or ee a :
oy Vib
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOLUME 106
NUMBERS 3362-3377
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1959
SMITHSONIAN
STITUTION DEG t 4 1958
ZQsvnsONigy
DEC 23 1959
LIBRARY
Civc..
ADVERTISEMENT
The scientific publications of the National Museum include two
series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin.
The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium
for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the
National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology,
anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and
revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form,
are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations
and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects.
The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded
in the tables of contents of each of the volumes.
The present volume is the hundred and sixth of this series.
The Bulletin, the first of which was issued in 1875, consists of a
series of separate publications comprising monographs of large zoo-
logical groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in
several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of
type specimens, special collections, and other material of similar
nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto
size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were
regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes
under the heading Contributions from the United States National
Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since
1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of
the Museum.
REMINGTON KELLOGG,
Director, United States National Museum.
Iit
Tt mena
ori abalont onorult fancies sdi te suonasilivy stiicien lt
telat. Din ani ‘snot ae Uovirouge: Tyros Fata
errr ia Tri rig bya kser ro tre Le A rat ai Niyys| + Oy oe. worl, o PTs
ait diy arotioaiton wi) wo Panad saowoq Limo da matt midig a0!
waoloc! Tejon bet pie, vive dase) Tar uP a bskwh oo Ke Br
boa earl won to anentqimeb Mire .-ehloey, Gna “emoledenul tia,
ne ea
, ae
arrod dehiitainn, of praisid deste TO. cai par a by Huey on"
nn iaLnaTo: HNilitsines aver varuediloy badaildag es hoandiiiel!s « a
pyipeiye Netevar Qe ts nits ‘tl 5 plat elite’ arailie rd | ana nade a) bf ‘p
es
\ hee
Halondtond borlellyqere ah alavseoa dearkt goin vq, Mas aba) Gri'k
Samay h) 47 rind Pawnee 4 : onli hh nit
ee ath WH Maia hia oahu ad st atifor taker ic
er
a pletion 288d nc Dawann aay, tivitter Yo! deat cab (ane ey nit
Dias 2s. eels Pans retrirteec sis i Hee st ork. ee 7
ioe wa ; 16 adiiuaton Bile my 133 BACK A ag. Wt it 30 euiive
, : 7 m, 7 ‘ ; > :
it crt notehooey/ 292 Mier! qinorave lernwg sot Eas noe [Asien
+ 7 oe ‘ : i [ x E
hy sbissnS” ANGIE Sia 19° Soins sath ser C' haaiiletbriiy >:
fnié. Io ‘javiahae thd i Heo PKs lay Weis. tT : PPT Te Sy‘,
Thu bug aie re Ove ie ann enn sini ¥ aid 7 i al eH ¥ i alae
AION. El) fa a a) if eae + ae sr Pe we iW j ? % et A non of
seu lalep separ alitd 2) eoorei Wa rade esto ligs- shiv Chneastil ths
sis) Pia) A pra Ls Tae TtWth he is ] aghine . xi biuni ws lth by tee)
Teen tes.* A ‘be OF os 4 i a - wa ; es se re
Ao i WAN DASE] OY itt eaieline WAC AD aii) athe, Ae
7 ? 7 - b . iat 5
A é é a 7 - : 7
pyiis : LCL. é 12S iad i} (i li cal yey byodlwal: 209) : 7LD t OoYy;! jee fat mh ore Bary |)
| i t ¥ : Te Peis
Treaty! ait, by 1 i hing An | xy) Sares Vichy, © fseinry pricedenn Ea yc ‘
; | ‘ tiennlh. Teh
Avuihise hur emiel
wir th Levaraq yh Wy} nip Nahe ith j HAN fhe
hat
CONTENTS
Carriker, M. A., Jr. Studies in Neotropical Mallophaga,
XVI: Bird lice of the suborder Ischnocera. Nine
figures. No. 3375, published January 30, 1957
New genera: Formicaricola, Formicaphagus.
New species: Formicaphagus picturatus, F. laemostictus, F. mag-
nus, F. angustifrons, F. huilae, F. latifrons, F. clypeatus, F.
peruvianus, F. minutus, F. thoracicus, F. brevifrons, F. bolivianus,
F. grallariae, F. splendidus, F. pittasomae, Formicaricola
analoides, F. costaricensis F. mexicana, F. sanctae-martae, F.
beni, F. colmae, F. chocoana.
Cuoparp, Lucimn. Some crickets from South America
(Grulloidea and Tridactyloidea). Six figures. No. 3366,
published September 20, 1956 A Bhs ew.
New genus: Eneopteroides, Podoscirtodes.
New species: Acheta fulvastra, Pteronemobius schunket, Hygrone-
mobius longespinosus, Trigonidomimus ruficeps, Prosthacusta
amplipennis, Acla reticulata, A. vicina, Anazipha ruficeps,
A. soror, A. infirmenotata, A. allardi, A. latefasciata, A. nigri-
pennis, A. nigerrima, A. schunkei, Metioche boliviana, M.
peruviana, Rhicnogryllus annulipes, Eneopteroides flavifrons,
Diatrypa allardi, D. latipennis, D. schunket, D. minuta, Amblyr-
hetus nodifer, Aphonomorphus stipatus, A. socius, A. dissimilis,
A. obscurus, A. deceptor, A. schunkei, A. allardi, A. adjunctus,
A. elegans, Paraphonus vicinus, Rhipipteryx difformipes, R.
vicinus, R. femoratus, R. schunket.
Pages
409-439
241-293
Farrett, Caartes E. Chiggers of the genus Luschéngastia ©
(Acarina : Trombiculidae) in North America. Eight
figures and twenty-one plates. No. 3364, published Octo-
ber 19, 1956 ioe st Oc:
New species: Euschéngastia bigenuala, E. trigenuala, E. rubra,
E. magna, E. marmotae, E. carolinensis, E. ohioensis, E. crateris,,
E. diversa.
New subspecies: Euschéngastia diversa acuta, E. diversa diversa
FLemIncer, ABRAHAM, AND Bowman, Tuomas E. A new
species of Candacia (Copepoda : Calanoida) from the
western North Atlantic Ocean. Two figures. No. 3370.
Published October 15, 1956
New species: Candacia paenelongimana,
85-235
331-337
VI CONTENTS
Pages
FRIEDMANN, Herspert. Further data on African parasitic
cuckoos. Three plates. No. 3374, published October
BA UQSAM. Se Gotan id oe OS ee UN a Pe TEAOS
Horrman, Ricnarp L. Revision of the milliped genus
Dixioria (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Four figures.
No. 3362, published March 29,1956... ....... 1-19
New species: Dizxioria dactylifera.
New subspecies: Dixioria pela acuminata, D. pela brooksi, D. pela
fowleri, D. pela wrightt.
Menzigs, Ropert J., AnD Bowman, THomas E. Emended
description and assignment to the new genus Ronalea of
the idotheid isopod Erichsonella pseudoculata Boone. One
figure. No. 3371, published October 17,1956... . . . 339-343
New genus: Ronalea.
Menzirs, Ropert J., AnD Perrit, Jean. A new genus and
species of marine asellote isopod, Caecianiropsis psammo-
phila, from California. Three figures. No. 3376, pub-
hshedcNGvember 250950" 7 anne) oe aeeeeen te Stee Meer RE EPA
New genus: Caecianiropsis.
New species: Caecianiropsis psammophila.
Namba, Ryogr. A revision of the flies of the genus Rivellia
(Otitidea, Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Ten
figures. No. 3363, published June5,1956 ....... 21-84
New species: Rivellia tersa, R. australis, R. maculosa, R. munda,
R. imitabilis, R. winifredae, R. texana, R. vaga, R. michiganensis,
R. tnaequata, R. socialis, R. steyskali, R. cole.
ScHLINGER, Evert I. A revision of the acrocerid flies of the
genus Pralea Erichson with a discussion of their sexual
dimorphism (Diptera). Four figures. No. 3373, pub-
lished-October*12 1956) 234 28) 2h eee et Sot aunt 19 heno 7c
New species: Pialea antiqua, P. capitella, P. ecuadorensis.
Scuuttz, Lronarp P. A new pinecone fish, Monocentris
reedi, from Chile, a new family record for the Eastern
Pacific. One plate. No. 3365, published July 24, 1956 . 237-239
New species: Monocentris reedi.
CONTENTS Vil
Pages
Serzer, Henry W. Mammals of the Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan.! Ten figures. No. 3377, published November
28, 1956 . oN hae ee ae: OS a Ce ova o 447-587
New species: Mastomys kulmei, Acomys lowei, Steatomys thomast.
New subspecies: Ateleriz pruneri lowei, Elephantulus rufescens
hoogstraali, Crocidura bicolor tephragaster, C. hildegardeae
phaios, C. nyansae toritensis, C. turba tephra, Poélagus majorita
oweni, Lepus capensis dinderus, Gerbillus gerbillus sudanensvs,
Grammomys macmillani erythropygus, Oenomys hypoxanthus
talangae, Dasmys incomtus palustris, Mastomys natalensis
agurensis, M. natalensis marrensis, Praomys fumatus owent,
P. tullbergi sudanensis, Mus bellus delamensis, Graphiurus
murinus marrensis, Cryptomys ochraceocinereus oweni, Hetero-
hyrax brucei hoogstraali.
SHOEMAKER, CLARENCE R. Observations on the amphipod
genus Parhyale. Four figures. No. 3372, published
October 15.1956 % .< «8a 4 acEls Sw & & 2 Se won Sh0-d08
New subspecies: Parhyale fascigera penicillata.
Townes, Henry. The Nearctic species of trigonalid wasps.
One figure. No. 3367, published October 16, 1956 . . . 295-804
Wattiey, Luretta M. A tribal revision of the brachy-
cyrtine wasps of the world (Cryptinae—Ichneumonidae).
One figure. No. 3369, published October 16, 1956 . . . 315-329
New genus: Habryllia.
New species: Habryllia muesebecki, H. cosmeta, Brachycyrtus
baltazarae.
Wueetrr, Marsuatt R. Latheticomyia, a new genus of
acalyptrate flies of uncertain family relationship. Two
figures. No. 3368, published October 22,1956. . . . . 3805-314
New genus: Lathelicomyia.
New species: Latheticomyia tricolor, L. lineata, L. infumata.
1Erratum: On page 508, line 7, for ‘‘Aryicanthis’’ read ‘Arvicanthis.”’
uy enna ROY | i iss
"
vind . Ti
Hatlqred-olues, gilt, To: clonal ql! genic it (seme
é - oe = 4 co ‘ se Fr.’ i
TALIA / frstetnglitgyyy 2 ¥i _* ett t ee) Viet 7 fla a * dass Le
so , AGS e ;
Va “1 ty A ae 7 - ' o Gta raeet & om,
HHGAL CAioClONy, wattul ahr, con! ub eTte! UL: Pion e |
her bye Mir eu yinl Morn hen A fu “at air ileeks - 9 uo a "4 Aye
Wi omsblah Ak. vlemtriddek salient ; oe ei rte tity
Se VOR fie Fut OL ethyl adit areal Wi rk
econ bh rWe)) Ror ay “gaitidaed « malate pose aye Ly Slt i) BOO
Bhntine he” yg ocd Tseng s HN? Yaa instae “yin bq)
; RACH Motul’? ol tetheiney Fie wnt, Wranky “aby ROOF,
a eyire.4 ¥ wink a a lonaninh , yi a bese vant { 1 u P ie 7S
A) UAnriy | AStaa Op ie ay ME ste foi oue, cot *
‘ 7 vi 7 7 wa? I
act. ENGI Ge USO a Thm aveat 1 il CURR raving a
v4) VE ath eyyiod Ange sayy
- Ceeiiqnh: and) id, ace) wiseuA), dist LER ht ALE > tilt ie Oe
7 s ’ r,t i) yoda 14 es “y , it eel rc iit
fPadeiideg Sree Ov, | Pee, ok ian Wr ee
o 1 i rn
eS A i ts : , A. 4 ; nl
Ga Ye ts ‘ ‘ : ‘ svt) w - ' * «& eae, ee © wes ‘4 noe ir Ct i t gu { 1S:
f a - . + a7 |
Ua ET oe yA FEO shey wath Paoaht Cedue Wot
gilt aT Aa eee re : lee vant ; i at = ae
eee Cou seo eo meas ON Sra ae a S
MU enGS .A., .. gall Ul dine’ hai i thie Yooh OR eT 380
. oe av(ison!, sili a MOE _ Gti. A Ah Nth?
MDs mn ormerttol« ~ ati ‘33 tJ e)) Pig .ssh) CO een it ay i ia
oc oh oS WOE AT Hdtio®? Tndadlatatees (dh siuonliun ae
/ - ron At win ai
4 a . - 5 oe 4S tere a a i ‘ ‘ua ”
. Vie 4 } > oa Wyacsiyat fh win! \ Kg vi
= a pa grneplhad
7 te « ‘ 1.0. er i . : c¥>
iy efit ie ou Wa ER rae AR at APRs yaeks te cel Tae
hgh a a ies ‘ aan Le ‘
ert nan stot Wh? Bi to BM AER dea
- a= < y uz . d r if a a pe ret
BGR Fi ‘ . ‘ ¥ i Ot (Cas tek toga) I rer llcliset St Mks UAL olla Se
. | r : f % -
; i ee Bi ate O1 nga jae mA
anon a aig rr: hoard f one * wh as eddy eO it aut TM RERCRA V4
a
i / "it nw ot Weert Meh scat 1, Gell et ORM UC eet eel De,
.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 106 Washington : 1956 No. 3362
REVISION OF THE MILLIPED GENUS DIXIORIA
(POLYDESMIDA: XYSTODESMIDAE)
By Ricuarp L. HorrMan
Generally speaking, most of the published work on the classification
of the diplopods has been either fragmentary or carelessly superficial,
often both. This is particularly true in the United States where,
except for the valuable work of O. F. Cook and H. F. Loomis, there
is only a welter of short papers on millipeds that contain brief and in
many cases meaningless descriptions of miscellaneous new forms.
The prevailing method of treatment apparently has discouraged
a number of interested students who have found the confusion too
ereat to overcome. I feel that the time is long overdue for some
attempt to assemble and evaluate our present knowledge, and to
present it in a form that will be useful to others.
I have undertaken the preparation of formal taxonomic revisions
of certain North American milliped groups, to be published as available
material permits in the form of revisions of genera. Each paper is
intended to be as thorough as possible with the material at hand, and
in some cases the results compare favorably with published studies
of many vertebrate groups. The family Xystodesmidae is selected
as a starting point because it is rich in genera and species as well as
1
366157—36——_1
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
in individuals; because of the localization of most species which en-
hances their value in evolutionary studies; and because of the rela-
tive ease of obtaining specimens for study. This last factor is par-
ticularly true in the case of those genera confined to the Southern
Appalachians.
The present study is devoted to Dizioria, a small genus of attrac-
tively colored diplopods which is restricted to the Southern Appa-
lachians in western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and south-
western Virginia. Occurring in a very deeply dissected mountain
region, the forms of Dizioria are quite localized and afford interesting
material for the study of distribution and phylogeny.
My original plan to revise all of the xystodesmid genera in a single
publication has been abandoned, as it became obvious that such an
endeavor would necessarily be postponed for many years. It seemed
best to reserve a general treatment of generic relationships and evolu-
tion to serve as a culmination, rather than initiation, of the series.
MaTERIALS AND METHODS
For this study I have examined approximately 100 specimens,
representing all of the seven recognized forms of Dixioria and includ-
ing the type specimens of the two previously named species. Five
additional names are proposed herein. I have personally collected
material of all of the forms except Dizioria pela brooksi and D. dac-
tylifera, and this field experience has been particularly useful in pro-
viding first-hand knowledge of the physiographic factors influencing
distribution.
Most of the specimens have been collected by me or by friends,
but additional material has been examined from the collections of
several museums. Abbreviations used in the text to designate the
sources of preserved study specimens are as follows:
AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y.
CM, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.
MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
RLH, Private collection of R. L. Hoffman, Blacksburg, Va.
USNM, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.
The drawings were made from gonopods immersed in alcohol, using
a binocular microscope equipped with an ocular grid. This attach-
ment facilitated very accurate transfer of the image to coordinate
paper, and also made possible careful comparison of gonopods with
previous illustrations.
Extreme care was taken to orient the gonopods into a uniform posi-
tion for drawing, so that fictitious differences in appearance arising
from different aspects might be kept toa minimum. Failure to take
MILLIPED GENUS DIXIORIA—HOFFMAN 3
such an elementary precaution has been one of the outstanding defects
of American diplopod taxonomy.
For the privilege of studying the collections under their care, [
am indebted to Dr. E. A. Chapin, formerly of the U. S. National
Museum, Dr. Willis J. Gertsch of the American Museum of Natural
History, and Dr. P. J. Darlington of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. Gordon K. MacMillan kindly loaned all of the Appalachian
millipeds in the Carnegie Museum, including several interesting series
of different forms.
Most of my field work was done with the aid of grants from the
Virginia Academy of Sciences and the Highlands (North Carolina)
Biological Station. James A. Fowler, Hubert I. Kleinpeter, and
William T. Keeton have been helpful companions in the field.
More than to anyone else, this study of Dixiorza owes its existence
to my good friend Leslie Hubricht, an outstanding student of American
gastropods and an unexcelled collector, who has provided perhaps the
largest part of the material in my collection.
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
A certain amount of confusion presently attends usage of the
generic names Deltotaria and Dizioria. I have personally contributed
to this misunderstanding, and am glad to take the opportunity to
review the status of the two groups with the hope of correcting previous
mistakes.
The genus Deltotaria was proposed by Causey in 1942 for the recep-
tion of a new species (brimleiz) collected at Swannanoa, N. C. The
primary diagnostic character cited for the genus was the presence of
a projection on the coxal joint of the gonopod. Somewhat later, two
additional species were described, D. nigrimontis (Chamberlin, 1947)
and D. coronata (Hoffman, 1949). Apparently both Chamberlin and
I were impressed by the fact that the distal end of the gonopod in our
species was similar to that figured for brimlew (furcate), and we over-
looked the complete absence of a coxal projection in our new forms.
With the initiation of intensive studies on the genera of the Xystodes-
midae, it became apparent that members of two considerably different
eenera had been described under the name Deltotaria. More recently,
Dr. Causey published the descriptions of two additional species, both
of which agree with the generotype, thus emphasizing the misplace-
ment of coronata and nigrimontis.
At first it appeared that a new generic name was needed to embrace
these two orphaned species, which seemed to fit into none of the cur-
rently recognized genera. Soon, however, I discovered that Dixioria
of Chamberlin (1947) was available for one of them because its type
species is subjectively congeneric with coronata, and that the other is
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
referable to the genus Sigmoria, as will be shown in a later paper of
this series.
Fontaria pela was described by Chamberlin (1918) from material
collected at Burbank, Tenn. ‘The original description did not contain
drawings of the gonopods, and the species, more or less unidentifiable,
dropped into obscurity for the next 30 years. In 1947, Chamberlin
described another new species as Diaioria dentifer, the type locality
of which is Cranberry, N. C. Less than two years later, in February
1949, I examined the type of Fontaria pela at the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology and discovered that pela and dentifer are names based
upon the same species. Dizioria, therefore, becomes the proper name
for Fontaria pela as well as for my Deltotaria coronata. Although
there are considerable differences between the original drawings of the
gonopods of coronata and dentifer, I believe that the illustrations in
this paper will establish that the two are congeneric. The discovery
of intermediate forms also serves to corroborate this relationship.
TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS
The structural peculiarities which characterize the genus Dirioria
are fairly numerous and distinctive. The most obvious is the color
pattern, there being no other genera in the eastern United States in
which the dorsum is black with the caudolateral half of the paranota,
tip of the telson, and anterior edge of the collum bright yellow. Be-
cause of this peculiarity, females as well as males can be placed into
Dizioria with confidence. However, since the pattern is identical in
all of the known forms, it is of no utility in separating species.
Another generically diagnostic character is the configuration of the
paranota, of which both anterior and posterior corners are broadly
rounded on all except the last few segments. Among other xysto-
desmids of eastern North America, this feature is duplicated only in
some forms of Brachoria, all of which are considerably wider in pro-
portion to their length than of the relatively slender species of Dixioria.
The gonopods of the male sex, while varying considerably in small
details, preserve an over-all similarity throughout the genus and are
distinctive from those of other known genera. The prefemoral process
is always present and conspicuous, in the form of a wedge-shaped,
usually slender, upright peg. The telopodite blade is very slender
and unmodified except at its distal end, forming an even curve similar
to that found in the genus Apheloria. Distally the telopodite is
enlarged and provided with one or two subterminal processes of vari-
able size but usually thin and laminate in shape. None of these serves
as a solenomerite, as the seminal groove continues on to the tip of the
telopodite proper.
MILLIPED GENUS DIXIORIA—HOFFMAN 2
So little is yet known of the comparative morphology of the cypho-
pods in most milliped groups that little can be said of their value in
the differentiation of genera. It seems, at present, that the cyphopods
do not differ markedly from those of Brachoria and of the Trimaculata
group of Apheloria, although more detailed studies may reveal the
presence of very distinct features.
Structural differences used in the separation of the forms of Dirioria
are of two kinds. Most conspicuous, and perhaps most fundamental,
are the differences in the shape of the male gonopods, and these are
the features customarily utilized by most students of the Diplopoda.
During the course of my studies of polydesmoid millipeds, however,
I have found that in most cases where the gonopods are singular
enough to indicate specific distinction, a close examination of the
material will reveal other correlated structural peculiarities. It is my
belief that, generally speaking, if a species is actually a valid one it
can be distinguished from its congeners by characters other than those
expressed by the male genitalia.
In the present instance, Dirioria pela is separable from D. dactyl-
ifera by several tangible characters aside from the obviously disjunct
gonopods. These differences may be described verbally and are
mentioned both in the following key to species and in the diagnosis
of D. dactylifera. They are of interest in several respects.
First, they serve to indicate that perfectly good taxonomic characters
may be disregarded in the general preoccupation with male genitalia
and color pattern—two variables which seem to have claimed the
attention of most American workers. Second, the discovery that
coxal spines may be present in one species and absent from another
suggests that their utilization in generic diagnosis may have to be
somewhat modified as our knowledge of variability of the character
improves. Heretofore, the presence or absence of coxal spines has
been considered to be constant in a genus.
