Author: State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania

Title: Proceedings of the State Horticultural Association
of Pennsylvania... 1923

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1923

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg229.6

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

STATE HORTICULTURAL

ASSOCIATION OF

PENNSYLVANIA

-/

SIXTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING
HELD IN HARRISBURG
JANUARY 23-25. 1923

State Horticultural Association
of Pennsylvania

OFFICEBS AND COMMITTEES FOR 1923

President: C. Arthur Greist Guernaoy

First Vice President: H. C. Brinton Hanover

Second Vice President: S. R. Huey .... New Castle

Secretary: S. W. Fletcher State College

Treasurer: Edwin W. Thomas - - - - King of Pniasia

VEGETABLE GROWERS' SECTION

Third Vice President: W. H. Weinschenk, Chairman • New Castle
Secretary: W. B. Nissley State College

EXECUTIVE BOARD

The above oflficers, and all Presidents of County Horticultural Soci-
eties affiliated with the State Association.

STANDING COMMITTEES

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

P. S. Fenstermacher, Allentown, Chairman
C. J. Tyson, Flora Dale L. M. Marble, Canton

EXHIBITION COMMITTEE

F. N. Fagan, State College, Chairman
H. F. Hershey, Hamburg Paul Hoffman, Gettysburg

F. J. Heacock, Bedford B. T. Criswell, Chambersburg

MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE

H. A. Schantz, Allentown, Chairman
Paul Thayer, State College G. F. Reiter, Mars

Willis A. Hess, Mt. Alto C. A. Wolfe, Gardner

GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE

B. D. Anthony, State College, Chairman
Peter R. Boltz, Lebanon F. H. Fassett, Meshoppen

W. O. Bingham, St. Thomas J. S. Walker, Westtown

— 3 —

SPECIAL COMMITTEES

PEACH YELLOWS COMMITTEE

R. T. Criswell, Chambersburg, Chairman
Levi Myers, Siddonsburg L. H, Grossman, Oaks

W. S. Adams, Aspers J. M. Balthaser, Wernersville

CROP ESTIMATES COMMITTEE

John C. Schmidt, York, Chairman
Sheldon Funk, Boyertown P. R. Taylor, Harrisburg

GAME LAWS

Referred by the President to the Legislative Committee

JOINT COMMITTEE ON STANDARDIZATION OF PACK

Chester J. Tyson, Flora Dale, Chairman
R. J. Gillan, St. Thomas W. E. Grove, York Springs

— 4 —

CONSTITUTION

Article 1. — Name and Object. The name of this organ-
ization shall be The State Horticultural Associaton of Penn-
sylvania. Its object shall be to foster and encourage the devel-
opment of horticulture in the State of Pennsylvania.

Article 2. — Membership. Any person may become an
Annual Member of this Association by paying two dollars
($2.00) to the Secretary, such memberhip to expire on the
first day of the following annual meeting, unless renewed.
Any one paying twenty dollars ($20.00) to the Secretary at
one time shall be entitled to Life Membership. Persons of
distinguished merit in horticulture may be elected to Honor-
ary Membership for the current year, by a majority vote of
the members present at any regular meeting.

Members of County or local Horticultural Societies shall
be granted membership in the State Association under the
following conditions:

(1) The County, Local or District Society shall have
at least fifteen paid up members, and shall hold at least one
meeting a year.

(2) The Secretary of the County, Local or District Soci-
ety shall remit to the Secretary of the State Association annu-
ally one dollar for each member before January 31 of each
year which shall be their dues in the State Association for
the year.

(3) The Secretary of the County, Local or District Soci-
ety shall transmit to the Secretary of the State Association
annually, at the call of the State Secretary, a list of its officers
and members together with a brief report of its work, particu-
larly of those matters that are of general interest to the
Horticulturists of the State.

(4) The State Horticultural Association shall publish
these reports in its Proceedings which shall be distributed to
the membership of those County, Local or District Societies
that have complied with these provisions.

Article 3. — Officers. The officers shall consist of a Presi-
dent, three Vice Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer, all
of whom shall be elected by ballot at each annual meeting, to
hold office for one year or until their successors shall be
chosen, except that the retiring Socretary shall edit the report
of the annual meeting at which his successor is elected. No one
may serve as President for more than two consecutive terms.
These elective officers shall constitute an Executive Board in
conjunction with an additional indeterminate number of Vice
Presidents whose names shall be announced by the Secretary
at the annual election of officers. These Vice Presidents shall
be the regularly elected Presidents of any Cou'ity Associations,

— 5 —

organized in Pennsylvania for horticultural purposes, whose
Constitution is approved by the Executive Board, and whose
income from annual membership dues during the preceding
year was not less than ten dollars ($10.00). In order to secure
admittance to this Board, the Secretary of such County Asso-
ciation shall certify to the Secretary of the State Association
that the applicant has been duly elected to serve as their
President for the current year and shall also submit a statement
showing number of members and amount of dues paid for the
preceding year. All officers must be members of the Associa-
tion in good standing at the time of their election and shall
assume their duties at the close of the meeting at which they
were elected.

Article 4. — Quorum. Twenty-five (25) members of the
Association and five (5) members of the Executive Board shall
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.
^ Article 5. — Standing Committees. The following Stand-
ing Committees shall be appointed by the President to serve
during his teiTO of office : A Committee on Legislation, to con-
sist ot three (3) members; a Committee on Exhibitions, to con-
sist of five (5) members ; a Committee on Membership, to con-
sist of one (1) member from each County in the State show-
ing evidence of horticultural activity, and a General Fruit
Committee, consisting of one from each County represented,
with a general chairman of the whole, each member of the
General Fruit Committee to have the privilege of appointing
two assistants. ^ ^f ^

Article 6. — Annual Meeting. The Annual Meeting of
this Association shall be held during the month of January in
each year, at such time and place as the Executive Board shall
deteraune. The regular meetings of the Association shall be
closed to all persons, except paid-up members of the Associa-
tion, speakers, delegates from associations outside of Pennsyl-
vania, all ladies, and the minor sons of members.

Article 7. — Amendments to the Constitution. This Con-
stitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the mem-
bers present at any annual meeting, provided such amendment
shall have been presented to the Secretary in writing at least
sixty (60) days prior to time of holding the annual meeting,
and by him referred to all members in connection with the
announcement of said meeting.

BY-LAWS

Article 1. — Duties of the President. The President shall
be the executive officer of the Association and of the Executive
Board, and shall preside at all meetings of either body desig-
nating one of the Vice Presidents to serve in his stead when

— 6 —

necessarily absent. He shall pass upon all bills and accounts
of the Association before they are ordered paid by the Secre-
tary; he shall appoint all delegates to other associations and
all special and standing committees of the Association unless
otherwise ordered.

Article 2. — Duties of Vice Presidents. The Vice Presi-
dents shall serve on the Executive Board and any one of them
may be called upon by the President or the Executive Board
to assume the duties of the Chair at any meeting. They shall
also actively represent the Association in its various lines of
work in their respective counties.

Article 3. — Duties of the Secretary. — ^The Secretary shall
be the recording, corresponding, and accounting officer of the
Association and of the Executive Board; he shall incur no
expenditure of a large or doubtful character without the sanc-
tion of the Business Committee ; he shall secure the written
approval of the President on all bills or claims against the
Association before drawing his order on the Treasurer for the
payment thereof; he shall attend all meetings of the Associa-
tion and of the Executive Board and shall keep a faithful
record of their proceedings; he shall sign all certificates of
membership and all Diplomas and Certificates of Merit,
awarded by the Association. All money received by him shall
be promptly paid to the Treasurer. He shall have charge of
the Association's books and papers and shall be responsible to
the Board for all property placed in his charge ; he shall be the
custodian of the Seal of the Association, and shall have author-
ity to affix same to documents when needful ; he shall seek by
all suitable means to secure the fullest announcement of the
meetings of the Association in this State, as well as in adjacent
States, when such shall be found desirable. It shall also be
his duty, yearly, to prepare for publication, the Annual Report
of the Association, together with such other matter as he shall
deem proper, he being aided in the selection of such matter by
an advisory committee of the Executive Board. As recom-
pense, the Secretary shall receive all necessary expenses, and
such salary as may be determined by the Executive Board.

Article 4. — Duties of the Treasurer. All the funds of
the Association shall be paid into the hands of the Treasurer;
he shall disburse the moneys of the Association that shall come
into his hands only upon order of the Secretary, countersigned
by the President; he shall keep the moneys received by the
Association for Life Memberships as a distinct fund, and shall
invest the same under the advice and direction of the Execu-
tive Board, applying only the interest accruing thereon to the
purpose of the general fund. Immediately upon assuming his
office and before entering upon his duties, he shall execute to
the Associaton an official bond with sufficient securities condi-
tioned for the safe-keeping and disbursement of the moneys of

the Association, and for the proper f- f arge rf g>e^rt^^^
duties of his office, in such sum »« shall be spec.nea y
Executive Board, the P>-\"^>r„rwTS approval of the Pres-
Association. This bond *«" 'tf^^.^gter^fary Immediately
ident, and shall be deposited ^t^t^^.^^^l'T^To the Executive
preceding the annual meeting, he shall «"bmUt**;f ^o^ey that
Board a written report «h°^'"S ^^^ "X year the sources
shall have come into his hands du™^g the year „^ ^^de of
from which it has been derived »f the/l'spos ^^^^^

the same. This statement shall be pubiisnea in
Report of the Association.

» *• i„ t; nnties of the Executive Board. The Execu-

agement of the afEairs of the f^f ""^"OT' , ^^^ management
and place of the Annual J>ieeiin„ u o ^etarv under the

?ute a BuS™ess Committoo for the year, and «?/>" ^^\*'^,^'^^
Wo^arv and Treasuror may not serve ; and it shall submit to
KnnuarMelling. through the Secretary such -PO^t "P-
the condition, general interests, and prospects »* fhe Assoc.a
tioT, as it shall iudge necessary or expedient. All important
measures sha be submitted to tins Board, but may, by the
Board! be resubmitted to the Association for recommendations.

Article 6 - Duties of the Business Committee It shall
he the duty of the Business Committee, upon application of
the Secretary during the recess of the Executive Board to
advise "Uhhm as xl the expediency of making any contem-
Dlat^ ,t questionable expenditure for which occasion may
arie during sueh recess. The Business Committee shall also
audit the accounts of the Secretary and the Treasurer just
prior 1-0 the annual meeting and submit written reports of its
findings to the Executive Board.

Article 7 —Duties of the Standing Committees. (D The
Committee on Legislation shall inform itself in regard to such
exS laws as relate, to the horticultural interests of the

— 8 —

«;tfttP and brine the same to the attention of the Association,
S the^ame™ reporting any additional legislation which ,m
their judgment is desirable; when so directed by the Associa.
ion, it shin cause to be introduced into the State Legislature
such bills as may be deemed necessary and shall aid or oppose
any bills introduced by others which directly or indirectly
affect the interests of the fruit grower.

(2) The Committee on Exhibitions shall suggest from
time to time such methods and improvements as may seem to
them desirable in conducting the exhibitions of the Associa-
tion, as well as other fruit exhibitions throughout the State,
and with the assistance of the Executive Board shall arrange
the premium lists, and have charge of all the exhibitions of the
Association.

(3) The Committee on Membership and Expansion, with
the cooperation of the County Vice Presidents shall bring the
work of the Association to the attention of fruit growers
throughout the State, and by such means as they deem best,
strive to increase the membership.

(4) The General Fruit Committee shall carefully and
thoroughly investigate the subject of fruit culture in gen-
eral Each local committee of three shall collect such useful
and' interesting information in relation to the subject as may
be in their power, and embody the same in monthly reports,
to be made to the general chairman ; such reports to be by him
examined and embodied in his annual and semi-annual reports.

Such other standing Committees may be created by the
Executive Board from time to time, as in its discretion may
seem desirable or necessary.

All standing committees shall report to the Annual Meet-
inff in January, any information of value to the Association
or its members, that may have come to their knowledge during
the year, as well as any scientific theories, deductions or facts
that in their opinion may be useful in advancing the object for
which the Association is laboring.

Article 8. — Nomenclature. The Association shall adopt
the nomenclature of the American Pomological Society.

Article 9 —Amendments to By-Laws. Amendments or
additions to these By-Laws may be made by a majority vote
of the Executive Board at any meeting, but if objection shall
be made, the same shall ''lie upon the table" till the next regu-
lar meeting of the Board. These By-Laws, or any one or more
of them, may be suspended for the time, by order of a majority
of all the members of the Association present and voting. A
proposition in the general meeting of the Association for an
amendment or addition to these By-Laws shall be referred to
the Executive Board for consideration and decision, but the
Association may submit therewith its advice or request.

— 9 —

OPENING SESSION

Wednesday Morning, January 24th

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS

S. W. FUQTCHEB, State College

Our program is full of interesting and timely topics.
Numerous questions have been submitted by our members for
discussion. We are bound to consider all of these, even
though briefly, before the meeting closes. It is evident that
the presiding officer will have difficulty in carrying out the
program unless everybody remembers that ** Brevity is the
soul of wit". Hence it is incumbent on me, at the very begin-
ning of the meeting, to set a good example and join the ranks
of "Five-Minute-Men".

Membership. — The Association has made progress during
the year, especially in membership. The present membership
is 620, a gain of 110 over the membership of a year ago. Most
of the increase has been derived from County Horticultural
Societies, in accordance with the plan of affiliation adopted at
the last annual meeting. Five county societies — Adams,
Franklin, Lancaster, Berks and Chester-Delaware have affili-
ated and paid dues to the State Association for their entire
membership. Berks has voted favorably, but has not paid
dues. York, Lebanon, Lawrence, Wyoming, Cumberland,
Lackawanna, Perry and Wayne are thinking about it. Move-
ments to organize County Societies are under way in Luzerne,
Bedford, Beaver and several other counties. The five county
societies already affiliated have a combined membership of
260, over 160 of whom have never been members of the State
Association before. The advantages of affiliation, both to the
County Societies and to the State Association, are so obvious
that there is bound to be a steady increase in membership from
this source. I predict that the State Association will have
1,000 members by 1924.

Finances. The finances of the Association are on a sub-
stantial basis. There is a balance of over $900 in the treasury,
after paying all bills, including the bill for the last Proceed-
ings, which was one of the largest and best that the Associa-
tion has ever published. For many years the Association was
burdened with debt, and its usefulness was greatly impaired
thereby. We are out of debt now, and must see to it that we
stay out.

It is evident that there is little prospect of securing a
State appropriation, as do the Horticultural Societies of prac-
tically all of our neighboring States except New York. Very
well, we shall go ahead, pay our own way, and take pride in
doing so. This means, however, that we must have a large
membership. Members of County Societies pay only one dol-

— 10 —

lar, instead of two, so that 1,000 members does not mean a
$2,000 income; but we covet their cooperation and interest
more than their dollars.

The largest item of expense is the printing of the Proceed-
ings which amounted to about $600 this year. There is room
for a very considerable saving here through the inclusion of
more advertising matter. Now that we have 600 members and
are on the way to having 1,000, we are in a position to make
our annual report an attractive field for the advertising of
horticultural supplies. In order to make this proposition int-
eresting to dealers, the Report must be distributed before the
season opens, certainly by April fifteenth. Printers' strikes
and other vexatious delays prevented an earlier distribution
this year.

Quarterly Publication. I recommend, also, that steps be
taken, as an economy measure, to secure second class postage
rates for the publications of the Association, these to be issued
quarterly, under the title, ** Pennsylvania Horticulture" as
follows : In March, the Annual Proceedings ; in June, a two-
page sheet, giving plans for the Summer Meeting, and other
timely notes ; in September a two-page sheet, giving the pre-
mium list of the fruit show, and other timely notes ; in Decem-
ber, the program of the annual meeting. This would save
money, and also keep the members in touch with the associa-
tion between annual meetings, lack of which has been one
of our greatest handicaps thus far.

Summer Trip. The Summer Trip of the Association,
through some of the best orchards of New Jersey, was taken
by about fifty of our members and was very much worth while.
We are under obligation to the New Jersey fruit growers, and
to the officials of the New Jersey State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station and Extension Service, for their courtesies. A
smaller group visited the Central Packing Houses of Western
New York, in September. Definite interest in the organization
of central packing houses in at least three points in Pennsyl-
vania may be traced to that trip.

I suggest that the Association trip next summer be in the
western part of the state, say in Lawrence and adjacent coun-
ties. Many excellent horticultural enterprises are developing
there which I feel sure would interest our members fully as
much as a trip outside the state. Moreover, we ought to have
a larger membership from the Pittsburgh district and this is
the best way to get it. It would be desirable to have at least
a half day meeting, for discussion of timely topics, in connec-
tion with the inspection trip.

Premium List. At a meeting of the Directors of the Farm
Products Show, your representatives urged a revision of the
premium list that would offer greater inducements to exhibi-
tors. The premiums were accordingly increased very mate-

— 11 —

rially and a class for exhibits by County Horticultural Socie-
ties was added, carrying the attractive premiums of $100, $75,
and $50 for first, second, and third premiums respectively. In
order to secure these increases, we were obliged to assure the
Directors that they would bring out a much larger display
than heretofore, and it was also necessary to provide that
apples winning first premium shall become the property of
the Farm Products Show. We trust that the fruit show of
this year will justify our arguments and our faith.

This has not been a '*boom year*' in Pennsylvania horti-
culture, taking the state as a whole, but one thing is certain,
the fruit growers and gardeners of Pennsylvania have come
through these years of depression and deflation with as good
heart as any of their competitors, and better than most of
them. Our industry is on a substantial basis. We know that
the average of all the years, fat and lean will be fair to the
man who does his work well.

BECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN ORCHARD SPRAYINO

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

A. FREEMAN MASON, Extension Specialist in Horticulture,
Now Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J.

No phase of horticulture is more intensely interesting than
the constant battle waged by the fruit-growers against the
ever-increasing army of orchard and garden pests. The liter-
ature dates back hundreds of years, yet even as it was written
attacks of newer insects, and more modern methods of control
made it out of date. Human warfare has advanced from the
stone and sling and spear of the ancient host to the present
day gun and super-dreadnaught. The fruit-grower has ad-
vanced from the whisk-broom and syringe to the modem high-
power park sprayer and the aeroplane duster. A comparison
of the materials used shows progress just as marked.

The Beginning of Spraying. Until the value of Paris
green as an insecticide was discovered, between 1860 and 1870,
and Bordeaux mixture in 1882, the spray materials were made
chiefly from vile-smelling or evil tasting substances. Cow
manure, urine, and vinegar were then three bulwarks in the
growers defence, and even to this day we find occasional
growers using cow manure and clay as a dressing for grafting
or pruning wounds. From Paris green have developed our
present arsenates, while Moxdeaux mixture is still used. Sul-
phur in various forms has been used for more than one hun-
dred years. The first manufacture of commercial concentrated
lime-sulphur is attributed to a French gardener named Grison,
m 1851, although an Englishman claims to have used it in 1845.

— 12 —

The greatest steps in spraying have come with the advent
of some serious pest. The San Jose Scale is perhaps the out-
standing example of this. Appearing first in 1871, at San
Jose, California, it spread East with nursery stock shipments,
and became serious in the East about 1890. From that time on
it raged all over the country. Whole orchards were wiped out.
Millions of dollars of damage was done. It drove thousands
out of the fruit business. It reduced one great Jersey peach
district, where 7,000,000 trees were planted, to a general farm-
ing section. But it forced growers to spray generally and
thoroughly. It made the necessity of large-capacity power
outfits apparent. The first power sprayer appeared in 1894,
a clumsy steam outfit, capable of developing 100 to 150 pounds
pressure, and of running two leads of hose.

Recent Improvements in Apparatus. Of late years the
constant increase in the number of sprays to be applied, the
development of large commercial orchards, as compared with
the farm orchards which had hitherto supplied so much of the
fruit, and the low margins of profits, have concentrated the
efforts of both growers and manufacturers toward reducing
labor and time in spraying. The most notable advances have
been the increase in the capacity of power sprayers, the devel-
opment of beter water supplies, the spray-gun, and the dusting
machines. The orchard sprayer unit is now about 30 acres.
For this acreage at the present time a 200 to 300 gallon tank,
4 horse-power engine, and a pump with a possible discharge
rate of 12 to 15 gollons per minute through two leads of hose,
is needed. When larger orchards have but one sprayer, the
margin of safety is correspondingly smaller.

The location and extent of the water supply is also impor-
tant. Large storage tanks, holding enough for a day's spray-
ing are frequently placed at convenient spots in the orchard,
with gravity flow to the spray tanks. Perhaps supply wagons
carry the water from the supply to the sprayers. In occa-
sional places in the far west they have gone to the extreme of
piping whole orchards so that the spray, mixed and pumped
at a central place, is forced directly into the orchard, to
faucets between every fourth to eighth tree in every fourth to
eighth row, from each of which from 16 to 64 trees may be
sprayed with one lead of hose. One cannot help but wonder
about the expense of such a scheme, and what will happen to it
in the next few years when dusting is perfected, and is in
general use.

The Spray-Gun. The spray-gun is perhaps the best known
and most important spraying invention in the past decade. It
came into instant popularity. Short, light,, with a type of
stream and rate of flow that is easily adjustable, and a very
large capacity, its boosters claimed great things for it, and
justly so. In the right hands, under the right conditions, it

— 13 —

is most effective. But it has its drawbacks. The heavy stream,
if not cautiously used, may injure foliage, and unless sufficient
power is used it will not give sufficient coating in the tops of
the trees to get control.

At the Council Bluffs meeting of the American Pomologi-
cal Society, Leroy Childs, superintendent of the Hood River,
Oregon, Experiment Station, discussed the spray-gun. His
conclusions were that to give satisfactory results the spray-gun
must discharge from five to seven gallons of material per min-
ute, at a pressure of from 300 to 325 pounds at the nozzle;
(325-350 at the pump), and that to get that capacity at that
pressure a V, to Vm inch aperture must be used in the disc.
When the pressure was reduced, or the volume of discharge
cut by using a smaller aperature in the disc in order to use the
gun on a smaller machine it was found that the effectiveness
of the gun was greatly reduced, lowering the control of cod-
ling moth in one experiment on that portion of the tree between
the ground and 12 feet to 3.5% wormy fruit, and to 17.8%
on the portion of the tree above 12 feet, compared with even
control all over the tree where the standard capacity gun was
used.

Deficiencies of the Spray-Gun. This means that only on
our largest sprayers can two spray-guns be used. To carry
two guns such machines must be running at full capacity and
at full efficiency. From personal observation among the fruit
growers during the last eight years, I believe that only about
50% of the sprayers used are running efficiently and at full
capacity. Leaky pistons, lack of power, engine trouble, etc.,
all contribute to lower the efficiency of sprayers. Furthermore,
many of the machines are far too small to carry two spray
guns at the required pressure and volume. On such machines
only one gun can be used practically. Is there any saving of
time and expense of spraying when only one gun can be used
on a machine? Would not two 8 or 10 foot bamboo rods be
more economical? Disc nozzles flow from % to IMj gallons per
minute. Four of them combined flow between 5 and 7 gallons,
and only 200 to 250 pounds pressure is required, well within
the limits of most of the duplex pumps.

Furthermore, many complaints have come from growers
who have had foliage burned when a gun was used. The spray-
gun must be carefully handled to prevent burning. ^Vhile the
grower himself may be careful enough with the spray-gun, the
ordmary run of farm help is very careless, and doubtless much
damage is due to faulty operation rather than to the nozzle
Itself. My personal experience at the Alder Run Orchard, led
me to abandon the gun in favor of the 10 foot spray rod with
disc nozzles, except for the dormant spray, or for spraying
when It IS wmdy. Reports from sections of New Jersey, New

— 14 —

York and Pennsylvania indicate that many other growers are
having the same experience.

There is a modification of the ordinary spray-gun called
the pilot rod, or Master Pilot Rod, which has many advantages.
It is mounted on a 4 to 6 foot rod, has an easy action and
works smoothly if kept cleaned and oiled after -using. It puts
the nozzle 6 feet nearer the top of the tree, thus reducing the
necessity for opening the gun wide, and using the driving
stream.

Dusting. The dusting machines have been coming with
great strides during the past few years. We have found the
dusts satisfactory for peaches in normal seasons. Experimen-
tally the results on apples have not been so encouraging. How-
ever, this past summer on one farm in New Jersey and in three
or four in New York state I saw the most beautiful crops of
apples grown solely with dust protection. The latest recom-
mendations of the dust manufacturer call for split applications,
— that is — dusting from both sides of the tree, applying each
time one-half of the material required for the whole tree when
it is dusted in one application, and spreading the applications
a week apart.

This probably accounts in a large measure for the better
results obtained this past year. As has been said of the spray-
gun, success with the duster probably depends more on the
operator than on the machine.

Substitutes for Self -boiled Lime-sulphur. No one material
used in spraying can be said to be entirely satisfactory. Grow-
ers are constantly seeking new materials. Three requirements
are essential : effectiveness, cheapness, and safety. Because
of the burning properties of concentrated lime-sulphur less
caustic materials have been constantly sought, especially in
the lower altitudes and more humid atmospheres. Self-boiled
lime-sulphur was brought out, but the inconvenience attending
its manufacture led to further investigation, resulting in the
New Jersey Lime-Sulphur-Glue mixture being introduced as
a substitute in 1917. This material is a mechanical mixture of
the following formula:

8 pounds sulphur, (superfine preferred)

4 pounds hydrated lime

ly^ ounces ground glue, mixed in 3 gallons of water

Dilute to 50 gallons of water

The sulphur is mixed with the glue water to make it wet-
table. Excellent results the past five years with this material
proved that a good mechanical mixture of sulphur and lime as
a wet spray is an effective summer fungicide.

During the past season Prof. Arthur J. Farley, of the
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, carried on some
experiments with a material in which dry calcium caseinate

— 15 —

was substituted for the glue, to make a dry mixture of sulphur
and lime that would mix readily with water. The formula is

8 pounds superfine sulphur
4 pounds hydrated lime
8 ounces calcium caseinate
50 gallons water

Proper amounts of sulphur, lime, and calcium caseinate
are weighed out, screened, and thoroughly mixed, dry. It
may be then stored indefinitely in bags or barrels in a dry
place. Three methods are recommended in diluting this
material :

1 — Place proper amount of dry-mix in a tight container,
add water slowly, stirring until a thin solution is secured.
Pour this into the spray tank through a strainer, after the
tank is half full of water. This is especially recommended for
hand outfits, for then it is not convenient to have the agitator
running when the tank is being filled.

2 — Wash proper amounts of dry-mix through a 12-14
mesh strainer into tank with a strong stream of water, with
agitator running. This is for use when a good water supply
is available.

3 — Dump proper amounts of dry-mix directly into the
tank after it is half full of water, with the agitator running.

Orchard Tests with Dry-Mix Lime-Sulphur. The value
and effectiveness of Dry-Mix Sulphur Lime as compared to
other mixtures in general use as summer fungicides was tested
during the past summer in a number of orchards, including
three on peach and three on apple. The peach spraying exper-
iments included comparisons between dry-mix sulphur lime,
self-boiled lime-sulphur, Atomic Sulphur, New Jersey sulphur-
glue mixture and sulphur lime dusts, together with a study of
the effectiveness of Dry-Mix Sulphur Lime mixtures having
a relative low content. This discussion will be limited to the
results of one experiment conducted in a peach orchard where
scab was quite serious. This experiment was conducted in an
8 year old orchard and each treatment included Carman, Lola,
Hiley, Belle of Georgia, Elberta and Iron Mountain. Starting
with the shuck fall on May 8th, seven applications were made
to all varieties except Carman and Lola, which had six. Five
spraying treatments and one dusting treatment were made as
follows :

Block 1 — Atomic Sulphur, 5 pounds to 50 gallons of
water.

Block 2 — New Jersey Sulphur Glue Mixture.

Block 3 — Dry-Mix Sulphur Lime (standard).

Block 4 — Dry-Mix Sulphur Lime (special). Sulphur 2
pounds. Lime 4 pounds. Calcium Caseinate 2 ounces. Water
to make 50 gallons.

— 16 —

Block 5 — Self -Boiled Lime-Sulphur 8-8-50.

Block 6 — Check (No summer spray).

BloQk 7 — Niagara 80-10-10 dust mixture in the first two
applications, and Niagara 80-20 dust in all later applications.

The average amount of spray material used per tree was
1 gallon, and the average amount of dust per tree was one-half
pound. Each block included five rows across the varieties
with the exception of the check, which consisted of only one.
row. The number of disease free, slightly scabby, badly scabby
and brown rot affected peaches was recorded based upon the
entire crop of fruit picked from at least three and in some
cases four trees of each variety in each block. A peach was
not considered free from disease unless it was absolutely free
from scab and brown rot. The slightly scabby class included
fruit with from one to ten small or inconspicuous spots of
scab or not enough to lower its market value. All fruit in
the badly scabby class had enough scab to lower its market
value, and in many eases make it worthless for market. The
following table is a summary based upon the results secured
with all the varieties.

Per cent
Free
From

Disease

Per cent

Per cent

Per cent

Treatment

Total
Fruits

SUghtly
Scahhy

Badly
Scabby

Brown
Bot

Check

14,738

48.6

34.7

14.8

1.9

Atomic Sulphur

14,155

55.9

28.5

14.3

1.3

Dry-Mix Special, 2

4-50

18,294

69.1

20.3

9.5

1.1

Self-Boiled Lime-Sulphur

16,773

89.5

7.3

2.4

.8

New Jersey Sulphur Glue

12,938

93.4

4.4

1.4

.8

Sulphur Dust

17,145

95.1

3.7

.4

.8

Dry-Mix Standard,

8-4-50

11.927

06.1

2.8

.o

.6

The data in Table I indicate that Dry-Mix Sulphur Lime
with an average for all varieties of 96.1% fruit free from dis-
ease as compared to 85.5% in the block sprayed with Self-
Boiled Lime-Sulphur and 48.6% in the check block is a very
effective summer fungicide for peaches. The New Jersey Sul-
phur Glue mixture with an average of 93.4% clean fruit was
also very effective. On the other hand, Atomic Sulphur with
only 55.9% and the Dry-Mix Sulphur Lime Special No. 1 with
69.1% fruit free from disease were comparatively ineffective.
The exceptionally high percentage of clean fruit secured with
Dry-Mix Sulphur Lime and the New Jersey Sulphur Glue
mixture in an orchard where scab was very prevalent and
during a season that was favorable to its development indi-
cates that both are dependable summer fungicides for peaches
and fully as effective as the standard Self-Boiled Lime-
Sulphur.

— 17 —

The poor control secured with Atomic Sulphur and the
Dry-Mix Sulphur Lime Special both mixtures having a low
sulphur content emphasizes the fact that it is not safe to
depend upon such mixtures as summer fungicides for peaches,
particularly in orchards where fungous diseases such as scab
and brown rot are likely to be prevalent. There has been a
tendency for several years on the part of manufacturers as
well as fruit growers to reduce the sulphur content of summer
fungicides in order to lower their cost. That such a practice
may result in a heavy reduction of clean fruit is shown in a
very striking manner in the results of this experiment. In
orchards where scab and brown rot are not serious, very satis-
factory control may be obtained with a fungicide having a low
sulphur content, but results under such conditions do not deter-
mine the real value of a spray mixture and are often mis-
leading.

Results with Sulphur Dusts. Dust, with 95.1% of fruit
free from disease, proved to be a very effective fungicide in
this experiment, but on the other hand caused very severe
defoliation. Over one-third of the leaves dropped from the
dusted trees before the middle of August and by September
15th the same trees had lost at least two-thirds of their leaves.
The exact cause of this serious defoliation has not been defi-
nitely determined, but it was probably due to liberal applica-
tions of a dust mixture containing insufficient lime in propor-
tion to the arsenate of lead and sulphur content. The severe
injury resulting from the use of dust in this experiment sub-
stantiates the conclusions drawn from dusting experiments
conducted by the New Jersey Experiment Station in the past
to the effect that any dust mixture containing less than 20%
of lime is not safe for use on peach foliage.

Experiments with Apples. The apple spraying experi-
ments included comparisons between dry-mix sulphur lime,
self-boiled limo sulphur. Atomic Sulphur and summer strength
concentrated lime-sulphur. The exact value of dry-mix sul-
phur lime cannot be determined from the results of these tests,
owing to the absence of scab and other serious fungous dis-
eases from all of the orchards in which the experiments were
conducted. However, all the data secured, together with ob-
servations made during the season indicate that it is just as
effective as self-boiled lime-sulphur on apples and much less
dangerous to use than summer strength concentrated lime-
sulphur. The New Jersey Experiment Station is now recom-
mending Dry-Mix Sulphur Lime to fruit growers in New Jer-
sey as a substitute for self-boiled lime-sulphur as a summer
fungicide for all kinds of tree fruits and beginning with the
petal fall application it is recommended as a substitute for
summer strength concentrated lime-sulphur on apples, except
when such diseases as blotch, bitter rot and cedar rust are
serious.

— 18 —

Question: Can you buy the Dry-Mix ready mixed?

Mr. Mason: Yes, from different companies; some have
put it out under trade names.

Question: Did you begin with the petal fall spray?

Mr. Mason: Yes.

Question: Does Dry-Mix mean the same as soluble lime-
sulphur?

Mr. Mason: No. Dry-Mix is a mechanical mixture of sul-
phur and lime and casein for a summer spray ; soluble sulphur
is a substitute for ordinary lime-sulphur as a winter spray.

Sheldon Funk: When was the last application on apples?

Mr. Mason: In New Jersey we put on seven applications,
the first being the dormant, the second the pink, and the last
one normally about the first or second week of August, depend-
ing upon when the second brood of codling moth emerged.

Question: How does the cost compare with other mixtures?

Mr. Mason: In New Jersey we feel that the growers can
save money by mixing it themselves. You can buy superfine
sulphur for $2.75 per hundred, and hydrated lime for less than
one cent a pound; when mixed it will cost a shade less than
three cents a pound. Professor Farley says that bulk mixing
is sufficient to give good results. It does not require a very
fine grinding as for the dust material. By turning it over on
the barn floor or stirring it up you will have sufficient mixing.
He is strongly in favor of mixing it at home. You can use a
barrel cement mixer, but in turning it around you have a lot
of sulphur flying around, and that makes it bad to work with.

There are three ways of mixing this material : (1) Where
you have a good supply of water in the tank so you can get a
good stream into the tank, take a bag of the material and
pour in on an ordinary sieve with meshes of ten to fourteen
to the inch, and let the water wash the material into the
spray tank. (2) Where you have not a strong stream of
water, fill your spray tank half full of water, start the agi-
tator running, and then put it in slowly with the agitator
running. (3) Where you have a small hand outfit so that you
have to agitate by hand, mix the sulphur and calcium caseinate
together, then put in the lime and add a little water to make a
paste. Powdered arsenate of lead may be added to the Dry-
Mix just before using.

Question: Are these experiments covered by bulletins
from New Jersey?

Mr. Mason: Yes, the material is in the hands of the printer.

— 19 —

Question: Do you think this superior to self-boiled lime-
sulphur in Pennsylvania?

Mr. Mason: As far as peaches are concerned, we feel sure
that this material will give just as satisfactory results as self-
boiled lime-sulphur and far easier to mix ; on apples we believe
that it v.^U be an entirely satisfactory substitute for self-boiled
lime-sulphur on varieties that spray burn. In most parts
of Pennsylvania you can use concentrated lime-sulphur on
apples Avithout burning, and there would be no advantage in
using Dry-Mix, and it would cost more.

Dr. FlftcJier: In Pennsylvania it would seem that this is a
material to be used for peaches mainly, also cherries and
plums, and those varieties of apples that are liable to spray
burn, particularly in the southeastern portion of the state.

GARDEN CULTURE OF BLUEBERRIES

A. F. MASON, New Brunswick, N. J.

In New Jersey we have the largest blueberry plantation
m the world. Blueberries and huckleberries both belong to
the same family, and the names are used interchangeably A
few years ago Miss Elizabeth White at New Lisbon N J
became interested in blueberries. She got in touch with ex-
perts who told her how to propagate blueberries. She took
bushes irom the wild and planted them in rows. From sixty
choice plants six were selected showing the qualities that were
best. These six were propagated, and they were also crossed

Improved Variety of Blueberry In New Jersey

— 20 —

Five Year Old Blueberry Plantation, New Jersey

with others having desirable fruit characters, and from them
she is developing hybrids that are promising.

Now it is possible to grow commercially blueberries from
one-half to three-quarter inches in size, on bushes which pro-
duce abundantly.

For the past two summers I have made a practice of visit-
ing White's Bog at the blueberry fruiting season to see the
intensely interesting results of the selection and breeding
work. By the selection of sixty plants producing very large
berries in the swamps, which were marked by the *'pineys"
who pick the wild berries, material was secured for the breed-
ing work. Only six of the original plants were retained as
having the qualities desired by Miss Elizabeth C. White and
her associates. After watching these fruit for over five years
on the testing grounds they are now ready to distribute plants
to growers who desire to try them out.

Little is known about the real soil and cultural require-
ments for blueberries. We find them wild on Pennsylvania
mountains, and in flats, in swamps and on well drained hill-
sides. The kind used in Jersey are the high bush swamp ber-
ries. From the experience of investigators in New Jersey and
in Indiana an acid peaty soil, with a well balanced water sup-
ply are the prime essentials. Sweet soils will not do. When
cultivated they seem to thrive on dryer locations than their
wild habitat. Under cultivation they have produced from
2,500 to 4,000 quarts per acre at White 's Bog. Ready markets
have been found for them at from thirty to sixty cents per
quart. The market absorbs the wild berry avidly. If you

— 21

Qufsfiou: Do you think this superior to self-boiled lime-

;=ii'})]iui- in Pennsylvania?

.L^^ 'idsfjii: As i'lw as ]>< a.-lu's arc coMcci'iied, we feel sure
tliat tli:^- inatfi-ial wiii iiWv jnst [[< satisfactoi-y results as self-
li'>:k'(l liii:r--,u'phni' and far rasici- to mix: on a]>plrs we l)eliove
That il will he an mtii-cly saiisfactoi'y substitute foi* self-boiled
'' ' ■tniMinr (Oi xari.iics that spray bnrn. In most pai'ts
'>;nii;i y;u can use <-;.nccnt rated lime-sulphur on
' ■'' '' -. ai'il \\\i'\-v wouid iif iin adv-antaire in

app'( -
us'hl;' 1 /!'

. ' . / ■III!

I' iN-nnsyh-nrua ii w aild si - m that this is a

'd :'•>!• ])< a<-]i! - maiii'y, al--<> ehcn-ics and

■■- • i ':.'l*'''^ 'hat ;;:'e liable t;» sDfav

:];.' Stat-,

i .1 r so

in tin.

the s

fe

b

GAEDSZi CULTURE OF BLUEBERRIES

A. P. MASON, New Bnins'^'ick. N. J.

^^' -Nr ,r .hTx. y \\.. i:, ^ -■ 1 he biTgrsi iilueberry plantation
'■'^ i:ii irt-i ;. . ..d hueklebeia-ies both belong to

1^*-' -^ :aniily, and tin naim s are n -.cl int'-i-eliain^eably A

ew y.;i. a-o 31is, i:ii;'ai)eth Whit, a: \ev. Lisbon, x! J.,
eeame interested in blueberries, she *^>,t in t^aa'h with ex-
perts w'r,, told ler how t.i pn.pagate blueberries. She took
^'^''•;"'^ ^'■'•' ' '"• -^-1^1 -lid ])lanted them in rows. From sixty
j'hoice plants s:x wtre seleeted showino- the oualities that were
best. Th<-s- SIX wei-e propagated, and thev were also emssed

or EIncbfirry in Now Jersey

rive Year Old Blueberry Plantation, New Jersey

with others havin«r desirable fruit eliaraeters, and from them
she is developing hybrids that are promising.

Now it is possible to grow commercially blueberries from
one-half to three-quant er inches in size, on bushes which pro-
duce abundantly.

For the past two summers I have made a practice of visit-
ing White's Bog at the blueberry frn.iting season to see the
intensely interesting results uf the selection and breeding
work. 15y the selection of sixty plants ])ia>ducing very large
berries in the swamps, whii-h uere nuirked l>y the "piiieys"
who pick the wild berries, matei-ial \\a*s secured I'oi* the bi'eed-
ing \\ork. Only six of the origin.al plants were retained as
having the (pialities desired l)y Miss (Oli/.abeth C. White and
her assoeiatts. Aitir watehiim' the^f fruit for over five yeai*s
on the testing grounds they are now i-eady t.i distribute plants
to growfi's wh.o (Itsii'e to try iheni out.

Little is mmwi! al)oul the real soil and cultural require-
ments i<n- hint iierri's. We ilnd ilnin ^vild on I'ennsylvania
laountanis, and in tlats, in swamps and on well drained hill-
sides. The l;ind used in de]\se\' are tlie liigh bush swamp ber-
ries. I-'rom the expei-ienee of invest iua tors in \eu dersey and
in Indiana an acid peaty soil, ^vith a well balanced water sup-
ply are the ])rinie essentials. Sweet soils will not do. When
cultivated thev seem to thrivt- on dr'ver locations than their
wild habitat. I'lider cultivation they have produced from
2,500 to 4,000 quarts i)er acre at White's liog. Ready markets
liave been found for them at from thii'ty lo sixty cents per
<|uart. The market absorl)s tlie wild berry avidly. If yuu

— 21 —

I INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

would see and taste the cultivated berry you would readily
appreciate why they find such a sale at such prices. As lone
as there IS a market for a wild berry the cultivated berry will
command high prices. ^

Adams, Sam Harding, Dunfee, Grover and Rubel are a
succession of excellent seedling varieties, ripening from Julv
4th to August 15th. while Pioneer, Cabot and xfthaZe ar^
vaneties of known parentage. My personal taste favored Rubel
above all he seedlings, while in the crosses I also like those
with Rubel parentage. However, all of the above named vari-
eties are of excellent flavor and quality
. As to possibilities for the commercial culture of blueber-
ries It might be said that given favorable conditions, the out-

s knoUr7f th7''- P°"'"f ■ '* ""^^ '« '•'"=°S»'^«<i that lit?le
isknown of the requirements on any other sorts save those at

3?.. 'i ^?^^ .Individual plants have been found to do wel
when planted in favorable locations as ornamentals. Reports
will soon be available from plants sold the past two or three
years and these should establish fairly defiidtely the poM
^fferlrf '"'"1 commercial development under condH ons
differing from those in our New Jersey savannahs A few
large commercial plantings are developing nowTn whidi thT
practices at White's Bog are being largely followed.

v«f J KfT'°" ^ ''■""''^ ^^y that I believe that the culti-
vated blueberry ,s well worthy of trial on any acid muck or
peaty soil, where a balanced water supply can brmaintSned
and where climatic conditions are somewha? similar to ou«'

^ortic«hure"i°"' '""''Tl'^ •" ^^-^^^'"S ^n<J ^«'«<=tio„° or ?n

hours"f^Whi e'.Tn" •'' ^- T. ?'°"'}'' '""^^ ^^'y interesting
nours u v\ hite s Bog is visited in mid-July.

THE JAPANESE BEETLE AS AN ORCHARD PEST

C. H. HADLEY, Eiverton, N. J.
United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology

nativ?totTL^H''*''' ^-^rf " •'■"'""''"' N^^vm), is an insect
Burlington Countv T 'nf°d"ced nto the United States at
presunfahlv in ti ^' u'" ^''^^y' Probably prior to 1916 and

per S Plants suT'' '■''^' '"/°" "''""t '^' "-""t^ "^ certain
introductiJi ,^*f; f hi ""f ^"*^ ^'^'"^- '^^^ «^««t date of its
but U w^ nnt i= ". ""^ ^/""°* ^^ determined definitely,

species un^ilTqififr''"!'* ^"^ recognized as an introduced
WesentTnflt!^ V ''?<." '* V^ ""^''^^^ in a nursery within the
DeDartmlnt nf A^™^*"^ ''^ inspectors of the New Jersey

s^rr-'L^elil^r irnut?/ ''' "^""-^ °* '^^'^ ^^

— 22 —

ing rate. At the time when it was first discovered in New
Jersey in 1916, the area found to be infested at that time was
less than one square mile in extent. At the end of the season
of 1922, the insect had spread and increased in numbers to a
point where the total infested area, comprising portions of
Pennsylvania and New Jersey, included some 773 square miles.

Food Habits of the Beetle

The Japanese beetle is most conspicuous and injurious in
the adult stage by reason of its injury to foliage. It is prac-
tically omnivorous, feeding on the foliage of weeds of many
kinds, small fruits such as grape and blackberry, fruit trees
such as apple and sweet cherry, ornamental shrubs, particu-
larly althea and rose, garden flowers of all kinds, field crops
such as clover blossoms, soybeans and corn, and shade and
timber trees including linden, birch, oak, elm, horse chestnut
and willow.

The feeding is characteristic and compares with the eating
done by native leaf-chafers. Plants are not defoliated as by
certain related beetles, such as the brown May-beetle, but the
foliage is skeletonized and when severely eaten the leaves turn
brown and drop. In the case of flowers the petals are eaten
and the blossoms riddled as by the rose beetle or chafer; in
fact, the work of the Japanese beetle in flowers and foliage
closely resembles that of the chafer, except that it is usually
more severe, many more kinds of plants are attacked, and the
feeding extends over a longer period.

The Beetle as an Orchard Pest

That the Japanese beetle will undoubtedly become a pest
of considerable importance to orchards seems to be the unes-
capable conclusion from a consideration of its activities along
this line during the past two seasons. Studies carried on at
the Japanese beetle laboratory at Riverton, N. J., during the
past two seasons, have resulted in the accumulation of a large
amount of data bearing upon this point. Without going into
details, a few outstanding figures may be cited as indicating
the state of affairs at the present time. During the summer
of 1921 about 3,200 trees were examined, to determine the
amount of injury to loaves and fruit. A summary of the fig-
ures thus obtained showed that of approximately 450 apple
trees, the leaf injury ranged from 20 per cent to 80 per cent,
and that the average percentage of injury was approximately
20 per cent, while of about 1,500 peach trees the average high-
est percentage of injury in the several orchards under consid-
eration ranged from 75 per cent to 95 per cent, with an aver-
age percentage of injury throughout of about 45 per cent. In
the case of sweet and sour cherry trees, the average highest

— 23 —

percentage of injury varied from 70 to 95 per cent, with an
average percentage of injury of approximately 57 per cent.

During the season of 1922, some 69,000 fruit trees were
examined and of these about 50 per cent, or 36,092 showed
foliage injury. Of the trees showing foliage injury, the injury
ranged from ten per cent to a hundred per cent, with the aver-
age bemg slightly under 50 per cent. It should be noted that
the foliage considered as "injured'* was eaten to such an ex-
tent as to result in the leaves ceasing to function.

During the summer of 1921 the fruit crop was so small
that figures representing injury to fruit by the beetles could
scarcely be considered as being truly representative. The fruit
crop of the summer of 1922, however, was large and injury to
the fruit, particularly early apples, was very severe in many
orchards in the heavily infested district.

Life History

The total life cycle of this insect is one year, most of
which time is spent in the soil as an egg, grub or pupa. Hav-
ing passed the winter in the soil, li/g to 12 inches below the
surface, the half- to nearly full-grown grub comes up close to
the surface m late March or early April and resumes feeding.
The older grubs complete their growth by eariy June, when
each prepares an earthen cell, li/g to 3 inches below the sur-
face, in which it transforms to the pupa and about two weeks
later to the adult beetle. Previous to pupating the grub is in
the prepupal or dormant stage for a period of a week or ten
days, and after transforming to the adult stage it usually re-
mains in the cell another ten days to two weeks before coming
out of the ground. Like the related leaf-chafers, this insect
pupates within the larval skin, the skin splitting along the
back almost the entire length.

The eariiest beetles issue the last of June, and the maxi-
mum period of emergence is during the latter part of July.
Ihe life of the individual beetle varies considerably, averag-
ing from one to ten weeks. Beetles, however, occur over a
period of about four months, although they are most abundant
during a period of two to two and one-half months.

After issuing, the beetles feed for several days to a week
before mating. Mating and egg-laying are continued at irreg-
ular intervals, the eggs being laid by preference in unculti-
vated places such as grass fields or grassy and weedy areas
along roadways, in moist but not swampy ground, and in soil
containing humus, each female beetle laying an average of
from 30 to 60 eggs. The young grubs, which hatch from the
eggs some two weeks later, feed on decaying matter in the
soil and on living plant roots, and late in the fall they form
earthen cells m which they pass the winter.

— 24-^

The beetles are omnivorous, resistant to unfavorable con-
ditions, strong flyers, and very active during warm, clear days.
While they may remain above ground on plants during the
night, they usually feed only during the day; they are slug-
gish in cool or damp weather, but exceedingly active on warm,
sunshiny days, and fly quickly at the least disturbance, seldom
going far into thickets except on the outside foliage. They
choose grassy or weedy ground, unshaded by thickets or trees,
in which to lay their eggs, and prefer moist loamy soil to dry,
sandy soil or swampy areas.

The Insect Described

The Japanese beetle is a beautiful insect about the size of
a potato beetle, but more elongated The head and thorax are
shining bronze-green and the elytra or wing covers are brown-
ish, tinged with green at the edges. On the sides and at the
tip of the abdomen, usually not concealed by the wing covers,
are conspicuous white spots, which distinguish this species
from all others of the same size and habits ocurring in New
Jersey and Pennsylvania.

The eggs are laid separately, but usually several are laid
near together in the soil, though not in distinct cells. They
are milky white and elliptical oval, measuring about 1-24 by
1-16 inches (1 by IV2 mm.) when first laid, later swelling to

nearly spherical. . j 4.

The grubs vary from tiny individuals recently hatched to
nearly one inch when full grown. They are white, with a more
or less conspicuous bluish or blackish cast (which is especially
prominent at the anal end), and have a tan-colored head. The
characteristically curled grubs closely resemble our native
white grub of the field, but are smaller than mature grubs of
the latter. The pupa, which is the intermediate and dormant
stage between the grub and the beetle, is of a pale tan color.

Control of the Japanese Beetle

It may be accepted as a fact that the Japanese beetle can
not be exterminated from this country. The area already
infested is so large and conditions are so favorable for the
well-being of the insect that it is the belief of all acquainted
with the situation that extermination is entirely out of the

question. , j j- *i.

At the present time entirely satisfactory methods for the
control of the insect have not as yet been worked out. It is
recommended that orchards be given the best possible care,
as regards fertilization, pruning and spraying. When infesta-
tion by the beetle occurs, even though the usual spray schedule
has been followed up to that point, it is quite probable that
special applications will be called for in order to prevent or at
least substantially reduce injury from the insect. It is there-

— 25 —

fore recommended that as soon as the beetles appear in any
fpp^ f,^^"* !^l "^"^.'"'^J f t'>°"-«»«h application of arsenate of

mIZU ' T^ u ^ ""r^' "* '^' powdered material to
50 gallons of water be made, and in order to insure that
enough of the poison will adhere to the foliage to act as ^
effective repellant to the beetle, it is further recommend^
that 2 pounds of ordinary iiour be added to the 50 gallons of

?/7r.fTlT^' "',?'""? °'^'^ *''">«"y ^°«<i sticker Whether
or not a later application of arsenate of lead at this strenfftl,

^ withS T '^^'"'^ very largely upon^LethorS'
ness with which the previous application has been made tho

CtiSlir ^"^^"^' '"' ^^^--' conditions"of7empe?a!
In the case of early apples, it is recommended that the
spray mentioned above be applied, and at pTckfng thne if tte
apples are badly spotted wth the poison the noison mfv h!
removed by having the pickers wear ordina yTtton gTove

fnd!^dryp*,e^s'?;"rf;,uT;fd °'^^^'""^' ^''^'-^ -^^

peaches, dependi'ng uT^TtttcX coneeS. '"'"" '"'•

I uV, ^"'"''^ cultivation tend to check them?
keen ont tt,l •^•" ^T"" "''tivation to a certain extent will

wou'^d ^ormallv be l^dT't' '' T''' *''^ P'^<=«« where eS
tivatfon t dofs'^'o Liil JhV° ^'/' *^ ^•^*"*' ««««* °* «'>1-
occasionally 1 11 give ome benJ"^'^*' cultivation in fall
cultivate after a ^\ltZ v^' ^J"" example, if you can
dormant eonditron Sen thl V''t 't*''" «/"''' ^''^ '" ^ ^^^i-
will kill a great m' V b *t L '^"/'''''^ °*J'''™ «* that time
for this. ^' *"'* ^"^ "'''^°™ K«t the right conditions

unfofseefSrV Jl ^f tT' •i"^*?'"^"* that unless something

vania may exnoct to foV ,t-'°"*''u?'*''"" P"*-''"" "^ Penney'
fifteen year^? *'"' ^^'' P^'^^'^"' «itW» the next ten or

years^unStometLn""''' '"^ '''^^''' ^^^ "^''t four or five
sight. ^O'nethmg can prevent it which is not now in

eral Sretmenr:i: hTp '^^TS^ '^ ^^^^^ ^he Fed-

ally Srof^thlf^ork^i:. .t;it^t""7s-* '^ -^-"^ p^-t--

Jersey are eooperaL^-^'it^'^tfe'^^.^S^.^Se^tinf ^""^ ^^^

— 26 —

There is one point that I did not bring up. There has
been published by the State of New Jersey a circular giving
the information to date on the Japanese beetle, and anyone who
will write for it, I will be glad to send it to. Just drop me a
line, addressing me at the Japanese Beetle Laboratory, Kiver-
ton, N. J., or simply addressing the Laboratory.

THE JAPANESE BEETLE QUARANTINE — A NATIONAL

PROBLEM

J. O. SANDERS, Director

Pennsylvania Bureau of Plant Industry

In the judgment of expert entomologists who have care-
fully surveyed the Japanese Beetle activities in New Jersey
and Pennsylvania, this recently introduced pest is pronounced
a most dangerous immigrant. No adequate control is known
although all the usual remedies and many new ones have been
tried out very carefully by Federal and State experts working
in cooperation at the Riverton, N. J., laboratory

Exceptional damage is caused in apple, peach and cherry
orchards by the adult beetle which flies strongly, while the
foliage and blossoms of many other trees, shrubs and plants
suffer enormously through the voracious f eedmg of the adults^
Arsenate of lead sprays are partial protections only, yet so far
have proved most efficacious. , , j «„

It is apparent that we must depend to a large degree on
natural parasites imported from Japan where the beetle is
native, and is completely held in check by these natural ene-
mies Two expert entomologists have been working m Japan
for two years, sending over large sWP°\ents of several para-
sites which are cared for and released in the badly infested

^^^^Protection of outside areas and states beyond the present
infested zone, is the great problem of the day {^^ ^^^^^^"^'^^
officers on this job. The natural spread of the beetle by ordi-
nary flight probably will not exceed three to five miles a year,
depending on the type of country, whether flat, or hilly with
obstructions to advance in the form of built-up areas, which
impede natural spread by flight.

Quarantines on movement of nursery stock with soil about
the rbots in which the grubs can be readily transported, and
restrictions on movement of sweet corn and certam fruits and
vegetables which may carry beetles during the season of flight
from June 20 to September 15, must be maintained to prevent
'^ong jumps" of the pest, thereby starting new centers of
infestation to add to our present burdens. ^ u i^

Pennsylvania and New Jersey alone are known to be in-
fested at this time, and are therefore the target^ for a watch-
ful waiting" policy in other states and by the Federal Depart-

— 27 —

s

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03

ment of Agriculture. Unless the infested area is property
policed and outgoing dangerous shipments are under proper
inspection and surveillance, there is every probability that
many classes of farm and nursery products will be quaran-
tined and these two states cut off from wide markets. There-
fore, the Japanese Beetle problem cannot be looked upon as a
local matter, but rather must be considered of national import-
ance from several standpoints. This viewpoint is maintained
by the Federal authorities, and is the basis for the very liberal
support of the Japanese Beetle project during the past six

years.

It behooves the states to furnish more adequate support
for the quarantine and control work for their own salvation,
and for the protection of neighboring states. Although the
Government spent upwards of $100,000.00 last year, Pennsyl-
vania gave but $10,000.00 for her share in the fight against this
noxious and dangerous pest.

Question: Do you mean they would stop trucks going into
Pennsylvania from New Jersey?

Prof. Sanders: Within this zone free movement will be
allowed, but beyond this specific zone, which is somewhat
larger than outlined on the map, we want to prevent shipment
of infested material.

Question: You mean ripe fruits? Remember New Jersey
sells lots of fruit in Pennsylvania.

Prof. Sanders: Any material that is grown outside of this
area and is transported through without stopping, will be
allowed to pass but material that is grown within the infested
zone must be inspected before being carried out.

Question: Would you consider fruit a carrier of the pest
and subject to quarantine?

Prof. Sanders: Most decidedly, certain kinds of fruit
under certain conditions.

Question: Apples, for instance?

Prof. Sanders: Yes, early apples.

Question: How serious is the insect in Japan?

Prof. Sanders: In Japan they do not know the insect, it
is so thoroughly controlled in that country by its natural
enemies.

Question: What is being done to control it through its

parasites here ?

Prof. Sanders: A great deal. The U. S. Department has
two men at present in Japan on this proposition. In fact, one
of our own men, Mr. King, is at present engaged m that work,
studying and gathering parasites, and has made several ship-

— 29 —

ments of parasites to this country. The Government is push-
ing this work hard, and is planning to send more men to help
those already in the field, but it will take some time before
the parasites can gain the upper hand.

WHY WAS APPLE SCAB NOT BETTER CONTROLLED

IN 1922

£. L. NIXON, State CoUege

The failure to control apple scab was due to three things
and a condition. Discussing the last first, it should be noted
that, contrary to what commonly occurs, the period of scab
infection began at the first appearance of the leaves and con-
tinued until mid-season. Consequently where the intervals
between sprayings were too long infection took place. Grow-
mg plant tissue that is protected today is not protected ten
days from today.

