eastern
states.

Mr. Brinton: Have you found anything that will cause
you to reach a conclusion as to why a given tree out of the
same lot and variety does so much better than the rest of
the trees in that lot under similar conditions?

Dr. Hedrick: Yes, indeed, the bit of soil in which it
stands may be the cause. We find all sorts of conditions
from the most uniform piece of gi'ound. Also, soil causes
a great deal of variation. Then there is another sort of
variation that must always be kept in mind. All our de-
ciduous trees are worked on seedling stock. If you are
going to pedigree the top you must pedigree the root as
w-ell. In fact, I think a pedigreed root is better than a top.
You must know where roots come from as well. We feel
that this work on pedigi'eed trees has been of immediate
practical bnefit to our fruit growers of New York. There
was a time when the gi'owers were inclined to prefer pedi-
greed trees, and the exepriments at Geneva have kept some
at least from going into this pedigreed nursery stock work.
Dr. Fletcher: What are the prospects of developing
a method by which we can get nursery trees that are on
their own roots from cuttings instead of seedling roots ?

Dr. Hedrick: You can get nursery trees on a root that
come from a cutting, but the investigations are not very
promising. There are no standard apples. There are dw'arf
apples which may be propagated from scions or cuttings,
but no standards. If someone can discover such a cutting,
then we will do away with seedling stock but no one has
as yet done it. It is not out of the line of probability. It
is to be gi-eatly desired. If someone can discover how to
propagate this fruit, we will surely get rid of a gi'eat deal
of trouble that we are now having, and it will also overcome
much trouble we have had.

Mr. Tyson: Is there any likelihood of getting apple
scions to root?

Dr. Hedrick : I think they are not true roots, and thus
they will not grow. The scions of the apple will not root.

Mr Tyson: I want to go back to Doctor Fletcher's talk.
I would'be a little sorry not to see Doctor Fletcher's sugges-
tion of asking for State appropriation developed. In past
years we have had State appropriations. We have telt that
they were not as extensive as they could be, but when we
received any help, the help with our meetings, and the Ut-
tle help with our publications, was just so much to the good,
and we were able to offer some aid to our members, and
make the meetings so much more worth while, and it was
certainly a little easier to have members under those condi-
tions—with the publications and prizes, and I should like

55

to see a consideration to ask for some appropriation of that
kind, but one trouble that is likely to arise is the fact that
not only the State Horticultural Association, but others of
some ten or a dozen associations will feel likewise that they
should have assistance. However, I do not know whether
we need to take that fact into consideration or not.

Mr. Fenstermacher: This is not a new question. Years
back we have had committees appointed for this purpose,
and I remember that Hon. Gabriel Hiester, one of the finest
men I ever knew, said to me, "Never again will I go before
an Appropriation Committee to ask for aid, and be made a
monkey of." They made fun of it, and so we simply "cut it
out," and decided that we would try to paddle our own canoe.
Another reason was that it was "class legislation" that
would open the door for lots of other things.

If you will make a motion for the appointment of a
committee I will be glad to do so, however.

Dr. Fletcher: I feel that the very least that we could
expect would be the publication of our proceedings, and I
feel that if the society feels that the time is expedient, it
would be well to recommend that we place the matter be-
for the Secretary of Agriculture, and I believe that he
would see that it would be wise and desirable to publish
the proceedings out of his appropriations if the enactment
of his Department might be so arranged as to permit it.
This would take aside certain objections.

Mr. Chase : I thoroughly agree with Doctor Fletcher and
Mr. Tyson. It would be a mistake to ask for direct appro-
priation, but we could get something through the Depart-
ment of Agriculture that would be of help, I believe, and
this would be the best plan.

Mr. Brinton: I think what has been suggested here
has been along the line of what we have been needing for
quite some time, and we do bump into such things when we
go as an organization asking for an appropriation, and as
Doctor Fletcher was talking I was wondering if it would
not be a good plan to appoint a Committee, with Doctor
Fletcher as Chairman, and let them handle the thing, and
get it through. I think it very likely that we can get those
proceedings published. It will be a great help to us, and
probably would go farther than an appropriation would.
It would come up from time to time with a change of
administration.

The above suggestion was made in the form of a motion
and seconded.

Mr. Tyson: If the proceedings are published by the
State Department of Agriculture we can not restrict the dis-
tribution to our own members. It would be the same thing
so far as results are concerned. They would go to every-

56

one I would suggest, that if the movers of that motion
are'willing, that the committee be instructed to askjor a)d
rather than for the definite matter of prmtmg of the pio-
ceedinsrs.

Mr. Engle: If you want those reports out promptly, I
would suggest that you do it yourself, because if printed
by the State you won^t get them for years. By the time
they are ready for distribution nobody wants them. If you
can get an appropriation for the use of the Society— to be
expended as it chooses and suits, it would be best. Keep
away, I say, from having the proceedings published by the

State. . , i. 4.U o

The following committee was appointed to see tne sec-
retary of Agriculture in regard to the matter of appropna-

*^^^- Dr. S. W. FLETCHER,

Chairman.

Mr. C. J. TYSON.
Mr. H. C. BRINTON.

The Motion: Resolved, that the Chairman appoint a
committee of three to confer with the Secretary of Agricul-
ture in regard to securing an appropriation from him tor
the support of the State Horticultural Association.

The motion was duly presented and passed by the As-
^ociation

The meeting then adjourned on motion until Thurs-
day morning at 9 :30 A. M.

Thursday Morning, January 27, 1921.

The meeting was called to order by President Fen-
stermacher, who then introduced Mr. S. L. Frost of the
Arendtsville Field Station.

INSECT INVESTIGATIONS

By S W Frost, Arendtsville, Pennsylvania Laboratory
of the Pennsylvania State College, Pa.

You are no doubt aware that the Pennsylvania State
CoUeee has, for over two years, mamtamed three perman-
enrResea^ch Laboratories within the State .One °f these
is located in Erie County, a second in Philadelphia County
and a third, where I am stationed, in Adams County. These
liS)fatories have opened new channels for investigation and
have madf a type of work possible which can be carried on
by no other department or organization connected with
State College. The permanency and location of these Lab-
Sries in the centers of Fruit and Vegetable sections of

57

the State afford opportunities which can be carried on only
by trained men, who are constantly in touch with field and
orchard conditions. The advantage of this intimate rela-
tion with the problems studied can be plainly seen from
the results that have been obtained at these three labora-
tories. This is especially true in the case of Insect Investi-
gations at the Arendtsville Laboratory, on which I have
been asked to speak.

The work on Fruit Insects in Adams County has been
divided into three parts; (1) a survey of the insects causing
injury to the fruit; (2) a study of the life history and
habits of the more important of these insects; (3) spraying
and dusting methods to control these insects. Considerable
progress has been made along all of these lines, but the most
remarkable discoveries have been secured in making a sur-
vey of the insects injurious to apple. Several new insects
have been found which are serious pests. Of these I will
mention only two: The European Plum Mite (Paratebrany-
chus pilosus Can. and Fran.) and the Red Banded Leaf-
roller (Eulia velutinana Walk.)

The date of introduction of the European Plum Mite in-
to America is unknown, but judging from its wide distribu-
tion there is no reason to doubt that it has been here for
a long time, but has been overlooked. It was first dis-
covered in Adams County in 1918, although orchardists tell
me that they noticed injury of this sort at least four years
previous to this date.

The Red Spider or Mite is brilliant red in color and very
small. The ordinary fruit grower might overlook the pres-
ence of these animals on the leaf. They lay their eggs in
the Fall on the branches, and sometimes on the trunks of the
trees. These are also red in color, and because of their
abundance cause the branches to appear red in color. This
Fall the eggs are very abundant, and all conditions point
to an outbreak of these insects this Spring. The condition
is the same throughout the entire State. The mites in the
past have been injurious only to the foliage. They cause
the leaves to turn brown, or slightly yellowish in color
towards the middle of the Summer. This injury must not
be confused with the bright yellow leaves which are frequ-
ently found underneath trees where the foliage is dense.
In several orchards where the injury was serious the whole
orchard presented a brown sickly color. Continued infesta-
tions of such a sort would no doubt have a decided effect
upon the vitality of the orchard. During 1919 when the
injury was most serious, considerable alarm was aroused
among the growers affected by these mites, and in 1920
some experiments were conducted with Spray and Dust.
The Lime Sulphur Spray showed considerable control over

58

the Dust. In California effective control with Sulphur Dust
Viji«; been reoorted for citrus mites. ,

A second, and by far a more injurious pest discovered
in Southern Pennsylvania, is the Red Banded Leaf-roller
T d^slUce the name of "Leaf-roller" because it conveys the
idea that the "n^e^t feeds on the foliage while as a matter
nf fact serious injury is done to the fruit.
"" No douSt this is the first time you have ever been
addressed in Pennsylvania on the subject of Leat-rolleis.
TWsfs because Leaf-rollers have not in the past been con-
sidered injurious in this State. My investigations during
Ihe past two and a half years have shown that Leaf-roller
injury is a serious problem in Southern Pennsylvania, and
needs attention. I consider this insect important for five
Reasons: (1) The percentage of Leaf-roller-injury often
reaches 4o4 n unsprayed orchards; (2) The percentage of
Leaf -roller-injury has been found high even in the best car-
ed for orchards During the past summer Leaf-roUer-
Sury has been found the chief cause of injury m many
win cared for orchards. In such orchards Codlinp moth,
Curculio and even Scab have been reduced to a minimum,
while the iniury by Leaf -rollers still remains too high. (3)
The leaf-rolers in Southern Pennsylvania have revealed a
late feeding habit. In some cases over fifty percentage of
the Leaf-roller injury occurs within two or three weeks
nrior to picking time. On the average about 25-/' of the in-
?"ry i° done lite in the season, while the balance occurs
earlv in Spring, or during the Summer. (4) The late feed-
?ng worms have a preference for the fruit, makmg large
scli-rintheir sides. (5) There are three generations dur-
ing the summer, thus increasing the difficulty of control and
the amount of injury. ....

The Leaf-roller mentioned above is not the common
Fruit-tree Leaf-roller, who is referred to so much m litera-
ture but is a new species which has never before been le-
ported as a pest on apple. The common Fruit-tree Leaf-
?oner has never been found in Southern Pennsylvania.

The Life History of this new species of Leaf -roller, the
Red Banded Leaf-roller, is being studied carefully at the
Xratory Considerable data has already been secured.
During the winter the Leaf-roller may be found as a cocoon
h^^drifd curied leaves beneath the trees, or hid")? bf e«th
stones or other rubbish. The moths emerge m Spring, dur-
ing thelatter part of April, and lay their eggs on the trunks
knd branches of the apple trees. These eg^s are P^e green
in color, and in flattened masses of about 80 to 100 eggs.
These hatch shortly into small worms, which at first leea
JJ the leaves,'and later on the fruit.. There are three gen^
erations during the summer, and it is the thiid generation
which nroduced the late injury to the fruit. This injury nas
Frequently been confused with late, or side injury, produced

69

by Codling moth. Codling moth, as a matter of fact, has
been found far from serious in Southern Pennsylvania.

The injuries produced by the worms of the Red Banded
Leaf-roller, as mentioned before, are of two sorts — early
and late injury. The early injury is produced when the
fruit is small. A large percentage of these fruits fall as
a result of the injury. Those which remain on the tree
heal over, and at picking time appear as deep russety cavi-
ties on the fruit. The late injuries are shallow, often the
larva merely removes the skin of the fruit. These cavities
are often large, and never heal over.

Both Spray and Dust have been tried against Leaf-
rollers with fair success. The spray has, however, given
slightly better results than the dust. It is peculiar that
Dust with 3% nicotine has given much better results in the
control of Leaf -roller as well as Codling moth and Curculio,
than Dust with 1/2% nicotine. These results have been se-
cured from but one season's work in dusting and spraying
experiments in three different orchards, and must be cor-
related with future experimental work to be of much value.
Calvin Miller: Does the Leaf Roller make the long
mark on the leaf of the apple ?

Mr. Frost: I believe that is the Leaf Roller that you
describe. I will show some pictures soon that will show
this plainly.

Question: How late in the season was this spraying
done?

Answer: The last spraying at both these orchards was
about the middle of July.

Question: What strength material was used?
Mr. Frost: 90-10 dust and lime-sulphur as a spray.
Question: How do you detect the presence of the Leaf
Roller?

Mr. Frost: That is a rather hard thing to do unless
you have a specialist on the field, an entomologist from State
College or Harrisburg. Unless you have someone of this
kind you will have to see the work and find the eggs on
the trees, but I think in any well regulated spray schedule,
as any good orchard man should put on, you will not have
trouble with these things. The thing is to go ahead and
spray according to the spray schedule, putting on five ap-
plications, and you are bound to get it down to a small
percentage.

Question: At what specific gi-avity strength do you
use lime-sulphur?

Answer: 33 or 34 specific gravity.

Question: What solution did you use mostly?

Answer: 1 to 30. It varies in strength. In fact, we

60

always mix the lime-sulphur according to the chart, but on
the average it was 1 to 30.

Question: Does the dormant spray have any effect on
killing the eggs?

Mr. Frost: I have no idea that it will kill the eggs,
but the dormant spray may have some value m killmg the
early beetles. ^^ , .. ,

Question: Will diluted lime-sulphur 1 to 30 bum fol-

^^^ Mr. Frost: We have used it up until the last of July
without any injury excepting where drenchmg was done,
and then we got slight injury.

Question: What killed the beetle ?

Mr. Frost: Arsenate of lead. In 9-10 dust there is
sulphur and arsenate of lead.

Question: What strength arsenate of lead.'

Mr Frost: We used one pound to fifty, and in some
cases one and a half pounds to fifty The margm of one
pound to fifty is a little weak, although we have done it.

Question: Do you recommend that for Codling moth

also?

Mr Frost : Yes.

Question:' Does nicotine added have any effect on Leaf

Roller? , u 4. T ^^

Answer- I do not know about the sprays, but 1 do

know that all the way through in dusting wof ^^^^^^^^^^^^
had a higher percentage of nicotine m the a^st we got bet
tei control for the Curculio, Codling moth and Leaf Ro er^
It seems that nicotine does have some effect in controllmg

^^'^ Have you tried calcium arsenate? Did it burn the

^^^Mr Frost: We have tried magnesium arsenate. With
the materials we were using we got no burmng from
magnesium arsenate, and we put it on heavy.

Question: What causes the crescent-shaped injury to
the annle ?

Mr. Frost: That is Curculio injury. It is the same
iniurv which causes the trouble on plum, and is known as
Plum Curculio: and it works also on apple. It is a scar we
often find.

Mr Fenstermacher : In response to circulars that were
..r^t^ui latt Fan in regard to the fruit situation I got incor-
resJondence wSh B G^Pratt of New York, and he outlined
some things in his letters which I thought were well worth
while putting before the society here, and he has consented

to come and speak to you.

Gl

Mr. Fenstermacher : I now wish to introduce Mr. B.
G. Pratt, who will please come forward.

SOME MARKETING PROBLEMS

By B. G. Pratt, New York, N. Y.

Mr. President, and fellow members of the State Horti-
cultural Association of Pennsylvania:

In answering our president's letter on marketing this
Fall, I incautiously expressed an opinion on one or two
abuses that I thought ought to be corrected. He committed
another and greater indiscretion in asking me to address you
on the subject.

Some one has facetiously remarked that a woman's
dress should be, like a good address, long enough to cover
the subject, yet short enough to please. I shall not even
attempt to cover the subject, but I will endeavor to make
it short enough to please.

Most of you know me as belonging to that unfortunate
class of insecticide manufacturers, whom like the lawyer,
the doctor and the undertaker, nobody loves yet cannot do
without; but comparatively few know that for the past
ten years I have been engaged in orcharding as well, and at
present have 26,000 trees and 10,000 more to plant out this
Spring. So you see that as a fruit grower I have all of your
problems and sympathize with you.

Some of these problems I have solved, but the problem
of marketing looms up larger and larger each year and is
taking more time and attention than any other. I was
unfortunate this Fall in having my harvesting and market-
ing arrangements disorganized by sickness, which result-
ed in my having several thousand bushels of fine drop ap-
ples that I could not sell at any price — I understand there
are others — yet apples not as good were being retailed at
60 cents a peck in my own home town in New Jersey. Why ?

This summer I went on a Farm Bureau picnic, and
after a good dinner when everyone should have been in the
best of humor, the truck farmers began an unusually doleful
tale of woe. They spoke of selling cabbage at 50 cents to
$1.00 per hundred ; lettuce at 20 cents to 25 cents a dozen
heads, etxi.. etc.

This Was a gi'eat sui-prise to me. The groceryman was
charging from 10 cents to 15 cents a pound for cabbage
and 12 cents to 15 cents a head for lettuce. The farmers
on the roadside stands were asking for 25 cents to 30 cents
a head for cabbage and 10 cents to 12 cents for lettuce. I
had had no occasion to get the wholesale prices, and to me
and the average consumer, the wholesale price was reflected
by the price on the roadside stands on the farm, and there

62

did not seem to be any great disparity of prices. In fact,
when we take into consideration that the groceryman de-
livered the goods to your door, it really was cheaper at the
present prices for gas. The only possible advantage was
the prospect of getting vegetables a little fresher. I had no
idea, and I do not believe that nine hundred and ninety-nine
out of every thousand consumers had any idea that they
were paying from one to two thousand per cent over origin-
al cost.

Last Fall I noticed pears selling for 15 cents a quart or
$1.50 to $1.75 for a fourteen quart basket along the road-
side on the farm, yet pears were then rotting under the trees,
and many fruit growers were glad to get $1.00 per bushel
after they were packed and hauled to town. Who is most
to blame for these conditions? The growers themselves, by
making it possible for the profiteering retailer to get the
prices he asks.