Despite the six or seven respects in which the two species of Diziorva
differ superficially, their general similarity in structure, color pattern,
size, and appearance is so great as to preclude any doubt of the
homogeneity of Dizioria as a generic entity.
Taxonomic differences expressed by the gonopods of the male are,
to a considerable extent, qualitative and best appreciated by reference
to drawings. Nonetheless, it is quite possible to distinguish and
describe some of these differences verbally, and, with the development
of homologies and a terminology for the parts, to abolish the old
ambiguous phrase, ‘(Gonopods as illustrated.’ In treating the gono-
pod characters in Dizioria, particular attention is here given to the
distal end of the telopodite, with its teeth and lobes, and to the shape
of the prefemoral process.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
An outstanding characteristic of the genus is the presence of a small,
very thin, triangular tooth (referred to as process A) near the end of
the telopodite. All of the subspecies of pela are provided with this
feature. In most of them there is also an expansion of the end of the
telopodite and a supplementary oblong lobe, or process (referred to as
process B). In the case of dactylifera, process B has become un-
usually enlarged, and A has disappeared entirely. In this instance,
and also in those subspecies of pela where B is enlarged, it is useful
to distinguish the true ending of the telopodite with the term solenom-
erite (S). Possibly the name parsolenomerite might be adopted to
replace “process B,’? but I hesitate to devise a terminology until
homologies have been worked out for all the genera of the family.
One may observe some geographic variation in the gonopods of the
forms of Dixiora pela. There is a trend from south (pela) to north
(fowleri) toward increase in the size of the prefemoral process and a
corresponding decrease in the length and arch of the telopodite blade.
A similar variation occurs, altitudinally, in a reverse direction in that
coronata (presumably a montane derivative of fowleri) shows tenden-
cies back toward the characters of pela.
The average size of series varies considerably and at first suggested
itself as a secondary taxonomic difference. However, this varies
within subspecies as well as between them, and I conclude that
dimension is a character which varies at least with the individual and
at most with any given micropopulation. It may be only a reflection
of propitious environmental conditions.
Various other characters, such as the shape of the paranota of the
caudalmost segments, were considered for their possible utility in
separating subspecies. Several variations, which at first appeared to
be useful, were found to break down when series of specimens were
checked, and in general it seems that such qualitative differences, even
if stable, are so slight that they would be negated by the normal
amount of error inherent in making drawings under low magnification.
Genus Dixioria Chamberlin
Diroria Chamberlin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 99, p. 28, 1947.
Deltotaria (not Causey) Hoffman, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 99, p. 379 (in part),
1949.
Type species: Dizxioria dentifer Chamberlin 1947 (=Fontaria pela
Chamberlin 1918), by original designation.
Dracnosis: A fontariid genus characterized as follows: prefemora
of legs with a sharp distal spine, coxae with or without small ventral
spines; sternites without obvious processes at bases of legs and not
produced on caudal margin; tergites smooth, paranota rather small,
MILLIPED GENUS DIXIORIA—HOFFMAN 7
with both corners rounded on most segments, pores opening dorso-
laterally.
Male gonopod rather simple; no coxal process, prefemoral portion
globosely swollen and with an erect, somewhat cuneiform process,
remainder of telopodite a slender, unmodified, strongly curved blade,
with one or two small subterminal processes and occasional sub-
terminal enlargement. Coxae separate from each other but connected
by a strong band of sclerotized tissue.
Size of animals moderate, from 30 to 40 mm. in length, rather slender,
width about 20 percent of length. Dorsum black, with caudolateral
corners of paranota and anterior margin of collum bright lemon yellow,
legs and other ventral surfaces yellowish tan to light brown.
Rance: Southern Appalachian Mountains, specifically in and
adjacent to the Iron-Unaka mountain chain, from Bland County, Va.,
south to Grandfather Mountain, N. C., and Roan Mountain, Tenn.
In general, the ranges in distribution of each form coincide closely
with separate mountains or mountain ranges.
Sprcres: Two, one of which is divided into six subspecies.
Key to the known forms of Dixioria
1. Coxal spines absent or represented only as a faint remnant on some of the
caudalmost legs; all sternites with at least 8 setae; gonopod socket extend-
ing laterad past outer end of coxal acetabula; process A of gonopods absent,
process B greatly enlarged . . . : Se ACES dacivliters
Coxal spines present, conspicuous; Ont Os ite stemites glabrous, a few with
up to 8 or 10 setae; gonopod aperture not extending laterad past coxal
acetabula; process A of gonopods present, process Bvariable . . .... 2
2. Distal end of telopodite of male gonopod with only one subterminal process
ats ere ir ee ae
Distal end of talopodite Of are gonopod with ive. cubtenmina! processes (A
and B)eases.0 i 4
3. Telopodite penal irenee dictad: Ain end. OF peefomionsl ices ne
lateralatarightangleornearlyso .. . . .. . pela pela
Telopodite conspicuously laminately expanded near fond pretemoral process
straight or nearly so... . . . . . pela acuminata
4. Distal end of telopodite ngitccably Cepitnte fenlaneed on the outer margin),
processes A and B more or less coalesced; telopodite rather flattened in
cross section... . . . . . pela brooksi
Distal end of telopodite nor permite, capitate. ie subterminal processes dis-
crete; femoral portion subteretein crosssection . . . . Be ensue
5. Process B very large, becoming larger and broadly Pontes distally; pre-
femoral process bent at a right angle distally ; solenomerite very long.
pela wrighti
Process B small, digitiform, only slightly eee than A; prefemoral process
cuneiform, not bent distally ... . Sea 0
6. Prefemoral process broader, with an Betis epee on ne Gre cage . pela fowleri
Prefemoral process narrower, outer edge nearly straight but with a small
subterminalindentation .........4. 4.4... .., pela coronata
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 108
Dixioria pela pela (Chamberlin)
FicuReE l,a
Fontaria pela Chamberlin, Psyche, vol. 25, p. 123, 1918.
Dizxioria dentifer Chamberlin, 1947, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 99,
p. 28, fig. 18, 1947, (Cranberry, Avery County, N. C.; type in AMNH).
Apheloria pela Hoffman, in D. L. Wray, Insects of North Carolina, Second
Supplement, p. 44, 1950.
Typr spPEcIMENS: Male holotype and paratypes of both sexes
(MCZ), from Burbank, Carter County, Tenn., collected by Roland
Thaxter.
Dracnosis: Prefemoral process of male gonopod slender, upright,
only slightly bent distally; telopodite with tip attenuated, very little
expanded and modified only by the presence of a subterminal tooth
(A); telopodite blade long and slender, somewhat sigmoidally curved
distally.
Description: Given in full only for the typical subspecies since the
others differ only in gonopod structure.
Length, 35 to 42 mm., width, 5.0 to 9.0 mm. Body relatively
slender, parallel-sided, segments 4-16 essentially of full width. Width
of body about 20 percent of length, varying from 19 to 22 percent.
Head smooth and shining, vertigial groove distinct and obviously
punctate, genae slightly swollen near antennal concavity but not
medially impressed. A single paramedian clypeal seta on each side,
interantennal frontal setae and supra-antennal occipital setae absent.
Antennae separated by a distance equal to length of 3d antennal
article, moderately long, extending caudad to caudal margin of second
tergite; articles 2-5 subequal in size and shape, approximately 1.2 mm.
in length and distinctly clavate; 6th article shghtly shorter and some-
what thicker; 7th short but distinct, with four sensory cones. Articles
1-4 sparingly setose, 5th slightly more so, 6th and 7th densely covered
with short declivous setae.
Collum slightly wider than following tergite, its caudal margin
completely straight across and the lateral ends broadly rounded;
anterior margin straight across head, laterad of which it is swept back
on each side and set off by a marginal groove. Surface perfectly
smooth and shining except for a slightly impressed area near the front
margin adjacent to the antennae in some specimens.
Tergites of succeeding segments essentially similar to each other,
moderately arched and smooth. Paranota rather small, continuing
slope of dorsum, their anterior and posterior corners broadly rounded
off on all except the last four or five segments; anterior and lateral
edges set off by distinct grooves but peritremata not distinct and pores
opening almost laterally. Caudal edges of paranota sharp, not mar-
MILLIPED GENUS DIXIORIA—HOFFMAN 9
Ficure 1.—Left male gonopods of the subspecies of Dixioria pela, mesial aspect. In most
cases the lateral aspect of the end of the telopodite is also shown separately. a, D. p.
pela; b, D. p. acuminata; c, D. p. coronata; d, D. p. brooksi; e, D. p. fowleri; f, D. p.
wright.
866157—56——-2
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
gined; upper surface smooth with extremely faint longitudinal stria-
tions. Caudolateral corners of paranota caudal to 14th, becoming
increasingly produced.
Median projection of anal segment subtriangular in dorsal] aspect,
longer than broad, the tip slightly truncate and bearing several long
setae. Anal valves glabrous, the mesial margin of each produced into
a low ridge but no other obvious sculpture. Preanal scale broadly
triangular, wider than long, with a median and two smaller lateral,
setiferous, tubercules.
Sternal areas of metazonites essentially flat or slightly concave, not
raised above level of prozonite but set off by a broad, shallow, sharply
defined interzonal furrow. Sternites slightly produced at base of each
leg, becoming subspiniform toward the rear of body. Sternites gla-
brous or at most with six or eight scattered setae on some of the
segments just behind the gonopods. Coxae and prefemora with acute
conical distoventral spines, these becoming longer caudad; these leg
joints also with numerous long slender setae on the ventral side.
Femora nearly glabrous, slightly clavate, shorter than coxae and pre-
femora combined. Postfemora and tibiae equal in length, the latter
of a lesser diameter and about half as long as the moderately setose
and subcylindrical tarsi. Tarsal claws of anterior legs of males long,
sinuous, with a distinct sharp carina along the dorsal side.
Sternites between 3d legpair produced upward into two slender,
digitiform lobes, those between 4th, 5th, and 6th legpairs in the form
of low rounded eminences.
Pleurites coriaceous, somewhat obliquely longitudinally striate in
some specimens, the caudal margin distinctly set off. No tubercules,
granules, or clusters of spines.
Sternal aperture of 7th segment of males large, transversely oval,
widest in front of the middle, strongly margined laterally and between
the coxae of the 8th legpair.
Gonopods freely movable, the coxae separate and connected only
by a strong band of connective tissue. In situ, the main axis of the
telopodite blade lies at a right angle to that of the body, the gonopods
at rest thus have the blades overlapping and often interlocked. Coxal
apodeme moderately long, slightly enlarged distally. Coxae without
special processes. Prefemur swollen, densely setose, witb a prominent,
upright, wedge-shaped prefemoral process. Telopodite blade slender,
evenly curved into almost a complete circle, without trace of division
into femur, tibia, and tarsus. Telopodite distally slightly expanded,
with a small thin subtriangular tooth (process A).
Tergites glossy brownish black, with caudolateral two-thirds of the
paranota, anterior edge of collum, and tip of anal segment bright
lemon yellow. Underparts yellowish tan, somewhat burnished in
MILLIPED GENUS DIXIORIA—HOFFMAN 11
appearance. Head dark brown except for the lighter labral area;
antennae light brown with distal portion of each article white. Tarsal
claws brown, sternites darker than the legs. A faint dark spot in the
yellow of the paranota just above each repugnatorial pore.
Ecoutocy: The only specimen of Dizxioria pela pela that I have
collected was found beneath a stone near the edge of a grassy field at
Cloudland, on Roan Mountain, at an elevation of about 6,000 feet.
It was associated with numerous specimens of the xystodesmid Boraria
media (Chamberlin). I had previously searched at several places on
the Tennessee side of Roan Mountain between 3,000 and 5,000 feet
without success, but a week later, on June 27, Leslie Hubricht obtained
a good series on the North Carolina side during night collecting for
land snails.
This subspecies has perhaps the largest areal range of any member
of the genus, and its vertical distribution is certainly not surpassed.
The records encompass elevations ranging from about 2,000 feet up
to 6,000 feet. The lowland material is not recognizably different in
the genitalia.
Distrinution: Dizioria p. pela appears to be confined to the
Unaka range in the immediate vicinity of Roan Mountain. The
precise limits of its distribution are yet to be established, but I suspect
that its southward occurrence is confined by the Nolichucky River,
south of which I have collected at several localities without finding
any form of Dizxioria. It will be of interest to determine the area of
intergradation between pela and coronata, which must lie in the eastern
part of Johnson County, Tenn.
Distributional records and the specimens upon which they are based
are as follows:
Nortu Carotina. Avery County: Cranberry, date and collector not known
(AMNH, type of dentifer Chamberlin, probably intergrade with D. p. wright).
Mitchell County: East side of Roan Mountain, 1 mile below Carver’s Gap, Leslie
Hubricht coll., June 27, 1950 (RLH).
TENNESSEE. Carter County: Burbank, Roland Thaxter, no date (MCZ, type
series); 2 miles southeast of Burbank, Hubricht, Sept. 1, 1951 (RLH); Doe
River Bluff, near Hampton, Hubricht, May 3, 1951 (RLH, a male with tendencies
toward acuminata). Unicoi County: Iron Mountain Gap, 4 miles southeast of
Limestone Cove, Hubricht, Sept. 2, 1951 (RLH).
Dixioria pela acuminata, new subspecies
Ficure 1,6
TYPE SPECIMEN: Male holotype (USNM 2011), collected at the top
of Holston Mountain 2 miles west of Shady Valley, Johnson County,
Tenn., by J. A. Fowler and R. L. Hoffman on June 19, 1950.
Diacnosis: Prefemoral process nearly straight, very slightly
expanded distally, with a small terminal acuminate point. Distal
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
third of telopodite blade straight (not completing the curve of the
basal two-thirds), having only process A, but the terminal portion
somewhat enlarged with a very small lobe probably homologous to B.
Ecoutocy: The type and only known specimen was found in deep
leaf mold in a rather dry oak-hickory woods. Collected at the same
time and place were specimens of the millipeds Ptyoiulus pennsylvan-
icus (Brandt) and Apheloria waccamana Chamberlin, and the sala-
mander Plethodon yonahlossee Dunn.
Disrripution: Known only from the type locality, and probably
restricted to Holston Mountain, between Damascus, Va., and
Elizabethton, Tenn.
Dixioria pela brooksi, new subspecies
Ficure 1,d
TYPE SPECIMENS: Male holotype (USNM 2012), male and female
topoparatypes (CM), collected on Holston Mountain at Damascus,
Washington County, Va., by Dr. and Mrs. Stanley T. Brooks on
Aug. 14, 1941.
Diacnosis: Distinguished from the other subspecies by the curious
lobelike distal enlargement of the tibiotarsus of the gonopod, producing
a somewhat hammerheadlike shape. Notable also is the fact that
processes A and B are more or less coalesced to form what appears
with low magnification to be simply a notched process. The telopodite
is somewhat flattened and is provided with a small lateral flange just
distad to its midlength. The prefemoral process is nearly straight
and distally acute.
Eco.toey: I know nothing of the circumstances under which the
type series was obtained. D. brooksi is doubtless a low-altitude form.
Disrrisution: Known so far only from the type collection. What
is most needed at this time is a very intensive study of the relation-
ships of the Dizioria forms around Damascus. Within a 10-mile
radius three forms, coronata, fowleri, and brooksi, have been obtained.
The first two doubtless intergrade. But whether brooksi is really a
subspecies of pela or a distinct species in itself cannot be guessed at
the present.
Dixioria pela coronata (Hoffman)
FicureE l,c
Deltotaria coronata Hoffman, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 99, p. 380, pl. 26, figs.
7, 8, 1949.
Typr spEcIMENS: Holotype, allotype, and paratype (USNM 1805);
topoparatypes (MCZ); collected at Mount Rogers, Grayson County,
Va., by H. I. Kleinpeter and R. L. Hoffman, June 30-July 1, 1947.
MILLIPED GENUS DIXIORIA—HOFFMAN 13
Draanosis: Distal end of telopodite of male gonopod somewhat
expanded, with a large curved subterminal tooth (B) and a much
smaller and thinner one adjacent to it on the outer side. The pre-
femoral process is nearly straight along its outer margin, which is
subterminally notched or indented.
Ecouoay: This seems to be an altitudinally restricted form. ‘The
altitudes of most places at which it has been taken exceed 3,000 feet.
It occurs in hardwood and mixed forests, but not in the spruce-balsam
stands which cover the tops of the Iron Mountains. More diurnal
in habits than most xystodesmids (perhaps a function of its very
moist habitat), coronata is often seen abroad during the day. A
mated pair was found on July 1.
Disrripution: The Iron Mountains in Grayson and Washington
Counties, Va., and Johnson County, Tenn. Its northern limits are
probably reached just north of Mount Rogers, but just how far it
goes into Tennessee along the Iron Mountains remains to be
determined.
Distributional records and the specimens upon which they are
based are as follows:
Virainta. Grayson County: East side of Mount Rogers, 5,000 feet, Kleinpeter
and Hoffman, June 30, 1947 (RLH); gap between Bluff Mountain and White Top,
Fowler and Hoffman, June 19, 1950 (RLH); Chestnut Mountain, west of Volney,
Dr. and Mrs. S. T. Brooks, Aug. 13, 1941 (CM); Elk Garden Ridge, between
Mount Rogers and White Top, Dr. L. R. Cleveland, July 15, 1947 (RLH); also
by Dr. and Mrs. Brooks, July 29, 1941 (CM). Washington County: Straight
Mountain, east of Damascus, Brooks, July 23, 1941 (CM); Coocoo Mountain,
near Damascus, Brooks, Aug. 19, 1941 (CM); base of Laurel Mountain, 4 miles
southwest of Konnarock, Leslie Hubricht, May 28, 1951 (RLH).
Tennessex. Johnson County: Northeast corner, ‘‘across line from Taylor’s
Valley, Va.,’’ Brooks, Aug. 19, 1941 (CM).
Dixioria pela fowleri, new subspecies
FIGuRE l,e
TyprE sPECIMENS: Holotype, allotype, and paratype (USNM 2013),
topoparatypes (RLH); from Big Walker Mountain, along the west
side near the top on U. S. Highway 52, about 10 miles east of Bland,
Bland County, Va.; collected by J. A. Fowler and R. L. Hoffman,
June 24, 1950.
Diacnosis: Prefemoral process of male gonopod with a strong,
somewhat rounded, subterminal shoulder along the outer margin;
telopodite distally expanded with both subterminal processes well
developed as in D. p. coronata, process B somewhat larger than in
that form.
Econiocy: The following notes were made at the type locality:
. . the area at which we collected seemed to be a talus slope of
large boulders, but the whole area overgrown with a rich mesic woods
ce
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
consisting chiefly of oak, hickory, and mountain maple. A large
number of dead chestnut trees. The herb stratum dominated by
Impatiens biflora and the ferns Polysti chum acrostichoides and Osmunda
cinnamonea. The logs and rocks almost entirely blanketed with
moss.”’ Millipeds collected at this place included Uroblaniulus
immaculatus and Apheloria kleinpeteri. East of Marion, Va., fowleri
was found in a typical Magnolia-Liriodendron “cove forest.”
Disrripution: West side of the Iron Mountains and crossing the
Great Valley to the folded Appalachians at Big Walker Mountain
west of Wytheville. Known from the following localities:
Viracinta. Bland County: Big Walker Mountain, 10 miles east of Bland Court
House, Fowler and Hoffman, June 24, 1950 (USNM, RLH). Grayson County:
Comer’s Rock, 3,800-4,000 feet, Leslie Hubricht, June 17, 1950 (RLH). Smyth
County: Five miles east of Marion, Hoffman, May 4, 1954, Hoffman and Keeton,
Aug. 22, 1954 (RLH). Washington County: Laurel Creek at Damascus, Leslie
Hubricht, May 28, 1951 (RLH).
The range of this subspecies is the most interesting to be found for
Dixvioria. It is perhaps as great as that of pela, and embraces almost
as much altitudinal variation. More pertinent is the fact that Big
Walker Mountain is the only known station for a Dixioria outside the
southern section of the Blue Ridge physiographic province. The
situation is quite like that which obtains in the case of the plethodontid
salamander Plethodon jordani metcalfi Brimley, which is likewise
restricted to the Blue Ridge Province except for a single locality
(Burke’s Garden, Tazewell County, Va.) less than a dozen miles from
Walker Mountain. This distribution is strongly suggestive of former
continuity in a northwest-southeast direction, which is even today
marked by the rugged country forming the divide between the head-
waters of the Holston River and tributaries of the Kanawha.
Judging from the distribution of the two races, as well as the
evidence available in gonopod structure, it seems likely that coronata
is to be regarded as a high altitude counterpart of fowleri. That the
two are subspecifically related is shown both by the quality level of
gonopod differences as well as by two male specimens from Comer’s
Rock, which, although cited under fowleri, appear to be intergrades
that I am unable to place in either of the two races. The gonopods
are like those of coronata in the tibiotarsal processes, but similar to
fowler in the shape of the prefemoral process. Comer’s Rock is also
an intermediate locality both horizontally and vertically, as shown by
the map.
Five males from Damascus are indistinguishable in every respect
from the type series. But intergradation is certainly to be expected
in the Damascus area, where future collecting can be profitably
carried on.
MILLIPED GENUS DIXIORIA—HOFFMAN 15
Dixioria pela wrighti, new subspecies
Figure 1,f
Typn specimens: Holotype, allotype, and paratype (USNM 2014),
collected along the east side of Grandfather Mountain about 5 miles
northeast of Linville, Avery County, N. C. (U. S. Highway 221), on
Aug. 3, 1949, R. L. Hoffman.
Driacnosts: This is one of the most distinct members of the genus.
Prefemoral process of gonopod elongate, slender, and distally bent at
a right angle; femur very slender, bent at two places rather than
evenly arcuate; process B of tibiotarsus very large, becoming broader
distally and abruptly truncate, and widely separated from the recurved
end of the solenomerite.
Econocy: The specimens taken by me were collected from beneath
slabs of bark and under logs residual to a roadside lumbering opera-
tion. The elevation was about 3,200 feet, and the locality had been
well-drained mesic forest. A large number of immature specimens of
the salamander Plethodon yonahlossee Dunn was found.