In spraying for the control of this disease the three things
involved are, (1) timeliness of application, (2) manner of ap-
plication, (3) material used. If the question were asked,
"Which is the most important?", the answer would be all
three.

1st, Timeliness of application — There were still the char-
acteristic number of growers who did not believe that scab
would be of sufficient importance to bother about a definite
program of control. There were still a larger number who
were not quite sold to the absolute necessity of a pink spray in
the control of this disease.

2d, Manner of application — With so many fruit growers
having this problem to contend with, there are always a goodly
number who have inefficient sprayers, inefficient help, too much
ground to cover with the available equipment and with whom
It always is a raining". Whether one or all of these handi-
caps are responsible, the facts are, that even if the material is
properly diluted and timely applied, unless the spraying is
thoroughly done, the attempt to control scab will fail.

3d, Material used — More failures to control came through
improperly diluted material than any other. When so much
of the concentrate now on the market is not standard but
tests even lower than 1.21 sp. gr., it is unsafe to say ''Dilute
1 to 36 or 40". The above criticism does not include the
many other hundreds who failed to get control from the use
ot patent preparations which never had any value in the con-
trol of scab. At a time when new and insufficiently tried out
materials are rushed on to the market about as rapidly as the
publications describing them, it might be well to keep in mind
that since Bordeaux Mixture has been a standard of compari-
son, lo these many years ; and since lime sulphur has renovated

— 30 —

I

I

old orchards and kept new ones clean — a thing that can be
said of no other material — it is a poor time to swap horses.

Question: What is the proper dilution?
E. L. Nixon: 1.008 specific gravity, for the diluted spray,
ready to use.

I want to impress upon you the extreme importance of
getting at this scab problem next year in time and doing a
thorough job, and be sure to know something about the dilu-
tion of your material. I am not guessing when I say that m
many cases it was not done timely or thoroughly or that the
material was diluted right. Those conditions I have actually
checked up in fifteen or twenty of the most severe cases m the
counties of the state.

I know of a number of cases where I could see no reason
why they did not get perfect control except that they diluted
the material 1 to 30 or 36 when the concentrate did not have
sufficient strength to allow that dilution. You can not dilute
a low testing concentrate 1 to 30 or 36 and control apple scab
no matter how timely you do the work or how thoroughly.
I know also, and I can name them, men who omitted the pink
spray in this state, but did all other things well. You can not
control the scab that way with an epidemic like this one. 1
know, on the other hand, a great many cases where the work
was done as heretofore, that is, they gave a spraying — with
or without spray gun — and made only a fifty per cent cover-
ing of the foliage. That mil not control apple scab with an
epidemic like we had, and with a long infection period from
the time the leaves came out until the fruit was mature.

I want to sound a word of warning, and I am willing to
face you next year on this warning — I predict next year the
worst epidemic of apple scab that Pennsylvania has ever seen
if the weather is favorable. We have never had such a lot
of spores ready to come up. All it will take is moisture during
the blossoming period. There are valleys and ravines that
have sufficient moisture in the way of fog and dew to cause
this. We will have to face the consequences.

A lot of people say "W^e failed with our material this
year and we must take something new". Do not do it. There
U no material that will control apple scab, if property used,
better than commercial lime-sulphur. Continue to use it.

Question: Can the leaves and spores be destroyed by cul-
tivation?

Prof Nixon: It all helps, but you can cultivate and still
have an outbreak of apple scab. The only way to protect your
apple trees is to spray them thoroughly at the nght time with
the right material.

— 31 —

/

Question: Can you use B. T. S.t

Prof. Nixon: I would stick to commerical lime-sulphur. In
some of our experiments we expect to use home-made Bor-
deaux mixture, which is very good for apple scab during the
pink, but there is danger that it will russet the fruit.

Question: Will lime kill scabf

Prof. Nixon: No more than will dirt.

(The paper on ** Experiments With Dusting*' by S. W.
Frost, presented at this point, will be found near the close of
this Report.)

DUSTING AND SPRAYING FOR APPLE SCAB CONTROL

IN PENNSYLVANIA — 1919 - 1922 INCLUSIVE
E. C. WALTON. ArendtsvlUe

Dusting and spraying for disease control has been con-
ducted in many different orchards in Adams County during
the past four years. It is therefore impossible, in the short
time allotted to this paper, to give the results in more than one
or two orchards for each year. In these orchards the equip-
ment used, such as spraying and dusting machines, was the
very best obtainable and therefore it is felt that the results
are the best that could be secured with the materials used
under Adams County conditions.

In making the applications there were a few points which
were deemed of the utmost importance and which were adhered
to strictly. They are as follows :

1. Dust and spray applications in any one orchard were,
wdth one or two exceptions, always made on the same
day.

2. An attempt was always made to apply the dust when
the air was calm in order to insure a perfect covering.

3. Dusting and spraying, especially in 1921 and 1922, were
always done from two sides of the trees in order to
be absolutely certain as to the thoroughness of the
applications.

4. In all of the orchards listed below, high powered spray
and dust machines were used thereby insuring good
distribution and thoroughness of the applications. In
addition, the materials were always heavily applied.

During the past four years many different spray and dust
materials have been used in the experiments in Adams County.
However, the figures given here are only the results obtained
for the control of apple scab by the use of commercial lime-
sulphur and the various dust mixtures. There is no doubt but

— 32 —

i

that apple scab is by far the greatest disease menace to the
fruit grower of Pennsylvania and therefore since his chief
interest is with this disease, no figures are given for any other
fungus pest.

The results on scab control with dust and spray can be
summed up very briefly.

In only one year out of the four did dust materials com-
pare favorably with commercial lime-sulphur for the control
of apple scab and this was in 1920 when infection was rela-
tively light. The only dust tested that year was a 90-10 sul-
phur dust and if as good results could always be obtained as
were secured in 1920, dusting would be a very satisfactory
method of controlling apple scab. However, in the other years,
1919, 1921 and 1922, satisfactory control was not obtained by
using 85-15, 75-15-10, 90-10 and copper dusts except occasion-
ally in orchards where scab was negligible. Certainly the
results could not be termed satisfactory when the per cent
of scab infection ran from 40, as it did under the best of con-
ditions in 1921, to 87% as in 1922.

There is no doubt whatever, as the accompanying tables
show, but that the dust materials do greatly reduce the amount
of apple scab. This is true not only on the fruit but also on
the leaves where it helps to lessen the amount of defoliation.

There is also no doubt but that in the past four years dust
materials did not consistently give nearly as good results as
did commercial lime-sulphur under Adams County conditions.
The only times that the %\Titer has ever succeeded in obtaining
results wath dust that were comparable to those obtained with
lime-sulphur were when scab infection was relatively light
and therefore easy to control.

At no time since these experiments have been under way,
has lime-sulphur failed to give satisfactory control for apple
scab if the applications were made timely and thoroughly.

A careful examination of the chart for 1922 giving the
per cent of marketable apples in plots treated with dust and
with lime-sulphur, wall give a clear idea of the comparative
value of these materials. These results are indicative of those
which have always been obtained in Adams County when scab
infection was heavy.

It is only fair in defense of dust to say that in one or two
other states some very satisfactory results were obtained in
1922 for the control of apple scab.

— 33 —

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DUSTING AND SPRAYINQ FOB THE CONTROL OF

APPLE SCAB IN 1922

TnatiiMSita

AppllcationB

Minich

Total

per cant

Scab

Orchard — Variety — Black Twig

PERCENT MABEETABLE AFFILES*

Total "Firsts" ..-^ ... "OnUa"

Market- Market- =>econci« jj^^ ^
able able Marketable Scab

Lime
Sulphur

Delayed Dormant
"Pink"
"Petal Fall"
"2 weeks"
"5 weeks"
Late July

15.25

96.55

93.15

3.40
14.30

3.45

90-10 Dust

64.22

73.42

59.12

26.58

Copper
Dust

90.25

41.55

25.25

16.30

58.45

No Treat-
ment

100.00

9.44

2.21

7.23

90.56

Tyson Orchard — Variety — Stayman Winesap

Lime
Sulphur

"Pink"
"Petal Fall"
"2 weeks"
"5 weeks"
Late July

31.20

92.60

88.00

4.60

7.40

90-10 Dust

86.90

70.50

44.60

25.90

29.50

No Treat-
ment

90.91

34.09

22.73

11.36

65.91

* No other disease and no insects taken into consideration.

— 35 —

* . I

RELATION OF THE SO-CALLED WINTER INJURY AT

THE COLLAR OP APPLE TREES TO FIREBLIGHT

C. B. OBTON, State College

We have heard in the past much about ^vinte^ injury at
the collar (base of trunk) of apple trees. Bulletins have been
published upon this subject by a number of Experiment Sta-
tions. Fruit growers in this state have been led to believe
that ^vinter injury was the cause of many of the tree losses
which they have experienced. Few experimental data have
been presented to confirm these assumptions.

On the other hand Plant Pathologists of the Pennsylvania
Experiment Station have been able to show conclusively that
fire-blight is commonly the cause of severe collar injury and
death of trees and it therefore seems pertinent to raise the
question whether winter injury at the collar is an important
factor in Pennsylvania.

During the past ten years I have been in many of the
orchards of Pennsylvania where injury of this sort is present.
Professor E. L. Nixon has been carefully observing these
reported injuries for the past five years. During these obser-
vations we have not seen an authenticated case of winter
injury at the collar. Most of these cases when investigated
turn out to be fire-blight, though in some cases perhaps fun-
gous parasites are concerned. The rapid secondary invasion
of the blighted areas by wood decaying fungi make it prac-
tically impossible to determine the primary nature of the
injury after the trees have died. The blight organism can
usually be isolated from the living root terminals prior to the
death of these roots. It is usually much more difficult to
isolate the blight bacillus from the bark of the trunk sur-
rounding the cankers.

The only true cases of winter injury which we have ob-
served upon apple trees in Pennsylvania were found around
the bases of the main limbs of the tree and on the terminals.
At the crotches the injury is often severe and it may extend
upward on the branches. Untimely pruning, grafting, ferti-
lization and cultivation appear to be the usual predisposing
causes for such injury.

We are forced to conclude that winter injury at the col-
lar is of rare occurrence in Pennsylvania; that most of these
reported cases are primarily fire-blight followed by fungous
rots, and that true winter injury most commonly occurs at the
crown and on the terminals.

—36 —

.

p *

^ I «

I

FIGHTING APPLE BLOTCH

0. B. OBTON, State CoUege

Apple Blotch is increasing in Pennsylvania. Slowly but
surely it is getting a foothold throughout the State. At first
it was thought that this disease, which is most serious in the
southern Mississippi Valley and extending into the Missouri
and Ohio River Valleys, would not likely prove to be a serious
disease as far north as Pennsylvania, but experience has taught
us that wherever it has been introduced into this state it has
persisted and spread. At the present time it is known to occur
in practically every county in Pennsylvania.

We believe the disease in every case has been brought in
on nursery stock purchased from nurseries within the original
range of the disease as mentioned above. This has not only
happened in the past but is even going on at the present time.
Just this winter we had occasion to examine trees purchased
by a Pennsylvania grower which were 100 per cent diseased
with blotch. Orchardists will do well, therefore, to give this
matter careful consideration when they are purchasing new
stocks.

The twigs of the following varieties have been observed
to be susceptible in Pennsylvania. Ben Davis, Early Harvest,
Ewalt, Grimes Golden (slightly), Hawthomden, Krauser,
Maiden Blush, Newtown Pippin, Northwestern Greening, Red
Astrachan, Rome Beauty, Smith Cider, Stark, Summer Rambo,
Winter Banana, Yellow Transparent and York Imperial
(slightly). The fruit may react quite differently from the bark
as regards susceptibility but inasmuch as the fungus causing
blotch appears to live over winter wholly upon the bark this
phase seems to be the most important.

In controlling this disease where it is well established two
distinct operations are essential. In the first place a judicious
pruning of the twigs to remove the cankers (rough bark) is
very helpful in reducing the extent of the source of infection.
This may be done at the time of the regular pruning. In the
second place spraying must be followed out carefully and con-
sistently. Mr. Walton, working in Adams County, this past
year has found that the old recommendations for applying the
first blotch spray are inadequate. Instead of applying this
spray three weeks after the petals fall it should be applied
10 days after the petals fall and thus fall in line with the last
scab spray. The application should be followed by two later
ones at about two week intervals and if the initial application
is timely no difficulty should be encountered in securing pro-
tection.

Bordeaux mixture 6-8-100 should be substituted for lime-
sulphur 1.008 sp. gr. for all blotch applications.

— 37 —

PROGRESS IN BIETHODS OF CONTROLLING APPLE RED

BUG AND APHIS

H. E. HODQKISS, State College

As far as Aphis is concerned the situation remains where
it was some ten years ago. Some fruit growers say that the
application of nicotine sulphate will not control Aphis, but
nobody as yet has brought forth a better method.

The most efficient method which we have for control of
the Rosy Aphis is spraying just as the buds burst. Delayed
dormant spraying must be made so that the spray is forced
into the trees and reaches the ends of those buds. We can not
spray do\vn; we must spray at the buds, and we must aim to
cover every bud on the tree. It is quite a hard job, but it can
be done, and fruit growers are beginning to see that it can be
done, and the number of men who are making a success of
Aphis control through this practice is getting larger every day.

We have heard of control of plant lice through applica-
tions of nicotine dust. Experiments indicate that there is not
as much efficiency in the application of dust for apple aphids
as for aphids of other plants, such as truck crops, or for other
sucking insects, such as Red Bug. We must continue these
experiments for some years before it will be advantageous for
the fruit growers to use nicotine dust on fruit trees for aphids.

As to the Red Bug, you can control it with nicotine dust
application. You can also control it Avith liquid, together with
better control of scab. I know from experience that you can
not control scab with dust applications, and you may not get
efficient control of insects. I admit that it is possible to con-
trol sucking and chewing insects by applications of arsenical
dust and nicotine contact dust, but the efficiency depends on
the amounts of materials that you put on. For the present we
recommend that you use the liquid for these various purposes.

It is doubtful if radical changes in insect control practices
should be adopted generally, although in special instances the
added cost of special machinery and materials may aid in
orchard operations where insect control alone is to be con-
sidered. The type of contact dust most suitable to use is being
determined by different experimentalists. Until these mater-
ials become standardized for use in the orchard the fruit
grower depending on a comparatively small acreage should
keep a live interest in the work that is being done but not
try costly experiments at his own expense.

Question: I would like to ask if there is not quite a field
for dust on late sprays to avoid stains on the fruit?

S. W. Frost: Our experiments during the past summer
only have shown that the late application of arsenate of lead
Avith a fungicide has been doing excellent work in controlling
leaf roller. I should say, yes, that the dust application for
that advantage is satisfactory.

— 38 —

^1^

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Question: Was nicotine sulphate or free nicotine used?
What was the carrier?

Prof. Frost: Lime was the carrier, and nicotine sulphate
was used.

Question: What results have you gotten from dusting for
Rosy Aphis?

Prof. Hodgkiss: We have not had as good control as with
liquid, which seems rather strange in contrast to the results
from Red Bug.

MY EXPERIENCE WITH DUSTING

r. H. PASSETT, Meshoppen

I have been listening to the reports on these insects and
diseases by the different gentlemen, pests that seem so preva-
lent in the southeastern part of Pennsylvania and in New Jer-
sey. I begin to think that I must live in God's Country,
because we do not have cause to complain of the results of
dusting. In our orchards we have sprayed for a great many
years, and we have never had a serious outbreak of scab, and
never any red bug practically, and so dust has seemed to con-
trol insects and diseases for us. In the season of 1921, in order
to make an experiment, we sprayed one-half the orchard with
concentrated lime-sulphur solution and arsenate, and the other
half we dusted with 90-10 dust, at the time of the calyx spray.
I must say that the dust worked better than the spray. All
during that season the foliage on that dusted portion was
darker color and the trees and fruit looked better all through.
In our case, where we do not have all these insects and dis-
eases, it does w^ork well.

We have been getting somewhat nearer in the last two
years to some of the conditions that have been described in
the southeastern part of Pennsylvania. Last season particu-
larly there came into our orchard a great deal of disease dif-
ferent from any we usually had. On the blossom end of our
apples, some injury from insect or otherwise, caused it to com-
mence to turn green, and after the apple was picked and
stored it again turned red. We do not know what it is, and
we are at a loss as to how to control it, and we are anxious
to know about it.

I believe in cultivation. I believe clean cultivation in an
orchard is going a good long way toward solving some spray
problems.

Question: Do you dust morning, evening, or the middle
of the day?

Mr. Fassett: Usually in the morning. One morning my
son and I started at about 4:30, and by 8 o'clock we had
dusted what usually took us three days to spray.

— 39 —

Question: Do you have apple scab, and does dusting con-
trol it?

Mr. Fassett: We have very little scab.

Question: If you had apple scab would you dustt

Mr. Fassett: We would try it.

Question: Do you have scab on untreated trees in your
county?

Mr Fassett: Not much. I am a firm believer in dusting,
and i believe all you fellows will be dusting m five years.

Member: The injury on the end of the apple you spoke of
a little while ago may be due to frost injury.

Question: Did you say that dusting controls later fungus
diseases such as Flyspeck fungus?

Mr. Fassett: That has not been very prevalent.

Question: Have you used copper dust?

Mr. Fassett: No.

Member: I think that dusting should not be Pf ssed over
so hastily, especially on a big place. \\e ourselves think
spraying is beUer, but we can not get around so well and we
can not get men to work for three or four dollars a day on a
spray machine. Therefore, we must use dust, hoping that it
will do the work. I want to ask Professor Nixon if it is not
better for those people who were hit so hard with scab tlus
year, when they can maintain enough dusters, and can not
maintain enough sprayers, to keep on dusting and dust as
thoroughly as we can, if we can not do thorough spraying?

Prof Nixon: In your case dust if you must, but if you
can spray, spray. If you can not possibly get enough men to
spray, then dust ; but remember it is second fiddle, and I dare-
sav that we will see orchards in Pennsylvania that have been
dusted and the crop ruined. I would rather take twenty-five
acres and look after that and raise good fruit next year,
than to go over the whole business in an unsatisfactory way
and ruin it.

Que,<ition: I would like to ask Mr. Fassett if his orchard
is near a large stream where there are fogs and a lot of
moisture?

Mr. Fassett: I am located along the Susquehanna River,
and we get very heavy fogs.

think

Member: That accounts for your success with dusting I

• ffi

#

1

,1 .

. >

%^

Question: Are these makes of lime sulphur and arsenate
of lead equally good: General Chemical Company, vreeLand
Chemical Company, Rex Spray Company, and Sherwm- Wil-
liams Company?

H. E. Hodgkiss: Yes. These are all standard and reli-
able products.

Question: Are miscible oil emulsions as valuable as lime-
sulphur to control scale ?

H E. Hodgkiss: Owing to its spreading qualities miscible
oil is perhaps slightly more efficient. In general orchard oper-
ations lime-sulphur solution is preferred by most orchardists
on account of its added fungicidal properties and comparative
safeness in the hands of inexpenenced help. It is efficient for
scale control and can be used in combination with other in-
secticides which effects a saving in costs of application.

WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO REMOVE SPRAY STAINS

FROM APPLES

F. N. TAOAN, State CoUege

After we get the spreaders and stickers perfected, are we
eoing to carry more spray material on the fruit into the bar-
rel or box, and thus into the market? If so, we are liable to
eet into trouble with the boards of health for arsenic spray
stains, which they may claim will injure health. There is not an
apple buyer anywhere who would not rather buy sprayed fruit,
and he does not care if the spray is there or not, but he does
not want it to be too apparent. I do not believe anyone would
run any chance from arsenic poisoning from eating fruit
with spray stains. They would die from the effects of
over-eating before they got enough arsenic to hurt them. But
if we keep on using the arsenic it will be found on the fruit
and occasionally objection to it may be raised. How to get
this off the fruit? Some use automatic brushes for the fruit,
or brushing machines. In the Northwest some growers use
cotton or canvas gloves for packers, and as the fruit is handled
they brush off a great deal of the stain. A man m New York
has equipped his sizing machine with some cotton pad brushes,
giving fairly good results. He even puts on an antiseptic wash,
which helps to remove the stain. It may help the keeping
quality too.

EXPERIENCE WITH STICKERS AND SPREADERS

r. N. FAOAN, State CoUcge

Almost from the beginning of spraying, spreaders and
stickers of some kind have been used. Most of them have been
weighed and found wanting. We had resin-soap sticker and

— 41-

— 40

many others. In recent years the casein spreader has come
and from experimental evidence that we have had throughout
the country, especially in the Northwest, it looks as though it
had come to stay. I am inclined to believe that there are many
groAvers here who believe in it thoroughly. From what we
have done at the College with **Kayso" which came out first,
and has been pushed the hardest of the various casein spread-
ers, we like it. It is best not to mix it with hot water, and not
to drop it into the tank without mixing it to a paste. The
milk spreader was used twenty years ago. Now it is brought
out in just a little different form. Of course it is the casein
in it that we want.

Question: Have you had any experience with the use of
skim milk?

Prof. Fagan: Not recently. It has been used in the past,
but it was given up as not successful. I think the man who
started the first casein work, in Oregon, did use skim milk,
and then resorted to the manufactured casein.

Question: Does the spreader injure the fruit in any way?

Prof. Frost: No. In our experiments the plot with the
spreader showed the same amount of injury from insects and
diseases as without. The condition of the foliage was improved.

Question: Can you secure any greater protection from
scab by the use of spreader?

Prof. Fagan: I have not.

Prof. Nixon: I have not observed any difference. It works
well, but we see no difference in control. If you do a good
job you get control, and if you do not do a good job, you do
not get control. The spreader has nothing to do with it.

Prof. Hodgkiss: Spreaders work well and are useful, but
I am wondering if o\ving to the psychology of the word
"spreader" we are not getting away from the real situation.
In order to control insects we must put the spray where the
insects are. We must do that under high pressure, and use
the right material. The men who are getting practically 100
per cent control without the use of spreaders, have trained
themselves to do a thorough job; some men who are not get-
ting 100 per cent control want the spreaders to help them out,
because they are inefficient in their work. I am just wonder-
ing if the use of spreaders will not encourage the efficient man
to let down on his work, thinldng that perhaps the spreader
will do the job and require less work. That is what I am
afraid of.

Question: Does the addition of the sticker make the ma-
terial run any better?

Prof. Fagan: It seems to run better.

42

Prof. A. F. Mason: In New Jersey we have had consider-
able experimental and practical work with spreaders. In one
experiment at Glasgow, where there was a very serious out-
break of codling moth, it was necessary to use fifteen applica-
tions of eight gallons per tree, and even then there was 32 per
cent of codling moth injury. This last season they were able
to control codling moth with the casein spreader and regular
material, with seven sprays, and they had 4 per cent codling
moth injury. Doctor Headlee is pleased with the results of the
casein spreader, but he does not believe that you can take the
word of the casein people, and use only 11/2 pounds of spreader
to 100 gallons of spray ; he believes you should use 3 pounds
to 100 gallons.

IS THERE ANY SATISFACTORY SUBSTITUTE FOR THE
HIGH-PRICED NICOTINE SULPHATE?

T. L. GTTYTON, Pennsylvania Bureau of Plant Industry

At present there are no cheaper substitutes for nicotine
sulphate which may be recommended without reservations.

Recently, in New York experiments, reground tobacco
dust used at the rate of 40 pounds to 100 gallons of 1-40 lime-
sulphur gave very favorable results in the control of red bugs
and aphids. This work is still in an experimental stage. The
tobacco dust was purchased on the market and reground at
the Experiment Station to a fineness to pass through a 200
mesh sieve. The cost will run about 11/2 cents per pound for
the reground material at Harrisburg. Should this dust be
found entirely satisfactory a saving of about 40 cents per 100
gallons would result from its use.

Nicotine oleate has been used for a few years rather suc-
cessfully in the control of white fly, soft scales and aphids in
greenhouses. This material has some promise in orchard
spraying but no trials have been made up to this time. Nico-
tine oleate is prepared by mixing one of the free nicotine com-
pounds containing 40% nicotine with oleic acid or **red oil'',
at the rate of 10 volumes of the former with 7 volumes of the
latter. A gallon of the resulting soap like mixture is used to
each 650 gallons of spray. Little is known of the behavior of
this material when combined with other spray material, and
the cost is about one-half that of nicotine sulphate.

Quassia chips (a product of a plant native of Jamaica) has
some promise as an insecticide for aphids and red bugs, but is
probably too slow in action to be of much value in orchard
spraying. At present the cost would be considerably higher
than nicotine sulphate. . .

Kerosene emulsion has been substituted for nicotine sul-
phate in control of aphis. Doctor Britton, Entomologist of
Connecticut, found with the high prices of nicotine in 1919,

— 43 —

that it was economical to prepare this emulsion for the control
of pink and green potato aphid. His recommendation for the
preparation of the emulsion is as follows :

Kerosene . - - 3 gallons

Soap (about 40 ounces) - 4 cakes
Water to make - - 50 gallons

The material should be churned or pumped violently until
milky white. While this emulsion is quite satisfactory in the
control of the aphids, skill is required in its preparation to
eliminate the free oil, which is dangerous to plants.

Many workers have tried different strengths of soap solu-
tions for control of sucking insects, but with only partial suc-
cess, and with foliage injury resulting in many cases.

Question: Is the nicotine dust sold by manufacturers fine
enough ?

Mr. Guy ton: Usually not. Professor Parrot stated that
it was necessary to regrind it to 200 mesh fineness. Some spray
manufacturers may be putting it out that fine.

Question: In making tobacco decoction on the farm, from
stems or waste, should it be boiled a long timet

Mr. Guy ton: In preparing tobacco extract you never
should boil it. It should be soaked in cold water for 24 hours.

WHAT IS NEW IN PEACH YELLOWS?
W. A. McCTJBBIN, Pennsylvania Bureau of Plant Industry

The outstanding point in the Yellows inspection of 1922
is a notable reduction of the disease. It was expected that
since there was little fruit in 1921, many trees would be passed
over that year for lack of fruit symptoms, and would thus
come to swell the 1922 count. In spite of this, however, there
is a gratifying drop in the percentage, from 4.5 in 1921 to 2.5

in 1922.

A very important piece of news for peach growers con-
cerns the progress that has been made recently in clearing up
the cause of diseases of the same type as Yellows. When asked
at former meetings and by countless growers why the scien-
tists are not studying Yellows, I have replied that they die
trying to solve this type of disease by studying similar troubles
on more easily handled plants, like tomato, tobacco, etc. I also
suggested that perhaps the finding of the cause would mean
little change in our method of Yellows control. This indirect
method of solution now promises to be amply justified.

At the meetings of the American Phytopathological Soci-
ety in Boston, in Christmas week, three separate papers an-
nounced the finding of organisms in these baffling diseases in
various plants, among which are bean and tomato mosaic and

— 44 —

potato leaf roll. It has been determined that these organisms
are neither bacteria nor fungi, but belong to those low forms
of animal life called Protozoa, to which belong the organisms
causing malaria and sleeping sickness. This discovery leads
us to renewed hope that we will shortly find out the cause of
the Yellows and Little Peach diseases, and while a knowledge
of the exact cause may not affect our present methods of deal-
ing with Yellows by a prompt eradication, yet that knowledge
may be of distinct value in enabling us to take measures to

prevent its spread. „«?««+ ^„^

The proposed State budget cuts are likely to affect our
Peach Yellows Campaign, since we will not be able to employ
the necessary force of inspectors. I would therefore urge this
Association to use its influence in helping to assure adequate
support for this valuable service to the peach industry of the

^ tsee Resolution adopted at the Business Session later.)

SPRAYING RINaS
J. J. JAQUISH, Tunkhannock

One of our problems in Wyoming County is the farm
orchard; ''Every day, in every way, they are getting worse

and worse". ., ^, . , ^_

Our orchard spray rings are similar to the potato spray
rings. Many of the owners of the small farm orchards ol
from one to four acres, know they ought to go at the job, but
they won't do it. It is coming to this, they will either have to
go to the commercial orchards and buy fruit, or begin spray-
ins Our object is to give the man who has one tree or ten
trees the help he needs. We give him the use of a big machine
of 300 pounds pressure with two spray gujis. We have tive
machines and we had forty-seven men with four thousand
young and old trees. They yielded 23,000 bushels of wluch
14 000 bushels sold at 70 cents and brought $9,800. The mater-
ial cost $1,500 or approximately 30 cents a tree.

Next year we will have ten rings, and after that more in
Wyoming County you can find farm after farm with a
neglected small orchard; but we hope to change that condition.
It is difficult for the small grower to follow the spray schedule,
but if he can hire a man to do it, that is the best way.

Member: What number of men do you consider right
for a ring?

Mr. Jaquish: We have one association with fifteen, one
with four. It depends on conditions.

Member: How about the cost per tree!

Mr. Jaquish: We buy the machine on the equal share basis,
whether you have ten trees or one hundred trees.

— 45 —

;

Member: What machine do you use?

Mr. J aguish: The Field Force, a four-horse power mach-
ine, also the Junior Leader. But others are just as good.

President Fletcher announced the appointment of the fol-
lowing committees:

Resolution Oommittee — P. S. Fenstermacher, Chairman,
A. Sheldon Funk, R. J. Gillan.

Nominations Committee — C. J. Tyson, Chairman, F. H.
Fassett, R. J. Walton.

Auditing Committee — S. R. Huey, Chairman, W. 0. Bing-
ham, W. J. Lewis.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, JANUARY 24, 1923

COOPERATIVE MARKETING OF FRUIT IN

PENNSYLVANIA

MANLEY STOCKTON, BlglervlUe

The Biglerville Cooperative Packing Association with
which I am connected, is the pioneer in the east. The first
Central Packing House in New York was in 1918, while the
Adams County Association was established and operating in
1915. I wish to preface my remarks with a general caution
to all those contemplating the establishment of community
packing houses. This is not a cure-all for careless or dis-
gruntled growers, but if carefully handled will work out to
great advantage to those connected with it. We are incorpor-
ated under the laws of Pennsylvania, and we find that form of
organization of advantage to us in matters of finance and
business.

In our section, prior to 1915, the cash buyer was the prin-
cipal outlet for fruit and he bought either at so much a barrel
picked in orchard, or a lump sum. The late D. N. Minnich
saw a field for an association of a number of growers, and in
1915 initiated the work. For three years we have been pack-
ing and marketing our fruit through our office at Biglerville,
without employing outside agencies. We have had, coopera-
tively, a more successful year than any since we assumed our
own marketing problems.

A great deal depends upon the kind of pack you are able
to make and can standardize. We believe in private brands.
We do not mean by this to depart from the grading regula-
tions that are adopted generally, but we do feel that no small

— 46 —

I

part of our success is due to the effort we put into private
brands. There is always a demand for such a brand if you
can establish the fact that it is one of merit.

Closely coupled with all of our endeavor we find cold stor-
age is necessary. We do not depend entirely on cold storage,
but we have cold storage adjacent to the packing house, and
it enters in more and more. It has been the only means wherby
we got increased returns this year over what we could have
gotten early in the season. I am going briefly to give the
method and procedure of our marketing here, thinking that
that might be the thing of most vital interest.

Marketing Methods. The first thing, in the early fall, is
to make an estimate of the crops of our members and find out
as nearly as possible how many growers will depend on us as
their market channel. While it is not always possible when
you first make the estimate, to know how many growers or
acres will be included, nevertheless it is important to find this
out early, and we estimate the number of barrels of each
variety as early as possible. We then follow up the various
barometers of the apple market as closely as possible, and
make quotations before picking, if we feel that we are safe
in doing so. We make quotations subject to change, because
hail storms and wind storms may intervene, and that is some-
thing against which protection is very essential.

We then plan on securing a certain percentage of our
crop for movement in the fall. When we have sold up to that
amount we stop selling and wait until the season is well
started, and we are sure whether we are in line with quota-
tions and market demands. We usually hold a part of the
fruit. This year we held more than usual. There are, of
course, variations to the program. We use cash sales, F.O.B.
tract, and cash sales delivered from storage.

This question might arise, in a small organization like ours
which does not handle much volume, "can we reach all the
markets, and are we on as good basis to distribute and sell as
some of the larger organizations which are represented in prac-
tically all the markets in the country?" We feel that in our
ease success is not due to our small size, nor is the fact that
we are small an indication that we ^dll be a failure ; but the
fact that the effort is back of the pack has enabled us to build
up a trade. We do have access to all the markets, and we
feel that we are not handicapped by being our own sales

agents.

We pack fruit and pool it according to variety and grade.
Regardless of the man's crop we pool it on a basis of equal
quality and we have certain grades that we have adhered to
for a number of years. We find it very essential, m order to
be just, to have a strict line drawn as to grade.

— 47 —

Advantages of Cooperation. Our evidences of success are
in the few losses which we have experienced. We have a
number of letters from the trade in general that we are vain
about, whereby we have demonstrated the ability to sell at a
premium on a low market on account of the brand being

known. i. ^ •*

We accumulate a volume of fruit and enable the fruit
grower who has less than a carload to have the benefits of
shipment on carload basis. We relieve the grower of the pack-
ing and marketing problem when he is busy with his harvest-
ing, which requires his personal attention. We are able to
establish facilities for standardization which the individual
can not establish for himself, unless he has a great volume.
No cooperative marketing association can succeed unless it has
the faith and confidence of the growers. Unless you can obtain
the confidence of the community where you operate, you will
have an uphill business. The cooperative association stands on
its own merit. When we first started out it was apparent
that the personal interest of one man or another helped hold
it together; now we are convinced that it stands on its own
legs, through the experience of the past eight years.

I once read an article by 6. Harold Powell, of the Cali-
fornia Fruit Exchange, in which he said that the history of
cooperative marketing of fruits in the United States was
strewn with wrecks of cooperative organizations, and unless
the growers go into it anticipating a great many difiiculties,
and armed against such difficulties, they will find that it will
not relieve nor limit troubles unless you guard against weak-
ness in organization from many sources.

Question: How far do you haul the fruit from the
orchards?

Mr. Stockton: We have hauled twelve miles, but the ma-
jority comes from orchards two to four miles.

Question: What would be the limit?

Mr. Stockton: That would depend on the roads and on the
package in which the fruit is hauled and the equipment or
truck used. Certainly the shorter the haul the better it will be.

Question: What is the best source of information for
markets ?

Mr. Stockton: You will find it very important to rely on
experienced market men to give you the information you want.
At the same time maintain your own brands, and see that your
continued efforts are building up something for you. I do not
want to go on record as saying that there is any hazard in
affiliation with a national marketing agency. Of course, m
many cases, it is the best method.

— 48 —

COMBINED MEETING AND FRUIT SHOW AT

WASHINGTON, D. C.

President Fletcher here gave freedom of the floor to Mr.
Russel Bargamin, of Crozet, Virginia, a representative of the
Virginia State Horticultural Association.

Mr. Bargamin: I have been delegated by the Virginia
State Horticultural Society to confer mth the Societies of
Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Delaware and New
Jersey, as to the matter of holding next winter an Apple Show
at Washington, and a joint meeting of the societies at the same
place. The Virginia Society realized that for twenty-seven
years we have been meeting in the towns and cities of Virginia,
that Mr. A has been showing his apples to Mr. B, and Mr. B
to Mr. C, and we are not getting anywhere as far as advertis-
ing or publicity goes. A move was started to see if the East-
ern States, the barrel producing states, of which Pennsylvania
is an important one, could not put on an Exhibition along the
lines of the one which this year was held at Council Bluffs,
Iowa, or such as the National Apple Show held every year at
Spokane, Washington. The Virginia Society adopted a reso-
lution to meet in Washington, D. C, and ask other states to
join us. At its meeting, two weeks ago, the Maryland Society
unanimously passed a resolution to join us. I bring the same
message to Pennsylvania.

We feel that the Eastern States, the barrel states, ought
to have as much publicity as the West has. We determined
upon Washington because it is the Capitol, and because it is
a neutral point. Virginia could not claim any advantage, and
no other state could. We will have the benefit of experts in
the U. S. Department of Agriculture. We also feel that with
Congress in session, we would secure more advertising and
publicity throughout the country than any other city in the
East. Of course, the same might be said of New York, but
certainly Washington would have an advantage over Balti-
more, Richmond, or possibly Philadelphia, because it is the

Capitol.

We have made no effort to make detailed arrangements.
Our own State Committee feels that we should await the ap-
pointment of other committees, and then work out a common
program. Maryland has appointed its committee, Virginia has
appointed hers. We ask Pennsylvania to adopt resolutions and
appoint her committee. We feel that the burden of expense
should fall upon the sale of advertising space and floor space,
and the horticultural supply houses are all keen for it, because
they realize that if they can cover their work by going to one
Show, and take care of six states, it enables them to put more
money into one place and secure greater returns than from
any individual show.

— 49 —

I hope that the Pennsylvania Society will act on the mat-
ter as the other states have.

Mr. Fenstermacher: Would you mean by such a move the
abandoning of our Annual State Show in Harrisburg?

Answer: That would be left for the individual states to
decide. I do not feel that a state could put on an Apple Show
there without having its educational and business meeting
there also. We feel that if we are going to act we should act
jointly. There is no use in Virginia putting on a Show there
and exploiting its barrel apples unless all the states do.

Dr. Fletcher: Is it the pleasure of the meeting to consider
this now, or shall we refer this subject to the Business Meeting
tomorrow morning?

H. C. Brinton: It seems to me that this is a big proposi-
tion to consider. All the eastern states have been in th*- sam(
boat for a long while. We have been paddling around ii. i
circle. I believe we should look into this. I think it would be
well to defer action on it until tomorrow.

Howard Chase: I present the motion that the question be
referred to the business meeting tomorrow.

The motion was duly seconded and passed.

A COMMISSION MAN'S VIEW OF PRESENT GRADING

PRACTICES

W. H. BAGGS, Pittsburgh

The National Law covering apples provides for but one
grade, divided into three sizes. The Pennsylvania law follows
very closely the National law, requiring apples of the same
variety, and specifying minimum size. West Virginia and New
York State not only grade as to size, but also as to color
requirements, and the United States Department of Agricul-
ture is proposing grades based on color and size.

In addition to apples we have National laws covering the
grading of onions, potatoes, sweet potatoes and strawberries;
and State laws including the aforementioned commodities. In
fact the grade of most fre§h fruits and vegetables is covered
by laws, especially in states where there is a large commercial
production of any particular commodity. Most of these laws
have been passed only after thorough investigation on the part
of the United States Department of Agriculture and the vari-
ous State Departments of Agriculture, in conjunction with
growers and shippers, as well as handlers of these commodities
in the various large markets.

Speaking as distributors of our own products, and the
large number of growers whom we represent, will state that as
a whole the present grading practices are satisfactory and

— 50 —

amply meet our requirements. As a matter of fact we are now
much more concerned about the condition and packing tnan

we are about the grading. , j. *i, *^„^^

We might offer this criticism for the good o^^he trade
as a whole, which includes the grower, as well as the distrib-
utor and consumer ; i. e., that there is a tendency on the part
of the grower or shipper simply to come up to tbe standard ot
grading required, whereas the pronounced successtul hanaiers
of fresh fruits and vegetables have been those who aim to do
a little better than the law requires . . ^ 4. -i,,^^

Another point of criticism might be directed to failure
on the part of both grower and distributor to grade closer
where similar conditions exist as those prevailing in the white
potato industry at the present time ; the present commercial
trading permitting the shipment of decayed stock not to
exceed 2% While Pennsylvania grown potatoes are command-
ing a premium in the markets, yet present conditions do not
justify the shipment of other than perfectly sound potatoes in
every respect.

ARE THE MIDDLEMEN GETTING TOO LARGE A SHARE
OF THE FRUIT GROWERS' DOLLAR?

W. H. BAGOS, Pittst)urgh

This subject has been agitating the minds of not only the
grower, but the consumer, not only in this generation, but ever
since it has been necessary to employ an intermediary m order
to have the products of the farm delivered and consumed at
points outside of their own immediate neighborhood. The
matter became so acute in 1921 that our national government
appointed a Joint Commission of Agricultural Im^^^^ Mr
Sidney Anderson of Minnesota as Chairman, which resulted
in what was probably the most exhaustive investigation ot
business in all its relations ever carried out in this country.

Report of Agricultural Commission. The Commission
divided its report into four different parts; Marketing and
Distribution being included in Part 4. Chapter 3 covers the
results of this investigation as it pertains to the marketing and
distribution of fresh fruits and vegetables, from which for
your information I desire to quote the following paragraph :

"In studying the distribution of fresh fruits and
vegetables we must first consider the wide areas over
which these commodities are produced and distributed.
People in cities now draw their major supplies of these
commodities from distant points. Areas of production
may be hundreds and even thousands of miles from areas
of distribution. There has been a very noticeable ten-
dency toward the concentration of fruit and vegetable

— 51 —

acreage in certain specialized restricted districts. In other
words, fruit and vegetable growing has become a special-
ized business. The development by irrigation of many
fertile valleys and districts in the far west and increased
production in Southern States account for much of the
growth of the industry. The prevailing movement of
These commodities is from the West to the East and from
the South to the North."
The report also contains a summary of 9,4/6 cars of rep-

resentative fruit and vegetables sold ^l^^J^^j^f^i^^ PittX.r^
cities of Boston, Chicago, New York, P^^^^/^^^P]^^^;. ^f f ^"^^^^
and other cities during the period September, 1920, and July
1921. The commodities included thereunder consist ot the
following :

Approximately 2,000 cars barreled apples

1,500 cars boxed apples
1,000 cars northern onions
200 cars Florida citrus
430 cars California cantaloupes

a fairly representative number of cars of practically all lines
of fresh fruits and vegetables, including around J^O c^a^^ ^^
-potatoes; the total sales of which represented over $10,500,000,
out of which

32 - 79/100%

59 - 64/100%

4 - 39/100%

3 - 54/100%

Transportation received
Shipper received
Miscellaneous handling costs
Receiving Distributors' Gross Profits

out of which the Receiver must of necessity pay his operating
expenses. The Receiving Distributors' gross profit on

Barreled Apples was 2 - 3/100%

Boxed Apples 2 - 14/100%

Northern Cabbage 1 - 76/100%

Northern Potatoes 1 - 28/100%

I am firmly convinced had this investigation been made
during the year 1922, it would have shown that the Receiving
Distributor received less out of the gross profits during ly^^

than 1921. j. • j. ♦•

I wish to call your attention to this source of information
available for everyone, which makes it unnecessary for unwar-
ranted attacks in the future upon the industry m part, or m
whole, for an unjustifiable attack upon any phase of the busi-
ness affects the whole industry.

Present Day Problems in Marketing. First in importance
is to have an accurate knowledge of the market demand.

— 52 —

Demand may be classified into two sections — natural or
normal and artificial. A natural demand is more easily dis-
cerned, while the artificial demand depends upon the effort
put forth to develop it, and can be made just as profitable,
even more so. It is essential to know in exact terms the
quality, as well as the quantity required for immediate con-
sumption. Quality carries with it the style of grading and
packing most suitable for the practical handling of the whole-
saler and the retailer, but primarily the requirements of the
consumer. The consumer is the party that we must ultimately
serve and satisfy if we succeed in stabilizing the market.

In Mr. Anderson's report on ** Marketing and Distribu-
tion", he states that **Over 50% of the commercial fruits and
vegetables shipped in this country originate in the territory
west of the Mississippi River ; and to a very great extent this
production is consumed in the territory east of the Mississippi
River. It was found that on 9,476 representative cars of fruits
and vegetables the average haul was about 1,400 miles. Ship-
ments of these commodities probably represent a longer haul
movement on the whole than any other important line of com-
modities." Mr. Anderson could just as reasonably have con-
cluded that approximately as large a volume was produced
south of the Potomac and east of the Mississippi River, and
marketed in the territory north of the Potomac and east of the
Mississippi River. He could have gone even further and dis-
covered an enormous movement of fresh fruits and vegetables
from this so-called eastern territory, which produced large
quantities of apples, cabbage and potatoes to supply not only
the markets within this eastern territory, but furnish the
southern markets with these commodities from four to six

months of the year. .

Our problem, then, is one of getting this production from
these far distant points into these consuming markets and into
the consumers' hands in the quickest possible time, so as to
retain not only the fresh and attractive appearance, but in
sound and merchantable condition. To perform this function
properly, that is, of getting the goods from the producing sec-
tion to the consuming centers, requires an accurate knowledge
as to the character of the commodity, a lack of which results
in a material loss to everyone concerned.

To be familiar wdth the character of these products, one
must have first-hand knowledge of the conditions under which
they were grown — soil, as well as climatic conditions.

To successfully handle the marketing problem, it is im-
perative that the harvesting and packing be carefully peiv
formed, as a large percentage of the waste in this industry
is caused by injury to the commodity through the harvesting
and packing process. These processes should consume a mini-
mum amount of time, due attention being given to careful
handling, so as to avoid injury to the fruit, subsequent to

— 53 —

which they should be placed on board cars and rushed to the
market in the quickest possible time, as one day's delay on a
six day movement may result in the fruit arriving in other
than a fresh and attractive manner, which is so essential, as
nine-tenths of the buying on the part of the trade, as well as
the consumer, is based on appearance. This involves the
method of conveying from field to packing house; the style
of package most suitable ; whether shipped under ventilation
or refrigeration, and if under refrigeration, to what extent.

Growth of the Marketing System. It is within the experi-
ence of those present that the grower depended upon his indi-
vidual effort in disposing of his products to so-called cash
buyers ; in the absence of which he would ship his products to
nearby or distant markets, to be sold upon arrival by so-called
commission merchants. The grower knew little, if anything,
about market conditions, depending upon quotations received
by wire or letter, indicating the price at which his particular
commodity was selling for that day in the market. Each
grower had his particular commission man in the various mar-
kets to whom he would ship. Shipments would be made under
conditions where there was a light supply and correspond-
ingly high prices, with the result that his goods generally
arrived on the market with similar shipments from others,
attracted by the favorable conditions, and as a consequence
his goods were sold in competition with the heavier supply
attracted by the favorable quotations, for less money.

This situation developed a line of operators known as
"Carlot Distributors", generally with headquarters in one of
the large consuming markets, who entered into a contract with
the grower, not only to handle his goods in the market in
which he was located, but in other large consuming markets
where he had provided facilities for doing so. The Distributor
encouraged producing centers to specialize on certain com-
modities, as well as the developing of certain varieties of the
various commodities most suitable from the standpoint of pro-
duction, as well as the requirements of the market. Commun-
ities began to organize into growers' organizations, in an en-
deavor to minimize competition from each other, and to
develop proper standards of grading and packing.

The Government, both national and state, has assisted in
this work through various activities of both national and state
agricultural departments, which have been amply backed up by
our educational institutions, until today it is recognized we
have emphasized the matter of production, and if we have
failed in any respect it is that sufficient importance has not
been attached to the marketing phase of perishable products.
Even in these so-called enlightened days we find large
growers' organizations succumbing to political influences

— 54 —

rather than confining their activities along sound economic

lines *■

Does it mean anything, or can it result in any permanent
good to finance a grower beyond his ability to produce ;
whether it be on the part of a local merchant, a commission
man, or a State or Federal Government? Have we not all
been in local communities where the leading merchant or mer-
chants advanced the grower money to produce his crop, taking
a lien or mortgage on the crop or property, and in the mean-
time permitting the grower and his fami y to run up a big bill
at the store, the object being to have this grower Produce the
crop and turn it over to the local merchant, who will dispose
of it through such facilities as may be at his command which
are often inadequate, and generally based on loans which he
in turn has secured from the merchant in the market, through
whom he expects to dispose of the products We have yet to
see a prosperous producing community developed in this

'"^'"This is no worse than for one of our large western states
to make it possible for their growers of Alfalfa to secure an
advance of $25.00 per ton, and make returns, or at least ac-
counting at the end of the marketing season, indicating that
?he net average sale amounted to $10.00 per ton. It is unsafe
as many of you growers well know, to advance the cost of
produSng a crop, as there are many conditions under which
a crop may sell for less than cost; as witness the results of the
p^t two years, where the cost of everything entering into the
production of farm products has been abnormally high, and
the market on most products correspondingly low.

National Marketing Agencies. To successfully handle a
national marketing organization requires a large investment in
marketing facilities, and few have entered the field I assume
Tat we are in agreement that national distribution is essential
n order to secur'e maximum results . A great deal of-r work
must of necessity be along pioneer lines yet with a *ull know -
edge of fundamentals followed in other lines of successful
marketing ; the sum total of which is an adequate supply of a
standardized product, sold under an advertised trade mark,
to handle which we as distributors must have an extensive
investment in experienced men :

Rrst: For our field work, in order to maintain proper

contact with the grower.
Second: For the equipping of sales offices to handle the
distribution direct with the markets from the pro-
ducing center.
Third: Ample facilities involving oft-times large invest-
ments in the consuming markets of the United
States and Canada, of which there are some 200
important centers.

— 55 —

It is not only necessary to equip a selling organization of
this kind with salesmen at shipping point and in the market,
but provide experienced traffic men to see that the transporta-
tion of the commodities is handled in an efficient manner, and
protect the grower and shipper alike against the neglect of
the carrier to deliver his goods at destination in proper condi-
tion, at the published tariff rate, and what is even more essen-
tial than either the selling, supervision or transportation of the
commodity, i. e., an adequate force for the collecting and
proper accounting of the goods entrusted for sale and distri-
bution, backed up with an assurance that an accurate account-
ing will be rendered, and a guarantee against loss through
failure to make proper and prompt returns.

Growers and shippers are entitled to feel absolutely
assured that they will receive in a prompt and proper manner,
the money received by the distributor from the sale of the
goods which they entrust to his care. Sufficient importance
is not given to this phase of the marketing problem.

However, the methods under which perishable goods
should be marketed provide a maximum safeguard against
losses, some of which are cash at shipping point ; delivery only
upon payment of draft drawn against the commodity, delivery
of which can only be obtained by payment of same, which car-
ries with it an order upon the carrier; and the auction com-
panies assume the risk where sales are made through that
source.

Up until this moment I have mentioned little, if anjrthing,
about artificial methods for developing a demand for our pro-
ducts, and yet experience with the company with whom I am
associated, has brought about most startling results, really
beyond our fondest expectations, through the advertising of a
standardized product under a national trade-mark, especially
in those sections and on the particular commodities that we
have been able to provide with an adequate supply; so much
so that we have dispelled any doubt that was in our mind
about the matter, and are prepared to put all our energy back
of the idea.

You will pardon the mention of an incident that is more
or less personal in its nature, but a news item reported that
M. Clemenceau upon his recent visit to this country had added
grapefruit to his breakfast menu. Our salesman, on the alert
to take advantage of this announcment, sent Mr. Clemenceau
a box of our particular brand of grapefruit, and received an
acknowledgement from his secretary thanking us for our
thoughtfulness in the matter, and stating that Mr. Clemenceau
had not only added grapefruit to his breakfast menu, but spe-
cifically mentioned that it was our particular brand he first
became acquainted with and inquired for everywhere he went.
What is more to the point he left us a standing order for a

— 56 —

box to be sent to his home in France every two weeks. The
fact that our particular brand was available in all the markets
that he visited, and the further fact that it bore our electric-
ally stamped trademark, assured him that he was getting what

he ordered.

After all, our marketing problems resolve themselves into
giving a man what he wants and vnll actually pay full value
for and returning the producer his proper share of such sale
price. This involves application of modern merchandising
methods to bulky perishable food products and needs a world
market. While some view our problem as simple, the most
expert feel there is yet much to be accomplished.

Sheldon Funk: How well have the railroad companies
developed their icing at icing stations, and could they improve
the service so that we could have less claims at the other end?

Mr. Baggs: I think they could first of all improve the cars
that they now supply. It takes more than paint alone, and it
needs more than yellow cars to make refrigeration. If they
will follow U. S. standards, and provide additional sidings and
sufficient ice for the peak movements there would be less
trouble. We ought to have an inspection at every icing point.
There is a law, which has passed or is now before Congress,
that requires the filing of an actual statement of conditions.
If that law goes through, we may be better protected.

DEVELOPING A LOCAL MABKET

Harrison S. Noli, Columbia : In our region we have curb
markets, about four squares in length. They usually back the
team up against the pavement. It is a rather satisfactory
arrangement. There are a few roadside markets during the
summer, and I believe these are successful. Our best markets,
among the large growers, are the home markets. As you prob-
ably know Lancaster County devotes much attention to gen-
eral farm crops and tobacco, and wx have only comparatively
few large fruit growers in the county. The bulk of their fruit
is sold in the orchard. In our own orchard w^e sold over three-
fourths of the fruit direct to the consumer and they hauled it
away. You can readily see the advantage. No package of any
kind is required, and you can also dispose of any inferior
fruit which you have in this way.

In developing our home market we feel that the news-
paper is a good medium, and the telephone. The past summer,
especially with peaches, we noticed that we got better prices
at home than we got in neighboring towns. We had more sa^
isfaction, also, because there we had to compete with inferior
grades, and most of our people preferred the better grades
which they got at home. We can not grow enough stuff to
supply our own local market. We have a large number of
young orchards coming on. I think the most important thing

— 57 —

in developing any market, wholesale or retail, is to grow a
good article and give good quality and measure.

P. S. Fenstermacher, Allentown: The previous speaker
has covered the subject well. Some towns have no market
system of any kind. We happen to be one of them. Some
novel ideas have been advanced there. Some growers have
rented a vacant lot, made a display and there sold their stuff ;
a very good idea. We have not gone into it, but it is one of
the most direct ways from producer to consumer. When you
grow more than the local market will take, you will have less
money, because you will get less when you ship it away than
when you sell at home. Cultivate the home market to the
limit. In this way you avoid a lot of vexation, examination
and damnation. There are lots of tricks between the grower
and the consumer in the big cities, some of which result in the
*' gluts" on the market. You will have a report from New
York or Boston that peaches are $4.00 a crate, and by the
time your car gets there you ^vill get $1.50. So cultivate your
home market, the nearer the better.

What are we doing to make a home market? Are we
doing anything to increase the consumption of our products?
There are less apples consumed today than some time ago,
according to the population. The citrus people have done
everything in their power to advance their product. Their
fruits are well known, and people know what they are getting.
They can tell good oranges and grapefruit when they see them,
and they know the quality. We can not say the same thing of
apples. Most of the consumers do not know the difference
between a Ben Davis and a Stayman, and it is hard to explain
it to them, but they know the difference when they eat them.
Would it not be advisable to inform the customer that these
are eating apples, and that those are baking apples? Too many
people are picking their apples when they are half ripe. Will
that increase consumption? Do you want a second piece of
pie from that kind of apple? All these things ought to be
taken into consideration and remedied in some way.

I made a trip across the country to California some time
ago. One morning when I took up the newspaper I saw in big
letters, ^'PRESIDENT OF PENNSYLVANIA STATE HORTI-
CULTURAL ASSOCIATION HERE". Now most of those
people never heard of P. S. Fenstermacher (I doubt if they
could even pronounce my name, let alone spell it), but the
State Horticultural Association is known way out on the
Pacific Coast. The same day the President of their State Asso-
ciation sent me complimentary tickets to a show, and invited
me to the Lions Club meeting, at which Governor Stevens and
some other notables were present. This was all because I was
President of this Society. I met Henry Wilder there, too. I
wish I had time to tell you how they are trying to grow apples

— 58 —

out there. It is pitiable in some cases. After what I have
seen of Southern California, Pennsylvania is good enough
for me.

S. R. Huey, New Castle : New Castle is our main market.
It has upwards of 50,000 people. Nearby, we have Youngs-
town with 150,000, and Sharon with 25,000. We also have
Pittsburgh fifty miles away, and the valleys m between are
thickly settled with mining towns. The market is there ; the
only question is to go and get it. It is just a question of how
good a seller you are as to what you get out of your stuff.
There are carloads of apples shipped in there every year, and
that has a good deal to do with the price. We try to get at
least as much as the commission men get.

We sell most of our apples by the load to grocers. Per-
sonally I have never advertised except cider apples and apple
butter apples, but we go in with a load. When we go to a
store we are going up against a man who knows what they
are worth, and knows the supply and all about it. Sometimes
when you tell him you want $1.50 a bushel, he will say that he
got them for $1.00 the day before. He may tell the truth, but
you can ask him what kind they were. Probably he got them
from some farmer who does not spray, probably wormy and
scabby, not fit for anything but to feed to hogs. After you
talk a little with him and show him what you have, if it is a
good grade, you will get your price and doubtless be able to
sell to him right along.

Then we have to contend with the man who will not take
care of his orchard, or who picks everything off the tree and
sells it as it comes, and gets whatever he can. It has not cost
him anything to produce it. You can not do much with that
class of fellows. You may sell to a man who has some culls
which he will mix with yours, and sell them together in that
way Some grocers tell me that they get as much from seconds
as from first grade, but that practice is unfair to the consumer.
We have never tried to develop the retail trade m our
town. We do not have a market house. We have a curb mar-
ket, but it is not patronized much by fruit growers. There are
some farmers who sell a general line of products, but fruit
growers, as a rule, have not used the market. A good retail
market could be worked up if someone would go after it.
One reason why it has not been prominent is that the grocers
do not like it. They do not like to have the farmers go after
the retail trade. I sell a lot of stuff through orders over the
phone. People drive out and get it. Then we do not have to
bother about packing. I sell a lot to the fellows whose orch-
ards have been killed by San Jose scale. They come eight and
ten miles to get their winter supply of apples. One man who
formerly had a large orchard buys his apples each year
from me.

— 59 —

When we do sell to the consumer I always try to get the
full retail price. It is not fair to the grocer to undersell him.
He has his business to keep up, and we ought to protect him
to some extent. I generally sell for fifty cents a bushel above
what I would get from the grocer. Sometimes people call up
and want to know how much fruit will be if they come out for
it. I tell them the same price, because when they do come out
they always want to pick over the f riut, and that takes up time.