I know that the retail merchants in Washington Mar-
ket. New York, asked as much for tomatoes this Summer
when they were rotting in the New Jersey fields, as they did
last Spring when they were shipped all the way from Flori-
da With the increasing number of roadside markets and
the automobile traffic which takes the urban population m
such great numbers by our farms, the farmer is in position
today to set the retail price of his produce. Had the fann-
er at the roadside market asked 5 cents a head for lettuce
and 4 cents to 5 cents a pound for cabbage, and 5 cents a
quart for pears, he would have been fully repaid for the
extra trouble, and forced the town and city market to be
satisfied with a reasonable profit, and created a demand
which would have quickly absorbed the surplus, and there
would not have been the waste such as many of us ex-
perienced this past season.

During the past four years, fruit and vegetables have
been so high that no one but the hired man and the mil-
lionaires have been able to eat all that they needed, much
less wanted, yet the grower, with few exceptions, has not
received his share for production.

While in Pennsylvania some time ago I was informed
that a grower sold a number of bushel baskets of apples to
a storekeeper at $1.50 each. The next day he happened to
L in the store and asked one of the clerks what he was
getting for those apples, and he said $4.00 a bushel In
other words, the man who had sprayed, cu Iti vated f ei tiliz-
ed picked, packed and delivered that bushel of apples got a
total of $1.50, not figuring the cost of growing an orchard
and invested capital. The man who had invested only $1.50
in those apples wanted a profit of $2.50 for handing it over
to the consumer.

I believe in this case this gi'ower should have bought a

63

bushel of these apples and required a bill for same and re-
ported it to the Department of Justice. The only difference
between this man and sugar profiteers and meat profiteers,
who have been brought to justice, is in the magnitude of
the deal. We never can and never will be able to raise fruit
profitably where such extortionate rates are charged by the
distributor.

The waste on the average fruit farm is appalling and
unbusinesslike, yet thousands go hungry for this health-giv-
ing food or pay the extortionate prices for it. If it were
possible to eliminate this tremendous waste and provide
adequate distribution, there would be ample consumption
for all the fruit and vegetables we can produce and at a good
profit to the producer.

The present slump in buying is not due to a scarcity of
money or over-supply, but is due to re-action from the orgy
of spending, waste and profiteering through which the coun-
try has just passed, and it is the most promising feature of
business conditions today, which will all the quicker bring
about a new era of solid prosperity. We have stopped
spending; we must cut out waste and profiteering.

How is it going to be done? By co-operation and by
applying the highest principles of merchandising and busi-
ness. This certainly does not mean that we are to neglect
our orchards or famns, or buy inferior supplies because it
takes less money or we get better terms, but on the con-
trary we should give them better care to make them more
productive ; buy only such supplies as will give the greatest
returns for the money, and at the same time cut out every
unnecessary expense.

A good merchant does not quit because he loses money
or fails to make a profit on the year's business, he does not
cut out advertising, but will more carefully go over his
advertising to make it more attractive and get out and
hustle all the harder. Don't waste money, but don't save a
penny and lose a dollar.

A few weeks ago I had the pleasure of attending the
Washington State Horticultural Society meeting at Spo-
kane, Washington, and the question of co-operation and
distribution was the liveliest question before that meeting.
What success they have made in the past only shows them
the necessity and advantage of closer co-operation and bet-
ter business methods. Necessity is the mother of co-opera-
tion.

The West has shown us the possibility and advantage
of growing better fruit. They have shown us what a trem-
endous handicap co-operation will overcome. Are we going
to wait until they have captured our markets, forcing lower
prices for our apples and the loss and waste we experience

64

this year, before we wake up to the necessity of co-operation
to even regain the ground we have lost?

A gentleman the other day was looking over an insane
asylum and noticed one guard marching some twenty luna-
tics around. He asked the keeper if he was not afraid they
would jump on him some time. He said, no, that he could
lick any two of them. "But suppose they combine, he
asked. "They won't combine ; they are crazy. They don t
know anything about co-operation." That is the feeling in
the Northwest,— that a man who does not co-operate is
crazy and belongs in the lunatic asylum. Every individual is
competing with every other seller. Consequently, the
Northwest is endeavoring to combine all of the Associations
into one big association that will eliminate to the greatest
degree the competition among themselves.

Can we do it? Yes. True, our problems are different.
We cannot use all their methods, but we have less disadvan-
tages than the Northwest to overcome, and if we will use
the same amount of brains, thought and study that they
have, we can meet and overcome our difficulties ; not m a
day or a year, but each year will add to our knowledge and
bring us nearer to success.

In some sections, the fruit and vegetable giwers can
combine and open co-operative stores for the sale of then
nroducts. In others, the fruit growers can combine under
Kin brands and advertise them Jike^Skookum/' grown
with care and packed under certain standards at central
packing houses, and having a central selling organization.
The Federation of Farm Bureaus or the National Research
Council I believe, will lend their aid and advice just as
soon as we growers will qualify for discharge from the
^yhim and co-operate, and not individually or collectively
assist the profiteering retailer in setting the price for us.

Mr. G. Harold Powell, General Manager of the CaUforn-
ia Fruit Growers' exchange, says :—

"The average jobber's margin on oranges for example
is now less than 107. on the selling price, while the retailei s
maro-in is about 259^. These trade margins, which are the
bSof any on the fruit crops, have been gradually reduc^
ed because the growers have furnished an f f depen^^^
supply of standard crops of advertised fruits to the maikets
where they are to be sold."

This has been accomplished by co-operation, standard-
ization and advertising.

Mr Fenstei-macher now asked Mr. Griest, Vice Presi-
dent to take charge of the meeting, who called upon Mr. K.
r Walton of the Field Experiment Station at Arendtsville,
AiSuntrPa for an'^address on '^Black Rot and Frog
Eye of the Apple."

CONTROL OF THE FROG-EYE LEAF SPOT OF APPLE

By R. C. Walton, Arendtsville, Pa.

Frog-eye is a leaf spot of apple attacking many differ-
ent varieties. In spite of the fact that it has a very
characteristic appearance it is frequently confused with
Cedar Rust. Typical frog-eye spots in late summer are
brown, irregular or lobed in outline and have a light gray
center, where as the cedar rust spots at this time of the
year are yellow or orange in color with a darker center and
with projections on the under side of the leaf.

Frog-eye is a fungous trouble produced by spores and
fortunately can readily be controlled by protecting the foli-
age with fungicides. In some localities where the condi-
tions are especially favorable for fungus development, that
is orchards on low ground with abundant moisture, frog-eye
is a very serious disease, so serious that 95% of the foliage
may drop by midsummer if the sprays are not applied
thoroughly and at the proper times. Serious cases which
produce partial or total defoliation result in reducing the
size of the fruit and in lowering the vitality of the trees so
that the fruit buds rnay either fail to form or are greatly
weakened. Because of the fact that the leaves furnish
the food for the tree, it follows that with the loss of these
leaves not only the fruit but the entire tree will suffer.
Measurements made of thousands of apples showed that
unsprayed trees yielded 2 inch apples and trees sprayed
three times yielded apples with an average diameter of 2.65
inches.

Experiments for the control of frog-eye were conduct-
ed in Adams County Pennsylvania in 1918, 1919 and 1920
in six different orchards. Various fungicides were used
such as commercial and home made lime sulphur, bordeaux
mixture (home made,) Pyrox, Sulfocide, 85-15 and 90-10
sulphur dust. Excellent results were obtained from some
and poor results from others.

In brief it may be stated that in 1918 and 1919 three
applications of the commercial or of the home made lime
sulphur gave approximately the same results as the same
number of sprays of home made bordeaux mixture, good
practical control being obtained. No difference could be
seen between the commercial product and the home made
lime sulphur. During these years it was found that the
"pink" spray, that is the application given just before the
blossom buds open, was somewhat effective against frog-
eye, reducing it about 6%. In other words some frog-eye
infection took place during the blossoming period and if
maximum control is to be obtained the "pink" spray is
necessary. Pyrox gave fair control but not as good as

I

TYPICAL FROGEYE SPOTS AS THEY APPEAR IN LATE SUMMER

CONTROL OF THE FROG-EYE LEAF SPOT OF APPLE

By R. C. Walton, Arendtsville, Pa.

Frog-eye is a leaf spot of apple attacking many differ-
ent varieties. In spite of the fact that it has a very
characteristic appearance it is frequently confused with
Cedar Rust. Typical frog-eye spots in late summer are
brown, irregular or lobed in outline and have a light gray
center, where as the cedar rust spots at this time of the
year are yellow or orange in color with a darker center and
with projections on the under side of the leaf.

Frog-eye is a fungous trouble produced by spores and
fortunately can readily be controlled by protecting the foli-
age with fungicides. In some localities where the condi-
tions are especially favorable for fungus development, that
is orchards on low ground with abundant moisture, frog-eye
is a very serious disease, so serious that 95'^ of the foliage
may drop by midsummer if the sprays are not applied
thoroughly and at the proper times. Serious cases which
produce partial or total defoliation result in reducing the
size of the fruit and in lowering the vitality of the trees so
that the fruit buds liiay either fail to form or are greatly
weakened. Because of the fact that the leaves furnish
the food for the tree, it follows that with the loss of these
leaves not only the fruit but the entire tree will suffer.
Measurements made of thousands of apples showed that
unsprayed trees yielded 2 inch apples and trees sprayed
three times yielded apples with an avei'age diameter of 2.65
inches.

Experiments for the control of frog-eye were conduct-
ed in Adams County Pennsylvania in 1918, 1919 and 1920
in six different orchards. Various fungicides were used
such as commercial and home made lime sulphur, bordeaux
mixture (home made,) Pyrox, Sulfocide, 85-15 and 90-10
sulphur dust. Excellent results were obtained from some
and poor results from others.

In brief it may be stated that in 1918 and 1919 three
applications of the commercial or of the home made lime
sulphur gave approximately the same results as the same
number of sprays of home made bordeaux mixture, good
practical control being obtained. No difference could be
seen between the commercial product and the home made
lime sulphur. During these years it was found that the
"pink" spray, that is the application given just before the

open, was somewhat effective against frog-
it about 6''. In other words some frog-eye
infection took place during the blossoming period and if
maximum control is to be obtained the "pink" spray is
necessary. Pyrox gave fair control but not as good as

66

blossom buds
eye, reducinof

I

TYPICM. FROG

-EYE SPOTS AS THKV APPEAR IN LATE Si MMER

A

I INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

of small irregular dark brown spots some «f ^^g^Xn^

man Winesap was noticed in the lime sulphur plots.

0,e .mount of tras-eyo "''|"";;" 'S^toents w.S con-
S£i £fft'"i*n lS'.E„ the infection ..a com-
""'twM » fungicide, we.-e used except lime sulphur
„d M-iH*?" "S'd -SltSirie^'no 3SSS

tof,S'?o;;.%ptXo?i'£Mss{^^^^
stcSSrirs-forthr^^M p;j^^^^^^

jija/rs&fto-^eV^iE^.^,^^^^^^^^^

a wood-lot and stream ^^^re corditions are veiy

for fungous development or to the fact th^^^er ^^^^

may not have been effectively spiayed. ax y ^^ ^^^

'^tlsZZli'^^^lS^^^oo^^^^^^ in the other^

'I'e'verv satSac'tS a'd .almost as good results as the

fomme?cial product bought in liquid form

90-10 sulphur <^-t.gave good pra^^^^^^^^^^^

five applications red"cinfr ^^g^^f^^'^he dieted plot. When
unsprayed or check Plots to lO.m^ ^^ the^us p ^^^ ^^^

th« "^° •*„^tp^ofesS ^owingthaT this application is an
more frog-eye Present |nowing apparent-

important one f°\this disease w j^j^etion (1920), com-
l^efclaVlimfstf u^ ga^ruVb results, the same

07

number of applications applied at the same time reducing
the frog-eye to 3.3%.

During the years 1918, 1919 and 1920 when these con-
trol experiments were under way another experiment was
being conducted to determine the exact time when frog-eye
infection takes place and also the meterological conditions
existing at this time. Rainfall and temperature records
were secured by placing instruments either in or close to
the orchard and some very interesting data secured. The
results of the three years experiments show that each year
the great bulk of frog-eye infection took place from the
time the petals opened until two and one-half weeks after
they fell, which in a normal year in Adams County would
be about the latter part of May. While some infection took
place when the blossoms were open the majority of it oc-
curred after that time. Through the month of June there
was usually some frog-eye infection but relatively little as
compared to the month of May, and from June on through
the summer months there was so little that it could be con-
sidered negligible. In other words infection seemed to take
place almost altogether when the leaves were in a growing
condition.

A very interesting point brought out by the meteor-
logical records is the fact that the amount of frog-eye seems
to be correlated closely with rainfall and temperature. In a
spring of light rainfall and low temperature, as for instance
May 1920, the amount of frog-eye was very light while in a
Spring of heavy rainfall and higher temperature, as in 1919,
the amount of frog-eye was very heavy. In 1918 when the
frog-eye was more abundant than in 1920 the amount of
rainfall was heavier.

As a result of the three years work on frog-eye the
following conclusions and recommendations can be drawn:

1. No varieties immune to frog-eye have been found.

2. Severe attacks of frog-eye result in undersized
fruit, loss in vitality to the trees, weakened fruit
buds, and eventually death to the trees if the at-
tacks continue unchecked.

3. Some frog-eye infection takes during the blossom-
ing period, but most of it occurs from the time the
petals fall until two and one-half weeks later; in
other words, when the leaves are in a growing con-
dition.

4. Severe cases of frog-eye seriously affect the size
of the fruit retarding its growth and making it
worthless except for cider.

68

p..T,<iHprable sDrav injury of the foliage resulted

• fZtheu^^^^

Du^, none of which however was so serious as to

affect the fruit.

i Of the materials used Commercial and home made
'• £L*e\SphXDry L-e «v.lphv.r Bordeaux mix-
fiirp and Pvrox ffave good control, i'yrox not giv
ing quTte S^goo(f results as the others. . SulfcKride
and 85-15 Dust gave rather poor results in a season
of heavy infection. 90-10 Dust, in a season of hght
infection gave good practical control although not
as good as lime sulphur.

7 Since much of the frog-eye seems to come from
dead twigs on the trees, it is an excellent practice
to Di-une and burn this source of frog-eye infection
before growth starts in the Spring Also never
allow brush to accumulate in the orchard.

8. Spray as follows :

1 —Just before the blossom buds open.

2'._When three fourths of the petals have fallen.

V—Ten days to two weeks number two.

4"._About the middle of June if infection promise
to be severe.
9 For efficient frog-eye control the sprays absolute-

ly must be applied thoroughly and timely.

69

Av.

for
1918

and
1919

1920

FROG-EYE CONTROL FOR 1918, 1919, 1920

Treatment

Lime Sulphur
(4 plots)

Lime Sulphur
(5 plots)

Bordeaux Mixture
(3 plots)

No.

2-3

Pyrox
(3 plots)

2-5

Sulfocide
(1 plot)

85-15 Dust
(1 plot)

Check — Unsprayed
(17 plots)

90-10 Dust
(1 plot—
Stayman W.)

90-10 Dust
(1 plot
Stayman W.)

Com. Lime Sulphur
(1 plot
Stayman W.)

Com. Lime Sulohur
(1 plot
Stayman W.)

Check — Untreated
(2 plots
Stayman W.)

Com. Lime Sulphur
(1 plot
York^Imperial)

Com. Lime SuTphur
(1 plot
J5[ork_Imperial)

Com. Lime Sulphur

(1 plot

York Imperial )

Com. Lime Sulphur

(1 plot

York Imperjal)

Dry Lime Sulphur

(1 plot

York Imperial)

Check^^ntreated ^
(1 plot)

Applications — Time

Pink, petal fall, 10 day

spray

Petal fall, 10 day spray

Pink, petal fall, 10 day, ex-
cept pink omitted in one
plot

Pink, petal fall, 10 day
spray, except pink omitted
in one plot

Pink, petal fall, 10 day
spray

Pink, petal fall, 10 day
SDrav

Pink, petal fall, 10 day
spray, 4 and 9 weeks after
petals fell

Pink, petal fall. 4 and
weeks after petals fell

Pink, petal fall, 10 day
spray, 4 and 9 weeks after
petals fell

Pink, p^tal fall, 4 and 9
weeks after the petals fell

Pink and petal fall

Pink, petal fall, 10 day
spray

Pink, petal fall, 10 day
spray, 4 weeks after petals
fell

Pink, petal fall, 10 day
spray, 4 and 9 weeks after
petals fell

Pink, petal fall, 10 day
spray, 4 and 9 weeks after
petals fell

♦Some plots received two and some three applications.

70

Average
Percent.

18.0

24.2

19.8

28.5

65.5

80.4

79.4

10.2

18.7

3.3

3.0

66.7

38.1

3.7

2.2

5.2

7.2

'5.1

A ri

Question: Did we understand you to say that Ume-
«iilDhur eave the best protection .'

"^^ AL^er : I -uM "ot -y tJ^^,it,f-^Ka%^^^ SJl
LrSu?:.av?K«y"etIeT. Lme-suphur. however,

gave very good results.

Question: Did Sulfocide show up well? ....

m. Walton: Not very well. It has only been tned out
once/but that is -t enough Jo^ongn^ it It ojM to be

SstoKat Irs'Souttmn it. and it should be

tried further for definite results.

Mr Hershev From all points for practical purposes

you ^M^&romyonv remits that lime-sulphur would

control it well enough.

Mr. Walton: Absolutely. 4. , ;x.

Question: Should lime-sulphur 1 to 30 control it?
Mr. Walton: I think it should. Bordeaux

Question: What was the relative effect of Bordeaux

and lime-suphur in the control of Black Rot .

M, Waifnn- We have very httle Black Kot. ine o^

I can not say definitely.