Disrrinution: On and adjacent to the Blue Ridge proper in the
vicinity of the Grandfather Mountain massif in Avery and Watauga
Counties, N. C., and probably in adjacent counties as well. Geo-
graphically as well as morphologically, wrighti is intermediate between
pela and coronata. Collections made in the area north of Grandfather
Mountain, particularly in Ashe County, N. C., and Johnson County,
Tenn., are needed to close the present gap between the known ranges
of the two. Known from the following localities:
Norra Carona. Avery County: On U.S. Highway 221, about 1 mile north
of its intersection with the Blue Ridge Parkway, Hoffman, Aug. 3, 1949 (RLH);
west side of Grandfather Mountain, between Banner Elk and Newland, Hoffman,
May 30, 1953 (RLH); ‘Blowing Rock to Linville,” 3,000 to 4,000 feet, collector
not stated, Sept. 7, 1930 (MCZ). Watauga County: Howard’s Creek, at Boone,
Mike Wright, Aug. 25, 1948 (RLH).
The specimen from Boone appears to be an intergrade, being like
wrighti in the shape of the prefemoral process and like coronate as
regards the tibiotarsal processes. Much collecting still needs be done
in the western part of Avery County, where pela and wrightt appear
to intergrade.
Dixioria dactylifera, new species
FIGURE 2
TYPE SPECIMENS: Male holotype and topoparatypes of both sexes
(AMNH), collected at Mill Hill, Ashe County, N. C., by C. M. and
R. D. Breder in August 1910. Male paratype (USNM).
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Dracnosis: Similar in general to Dixioria pela as described in detail
above, but differing from that species in the following respects: vert-
igial groove of head distinct but not obviously punctate; caudal
margin of collum swept forward laterally and its ends somewhat more
acute, marginal groove of anterior-lateral edge more distinct; upper
surface of paranota with a more pronounced vermiculate sculpture
which extends slightly farther onto the dorsum than the very faint
rugae of pela; all sternites with at least eight setae, some of those near
the gonopods with as many as 16-20; coxal spines ereatly reduced,
apparent only as low remnants on a few of the caudalmost legs;
sternal aperture of gonopods much larger and wider than in pela,
Ficure 2.—Left male gonopod of male paratype of Dixtoria dactylifera.
extending laterad at least 0.5 mm. beyond outer ends of coxal sockets
of 8th legpair; process A of male gonopod absent, process B much
enlarged, digitiform, larger than the solenomerite; and prefemoral
process much shorter and bulkier.
Ecouocy: I know nothing of the circumstances under which the
type series was collected. The localities at which the Breders col-
lected during the summer of 1910 are in the hilly country of central
and western Ashe County, mostly at an elevation of less than 4,500
feet.
DistriBuTION: Known only from the type locality and immediate
vicinity, in the central western part of Ashe County, N. C.
MILLIPED GENUS DIXIORIA—HOFFMAN 17
RELATIONSHIPS
Generic: Dizioria is a member of the group of genera in which the
sternites are not strongly spined or lobed, the repugnatorial pores
open dorsolaterally through a distinct peritreme, the coxae of the
gonopods are without a long process, the prefemora are globosely
swollen and densely setose, and the telopodite is long, slender, and
unbranched, forming nearly a complete circle. This group also in-
cludes the genera Apheloria and Brachoria, of which the former is
obviously the closer relative. Both of these genera contain forms
which are distinctly broader in proportion to their length than are
the forms of Dixioria. Brachoria contains several species in which
CORONATA
BROOKS|
FOWLERI
y
ACUMINATA
WRIGHTI
PELA
Figure 3.—Diagram of the probable relationships of the subspecies of Dixioria pela.
the paranota are broadly rounded caudally as in Dizioria, and the
cyphopods of the two genera are similar. The males of Brachoria,
however, are singular in that the telopodite is interrupted at about its
midlength by a distinct constriction or flexible articulation. The
gonopod of Apheloria differs chiefly in lacking subterminal processes
on the telopodite, here again the cyphopods are quite similar. In
none of the Aphelorias, however, are the caudal corners of the mid-
body paranota rounded off.
SusGeNnerRic: As here conceived, Dizxioria is composed of two
species, one of which is divisible into six geographic races. Both of
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
these species seem to have had a common ancestor; in fact, it is en-
tirely probable that dactylzfera is little more than an extreme develop-
ment of the trend in the pela-group toward increase in the size of
process B and reduction in the length and arch of the telopodite blade.
It has also largely lost the small but acute coxal spines found in pela.
The subspecies of pela constitute a distinct Rassenkreis pattern,
SY 3
RRKRK
eee Se LL
Figure 4.—Distribution of the subspecies of Dixioria pela in western North Carolina,
northeastern Tennessee, and southwestern Virginia. The area is included by the head-
waters of the Holston River on the upper left, of the New River on the lower right, and
the Nolichucky River on the lower left. Dixioria pela pela is represented by solid circles,
D. p. acuminata by a solid inverted triangle, D. p. brooksi by a solid upright triangle,
D. p. fowleri by open squares, D. p. coronata by solid squares, and D. p. wrighti by open
circles. Intermediate samples are indicated by an X, and are discussed in the text under
one form or the other of the two involved.
forming nearly a closed circle, and involving modification from a
simple gonopod to a more complicated one (or vice versa) in three
major succeeding forms. That systematically different forms rather
than a single geographically variable one are involved is borne out by
the fact that each of the groups is homogeneous within itself, even
though its range may extend almost a hundred miles. Intergradation
MILLIPED GENUS DIXIORIA—-HOFFMAN 19
between these large, relatively stable, populations, in the few known
instances, occurs in narrow belts between them.
A diagram (fig. 3) indicates the relationships of the subspecies of
pela, of which lines of affinity are obvious from both geographical and
structural considerations. I have omitted only an indication of the
direction of evolution. That it has been linear is indicated by the
progressive nature of the changes and by the fact that the most modi-
fied form (wrighti) finds itself juxtaposed geographically with the
simplest (pela). I believe that this militates effectively against the
possibility of simultaneous, in situ evolution from a widespread parent
stock.
The geographical evidence suggests a northward spread through
the Iron Mountains, the encounter of a physiographic barrier (the
reduction of the uplands by the New River and Tennessee River head-
waters) and subsequent exploration back to the south on a subparallel
but isolated mountain range. The presence of Dixioria pela fowler
on Big Walker Mountain in Bland County, Va., indicates that its
isolation from the bulk of the Dizioria population to the southeast
must have been relatively recent, perhaps by acceleration of base-
leveling by a local uplifting during the Quarternary.
Literature cited
Causey, NELL B.
1942. Six new diplopods of the family Xystodesmidae. Ent. News, vol. 53,
pp. 165-170, 9 figs.
CHAMBERLIN, RaupH VY.
1918. New polydesmoid diplopods from Tennessee and Mississippi. Psyche,
vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 122-127.
1947. Some records and descriptions of diplopods chiefly in the collection of
the Academy. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 99, pp.
21-58, 73 figs.
Horrman, Ricwarp L.
1949. Nine new xystodesmid millipeds from Virginia and West Virginia,
with records of established species. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 99,
pp. 371-389, 18 figs.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1953
= : 7 se -
— ad
? v
7 , 7
: : ae 7 ae 7 “oy
7 ian 7 — ie I | / -«@ -
py ES ORS ODES OSI GG a =e
a 7 ws : .
Lieuth-t9 atl at Oeunu tog Aare eS . Jnana. mst a
. Ay of awa et NUT: rus ar OTS
tio cana bic, La aiyli lab (litle ae Seale 5, a aang eae
; ar fer; ya Y;? a (lt ivi) a hemiiee ma od, ale) ui 7 ie. i { :
. oa i 7° a, 7
1% Ue. x pasass? - ef § nab a 34 aU) pri : Me : = or ite ‘ke nits a8 22 < ;
/ i a a 2} at - i = : i i : "es
‘4 Swe ei ng = > as oth Ge duis. a
- _ a 7 a 7 ;
sila 28 a nv we fs Vv v5)
oe a
Vole: 14 ght set
he BF Defias arth an at aot ria)
: e
" Tied Tilioth ‘4 vty rm Trg me — f Te Rt ~efhap- : - ir ee ppl “ik
y=
cd We sE ot peli re eae tices in lati oe or 7
vile’ E eaten fi
A
9 ee ni Horie lsh ren ie toute Fyne, eo i"
i
ni wns 6 ‘dilivttae wy.
; 7 ; - on de,
on? Wendie ai Hebi Ay ih cm my 7 Nee = es sft y aga latte ap y aw wih
tay 7 ya i Wiuree MN Al ali i fh, AS ee 1090 oi i ene ips. “he open abs
bigot fu gts ih oe at UE Nah Ay ile. ea thee, < Sshhadgar aoe ‘ saevionban!
= WiGiagedua aber ble sity ae yt) ving ia ~opheilit fain (et. dagr
Heli bey: " wri we COE: =r ‘1 * anh Gaiden gah Se
wii Ape evipilide it a uit ‘i? ea, eh Rete ve WT aT Dy
i anit 4 att vot Hota, er . see Oh) ALL) a aun ti esa uot rat
; seas 1 donate oh GN ape ue Saat oY Iprral noite yi ty [nibs
oy Lh ata 1%, Banniast sie a ae Te. Sunil val
- “ - 1
7 . i i rel scrote c a 7 ; t
; | ihe ee:
ceed thoi
; ath ie : Saat oe}
-
_—
- : ’
- - : ae Cw ; am bis eed, a
Jip. dt sy “toi PEI meee: a ey Md ‘
op
fey? ace HD F
eye shigesteUt (ine: gus? AE dortath uy php sbned Nv ae aie) ”
a Siveyi i One Re = sane, i
w. Salles Jo aya ant aD : > aa
i a - >» € s - 7° i : Mf +
: Bac 6 I ss 7 ‘ > - ae : : ol? b
- a 7 ~ 7 i 7 = Sire -
Wh edu ne hd. ee 4 ) af \s oh thot
, 1 - - 7 -
a re : x ‘) (ora ort is
— < Lo ; ia. “e 7 Te" ; .
Fee SPR Ne ee re er
re 7 - sen 1 7 ss
;
ive a 7 7 - r
i - % a 7 '
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
N
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 106 Washington: 1956 No. 3363
A REVISION OF THE FLIES OF THE GENUS RIVELLIA
(OTITIDAE, DIPTERA) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO '
By Ryoji Namba?
The genus Rivellia was established in 1830 by Robineau Desvoidy
to include three species, R. herbarum, R. viridulans, and R. boscit.
Since then, as far as I know, papers by Loew (1873), Hendel (1914a),
and Cresson (1924) are the only ones of an extensive nature on the
Rivellia of America north of México.
The few papers mentioned above include no consideration of male
genitalia, which have proved to be exceedingly useful systematically
in other Diptera. Furthermore, these papers appear to be based on a
very limited amount of material. The group, therefore, seemed to be
in need of revision.
Study of the male genitalia, wing banding, chaetotaxy, pruinosity,
color, and other characters has enabled me to recognize 30 species from
the above-mentioned geographical area. Of these, 13 are described
asnew. Since the previously described species have been inadequately
described in regard to the characters which were found to be most
useful, they are redescribed more fully here.
1 This is paper No. 3158 of the Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St.
Paul, Minn.
2 University of Hawaii, Hawaii Agricultural Experimental Station, Honolulu, Hawaii.
367314—56——-1 21
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 108
In the course of this study, the types of nine species (Rivellia
melliginis, R. brevifasciata, R. cognata, R. micans, R. floridana, R.
variabilis, R. pallida, R. flavimana, and R. severini) and a total of
approximately 3,500 specimens were examined. I am unable to
recognize 2. atriventris Hendel.?
Very little is known of the biology of this genus. Fitch (1885)
recorded his observations of the activities of the adults of R. melliginis
on apple trees. Piersol’s (1907) paper is the only other published
biological note that has appeared. Herein are recorded biological notes
on six species: Rivellia flavimana, R. metallica, R. melliginis, R.
coquilletti, R. pallida, and R. winifredae. These notes will be found in
the discussions of the respective species.
The readily discernible differences between the male aedeagi of
most of the species offer good characters for the identification of
species in this group. In most specimens the aedeagus is retracted
and thus concealed within the abdomen. To expose the aedeagus,
which is located terminally on the long phallotheca, it is first necessary
to relax a dried specimen for a day. The phallotheca is usually looped
beneath the fifth tergite on the right side of the abdomen. By using a
No. 00 insect pin, which is hooked at the tip, the phallotheca can be
pulled out from beneath the tergite. Further pulling of the phallotheca
will expose the aedeagus. Sometimes the phallotheca will break before
the aedeagus is exposed, in which case the tip of the abdomen is cut
off at about the middle of the fourth segment with a pair of fine scissors.
The severed part is then boiled or soaked in 10 percent KOH to get
rid of noncuticular material which obscures the aedeagus. In fresh
material the aedeagus should be exserted before flexibility is lost.
I am deeply indebted to Dr. C. E. Mickel and Dr. E. F. Cook of
the Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology at the Uni-
versity of Minnesota for advice throughout this work. For the gen-
erous loan of material I wish to thank Dr. E. A. Chapin, who was
curator of insects at the U. S. National Museum at the time this
study was made, Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck of the Section of Insect
Identification and Parasite Introduction, Entomology Research
Branch, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Mr. J. A. G. Rehn of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Dr. C. H. Curran of
the American Museum of Natural History, Mr. G. E. Shewell of the
Canadian National Collection, Prof. H. J. Reinhard of the Agricultural
and Mechanical College of Texas, Dr. J. L. Laffoon of Iowa State
College, Dr. D. L. Wray of the North Carolina Department of Agri-
culture, Dr. H. Dietrich of Cornell University, Dr. G. F. Knowlton
3 The combination of “‘rotgelbe’”’ thorax, ‘‘Derobere Hinterkopfist seitlich etwas blau,” “‘Der Hinterleib ist
ganz und gar metallisch blauschwarz, glinzend,’’ and “die Kostalzelle hyalin”’ is not present in any of the
species available.
FLIES OF GENUS RIVELLIA—NAMBA 23
of the Utah State Agricultural College, Dr. M. T. James of the State
College of Washington, Prof. E. L. Kessel of the California Academy
of Sciences, Dr. H. H. Ross of the State Natural History Survey
Division of the State of Illinois, Dr. P. W. Fattig of Emory University,
and Dr. R. H. Beamer of the University of Kansas. Thanks are
also due to Mr. C. W. Sabrosky and Mr. R. R. Dreisbach for loan
of material from their private collections, to Miss Mary Ellen Warters
and Mr. B. Ebel, graduate students at the University of Minnesota,
for aid in collecting /ivellia specimens, and to Mr. G. Steyskal for
his valuable suggestions and loan of material from his collection.
I express my sincere gratitude to the personnel of the U.S. National
Museum, Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, and _ the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for courtesies extended
when I visited these institutions to examine types, and to Mr. E.
Séguy of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, for his
valuable information on the types of R. viridulans, R. boscii, Herina
quadrifasciata, and Urophora interrupta.
Thanks are also due to Dr. John W. Moore, Botany Department,
University of Minnesota, for his identification of plants. Lastly, to
my wife, Winifred, I am grateful for her compilation of date and
locality data and typing of the manuscript.
The following abbreviations are used in the distribution data:
Snow Entomological Collection, University of Kansas, SEC; Division
of Entomology, North Carolina Department of Agriculture, NC;
Iowa State College, ISC; Cornell University, CU; U. S. National
Museum, USNM;; Illinois Natural History Survey, INHS; California
Academy of Sciences, CAS; Emory University, EU; Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, ANSP; Agricultural and Mechanical
College of Texas, TAM; Canadian National Collection, CAN; R. R.
Dreisbach Collection, RRD; C. W. Sabrosky Collection, CWS; G.
Steyskal Collection, GS; University of Minnesota, UM; American
Museum of Natural History, AMNH; State College of Washington,
SCW; GSMNP, Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Genus Rivellia Robineau Desvoidy
Rivellia Robineau Desvoidy, 1830, p. 729.—Rondani, 1856, p. 111; 1869, p. 28.—
Schiner, 1864, p. 80.—Loew, 1873, p. 87.—Van Der Wulp, 1896, p. 179.—
Williston, 1896, p. 116; 1908, p. 275.—Aldrich, 1905, p. 588.—Becker, 1905,
p. 104.—Wingate, 1906, p. 326.—Hendel, 1914a, p. 152; 1914b, p. 85.—
Curran, 1934, p. 281.—Hennig, 1945, p. 6.
Type species: Musca syngenesiae Fabricius (=Rivellia herbarum
Robineau Desvoidy). Type designation by Rondani (1856).
The characters possessed by all Rivellia species considered in this
paper are as follows:
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Heap: Frons dull, covered with short black setae; a narrow pruinose
strip on each side on orbits. Upper fronto-orbital plates and ocellar
triangle shining; upper fronto-orbital plates with two short reclinate
setae on each side, the uppermost pair shorter, sometimes very much
so; ocellar setae small, divergent, proclinate. Vertical setae long;
inner verticals convergent, outer verticals divergent. Face concave
from lateral view; with dorsal portion pruinose, ventral portion shining.
Antenna with third segment elongated, almost reaching or surpassing
oral margin; arista very short-plumose. Palpi with scattered black
setae. Cheek with a strong seta on each side ventral to eye. Post-
cranium convex from lateral view, somewhat flattened dorsal to neck;
with scattered black setae.
Tuorax: Mesonotum with many black setae; pruinose except for
border next to head which is shining; two notopleural, one supra-
alar, one postalar, and one intra-alar setae always present on each
side. Scutellum pruinose except for shining apex; with a pair of
long black apical setae, a shorter pair of black lateral setae, and a
few short, black, submarginal setae. Postscutellum pruinose laterally,
shining along the midline. Propleuron with cluster of pale, weak
setae on disc, pruinose next to front coxa. Mesopleuron pruinose next
to coxa and ventral to anterior spiracle; a long black seta on dorsal
posterior corner. Pteropleuron with a narrow pruinose strip on
posterior margin. Prosternum lightly pruinose; with weak, pale
setae.
Troracic APPENDAGES: Front legs: Coxa with comblike row of
black setae at tip on inside; femur with long setae on outside; tibia
with comblike row of setae at tip. Middle legs: Tibia with one long
spur at tip. Hind legs: Coxa with two long setae on outside; tibia
with comblike row of setae at tip.
Wing banding may be reduced as in R. brevifasciata, but banding
in general is as follows: First band extends along costal margin
from base of wing to just proximad of tip of auxiliary vein, where it
turns posteriorly toward and usually into discal cell proximad of
anterior crossvein. Second band originates on costal margin just
proximad of tip of first vein and extends posteriorly over anterior
crossvein and usually into discal cell. Third band originates on
costal margin proximad of tip of second vein and extends over
posterior crossvein. Fourth band extends along costal margin
from tip of second vein to tip of fourth vein. Discal cell elongate,
broadened apically. Anterior crossvein meets the fourth vein distad
of center of discal cell. First vein with many short, black setae on its
entire length dorsally. Third vein sparsely covered with short, black
setae dorsally. Costa covered with short, black setae.
FLIES OF GENUS RIVELLIA—NAMBA 25
Axspomen: First five tergites with short, reclinate, black setae.
Ninth tergite and cerci of males covered with setae.
Pruinosity on the various parts of body white.
Key‘to the species of Rivellia of Americasnorth of México
i, Strong humeral setae present. . . . - - 2 + ee ee ee ee ee 2
Strong humeral setae absent. ........-. Stas ao a says
2 (1). Posterior dorsocentral setae absent. ...... .- R amabilis Loew
Posterior dorsocentral setae present. ... . Search
3 (2). The part of first basal cell contiguous to ecard asa ell completely
banded; tip of first band joined to second band or very nearly so. . 4
That part of first basal cell not completely banded; either not banded
at all or partly banded; tip of first band distinctly separated from
second band)... .<, = .- Logik
S 3 & S 5 = & S
Busoisp.. 220 Lies rie Tis eee XBR Ue EEC SPREE eRe ee eee I
Plethodon ghutinosus_......._..___------ m oe al esl oe lee se | ee j
PEXSGDENE COTOUIG - = eee eae ee Ke ee ee eel ee ween eee eee)
Seelonorius undidatyus FF eet Sey Os = me CES Ph ANT ae oe CEA ES gh CSE Sees
Agkistrodon mokasen.....-.------------|------]=+---- Sse ee Se ese bey wal Ee ee {
Dr yOUGLES UILOS Ese ne ee re ee ee ee eee Fee eee ee cere | eee ee ees eee
Thryothorus ludovicianus.........-.----|.-----|------ x pe Poe ee a ee ee J
TPuUsdus Mignaloviue ssi os ee |e eee So ]essi ea ie eel 2 ere eee cee |
Richmondene cardinalis.........-..:---.|--.---]----- Kop eal seat Sess | eal eres | eee | ee eee P|
Didelphigicirginiqnas...- == 2 =e eee fhe Mae | a eater Ke Tes oe j
Blaring brevicaudas ne ee ee eee ae eee eee 2 eecaliae ses eeeeealee eae Ue ee x
Procyon lotor2.2. R223 G9 ce BONS ay eG Ns NS BC oe RLS See eee
Sciurus.c. carolinensté..................|_..35 We ese x ile Ee eee x 2c
Glauicomysi0.volans. 222220222 -205. A | a ee Se | a eee x 2S
Perompsctis leucopus... --.---.=--2-=2--)---2--|----- Sori ae ee ee x x x, losses x :
Sigmodon hispidus komareki_...........|.---_-|_----.].-----|_----- oo | ele) ee eee eee ,
Microtue p. penneylvuanieuss..- 62-22 - |e ee|_ yl etl moe de. eae 2 #
Ondatra 2ibethien-.=-~2. secs he cel eee g ~ lose bcllees petted} ee sj
Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus_......._-|-----.|------ x |e. ia ee ee ee E
Sylvilague.p-palusizie:~ 4-5) 6s oe paces lee eee eee 3 lcaede Seas ese :
samples from surface soil in hardwoods. One of the sites was the —
os
type locality of E. carolinensis (pl. 2). Two sites (pl. 2, upper
right and lower left) with three samples each gave six of the
positive samples from under old stumps and from decayed-out —
root systems; another site in two samples gave one positive and
the only negative for this niche. Fifteen samples from one stub
(pl. 2) resulted in nine of the positive samples taken under loose
bark of standing dead stubs and trees. Another stub gave one —
a Get aad
x.