Then there is huckstering. I tried that method once, and
got a good price, but it took me all afternoon, and I decided
that I could use my time better in some other way, and that I
would let the grocer do the retailing hereafter.

H. C. BrintoUf Hanover: There is one thing of import-
ance that has not yet been brought out in developing the local
market. How long will it take you to do it? I have been on
the market for ten years, and I could not develop it in a year,
or two years. If any man is going after the home market, he
can not go there with one year's crop only. He must dispose
of this year's crop with the idea of developing trade for future
years, and if he does not want to do that he had better stay
off the market.

A man came on our market this year and had better
apples than I did. We were selling at the same price. He was
not known. Because his apples looked better he sold more
than I did. A little later I asked a wholesaler about the man's
apples. They were found to be not properly sorted and infer-
ior to the sample in many respects. The dealers would not
want more of his apples at any price. There is a great dif-
ference between developing a local market and selling this
year's crop.

Question: If apples are $1.50 a bushel wholesale, to the
man who ships to commission merchants in Philadelphia, what
should he get when he takes them to a local grocer ; how much
more?

Sheldon Funk, Boyertown: When fixing a price I usually
take the best price I can get on big markets, and sell to the
grocer at that price, less commission. Make him pay for
freight, because he w^ould have to pay that any way. We do
not regard average prices. We try and hold a certain price
even if the market goes up or down.

PROGRESS OF THE CENTRAL PACKING HOUSE MOVE-
MENT IN THE EAST
p. E. TAYLOR, Acting Director, State Bureau of Markets

While essentially a development on the Pacific Coast, the
central packing house has recently made rapid strides in the
eastern states, so that it is becoming an increasingly important

— 60 —

factor each year. The older houses have been in operation for
six or seven years, and methods, results, and costs have become
sufficiently stabilized so that some general conclusions can be
developed. Since the subject was assigned to me, I have had
the good fortune to be able to discuss this subject with the
managers and members of a considerable number of houses,
so that many of the points brought out are the actual criti-
cisms, both favorable and unfavorable, of the people m closest
touch with the operation of such associations.

Present Status of Packing House Movement. At the last
meeting Mr. Rees explained in detail the methods of operation
of the Western New York organization and last September a
group of growers visited several of these associations, so that
you are all more or less familiar with this organization. It is
sufficient to say that at last reports there were about forty
local packing houses members of the central organization and
that the sales have been handled by contract with the North
American Fruit Exchange. Particular emphasis has been laid
on the development of a standard uniform pack.

The past year was the first one of the operation of the
Jersey Peach Groovers Cooperative Association, which is a cen-
tral organization with six packing houses at the present time.
As a new organization operating in a year of rather general
poor markets, this association had its share of difficult prob-
lems. Sales were handled in a similar manner to the New York
organization, but at certain packing houses, particularly the
one in Camden, attention was paid to the development of a
local trade for peaches with good success. Considerable work
has also been done to secure better distribution of truck ship-
ments in the territory in close proximity to the producing sec-
tion. In this respect the New Jersey development is of more
interest to many of our growers than the other organizations.
In Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia there
have been local associations formed in many places, but there
has been no decided effort to federate their activities into state
or sectional organizations. Various methods of sale are used
and it seems certain that larger units will gradually develop
from the local associations.

One of the older organizations of this character is the
packing house at Biglerville in our own state. It seems pecul-
iar that while the fruit growers of Pennsylvania have probably
been the slowest group to become interested in the central
packing house idea, one of the real successes of cooperative
marketing in the East has occurred within fifty miles of our
place of meeting. Those who are considering the development
of new projects in Pennsylvania can do well to profit by the
years of experience which a few of our owai members have had
in the Biglerville organization.

— 61 —

During the last year, the packing house at Collegeville has
had its first season and a charter has been secured for an asso-
ciation at West Chester and similar action is under considera-
tion at other points in the state.

In connection with this subject it seems appropriate to
mention the recent organization of the Federated Fruit and
Vegetable Growers, Inc., and the purchase by it of the control
of the North American Fruit Exchange. The actual operation
of the new agency began on January first last and this devel-
opment is of decided importance to the central packing house
movement. While undoubtedly the bulk of the business in the
near future will be the same as that of the North American
Fruit Exchange, the existence of such a growers controlled
organization should simplify some of the problems of the new
central packing houses in Pennsylvania and other states.

Essentials to Success. In the first place, there must be a
cooperative spirit in the community and no packing house
can succeed in a community where suspicion and ill feeling
toward neighbors prevails. There must be a mutual respect
and a strong interest in and effort to solve these problems by
joint action for the ultimate good of all concerned.

Any business must have a sufficient volume of business to
carry the overhead expense reasonably in order to be success-
ful. There must be enough fruit handled to make the cost of
paying for the building, interest, repairs, equipment, etc, a
reasonable charge per package in addition to the necessary
labor. Too small a volume usually means an excessive cost
or else labor which is used inefficiently. On the other hand,
too large a volume frequently results in congestion, unneces-
sary delay, extra handling, and frequent dissatisfaction of
members. " The equipment, shed space, storage space, and other
facilities should be sufficient to handle the maximum amount
of products offered both efficiently and quickly.

The question of membership and the locatioA of a packing
house are both important subjects in the establishment of a
new association. The packing house should be in a central
location and the experience of others indicates that five or six
miles is the maximum haul that can be handled satisfactorily
by the grower. Of course, there may still be a few who are
at a longer distance from such a house, and good or poor roads
and grades will have some effect on the exact mileage. Small
houses are being operated efficiently with a seasonal capacity
of about eight thousand barrels. Success is more certain if
there is a volume of from fifteen thousand barrels up, as
charges with this volume come closer to competing with farm
packing costs. A grower who has enough fruit to supply such
a packing house himself can secure little benefit by hauling to
a niore distant house. He can secure the benefit of brands,
central selling, etc., by working in cooperation with his neigh-

— 62 —

bors and should be interested from that standpoint alone. The
large number of varieties is a real problem in the New York
organization, as it slows up packing, reduces capacity incre^^f «
cost of operation, and makes selling more difftcult, particu-
larly when many of the varieties are not popular market van.
eties The experience of the past season has taught the JNew
Jersey organization that they must handle apples as well as
peaches in order to secure greater and more continuous volume
for efficient operation. ,

The question of the size and character of the packing house
is exceedingly difficult to consider in a general way. Varying
conSs m^ake it impossible to make positive statements
when weather, insect and fungus troubles and labor are all
Tuch uncertain factors. It is safe to say that a packing house
must have sufficient capacity to ^^andle the peak load which
will have to care for. With proper lighting facilities it is
possible to double the ordinary capacity by night operation
for a short period of time by overtime work. There should be
ample provision for storage of unpacked fruit and loading and
unloading platforms should be conveniently arranged for rapid
Cdling Large storage capacity for empty packages pre-
ferably overhead, is desirable as it makes possible early pur-
chase of lupplies and reduces work in rush seasons. Barrel
factories are being satisfactorily operated m a number of
instances. A cider mill is also proving ^^^H; sati ^ ac^^^^^
accessory for the disposal of the poorer fruit. The value of a
good by products ouUet is reflected not only in the pnee ^-
ceived for cull fruit, but also in the better pack and grade
which is prepared for market.

Financing. The financing of packing houses has fre-
quently caused troubles which result in a serious problem for
years In other states, particularly New York the initiaJ
building was financed on notes of growers commonly for three
years which were held by the local bank which furnished the
money to construct the building. The plan m actual operation
contemplates witholding a certain amount each season from
the growers returns to apply on the note. Usually these notes
are for the same amount regardless of acreage and, therefore,
the small grower is compelled to provide as much capital as
the larger grower. On the other hand the note of the larger
grower is paid up at an earlier date and he then receives no
interest on his investment. While an easy method to finance a
packing house in the beginning, it is an unsound one and is
almost sure to lead to future complications.

A much better remedy is the financing of the building
through an ordinary mortgage, with the balance of the money
secured through the sale of certificates of indebtedness. These
bear interest and can be sold to anyone, although the bulk of
the money should be contributed by growers if possible. In-

— 63 —

stead of attempting to pay for the investment m three or five
years, at least eight and preferably ten should be allowed.
AH charges for interest and repayment of principal should be
included in the regular operating charge and not scattered m
various minor costs for different purposes.

Pooling Sales. No central packing house can operate su<>
cessfully except by the pooling of sales into a common fund
from which an average price is determined and payment made
to the grower in proportion to the amount of the various
grades which he has furnished. It is obvious that careful
grading and accurate records are essential to successful pool-
ins Pennsylvania growers, a^ individuals are apt to hesitate
S favoring -pooling- because they believe that they produce
Abetter quamy of fruit than certain of their neighbors and
therefore cannot afford to average the price of their fruit with
the inferior product. But they forget that if their fruit is
better, the percentage in the higher grades will be larger, and

therefore the returns to the growe^,^^^^^^,.^:.^^,*^^;,^^,,^^ .^
There seems to be a very well established tendency to
make a '^pooP' include the sales of a certain size of one grade
of one variety for the entire selling season. In some cases a
senarate grouping of fruit held in storage is made, but this is
northe univeU practice. A system of f--Z\^le::r^^
possible to pay the grower the large pereentage o^^^^J^^^^

'''' ^hS ra^Mn^td adherence to -ogni.e J^^^^^^^^^
essential to successful operation. Lack of ^tt^"^^^^^^^
principle will cause just as much trouble among tl^^ °^^^^"
themselves as among customers. In the case of apples quarter
inch sizes are prepared and sufficient work has been carried on
80 that there is a better market for this product than for the
product packed under the older method of sizing. Similar
methods on peaches are being developed.

Storage facilities are desirable. Precooling ^oms are of
great value in the handling of peaches, but ^s^^^^y «f J^n
i^orage for apples has proven to be more P^acti^.^^ Jji^
storage as a part of the packing house This is not true of
common storage in the Northwest, and it ^« ^^^^^ P/i™
that a system of such storage for short periods may become
practicable in our own state.

Standardizing the Pack. And now we come to the real
purpose of a central packing house, which is a standardized
pack and product. It is a well recognized fact that the aver-
age grower can pack fruit cheaper than it can be packed for
him at a central packing house. The usual charge for pack-
ing is about thirty cents per barrel for apples, and from ten
to fifteen cents per bushel for peaches. Facing this fact, the

64 —

only real justifications for a packing house are a more uni-
form pack, more efficient selling, and community action as
against individual action.

If it costs more to handle through a packing house, are the
returns sufficient to justify the additional costs? Where there
has been efficient management and reasonable chance for suc-
cess, the answer seems to be uniformly — That the packing
house does pay. When analyzed in practically all cases, the
reason for success is the development of a standard, uniform
pack that can be pooled, guaranteed to the buyer, advertised
and sold for better prices.

The New York organization has grown from a few asso-
ciations to forty houses marketing half a million barrels a
year because both grower and buyer found this method more
satisfactory. The packing house at Biglerville has had the
reputation of turning out a superior product which has netted
prices better than the market. At the meeting of the Maryland
Horticultural Society early this month it was publically stated
that the entire output of the Inwood, W. Va. packing house wm
sold by the middle of September last because of the high
quality of the 1920 pack and the shipping point inspection
certificate with every car.

Recently we have been asked to help straighten out a con-
troversy here in Pennsylvania in which the buyer claims that
he bought the best of the fruit in a certain orchard (whatever
that was) and later claimed that he did not get what he had
purchased. In this particular case he received only a fair
grade of apples, so it is easily possible that he expected and
was entitled to better fruit.

From which packer would you buy if you were a dealer
and would therefore be compelled to make refunds out of your
own pocket if the fruit handled did not prove satisfactory
to your customers? The answer is obvious, and m actual
practice we find higher prices being paid regulariy for the
article which is kno^Ti to be uniform and dependable.

The proper grades for use in this section of the country
have been tried and tested for a long enough time so that
there is every reason to believe that satisfactory grades can be
used if the grower really desires to do so. The central pack-
ing house offers the best method to secure a standard pack
and then to obtain a better price through centralized sellmg.

Prospect in Pennsylvania. In the commercial producing
sections of our state conditions are so similar to those in the
other large producing districts where associations have been
successful that it is safe to say that the central packing house
will be a success in south central Pennsylvania if local condi-
tions are reasonably favorable. Associations will be formed
just as rapidly as growers are convinced of the soundness of
the proposition and of the need for it in their particular com-

— 65 —

munity. From the local associations, some central agency will
gradually develop which will render those services which it
can more effectively carry on, such as selling, advertising, etc.
But many of our Pennsylvania growers are interested in
local markets rather than in the larger markets where their
product comes in direct competition with the fruit of the
entire country. Can the central packing house be made a suc-
cess under such conditions? In this field we do not have the
experience of others to guide us to any extent. It seems just
as certain that a local market can be developed to its capacity
only with well graded fruit and a steady supply. The value
of advertising is unknown by most Pennsylvania growers and
successful advertising is ahsolutehj based on a standardized
product. Within the next few years small packing houses,
probably located in some of our cities in the fruit producing
areas of the state, will be in operation for the grading and
sale of the fruit locally. This may seem like an impractical
dream, but it is being done in certain other parts of the coun-
try on similar products. Many of the present packing houses
in adjoining states find that the truck buyers who came to
them to purchase fruit are becoming an increasingly impor-
tant outlet for their product. In some cases ripe peaches have
brought more than the fruit selected from them for shipment
because markets within forty or fifty miles were better than
the usual commercial outlets.

Recent test campaigns show that the consumer is ready to
do his share if there is a practical method of distribution and
advertising developed to enable him to buy heaviest at the
time when the market has its best quality and largest supply.
The working out of such a method is the problem of the pro-
ducer, and results should be distinctly in his favor. While the
central packing house may be a short distance ahead, the time
is already here when growers around a city can start an asso-
ciation, do the packing themselves on standard grades, and
advertise jointly to develop their local market and increase the
consumption of local fruit to at least as fast as new orchards
come into bearing. And in answer to the original proposition
**Is the central packing house practical for Pennsylvania
growers?" I submit the following records of carlot unloads of
apples and peaches in the fifteen larger markets of Pennsyl-
vania during the years 1921 and 1922 and the important
sources of supply.

— 66 —

Carlot APPLES unloaded at 15 Pennsylvania Cities

Important Origins

New York

Washington

Delaware

Pennsylvania

West Virginia

Maryland

Total Unloads

1921

3,1341/2

2,146

60

483

146

52

7,4761/2

Total Shipments from Pa. crop year 226

1922

2,896
1,742

459

397

156

133
6,326
1,626 to date

Carlot PEACHES unloaded at 15 Pennsylvania Cities

Important Origins 1921 1922

Georgia 1,483 979

New York 417 972

North Carolina 131 217

Delaware 1^2

Pennsylvania 4B 941^

New Jersey 2 61

Total Unloads 2,310 2,7891/2

Total Shipments from Pa. crop year 45 207

New York, Washington and Georgia have sold this large
volume of fruit in our markets because of the central packing
house, organized selling and advertising. Can we refuse to
use their successful methods any longer?

Question: What is the cost of packing in central packing
houses in comparison with private houses?

Mr. Taylor: The largest single cost is the price of labor
in a community. Many times it is possible to get it close to
orchards at lower prices than can be secured in central pack-
ing houses. Another factor is the difference in the output of
the central packing house, where the various varieties of dif-
ferent colors have to be separated until they have been graded.
A machine with a capacity of five cars at a central packing
house will take care of six cars for the individual. It may
cost more, but this is more than offset by the convenience to
the grower, and the higher price received.

Member: I think it would be well to have two machines,
each one of 500 barrel capacity.

Mr. O'Neil: One of the big factors in the increased cost
of packing in cooperative packing houses is that the average
grower puts his most skilled help on the packing operation,
whereas the cooperative packing house has to hire indifferent
help at a big prioe.

— 67 —

R. J. Gillan: Why is it necessary to have higher priced
help in the packing house than in the orchard?

Mr. O'Neil: In a private packing house the help is hired
the year around, and the grower uses it for different purposes,
whereas in the cooperative packing house it is seasonal em-
ployment, and the men are not quite as efficient as the men
who have been working at it for years.

Mr. Taylor: I think it is safe to say that most of you, in
your own orchard work, look out for the packing yourselves.
When you figure up your costs do you charge yourself with
what it would be if you were not there?

President Fletcher here read the following Resolution
adopted at the York Imperial Apple Conference held at Fred-
erick, Maryland, in January, and attended by representatives
of the Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania
Horticultural Societies :

"The first step in the more effective distribution and sale
of the York Imperial is to standardize the pack. It is the
judgment of this Conference that the most practicable method
of attaining this end, in many parts of the York Imperial ter-
ritory, is to organize community cooperative packing associa-
tions. Ultimately these may be led to federate under a central
selling agency; but for the present, the emphasis, in each of
the several states comprising the Cumberland-Shenandoah Dis-
trict, should be placed on the organization of local units. It
is recommended that each of the several State Horticultural
Societies represented here shall appoint three members to
serve on a Joint Committee on Standardization of Pack. The
function of this Committee shall be to consider plans for secur-
ing a better and more uniform pack throughout the Cumber-
land-Shenandoah District, by means of Central Packing Houses
and otherwise, and to report its findings and recommendations
to the several State Horticultural Societies for further action.*'

On motion the Resolution was referred to the Resolutions
Committee for further consideration.

VALUE OP PRXnT CROP ESTIMATES AND REPORTS

JOHN O. SCHMIDT, York

Statistics are of no value unless we use them — and like
religion, or any other fundamental truth, are only worth what
we, ourselves, put into them.

The modern business man can no longer run his business
with any degree of success unless he studies the statistics that
pertain not only to his own business but to the entire indus-
trial field. In the main, his problems, as applied to marketing,

— 68 —

are the same as ours, namely, Supply and Demand— but unlike
the fruit grower, the manufacturer in slack seasons can con-
trol or reduce his output and we can't (at least to any appre-
ciable extent), and thus with little control of the supply, the
demand end becomes of more importance.

But, if each individual grower is relatively powerless to
control the production or supply, is it not all the more unport-
ant that the statistics supplied by the Government, especially
as to the supply, be accurate? But, on what are these Gov-
ernment statistics based? Is it not to a very considerable
extent that which each grower more or less thoughtlessly gives

A great railroad organizer once said, **Full, accurate and
ample information is the first requirement of success . Do we
as growers give sufficient thought in making up our estimates
of growing crops? I know how difficult it is, but would not
greater care on our part present a truer statement of condi-
tions? Do we consider the proportion of good marketable fruit,
or do we simply estimate (and very roughly estimate it too),
what our total crop is, including under sized fruit and low
grades which can never be sold as a commercial pack. While
it is wrong to either consciously or unconsciously mislead
others, it is doubly wrong to fool ourselves.

Under the careful guidance of Mr. Rasmussen, our late
Secretary of Agriculture, we, for the first time, were asked
for a report, by varieties, of apples. Two such reports were
made of the growing crop and last week we were asked to
report the result ; I strongly suspect that the actual commer-
cial crop will fall far below the earlier estimates — and why?
Because I fear the reports have not been carefully made out
by the growers themselves, and what is still more to the point,
so few growers even answered the questionnaire. I am told
that the Department only receives 30% of replies — is it fair
to ourselves? This in part illustrates what I have said, *|That
we only get out of statistics what we (as a class) put in".

In the paper business, in which industry I am interested,
every manufacturer must send, to the Federal Government,
sworn monthly statements of his operations, as to grades, pro-
duction, stocks and shipments. This is published by the Gov-
ernment in the trade papers monthly and both buyer and seller
are thus informed of the true condition of the industry.

I cite this to show how the commercial world values sta-
tistics, and this by the way, is one reason that the manufactur-
ers as a class are more prosperous than the farmer. This, how-
ever, is by no means the only reason, another and greater one
is that he cooperates with others much more than the farmer,
or as a rule, the fruit grower.

— 69 —

The fruit grower is too indifferent — necessarily he works
alone and independently in his production and because
cooperation is more difficult, he markets his products mdepen-
dently-and why? First, he thinks that his fruit is better
than the other fellow's; that his trade comes to him direct and
if his fruit were marked collectively he would lose his identity,
good will and his already established trade. He seems to
forget the demand end of the big question which regulates aU
prices — Supply and Demand. It is only partially known to
him that all sales are based on price, quality and service, and
what he lacks in service, i. e., delivery at the proper hme and
place is a stronger factor even than quality, for in an empty
market a poorer quality will obtain a better price than even a
higher quality, if shipped to a market already glutted.

We can no longer follow the haphazard ways of the past
and if we want to make fruit growing a financial success, we
must follow the trail blazed for us by the western fruit grow-
ers, and more recently by those of our neighbor to the North
— Western New York. We must get away from individualism
and learn and practice cooperation. Don't let us be afraid of
helping the other fellow, for it is an absolute fact that we can-
not help others without helping ourselves.

P. R. Taylor: In New York the Department has a satis-
factory means of getting information for that state. They
have a plan which gets 350 reports in to them from members
of the Society, and those reports are grouped by counties,
and by important commercial varieties, the early and late vari-
eties of apples, peaches and pears. The only ones of interest
in Pennsylvania are apples and peaches. We have tried to
check up on estimates so as to get actual facts this past year.
In this respect, however, this report's success will depend abso-
lutely on cooperation and the accuracy of the estimates
received. If this subject is of sufiScient interest to the growers
action by this Society tomorrow morning along the lines sug-
gested by Mr. Schmidt would be of value to the Department in
putting something through that would be of help to the fruit
growers.

Dr. Fletcher: Mr. Schmidt will you please draw up a reso-
lution to place before the Society at the business session to-
morrow morning, through the Resolutions Committee?

Mr. Schmidt has very kindly presented this Association
with a gavel which was made from a branch of a York Imper-
ial apple tree growing on his Springwood Farm, York. You
will recall that this farm is the birthplace of the York and that
the Association placed a marker there two years ago. We are
under obligations to Mr. Schmidt for this gavel.

— 70 —

F. 0. B. SALES VERSUS CONSIGNMENT

W. E. GBOVE, York Springs

I think this subject was passed on to me on account of a
statement I made in the last annual meeting that I was inter-
ested in placing any fruit this year in the hands of some strong
selling organization rather than to attempt to handle it through
my own efforts. In the past our fruit has largely been con-
signed to four different cities, the bulk to Baltimore or Phila-
delphia. I can not compare the results of F. 0. B. sales this
year with consignments for all our fruit was sold F. 0. B. with
the exception of two cars. If I can find some good friend who
will put all his figures on the table, then I will be able to make
comparison, but I am mighty well pleased with this year's
work, as I can learn from general mingling with fruit men.

We are in Adams County, and we had four different lots
of fruit, part of our own production, part not of it. We packed
at two different places with pretty good packing facilities.
Grimes Golden, York Imperial and Ben Davis. I will refer to
the sale of forty-eight cars of fruit sold on the track. What
advantage did we see in making this change? I felt that I
was not able to give the attention that would be needed both
for the production of the fruit and the selling of the fruit. It
left me free on the production and packing end. We were
connected with an organization that had a national selling
force. We had reserved to ourselves by our sales contract the
right at any time to sell a car of fruit to any buyer, provided
we should pay to the selling organization a small percentage
as a part of the transaction. We could sell ourselves if we
could sell to better advantage. We did not find an opportun-
ity this year to place to better advantage than our sales

agency. , -» ,tn,

When we made our contract we were asked, Can you
pack the fruit right?" I had to say, yes. Now if you are going
to have this selling agent offer a car of your fruit, how shall he
describe it? He does not see it. How can he tell the buyers
in New York, Boston, or Jacksonville, or St. Louis, or any
other point, what you have? We thought we would try to
follow grades established in Pennsylvania, and then we found
that Pennsylvania today has no established grades. Our bar-
rels were marked Pennsylvania A grades, and the inspector
agreed to it that they were Pennsylvania A grade, but he also
agreed that Pennsylvania has no legalized A grade. We
shipped forty-eight cars of fruit. We had three inspections
and one rejection. The rejection was justified. ^

My conclusion is that I believe that the wholesale fruit
grower of Southern Pennsylvania must join up in some scheme
of central marketing, through an agency of national scope.
We must get away from the promiscuous selling to one man
and another, in different years.

— 71 —

WHAT IS THE BEST PACKAGE FOR APPLES AND
PEACHES FOR A LOCAL MARKET?

H. C. Brinton: I can only tell you what we are using.
I do not handle many peaches, but on the local market for
early peaches they run them in quart boxes, and later on in
14 and 16 quart splint baskets. Some are handled in bushel
baskets. For winter apples, I think my best package is my
storage cellar.

In getting them on actual market from the orchard or stor-
age, most of us use bushel crates. We go on the curb market
and sell by measure, and it is a convenient package to handle
there, and when you go around to the retailer it is a conveni-
ent package there. According to an arrangement we have with
the merchants we leave the crate and let them sell out of it.
If the package is clean it makes a good display. The bushel
crate is a full bushel (level full), and we can pack one on top
of another.

In developing the local market do not be afraid to adver-
tise your name. On all my crates I put my name, wherever
they go. I see many crates on the market without a mark to
tell to whom they belong. When we are trying to develop a
market I think the grower's name on containers is a very
important thing.

At the Show I saw a peck splint basket, made up much
as the bushel basket. Some people are catering to roadside
trade, and that makes an attractive basket. I talked with a
gentleman today who has been using them. He puts a fancy
grade of apples in them and gets a dollar each.

RESULTS OF PRELIMINARY TRIALS OF PENNSYL-

VANIA APPLE GRADES

W. C. LYNN, State Bureau of Markets

At the beginning of the 1920 season,tentative apple grades
were proposed by the Pennsylvania Bureau of Markets. These
grades were practically the same as the Proposed Barreled
Apple Grades issued by the Federal Bureau, and their use was
optional with the grower. However, the purpose was to make
a test and determine whether the requirements were applicable
to Pennsylvania conditions. In the three crop seasons, two
were spent in trying out the grades, 1921, of course being
exceptionally light. As a result of these trials, it is felt that
the requirements concerning freedom from diseases and blem-
ishes are correct. Color specifications, however, were open to

— 72 —

discussion; minimum percentages of color required may be
illustrated by mentioning a few well-known varieties :

Penaa. Fancy

Pexma. A

75%

Baldwin

25%

75%

Winesap

25%

50%

Jonathan

25%

50%

Stayman

25%

50%

Rome

15%

50%

York Imperial

15%

These percentages, however, seem to be considered correct
by a majority of growers. The State of Virginia has adopted
for optional use about the same standards as tried out in this
state, but there is a small difference in the color requirements.
It is hoped and expected that some time in the future, at least
the four states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and West
Virginia, comprising a Middle Atlantic District, will have a
uniform standard of grading for apples.

The difference between the present general standards of
good individual grading in Pennsylvania, and the proposed
State Grades, is in the color requirements. Other specifica-
tions covering diseases and blemishes, are about similar. This,
therefore, would show that upon adoption of State Apple
Grades, practically the only additional point to be held m
mind in the average good packing house would be that of
color.

Question: What is the difference between these proposed
grades and the present system of grading by individuals?

Mr Lynn: I do not see very much difference at all in the
matter of disease and blemish. When we come to color a good
many growers could be more strict in the kind of apples they
put in A grade. Some stock is a little too green, and if graded
according to the proposed grades would not meet require-
ments.

Dr Fletcher: Some of our neighboring states have estab-
lished grades by legislative enactment, and if they want to
change their grades, it must be done by a change of law. The
State of Pennsylvania has given to the Secretary of Agric^ul-
ture the authority to define and promulgate grades. A number
of growers have been trying out these tentative grades before
they are established. I think this is a common sense way of
determining what will be best.

— 73 —

HOW FAE WILL IT PAY TO HAUL APPLES TO THE

PACKINO HOUSE?

D. M. WEBTZ, Waynesboro

^"f^ •'»» been said today about central packine houses

cooperative associations, central markets, etc. I do £ot tS
too much has been said, indeed not enough. It seems to S
that the salvation of our business largely depends upon the
classifying or standardization of our product. If Mr A a few
miles away has a packing house, and Mr. B in another' diS

T? H lT;.r^ ^'- ^ "•"l'^^'-' '^•'^ «^» -« expect uniW
A V "//^^^'^ a spray rig I can telephone and have the Dart
duplicated immediately. It seems to me that much the s^l
prmciple should apply with our barrels or cars of apples ^

.uJ^f^aTobr^^irrsr

When the boxes are tightly loaded they can easily be S"

KfandXl"^^"t '' "^^^^^ '^^^^''^'- I am t^old tha?7n
Kmi^P TA ^^t^ansportmg apples ten miles to the pack-

b^fni Tcked t «n T '"^ "PP^l^ ^"^^^ ^^^ b^ hauled before
Demg packed to an advantage rather than after beine nacked

It seems to me that it would pay to transport them^from sTx
to eight miles and then pack there.

four mi?e^ ?r?>.f ''^''J^?^' T^ '^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ 12,000 barrels
n?J?L T ^^^ packing house, and about 5,000 barrels six

nu e . I question whether packing was not iore expensiv?
ontVtl T^'""^^ "^^ ^^"' ^®^^^^t. Instead of havW Zee
a So^'^n ^r "^^^"^l^ts and three crews trying to^ t up
a uniform package, so that the product comint? from thJp^
sources would be the same, there was bu^onr It was nossSv

tThlvTrcll^l^'T r -^--ation, but'mor7sSc"oS
ll^r • , ^^^so idated, and in some regards possibly more
economical. Surely we could make a more unifom 3u^d^^
one organization than under three separate o™s.

Mr. Grove: What package did you move the fruit inT

thatfhev^wnnlH 9S^''^^y orchard bushel boxes, so arranged
that they would nde one on another, the empty boxes next

PACKING APPLES IN BOXES

S. H. WERTZ, Reading

ln..i^!! ^rt ^^'''' packing in boxes for several years In our

mSinrboxe^'sr^ f^^^"^ "^ «^^ ^^^^ are always de'

up in a man^r !f T ^f ' T^^^'^ ^^^ ^PP^^^' ^nd put them
up m a manner similar to the western pack. The chief ad-

— 74 —

vantage of putting them up this way, from the consumer's
point of view, is in the great uniformity. Every apple in the
box will be like the others, and the grade is higher. I do not
think that anybody would put an apple in a paper and in a
box if it were not first class. I have been getting better prices
for apples in boxes. They look a whole lot nicer. It conveys
the idea at once that they are first class apples. What I have
packed this year have been selling at $3.00, and I had a few
Rome Beauty that I am selling at $3.50 a box, and if I had
more I know that I could sell them at nice figures.

Another thing — the box ships better. People have been
sending them for Christmas presents. We have sold about
thirty bushels in boxes to one of our customers. They were
shipped to Europe this year, going to a dozen people over
there. We have gotten several replies, and half of them
have stated that the fruit was in first class condition when
received, and the other half stated the fruit showed some
bruises on the sides, which were probably due to tight packing.

But there are some disadvantages to this method. You
can not get your fruit on the market as quickly; it takes more
time, the containers cost more money, the cost of packing is
higher, and the biggest objection is we can not get skilled men
to box pack. Our men are slow. It is difficult to get men of
experience. That has been our reason for not putting up
more this year in boxes.

I find that the box market wants a certain sized apple.
We have packed nothing but three inch and above in boxes,
and we can not get them too big. The three inch makes about
104 to the box.

Question: What varieties besides Rome Beauty?

Mr. Wertz: Grimes Golden and Stayman Winesap.

MAKING APPLE BUTTER

J. M. BALTHAZEB, WemersvlUe

I find that it does not pay to make any salable apples into
apple butter, only the culls. There is no way of disposing of
culls to better advantage. We use steam. We can boil a quan-
tity of apple butter in a shorter time than by the kettle
method. There is no need of paring apples, simply wash them,
put them in the barrel and put in the steam coils. Boil until
they are reduced to a pulp ; put this through a colander ; after
that they are put into a barrel and cider added which has
been evaporated a great deal.

The chief thing in the making of apple butter is to make
a smooth product, and this depends largely on the steam. The
quicker it is made the nicer color you will have. If it is done
by a slow process you get a dark color. If the steam has

— 75 —

before I put the steam coils in ^* P"* '" ^^^e sugar

apples. ^^^^ ^^^ best of the culls for the boiling

Question: How long do you boilt

.« .SrSST' °° '■" '■"'• — '"..bl. in keeping n. t„,„

^r. Balthazer: Everv hot-i,

0„.o, ■ T, ^ '''" ^^ "'ash it off

?;"t"?-' "°"^«y«"'nake steam?
VO-hot/owerrier.''" ^ «°'''* -«<^ ''oiler. We have a

«s falKnd I laTstrucka th^ ^J'"^ ^'^^ - !>«'-
they do the work. Thev ^rnnL »u *^^ cheapness with which

cooked the whole bSsf together '^t'h''' T.'"*" J-^^^e^ 3
cider. They were gettine nnnll f o ^^^^ ^^^ »<>* fool with
from the people around Ihe^re'Thev?"*' " ^'l ^"^•'^' baS
too. I was surprised, but did no? Jf'^P"^ ^^""^^ Wes
There ,s no reason why the Ln ^ */ ^^^ ^■"""'^'•s a bit.
employ the same labor and woTfoM^'* T""" '^'•"'d ^ot
to work for this large corporltion. *''*""«'^'^es, rather than

WEDNESDAY EVENING. JANUARY 24 1923

annou3Tharf t.mb?;"of ^'^ '"^^*'"'" ^^ 7:30 P. M and
UPO.. the table wouM t taken'un w"' "'r'^ ^-^^ been la^d
evening. °^ 'aken up before the addresses of the

seems to most growers'^ rX^^^^ ^? «^'^ P^^ cent, whfch

Where the hazLd is verf/reSt ^^ t' T^'^^^^^^ «^«"^el
have yet to discover that it ?« ^^J^^^^^ be practical, but I

extent, but the Lanca S Countv'tnh^^ ^'"^^ ^'^^^'^^ ^^Lj
siderably. ^^""^^ tobacco growers use it con-

— re-

Mr. 0*Neil: The way we insured this year was at 5 per
cent, or $2 a tree, and we selected the variety. At first when
they made the proposition we were to leave the damages to
arbitration. We were not satisfied as to how to know what
damage was done by wind and how much by hail, so we had
them take the crop at $2 a tree. We insured our Elbertas.
I do not think it is an entirely satisfactory arrangement, but
because of the past bad years, and because we are in the hail
district, we thought we should do so.

Dr. Fletcher: The companies are also considering frost
insurance. The basis on which the principal is to be paid if
the present plan is carried out, is not whether damage was
done, because you can hardly estimate that until along in the
summer, but as to whether or not frost actually did occur in
that locality, whether it damaged the crop or not. In other
words, they will take the records of the nearest weather
bureau, and if they show that between certain dates, compris-
ing the blooming season, the temperature did drop to the freez-
ing point, they will pay the premium whether your orchard
was damaged or not. In short, they bet with you that there
will not be any frost at all. So it is just possible, according
to the plan being considered, for a grower to get damages of
$200 an acre, and get a full crop too ! This does not look like
a common sense proposition to me.

What is the Effect of Nitrate of Soda on the Color of Apples?
Prof, R. D. Anthony: Good color on apples is the result
of two things, sunlight and full maturity. Anything that influ-
ences sunlight or the degree of maturity influences the color.
If you do anything to a tree that increases the foliage you
increase the shade, and consequently decrease color. If you
do anything which makes the tree more vigorous, less willing
to settle down to its winter resting period, you slow down the
time that the fruit reaches maturity. Nitrate of soda will
increase the foliage and increase the vigor of the tree. You
can by the use of nitrate of soda on a sod orchard, decrease
color and delay the time at which the fruit reaches maturity.
On the other hand, the proper use of nitrate of soda, by giving
trees the right degree of vigor, will result in a fine rich
color of a well matured apple, and at the same time bring them
into maturity at the right time. While there is a possibility of
danger in the too free use of nitrate of soda, that possibility
is one that should not in any way deter us from using it con-
servatively, especially on sod trees.

Willis A. Hess: That is one of the things that we are con-
cerned about. Last year when we sold our apples, for the first
time we found objection from buyers to fruit from the nitrate
treated trees. A man from New York was there, and related
a number of unfavorable experiences with storage apples

— 77 —

but he made uffeel that there if "**T". *•*" "^« "* '^i^ate,
much of it. In our effort^ to jL ff^* ^^"K^'' >» "sing too
have carried it Z {fr Pr^tessoZJ^ ""' ^''^^ ^ ''«"«''« ^^
bringing about the oonmolZlfX^'IZ^^' t^'T. ^'""I
This may be true, but not in ou7^Der,W»?^^ ' delayed,
made two pickines of Vnrt t^ expenenee this year. We
matter how lonTthey ^"/f.fJ'^P^"*^^^ We found that no
good color. They werrapn es on th» i *"' ^^""^ ^^-"^ "^"t ««
This condition was not tree Lforl f» r"" P*^^*** ^^^ ^ee.
picking of the fruit dW no? change tit .J""";^ ''^''^'"K the
as it usually has done ^ * '"'''"■' t**® P^^t season,

anyht.Eu\:-of™;Ca'thrardSl7k" *° «'"?^ -'-
harvest. It was a season «i;fa« ^^^ **/ ^''^^^^ n'Shts at

nitrate, I believe '"^"^'* '°°''* ^^""^ the result of

cond?[onf reemeS mj^o^l "^A^f' T''''^^ ""ere the
not apply nitrate. Where the^had^nt'^^""? ^^at they did

better color. This eompllintto'm b1ye^\\f ^^^^1^^^^^

Mr. 0*Neil' I ],r^nv^ o "Y ^^^^ °^^^e before.

heavily, and then'foCed t^^" 5h° tT *" "^^J^^** '-^•^"r^
tree of nitrate of soda In trees Ml P??"**' *"" '»<"•« *

came on about three or f our we.ks ^!/'^-'"' '''•^: "^^e peaches
than with the rest of us Imon^M«n ','•". ''^"^ty (Elbertas)

many developed core rot. tTanf to aS. If^Zt'^^''^' " «''"'
from the over use of nitrate? *"*'"® "* "^^e

you ^AT:zk fLrthe?vr '""'K''^' -"'^'«- that

hence the core rot Iny condftion th'^r"'''*'' ^ ^^^ "^PP^* ^^^
apple of the Baldwin gives atrRl^^ ?'"'"' ^ '^'^^ overgrown
much the same nature "^"^ 'P°t- The core rot is

tage?f^ t:\tf^:%ivte^,^\rr'^^' "^^^^ ««*--

nitrated trees were two oftC davslif '• ^"* """"ty; the
meant 25 to 35 cents on a bushel ^ '" maturity, which

Should Apples be Pruned Heavier the Off Tear Thai.

the Full Year?

ence^7irunt';Tn aSL'trbfar'?^ '""^ ''"^^*'- "* the influ-
yet been settled. There are a h,lf"^' " P'""^''"' that has not
culturists working on how to overJome'aHe'r^^rr"^''' '^"'ti.
^ The apple bears mainly on sZ?s ^'i!™*te bearing,
heavy a growth, it goes out of th?? •» I ^. ^P*"" "^^kes too
grows for a yea'r, anTth^mty'Sttle Iwn 7o 'h '""••'*'°" '^^
In other words, we can throw a^ef l^Tearin'gK ZZ

— 78 —

^4H

the spurs into too heavy growth. If our trees are alternate
bearing varieties, like Baldwin and York, what we want to do
is to throw some spurs out of bearing on the full year, and force
them into bearing a year forward, which would be the off
year. Whatever you do to the tree in the early spring of the
off year to discourage some of the spurs from forming fruit
buds will tend to make the tree bear more two years hence.
Rather heavy pruning in winter or early spring of the year
during which the fruit buds are being formed (the off year)
will tend to throw many of the spurs of that tree into heavier
growth, and give you a better chance for alternate bearing
varieties like Baldwin and York. They should be pruned
heavier the off year.

Present Situation of Raspberry Culture

Paul Thayer, State College : The raspberry industry in
the United States is in a very serious condition. It is having
a great deal of trouble from the disease called Yellows in red
raspberries; in black raspberries it is called Blue Stem. It is
a disease that injures the plant growth and spreads to adjoin-
ing plants, and will wipe out an entire patch. The nurseries
all have it. It is given the same treatment as peach yellows.
In a certain state institution they reduced the percentage from
3.7 to less than 1 per cent by eradication. I have found it in
plantations almost all over the state. It behooves every planter
of raspberries to get as clean plants as possible, and then watch
the patch, and when you find a plant that does not look right,
tear it out and destroy it at once. Treat it like peach yellows,
for it is just as serious as peach yellows.

Howard Chase: I would like to know about blackberry
rust. What do you advise?

Mr. Thayer: The same control as for yellows.

Is it Profitable in the Long Run to Transplant an Apple Tree
Which Has a Spread of at Least Eight Feet?

Member: It has been done, but I know of only one par-
ticular tree, and the tree bore a nice crop of apples last year.
I do not think it would be a good commercial practice, how-
ever. The transplanting of young apple trees used as tillers is
not practicable.

Is it Advisable to Graft Stayman Winesap or the Delicious

on York Imperial?

Member: The Stayman outgrows the York stock.

Howard Chase: I have a few trees that I top grafted, and
they are doing all right.

— 79 —

Does Keducing the Amount of Lime-Snlphur in Summer Spray

on Apple Reduce Rnsseting?

Member: Yes, but you may get the spray so weak it won*t
control scab. Better use the Dry-Mix lime-sulphur on those
varieties.

Does Addition of Kayso to Lime-Sulphur Arsenate of Lead
Summer Spray Reduce Russeting on Stayman Winesap Apple?

Dr. Fletcher: I should say, no.

Is the J. H. Hale Peach Hardy in Bud?

Member: Not as regular or dependable a bearer as the
Elberta, but it is all right and brings a good price.

Mr. Peirce: A man near Gettysburg had no crop except
of Hale. The frost that hurt the rest of his trees did not hurt
them. There may have been some difference in the pruning of
which I do not know.

Prof. Anthony: The Delaware and New Jersey Stations
noticed a condition that some of us may have noticed. The
J. H. Hale may have a few large peaches and then a lot of
little ones. In New Jersey they suspected it was poor poUena-
tion, and they found that the J. H. Hale is practically self-
sterile. I have been getting some very irregular reports on
Hale from Delaware and Chester Counties, and some of the
trees were in large blocks. I feel certain that it is because of
the poor pollination of the Hale. If we have large blocks of
it the only thing to do is to interplant if there be vacancies
with some other variety for cross-pollination, blooming at the
same time.

Member: Our Hale are irregular in size compared with
any other peach, even when exposed to cross-pollenation.

Is it Practical to Use Smudge Pots in Pennsylvania

Member: We have had them about four years. We had
the pots lighted four times in four years in Allegheny County,
on the border of Butler. We found that where we had the
pots one year it helped somewhat, but we have decided that it
is not practical, and we are not using them today.

Member: I covered three acres in York County some
years ago. The first crop paid all expense, and left me a small
profit. I had peaches when nobody else had them. Since then
I have not had to use them. We need them only once in
twenty years in our section.

— 80 —

Question: Would it justify a man to buy them, thent
Member: If the first crop pays for them!

What Variety Shall I Top Work on King David in Berks

County?

Sheldon Funk: It is not worth much ^ ^^f^^^ ^^P J.^'^
them Grimes Golden would work well on King David, 1
ttok. King David has not justified itself m Pennsylvania.

Is Sweet Clover Desirable in the Orchard?

Dr. Fletcher: I saw a splendid illustration of it in Alle^
gheny County, the only one I have ever seen. It was m a
peach orchard.

Member: I have grown it, but did not have much success

with it. , . J »„

Member- We grow sweet clover in a peach orchard on
top o^TS:not inU soil We had ^ dc> so-tlung o^^^^^^
growth. Last year we seeded it to sweet ciover y

•Smi »e Ih. Apptovrf M.«hod. «f Iteitroyiw K»« •«» <»
„0reli.rd5 m. Ml» ThM a« D»«» Int. tt. K~trt

M.™s„, Mr. May., not rid d tb.m by Ih. .Id of W.jt

Some dogs are useful also. . t i,.™

B J Gillan: We have no trouble with mice, and I have

warned my men not to kill snakes.

Member: Skunks are the best method of getting nd of

mice in an orchard. Association listened to a

Following this discussion the Assocmion

very interesting address by Dr. ^\- ^^- J"y'°;' „in„ certain
Bureau of Plant Industry, Washmgton D; C^^=j°J^^™f ^'^fruit
phases of the work of the Bureau th«t ^'^^f ^0^^. "f Balti-

day.

— SI —

BUSINESS SESSION
Thursday Morning, January 25, ld23

President Fletcher called the meeting to order at 9 :30, and
asked for the Secretary's Report.

BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY
H. P. HERSHEY, Hamburg

Inasmuch as the finances of the Association will be re-
ported by the treasurer and the membership will be taken
care of by the Membership Secretary, the Secretary will con-
fine his Report to the Summer Trip.

The summer trip this past year was held August 1 and 2.
The first day took in the Bridgeton-Glasboro section of South
Jersey. The second day was spent in the Moorestown-Riverton
sections, not far from Philadelphia and Camden.

The first stop was at the Seabrook Farms, near Bridgeton.
These have 1,500 acres of fruit and vegetables. Production is
on a vast scale and it requires a large organization — nearly
a thousand men — to take care of the production and market-
ing of the crops they grow. They have their own cold storage
plant on the place on their own railroad siding. Manure is
brought in by the train load and other supplies in like manner.
Scarcely a weed was to be seen on the entire place and all rows
were as straight as it was humanly possible to make them.

Some idea of the size of the enterprise may be gained
from the fact that there are 275 acres under Skinner irriga-
tion on strawberries and vegetables. We saw a 60 acre field
of rhubarb and at least 100 acres of beans. They were getting
ready to plant many acres of celery at the time of our visit.
Fifty acres of lettuce are grown. The apple tree rows were
miles long, and in the hear future will start producing on a
very large scale.

We had lunch at Bridgeton and in the afternoon visited
the Minch Orchards. Mr. Walter Minch took especial
pride in the large fields of alfalfa. The Minch Brothers are
fruit and vegetable growers on a large scale and it was inter-
esting to note their success with summer apples. They find
the Wolf River a profitable variety as it gets large size and
they market it early. The Starr is also one of their profitable
summer apples.

From Bridgeton we went to Glassboro where we were
taken through the Repp packing house and cold storage plant.
Mr. Repp thinks very highly of the bushel hamper as a pack-
age for storing apples, as the package is well ventilated and

— 82 —

it does not take so long to cool the fruU. ^,*^? PTUS
trip was broken up by a heavy downpour ol ram through
wMch the party returned to Camden and P»^»l'^delPkia

The first stop on the second day's trip was at the Camden
Packing House of the New Jersey Fruit Growers' Cooperative
pt^knl Association. Mr. James Klahre, the manager, ex-
Sed^he operaUon of the plant and detailed the manner m
ffich they kept track of the growers' fruit and how their

pools were operated. a^„„tr,r

Further stops were made at the orchards of Senator
Emmor RobeSpreston Roberts and at Barton Brother

J^anrTruck Farms. Most of the ^^'^'^y'-ZH^Z'lVi
thT opinion that the Jersey Fruit Growers «°«ld bring th«r
orchards into bearing more cheaply than we can. Their sandy
«Ail nearness to large markets, and system of truck inter-
cropping accounts for this. In one orchard Barton Brothers
were successfully using asparagus as an mtercrop

TiK. l»<it half dav of the trip was spent at the Japanese
BeetS Laboratory tt Riverton and in the Lippincott OrchardB
The ravr^es of the Japanese Beetle certainly are serious and
U is ?o be hoped that the Government men and others m
charge will soon be able to work out control -ensure- Jf
nnt it will mean one more serious pest for Pennsylvama
orchardilts to fight, as it is slowly spreading in this atate^

There were twenty machines in the excursion and all
agreed that the trip was time and money well spent.

r»„r thanks are due to A. Freeman Mason of the INew
Jerse^ Experiment Station and other Jersey Grows who

ure of repaying them by having them visit the orcnara
truck gardens in Pennsylvania.

— 83 —

TREASURER'S REPORT

E. W. THOMAS, King of PrassU

Receipts

Cash balance January 26, 1922 $ 662.31

1-28-1922, From H. A. Schantz, balance dues for 1921 16.00

3-11 " " H. A. Schantz, annual dues 300.00

4-22 " " Interest on $100 Liberty Bond 2.12

5-4 " " Interest on $500 Liberty Bond 10.62

5-4 " " H. A. Schantz, annual dues 202.00

6-24 " " Interest on $200 Liberty Bond 4.26

9-16 " " Interest on $100 Liberty Bond _... 2.13

10-28 " " Interest on $500 Liberty Bond 10.63

12-2 " " H. F. Hershey, sale of fruit and vegetables 40.75

12-2 " " D. M. Wertz, refund of premium money 1.50

12-2 " " New membership 2.00

12-2 " " Advertising in report 52.00

12-2 " " Lancaster County Asso. membership 55.00

12-2 " " Adams County Asso. membership 33.00

12-2 " " Franklin County Asso. membership 57.00

12-2 " " Interest on $200 Liberty Bond. 4.24

12-30 " " Interest on Deposits, General Account 4.73

1-6- 1923, " Interest on Life Membership Fund 1.91

1-20 " " H. A. Schantz, balance annual dues, 1922 _. 20.00

$1,482.20

Disbursements

2-7- 1922 To G. E. Smith, 1,000 cards $ 4.00

2-7 " " H. A. Schantz 7.75

2-7 " " F. N. Fagan _ _... 13.88

2-7 " " Torsch & Franz Badge Co 13.88

2-7 " " H. F. Hershey, Secretary' 111.11

2-10 " " Geo. W. Kendrick 3d & Co., $500 Liberty Bond.... 489.53

3-2 " " R. B. Cruickshank „ _.. 45.32

3-11 " " O. M. Taylor _ 45.79

3-16 " " James E. Klahre 16.90

3-24 " " Sheldon W. Funk 8.25

3-24 " " H. A. Schantz _ 1.50

12-1 " " H. A. Schantz „ 12.00

12-1 " " The Hamburg Item _... 37.55

12-18 " " Williamsport Printing & Binding Co 618.00

1-25-1923 " Cash on hand _ _... 56.74

January 24, 1923. $1,482.20

We the undersigned auditors have examined the accounts, bills and

vouchers of The Pennsylvania State Horticultural Society, Edwin W.

Thomas, Treas., and find the same correct, receipts and cash balance

carried over from last year $1,482.20; disbursements $1,425.46.

PRESENT ASSETS OF THE ASSOCIATION

Cash on hand $ 56.74

Liberty Bonds 800.00

Life Membership Fund 62.08

Total Assets _ $918.82

S. E. HUEY I . ,.^

W. O. BINGHAM f ^^^'^^^^

— 84 —

REPORT OF MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY

Received from Dues during year 1922 ^^

Annual Memberships '^ '^ $522.00

Life Memberships •" .

Remittances forwarded to Edwin W. Thomas, Treas.^^

March 4, 1922 902 00

April 28, 1922 -; ^f^'^^ J522.OO

January 16, 19^d —

List of Members, January 1, 1923 ^^^

Life - 2^3

Annual (Paid) jj^ 510

Annual (Unpaid)

List of members at last year's meeting.

iDl

Life 315 466

Annual - •

INCREASE DURING YEAR, 1922 ^^

Of these, making a total gam of 164 during the year

H A. SCHANTZ, Membership Secretary.

On motion, a vote of thanks was ^^^ZV^\^ot^^^^
Secretary for his excellent work during the past two years.

— 85 —

REPORT OF THE GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE

B. D. ANTHONY, State College, Chaiiman

THE STANDARD VARIETIES OF APPLES
IN PENNSYLVANIA

In the report of this committee last year the statement
was made that twelve varieties of apples would cover 75 per
cent of the orchards under 25 years old. The present report
is an attempt to present more detailed information of these
varieties and also of some of our newer sorts. Part of the in-
formation was secured from a survey of over a thousand fruit
farms made two years ago and part from a questionnaire sent
out a few weeks ago.

Why should we be interested in the question of varieties T
This has been studied for generations and there is more good
literature available than on any other pomological subject, yet
it is still a live and often a troublesome problem. The State
of Pennsylvania has lost about ten million apple trees in the
last twenty years. Most of these were in the small neglected
orchards and the commercial industry has probably gained by
this loss but a considerable proportion of these should be
replanted to supply fruit for home consumption. We are just
beginning to realize the tremendous advantage this state poss-
esses in its splendid nearby markets and we are beginning to
expand our plantings to supply these markets. The next ten
years will see a considerable increase in our fruit plantings so
the question of varieties is still one needing careful considera-
tion.

No other eastern state has an agriculture so diversified
as Pennsylvania because of its size, its wide range in topo-
graphy and the concentration of so many of its urban people
into five different parts of the state. A careful study of the
fruit industry of the state shows that it is possible to divide
the state into five quite distinct regions. The accompanying
map shows the outlines of these and suggests names for them.
So widely different are these regions that in studying any one
variety wo cannot consider it for the state as a whole but must
study it in each of our five regions.

Baldwin. This is distinctly an apple of the northern por-
tion of the state, becoming a fall variety in the Southern and
Southeastern Regions. The severe winter killing during the
last five years has discouraged many from planting this variety
and one of the pressing problems is to find substitutes for the
Baldwin. If it is retaining its popularity in any part of the
state It IS in the Beaver Valley north of Pittsburgh.

Ben Davis. Outside of the commercial car-lot area this
variety is now almost universally in disfavor. Its quality is
so poor that only the least discriminating of the local markets

— 86 —

will handle it with profit. In the Southern Region the ability
Shi variety to stLd hard usage and long/^orage mU con-
tinue to give it a place on the commercial list but even here
tWumbTr of trees being planted is rapidly decreasing^

Black Twiff This may have a limited place m the South-
em an^SoSstern Regies to extend the -ason be^^^^^^^^^^^ of
itTbetter keeping qualities than Stayman, but its fickleness m
hparine is against it.

Delicious. It was a surprise to see what a large propor-
tion of the growers consider this variety as still on trial. The
s ze k lome^tlmes a little too small, it fre<l«?f ^^ f .^^ ^^l
n^d it h. shown eo^ijrab^w^^^^^^^^^

\: t^e^let— ?5ace in ^ur lists for all but the northern
''"' a&irSnf^Tlo plant Grimes with considerable

Oolden Delicious. ™s variety i-oX^have^'fruired^il
a"!? ^rS^Sk^^^ iJ-y better than Grimes.

Hubbardston. The large number who reported this ^an-
ety al promising and worthy of planting in a ^^^U way was
^nrnrisine Most of these growers are selling in local markets
in the Southrastern. Northeastern and Western Regions. The
chief defect is its short season.

King. This is distinctly an apple of the northeastern and

our list for home orchards.

J« oSt\:o'ne of our best bake apples.

— 87 —

few. are JnTt't -^tStcltSs^rhe *S» "
Region. Even thoue-h th^ro 1.00 iT "^^"^"^^ ot the Southern

with Smokehouse of lal years tT n^nnf-f'''? *''*'^* "'J^'y
creased. ^ ' "^ Popularity is still unde-

bearST it'"tlf rVJaiSf ZTof ?£ Y t " '". ''T ^"^^ '-">
eastern Region It is «o w?li ^ favorites of the North-
local markfts that i commLnJ^ T** *^ • "'"'''''y. '^"""''i «" the
than makes up for its slownell t k ^'''"""'"mP"''^ ^^'<^^ "^ore
of the Centra? and We temReSonTT^V,^''? "*"•*•>"» ?«'»«
ness makes it well suited to tWsTrritory ''' " ""** ''^ ''^"••^'-

varietyTsL;'re7oifrn''thrr''r:l°V'-^^ '"^'"^ -*" this
no way shaken theTopularify of ?hi ''I '"'* ^7' ^'^'^ h«« i"
orchards in the Southern RHinn v f "^ ^^P'*- ^^ **»« o'de"-
five to one but in The voun^^^rf. ^^'•k\outnumber Staymans

about equal. S ay^an^L sfowlv fin^^' '^'■.' *"'" ^'''"^^'^^ ^^e
regions of the stat^and whni^it ?^ ^^ "1 uf ^ '"*» «» ^he
great importance in the mo.t lo^f h " P'-«''«bly never be of

to increaL in favoV^fairptrtrofth™ t^'tT' '* "'" •=°"^*"-

timef*Sen™l t Stt"k 's 'ner*"'''' ^^l*'' ^''^ ^PP'- —
winter ipplewhch is used in t?^^''?^ ^''^ *''"'' ^tark is a
stitute for Baldvvrn and althoS^h r*'*T*''" ^*'^'°" «■" ^^"b-
tractive. its ?ood keeptf q^'alUies anjLrdfn'"'*™? "?^^-
desirable apple for plantif gVn a small sca^e '' '""''" '' '

Mary',:rL''Sl,;'lk3t-» 'r™ f^^ '^^-'^ -^
early fall apples. In spite of til « "'^''\^ *°'' '"""""" «"d
prove profitable in the Soutbi^ Summer Rambo continues to

is little used outJJde of ?hi?terrUory *''"'''"" ^'«'''"-^- ^^

whicrr:L adS'to t^latonl'-l^v^^;^ f ^.""^ ^*«*«

aHL'^r^e^^rs^rdtar F?" ^^^^^^^^

its valueTnfhe permanont'^ "l"':?''!* '" ''i'^^' "''" tree but

Wealthy %17JIT ! T^'^ ■"'^""'^ ""* ^^ overlooked.
and has beTn plan'd to I^'cotTd'^K,'" ^" P^"-*-" «* ^''^ «tate
orchards. It has been planted hor^?''-"'^r* '" ^^^ y°"nger
England but grower" do nnf « ''/ "] ^"'^ ^"'''^ «»<! New
overplanted fo^r theT^earClT^drrni"^ '''' '* "^^^ "^^^

Winter Banana. This is n^■,^ ^f »i j-
our more recent varieties ml if <^'«appointments among
attractive but in manv nl- ' > ^'■°"'" 't is wonderfullv
been satisfaeto J Tnd "^he aual/tv '^' ''''' "'^ '='"'"■ ''as not
favor in the local market areas " '° ''°°" *'*"' " '^ ""* '"

— 88 —

York Stripe. The ^-e^^^X^^f tlT^w^ S^
this variety cannot compete with Rome ana tnai-

drop from our lists.