Question : Was the defoliation in 1919 due to Frog Eye.
or would Scab have the same effect '.

Mr. Walton: I should say that Frog Eye was most^
responsible for it. especially on York ImpenaL Jhere was

Sy^S^^SL*!" SV^^mr^fVp'p some
fnfSion.'Sugh it was not extensively injured.

Mr. Stear: How general was Frog Eye m Adams

^""^Mr! Walton : These results are in one orchard for three
years, a York Imperial orchard.

Mr. Stear: Did the average orchard in Adams County
show much infection. I mean?

Mr. Walton: No. I can't say they did. Our results are
from individual orchards.

Mr. Stear: In Franklin County we did not find any
onihards infected to any degree with the Frog Eye

Question: What is the most important step m this
Frog Eye spray? . ^ i 4.u«

71

thoroughly, or at the proper time, and did not get results.
Penetrate the trees inside and outside, cover every square
inch, and you will get control. If you thoroughly cover the
leaves you will kill the spores.

Dr. Stewart: Several years ago we found in Bedford
County that on trees that had not been fertilized with nitro-
gen we got complete defoliation by the first of September,
and often in August, and practically no defoliation on trees
that had been properly fertilized in the same orchards. The
spraying had been the same in all orchards.

Mr. Walton: I have noticed that in some orchards that
have not been fertilized the infection was heavy in Adams
County.

Dr. Stewart: There was considerable infection but no
defoliation on the unfertilized trees which I mention.

Prof. R. D. Anthony was now introduced to the As-
sociation, and spoke as follows on "Cultural Methods and
Fertilizers for the Apple:"

CULTURAL METHODS AND FERTILIZERS

FOR THE APPLE.

By Dr. R. D. Anthony, State College, Pa.

The history of apple orchard fertilizer experiments
runs back for more than a quarter of a century. The first
reports of these early experiments gave us many apparently
conflicting results, and started some rather warm controv-
ersies which probably did not aid in clarifying the situation.
Twenty-five years of agi-icultural development have added
tremenduously to our knowledge, and have given us many
different view points. Because of the clarifying light that
time has thrown on the problem, we now seem able to go
back over our apple fertilizer experiments and clear up some
of the conflicting statements and make some fairly definite
recommendations for Pennsylvania practice.

Although a number of reports have been made before
this society on this subject, they were mostly presented
during the controversial period while many points were still
but vaguely understood, and because of this, the program
committee thought it wise to have a report bringing these
experiments to date, and have asked me to present this.

We add fertilizers to the soil to bring about qualitative
and quantitative change in the soil solution from which the
tree secures the necessary material for growth and fruit.
But we may also bring about changes in the soil solution in
other ways. It would hardly seem possible that the soil
solution under a timothy sod of long standing would be the
same as under clean cultivation, and carefully conducted

72

.44

cannot say, nevertheless mature sod ?^<=^?;«\gtter results
when given proper treatment, seem to ^^Y^^^t^^ increased
than the same treatment in New Yor^-^™^ considerable
cost of labor, the cost of t^age ^as pecome ^^^^

factor and we will probably see an "}fj«*!^ J" ^ig^ sod, so
of orchards that are ^H oj P«rt o^^^^^^ j^

that question of the proper f^^^^^^^^^

Snde^c'tivaSn'wiXiAtlrcrops, wherever such treatment

is possible. .

IS sstt^r.^ :^=K *°^™-" -»*v

or blue grass without fertilization.

There are thousands of such ll^^l^^l^^^S^lr^^i.
that show, by their yellow c<>l?*^'*^^^„|^*s;ch a system is
and their unprofitable crops that to "s^^^«=^f ^ treasons
to court disaster. We should be ve» y cenam oi u ^

before we put an orchard P«™*ff ^^i^^^atfh our^oliage
planning to use fertilizer, and we should waicn

and our yields with the g[«atft ^^/'fi^^t s1^ of lessened

'^ro^lL'I^S Tof deSlaing'yleldTthe fertilizer

applications should begin.

Since we are to use fertilizer on the sod orchard, what
materials should we use, how much, and when should they
be applied ? These questions are not so easily settled. The
one element that has consistently given profitable returns in
the sod orchard is nitrogen. Phosphoric acid in some places
has given returns but in others has been of no value. Wher-
ever phosphoric acid will given an increased sod gi'owth, its
use is advisable. If potash has shown any value it is only
on thin, sandy soils, and, until we know more about this
element, it would seem safe to drop it out of our Pennsyl-
vania apple fertilizers. The best foniis in which to use these
materials seem to be in nitrate of soda or sulphate of am-
monia and acid phosphate.

Our knowledge of the proper time to apply our fertiliz-
ers is none too reliable, but every indication would point to
the value of an application made before the leaf bud breaks.

Within the last two years much has been said of the
value of permanent sods of alfalfa and clover. For years
our friends of the Pacifid Northwest boasted of the inex-
haustible fertility of their deep soils, but there came a time
when many of their orchards began to show signs of malnu-
trition, and the growers found that, under their climatic
conditions, years of clean cultivation without cover crops,
had so burned up the humus of the soil that the vigor of the
trees was seriously affected. When these same orchards
were put down in clover or alfalfa, the trees regained their
normal vigor. This is an extreme case, and the results
would not be so marked under our climatic conditions, but
it shows the possible value of legume sods.

We have a number of orchards in this State doing very
well in alfalfa without the application of fertilizers, and
while our knowledge is still to slight to recommend such
practice, it seems possible that we may be able to cut out,
or at least to cut down the use of fertilizers in our sod orch-
ards by the use of clover of alfalfa.

The question of fertilizers in the cultivated orchard is
still to some extent in the controversial stage, but here also
a better understanding of the conditions of our trees will
remove some of the misunderstandings. We have a consid-
erable number of experiments dealing with fertiUzers in the
cultivated orchards in New York, in England, in Pennsyl-
vania, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon and several other
states. In all these, orchards growing in soil of at least
moderate fertility, and receiving annual tillage followed by
the growth of a good cover crop, they have failed to make
a profitable response to fertilization. Here and there gains
have been secured, but when the land was reasonably fertile,
and the cover crop growth fair, the gains were not sufficient
to justify the cost of treatment.

On the other hand, there are a few cases where orch-
ards that, either through neglect or inherent defects, were

74

lacking in fertility have made P^^^^^^^ ^^^

plant food. These, however, are tneexcep^ ^^^^ ^^^

seem safe for us to fy .that h^i^^^^^h soil so that we
very few orchards l^ff^^^^IVdc Cm the use of fertili-
'^'^:^'^lSi&m^en'Ti.X and a cover crop

^"Ts a result of the many experiments carried on both

"^^V^^oune trees up to the time of coming into bearing
should bf^veVd^n ^ultivatio. ^hj - u^ a V be^ac-
complished most cheaply by the^owingoi ^^

SloS Kt b^t^r ^h^or^oSk the wash and
check erosion. ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^'"^PL^SPf SdJd

shouM bf cultivated for «- ^^ two ^ears and the^^^^^^^^^
to clover or alfalfa for two « P°Xare on soils that are
KoSndSn iirS TafA'Sbt to use small amounts
of nitrogen and phosphoric acid

undefcXv^^o^^hrMd^^^^

srd:!:Sy^^irstb^t&i^^?w^\riiiy%x^^^^^

dry seasons.

S. Mature trees on soils where ^^^^ng ^^^^f^o^^.^^S
best be handled in Permanent sod As high a propor^ ^

of legumes should ^^^^^^^^^ Ssional plowing, or
;,^et?^rSng,'Sd "e^eS, in which case alternate rows
only should be worked at one time.

4. Mature trees standing in -d -Wch contains ^ut^a
small proportion of legumes shou d 'f /^^^^^'^nium sul-
^^fj{S1SA'A:^&^Vff to-^use an eaual
amount of acid phosphate but no potash.

5. in all our operations «ieapp^^^^^^^^^

should be our guide When the tiee »s maK k ^^^^

a half to two feet of annual g'^Y^t^ ^th dai k^ rofitable
which hang on well mto the fall, and 's beaung P ._

mistakes.

75

Question: In an orchard in sod eight or nine years old
what fertilizer would you recommend, and what is the value
of sulfate of ammonia, and how much do you use?

Prof. Anthony: Now you are asking a question that
none of us can say with absolute certainty. It is a guess. I
can make a guess, and you can make a guess. As I said
in my last recommendation, put the question up to your
own trees, and answer as to whether or not your guess is
correct. I am guessing. Under those conditions I would
say that from three pounds to five pounds of nitrate of soda,
or two to four pounds of sulfate of ammonia is probably as
safe a guess as we could make without knowing the orch-
ard thoroughly. If I knew that the addition of acid
phosphate, under the conditions in which that orchard is
growing, would have any effect on the sod I would use the
four to five pounds to a tree. That is simply my guess. But
I want to impress on you the importance of putting it up
to your own trees to prove whether your guess is right, and,
personally, if I had that problem to settle I would lay off
blocks in the orchard, and see if I could detect difficulties.
Here I would leave off one thing, and here I would make
some other variation, here two pounds, here six pounds, and
so on. It is difficult for the fruit grower to discover minor
difficulties, but if the fruit grower can do this and have dif-
ferent trees in separate plots under different treatment, he
will be able to get best conditions for himself, and it will
pay in the long run.

Mr. Chase: I would like to ask if on a farm orchard
of five or six years in sod, if a man has plenty of stable
manure, with what should he supplement.?

Prof. Anthony: We have made tests of stable manure
in the Pennsylvania orchards running back ten or twelve
years, compared with the use of the chemical elements of
nitrate of soda, acid phosphate and potash. We have given
up the use of manure, and given up recommending it, not
because it is not all right, but because of the difficulty in
securing it, and because of its greater value to cultivated
crops. If a man is growing nothing but orchards and has
plenty of manure, use it, but there is this danger in the
sod orchard. Sod receiving manure is almost certain to be
riddled with mice, and you have a problem there that is dif-
ficult to settle. That is one reason. The other is the
difficulty of securing it. If a man has manure use it, and I
do not believe it needs any material added to it to use for
plant food, not at least for the apple tree.

Question: Are you not afraid four to five pounds of
nitrate of soda to an eight-year old tree is too much ?

Prof. Anthony: It is a dangerous practice if the orch-
ard has been under cultivation the year preceeding. I think
you are safe with the six-year-old trees making a vigorous

76

accumulate? ^^ ^^ alfalfa, so

and I can not see any way that we can contro ^^^^^^^.^^
the present labor ftuat^n. " ^ooks to me

on a pretty good hill even, is a P^|"y 5 ashes I have the
Mr. Horst: We have used soft ^oa^ ash^s l na^

soft coal ashes hauled tl^«»|„*"^Pif JeJ^ Ve have had some
and have had no mjury n sm^J t^ees we ^^^^^ ^^

injury, but vye have oveicome it by so
seems the mice will not woiK m wuu, j ^^

where there is trash about them. Each yea ^^^ ^p^^^
clean, and then we have tl^e ashes there top
from mice. They do not like to sciatcn in j^^

Mr. Chase: A f^Pl^^^^^^^er^n^wrap it around
against field mice is to tak«„*,"7^P^Pf and wrap it around
ZoS' ct rgSm Se to Cf in Is wa^y, and you

--SSf C^ir trmrtnder the surface of

''' Mr. Chase: T^at is not true of the eastern part of the
State. The mice a- above f ^und ^ ^^^

Mr. Atkinson: I would like to know iiyo ^^.

any experience with pine mice "> the orchaia.
periences refer to the ordmaiT field ni^e 1 he P ^^ ^^
are quite diiferent and wide spread in men J ^ ^^^^
orchard there are a gi;eat many^ It i^^i^ua^^
mouse in appearance and if seen on m f^^^.^^^ Their
not tell the difference but J^^ywrn ^^ ^^^ ^,^^

habit is to work entirely ""dei the g^ou ^^ ^^

I had a lot of. trees that 1 had to budge g ^^^^^ ^^^^
counteract their inJ«'^-„„^hey wiU ^^oi ^

';irSe JTouKe tTe^S ^^i^e guards do not have the

least effect. , rrkr»ppvn-

Mr. Anderson: 1 have two <5«f ^Iphor c acid broad-
ing scattering of nitrate of f^^timespreS. should not be
cait is there any reason why ^^ to the timothy sod
used; the other question is '" 'e^eience to ^^^^^^ ^^

which has remained many yeais.

nitrate and phosphoric acid year after year is there any
reason why sod should be plowed up at regular intervals?

Professor Anthony : Use anything to get the fertilizer
on. Personally I should use it broadcast. With regard to
sod we usually find that the use of nitrate of soda and acid
phosphate will change the nature of the sod, and frequently
will lead to the introduction of a few clovers here and there.
I see no reason if you have plenty of humus, why the land
should be plowed or disked.

In regard to mice injury in sod we have had only two
cases of trees injured by mice in alfalfa, although we have
had much injury of mice with trees standing in timothy
sod. We are wondering if alfalfa sod in any way does dis-
courage mice.

Question: Which is better sulfate of ammonia or ni-
trate of soda?

Prof Anthony: Sulfate of ammonia does not act as
quickly as nitrate of soda.

Dr. Stewart : I do not wish to give this as an absolute
fact. In the application of nitrate of soda it is found that
nitrate of soda is much more desirable in order to get
benefits the same year.

Question: Is sweet clover objectionable in an orchard?

Prof. Anthony : Will Mr. Weaver answer that, please ?

Mr. Weaver: We have not worked along the line of
sweet clover long enough to say, and whether you will get
the same benefits from it I do not know. We have a hillside
and we can not raise alfalfa on it. I have had trees there
for ten and twelve years, and could not get an alfalfa stand.
We can get a successful stand of sweet clover by applying
enough lime, and especially on thin soil we are getting bet-
ter results from sweet clover than from alfalfa. It has been
glowing for six years and reseeds every second year, and
we are trying to get the remainder of the hill seeded. I
find that the section which has never been cultivated but
has grown sweet clover for six years show that trees have
two or three year more development, while those not in the
sweet clover flock have never had an apple, and show no
signs of bearing. The trees look much better on the section
m sweet clover. Our results so far show that the sweet
clover IS one of the best crops we can get on a hillside
orchard.

Question: What time of the year did you plant?

Mr. Weaver : We plant every month in the year. The
best time is now from the middle of January to the middle
of March.

Thursday Afternoon, January 27, 1921.

The meeting was opened by Mr. Fenstermacher, who
called forTheRelort of the General Fruit Committee, which
was given by Dr. S. W. Fletcher.

REPORT OF THE GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE.

Dr. S. W. Fletcher, State College, Pa.

Thi^ is a summary of reports from 52 growers in 25
counties SeveraTof the prominent fruit counties are not
Sdid, butl'on the whole, it fairly represents present
conditions in the State.

Profits and Losses.

Tliis has not been a profitable year for the apple in-
A ,=f«r A few men especially those who have good local
markeis have h^d a fTretum ; but most of our growers
rsnedallV those in wholesale districts, have either barely
broken even or have actually lost money on the season s
Sl,Sonr Tens of tho-and^ oj bushd^^^^^^ apP^es wer

Tad rgoo5Ta£; Ive^aVng 111 the%epo^^^^^^^^

S ioTp^^d^wSfeVSe EeC pSdSeS
f S ^oT^The Lrease in cost of production was due
Slv to the added cost of labor, packages and supplies
Only one of the 52 growers reports that the season has been

muchfmSerthan last year but about compares with prev-
ilSus years." Following are representative statements, by

^°""Beaver-"Cost of production same as in 1919 bf prices
50c toTl per bushel lower. We are now gettmg $2 to $2.50

^ '"itVawanna-'^e shall do well to come out even; high
wa^es poor help, and cheap apples are responsible.

Bla^r-"Pea;hes $2.50 to $3 a bushel, but apples only
$1 to $1.25 per bushel, which leaves no profit.

L;wrence_;We pajd $5 ^or 8 hour^ work n mO^and

^'^^,;^%I^iSforS'':nA^ for $2.50 to $3 a

^"^''^■".if...^ "Post of production was lOO-Zr higher than
previ^o^s^'at d'uf tojnflation of labor and materials.

^•no'rt^.I tint Tin Wk even but. will make no
money ; other years could- make good profit.

79

Clearfield — "Half the apples were not hai-vested."
Cumberland— "A profit in 1919 ; a loss in 1920."
Bucks— "I received mighty good prices for my higher

grades of apples ; for the medium and low grades I had to

take anything that I could get."

These rather gloomy reports from some of the larger
growers are offset to some extent by the experience of small
gi-owers for local markets, most of whom have averaged $2
a bushel or better for apples, without packages. Unless the
cost of production was excessive, even for these times, this
should give a fair profit. Since such a large proportion of
our fruit goes to local markets, it is likely that Pennsylvania
apple growers have fared much better this year than the
growers in states which are maily wholesale.

New Planting.

It might reasonably have been expected that the high
prices of 1919 would be followed by very heavy planting
in 1920, but such is not the case. Nursery stock was scarce
and high and it was difficult to secure the desired varieties.
This was an effective brake on speculative planting in the
spring of 1920, which is one of the blessings we should not
forget to count today. The apple orchard survey made the
past season shows that, leaving out of consideration the fast
disappearing farm orchards, the strictly commercial apple
iPf ustry in Pennsylvania is scarcely twenty years old ; that
fully half of the trees in our commercial orchards are not
yet m bearing; that the period of heaviest planting was
from 1910 to 1914. The planting of 1920 was only about
up to the average of the years since 1914. Eleven counties
report practically no new planting; nineteen report moder-
ate planting; and five report rather heavy planting. The
latter are all in south-eastern Pennsylvania and include the
counties of Berks, York, Lancaster, Adams, and Franklin
Practically all of the new plantings are of apple and peach,
but there is a notable increase in the acreage of sour
cherries.