1
BPARREEL, PEATE
106
PROC. U. S. NAT. MUS. VOL
C3
N.
Forest,
Division, Duke
‘tia and th:
Durham
On
t
Compartmen
’
forest
Upland hardwood
ir common hosts.
x
as
habitat of species of Euschéng
PLATE 2
Upper left: Type locality of Euschéngastia carolinensis, Compartment 77, Durham
Division, Duke Forest, N. C. The chiggers were recovered from soil at the base of the
shrub.
Upper right: Type locality of Euschéngastia subra, Compartment 76, Durham
Division, Duke Forest, N. C. The small, curved, decayed stump (at the left, upper edge
of the large shadow) was removed. The chiggers were recovered from the debris under
the stump.
Lower left: Cavities left by decomposition of a root system, Compartment 76,
Durham Division, Duke Forest, N. C. For the photograph the stump was lifted from its
position in the ground. A few Trombicula farrell, Euschéngastia rubra, and E. setosa
and many £. peromysci were recovered from the debris in the cavities.
Lower right: Standing dead stub, Compartment 8, New Hope Creek Division, Duke
Forest, N. C. Identified from wood and bark samples as “one of the red oaks” by Dr.
E. S. Harrar, Department of Forestry, Duke University. Trombicula splendens adults
and Trombicula sp. adults, nymphs, and larvae were collected from the debris under the
loose bark of the stub. One undetermined adult trombiculid was collected from the
debris at the base. Peromyscus leucopus with Euschéngastia peromysci and FE. rubra
in its ears was trapped at the base of the stub. No unattached Fuschéngastia was taken
at this site.
EARRELL, PEATE 2
106
PROG. U. S. NAT. MUS. VOL.
ee
mi:
?
ARS
a
CING PAGE
FA
EXPLANATION ON
PLATE 3
Upper: Andropogon field, Compartment 16, New Hope Creek Division, Duke Forest,
N. C. The field is small and partly surrounded by upland hardwoods. Peromyscus leu-
copus, infested with species of Luschéngastia, was trapped in the surrounding hardwoods
but was never taken in the field. Microtus, Sigmodon, and Reithrodontomys were trapped
in the field but never in the surrounding hardwoods. Microtus and Sigmodon were
parasitized by Trombicula whartoni but never by Euschéngastia. Trobicula whartoni
was never collected from Peromyscus leucopus.
Lower: Detached Euschéngastia peromysci on the ear of Peromyscus leucopus,
the deer mouse, X 5.5.
PARRELLE, PLATE 3
106
PROC. U. S. NAT. MUS. VOL
PROC. U. S. NAT. MUS. VOL. FARRELL, PLATE 4
Photomicrographs of scuta, X 975. Upper: Euschéngastia trigenuala.
Middle: £. diversa acuta. Lower: E. rubra.
Fa.) NR se INA NU SS VOL O'S PARRELL, “PLATES
Photomicrographs of scuta, X 975. Upper: Euschéngastia crateris.
Middle: £. carolinensis. Lower: E. blarinae.
CHIGGERS—-FARRELL
113
positive in six samples. The hollow base of one tree was sampled
twice with one positive.
TABLE 5.—Distribution of unattached chiggers and postlarval stages of
trombiculids collected from ecological niches in the Duke Forest area,
October 1947 to March 1950
Total
Niches sampled Total | positive
samples | samples
Surface soil, flelds and thickets 16 6
Surface litter and debris 7 2
Surface soil and humus 27 6
Soil, 5 to 15 cm. depth 1 1
Soil, 19 to 30 cm. depth 1 1
Soil and debris under logs 1 0
Mammal runways and burrows 6 4
Hollow base of tree 5 3
Humus from logs and stumps 9 2
Under old stumps and decayed-out 13 12
root systems
Under bark of fallen trees 4 0
Humus from decaying branch 1 1
against stub
Under loose bark of standing dead 35 12
hardwood trees and stubs
Under loose bark of pine stub 1 0
Debris scraped from standing dead 1 0
tree
Debris from crotch of oak tree 2 0
Cavity in living tree 3 1
Leaf accumulations in hollow logs 4 3
Peromyscus n. nuttalli nest, occupied Zz 0
Peromyscus n. nuttalli nest, deserted 3 1
Seiurus c. carolinensis nest, occupied 1 1
Seiurus e. carolinensis nest, deserted 1 0
Sylvilagus fioridanus mallurus nest, 1 1
about one day vacant, thicket
Ant nest in pine stump 1 0
Chiggers and post-
larval trombiculids
T. alfreddugési nymphs and
adults.
E. peromysci
Trombiculid adult
. blarinae
. peromysci
rubra
carolinensis
whartont
peromysci
rubra
SEAS
. blarinae
. peromysci
Trombiculid adult
New genus
E. rubra
Walchia sp.
Trombiculid nymph
. peromysci
. blarinae
. carolinensis
. peromysct
. rubra (one engorged)
. setosa
T. farrelli
Trombiculid adults
&&
Hee &&
Trombicula sp.
T. farrelli
T. splendens adults
Trombicula sp.
Trombicula sp. nymphs and adults
Trombicula sp.
Walchia sp.
E. peromysci
Trombiculid nymph
Trombiculid adults
T. whartoni (engorged)
T. alfreddugési (engorged)
Positive
samples
a a | ee
o
ee NO Oe
_
Ome ROW N ND HHH ee we
~
CoRrW He
114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
All five species of Huschéngastia that were collected from hosts
in the Duke Forest area were recovered also in the unattached
and unengorged condition from one or more of these samples.
EF}. peromysci occurred in twenty samples; E. rubra, in ten; EF.
blarinae, in four; E. carolinensis, in four; and EH. setosa, in one.
The number of chiggers recovered from a positive sample usually
was small—from one to three specimens. However, a few samples
collected under decayed stumps produced a great many E. pero-
mysct. Other species were never numerous. Most productive
samples were taken under old stumps and in holes left by decayed
roots (pl. 2), and in the runways of mammals. No collection of
Euschongastia was made from standing living or dead trees;
none was made from fallen trees or branches unless decay was
well advanced and a hollow formed; and none was made from
fields (pl. 3, upper). All positive samples were from forest soil
or from sources in intimate contact with it.
Three collections of white trombiculid adults, a total of seven
specimens, were made from material gathered under the remov-
able stump at the type locality of HF. rubra (pl. 2, upper right).
These probably were Euschéngastia, but confirmation of this
could not be made.
Phylum ARTHROPODA
Subphylum CHELICERATA
Class ARACHNIDA
Order ACARINA
Suborder TROMBIDIFORMES
Group PROSTIGMATA
Family TROMBICULIDAE Ewing, 1944,
Subfamily Trombiculinae Ewing, 1929
Genus Euschongastia Ewing, 1938
FIGURE 8,b
Schéngastia Oudemans [part], 1910, pp. 86, 87 (fide Sig Thor and Willmann,
1947, p: 297):
Neoschongastia Ewing [part], 1929d, pp. 22, 28, 188.
Euschéngastia Ewing, 1938, p. 293.
Euschongastia, Vitzthum, 1942,-p. 829 (treated as a subgenus of Schongastia
Oudemans, 1910).
Ascoschongastia Ewing [part], 1946b, p. 71.
Boshellia Ewing, 1950, pp. 294-295, 296.
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 115
TYPE OF GENUS: Euschongastia. americana Ewing, 19388 (=
Euschéngastia sciuricola (Ewing, 1925)). Monotypic.
MORPHOLOGY
All chiggers have the same basic external form. The size is
small, rarely more than a millimeter in length even when heavily
engorged and greatly flattened in preservation on slides. (In
this paper the dimensions of length and width are given in
microns.) Colors range through white, cream, yellow, and various
intensities or shades of red. The body is oval or ovoid in shape,
more or less inflated, in one unit without apparent segments.
Attached to the anteroventral portion are two pairs of jointed
appendages, the pedipalps and the chelicerae, which constitute
the mouthparts or gnathosoma. From the base of each palp a
flaplike process, the galea, curves forward and upward around
the anterolateral surface of each chelicera. Immediately posterior
to the gnathosoma on the lateral portions of the ventral surface
are three pairs of jointed walking legs terminating in two lateral
claws and a median empodium. On the anterodorsal surface,
slightly posterior to the gnathosoma, is a sclerotized plate, the
scutum. One or two pairs of simple eyes, usually, are located
lateral to the scutum. The body surface is covered with cuticular
striae which generally encircle the scutum and the basal segments
of the legs. Posteriorly the striae tend to run at right angles to
the longitudinal body axis. The anus is situated on the ventral
surface considerably anterior to the apparent posterior end of
the mite. The mouth is not obvious but is located at the bases
of the chelicerae and the palps. The body is clothed with trans-
verse rows of setae. These setae are usually more or less plumed
by setules, tapered projections from the central shaft. The galeae,
the segments of the palps, and the segments of the legs bear
setae which are nude or plumed with setules. Nude striated
setae may be found on the final segment of the palps and on the
three distal segments of the walking legs.. The scutum carries
setae, usually with setules, which vary in number in various
groups of chiggers. Two specialized setae, the sensillae, are
always found on the scutum. The sensillae arise from pits, the
pseudostigmata. In some groups of chiggers true stigmata are
located near the base of the gnathosoma. Indented in the pos-
terior edge of the first or proximal segment of the first pair of
walking legs is a pit, the urstigmen. The scutum, segments of
the palps, the basal segment of the chelicerae, and the segments
116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
of the legs may be decorated with punctations, or punctae.
Punctae are usually described as pits in the cuticle.
Within the basic chigger pattern the genus Huschongastia, as
it is now known in North America, has its own basic form (figs.
1-3). The size varies but all specimens have been less than a
millimeter in length. Measurements are made from specimens
preserved on slides. The length is the over-all measurement from
the posterior edge of the body to the most anterior extension of
the body or the gnathosoma. The width is the widest dimension.
Shape, unless otherwise indicated, is taken from specimens pre-
served on slides. Color is recorded from living specimens.
The gnathosoma is compact and somewhat cone-shaped. The
palps have five segments. The basal segments of the two palps,
the coxae, are fused to form a single ventromedian plate. It is
usually marked with punctae. Also fused with it are the tro-
chanters, although the line of fusion often can be determined.
At the anterolateral corners of the fused coxae, posterior to the
union with the trochanters, is a pair of curved setae with setules
along the outer curvature. The palpal coxa is often referred to
as palp 1 in descriptions and drawings. The palpal femur, palp 2,
swells forward and upward. It is rounded laterally on the dorsal
aspect but usually is somewhat excavated on the posterolateral
surface from the ventral aspect. It bears on its dorsal surface,
posterolaterally, a single seta which curves anteriorly. The seta
is covered with setules except that the concave curvature adjacent
to the palp tends to be nude. The palpal genu, palp 3, is a short
truncate cone smoothly continuing the taper of the femur. On
its dorsal surface is a single forward-curving seta which usually
bears setules on the convex curvature. In two species normally
and in a third occasionally, the seta is nude. The palpal tibia,
palp 4, continues the taper of the genu and terminates in the
palpal claw. It bears three setae. The first tibial seta is a
forward-curving dorsal which usually has setules on the outer
curvature. The second is lateral. It varies in different species
and is much used as a taxonomic character. It may have numer-
ous setules on its outer curvature and be described as pectinate ;
it may bear only one or more setules, which can be counted easily,
and be described as forked or branched; or it may be entirely
nude. The third tibial seta is ventrolaterally placed. It usually
projects laterally, and in all species except one has setules over
the longitudinal dorsal half of the shaft. The palpal claw is
divided into two to seven prongs in different species. When the
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 117
length of the palpal claw is given in descriptions, the total length,
including the basal portion imbedded in the tibia, is used. The
tarsus, palp 5, is a short, thumblike segment attached ventrally
to the tibia at the base of the palpal claw and opposable to it. In
most species the tibia bears seven feathered setae—a large dorsal,
three near the apex, and three basal and ventral. Ventrally, near
the articulation with the tibia, the tarsus bears a striated seta,
or spur.
On each galea is a seta which in different species varies in
form. It may be nude, forked, branched, or pectinate; or the
setules may arise on opposite edges of the shaft. The galeal seta
is an important taxonomic character.
A chelicera is composed of two segments. The base is heavy,
usually angulate laterally, and may have punctae on its dorsal
surface. The distal segment is bladelike and curved. It bears
near the apex a dorsolateral tooth, which sometimes cannot be
found, and a larger ventrolateral tooth.
The legs are composed of seven segments. By convention for
brevity the three pairs of legs are numbered with Roman num-
erals from anterior to posterior—I, II, and III. The segments
of the legs are numbered with Arabic numerals. However, the
two sets of numerals are not used together except in designating
drawings. The coxa, or basal segment articulating with the body,
is segment 1. The first freely movable segment, the trochanter, is
segment 2. The femur is divided into two parts. The more
proximal part is the basifemur, segment 3; and the more distal
part is the telofemur, segment 4. The genu is segment 5. The
tibia is segment 6. The most distal, terminal segment is number
7, the tarsus. On the leg segments are various specialized striated
setae and nonspecialized feathered setae. Some are constant
throughout the genus, others vary. All segments have non-
specialized setae with setules. On all segments except the coxae
and the trochanters these setae tend to lie parallel with the leg.
Those on the coxae extend posteriorly. Those on the trochanters
tend to curve ventrally and posteriorly around the segment. All
are nude on the side adjacent to the leg or the body; the side op-
posite to the leg or body bears setules of slightly varying length
and form in different species. The segments may be marked with
punctae.
On the coxa of leg I is a nonspecialized seta attached near the
anterior margin of the urstigmen. The trochanter bears a non-
specialized seta attached proximally at the anterodorsal margin,
curving posteriorly beneath the segment. The basifemur has a
118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
Subterminala
Parasibtermternale
Picrotibiala I
7ibcala LT
Phecragenuala L
Geruala L
Gr2alhosoma
Geruala I
Tibcala Z
Picrospur IT
Spur IT
First post-humeral setae
oT Mi x * Wo Geniala II
_Nor-specialized seta
|
Second post -humeral
ms \ ¥ }} \ ~~ IZ yf row of setae
Srepod cum
Claws
om Third post - humeral
row of setae
row of sefae
x Fourth post -heameral ,
oe
A Fitth por C- hernera La
f row of setae
Peslerior seta
FIGURE 1.—Dorsal view of Euscéngastia oregonensis.
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 119
we aati Prelarvala I
; Tarsus 1
Ss Tibca I
> Genu LT
SG | Telofemmur I
\— 4 Basifemur I
——) or Troctiarnter £
fs Ee LSE Pretarsala
lirstigmen
Coxa L
firsl sternal seta
Second sternal sela
Post-sternad setae
Posterior sels
FIGURE 2.—Ventsal view of Euschéngestia oregonenss.
120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
|
Blade of chelicera |
ee Dorsal tibial seta |
\— Lererel tibial seta |
|___. Galeal seta )
AY Galea |
; Genual seta
Femoral seta
- ~uriclae
Base of hekkcera
Blade of helicera
Falpal claw
Galea
TQ7SiL5
Yverxtral Libeal sela
7cbca
7Tavsal spur
Geni
Tarsal seta
mon ~ specialized
Femur
Core
~S
SS Coxal seta
Punctae
FIGURE 3.—a, Dorsal view of gnathosoma of Euschéngastia oregonensis; b, ventral view
of same; c. scutum of E. oregonensis, with measurements of standard data (explana-
tion of abbreviations on page 123).
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 121
single nonspecialized seta attached distally at the posteroventral
margin. The telofemur bears five nonspecialized setae, three
proximally in a transverse row across the dorsal surface and two
on the ventral surface. The genu bears four nonspecialized setae
about evenly spaced around it on the proximal half. Usually it
has, also, two rather long, pointed, striated, specialized setae—
the genualae. One of these is dorsal and anterior; the other is
posterior. A small, pointed, striated microgenuala is located dis-
tally on the dorsal surface. The tibia usually has seven nonspe-
cialized setae, one proximally on the dorsal surface, one at the
middle of the anterior dorsal margin, one on the posterior dorsal
margin, and four on the proximal half of the ventral surface.
The tibia bears two striated, specialized tibialae. The tibiala on
the distal, dorsal margin is somewhat blunt; the one proximal
to it is pointed. Just posterior to the distal tibiala is a small,
pointed, striated microtibiala. The tarsus bears about 22 non-
specialized setae. Near the middle of its dorsal surface is a
strong, blunt, striated scta, the spur. Slightly distal, usually, to
the spur is a small pointed striated seta, the microspur. Distally
and anteriorly, on an eminence of the tarsus in all but two species,
are two striated setae. The larger and more distal of the two is
the subterminala; the smaller, slightly more proximal, is the
parasubterminala. Beyond the eminence of the tibia, the segment
tapers quickly to the rather slender pretarsus, at the end of
which are two lateral, curved claws with a thinner curved
empodium between them. On the posterior edge of the pretarsus
just proximal to the claws is a pointed, striated seta, the pretar-
sala.
The coxa of leg II is contiguous with coxa I. It has a long,
nonspecialized seta attached at its posterior margin. A long,
nonspecialized seta is fastened proximally on the anterodorsal
margin of the trochanter. The basifemur bears two nonspecial-
ized setae, one anterior and one posterior. The telofemur has four
nonspecialized setae, three proximally in a transverse row across
the dorsal surface and one on the anterior surface. The genu
has three nonspecialized setae spaced around the proximal half.
On its middorsal surface, usually, is a pointed, striated seta, the
genuala. The tibia bears six nonspecialized setae—one anterior
and one posterior on the dorsa! surface, two on the ventral sur-
face, and one each on the anterior and posterior surfaces. Two
striated setae, the tibialae, are located on the dorsal surface in
tandem. The proximal tibiala is more pointed than the distal.
122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
The tarsus bears about 16 nonspecialized setae. On its dorsal
surface is a long, blunt, striated spur with a microspur just
proximal to it. On the posterior edge of the pretarsus is the
pointed, striated pretarsala. Two claws and an empodium similar
to those on leg I are attached to the end of the pretarsus.
The coxa in leg III is separated from coxa II, the distance
increasing with engorgement. A single seta, usually, is attached
near its anterior margin. The form of coxa III and the attach-
ment of its seta vary slightly in different species. The trochanter
has a nonspecialized seta attached proximally at the anterodorsal
margin. The basifemur has two nonspecialized setae—a larger
dorsal and a smaller ventral. On the proximal dorsal surface of
the telofemur is a transverse row of three nonspecialized setae.
The genu has three nonspecialized setae spaced around it. Usually
there is a pointed, striated genuala on its dorsal surface. The
tibia has six nonspecialized setae spaced around it. In about
half the species a pointed, striated tibiala is found on the proxi-
mal half of its dorsal surface. The tarsus bears about 15 non-
specialized setae. One species has a long, nude, whiplike seta, a
mastitarsala. The tarsus terminates in a pair of claws and a
median empodium somewhat longer than those on legs I and II.
The scutum varies in size and shape among the species of
Euschéngastia. Ornamentation varies also, but ridges and punc-
tae are usual. In some species the striated cuticle appears to have
encroached upon or to have folded over the posterior or lateral
margins. There are always five setae in addition to the sensillae.
Near the middle of the anterior margin is the anterior median
seta. At the corners between the anterior and lateral margins
are the anterior lateral setae. At the angles between the lateral
margins and the posterior margin are the posterior lateral setae.
These setae are clothed with setules. The five scutal setae gen-
erally resemble the dorsal setae. All Huschéngastia have expanded
sensillae. The sensillae arise from the pseudostigmata, which
are rather large and deep pits in the scutum. The slender, basal
pedicel may gradually become larger in diameter and blend
into the head of the sensilla; or it may increase very little and
be distinctly set off from the enlarged head. The enlarged head
is clothed with setules. In many species the posterior surface
of the sensilla bears fewer and heavier setules than the anterior
surface. For the determination of anterior and posterior sur-
faces, the sensilla is considered to be standing erect on the scutum.
The standard data of the scutum (fig. 3,c), which are included
in descriptions of species, consist of measurements in microns
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 123
of several dimensions of the scutum and the lengths of the setae.
All measurements involving setae or sensillae start at the mid-
point of the basal attachment. Often, the width of the sensilla
is given and is indicated by an “x” following the length.
Following are the explanations of the abbreviations used in
connection with these dimensions:
AW: Width of the scutum between the bases of the anterior lateral setae.
PW: Width between the bases of the posterior lateral setae.
AP: Distance between the bases of an anterior lateral seta and a posterior
lateral seta on one side.
SB: Distance between the sensillary bases, the points of attachment of the
sensillae.
ASB: Distance from the anterior margin to the bases of the sensillae.
When the anterior setae are set on anterior expansions of the
scutum, these expansions are included in ASB. For the purpose of
determining standard data, the anterior margin is considered to lie
at a straight, transverse line touching the most anterior points of
these expansions.
PSB: Distance from the bases of the sensillae to the posterior margin,
which is considered to lie at a straight, transverse line touching the
most posterior expansions of the scutum.
AL: Length of an anterior lateral seta.
AM: Length of the anterior median seta.
PL: Length of a posterior lateral seta.
S: Length of a sensilla.
Two pairs of simple eyes usually are present. Two species have
ocular plates. Two species have one pair of obscure eyes.
Dorsal body setae are arranged in transverse rows which are
usually distinct, especially in partly engorged specimens. A pair
of humeral setae, one seta on each side of the body, is set off an-
terolaterally in engorged specimens; but in unengorged specimens
these setae may lie at the ends of the first transverse row. By
convention in descriptions of chiggers the dorsal setal formula
consists of listing serially the number of setae in each of the
transverse rows, beginning with the humeral setae and proceed-
ing posteriorly. Frequently there are setae on the lateral edges
of the body not easily assignable to a row. These are inserted in
the formula where they occur and are usually recognizable by be-
ing smaller numbers between larger numbers. In a list of several
dorsal formulae these so-called lateral setae will not be indicated
in all specimens. The dorsal setae usually resemble the scutal
setae. The form of the posterior setae may differ from that of
the anterior setae. Particularly in unengorged chiggers, the setae
project posteriorly somewhat parallel to the body. They tend to
be nude on the side adjacent to the body.