York imperial. « «- ^rk^pffl asTomP-d^J

decrease in the P'-.<>r'?'fi,?L^nto disfavor This is not true.
Staymans, this variety IS falling into distavor. 1 ^^^

It is true that those growers ^^l'" ?™„y°as one of their
finding the York of too P^^^^^^^^f/^^f^the Southern Region
leading sorts; but in .^e «arlot area ot tne ^^ proportions

success. ^« «f nnr ^rowcTS loss from

mitted by your committee:

W. P. BALDESBERGER, Allegheny County,

W. O. BINGHAM, Franklin County,

p. R. BOLTZ, Lebanon County,

W. E. GROVE, Adams County,

DANIEL LUCE, Erie County,

J. S. WALKER, Chester County,

F H FASSETT, Wyoming County,

E. D. ANTHONY, Centre County, Chairman.

Member: I wish to ask Professor Anthony what he knows

of the seedless apple! ^ • „+ Q+„t;nn thev

Prof. Antnony: At the Geneva EYACtuld find. S

tried to grow all the ^^f^^^^X^^^'^plie that has one side
all were disappointments. Take an apple i ^^^^^^

poorly developed and cut through it and the side P ^^^y ^_^^^^
oped almost always is seedless. I feel t at t^
chance of our getting a seed «« aPpk t^^^^^e will use seed-

W 0. Bingham: What about the Cortland?

prof. AniUny: That is a cross breed bet -^^^^^^^^ ^avis
and Mcintosh. It^as a good many P o^^^^^^^^^ ,^

enough Ben Davis to be a better sMPPe^^^j^ ^^ .^ ^^^
stands handling and stonng bet er than m ^^^^.^^ ^^^^^^

from a week to two ^l'^^^}^l{iy^,^XZ\ good eating apple,
of the fine quality of the ^^I^^'f^^^^J'^rtwo and see what it is
However, one should get only a tree or

like.

— 89 —

Sheldon Funk: How about Ranierf

C. J. Tyson: I saw it in the Northwest. It is an apple of
as good character as any they have there, and they have turned
toward it for that reason, but as it lacks in color there I
imagine it would be the same here.

Prof. Sanders: I have received a number of inquiries
recently about the Opalescent.

Prof. Anthony: The Opalescent belongs to the same class
as the Twenty Ounce. I am afraid of it for this reason. It
blights very badly, and that for Pennsylvania is almost a con-
demnation. I doubt very much if we want to do much with
Opalescent until we have given it a very thorough trial, and I
would not want more than one or two trees to try it. It is a
very fine looking apple, with a solid red color, and smooth
skin, but only fair quality. Its size and appearance are dis-
tinctly in its favor.

Howard Chase: The Opalescent was propagated by a nur-
sery in Ohio, but they stopped because it blighted so freely,
and that was my experience with two trees.

The Report of the General Fruit Committee was received,
with the approval of the Society.

The Chairman of the Committee on Legislation, Mr. P. S.
Penstermacher, reported that no business had come before the
Committee.

Report of the Committee on Peach YeUows

The Committee on Peach Yellows, in cooperation with the
Bureau of Plant Industry has had two meetings, one at the
State Capitol on March 17, and the other meeting yesterday,
January 24.

In 1920 the Bureau of Plant Industry of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania made a survey to get figures on the
Peach Yellows in the state and inquired into the methods of
control used in other states. The facts thus collected were
placed before our Association in 1921, and a resolution was
passed by us approving a Peach Yellows inspection service.

Under the supervision of the Bureau of Plant Industry
inspections were made of commercial orchards in the principal
peach growing sections of the state in the summers of 1921
and 1922, but this work was limited by reason of lack of funds
to employ extra men for it.

Your committee to cooperate with the Bureau of Plant
Industry in eradicating the Peach Yellows held a conference
with Dr. McCubbin, representing the bureau, on March 17th,
1922, in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture. Dr. McCub-
bin outlined the work done and proposed, and the matter of
funds to go ahead with was thoroughly discussed. We again

— 90 —

conferred with ^ MeCubbin at a ^^^^^^^^^^

of this room yesterday. It ^°^,^P?XaDDropriation required
state Budget curtailing ^^.^ ,\«X;LpartmeZ unless some
for the Agricultural as ^«l^^«*JftKork provided for in
change is made in the Budget °^ |f^ ;?^ '^tion will have
some way by appropnation %J'^SmZ^iev^ev orchards
to be curtailed in 1923 and 19^, *^„™^^ittee therefore
?rl'the ^rowiS relS to^?he Association for con-
sideration: ^^^^ ^ ^^^^ Bureau of

PlanflfdS'of ^fVSTel r frL^o^ P^^^

the Secretary «* /g^^^^^^.n* Jf STnspection work.
tZZrV^^:t:£ rdtSeVS mro^ads upon this
rtly diSseVade during the past two year.

For the Committee, R. T. OKi»wi!ii^i^,

The report of the Peach Yellows Committee was received
with the thanks of the Society.

Business of last year was now called for.

Amendment to Constitution

The Secretary was asked ^o read a «o«of^^^

^meicKer: The matter is before you *o-,^-, JVop^e
will allow me to %^-\'^^' ^Ze^^^rZ is quite clear
the Association will '^"t ad^P^^^here that a change of presi-
from experience here and elsewhere tn ^ .^

dents from time to time « ^^f ? -J^f.^^h of the Associationt

interests and enthusiasm. What - ^^le^ ^j,,, ,„d the

C. J. Tyson: I agree ^vith the t^res .^ ^^^^^^

principle has certainly worked out, since

to the good of the Society. President

be as capable. _9i —

A vote on the proposed amendment was taken, but the
Chair being in doubt as to the result, the Secretary was in-
structed to count the vote by raised hands.

fv.- F''' ^i^^^^/^- The motion is lost because it requires a two-

thrcU^Ll"^^^^ ^"""' '' "^^^ '^ ^"^^^^--^ ^-

REPORT OP THE COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS

«

O. J. TYSON, Chalimaii

.haJ"" ^^u ""1}^^ f^^* *^^^ ^^^ Secretary, Mr. H. F. Her-
sney, who has filled the position most acceptably for five years,
teels that it is entirely impossible for him to continue with
that work, and smce we have seen the work that Doctor
* t 1 ^ ?^ done the past year and during the previous year
in developing the County Associations, we make the following
recommendations for appointment. The work is only started
m various directions in regard to the counties, and if carried
to Its fullest possibilities will call forth not only a clear vision
but a lot of real work. With these explanations, we make the
lollowing report:

President, C. A. Griest, Guernsey.

First Vice-President, H. C. Brinton, Hanover.

Second Vice-President, S. R. Huey, New Castle.

Third Vice-President, W. H. Weinschenk, New Castle, who
becomes Chairman of the Vegetable Section.

Secretary, S. W. Fletcher, State College.

Vegetable Section Secretary, W. B. Nissley, State College.

Treasurer, Edwin W. Thomas, King-of-Prussia.

It was moved that the report of the Committee be adopted
and that the Secretary be authorized to cast ballot for the
nominees of the Nominating Committee. The motion prevailed,
and these officers were declared duly elected.

President Fletcher now vacated the Chair, and Mr C A
Gnest accepted it. , . . .

1 f7!' ?'''^f\ Gentlemen, I consider it a great honor to be
elected to head this organization, and I assure you that it came
to me as a great surprise. I had not the slightest doubt but
that your President would be retained for another year at
least. 1 shall do my best to serve your organization, and with
the hearty cooperation of all the members I hope we can make
the next year as successful as the past one has been.

A matter came before the Association at a former session
concerning cooperation with the States of Maryland, Virginia

— 02 —

«nd West Virginia in putting on a Joint Show at Washington,
S!c It was referred to th^ session for action. The question
is before you now.

Dr Fletcher: The Executive Committee met last night

and considered this. It was the opinion of the members that

this Association could not endorse any proposition which would

tie the Annual Meeting and Annual Fruit Show away from

ts accustomed place in Harrisburg, but it might apP^ove a

special meeting and show at Washington, P^^f^^f, ^^.J^/Xr
entail a financial draft upon the Association. Unlike the other
states involved, we have no state appropriation. Y^^^^^/i^
Son mrbership fees entirely, and if the «^ow c^^^^^
without making a draft on our finances, we think it ^vould be

desirable. .. . ^+i,«^

I move that this Association cooperate with the other
societieTas suggested, provided it can ^^ d---^^^^^^^^^
draft on the funds of the Society, and that a committee oi
fhree be appointed by the President to meet with the other
State CoStees, aid make arrangements for the special

joint^meetmg^^^ was carried. The President appointed the
Exhibition Committee to serve in this capacity.

REPORT OF THE EXHIBITION COMMITTEE

p. N. FAOAN, Cliainnan

The Committee recommends that the Winesap be added

to Class 9. .^ , • J ♦«

The Committee recommends that Class 15 be rev^^^Jo
read as follows: "County Association Exhibit. A certiticate
of merit in Addition to cash prizes, will be awarded for the
fineTdMays of fruit by any county fruit growers or horti-
cultural association affiliated unith t^is association JXtl
of fruit limited to not more than 21 bushels ^f 35 Jates^
Anv standard fruit package may be used, but it is aesirame
that a county use but one kind of package. Thus an exhibit
'vould be an boxes or all barrels or all hampers or bushel bas-
ketTin addition to the plates. No discrimmatj^on sha„ be
made bv the iudge against any standard container; they shall
^ecefve equal weight^ Not more than 15 varieties nor less

Tan 5 varieties sh'all constitute ^^'^ ^^^^^ZZV^Zr^^lo
be standard for the county represented. A list ot gJ0^^«'J' ]rV°
Produced the fruit in this class must accompany the exhibit.
An exhibit shall not be eligible unless at least 5 growers con-
tributcd to the display."

i '-

— 93 —

THE 1923 EXHIBIT

In the plate classes there were entered 437 plates of
apples and 19 plates of nuts.

In the box classes there were 48 boxes entered.

In the bushel basket and bushel hamper classes there were
33 entered.

In the barrel classes there were 12 entries.

The committee is pleased at the interest in the county
exhibits, in which there were six entries.

Through the cooperation of the State Farm Product Show
committee, we were able to increase the premium money mate-
rially for the 1923 show. All of the plate exhibits were sold
for the benefit of the premium list. All of the first prizes in
other classes were retained and sold for the benefit of the pre-
mium list. As the premium list now stands it will probably
be necessary for the association to retain all second prize
package fruit and also second prize of the county association
class to be sold for the benefit of the premium list.

The committee wishes to express their appreciation to the
growers who exhibited. We feel that the 1923 exhibit was
the best we have had for many years. We also extend thanks
to the County Farm Bureau Agents who helped set up the
exhibit.

— 94 —

4^>

AWABDS AT 1923 FRUIT EXHIBITS

CLASS 1, BARRELED APPLES

Bntzy

Ho.

Variety

158

York

206

York

205

Stay man

203

Stayman

130

Delicious

179

Delicious

175

Grimes

131

Grimes

134

York

290

York

181

Rome

132

Rome

17C

Stayman

182

Stayman

180

Jonathan

178

Baldwin

291

Gano

136

Opalescent

288

C

Baldwin

289

Mcintosh

137

Delicious

157

York

140

York

199

Stayman

139

Stayman

138

Grimes

143

Jonathan

144

Grimes

210

Rome

145

Rome

147

York

190

York

193

Stayman

146

Stayman

292

Gano

142

Black Twig

191

Black Twig

149

Stark

Exhibitor

E. B. Snyder

Eli Garretson

Eli Garretson

W. W. Boyer & Bro.

Address
Jacks Mountain
Biglerville
Biglerville
Biglerville

CLASS 3, BOXED APPLES

E. F. Kaufman & Son
H. C. Trexler
S, C. Eschelman
E. F. Kaufman & Son
E. F. Kaufman & Son
Bedford Co. Orch. Co.

H. C. Trexler

E. F. Kaufman & Son

S. C. Eschelman

H. C. Trexler

H. C. Trexler

H. C. Trexler

York

AUentown

McKnightstown

York
York
Bedford
AUentown

York
McKnightstown

AUentown
AUentown
AUentown

CLASS 4, BOXED APPLES

Bedford Co. Orch. Co. Bedford
E. F. Kaufman & Son York

CLASS 5, BOUND BUSHEL BASKET

Alonzo Wolfe
Floyd Fruit Farms
E. F. Kaufman & Son
E. B. Snyder
E. F. Kaufman & Son
W. W. Boyer & Bro.
E. F. Kaufman & Son
E. F. Kaufman & Son

Dallas, R. D.

Hazelton

York

Jacks Mountain

York

Biglerville

York

York

CLASS 6, BUSHEL HAMPEB

E. F. Kaufman & Son
E. F. Kaufman & Son
S. L. Smedley, Jr.
E. F. Kaufman & Son
E. F. Kaufman & Son
Orchard Farms
W. W. Boyer & Bro.
E. F. Kaufman & Son

York

York

Newton Square

York

York

Spring City

Biglerville

York

CLASS 7, BUSHEL BASKET (Bound)

Bedford Co. Orch. Co. Bedford
E. F. Kaufman & Son York

CLASS 8, BUSHEL HAMPERS

Orchard Farms

E. F. Kaufman & Son

— 95 —

Spring City
York

Awaid

Place Amt.

Ist $10.00

2d

5.00

let

10.00

2d

5.00

2d

4.00

let

6.00

Ist

6.00

2d

4.00

Ist

6.00

2d

4.00

let

6.00

2d

4.00

1st

6.00

2d

4.00

2d

4.00

2d

4.00

let

6.00

2d

4.00

Ist

6.00

Ist

6.00

Ist

6.00

1st

6.00

2d

4.00

ist

6.00

2d

4.00

2d

4.00

let

6.00

1st

6.00

Ist

6.00

2d

4.00

1st

6.00

2d

4.00

1st

6.00

8d

4.00

Ist

6.00

Sd

4.00

1st

6.00

2d

4.00

>.

CLASS 10, PLATE APPLES

CLASS 9, PLATE APPLES

Entry

Awaxd

No.

Variety

Exhibitor

Address

Place

Amt.

234

York Stripe

Gillan Bros.

St. Thomas

l8t

1.00

13

York Stripe

Geo. E. Shaw

Lewistown

2d

.60

23

Wagener

G. G. Close & Son

Lawrenceville

1st

1.00

88

Wagener

J, H. Hottenstein

Lehighton

2d

.50

24

Peck Pleasant

G. G. Close & Son

Lawrenceville

1st

1.00

87

Rhode Island

Green

J. F. Hottenstein

Lehighton

1st

1.00

26

Rhode Island

Green

A. T. Baird

Lock Haven

2d

.60

82

Sutton

A. T. Baird

Lock Haven

1st

1.00

41

Gravenstein

R. E. Briggs

Nescopeck

Ist

1.00

156

Smith Cider

E. B. Snyder

Jacks Mountain

1st

1.00

64

Smith Cider

C. E. Ross

Sunbury

2d

.50

64

King

J. F. Hottenstein

Lehighton

1st

1.00

69

King

Enoch Reimer

Bangor

2d

.50

83

Pewaukee

J. F. Hottenstein

Lehighton

1st

1.00

264

Pewaukee

Tresslers Orphan Home

Loysville

2d

.50

86

Fameuse

J. F. Hottenstein

Lehighton

2d

.50

98

Fameuse

L. B. Rusterholtz

Fairview

1st

1.00

89

Ewalt

J. F. Hottenstein

Lehighton

Ist

1.00

91

North Western

I

Green

A. L. Wells

Fairview

1st

1.00

100

Belleflower

L. B. RusterholtE

Fairview

2d

.50

116

S. Rambo

C. D. Snyder

Ephrata

Ist

1.00

102

W. Rambo

L. B. Rusterholtz

Fairview

2d

.50

165

Stark

H. C. Trexler

Allentown

Ist

1.00

151

Stark

E. B. Snyder

Jacks Mountain

2d

.50

160

Gano

H. C. Trexler

Allentown

Ist

1.00

284

Gano

Bedford Co. Orch. Co.

Bedford

2d

.50

161

Oliver

H. C. Trexler

Allentown

1st

1.00

293

Oliver

Sheldon Funk

Boyertown

2d

.50

170

King David

H. C. Trexler

Allentown

Ist

1.00

249

King David

H. Vv. Hartman

Harrisburg

2d

.50

163

Wealthy

H. C. Trexler

Allentown

2d

.50

263

Smokehouse

C. W. Hardt

Harrisburg

1st

1.00

211

Smokehouse

D. Rice

New Bloomfield

2d

.50

312

Gilliflower

D. Rice

New Bloomfield

1st

1.00

213

Roxbury

D. Rice

New Bloomfield

ist

1.00

218

Fall Pippin

D. Rice

New Bloomfield

Ist

1.00

247

Paradise

D. M. Wertz

Waynesboro

1st

1.00

220

Paradise

D. Rice

New Bloomfield

2d

.50

285

Fallawater

Bedford Co. Orch. Co.

Bedford

1st

1.00

223

Fallawater

D. Rice

New Bloomfield

2d

.50

300

W. Banana

Eagle Mt. Orchard Co.

Chambersburg

1st

1.00

216

W. Banana

D. Rice

New Bloomfield

2d

.50

253

Ben Davis

D. M. Wertz

Waynesboro

Ist

1.00

238

Ben Davis

Sheldon Funk

Boyertown

2d

.50

287

Opalescent

J. H. Lincoln

Clarks Summit

1st

1.00

249

Y. Newton

D. M. vVertz

Waynesboro

2d

.50

155

Black Twig

E. B. Snyder

Jacks Mountain

1st

1.00

252

Black Twig

D. M. Wertz

Waynesboro

2d

.50

221

Hubbardston

D. Rice

New Bloomfield

1st

1.00

355

Hubbardston

Gillen Bros.

St. Thomas

2d

.50

358

Winesap

R. T. Criswell

Chambersburg

1st

1.00

354

Winesap

D. M. Wertz

Waynesboro

2d

.50

r

f

:)

t

Entry
No.

80
75
21
79
33
54

119
118
217
153
261
215
251
65
152
340
22
286

338

337

228

23C
224

298
295
359

Variety

Baldwin
Baldwin

Spy

Spy
Delicious

Delicious

Stayman

Stayman

Rome

Rome

Grimes

Grimes

Jonathan

Jonathan

York

York

Mcintosh

Mcintosh

Mayette

Stabler
Seedling

Weiker
Seedling

Exhibitor
J. F. Hottenstein
Enoch Reimer
a. G. Close & Son
J. F. Hottenstein
J. M. Williams
Dickenshied &
Wineberger
S. C. Eschelman

C. B. Snyder

D. Rice

E. B. Snyder

C. W. Hardt

D. Rice

D. M. Wertz
C. R. Ross

E. B. Snyder
Crawford Bros.

G. G. Close & Son
J. H. Lincoln

Address

Lehighton

Bangor
Lawrenceville

Lehighton
Beach Creek
Allentown

McKnightown

Ephrata

New Bloomfield

Jacks Mountain

Harrisburg

New Bloomfield

Waynesboro

Sunbury

Jacks Mountain

Fayetteville

Lawrenceville

Clarks Summit

Award

lace

Amt.

Ist

4.00

2d

2.00

Ist

4.00

2d

2.00

1st

4.00

2d

2.00

1st

4.00

2d

2.00

1st

4.00

2d

2.00

1st

4.00

2d

2.00

let

4.00

2d

2.00

1st

4.00

2d

2.00

1st

4.00

2d

2.00

CLASS 14A, ENGLISH WALNUTS
John J. Rush West Willow

UB, BLACK WALNUTS
. - „ V West Willow

ilv^in^Bteh Jonestown. K. D. 2

UF SHELL BARK HICKORY NUTS
T I. T TJ,.«h West Williow

if: ^. S. Alexandria. R. D.

Ist

Ist
2d

Ist
2d

1.00

1.00
.50

1.00
.50

1st 100.00

2d

50.00

The

CLASS 15, COUNTY ASSO. EXHIBITS

Berks County Horticultural Society Dr. W.

W. Libingood, Robisonia, Pa., bee.
Score, 427 Points
Perry County Fruit Growers' Association,

l! F. Rothrock, New Bloomfield, Sec.

Score, 392 ■ a.„ \xr

Franklin County Horticultural Society, W.
O. Bingham, St. Thomas, Sec.
Score, 376

Law^^tJce^ConnTF^U Growers Asso., S. H. Huey,

Sec, New Castle. Aoa« T H Hutchin-

™B^"r2T6^r'lrs%TnrBri;g!w\^-Barre.

3a 25.00

— 97 —

— 96 —

C. J. Tyson: I move that the report of the Exhibition
Committee be accepted with the sincere thanks of the Associa-
tion. I feel like expressing gratitude to the Chairman of this
Committee for his service over several years. It is hard work.
The success of our Association has to no small extent centered
around the Fruit Show. For fifteen or sixteen years we have
had measurably good fruit shows, some better, some not quite
so good, depending on the crop in the state in any particular
year, but m a large measure dependent upon the activity and
hard work of the Chairman of our Exhibition Committee.

P. S. Fenstermacher: I move that a rising vote of thanks
be given to Prof. Fagan.

Upon action by the Society, the Secretary was instructed
to record a rising vote of thanks to Prof. Fagan, Chairman of
the Exhibition Committee.

REPORT OP THE RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE

This was presented by Mr. P. S. Fenstermacher, Chairman.
T>i !'t ?^?^LVEp: That the work done by the Bureau of
Plant Industry of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania towards
eradicating Peach Yellows from our peach orchards is heartily
approved by us; and that we request the Secretary of Agricul-
ture of the Commonwealth to endeavor to extend, and not cur-
tail, this inspection work, in order not to lose the advantage
of the inroads upon this costly disease made during the past
two years. ^ ^

2. WHEREAS, So called ''Daylight Saving Time" is not
only inconvenient, but detrimental to agriculture, as well as
many other industries throughout the State of Pennsylvania;

TTn.f^^f ^^^?' ^^ ^? *^' ^""^^ ^^ the Pennsylvania State
Horticultural Association that standard time should be ob-
served throughout the year;

of Z^r^^^^^^'u^ IT RESOLVED, That the Legislature
of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania enact a law requiring
all state institutions and offices, public schools and public ser-

JllVl^T!^''''^' ^"^ maintain standard time of this meridian
throughout the year; and, be it further

a.^ ^.E^^_LVED, That this organization commend the Stand-

nf . J'"l' '?^^^ ^^ Philadelphia for its efforts in furtherance
ot this legislation.

Howard Chase: I rise to move that should there be a move-
ment introduced into the Legislature to establish ''Daylight
bavmg Time during this coming summer, that our Legislative
Committee be requested to appear before the Committee with
this Resolution, which I assume will be adopted by the Society.

ine motion seconded and passed.

— 98 —

* -ff

'M

« <

that are affected, therefore be it ^^

RESOLVED, that this Associa ion earnes«y u g
the Legislature of Pennsy W^nia full and adeq^ ^^^
of the Japanese Beetle Control ana V ^^

'"T" WHEREAS, The total oonimercial crop c,f apples of the
United States for 1922 's about 3 WOO barrels ^^^^.^ ^^ ^^
bushels, and the total .^^^f ^^ ^ ..er cent of the total com-

:Ss rtfcnrnierbtsTrp^ruU i-rested ^
^ XHEKEFORE, BE IT H^SOLVEB That^^^^^^^^
„,ittee be appointed to formulate a m^^^^^ ,^

collecting '^^^'^^'ZV^^J^^r^lv^ri^^^t of Agriculture^
cooperation unth the l^^nnsj ijan d y producers

which will be of 'n«?>'^"«'Xm^^° the development of their
-^ri^Sn\rslaten^5Te It further

^t^h^biefitTf^uit growers of ^^^ ^^ ^^^

P. S. Fenstermacher: «»"' f,^" ^^Tonly half maturedt
to give an estimate on ajrop ^^hen it is on>y g^ „^ 50

Who knows what it will b^ wb n^t gets npe, .^ .^^ ^

ner cent cider apples? This ""^^nse crop ^^ ^^

and estimated hurts every grower J J«^^'f„f ^he Depart-

done in this matter. I ^.^^^^.'^Jo^def to hold up their end
„.ent heads seem to tbjnk tha^ ^n order ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^

they must report ^ J P^^^^^y not state that the crop is
when the fruit is half "P^' J^"/ ""' one guess is as good
immature, and that ,t is ■neje ^ ^^^f^^^^^, at face value, and
as another. The P.n^ie takes tho^setmng ^^

they think they wiH get ^PP^f^.f^tc and something should
the same way in peaches, potatoes, etc., ana

be done about it. ^ ;^ ^^5,, ,,e

Member: Some make '•eP«i;!;;";^^t^SUme to appear

published in tb^e local PaPer^ J^ey -;;,^ ^own 100 bushels

^^heTZrouSTput do^vn 10.

— 99 —

Howard Chase: The crop reports are a good deal of a
joke. It seems to me that the most accurate reports would be
secured through our county agents.

Sheldon Funk: One of the most misleading features is that
it is on the percentage basis. What is meant by a full crop /
A full crop in York County, for instance, would be greater than
a full crop in Sullivan County, or Wayne County. To add the
percentages and divide the number of counties would not give
you anywhere near the actual figures. Figures put out on the
percentage plan are entirely misleading because they take into
consideration counties which are not commercial fruit growing
counties at all.

R. T. Criswell: I think the keynote is hit when you attack
the percentage basis of making reports and estimates. There
are different ideas on the part of producers as to what con-
stitutes a full crop. One man will regard a full crop as all
that his trees will carry after they are fully mature, and
another man will regard a full crop as the fair average bearing
capacity, and perhaps 60 to 75 percent of a bumper crop. It
has occurred to me time and again that if the persons who
send out statistics would ask the number of barrels and bushels
the previous year, and estimate the number for the current
year, they would get the statistics in much better shape, and
then work out the percentages in the office.

Member: There is a bill before the House at present re-
garding the standard pack, and it might be well to pass a
Resolution to approve that bill.

W. C. Lynn: At the present time there is a bill known
as the Vestal Bill at Washington, for consideration o^ stand-
ardization of packages, and the sujrgestion has been made that
the Association voice its approval, in letters to Senators Pepper
and Reed, asking them to support this bill, which is now m the
Senate.

J. A. Ru7ik: 1 move that our Secretary be instructed to
write a letter for the Association to both Senators Pepper and
Reed asking their support of the Vestal Bill.

The motion was carried.

RESOLVED, That the Pennsylvania State Horticultural
Society shall appoint three members to serve on a Joint Com-
mittee on Standardization of Pack. The function of this Com-
mittee shall be to consider plans for securing a better and
more uniform pack through the Cumberland-Shenandoah Dis-
trict, by means of Central Packing Houses and otherwise, and
to report its findings and recommendations to the several
State Horticultural Societies for further action. (Resolution
referred to Committee from a previous session of the Society.)

— 100 —

tlon.d CommitMe to .»"' ""'' '" ,„ thl, e.pacity.

then adopted as a whole.

THE GAME LAWS

•Rural New Yorker' ^'f''JtlitL^ZiIi^^^<'^^''^t''T^l
„xent of Mr. CoUmgwoodth Editor ^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^ ^

and fruit grower is c«™y wor y ^^^^ ^^^ ^

that the State Horticultural Associat ^^^ ^ ^^

regard to the high ha^fp^^Xnia State Game Comniissioul
of city sports, viz., the rennsyivai ^ ^^^ g^^te is

Evei farmer and fr>'\ ^'''LY^bit pest and as a fruit grower
damaged every year by the rabbit Pest- a ^^^^^ ^^d

wh" has to fight this --^-^^y/^ania State Game Commis-
winter, I protest against the Pennsyi

dipping ""'""^ » '''"°"'-

the tomera ol *' ■''",, St, I tWnk U « t™f *• '""S

a'.?.;:.S'tr^i:»- •& ""^ »' •*•■••»" --^^ "

Carleton, Pennsylvania. Miomng-

brush and timber sections, ana ja,

spaces, will ^« delivered m the Sprm ^^^^^^^^ ,^

Moon C. Beck of ""*?'"."„ "furnish 10,000 live rab-
Pennsylvania Game Commission to fum;«h^^^ .^ ^ ^^^^^^_

bits for propagation "\ ^h^t ftate ^^.^^^ ^

sional trapper of live g^^'^'lf^f,^ states and Canada, and
antelope, throughout the Lnitea^ ^^^^

coyotes, wildcats and f *»" ^^^^^hat he will pay 30 cents
each'^/or^m' c^^StrSi These rabbits can be

— 101 —

trapped in homemade box traps. Jack rabbits are rounded
up and driven into netted inclosures. Nearly every farm
lad in Kansas has one or two box traps for use this winter,
and the fact that one rabbit will pay for one box trap is
expected to stimulate the small boys in trapping the cot-
tontails.

In the woods and waste fields around our own fruit farm
are all the rabbits we need — and more. They are a great
nuisance — killing many fruit trees each year. We can see no
reason why our farmers should be expected to maintain this
horde of rabbits in order that city hunters may tramp over
our fields and have a day of "sport'' now and then. We try
to live up to the reputation of a "good sport" ourselves, but
we can see no value in the proposed importation of these
western rabbits. We are always ready to be "shown," but
with the history of the Australian rabbit curse (not to mention
local damage) in mind, we think this car ought to be switched
off the line before it reaches Pennsylvania.

Pres. Griest: What action do you desire to take?

Howard Chase: I Avonder if that is authentic that the
Game Commission is going to flood the state with rabbits.

H. C. Brinton: I think a committee should look into this
communication and letter, and report at the next meeting. It
has two sides to it, and we should not take too quick action
on it.

Howard Chase: I move that our President and Secretary
be authorized to confer ^vith the Secretary of the Game Com-
mission and take such action as may be necessary.

D. M. Wertz: I believe that the Horticultural Society can
not take too quick action, to find out what is going to be done.
In another year the harm may be accomplished. We should do
it at once if at all.

Member: I wish to amend Mr. Chace's motion so that it
will state that the President and Secretary be a Committee to
confer with the Game Commission at an early date, and that
they be authorized to take such action as may be necessary for
the protection of the fruit growers, not only concerning this
phase of depredation but to make a thorough investigation of
the whole subject of the relation of the Game Laws to horti-
culture.

The motion was seconded, and carried.

Member: It seems to me that it is time that the farmers
and fruitgrowers have something to say about the game laws.
Then there are not only rabbits, but deer and elk, and other
things, and we should press our side of the question.

— 102 —

LtVnStyseriouV/to bringing in 10.000 more rabb.ts

'-' Th^s: It might be po^ible to -------

for cooperation between f « horti^ultunsts an^^ ^^^ ^

mission on this matter. I'l^ ^"f'i: place mth the approval
deal of fruit growing. On our own place, cooperate

of the Game Commission we have nvitedtne ^^^^^

^th us in --o^g r^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ "since thaftime the game
a lot of damage three yeai? ^s"^ ^ ^ade arrange-

warden has provided us with ^ox trjs ana ^^^^^^^

ments with boys to tend them^ Those ram, ^^ ^^^

and distributed m other PJa««^7^''7v.is money taking away
them. If they would «f"d some of th, money S ^^^^

^^''^^^larwre:e\h'eyt^ aXd^^wSd satisfy everybody.

-rrc: I the budg. for - « --r K

State College falls about half a jnimo ^^^^

amount appropriated two .y^j^^^, ^f °-^S Nations for a num-
State College has been living o" ^^^"'J'ars^ago was entirely
ber of years. The money Pf ^jf/^co ege The^re is a strong
inadequate to the needs «* ^l^l^^^Y'^f^ased facilities at the
demand throughout *e state for mcreasea ^^^^^ ^^
College, and for the continuation of the res ^^^^ ^^^^ ^f
fhrirr- b^ruShr/uX the^ new budget, but some
these tnings y.a p„iip„e must be cut oft.

of the work of State college mu

If the cut is made as contemplated either ^^^^ ^5
through the student body and -ndj^^^^^^^ of

per cent of the students and tuj ^^^^^^^

the faculty, or some other arran en ^ ^^^

to this Society: f^^

WHEEEAS. The amount appropriated two year J^ ^^

the support of The Pennsylvania State t.oi g

tirely inadequate and *i,;, «mount would necessi-

— 103 —

Governor and the present members of the Legislature, and
further, that the Association give its support to any measure
looking to the establishment of a State University at State
College with the necessary provision for its permanent devel-
opment and support.

p. M. Wertz: It is high time that this Association voices its
sentiments along that line. No one would approve a move for
economy more than myself, but there is a false economy also,
and when State College is to be curtailed I think this Associa-
tion is warranted in voicing its sentiments emphatically against
it. There is such a thing as reducing expenses, but there is
also such a thing as increasing revenue. There are two ways
to economize. This is one way that I am strongly opposed to.
State College should not go over the state asking for voluntary
contributions from the voters of the State, and before the
amount is completed, have our Legislature cut off the appro-
priated amount in this way.

I move that the resolution be turned over to the Execu-
tive Committee with authority to act immediately on the
matter.

The motion passed the Association unanimously.

INSULATED VERSUS NON-INSULATED CONSTRUCTION

OF COMMON STORAGE HOUSES FOR APPLES,

AND OTHER RELATED PROBLEMS

L. M. MABBLE, Canton
Report from the Marble Laboratory, Inc.*

The value of insulated common storage for apples, with
or without supplemental refrigeration by ice, as contrasted
with non-insulated uncontrolled temperature storage in bank
cellars, has formed the main feature of this investigation. In
the conduct of the investigation, questions regarding other fea-
tures of storage have arisen and been examined.

One of the questions most frequently discussed in Apple
Storage is the desirability of quickly cooling the apples and
prompt placing in storage. The question as to the temperature
at which the storage should be held is not usually considered,
it being assumed that any temperature colder than outside
air would be beneficial in that it will reduce respiration and
thereby delay the maturing processes.

Nor is there any distinction drawn between common stor-
age and cold storage in the emphasis placed upon immediate
storage as contrasted with delayed storage. It is assumed that
in either case the more quickly the apples are placed in stor-
age, the better.

♦The Association is indebted to Mr. Marble for printing the graphs that
accompany this article.

— 104 —

• k«

Types of construction In XroviS'f om"nsTr
iTLJu^iSrJ ?eW Vo general types oi

--rrJt.nernSr^3^

above ground or ^elow ground of some matm ^^ ^^^

insulation value ; or, ^^^^^i^t^^Sy Z^ "^ ^'^^' «^'**-
vide dead air spaces Quite trequent y building thus con-
rial is used f°'/ddittonal iMulatwn A ^^^
structed is cooled by air ducts openeas ^^ ^^^ eool night

Sf rhoK^^-peSe in the sUge chamber as low as

^-^^SoSer'^r^tucf • is t^^t of P-iding su^^^^^^^^
refrigeration to cool the storage chambers Dy ^^^^^^^ ^^
The ice is sometimes arranged m a Jnker ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^

the top of the «\«'^8« ,^"^2S^air up. over the ice. and down
natural movement of the warm air up. ^^.^^^^ ^^

through the apples. I^ other case ^,^^.^^ through the

through an ice bunker f forced Dy la through the

storage chamber, back through Jh^f^Ver J^^ ^^^ ^th-
chamber, being recirculated over an^d^.^.^ ^^ ^^^^.^^ ^^^

out occasional freshening oy .^ ^o hold a tempera-

In none of these houses s it attempted ^^^^^^^^^^ ^
ture as low as 32°. Storage at 32 and 3& .^ . „

perature is cold storage and is P™ ^ ^^^^ mechanical
constructed and insulated houses eyp^^.^^^ .^ ice.«ool«^

refrigeration. The ^^V^^^'f^^^S^irJm 38° to 45°. with 40°
common storages probably '^"f ^ " tj^e. While the houses
L a constant temperature good practice ^^^^^^^^^^^

are being filled, higher temperatur ^^^ ^^^^^^ „g

dependent upon ^^e temperatures a^^^ .^

^^''l^^A '*'%hrtemVerature conditions prevailing during the
:ttagrperiod, and^ther like fac^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^,^^, , ^ank

CellaTko^ge^^rftrrn^^^^^^^^
ing. No attempt at insulation fas been ^^^^ ^f the

turc of the storage closely to ows i ^^^ ^^^^

."rth, modified by the temperature of the ^^^.^^^ ^^ ^^^
ation. Free ventAlation with ous^de a ^^P ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^

"^T,nC^^crn'rolle cettmp'erature.
ventilation, to <^°^''°'_ j^ ,^,,, reasons of

Temperature in Bank Cellar »T»ra^ behaved as fol-

operation the temperature of the Cellar n

'"^^^During September it has varied between 55° to 63°, with
60° a fair mean temperature.

— 105 —

During October the temperature has fallen as low as 45
but much of the time has been 55° with occasional days of 60 .

During November the temperature has sometimes been
below 40° but usuallly between 40° and 45°. more of the time

""""During December the temperature has 'is^ally been under
40°, unless for some reason we have chosen to hold a higher

'^"^Durin? January, and from then on until frost leaves the
ground in the spring, temperatures of 34° to 38 can easily

^' ^It^as been our uniform experience that apples held in
this J liar soften rather quickly, but hold throughout the^ntire
storage period for the variety with very 1\"1« loss from rot
with excellent flavor and good general condition. Our storage
ha<? uniformly been in slatted containers.

Whether or not it would be possible to improve the condi^
»• ^f t>,» «T?nles bv holding at a lower temperature durmg

h?piS period on until the cold outside air gave satisfac-
tory tempe^rature control, has always been a "tooted point Jhe

;P^,.aced upon su^^^^^^^

work done by ^he U.S Department og^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^

! whkh ^r 'L yet not pShV^^^ us to test the rela-
?• ,„t,P nf fnSed versus non-insulated construction for
Zml" tolr we flu that if insulation ^vith some form
of ice cooling was desirable, we should have it "- «" t*^«
nfhlr hand insulation and ice controlled temperature failed to
Sducc worth whle results, taking into consideration not only
the cost of construction, but the cost of operation, it would be
a fact worth while established for our own benefit and the
benefit of others who might be building storage houses^

Our last year's work on apples, where ^^ found 32 a
critical temperature, for long term holding, and that even 35
holding did not prevent rapid ripening, made us critical as to
the value of 40° as a storage temperature ^ pi'/PPl^^' ,„^^* V",
the first place, our last year's work was mainly ^"th Western
apples shipped to us by express; our this yf 'V^TlrT^hat
be with our own fruit. Then again we could not be sure that
40° storage right from the time the apples were picked, betore
they had stood transportation, might not bring them to the
end of their storage term in better condition than our cellar
stored, uncontrolled temperature fruit.

We knew that our apples softened rapidly. We thought
that 40° might possiblv lessen the rate of softening. Ihe
weight of authority in any event seemed to be in favor of
controlled temperature storage — supplemental refrigeration

— 106 —

Ir^pfromTe orchard to the storage.

While it has been Sfatettfgf wrS^-lu.
great authority that immediate storag ^^^^^^

S soon as possible after the apples ^^^^P^ ^^„ y,etween cold
tato storage -no distinction has been^ it seemed to

borage and common ^^^s wire so different that what was
VIS that the storage c^^itum^ J//^^^ hold in the other. Fur-
true in one case might not nece^ J .^^ ^as been gath-
ther, as the work ^''«,PJ°f„f '^Serent methods of ventilation

storage K^rime^ts. ^^^^:l£TlT:!:Jto:£^
. good crSp of Wealthy ^'^'i ^^fSwealthys andWagen-
^pl^s and Baldwins. ^^ e P-^^d ""o^h^We ^^^^^^ --\^Z'
ers something over two thousana ^ resenting the van-

tell colored, well developed fruit ™^^P ^ndition, the crop
Tty. The trees were y^^J^S^''^^^ Z reason why we should

storage of these varieties. _^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^^.^^

We selected Wae«^"\*?f,bruary* Our Wageners matured
keeps well until January or f e^™^^"^ the universal exper-
Tn storage earlier than ^sua • 'is^f J'e'e sold by January 1st,
ieuce for last reason's apples, ^a ^^ ^.^^ o\^'fT^

*^- . * «oxro n<* an opportunity to

Our cold storage equipment gav^ u^^ ^^ ^^

^"T- sl^gfi^'^S" "-^^^-^ ventilation.
2 Itorale at 40° with ventilation.

I TZX and?o gin what additional information might
be obtainable, we also decided UP*"^. . ^ ^j, ^^thin the

,„ th». aiffmnt .<.nd.l,on. '^'^'f " ,.«,

1 nirpct from the tree the same uujr y
2. Delayed ten days in the packing room.

— 107 —

To test the value of different commercial packages, we

stored in:

1. Ventilated crates.

2. Barrels with heads open.

3. Barrels with heads nailed in place.

Apples were also stored in crates or lug boxes under roof
cover in the orchard itself, sheltered from the rays of the sun
and from rain, but in the open exposed to the day s heat and

night cold. , . , ^

We also from time to time during the season compared

apples picked up from the ground around the trees, with the

apples held under controlled conditions.

Orchard run apples in the picking crates just as they

came from the field and without sorting were used m all the

tests.

Temperature Relationship of Storage OeUar to Outside

Temperatures During Picking Season and Until

Settled Cold Weather

Before we proceed further, let me ask you to consider the
temperature relationship of the storage cellar to outside tem-
peratures, during the picking season and on until settled cold
weather. This is one of the most important factors determin-
ing the effect of cellar storage upon the maturity of the apples

stored. ^ j! n

Chart No. 1 gives the weekly mean temperature of cellar
and outside air, and weekly minimum outdoor temperature
from September 4th, to December 11th. About Sept. 4th, we
started picking our Wealthy apples. After December 11th, the
temperature of the cellar has been maintained by special ven-
tilation methods with air, around 40°, so that the cellar tem-
perature from this time on is of no interest so far as normal
cellar temperature is concerned. It is, however, the tempera-
ture at which the apples were being held in the control cham-
ber, and was used for the sake of comparison.

The chart clearly shows that the cellar temperature fol-
lows the general temperature of the season, as evidenced by
the weekly mean outside temperature, but that it does not
respond to sudden drops of outside temperature. The cellar
temperature is tempered and greatly influenced by the temper-
ature of the earth and, while the outside air shows great flue-
tuations, undergoes changes which are only moderate. You
will note that in September, during the time of picking for
Wealthys, the temperature of the cellar was above the tem-
perature of the outside air, as shown by the weekly mean
reading; and that again in October the temperature of the
cellar as showTi by the same reading, is above the temperature

— lOfi —

.A »ir The minimums of outside temperature
ol the outside air. The "T™j^ i,„ the cellar tempera-

ferred to hold it at 40°.

ventilation of Storage Cellars. A number of small open-
ings as contrasted with one la'-ge °P™- ^^re employed dur-
Two general -^/tl^"^?, °lj'^e 'Sg the ventilation of
ing this period. In bulletins «g^™, JL ^^ drawing the air
storage cellars, vrei^'^X^.Z^S, evenly distributed
in through a nr^'^'/lCL the a'" out through the action
around the walls, and lorcing the a« ^^^^

of a propellor fan arranged ^^ the outgo g ^j^^gter pro-

To try this method out je insta ed a 4 ^^^^_

pellor fan at the south end °* ^'^^^ "f ^^e ^ere a number of
Lranged the inlet oP^y^^rSed through the storage
relatively small .openings totnnm ^ .^

chamber. The air *a^nge was aoo ^ ^^^^^^ d

utes, or ten changes per hour^ ^^^ surprise this movement,
perceptible air "movement. To our su p ^^^ ^^j^

though large i" yolume was not ^uffi«e^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^

ZtSJ"^^^^ ^^rcSTer? inXalrat I^

Srrere^g Sf Sue^Sd^^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^^^
temperature of the storage. Wealthys in

\ a matter of fact we soon found tha^ the

our storage were softer and t^^^^^^ ."P" '"arly as October 1st,
up around the trees. This ^as noted as early ^^^ ^^ .^^^
and throughout the entire month ol uci ^^^^^^

November, Vtil frost, we ^^^'^ obUin fr her 3.^ ^^; ^^n„.

tasting fruit by picking «P ^^^f^^J^^^' , ,„us with Wagen-
Feeling that we should obta,n better ^ ^^^^^

ers by taP'o^ing the ventilation w cu^.^^ ^J^^^^^ f
7'x7' in the north end of o"^/^;'|'^^5, ,^ide. The openmg
North to South and IS 125 «^y^;^i^%„d of the cellar was
which we formerly had in the i^oj'^^ ^ ^.^g not avail-

blocked off by the cold storage ehambers and^^ ^^^ ^ ^^„

able. With this ?,'-«\°P;"'^„^d we could compel air move-
propellor fan in the South ena ^^^ ^^^^ j ^on-

ment in large ma.sses ^f«<>-^°-l^^\^^^^i We thought that we
ditions were favorable to draft o^ not. ^^^ necessary, and
surely would have all the ventilation t .^ ^^^ „

we did. The air.became fresh at once. .^^ ^y,nM^

^X cS trm%=:Sf . was n. ^^^^^^^^^^^^
trEng^^bTr! detil: ^ f^ct that outside temperature

— 109 —

dropped to 20^^ at one time and was for quite a period below
sS' The earth temperature acted to hold the cellar tem-

^''Ts'houH be borne in mind that f ^^^P^ f^^.^ ^^ J^.^
tion related only to Bank Cellars ^^^^^^^f ^^\^^^^^ f^.^^^^^^
out any means for temperature control other than fresh out-
sfde air. In insulated constructions, different results would
undoubtedly have been obtained.

Discussion of Besults

Two methods were employed to determine the results:
1 The hardness of the apples at different penodja

throughout the storage season, as determined by the MumeeH

Pressure Tester.

2. The condition of the apples upon withdrawal from

storage.

We will first consider:
1. Hardness as Determined by the Murneek Pressure Tester.
The pressure tester used was developed primarily for the
Pear industry by Mr. Murneek of the Oregon Agricultural
College. It comprises a plunger with a rounded end which is
forced a pre-determined distance into an apple.^ The pressure
required to force the plunger into the apple is indicated in
a spring scale. The apparatus is simple and gives fairly accu-
rate results.

Five different pickings were employed:

October 3d,
October 5th,
October 7th.
October 13th,
October 24th.
Apples picked on October 3d were just reaching the com-
mercial picking stage.

Apples picked from October 7th to 13th were in prime
picking corjdition.

Apples picked on October 24th had been held on the trees
as late as possible, just to sec how long they could be held, and
were rippued by a 20° drop in temperature of a few hours
duration during the night of October 23d.
You will see from the chart that:

Cellar stored Wageners had reached full softness by Nov.
6th, or thirty days after picking.

Cellar stored Wageners were as soft on November 6th, as
apples held at 68" continuously from time of picking.
The pressure test in both cases is a little over 10 lbs.

— 110 —

cellar stored apples ^l^^^^^^Z dajs ^^e S^«
ately after picking as ^^en delayed t«iy.^.^^ ^^^ ^j^

room. These Wageners are ™ ««^'^*^ ^m hold for several

are fresh tasting "fVe^ame condition. They will soften

SX^b^nofa^pV^^bira: they have already reached full

i; reibrth."Th\ferradvantage in stonng m 40
delayed storage over cellar storage. ^^^.^.^^

,an*;:thrir^£X--" - "^ - - -^-^

^*°'X reading on Januar. *Sh^-/|^VSc^s"Jt
,ess. than that on f -e^b^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ,,,, ^^tur.ty

significant. The tissue oi^pv hardness,
frequently sho^vs unevenness in na ^^^rfse, however,

'orchard Stored ^V^^JXSfXo^::^^^: and then
is that apples held on the trees unt ^^ November 21st

u i;i 4« tVip orchard, were actuau^^ « ^^^ only

held in the orchard under roof^sheUer ^^^^^^ j ediately
condition on November 21st ^.anpp^^ ^^^^ *™'I. Vs

^ze^Sr VoveSber S'so that comparison stops at

-^t is. however. e-^/SrM^S^—

;s^ttSg:;°?K^^^^^^

the cellar is at this tune about 4U ^^^^ ^^^ poi^t of

Ktd immediately after picking. ^^^.^ ^,^

'320 Storage. ^Vf I^^f ;rthlli°berter:sting to know
limits of this paper It ml neve

the results obtained at th's tempe^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^

Apples were just as soft ««/«;7„id as well as the 40°

in 40° delayed storage and did not ^^^ ^^ ^^^ 330 de ayed

in good condition.

— Ill —

32° delayed storage apples were softer than 40° immedi-
ate storage fruit on November 6th, showing that its initial rate
of softening was faster than that of the 40° immediate fruit.
The low temperature acted as a check, however, and after the
middle of November the 32° delayed storage apples held
firmer.

32° immediate storage apples, held until January 15th
with very little softening and in perfect condition. It is inter-
esting to note that the rate of ripening of Wagener apples
stored at 32° immediate storage is practically the same as the
rate of ripening of the apples when held on the tree after
maturity. The softening observed in the pickings of:

October 3d,
October 5th,
October 7th,
October 13th,
is almost precisely the same rate of softening as is observed
in the apples held until January 4th, which for this year was
the end of the commercial period.

Comparable results on storage at 32° immediately after
picking have been found with Wealthy in 1921, and were
found with Northern Spy this year.

It is clear that there are three stages in the ripening
process :

1. An initial change before softening commences which
can be checked if the apples are placed in 32° immediately
after picking and which, if checked, will greatly delay the
usual softening and enable the apples to be held without
marked softening long after the usual storage period.

2. A gradual softening, differing for each variety, which
can be delayed by storage at 32° but not prevented.

3. A full soft condition which may last for several
months, and which does last until physiological breakdown,
rots or moulds destroy the fruit.

Immediate storage at 32° not only holds the apples per-
fectly firm ; it preserves the distinct tree taste. The apples are
just as if picked from the tree. They have full tartness, full
juiciness, the full tang and snap which we so much desire.
It is the perfectly stored fruit. It is necessary, however, for
the storage at 32° to be continuous. Any break m the tem-
perature, such as rail transportation in refrigerator cars, will
start the action of the softening forces, which, once started
bring about full softness within a comparative short period.

2. Condition of the Apples Upon Withdrawal from Storage.

The conclusions as to the effectiveness of the different
kinds of storage conditions have thus far been based upon the
pressure test. We will now consider the condition of the apples

— 112 —

»■''

upon removal from storage on January 15th, as shown hy
Tables I, U and III.

cellar stored appl- i-ventflated ^^s -re nearlyjree

hTifanlS trc^rr-^^Vple^a. not ^

cellar stored apples in both dosed and ^Pe-^b^^U

showed some scald. ^'^^^^f.P/f/Sten apples as in the vent-

was about the same P^^^^''^.^^ Jeering Approximately 70%

Se^etT^U. Sr^peTheTd CXw^ere llr from rot than

*'' thf htmfditrvtried widely but much of the time was

around 65%. cnnlrled-

40= miventilated .^"d/PP^^tth^'d fmufshole" about

the apples in ^--f ^«' ^'^'^"'Sen ba res wfre freer from mould
was covered with mould. t)pen oar ^^^ted the apples

than closed barrels. The mould had no P^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^

Z^^.^ The Vpea^nTeVthf fruit was. however.

"''' Humidity varied from 85% to 90%.

40= ventilated stored «;PPl«VVe'S^ w^ Ughf "^^
little scald, but not much and ^^f^'l^^^^^ ^/^ traceable
showed a considerable amount of mou^-.^^^ ^,,,„tion having
to the room having bf«"3 "^^J; ^^cess to the ventilating
been paid to the crates hajmg tree ^^ ^j ^^^

air. While the room ^'^^/^'l^'if;^ the crates by the crates
per hour, the air ^v^s «" /JX^es to such an extent that
being packed in with ^ol^d fckage ^^^^^.^^ ^^ f

the apples were moist, d^ops oi .^ ^^^ ^^n ^nd

them. There ^^as somewhat more rot ^^ ^.^^ilation in

Site's"" TTrp^^Sttg^rpSec^ apples was small,
"^"^bc 40O ventilated stored^PPjs.^^^^^^^^
badly 'cMd 1" •1>« t'""!'"™,; icr. badly moulded in
„. .Lid in Ike »P»j''"b"i'ia praMl.ally no mould in l*.

™ to£'Ln&°'ii«K'-.*oU.i.. .ulUbl. <«, .ood

— 113 —

♦V, ^# r«mil^ The scald in the closed barrels was about

be expected, as ventilation does not affect the closed barre^
and storaKe conditions were, therefore, similar. Ihe o^en
barrel 3es were practically free from scald, the scald being
somewhat less than in the ventilated crates , ,..„

There was somewhat more rot in the l"'"^! "^PP'f *^f^
experienced in the other storage conditions, due to the moist

condition of the fruit. , ^ . . i „,..

The percentage of perfect apples packed »» j>a"els was
small but it should be remembered that the mould in both of
t?e 40° rooms was light, had not penetrated the skin and
would have been removed by storage in dry ajr with ventUa-
don for a few days. As a matter of fact, the 40° aPP^es from
both ventilated and unventilated rooms were stored in the cel-
lar after withdrawal from these rooms, and the mould had
entirely disappeared in a week. . , v * i, ij

Hiimiditv in the 40° ventilated room varied but heia
around 65% in the open spaces most of the time. App es them-
selves were, by reason of the packing conditions, held under
high humidity conditions.

32° Storage Apples With Air Cu-ciilation were sound and
firm and frerfrom mould - in perfect condition. They did
no'show any scald while in storage nor immediately on with-
drawal, but slight scald was noticeable on inspection ten days
after withdrawal.

Humidity was around 65%.

Discussion of Ventilation, Humidity and Scald
Ventilation. We draw from this work the conclusion that
ventilation is so important to the prompt cooling of apples
after picking, and for taking advantage of ^^"y ^^^d^d
and the colder days, that, unless you have available 32 cold
storage, the apples should be held in the open. Protected from
rain and the direct sun, until continued cold compels storage^
The season will by that time have advanced to such a point
that either above ground or below ground storage will be at
suitable temperature. From that time on care must be taken
to keep the apples from freezing. They should be held as near
32° as possible for most varieties, but the holding temperature
should be regulated in accordance with the requirements of the

special varieties being stored. , . .,1, „„„„ „,iii

While during the heat of the day apples in the open will
be warmer than if held in a cellar or other form of storage
the advantage of the cold nights more than counter-balances
this disadvantage. If stored outside, actual test has shown
that they keep harder and in better condition than any other
form of storage other than 32° immediate storage.

— 114 —

-JFt

the barrels are open. . , ventilation during the cool-

they require the same coohn|ettort ^^i,^,ations are

water, the standard on Jh>cn a ^^^^^ ^^^ ^

based. To cool four apples, or one pou ^^^^ ^^^,i„ ^y venti-
in one hour, takes 1 »• T- ^^ ^ equivalent weight of air, or »
lation it is necessary to raise an equ> temperatures and

pound of air, l°.in one hou . At ^r Jna^Jh a pound' ««Tf
humidity it requires 52 cu. tt ot a ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^ „i

lU^p^^S^i'^'whichTu cool each lot of four apples m
^^''Then you consider the number of^PP^s in a^bushel,^the
number of bushels m a storage, the d«.c J^^^ ^^^^ .^
access to ventilation of all the a^^es e ^^^^ ^

tated crates, the much greater difficulty ^^^ ^^„^^t

when the apples are ^eld.m boxes or op temperature con-

rf air which will be feXl beyond ability to provide within
trol is enormous. It is clearly beyona ^^^ ^^ ^.^ ^^^p^^^.

the time limits of the pr°Wem even y^^^ ^^^^^^^
ture always below the temperatu ^^^ tempera-

But the air temperature ^^^^^^^^fe ; the difference be-
ture of the storage and ^Xr^emperatuUs is only a few
tween the outside and cellar tempera ^^ ^^^ ^^^,.

dlgrees • and other factors afect the temper ^^

t^f than simply the ventilation air and - P.^^^^ ^^ ^^^i
^en with forced .ve'^tilat.on under tn ^^^^^ ^^ satisfactory
work, it is impossible ^y ventiiatioi jg^age, as can be

r control of the temperature of applet m .^8^„,^,t,ieted.

H't^ltrorVeTrifrS with theory on this

;:;- s-rm^^rgrr»^Cidities .^^^^^^^

— 115 —

I

humidity has been lowered, and then grow again as the liumid-
ity has increased. Control of humidity is essential. There
must be no thought of keeping the storage at the same humid-
ity as the air in the intercellular spaces within the apples, and
thereby avoiding vapor tension. Water is constantly being
evolved and absorbed within the apple tissue by the process of
respiration, so that the intercellular air, which changes slowly,
must be very high in humidity. Indeed it has been shown
that the air in the intercellular spaces is nearly 100% humid-
ity. Even 90% humidity promotes the growth of mould. The
air in the 40° unventilated room was at from 85% to 90%
humidity most of the time, and here the moulding was bad.

80% humidity is the percentage established by accepted
practice as the proper humidity at which apple storages should
be held, and we have found nothing to dispute this practice.
We will say, however, that the air in the cellar, and in the 32°
room had an average humidity around 65%, and that no harm-
ful results were experienced. In the 40° ventilated room the
air in the open spaces was also at 65%, but the conditions of
the room were such that the apples were actually held under
high humidity conditions and so cannot be considered in this
discussion, other than as showing that the mere fact that
apples are stored in a ventilated room is not sufficient; they
must be so stored and arranged that they are exposed to the
ventilation current. If sufficient air movement is not provided
moisture will gather and mould will be formed and scald is
likely to occur on varieties subject to scald.