Varieties.

It is a sign of the shrewd conservatism of our gi'owers
that practically all the new planting is of standard sorts,
such as Baldwin, Spy, Macintosh, Stark, and Rome in the
northern and western counties of York, Grimes, Stayman,
Jonathan, and Rome in the southeastern counties. Stay-
man is forging ahead nearly everywhere except in a few
northern and western counties. It seems destined to be-
^?"^?» ^i¥ ^o"iii^ant variety of the State, supplanting even
the Ba dwin and the York. Delicious has made friends this
year, although it is not likely to lival the foregoing standard
sorts. Lehigh County reports, "Delicious shows up well ; it
has lots of color and flavor and good keeping qualities "
Howard Anderson of York says, "I think highly of Mac-

80

and King Davia are u"J"s ^ ^ j2e and

SrTS" Sfin Pifrf CounS^rDSr is re^rted as

"n^t'^lsbeennodecide^^^^^^^

ularity of peach varieties ™ f J^^^jded between Car-

*' ^'^R^e^of Geor^a*Hiley Champion. Iron Mountain
men, Belle ot ^^^'^s'S,'. "' f ' comparative new variety of

Insects and Diseases.

V ^^'H thf neS alto the generally Targe crop, which
absence of the pests as to uie » perennial

made the loss less noticeable A^^^^^ ^^^^^ and brown
pests, such as San Jose scale, coaiius ^^^ ^^

rot. the largest number of ^""^P^Sed la^^^^^ normal-

bug. This insect seems *» "^^^^'S^^^^ r- 'otine to the calyx
ly and the usual treatment of addmg mcotoew

spray was «»* a ^,f f/glS C«^ty S County re-
is spreading rap dly in *?eaver v.ou j , quarters

ports that curcuho was the ^o/^* P^^;^gtern counties, come
of the State, especially fiom the soutneas ^^^ Yellows.

reports of peach 0VchF<ls t^^^* ^J.^'^^ch growers generally

year. Seven growers report that it has not g ^^.^

factory results on apples as sPiaying. but ai Hershey

the dusting of peaches prefer It to^spra^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^

of Berks County says, Dustang controls c ^^^^ ^^^^

rot on the peach b"t Ji*)* |PPle s^ab. i ^^f i^foctory for
Franklin County repoit that ^us^ng^^^^^^ ^

apples. J. W. P"^7" suits for 1920. I conclude that it
tSSttl- toSmore Wently but use less matenal

ol

ri

each time. On the other hand, F. H. Fassett of Wyom-
ing County dusted part of his apple orchard "with just as
good results as on the sprayed part and much cheaper." It
IS evident that dusting has won a place for itself in the
peach orchard but is still in the experimental stage in the
apple orchard. However, five more years of experiments on
dusting materials, machinery and methods of application
may warrant a different conclusion. The last word has not
been said, by any means.

Co-operation.

• J Pennsylvania lags in horticultural co-operation This
IS due not so much to the conservatism of our people as to
nvfJff^ ""^ incentive. In the past we have gotten good
pi ices for our fruit most years, anyhow, so why co-operate '
The answer might be, "So that we may get betierTS"
but this argument is not convincing to a majority of our
growers, especially to those who sell in local markets. In
reply to the question, "Has there been any progress in co-
?S7I buying or selling this year?", all but one of the
twenty-five counties answer, "No." In Adams County, the
SeS P^T^^^n^ House has expanded its activities'^iuite
matenally The horticultural societies of Chester and
Delaware Counties have done collective buying for several
years; the Cumberland Valley Fruit Growfrs arf stU
operating successfully at Chambersburg; there is some very
interesting spraying and selling co-operation among a num-
ber of small orchards in Monroe County; and we have a
few other small co-operative enterprises, especially in the

{;'<!'rf'?^®ii ^u''^ ^ ^^°'®' ^^ ^^""ot say that co-operation in
horticulture has made much headway in Pennsylvania This

X!i.^«f 7f^*^^ *"'?'f}^ P"'"*' I <^« not see how our
Ji^. fnnlff '*';'t*^' especially in Adams and Franklin Coun-
of r.'nT.^E.'?'''^ to continue much longer without some kind

?sm wnnpnH f!i-H-^''t ^''^'^II!^ ^^"'^y «f ^'^t'-^"'^ individual-
ism will lead to disaster in the long run.

The experience of this year has shown our need of
more by-product plants and of more and better common
J:Ztft ^"T- , A majority of «">• growers cater to l3

wfntPv fill ^J\ ^''T '=°'"'"*'" ^*ora^« throughout the
wintei. Loss of fruit in common storage has been excen-
tionally heavy this year. We need a new type of house
W .nH^ ^f " -^^r"'^^ down more quickly and the tempera^
Dlins to h^ir'i''*/ regulated more readily. Anyone who
MM u,^ ^ storage house should visit the house of L
N Marble of Canton. This has forced draught by means
of electric fans, so that the air in the storage room m^y be
complete y changed in ten to twenty minutes. O^e of the
disadvantages of most storage houses is the dryness of
the air, which causes shriveling of the fruit. In the Marble

82

.■sl^

•^

House, humidity iBConU^n^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^

fine spray of water after »; enters ^.^^ p^^^_

It is evidence of t^e sound foundation ^^^

ES?ri/ da/r^iff^onoU^^ statement was

"^%here is little room ^ - f urthey ^^-^^^^^
pie industry in ^^^fJ^^^'VUllr'^r^Z plantings are
Ihows quite «>"«if JYipiy our Leds." What nonsense!
more than sufficient to suPP'y ""' -. »{ this article that
Perhaps it did not occur to the wutei^ o ^^^^^^^

two-thirds of the 22,000,000 ]«^®'f.*'neglected farm orch-
P^nnsylvania this year <:*f « J^^'^.f **and that most of these
ards not from commercial o^hards, ana xn ^^^^.^^

farm orchards will be gone Mt«;^"//^*^erhSs he did not
Ihe field to the commercial ^roy^^l ^^^Ve shipped into
know that more than 10,000 cars oi ^yy ^^^^

Pennsylvania every y?„a;.-/[n918 Tht f uit might just as
ing from New York alone !" ^^l^^.^se "nough to develop our
well be raised here, if we have ^en«e «n^^g^^ agai"^*^":;
own resources and nerve enougn paraphrase the woi;ds of

petition. As a n^^tt^/'^fieiust begun to plant." We are
a famous general, "We have 0"st oeg y ^^^^ ^

not going to stop unti om P .oducmn ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^
commensurate with om lesou^c^s ^^^^gh

9,000,000 people within our owti ^ year and

this has been a P<>0'/^^^' ''"oming The average return
there are other g.?"^ yeaij> comang^ ^^^ ^^^^ his work

of all the years will h%f a ^ ot ^f,^ especially in this or-
"^"•- iojf "Never ha^weCdCre right to feel confident
Tthe f uTure^oTpennsylvania hort—. ^

In the long run. this t^ng f ^^n^ns^ W^^ Some of
ffood thing for the apple jndustiy oi rem y contrast

us were getting altogether too joc^y ^^^^y

between 1919 and 1920 ^""'d be tiag^« ^^^f^^.^ nothing but

^S ZS^^T^^'^ii^±:Lt&. 1" u/e

ikn rtSivS =-> S"- -'^^™- '''

November 6, 1920 : „. qqq f^y. an orchard that

"Stephen Bowers refused $125 oouior ^ ^^

cost him $32,000 Iff than ^W^y^ ^^^owey for $38,000
Emory Thomas sold ^O acies to ^ ^^ q^q already

and Mr. Dowey found he had a loi ^^^„ greater

hanging from the trees. This ^e^t^i, article was written
SyVfh^e'fX I tow'i^^tV^ sales of bearing orch-

«^ ^Te awakening from the Arab^ ^t J Dream of

''''' Z^'A^%cTfo'^-^^t'^^^^^ -re going
men who paid Dig prii-es. ";";".,. „n„ijet books are flat

around with long faces no^A^f^-fP^^fstock companies
but their vision is clearer Some ot the stocK v^^^,^^

New York learned years agc^the danger oi^ to combine

'^. 'St'^s Xy^q have \^^^f,^Xfef^^^'^^
periods of fX^f <f,,4'^-^^^^^^^ entry on

^^i^^l^ SeS^SfvlvirSeS!

-^^feVn'aT^U^ifT^^

^aSrS - S^rlunfty^-.^^^^^^^^^

^^«L^4b?li?ve^^^^^ of eve..

perso';'h«-e with the hope ^^at in the fuUu. Doctoi^Fl^^^^^^^
er will continue the good work he has most admuaoiy

gun.

APPLE GRADT^S „ . ^ „

Porter R. Taylor, Bureau of Markets, Harnsburg, Pa.

During the Past year the first real effort of the e^

ed in 1919 and 1920 ^as ma.e Jt a ^he^dM

for the average gr<wer*o meet the pro ^^ ^j^

H&Wfr&S^lt.S.tppl. P»W.. Law-
the State to tne reu prepared

A set of regulations covenng this L^^^^ growers was
oTid after criticisim by a number oi pi ^pple

f"sued in printed form and f copy Xed^i^e Department
^ower in the State of Pennsyivin j^^j j^ ^as issued in
S ACTiculture had any record of. ^c y
priX form and a copy m^^ed^p^^^^Jtment of AgncuU
the State of Pennsylvania that tne p ^^^^^ ^ ^j^^ f^rm
ture had any record of. P"°'imy w.i months regarding
iapeis through the summer and eariy f al^ generally safe to

?he provisions of the Law f i^^^e State has had an op-
say Jhat everyje grower ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^aw.

portunity to learn tne i<^ Bureau, Mr.

In addition to this, a repr^^^tldlms F?^nklin and
w r Lvnn, spent several mo"tns^i\,e apple growers upon
Smberffl Cbunties in work ^* ^^Itrationl were made
^"a"es and "market re^rts^^ Demons^t^ other interested
Whenever requested by County Ag^.^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^

persons to bnng out the porn _

With the beginning of thet'^StT wholesalers in
tion was transferred m ,a ^aV «> V^^^ ^as done because
tC various markets of the St^te. i n ^^.^ ^aw will

we realize that the successful enforceme ^^ ^^^ ^
dewnd entirely upon having the co-opera ^^^.

S the distributors f^ having th«r ^^^ dealers have
f^ati^g sources o^vrolatio^^^^ fS.^ption ^^^,S? aTa^f r"m
Sve *at It wm help consideraWy m ?« a^reontinu-
deceptive packing and marking. TTiese ^ .^^^^ until the
S up to the present time ^d^^^^^^st important part of
close of the season. Perhaps tne location of the

Ss work is that it "'a^^^Xfng with the provisions of
Sdlviduals who are not ^o^P^y^ifer through ignorance or

E^I^io^-rr^fhranTattS^o violato the require-

ments of the Act. ^

one point which has ^^^ sf evident m thjs

is that the clause ;j;^f P/X^ge <>« ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ° iSs
to be 15% better than Jhe^ave g^^^^^ a<*j"?*^thalker
?SnWe1a^se^^a k mch apple permits the packer

to legitimately place fruit 2 7-8 inch in size upon the face
of the package. Of course, where the package is 2V2 inch
and up the size can legitimately be raised on the face of
the package. The main question which comes up on this
subject is whether it is desirable to permit this condition
to continue in the future. I hope that there will be some
expression of opinions upon this point before the close of
the meeting today.

Many growers who sell in closed packages and sup-
ply local markets do not understand that the provision of
the Law very clearly states that all apples grown in Penn-
sylvania and packed in closed packages must comply with
these requirements. This means that hampers, which have
wooden covers, and the more familiar round bottom peach
baskets with a cover both require markings in accordance
with the Apple Packing Law. The Act requires that the
name and address of the packer, the name of the variety,
and the minimum size of the fruit must be marked upon
a conspicuous part of the package in block letters not less
than 36 pt. Gothic. This means that the marks named
must be stenciled or stamped in letters approximately 1/2
inch in size.

In connection with the enforcement of the Apple Pack-
ing Law it has seemed desirable that work on the estabhsh-
ment of State Grades for apples should be started. There
is a demand from numerous sources for information regai-d-
ing the ways by which a pack of apples satisfactory to the
market can be prepared. The only way in which this can
be done is to prepare a definite set of specifications which
will be equally satisfactory to good growers and to dis-
tributors and dealers in apples. With such grades we will
have a common basis of understanding which will certainly
eliminate many of the difficulties that have come through
misunderstanding in the past.

This subject was taken up with the Executive Com-
mittee of this Association and the specifications which the
U S Bureau of Markets had formulated were used as a
basis for this work. Every effort was made to secure
criticism from every grower, who could be reached, upon
these grades and their adaptability to Pennsylvania condi-
tions. As a result of this criticism, certain changes were
made. The most important of these was in the matter of
tolerance of which we have adopted 5% for Fancy and 15%
for B Grade fruit in place of the 10% which the Federal
Bureau has advocated. It must be remembered that the
vast majority of the fruit handled is quoted m the A and
B Grades and that the specifications for the Fancy Grade
are only of interest to a small number of growers of strictly
high grade fruit. We have attempted to make these grades
equally satisfactory for local market use and for commercial

86

of the apple. The tentative gr* Pennsylvania ^. ,

Tentative Apple Grades for re j^.^^^^ ^ ^

i^^lSffl^pSTIes^oraS^krown in Pennsyl-

''^"^" Pennsylvania Fancy Grade

Pennsylvania Fancy ^'1 ^if f oXd^nif om iS^
apples of one variety which are well fomea. ^^
firm and mature, and whi* are tree ^^^^^ y^^.

ease, bruises, insect "^.'^^^^"iecessirUy caused in proper
ishe^ or defects, ^^^f ?* f «„fXS ^e packed in clean
packing. Apples "^J^*^ Sail have the amount of color
strong packages. Each app^sn ^^^

hereinafter specified f^^PP'^^ations properly incident to

Pennsylvania A Grade

Pennsylvania A gr^e ^hall consist o^^and-pi^ a^
pies of one variety which are firm ^^.^ ^^^^ ^ ^ .

free from decay, and which a>^ P j j jnjury, and other
disease, bruises "i^^c* ".jt fhose necessarily caused in
blemishes or d^^t^^t^LS shall have the amount of color
proper packing. . E^?„f Ss of this grade. ..,,,„
hereinafter specified f oi aPP^° PA j properly incident to

In order tO-^^^lnhandUng not more than ten per
commercial gradmg and handling, n ^^ ^^^ . ^

?rU%"SgrmTbe' beir the reauirements of this

*^*'^^" Pennsylvania B Grade

Pennsylvania B grade shall ^nsist o^hand-p^g a^
pies of one variety, which are hm a and which

'^'^ 'onSiird^™^ '^r'ma'terially discolored,
are not materially ae ^^nnerlv incident to

In order to allow for variatm V^^fZ^'l^teer. ^r
commercial grading ^nd packmg^not nio ^^^ ^^ .

r^n^ycSe'nTarKC C reauirement of this grade.

Unclassified

Of

SOLID RED VARIETIES.

These percentages refer to the amount of surface of each apple
colored and NOT to the degree or intensity of color.

Varieties

Penna. Fancy

Penna. A

Penna. B

Aiken Red

Arkansas Black

Baldwin

Black Ben Davis

Gano

None

King David
Red June

75%

25%

required

Spitzenburg

Winesap

Other Solid Red

Varieties

STRIPED OR PARTIAL RED VARIETIES.

Varieties

Alexander

Arkansas

Delicious

Fameuse

King

Lawver

Jonathan

Mcintosh

Stayman

Wealthy

Missouri Pippin

Penna. Fancy

50%

Penna. A i Penna. B

25%

None
required

Ben Davis
Geniton
Northern Spy
Oldenburg
Home
Wagner
Willow Twig
York Imperial

50%

15%

None
required

Gravenstein
Jeffries
Twenty Ounce
Wolf River

25%

10%

None
required

RED CHEEKED OR BLUSH VARIETIES.

Hyde King
Maiden Blush
Red Cheeked Pippin
Winter Banana

Other Red Cheeked or
Blushed Varieties

Blushed
Cheek

Tingeof
Color

None
required

YELLOW OR GREEN VARIETIES.

Varieties

Rhode Island Greeting

Albemarle Pippin

Other Yellow or Green Varieties

Penna. Fancy

Penna. A.

Characteristic Color

8S

Definition of Grade Term*

^' ".^wirfomed^tL having the characteristic shape

!" f S Scrv;= &r tht^s^a'si.^u^'^ni

Sm^umdiiLSe^X apples in any package.

^Practically free" means that the appearance or the

keepin^gSn^^^^ *^t^?the t"o'/^S' o? sK-

*^"^r;^'ri:l^:^mer^--^^^^^^ *°

cause a tos" of 25% or more by volume m panng
""4trf"~ «.. »I0' »h„ac..ri.to of the vanet,

veloped was considerably more than can o ^^^ ^^^

pected. Bearing this fact in ™"^i^ ^''|J^ifications of the
be taken as an average test of the specif important
^ades as far as color is concerned. On the m^^^^ P g^^^^
varieties which are grown in the fo"";^^ Pf ^f ^olor which

this year indicates that Pt^*i^P^il%?irpercent^^^^^ named
will be fair may be increased over the per^ g ^^^^ ^

iCg^e^e^SnenT ui?Va^^-| £^^^^^ ^^'^ -
Siriences prove that this is practicable.