124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
On the ventral surface of the body a pair of feathered setae is
found between coxae I. These are the first or anterior sternal
setae. The second or posterior sternal setae are located between
coxae III. With one exception there is one pair of second sternals;
in one species there are four second sternals. All sternals curve
posteriorly and have relatively long and slender setules on the
outer curvature. Posterior to coxae III the number of ventral
setae varies with species and specimen. The arrangement into
rows is indistinct in most species, and ordinarily no effort is made
to count these setae by rows. A ventral setal formula consists of
enumerating the first sternals and the second sternals plus the
total number of setae posterior to the sternals. However, since
the number of sternals is so constant in a species that deviations
are considered anomalous, ventral formulae usually are not given
in the descriptions. The number of sternals common to the species
and the range of variation of the setae posterior to the sternals
is given. All poststernal setae may be similar to the dorsals; or
there may be a rather sharp change in form about the level of the
anus. In the latter case the setae posterior to the anus have the
form of the dorsals; and those anterior to the anus have a dif-
ferent form. Ventral setae lie somewhat parallel to the body and
tend to be nude on the side adjacent to the body.
In the descriptions of the species and groups of species a gen-
eral description will not be repeated. Attention will be concen-
trated on those features which at this time appear to be important
in making combinations of species or in differentiating them. In
plates 9-21, the appendages and their segments are referred to
by numbers. The order of the appendages and their parts are
the same as has been followed in this general description of the
morphology of the genus. All measurements are in microns.
DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis of Euschéngastia by Fuller (1952), after emen-
dation, has been adopted for this paper: All legs with seven seg-
ments; true stigmata and tracheae absent; empodium clawlike;
no caudal plate; eyes usually present; coxa II with a single seta;
scutum with five setae in addition to sensillae; scutum not sub-
merged beneath the cuticular striae; sensillae expanded distally;
chelicerae bladelike, each with a single dorsal tooth; palpal claw
with two to seven prongs.
A note should be added to this diagnosis. In the closely related
genus Neoschéngastia the scutum is submerged beneath the cutic-
ular striae. In a few species of Huschéngastia cuticular striae
2
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 125
appear to have folded over the posterior portion of the scutum,
occasionally over the lateral margins.
10.
i,
12.
13.
14,
15.
Key to species of Euschdngastia of North America
Mibtalawlelespresencr ! (Ades ccucctlasate deere s cles sec we uses ese he wes 2
Now tibialay PETS, 226 oo os Seciecter dente s seca ble eet races he ges cen eed 14
No subterminala or parasubterminala I (“lacerta” group) ........ 3
Subterminala and parasubterminala I present ............eceeeeees 4
One genuala I; microspur I distal to spur ........ 1. E. lacerta Brennan
Two genualae I; microspur I proximal to spur.
2. E. bigenuala, new species
Palpal claw with two prongs; a mastitarsala III present.
3. E. nunezi (Hoffmann)
Papal claw with more than two prongs; no mastitarsala III ........ 5
Palpal claw with more than three prongs; sensillae elongate-clavate,
joining” with. pedicels “ini gradual, taper. (..<. sce ss bee esse ss eens 6
Palpal claw with three prongs; sensillae capitate or subcapitate, heads
more: abruptiy. ‘distinct from pedicels = vac. Jocssescece ss ccceces 9
Mhree, SeHUAIAes Es s.c eased oles «ess eles wees 4, E. trigenuala, new species
PINWOLDOCNUAL ACM aries testeticisict cic sieveretn ee ieeisiticreete sc. cle sieie of ore oiarevereis) o-oncyee = 7
One pair of eyes, or corneas indistinct or lacking; galeal seta nude.
5. E. pipistrelli Brennan
Two pairs of eyes, corneas distinct; galeal seta branched .......... 8
Lateral seta on palpal tibia branched ....... 6. E. oregonensis (Ewing)
Lateral seta on palpal tibia nude ............ 7, E. samboni (Radford)
Scutum with only two crescentie ridges, one anterior to each pseudo-
SUID INAS saterahe wie allele esol aatatw 6, aerafale aleve, sate sa ais are awn oiere wiwle,@calene in @'¥ abies we 10
Scutum with three joined ridges, one anterior to each pseudostigma and
a third extending from the apexes of these anteriorly around the
anterior ‘medianmseta. (rubra SOUP) occ oscce cee ceweee tesenaceee 11
Ventral setal formula begins 2-2 ............ 8. E. peromysci (Ewing)
Ventral setal formula begins 2-4 ............. 9. E. cordiremus Brennan
Lateral seta on palpal tibia pectinate; anterior and posterior dorsal
SCCAGSIMIAT pc oxi favers owe % 08ets. coven oie) eitce ofalionstayers toretens) a. Stefalererareiers ote share a’ 12
Lateral seta on palpal tibia usually nude; anterior dorsal setae with
numerous long setules, posterior dorsal setae with fewer, scalelike
setules (i. .divensa,, NeW SPECIES) i -s.c.c ccc oe wale ce olwciels sco csiec es 13
Scutum smaller, PW less than 67 microns; range southern.
10. E. rubra, new species
Scutum larger, PW about 77 microns; range northern.
11. E. magna, new species
Palpal claw shorter, branching on proximal half, accessory prongs inter-
rupting contour of claw ...... 12a. E. diversa diversa, new subspecies
Palpal claw longer, branching on distal half, accessory prongs lying close.
12b. E. diversa acuta, new subspecies
Paipal claw? with ‘three* prongs: 6. i506 ss secs obs letces detevice cones. 15
Palpalsclawiwith more: than three: prongs) ccc. 2 isk. Beis De tice ds tien oe aces 19
Two sétaetomicoxa: LE) 7.5). 62S rod. aleetslacte até 13, E. guntheri (Radford)
ONnerBetaron COXA UP Ns cicoci cis: o aioveiere osievave oie fers fovea esis o.o0c ave wise he oi ates 16
126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
16. Nonspecialized setae of leg I with numerous, fine, curved setules.
Scutum with strong ridges anterior to each pseudostigma, pseudo-
stigmata deeply recessed ......ceee eee cece tee e rece ceecseeees 7
Nonspecialized setae of leg I with rather few, heavy, straight setules.
Scutum plain, or with ridges not strongly indicated, no deeply de-
pressed areas (“luteodema” group) .....eeeeceeceecrereeeeeeeees 18
17. Lateral seta on palpal tibia with one or two thin setules (or nude,
Brennan, 1948). sc,.0.6% > d=» farthest aan ee 14. E. criceticola Brennan
Lateral seta on palpal tibia strongly pectinate.15. E. californica (Ewing)
18.. Novgenuala TE or UIT 2.6. acess 0% wie dfs Je pave. 16. E. luteodema Brennan
Genuala II and III present ............... 17. E. marmotae, new species
19. AL’s and PL’s long, about 70-80 microns, and about the same length;
scutum roughly rectangular ...........--- 18. E. hamiltoni Brennan
AL’s much shorter than PL’s; scutum tends to be pointed at postero-
lateral corners (“blarinae” group) .....ceeceeeeererereececeeees 20
20. Posterior dorsal setae leaflike, broad and thin with small setules on
surface away from body .......--.seececeeecccceeesseecececees 21
Posterior dorsal setae with round shaft with setules grouped around it 22
21. About final three rows of dorsal setae flattened; range southern.
20. E. carolinensis, new species
Flattened setae confined mostly to final dorsal row; range northern.
21. E. chicensis, new species
22. Scutum and leg segments distal to coxae with punctae ............- 23
Scutum and leg segments distal to coxae without punctae ......... 24
23. Cheliceral base with punctae; galeal setae strong with setules along
OPPOSILE; CORES 6 ores oo wa cine wisisinsipeys aston 22. E. crateris, new species
Cheliceral base without punctae; galeal setae branched.
19. E. blarinae (Ewing)
24. Head of sensilla cordiform; cheliceral base without punctae; range
WESCOTM ai siateinncletors coker one obeicvousiete austere leleh=¥ herent 24. E. sciuricola (Ewing)
Head of sensilla ovoid; cheliceral base with fine punctae; range eastern.
23. E. setosa (Ewing)
The “lacerta” group
The “lacerta” group consists of E. lacerta and E. bigenuala.
The group is unique in the genus. The mites are very small. Body
striae are fine. The anus is farther posterior than usual. Punctae
on the cheliceral base are confined to the posterior portion. The
number of body setae is reduced and the setae are small with fine
setules. The nonspecialized setae of palps and legs are small with
relatively few, fine setules. Tibia I has eight nonspecialized setae.
The tarsi have fewer nonspecialized setae than usual, tarsus I
having about 19 or 20, and tarsi II and III about 13 or 14. Sub-
terminala and parasubterminala I are lacking. There are no
genualae II and IIJ. The general shape and character of the scuta
of the two species in the group are similar. The pseudostigmata
are set in the bases of short ridges which bound them antero-
medially.
—————
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 127
l. Euschéngastia lacerta Brennan
FIGURE 4,a; PLATES 6, 9
E. lacerta Brennan, 1948, pp. 465, 467-468, 477, figs. 2A-D, 9.
DESCRIPTION : With the characters of the group.
Size: Length, 330 to 350; width, 170 to 235.
Shape: Oval or ovoid.
Gnathosoma: Setae of palpal coxa, femur, and genu short,
with few fine setules. Dorsal seta on palpal tibia fine with few
setules; lateral seta fine with one or two fine setules; ventral seta
with four or five fine setules. Palpal claw short, curved, stout,
with three prongs, median longest and heaviest, but accessories
stout. Tarsus small with four slender feathered setae and a tiny
spur. Galeal seta fine with three to five fine setules. Cheliceral
base slightly longer than broad; blade rather long and straight,
curved at base and distal end; tiny dorsal tooth and larger ventral
tooth distinct.
Legs: Leg I with a rather strong microgenuala on the distal
dorsal surface and a single, fine genuala posterior to it. Tibia
with two small tibialae set obliquely on the distal dorsal surface
and a microtibiala posterior to the more distal of the two. Tarsus
with a stout spur on its middorsal surface and a small microspur
distal and slightly posterior to it; pretarsala small. Punctae few
on segments 4, 5, and 6, not always apparent on coxa. Leg II with
two short, blunt tibialae. Tarsus with a long, slender spur, a
comparatively long microspur proximal to the spur, and a short
pretarsala. Punctae few and large on coxa and segments 3, 4,
and 5. Leg III with a slender, curving tibiala. Coxal seta on
proximal half set well back from anterior margin; a few large
punctae on coxa.
Scutum: About twice as wide as long. Anterior margin almost
straight; lateral margins concave, curving posteriorly and later-
ally, posterior margin generally convex, slightly concave adja-
cent to the posterclaterals and medially. Setae slender with fine
setules; anteromedian similar to anterolaterals and set well back
from anterior margin; posterolaterals on slight elongations.
Pseudostigmata near a line drawn connecting posterolaterals,
varying from slightly anterior to slightly posterior, set appar-
ently at an angle into the bases of short ridges arching over them
anteromedially. Sensillae long, clavate, tapering from head to
pedicel, widest about four-fifths the length from the base; covered
with short, sharp setules which begin well down on the pedicel.
Punctations lacking, but a small pit or pore present medial to
each posterolateral seta.
128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Standard data of three paratypes from Santa Cruz County,
Calif. :
AW PW AP SB ASB PSB AL AM PL S
47 68 PALL 24 22 13 18 25 29 ~
4S 75 25 26 23 13 23 28 32 34 x 11
46 64 22 17 19 14 22 - 38 36 x 10
Eyes: Two pairs in ocular plates; cornea not well defined on
posteriors; diameter of anteriors about 9; of posteriors, 6.
Dorsal setae: Small, with short setules. Length of a humeral
seta, 28; of a seta from the first row of posthumerals, 25; of a
posterior seta, 19.
Dorsal formulae of two paratypes from Santa Cruz County,
Calif.:
Dt Ge 210 else Seay eieie
2 Gla alGl oe GrarlS force
Ventral setac: Sternals and poststernals anterior to anus with
longer, finer setules than dorsals. Setae posterior to anus similar
to dorsals. Length of a first sternal, 24; of a second sternal, 24;
poststernals all about the same length, 19.
Ventral formulae of two paratypes from Santa Cruz County,
Calif. :
2.. 2 plus about 26
2 .. 2 plus about 24
MATERIAL: One paratype borrowed from the Rocky Mountain
Laboratory and two from the U. S. National Museum. Specimens
from host:
Sceloporus o. occidentalis
Santa Cruz County, Calif., Aug. 15, 1945, 8.
DIAGNOSIS: E. lacerta differs from E. bigenuala, the other
member of the “lacerta” group, by having a single genuala I, the
microspur I distal to the spur, and the eyes in ocular plates.
REMARKS: E. lacerta is known from only one collection of four
specimens, the type series. It is the only North American
Euschingastia reported from a cold-blooded vertebrate host.
2. Euschdngastia bigenuala, new species
FIGURE 4,a; PLATES 6, 9
DESCRIPTION: With the characters of the group.
Size: Length, 350; width, 235.
Shape: Oval.
Gnathosoma: Palps and chelicera similar to those of E. lacerta.
Blade of chelicera more curved. Palpal claw with three prongs.
Galeal seta with one setule.
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 129
Legs: Similar to EH. lacerta. Genu I with two genualae, one dor-
sal and one posterior, and a rather long microgenuala. Microspur
I proximal to spur. Spur I more distal than in E. lacerta. Tibialae
shorter than in E. lacerta. All leg segments with conspicuous
punctae.
Scutum: Generally similar to that of EK. lacerta. Anterior mar-
gin concave with a slight convexity near the anterior median seta.
Lateral margins more concave than in E£. lacerta and the four
corners more elongated. Pseudostigmata much closer together.
Sensillae missing from specimen. Punctate. Cuticular striae ap-
pear to encroach on lateral margins.
Standard data of the holotype, from Galveston County, Tex.:
AW vcbWe, «AP: SB ASB PSB: AL, AM,\3PL S
44 63 24 10 23 13 26 27 39 -
Eyes: Corneas of anterior eyes distinct; diameter, 9; posterior
eyes indistinct. No ocular plate.
Dorsal setae: Similar to E. lacerta. Length of a humeral seta,
35; of a seta from the first posthumeral row, 36; of a posterior
seta, 20.
Dorsal formula of the holotype: 2.6.6.6.6.4.
Ventral setae: More numerous than in FZ. lacerta. Length of
a first sternal, 25; of a second sternal, 18; poststernals all about
the same length, 18.
Ventral formula of the holotype: 2.2 plus about 40.
MATERIAL: Holotype only, USNM 1989. From host:
Sigmodon sp.
Galveston County, Tex., Aug. 8, 1947.
DIAGNOSIS: EF. bigenuala differs from EH. lacerta, the other
member of the “lacerta” group, by lacking ocular plates, by hav-
ing two genualae I, and by having its microspur I proximal to
the spur.
REMARKS: Only one incomplete specimen of FH. bigenuala has
been collected. The very important sensillae are missing. How-
ever, the morphology of the group is so unusual and the correla-
tion of Euschéngastia bigenuala with it is so complete that there
can be little doubt of its position. EF. bigenuala is named for the
two genuala I which distinguish it from L. lacerta.
3. Euschoéngastia nunezi (Hoffmann)
PLATES 6, 10
Neoschongastia nunezi Hoffman, 1944, pp. 221-225, figs. 1-4.—Nunez, 1947,
pp. 221-237, 241-244, figs. 1-81.
Euschongastia nunezit, Fuller, 1952, p. 184.
130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
DESCRIPTION: Size: Length, 490; width, 430.
Shape: Ovoid.
Gnathosoma: Seta on palpal coxa rather short with long
setules. Seta on femur short with fine setules. Seta on genu
nude. All three setae on tibia nude, fairly long. Palpal claw
curved, cleft about half its length into two stout prongs, median
prong stronger. Tarsus rather long; in addition to the usual
setae a pointed seta about three-fourths as long as the spur is
located on the medial ventral surface distal to the central of the
three basal, feathered setae. Coxae punctate up to the galeae;
femur punctate over its entire surface. Galeal seta long and nude.
Cheliceral base strongly punctate. Cheliceral blade curved, with
distinct teeth (Hoffmann, 1944) ; blade not present on specimen
studied in U.S. National Museum.
Legs: Leg I with three genualae—two dorsal in tandem and
one posterior—and a microgenuala. Tibia with two tibialae and
a microtibiala and eight nonspecialized setae. Tarsus with strong
tapered spur, a distal microspur, distinct subterminala and para-
subterminala, and a pretarsala. Leg II with coxal seta set in from
posterior margin, a genuala, two tibiala, a middorsal spur with
proximal microspur, and a pretarsala. Leg IiI with a single
genuala and single tibiala; tarsus with a single long mastitarsala
on its dorsal surface near its base and 14 feathered setae. Setules
of feathered setae of all legs straight. Coxae of all legs closely
punctuate and all distal segments encircled with punctae.
Scutum: About three-fifths as long as broad; anterior margin
sinuous; lateral margins slightly concave, diverge posteriorly;
posterolateral corners slightly extended; posterior margin very
slightly concave just medial to posterolaterals, deeply convex
posterior to the pseudostigmata, and broadly concave between
them; anterolateral setae not at the corners but set back on the
lateral margins; anteromedian seta set well back from anterior
margin; posterolaterals on the extended corners. All setae with
short, scalelike setules. Pseudostigmata widely separated,
slightly posterior to a line drawn between posterolaterals. Sen-
sillae clavate, the pedicel expanding to a long, ovoid head widest
about three-fourths its length from the base; head covered with
very short, pointed setules. Surface without ridges; covered with
punctae except for an almost clear zone near the anterior margin
and around the anteromedian seta.
Standard data of the single paratype from México, D. F.:
AW PW AP SB ASB PSB AL» AM’ PL S
62 79 19 36 30 18 36 41 63 38 x 13
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 131
Eyes: Two pairs in ocular plates lateral to the posterolateral
setae; corneas distinct. Diameter of anterior eyes, 10; of post-
erior eyes, 9.
Dorsal setae: Similar in form to scutal setae; setules small.
Length of a humeral, 50; of a seta from the first posthumeral
row, 38; of a posterior seta, 36.
Dorsal formula of the single paratype: 2.6.6.4.4.2.
Ventral setae: Clearly of two forms; sternals and poststernals
occupying the region just anterior to the anus similar to non-
specialized leg setae, with rather long, straight setules on side
opposite body; just anterior to the anus the form changes ab-
ruptly to that of the dorsal setae. Length of a first sternal, 44;
of a second sternal, 42; of a seta from the first posternal row,
37; of a posterior seta, 36.
Ventral formula of the single paratype: 2.2 plus about 19.
MATERIAL: A single paratype borrowed from the U. S. National
Museum. From host:
Man
México, D. F., México, July 1944.
DIAGNOSIS: EF’. nufiezt is the only species of the genus now
known in North America which has all nude setae on the palpal
tibia, a pointed seta on the palpal tarsus in addition to the spur,
and a mastitarsala III.
REMARKS: This species is known only from the original collec-
tions in México. It was found on man, parasitizing all members
of one family, and on chickens in the same location. E. nufezi
is the only species of the genus in North America reported as a
parasite on man.
4. Euschéngastia trigenuala, new species
FIGURE 4,a; PLATES 4, 6, 10
DESCRIPTION: Size: Length, 480 to 510; width, 345 to 370.
Shape: Oval to ovoid.
Gnathosoma: Seta on palpal femur rather small with few
setules. Genu with a curving, nude seta. Dorsal seta on tibia
with a row of setules along its outer curvature; lateral seta nude;
ventral seta rather small with few setules. Palpal claw curved,
usually with five prongs, median prong longest, two accessories
slightly shorter, and two smaller on the outer curvature. Cheli-
ceral base heavy; blade with distinct subapical dorsal and ven-
tral teeth. Galeal seta nude. Palpal coxae and cheliceral base
punctate.
‘32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Legs: Genu I with three genualae on its dorsal surface, two
in tandem near the anterior margin and one near the posterior
margin, and a microgenuala about midway on a line between the
posterior genuala and the more distal of the two in tandem.
Tibia with two typical tibiala and a microtibiala. Tarsus with
typically arranged spur, subterminala, parasubterminala, and
pretarsala, but with the microspur proximal and slightly posterior
to spur. Leg II with one genuala, two tibialae, the microspur
slightly proximal and posterior to the spur, and a pretarsala.
Seta on coxa III set back from margin; no genuala III; tibiala
III present. Nonspecialized setae with straight, rather fine set-
ules. Punctae on all segments of all legs. Empodium on all legs
more slender than claws but about same length.
Anomalies: Parasubterminalae lacking and the base of one
subterminala enlarged on one specimen. Subterminala sinuate
on one specimen.
Scutum: Anterior margin slightly convex. Anterolateral corn-
ers extended in round lobes on which the short anterolateral
setae are attached. Lateral margins diverge posteriorly, round-
ing abruptly just posterior to posterolaterals. Posterior margin
shallowly convex posterolateral to each pseudostigma and shal-
lowly concave between the two. Anteromedian seta set back
slightly from anterior margin. All setae with short setules.
Pseudostigmata deep, anterior to a line drawn between poster-
olaterals. Sensillae long clavate, enlarging evenly from the
slender pedicel; widest in the distal quarter; rounded distally;
clothed with few widely and irregularly spaced, heavy setules;
one or two setules terminal. A broad inverted U-shaped ridge
anterior to each pseudostigma. Spots or mottling present but
punctae not evident. One or two small pits or pores usually just
medial to the posterolateral setae.
Standard data for five specimens from University of Oklahoma:
AW PW AP SB ASB PSB AL AM _ PL S
61 80 24 32 22 16 23 31 39 85x9 (type)
58 75 25 28 22 18 22 32 38 37x 9
Eves: Usually not distinguished. One pair on one specimen
slightly anterior to posterolateral setae. Diameter, 12. Pigment
granules usually present.
Dorsal setae: Anterior setae rather slender with numerous fine
setules, similar to scutal setae; nude on side adjacent to body;
setules of posterior group somewhat heavier. Length of humerals
CHIGGERS—-FARRELL 133
of five specimens, 44 to 48; of setae in the first posthumeral row,
34 to 40; and of setae in the posterior group, 38 to 45.
Dorsal formulae for five specimens collected at University of
Oklahoma:
eg eee Adee LO ee 10 sen
2 ..2 (type)
QnA sus Os oO eo Oars
2
2
ee RO ROO as
So LOBSIS AI 200
Seiert0.. ates epi 129s. 20. 3.