The danger of low humidity is, of course, that of wither-
ing, but w^e have experienced no withering when the apples
have been well blushed, and when the storage has not been
prolonged beyond the normal storage period of the variety.

Our conclusion as regards humidity is that the storage
should be held at a humidity low enough to prevent formation
of mould, and that a humidity as low as 65% is not harmful
for apples within the normal storage term for the variety
where the apples are well blushed. Partially blushed fruit
may shrivel. We do not believe it necessary at the present
time for common storage houses to attempt the control of
humidity, other than by providing free ventilation with fresh
outside air, and we believe that the indiscriminate wetting of
the cellar floor must be carefully practiced to avoid mould
growths. The apples must be kept dry. If drops of water
stand on them, mould will surely follow.

While making this statement we wish to call attention
to our reservation that we have found 80% humidity, where
it can be obtained, to be best for apple storage. The ventila-
tion air should be dry enough to absorb and carry off any sur-
plus moisture, but not dry enough to produce shriveling.

— 116 —

In cold storage, air --ment wi^n the storage J nec^es-
sary to control humidity. The air currents proa ^^^^^^^

ordinary course of 'el"g^^f„rp, be enough to provide suffi-
the pipes may in some ?"«tanees be enougn x p .^^^^

cient air movement but in «°™™f,X .* necessa^ Especially
means for air "'^^^'alr irSen tt outsXfemper^^^^
is this ^^^-^:^'^S^:t:S.:^^tZ^rei and the flow
are such that very V^^/^^X%nnnd that in our 40° unventilated

foo^'m^^^rr^'oU^^^^^^ - -^ ^-

'"' Teelrcuiation of air --i^l'^<^. ^^^^ '^^A^ ^^Tl^l
provided for -ntrollingjje humid^^^^^^^^ SisfTctoT? results,
sional freshening of the air, s««^^/?, f .. ^f the ventilating

out danger to the products stored.

<i.ald There appears to be two distinct factors influenc-
ing tttceuSeTscald- temperature and -ntiUti "•

Low temperatures appear to have a depressing effect and
to ^iZ thT Utanee of a given variety to scald

Ventilation is effective in preventing scald if the temper
ature is high enough for the variety

Wageners scald at 32° under "r movement when und^^

sydrtSrae^^-^^^^^^^

veSion the scald percentage is high.

« is well ^^^^^^'^^ti^fzsijxti'^stoiy^

STTewtoTt connecTeJ ^^Tth storage at temperatures

'^aTi-of be worthy of investig-ion^J s^^^^^^^^^^^
scald and internal browning are all manr^es at ^^ ^^ _

damage due to low temperatures and ^>^' ^^ ^ ^^rieties
able to study the temperatures at wh^ch the m ^ ^

may be held without scald, so that for eacn ^ ^^^^^^^

Tcald, the critical temperature may be found ^^.^^ ^^^^^ ^.jj
below which scald is apt to occur auu
not be harmful?

rathTarRorBe^y should be stored at 32= and

•'^"^vlw Netton sltldL Itored at 38= and above to pre-

^^"rd-rrwageners should be stored at about ^O"
and above to avoid regular scald.

— 117 —

i

May not the critical temperatures for other Tt"**^*'>
likewise capable of determination, and scald be avoided by the
use of proper holding temperatures!

In this connection it is interesting to note that it is com.
mercial practice in certain portions of Pennsylvania to store
York Imperials at 35° under ventilation to prevent scald,
which, experience has shown, will occur if the temperature
falls to 32°.

General Conclusions

1 32° immediate storage is to be recommended for long
term holding of apples. The 32° temperature must be continu-
ous from thi time of picking, and must not be interrupted by
transportation at higher temperatures.

2 When 32° immediate storage is not available, tne
apples should be held in the open under sufficient shelter to
J?o ect from sun and from rain, but in the full sweep of the
air until settled cold weather. They should then be moved to
storage, which will by this time have been sufficiently cooled

by the season. , ,

3 Supplementary refrigeration in the form of ice-cooled
temperature controlled rooms is not to ^e recommended
Effective control of storage conditions can only be obtained
by a temperature of 32°, and this can only be supplied by
mechanical cold storage. ,

4 For bank cellar storages, one large ventilation open-
inf? preferably in the side of the storage exposed to the pre-
vailing wind, is to be preferred to numerous small openings.
Continuous ventilation throughout the storage season is recom-
mended, some means being provided for tempermg the ventila-
tion air during severe cold. The use of a propellor fan m an
end wall or main discharge duct is recommended.

5 The humidity of a storage should be low enough to
avoid the gro%vth of rots and moulds, but not low enough to
cause withering. While we have found nothing to indicate
that 80% humidity is not the best practice, 65% humidity has
not been harmful for well blushed fruit during the commercial
period of the variety.

6. Temperature and ventilation are both factors in scald
control. When apples are stored at a suitable temperature for
the variety, scald will be practically prevented by ventilation.

TABLE I
40° WITHOUT VENTILATION

Perfect

Crates :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Closed Bbl.

Open Bbl.

12

Scalded

%

All

H

n

36

IT

1/3 bu.
12
28

Mold

Vs

All

n

%

Rotten
Spots

%
All

V2

2V4 bu.
1 1/2 bu.
21/2 bu.
23/4 bu.

1/2
%

%

1/2 bu.

1 bu.

1/4 bu.
1/4 bu.

3
4
9

21
7

21
23
21
12

AU
Botten

5

9

20
10

1

6

1

6

24

15

11

18

r

— 119 —

— 118 —

O

13

0)

o

p

M

S!

^

u

M

1 O o*

1

«w

o

2

9

1

1

a

o

09

00

OB
oe r^

p c

'^ 00

o

o

02 'Tt

P^ OQ
ft 13

03 ^

"^ O

00 o3

09 *

o

GO

OQ

09

• o

§^ t

CO 5
09 c9

<=^ & t^

sab

(9 ed v

Q Q >

OS 1— t o

ft
e9

a

c9 CO
e9 >»

09

a>

'ft

. ft

CO o9

ft ®

O e9
c9 O

^ CO

ft

o 2

o ^

I

09

o

09

ft

. a

Oi 09

00 rrt

• %

^ § a

rrt e9 ft

^ 'd 09

o o ::^

^ OQ

^ g

I. a
=-§

25 ^

t»D frt ««

a o
^ -Sj M o

OS ift ■^ «© P

Ttl OO «fi
CQ N CJ

«o t^ o o ^

tH fH rH 1-1

^05«>t-CX)gCgg5

cw

s

3

0 0 0
^ Xi Xi

QO

CO

O 3 irt cq

s <J Ift ^

0

Oi

•.S ^ O

a>

g kc >^ a

o ^^ t^ o

W -^ CO

o

CO

ia

s

Sf

» 2 S
eo „ = 5 IN eo

00

0 0 0

JH Xi Xi

0
Xi

S^S s

00

o9

<5-

N CO -^ ^ <£> t-

« -

09

000.05

ft
O

TABLE m
BANK STOEAOE CELLAR

Perfect

Scalded

Botten
Spots

Cellar:
1 bu. Crate
1 bu. Crate
1 bu. Crate
1 bu. Crate
1 bbl. Closed
1 bbl. Closed
1 bbl. Open
1 bbl. Open

% bu.
% bu.
% bu.
7/8 bu.
11/4 bu.
11/2 bu.
2 bu.
21/2 bu.

8
6
9
3

11/4 bu.
1 bu.

3^bu.

1/3 bu.

3

7
1
2
29
43
28
10

8
6
8
5

38
41
12

22

None

13
6

None
6

7)r FUtcUr- Have you not a publication on this subject
of constr^S oi farm sLage houses which you could send to
those desiring it?

Mr. Marble: Anyone desiring such a publication can have
it by addressing me at Canton, Pa.

stenographer.

— 121 —

Thursday afternoon, January 25th

PREVENTING AND REPAIRING APPLE TREE

BREAKAGE

PAUL THAYER, Extension Pomologist, Pennsylvania State College

An apple tree is a long time proposition and one that war-
rants considerable care and effort in giving it the proper
structural strength to enable it to support successive bearing
crops of fruit.

The great importance of the proper formation of the head
of young trees is not always realized. Select three (at the most
five) branches for the main limbs, seeing that these are so
distributed that when they become six or eight inches in diam-
eter there will still be no crowding. Make sure that the angle
of attachment to the tree is one making for strength rather
than for weakness. Finally, so prune the young tree as to
enable one limb, usually the central one, to gain the ascen-
dency and become a *' modified leader".

The foregoing is the program to be followed in the case
of the young tree. The mature tree presents a distinctly diff-
erent problem. Here it is frequently a case of weak crotches
already present and only waiting some unusual strain to
destroy or injure the tree. This requires the use of braces,
either natural or artificial. When taken in time, frequently
two slender branches or water-sprouts can be found on the
inside of two opposite limbs. If these are twisted together,
especially if there be an abrasion of the contiguous surfaces,
these will so unite as to form a living brace connecting the two
limbs.

This opportunity is not always afforded, especially in
older trees, in which case it is necessary to resort to artificial
braces. These usually consist of eyebolts or lag screws made
of half inch iron and connected by No. 9 galvanized wire.
Fruit growers seem to have a slight preference for the eye-
bolts. These are easily made by any blacksmith by simply
cutting a piece of half-inch rod iron the desired length, turn-
ing up one end for an eye, threading the other end and putting
on a nut.

In installation, horizontal holes are bored in the limbs at
least three feet, and preferably five or six feet above the crotch.
If but two limbs are to be tied together the holes should be in
a direct line but if three or more limbs are to be connected the
holes should all point toward the center of the polygon which
they outline. The size of the holes should be such that the
eyebolts must be driven or the lag screws twisted into place.
If eyebolts are used the nut is usually countersunk through the
bark. After the bolts or lags are in place they are connected
by No. 9 galvanized wire which is twisted to make it taut.

If three or more limbs are to be braced an iron ring is fre-
quently placed in the centre and the bolts connected with the
rinior by wire.

The treatment outlined is inexpensive. Good judgment
would commend the expenditure of a dollar per tree or less in
the preservation of trees that have cost perhaps a dozen years'
care to produce and are capable of producing an average
annual crop of fifteen or twenty bushels each.

Question: Do you advise the central leader type of tree
rather than the open head?

Mr. Thayer: I prefer the modified leader. It is very impor-
tant to get the trees headed right in the first two or three
years, so that we will not have to do severe pruning later
and thus delay bearing.

Meinher: I would like to hear more about the mice propo-
sition. That is serious with us. Something was said yester-
day about snakes, but I don't want to resort to anything of
that kind.

D. M. Wertz: In Virginia I know one large orchardist who
has 10,000 little mouse traps in which he places poison bait
for mice. Think of the necessity of any one grower having
10,000 of these traps! Another report is that a man from
the Federal Department in Washington had prepared in one
district 29 tons of poisoned grain for the growers. It might
be well for us to find out what may be going on in our own
section.

Mr. Thayer: I know one grower who lost a number of trees
by mice girdling them pretty badly, and he bought nursery
trees and in-arched them into the eight or ten-year-old trees
to save the trees.

J. A. Runk: Dr. Fletcher and I saw an interesting case in
Virginia — of an orchard mashed down badly by ice, and I
would like to have you call on Dr. Fletcher to tell what
was being done there. The whole tops were mashed down.
Dr. Fletcher: These were apple trees trained to the open
centre. Hundreds of the scaffold limbs were split down
through the trunk and were lying on the ground, hanging
by the bark and seemingly beyond repair. W^here the repair
was made within three weeks after injury, before the wood
had dried out, it was successful. The limbs were pulled up
with tackle into place, and bolts were put through. Then the
strong overhead bracing, with wire, above the crotch was
made, and the cracks were covered with grafting wax to
exclude the air. The main point of interest is that the open
center trees suffered severe damage, and the modified leader
trees very little. I am convinced that in this region the modi-
fied leader apple tree is best.

— 122 —

— 123 —

WHAT VARIETIES OF PEACHES ARE
HARDIEST IN BUD?

H. F. Hershey: It has been our experience that Greensboro
is as hardy as any we have, although year before last, when we
had the freeze, we had peaches scattered through all varieties,
no one variety was totally killed. We probably had a few
more Greensboro than some other varieties. Carman is sup-
posed to be hardy in bud, Elberta is supposed to be more
tender, but our experience has been that there is not a great
deal of difference.

Member: Seven years ago this winter we had severe weather
that knocked out the peach crop. The only variety that we
had producing that year was Crosby. It produced fruit when
the others did not.

Member: Eleven years ago we had a freeze out, and the
only peach we had was Alton. We had forty baskets of
peaches from one hundred trees. The Alton is considered the
hardiest with us.

Paul Thayer: The Fitzgerald peach, of Canada, is called
"iron clad," and it will withstand lower temperatures than
any other variety. Unfortunately, originating in Canada,
while it is hardy against cold weather in winter, it is also
one of the worst varieties for spring killing of blossoms.

Question: How about J. H. Hale?

Member: We have 300 trees in the fourth year. We had a
few peaches on them, some large and some small. It seems to
me on the whole that it is not what it ought to be.

Sheldon Funk: Of J. H. Hale I can say that it freezes
readily in winter, but it does not freeze readily in spring.

Member: I planted J. H. Hale the first year it came out;
and I have been very much disappointed in them. They have
been in bearing four or five years, and I never had but one
good crop. This year Elbertas mixed with them had a good
crop, and Hale had a slight crop. I had some very nice
peaches, but a lot of little ones.

Member: Our experience has been that the Belle of Georgia
is the best all around peach both to withstand zero weather
and also spring frost. It is also a good commercial peach.

IS FRUIT FARMING WITHOUT HORSES PRACTICABLE?

S. C. Eshelman: We have been using a tractor exclusively
for the past four years. We have a hilly proposition, and we
found it difficult in the hot summer months to keep horses on
the job. Since we have adopted the tractor we do much more
work in a shorter time, and there is a great saving of time dur-
ing the busy season. We keep the tractor moving right along.
We do no farming. This may vary somewhat where you farm
trees. After four years' work with the tractor we have cer-
tainly no intention of going back to horses.

31 ember: We use a number of tractors, but we find that
we cannot discard the horse. Some of the largest concerns
in New York and Philadelphia are selling their trucks and
putting the horses back, because of the expense involved. I
think we can over do the tractor business. I think the horse
has its place, and I think the time is not here to substitute all
kinds of machines for the horse.

Member: We are getting along well with caterpillar trac-
tors for spraying. We have two men spraying and one man
driving, and they slow the tractor down to a crawl, and in
the younger orchards we keep going that way.

Mr. Eshelman: It was necessary for us to have four horses
in our spray rig, and we found it difficult to get over our
orchard even then. Now we have our spray rig on two wheels,
throwing two-thirds of the weight on the rear wheels and one
third on the tractor. We haul 300 gallons, where we could
not haul 200 gallons with four horses.

QUALITY IN NURSERY STOCK, AS A
NURSERYMAN SEES IT

MR. HARTMAN, of Heisey Nursery, Greencastl©

I will say that two thinojs arc essential. A tree should
bo young, and it should be thrifty. When I say young, I mean
not over two years old.

I would want a tree that any man with a knife could tram
into such a tree as he may desire. There was a time w^hen
people wanted verv low-hoaded trees, and a time when they
wanted them very high. I sell trees, and let the other fellow
trim thorn. In no case would I advise anybody to plant a tree
older than two years. There was a time when lots of orchards
wore planted with trees six and seven years old. At that
time we never dreamed of selling trees less than two years old.
Another important thinj? is to havo a tree with a good root.

Three years a^o when nursery stock was very scarce a lot
of nooplo bought small tioos not over two feet, and were suc-

m

124

— 123

cessful. A one-year-old tree, if strong, and high enough to
suit your idea in forming a top, is a good kind of tree to plant.
If you have a thrifty tree with a good root regardless of how it
is produced, either one or two-year-old, it brings good results.
Above all else, try to get them clean, free from disease and
pests.

Question: Has not a great deal of nursery stock that we
buy been injured by being stored through the winter!

Mr. Hartman: I know it was in the case of some trees that
I bought last year. They sent samples that looked good. They
said they were dug and in storage. When the time came for
me to look at them, they had heated, the bark was loose on
many, and I could not use them. If properly kept in storage
they should come out in fairly good condition. In our nur-
sery we do not store anything. Everything is left in the
ground until we dig it for sale. That is the best way.

VEGETABLES AS A SIDE LINE

SHELDON W. FXTNK

Personally, I was interested in vegetables only because I
had to be. I grow vegetables as an intercrop, not as a side-
line. We never felt we had enough money to cultivate young
peaches unless we got a return. The unfortunate part about
the vegetable as an intercrop is that in a large orchard you
can not use them in all your planting, as they require intensive
culture.

Watermelons usually have paid us as well as anything in
intercropping. It does not pay to use them the second year
because of the pests that attack them. I have seen the striped
bugs take up a watermelon and roll it down the hill — they
are so plentiful. I have never found anything better as an
intercrop than vegetables for peaches. Of course, for apples
it is not as necessary to cultivate, as is the case when you are
growing peaches.

ARE THERE ANY NEW VARIETIES THAT ARE
DISTINCTLY BETTER THAN THE OLD?

PETER BOLTZ

The subject of apples was well discussed by the General
Fruit Committee. It makes a considerable difference whether
the grower caters to the wholesale market or to the home
market. In my home market my customers insist on Baldwin
apples, and unless we have them we lose many a sale. It is
to our advantage to continue the Baldwin, even though there
may be better varieties.

— 126 —

To those of you who are growing Black Twig I suggest
that you substitute the Paragon. They appear to be the same
apple but I find there is a vast difference in the tree growth.
The Paragon is quite prolific, while the reverse is true of the
Black Twig. It is a good commercial apple to follow Stayman.
It prolongs the season of that type of apple.

If there are any who feel that they want to grow Ben
Davis I would say substitute the Champion. The Champion
holds on to the tree remarkably well, and it not only prolongs
the season for marketable apples but prolongs the season of
picking. We always leave the Paragon and Champion tor the
last to pick. They are wonderful keepers. They will keep in
ordinary storage until quite late. Last August one of my
customers came to market with one of my last year s Cham-
pion, in a good state of preservation.

The newer varieties of peaches that we have had some
success with are Early Elberta and J. H. Hale. In Japanese
plums I find that the Early Gold is much the best plum of that
kind It is a yellow plum of good quality and bears well,
and it is not as subject to brown rot as some others. We
have a good many Kieffer pears in our section, and they are
not profitable. I presume because the people know them too
well Bartlett ripens ahead of the Kieffer, and comes in at a
time when it is not in competition. Another pear that is growii
very extensively in our section is the President Drouard. It
is a winter pear. I have no further suggestions, except to
say that many plant Early Richmond cherries, but we find
Dyehouse pays better.

SHOULD THE USE OF PEACH FILLERS IN APPLE

ORCHARDS BE ABANDONED FOR FILLERS

OF EARLY VARIETIES OF APPLES?

SHELDON rXTNK

I would say, no. In all sections of Pennsylvania where
peach growing is a commercial proposition, I would just as
soon think of going out of the fruit business as I would think
of planting early bearing apple in place of peach fillers. Uur
experience is that usually a basket of good peaches will bring
almost as much monev as a bushel of early apples. Another
reason why I would not use early apples as fillers is because
two of our neighboring states, New Jersey and New \ork,
which we have always considered very serious competitors,
have both planted very heavily to early apples, and I believe
we are going to find rather a slow market for early apples for
the next few vears. My experience has been that whenever
we get into competition with Now Jersey we have trouble m
getting the prices we should have.

— 127 —

ii

The only place where I have used early apples as fillers
is on a location where the land is too steep to cultivate peaches,
or where the land is rather low, where there would be danger
of peaches freezing out. I know many will say that there are
objections to growing peaches among apples, but personally I
have always done it, and I have yet to find objections from
my standpoint.

Question: Why not use winter apples as fillers!

Mr. Funk : There are very few varieties with me that would
be profitable under eight years, and that is too long to wait.

IS THE GENERAL OUTLOOK BRIGHT FOR

FRUIT GROWERS?
C. J. TYSON, Flora Dale

I am not going to undertake to make a prophecy that may
be thrown back at me five or ten years from now, but you
will probably forget it before that time. Many of you heard
Professor Agee the other night, and caught his feeling of
optimism, that agriculture had a better time ahead. You prob-
ably all feel that after the past three years, that we are bound
to have a better time, because it has been just as bad as it
could be. To a certain extent, this is true, but we were spoiled.
In the early years of the war we went through a period of
inflation, which created a condition of mind that was a tumult.
In 1920 we suffered the results of that inflation — a large crop,
a drop in price, and exceedingly high production costs, so that
the man who made money from that crop was rare. Through-
out most of this territory we had a freeze in 1921. To some
extent the same thing happened the past year together with
unusual disease attack.

Comparative Prices. I have a compilation of comparative
prices of York Imperial apples. At a certain time this season
they were bringing about $3.00 a barrel, at the same time dur-
ing the past sixteen years they have brought an average of
$3.30 a barrel, over the sixteen years. In fifteen years, leav-
ing out the year 1919, when prices were extremely high, the
average was practically the same as this year. For the ten
years prior to 1917, the price was $2.16. As far as prices are
concerned, while we have been through a bad year, it proves
comparable with some of our good years. Of course, produc-
tion costs have still been too high, and that is one condition
which will have to improve if the fruit grower is going to be
satisfied in the future. Labor, freight and supplies will have
to come to us at lower prices.

12S

There is another side to this proposition. With industrial
prosperity throughout the country, which in itself is likely to
mean higher labor prices, we are always bound to have better
markets for our fruit, so that with the industrial prosperity
which many of our good prophets tell us is ahead, we can
expect fairly good markets.

Increase in Consumption. The actual consumption of
fruit today as compared with ten or fifteen years ago is another
favorable point. Ten years ago York Imperials from our
southern section went for export, or only to comparatively
large markets. For the past few years, and particularly in
1920, 1921 and 1922, I suppose that fifty per cent of the crop
has gone to markets that would consume only from one to
three carloads of apples in a week, and in many places have
gone to smaller markets, where they would only buy one car
load in a season. In other words, the practice of buying apples
in carloads for consumption in the small towns has greatly
increased, so that we have seen the consumption of perhaps
the largest apple crop on record at anything but disastrous
prices compared with some of the heavy crops of the past.

Advantages of Pennsylvania. The industry in Pennsylva-
nia has so many advantages that if there is to be any fruit
industry anywhere, it certainly is going to be right here. We
have nearby markets. This means a great saving in transpor-
tation and better condition of the fruit. The larger commer-
cial districts of Pennsylvania have the rare advantage of near-
ness of the sea board lines, nearness to large markets, and the
ease with which they can get fruit into export trade.

Varieties grown here are well established on large markets
and need no propaganda to keep them going. Throughout this
whole district, not only in the large commercial districts, but
also in scattered portions of the state, the opportunity to sell
low grades is a rare advantage. Our numerous canneries,
cider plants, etc., are also great advantages.

We have also many advantages in production costs and
operation costs over other districts; as compared with the
Northwest, for instance. No fruit is grown in that country
without irrigation, and they have an all-season fight against
the codling moth. The condition of their market is such that
if an apple receives a few stings the fruit must go into a
lower grade. That makes an expensive operation of which we
know nothing.

In the Middle West they have many diseases which so far
we have been free from, or nearly so. Apple blotch, which
attacks only a few varieties here, and has not been so very
serious, is a constant trouble there. Some of the cankers, that
have put thousands of trees out of business, have not been
particularly serious here. So that we have a lot of advantages

— 129 —

that would make it look as though Pennsylvania has a fair
chance if any state has.

I think we can say that while Pennsylvania fruitgrowing
will not be a get-rich-quick proposition in the future, any
more than in the past; at the same time we have a right to
expect satisfactory results if we do our part well.

IS THERE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR COMMERCIAL
PEAR CULTURE IN PENNSYLVANIA?

HOWARD A. CHASE

I have no data on which to make an estimate of the
present production and consumption of pears in this state but
were I twenty years younger I would seriously consider plant-
ing pear trees instead of apple trees. Pear blight, or fire
blight, is a formidable enemy but this can be overcome. Select
land with good natural drainage — do not manure in midsum-
mer and use the knife and saw freely if the blight appears.
Cultivate so as to maintain only a moderate growth. As to
varieties, I would plant chiefly Bartlett, Seckel and Kieffer.
In a Bartlett block I would plant every fifth or seventh row
with Anjou to secure a perfect pollination of the Bartlett. This
will give a fully developed pear and make the trees more pro-
ductive. There may be other varieties as desirable as Anjou
for this purpose but I have yet to find them. Bartlett is not
as hardy in wood as the other varieties and the trees should be
carefully examined before planting to make sure that there are
no black hearts, the result of previous winter injury. Pear
Psylla is a formidable insect pest but spraying will control
it. In conclusion, plant pears — not **for our heirs", but to
give us profitable returns.

S. R. Huey: In behalf of the fruit growers of Lawrence
County I would like to extend an invitation to the Horticul-
tural Association to meet there this year.

Pres. Griest: In behalf of the Society I wish to thank you,
and the invitation will be referred to the Executive Committee
for their action.

IS THE SAN JOSE SCALE COMING BACK?

Willis Hess: The San Jose Scale seems to be returning.
We experienced one plague of this pest, and now even after
careful spraying I understand that in spite of all efforts, there
seems to be a return of it.

Paul Thayer: Those troubles come in waves, and I believe
there is a wave due. In Illinois it is as bad as it was many

130

years ago, and they are taking up oil spraying. I .^^^^^ JT^
had betted get ready to meet the scale, for it is coming back.
Question: What is a recurrence ? Is it because the man has
not been paying attention to this job of spraying i

Willis Hess: In the case that I speak of the orchards have
been sprayed regularly, and in spite of t^at Prac ice and th^
use of spray materials that are supposed to control it, it is
gradually coming back. We may be able to do just a little
bener Ob spfaying, but what of the orchards around us
that are not sprayed, and the pests that come visiting?
Question: Is it safe to spray with oil sprays?
Peter Boltz: I sprayed my orchard w\th lime-sulphuj,
and I discovered last year an apple tree that ^^ad considerable
scale on it, and it seemed in a dangerous condition I then
used -Sea ecide,** and the trees were apparently cleared of
scale, and '^thout any injury whatever. It was applied in
the early spring before the buds started.

Member: I use -Scalecide " I have used it for the last
four years, and I find it much better ^^an lime-sulphur. It is
rather hard to spray and hit every part with lime-sulphur. It
S where you put it. "Scalecide" will run, and it covers
fh miled sp';>t m^ore easily. I sprayed for several years w^^^^^
lime-sulphur, and never got my trees as clean as with Scale-
eide."

Pres. Griest: So far as the safety of oils is concerned, I tlunk
if properly applied they are safe ; if they were not, the manuf w.
tu?ers would soon be put out of business. There may be cases
where Ihe failure of the material to give results lies m faulty
application.

EXPERIMENTS WITH DUST ON APPLE*
S. W. TBOST, State OoU«g«

As far as insect control is concerned, the experiments con-
ducted at the State College Research Laboratory at Arendte-
ville Pa bear our verv closely the observations made at other
experiment stations. One must remember that there are two
3s Tfinsects, demanding different material for their control ;
th^ chewing injects, a^ the codling-moth and the leaf-rollers,
and X sucking insects, as the red-bug and the red-spider.

Nearly every one agrees that the codling-moth and leaf-
roller can be controlled satisfactorily by means of Sulphur-
[ead dusts. The experiments we have conducted over a period

n^ese two papers by Mr. Frost were discussed at the Wednesday

morning meeting.

— 131 —

of five years show that dust applications have given equally
as good control as the spray applications.

For the sucking insects, some form of sulphur or nicotine
must be used. It has been found that the red-bugs succumb
very readily to nicotine dust and excellent control has been
affected with a dust consisting of lime and 3% nicotine sul-
phate. This is a special dust intended for red-bugs and aphids
and is manufactured by various companies under different
trade names. Prof. P. J. Parrot of Geneva, N. Y. reports good
control with reground tobacco dust. Such tobacco must be
reground so that it will pass a 200 mesh screen. There is no
doubt that under favorable conditions red-bugs can be easily
controlled with the proper dust. High winds, cool, damp days
should be avoided. Thoroughness is more necessary here than
in any other part of the dusting program.

The following tables give an idea of the value of dust in
the control of red-bugs. Here the dusting was done under the
most favorable conditions. Large white sheets were placed
under the trees to catch the red-bugs as they fell from the
trees after the application of dusts and sprays. The live red-
bugs were then brought down by shaking the trees.

BED-BUG CONTROL, WAI.TER ORCHARD (Adams County, Pa.)

Date of
Application

May 10

May 10

Material

Lime, 2%
Nicotine Dust

Lime, 2%
Nicotine Dust

May 16

Black leaf 40

Live
Red-bugs

0

Dead

Red-bugs

72

62

27

ESHELMAN ORCHARD (Adams County, Pa.)

Material

Lime, 2%
Nicotine dust

M

Live
Red-bugs

m

u

M

n

CHECK

5

4
0

S

24

0
0
0

171
131
125

79

Dead
Red bugs

1-11

21

113

57

47

69

4

23

0
0
0
0

Notes

No wind

u

Strong wind

Received nicotine in the petal spray

<« U U

u

This plat received no nicotine
form

m any

— 132

BICE SMITH HUBEB OBCHABD (Adams County, Pa.)

Material

Lime, 2%
Nicotine dust

Lime-sulphur
Black leaf 40

CHECK

Live
Bed-bugs

Dead
Bed-bugs

1
1

0

0
0

36

4

14

142

166

Notes

16

18

6

0
0
0

No nicotine previously used

Nicotine was used in the petal spray

No nicotine used in any of the appli-
cations

The control of aphids on apple is more difficult than that
of the red-bugs. Much more satisfactory control has been
effected with spray applications.

As to red-spider control, sulphur dust has been found
unsatisfactory. During four years of experimentation at the
Arendtsville laboratory we have not succeeded m obtaining
control by dusting. On the other hand, liquid lime-sulphur
has given good results. Peach suffers as well as apple and at
present we have no recommendations for controlling the red-
spider on peach.

The dusting situation resolves itself, therefore, into a mat-
ter of consideration for the pathologist. The entomologist is
ready to recommend dust for the control of codling-moth, leaf-
roller and red-bug. For scale insects and red-spider spray
applications must be used until dusting has been better per-
fected.

LATE FEEDING WORMS

S. W. PBOST, State College

A word of explanation is imperative concerning the late
feeding worms. Attention has already been called at previous
Horticultural and farmers' meetings to the late injury pro-
duced on apples. This, it has been pointed out, is due to
several species of leaf-rollers. While many species are in-
volved however, one is more abundant than the rest and is
accountable for the greatest amount of the injury. This one
is known as the Red-banded Leaf-roller.* It is very abundant
in Pennsvlvania and is an exceedingly injurious insect. In
Adams and Franklin counties considerable injury has been
noted especially on York imperial. In some places the per-
centage of injury has run as high as 50%. Fruit growers and
fruit packers agree that a better means of control is needed
for this insect.

*Eulia veluiinana Walker.

— 133 —

During the past years it has been found that the life
history of tiiis insect is radically different from the fruit tree
leat-roller that appears to be more serious in other states Pre-
vious recommendations for the control of leaf-roller have been
based on our knowledge of the fruit tree leaf-roller but it has
been found that the difference in the life histories of the two
species makes it impossible to control both in the same manner
The old recommendation of spraying in the Delayed Dormant
for leaf-roller will not hold for conditions in Pennsylvania
because the red-banded leaf-roller does not become active in
the spring and lay their eggs until a considerable period after
the application of the Delayed Dormant spray.

The red-banded leaf-roller further differs from the fruit
tree leaf-roller in that it has three broods a vear while the
fruit tree leaf-roller has but one brood. With each brood the
number of worms increase until by fall they are very numer-
ous. It IS this third or last brood that does the most of the
injury to the fruit. The last brood is much longer than the
rest, lasting until after the fruit is picked. The activities of
this worm are most noticeable at the time one is picking the
fruit and they are often picked with the fruit and placed in
fr^uh ^^ ^^^^ '''^^^^ ^^^^ continue their feeding on other

The red-banded leaf-roller has also been found injurious
on peach It makes the same characteristic shallow feedine
scars on the peach. ^

No definite recommendations can at present be made for
the control of the red-banded leaf-roller. The regular spravine
program consisting of the Pink Petal spray, 10 Dav sprav and
the summer spray help to keep this pest in control. Still cer-
tain orchards that have been well cared for and well sprayed
show 30% of the fruit injured by these worms. The work
ot the pa.st summer shows that late summer applications of
spray or dust are valuable and it promises that an application
during the middle or first of September mav he of great value
in cutting down the percentage of injury by these worms. A
au.st would be more valuable than a spray as the latter would
stain the fruit.

— 134 —

MISCELLANEOUS
QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

BOADSIDE MARKETS
L. H. CBOSMAN, Oaks

A vear ago, in Montgomery County, we incorporated the
Pennsylvania Fruit Packing and Sales Company, with a view
to cooperative purchasing of orchard supplies, and sale of
our fruit. The membership represents about one thousand
acres of orchard of various ages.

Situated as we are in a densely populated region, sprin-
kled thickly with busy manufacturing towns, with a great
deal of automobile traffic along our main roads, we decided to
establish booths along the road at various strategic Po^ts.
The fruit was arranged to make a large display to catch the
eye, as we found that a small display was of little value. The
larger the display, the larger the crowd of buyers.

Crowd psychology was well illustrated many times ; when
one car stopped to ask the price, others would do the same,
until there were at times six or eight cars parked in front ol
a booth. When no car was buying, or pricing, others were
inclined to pass by, but as soon as one car stopped, others
followed suit.

The booths w^ere mostly in charge of women, who received
10%of the gross sales for their time.

A daily trip was made from our central packing house to
supply the booths, set the price, and to collect the money from
sales

We were much pleased with the result of selling perish-
able fruit in this way. Comparatively few apples were sold
in this manner, except summer apples. Apparently the public
still likes to buy its winter apples in small quantities at the
grocery or fruit store as needed.

WHAT IS MEANT BY LONG PRUNING?

R. D. ANTHONY

Until very recentlv apples, and pears, and peaches in Cali-
fornia were heavily pruned each year. In the last three years
investigations have proved that this heavy pruning has been
dwarfing the trees and cutting dowii yields and, in place of the
** short "pruning, 'Mong" pruning is recommended. It means
much the same as ''little pruning" does in this state.

— 135 —

SHOULD YOUNG APPLE TREES BE PRUNED TO OPEN
CENTERS OR TO CENTRAL LEADERS?

E. D. ANTHONY

Central leader trees frequently become too high for easy
spraying and picking. In the last few years thousands of open
center trees have been broken down by ice. Excellent results
have been secured by combining the advantages of the two
systems, starting the tree with a central leader and when the
framework branches occupy a space along the leader of from
five to six feet, the leader is then cut out and from this point
the tree is carried as an open centre tree.

HAS SWEET CLOVER A PLACE IN THE SOD ORCHARD?

E. D. ANTHONY

J. M. Weaver of York County reports excellent success
in building up poor soil by growing sweet clover. Hubam or
annual sweet clover has not been tried to any extent in this
state. Even with the biennial form which is used, several grow-
ers report that they have been able to plan their cuttings in
Buch a way as to permit enough seed to form to reseed the
stand.

WHAT ARE THE FOUR MOST PROMISING APPLES FOR
BOXING IN SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA

E. D. ANTHONY

It is easy to decide on three — Stayman, Jonathan and
Grimes. These have the attractive appearance and the good
quality needed in a box apple. The choice of the fourth
would depend on a number of circumstances. If a fall apple
is wanted, Smokehouse would fill the bill, with Delicious fol-
lowing. For a baking apple for restaurants, it might pay to
box Rome for the February and March trade.

ARE THERE ANY NEW VARIETIES THAT ARE
BETTER THAN THE OLD?

H. L. BEEIDENBACH

On the subject of new varieties my observation during
the past season has been limited to one variety — the Golden
Delicious. This fruited on four-year-old trees.

Its size was very large; shape oblong conic, somewhat
similar to the Delicious but without the pronounced nodes at

— 136 —

.

the calyx end ; color about like the Grimes ; skin rougher. The
trees bore well.

As to season — it had to be picked somewhat earlier than
the Grimes and seemed to ripen up earlier in common storage.
As to quality, good; possibly would be pronounced very good
by many if considered as a dessert apple only. However, its
texture is not as fine as Grimes and it lacks that certain degree
of acidity for which the Grimes is noted and which makes the
latter an excellent general purpose apple — either for dessert
or for culinary use.

To sum up — the Golden Delicious, like the Delicious, is
more of a dessert than a general purpose apple; its flavor is
appealing; its bearing qualities and size good; it seems hardy
in bud (a two year old graft last year bore a few apples) ;
and, although its shape is somewhat against it for barreling,
it would seem to have a future in commercial orcharding.

APPLE FRUIT SPOTS

W. A. McCUBBIN
State Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrlsburg

The various types of fruit spots on apples are of impor-
tance not only because of the actual damage caused to the
fruit tissues, but because the disfigurement of the fruit mate-
rially affects the sale value. It is convenient to group these
spots according to their cause since control is so frequently
dependent on a knowledge of the manner in which the spot-
ting is brought about. From this point of view we may con-
sider three types of apple fruit spots, — (1) Spots due to organ-
isms; (2) Spots due to orchard conditions; and (3) Storage
spots.

Brooks Spot. (1) The type of spot caused by parasitic
organisms is represented in Pennsylvania by but one outstand-
ing case, the injury known as New Hampshire Fruit Spot, the
Brooks Spot, or New England Fruit Spot. This is caused by
a fungus {Phoma ponii Passer) which winters on fallen fruit
and sends spores to the new fruit in May and June. Since the
fungus is a slow growing parasite the spots may not become
visible for weeks after inoculation and may even not develop
until the fruit is in storage. Two sprays in the susceptible
period mil control this spot satisfactorily and since the calyx
spray and the subsequent spray two to three weeks later come
at about the right time the ordinary scab control series will
take care of this fruit spot also.

Baldwin Spot. (2) Of the spots which are not of parasitic
origin but are regarded as due to orchard conditions the most

— 137 —

important is the Baldwin Spot, or stippen, which affects besides
the Baldwin, the Northern Spy, Tompkins King, Rhode Island
Greening, Black Twig and other varieties.

It may be distinguished from other spots by the fact that
the areas of dead tissue occur not only on the surface as in
other spots but all through the flesh, and further by the bitter
taste of the flesh so affected, whence has come another name,
bitter pit. The cause of Baldwin Spot is still in doubt though
the numerous observations and experiments point to irregular
or unbalanced water supply during the growing period as the
chief factor. Since rainfall and drought are beyond control
the orchardist can only regulate his culture methods so as
to insure as far as possible a uniform water and food supply.

The Jonathan, Oesopus, Wealthy, Grimes, Smokehouse, and
some other varieties frequently develop a brown superficial spot
in the orchard which may increase seriously in shipment and
storage. The cause has never been determined with certainty
but it is known that it is more severe after a dry summer, that
fruit remaining too long on the tree will be more seriously
affected, and that poor storage is favorable to this spot. Pick-
ing promptly at maturity, followed by quick sale or immediate
cold storage are means suggested to lessen loss from Jonathan
Spot.

Several varieties, particularly the York Imperial, are
affected in some seasons by sunken areas under which there are
irregular dark flesh spots. While the cause of this York Spot,
as it is called, is not certainly known it is usually attributed
to drought conditions in summer and for this reason it is some-
times called the drought spot. It is thought to be related in
cause to the Baldwin Spot, and its control would thus be a mat-
ter of constant and adequate water supply.

Storage Spots. (3) Of the spots developing in storage
mention should be made of both Baldwin and Jonathan Spots,
both of which are likely to be accentuated under unfavorable
storage conditions. The apple should be kept at a temperature
fairly close to the freezing point, with plenty of ventilation, in
air containing considerable moisture but not enough to cause
deposition on the fruit. Cold storage is best from the point
of view of spot prevention.

Spots may arise in storage from ammonia diffusing from
leaky pipes, or from other similar gases when the ventilation
is not sufficient, but by far the greatest development of storage
spots in apples in Pennsylvania is due to the average condi-
tions of cellar storage. Here the apples are piled deeply wdth-
out provision for slow but constant change of air; the temper-
ature is usually too high and too variable and the moisture
content such that with every drop and rise in temperature a
film of water is deposited on the fruit. Under such warm
conditions the internal chemical changes in the fruit proceed

I

*t I

rapidly and since the stagnant air can not remove gases given
off in these processes, the fruit literally poisons itself, just as
much as would several human beings kept in a closed room
for some time. The result is that at certain points these poig-
onous gases penetrate into the flesh by way of the breathing
pores and the tissues are killed and turn brown thus forming
the storage spots so prevalent on cellar stored fruit in spring.
The toxic action of these pent in gases may be so extensive as
to kill large areas of the flesh just under the skin and a scald
results. Needless to say the spotted and scalded fruit is
extremely liable to attack by rot organisms.

Storage spots and scalds due to the above conditions are
readily avoided. With the temperature kept as near the frost
line as can safely be done, and ample provision made for venti-
lation of the fruit by slatted walls, storage in crates or small
containers, the use of ventilating shafts or opened windows,
apples will keep well without storage spotting well into the
spring.

REPORT OF CONFERENCE ON FRUIT MARKETING

S. W. FliETCHER

On February 20th and 21st, there was held in Harrisburg
a Conference on Marketing, called by Governor Pinchot and
Secretary of Agriculture Willits. The primary purpose of
the Conference was to outline a state wide program for the
more efficient marketing of agricultural products. About
thirty of the 200 present were fruit growers. President C.
Arthur Greist, of the State Horticultural Association, presided
at the Fruit meeting, and S. W. Fletcher acted as Secretary.
Following is the Committee report:

The outstanding fact in Pennsylvania fruit growing is
the number and excellence of our local markets. It is good
business to develop and exploit these as far as possible. At
the present time, however, more than half of the fruit con-
sumed in Pennsylvania cities, even of varieties that could be
produced here, is shipped from other states. Last year over
7,000 cars of apples were unloaded in fifteen Pennsylvania
cities, coming mainly from the states of Washington and New
York. This is a great and needless loss to the state; practi-
cally all of those apples could have been grown within our
own borders to even greater perfection and at a lower cost
of production. The biggest problem in Pennsylvania fruit
growing is how to conserve Pennsylvania markets for Penn-
sylvania fruit.

Promulgation of Apple Grades. The solution of this prob-
lem is in a standardized pack and in publicity. 'We do not
need to fear the competition of any other state as to quality

— 138 —

— 139 —

of fruit or cost of production. Our chief, and practically
our only handicap, is the lack of standard grades and a stand-
ardized pack, such as our western competitors have had for
years, and our northern competitors are now beginning to
adopt. There are no standard grades for Pennsylvania fruit
today. We recommend, therefore, as the first step in the
marketing program, that the Secretary of Agriculture be
requested to promulgate the grades that the State Department
of Agriculture has given a preliminary trial the past four
years ; and that he take such measures as may secure for them
full educational publicity throughout the state, more especially
by holding grading and packing schools and demonstrations in
all the important centers of fruit production. The advantages
of conforming to standard grades are as evident in the local
markets as in the wholesale markets of the state. Good grad-
ing promotes confidence and stimulates demand, whether the
fruit is sold by the car-load, in barrels, or by the bushel in
open crates. '

Publicity Campaign. After grades that mean something
are established, and our growers have begun to conform to
them as a matter of self interest, then we shall need a compre-
hensive program of publicity in behalf of home grown fruit.
The purpose should be to educate the citizens of Pennsylvania
to prefer Pennsylvania fruit, not merely as a matter of state
loyalty, but chiefly as a matter of self-interest ; for we can say
quite truthfully, that it has a flavor that is lacking in the

^iT^ 1 J^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^"^ competitors. The consuming public
should know the distinguishing qualities and relative merits
of our Baldwin, Spy, Stayman, Grimes, York, and other stand-
ard Pennsylvania varieties ; the best uses to which each may
be put, and when each is in season. The ordinarv means of
publicity — newspapers, posters, demonstrations — 'will be use-
tul here not forgetting, however, that the best publicity for
any article is a satisfied customer. This should be a state-wide
campaign, under the direction of the State Bureau of Mark-
ets ^^ith the cooperation of the Extension Service of State
College, the State Horticultural Association and other agencies.

Cooperative Packing. The time is ripe for more coopera-
^fZr i^^^^.^yl^^^ia fruit growing, to achieve these goals of
standardization of pack and increased consumption through
publicity. In the wholesale districts of the stite, especially
h^lVl^ r^^ u"" ^^^'^ together, this may be secured to
^fli^ ^S""^^^ ^^ .^^^ organization of cooperative central
packing house associations. Several of these already are in
?ZToZ ""^ ""^^ P^^Jected. Central packing houses also are
practicable near some of our local markets. They give greater

TITa^, ""^ ^'^^' ^""^ assurance of volume than fan be
expectexi from unsupervised private packing houses and to
that extent tend to stabilize the industy. The organLtro; o?

— 140^

cooperative central packing house associations should be one
of the most important developments of Pennsylvania fruit
growing during the next ten years.

The Committee also passed resolutions recommending:

1. That it is not expedient to promulgate standard grades
for peaches until after at least one more season of preliminary
trial.

2. That steps be taken by the State Horticultural Asso-
ciation and other educational agencies to advise prospective
planters to reduce the number of varieties planted, especially
in the wholesale districts.

3. That the Conference goes on record as asking for a
definitely planned program of agricultural research with ade-
quate appropriations from the State Legislature to support it.

4. That it is the sense of this conference committee that
rabbits, deer, pheasants, or other game animals or birds, that
are injurious to fruit trees or small fruit crops, shall not be
liberated or introduced by the Game Commission into com-
munities where they will be injurious to the growers of fruit,
and that where such game animals or birds are causing dam-
age to the fruit growing industry, the Game Commission shall
take steps to protect this industry.

5. That the buzzard, the red-tailed hawk, the red-shoul-
dered hawk, the broad-winged hawk, the marsh hawk, the
rough-legged hawk, the great gray owl, the snowy owl, and
the hawk owl, which are not now protected by law, are very
beneficial and valuable to all agricultural interests m the
control of mice and other small rodents, and are not harmful to
poultry: therefore,

BE IT RESOLVED, That all the birds on the foregoing
list be protected by law.

6. That we commend the services rendered to the fruit
industry of the state by the Bureau of Plant Industry in the
inspection of orchards for the eradication of Peach Yellows,
and we recommend that this work be continued and extended.

7. That the Conference has been of distinct value to the
fruit growers in attendance, and we stand ready to cooperate
with the Secretary of Agriculture in case he should deem it
wise to call us together again.

Discussion. Following are some of the points brought out
by the different speakers, in the course of the discussion :

Ralph Clayherger, Philadelphia. The number of cars of
Northwestern apples on the Philadelphia market is increasing
each year. This is mainly because of the better pack. There
is no waste; all the apples are the same. Pennsylvania fruit

— 141 —

IS discounted at once; the dealers know there will be some
loss. The consumers, however, prefer home grown fruit
because it has a better flavor. Some Virginia apples in boxes
bring a higher price than Northwestern apples. The funda-
mental problem for Pennsylvania growers is to standardize
the pack.

J. A. Runk, Huntingdon. The success of cooperative mar-
keting depends, first of all, on the production of a superior
article. Marketing is not one thing and production another;
the two are mter-dependent. We have paid too little attention
in Pennsylvania to what our markets prefer, especially in the
selection of varieties. j- •."«!

/. F. Walker, Wesitown. We have the beginning of a cood-
sJ«ttIr.r°''l'?"J'i ^'"^f" County - ten men, too w'dely
^^wi w ""■' ^"i'"^' *° "^"^^ " ''^"t'-^l packing house practi-
cable. We are, however, cooperating in buying supplies adver-

rf. "J*^ T" ''1 "''■ '^"^'"^ ^''««t cooperftiofin devdop-
mg the local market, instead of competing with each other
on It. Is It necessary to box eastern applies t

Ralph Claybcrger. Absolutely not. The same grade will

to^lrZT' "I,"°-*' '" ^^'■'«'" °'' ''^^'^«t«- It is difficult
to interest the public in an unusual pack, and they expect

bushe?b?lT • ° '""i^/" ^'•■^'? "' ''^'^'''- The round bottom
3 much '^^^ ^ becoming standard; hampers are not

ni, .y;.if ■ ^'•'T' '^"'■*''" "/ ^'"•*«'*- The proposed Pennsylva-

^ade? aL'^ ^fff^""' practically the same as the U. S. standard

Ta^T'a u^ ^^-^^y ."^^'^ slightly from the standard grades

uTfJl 7""S"'"' West Virginia and Maryland ^These

for thl V ^\°"''* ?1 *"?'*''*'• °» ""•f*'™ Shades, especially
for the York Imperial and Stayman.

n„ y^'J'' ''''"^'l' ■^'''^,* Springs. I lost twenty-five cents a barrel

Hshedt?,"?'"' i"''/"" ^^'^^''^^ Pennsylva'nia has not estalb-
lished legal grades for apples, although the fruit did conform

grades are"",":*??*'. "* 'he proposed A grade. These propos^
legal '^*''*«'=""-y «"<J should be promulgated and made

J. F Walker, Westtown. We want standard n-ades for
™titK.itN'^''r^- ''^V" handicapped in'IeSgt

r &!rsta;did^Tac1r Ss"' ^^^ ^'^^'^ «™"^^^- -^° --

li*.-^" ^"i''*"'' Bi"C"" 0/ Markets. It is not likelv that there
could be any general enforcement of standard peach gUdes
>f adopted, except in the car-lot shipping districts ^There

— 142 —

would be inspection at centers of production, as Biglerville
and St. Thomas, but it would be impracticable to institute
inspection in local markets; in these, enforcement will be in
the hands of the buyers who get stung. These grades would
apply only to closed packages.

Ckas. H. Hayes, Northeast. Are there any standard grades
for grapes? We need them in Erie County.

Paul Thayer, State College. Michigan grape growers have
begun to grade, at their cooperative packing houses. But no
definite grades have been defined as yet.

W. E. Grove, York Springs. We need to reduce the number
of varieties of apples. Northwestern growers have gotten
down to about a dozen; Michigan growers have adopted a
select list. I should like to see the State Horticultural Asso-
ciation start a campaign of education along this line.

W. L. Minnich, Waynesboro. Every community producing
10,000 to 15,000 barrels of apples, within a radius of six or
seven miles from the shipping point, should put up a central
packing house. Ours at Biglerville has gained in popularity
from the beginning, seven years ago, until now we have a
waiting list, and growers from other sections of the county
are asking us to operate branch houses. We are a corpora-
tion, not a cooperative association, and believe our plan is
better, although the method of operation is practically the
same. The chief advantage of incorporation is that you get
more centralized authority; in cooperative packing associations
there are too many fingers in the pie.

R. T. Crisivell, Chamhershurg. I had an interview with the
Game Commission today on behalf of the State Horticultural
Association and protested against the importation of rabbits
to distribute in counties where fruit growing is an important
industry. Commissioner Gordon said there are 500,000 sports-
men in Pennsylvania, whose interests are to be regarded as
well as those of the fruit growers. The Commission plans to
distribute many thousands of rabbits, and it has the authority
to do so.

D. W. Atkinson, Wycombe. A bill prepared by the Game
Commission is now before the Game Committee of the House.
This is a revision of the game laws. It is a distinct improve-
ment on the existing law, in that it does give some protection
to the fruit grower who suffers damage from deer, rabbits,
and other game. The disbudding of trees by grouse is not
covered, however. Another mistake is that the woodchuck is
on the protected list.

— 143 —

The legislative committee of the State Horticultural Asso-
ciation, P. S. Fenstermacher, Allentown, Chairman, was asked
to appear before the Game Committee in behalf of the fruit
interests.

J. A. Riink, Huntingdon. The methods bv which fruit crop
estimates are gathered, tabulated and reported are harmful
to the industry. They magnify the commercial crop and give
the dealer the whip hand over the grower.

.V. ^ ^*i ^.^2/?or, Buremi of Markets. A large percentage of
the trouble IS due to the newspaper headlines, which pick out
and magnify certain features. The real trouble is the diffi-
culty of getting at the proportion of commercial crop to total
crop The situation will be greatly improved in Pennsvlvania
now that statistics are to be taken in cooperation with com-
mercial growers, and for each of the leading commercial
varieties.

1 ^■•^' n^'^^'' J^nreau of Statistics. The statistics in Penn-
sylvania will be much more satisfactory next year. Heretofore,
we have had to take the acreage as given by the last census,
and this may be entirely out of date. Now assessors are re-
quired to take a census of orchards every three years. This
will give us a reliable basis for calculation

'f>

^iv

?

— 144 —

VEGETABLE SECTION

Chairman, W. H. Welnschenk, New Castle
Secretary,, W. B. Nlssley, State CoUege

The Vegetable Section had one of the best meetings in its
history, both in attendance and interest. A large Part of the
program was round-table discussion, and it is unfortunate that
a stenographer was not present to record these Profitable
experiences The Secretary hopes to be able to arrange for
a reporter to be present next year.

RESUME OP TALK ON ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN FOR
GREATER VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION

BY H. r. TOMPSON
Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.

Vegetable growers have every reason to be most optimistic
about the future of their business. Scientists who have been
studying human nutrition have made some discoveries which
are of momentous importance to the vegetable growing indus-
try TheXcoverv of the vitamines, the keener appreciation
of the importance of the minerals placed by nature in the vege-
table 3 and the greatly added value of vegetables as
regulaS foods have made it clear that our nation as a whole
wm greaUy benefit through greater consumption of f^sh vege-
tables With such a foundation of fact, proven by scientists in
the labora o y, advertised through national and state orgam-
zations working for the public welfare, heralded through the
most prominenf periodicals of the nation, we have a start for

the most effective advertising <^f^V<''«''^^^\Z ^^^^^^
seen which w-ill do good, not only to the pioducer oi
fresh vegetables, but to every person along the line who «

*^^ ofeanization for the effective use of this material is a
prime ess^ntl^ It is to that, that the attention of vegetable
^Zei^ needs to be directed, and some effective means must be
found of taking advantage of this unusual opportunity.

A good advertising man makes a pretty careful study of
v,i, nroblem preceding any definite procedure. He needs to be
?hofougi ^amil ar with^the project to be advertised to know
whether t is an essential or a luxury. He needs to know to
whit class of people it appeals, its present marke , its possible
market and the reason for its present use._ It is "nportant
Sso to know what the present production is, and q«al>ty <>f
?hat product ; whether, if there is considerable advertismg
done, and a largely increased demand, there will ho an m-

— 145 —

creased production to keep up with the demand, and whether
the quality will be maintained. Another important question
IS whether the product has been advertised, and if so what
happened.

A study of all these questions will shed a good deal of
light on any advertising problem, and vegetable growers need
to give such study. A brief analysis may help in the present
nstance. Our vegetable crops come both within the class of
luxuries and necessities. What we often considered a luxury
ten years ago we now consider a necessity, and that is true of
a good many of our vegetable crops which have been shown
to be of exceedmg value as health promoters. The breadth
of the market for vegetable products is great. Cabbage and
onions may appeal to certain types of folks, while our salad
crops and fancy asparagus appeals to another class. With our
new knowledge and better appreciation of the value of all
these products there is little reason to believe but what most
of the vegetable crops will be used by most of the people;
that new ways will be found to make them attractive, and that
better distribution will make a wonderfully increased market
m every branch of the industry.

., An illustration of the present market for our vegetables
attained without advertising, and built up simply because of
the acknowledged merit of our products, without even special
effort on our part to see that they were particularly graded
and marked and most effectively handled, is well illustrated
by a study of the receipts of the Boston market for 1922 The
following indicates the size of this supply and the extent of
the territory from which it is drawn. A carlot is normally
represented by 500 bushels. ^

RECEIPTS IN THE BOSTON MARKET TOR 1922

Home

Outside

Crop

Month Received

Total Amt.
in Carlots

Grown
Local

States
Supplying

Asparagus
Beans

5 1
12

mo.

(3-7)

110
649

95
213

5
18

Beets

12

«

348

265

7

Beet Greens

5

«

(3-7)

331^

33 1^

1

Cabbage

12

«

1,320

243

22

Cantaloupes

9

«

(4-12)

1,726 None

19

Carrots

12

<(

412

341

16

Cauliflower

10

((

(9-4)

248

107

4

Celery

12

«

6G0

213

5

Corn, sweet

tt

(6-10)

287

280

3

Cucumbers

12

<(

550

262

16

Dandelion

3

i<

(3-5)

122

122

0

Eggplant

12

((

61

13

6

Escarole

12

«

173

138

2

Kale

8

((

(11-6)

135

29

3

Lettuce

12

«

1,833

1,411

14

Mushroom

12

«

50 V^

None

2

Okra

5

«

(6-11)

12V;j

None

0

Onions

12

<<

1,815

638

16

Parsley

12

«

531/2

3114

I 3

Parsnips

10

«

(9-6)

117%

111^^

1

Peas

4

a

(5-8)

62

11

12

Peppers

12

«

465

54

9

Potatoes

12

<<

8,502

47

17

Radishes

12

u

107

102

1

Rhubarb

6

«

(2-7)

103

95

2

Romaine

6

a

(4-10)

103

07

1

Scallions

4

((

(4-7)

48

48

0

Spinaf'h

12

«

951

352

8

0*

B. Sprouts

2

((

(9-10)

5

0

5

Squash

12

«

306

183

22

Strawberries 7

<(

(1-7)

1,140

110

17

Tomatoes

12

«

1,509

304

16

Turnips
Mixed cars

12
12

(t

466
172

34

9
15

TOTAL

23.530

7.160%

— 146 —

\

— 147 —

On the basis of carlot receipts an analysis of these figures
shows that the home grown product is a trifle less than one-
third the total. This means that the demand is so strong for
our type of products that they are received from nearly half
the states of the Union. With such an unstimulated demand it
surely seems that the opportunity is wonderfully great.