Another point of considerate impor^ncem^^^^^^
is the amount of tolerance which sho^W be Pej^^^^^ ^j,^,,

Federal Grades state that lO"^.'"!^":"' packing. On the
be permitted to take care of mistekes m pacw g^^ ^^^.^^^

other hand, some of the growers in tne ^ j ^j, ^^ses

^c^rlErthan B Grade For ^his reason the 5^ 10 /-n^
15% tolerances, respectively, "^f^^^^S^^^^'ers who fol-
the present time the answers from thof ^^«7/ t^ese two
lowed the grades in If^Ommcaie wd, criticism

systems is abo"t equaUy I^pi^^^ ^^C^ ^pp„, hould

t Sad?d^Si-\p|s |n the o^er^^\Xr£^oi
l^&f JKa;rtl\K.^o?t?e SSeTmay be cull fruit

and, therefore, practically one-sixth of the B Grade may
be decidedly inferior stock.

During the next year we hope to continue this wbrk
and at this time I desire to state that we believe that we
should have these tests continued on about one hundred
farms in various parts of the State. Later in the season
as the crop has been set more of you will be asked to help
in this work and we hope that you can give us co-operation
in detei-mining on a purely practical basis 3ust what can
be done in getting a set of specifications suitable for the
various parts of the State.

Mr. Chase: Do you not think it would be desirable
to have size requirements. ?

Mr. Taylor : That is already attended to in the regula-
tions. ^ J 1 9

Mr. Atkinson: Why is the sizing not made closer^
It seems to me that in selling apples if the sizing is made
closer, it m^kes a better package and sells better. .1 would
not be willing to grade my apples with as much variation as
those which are exhibited in A Grade.

Mr. Taylor: In closed packages the size is I'eqmred b^
the annle nacking law to be marked. There is absolutely
no cSl'^f any kind on what is sold in any other way,
and that is over two-thirds of the apples of the State with-
out question.

Mr. Atkinson: You mean that this size given is the

minimum? . , . j- *.

Mr. Taylor: You can sell apples one inch m diameter.
You can ship any size you want, provided you mark it in
one quarter inch size, and provided it satisfies your market
In consideration of the size of apples, and ^ jonsid^^^^^^^^
of color of apples, these are entirely diffe^'^^^.^Xf-.u;
wrote one man three times before ^^^onvinced him that the
size did not grade the apple. He figured that the number
of apples in a bushel should determine the grade of the
apple. That was one man's belief.

Mr. Atkinson: What degree of color approximately
do you set as standard for fancy grade?

Mr. Taylor: Depending on the variety, according to
these charts. On the different grades it is different. This
is well illustrated in the charts that I have here.

Mr. Chase: Do you consider it practical for a man to
put in not only size but what you call perfect apples .' is it
a practical proposition? . .

Mr. Taylor: In one packing house in West Virginia
these same specifications were used on about ^^^.fP^y^^^^r
and not a single car was rejected, because of quality, or loi
any other point. We have with us a representative of the
U S. Bureau who has been active in getting these grades

90

together, so thatany points .^^ ^^ -/^^^rem S greS
him, because .at W^^i^^^ViLe want something that
deal of consideration. Ihe Pf "P'^^,/!': ^^ ^ant a set

do them without any mistakes if possible.

Mr. Breidenbaugh: How about varieties such as Rome.
Hubbardson, Stark and Summer Rambo?

Mr Taylor: Will Mr. StiUwell answer this?

Mr". Stillwell: I believe the S^^^^l J^^^^^
out definite yariat ons <>» different Percentages o ^.^.^^^
they would fall withm the g^i^eral «jmss ^ ^^^^ ^^^^

S ^^^^^^^^^X^^^^ Jo^S^falfS-
IKe Se^rSW S^X^^ ^i- up with oth-
pr varieties which we have listed.

Mr Fenstermacher : Perhaps Mr. Hetzel can say some-
thinff to us on this subject. ,

Mr. Hetzel: I ^1 f^Sd^^likett^ 1^^^?
into this discussion, but I wo"ld only hke to say ^^j

any such grades or rules aie adopted 1 '^op^^^^y„„. j do
may give the subject the most caieiu ^^^^^ j

not want you to*>P„kiCand feel that the establishment
am much interested m them and teeitna ^^^^

of grades is a step to^^ards improving o^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^,j
something that demands most careim attention and

of the growers will P^e this matter then ^^^ f

consideration, they will ^e able to woi ,^

it that will be oV^^l'J^ks are a^^ St in theory, but it is
present recommendations are an us ^^^^ ^^ ^^t

very easy to put somethmg in a ei^\'l^^ p y Grades
practical Mr. Taylor has pomted out JJ^t^^a V
do not concern us, but I t^mk that they ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^orks
this will appeal.to you. Suppose you ^^ ^^ ,y

of especially high c?}°»^ ^^^^^de " in order to sell to the
should be packed as F^'i^^ft^f fruit looks fine, but as it
best advantage. On the tiees tne i .^ ^^ ^^^

goes over the grader you And «f cou^ .^^,„t «,posed
absolutely perfect, a?d accoraing , ^^^^ ^„ j^^g f
law each apple has to be absomw ig^did red apple

defects. What then w 11 >ou do with a V ^^^^^ ^^^^^^
^^^th an insignificant little russeip^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^„ y,

£?nVShTs Z if tArof uc«ies llf the way from

"Fancy" down to "B." All that the tolerance provided can
possibly do is to allow for mistakes in gi^ading.

I do not want to appear as opposing the grading pro-
position, but it is a very important subject, and somethmg
that will effect your pocketbook if you are not caretui. it
you are going to establish this sort of grading, I JUst want
to say that you should look into it very carefully. It is the
right principle, but be sure that you do not tie yourselt
UP by any legislative action too soon. I have seen it too
many times, and have studied and watched it. Either the
thing is not enforced at all, or if it is enforced it is not
uniform. It may be all right in principle, but often it is not
worked out properly.

Mr. Pratt : A point has been brought out by the last
speaker which I think it worth speaking of. He says it
you can't put in second grade or "B" grade apples in Fancy
packs, why we will lose money by it. The truth of the mat-
ter is that we are losing money in our Fancy Pack because
we are allowing lower grade apples to get into that pack,
and that is the reason our eastern apples will not stand up in
the market with western apples, because when a customer
buys those apples, supposed to be of standard 90 to y& per
cent, he does not get nearly that much I believe that the
sooner we come to a high standard of fruit, whatever you
call it, so that the customer will know that you can expect
as many high grade apples in that pack as you do when
you buy a box of Fancy Western apples, the better it will be.
There is always a certain allowance that is made because ot
the frailty of human nature. You can not pack all 100 per
cent, apples, but we must not put too many mistakes m the
package, but let us come to a standard as soon as we can,
and stick to it, and then the eastern apples will be able to
complete with the western apples.

Mr. Linde: It is my opinion that apples that go m
"Fancy" grade should be fancy. We can not pack them too
good, and I think the time has come when this Association
ought to put out a stamp to members who are willing to
follow these laws, and give them a stamp to put on then-
packages, leaving the public know that these giwers have
passed the approval of the State Horticultural Association
in regard to these laws, and I believe that it will be an aid
in selling the apples. Consequently, I think that there
should be no "Fancy" grade apples in barrels A grade
is all right, but put your "Fancy" grade m a box. That is
the reason we are getting three times the price for Stayman
and Delicious that we are getting for other varieties.
Mr. Chase: Why boxes, why not hampers?
Mr. Atkinson: I know, of course, that I am a younger
grower than most people here, and have had much less ex-
perience, and I have a smaller place, but if I can see any-

92

tMng about the apple i^jst^y^t e^^^^^^^ {g ^ff^^

etlr^'SeVsS^t such diffe™^^^^^

can grow them, just as J^H- ^^^^ *Xt he has been com-
ods. A man in New Jersey says ^^ apples and

peting with the Northwest minepiu ^^^^

?hat he has Prod"«^«d and soMh's apples on^ ^^^

at $5.00 a bushel in boxes, i nis w«. ^^^

Vy Preff r^,^^,VwU^Sa iSel JhTwiU not sell at
time we have in ^^^I^V^^^'?",...., settle upon a real standard,
$3.50 a barrel. Now tj^«nj,f,h"=!,netoite I for one do not
Ind stick to it, and get f«'^„«*'^i"f„ru ought to be stricter,
think the classification is too stiict. o g

Mr. Taylor: I want to add « f^-J^f ,^^^^^^^^
why every, one of ^ese app^ laws passed^m ^^^ ^^.^^

were not lived up to, was J'^^^a^^.. "{^ *ji„ing the best work
best kind of work Massachusetts is dmng .^

of this kind in the East ; New Yoik ^tate^s „ ^^^ ^^
packing laws. I went to.Rochestei, ana ^^^^

there who is enforcmg it, and the quality oi ^^^^^^

is coming into P^'^^yl^^^f^^u^d expect f™m growers of .
be. It is not up to what we wouiQ expe ^^ ^^_

good quality. Maryland has never made any ^^^ ^^^ .^
force their law which «^ey passed there j^^^^ ^^ ^,^^^

The same thing, *<> a considerable exieni,^^^^^
Virginia, except that I know tiig*^^^^^^^^^

is what the Farm Bureau is foi to educate ^^.^^^ ^^

pack. No one any place can comply Y^'^'» P ^ j ^^at the
?his kind without knoj«ng how to do it^ 1^^ ^^

Farm Bureau is ^o^, to educate tne ^ i ^m glad

apples, so as to sell them to the be^t adva g ^^
to hear the comments <>« ^^th T^s^^ Fletcher's talk,

basing this work on the statement otuoctoi j^^^i^

Less than fifty per cent of the apple tiees ^^.^ ^^^^,

are in bearing, and yet .^^ have a gluttea m ^^ ^^^

We want to ask y^^i^^V i^lslhe authoX to make these
it. The Bureau of Markets has the authonty ^^^.^

grades when they see ^t- We hone that ^.^^ ^^

to change the law i^n^ade that the aava „ ^^ ^^^^

clear that it will "ot be necessary^ We wn^^j^j^ ^-^^^
anyone in their packing this next yea ^.^^^ ^^^^^ ^

More will have to be done in the way ^^^ ^^^^^

the way of enforcement Do you men ^^^

that is of most interest to the Nortnwe
is "How are the Northern New York pacK g^ ^^^^ ^^^
on," and "what do you think ot them

New York apple powers ?ack correc«y. the Northwest

profits cease to %'5^'fX-^*i„ people will be in the same
straightened out Penns^^^ To?thwest. You have to
position with reierence >-" "''f . anything to start

give something Prf *'«*[ bejoie you J^ve anytn g ^^.^ ^^^^
on. Please understand that this is om^^^ ^^^^^^, .^

&£ Cts*'eX?^Sn^3se\e Jn^^ -

Sn wetelieve it will be Mr to put some of *« ^1^^-*"^

Sirt?k^LwXf f'rTaSrefty ^heMple picking law
at the present time. .

Mr. Breidenbaugh: Tn BPeakmg oj^hes^^^^^^^^^^^

endeavor was made *« "^a^/ ^^^^^ the'" *«»° '*""^^"*-
on the other side spoke of not Jf vmg tnem ^^ ^^^^^

It might be interestog to know ttia^^ ^^

K TLSrtKtT^e law ^^^^^^^^^ fj^e

Practically all of the Shading there is the sa ^^^

Northwestern States, so that I can noi se ^^

are of B graae, "-"^y ""' „ „„°, ^„:„„ to eet away with it.
than if he packs as ^anc^ and tries to get ay ^^^^^

He will get more by packmg to as B g ^ .^^^^^
everyone buys them on their "'f^^the Northwest we have
here if we want to compete with t^| 7/'^';^ eting with
got to get down to some definite way oi c ^^p.^^ ^^^^

them, and we never will do i™" Xing that. They know
rules, and, believe me, they aie watonmg \ . i
that upon the fact ^at we do j^ot grade ^ ^^^^ .^

advantage. If you .have fancy app^es^ a^ P ^^^ ^^^^
barrels they will bring JUst as much as m do ^^^

that they^ are in barrfs does not rule them o^^ ^^ ^^^^
"Fancy" class. We well know that itj^s no v j.^ing

100 per cent perfect apples. but jve shoma g ^^^

to the best rules and regulations the mSn it is all right,
should have some variation but in the ma ^^ ^^^^

Sth^te IrS. -dSrare\^^^^^ others that should

"" 'S'Fenster^aeher: I -y '^^ ^^^^ t CtroC'e^^o
-raloL^^^^SenWUod^^^^^^^^^ Lewis, who will
say something to us.

Mr. L..i.: I M «t,.l thi. is on. of the best meetrng

i. „«j tvio woceedinffs have not been printed,
their aspects, and the Pi<>ce«*\"'|° ^g chance that it may
and I understand that there is some end yesterday

^?.^^ *'' Jhe^ weXcted S new PresideTt w'e pledged
afternoon when we eiectea oui ue member

to him that each one of us would try to S^^ * member

during the coming year J ^oj^f ^^ng year and I do not
could get a new member foj^he coming y , ^^

'^'''''''T''IZl''^eXt! lii^^e X^nL needed an As-
nappmg. ^^^^^J^;^ ^.J^iT ^^w and I am going to suggest

I am going to do this and hope more will follow .

The following members followed the lead of Mr. Lewis

and ^J^174rh- "^^"^n'rifnSln'cker"
Royden Breidenbaugh f^^^^ M Balthazer

SeSfed & Weinbrenner L. M. Marble

W. B. Baldensberger
C. A. Hawkms
R. M. Renfrew

B. M. Kennedy
S. C. Eshelman

C. J. Tyson
E. C. Tyson
Fred Satterthwaite
George Pollock
E. B. Hawkins
N. H. Love

H. S. Stoner
M. Blain Stock
E. W. Brandt
C. F. Weaver
R. F. Criswell
W. C. Tyson
H. C. Brinton
H. M. Anderson
W. J. Lewis
Elias Vogel

bove LeviHorling

The Committee on Resolutions then presented the fol-
lowing Resolutions (by Mr. Greist) . , , „,, „f

mereas. the Chamber of Commerc^^
the cities of the eastern P„^rt»f the United btates^^^^ ^^^^

liifhtoved^To^^Urable^^ot^^^^ the East, as

SasXse of the Vest there ore be It

Resolved. That the Pf^nsylvama Stat« "o t ^j^j^
i:^r^^S^£S^^^^^SZ^ alike to

fruit growers and farmers. Governor,

State Legislature. ^^^^^

X. 1 A TVinh the State Horticultural Associa-
Be it Resolved, That the ^^^^^^ , f ^^ie Bureau of

SixlW£irt:rrtaSt,svit ^^>.» »a

grades. g-

^ , ^ That the State Horticultural Associa-
Be it Resolved, Th^t tne sw ^ ^^ g^all

tion favors such a?Pf P^„f ^fj^ties for the advancement
enable it to expand its many acu ,^^iy ^ provide in-

of Pennsylvania ^g" "i'^^r^^^ing students, over 1000 of
creased facilities f «^XSn last fall because of lack of
whom were refused admission la resolution be sent

accomodations, ^nd *at a ^opy^ o ^^ ^^^ Appropriation

goSmiSTthf£»o^^

r.r^c in form^^Resolutions were present-

ed to'^rStTK-ru^-— -

The meeting ..r^:^^^^^^^^^^^' *« ^''''''''' ^^ ""•

Fagan of State College. Question No. 5 first.

Prof Fagan: We will ta^^ uP ^» y^^ ^^^^les

Brush?" „. „ . „ y,.,ush vake last winter, and

Mr. Balthazer: .We g°* a bins'! ra .^^^

we have found that it is one ot tne d p^^ ^^^ ^^.^j^ ^
ments. We push t^.^^^f^iythiig d^e as quickly as with
S^^^h-e^^tSe ap ^"3^ Ujf ?gToron'
K,S if u£*^ SpatSeTntKou lef .n 3 ust how

*°" Question: How is it propelled ? ^ ^ rake, or

Mr. Balthazer: By horse i^weu It is^^Pj^^^ ^anu-

sweep rake, or stack rake All the f^^ ^hey are cer-

riace in New York Stttt f "K.'S.S the ofchard. and
■CSrrS^-'n SnKSS «s. was bnvned
" "ulZ\ m- W. E. ewe. Vo,.U springs, has a maeh-

ince of that kind. 4.,„o1vp feet long, and put

Mr. Tyson: We take P^l^^^^tl^a cross pil:e behind
them on ruW gear m- a .^a^on ^^^f^^^^^ eLh side, and
and put it rigM over the file wUn t ^^^^^ .^

we have found that -" ^^J^^^^^^j,, arrangement can be
.ade^^f o?S£^flat,tn.»U-e galvanized iron.

Prof. Fagan: Now we ^^dll teke up the first auestion-
"Common Storage at the Orchard.

Mr. Marble: Co^imon storages are m u ^^^

feed the local markets. Mr. Lewis nas^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^

has operated for a number of years^a^^^^
had storages in operation lornvw .j^^^ ^^^ picking

are valuable because they hold^^^^^^^ ^.^^^^^ y, ^ss

until late spring i* .P'^?P^'^!.y ^ ^hich you have to have at
T?iey lessen the pickmg <^^ew wnicn yo storage,

pkMng time. You can pick and carry m^^ y ^
and then when a rainy day comes y ^.^ ^„ ^^^ pj^^-

or if the weather IS good, as this ^ear ^^^^ ^ ^

inff and then after Pic^n/; tne P^'^'^^^^ ^re also valuable
had as long as t^ey wanted to pa^k. They a ^,

for use in connection with aPP'e " ^^^ ^^o are

'^e using inferior^rt May ""t" *^" ^''' "* ^T'tZ.
husv from the first ot may """^\,, , . „ f ^oni the first

Tday of work and production. ^^.^^^

I have prepared a ^eso^K lecJnde^ an'd after any

?o^^^ TTeTesXr r^irao-: ^^^^

^"^ "More than half of our commerm ^Pg/^Xoughout
of our vegetables are marketed in loca^m ^^^^^ Thjs
as long a period as they can oe r p ^ therefore in
necessitates storing them at the Ja™ l^^^ti^^. There are
storages where there >f "<>„f *'I^^^^^^^ entire satisfac-

rn'^WeroTlltrof tKndlme^tal principles undei-

lyink the successful farm storage.