Ventral setae: Sternals with fine setules. Setae between
sternals and anus small with fine setules. At level of the anus,
setae abruptly become large, and similar to dorsals. Data for
five specimens: Number of first sternals, 2; of second sternals,
2; of post sternals, 39 to 48. Length of first sternals, all 44; of
second sternals, 29 to 36; of setae in the first post sternal row,
23 to 27; of setae in the posterior group, 38 to 45.
MATERIEL: Type, USNM 1990. Specimens from host:
Scalopus sp.
University of Oklahoma, Sept. 13, 19833 (USNM, type + 2; DU, 4; RML,
22"CEE,. 2°) KUL 1).
DIAGNOSIS: Huschongastia trigenuala is the only species with
the following combination of characters: A nude seta on the pal-
pal genu, feathered dorsal and ventral setae on the palpal tibia,
and microspur I proximal to spur. The scutum and the sensillae
also are distinctive.
REMARKS: The data given under “material” includes all that
is known about the collection.
E. trigenuala is named for the three genualae on genu I.
S[STMaaNhs
AAA ®W
6
2
ae
2
2
5. Euschéngastia pipistrelli Brennan
FIGURE 4,c; PLATES 6, 11
Euschongastia pipistrelli Brennan, 1947, pp. 249-251, figs. 34-D.—Fuller,
1952, pp. 182, 184.
Euschéngasiia miricoxa Brennan, 1948, pp. 465, 468-469, 477, figs. 3A—E, 10.
DESCRIPTION: Size: Length, 287 to 780; width, 185 to 520.
Shape: Ovoid.
Color: Opaque white.
Gnathosoma: Seta on palpal femur with few, spaced setules.
Seta on genu variable, with one to four setules, or nude. Dorsal
seta on tibia with two to four setules; lateral seta nude or with
one or two tiny setules; ventral seta rather small with setules;
palpal claw with five prongs, occasionally four prongs, median
longest and strongest, two slightly shorter, and two more proxi-
134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
mal on the outer curvature. Galeal seta nude. Setae appear
strong but frequently are broken off. Basal segment of chelicera
heavy; blade large, curved, subapical dorsal and ventral teeth
distinct. Punctae on palpal coxa and on cheliceral base.
Legs: Leg I with two long, slender genualae and a micro-
genuala; two diagonally placed tibialae, the more distal one longer
with typical microtibiala posterior to it; spur with microspur
half length of spur or less distal, or distal and posterior; sub-
terminala, parasubterminala, and pretarsala typically placed,
long and strong. Leg II with one typical genuala, two tandem
tibialae, a spur with proximal microspur, and a pretarsala. Leg
III with single, slender genuala and tibiala. Leg segments ro-
bust, all with rather small punctae. Empodia more slender than
the claws but about the same length. Feathered setae on the
more proximal, free segments with rather long, curved setules;
setules on feathered setae of tarsi generally straighter.
Scutum: Shape somewhat variable as lateral areas are ex-
tended more or less anteriorly. About twice as wide as long. An-
terior margin generally concave with a convexity anterior to
anterior median seta. Lateral margins concave, diverging pos-
teriorly. Posterior margin extends more or less posteriorly,
slightly concave behind the posterolaterals, convex posterior to
the pseudostigmata, and usually slightly concave between them.
The four corners somewhat extended. Setae long and heavy;
anteromedian shortest, set close to anterior margin; postero-
laterals exceptionally long; setules strong but rather widely
spaced. Pseudostigmata well behind a line drawn between the
posterolaterals. Sensillae broadly clavate; head well covered
with long setules on the anterior surface, fewer on posterior sur-
face; pedicels distinct. Surface covered with punctae; usually, a
pair of larger pits medial to posterolaterals.
Standard data of the paratype from Stone County, Mo.:
AW: PW. (AP) SB. ‘ASB PSBivAGL. AMSSoPL S
60 80 25 22 35 19 70 45 109 32 x 16
Summary of standard data from 14 specimens from over the
range, including the paratype (AL’s from 12 specimens, AM’s
from 11,.PL’s from, 13, S’s from 6):
AW 60-80, mean 67.6; PW 76-103, mean 85.4; AP 16-25, mean
20.4; SB 22-37, mean 30.3; ASB 29-40, mean 34.4; PSB 8-13, mean
10.8; AL 44-70, mean 55.2; AM 36-50, mean 44.9; PL 104-126,
mean 114; S 32-44, mean 39.2; width of sensilla 11-16, mean 13.7
Eyes: Usually not distinguished; one pair posterolateral to the
posterolateral setae. Diameter about 6.
Dorsal setae: Long, curved; nude adjacent to body; long frag-
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 135
ile setules confined mostly to two alternate rows on the edge
opposite the body. Rows irregular. Measurements from nine
specimens: Length of humerals, 71 to 83; of setae near the mid-
dle of first posthumeral row .64 to 83; of posterior setae, 50 to 58.
Dorsal formulae of nine specimens:
Missouri
Stone County: DLT OOS An ria tess 8) t+ Ss (paratype)
Illinois
Jersey County: Pera hOS 2/9215} DiaeeS. seahGintgiaes. 32
Ohio
Clermont County: 2..11...12.. eld o. Wes 8
Kentucky
Carter County: Dee tO ty s ESS. G6
2 dares DOS: Mit O10 246+... 4
Pennsylvania
Fayette-County: .2..13.. 9.. 3 hrs Sd SiG see
Warren County: 2..12..12.. yell Oeercuebalinersi wat
McKean County: 2..12..11.. on 12 osc iBcs 0 os, 4
New York
Broome County: 2: LO is. Pee aT oo Sb
Ventral setae: Form like that of the dorsals. Data from nine
specimens: Number of first sternals, 2; of second sternals, 2; of
poststernals, 36 to 54. Length of first sternals, 48 to 58; of
second sternals, 37 to 47; of setae near the middle of the first post-
sternal row, 26 to 37; of posterior setae, 44 to 54.
Anomalies: One specimen with three second sternals. One
specimen with one second sternal and two setae on one coxa TTT.
MATERIAL: Paratype borrowed from Rocky Mountain Labora-
tory. All other specimens in Duke University collection. Speci-
mens from hosts:
Myotis 1. lucifugus Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus
New York Pennsylvania
Schoharie County: 1884, 7. Warren County: Sept. 12, 1947, 1.
Pipistrellus s. subflavus Myctis keenii septentrionalis
Missouri Pennsylvania
Stone County: Sept. 11, 1946, 1 Warren County: Sept. 20, 1947, 2.
(paratype). McKean County: Aug. 6, 1948, 2.
Ohio Pipistrellus subflavus
Clermont County: Oct. 16, 1949,| Pennsylvania
20. Westmoreland County: Jan. 3,
Myotis lucifugus 1948, 1.
Pennsylvania Myotis keenii
Westmoreland County: Oct. 19,| Pennsylvania
1946, 4. Fayette County: Feb. 24, 1948, 1.
Fayette County: Mar. 30, 1947, 1.| //yotis sp.
Myotis sodalis Illinois
New York Jersey County: Mar. 4, 1948, 1.
Broome County: Aug. 11, 1947, 2.| Kentucky
Carter County: Aug. 20, 1948, 4.
136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION: This species has been collected
through the three winter months of January, February, and
March and through the late summer and early fall months of
August, September, and October. Whether this seasonal pattern
indicates population peaks or merely lack of collections during
the other months is not known.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: The range of EF. pipistrelli, as it is
known from collections, extends from southwestern Missouri,
into Illinois, Kentucky, and Ohio, through southwestern and
northwestern Pennsylvania, to southeastern New York (fig. 4,c).
DIAGNOSIS: EH. pipistrelli is the only species with the following
combination of characters: Five (or four) prongs on palpal claw,
tibiala III present, two genualae I, one pair of indistinct eyes,
and nude galeal seta. The very long, heavy, posterolateral setae
and the long dorsal setae, sparsely clothed with long setules, are
different from those of any other species.
Eco.tocy: A very limited amount of ecological information is
available on E. pipistrelli. It has been collected only from bats
which typically inhabit caves. Most of the specimens used in this
study were removed from bats which were captured in caves.
Collectors report the chiggers attached to the inner surface of
the ear, on the rim of the ear near the base, on the tragus, near
the eyes, on the chin, and at the corners of the mouth.
REMARKS: FH. pipistrelli varies in certain characters through-
out its range.
The occurrence of nude and branched setae on the palpal genu
is unusual. The list of dorsal setal formulae indicates some of
the variation in this character. The shape of the scutum varies,
usually by the projection anteriorly of the lateral margins and a
narrowing of the distance between the anterolateral and the pos-
terolateral setae.
EF. miricova Brennan, 1948, was described from a single speci-
men, the holotype, removed from a bat, Myotis 1. lucifugus (Le-
Conte), on Aug. 5, 1947, in Tompkins County, N. Y. This speci-
men was not examined in this study. However, from a compari-
son of the published description, drawings, and photograph of
the scutum with a paratype of EH. pipistrelli and other specimens
of the species collected in the East, it appears that the range of
variation of EF. pipistrelli would include FL. miricoza. The extension
of coxa I described for F. miricoxa probably is an apodeme be-
neath the integument. It can be found in specimens of E. pipis-
trelli and in other species. The shape of the scutum is approxi-
mated by scuta of certain specimens of FL. pipistrelli. The form and |
arrangement of the setae is similar in both, so far as can be deter-
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 13t
mined by comparing specimens with drawings. A set of drawings
of the legs of E. miricoxa was obtained from the Rocky Mountain
Laboratory. The form of the segments and the form and arrange-
ment of the striated setae are typical of EF’. pipistrell. The lo-
eality from which E. miricoxa was taken falls within the range
of E. pipistrelli (fig. 4,c). A consideration of the standard data
of the type series, of specimens from east of the Mississippi
River, and of E. miricoxa does indicate that there is generally a
smaller AP measurement for the eastern specimens. The average
of 10 AP measurements from the type series, which is western,
is 24 (Brennan, 1947). The AP measurement of E'. miricoxa is
17 (Brennan, 1948). The AP measurements of 13 eastern speci-
mens include these extremes, but the mean is 20. There is some
possibility of subspeciation, but further collections and study are
required for proper evaluation. The two species are here con-
sidered to be the same and EF. miricoxa to be a synonym of E.
pipistrelli.
6. Euschéngastia cregonensis (Ewing)
FIGURES 1, 2, 3, 4,a; PLATES 6, 11
Trombicula oregonensis Ewing, 1929a, p. 11; 1931, p. 9; 1942, p. 488.—
Radford, 1942, p. 57.—-Michener, 1946, p. 482.—Sig Thor and Willmann,
1947, pp. 260, 286.
Euschéngastia oregonensis, Fuller, 1948, p. 106; 1952, pp. 182-183, 184.
DESCRIPTION: Size: Engorged length, 505 to 535; width, 385 to
410.
Shape: Broad oval.
Gnathosoma: Rather small feathered seta on palpal femur.
Seta on genu smaller, with few setules. Dorsal seta on palpal
tibia longer with a few setules on its outer curvature; lateral seta
with one to three setules; ventral seta with relatively few setules.
Palpal claw curved with five prongs, median longest, two
slightly shorter, and two shortest on the outer curvature. Galeal
seta with one to three setules. Chelicera typical; subapical dorsal
and ventral teeth distinct. Palpal coxa and femur and base of
chelicera punctate.
Legs: Leg I with two typical genualae of moderate length and
one microgenuala; two tibialae normally placed, the more proxi-
mal tibiala longer, and a microtibiala slightly posterior to the
distal tibiala; strong spur on the middorsal surface of the tarsus
with microspur about half the length of the spur distal and
slightly posterior; subterminala, parasubterminala, and pretar-
sala typical. Leg II with one typical genuala, two tibialae in
tandem, a strong spur with proximal microspur, and a pretarsala.
Leg III with single, typical genuala and tibiala. Setules mostly
138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
broken off the nonspecialized setae. Leg segments stout, rounded
in legs I and II; all segments with punctae. Empodium about
the same length as the claws.
Scutum: About twice as wide as long, slightly pointed at the
posterolateral corners. Anterior margin straight with antero-
lateral corners extended and a small convexity anterior to the
anteromedian seta. Lateral margins concave, diverging pos-
teriorly. Posterior margin convex posterior to each pseudostigma
and shallowly concave medially. Anterolateral and posterolateral
setae set on extended corners. Anteromedian seta close to anterior
margin. Posterolaterals longest; anteromedian shortest. Fine
setules on all setae. Pseudostigmata rather widely separated,
posterior to a line drawn between the posterolaterals. Sensillae
broadly clavate, widest about three-fourths the length from the
base; pedicel rather long and distinct; expanded portion covered
with setules, fewer on posterior surface. Crescentic ridges indi-
cated anterior to pseudostigmata. Surface punctate; in these
specimens wide margins surround the punctae.
Standard data for the five specimens of the type series from
Benton County, Oreg.:
AW PW *““AP’*SB--ASE "PSE AL "AM “PE: Ss
70 92 23 38 30 14 40 30 56 35x14 (lectotype)
73 99 25 41 31 13 37 31 47 34
Eyes: Two pairs, distinct but rather small; anterior and pos-
terior eyes about the same diameter, 7.
Dorsal setae: Setae with rather fine setules of moderate length
except the posterior group. Posteriors with fewer, shorter set-
ules; end bluntly or with V-clefts. Measurements from five speci-
mens: Length of humerals, 48 to 52; of setae near the middle of
the first posthumeral row, 43 or 44; of setae in the posterior
group, 43 to 45.
Dorsal formulae for five specimens of the type series from
Benton County, Oreg.:
2, Byer): Ses. 9 2ec8 Cree
Bee lao beat es eee wir) Datewe tae tf alledtotype)
2 ec VO pls: eae, heute Dis. MED e 6 MO ve Sey
25510. AO open ne 2 Ae See we ae
Deere el bea oreo aero Grae
Ventral setae: General character similar to that of the dorsals.
Data from five specimens: Number of first sternals, 2; of second
CHIGGERS——FARRELL 139
sternals, 2; of poststernals, 47 to 50. Length of first sternals, 47
to 59; of second sternals, 35 to 36; of setae near the middle of
the first poststernal row, 25 to 26; of setae in the posterior group,
41 to 44,
MATERIAL: All cotypes in USNM (type No. 990). Specimens
from host:
Mole
Benton County, Oreg., May 17, 1912, 5 (cotypes).
DIAGNOSIS: E. oregonensis can be distinguished by the follow-
ing combination of characters: Tibiala II], subterminala and para-
subterminala I, and two genualae I present; five prongs on papal
claw; two pairs of eyes; galeal seta branched; lateral seta on
palpal tibia branched. It is very close to EH. samboni, as the
species are now defined, but it can be distinguished by the smaller
setae on its gnathosoma and the branched lateral seta on its palpal
tibia.
REMARKS: ‘The original description of EH. oregonensis is a
description of a chigger typical of the genus Trombicula. The
type host is given as a mole and the type locality as Corvallis,
Oreg. The type slide is given as No. 990, U. S. National Museum.
However, the specimens from the type slide, type host, and type
locality, as indicated, are Huschéngastia. Fuller (1948), after
examining the type specimens, placed the species in the genus
Euschéngastia. The original description is not adequate for iden-
tification of the chiggers from the slide, but it does validate the
name. The type specimen or specimens are the name bearers
for the species. Therefore, Fuller’s combination is here consid-
ered to be correct and the name of the species to be Huschén-
gastia oregonensis (Ewing, 1929).
_ The specimen of the cotypal series found on the slide marked
“C. E. F. X.” is here designated lectotype.
7. Euschdngastia samboni (Radford)
FIGURE 4,a; PLATES 8, 20
Neoschongastia samboni Radford, 1942, pp. 76-77, fig. 99; 1947a, pp. 579,
599-600, figs. 27, 28; 1947b, p. 275.
Euschongastia samboni, Brennan, 1948, p. 476.—Fuller, 1952, pp. 182, 184.
DESCRIPTION: Size: Length, 300 to 570; width, 200 to 510.
Shape: Ovoid to very broad oval.
Gnathosoma: Seta on palpal femur strong, with moderate
number of setules. Seta on palpal genu smaller with relatively
140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
few setules. Dorsal seta on palpal tibia strong and arching with
few setules on its outer curvature; lateral seta on tibia nude;
ventral seta with relatively few setules. Palpal claw strong,
curved, usually with five prongs, occasionally four. Galeal seta
strong, usually with one or two long, strong setules; occasionally
nude. Cheliceral base heavy, blade strong and curved; dorsal
subapical tooth small but distinct, ventral tooth larger. Rather
small punctae on cheliceral base, palpal coxa, and palpal femur.
Legs: Leg I with two typical genualae and microgenuala, two
typical tibialae and a microtibiala, a middorsal spur, a distal
microspur, a subterminala, a parasubterminala, and a pretarsala.
Leg II with one genuala and two tibialae, a tarsal spur, a proxi-
mal microspur, and a pretarsala. Leg III with a genuala and a
tibiala, relatively short. Most nonspecialized setae on the free
segments of leg I with numerous, rather short, fine, curved set-
ules; on leg II the dorsal nonspecialized setae tend to have fewer,
straighter setules; both types on leg III. Leg segments strong;
legs without marked taper. All segments with punctae.
Scutum: Similar in general outlines and proportions to that
of FE. oregonensis. Anterior margin straight or slightly concave
between the extended anterolateral corners and the small con-
vexity just anterior to the anteromedian seta. Lateral margins
concave, diverging posteriorly. Posterolateral corners extended.
Posterior margin convex posterior to the pseudostigmata and
slightly concave between them. Setae well clothed with moderate
setules; anterolaterals and anteromedian setae about the same
length, about half the length of the long posterolaterals. Pseudo-
stigmata moderately separated; posterior to a line drawn between
the posterolaterals. Sensillae clavate, widest about two-thirds
the length from the base; heads tend to be slightly pointed,
covered with rather long, smooth setules on the anterior surface
and shorter, more offstanding setules on the posterior surface;
pedicels distinct. Distinct inverted U-shaped ridge anterior to
each pseudostigma, lateral leg extending to posterior margin.
Surface with punctae, more numerous within the area inclosed
by the crescentic ridges. One or two larger pits near the postero-
lateral terminus of each ridge.
Standard data for the three specimens studied from Ravalli
County, Mont.:
AW PW AP SB ASB PSB AL AM PL S
1 #96 27 38 385 £13) 44) 44 (90° “88 x16-(paratype)
63° 90° "295927 2 82) 24 VAs o%As 64-9cs8
65°! 877 2521/34.) SOIOU12°45)° CAPA .a=
CHIGGERS—-FARRELL 141
Eyes: Two pairs lateral to the posterolaterals; no ocular plate.
Diameter of anterior eyes, 10 to 12, mean 10.3; of posteriors,
8 to 10, mean 8.3.
Dorsal setae: Posterior group different in form from the an-
terior setae; anteriors well clothed with setules on the side oppo-
site the body; posterior group with fewer, shorter setules exposing
the shaft. Measurements from three specimens: Length of
humerals, 61 to 72; of setae near the middle of the first post-
humeral row, 50 to 57; of setae in the posterior group, 37 to 47.
Dorsal formulae of three specimens from Ravalli County,
Mont. :
jg oe a! plo. NO" (paratype)
SUIS AA Seo ee Bo
So iteetouen ied Se bee
Ventral setae: Generally similar to dorsals. Data from three
specimens: Number of first sternals, 2; of second sternals, 2;
of poststernals, 52 to 60. Length of first sternals, 50 to 57; of
second sternals, 40 to 44; of setae near the middle of the first
poststernal row, 30 to 44; of setae in the posterior group, 338 to AT.
Anomaly: One specimen with three second sternals.
MATERIAL: Paratype in the U. S. National Museum; other
specimens from the Rocky Mountain Laboratory now deposited
in the Duke University collection. Specimens from hosts, all from
Montana:
Pika Ochotona p. princeps
Ravalli County: Dec. 2, 1933, 1 Ravalli County: Dec. 2, 1933, 1.
(paratype). Clethrionomys sp.
Ravalli County: Oct. 12, 1945, 1.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION: E. samboni has been collected in fall
and winter, October and December.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: FE. samboni has been collected only
in Ravalli County, Mont. (fig. 4,a).
DIAGNOSIS: E. samboni can be distinguished by the following
combination of characters: Tibiala III, subterminala and para-
subterminala I, and genualae I present; five prongs, usually, on
the palpal claw; two pairs of eyes; galeal seta usually branched ;
lateral seta on palpal tibia nude. ZH. samboni is very close to E.
oregonensis, as the species are now defined. In the specimens
studied, all the setae of the gnathosoma of FE’. samboni are larger ;
the galeal seta is heavier and the setules longer; and the lateral
seta on the palpal tibia is nude.
142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
REMARKS: The close morphological similarity between E.
samboni and E. oregonensis has been indicated in the descriptions
of both species. The localities from which the two have been
collected are widely separated in miles but are in the same general
geographic area (fig. 4,2). Collections of both species are scant.
Further collections are necessary to determine the relationship
between the two forms.
8. Euschéngestia peromysci (Ewing)
FIGURES 4,a, 5,a,b, 6,c,g,h; PLATES 6, 12
Schongastia peromysci Ewing, 1929c, pp. 296-297.
Neoschéngastia peromysci, Ewing, 1931, p. 5.—Radford, 1942, p. 72.—Sig
Thor and Willmann, 1947, pp. 311, 313.
Neoschéngastia signator Ewing, 1931, pp. 14-15, 19, pl. 2, fig. 1—Radford,
1942, pp. 72, 74, 75, fig. 80.—Sig Thor and Willmann, 1947, pp. 311,
3138, fig. 374.
Neoschongastia brevipes Ewing, 19381, pp. 16, 19, pl. 2, fig. 4Radford, 1942,
pp. 72, 74, 75, fig. 81—Sig Thor and Willmann, 1947, pp. 311, 313, fig.
376.
Trombicula peromysci, Michener, 1946, p. 482.
Euschongastia peromysci, Fuller, 1948, p. 108; 1952, p. 184.—Brennan, 1948,
p. 470.
Euschongastia signator, Fuller, 1948, p. 108; 1952, p. 184.
Euschongastia brevipes, Fuller, 1948, p. 108; 1952, p. 183.