The Possible Market. This must surely be a matter of con-
jecture, but we have some basis for making estimates when we
see what a wonderful increase in consumption the California
Fruit Growers Exchange has brought about through its effi-
cient advertising, where it has so multiplied the consumption
of citrus fruits. If this can be done with such a limited field,
what must the opportunity be with our broader field and
greater variety of products?

Many folks are in the habit of eating certain vegetables,
and their consumption comes quite largely because of habit. It
may have been because they have become acquainted with them
under very favorable circumstances, while mth other vege-
tables they have not had such a favorable acquaintance. The
cook has much to do with this, as does the quality of the crop
itself, and the way in which it is handled from the producer to
the consumer's table. It is clear that the vegetable grower
must make it his business if he is out to increase consumption,
to take care of the steps between the point of production and
the consumer so that his product Avill create a favorable im-
pression once it is sold, through efficient advertising. We have
reason to believe that such ^\^ll be taken care of.

The problems of production are many, but every vegetable
grower realizes his own ability to increase production when
there is an increased demand. It is fundamentally important
to realize what are costs of production. It is equally impor-
tant to be able to increase this production in proportion to
the increased demand. The vegetable gro^nng fraternity are
able to handle this end of the problem with all success.

The quality question is an ever present one, and becomes
more pressing the more we accept the responsibility brought
about through an advertising campaign. Today we see the
good, bad, and indififerent product on our market. We know
the poor product curtails consumption more effectively than
any other possible means. It works this way with you and
with me, and so it works with every consumer. We assume
an added responsibility, and we must provide an effective
means of preventing the loss of our advertising efforts. This
is a local problem which must come home to every grower. It
needs continued emphasis. Advertising will increase the de-
mand for better grades much more effectively than it will
increase the demand for the lower grades, and this throws
upon the producer a problem in production which he can meet

— 148 —

•> f %

A

through adequate study, particularly through the service avail-
able from cooperative organizations.

Tom Jones advertised rhubarb and found that it worked
well because he was able to sell more than he ^^as ever able
to sell previously. When his rhubarb crop was over, he stopped
adrertfsing Jim Smith tried a similar stunt with his tomatoes
and he thought it worked well. He did it m his own crude
sort of a way, and he found a ready response. His effort ended
^vUh his surplus in tomatoes. In such manner have sporadic
Attempts n adver ising been made throughout the country, and
mosTeports are favorable. Advertising experts say, however
Tat tMsTnot the most effective kind of advernsing and w^^^
not bring the most returns per dollar spent. J^\ e ^ave reason
to believe that their claims are entirely correct. Today ^^e
seek a moi4 efficient method of getting our story before the

'''''''AdtiS^^ has been and now is a major factor in niain-
tainit^ucSil business, and in building new 1-^^^^^^^ bu -
ness No business man of experience questions this tact^
Xearlv every progressive vegetable grower be ie%-es that the
.anu^ princTple win work for him. All agree that there s a
wonde^rflfutu^ ahead of this industry, particularly through
an effective advertising campaign.

The January number of the American Magazine, on page

teafv vegetable such as spinach, kale, cabbage, watercress,

'"t-h'Tt i's'tt Emethod of advertising for vegetable grow-
? ^.^t? Several olans have been carefully considered.

•ivinj thl. p~blem . good deal o( .t.dy ".'l,!"" ""'"fj

— 149 —

more the illustrations above noted indicate problems of adver-
S quite different from those of the vegetable grower. In
the case of the Standard Oil, there are a limited number of
producers, and a well standardized and trade marked project
The same is true of Mr. Wrigley's products The California
Walnut Grower has almost a monopoly of his product m a
favorable climate. On the other hand, the vegetable growers
are scattered throughout the United States most of them
depending upon their local markets, or special markets devel-
oped through shipping associations. The problem becomes one ot
local advertising more than national, one of personal service or
of organization service where the individuals or organizations
may better realize that they are getting some definite reaction
from the monev that they have spent. An intensive study ot
this problem indicates the necessity of a different kind of con-
tact than for the specialized industry with a limited number
of products which are easily trade marked and handled through
very definitely defined channels.

The Vegetable Growers' Association of America has
concluded that it is best to work out a method whereby local
advertising service can be rendered on a national scale, with a
unified type of advertising material properly copyrighted and
trade marked, prepared by an expert advertising man, pub-
lished in large volume, so modeled as to be adapted to local
users on occasion. Such a plan will provide for the prepara-
tion of effective posters to be placed in every grocery store and
market, to be used by peddlers and other distributors of vege-
table products. It also includes the preparation of attractive
circulars indicating the time when vegetables will be on the
market, how they can best be used, where they are coming
from, and other data which may be helpful in increasing the
sale A large variety of cards, special letters, newspaper
*'copy" to be published in local newspapers, the preparation
of cook books, and things of like nature can all be most effec-
tively used. Each has its place and value.

In order to provide such service the Vegetable Growers'
Association of America must obtain from the men who are to
receive the benefit of the service, a working capital. This sum
may not be large, but it should be contributed by men over a
wide territory and so assessed that its contribution ^vill not
become a hardship, but a most valuable investment of money
for better business.

The objects of the plan of the Vegetable Growers' Asso-
ciation of America are :

1. To provide comparatively low cost advertising material
of the kind suggested above, and fitted for localities and indi-
viduals.

2. To copyright and furnish to members, slogans, designs,
and a variety of material for good advertising purposes.

3 Accumulate orders for advertising «^^terial finan^^^^^^^^
proposition from^^^^^^^^^^^

^"' W?eTrn t y 'rejuest r ^^rZ

tribute to this proposed advertising campaign for the success
of the vegetable growing industry.

BESUKIE OF TALK ON WASHINGTON ASPARAGUS

BY H. r. TOMPSON

Massaciusetts Agrlculturai College, Amherst, Mass.

Asnaragus is becoming one of the major vegetable crops
in thfSd States. Its use i« J^-^l.^criu^ur^I^ heS
a few years ago i^^-^ J-l^'Jt'; .J^^J'Sh. td '^thout doubt
[tt^otrtX^omVo^e of thrmTst\-alLble of our vegetable

•''^"^The Washington asparagus to^ay janks as the b^^^^^ type

known to a«Pfag"%gT"vn.onean disease the asparagus
result of a bad attack of * European teease P s

rust, which nearly wiped out t^!^ asparagus g. ^^
in important sections back ",^^^,^^^^?,tus rust some aspara-
great damage -f^^"f,JX\t^TarrassoeTation and made

gus g'-"^^"^ >^^^ fJf.'^^J^Xth^^^^^^ of methods of control,
an organized request lor «"^f "inn f or asnaraeus growers was
As a result an experiment ^tation for asparagu g ^^^^^,
established at Concord Mass as an ad u^c^ o^t^^^^^.^^^^ ^^.^^

setts Experiment Station "-^"Pf Xarioulture and Professor

the United States Depart™;"t«fAg.. culture ana

J. B. Norton was assigned to t»^e task ot soi%ing i p

He soon decided to attempt breeding as he m«st f «t .^ y

to get out of the trouble^ Sance and high market quality
tance of combining disease resistance ana .^^ asparagus
so that the product «fl^^^s^^ok the Na^^g^^
now on the market not mjj^ rgks as^^^«^^ ^ ,^^ ^hese two
agus rust, but ot extremeiy ' ° . ^ ^ i^j^st every new

study of every person ^^ho is interesiea ^ g^t^ge of the

It details the ^^'7>^,f,jtToTaspa I'.us a^HllusLtes the
various strains of/^\ ^shington aspara us. carrying

rJif^vS" i™^uS "v:**-:! s;rU".«n ~« «» ■»

— 151 —

150 —

gained than can possibly be gained by any presentation that I
can make of this story of asparagus improvement.

Asparagus being a dioecious plant, having the staminate
and pistillate blossoms on different plants made it necessary
t0 discover strong individuals of each sex which had the desir-
able characteristics. It was not only necessary to find plants
which seemed to be right, but to learn that they had the abil-
ity of transferring their good qualities to their progeny. Pro-
fessor Norton discovered one staminate plant which had this
characteristic very strongly developed, and he named this
plant "Washington". This was a product of a field of a var-
iety known as "New American" grown on the farm of Anson
Wheeler of Concord. The pistillate parents were carefully
selected because of vigor and disease resistance, after several
generations of test, and this strong Washington plant was
crossed with these pistillate plants to obtain the first Wash-
ington asparagus. As the work developed a single individual
was isolated from the group of female plants from Reading
Giant stock and mated to the Washington. The strain result-
ing from the cross of these two individual plants was kno^vn
as "Martha AVashington."

The Mary Washington, which has received so much adver-
tising, is the product of that same staminate plant with another
pistillate known as Mary, which Professor Norton believes to
be somewhat superior to those of the plant Martha. These
characters are chiefly increased vigor, and size of stalk, which
seems to be an inheritable character. Time will tell the com-
parative merit of the two. As yet, both are so young that
their testing is still of too short duration to give very definite
conclusion.

Asparagus rust is a disease which comes and goes accord-
ing to climatic conditions and other influences beyond our
knowledge. Some people claim that we have not as yet exper-
ienced an epidemic of rust as severe as that which occurred in
in the late 90 's and about 1900. Never has asparagus been
found which is completely immune to asparagus rust, but the
strains about which we have been speaking are so resistant
that the damage done by the disease is negligible. It came to
our attention very recently that some plants of the variety
known as Argenteuil, probably synonymous with Palmetto, —
showed a good deal of damage from rust during the fall of
1922, while plants of the Washington showed practically no
damage. The claim is made by some asparagus growers that
strains of the Argenteuil or Palmetto or Reading Giant are
equally good with the Washington. We are not disposed to
dispute this statement. On the other hand, we believe that the
careful breeding and the knov.n pedigree of the Washington
asparagus makes it the purest and best stock now known to
horticulture.

— 152 —

1

OPPORTUNITIES IN VEGETABLE FORCING

0. B. MASON, State CoUege
(lUustrated with lantern sUdes)

No other state offers better opportunities lor the groyne
nf vPiretables under glass than Pennsylvania. There are aen
1 lasorl: why some states will -ver beco^e^actors m the
forcing industry; if I mention some «« t,l»««5,';^\X ,51^1
certain facts favorable toP^«"?yllX-limate^ here permits
force vegetables to any extent since the f '"^^^e ;here p

the growing of crops in the open most »* t^'^^y.^^'A.^""' va^
time'oeorgia crops may XCd'XT a ef ifC Rocky
greenhouse crops. Nevada and other staies Qalifor-

Siountain section are too c)«^^^t« /^^ss S ^in Cali'f^^^^^ '^^

tnc: rwell^ito ?e?erra^cUmr t^ prom^levelopment
of the forcing industry.

Advantages of Pennsylvania P^"«jl;^„'J^\Se*'s' ^H-
able condition that these states 1^*- ^"f^ ""^^^Sg to^s
tered over her surface are manufacturing ana "y""''^ .,

Ind citio. almost without -'"b-. ^^^^ °JmS greenhouse
undersupplied with out-of-season yege abks. O^^f^H .^^^g.
firms find that Pennsylvania <^<>al ^ov^ns and the ^m ^^^

trial cities are some of their l'*^* jnarKets. « n>
Pennsylvania growers have this trade? A re auer in
doah tried this winter to p ace an ordr ^yth a^^a g ^^^^^
(treenhouse establishment for IW •>asKei>, , , ^

The firm could "ot supply ^his demand e^n though th^^^^^

six acres of glass devoted in Y'"i'Lriodw"?h green vegetables
surrounding cities are so P°°'Jy;"PPjV7tae^ There offered to
in winter that just a month ago t^vo "J^' T,J" ^^g^ing stu-

rf ^ai'perSt? X7^^^^^i ^'i-'*^^-'

fit wou^d agree to sell thim the crops he would raise.

-rcS is Spj^nef ^itz^^^:^^^

arstl^e^S Lt;^gi:?^^Surst!te of Massachu.

''"\he winter climate of Ponnsylvania is not so severe that
force\lettuce ea-ot be produced ^^^^^^^^^^

SlrJf^th^sS'Cln^VTdre of witer sunshine, and

— 153 —

A

it is interesting to note that present forcing centers are not
most favorably located in this respect. Favorable locations in
Pennsylvania are not already occupied by greenhouses, by
any means.

Not only does Pennsylvania have good markets, a good
coal supply, and favorable climate, but also in many districts
vegetable men find the types of soils most desirable for green-
house vegetables, and abundance of water, available manure
supply, and constantly improving transportation facilities.

Rank of Pennsylvania in Vegetable Forcing. At present,
there are in Pennsylvania less than fifty acres of greenhouses
devoted to the production of forced vegetables, while our
neighboring state of Ohio has over three hundred acres. Penn-
sylvania has, also, about fifty acres in hot beds and cold
frames, most of which are used for plant growing. Four
million square feet of bed space are devoted to the growing
of mushrooms; in this last crop, Pennsylvania ranks first,
growing at least 75 per cent of the mushrooms produced com-
mercially in the United States. In the receipts from the sale
of vegetables and vegetable plants, Pennsylvania, according
to the 1919 census, ranked third with a total of over $1,700,000.
Ohio was first in this respect and Massachusetts second.

The main forcing districts in Pennsylvania are at Erie,
New Castle and Kennett Square with scattered ranges in about
half the counties of the state. The mushrooms are shipped
chiefly from southern Chester County, a few from Delaware
and Montgomery, and a good many from Butler County. In
Montgomery County is located the only commercial greenhouse
of any size in the country that makes a specialty of green-
house muskmelons; and in Bradford County are found some
of the largest chicory producing firms in the United States.
Philadelphia County is noted as a cold frame section.

In Pennsylvania are grown three main forcing crops, let-
tuce, tomatoes, and cucumbers. Many of our markets are not
well supplied with these vegetables in winter, and for those
that are, there are other crops that offer excellent opportunity,
such as New Zealand spinach. Radishes, Witloof Chicory and
Rhubarb.

As the value of fresh vegetables in the diet becomes better
known, so will the demand for such products increase. Are
we going to let growers in other states monopolize this profit-
able trade? Or will Pennsylvania growers take advantage of
the excellent opportunities that are offered in many sections
of the Keystone State for the production of vegetables under
glass?

— 154 —

< ♦

SUdes

I thouaht the growers present might be interested in tak-
ing a brief trip through the forcing districts of Pennsylvania,
by way of the lantern, to see something of the crops used in
different sections and methods of growing them.

Philadelphia District. Through the Philadelphia district
we have a few vegetable greenhouses, but large areas devoted
to frame forcing, both in the Bustleton and the South Phila-
delphia Sections. Here market gardeners handle anywhere
from a few hundred to several thousand sash. These frames
are used not only for plant growing but also to force early
sprinS crops to maturity, including Head Lettuce, Dandelion,
Carrots, Parsley, Beets, Radishes, Cauliflower, l^ohl Rab,
Green Anions, and others. The frames are generally of the
temporary type that may be removed in the summer to make
way for later crops on the same ground.

Erie District. In Erie, we have the largest area of green-
houses of any section of the state, a total of over ten acres
under glass. Zook and Sons lead with nearly six acrej. Here
Z crops are lettuce and parsley through the fal and winter
with tomatoes and cucumbers as spring crops. Winter toma-
toes have not been profitable here due to lack of sunshine at
that season. Much has been done in this district to cut down
production expenses, especially by the Zooks. The latter firm
Slows the land under glass with a horse, ties the baskets ^v^th
an automatic tyer, has a mechanical device by wh>ch the
baskets of lettuce are dipped in a tank and then shoved onto a
draining board, and other such labor and time savers. The
overhead irrigation system is used extensively in this sect on
as well as the New Castle district. Steam sterilization of the
soil is also a general practice here. In Eric the type of green-
house preferred is the large, even span, separate house rang-
ing from 40 to 80 feet in width.

The New Castle section, with about half the acreage under
glass that is found in Erie, is featured by the large s^e hill
houses such as the one here illustrated, 120 feet by 600 feet,
Sed bv Mr W H. Weinschenk. Here some fall tomatoes are
produced, but the main winter crops are lettuce and New Zeal-
and spinach, with tomatoes and cucumbers in the spring, the
former preferred. Mushrooms are also grown to a limited
extent New Zealand spinach is growing in popularity and
will prove an excellent substitute for lettuce as a f eenhouse
crop, once the market becomes accustomed to it. Mr \V . H.
Weinschenk and Mr. Isaac George, who are here, can tell you
far better than I, how this crop is grown and what success
they have had with it, if those of you from other sections are
interested.

— 155 —

In Kennett Square, an entirely different rotation is fol-
lowed. The only greenhouse vegetables grown are tomatoes
and mushrooms. Tomatoes may be grown throughout the sea-
son with mushrooms under the benches, or tomatoes as a
spring crop may follow early crop of flowers, as chrysanthe-
mums or sweet peas. Benches are commonly used in the case
of winter tomatoes, in order to provide bottom heat; or, if
beds are used, the raised type is preferred for the sake of
drainage. A peculiar system of training for winter tomatoes
is used to some extent here. The vinos are not topped as they
reach the overhead wires but are allowed to continue growth.
As the lower four or five clusters of tomatoes are harvested,
the plants are bent down and the bare stems tied along wires
running about a foot above the benches. The upper part of the
plant now containing unripe fruit and blossoms is bent up-
ward and supported on binder twine to the overhead wire
some distance beyond the ))ase of the plant. This system is
usually practiced only with the outside roAvs, in order to extend
the season of bearing, while the plants on the inner rows are
removed after the lower fruit has borne and are replaced by

new plants.

The Kennett Square section is also the largest mushroom
producing district in the United States. Here we find all
types of special mushroom houses, from the old wooden sorts
to the more modern and durable hollow tile houses with asbes-
tos shingle roofs. Mushrooms are also raised under green-
house benches as well as in warehouses and old barns that
have been converted to the purpose. In Butler County a
large cave, containg a million square feet of beds, is devoted
to mushroom production, and this crop is also raised to a more
limited extent in ^lontgomery, Delaware, Lancaster, and Law-
rence Counties.

Other Forcing Points. At Wales Junction, Montgomery
County, the Lansdale Mushroom Company devotes its green-
houses to the raising of fall tomatoes followed by spring
muskmelons. This is the only commercial melon range of any
size in the United States.

Bradford County boasts of two firms that specialize in
growing Witloof Chicory. From this county is shipped to all
the larger cities east of Cincinnati over 50,000 pounds of Wit-
loof annually. Competition on these markets comes chiefly from
the same product imported from Belgium and France.

Rhubarb is little forced in Pennsylvania and yet should
offer good returns because of its general popularity in all
markets. Radishes and other crops might also be grown by
those who feel the production of leaf lettuce is unsafe, due to
competition from western and southern head lettuce. The lat-
ter is now one of the main problems of the eastern greenhouse
man. But I believe that by judicious advertising the consump-

— 156 —

' m •

t If

tion of lettuce may be so increased that the greenhouse leaf
lettuce industry will not only hold its own but may even

^^^^Considering the small number of greenhouses now located
in Pennsylvania and the advantages we have in markets, coal
supply, and other things so essential to the man who raises
crops under glass, there seems to be no lack of opportunity m
this state in the business of vegetable forcing.

SPRAYING AND DUSTING VEGETABLES IN

NEW JERSEY

C. H. NISSI.EY, New Brunswick, N J.

I have been traveling up and down the state of New Jersey
for the last six years in the interest of the vegetable growers
In the majority of cases their troubles sifted down to insects
and diseases affecting their crops. Pennsylvania growers have,
I should imagine, the same troubles.

Dusts Used. Dusting and spray work for the control of
insects and diseases was started in 1922. This woi-k was con-
ducted in cooperation with the Departments of Plant Pathology
and Entomology. One dust used for aphis control is mani^
factured by the Niagara Sprayer Company, Known as D 11 , it
contains 2V4 per cent nicotine. The other was made by our
Stae Entomologist, Dr. T. J. Headlee, using as a base or car-
rkr a dolomite dust. Experiments by Dr. T. J. Headlee showed

that the nicotine given off by the ^'^^'^^^.^^f^J^'^^^^Jl
ner cent for the first twenty-four hours, while that of Dr. Head-
fee's duslwas as high as 24 per cent of its nicotine in the same
time, thus liberating double the amount ot gas.

Now let us consider the killing power of this dust. It is
not a contact insecticide. It W"^>?>•. •^«^'V\«* ^as jln^f
evolves from the carrier. The direct hit is much better and ^m\\
V£lvllZ control than where the insect does not come in
f'ntact wi?h the dust. The character o^/he plant dusted and
nossiblv the position of the aphis on the plant will greatly
affect the percentage of kill. With such plants as the potato,

SJ. muskmelon' watermelon, and -^^^J"' ^J'^Yr s^plc^
cover the ground and form a more or less dead a>r space
between thi ground and the leaves, when the dust is placed
under the leaves the gas liberated wil be very effective In
the case of onion thrip and pea aphis, where the aphis is
oxnosed the direct hit is necessary,
exposed, tne a ^ dusted for aphis in 1922 began with peas, m

the latter part of May, followed by potatoes, peppers, early
on ons"f;r tZp control' then later the aphis of turmp^. c-^'j-
bers, muskmelons and eggplants. In brief, the following

— 157 —

recommendation X^^:^%l^t,^:^Xflil SltK't
our Entomologist. >^^^*^^^^,f^,Pf/ ^7.1,^ heat of the day when

'r '^ nt utlll c^V op?4n Sat all dus/shoujf
there IS no wind "istneco p^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^

be applied ^™»'Vl , a\e Droven that moisture or water will
nicotine dust. We «a^e proven ina ^^^ ^^^^

render the dust "^ff^'y^-^Ji^'f/? advisable to dust when

rtw iroS: ptitl^ai rt';m V better, as.

senate of lead is a^stomach poison for chewing insects.

fn^trni of Striued Cucumber Beetle. Nicotine dust was

?;;S, « did „.. n..».,»,^^^^^^^^^^

*^" Wp know that if we control the striped cucumber beetle
with nkotln. dost It ».. •!.» »«<i Jy ™ i'SX- b,„le.

insect control under glass must ^e fon^ "f J <!are to^
burning. I have never ^-jj .-"^^ ^'^he'conrol of the aphis
dust, with one exception^ Sh had Hme as a carrier. It was
^yTrfaT^tfof applying this dust and - PuJ^^^J^

this would never happen.

The work of the Department of Entomology New Jersey
Agricultural Experiment Station, on nicotine dust, seems to
justify the following conclusions :

m The value of a nicotine dust in the instances where it
ha. beln tried depends not primarily upon the charge of

— 158 —

nicotine with which it is impregnated but upon the amount of
nicotine gas which it will evolve within the first 48 hours after
its application:

(2) In dealing with the pea aphis (Macrosiphum pisi) the
percentage of kill varies more or less directly as the amount ot
nicotine gas delivered per acre from the dust :

(3) High evolving nicotine dusts give better results in
aphis kill when applied after the dew has dried off than when
applied while the dew is still on :

(4) Rainfall of any considerable amount puts an end to
the activity of nicotine dust :

(5) When dealing with a dust impregnated with nicotine
frona free nicotine sources the drier and hotter the toe when
it is applied the more effective is the treatment likely to be:

r6) When dealing with a nicotine dust impregnated with
nicotine from a sulphate source the higher the temperatu^^^^^^^^^
better, but the best results are secured from an atmospheric
moisture somewhere in the neighborhood of r3 per cent.

(7) Dosage studies indicate that the minimum practical
charge of a 11/2 per cent free nicotine dolomite which evolves
24^lper cent of its nicotine in a 48 hour period ^^der a t^n.^
Derature of 80 degrees F and an atmospheric moisture of 73
Ter cent, fs 50 pounds per acre where peas are planted m rows
?n the neighbohood of 40 inches apart and that from 1 to 3
JreaVments^of this material are necessary to protect the peas
from injury :

(9>) Dosace studies indicate that the minimum acre charge
of the'lb?" m'^ntioned dust on potatoes infested with t^iei«nk
and ereen aphis (Macrosiphum solantfoln) is 30 pounds ana
fhat from 1 to 3 treatments of this dust is necessary to protect
the potatoes from noticeable plant louse mjury:

19) Evolution of nicotine gas was determined by drawing
air which was conditioned to 80 degrees F. and 73.4 per cent
ptmosnheric moisture at the rate of 1 liter in 10 minutes,
tCughW gr^ms of nicotine dust, which rested m a glass tub^
] inch in diameter on a layer of ordinary absorbent eotton 3,^
of an inch deep for a period of 48 hours. The height of the
dusUaver was about 1 inch. While this method gives sa is-
?actory'resu ts for the comparing of the evolution of mcotme
las from different kinds of nicotine dusts when all are tested
^nder exactly the conditions specified above, it is not thought
hat the amount of gas evolved in this way is anything like as
We as ?™a' which escapes under field application condition^.
Under field conditions the percentage of the surface of each
nart'cle exposed to the air and the probable consequent volati-
Eron of the nicotine film would be very greatly mcreased.

— 159 —

Nicotine Sprays. We Y^« -«-f J\^ ^;:a\phSaS
the use of nicotine spray. I»;l^e fase of the pe P ^^ ^^^

spray block sho^ved a greater P« «f *^°* kill. In spraying
dusted block, giving as high ^^ 89 P" f ^^^ ^^an 200 pounds

for the aphis we have r«f°n>°^7.^J"5j^,'\„'o nozzles riding as
pressure with three nozzles to the ro^v t« o ^,^ .^.^

near the soil as P?««»^'«f^n''°''^nds pressure the leaves are
spray. In spraying ;«t^. ^OO PO"T.,?e<? Vhich are generally
blown up and the under «>de ^^the leases, ^^n J^ ^ ^^^^

infested by the «Pl^'«- "^^.^^ is not new in which the drop
boom, the principle of '■'■^V'lf''°^J'^l\ shoe hung on the

ZstUi'e;." V^^s^rzfe^^a.^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^- ^ne-half

inch to eight inches from the soil.

"^'oLt'care must be taken i-pra,jgj.getable p^^nts for
aphis control, because good sprajing s "^F^^^o Q ^^

very good. We sprayed ^"t^" 225 pounds pr .^ ^^^ ^^^.^ ^^

orchard rod or spray gun. ^^ e u>,ea nicox

TSOO, 1.1,000 and 1- 1,500 parts of ^^Jei. plus^g^'t P

of soap to the 100 gallons of ^^.^t^'^ .,))!.' 1 500^ The results
results%vith the 1 - L^OO as we didj th the 1 ^00.^^ ^^^ ^^^_

were about 97.6 per cent «o"\7'''^„\\"^be understood however,

Ions of spray to the a"«- „^;. '"f^\„eh rows,
that these onions were planted in 12 incii ro%%s.

Dusting for Diseases. We h-;e ex^lknt resull^ from
spraying for di-ase but poor resutf^mdijsM^
dusted for the control of ««'">';L° ,ave gotten very good

potato blight. J>^.-»!«*5!;4'f %t\he las't two years the
results, but not in ^e^^ Jersej. i or i r ^^^ has grown

Alphano Humus Compan}% in "O'-t*^*^;" ^^The bHght came on
125 acres of eelery which was dusted. The bUght ^^^^

and you could not tell ^^^^''^VlVr best celery growers in north-
had not. Mr. Meisch, one of ?"«'^f * ^^^'J^ ^He dusted a few

em Jersey, bought a f ''t", Vt ,,me he^got out his sprayer,
times, but when the celery bl ght ^^-^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^.^g^.

The duster is now for sale. I do not mean anhydrous

table diseases cannot be fO'if °"ff ."^.^/^^e ^' New Jersey have
copper dust. I am simply statmg that «e in i
not so far, found it sucessful.

spraying for p-ases^^ ^n the last t.. years our^work

with the melon and '^"^"'"^.^^^^''f^Jlaving while unsprayed
We have saved the crop through spraying. ^^^^^^

SSiSl ittrTn si^e^iTer'rrthe cool nights came on.

— 160 —

The mixture used was the 2-3-50 Bordeaux ; that is, two pounds
copper sulphate, three pounds good stone lime to 50 gallons
of water.

We do not recommend the spraying of tomato for blight
control, especially the late crop. It may be possible that spray-
ing second early tomatoes would be a paying proposition in
our demonstration work on tomato blight for the past three
years we have received just as good results from the plants
receiving supplementary applications of nitrate of soda or sul-
phate of ammonia, at the rate of 200 or 160 pounds respect-
ively. The added vigor which the fertilizer gave the plants
apparently warded off the disease.

We have had some very interesting work on celery spray-
ing for blight control. Our recommendations are two applica-
tions of the 3-4-50 Bordeaux while the plants are still m the
seed or plant bed and the 5-6-50 Bordeaux after the plants are
set into the fields.

We have had some very interesting times in this work
With one man in Passaic county the first two sprayings were
^p led very much against his will. The third t™e we sprayed
he was more willing to have the spraying done, ha^ ing noticed
the better condition in the sprayed field. At the fourth ana
fifth sDrayings we had a hard time to keep him from spraying
fh'chK^ms. The intake of the sprayed over the unsprayed
eelerv avera-ed from $400 to $500 per acre net. We usea
h ree'nozzTes°to%he rod, with the flexible boom. This is where
the flexible boom showed very good results. The POs>tion oi
the ton nozzle is about 12 or 15 inches ahead of the drop
ntzf:.' l" Wng with 200 to 300 PO-^PartTthe^eTry
from the top nozzle seems to open "Pjl^^^.^f ;* f Jl' ™'
allowing the spray to get there, while the t«o side sprays
have the opposite effect, closing up the leaves again. The rigid
snray booms were of three nozzles, the two side nozzles ^^ork.
ing against the action of the top nozzle in the ratio of two o
one which has the effect of closing the heart of the celery and
rendering the sprav loss effective. On maturing celery, 1.5-
200 gallons of material per acre, applied with care is not
excessive.

Where vegetable industries are localized it is much easier
to put on this^vork and get results In Cape May County
r^any are growing canteloupes for the summer trade of the
Tore Th.i men have not been able to grow profitab e water-
melons and canteloupes due to the blight. As a resul of our
demonstration work and the cooperation of the bote men
along the shore, a meeting was held in the county court house
at which time the standard variety to be used m the county
was selected and plans were made to form a spray ring.

— 161 —

but this is our ultimate goal.

PORTABLE IRRIGATION

B. J. WALTON, Hummelstown
A. this subject was handled very largely as a round-table

He had fifteen acres planted m If ^2 on ^^l"eh he us P

irrigation. He uses a two-nieh ™f " ^'°"!/^7„,^'i'' The lateral
on the top of the ground. This >s 1,200 feet long^ ^^^^_

portable lines are 400 feet long, m 1""J^"°' ;^ j^id on

Lcted ^vith ground jpint-eouphngs. Jhe we are la^ ^^^
blocks distributed at intervals. The size oi } " I' i' j^ .

400 foot lengths varies from one ««d one-half mch to t
inch main to three-quarter inch at the otner enu.
^x m"n to change a 400 foot lateral line

The pressure is sufficient to supply t-o 400 foot latera
lines at one time. The nozzles f « t m 'four Hnes Mr. Walton
about one and one-half hours to f^^'f!^^°Yas been very bene-
considers that this portable "•"S'^^'**;\Jf ^^e ,ccess of his
ficial. It was a dry summer and fall and the snec
oelery .crop .-^-lly depe.ided upon h^^^^ ^^ ,,,,

which It received. The Sonccnsus oi "i" ^ establish per-

for use.

MY FIRST YEAR'S EXPERIENCE IN COMMERCIAL

VEGETABLE GROWING

GIIiBEET S. WATTS, BeUwood
As I was coming in on the train ^Ws ^rning I began to
wonder what turn of events it /""'^Ije that had lea P
situation where I, a yo""g "P^^t!. ' ^'^"^^ Vegetable gardeners

rotted manure.

— 162 —

How could a wheel barrow of rotten manure be respon-
•ui ^ZihUl Verv easily, for back in Cambria County not

^LhL^ to be filled with rotten manure, topped with the

has never recovered.

r^ T ,>.o qn T loaded a big load of early cabbage, my tirst,
.nd S-waTth? e\Sf c nsiderable quantity of 'lome |row..
cabbage to reach my chief market. ,,>,f^.,^^^i ''*,Vbeeause no
load tt sell of the whole summer! ^ ^ > J^^'^^o ^efabout a

tainiy u pci^» x^ j^ « lUfip advance advertising if it is

the last to get size into it that it was a ^^^

^"•t\^'fdSrihrquantrwaf rout right. The store-
market I decided the quamy ^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^^

keepers bought it like ^ot caKes succulent

What was ;vrong? The celery was so ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^j_

Iwe SXet7h?qLamy waVthere and the thing was to get
^u : lit JTn thP consumer The solution was to pack tightly
■^ny!irLlLets 1 nod wUh butcher's paper folded over from
m f 'P,^'''7/!,i""' ed in cold water, removed and placed in
TctltlaceceltTso packed remained in first class condition

for several days.

As manure is almost a thing of the past in my section I
h.ve woXd in green manure at every possible opportunity.
T ^^.fed buckwl eaf, rye alone, rye and vetch, and they all have
L ? ?„-! h t for a crop to follow early potatoes or early
^^tL^il have seen nothing to beat oats sown at the rate
of four busSs per acre about the middle of August. On my
^ftwnoor soils it ran clear away from anything else suit-
Ible for seeding at the season mentioned In late October it

.Kl^fw inches hieh The root growth when the crop was
Z'nel under reminded one of a timothy sod. Doubtless sweet
cCr and other legumes will be more satisfactory as soil con-
ditions improve.

— 163 —

Having had comparatively little experience with celery
storage I divided my crop between three methods. All was
iSrather green, roots and all. Part was stood upright m
he deepest cold frames and protected from the weather with
lash mats on at all times. Part was similarly handled but
welt ^?o thoroughly moistened soil in the dirt ground floor
of an old time -bank barn- The rest was stored m outdoor
trenches a foot wide and not quite as deep - the celery^^^^^^
tall ** Saddles" of 12" boards nailed in A shape ^\ ere
placed over the trenches and horse manure was placed oyer
Ihe saddles when severe weather came on The celery in the
cold frames rooted just fairly well but there was some loss
from heating. That in the barn lost weight from low humidity.
That in the trenches rooted well, blanched well and came out
at Christmas in perfect condition except in one short trench
where we had been too good to it and caused heating.

As to fertilization, I sought the advice of college experts
and practical growers. Uniformly I was advised to be liberaK
I screwed up my courage when I figured the bill it would
mean but went the limit of the advice. Everything m the
vegetable line received 1,000 pounds per acre of high grade
home mixed goods and a lot of stuff had twice this dose The
early cabbage received 1,500 pounds 3-8-5 broadcasted and
harrowed in and 500 pounds of bone when the plants were
set. When two-thirds grown 200 pounds per acre of nitrate ot
soda was used as a top dressing. One row was given a double
dose and although no records were made I know that row was
50% more profitable. It was earlier, heavier, and cut about
90% the first go. In the late cabbage a small section was
given just twice what the rest of the field received and between
the combined ravages of dry weather and Black Leg most of
the late crop did not bring enough to pay the labor of growing
it but this section actually made a fair crop.

Now I wonder, "What is the limit of profitable fertiliza-
tion?" Certainly it varies between your soils and mine, but
in general terms what is the limit? In most of the data on
vegetable crop fertilization the highest rate has given the
greatest profit. In the experience of many growers the same
observation has been made. Several experiment stations are
studying the problem of maintaining fertility in the market
garden or truck farm with reduced supplies of manure but is
there not a need for special research to study the limits oi
profitable fertilization in vegetable production?

— 164 —

IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLES THROUGH SEED

SELECTION

O. B. MYERS, State College

Tipfore undertaking definite work in crop improvement,
it isS that ™ mind a few matters of fundamental

It IS wen xndi uc i ^,,^^..^ our work with a reasonable

importance If je ^l^^lY"^,\^^W,i\onM.rMe improve-
Sha be^n Lde ig some lines, by persons -ho have
had an ideal in mind and constantly worked toward that ideal
vet much time and effort might have been saved had the
^ork^r thoroughly understood the underlymg prmoples which
governed the work he was attemptmg to do.

Within recent years our knowledge of the la^ys of breed-
ing hSwn greatly' increased and un-ual results in breeding,
which were primarily unaccounted for are nou ^eaxiiiy ex

r Lt 'iLn the effect is pre.nt in ^he - ^rcU^

Ltr'Thusrrcat^of toma^e:^ if wj cross a ..riety hav^
S yellow fruit by one having red, the fruit which sets from
ing yeiiu« o-i -J ^.n-w When seed is sown of it, the

Trcd variety which will be pure. In either <^ase, we need only

to keep the'^seed of each plant separate, K-'r '^^ Je^^hall
lu '^^^f .. „ score or more oi plants, we snau

eained by continuous selection. The first selection is the m^
gaineu uj^ ^ tomatoes, we made quite a

Tumber o? selections s veral years ago. of individual plants
whTch seemed to be superior. The selection was made in a

— 165 —

field of commercial strains of a number of varieties. The seed
of each plant was kept separate and the following year the
various selections were tested under uniform conditions. These
tests showed that in most cases the supposed superiority of the
plants was due to environment and not to heredity, and hence
was not transmitted. One lot, however, was superior and was
continued in the test for eight years. Each year a selection
was made of seed from what appeared to be the most superior
plant of the generation. This was continued year after year,
and each time the selection was compared with its ancestors!
In the eighth season, when all of the different selections were
compared, it was found that no important improvement had
been made on that of the original selection, although it was
of itself much superior to the average variety and strain
from which it had been selected.

In the case of cabbage, which is a cross-fertilized crop,
our work has shown that careful attention to the .-election of
the plant stocks is of fundamental importance and we believe
it to be a more potent factor in the development of good seed
than is that of climatic influence, to which attention has
mainly been directed in the past. By the use of special care
in the selection of plants to be used for seed, we have suc-
ceeded in developing a superior strain, and know of others
who have done likewise. Selection will not put into a plant
that which is not there, but if properly conducted will permit
the expression of factors which may appear dormant and
which are awaiting the opportunity for expression when fav-
orable conditions are present.

— 166 —

AFFILIATED COUNTY HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETIES

The following County Horticultural Societies are affiliated
with the State Horticultural Association, under Article II of
the Constitution.

ADAMS COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION

Reorganized March 10, 1922

orncERS

President, C. A. Gkiest Guernsey

Vice Presidents, W. E. Grove York Springs

Frederick E. Greist .... Flora Dale

C. A. Wolfe Gardners

Secretary, Edwin C. Tyson - Flora Dale

Treasurer, ^YM. S. Adams Gardners

MEMBERS

*Adam9, Wm. S Gardners

Asper, D. C Aspers

Bream, h^amuel Biglerville

Beyer, W. W Arendtsville

*Baugher, H. G Aspers

Baughcr, Ira Aspers

Bittin^cr, C. H R- !>• 6, Hanover

Benner, B. E Virginia Mills

Bover, George E Arendtsville

Bushman, S. F Gettysburg

Bream, H. J Aspers

Blessing, David H _ Harrisburg

Bream, W. A Gettysburg

Brinton, H. C Hanover

Baltzlev, C. S...™ Orrtanna

Baltzley, S. Luther Orrtanna

Butt, J. L.-..- Gettysburg

Carey, J. Calvin Gettysburg

•Grouse, E. A....„ Gettysburg

•Cation, W. R Orrtanna

Cole, James C Biglerville

Deardorf, Anthony Gettysburg

Dock, Miss Margaret Fayetteville

Dock, Miss Mira L Fayetteville

Davis, Win - York Springs

Dougherty, Dorsey Gettysburg

Deatrick,* H. G Hunterstown

Diller, O - York Springs

Dill, Dr. M. T biglerville

Deardorff, Charles Orrtanna

Dull, Thomas D Aspers

•Eldon, Robert M...._ - Aspers

Eiholtz, S. Mc Biglerville

Enck, W. K Biglerville

Eppleman, H. C Aspers

Eshelman, S. C ~ Gettysburg— 5

Fraim, Merritt L Aspers

Fohl, George G Biglerville

Fiddler. W. B Aspers

•Griest, C. Arthur • ~ Guernsey

— 167 —

^ . , 4 -rxr Flora Dale

Gnest, A. W ■■ ^ ,

^^:k"S?fc:::::::::::;;:;:=::=

Garretson, Robert ■^■"^"rn .? ?

Garretson; Eli R- I>- 5, ^'^'y^^^f^

Garretson, John .... .Aspers

Gardner, L. M., Jr York Springs

•Grove, W. E.... York Springs

Groupe; Foster C „ '"■''''itZ

Howard, Jno. M -; -Jt^^^.^I

Hoffman, James O -. ^"'"'^ ''^- !

Hoffman Robert ^^J'^f''^- !

Hoffman E. N - gi^^'^n !

Hoffman D. M 7^'^if ""• !

Hoffman George - ^'^^^^'^^'^11

Huber, Charles H - ^"^^^1!

•Hartman, George R - '^^^^l^^^l

Hummel, P. T ;7"4^^^lVt.wS

Hershey C. A - ^'^?pf ^^'nX

Hartzel,B. L -" V^^^'^J^^^^

Jacobs, Daniel C ?,^"7'^v!''^' Mn* I

Keller, H. M Gettysburg No 5

Klinefelter, U. S 2'^ ^'''- !

Kane, J. A - ;;-;•; -■;:^^^^Tn^

Kane J. Lewis -...Gettysburg No 5

Knouse, J. A - ^n'?.'^*^ !

Kunkle Jno. R....- "^^^T^^'ul

Koser, Rev. D. T - ^'^'.°^*'''' !

Koser G. W -"- --.Biglerville

*Keller, S. C Gettysburg, No. 5

•Keller Paul Gettysburg, No. 5

Knab, Mrs. George N New Oxford

Longsdorf, C. L -- g^g ^rvi e

Lawver, Rufus W g^g^^^'^ ®

Lupp, Reuben Biglerville

•Large, Katherine S - - Orrtanna

Large, Mrs. E. S - Orrtanna

Lippy J. D Gettysburg

Lewis, Harvey D Orrtanna

Lucabaugh, J. W ^anover, 6

Myers, George P 2!^^'^! ^

Minter, Thomas L Big ervi e

Musselman, C. H Biglerville

Miller, E. M - .--Hanover

Moyer, Dr. H. B.-..„ Gettysburg

Myers, R. E York Springs

Marsh G. T Walbrook Apartments, Baltimore, Md.

Minick, W L Waynesboro

•Musselman, Jno Orrtanna

Oakwood Corporation York Springs

Oyler, George Gettysburg

Oyler, George C - Gettysburg

Orner, P. S Arendtsville

Orrtanna Canning Co - Orrtanna

Omer, Harry Aspers

Orner I. S Arendtsville

Prickett, Josiah W Biglerville

Peters, W. V Guernsey

Peters, Curtis W Biglerville

Pitzer, Harry C Aspers

— 168 —

Peters, George M Aspers

Pitzer, Willis Arendtsville

Peters, Jno. B York Springs

Peters, Mrs. J. H Bendersville

Pepple, Samantha Orrtanna

Raffensperger, Charles E Arendtsville

Raffensperger, Roy Arendtsville

Raffensperger, Harvey E Arendtsville

Rice, E. E _ Aspers

Rice, O. C Biglerville

Rice, C. S Arendtsville

Rice, A. E Biglerville

Rhodes, T. F Aspers

Roberts, Arthur Gettysburg

Riddlemoser, H. E McKnightstown

Rex, Raymond Gardners

Shorb, Albert Hanover

Stover, Dr. J. G Bendersville

Strong, George C Orrtanna

Slaybaugh, Elmer Aspers

Smith, G. Frank Aspers

Shull, Robert H McKnightstown

Spangler, George E Gettysburg

Snyder, E. Bane Jack's Mountain

Starner, A. E Aspers

Sachs, Edw. S Biglerville

Stock, E. C 3610 Clifton Ave., Baltimore, Md.

•Strasbaugh, E. F Orrtanna

Sheely, A. D Arendtsville

Stahle, C. E Gettysburg

Starry, W. D York Springs

•Tvson, Edwin C Flora Dale

•Tyson, Chester J Flora Dale

•Tyson, Wm. C Guernsey

Taylor, Jacob F Arendtsville

Taylor, Daniel R Biglerville

Taylor, Henry Biglerville

Trostle, Francis R. F. D., York Springs

Thomas, Mrs. Annie M....„ Gettysburg

Topper, Z. F Emmittsburg, Md.

Thompson, G. R Gettysburg

Taylor, A. M Biglerville

Vance, Charles T Orrtanna

Weidner, A. I Arendtsville

Wolfe, C. A Aspers

Wolfe, Harrv E Aspers

Wolff, Dr. W. E Arendtsville

•Wolf, Charles M York Springs

Wilson, B. F Biglerville

Weaner, Charles C Bendersville

Weaner, W. C Aspers

Wible, R. E Gettysburg

Wright, Ryland Aspers

Weaver, D. I „ „ Gettysburg

Williams, J. L Gettysburg

Williams, M. I Gettysburg

Walter, Martin T „ Biglerville

Walter, J. C - JBiglerville

— 169 —

THE BERKS COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1922

OFTICEBS

TreBident, Sheldon Funk ^I^^^

Secretary, W. W. Livingood x^wBiiw

MEMBCBS

Balthaser, James - - - V"v-;"^^'°v'l^'i!}a

Bridenbaigh, John H Beading, Liberty Bank Bldg.

Deincr, W^ S S^^^^^Z^' R D 2

DeLong Cletus Y V^sTonT C^eek Mills

riS'T=^^^^^ Mill:

Funk, Sheldon - "—-■-: nnVie iif>^ Rt

TTflriT^fT R A Beading, 901 N. llth »t.

?Horshey H F :::::::::: .jiamburg, b. d. 3

Hinklo, Jacob E Robesonia

Knippcnbach, Harry H -■■-. ■^""■^.^^^^

Lenhart, P.ichard L Beading, Kline, Eppihimer Co.

Livingoid, W. W o?''^^'''m«

Harkclv, N. S ^t?^ 7nw^

Mayer,* L. E ^'^^'BaUy

Melchcr, Bennett A - :?* ^

Melcher, George W r-""""-^^%Y

•Rick, John Beading, 434 Oley St.

Rittenhouse, J. H Lorane

Rittenhouse, Samuel V;""./™

Eohrer, G. H -•■^"*!i?^^

Sheared, Walter J ^ - ^^""^T^l

Sheble, Earl - "- ^^^^^'f

Schmick. Wilson E Hamburg

Wertz, Samuel H »- Leosport

— 170 —

CHESTERDELAWARE FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

OFFICEBS

Prmdent, GUY L. HAYMAN ^""^MeTia

Vice-President, Arthur Linvill * J^^^

Secretary, Herbert C. Barker W^t Chester

Treasurer, Eussell Worthington W^t J^^eswr

Furchasing Agent, M. Bartram ^est unesier

MEMBEBS

Barker, Herbert C ^est CheBter

Barnard, C. P - - K^^Vn^ll?^r

•Bartram, George & Son -^ -^-West Chester

Bird, Anna W - Brandywme Summit

Crowell, A. & T - - ■^•■f TT^tir

Darlington, Hibbert - ^^^^ ^ntll

Dickey, Samuel ^ - ""-••••--■ 0^^^'^

Dodge, Geo. P ■•-• East Downington

Dunlap, George P., Hillwood Fruit Farm ^1^°,,^'^^^^

Hayman, Guy L ^w ,1^.

Hayward, Charles E „ - ^^^^^^^J^

Ivins, William A ';^-":"^''^^^

Kelly, Margaret -- West Chester

Keech, M. H West Chester

Linvill, Arthur _ - VV^^'^'^

Nolan, John V...... - -^r-:^]^}^VI'

Parker, Caroline B - ;;v-^r* S' ^.V

Passmore, N. S » ~ ^^^^^\ nf^^

Perrigo, A. H - West Chester

Phillips, Charles S ■^"-J^nS^^?''

Ray. J. E. S - West Chester

Romig Brothers ^^!^f'''Si?T,°

Sargent, George ;^\e? ^ills

Scott A H. - Walhngford

•Smedley, S. L Newtown Square

Smedley, S. L., Jr - Newtown Square

Smedley, Walter ■;^"r;^,

Thomas, Carl West Chester

Vandergrift, William West Chester

Walker, James „ Westtown

Welsh, George A - — - Moylan

Wolff, F. B ■"• "C^^^'^

Worthington, Bussell West Chester

Report of the President

This association has four meetings a year, in March, June,
September and January.

The feature of the March meeting was the discussion of
the marketing of apples and cold storage plants. The direct
outcome of these discussions was the organization of the * Fruit
Growers Cooperative Association of West Chester", which is
a business association entirely independent of, though devel-
oped through, the "Fruit Growers Association of Chester and
Delaware Counties".

The June meeting was a field trip covering five orchards
from Birmingham to Oxford. Dr. E. L. Nixon was the speaker

171

and the trip was in charge of William Vandegrift, Farm
Bureau Agent. The principal subjects of study were apple
scab and collar rot.

In September a field meeting was held in Delaware County
under the care of Farm Bureau Agent Atkinson. At Mr
Wolf's place a new and modem common storage was seen and
at Mr. Ford's a $30,000 private cold storage plant, botn oi
which are giving satisfactory service.

The January meeting was held in conjunction with the
-Farm Products Show of West Chester". Mr Paul Thayer
answered questions of current interest. The apple department
of the Farm Products Show was very successful. It consisted
of 151 plates, 31 half bushel baskets, 6 bushel baskets. An
interesting feature was a class for packages direct from stor-
agTto be opened by judges and judged from buyer's stand-

PO^^' QjjY L. HAYMAN, President.

CUMBERLAND COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Organized 1922

orncEBS

Present, H. W. ALLISON ^^^PP'^'^'^'^ariis^e

Vice-President, Dr. C. 8. Basehoar ShiDDensbura

Secretary, Galen H. Gates • ®k?J^^ r D

Treamrlr, James Dunlap Shippensburg, E. D.

MEMBEBS

Allison, Herbert - ^^^^^'^'S'^'S' .^h„?;

r 'd ^' c^s •""■" IZZ^"^^^

i:?r^r^v.^ a.!=zzzzzz:... s^ppe^^

Bushman, H. M l^'''V''\''''x> r» i

Cameron, John ^"^.!!^ l.CarUsle

Sr^, D. aZzzz=z::zz:z;::...sMpj.nsbu^

•Dunlap, James M Shippensburg, R. Ih

Gates, G. H -- ®^'P&?wW?

Heberlig, Herbert -- -""oV-:"^®''u"'!

Henry, Harold ~..- p^^-T^r''??

•Leonard, Frank - Cjj;li«^«' f' ^^-^

Mowery, N. E -- gJlPP^^'S^'f

Stough, Mulford. - - "S^Pf^'p^'^^S

Worst, D. C ^ - - - Carlisle, E. D.

— 1T2 —

FRANKLIN COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Organized January 21, 1922
OFFICTEES

Pre«(Jent, W. O. BINGHAM Wa™Z"

Vice-President, Charles W. Reichabd - ■ - - chYXrsburg
Trea..r.r, D. EDWARD LONG - - - _' " ^^^^JXI
Beorfftary, Willis A. hess - - • . - Bt. Thomaa

Assistant Secretary, E. J. Gillan - - ' "

MEMBEES ^^^

Alexander, W. M. & Son Waynesboro

Amberson, P. N ;:;;;;::Z*:Smith8burg, E. 3, Md.

Barkdoll, A. E - ....Greencastle, E. 2

Barr, 1. '-^-"•" Waynesboro

«'°!^''. ' H M IZZZWaynesboro, E. No. 1

Benedict, H. M~ J g^ Thomas

Bingham, A. H.. g^ Thomas

^^vfi'^Sil]^' Z::::r.ciimrer8burg, E. No. 11

Bikle, PniliP;— - ....Chambersburg

Bream, DM.- -- - ^ Edenville

Brereton O'Hara D - -- l.Charabersburg

Burgner, M. K - - Chambersburg

Burgncr, 8. A ZZZ .St. Thomas

Cordell, D. ...^. - ..Fayetteville

Crawford, J. B - :::::;:;:::::"....Fayetteviiie

Crawford TH - ^ Chambersburg

Criswell, E. 1.. g^ Thomaa

g^ehl, Edgar B.... —— Edenville

Diffenderfer, C. E -- - Chambersburg

S^ ' ^tT "; Chambersburg

Duke, B. F. Zwaynesboro, E. No. 1

Gehr, Harvey J.^.-^ J Chambersburg

Gelwix, Dr John M -.- g^ Thomas

Gillan, C. Frank - g^ Thomas

Gil an, G. G — - g^ Thomas

Gil an, E. J- •"■-""• Z;.Greencastle, E. No. 4

Heisey, &. A. & Bro - -• ^ Waynesboro

Hess, Danieh - rMontAlto, E. No. 1

Hess, Paul G^ Waynesboro

Hess, Ealph C -- ""^^MontAito, E. No. 1

Hess, Eay B Waynesboro

Hess, ^fr-- - ".'.Mont iito, E. No. 1

i!f,' ^'\ "^ ZZZZ.-.Zchambersburg, E No 10

Horn, w. n. Chambersburg

Karns, J. H^ ..Chambersburg

Knode, J. H ..-..- - - "" "Ichambersburg, E. No. 6

Lambert J. M. ".Z .Chambersbur|, E. No. 1

Landis, D. L., Jr ^ ° ...Marion

Latshaw, ^•^■■- ....Chambersburg

Long, D. Edward - Fayetteville

if^i'i^'tTw " " Z- Fannettsburg

McAllen, E W. ZFayetteville, E. No. 1

Mcllvaine, J. S.. ^ p^^^ Loudon

McLaughlin, S. O - • Marion

Miller, Clayton...- - Waynesboro

JJ}"^5' ^' tT 7 Chambersburg

Mmehart, T- Z Waynesboro

5i'T7 n h' " '. --St. Thomaa

Mish & Croft.... Chambersburg

Nelson, D. H....„. Zullinger

Nicodemus, E. A ---■ "■„. ^„ w Kn 1

Newcomer, J. W Waynesboro, E. No. 1

— 173 —

)

Omwake Brothers. -- -■ni:^^^^!''''u^l

Orr, D. G — Chambersburg

Phiel, Earl C. -.-.- - - --"St. Jhomas

Pomeroy, Ralph S Chambersburg

RahauBer Brothexa. - - Greencastle

Rearick, J. W - - Chambersburg

Eeisner, J. E - - .^hippensburg

Eeed, Fred B - Chambersburg

Eeichard, Charles W ~ Waynesboro

Renfrew, R. M FayetteyiUe

Ehoades, J. M •-■-- ■•■^^"«°

Ritchey, Maurice Chambersburg

Sharpe, Walter K....- Chambersburg

Shetron, W. F Chambersburg, R. No. 6

Shields, Charles E - -f^^^^^y

Shields, Ira 11 Chambersburg, R, No. 5

Shockey, Luther P Chambersburg, R. No. 9

Skinner, H. W - SH'?^®J^^.''/#

Smith, G. Walter Smithsburg, R. No. 1, Md.

Smith, F. Arthur Chambersburg, R. No. 10

Suiith, J. H - Chambersburg

Snowberger, A. I - Waynesboro, R. ^o. 1

Stevenson Brothers Midvale

Tolbert, Eenry Chambersburg, R. No. 11

Weaver, Edward A - Fayetteville

*Wertz, D. Maurice Waynesboro

Wingert, J. K Chambersburg

Wishard, W. H .— Chambersburg, R. No. 9

Witherspoon, D. Erskine Chambersburg, R. No. 9

Youn<^, J. P Chambersburg, R. No. 8

Zullinl^er, T. A Chauibersburg

Report of the President

On January 21, 1922, we formed our local organization,
knov/n as the Franklin County Horticultural Society. We
had at the end of the year 1922, seventy-eight paid up mem-
bers, representative, we think, of the best fruit growers of our
county. Six meetings of the Society were held during the
year. At these meetings we were favored with able speakers,
representatives either of State College, or of the State Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Perhaps the most popular and most
successful of these meetings consisted of a tour through the
southern part of our county, visiting and passing through five
large orchards, those of Omwake Brothers, Ed. Nicodemus,
Hess Brothers, D. M. Wertz and Phillip M. Bickle, all of whom
are members of our Society. At this meeting there were pres-
ent members and guests to the number of one hundred and
thirty-five, representing seven different counties of the State
of Pennsylvania and five adjoining states, the District of
Columbia and the State of Oregon.

There is no one great thing that we can boast of as hav-
ing accomplished during the past year. Our work has been
largely educational and to a certain extent social. We have
attempted little in the way of cooperative buying and selling,
but we have gotten together at these meetings and have learn-
ed to know and to esteem each other. We are coming to
realize that our interests are mutual, and that our operations

— 174 —

should be competitive only as to the quality and quantity of

fruit produced. , ,. ^^ *

I feel safe in saying that owing to the Franklin County
Horticultural Society, the fruit growers of our section stand
closer together, know each other better, and are ma better
position today to entertain some movement looking toward a
cooperative association than in the past.

Our Society is young but rather large for its age, having
now 82 members. We are hopeful for the future as we expect
to pass the one hundred mark before the end of the present
vear We look forward to the continued encouragement and
cooperation of the State Horticultural Association of Pennsyl-

^^^^^- ^. o. BINGHAM, Preaident.

1

LANCASTER COUNTY FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
GROWERS ASSOCIATION

OFFICEBS

^ „ .... Elizabethtown

President, Elmer R.Bnyder - - - Lancaster, E. 5

First V%cePrfis., L. B. Huber - .... Bonks

Second FiceJ>re.., ELMER J. WEAVER - ^^.^ ^ ^ ^

Third VtcePres., J. W. K<)OT i oncaster B D. 3

Fomth Vioe-Pres., Elias H. Vooel - - - * ^r f"^ BuVeau

Secretary, T. WARREN METZOER - - ; ; ^^"^^''^^^.^^ ^, jy. I

Treasurer, S. E. Forry ^P • »

MEMBEBS

„ , Q Narvon

Barr Frank S " ^ititz, B. 1

Bollinger, Jacob - ....Stevens, B. 2

Borry, E. b...-^ Ephrata

Brossman, J. F ■■■■•■ ^^^^^^^ g ^

Brubaker^ J. C Ephrata, E. 1

Bucher, E. B Lititz B 5

S^^^''' tVn7 :z::::zcoiumbia, b. b.