'' 'owing to our -safefactory stora^^^^^^^^

sufficient storage space too 'arge a pr p ^ harvested.

Ind vegetable crops is sent to market ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^,

Last fall this resulted ^^ / marKev

our growers thousands of dollars ^he

BE IT RESOLVED that the PennsywB ^^

cultural Association request the Dean^t tne ^^^.^^^.
culture of the Pennsylvania State Co^'^^^e j^^ stiga-

advisability and the P^f^'ll^ of fruits and vegetables
tions of the problems of storage OT .^ p^^ducts."
and the utihzation of infenoi gra Association,

The motion was presented before in
seconded, and passed. something to be done

Mr. Brinton: Is is necessary loi

«7l

V T wnnld say. yes. I have had a com-
for common storage? Jj^'^^'^^^'cellar is an all concrete

mon storage fo'-ft^vf^/wll" one of the points that I con-
construction, and that was one oi f ^^^^ ^^

Sed so that it wotjd not ^^J^^Zi have a spring
Arv I could make an opening m ^"^ caved mv crop of

oFw^er there. The ^on'^^^Vemirhas Tust said a few
apples this year, ^s the ?ent^eman n J ^^^^^

nToments ago it s^v«\*f |erious S shortage. This year
fore I have not J^ad any sencms n^ ^ ^^ ^^^^ t^^^n

I had very lif^^^^'^^trees We filled the storage, and we
take the apples ?« the trees, vve ^^^^^^ ^t

had a great deal of sun)l"s th^t we^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^
other places, and I was fortunate i ^ ^^ j^ ^^s ample.

in bulk. When .Ib"^]**'?^^^ could not get any real good
Also, when I buiH mV ^far J couw^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^

data on the subject J ™^Vered infomation wherever
three years at least, and 1 f^^^^li^^w here and there who
I could get it, and talked with a tenow ^.^^^^ ^

had a common storage, but i coum g j ^^ ^^^

Slcall that the State Department had any a^^ ,^^^^^^
Federal Department had vejy little ^y ^ use cement J
larger. Also, if I .^""t agam i , . ^j ^^^t by building
built this in the side of a hill, J^^in^ing ^^^^ ^^^

?here I would ^V fp^ouXs under ground, and the first
cellar is perhaps three-fourths unaerg ^^^ j^^

two years after bmldmg I did n«t <:owr n^. i would not
I covered it with two «^ three teetoi g ^^^^^^^^

do that again, as It >s better to have 3 ^.^^ have some

roof. The U. S. Government at me pr ^^^^^,^ ^^^^^,

bulletins on construction of these ce^^a ^^^^^„

ing again I w««'<\ ~**tLv the noint of moisture as well
We did not stop to study th* POim oi ^ ■ ^^t

as we should have. It is not only ^ "'attor^^^^, J^ j bave

ae?^Uf olthosTS'^ord iKe. 'Hiat is doing very

well for common storage.

Question: How did ^ou jtor^' ^^, j„ fi^ld boxes, but
Mr. Brinton: In 0P^2>^^^|fk|eps better.

Storage for apples, and nothing else^i"^ ^^^

c^ce?ning specifications, and I supi«seeveiy^^

IZ thSM^' ^^^\ttSye"nSng an Ws time telling

*^« ^ns ATrwo^Mi^t^rb&fedr^^^

^oUrrS^S^V^^^^^^^ ^pt^i ^^v^efytdTwho -r
would be that It must be rat pr^of^ K^^^ .^ ^^^^

Srtw^-- "f^HS^^ [hT we^^b^iK
jTr come another ^^^t-^'^XS^^K^^ would want
entirely too smalj. As a secona bp ^^ ^ ,_

i° "?S f in tulk We Sf bins and put the apples into
rE Sid'Sey Ke l^epUn good sha^. ^^^

rt?ie^P-tS^ U is impSt to^o^ok after these points

though. ,.i,:„„ Tt w verv important to get

There is another thing. It is veiy imp ^^

the apples in storage as soon as pu^ked, ana ^^ ^
nearly an even tempeiatuie as you u* f ^^^^

when you change y^^^X the temperato?e all the time go-
vary. In othi^oids keep the t^^^^ ^,„tiiation is all
ing lower and avoid vaiiations.
through the room. ,,

Question: What is yo^-^lL lined the bins with
Mr. Lewis: Concrete We J st lined ^^^^ ^^^

tt^:e^™5^af^efe?'^^^^^^^^ '''' '"' """

"'tuestion: How many ventilators do you think there

^'"T^Lrwisf tTo^sly a sauare foot of ventilating

surfa'Ji-fov e^V. twenty ^'l-- f t^^^^" ,o„m you con-
Question: If yo».^«7ro^^''fr ground any distance?

4Sd'S?-?einroV^ra?r?"

Sueifotr Ho:ttt-you allow the temperature to

^'*'Mr. Lewis: 34 degrees, but "» lowen ^^.,^

Mr. Riser: We have a co^^^Sy' >e ventila-

with concrete walls. It « i=°^^ j^.^^^u around. It cools off

tion is from the toP «V^„^.^^"\he outside door.

very rapidly at mght ^V ?f ^.^'^^^^ ^^ake a few additional
Mr. Lesher: I would »«« ^^."'l-e Some systems

remarks in regard to common sto^ a e.^^

?SienK iKTtS ^^'^eed not fear low tempera-

learn about storage. T^^^^f,"id give attention, and all the
is surely a thing *?^U\"e tery vlluable to all here,
ideas suggested should be very

diseases, because Scab ''ffj'und that by using the stiengm
very seriously this year. ]l^^^^^ to 50 gallons--I usually

*^ TnounTin ISVanons'^"^* ^ *1 Ifso figSrfdS
used 3 POU^^'^fT figured it last spring. 1 a'^° "^„„t when
cost66cents,.asIhgurea ^^^ *"/fifi cents for

iKuKrlnSitS it, exactly the same. 66

^«' ?r HodgUiss: Fioni. the insect end ^^P^^^ds

at the same strength- U y ^^^^^^^^ ^f this.

is advisable not to use a w to orchards why

Question: If "i^.f/ted as thev aTe the greatest de-
not have our foxes Protect^d^^^^^

stroyers of mice we nave h ^..Hwmen do then? We

Prof Fagan: What will our poultiymen«o ^^^ ^ ^^

.*n Tet rid of the mice by g«^"^,*St oTthe Legislature
SraKe POultryXi.Tind. and"£ our sportsmen who
fighting a game of this Km
like to hunt game animals. ^^

Question: Would foxes be thick enough to keep the

contr^-?Si^^r;HS.^es.^5 iS^^
nf a Doison made by using °"'=X,\»^ , minpe of carbonate oi
ounce of sulphate of strychnia and V8omic|ot^^ ^.^^^

soda This has proven an abso^lute rem^^^^ On one block
us Drop it in the holes which the mice ^ trees damaged,
of 5500 trees three years ago we had tnre^ you can

We have controlled the mice trouoie co. v ^^ ^^^t

Sly follow the holes and get nd «« ^^^ ^^^.^^ that we
have to get every one of them g^t^a™^^^ ^^^^ ^^^
got 95 per cent. Put the rnateuai on ^^ ^^^^ ^

fweet iwtatoes into dices, and put tne po ^^^^ ^^^^

7o% fn the rtf^^'d^pTws materia? in H you go along
Srif itof ^£ hX*you will clean them out. or kill

enough of them. introduce blacksnakes into the

Member: Wjo" ^^ wehavl one section of seventy

orchard it will do the trick. We h^eo ^^ ^^ ge the

^z%£erS''J^^^^^^ ^- -^ ^^^^ '" ''''

of good. ^^. nnpratinff at this show claims

,.„^£';:i«eS1SSKnre .h..e Cairn, ,»P-

Question: Does anyone here hav^^^jddle „f August
thing^that looks like a cmket about the^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^,^g
until the weather gets coia.
holes. ^ , ,. „„ vnii have in mind the tree

• J^t"'s?r"a1^nrwith^ '-"^^^^^^^^ *^ ^'^^"''^•
""tuestionr IS that a sod orchard?

Answer: Yes. tj^^ ^^^t common floor used

J. S. Brenner: What is tne "•"
in common storage? j^ ^eard

. ^T^m^eeVin^g STsly ^S^pJ^ stone, con-
K,tferi^«most comn^n.

Prof. Fagan:. .N«^/4^L*^ver pruning the apple
6 and 7 together 3|f^lJi^ts1n fruit bud production?
tree? What are the vital P«mts in ^ ean

Prof. Anthony: Jo go ba^J.J" S^eriments carried on
ffive vou the results of two or inree f gjusive. At

Ks State, -h«/„V& but th^wSn lower portions
Ithaca they rubbed off the duos

of one of the trees, and on othe^ one-year^^^^^^^^ they ^^JJ

?he buds on the lower PO^^'^S: .^ a°d at the end of a year
also and cut them off m another, ana ^ ^^^ trees had

tust that slight pruning ^f^ *I^°^enty-five per cent behind
ffown them a litt e more {fan twentV^^^^ ? ^ ^

+ViP other trees. 1 onng "-'"^ , „„,,_;nj, and that is tnai;
Si fundamental pi-inciple of »" PeTee f oms its food. You
ihl leaf is the factory in which *e tree lor absolute-

Sly have a soil rich as it IS possible to geU^^^^^ ^

ly of no value until it ^as come m ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^i^^t

that is done to remove leaves checKs^ ^.^^jy ^

much I am not advocating no prunm„^ happens when
iSff to bring out the P^nciple and show wn ^ ^

wf do Jrunl On other e^^P«""^/£t Thafhad least pruning,
found that the young trees were best wd^ ^^ ^^ ^^nt a
and at the same time ^^ "J"^* ans a g™d frame work, and
??ee to bear a crop, which means a |o ^^^^^ ^nd m

so at time we P"^ P^^?l"^nd1hat the least pruning pos-

doing the Prunjf^^f P Th^most hopeful tree. .

sible is going to give «s we n ^ ^^ g ^

For the trees.35. 40 01 50 years oi J^^^^^ t^e tree
tell you that prumng may be restorea ^ things. If

That looks as if I am teUn^^J^tHm them off, immediately
yju go to the outer branches and trim them , ^^^_

sfeArs"i«

SSvXaVna af lirS^n& as possible to get

-^^SeCn. fruit S^Z-rgrg^n^lonrtHa^t^
gi-eat deal of investigating woik gomg
fnd we will know more later. ^^^

In the apple the f ruvt bud that bore its .^ ^P^^

was formed the Pre^»«"^/l^''^s in the shape of frmt buds
Toming year is now «" the trees m ^n ^^^^^ g^jety blade I
If you will cross section them wiw ^ magnifying

oresume you can see the Paf ts tnere. ^^.^^^

P[!ss at least, if not with the nakea eye. ^.^^ ^^ ^

fs there, so that the treatment of the tree at ,

vita^ treatment. The Wossom is only the P ^^^.^ ^^ ^^
Ss of things must .haPPen before ^akmg^^^ ^ ^^^^
SoVsrstrVt«metf it^^ is be^-ing to loom
up as an important factor. blossoming, or a

Primarily, lack of vigor at th« ^^ fad^ of cross poUena-
few days before, or a week betore or y^ without

ti^ (we know that some fruits wi 1 not^s ^^^^.^^^ ^^
3len from another vanety, al|o »nsu ^^^ ^^^ ^
ESlT ^rVavfthot Ihft ca?ed for. and see that

S.tF««: '■•™"'^i.'l'r;e«'p..nted ihW,

take almost everything out .^^tunately, we have fruit

^owirgftiinrattinl&e^^^^^^^^^^ --- --

^'' Q;:stion: What is the relation between pruning and

water sprouts? _ g you prune the

Prof. Fagan: Q^to a bit. ine ni j^ fg^tibzer

tion of the tree. yes.

Question: When? summer time jerk

?rof. Fagan: At any tme in the s™ ^ ^^^^^

them off. If you let them «oPy°7v,e dormant season. I
cS up when you cut them off n the doi ^^^^^^^
would not let them crowd themselves o ^^ j^^^

them. 1Q3

Will Mr. Hershey answer tVns. ^^ a

Mr. Hershey : We haj® ""' , ^ year that we did not

such an unsatisfactory exp^n^f !,Ses In one block of

fe«uf at'eSJ-'n Uin. for control of Scab

""Xe£n: What njaterial do you -e. .^ ^^^_

Mr. Hershey: Different mateuals.

''^'''Suestion: How many times do you dust?
yuesiiuii. ^n^ted four times.

have it good and fine. ,

Question: Now what about dusting PP ^^^.^^

Mr. Hershey: I have nothing to say ab

aPPl®^- X J „„+ want to say much about it.

Prof. Hodgkiss: I do not y^^'J^^^i, difference between
I do not'really believe there is so m^h ^n^^^^ ^^^^

&T«^^^^^^^ rthrcheS

T^lrbaDs there was less control oi^ disease end. As

'"'■• M-n-X, : I have . "S?Ji>'lf ^S°' h/SS

a«.«..: H.V. you ««.in. to ,„ S-y i» f-. ot

from spraying to <i"f ^"f ; ,, y^n.^ lime-sulphur, and I. da
Prof. Fagan: I use self-boiiea "V';. jfj^eep on using
not S how sticky o^^'^PP^ ]if ^ome peaches^nd some
"t? although we are going to JuJ ^"^^^ ^^ will spray, but
apples this year, but f^i the most Pa ^^ commer-

understand I am not fo^f ^^Vwith it. It is as yet an

apple? ^ „ p.^^„ and Rome Beauty in New

labor problem in regard to M^you advise discontmumg
certain dusters we prefer Would you ^^^^ ^^

the use of dusters and go back to spi ^ ^ ^^ ^ppij^a-
^ere short of help and it was neceX^X- to dust?
tion in a short ^^"'^^''Vi^ljie dusting has its place.
Prof. Fagan: Yes K^hecommercial grower can

even on apple if %:^^^fJ^,L does hold a place.
do nothing else, ^^hen dust ng ^^^^ ^url?

Question: What do you spiay toi ^^^^ ^^^,y

tibc£ oTtfS'S rp.*u,» eo».y, .h« ..

to be safe. . , peculiar proposi-

Prof. Fagan: We ^:e uP ^^Xye'some growls who
tion in this dusting proposition We^h ^^^^ ^^^ , ood
are dusting and doing no spiay»>B. ^^^^^. f^uit if they

K. I do not know ^ tg/^have sprayed and dusted
used sprays. At the College ^^^ '"°'^%He

some last year, and this yeai we ^^ gndation. The
do not want to make any geneiai i ^^ ^^^^ ^^ny

nlant pathologists are Pretty we"^°"fj,uj.e and there are
S'Sefr cases .it>as been an abso^^^^^^^ ^r^^^^tt ft'Is
so many conditions unaei_w ni^' ^ ^ g^y that it is

Ind some come out ^^Xve^Sed^oUage. others have
Tot^'i? aTSgs'oTthT^int more and more that the

state Horticultural Association «* PfX/Snda'lfcf \lS
Kowing all the time and ^^^^^^ ^, trouble many

s wrieCr^ K A« ^^-^ *^^^ ''-' '™'^

"^ %io„: IS there ^ ^^^^t^J^r'^'^ "
*^^ Zswtr vCtCTs/ Ma^r S^h are advertised in

magazines.

When organized service for f^™ S' mShod^ aT^
tion was devoted pretty laigelf. *» miction. We have now
IV^at deal of good ^^as done in that W^ ^^^ .^^^ ^^
fome to think that the ''"fJIf^g" The question arises at
Sint as the P^d^ction features^ ^n^^.^^ ^^ vegetable

CeT what do we mean by. 7„%^"^ ^ definite line, but we
production? It is impossible *<> "V^^^ on the one hand
Stihink of it i^f "irJi^^S Snts for the sake of
thpve are those who aie K^vIIv, nprhans in experimental

side of vegetable gardenias '^^J.^nfeji who a»'« engaged m

business methods. chases in the busi-

Probably the two "JobJ J^t^e* Ce^hat concern
ness side of vegetable Pioductwna^ ^^^ting methods,

first, cost of production and. secono^ ^ ^^^
Either of these is a subject big ^^^'^ ^^^ can-

In the first place we must recogni!.e that on^ ^^^
not ten another how to run his business ^ ^ .^^ ^

to your farm and tell you bow you oug .^ y.

,„m contact »itl. "".rStVr'l'SSi,? S .S'l
Si contact of one man "'l".;""*™' '' .Kj aid lows the
telpful of all. If a man »"«; ^ » ™*™ ™m,„, „ith

sfc?enS.T. A??oro. r J»attt *„t..es

stitti-i^nT; eo;iH5iFHrs^™= -

duction up. It would be impossrtje to say ^^^^

accomplishing this a^t most impoitant du^ ^^ ^^^.^^^^

are very few factors that will help a man u « market

planning- Most men who are P{;«ducmg <irops toi ^^^.^
Te pretty skillful craftsmen They kn^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ 3 ^^
hands. They can, ^nd do work hara a .^ ^^^ vegetable
to me if there is one mistake moie^g ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^

industry than another it »s tne mihi^ ^ jg

heads sufficiently. Now. the dear k"^^^' ^^ nearly im-
in the rush of bi^ growing season it is^^^^^
possible for him to do a gr^a^ aem ^^^^ He thinks

abouttheoperationsof amonthoi a tomorrow's mar-

chiefly about what has got to be ao tomorrow moi-n-

Sg ' Till bfoad s« fo^tffseason must be thought out

before the rush begins. ,, , „^ „„„.t keep the road

Those who drive cars know that we can t keep
bylookingunder thewhee^. Wehave^to^ ^ ^^.^

distance ahead. If we aie go 8 ^^^ gge with oui

hundred miles we look fuither im ^^ ^j^^ ^.^^^

eyes. We get a map ^nd find out aU we ca ^^^^

Perhaps a good many »"«"X' flowing what kind of a
plan garden operations ^ithout Knowi g ^

seasonwearegoingto.have. Howevei II ^^^^ conditions
f ul plan, he has a basis on which to w ^^^ ^^^^^

change. Before go^.g «ven on a snoi p ^^^^. <j

siderl two or tbree different loutes^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ther is

spoken of as a fine Good weathei lou suppose we

bS it is bettor to go the long way ^^.^^^ jj

make plans for a reason sopeiaUon ^^ ^^^ ready, when
ing considered tbe different possioi ^^j^^^. p,, jbility

conditions change to pick out the one o ^^^^^^^ .^ ^ ^^,,^^ ^
that we can best adoi^t Makmg ^.^^^^^^

thinktank go round bi mgs mi„n y „

. Ictank go rouna d.u.bc - «- fibrin- on gvowin.