DESCRIPTION: Size: Length, 225 to 750; width, 115 to 565.
Shape: In life unattached, unengorged chiggers slightly flat-
tened oval, widest at the third pair of legs; engorged, oval. Pre-
served on slides, oval to ovoid.
Color: Unengorged chiggers, cream or light yellow; engorged,
opaque white. Red eyes.
Gnathosoma: Seta on palpal femur strong, curved, well clothed
with setules except on the concave margin. Seta on genu curved,
with two or three rows of strong, alternately arranged setules
on the convex curvature. Dorsal seta on tibia curved, with two
alternate rows of setules; lateral seta with a few setules which
tend to arise near the base; ventral seta with about five alternate
rows of strong setules over the dorsal surface of the shaft. Setules
on all setae appear strong and stiff. Palpal claw slightly curved,
three-pronged, the middle prong longer and heavier, the two
accessories arising near middle of the claw and lying close against
the median prong; length somewhat variable through the range
of the species (fig. 5,b). Galeal seta of distinctive appearance,
curving, bristlelike, usually with one to three stiff setules arising
on the outer margin near the base; number of setules variable
within about the same limits throughout the range with a ten-
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 143
dency to fewer setules from south and west to north and east
(table 6). Chelicera with typical heavy base, curved blade, and
distinct subapical dorsal and ventral teeth. Cheliceral base and
palpal coxa and femur punctate.
Legs: Striated setae in typical arrangement. Leg I with two
genualae and a microgenuala, two tibialae and a microtibiala, a
spur and a distal microspur, a subterminala, a parasubterminala,
and a pretarsala. Leg II with a genuala, two tibialae, a spur,
a proximal microspur, and a pretarsala. Leg III with a genuala
and a tibiala. All specialized setae strong and clear. Nonspecial-
ized setae on free segments beyond the trochanters rather short
but strong, with long, curved setules in regular alternate pattern.
All leg segments with punctae.
Anomalies: One specimen with two setae on one coxa III. One
specimen with three genualae on one genu I. One specimen with
three tibialae I on one leg. One specimen with only one tibiala
II on one leg. One specimen with a parasubterminala I equal
in size to the subterminala. One specimen with the tibiala II
missing from one leg.
Scutum: About a third to a fourth wider than long. Anterior
margin broad W-shaped with the anterolateral setae and the
anteromedian seta on the anterior extensions. Lateral margins
concave, short, diverge slightly posteriorly. Posterolateral cor-
ners, very slightly extended, bear the posterolateral setae. Pos-
terior margin usually rather deeply rounded posterior to each
pseudostigma and shallowly concave between the two. Margins
sometimes so pared that scutum appears skimpy. Setae densely
covered with setules. Pseudostigmata well behind a line drawn
between the posterolateral setae. Sensillae abruptly expanded,
capitate; pedicels nude; heads covered with rather short setules.
Anterior to each pseudostigma an inverted U-shaped ridge, the
medial and lateral legs terminating about on a line with the
posterior edges of the pseudostigmata; the two ridges sometimes
continuous medially. Surface punctate. Sometimes with cuticular
striae over the posterior margin. Apparently a tendency for
scuta to become larger from south and west to north and east in
the specimens from the area studied (fig. 5,a).
Summary of standard data from 100 specimens of EF’. peromysci
from over its range (AL’s from 99 specimens, AM’s from 92, and
S’s from 59) :
AW 41-60, mean 50.2; PW 48-71, mean 86.6; AP 10-17, mean 13.5;
SB 17-82, mean 22.5; ASB 21-32, mean 27.3; PSB 6-12, mean 8.5;
AL 27-42, mean 34.9; AM 21-38, mean 26.8; PL 37-57, mean 46.4;
S 25-30, mean 27.1.
VOL. 106
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
144
STO St Per Pkt | at Pet pot | ot Poe | Oe ire | ee jee jee jes jes |e |e¢s-|oe foz iis lore fee Ie ‘€ | Gp [URE
£ ¥ 9 9 ¥I ST cP Let | T 6 or dt Tor | 8 € ¥ b ¥ 18 LE 9 I & z z “~"[830.L
ee a aa a a ee eee ee EE — EEE ee es ees eee
Sea ewe eater leet orleans a| ery eal eres es Slee | ces ee & Ge Me Sead eet | cae § foe z CS OTC emiem one Wa OE fe owns a9
pe rea tes 4[ pens Ale nate ee T 9 ac hean| Sere ee nT aL T et mee ill See ease CS L T Racer MIDI I I Paps ees ae
oo eel eae T tS dal Gs z ot GC i eee | 0 z ¥ oF z T z € z FE 8 € T z T 5 leer Toe
T z z ¥ b L aL eg T L L OL 62 € G Ge. | ae z 4é ST GC eae eT ard eS SSeS [Pewcear ero z
z c £ z L 9 ct Pia | 3 ayia T T I 1% Cie 0 mean | Nee ices Te ig oF It Gia [hed oe ee ee | gene fica eal cosas eee coe I
Sette eee ea Cea ite ait ese z g iar awa line a TRL T pore Cha ee le Se ees ie cae | Coen erate n ee anta teeta ceamme [panes | eraeen aero oesnet== (5
WW Q n w rat tj} ad o nD Qa oO EB ° las}
PETE ETE ele a se 212 El el E (El Sl EL 21 2] 2) 2 gl 1S] 3?
& => 5 = °S + S a = © an 9° 5 | A lg =
eo oI So 5 a ® 8 = < re 8 ® - © oa S io) 8 cs} ° a 3 8 s S
bd us ome es - B ° B a Ss is =) va 3 r 2 § QB 2 3 5 3 De © oo a
S &e a ie 5 g e {eS |] 2 5 o, a g : & sf . B : B 120] 5 a ate
L ca} ee 1 . @ £ = a - £ © ny + 2 - > o - & aS
S i= ae) ° cy ses = : s yg : A : &$ 6 og
: o 9 by gs rg rg Lae] bY fen} ° a re one Wo + &,
S : Bs P 89 $s S = = » © : = a a ‘ g¢ o3 = &¢ es
: § : 32 ¢ = gy 3!
2 3° 38 3 8
Aouoenbal 7
ee
S]JaSnNYoOvSsD]Y pun ‘piuvajhsuuag ‘punjhisvy ‘vurosvy Y4740 AT
‘hyonquay ‘o1yO ‘pmoynjyO Ur saxyjunoo og wouf 1oskwored vysesuoyosny fo avjzas 1na7v6 Ogg uo sajnjas fo uoyngrysiq—9 AT1av IL,
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 145
Anomalies: One specimen with two anteromedian setae. One
specimen wider between the anterolaterals than between the pos-
terolaterals.
Eyes: Two pairs; anterior pair lateral to posterolateral setae.
Diameter of anterior eyes for 20 specimens, 7 to 10, mean 8.4;
of posterior eyes, 7 to 11, mean 8.3. Diameter of both anterior
and posterior eyes of a cotype of E. signator, 12.
Dorsal setae: Setae well covered with setules on sides away
from body. Posterior setae with slightly fewer setules, tending
to terminate in V-shaped clefts, but of the same general form as
the other dorsals. In unengorged specimens humerals not dis-
tinctly set off from first posthumeral row. Length of humerals
of 90 specimens, 37 to 51; of setae near the middle of the first
row of posthumerals, 35 to 50; of setae in the posterior group,
27 to 36.
Dorsal formulae for 26 specimens, including a fairly typical
specimen from each county:
Oklahoma
Latimer County: Beles e LO we os etl ek eC dg “Sac: 6
Ohio
Clermont County: Ze Ane» LAs ad) a, sales elGesttd
Kentucky
Rowan County: Dhanor kOe cei ers ee AP preLavea! “yt
North Carolina
Durham County: oHe5 0 2.12. va hs ase he Sis, (Oeste
Orange County: xd a ce hors 6016 oh ees yo arte
Maryland
Prince Georges County: 2..10..15.. 2.. 7+ nan Oa Oe oD
Pennsylvania
Bedford County: Oem shee es. a sc key ore sue Dee? “hee
York County: 2EpaOres Las Sse ka eee cha kOe “9 ee 0
Lancaster County: Dime wo ee ae. = Cola ee. wi klen tea oO
Westmoreland County:...2..,..10...12.. ..14... .. 12%)" 8.26
Indiana County: owe tO 2 tk sé 23 1b*,4 eS e Oats
Jefferson County: Oi, O32 1h Sle IS se ~ oc TE A806
Clearfield County: 20,3 LO o. LAN ste LBA SOT rer TOR Ue
Cameron County: 25 UO, Patni oY Saya seiZes Os 5
McKean County: Mace LOys's 1S se .. 10+ 9+ 6.: 4
Beaver County: 2400... 14%, eh 1 Bee. (ot Oas Ss 5
Venango County: ZiawlO . Lo 4s rere Lows Seto. “GPs: 5
Center County: Bese lOras AG. SL He dee HOA
Union County: 2) ate LOS Bh 5 belied ate PANO 2 ate! A
Schuylkill County: Die EO soc kD's< oo toss -eOss SAIS 4
Lycoming County: Bre tO gat DANE ate aes svete OMete A hherch A
Sullivan County: Bee 10 55 LSA wel Ae; el Or ta She. 2
Bradford County: ave LOA 1S i oe IAS fot Dee. TOR DS
Monroe County: Bes LO)... 14%. wi be Se See es. Olek 1b
Pike County: ye ea ee Pei 2eH Cte eb oc? Bs
Wayne County: 2rclOvee LD. 2 aret Lartere eer are ey 56
146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Ventral setae: Form of poststernal setae similar to that of the
dorsals. Data from 90 specimens: Number of first sternals, 2;
of second sternals, 2; of poststernals, 49 to 75. Poststernals in a
cotype of EH. signator, 75. Length of first sternals, 36 to 49; of
second sternals, 25 to 43; of setae near the middle of the first
poststernal row, 19 to 29; of setae in the posterior group, 25 to 36.
Anomalies: Four specimens with three second sternals. One
specimen with one rudimentary first sternal bearing two tiny
setules.
MATERIAL: Type material of EH. peromysci, EF. signator, and
E. brevipes in the U. S. National Museum; all other specimens in
the Duke University collection. From hosts and unattached:
Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis Clethrionomys gapperi
Massachusetts Pennsylvania
Sturbridge: May 27, 1928, 1 Wayne County: July 1945, 3.
(Holotype). Monroe County: July 1947, 8.
Pennsylvania Pike County: July MOAT eels
Beaver County: May 1947, 6. Sullivan County: Oct. 1949, 29.
Mercer County: July 1947, 1. Clethrionomys gapperi paludicola
Venango County: Feb. 1948, 4; Pennsylvania
Mar. 1948, 3. Venango County: Apr. 1947, 64;
Clearfield County: Apr. 1949, 4. May 1947, 64; Feb. 1948, 15;
Wood rat Mar. 1948, 87.
Oklahoma conn eae County: Feb. 1948,
Wilburton: Mar. 17, 1949, 2
(Cotypes E. signator). Jefferson County: Apr. 1948, 8;
May 1948, 38.
Sorex f. fumeus
Pennsylvania
Venango County: Apr. 1947, 2.
Microtus p. pennsylvanicus
Peromyscus leucopus
Maryland
College Park: May 3, 1929, 4
(Cotypes EF. brevipes).
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Monroe County: July 1947, 1.
North Carolina Venango County: Apr. 1947, 13.
Lycoming County: Jan. 1949, 11.
Durham County: Jan. 1948, 3; ; >
May 1948, 9; June 1948, 3; Clearfield County: Apr. 1949, 9.
Sept. 1948, 1; Dec. 1948, 47; cies b. brevicauda
Jan. 1949, 8; Feb. 1949, 13; ennsylvania
Mar. 1949, 6; Apr. 1949, 15; Venango County: May 1947, 1.
June 1949, 8; Sept. 1949, 4. Clearfield County: May 1949, 1.
Orange County: Dec. 1948, 3;| Tamias striatus
May 1948, 3; July 1948, 1;} Pennsylvania
Nov. 1948, 9; Dec. 1948, 3; Monroe County: July 1947, 1.
Jan. 1949, 17; Feb. 1949, 21; Pike County: July 1947, 2.
Mar. 1949, 27; Apr. 1949, 10;| Peromyscus maniculatus
May 1949, 5; June 1949, 8; Pennsylvania
July 1949, 16; Aug. 1949, 2. Pike County: July 1947, 1.
CHIGGERS——-FARRELL
Forest litter
North Carolina
Durham County: Feb. 1948, 1.
Pitymys pinetorum scalopsoides
Pennsylvania
Venango County: Feb. 1948, 8.
York County: Apr. 1949, 5.
Surface soil
North Carolina
Durham County: Feb. 1948, 1.
Orange County: Jan. 1950, 8.
Soil—mammal burrow
North Carolina
Durham County: Feb. 1948, 1.
Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii
Pennsylvania
Venango County: Feb. 1948, 12.
Peromyscus sp.
Pennsylvania
Westmoreland County: Feb. 1948,
5.
Cameron County: Sept. 1949, 2.
Bradford County: Oct. 1949, 1.
Kentucky
Rowan County: Aug. 1948, 3.
Tamias striatus lysteri
Pennsylvania
Venango County: Mar. 1948, 19.
Jefferson County: May 1948, 27.
McKean County: July 1948, 1.
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus loquax
Pennsylvania
Venango County: Mar. 1948, 2.
Mammal runway
North Carolina
Orange County: Mar. 1948, 1.
Mammal burrow
North Carolina
Orange County: Mar. 1948, 1.
Neotoma magister
Kentucky
Rowan County: Aug. 1948, 2.
Pennsylvania
Union County: May 1949, 2.
Clethrionomys sp.
Pennsylvania
Indiana County: Sept. 1948, 6.
Cameron County: Sept. 1949, 10.
Lancaster County: Sept. 1949, 16.
147
Monroe County: Sept. 1949, 3.
Bradford County: Oct. 1949, 4.
Schuylkill County: Nov. 1949, 4.
Bradford County: Nov. 1949, 18.
Tamias striatus ohionensis
Ohio
Clermont County: Oct. 1948, 3.
Cavities of decayed root systems and
under stumps
North Carolina
Orange County: Dee. 1948, 12.
Orange County: Mar. 1949, 3.
Durham County: Mar. 1949, 2.
Orange County: Mar. 1950, 10.
Forest soil
North Carolina
Orange County: Dec. 1948, 7.
Clethrionomys g. gapperi
Pennsylvania
Lycoming County: Jan. 1949, 122;
Mar. 1949, 35; May 1949, 82.
Westmoreland County: Jan. 1949,
8.
Clearfield County: Apr. 1949, 38;
May 1949, 38.
Indiana County: Apr. 1949, 14.
Bedford County: May 1949, 18.
Union County: May 1949, 58.
Center County: June 1949, 6.
Humus under log
North Carolina
Orange County: Jan. 1949, 2.
Durham County: Feb. 1949, 1.
Peromyscus maniculatus nubiterrae
Pennsylvania
Lycoming County: Mar. 1949, 3.
Sciurus ec. carolinensis
North Carolina
Orange County: Mar. 1949, 2.
Pitymys p. pinetorum
North Carolina
Durham County: Apr. 1949, 3.
Synaptomys cooperi stonei
Pennsylvania
Clearfield County: Apr, 1949, 7.
Indiana County: Apr. 1949, 1.
Tamias sp.
Pennsylvania
Cameron County: Aug. 1949, 6.
148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Pitymys sp. Microtus chrotorrhinus
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania
Cameron County: Sept. 1949, 3. Sullivan County: Oct. 1949, 4.
Monroe County: Sept. 1949, 1. Ondatra zibethica
Bradford County: Nov. 1949, 14. North Carolina
Leaf nest in log Durham County: Nov. 1949, 2.
North Carolina Soil (7 to 15 cm. depth?)
Orange County: Oct. 1949, 7. North Carolina
Durham County: Mar. 1950, 2. Orange County: Jan. 1950, 2.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION: In North Carolina EH. peromysci has
been collected from hosts in every month of the year except Oc-
tober (fig. 6,c). There is a record of unattached chiggers for
October. The species is much more abundant on hosts during the
winter and spring months.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The range of FE. peromysci, based
on known collections, extends from Oklahoma in the southwest
and North Carolina in the south to Massachusetts in the north-
east (fig. 4,a).
DIAGNOSIS: E. peromysci can be distinguished by the following
combination of characters: Tibiala III present, subterminala
and parasubterminala I present, palpal claw with three prongs,
no mastitarsala III, sensillae capitate, and scutum with two ridges,
one anterior to each pseudostigma. Through the range known
at the present time, the shape of the scutum and the characteristic
galeal setae will separate E. peromysci from other known
Fuschongastia species.
Ecotocy: Mr. Neil Richmond has supplied information con-
cerning areas in which EF. peromysci was collected in Pennsyl-
vania. The chiggers commonly were taken from hosts trapped
in situations where hemlock was a dominant tree. Associated trees
in the various areas included yellow and black birch, red maple,
and oaks. The sites frequently were ravines or slopes with north-
ern or partially northern exposures. Moisture was ample to
abundant; springs and brooks were usually present. The forest
floor held a moderate to deep layer of humus. Logs and fallen
branches were abundant. Most collections were made from
Clethrionomys gappert.
In the Duke Forest area 2’. peromysci was taken from its hosts
trapped in upland hardwoods (pl. 1) in all exposures and in the
narrow bottomlands along streams. Generally the topography
of this area is gently rolling, cut by four permanent streams.
The forest floor holds a moderate amount of humus, fallen
branches, decaying logs, and fallen trees. Stumps in varying
stages of decay are common, as are cavities and passageways left
by decayed stumps and root systems (pl. 2).
CHIGGERS—FARRELL
149
: = ab
ei tH Ree mei 4
arma Ma ees ee
ty eS HS Hens
lin re a ee ea
ey oh PRET 7 Tae ro
Mae RC ea ra eee Bicetee
ao \ EES pase beatasiaicertscte Oi eee
aig ea
YW js untseemeencccanteacer
Si temer, FASS he Hoe
L\
Seyret
Ket
‘ a Par
Ae
EAE
Poe
Senes oH
CHA
ec
4 eet es
H ‘ Pere
HH He
= * Pet
HE Es Tanetrarse
re swanes 1 sane Bet
eZ Bet rs OY Fare ise ae
Pere aS a es 7 KH AT Tee
CES CURR, eat
taste aR a ae fi ;
ay Cy ee s I i fa uf
on eae AR ie bane wp ee eG
alee GORA PaaS
TAPS de
AA EA ;
Ye b
ea
5) f
Figure 4.—Maps showing: a, distribution of Zuschéngastia lacerta, (; E. bigenuala,
X; E. samboni, A; E. cordiremus, A; E. oregonensis, Z; E. peromysci, O; and E.
trigenuala, ?, b. distribution of the “rubra” group: E. rubra, (]; E. diversa diversa, AN
and A; E. diversa acuta, O; and E. magna, A; ¢. distribution of E. pipistrelli, O;
and £, miricoxa = E, pipistrelli, @.
150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Evidence indicates that E. peromysci is a forest soil dweller
in the Duke Forest area. All collections of the unattached, un-
engorged chiggers have been from forest soil situations (table 5).
Whether its principal host, Peromyscus leucopus, is a soil dweller
in Duke Forest has not been proved, but circumstantial evidence
from the traplines—the frequency with which it was trapped
around decayed stumps, at the bases of fallen trees, and at small
holes in the forest floor—indicates that it is.
Collection records show that EF. peromysci has been most abun-
dant during the coldest seasons of the year. Figure 6,c, con-
structed from the occurrence of the chiggers in collections, re-
flects the trend of seasonal populations. However, three chiggers
on one host in a June collection influenced the graph as much as
perhaps fifty chiggers on every host of a January collection. The
result has been a much-flattened graph without the amplitude
that it would have had if based on counts of the chiggers.
Results of preliminary investigations into factors controling
seasonal distribution of H. peromysci indicate that it had its peak
population during the season when temperatures of air, surface
EXPLANATION OF FIGURE 5
a, Variation geographically in the size of scutum in 100 specimens of Euschéngastia
peromysci. Vertical axis: Size of scutum, PW + ASB -+- PSB (width + length),
in microns. The means are indicated by crosslines. Horizontal axis: Counties, with
the number of scuta measured for each: A, Rowan County, Ky.; B, Orange County,
N. C.; c, Durham County, N. C.; D, Clermont County, Ohio; E, York County, Pa.;
F, Cameron County, Pa.; G, Prince Georges County, Md.; H, Bradford County, Pa.;
I, Sullivan County, Pa.; J, Monroe County, Pa.; K, Westmoreland County, Pa.; L,
Lancaster County, Pa.; M, Lycoming County, Pa.; N, Union County, Pa.; P, Jefferson
County, Pa.; Q, Schuylkill County, Pa.; R, Bedford County, Pa.; s, Clearfield County,
Pa.; T, McKean County, Pa.; U, Venango County, Pa.; v, Wayne County, Pa.; w,
Indiana County, Pa.; x, Center County, Pa.; y, Beaver County, Pa.; 2, Pike County,
Pa.
b, Variation geographically in the length of 70 palpal claws of Euschéngastia peromysct.
Vertical axis: Length of the claws in microns. The means are indicated by crosslines.
Horizontal axis: Counties with the number of separate palpal claws measured from
each: A, Clermont County, Ohio; B, Rowan County, Ky.; c, York County, Pa.;
D, Lancaster County, Pa.; E, Durham County, N. C.; F, Orange County, N. C.; G,
Westmoreland County, Pa.; H, Union County, Pa.; 1, Lycoming County, Pa.; J,
Cameron County, Pa.; K, Bedford County, Pa.; L, Jefferson County, Pa.; M, Venango
County, Pa.; N, Clearfield County, Pa.; p, McKean County, Pa.; Q, Sullivan County,
Pa.; R, Monroe County, Pa.
c, Variation geographically in the size of scutum of 20 specimens of Euschéngastia di-
versa diversa. Vertical axis represents size of scutum, PW + ASB + PSB (width +
length), in microns. Horizontal axis: A, Clarke County, Iowa; B, Clermont County,
Ohio; c, Scioto County, Ohio; D, Union County, Pa. Five scuta were measured for
each county. The means are indicated by crosslines.