Enders John F ■- gjizabethtown, R. 1

Fair, Frank...^ Millersville

Felty, S. B. O p ^^

Flory, Paul B VZZ.'.Ephrata, R. 1

Forry, S. E *- Hopeland

Furlow^ Bher I^^^r.Iancaster, R. 5

Gise, W H.. ._. 3i^e g^ll

Good, Martin R - ....Ephrata

Hacker E. S. ^^^^^

Harnish, C. H ZZZincaster, R. 2

5®"' S" ^r^ Lancaster, R. 7

Hostetter, Dr. J. E ZZai^^i I I

Huber, L. B.-^. - ^^^^^ ^ ^

Kauffman, A. L ^^^^^

Lepole, Walter.. ■-— Mt. Joy

Longenecker, J. E Lancaster

Metzger, T. Warren ^ lititz

?J:rb-i^n- 8z;zzz;zzzzzz:^^

— 175 —

.„ . X T V n. Mt. Joy

•Reist John G ----■■••■ Manheim, B. 1

Buhl, H. F....~.-"- - Lititz, R. 5

Snavely Henry B •■■■■-- ^ ^ j

Snyder, C.JB - Elizabothtown

Snyder, Elmer R - ^ ^ ^

l:;^::'iL?s:::::::::::::::::::::""::::"~; ■■ «»f^'«i

V„gel,E.iasH ^"!!!'!Sen;er

llZl: ^"r!.!z=;z:===::Qiar^vine. r. i

Wertsch, Edwin - ^'rlioVr

Witmer, J. B L^Park

Zimmerman, H. S - -

Report at the Hanisburg Meeting
The Lancaster County Fruit Growers were organized eight
years ago; three years ago we took in the Vegetable Grow^
thinking this would strengthen our society, which it did. We
at first held about ten meetings per year but the past two
years we cut down to a few important ones during the year.
The most important work of the society the past year
was the affiliation with the State Horticultural Association as
we all feel the report of the proceedings are very valuable.
We purchased a large quantity of spray material and fertilizer
last year at a very much reduced price, meaning a saving ot
many dollars to our members.

Another important piece of work was a demonstration ot
the control of apple scab in the orchard of one of our members,

with the help of Dr. Nixon. « . ^ . t^ • •

We were unfortunate in losing our President, Benaamm
Huber, by death, so our society was not quite as active as m
previous years. However, we had a paid up membership ot

fifty-four. HARBISON S. NOLT.

Report of the Secretary

The Lancaster County Fruit and Vegetable Growers Asso-
ciation, under the presidency of Elmer R. Snyder, who recently
became the orchardist at the Masonic Homes farms at Lliza-
bethtown, looks forward to a successful year m 1923.

Though only two meetings were held during the year 19^4
both were well attended and proved that the interest in mod-
ern orcharding is on the increase. The first meeting, held
March 9, 1922, was presided over by Benj. Huber, who like
the present president, coincidently, was also the orchardist
at the Masonic Homes, Elizabethtown. The Association was
profoundly shocked during the past summer when the news
of Mr. Ruber's death reached them. Death occurred at the
General Hospital, Lancaster, from appendicitis. He had been
ailing for some time, but his condition suddenly became acute,
and a last-minute operation failed to arrest the progress of
the fatal disease. Mr. Huber's work at the Homes over the

— 176 —

past several years had given rich promise of future results,
knd his passing away leaves a void in the meetmgs and affairs
of the Lancaster County Orchardist. His father, L. B. Huber,
has long been one of the active figures in the association, and
continues to give it his heartiest support. *qi. ..

At the March, 1922, meeting, the action toward affiliating
with the State Association was reaffirmed on motion of Ur.
J. E. Hostetter, of Gap, Pa. Prof. Hodgkiss, of Pennsylvania
State College, was the feature speaker, dwelling on l^Tuit

Insect Control.** ,. i n t-w u«« t

The second meeting of the year was held December 7,
1922 when the annual election took place, results aj above
stated Dr. Fletcher spoke at this meeting on Nursery
Stock**' stressing the importance of using better stock, more
care in selection, and getting the best size trees, ^en though
the cost be greater. At this meeting the President anointed
a Purchasing Committee consisting of Monroe P. Wenger,
Walter Lepold and C. B. Snyder to negotiate for spray mate-
rials to be bought by the members in a cooperative way.

The first meeting for 1923 was held February 5, when
reports on fruit prospects showed everything quite promis.
[ng on both apple, peach and the minor fruits^ The Secretary
at this meeting called attention to the need of gettmg aU
spray material orders in hand at this session, with the result
?hat a clean-up was virtually accomphshed. He stated also
that the saving from cooperative buying was well apparent
Sen one of tie members advised him that h s arsenate o
lead bought in a private way would have cost him at that
time twenty-six cents per pound, as against eighteen cen s
when bought through the Association^ ^^'•''Trl ' ^1^1"
Taving on a 200-pound drum of $16. The desirability of seek-
ng more membe^rs was made plain by this statement, and no
less the economy of membership on the part of those present
Prof. Thayer, of State College, then spoke on Apple
Pruning," and gave a very helpful, practical talk, advocating
the modified leader type of pruning as against the open center
type in common advocacy ten years ago.

Mr H. S. Nolt reported on the meetings of the btate Asso-
ciation during State Farm Products Show week. He f et that
Lancaster county had made a great mistake in not exhibiting
as a county at the State Show, and others present affirmed

AfteHhe meeting adjourned a large number of member-
ship moneys was taken in, as well as enough spray orders to
tak^e up the amount of the blanket order that had been placed
in December. While there is no compilation of these orders at
hand at this writing, it is known they will exceed 5,000 pounds
of arsenate of lead, 175 barrels of lime-sulphur and minor
quantities of copper sulphate, Bordeaux powder, calcium arse-
nate, etc. ^ WARREN METZGER, Secretary.

— 177 —

LAWEENOE COUNTY FRTJIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

OFPICERS

_ ^_ .... New Castle, R. 3

Tresident, 8. R. Huey - - - - ^^^ Castle, R. 7

Vioe-Pres., C. F. Harbison ^,^^^, ^^^^^^^ B 4

Secy.-Treas., J. A. Boak

MEMBERS
,, ....West Middlesex

Bell, Russell. ^^^ Cj^g^ie, R. 8

Benson B. J ^^^ Castle, R. 4

Blair, T. W ^^^^, Castle, R. 4.

S^td' J H ZZZIeiErWashin^on St, New Castle

Boyd, J. "^ ■■■■■" .New Wilmington

Cummmgs, J. W " ^^^^^ ^ 4

Curry, Edward y^^^^^ ^ 3

Drake, William. ....Edenburg

Fullerton, A. H "— ^^^^^^^ g g

Gebhart, W. J ^^^ Castle, R. 7

Harbison, C. J: -- Pulaski

High Hill Fruit Farm .^ewCastle, R. 4

Hopper, W. C ^^^ Castle, R. 8

Houk, B..-;^. ."....New Castle, R. 3

*Huey, S. K j^^w Castle, R. 4

Hunt, Norman ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ 4

Hunt, b. J. jjg^ Castle, R. 4

Hunt, Lewis. Z.New" Wilmington, R. 1

Johnston, J. « ^^^ Wilmington, R. 1

Johnston, J. H.- ^^^ Wilmington, R. 1

Johnston, R. » j^^^ Castle, R. 4

Kildoo, Samuel ^^^ Castle, R. 8

Kyle, David - 'Zifew Castle, R. 8

iV^^ii^^i w ■■ T 916 "Morton St, New Castle

McMillan W. L «^o ^ ^^^' ^^^^^^^ r 5

Noss, J. A. ....Volant, R. 1

Offut, N. A.. .^.. 2j^gt Brook

Patterson, Geo. W NewWiimington, R. 63

Reynolds, Amzi West Middlesex

Shirk and Baker - :::ZElwood City, R. 1

Young, Fred

— 178 —

THE LEBANON VALLEY COOPERATIVE FRUIT
GROWERS ASSOCIATION

orncERS

Palmyrft

Fresident, Irwin Longenecker CornwaU

Vice-Pres., A. y. SvTiOT . Lebanon

Secy.-Treas., H. Meyer Snavely

MEMBERS

•« 1* T> 1? Lebanon, R. 3

*Boltz, P. R..^. Myerstown, R. 4

^""^^f' Vln R .Xebanon, R. 2

Cassidy, John B Cornwall

Freeman, W. C ^^^^^^

Heilman, Albert Lawn

Heilman, JL R.. Zr.Z'.Richland

Hertzler, D. R Cornwall

?iS^^'//*m' :::"".::.: Lebanon, R. 3

•Horst, J. M Cornwall

5«^^f '^^^ ZZZZ:Myerstown, R. 4

J^.rf ' ^1? .Xebanon, R. 4

Liske, C. L Palmyra

Longenecker, Irwin ■--■- j^^^^J^j,

Meek, John. • AnnviUe

^^J^^"^' ?• ? ZZl Lebanon, K. 8

^T""' Aiw" D Lebanon, R. 3

Miller, Albert D Lebanon

^oyer, Joseph '....Lebanon, R. 5

Rab«l, Amos ^ Lebanon

Rank Wilham .:::::.;.:...Palmyra, R. 2

ReiSt, A. L •' J pUanon

I— ly,H Meyer ZZXeoan^n' R 8

Snavely, Misses Cornwall

Supiot, A V Lebanon

T^ump, Chas .Lebanon, R. 8

Winters Cyrus ......Myerstown

Report of President

The purpose of this Association is twofold, commercial

and educational. ,, i • j *

In the commercial field the Association buys all kinds of
spray materials and fruit packages for its members Dunng
the fruit season the growers cooperate m grading and packing
fruit as nearly alike as possible, at their individual orchar^.
also in keeping prices uniform to the public At the opening
of the season the Association advertises the advantages of
home grown fruit in the city papers and posters. The Amo-
ciation has applied to the State for a charter «'"ier the 1919
Act, in order to put our purchasing of materials on a stntc y
business basis and ^^-ith the view of selling cooperatively m
the future. ■ .

On the educational side we hold a number of meeting
during the year in which we invite men from the college and
from the State Department of Agriculture to discuss subjects

— 179 —

of fruit culture which interest the members. We also relate
OUT own experiences in round table conferences.

There is a good local market for all fruit grown m the
oountv Some outside fruit is brought into the county each
X and ab^ut an equal amount sold out of the county - that
fs home grown fruit. Soil and climate conditions are favor-
able in the Lebanon Valley. We can grow good size and color
and the highest quality fruit.

During 1922 there was the worst epidemic of apple scaD
ever experienced. Peach Yellows appear constantly but in-
fected trees receive the axe as soon as suspected. Several
S-owers use dusters with good results on peaches, but none
Ire satisfied with results on apples. Several large power
sprayers were bought during the State Products Show. AU
powers plan to do more thorough work m the orchard than
ever before. .

The orchards of Lebanon County range all the ^^ay \'°!^
the home orchard of a few trees to seventy-five acres^ There
is some planting being done this year. Trees "O'Jf'^t ^"^^l^ °J
apple and peach with some plums, cherries and pears, ihe
Stayman is most extensively planted apple ; Elberta and Belle,
Beaches The scale of future fruit planting depends largely
on the success of present orchards in the next few years
Most of the growers are rather "young" in the business and
must develop the future on the suc^ces^s^of the.present.^^^^

LEHIGH COUNTY HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY

Organized March 16, 1923

OFFICEBS

_ ... - ZionflTille

President, F. 8. DICBENSH^ ■ - ; ; Allentown, LenU BWg.

ZreZZTCutcZ^ - ■ - - Alleutown, 517 Han^ton 8t.

MEMBERS

^ , T T Allentown, R. 4

Bender, L. J. ....Coopersburg

Benner H G ...^ Zionsville

Free, W. A.—.-. Orefield, R. 1

g^!' A^:.^zzz:z:z:iiie;^own, 517 H^^
Mfrrn'c^' ^ ;:::;;:;:;Anentown; sn Hamilton bt.

Mni H S " Allento4n, 622 N. 6th St.

S.hLtz HA ■"--". Allentown. Lentz Bldg.

Schantz, H- A..-^. Orefield, R. 1

Schantz, Louis M IT, "T i«in « Aihprf

Schantz M. L - Allentown, 1610 S. Albert

bcnaniz, m. r... Catasauqua

Shoemaker, C. C^ Catasauqua

I^Wht''H F ■.■:Z::^ ZlonsvUle

Schreiber^ H. F Allentown, R. 3

^yder, O. E ..^. Zionsville

^^l?5^^':..'^zz:z;zzzzzzz;:;; ^miertown

— 180 —

LUZERNE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

Organized Feb. 16, 1923

OFFICEBS

President, Howard Lewis - - - _ _\ ^^'^Z] R. S'.

Fice-Fres., ARTHUR Gay . . . Nescopeck R. D.

Secretary, Fred Hess s„prarioaf R D.

Js.t. 5.C3,., PERCY L. YOST ; ^f,^^;^^^^^

Treasurer, Adam Stock - - ^^iiS R D

tixecutive Committee, Jacob H. Winters ^^f i vn

C.F.Johnson - ■ - ■ " ., ' ^"^^^

Irvin Chapin - . - - Shickshmny, B. u.

MEMBERS ^

Coon, John w^^'^-l'^f ' 5' n

Coon H. F ^^Z\u^^ R D

Ellsworth, Oliver n?i t4 iS i

Gay, G. E. & Son xV^^^^^V^t? t^

Hels, FredE ""''''^'^FVe^ia^i

H^s, S. S., Manager Z^ZlS^^

Johnson, C. F ....Drumi.

^^1Z\ w"^ ZZZZSiavertown

Kitchen, U. >v •■■• „, „.

Moore, A. C Kingston, 45 Eley St.

Parrish, Elmer D • ■■■• V"r "ii'. i ok

Pierce, Harry W WilkesBarre, Loek Bo^ 19S

Rebennack, Jacon '^.fl^^' n n

i^|^^^^i«i:::Z::ZZZZZZZ: Nescopeck. R. U.

»efn :;:;::;;:.z:::.z;::;.z;:;.=o:k^°^^^^^^^^

TTT-1T J T^v.« ....White Haven
Williams, John n„n„.

•rrr- x T TT DallaS

Winter, J. xi - t^ n t> r* a

Winters, B. J -Dallas, R. D. 3

Yost, Percy L Sugarloaf, R. D.

YORK COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS

President, C. P. Kibbler ^

First Vice-Pres., L. E. Hartman ^*J^

Siecond Vice-Pres., C. M. Werniq , ^ i^°^

Secretary, J. Bentz Kauffman Stewartstown

Treasurer, Howard Anderson »tewari3wwn

MEMBERS

Allen, H. G - ;New Park

Anderson, H. M "•New Park

•Anderson, H. W ^i^'^^'^nZ^

Anderson, Ralph W ";Fawn Grove

Bear, Jacob R "> ^Tf f ^- \l

Bear Jno. W York, R. D. 10

Beck, C. F York R. D. 9

Beaverson, E. S -^^o^k, K. D. 7

Boyd, Guy H \o^l' ^- ^- ^

Boyd Stephen G - York, R. D 6

Brindt, Emory W York, Box 666

♦Drinton, H. C Hanover, R. D. 6

— 181 —

1

Wrightsville, R. D. 2

Druck, Albert Wrightsville

Flora, Wm York, R. B. 6

Gable, A. P.-^-- Wrightsville, R. D. 2

Houston, M. T York, 1300 N. George St.

Hykes, S. W Manchester

Jacobs, David - ..York, R. D. 7

Kauffman, A York, R. D. 7

Kauffman, C...... york, R. D. 7

Kauffman, E. F y^^^^^ r d. 7

Kauffman, J. B York "527 W. Market St.

Kibbler, C. P ^^'^^^ ^^ yo^k, R. D. 2

King, Geo Yoe

Knisley, R. A - East BerUn, R. D. 2

Lau, L. B - j,^g^ Berlin, A. D. 2

Lau, L. E - York

Lau, R. E.... .........York, R. D. 5

Lehman, Elias - - Seven Valleys

Linn, Harry .....Menges Mills

Loose, H. H ■- - York, R. D. 2

Markey, Elmer J y^j.^ r. d.

Markey, Melvin - Muddy Creek Forks

Martin, A. C Hanover

•Miller, Amos E ::;z.;;;;;.Mountm^ r. d. i

Moore, Edward. y^^.^^ r d. 6

Raby, J. B., Jr^- y^^.^^^ r d. 9

Raver, Erwin C y^^.^^^ g^^ 666

Schmidt, Jno. C Hellam, R. D. 1

Sener, L. G y^ri^ r. D. 9

Sidler, A Yoe

Smith, S. A. '..Wrightsviiie, R. D. 1

Stein, Geo. E ** » .Hellam

Stoner, Benjamin y^^k

Stock, McClean Spring Grove

Swartz, Samuel .V.'.Daiiastown, R. D. 1

Tarbert, D. F y^^^^ r p, 9

Weaver & Leas .York

Weber, G. G........ ..Z York, «• ^- »

Wernig, Chas. M ^ Hellam, R. D, 1

Winters, M. L --- -^g ^. ^^^^^^^ gf

Zeigler, J. A. C '

Report of the President

We are buving cooperatively and saved our members

V. ; ^Qnnno We had a fruit growers auto trip last summer

S aLS coLv and,^^^ fruit growers of Adams county

r^Rdp r Sction of the various spraying demonstrations.

We had no f'ri^lt sh^ the past year but expect to have one

this year. ^ p kibbler, President.

«

WAYNE COUNTY PROTT GROWERS ASSOCIATION

omcEBS ^

, . Waymart

President, Bert S. Hull ^ Honesdale

First Vice-Pres., W. H. Bullock Honesdale

Second rice-Pi\&8., Homer Bonear - ■ - ' ^ Honesdale, R. 4

Secretary, T. H. Olver . geach Lake

Treasurer, Amasa Keyes

MEIVIBERS a 1 w q

^ , Honesdale, K. 6

Avery, Fred ...Honesdale

Bonear, Homer Honesdale

Bullock, W. H ;; Waymart, R. 2

Emery, Harvey ^ SeelyviUe

^^\ ^wniV^m ;:::::::Honesdaie, star Route

Hicks, William Waymart

Hull, Bert S '3^^^,^, L^ke

Keyes, Amasa .".".".Honesdale, R. 2

JJ,""*''^ ^« "'P VZlHonesdale, E. 4

Olver, T. H. - ..Honesdale

Pohle, W. C.. ; _ starling

Simons, B. B.... Honesdale

Stepnena, J. A

Report of Annual Meeting

The annual meeting of the Wayne County Fruit Growers'
Association was held in Honesdale. Thursday March 8 1923
The principal speakers were Dr. S. W. Fletcher and Paul
Thayer, both of Pennsylvania State College.

The following program of work was decided upon .

Ist To rpo^or a demonstration orchard, supervised by

^•^^ %rVA :^t'a bSng Srd spray rings as a means

°^ ^ld''E'*ndS°work of apple marketing committee of six.
Planf of S clmTttec include a central packing house for

"°"Ttf %'fSommend five standard varieties for f^ure
planting in the county, as follows : Baldwin, Spy, Stayman,
'''''"tTcs; tr the program of endeavor^or^the^com^^gjear.

OTHER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES

There are several other county societies not yet affiliated
with the State Association. Among these are:
Perry County Horticultural Society

ren^f vuu j New Bloomfteld, E. D. 1

President, Daniel Eici • • " . ^^^ Bloomnelo

Secretary, L. T. Eothbock - ' " ' jj^nrtv

Lackawanna County HorUcultural Society ^^^^^^

President, WM. H. PECK • '. ,' , a^^ieiv

Wyonring County Horticultural Society ^^^^^^^

President, F. H. Fassett . - - - -

— 183 —

— 182 —

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF COUNTY
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

New County Horticultural Societies are being consideTcd
and requests come for sample constitutions and by-laws. The
following may be of service :

Constitution

Article I. — Name. This organization shall be known as
the Franklin County Horticultural Society.

Article H. — Object. The object of the society shall be to
encourage the cooperation of the Fruit Growers of Franklin
County for the protection and advancement of their common
interests,

1st —By securing and disseminating such scientific and
practical information as shall promote the general advancement
of the fruit growing interests of this county and shall tend
to the improvement of the quality and quantity of our pro-
ducts.

2d — By securing such improved facilities in transporta-
tion as shall tend to give us more expeditious and economical
distribution.

3d —By devising a plan of advertising and marketing
which will develop and increase the demand for Franklin
County fruit, and promote closer relations between grower
and market.

4th — And by endeavoring to obtain such improved sys-
tem of crop reporting as shall furnish, through cooperation
mth other and similar societies and associations accurate
information concerning production thereby enabling the fruit
grower to know the exact situation.

Article HI. — Membership. Any person may become a
member of this society by making application and paying the
sum of Two Dollars ($2.00) which is deemed the annual dues
for the current year.

Article IV — The annual dues of this society shall be Two
Dollars ($2.00) payable to the Secretary at the January or
annual meeting, for which the Secretary shall issue a receipt,
which will constitute a certificate of membership for the suc-
ceeding year. One dollar of the amount of dues paid by each
member shall be appropriated to secure membership m the
State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania.

Article V. — Officers. The officers of this society shall con-
sist of a President, one Vice President, a Secretary, an Assis-
tant Secretary, a Treasurer and an Executive Committee of
five members, consisting of the President, Secretary, and three

— 184 —

other members, all of whom shall be elected at the annual
meeting for the term of one year or until their successors are
chosen. ^-

Article VI. Quorum. Seven members shall constitute

a quorum for the transaction of business.

Article VII —Amendments. The constitution and by-
laws of the society may be amended at any regular meeting
by a two thirds vote of the members present, a notice ot tne
proposed amendment having been presented m writing at a
previous meeting.

By-Laws

Article I —Duties of the President. The President shall
preside at all meetings of the society and have general super-
vision of its affairs.

Article II. — Duties of the Vice President. The Vice Pres-
ident shall preside at any meeting in the absence of the Fres-
ident, and may act on the Executive Committee m the case of
the President's absence.

Article III. — Duties of the Secretary. The Secretary shall
keep true and accurate minutes of each meeting of the society
and have charge of its records and reports, ^e ^^^"J^^^^^^^
the minutes after their approval in a record book provided
for that purpose.

He shall collect all dues from the members of the society,
turning the same over to the Treasurer, taking ^f .^^««^?^;^^
same, and shall perform such other duties as shall be assigned
to him by the Executive Committee.

Article IV —Duties of the Assistant Secretary. The As-
sistant Secretary shall have charge of the Secretary s work at
the meetings in the absence of the Secretary.

Article V — Duties of the Treasurer. The Treasurer shall
receive and keep an accurate account of all f^^^^^^^^^l^J^^^V^!
to the society, paying out the same only on order ot the
society sTgned by the President and Secretary. He shall make
a Report of receipts and disbursements at the annual meeting,
or at any time at the request of the society.

Article VI. - Duties of the Executive Committee. The
Executive Committee shall have genera supervision of the
affairs of the society, auditing all bills and accounts jnd ^^^^^^^^^^
inc out the purpose of the society. They shall prepare the
program for'^eadi meeting. They shall fill vacancies which
may occur during the year.

Article VII — Meetings. There shall be a regular meet-
ing of the society on the second Tuesday of January, Apnl,
July and November, at 1:30 P. M. unless other^vise ordered
by the Executive Committee.

— 185 —

The January meeting shall be the annual meeting.

Special meetings may be convened by the Executive Com-
mittee at such times as they may appoint. The place of meet-
Sg shall be arranged for by the Executive Committee.

Article VIII. — Installation of Officers. All new ofdcers
shall ^sume the duties of office at the opening of the meeting
iZediately following the one at which they were elected.

Article IX. - Order of Business. Meeting «a"?d to order
BPftdinc of the minutes of the previous meetmg. Nomination
Jf officers January meeting. Election of ofBcers, January
meettog Report of Committees. Deferred Business. Commu-
Scations New business. Discussion and addresses.

SPBAYINO SCHEDULES FOE FEUIT
BT H. E. HODOKIS8 and 0. R. OETON, State OoUeg*

Spraying Directions

TIME AKS Bl&miEB

Delayed Dormant. This is the first spray on apples, pears
and cherries. Peaches must be sprayed while the buds are
fuUy dormant to control leaf curl. Use a rather coarse drench-
ing spra^ aiming to wet the ends of the buds as the lice are
in those places.

Blossom Pink. This is the important spray for scab on the
stems of the young blossoms. Unless this is applied large num-
ber^o? young apples are likely to drop and -^r'to'Sth:
it may result in the loss of the entire crop. Aim to hit the
blossom stems and leaves.

Petal Fall. The important spray for codling-moth and the
first red-bug spray. Use a drenching spray to hit the rea-
bues hiding in the terminal leaves and blossom clusters. Should
belpplied^efore the calyx closes in order to get the poison
inside the calyx cup for codling-moth.

Cluster Apple. The second red-bug spray and important
for diseases. Other sprays than lime-sulphur will russet the
fruits at this time. Apply a rather drenching spray for red-
bugs. Be careful not to drive the spray in one place too long
or burning may result.

Midsummer. Important for fungous diseases on all fruits,
codling-moth and late-feeding insects on apples.

Methods and Materials. Use 225 to 250 pounds pressure,
with a spray gun. Be sure the engine has power enough to
do the work. At least 21/2 horse-power is necessary and a
larger engine is advisable.

— 186 —

APPLES

Period for spraying Materials for 100 gallons I>i-as^e,_^and Jnseets

01 spray. __________^

Delayed dormant

Lime-Sulphur to test 1.03
Sp. G.; Black Leaf 40
% pint; Arsenate of lead
powder, 3 pounds.

San Jose, Oyster Shell
and Scurfy Scales, Rosy
Apple Aphis, Bud Moths,
Leaf-rollers.

When leaves of
blossom buds are
out Vi io % inch.

Blossom Pink

Lime - Sulphur to test
1.008 Sp. G.; Arsenate of
lead powder, 3 pounds.

Apple Scab, Frog-Eye,
Bud Moths, Leaf-rollers,
Curculio.

When blossoms
show pink. At the
separation of the
cluster buds.

Petal Fall

Lime -Sulphur to test
1.008 Sp. G.; Black Leaf
40 1 pint; Arsenate of
lead powder, 3 pounds.

Apple Scab, Frog Eye,
Codling Moth, Red Bug,
Curculio.

When % of the
petals have fallen.

Cluster Apple

Repeat "Petal Fall"
spray, or substitute Bor-
deaux 3-4-50 for Blotch.^

Apple Blotch, Scab, Frog-
Eye, Red Bug, Curcuho,
Apple Maggot.

Ten days to two
weeks later, or
when the young
apples are the size
of hazel-nuts.

Mid-summer

Lime - Sulphur to test
1.008 Sp. G.; Arsenate of
lead powder 3 pounds.
Substitute Bordeaux for
Blotch and Bitter Rot.

Fruit Spot, Sooty Fim-
eus, Apple Blotch, Bitter
Rot, Codling Moth, Cur-
culio, late apple wonne.

La:e in July or

early in August. — . — -~

— ^iTBlotch and Bitter Rot are P-«\-\^,°,,rtlTcL^s^er'i^'p?e t^y.
be made using Bordeaux Mixture two weeks after the cluster app f

— 187 —

PEACHES

Period for spraying Materials for 100 gallons

of spray.

Diseases and Insects
CJontroUed.

Dormant

Before buds begin
to swell in winter
or spring.

Calyx Drop

When shucks are
dropping.

Lime - Sulphur to
1.03 8p. G.

test

Leaf Curl,
Scale.

San Jose

Self -boiled Lime-Sulphur,
Arsenate of lead powder
2 pounds.

Scab, Brown Bot, Cur-
eulio.

Self -boiled Lime-Sulphur,
Arsenate of lead powder
2 pounds.

Scab, Brown Rot, Cur-
culio.

Two or three weeks
later.

Self -boiled Lime-Sulphur. Brown Bot.

Pour or five weeks
before fruit ripens.

— 188

PEABS

Period for spraying ^^^^"^Jf/^^^p^l^'^^^ ^^""°'

Lime - Sulphur to test
1.03 Sp. G.

Diseases and Insects
Controlled.

Cluster Bud

Scab, Black Spot, Scale,
Psylla eggs.

When blossom buds
separate in the
cluster.

Petal Fall

Just after petals
are fallen.

Cluster Pear

Lime - Sulphur to test
1.008 Sp. G.; Arsenate of
lead powder 3 pounds;
Black Leaf 40 1 pint; or
if Psylla nymphs are
abundant make a sepa-
rate application of the
nicotine and 4 pounds
of dissolved soap.

Scab, Black Spot, Leaf
Spot, Codling Moth,
Psylla nymphs.

Lime - Sulphur to test
1.008 Sp. G.; Arsenate of
lead powder, 3 pounds.

Scab, Black Spot, Leaf
Spot.

Two weeks after
petal fall.

Lime 30-00 pounds. Cop-
per sulphate 2 pounas.
Black Leaf 40 1 pint,
water 100 gallons.

Summer brood of Psylla.

Emergency Spray

For Psylla nymphs.
Apply when infes-
tation is serious
during summer. ■ '

need be applied.

— 189 —

Period for spraying

Delayed Dormant

When green ends
of blossom buds
show.

Petal Fall

When petals fall.
Calyx Drop

CHERRIES

Materials for 100 gallons
of spray.

Diseases and Insects
ControUetl

Lime ■ Sulphur to test
1.03 Sp. G.; Black Leaf
40 1 pint

or
Black Leaf 40 1 pint.,
soap 4 — 5 pounds.
(Sweet cherries only).

Scale, Aphis.

Aphis.

Self -boiled Lime-Sulphur,
Arsenate of lead powder
2% pounds.

Leaf Spot, Brown Rot,
Curculio.

Self -boiled Lime-Sulphur,
Arsenate of lead powder
2% pounds.

Leaf Spot, Brown Rot,
Curculio.

When shucks are
dropped

Fruit

Self -boiled Lime- Sulphur,
Arsenate of lead powder
2% pounds.

Leaf Spot, Brown Rot,
Fruit Fly.

Just before cher-
ries turn red.

After picking.

Self -boiled Lime-Sulphur,
Arsenate of lead powder
1 - 2 pounds.

Leaf Spot, Cherry Slug.

PLUMB

;— JT^raying Material for 100 gallons ^'^^^^^^^^^

Dormant

Lime - Sulphur to test San Jose Scale.
1.03 Sp. G.

While buds
dormant.

are

Calyx Drop

Self -boiled Lime-Sulphur,
Arsenate of lead powder
2% pounds.

Brown Rot, Leaf Spot,
Curculio.

When shucks are
dropped*.

Self -boiled Lime-Sulphur. Brown Rot, Leaf Spot.

Ten to twenty days
later.

Self boiled Lime-Sulphur. Brown Eot, Leaf Spot.

Before fruit ripens. T^J^je to

^^i^;r^r^\io is .«»»l».f.„'rto'tWs''TXa«orWs tpray should

rials.

•I

— 191 —

— 190 —

GRAPES

Period for spraying Materials for 100 gallons Diseases and Insects

of spray. Controlled.

Just before buds Bordeaux Mixture 8-8- Anthracnose, Flea Bee-
open. 100, Arsenate of lead ties, Powdery Mildew,

powder 1^^ pounds. Dead Arm.

jil^efore bloom- Bordeaux Mixture 8-8- Downy Mildew, Pow-

j^g 100. dery Mildew, Black Rot,

**■ Anthracnose.

Just after fruit Bordeaux Mixture 8-8- Rots, Berry Moth,
has set. 100, Arsenate of lead

powder 3 pounds. Resin

fish oil soap 3 pounds.

About ten days Bordeaux Mixture 8-8- Rots, Root Worm,
later. 100.

In about two Bordeaux Mixture 8-8- Rots, Root Worm,

weeks. 100.

When most nymphs Bordeaux Mixture 8-8- Leaf -hoppers,

are present (July 100, Black Leaf 40 ^

10 - 15). pint.

When beetles are
present.

Lead arsenate powder 2
pounds, cheap molasses
2 gallons.

Rose Chafer.

— 192 —

HOME-MADE LIMESULPHUE CONCBNTEATE

Quicklime (freshly burnt, 90% or over CaO) 45 lbs.

Sulphur (powdered commercial) ^" "^»^

Water to make - - ^

Place Dart of the water in cooker and start fire or steam.
Add^^e^rdl^lphur. preferably f ting the later - jf W
After slaking is well started, add remainder ot water grau
ifu? but aT soon as possible without unduly ^STurSg
hnilin^ Keen volume at or above the 60-gallon marK a^rm^
as much ofVe cooking as possible Stir vigorously durmg
fhp onokine to keep sulphur pellets broken up. Mild or moa
r^boZg usually gives better -uHs than -^stlvS S
The cooking is finished when the sulphur is f " <^'^^<'';^,^^^

trouble in any ordinary spraying. « ^""^^ ^ ^^en the
through the concentrate in which it was Pro^^eea, w

made for washing or otherwise separating the gooa so

DILUTINO LIMB.SULPHUE OONCiUlTRATB
HYDBOMETEB TEST

— 193 —

be tested. When the strength of the concentrate is known,
(a thing necessary for accuracy and safety), divide the decimal
of the concentrate by the decimal of the desired spray. For
example, if the concentrate shows a density of 1.24 and we
are spraying for scab in the Blossom Pink, which requires
a spray of a density of 1.008, divide the .24 by .008 which
gives the quotient of 30. This is the total number of volumes
to which the concentrate 1.24 is to be diluted, and for practi-
cal purposes dilute at the rate of 1 to 30. Other dilutions are
figured in the same manner.

If dry lime-sulphur is preferred, more than the manufac-
turers usually recommend should be used. If the manufacturers
recommend 12^ pounds of the dry lime-sulphur to 50 gallons
of water, about one-third more should be used in order to
obtain results equal to the liquid material, in the control of
San Jose scale, when diluted to 1.03. Every gallon of the
diluted spray solution should contain 4.75 ounces of sulphur in
order to be effective against the San Jose scale.

SELF-BOILED LIME-SULPHUB

This material should not be confused with the regular
lime-sulphur solution produced by definite cooking or heating
from outside sources. Self-boiled lime-sulphur is essentially
a mixture of lime and sulphur, with a very slight development
of sulphur solution, and the only heat used is that developed
by the slaking lime. It is a very mild fungicide, for use chiefly
on the peach and the more tender varieties of plums during the
growing season.

Quicklime (freshly burnt, 90% or over CaO) 8 lbs.

Sulphur - - — 8 lbs.

Water to make — — 50 gals.

Any other amounts, up to 200-gallon quantities, may be
made at one time without reduction in quality. The lime is
placed in a barrel and just enough water is added to start
slaking properly. As soon as the slaking is well started, stir
in the sulphur, sifting it if necessary to break up lumps, and
adding more water as needed to render the mixture easily
stirred. Continue actively stirring until slaking is complete.
Allow it to stand until the reddish sulphids begin to appear;
then dilute it at once to the full volume and use immediately,
or at least add enough water to cool the mixture and thus
check all further chemical action. This last mixture may
then be diluted and used before any red colors appear.

The diluted material should be strained through a coarse
sieve — about 20 meshes to the inch — to remove lumps in the
lime, and kept thoroughly agitated during the spraying. Large,
coarse disk nozzles and plenty of pressure are advisable in
applying this spray.

— 194 —

DRY-MIX UME-SULPHUE
This is the new spray that is likely to displace self-boiled
lime-sulphur for the summer spraying of peaches, plums ana

cherries. Formula: . ,, u j +«/i Kr«o

8 lbs. Superfine sulphur 4 lbs. hydrated lime

1/2 lb. calcium caseinate (Any casein spreader).
These are mixed together dry and used m 50 gallons of

water. Powdered arsenate of lead is added to the mixture

at the usual strength, either before or after it is put into the

spray tank. BORDEAUX MIXTURE

Copper sulphate (bluestone) - .- -^■-;- 8 lbs.

Quicklime (freshly burnt, 90% or over CaO) 8 lbs

Water to make - -.-- -- - .-- --. ^^ ^ V.nm

This material may be prepared either directly or from
-stock solutions". In the former case dissolve the ^<>PP;j
sulDhate in 4 or 6 gallons of water, and slake the lime care-
fuUy in rseparate%essel with only enough water to avoid
eHher caking'^or ^drowning". Then dilute each of the mate,
rials to one-half the volume of spray to be made - 50 gallons
each in the present case -and pour them together at the
same time into strainer or barrel, or pour the diluted lime into

diluted sulphate solution. j- * ♦« i,oi* tViA

If it is impracticable to dilute each ingredient to half the
total volume, then dilute the copper sulphate solution to about
% of this volume in the spray tank, and strain the m^k of
Ume into it with as much dilution as practicable. Stir the
mixture thoroughly and add water to make the required vol-
^e Never pour the ingredients together before diluting
at least one ofVm, and it is preferable to dilute both Us^
only wooden or earthen vessels in making this ^^terial as
iron and similar vessels are seriously corroded by it. ihe
irct'cfde should them be added and the mixture should be
used at once, as it deteriorates on standing, and the fresh
preparation is always the most efficient.

For extensive spraying, stock dilutions of the two mgre-

dients may be made as follows.: n«ii«<,«^

(From Extension Circular 94, Penna. State CoUege)

Place two fifty-gallon barrels close to the water suppl^^
Save all the time and labor possible in handling the water. This
itLmost difficult part of spraying ^-^1^ burkp sack
ffuess 50 pounds of copper sulphate m a clean burlap sacK
fnd fasten as near to the top of one of the barrels as possible
bf drawing 4e top of the sack over the edge of the barrel and
ndllrgTfhere. As near to the top of the barrel as possible
ic Tint fl foot or two down in the barrel. . ca

raty Po^ds of copper sulphate will not dissolve m 50
Mllons of water unless the copper sulphate is kept near the
f™ of the water. Next, fill the barrel with water The above
opwation s^f,^d be done at least several hours before one is

— 195 —

ready to spray in order to allow time for the copper sulphate
to dissolve. The evening before is preferable. When the cop-
I>er sulphate is dissolved, there will be 50 pounds of copper
sulphate in solution in 50 gallons of water, or one pound per
gallon. This is the proportion that should be constantly re-
tained. In this form it will keep all summer; merely add
enough water to allow for the evaporation which takes place
between sprayings.

Slaking the Lime. In spraying more difficulty is exper-
ienced from improperly slaked lime than from all other causes.
First, weigh up 50 pounds of good stone lime and put it into
the other fifty-gallon barrel. Have a fairly heavy piece of
seasoned hickory or other hard wood, at least five feet long
and sharpened at one end, for stirring. Nothing is worse to
clog nozzles than the fiber which invariably comes off soft
wood when used for this purpose. Second, sprinkle or splash
the water on the lime slowly until the pieces begin to break.
Then add the water just rapidly enough to prevent the forma^
tion of dust. Stir enough to prevent the caking of the lime
on the bottom of the barrel. After the violent boiling is over,
the material should have the consistency of mush. This plastic
condition is a critical stage in the slaking of lime.

The lime in this form should be stirred from one side to
the other until it is as smooth as butter. Now fill the barrel
with water and stir until all the pasty mass has completely
disintegrated. The barrel now contains 50 pounds of stone
lime in 50 gallons of water, or one pound per gallon. Like
the copper sulphate solution the lime in this form will keep all
summer; merely add sufficient water to replace what evapo-
rates between sprayings. These operations may seem long
and tedious but, when a good grade of stone lime is used, the
entire operation will not require more than 30 minutes. These
two stock solutions will flow like water and will not clog the
nozzles if the above precautions are used. The two barrels
will contain enough stock solution to make 625 gallons of Bor-
deaux mixture.

PEACH TREE-BORER CONTROL

H. E. HODGKISS, SUte College

During the last two or three years there has been
developed a new and efficient remedy for peach borers. This
is obtained through a chemical known as Para-dichlorobenzene,
which is applied in a ring around the trees.

Para-dichlorobenzene is a crystaline product, which pro-
duces a gas heavier than air. It is very toxic to insects, but
does not appear to be harmful to man in handling it. It is
rather volatile at ordinary temperatures, but is insoluble in
water. These factors make it an extremely desirable fumigant.

Time for Treatment — For trees six years and older treat-
ments are made preferably about September 10th to Septem-

— 196 —

ber 30th. Material applied as late as October 15th has caused
no injury to peaches in New Jersey. In the southern counties
applications as late as October 15th will be more efficient.

Trees three to five years old may be safely treated if the
Para-dichlorobenzene is removed within 14 days. Prolonged
treatments to young trees may result in serious injuries.

Dosage — Use 1/2 to % of an ounce of the chemical to

each tree. ^ ^ .« ♦u^

Cost — This averages about 3 or 4 cents per tree for tne

maximum dosage including labor and materials.

Method of Application — Remove all weeds and stones
from around the trees, cover any roots which may be showing
above the ground, and if the sawdust from the borers, or the
gum caused by the borers at the base of the trees is above the
surface of the ground, bank earth up to and covering the gum
Before making this bank, the soil around the trees should be
scraped to break the crust, but not to make the earth too
loose. After leveling the surface to the bank place a nng
of Para-dichlorobenzene about two inches from the trunk m
a band about one inch wide. The material should not be
placed nearer the tree than one inch, otherwise harm will
result. It should not come m contact with any part of the
tree After the material has been placed around the tree,
cover it with soil to a small depth, not too great, and bank
this up to the tree, taking care not to throw the soil on so
heavily that the chemical will be forced against the tree Pat
tht dJwn lightly to compact the earth, which will complet^^^
oneration This may stay for several weeks, but should be
re'Tved before cold weather sets in in the fall to prevent any
poTsibility of the material which has not become dissolved
injuring the tree during winter.

HOWIE-MADE NICOTINE SPRAYS
(From Fanners' Bui. 908, U. S. Dept. Agr.)
Tobacco decoctions may be prepared readily at home and,
although varying somewhat in strength, will give as satisfac-
tory resulls as the commercial products unless used too weak
The Tracticabil ty of making the nicotine sprays will depend
Ihiefiruton the'^availability and cost of the refuse tobacca
Tobacco stems, sweepings, and damaged tobacco are the m st
economical for this purpose and the dark types of tobacco
n^nJto their relatively high nicotine content, are preferable
rflhtcolor^^^^^^^^ If a desirable type of refuse tobacco

can be purchased for $20 or less per ton, the fruit grower can
mTke nicotine sprays at a cost of about 1 cent per gal on, oxclu-
Sve oriabor! The first cost of the tobacco waste is reduced

by about one-half, since, after the r^^'^r '^^,,'''^^^

the tobacco still has a fertlizer value of about $10 per ton.

The amount of refuse tobacco necessary to give a spray
containing 0.05 or 0.06 per cent of nicotme (the strength of

— 197 —

H

the diluted spray) Avill vary considerably as will be noted in
the following table adapted from Bull. 208 of the Virginia
Agricultural Experiment Station.

Formula for Making Nicotine Extracts

Kind of tobacco

Light stems.

It

Sweepings

N. L. Orinoco

Olive _.

Light

Sweepings

Smoker

Wrapper

Cutter ,

Dark-

N. L. Orinoco

Medium smoker.
Common smoker.

Prom —

Richmond, Va.
Danville, Va....

u

Appomattox, Va.

Powhatan, Va

Danville, Va

Louisville, Ky

Chatham, Va

«

Appomattox, Va

Bowling Green, Va.
Chatham, Va

«

Nicotine

Per cent

0.481

.609

.884

5.535

3.367

2.984

.753

2.306

3.05

3.466

2.835

5.629

3.766

2.47

Number of pounds
per 100 gallons neces*
sary to make solutions
containing different
percentages of nicotine

0.06 p. ct,
145
110

74

12V4

19%
22
91
28%

21%
19
23 lA

11%
17%
26

0.05 p. ct
121
91
62
10%
16%
18
85

23%
18
15

19%
10

14%
21%

Since it is impracticable for the fruit grower to have the
refuse tobacco chemically analyzed, he should approximate the
class to which it belongs and use according to the foregoing
table. The chief danger lies in making the solution too weak.
If made stronger than necessary, no damage to the plant will
result.

Methods of Making. One of the most convenient as well
as satisfactory methods of making nicotine sprays on the farm
is by simply soaking the tobacco in the full quantity of water,
with occasional stirrings, for a period of 24 hours. About 70
to 80 per cent of the nicotine will be extracted. After strain-
ing the tobacco solution to remove the particles of leaves and
stems, it is ready for use.

The tobacco spray may also be made in a lime-sulphur
plant equipped with steam. Place the proper amount of
tobacco and water in the cooker and release the steam, and,
as soon as the water reaches the boiling point, shut off the
steam. As soon as the solution has cooled, it is ready to use.
By this method about the same percentage of nicotine is
extracted as by the soaking process. The solution should
never be boiled, as the nicotine is volatile.

Nicotine sprays should not be made up until they are to
be used, since fermentation begins ^dthin two or three days,
perhaps spoiling them for spraying purposes.

The home-made nicotine solutions, when prepared as above
at the strength indicated, will give control of most aphida.
But as a matter of precaution it will be advisable to observe
the effect of the spray upon the insects, and, if not effective,
to strengthen it.

— 198 —

STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OP

PENNSYLVANIA**

MEMBERSHIP LIST

Name
Adair, Frank
^Adarns, W. 8.
Albinger, A. D
Aldrich, H. C.
Alexander, W. M. & Son
Alburn, James N.
Allen, H. Q.
Allison, Herbert
Amberson, P. M.
Anderson, H. M.
•Anderson, H. W.
Anderson, Ralph W.
Anthony, R. D.
*Anwyll, Harry L.
Arner, Austin
Arner, P. S.
Arnold, A. F.
Asper, D. C.
•Atkinson, D. W.
Atkinson, R. E.
Atwater, C. G.

*Atwater, Richard M.

Auchey, Claude

Auton, C. S.

Avery, Fred

Badesberger, W. P.

Baggs, William H.

Baird, A. T.

Balthaser, James M.

Baltzley, C. 8.

Baltzley, S. Luther

•Banzhaf, W. H.

Barbour, Beattie

Barkdoll, A. E.

Barker, Herbert C

•Barlow, Thomas W.

Barnard, C. P.

Barr, Frank 8.

Barr, I. C.

Barr, J. C.

Barr, James J.

Post Office
Landisburg
Aspers
Bustleton
Allentown
Dry Run
Erie, R. 3
New Park
Shippensburg, R. D.
Waynesboro
New Park
Stewartstown
Fawn Grove
State College
Harrisburg
New Ringold, R. 1
Arendtsville
Beaver Falls, R. D.
Asper

Wrightstown

Wrightstown

40 Rector St., New York City

Chadds Ford

Hanover, R. 3

Pottsgrove

Honesdale, R. 3

Bridgevilie, R. 2

2100 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh

Lock Haven

Wernersville

Orrtanna

Orrtanna

Muncy

Shippensburg

Smithburg,, R. 3, Md.

West Chester

Fort Washington

North Brook

Narvon

Greencastle, R. 2

Greencastle
Narvon

N

County

Perry
Adams
Philadelphia
Lehigh
Franklin
Erie
York
Cumberland
Franklin
York
York
Y^ork
Center
Dauphin
Schuvlkill
Adams
Beaver
Adams
Bucks
Bucks

Chester

Y'ork

orthumborland

Wayne

Allegheny

Allegheny

Clinton

Berks

Adams

Adams

Lycoming

Cumberland

Chester

Montgomery

Chcstor

Lancaster

Franklin

Franklin

Lancaster

* Life Members
** I
the Serre.-... «- — . - , j • ir.oA

are not received will be dropped in 1024

^i^fl ""r.""„ °.' *f i'r ^^^'""^-ir^^o^ ^^^^'^^

— 215 —

C^.V

the diluted spray) will vary considerably as will be noted in
the following table adapted from Bull. 208 of the Virginia
Agricultural Experiment Station.

Formula for Making Nicotine Extracts

Kind of tobacco

Light stems.

Sweepings

N. L. Orinoco

Olive _

Light

Sweepings

Smoker ,

Wrapper

Cutter

Dark

N. L. Orinoco

Medium smoker.
Common smoker.

From —

Richmond, Va

Per cent
0.481

Danville. Va

.609

ii

.884

Appomattox, Va

Powhatan. Va

5.535
3.367

Danville. Va.

2.984

Louisville, Ky

.753

Chatham. Va.

2.306

«

3.05

«

3.466

Appomattox, Va

Bowling Green, Va....
Chatham, Va

2.835
5.629
3.766

u

2.47

Nicotine

Number of poundB
per 100 gallons neces-
sary to make solutions
containing different
percentages of nicotine

Since it is impracticable for the fruit grower to have the
refuse tobacco chemically analyzed, he should approximate the
class to which it belongs and use according to the foregoing
table. The chief danger lies in making the solution too weak.
If made stronger than necessary, no damage to the plant will
result.

Methods of Making. One of the most convenient as well
as satisfactory methods of making nicotine sprays on the farm
is by simply soaking the tobacco in the full quantity of water,
with occasional stirrings, for a period of 24 hours. About 70
to 80 per cent of the nicotine will be extracted. After strain-
ing the tobacco solution to remove the particles of leaves and
stems, it is ready for use.

The tobacco spray may also be made in a lime-sulphur
plant equipped with steam. Place the proper amount of
tobacco and water in the cooker and release the steam, and,
as soon as the water reaches the boiling point, shut off the
steam. As soon as the solution has cooled, it is ready to use.
By this method about the same percentage of nicotine is
extracted as by the soaking process. The solution should
never be boiled, as the nicotine is volatile.

Nicotine sprays should not be made up until they are to
be used, since fermentation begins within two or three days,
perhaps spoiling them for spraying purposes.

The home-made nicotine solutions, when prepared as above
at the strength indicated, will give control of most aphida
But as a matter of precaution it will be advisable to observe
the effect of the spray upon the insects, and, if not effective,
to strengthen it.

— 198 —

STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF

PENNSYLVANIA**

S

MEMBERSHIP LIST

Name
Adair, Frank
*Adam8, W. S.
Albinger, A. D
Aldrich, H. C.
Alexander, W. M. & Son
Alburn, James N.
Allen, H. Q.
Allison, Herbert
Amberson, P. M.
Anderson, H. M.
*Anderson, H. W.
Anderson, Ralph W.
Anthony, R. D.
*Anwyll, Harry L.
Arner, Austin
Arner, P. S.
Arnold, A. F.
Asper, D. C.
*Atkinson, D. W.
Atkinson, R. E.
Atwater, C. G.
*Atwater, Richard M.
Auchey, Claude
Auton, C. S.
Avery, Fred

Badesberger, W. P.

Baggs, William H.

Baird, A. T,

Balthaser, James M.

Baltzley, C. 8.

Baltzley, S. Luther

*Banzhaf, W. H.

Barbour, Beattie

Barkdoll, A. E.

Barker, Herbert C.

•Barlow, Thomas W.

Barnard, C. P.

Barr, Frank 8.

Barr, I. C.

Barr, J. C.

Barr, James J.

Post Office

Landisburg

Aspers

Bustleton

Allentown

Dry Run

Erie, R. 3

New Park

Shippensburg, R. D.

Waynesboro

New Park

Stewartstown

Fawn Grove

State College

Harrisburg

New Ringold, R. 1

Arendtsville

Beaver Falls, R. D.

Asper

Wright stown

Wrightstown

40 Rector St., New York City

Chadds Ford

Hanover, R. 3

Pottsgrove

Honesdale, R. 3

Bridgeville, R. 2

2100 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh

Lock Haven

Wernersville

Orrtanna

Orrtanna

Muncy

Shippensburg

Smithburg,, R. 3, Md.

West Chester

Fort Washington

North Brook

Narvon

Greencastle, R. 2

Greencastle

Narvon

N

County
Perry
Adams
Philadelphia
Lehigh.
Franklin
Erie
York
Cumberland
Franklin
York
York
York
Center
Dauphin
Sehuvlkill
Adams
Beaver
Adams
Bucks
Bucks

Chester

Y'ork

orthumborland

Wayne

Alleshony

Allegheny

Clinton

Berks

Adams

Adams

Lycoming

Cumberland

Chester
MontgonuTv

('hcstor

Lancaster

Franklin

Franklin

LaiK-astor

• Lif. Men,ber^^^^^ ^^ ^^^,^_^^^ Hortieul.ur.l Soci«i«. . Ple.-,"°<;li;

♦* Including m

the Secretary of any errors in name or address,
are not received will be dropped in 1«.»..4.

Those from whom the 1923 due*

21.") —

.IRREGULAR PAGlNrATION

Name
*Bartrain, Frank N.
*Bartram, G. Maurice
*Bartram, George
Basehoar, Dr. C. S.
*Baugher, George L.
♦Baugher, H. G.
Baugher, Ira
Bear, Arthur B.
Bear, Jacob B.
Bear, Jno. W.
Beaufort Farms
Beaver, James
Beaver, James
Beaverson, E. S.
Bechtel, J. R.
Deck, C. F.
Bedell, G. H.
*Bell, R. H.
Bell, Kussell
Benedict, F. W.
Benedict, H. M.
Benner, B. E.
Benner, H. G.
Benner, R. E.
*Bennett, Eugene B.
Benson, B. J.
Berry, Dr. E. S.
Bikle, Philip M.
Bingham, A. H.
Bingham, W. O.
Bird, Anna W.
Bittinger, C. H.
Bixler, E. Stanley
*Blaine, George W.
*Blair, Charles P.
Blair, T. W.
•Blessing, David H.
Boak, J. A.
Bock. W. H.
Boldorberger, W. P.
♦Bolr«. McClellan T.
Bollinger, Jacob M.
Bolton, W, P, & Son
*Boltz, Peter R.
Bonear, Homer
Borry, E. E.
Borry, Moses

Post Office

Kennett Square

West Chester

West Chester

Carlisle

Aspers

Aspere

Aspers

York, R. 10

York, R. 10

York, R. 10

Harrisburg

Mifflinburg

Harrisburg

York, R. 7

Grand Ka[»i<l> Giuali.> A-. Gr.,

York, R. 9

e-o Natl, stiickn.au &' Faru.« i,

State College

West Middlesex

Waynesboro, R. 1

Waynesboro, R. 1

Virginia Mills

Coopersburg

Iron Springs

Easton, R. 3

New Castle, R. 8

Shippensburg

Chambersburg

St. Thomas

St. Thomas

Brandywine Summit

Hanover, R. 6

Northeast

126 S. 3d St., Easton

Monaca

New Castle. R. 4

4 N. Court St.,

New Castle, R.

Crafton, R. 8

Bridgeville

Hanlin Station

Lititz, R. 1

Holtwood

Lebanon, R. 3

Honcsdalo

Stevons, R, 2

Sto\ens, R. 2

Harrisburg

County

Chester

Chester

Chester

Cumberland

Adams

Adams

Adams

York

York

York

Dauphin

Union

Dauphin

York

Rapids, ISIiidi.

York

L»gh., Alleghy.

Center

Lawrence

Franklin

Franklin

Adams

Lehigh

Adams

Northanii)t(ui

Lawrence

Cumbcrlanfl

Franklin

Franklin

Franklin

Delaware

Adams

Xorthampton

Eric

Beaver

Lawrence

Dauphin

Lawrence

Allegheny

Allegheny

Washington

Lancaster

Lancaster

Lebanon

Wayne

Lancaster

Lancaster

* Life Memb^M

Name

Post Office

County

Borry, Paul B.

Pequea

Lancaster

Bowers, E. C.

Elysburg Northumberland

Bowers, William T.

Dawson

Fayette

Bowker Insecticide Co.

M. D. Leonard, 49 Chambers St.,

New York

Bowman, A. G.

Palmyra

Lebanon

Bowman, John H.

Lebanon, R. 3

Lebanon

'

Boyd, Guy H.

435 Park St., York

York

Boyd, J. H.

461 E. Washington St., New Castle

Lawrence

Boyd, Stephen Q.

York, R. 6

York

Boyor, Geo. E.

Arendtsville

Adams

*Boyer, John F.

Middleburg

Snyder

Boyer, W. W.

Arendtsville

Adams

Brandt, Emory W.

York, Box 666

York

Bream, D. M.

Chambersburg

Franklin

Bream, H. J.

Aspers

Adams

Bream, Samuel

Biglerville

Adams

Bream, W. A.

Gettysburg

Adams

*Breidenbaugh, H. L.

Boyertown

Berks

Breidenbaugh, John H.

Reading, Liberty Bank Bldg.

Berks

Brenner, H. G.

Coopersburg

Lehigh

Brereton, O'Hara D.

Edenville

Franklin

Brewer, H. C.

Washington, D. 0.

Bricker, E. B.

Lititz

Lancaster

Briggs, Franklin H.

Warrendale

Allegheny

•Brinton, H. C.

Hanover

York

*Brinton, William P.

Christiana

Lancaster

*Brinton, S. L.

West Chester

Chester

Brinzer, Ephraim

Falomouth

Lancaster

Brown, Frank

Mechanicsburg, R. 2

Cumberland

Brossman, J. F.

Colund)ia, R. 1

Lancaster

Brossman, M(u>e W.

Ephrata, R. 4

Lancaster

Brubaker, J. C.

Litit:, R. 1

Lancaster

Bucher, E. B.

Ephrata, R. 1

Lancaster

Bucher, Alvin

Myerstown, R. 4

Lebanon

Bucher, I. C.

Bendersville

Adams

Bullock, W. H.

Honesdale

Wayne

Burgner, M. K.