To illustrate, suppose a man s n^i accurately just
early cabbage. He has not consideied veiy^^^ ^^ .^
when it is to be harvested He Plants ^ „

?u^r;S;tlW-"S^y; .Sfto^r^'adC tS
&S;S: ^&^-S;i? cafiots he must make up

his mind early and Pian oi^rations^-o^^^^^^^^ ^^^^t
Sen^Ais eat^age plants^ the^earlj^^^ S^own and out of
and make special !«»« f^ots. We can easily conceive
fViP wav in time loi xn« ^» /inllars Der acre on tnax sea
S'a difference of a go^/f^St tat tto man exercised m
lion's return due to the i^^^*^^";^ ^^ instead of a turnip
'order to make room ^o^ f f ^^^^ss^^^^^^ a crop is planted
cron Sometimes by a.u"'e *.* ^^j^^^. gome-

so £te that it is impossible to f oUow wi ^^^^^^
times it happens that by P^ntmg .^ ^^^^ y^^pe.

ihat the printipte ».i!»?°; j,,tri|,„tio„ „f labor. If »« *»»!

Another factor is tV.t''S'S, Sd. «e can have a more

onr ^n's I''"*'?«™wees tKghint the «hole .«»»n.

&.'Toe\tr2K;«o" a-ilTseed. Suppose we

r:t^ffti;e« si ERErJ?S-ns

II the best strain, also t^e best stiam ^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^g

?a?iiM:Ksii«\jr s r s

all of the factors togethei f"^/" ^ how complex the

& irThe^-- c^Slex-i i^N^e harder we have

*o Tfe?e;:-in plans on. PaP--, ^ot /e^^nVJi^^^^
habit of sitting down with a sheet oi vv ^^^^^ ^^ ^raw

^& ^.cWtK&'v' ont a -- %q.
i„y^lhe various piece. »« s"™%,„|cs during the seagn.

'"'"Brtis^rt%mp.runt^.'»^.«.£;rr

,„nrV '" as it was called in the aimv. J? " j able to pick
Tidering all of the different Possibihti^ «"« i^^^^ ^^ „„«
out "hose that best suit his own Purpos^^-jghest profits

KS^rSrh^;^^^^^^ out of the auestion.

. ■ +v,o makinff of an inventory of all
The first step is the maKing oi * g^j^^j^^

assets each year. Each man jus* 'na^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^
gfh^rrtlp. ^£v«1uch an a^o^.^^^^^^^^^^^
BTft&trVa?-^^f w^^^^^^^^ shipment of celery

came from. tv.qti'<4 curiosity in-

AS account-keeping progresses a man s ^cuno y
creases and he ^oon wants to^ know w^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^
which do not. ^^any vegetame g jj^jj^^ting unproftt-
^SopTttt'-elli't^^^^ -turns from the real
money makers. , , willinff to assist

I eoraSSSla"S;?^-^r..i hu,«ns

'" "Te^at" mal, other '^^•£fSi'.!S,^^°4
in connection with keepin! down the ~« ° /^^ines. prob-

F™ S ar? invXeS; in iketfnl Jv p.-oducts.

lems that aie mvuivc business

A third group of [acto^^rarbe su-lS^ under
side of the vegetable industry may American peo-

the term organization. We know tim^^ especially have al-
r,lp in ffeneral and the Ameucan idi i "^j „ his own af-

Says been individualists f^i",^ work B^t this has chang-
fSrs and not accustomed to team woik^K^^^ ^^^ .

A Ac 5» npoDle we are now nigmy "^^ farmer is now

^hts finaUy TSed the P-ce™ and the fame ^^^^
backing a vast movement that seem ^^^^ ^^^ ^-eferences
*See Market Growers Jouinal, Api^ - movement It

Erfte'JeSa.-wefrthC'o. other .a™e„ n,ay be

cared for. iroHpration has already

The American Farm ^ui-eau Fedeiatuni.^^^^^^^ ^^^

become so large and so actn^e that no

ovnpct to get much out ot n wiu » ^ j almost as

ffitely fnd -i.th a good f - ,°i SLfwith the Amencan

rniipVi of a proposition to pu^ ^i" * . .. ^g^, ^yith oon-

Farm BurLu^ederation as It IS to put ^t o^^^^ ^

^rpss The grain interests got D"sy ^ marketing prob-
Ke of 17 has been at woij^on the^S^am ^^^.^.

lem for months; the hvestocK v i- ^j^g soon and aie
of 15; the dairy people will have a ^^^.^ problems,

aoing to have a committee to looK a ^^^^^ j^.

IhTcanning People have a committee . ^^ demanding
er of these interests aie getting g^^^ ^^ attended to.
of the Farm Bureau that tneu v

Tf the veeetable gardeners of America do not very
soon devefop S macWry t« the pomt where they can
^n/thpciP thinffs they are going to lose out. The tarai Bui
^au^s ready andSng to do its part and we can figure that
ft Tsthfrarm Bureau Federation rather than our own or-
inizations «?at will do most of the work. It has the power
reSgs but the getting together is gomg to fall to us.

The same principle holds with reference to Stat^^"^^^^^^
ments. The Farm Bureau as an %^X Jphe Idea of pa d
iiist beffinning to develop m this State. Ihe laea oi ^ai"
mimblrship with farmers in actual control is just coming
H the vSble gardeners of Pennsylvama are going to get
serdle out of the Bureau they will have to go after it.
^Tonly way to get it is through orgamzation. The funda-
ine oniy wrtjf I.U 6 veeetable men all over the coun-

'^T^dTl^iS.teSitiri^^ county ot this State must
hvatrme^ns get into the Farm Bureau themselves, individu-
aUv If they wi 1 do this, giving their hearty support and
Su then make sure that the Farm Bureau realizes the na-
toe of S particular problems, this movement will yield
se^ice thit is far beyond anything we can imagine no^.
Thank you.

GOOD SEED

By Dr. Paul Work, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Seed to be suitable for use in vegetable production,
must^be ci able to germinate and true to ^^f-^^^-
The first two points are the occasion «f, ^f J»"le tioub c
Onr chief nroblems lie in connection with the thua. ine
?a"ctors included here not only affect the aniount a^d qualw
tfr^vf iha rrnn but thcv are also exceedingly ditncuix lo
gdge n'adZee tS are but two ways to know how
niant<5 from a civen lot of seed will perfoi-m. One is to
^S. a crop from a sample, holding the main lot for future
use The other is to know the perfomance of the paient

plants. .

Thus arises the question of judging plant performance,
romnaiatively few have trained themselves to see accurate-
fyTnTcomplL?nsively. Most obsei^ers - --^.^^J- o
rvf fl ninnt or croD and overlook others, it is necebbdiy t^
obseiS sysrematkally. In the plant we look for vigor of
^ow7h productiveness, disease resistance and time of niat-
^ftvalonKwith other points of greater or lesser import-
ancJ' In the product we seek, among other things color,
fom s ze quaHty and attractiveness. Elaborate note tak-

n?is out'of^?he question for most gardeners but the use of
pencil and pad, though very roughly and ^"efly, sei yes to

cinter attention on the points to be observed and it aids

no

the memory in making selections and in carrying on further

""^Having chosen good e^Xfu^f Skt'^'^^U^ro^^^^^

fhVsZetlS' ^IZJ^^l^^V^^
^ft Td theft, namely to save seed and to buy.

Saving seed offers certain great af antages-assurance
of pStale, selection for ones ow^^^^^^^^^^^^^
the sale of surplus seed. F"»\*iei, tnere i^
in developing improved strains On the otnei na ^ ^^
are required knowledge of Plants and skiU m juag g,
gether with much labor and S^kmg ^^^^ Muc^^^ .^ .^

^°1hrfo\-a%a?dener to produce onl^ a part of his own
SSeS\e foS his oVations to very few crops. It
is almost invariably necessary to buy some.

There can be no doubt but that many seedsmen are
endeavoring to give good sei^ice to grow m^^ .^ ^^^

any doubt but that sP'endio strains ois«
tride. T^e tmk >s to sepamte such sti ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^le

are not so good. The careiui anu i e gardeners who
to do this to a gieat degree. There are ™/ because they
enjoy good service from seed houses cmeny^^^ ^^^^ ^^^

know how to get It. Two oi ^f^^^^j^^^jn the first place,
help in this direction will "ot be amiss, in v ^ ^j.

it is necessary to be a discnminating buyer ine g ^^^
knows >yhich grocer recogi^izesquaMy and wn^^ ^^^^.
It is so in all business. It ^s worth wni developed a

ally acquainted with the seedsman in problems

mutual understanding of y?"r "eeds ana y^^^^ ^.^_

that is profitable to both. Most seea nou ^j^^j^ ^y

quested, n'^^t.on a stock numbei o^ ot^^ g^ ^^
which you can be sure oi seeu " ^ . ^^^ ^^^il-

next season if it is wanted If that same s ^^ ^^^^^

able, you may have the advantage ot sugges ^^ .^

stocks; with .information as to then lelative m ^.^^^^^^. ^f
generally well to seek tl^^eongma^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^._

tltTofma^t^in^Ta^^a^cTstock of that variety.

The question of price -seeds kcongantly coming UP^
The near-sighted buyer-and unfortunately ne s^ ^^^^
in large numbers-cares for nothin? but pnce^ ^^^^^^. .^
he realize that the cost of the seed is Dui ^^^^^^ ^^

the cost of the crop though it be vital in ^^

the crop. The wise buyer is wilhng to pay q^^^^^ ^.^_
does want to be sure he gets it. ine w p ggt^blish-
rnrpetZarrtlZr of cadTnfel^s! as in every other
business. ^^^

SOME IMPORTANT PROBLEMS FOR THE
VEGETABLE GROWER

By C R Orton, Professor of Plant Pathology,
The Pennsylvania State College.

The vegetable growei^^^k^^^^^^^^^
the point where they admit that J^f 'P "^^^h^ij^crops. In
trolling the diseases and insect pests of Jh^n <; P^., t^e
many places these factors have Jacom in^ec ^^ y ^^ ^^^^
limiting ones in successful pioduction j^ ^f any

three reasons for this ^ '*^°";:_^u^„y ^^^^ more

particular crop are ^preadmg continuauy ana ^^^ ^^

numerous i^py ,f ^^^Jiff^'^^'rinLrTs) the methods ot
veloping contmually *» f^^.^PP^^Jl^e ^t^^^^^^^ of unrelated
growing truck c^oP^J ^^L^Sn of parasites in the soil
plants has led to the i^XircroSs can no longer be grown
to such an extent that cemm 010^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^

successfully. These conmnons n j^^^^ ^een m-

different ways In most cases me pa .^ ^^^ ._

r„fe"ShrruS p&wS ^^^^^

the soil about the -ots -s f e^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^XS cases
Cre'suUs are usually the same-viz. the introduction of
parasites into a new region. t„ tv,p

By quality seed *5 J"*?" Jvitluty, productive, and pure
ganisms and 'n%«t^:f.5i*^sdSlt to obtain for there are
as to mixtures Sjh seed isdimc^^ the necessary infoma-
very few seed pioauceis wuu ua „,.nHiire it One con-
tion and expert assistance needed to pic^ducetu^^^ ^^^

cei-n, the Pedigreed Seed ^o- of "artsvine , ^^^^.^

staff of experts needed to pioducequaUys^^^^ ^^.^ ^^^

is a greater quantity of such seeo a .^^^^ ^^^^

vegetable growers to get it • ^ ^^^ ^^^^le grower can pro-
LThTo^wn^stl of thf c'^^^^^^^^ can be train-

ed to produce it for the grower.

In order to do this certain f-^d^XS'Xnhe
necessary and certain methods must be tol^o^^ea
first place the seed producers must have a ene
edge of the crop in question. He must be ao ^^^._

the symptoms of df ef «„'" *'^f:^i°^;e Vhe undesirable and
tain methods of selection to eliminate tne i ,^^^g

diseased plants Only t*^,«.'^ff:**'^in the else of such a
should be used for seed production, ^ntne c ^^

a^^ SSs^^uSrci ZraXthe seeds carefully

1 L^

examined for spotting^ Apparently heagiy Pl-ts^of^n
produce internally borne disease^ deeding or selection
parasites which P/rsif t in the soil ^^^^ f ^g ^^^^ be
Methods for the fevelopm^t of jesista^ p^^ ^^^^

SriJideSif £aslXl?orSi/h spraying during the

^Tf'terThT-growin. seasc. an^^^^^^^^^

harvesting, ripening, fe™«'^*\*^^LTakl^^^^ handl-

there are several pre^g<>^^^ {^Slttn Teed infestation by

fnfect 5 S InfS^^by di^ase.^^^^ _ ^^^^ ^^

like chestnut-bhght white-pine BUS ^^.^ country on

and many others have Bf/')„''„°"°' cation. The wide dis-
plants or plant parts "^ed in propagation. .^

Lmination of many vegetaWe diseases in ^^^^^^ ^.
traceable to mfected seed-e. g. c ^^^^ ^^^^^ rn

tomato diseases, cabbage diseases, oea^ witnessed the

diseases, etc. In the P^^t^^^So Europe. Australia and
spread of a senous tomato disease to ^uv^ shipment of
almost throughout North America tmoug vegetable

diseased seeds. We mustjaU ^J^lt g^d^^ ^y ^^„^^
growers can do this. , A coniereiu. ^.j^g seedsmen,

Is it can be arranged between the ^ow ^ ^^ ^.^^^
?he pathologists and the entomolog^^^^^^^ ^^^^ method of
these matters thoroughly and lormu accomplished

action for attacking the problem. It can ^^ ^^^.^^^
by such co-operation and the Dene enumerated.

i™LuKpeaf tHSy^So^e^of vegetables as well
as growers of other plants.

SOME SERIOUS .^^^^^^Xw^^^'Sia

of insects which are serious enemies j undoubted-

T^e number doing damage at c^^tem mte ^

ly would be many times two hunarea ^^.^^ ^ g^^^„

alone preclude mentioning of a" in ^^^ ^^^

SSrwI^^h^he^^-^^^^^^^^^ o^ ^"'^"^'^^- °^ *'^ ''^^^

- TplS^rtrin^^^^^^^^ are

the roots of imported iris The msect has |pr^ead. at^^an
S^ing rate At present it^sfoi^ndm^ ^^

an area of eighteen square mi^^m ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^jef
delphia. The insrt feeds on a nimo ^^^j ^^^^^ ^

of which are the leaves °f f^it ana developing silk is

is the principle vegetable att^Kea. ^^^ ^j^^ j^^^^i^

Tef rAra^w^ne r»t stag. Its attack .-

T^riod of from three tofour months.

Control Measures Employed

At present three lines of contrcj -e ^^fj ^^^^^ ^nown
areas of infestation are under a s^nctj^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^_
prevents the movement of crops gro^^^^^^gjj
out first undergoing an ""^f J^revent further spread by

rtliirtiSeca^of ?fe d4tS which the insect is able

*^ '^The developing of ^meartiMal means of ^controlling
the insect. Up to this time all Pmsonseun ^ ^^^
dust or Wquid have served onjy as a lep^ ^^^ ^^,i

Attempts are hemg made to deOT ^ j measure

not serve as a repellent Just now ^^^^^.^^ ^^ ^f

seems to be that of introduction o ^^^ ^^^ j^p^„

the beetle from Japan, ^^o iMuie j^ j^p^j^

leLching for the natura^ f^^^nce ^ a pest to growing
Sop?;TnVth^ s'ets^shZ that natural enemies hold it

in check in that country^ introduction is the European
Another recent m^f^ it, name inXates bores in com.
com borer. . This insect as ite name ^mca ^^^^^^.^^

In the vicinity of?<?f?I^'Sth|t the insect was brought
of sweet com. It is thought tn^ix ^ ^^^^

to this country in hioom com wmcn .^ this country

from Austria. It .^asfiist known ^ thoroughly estab-

in 1917 when the insect ^as touna to ^^ ^

lished over considerable temj^^yg^'^f the insect have been
Mass. Since that tin'^ °3^^^ County), and in

found in New York. Pennsylvania v ^^^ behavior of the
Canada near Lake Erie. J ud^ng ^ .^ , ^ ,

insect for the last two years in i ^^^^ frightful

that is a field corn P^^t it does not na _ ^^ g^^.

mien as it did when only ^ts behavior in i promises

114

, i. • 4-v.of Qvpn. and that we are to
the clean up ^X^S^^fof tWsTst^or a little longer,
be spared from the ravages oi u ^ the corn

Continuing the Ust of ins^^^^This^s a wfde spread in-
ear worm should be mentioned This^^s a w ^ ^^P

sect, doing harm in the «>"th to '^Sn. and others culti-
okra, pepper, egg plant, P^^Pf^'^ lays from five to six
vated and wild plants. *^ne lemd ^ ^^^^^ genera-
hundred eggs and there are piobab^y ^^^^^ ^^ control in
tions per yeai\^ The ;^^f^P':'ik with a mixture composed
com is to dust the dev^^oprng silk wit ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^

of fifty parts (by .^^^^g^fl^* This is the easiest applied
fifty parts of dusting sulphur. .^niSj .^^^ ^ethou

Sy means of a small hand duste w d ^^^ ^^^ ^^^

of course is to be «s«lXl\han ten acres. Tomatoes may
attempted on areas f«ater than ten ac ^^^ ^^^^ ^f

be protected with a 4-4-50 Boideaux to ^.,^ ^^^ts

S^^dered arsenate of lef Ja^ been ao ^^ ^^ p^U and
^hich may .s«-^%,f turn ud the ovei-wintering from (the
winter plowmg ^i" t^i^.^LoTed by natural enemies,
pupal) and many will Jf/,f;^,X to become a serious pest
The corn root aphis is hkely to o The msect

in plots which are put to com y^ai ai ^ ^^^^^ jts

is small and since its attack is be'ow tne g ^^^^^

S-Se may not always be noted^ ^'^^^LTcrop the same
of many individuals of this sP^cies^t The affected plant is
appearance as in a season of drought. ^^^ usually no

seldom killed outright but aiemuc .^^^^ feeds on the
pars are developed. ,l*esiae coiii cultivated

ro^ts of several of ^e wild^asses asj^^^ ^^^
asters and in the south on cotton. ^^^^^^ ^g

rotltion should be pract^ed. AU wi'd too^ P ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^
destroyed. Plowing should be aone » tting to a good
?hrg/ound cultivated sev^'^eTultivating befire planting
depth with a disk harrow^^^t^Hhe nests of the common
is important because it bieaKs up i. ^^ overwinter-

fieW ant which is responsible ^^^j^f ^ion of fertilizers to

will be mentioned ft this time ^ pj^nt

Insects Which Attack Tomato, roxz ^^

The Colorado potato beetk ai^ the three 1^ ^ ^^^
beetle are so well known that ^e^;'^."^^,f pounds of Arsen-
eive the usual control of two ana ot ^^^^ Poison in

ftlof lead in fifty gallons of a | 5 &u d ^^^ sprays, for

the foi-m of a dust "lay be "^^f'^^f addition of the poison

Tury^^'s^llS;^ T-X!^, ^ - ^»-- -' '''

plant. The beetle ^eeds on ^th tj. «pper ^

of the leaf causing ^V*^ *^^„f ""a gets its name from its
beetle is a smal black cieature and geis ^ ^

habit of jumpmg ^hen disturted. « ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^

poison sprays are <^ l^t^^ft^Bordeaux mixture are not
pest. Plants well c^^^rea wim ^^^ ^j^^ p^gven-

attacked and since Bordeaux snoma ^^^ properly

Ws mS SS? mie"?-m fiea-bett.e injury.

in comparatively recent y-^^^^^^^^ ^Sd

egg plants, "fttacklfby an outbreak of the pink and

plants, have been.»"*J?,P°^''Ltbreaks are somewhat local.
Ireen potato aphis. These outoreaKs a ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^1

Ind at times are quite seveie. wnen u astonish-

enemies this species is capable f >^cieasmg ^^^^

ing rate, and the Presence of a very lew o j^ ^^ ^^_
should occasion concern on t^^ part ot tn ogr d ^ ^^^ „„.
teck of the insect, for t^«™°^*Pf/Utice bemuse of this

derside of the leaves, may. fs*^?^^":, done To control
habit until after «^o"si^d«rable harm ^s do^^^^^^^^ ^^

through spraying should be done ^^^ ^^y^^^. nicotine

water to which Black V^ai 4u ^"' . . j^ ^gen added
Tulphate solution containing 407^ nicotine^ nas ^.^^ ^^^
at the rate of one to five hundred ot me .a ^^^

former. The spray should be applied throug^^ ^^^ ^^_

at right angle to the extension lod in o»° ^.^ .gg.

derside of the leaves "'^yXTaying should be repeated a
sure is an advantage, ^e spraying sn .^ ^^y

second time two or th»fi^^y|„fayi^g Attempt to make
be necessary to give ^.*"^1?PSs may feed on quite a
a complete clean-up. ,f ",f *y Cwing in fence corners
number of weed hosts all weeds g[°^ » ^^^ the breeding
and like places should be cut and tnus pi ^^^^

and subsequent migi-ation of the aphis non
to the cultivated crops.

For a number of years Plant Pf hologists and e^^^^^
molo^^sts were not sure of the cause of the mi uiy o^ J.

known as "tip burn. In *|/ggYnTury is caused by the
shown rather conclusively that this injuy ^^.^^ ^^^^

attack of the so-called apple leaf h«PP^. ig^f-hopper.

recently is come to be 1^"°^" If^g^^n weeds and migrates
This insect spends the sP^ng teemng on ^^^

to potatoes in June. As soon as the hopp« ^^^^^

potatoes they begin egg 'ax">|-4\^f characteristic "tip
a single hopper on a eaf ^i" stait tne c ^^^^ ^^^^

burn" and in caged plants Pai ts P otecteo ^ ^

"tip burn" while parts exposed weieattected. .j^^^,

is most iniurious in dry warn seasons and^^^ ^^^^^

Kn?d1ic1itoVcUSSeleaf-hopper. Again

116

Sly are enough to control the leaf-hopper.

Insects Injurious to Cabbage, Turnips, Radishes,
and Other Related Crops.

Probably the outstanding pest of this FOUP^S fie^ab-
bage root maggot The method of attack^s so^weU ^o^^^

that description is not "ff^^^^^^^at like the house fly in
maggots are «»«« which a^esome^^ ^^^^^^ ^^

trsX^nd iVsfm.^' Ae are three generations each
year and in favorable years a part of a fourth.

control of the cabbage root ma|got - -ther Jifflcult.
In small plantings of cabbage the plants may be p
by cutting one-ply tar paper ^ hexagons (six s^ ^^ ^^^

41/2 inches in diXt^theti and from the center five
comer of the card to the ceniei, d^ ^^jj^^.

short cuts should be made to JoP" a ^^^ Ve outer edge

about the plant when the card »s m piat«.

of the card should fit closely to soil to pi ev^^^^^ ^^^

creeping under and thus reading the plant, u

card will be of no service if the plants are inies ^^^^^^^

the cards are n place, ^ence seed beds snoma

by covering with cheese cloth to P'«^^"Ve plantings many

ing eggs on the young Plant?- J,Vg off the adult before

growers have been successful m kiinngo" ^.^.^^^

Igg laying with a PO|son bait. The fomma ^^

to the one employed ^ the control oii^ ^^^^^^^

is prepared as follows Sodium arseniie o Orleans

one-fourth ounce, bo'lmgw^^er one gallon d^ ^^

molasses one-half P'nt chopped radishes^ *" T^e bait is best
should be added and be allowed to so^k^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^_

applied by sprinkling about over me v ^^^.^^

ers in rather coarse drops by aid of a whisk moo ^^^^ ^^

nozzle on a hand sprayer. No attempt snou^

cover the plants. The P«'ft t«.fJ^ ^ and all that is need-

SrrhSh\tot^:^so^p3r^%he Aies may readily

'"' C:rbr acid 'emulsion is more or less successful in

trouble to the grower of the plaints o^ me ca ^^^^^.^^^

Because »« f « ffi^^h^feeSg inse^ts'^ause the leaves
coupled with the fact tna.t leeaiiis Nicotine sulphate

to curl, make the control rather dithcmt ^^

and fish oil soap m ^at^J >« *^^^^^ Rather

application should be q"it| t';*^'^"^^^ ^ advantage. Some
high pressure m the spiay pump

recent work done in Cali« is the use of^an l«na^
Sir h?gh rfsCrS^thod may be further de-

^^'";o; the .reen cabba.e wo^^r^^son^^^^^^^^^^

be used on the growing P^^*"*^" "^te ^ lead to fifty gal-
or two pounds of ^^JL^ered arsenate oi ^^ ^^^^^^

U>ns of water shoud be used 01 the p^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^.„,j,

Sie^of rpoion'S rm^ore of the carrier.

insects Attacking Cucumbers. Melons and Squash

The striped cucumber ^-'''JlC^''^^^e^utt^^^
most serious pest of this f oup "^P'^^^eloping young feed

SmSXn.^ rth^lin^ t0^- ove^^^^^^^^^
S^als make their Xb^f'^e control of the cucumber
cultivated crops aje v Protection of the young plants by
beetle is a difficult task. Pi*>teciion " frames like

covering with cheese ^ifth covers placed o ^^^^^^ ^^

thit made from a barrel hooP c«t m t^o a ^^.^^^^^

IrouiS with bows crossing ft the *0P. oi q^ .^^^^^ ,
^'ade by nailing four boards fou teen o^^^ ^^^^ ^, are used m
and six inches wide togethei . rie ^^ ^^ t^ken

restaurants to cover food ^ay oe An excess

these covers may be used toi seveiai diiferent

S seed should be planted and the gant^^^^^^ ^^.^ ^^^ ^^^^

intervals of time, ^at^r the excess op ^^ squash and
Where cucumbers is the cioP trap ^^ ^^^^^^.^^ ^^^^^^
gourds may be successfully used ^ei ^.^^^^nts should
Ire of service in control of the beeUe l. P ^^^^^ . ^^^^^

be promptly removed. ^^"^^'^^^ Encourage rapid growth of
use of trap crops as men^oned. ^nco | ^^^ ^^

Sve^Ce ?owi ?oS- as to^^^^SoSfn-

from attack. ^ ,^ ^ a oil nvpr this country.

The squash bug i?,,f ^^f tt '^-S c^^^^
Both the young and adult attack tne gi ^^^l of this

^in cultural "lethods n,a <io much^in ^apid growth : crop
pest. The use of tertihzei s w p ^^^j^ ^^^j^^e the

rotation; and clean fa"^™' re advisable. Recently the
destruction of crop remants ^^e adv> „ ^f ^ater

be trapped under looseboard-t ng^^t ,»^i|7aS

'^ %T£loToru^u^Kr ^^^^

of a considerable loss .^^^^^^^^ £^^lng lines Small
for the appearance of the pest on^ 'j^ ^y^^^^ fu^es or
vines may be^sucwssfully fumigatea^w^ ^^^j j^ gd,

with carbon bisulphide. Jf the last nam ^^^^ ^^

^e at the rate of one teaspoonf ul^ * shaHow dish and put
space. Place the required a™>"St^r' ^I^dges of the cover
tSf dish under the cover See that^ ge^.^^^j^ „f ^^lue only
used fits closely to the grouna.ru. s ^ trained

on small plots. Large fields shouW have ^ ^^

plants for this aphis. growing vines. The Squash

Two borers may attack the grow „j^ ^

vine borer seems most <^estructive lo removed by

found in small plantings the larvM snou ^^des on

cutting out. Covering the ■«ne at wo the vine by the
?he tip side of the cut mil f^e^^^tly sa ^^^^ ^^^^cks not

forming of new root The '^P'^r^^sh, but also a very long
only cucumbers, melons, and squasn^ d ^^^^^ ^^

Sst of hosts both cultivated and ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^tack is to
migrate frorj weeds to c»ltivatea cro gvention is

Lt^^T^htd^s^^rSlon^'rth^T^^^^^^ neighboring the culti-
vated field. Attacking The Onion

ures The poison bait given for the com substituted

maggot should be used, *«PPed up onwn tj^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^
for the radish or cabbage .Jes^de sprinkUng^^^^^ ^^^^
a^S SSIo5\?p"^ti^ntlld b^e repeated once each

-%e onion thnps P-duces a — ^^^^^^^^

hUftt" "silver top" and ^nicknecK. .^^^ ^ attacks

^3 in size (about one-tenth -im length ^^

the plant by sucking the 3Uices iiu unung of areas of the

of a great number b""g^.t^ This thrip" has a large num-

outer layers of the ho^t^f|evSl vegetable crops. Onions

hpr of hosts which includes severdi v » . . g <,{ pnme

are hardest hit Clean methods o^cultur^^^ ^^^^^

fmportance in the matter of conti oiling ^^

should be promptly destroyed n planting other

should be burned soon aftei harvest tatoes, beets, or

host plants near omons. Rotate ci op f-

spinach. Stoulate -P^J^^rfulptS^ Sol^^^^
"sets" are used dip in "^9^^''?? f "'Xhate spray with soap
week before planting. Nicotine suipnaie^sp

added is a -^^<^f^^^:^ilZf'^j!lTmlin&i and a fine

^ofgun !sT"b:^^-™tl'^^^ over Lge areas.

Pea and Bean Insects
-n.e pea wee^^l and the bean -ev^^^e separate sped^^
but attack their hosts m much the |ame j^ay. ^^^^.^

weevil continues to breed if ^ry beans wnie v ^^^._
is unable to breed m dry Peas-JThe control ^s ^n ^^ ^^

gation of the infested material with carDon oi|, J^. y^^

fhe rate of one-half V^^^nXture k between 60 or 70
should be done when the temp«ratur«^^^^^^^^^^ .^ ^^.^^

decrees Farhenite. ^are buuuiu i^ ^- i.,,„pj, ^f the carbon

henite and maintain at that tempwature oi « .^

terial intended for seed "Jf y b^.f^^^^i^ *4^\*|S degrees Far-
cold water and cautiously heating up xo iw " b

SriincrcU^?™ -%rf ^^^^^^ host it is
well to avoid planting peas near clover fields.

Insects Attacking Asparagus

The common asparagus beetle ^s the most de^^^^^^^^^^^^^
the insects attacking aspai^gus^ The spmes is oi P^^^

origin and is now distributed over all umwa ^^^

eggs are laid in^^^ly Spring by the female in .^ ^^^^
generations each year. Where cutting oi h ^^

every two or three days the eggs win noi i
hateh. Trap plants or rows may be lef^ in the hejd^^

-Xnfon^atrS^K^^^

IvfnTuf of^Utr feXafeVu^twill destroy the

^*'^^' Cut Worms, Wire Worms and White Grubs-
Pests of Many Crops

The cut worms are the larval ox;^;^^rm f^e„° ^^1^^
ber of night flying moths. T?ffJ°^l eg in length. The

ss?r ss'sffi vr.^ s,rts «i"^ t

or ™.» board. pl^Sl »«" 'rf^^r^jS,' to'and tS

as a protection. J^ ^greenhouses tne gr^^

RT*8.n ,..••••••••*•**** " J

Paris "gireen or white arsenic. ... 1 pound

Molasses o fmit*

Orates or lemons . . . .^^j^. • .^3^f-ts

Mix the bran and poison together while dry, add the
moli (stock.or OrleLs) and mix to af iff Pa^;^ Jhe

above artClv%rr"?he^ouS in *e evening, or the
broadcast thinly over xne »^"""^,, ^Kio^fQ ^^rattered over

£?ts.™/uE^s?"-rbr«rr^"™„rry»«n.

* wTre west's' me K s^^' «»' ^e?"

b-ass roots, but when grass '^"<* '^ P-'f^^^^jantld Potatoes,
Id crop the larvae will feed on the crop P^^ntea ^^^

carrots, turnips, beans. ^'^^/'^"T^art Short crop rota-
control is preventive /.or^the most part^ ^no p^.^ .^
tion Perio/s and Planting to p^a^ or^^^^^^ ^^^^^^

?n Pari! Ii^en anHa'rtly buried may be used as a poison

''''^■White grubs are the larval or worm f^age^ of^ tWune

beetle These larvae ^^?/^"/ar^rootS^ and when pres-
ment to adults, ^"e laivae die i« Potatoes and

ent in any large numbers will do much ham^^ ro
corn are probably hardest hit by the at^CKo ^^^

There are no direct methods o* f ij-^^i^e af they are able
a great number and poultry w^^^^^^^ ^^^j^g to

to reach. Crop rotation .snoum " ^ numer-

some closely P^^^ted crop in years when g^ubs ^^^^^

reffeSettJ^ngirtffcrn^^^^^^^^^^^

raSSr »rt fe^^^^^ a^ the time of
flight which is about the first of June.

Enemies Other Than Insects

Slugs are closely -{atf Jo -^^^^^^

resented by a small Pjf ^-'^^^jf'^^Xs'n tomatoes, potato
seasons these creatures may «at^js ^^^^^^

SS; letSe." caSge: o^ferTops as seedlings may be

1<!1

iniured. To control use the P«J«°\SVhitf arsenic has
worms Slices of potatoes "P^n ^^ich jtut .^

been sprinkled will serve as a bmt ^^ ^^ ^^^vice.

to repel Aff^f^pt dry will Wll the creatures.
Hydrated hme if kept f ly w ^^^

Several species of millipeds may be 10 .^ ^^

about vegetable gardens^ Jrops^ Potetoes may at times
sprouting, seeds *nd root crops. ^^^^^^.y ^ ^ as-
be badly mjured. ^heie are no ^^ trap them,

ures. Small Pieces of boards may d g^^^ g^^h

suits. ,. . _ .„„„ :_ an incomplete way

The foregoing di«^"^^>°"S|ct enemies of the vege-
something of the more common msect ene ^^^^^ that much
table grower. In conclusion « snomu ^tain cleanup

Say be done ininf^ct^nd disease ^ontij^i^^^^^^^^ ^^
measures are J. oHowed ^e promp ^.^^ ^^.^ n»T"w
refuse, destruction of J^eeds, ana crop ^^^ ^^ f

every grower can ^^"XSte ou^rea^^-^^^^u" u?"t
what may happen. Ai\*l"Pr^ "" t as he may be able to
with your county ^gricultuial ag, as ^^

give information of some approac^^^^ ^^^^

by^Se -K^Sf an7information as you may
desire. Use them.

122

END OF YEAR