Chambersburg

Franklin

Burgner, S. A.

Chambersburg

Franklin

Burkhart, John

Ephrata, R. 4

Lancaster

Bushman, H. M.

Carlisle

Cumberland

Bushman, S. F.

Gettysburg

Adams

Butt, J. L.

Gettysburg

Adams

7

Butler, G. H.

Crafton, R. 8

Allegheny

Cameron, John

Carlisle, R. 1

Cumberland

Carey, J. Calvin

Gettysburg

Adams

Carter, E. C, Jr.

Allison Park

Allegheny

Cassidy, John B.

Lebanon, R. 2

Lebanon

ft 1

»

*Cation, William R.

Orrtanna

Adams

* Life Members.

— 217 —

Name

Chapin, Irvin
*Chase, Charles T.
"(Jhase, Howard A.
Chenowith, Elliott
Cherrington, Ira C.
Cherry, Alfred
Clemmer, Clarke W.
Clemson, J. W.
Clilfe, J. Howard
Cole, Jas. C.
Collmer, Dr. Charles
Comley, Roland R.
Coon, John
Toon, H. F.
*Co(3»per, C. A.
Cope, F. R., Jr.
*Corcoran, J. Paul
Cordell, D.
Corson, Walter H.
Conrsen, I. H.
Cowen, W. H.
Crawford, J. B.
Crawford, T. H.
'^reasy, Luther P.

♦Creasy, Hon. Wm. T.

Criswell, R. T.

Crosman, L. H.

*Crou8e, E. A.

Crowell, A. & T.

Crowell, Samuel B.

Cruze, George

•Cummings, Joseph F.

Cumminge, J. W.

Curry, Edward

Curry, Joseph P.

Darlington, H. D.

*Davenport, Eugene

Davis, William

Deardorf, Anthony

Deardorf, Chas.

Debenham, C. C.

Decker, H. B.

DeCou, Benjamin S.

Degleman, William

Deiner, W. S.

DeLong, Cletus Y.

DeLong, W. D.

Dennis, R. M.

Post Office

Shickshinny

Bala

Union League, Phila

833 Summit Ave., Hagerstown,

Bloomsburg

Bellwood, R. 1

Downingtown

Halifax

Ivyland

Biglerville

15 South 5th St., Easton

Bustleton

Wyoming, R. D.

Wyoming, R. D.

1000 Highland Ave., Coraopolis

Diraock

New Albany

St. Thomas

Plymouth Meeting

Wyoming, R. 3

Roaring Spring

Fayetteville

Fayetteville

Catawissa, R. 1

Catawissa

Chambersburg

Oaks

Gettysburg

Avondale

Edgemont

Bloomsburg, 144 E. 5th St.

* Life Members.

Sunbury

New Wilmington

New Castle, R. 4

Parksburg

West Chester

Plymouth

York Springs

Gettysburg

Orrtanna

Jersey Shore

East Stroudsburg

Norristown, R. 1

Bridgeville, R. 2

Boyertown, R. 2

Mertztown, R. 2

1311 Good St., Reading

Carlisle

— 218 —

N

County

Luzerne
Chester
Philadelphia
Md.

Columbia
Blair
Chester
Dauphin
Bucks
Adams
Northampton
Philadelphia
Luzerne
Luzerne
Allegheny
Susquehanna
Bradford
Franklin
Montgomery
Luzerne
Blair
Franklin
Franklin
Columbia
Columbia
Franklin
Montgomery
Adams
Chester
Chester
Columbia
orthuinberland
Lawrence
Lawrence
Chester
Chester
Luzerne
Adams
Adams
Adams
Lycoming
Monroe
Montgomery
Allegheny
Berks
Berks
Berks
Cumberland

Name

Derick, T. A.
Devlin, Thomas
Diekenshied, F. S.
Dickey, Samuel
*Dickson, B. M.
Diehl, Ed. B.
Dietrick, H. G.
Dietz, Alex
Diffenderfer, C. B.
Dill, Dr. M. T.
•Dill, Robert
Diller, O.
Ditzler, Jacob W.
Dock, Miss Margaret
Dock, Miss Mira L.
Doty, H. M.
Doty, Richard
Dougherty, Dorsay
Drake, William
Druck, Albert
Dudley, D.
Dudley, Howard N.
Duke, D. R. & B. F.
Dull, John
Dull, Thomas D.
Duncan, D. G.
Dunlap, Geo. P.

*Dunlap, James M.

•Dunlap, R. Bruce

Duriff, G. M.

Eagleman, J. G.

Eiholtz, S. Me.

Eisenbrown, Robert W,

Elder, George K.

•Eldon, Robert M.

Ellsworth, Oliver

Ely, Reuben P.

Emery, Harvey

Ench, W. K.

Enders, J. F.

•Engle, Enos B.

♦Engle, John O.

Eppleman, H. C.

Erk, George

Eshleman, S. C.

•Espe, August O.

•Evans, W. H.

Everhart, George W.

* Life Members.

Post Office

Newville

Langhorne

Zionsville

Oxford

5711 Elgin Ave., Pittsburgh

St. Thomas

Hunterstown

Hellam

Edenville

Orrtanna

Northeast

York Springs

Lititz, R. 1

Fayetteville

Fayetteville

Stony Creek Mills, R. D.

Stony Creek Mills

Gettysburg

Volant, R. 3

Wrightsville, R. 2

Kingston

Bustleton

Chambersburg

222 Butler Ave., Ambler

Aspers

Shippensburg

Mgr. Hillwood Frt. Fm., Glen

Shippensburg

Hollidaysburg

Wellsboro

Geigers Mills

Biglerville

Gouglerville

Lewistown, Maine

Aspers

Dallas, R. D.

New Hope

Waymart, R. 2

Biglerville

Columbia, R. 2

Harrisburg

Marietta

Aspers

Seelyville

McKnightstown

Perrysville

Plainsville

York

— 210 —

County
Cumberland
Bucks
Lehigh
Chester
Allegheny
Franklin
Adams
York
Franklin
Adams
Erie
Adams
Lancaster
Adams
Adams
Berks
Berks
Adams
Lawrence
York
Luzerne
Philadelphia
Franklin
Montgomery
Adams
Cumberland
Riddle Dela.
Cumberland
Blair
Tioga
Berks
Adams
Berks

Adams

Luzerne

Bucks

Wavne

Adams

Lancaster

Dauphin

Lancaster

Adams

Wayne

Adams

Allegheny

Luzerne

York

Name
Fagan, F. N.
Fair, Frank
*Fassett, F. H.
Fellenbaum, A, H.
Feltj, G. B. O.
Fensterraacher, Harrv E.

J at

Fenstermacher, P. S.
Fetterman, J. Gordon
Fidler, W. B.
♦Filbert, B. J.
Finn, A. O.
Fleming, T. H.
Fleming, W. 1£.
♦Fletcher, S. W.
Flora, Wm. H.
Fohl, Geo. C.
•Ford, A. E.
Forry, S. E.
•Fox, Cyrus T.
Freasy, Luther P.
Fraim, Merritt L,
Free, W. A.
*Freed, A. J.
*Frced, W. A.
Freeman, W. C.
Friend Manufacturing Co.
From, W. H.
Frost, S. W.
Fry, John L.
Fullerton, A. H.
Funk, Blair
Funk, J. K.
Funk, Sheldon
Furlow, Eber
Galbreath, Dr. J. Willis
(iabl.-, A. P.
Gardner, L. M., Jr.
Garrahan, C. E.
Garrahan, D. T.
Garrahan, F. H.
*Garrahan, E. H.
Garretson, Frank
Garretson, Eli
*Garrcttson, Eli P.
Garretson, John
Garretson, Lloyd W.
Garretson, Robert
Gates, G. H.

Post Office

County

State College

Centre

Elizabethtown, E. 1

Lancaster

Meshoppen

Wyoming

Gardners

Adams

Millersville

Lancaster

Allentown, R. 3

Lehigh

Allentown

Lehigh

Media

Delaware

Aspers

Adams

Fox Chase

Philadelphia

Clifford

Susquehanna

Andalusia

Bucks

237 17th Ave., N., Seattle,

Washington

State College

Centre

Wrightsville

York

Biglerville

Adams

Glenn Riddle

Delaware

Ephrata, R. 1

Lancaster

Reading

Berks

Catawissa

Columbia

Aspers

Adams

Allentown, 1G07 Chew St.

Lehigh

Racine

Beaver

Racine

Beaver

Cornwall

Lebanon

Gasport, N. Y.

>inkiii^" Spring

Berks

An'iult.^^villo

Adams

c-o C. K. Whitner & Co., Reading Berks

Edenburg Lawrence

Pequea, R. 1 Lancaster

117 E. Franklin St., Hagerstown, Md.

* Life Members.

Boyertown

Hopeland

1023 Chestnut St.

York, R. 6

York Springs

Kingston

Kingston

Kingston

Kingston

Aspers

Gettysburg, R. 5

Biglerville

Aspers

Biglerville, E. 2

Flora Dale

Shippensburg

220 —

Phila.

Berks

Lancaster

Montgomery

York

Adams

Luzerne

Luzerne

Luzerne

Luzerne

Adams

Adams

Adams

Adams

Adams

Adams

Cumberland

Name
Gay, G. E. & Son
Gebhart, W. J.
Gehr, Harvey J.
Geigley, Amos
Geigley, G. W.
Gelwicks, Dr. John M.
George, I. E.
George, Thomas K.
Gideon, George D.
Gillan, C. F.
Gillan, G. G.
Gillan, L. Q.
Gillan, B. J.
Gise, Willis H.
Glass, S. J.
Glick, Jacob B.
Goldsborough, E. L.
Goldsborough, H. B.
*Good, C. W.
Good, Martin R.
Good, S. H. & Son
Goshorn, Taylor L.
Graybill, L G.
Griest, A. W.

•Griest, C. A.

*Grcist, Frederick E.

Greist, Maurice

Groupe, Foster C.

•Grove, W. E.

Guyton, Thomas L.

Hacker, E. S.

•Haddock, John C.

Hagor, Mrs. Mary W.

Haines, Robert B., 3d

Haines, Dr. W. A.

Hainley, J. N.

*Hall, L. C.

Harbison, C. F.

Hardt, C. W.

Haring, S. A.

Harnish, C. H.

Harnist, James B.

Hnrri.^on, G. Hale

Harshman, D. E.

Hartman, Aaron |

Hart man, Charles

•Hartman, D. L.

♦Hartman, Geo. B.

Post Office

County

Dallas, R. 3

Luzerne

New Castle, R. 8

Lawrence

AVaynesboro, R. 1

Franklin

Orrtanna

Adams

Orrtanna

Adams

Chambersburg

Franklin

New Castle, R. 1

T-awrence

Homer City

Indiana

240 N. 16th St., Philadelphia

Philadelphia

St. Thomas

Franklin

St. Thomas

Franklin

137 Main St., Mt. Holly, N. J.

St. Thomas

Franklin

Lancaster, R. 5

Lancaster

Bulger

"Washington

Lancaster, R. 5

Lancaster

Shepherdstown, W. Va.

Shepherdstown, W. Va.

Waynesboro

Franklin

Blue Ball

Lancaster

Lancaster, R. 7

Lancaster

Quincy

Franklin

Refton

Lancaster

Flora Dale

Adams

Guernsey

Adams

Flora Dale

Adams

105 W. lH3d St., New York, N.

Y.

Gardners

Adams

York Springs

Adams

Harrisburg, Dept. of Agr.

Dauphin

Ephrata

Lancaster

WilkesBarre

Luzerne

Lancaster, R. 8

Lancaster

130 East Main St., Moorestown

, N. J.

Bristol

Bucks

Ephrata, R. 2

Lancaster

Fairview

Erie

New Castle. R. 7

Lawrence

224.' X. 2d St., Harrisburg

Dauphin

9Ul N. llih St., Reading

Berks

Leola

Lancaster

Sinking Springs

Berks

Berlin. Md.

\\ aynesboro

Franklin

Lebanon, R. 8

Lebanon

Biglerville

Adams

Cly

York

Biglerville

Adams

♦ Life Members.

— 2J1 —

Name
Hartman, Dr. G. W.
*Hartman, L. E.
Hartman, Robert
*Hartman, William
Hartzel, B. L.
*Haverstick, Paul E.
*Hawkins, Charles A.
Hawkins, E. B.
Hayraan, Guy L.
Hazlett, J. P.
Heacock, F. J.
♦Heard, R. E.
Heberling, Herbert
Heilman, Albert
Heilman, J. R.
Heilman, Dr. R. P.
Heisey, J. A.
Heisey, S. A. & Bro.
Heisey, S. C.
Henry, Harold
Herr, C. H.
Herr, David S.
Herr, .Tulin 1).
Herr, Wesley U.
Hershey, C. A.
Hershey, C. Maurice
•Hershey, H. F.
Hershey, H. S.
Hertzler, D. R.
Hess, Daniel

He?s, Francis P.

Hess, Fred E.

Hess, Paul G.

Hess, Ralph C.

Hess, Ray B.

Hess, S. 8.

Hess, S. S.

Hess, Willis A.

Hertzel, H. C.

Hewitt, Geo. F.

Hicks, William

High, John S.

High Hill Fruit Farm

Hile, Anthony

*Hill, William D.

Hill, W. F.

Hiller, C. H.

Hinkle, Jacob E.

Post Office

801 N. 3d St., Harriaburg

Etters

Biglerville

Etters

Flora Dale

Lancaster

Delta

Delta

Northbrook

Coopersburg

Bedford

Buffalo, N. Y.

Newburg

Cleona

Lawn

140 W. 4th St., Emporium

Camp Hill

Greencastle, R. 4

Elizabethtown

Shippensburg

Lancaster, R. 2

Lancaster, R. 7

Reading

Salona

McKnightstown

Gordonville, R. 1

Hamburg

East Petersburg

Richland

Waynesboro

Lancaster, R. 7

Nescopeck, R. D.

Mt. Alto, R. 1

Waynesboro

Mt. Alto, R. 1

Freeland

Waynesboro

Mt. Alto

Hancock, Md.

234 MacClay St., Harriaburg

Honesdale, Star Route

Pottstown, R. 4

Pulaski

Curwensville

Northeast

Huntingdon

Taconey

Oley, R. 1

Ctonnty

Dauphin

York

Adams

York

Adams

Lancaster

York

York

Chester

Lehigh

Bedford

Cumberland
Lebanon
Lebanon
Cameron
Cumberland
Franklin
Lancaster
Cumberland
Lancaster
Lancaster
Berks
Clinton
Adams
Lancaster
Berks
Lancaster
Lebanon
Franklin
Lancaster
Luzerne
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Luzerne
Franklin
Franklin

Dauphin

Wayne

Montgomery

Lawrence

Clearfield

Erie

Huntingdon

Philadelphia

Berks

Name

Hitz, Cyrus
Hochberg, Wm. H.
Hocker, Clifford H.
Hoffman, Ernest M.
Hoffman, D. M.
Hoffman, E. N.
Hoffman, Geo.
Hoffman, James O.
Hoffman, Paul
Hoffman, Robert
Hopper, W. C.
*Hoopes, Wilmer W.
Hoke, Arthur W.
Horn, W. H.
*Horst, J. Morris
*Hostetler, Abram
Hostetter, J. E.
Houk, J. B.
Houston, M. T.
Howard, John M.
Howe, Homer B.
Huber, Chas. H.
Huber, Levi B.
Hudunt, Frank
*Huey, S. R.
*Huff, Barrel R.
*Huff, L. B.
Hull, Bert S.
Hummel, P. T.
Hunt, Norman
Hunt, Lewis
Hunt, S. J.
Hunter, James C.
Hykes, S. W.
Ide, Linford 0.
Ivins, William A.
Jacobs, David
Jacob, D. C.
James, Paxson V.
Jefferson Cooperage Co
Johnson, C. F.
Johnson, Edwin .
Johnson, E. R.
•Johnston. Mrs. F. C.
Johnston, J. B.
Johnston, J. H.
Johnston, B. S.
Jones, A. J.

Post Office
Hummelstown, R. 2
Verona, R. 1
Dauphin, R. 1
Bloomsburg, R. 5
Biglerville
Biglerville

Arendtsville

Arendtsville

Gettysburg

Arendtsville

New Castle, R. 4

West Chester

Cornwall
ChanibersV)ur«i, R. 10

Lebanon, R. 3
Johnstown

Gap, R. 1

New Castle. R. *

W^rigUtsvilU'. K. 2

Arendtsville

Benton

Gettysburg

Lancaster, R. o

Norristown. R. 2

Newcastle, R. 3

Greensburg

Greensburg

Wavniart

Harrisburg

Xcw Castle, R. 4

New Castle, K. 4.

New Castle. R. 4

Wcrford

1300 N. Geo. St., York

Sweet Valley

Media

Manchester

Gettvsburg. R. ')

802U Rulge Ave.. Philadelphia

Ranson. W. Va.

Kis-Lyn

Taylorsville, R. 1

Center Ridge

Dallas

New Wilmington, R. 1
New Wilmington, R. 1
New Wilmington, R. 1
Dauphin, R. D.

County
Dauphin
Allegheny
Dauphin
Columbia
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Lawrence
Chester
Lebanon
Franklin
Lebanon
Cambria
Lancaster
Lawrence
York
Adams
Columbia
Adams
Lancaster
Montgomery
Lawrence
Westmoreland
Westmoreland
Wayne
Dauphin
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Allegheny
York
Luzerne
Delaware
York
Adams
Philadelphia

Luzerne

Bucks

Bucks

Luzerne

Lawrence

Lawrence

Lawrence

Dauphin

I

* Life Members.

* Life Members.

O O ' >

ooo

Name
*Jones, J. F.
*Jones, S. Morris
Jordan, George S.
Kauc, D. R.
Kane, J. A.
Kane, J. Lewis
Karns, J. H.
Kaufman, Harry
Kauffnian, A. & C.
Kauffnmn, A. L.
KaulTman, E. B.
Kauffnmn, J. B.
Kaufman, Samuel B.
Keech. M. H.
Keiser, Carl

* Keller, S. C.

* Keller, Paul J.
Kelly, Margaret
Kennedy, Bailey M.
*Kessler, George W.
K( vt s. Aamasa
Kibbler, C. P.
Kiefer, E. C.

King, Geo.
Kildoo, Samuel
King. K. C.
Kinsman, E. I^.
Kistler, J. M.
*Kistler, U. G.
Kitchen, G. W.
Klahre. James E.
Kleinfelter, U. S.
Kleppinger, B. M.
Knab. Mrs. Geo. N.
Knight, Paul
Knislcy. R. A.
Knobfl, E. M.
Knode, J. H.
Knouse, J. A.
Knonse, M. E.
Knouse, O. S.
Koch, C H.

*Koehler, Paulus E.

KosfT. Kev. D. T.
Koser, G. W.
Krall, Wm. O.
Kruppinbach, Harry
Kuhn, C. E.

* Life Members.

Post Office

Lancaster

West Grove

Hall Tobacco & Chem. Co.,

Elliottsburg

Biglerville

(Tcttysburg, R. 5

duiiiiluTsburg

IJlllIllS

Yurk, R. 7

Ruuks, R. 1

York, R. 7

York

Quinlon

Wc^t Chester

Cornw ull

ik'ttysbnrg, R. 5

Gel ty>liurg, R. 5

\Vr-T rhcstcr

Driu]i]iin

Tyrone

Beach Lake

372 W. Market St., York

Yurk Springs

York, R. 2

New Castle, R. 4

Morri>ville

Honesdale, R. 2

StroudsVnirg

Etteis

Sha vert own

N. J. 1 riiit Growers Coop.

Biglerville

r(M.p('i'>1iiira, R. 2

New Oxford

Torresdale

Sunlniry. R. 1
< hriniberslinrg
Ar«^ndts\ ille
Bi*:ler\ illf
Ki.LdiTvili.'. R. D.
^I<'Ktansburg
Monaca
Arciidtsx ille
Piijilerville
^Mycrstdwi). R. 4
Robcpoiiia
Ca^htown

— 224 —

County

Lancaster
Chester
212 5th Ave, N. Y.
Perry
Adams
Adams
Franklin
Luzerne
York
Lancaster
York
York
McKean
Chester
Lebanon
Adams
Adams
Chester
Dauphin
Blair
Wayne
York
Adams
York
Lawrence
Bucks
Wayne
Monroe
York
Luzerne
As.. Camden. N. J.
Adams
Lehigh
Adams
Pliiladi'lphia
York
Northumberland
Franklin
Adams
Adams
Adams
Schuylkill
Beaver
Adams
Adams
Lebanon
Berks
Adams

Jr.

Name

Kunkle, John R.
Kunkel, N. J.
Kyle, David
Lachman, John
Lambert, J. M.
Landis, D. L., Jr.
*Landis, D. M.
*Landis, Israel
Large, Mrs. E. S.
Large, E. Spencer
Latshaw, J. E.
Lau, I. M.
Lau, L. B.
Lau, L. E.
Lau, R. E.
Lanb, H. H.,
*Lawrence, Schuyler
Lawver, Rufus W.
Lehman, Elias
Lenhart, Richard L.
*Leonard, F. E.
Lepole, Walter
Lesher, H. V.
Leslie, Merl
Leslie, George R.
Leute, H. S.
Lewis, Harvey D.
Lewis, H. G.
Lewis, W. J.
Lienhard, Edward
*Lightner, William A.
Linde, J. Eric
Lindner, F. J.
Linn, Harry
Linville, Arthur S.
Lippy, J. B.
Lisko, C. E.
Livingood, W. W.
Long, D. Edward
Long, W. G.
Long, W. W.
Longenecker, Harry
Longenecker, J. E.
Longenecker Brothers
Longenecker, Irwin
Longsdorf, C. L.
•Loop, A. I.
Loose, Erwin M.

Post Office

Getty sburj:;

Orwigsburg

New Castle, R. 8

Mt. Oliver Sta., Pittsburgh

Chambersburg, R. 6

Chambersburg, R. 1

Lancaster, R. 7

Lancaster

Orrtanna

Orrtanna

Marion

Catawissa

East Berlin, R. 2

East Berlin, R. 2

York

Lewistown

109 :Main St., Towanda

Biglerville

York, R. 5

Kline, Eppiheimer & Co., Reading

Carlisle, R. 1
Akron

Northumberland
New Castle, R. 8
Arnold

Barnesboro
Orrtanna
Pittston. R. 1
Pittston
Lehighton, R. 2
Landisburg
Orefield
Ringtown
Seven Valleys

Media, R. 2

Gettysburg

Lebanon, R. 4

Robesonia

213 Trust Bldg., Chambersburg

Fayotteville

Eighty Four

Ephrata, R. 1

Mt. Joy

Palmyra

Palmyra

Biglarville

North East

Mengcs Mills

County

Adams
Schuylkill
Lawrence
Allegheny
Franklin
Franklin
Lancaster
Lancaster
Adams
Adams
Franklin
Columbia
York
York
York
Mifflin
Bradford
Adams
York
Berks
Cumberland
Lancaster
Northumberland
Lawrence
Westmoreland
Cambria
Adams
Luzerne
Luzerne
Carbon
Perry
Lehigh
Schuylkill
York
Delaware
Adams
Lebanon
Berks
Franklin
Franklin
Washington
Lancaster
Lancaster
Lebanon
Lebanon
Adams
Erie
York

* Life Members.

22o —

Name

Loose, H. H.
*Lord, John
Lovett, B. P.
Loy, W. G.
Lucabaugh, J. W.
Lupp, Reuben
Lute, H. S.
Lynn, W. C.
MacFlickinger, J.
MacKenzie, G. W.
*Macneal, William H.
McAllen, R. W.
MeCabe, H. Dallas
♦McClelland, J. B.
*McCormick, James
*McFarland, J. Horace
*McGeorge, Katherine L.
McGowan, P. A.
Mcllvania, J. S.
*McKee, J. M.
*McLanahan, J. King
McLaughlin, S. O.
McMillan, W. L.
McMullen & Patterson
McNeal, Isaac B.
*Maffet, Miss M. A.
Marble, L. M.
Markcley, N. S.
Markey, Elmer J.
Marker, Melvin
Marsh, G. T.
Martin, A. C.
•Martin, J. O.
Martin, J. Warren
Mason, A. Freeman
Mason Drug & Chem. Co.
Mauger, Maurire
•Mayer, Guy t^.
Mayer, L. E.
Meek, John W.
*Meehan, S. Mendelson
Melcher, Bennett A.
Melcher, George W.
•Mendenhall, J. Howard
Merkel, Floyd
Mesta Brothers
•Metzger, Dr. A. H.
Metzger. T. Warren

Post Office

Menges Mills

Wyoming, R. 1

Fallsington

Newport ,

Hanover

Biglerville

Barnesboro

Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg

Fannettsburg

1831 Chestnut St., Philadelphia

Parkesburg

Fannettsburg

Monessen

Cannonsburg

Harrisburg

Harrisburg

Orrtanna

Williamsport

Fayetteville, R. 1

State Dept. Agr., Harrisburg

Hollidaysbun?

Fort Loudon

916 Morton St., New Castle

19 Dundaff St., Carbondale

612 W. 13th St., Tyrone

264 S. Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre

Canton

Shanesville

York, R. 2

York, R. D.

Walbrook Apts., Baltimore, Md.

Muddy Creek Forks York

Mercersburg Franklin

Orrtanna Adama

Agr. Exp. Station, New Brunswick, N. J.

Hancock, Maryland

County

York

Luzerne

Bucks

Perry

Adama

Adama

Cambria

Dauphin

Franklin

Philadelphia

Luzerne

Franklin

Bedford

Washington

Dauphin

Dauphin

Adama

Lycoming

Franklin

Dauphin

Blair

Franklin

Lawrence

Lackawanna

Blair

Luzerne

Bradford

Berka

York

York

Boyertown

Willow Street

Boyertown

Jonestown

Germantown

Bally

Bally

Glen Mills

Hamburg

Finleyville, E.

LaFayette

Lancaster

Berka

Lancaster

Berka

Lebanon

Philadelphia

Berka

Berks

Delaware

Berka

Washington

McKean

Lancaater

* Life Members.

Name

Post Office

County

Meyer, Charles L.

1519 Frick Bldg., Pittsburgh

Allegheny

Meyer, D. H.

Annville

Lebanon

Meyer, E. J.

Lebanon, R. 3

Lebanon

Meyer, Henry T.

Lewisburg

Union

Miller, Albert

Lebanon, R. 3

Lebanon

•Miller, Amos

Hanover, R. 4

York

Miller, A. D.

Lebanon, R. 3 •

Lebanon

Miller, Clayton

Marion

Franklin

Miller, D. L.

Waynesboro

Franklin

Miller, E. M.

Hanover

York

Miller, H. D.

Sinking Springs

Berka

Miller, Harvey

Loganville

York

Miller, W. M.

Lewisburg

Union

Mills, Elmer S.

Camphill

Cumberland

Minch, Walter L.

Bridgeton, N. J.

Minehart, T. Z.

Chambersburg

Franklin

Minnich & Brother, D

. N. Chambersburg

Franklin

Minich, Homer R.

Lititz, R. 2

Lancaster

Minnich, W. L.

Waynesboro

Franklin

Minter, Thomas L.

Biglerville

Adama

Mish & Croft

St. Thomas

Franklin

Mitchell, J. C.

Hanover

York

Mohler, David G.

Ephrata

Lancaster

Mohrman, Henry

Narrowsburg, N. Y., E. 1

Monosmith, S. B.

Weisel

Bueka

*Moon, Henry T.

Morrisville

Bucka

Moon, R. Barcley

Morrisville

Bucka

Moore, A. C.

45 Ely St., Kingston

Luzerne

Moore, Edward

Mount Wolf, R. 1

York

Moore, John W.

Norristown

Montgomery

Moore, W. C.

Millerstown

Perry

Mowery, N. E.

Shippensburg

Cumberland

Moycr, Dr. H. B.

Gettysburg

Adama

Moyer, Joseph

Lebanon

Lebanon

Moyer, Samuel

Hershey

Dauphin

•Muller, Adolph

Norristown

Montgomery

Murphy, S. H.

Kennett Square

Chester

Murray, Philip

Honesdale

Wayne

Musselman, C. H.

Biglerville

Adama

Musselman, Ivan Z.

Orrtanna

Adama

Musselman, John

Orrtanna

Adama

Musselman, S. Z.

McKnightstown

Adama

Muth, Harvey W.

Allentown, R. 3

Lehigh

Muttart, B. F., Sun

Krest Fruit Farm, Schwenksville,

Montgomery

Myers, C. E.

State College

Centre

Myers, Geo. P.

Aspers

Adams

Myers, J. M.

Westminster, R. 2, Maryland

*Myers, Levi M.

Siddonsburg

York

* Life Members*.

226 —

.1 •> T

Name
Myers, B. E.
Nylin, Frank H.
Nass, J. A.
Nells, J. B.
Nelson, D. H.
Nevin, John D.
Newcomer, Aaroj^
Newcomer, J. W.
Nichols, William
Nicodemus, Ed.
Nissley, W. B.
Nixon, E. L.
Nolan, John V.
Nolt, Harrison S.
Northup, H. J.
Oakwood Corporation
•O'Conner, Haldeman
Offut, N. A.
Olver, T. H.
Omwake Brothers
Oppenlander, E.
Orchard Farm
Orner, Harry
Orner, I. S.
Orr, B. G.
Orr, James W.
Orton, C. R.
Oyler, George
Oylcr, Geo. <J,
Oyler, W. L.

*Page, C. M.

*Pannebaker, William

Parker, Caroline R.

Parker Co., Willard

Parrish, Elmer D.

i'artheincre, Jacob

Patterson, Geo. W.

Passmore, N. S.

Patterson, Jaiiits A.

Patterson, W. J.

Pease Co., F. B.

Pock, William H.

Pelton, W. C.

l*entz, Clinton L,

Pepplc, Hamantha

Peris, Roy N.

Perkionicn Orchards

I'crri^o. A, H.

Post Office

York Springs

Willow St., Lancaster, R. 1
New Castle, R. 5
1108 Penn St., Harrisburg
Chambersburg
Freemansburg Road, R. 3
Smithsburg, Md.
Waynesboro, R. 1
Bustleton
Waynesboro
State College
State College
Malvern
Columbia, R. 1
Dalton

York Springs

13 X. Front St., Harrisburg
Volant, R. 1
Honosdalo, K. -i
Greencastle
Coopersburg
Spring City
Aspcrs
Areudtsville
Chambersburg
Frankford
State College
Arendtsville
• Gettysburg, R. D.

Gettysburg, R. 5

Elv
M. A'jr<;iliiia, A'irginia

West Chester

Bovertown. R. 1

Dallas

Lewisbcrry

East Brook

Chester Heights

Stewartstown

3U Water bt., Pittsburgh

Rochester, N. Y.

cu Third Natl. Bnk., Scranton

^^tatc College

Caii.i. Hill, K. 1

Orrtanua

Florin

Norristowu, R. 1

West <;hester

Oounty

Adams

Lancaster

Lawrence

Dauphin

Franklin

Northampton

Franklin.
Philadelphia
Ftanklin
Centre
Centre
Chester
Lancaster
Lackawanna
Adams
Dauphin
Lawrence
Wayne
Franklin
Lehigh
Chester
Adams
Adams
Franklin
Philadelphia
Centre
Adams
Adams
Adams
York

Chester

Berks

Luzerne

York

Lawrence

Delaware

York

Allegheny

Lackawanna

Centre

Cumberland

Adams

Lancaster

]^Iontgomery

Chester

* I. iff Mi-mbors

_2::s —

Name

Pershing, Theodore
Peters, Curtis W.
Peters, George M.
Peters, Mrs. J. H.
Peters, John B.
Peters, W. V.
Phiel, Clifford

Philip, Geo.

Phillips, Chas. S.

Pierce, E. F.

Pierce, H. H.

*PiercG, H. W.

Pitzer, Harry C.

Pitzer, Willis

Pohle, W\ C.

Pollock, G. B.

Pomoroy, Ralph S.

Powell, H. B.

*Pratt, B. G.

Preston, J. Albert

Price, J. L.
Pricket t. J. W.
Rahel, Amos
Raby, J. B.
KaU'ensperocr. Cluis. E.

Raireiisper;4or, Harvey
Raffen^bcrger, Roy
Rahuuscr Brothers
]:an<lolp}.. W. C, Jr.
lianici. ( ). G.
Rank, Will.
*RankiTi, < 'harles C.
Raver, Edwin C.
Ray, J. K. S.
Rearick. J. W\
Rcbennack. Jacon
Rei:*ncr, J. l-
R, ■(■(!. Vvvd B.
Roichard. rha-^, W.

Reif, Jacol) L.

Rrist. A, E.

R.MSi, Henry G.

MJcl-t, .lolin G.

Reitcr, O. F.

Renfrew, R. Mf-

Rc\. Raymond

Ri'vnoUls. Aiiizi

Rhoudes, J. 'M.

Post Oflace

Pineville

Biglerville

Aspers

Bendersvillc

Gardners

Guernsey

St. Thomas

South Hills, Pittsburgh

Pocopson

Wcstgrove, Box 62

Wilkes-Barre

Wilkes-Barre

A.^pers

Areudtsville

Honesdale

Wyoming, R. 3

Chambersburg

Clearfield

Oounty

Bucks
Adams
Adams
Adams
Aaams
Adams
Franklin
Allegheny
Chester
Chester
Luzerne
Luzerne
Adams
Adams
Wavne
Luzerne
Franklin
Clearfield

,-0 Pratt Chemical Co., New York, N. Y

WermM's\ ille

i;;th .V Syctimure St., Harrisburg

Biglerville

r^eV>anun, R. •)
Ynrk. R. D. ♦)
Aieiiilt.-ville
Areudtsville
Bijilerville
Cirecnca;-! ic
Monroe, Va.
Pitman, R. -
Lcltnnon
Wf-t <'h.'.~ter

York. R. i'

Wot <;iic>ti'r

i "haml>ci--l»nr;4

Dallas, R. 1>.

Shipjtcu-bui*,^

Cliambcrsburg

Waynesboro

Cumi. Hill

Ptilmyia, R. -

1 in A\ <»n Rnat

Mtnmt Joy

Mars

Favctti'Mlle

Gardners

Xrw Wilmington, R. 03

Marion

Berks

Dauphin

Adams

Lebanon

York

Ada ma

Adams

Adams

Franklin

Sehuvlkill
Lebanon
Chester
York
Chester
Franklin
Luzerne
Cumberland
Franklin
Franklin
Cumberland
Lebanon

^Schenectady, N. \.

Lancaster

Butler

Fnmklin

A 'tarns

Lawrence

Franklin

- Lif«' M.-ichcrs.

Name

Rhodes, T. F.
Rice, A. E.
Rice, Daniel
Rice, E. E.
Rice, O. C.
Rice. C. S.
*Rick, John
Riddlemoser, H. E.
Rife, Jacob L.
Riland, W. J. G.
*Rinehart, E. S.
Risser, A. H.
Risser, H. N.
Ritchey, Maurice
Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S.
Rittenhouse, S. B.
Roberts, Arthur
* Roberts, Horace
Roberts, J. Earle
Roberts, Preston F.
Robertson, William
•Robinson, A. BTaine
*Rohde, William
Roher, Geo. H.
Rohlfing, F. F.
Romig Brothers
Root, J. W.
Rose, Wm. J.
Rossler, Chas.
Rowe, O. S.
Rozelle, H. E.
Ruggles, F. L.
Ruhl, Dr. H. F.
♦Runk, J. A.
•Rush, Perry M.
Russell, S. W.
Sachs, Edwin S,
Saeger, Oscar J.
Sanders, Dr. J. G.
Sargont. Geo.
Sattertliwaite, Fredk. G.
Satterthwaite, Lewis P.
Schantz, M. P.
Sehantz, H. A.
Schantz, L. M.
Schmidt, John C.
Schcllciigcrger, Jas. A.
Schneber, Harry E.

* Life Membera.

Post Office

Aspers

Biglerville

New Bloomfield

Aspers

Biglerville

Arendtsville

Reading

McKnightstown

Camp Hill, R. I

Halifax

Mercersburg

Bainbridge

Marietta

Chambersburg

Lorane

Ivorane

McKnightown

Mourestown, N. J.

220 Dock St., Philadelphia

Moorestown, N. J.

Olev, R. 2

North East

.Johnstown

Mertztown

Huinmolstown

Dow ningtown

Manhcim, R. 1

No. 2 Ponifret Apts., Carlisle

Craft on, Box 64

Millerslnirg

PiTtston, R. D.

Dallas, R. D.

Manhoim

Huntingdon

Sycamore, R. 1

Hurcau of Markets, Harrisburg

Higlorvillo

X. First St., Lchighton

Bureau of Plant Ind., Harrisburg

Glen Mills

Fallsington

Newtown

602 Hamilton St., Allentown

602 Hamilton St., Allentown

Orcfiold. K. 1

York. Box 666

4;;4 X. 15th St., Allentown

Old Zionsville

230 —

Ck)unt7

Adams

Adams

Perry

Adams

Adams

Adams

Berks

Adams

Cumberland

Dauphin

Franklin

Lancaster

Lancaster

Franklin

Berks

Berks

Adams

Philadelphia

Berks

Erie

Cambria

Berks

Dauphin

Chester

Lancaster

Cumberland

Allegheny

Dauphin

Luzerne

Luzerne

Lancaster

Huntingdon

Greene

Dauphin

Adams

Carbon

Dauphin

Lelaware

Bucks

Bucks

Lehigh

Lehigh

Lehigh

York

Lehigh

Lehigh

Kame

Schnick, Casper C.
Schmick, Wilson E.
Schoemaker, Seth W.

Schultz, Chester K.
•Schuyler, Lawrence
Scott, A. H.
•Searle, Alonza T.
Seely, Walter E.
Sener, L. G.
Sergeant, Geo. Jr.
•Settlemeyer, C. T.
•Shallcross, Frank R.
Shank, John H.
•Shank, H. L.
•Sharpe, Miss E. M.
Sharpe, Walter K.
Shearer, G. E.
Shearer, Walter J,
Sheble, Earle
Sheely, A. D.
Sheibley, J. W.
Sheller, Charles W.
Shetron, W. F.
Shields, C. E.
Shields, Ira M.
Shirk & Baker
Shockey, Luther P.
Shorb, Albert
Shoverm, D. J.
Shull, Robert H.
Sidler, A.
Siegler, Franklin
Simons, R. B.
Skinner, H. W.
Slaybaugh, Elmer
Small, George
•Smedley, Samuel L.
Smedley, S. L., Jr.
Smedley, Walter
Smith, C. M.
Smith, Edwin
Smith, E. T.
Smith, G. E.
Smith, G. Frank
Smith, G. Walter
Smith. J. Arthur

* Life Members.

Post Office

Zionsville, R. 1
Hnmburg

c-o International Correspondenc

Scranton
Barto

109 Main St., Towanda
Wallingford
Honesdale
Nescopock, R. D.
Hellam, R. 1
Glen Mills
Wilmore
Frankford
Lancaster, R. 7
c-o Conestoga Stage, Lancaster
Accotink, Virginia
Chambersburg
Morrisville
Vinemont
Hamburg
Arendtsville
Alinda

West Chester
Chambersburg, R. 6
Roxbury

Chambersburg, R. 5
West Middlesex
Chambersburg, R. 10
Hanover
Mechanicsburg
McKnightstown
York, R. 9

Takonm Park, Washington, D.
Starling
Chambersburg
Aspers
Wyoming
X'ewtouii Square
Newtown Square
Media
I.ewistown
Roversford, R. D.
E. Stroudsburg
Bethlehem, R. 4
Aspers

Smithsburg, R. 1, Md.
Chambersburg, R. 10

County

Lehigh
Berks
e School

Lackawanna

Berks

Bradford

Delaware

Wayne

Luzerne

York

Delaware

Cambria

Philadelphia

Lancaster

Lancaster

Franklin

Bucks

Berks

Berks

Adams

Perry

Chester

Franklin

Franklin

Franklin

Lawrence

Franklin

York

Cumberland

Adams

York

C.

Wayne

Franklin

Adams

Luzerne

Delaware

Delaware

Delaware

Mifflin

Montgomery

Monroe

Lehigh

Adams

Franklin

Name

Smith, J. H.
Smith, T.eonnrd R.
Smith, S. A.
Smith, Noah
Snavcly, A. H.
Snavely, Henry B.
Snavely, H. Meyer
*Snavely, H. H.
Snavely, The Misse»
Sno\vberger, A. I.
Snvder, C. B.
Snyder, E. B.
Snyder, Elmer K.
Snvder, T. S.
Spangler, Geo. E.
Staffer, Aaron O.
Stahlc, C. E.
StarK brothern
Starner, A. E.
. Starkey, S. H.
Starry, W. R.
Stauffer, Enos O.
StauiTer, Samuel O.
Stauffer, T. H.
Stear, J. R.
Stein, Geo. E.
*Stem, Dr. J. C.
Stephens, H. M.
Stephens, J. A.

Stevenson Bros.

Stewart, William

Stitzer, C. E.

stock, Adam

Stock, E. C.

stock, G. M.

Stock, Mc'Clain,

Stockton, Manlev

Stolfur, Isaac N.

Stoner, Benjamin

Stcner, H. S.

r^toner, H. S.

Stottlemyer, E. D.

Stoudt, D. M.

Stough, Mulford

Stover, Dr. J. G.

*Strasbaugh, E. V.

Strode, A. Darlington

Strode, Marshall

* Life Members

Post Office

Chumbersburg
Meadville, R. 8
Yoe

Le wist own
Lancaster, R. 4-
Lititz, R. ')
Lebanon, R. S
Willow St., Ltmcustei
Lebanon, R. S
Wuynesboro, R. 1
Ephrata
.lacks Mt.

Mtisonic Homes.

Brodbecks
Gettysburg

Ephrata, R. 3

Gettysburg

Louisiana, Mo.

Aspers

Bustleton

York Springs

Ephrata, R. 2

Sttnens, R. 1

Lititz, R. 4

t'hanibersburg

Wrightsville, R. 1

Lemoyni'

111 S. College St.

Hones<l'ale

Midvale

Landishurg

Millmont, R. 1

Wyoming, R. I>.

:a\\k\ (Mifton \\ «'.,

Ida\ ilh'
Securit%

Higlerv ille

Ronks

Helhim

Orrtannji

Clark's (heeii

iJoonsboto. Md.

Hershey. R. I

SliippensJMjrg

Hendersville

Orrtanna

We^l Chester

West Clic-ster. \i. 1>.

— 232 —

Eli /.abet litown

Carlisle

■i'a 1 d ; : I H

Pddg.. York

Cfounty

Franklin
Crawford
York
Mifflin
Lancaster
Lancaster
Lebanon
Lancaster
Lebanon
Franklin
Lancaster
Adams
T.,ancastei
York
Adams
Lancaster
Adams

Adams

Philadelphi:'

Adams

Lancaster

Lancastei

Lancaster

Franklin

York

<'umberland

Ciinibei hind

Wayne

Franklin

Perry

Union

Luzerne

Md.

.\dams

York

Adams

Lancaster

York

Adams

Lacktiwannu

Dauphin

(.'uml)erlan(l

Adaiii>

Adams

Chester

Chester

Name

Strong, Geo. C.
St ruble, Vern T.
Supiot, A. V.
*S\vank, Luke H.
Swartz, Samuel
Swartz, Samuel L., Jr.
Tarbert, D. F.
Taylor, A. M.
Taylor Daniel R.
Tayh>i, George P.
Taylor, Henry
Taylor, .Jacob V.
Taylor, Porter li.

Taylor, Ralph S.
Thayer, Paul
Thomas, Mrs Annie M.
Thouias. Carl
Thomas, Charles L.
Thonuis, Charles L.

Thomas; Edwin W.
Thompson, G. R.

I'irC, L. L.

Tolbert, Henry
Topper, Z. F.

Torr, W. H.

Trax, R. L.
Treible, C. E.

Trexler, Harry C.
Trostle. Francis

Trostle, F. C.
Tnnnp. Chas.
Fyler. W. D.

Ty >( in, A. R.
Tyson, i hester .1.
Tyson. Edwin C.

^^Tyson, William C.

r. S. Lni'.bei' u lioN <'o.

I'ncde Peter's Lruil I 'am

V an* I'. Chas. T.

Vanuergrift. Wni,

\'eshore, Jacob

Vogel, E. K.

Wagner. Chas. E.

Walker. .lames F.

Walter, J. C.

Walter, M. T.

Walton, R. C.

Post Office

Orrtanna
Athens, R. 2
Cornwall
.Tohnstown
Spring Grove
Spring (irove
Dallastown, R. 1
Bigler\ ille

iig1cr\ ille

* Life Members

liig!er\ ille

P>igler\ ill"

Arenilts\ ille

liurj'au of Markets, Dept. of

Hanislmig
\Vi:> .\. Matlack Ave., West C
; it ate College
Gettysbuig
West (Ml ester
Wayne, i:. 1
King of PruHsiti
King of Prussia
(lettyslnirg
Hummelstown
Chambersburg. R. 11
Ei.imittsluirg. Md.
Meclianic'sburg
Lilirary
Meslu»pi>en
Allentown

^'ork Springs, W. D.
(iardners
l.,el)anon, \\. .'>
Dante. X'iiginia
Xorristown. R. 1
Flora Dale
Flora Dale
(tuernsey

L'lliH Stone St.. New ^<»lk.
>. Inc., Mt. < ■ariiud
Orrtanna
West Chester
Fly

Lancaster, 1\. "»
Mont Clare
West town
Bigler\ ille
Biglerx ille
Arcndtsville

Oounty

Adams

Bradford

Lebanon

Cambria

York

Y^ork

York

Adams

Adams

Adams

Adaijis

Adams

Agriculture,

Dauphin

iiester Chester

Centre

A(iai;:s

Chester

J)elaware

Montgomery

Montgomery

Adams

Dauphin

Franklin

Cumberland

Allegheny

Wyoming

Lehigh

Adams

Adams

Lebanon

Montgomery
Adams
Adams
Atlams

N. V.

Xorthundu'rland

Adams

Chester

Y(.rk

Lancaster

Montgomery

Chester

Adams

Adams

Adams

Name

♦Walton, Robert J.
Warfel, John H.
Watts, D. H.
Watts, Gilbert S.
Watts, R. L.

* Weaver, Abram
Weaver, Chas. C
Weaver, C. F.
Weaver, D. I.
Weaver, Edward A.
Weaver, Elmer J.
Weaver, M. M.
Weaver, W. C.
Weaver & Leas
Weber, G. G.
Weidner, A. I.
♦Weigel, H. M.
Weinberger, J. H.
*Weiiner, E. A.
Weinschenk, W. H.
Welsh, Geo. W.
WeLshams, M. O. & Sons
Wenger, G. P.
Wengor, M. P.
Wenker, W. G.
Wernig, Chas. M.
Wertsch, Edwin
*Wertz, D. Maurice
*Wertz, Geo. M.
Wertz, S. H.
*Westrick, F. A.
Wheeler, C. B.
Wliisler, A. K.
*Whisler, Edgar

* White, Arthur H.
WTiite, C. L.
Whiteford, Clay P.
Williams, A. B. C.
Wible, R. E.
Williams, David L.
•Williams, Irvin C.
Williams, John
Williams, J. L.
Williams, M. L
Wilson, B. F.
Wilson, C. C.
Witmer, Jacob G.
Wingert, J. K.

Post Office

Hummelstown

Roherstown

Kerrnioor

Bellwood

State College

Windber

Bendersville

York, R. 9

Gettysburg

Fayetteville

Ronks

Mountville

Bendersville

York, R. 9

York

Arendtsville

Harrisburg

Zionsviile

Lebanon

New Castle

Moylan

Jersey Shore, Box 60

Quarryville, R 1

Denver

Camp Hill

York, R. 2

Lititz, R. 5

Wavnesboro

Johnstown

Reading, R. 2

Patton, R. 2

Hunlock Creek, R. D.

Etters

Etters, R. 1

Pulaski

261 S. 3d St., l»hiladelphia

Whiteford, Md.

York Springs

Gettysburg

Wilkes-Barrt', Box 251

Royersford

White Haven

(it'ltysburg

Gettysburg

Biglerville

Sharpsburg, R. 2

Pequea, R. 1

Chambersburg

County
Dauphin
Lancaster
Clearfield
Blair
Centre
Somerset
Adams
York
Adams
Franklin
Lancaster
Lancaster
Adams
York
York
Adams
Dauphin
Lehigh
Lebanon
Lawrence
Delaware
Lycoming
Lancaster
Lancaster
Cumberland
York
Lancaster
Franklin
Cambria
Berks
Cambria
Luzerne
York
York
Lawrence
Philadelphia

Adams

Adams

Luzerne

Montgomery

Luzerne

Adams

Adams

Adams

Allegheny

Lancaster

Franklin

Name

Winters, B. J.
Winters, J. H.
Winters, M. L
VVishard, W. H.
*Wister, John C.
*Witherow, R. T.
Witherspoon, D. Erskino
Witmer, John B.
*Wolfe, Charles A.
Wolfe, Chas. M.
Wolfe, Harry E.
Wolff, B. F.
Wolff, Paul
Wolff, Dr. W. E.
Wolper, D. L.
Woodley, C. A.
*Woods, Edward A.
Worst, D. C.
Worthington, Russell
Wot ring, Oscar
Wright, Ryland
Wrightstone, N. E.
Yiengst, John
Verger, C. R.
Voder & Handrich
Vohe, George S.
Yohe, Thomas E.
Young, A. F.
Young, Fred
Voung, J, P.
* Youngs, L. G.
Yost, P. L.
Zeigler, J. A. C.
Zimmerman, H. S.
/'of)k, I. F.
Zullinger, T, A.

Life Members.

Post Office

1440 Wyoming Ave, Forty

Dallas, R. D.

rfellam, R. 1

Chambersburg, R. 9

Germantown

Punxsutawney

Chambersburg, R. 9

Lampeter

Aspers

York Springs

Aspers

Lima

Myerstown

Arendtsville

Xorristown, R. 'A

Benton Harbor, Michigan

Frick Bldg., Pittsburgh

Carlisle

West Chester

Seidersville

Aspers

Camp Hill

Lebanon, R. 5

Apollo, R. 3

Orrtanna

Spring Grove. 14«i East St,

Menges Mills

North East

Ellwood City, R. 1

Chambersburg, R. 8

North East

Sugarloaf, R. D.

1018 W. Locu.st St., York

La Park

('urryville

Chambersburg

County

Fort Luzerne

Luzerne

York

Franklin

Philadelphia

Jefferson

Franklin

Lancaster

Adams

Adams

Adams

Delaware

Lebanon

Adams

^[ontgomery

Allegheny

Cumberland

Chester

Northampton

Adams

Cumberland

Lebanon

Armstrong

Adams

York

York

Erie

Lawrence

Franklin

Erie

Luzerne

York

Lancaster

Blair

Franklin

* Life Members.

234 —

— 235 —

GENERAL INDEX

Page
... 37

7f>

.131
137

72

E. L. Nixon.

3S

32

30

93

122

Applo Blotch. Fijrhtinji — ^- 1^- Orton *.

Apple Butter, Mtikiiif; — J. M. lialtliazor........

Apple. Kxpci'iiiioiits with Dust on — S. W. Frost

Apple Fruit Spots — W. C. McCubhin ....--

Vpiilo (Irades, Results of Preliminary Trials — W. C. Lynn

App:e Rod-bno- and Aphis. l'ro<j:ross in Methods of Controlling —

H. E. Hodf^kiss

Apple Scab. Dusting and Spraying lor

Apple Scab, \V[\y Not Controlled in 1922

Apple Show at Washington

Apple Tree Breakage, i'reventing and Repairing — Paul Thayer..

Ajiples, Color of. as affected by Nitrate of Soda

Apples, Packing in Boxes — S. H. Wertz 74

Apples, Should they be Pruned Heavier the Oil" Year- R. D. Anthony <S

Apples. Standard Varieties in Pennsylvania — R. D. Anthony 86

Apples, Varieties for boxing 136

Asparagus, Washington — 11. i'. To' p-on... i'>

Awards at 1923 Fruit Show 'J^'

Blueberries, Garden Culture of — A. F. Mason -^^

Bordeaux, Making 1^;'

Central Packing House M(»v(M)ent in C'e East — P. ^\ I a> lor «■<»

Central Packing Houses. H(e.\ V-.iv Will it Pay to Haul Apples to

— D. M. Wert/ '-^

Committees, Standing and Special -^

<'onstituli(»n and By-Laws -^

(Constitution, Proposed Amendniont to ^1

County Horticultural Societies, Sample Constitution and By-Laws of 1«4
Countv Horticultural Societies — M<'nibership lists and reports.

lb<

170

p 171

172

it::

Adams

Rerks. .

Chester !>■ ':n>aie. .

Cuiuberlan<l

Franklin

Lancaster

Lawrence

Lebanon

L(diigh

Lu/ernc.

York

Wayne

Crop Estinuites and Ri'ports. Value of
Crop Estimates. Dis<'ussiou on..
Dust. Experiments with on Apple
Dusting, M V H; . petienic with \\ 11.

.lolin < '. Sehiuidt

W.

I'MSt
♦ 1

«n (-;i

lied WinKT Injury at the Collar lo

Fire-bligli t , H'lat mui o1

— C. p. Ortn,. .

F. O. H. Sales \s, ( oTisignnient — W. K. (imse..
Fruit FnriMiu^ witliout Horses — S. C. Flshtdnian
Fruit Crouers. Outlo.dv f<n' — C. J. Tyson

Fr\iit Shou a' Washin'.;to!i

Fruit Show. .X^vards

Game Laws, Discussion of

(tradiu"' Piaf-ti'-es. A Ciiininission .Mini's \"'e\-, n

Insurance*. Hail and I'fost

Irrigation, I'ortable R. .1. Walton

.Tapanese B(M^tle as an Orchard Pest- C. H. Ihid'ev

Japanese Beetle Quarantine— .^ C. Sanders

•Tapanese Beetle. Discussion 26, 29

r \V, 11, [^aegs

I /.»
ITS
179

1 sn

IRl

1^1

.183

. 6S

99

1 ;; 1
.".I'

71

I2ri

4'»
. 9.1

101
.Id
7H

162
22
27

Late Feeding Worms — 8. W. Frost..

Lime-.sulphur Concentrate, Diluting...............

Lime-sulphur Concentrate, Home-n^ade"

Lime-sulphur, Dry-mix, Making [

'«-

Lime-sulphur, Self-boiled, Makin

MarWt Developing a Local - H. s. Xolt7p:" sr l^^nstcM-K-aHuM-;
N. K. Huev

Page

138

193

193

19.5

194

)9

Maiketing Fruit, Cooperatives - Manley Stockton 4r,

Marketing Fruit. Report of Conference on rui

Markets, Roadside — L. H. Crosman \'^-

Mico, Methods of Destroving. '"*

Middlemen, Are They Getting Too Large"'a'"shan:"of 'the Fruit' '
Grower's Dollar? — W. H. Baggs

Nicotine Sprays, Home-made

Nicotine Sulphate, Substitutes for T

Nursery Stock, Quality in

Oil Sprays, Miscible.. ..

Packag.., Best for Apph-s and T^eaX^oira'Lo -arMai-ket- H ■(•

Bnnton

Peach Fillers — Sheldon W. Funk!-"-'^

Peach, Hardiness of — .1. H. Hale

Peach Tree-Borer Contnd — H. E. Hodgkiss 'lo^^

Peach Yellows, Report of Committee nn ^q

Peach Yellows, What is New in — W. A. McCubbin. 44

caches. Hardiest in Bud J04

51

; 197

L. (Juyton 4-5

125

.. 72
...127

80

I

Pear Culture in Pennsylvania -^ Howard A. Ch:; e no

President's Address ....". iJ)

Pruning, Long ,or

Pruning Young Apple Trees jgjj

Raspberry Culture, Present Situation (.f '79

Report of the Exhibition Committee q;'.

Report of General Fruit Committee ' si;

Rei)ort of Committee on Nominations 90

Report of Committee on Peach Ycdlows ' .'' " 90

Report of Resolutions Committe(> (,s

Report of the Membership Socretarv g-,

Report of the Secretary ... go

Report of the Treasurer s^l

130

80

I 11

193

San Jose Seah is it coming back?

Smudge Pots, Are they I'racti.-al in l'et,ns\-
Spray Stains. Best Way to i^'ei ..\,. fro- A

Sprays, Directions for Making

Sprayin^f. Discussion

Sj>rayln^' and Dusting for Apph-

\ ;i n la
'ti'es

F. X. Fa

n ii

1.

• >.(

• >>.

I nil

Sprayin- l-jpiipment and Metli(M!s, !.!rrpnr h pyoxenuMits in

A. I\ Mason |o

Spraying Scdu'dules for Fruit — H. E ILnb^kiss and C. U. Oifon .1,^6

Spraying Rings — . I. .1. .Ta<piish 45

Spreaders and Stickers. E\ peiieiM-.' witli |'. X. |\m.;,[, 4]

Storage, ('uiiiinon. Prolden's - [,. M

Sweet Cln\..r in .\p])le Orchard

\'ari»'ties. N.-w. p.ctter than the Old
Warieties. Xew. lietter than the Ohl

.Marb'i

Ci reat er. .\'l\ ert isiii'.' (

.104

136

Pet.u- n. Holt/ m.;

H. L. Breidenbac li i;U>

I»a';:

Vegetable ( 'onsumpt ion

H. 1". ToH' pson

Vegetable Forcing. Opportunities in c. R. Mason
Vegetable (Jrowing. Mv First VearV Ivvperience in

X'egetables as ;i Side Line— Sh.ddon I'unk

Vegetables, lmpro\ cno'iit ot 'i'lirough Sva] Selection

Vegf>tables. Spraying and Dusting in X^. .1. — C. H. Xisslev ! .... 1.^'

<\ K

foi'

14.-.

153

iVatt- 162

126

M\ ers . 165

END OF YEAR