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 151
122
120
118
116
4
2
110
108
106
104
5 6 ews oS ete spy
FIGURE 5.—For explanation see facing page.
152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
The population peak coincided generally with the season of least
rainfall (fig. 6,f) and highest soil moisture (fig. 6,g).
Laboratory experiments showed the rate of locomotion of LE.
peromysci to be influenced by temperature (fig. 6,2). The rate
declined with falling temperatures until locomotion ceased at
0° C. As temperature rose, locomotion was resumed; the first
EXPLANATION OF FIGURE 6
, Distribution of setules on the galeal seta of chiggers in the “rubra” group. Vertical
axis represents frequency; horizontal axis, number of setules per seta; light solid
line, Euschéngastia rubra; light broken line, £. magna; heavy solid line, E. diversa
acuta; heavy broken line, E. diversa diversa.
b, Distribution of setules on the lateral seta of the palpal tibia of chiggers in the “rubra”
group. Vertical axis represents frequency; horizontal axis, number of setules per
seta; heavy broken line, Euschingastia diversa diversa; heavy solid line, £. diversa
acuta; light broken line, E. magna.
, Seasonal distribution of Euschéngastia peromysct in 91 collections of Peromyscus
leucopus in the Duke Forest area, September 1947 to December 1949. The 91 col-
lections included 392 specimens of P. leucopus. Horizontal axis represents months
of the year, with the total number of collections of P. leucopus per month; vertical
axis, percentage of collections positive for E. peromysci.
d, Seasonal distribution of Euschingastia rubra in 91 collections of Peromyscus leucopus
in the Duke Forest area, September 1947 to December 1949. The 91 collections
included 392 specimens of P. leucopus. Vertical axis represents percentage of col-
lections positive for E. rubra; horizontal axis, months of the year, with the total
number of collections of P. leucopus per month,
, Mean monthly temperatures in Duke Forest area, September 1947 to March 1950.
Vertical axis represents temperature in degrees centigrade; horizontal axis, months
of the year; light broken line, air temperature; light solid line, surface soil tempera-
ture; heavy solid line, subsurface temperature at three inches depth.
Mean monthly precipitation in Duke Forest area from September 1947 to March
1950. Vertical axis represents inches of precipitation; horizontal axis, months of the
year; light line, mean monthly precipitation in inches (yearly average for period,
44,33 inches); heavy line, mean monthly precipitation for central North Carolina
for the 6l-year period from 1887 to 1947 (yearly average for period, 46.76 inches).
g, Monthly soil moisture in Duke Forest locality typical of areas in which hosts of
Euschéngastia peromysci were trapped for the present study. Vertical axis rep-
resents soil moisture as a percentage of dry weight; horizontal axis, months of the
year; light broken line, percentage of soil moisture in the A: horizon, 0 to 2 inches
depth; light solid line, percentage of soil moisture in the As horizon, 5 to 7 inches
depth; heavy solid line, percentage of soil moisture in the Bs horizon, 14 to 16
inches depth. The bar diagram gives the monthly rainfall in inches. The graph of
soil moisture and the rainfall record covers the period from May 28, 1946, to March
16, 1947. There are no soil moisture records for December 1946 and no rainfall
records for May 1946. Data obtained from the thesis of Mr. John B. Sharp, Jr.,
in the School of Forestry, Duke University, 1947.
h, Behavior of E. peromysci and T. alfreddugési during falling and rising temperatures.
Vertical axis represents rate of locomotion in millimeters per second; horizontal axis,
temperature in degrees centigrade; light line, rate of locomotion of E. peromysct;
heavy line, of 7. alfreddugési. Rates above .80 mm. per second for T. alfreddugést
have been omitted. Calculations by Dr. G. W. Wharton.
S
5
®
“bh
.
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 153
°
JF MA Mil’ J AS ON O J: FMA MS SOA Si OON O
30 20 10 0 10 20 390
FIGURE 6.—For explanation see facing page.
154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
record was obtained at 7° C. The rate increased with continued
rise in temperature. Trombicula alfreddugési, a chigger with a
warm weather distribution, showed a more rapid decline in rate of
locomotion with falling temperature and ceased locomotion at
10° C. With rising temperature, T. alfreddugést resumed loco-
motion at 16° C.; and its rate rose rapidly as temperature in-
creased.
E. peromysci chiggers were recovered alive from an infested
Peromyscus leucopus host which had been kept frozen at — 4.5° C.
for 38 days.
E. peromysci was found attached deep in the ear or in the
external auditory meatus of its hosts. After death of the host,
the chiggers detached and wandered over the ear (pl. 3) and fur
of the host.
DISCUSSION OF ECOLOGY: From the evidence assembled, there
could be a correlation between temperature, soil moisture condi-
tions, and the seasonal population peak of E. peromysci on hosts.
During the colder months when most plant growth has ceased,
soil moisture is at its highest. The combination of low tempera-
ture and high moisture content of the soil should produce in the
soil the most humid conditions of the year. During these months,
E. peromysci had its greatest incidence on hosts in the Duke
Forest area. This conforms with the results of Pearse (1946),
who found populations of microfauna in Duke Forest generally
to be highest during the colder, moister season.
That there is a correlation between the physiology of LE.
peromysci and its seasonal occurrence is indicated in a compari-
son of the temperatures at which it and the warm weather T.
alfreddugési ceased locomotion under experimental conditions.
The same correlation is evident in the temperatures at which
locomotion was resumed. In both phases of the experiment LE.
peromysci carried on activity at much lower temperatures. Ex-
perimental evidence showed also that FE. peromysci can withstand
freezing temperatures for extended periods. However, the occa- _
sional occurrence of FE. peromysci in the summer indicates that
temperature alone is not the critical factor in its seasonal distri- |
bution.
The temperature at which T. alfreddugési stopped locomotion |
corresponds well with the findings of Jenkins (1948). In his |
experiments 7’. alfreddugési was not active below 9.5° C. at 60
percent relative humidity. Various authors have indicated the
seasonal occurrence of different chiggers. Ewing (1921) pointed ©
out the seasonal distribution of JT. alfreddugésit. Audy (1947a) —
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 155
showed a correlation between seasonal rains and seasonal abun-
dance of T. deliensis at Imphal. No literature has been found on
physical factors limiting species of Huschéngastia.
CULTURES: Sixty-eight cultures of #. peromysci were estab-
lished. Usually cultures were started with nymphs which readily
metamorphosed from engorged chiggers held in special plaster-
_ charcoal lined viais. In culture the nymphs lived for varying
_ periods of time, but in general the history of the cultures was
uniform. The nymphs steadily declined in activity and died. No
later developmental stage was obtained.
Of the variety of culture containers tried, the most satisfactory
_ were made with the bottom intact and a layer of plaster-charcoal
_ poured in. Jars and bottles with bottoms removed and the open-
ings plugged with plaster-charcoal were difficult to make and
_ awkward to use. It was necessary to place them in finger bowls to
_ catch the moisture which escaped through the plaster-charcoal.
Jars lined with moist cellulose wadding were unsatisfactory.
Nymphs in them soon became immobile. Cultures in jars lined
completely with plaster-charcoal were more difficult to examine
than those in unlined jars, although nymphs lived well in them.
_ Odd containers used for special purposes were difficult to manage
and to observe and gave no promise of being better for the mites
than more convenient sizes and shapes. Several sorts of con-
_ tainers were useful. The shallow weighing bottles with openings
_ the full diameter of the bottles permitted unobstructed examina-
_ tion with the dissecting microscope. They were used extensively
_ in feeding trials. However, active mites were sometimes crushed
_ between the long, tapered, ground-glass sealing surfaces. Small,
_ 4-ounce, wide-mouth jars were satisfactory, but control of mois-
_ ture was more difficult with them than with larger containers.
The wide-mouth pint jar seemed best adapted for general use.
The chief disadvantage of this jar lay in its being too deep for
observation with the dissecting microscope. This difficulty was
_ removed when the layer of plaster-charcoal was made sufficiently
_ thick. Also, the extra absorbent material made control of mois-
_ ture less critical. Solid metal lids and screw bands regularly
supplied with the jars were found to be the most satisfactory
covers for the cultures. Wide-mouth pint jars about one-third
filled with plaster-charcoal and fitted with the solid lids made
compact and useful units.
Nymphs were placed in culture jars without adding a material
through which they could move when experiments to find an
acceptable food were being carried out. When given the oppor-
tunity, the mites would quickly enter soil or any loose medium
156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
4 i ~
weet Pu it?
od ay he as hee
4
Ee aa Prey
oy
a se ae ys chy
i Le chy
g
a a ey
GREY
FiGuRE 7.—Maps showing: a, distribution of E. luteodema, A; E. marmotae, O; and.
E. hamiltoni, . 6, Distribution of E. californica, (Q; E. criceticola, A; and £.’
guntheri, EQ. ¢, Distribution of E. carolinensis, OO; £. crateris, OQ; and E. chioensis.:
A. 4d, Distribution of E. blarinae, Oo.
CHIGGERS—FARRELL
157
>
e
Ke
—
Tess, 2 WH
Sl eee Re
aE ty TS Sh 4 ct
eT] MEM ps or DY sir
F et ee BOM A
mie: EEE ae vA
{| Al BHS PALO AY
ry ear, Re
OSE
i
a
eh
ay
ct ay t
CK ESS
JiR]
Ee
Wee
XO
bok
Ere
a
a
RY
att
PYriry
3)
aa
SY
(}
<
D
p
ss
p>
ay
ez
ay,
¥
i}
wi
ey
Ie
IT}
7
oe
aBEayeces
ob oe U,
ea
oS
LIS 6
Tet 3
LARS
‘oo L\
eerie,
pba PRS
ats rt NS
FAD
I? Cy
Ades Se
piu) Ar
ro AP
FiGurE 8.—Maps showing: a, Distribution of E. sciuricola, A and A; E. setosa, O;
and Euschéngastia sp., A. One record of E. sciuricola in British Columbia, Canada.
b, Distribution of the genus Euschéngastia, based on known collections, in the United
States. The Canadian locality and that of the Mexican species are not shown. Each
county in the United States from which a collection has been recorded is shown in
black. The Okefenokee Swamp location is indicated by a dot—county not known.
158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
placed in the jars. Usually some medium was added. Soil, the
various soil mixtures, humus, and organic debris had certain
disadvantages. Frequently the surfaces became covered with
fungus. The nymphs often entered these media and were never
seen again. Such media were difficult and unsatisfactory to move
for examining the cultures. Vermiculite was the most satisfac-
tory medium. It formed a soft, loose stratum through which the
mites could move easily. It could be rolled about easily for ex-
amining the culture without damaging the mites. Apterous in-
sects, sometimes kept in cultures, survived and multiplied in
vermiculite. Nymphs seemed to survive better in vermiculite
than in other media.
Fungus frequently developed in cultures but never became a
serious problem. When cultures were carefully moistened and
excess water avoided, fungus was retarded. Its control with
vermiculite was easier than with other media. Rolling vermiculite
in the culture jar broke up mycelia and reduced growth. With
both soil and vermiculite, adding Onychiurus sp. to cultures was
usually effective in controling fungus. These small, apterous
insects fed on the fungus. Apparently they were not harmful
to chiggers or nymphs.
Cultures maintained at 30° C. seemed to follow the same pattern |
as those held at room temperature. Nymphs steadily died out. .
Nymphs held at 5° to 10° C. were very sluggish in their move--
ments when examined, but they moved more rapidly after being at ;
room temperature for a few minutes. Room temperature seemed |
more satisfactory than other temperature ranges tried. Cultures, ,
excepting those held at definite temperatures, were kept in a)
darkened cabinet.
Evidence is not adequate to determine whether a proper food!
for nymphs of EF. peromysci was found. So far as was determined |
by direct observation, the nymphs rejected almost all food offered. .
Aedes aegypti eggs were offered regularly to most cultures. Under!
observation EH’. peromysci nymphs appeared to try to feed on these
eggs on only one occasion. On the day one culture was estab-.
lished, two nymphs were observed manipulating eggs. Body
contractions and expansions, typical of feeding nymphal or adult!
trombiculids, occurred. The efforts ceased in a few minutes.)
Examination of one of the eggs showed no openings or any other!
evidence of successful feeding by the nymph. Four successful
acts of feeding on freshly dissected Aedes aegypti ovaries and
eggs were observed. The first nymph to feed stopped at a scratch)
mark made by the needle in the plaster-charcoal base in placing)
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 159
a dissected ovary in the culture. Later the nymph located the
ovary and fed for 15 to 20 minutes. It changed its position twice
during feeding. Flowing movements were observed in the fluid
mass of the ovary immediately in front of the nymph’s gnatho-
soma. Bubbles or fluid materials of varying densities were ob-
served moving posteriorly through the middle of the gnathosoma.
Observations on the other three acts were similar, but in two of
these the mass of the ovary was pushed up to a nymph puttering
in the region of a needle scratch. On one other occasion a nymph
inserted its gnathosoma into the mass of a dissected ovary and
remained in position for about a minute. No signs of feeding could
be determined. It disengaged its gnathosoma and lay on its side
while seeming to clean its appendages. On a number of other
occasions nymphs ignored dissected Aedes ovaries.
One culture was established with two nymphs obtained from
larvae engorged on a white mouse in the laboratory. Vermiculite
was used as a medium through which the mites could move.
Sinella curviseta, a collembolan, was maintained in this culture.
These insects laid eggs and reproduced. When the culture was
flooded 163 days after it had been established, one plump, living
nymph was recovered. It can be inferred that this nymph fed
on some stage of Sinella curviseta. This record of 163 days rep-
resents also the longest time a nymph was kept alive.
As indicated in the preceding paragraph, H. peromysci larvae
engorged successfully on white mice in the laboratory. The un-
engorged larvae were obtained from forest soil materials by
means of Berlese funnels. One such experiment was used as a
start to obtain information concerning the time involved in vari-
ous stages of the life cycle. Numerous wild-caught, unengorged
larvae were placed on a white mouse. One engorged chigger was
obtained on the fourth day and seven engorged chiggers on the
seventh day after exposure. These eight chiggers were preserved.
On the eighth day after exposure of the mouse to the larvae, 15
engorged chiggers were recovered. These were placed in a special
vial. Four days later these chiggers were immobile, entering the
nymphochrysalis stage. Nine days after this stage had been
reached, one nymph was found in the vial. On the 11th day after
the immobility of the larvae, the vial contained nine nymphs. No
other nymphs or nymphochrysalids were found. These nymphs
were held in the special vial without addition of any food. Thirty-
six days later the vial contained one dead and eight living nymphs.
It was demonstrated, also, that HZ. peromysci would attach to
man. Fifteen unattached, unengorged I’. peromysci larvae were
160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
obtained from forest soil materials through Berlese funnels. These
were distributed in seven cells which were then attached to the
palmar surfaces of a man’s forearms. When the applications
were examined 414 to 7 hours later, two chiggers were missing
from the cells. Of the chiggers found in the cells, nine were dead
and four were alive. One of the living chiggers, examined 514%
hours after application, was attached to the skin. It was fastened
securely in the center of a small reddish spot about 2 mm. in
diameter. Apparently it was attached at a pore, not at the base
of a hair. When first observed, it was wet with water or per-
spiration; all legs projected sharply posteriorly and it did not
move. Nudged repeatedly with a dissecting needle, it was thrust
about, pivoting on its gnathosoma. In a short time it began to
move its legs in the air. Several trials were made with a dissect-
ing needle before the chigger was removed from the point of
attachment and preserved. All other chiggers also were preserved.
REMARKS: The known range of HL. peromysci gives it the widest
distribution of any North American Euschéngastia. It varies
within limits through its range. Certain variations, which have
been charted, seem to have geographical continuity. The fre-
quency with which it has been collected indicates ¥. peromysci
is the most common Fuschéngastia to be found cn small mammals
east of the Mississippi River.
Examinations of the holotype of EH. peromysci (Ewing, 1929)
and of the cotypes of FE. signator (Ewing, 1931) and EL. brevipes
(Ewing, 1931) showed all three species to conform to the same
morphological pattern. The ranges of E. peromysci and E.
brevipes have been united by subsequent collections. Collections
have not yet united this eastern range with that of EH. signator,
but the newer records from Ohio, Kentucky, and North Carolina
point toward the continuity. Certain morphological characters
of FE. signator do appear at the limits of variation of the species,
so that a possibility of subspeciation remains. However, on the
basis of morphology and geographical distribution, the three
species are here considered to be the same and FH. brevipes and
E.. signator to be synonyms of E. peromyset.
9, Euschéngastia cerdiremus Brennan
FIGURE 4,a; PLATES 6, 12
Euschéngastia cordiremus Brennan, 1948, pp. 465, 470, 471, 477, figs. 5,a-d,
HH;
DESCRIPTION: Size: Length engorged, 410 to 580; width, 225 |
to 350.
Shape: Long ovoid or oval.
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 161
Color: Yellow (Brennan, 1948).
Gnathosoma: Seta on palpal femur strong, curved, well covered
with strong setules on convex curvature. Genual seta thinner,
with a few long, slender setules alternately arranged. Dorsal
seta on palpal tibia slender with few, slender, alternate setules;
lateral seta slender with one to three slender setules; ventral
seta with setules spaced alternately in two dorsal rows. Palpal
claw strong, slightly curved, three-pronged, the two smaller ac-
cessories arising together on the basal half. Galeal seta rather
small with two or three setules. Chelicera typical; base heavy;
blade smoothly curved with small subapical dorsal tooth and a
larger ventral tooth. Punctae on palpal coxa and cheliceral base.
Legs: Leg I with two slender genualae and a microgenuala,
two tibialae with a microtibiala, a rather small spur with micro-
spur about half the length of the spur distal, a subterminala, a
parasubterminala, and a pretarsala. Leg II with a single slender
genuala, two shorter tibialae, a rather long, siender spur with
microspur near the base, usually anterior, and a pretarsala. Leg
III with a slender genuala and a slender tibiala. Nonspecialized
setae generally with setules shorter and finer than in FE. peromysci.
All leg segments punctate.
Scutum: Shape generally similar to that of HW. peromysci but
more fully rounded. Setae well covered with short setules, but
less densely than in EH. peromysci. Pseudostigmata well behind
a line between the posterolateral setae, deep and globular. En-
larged portion of sensilla ovoid or with tips truncate; well cov-
ered with setules on anterior surface, fewer on posterior surface;
pedicel rather long, enlarging into the head. A strong ridge
arises anteromedial to each pseudostigma, curving anteriorly,
laterally, and posteriorly to the posterior margin of the scutum;
the two ridges sometimes continuous medially. Surface punctate.
Cuticular striae apparent over posterior margin.
Standard data of the five specimens studied from Ravalli
County, Mont.:
AW PW AP SB ASB PSB AL AM PL S
49 61 13 25 23 8 25 28 45 32
47 57 13 22 25 12 25 46 39
48 58 13 18 26 13 25 25 48
50 61 11 22 27 10 28 28 S4 Zi
50 61 13 19 26 14 27 32 48 32
*Expanded portion only.
Eyes: Two pairs, anterior pair lateral to posterolateral setae.
Diameter of anterior eyes, 10 to 11, mean 10.4; of posterior eyes,
9 to 11, mean 10.4.
162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Dorsal setae: Shafts of setae moderately heavy; rather short
setules cover shaft well but not densely; anteriorly, the side
adjacent to body is nude; posteriorly, setules distributed around
the shaft; posteriors end bluntly or with V-clefts. Length of
humerals, 43 to 50; of setae near the middle of the first post-
humeral row, 38 to 44; of setae in the posterior group, 33 to 38.
Dorsal formulae of the five specimens studied from Ravalli
County, Oreg.:
Asha. ee dOres a ae, AO ie leas
2 0dO DAS! Wh oe Ore et
DO nis A2s5 is LE wa Ha ies eee
Bikes WO vr. 12 es! 25/8 12 2x), Bien Gia Bb
Dipl Qua A ONs ch ora One et Olli
Ventral setae: Poststernals similar to dorsals. Number of
first sternals, 2; of second sternals, 4; of poststernals, 57 to 71.
Length of first sternals, 35 to 42; of second sternals, 25 to 32;
of setae near the middle of the first poststernal row, 21 to 24; of
setae in the posterior group, 32 to 42.
MATERIAL: Five paratypes studied. The four collected Oct.
16, 1945, are in the U. S. National Museum; the one collected
Feb. 6, 1946, was borrowed from Rocky Mountain Laboratory.
Specimens from hosts, all in Montana:
Peromyscus m. artemisiae Peromyscus
Ravalli County: Oct. 16, 1945, 4. Ravalli County: Feb. 6, 1946, 1.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION: Brennan (1948) reported collections
in February, May, and October.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: EF. cordiremus has been collected
only in Ravalli County, Mont. (fig. 4,@).
DIAGNOSIS: E. cordiremus is the only species with four setae
in the second sternal row. It is quite similar to E'. peromysci.
In E. cordiremus the enlarged portion of the sensilla is less
sharply distinct from the pedicel than it is in HZ. peromysct. The
galeal seta of E. cordiremus lacks the bristlelike appearance
which characterizes the galeal seta of FE’. peromysci.
REMARKS: Advantage has been taken of the similarity of LE.
cordiremus to E. peromysci in the description of the former.
The two might easily be considered to form a group.
The “rubra” group
The “rubra” group, as it is now known, is composed of three
new species, with one of these divided into two subspecies. Diag-
nostic features of the group include: Tibiala III present, two
genualae I, subterminala and parasubterminala I present, papal
claw with three prongs, galeal seta usually branched, two pairs
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 163
of distinct eyes, a scutum marked by three joined ridges, cuticular
striae folded over the posterior margin of the scutum, and capitate
sensillae. As the genus is known at the present time, the form of
the ridges on the scutum is sufficient to set off the “rubra” group
from other North American species, as follows: Two inverted,
somewhat V-shaped ridges—one anterior to each pseudostigma—
with a third ridge extending anteriorly around the anterior
median seta connecting the apexes of the first two.
10. Euschéngastia rubra, new species
FIGURES 4,b, 6,a,d; PLATES 2, 4, 7, 13
DESCRIPTION: Size: Length, 276 to 722; width, 165 to 554.
Shape: Ovoid in unengorged specimens in life, broader pos-
teriorly, becoming oval with engorgement. Unengorged specimens
preserved on slides, ovoid; engorged specimens preserved on
slides, broadly oval.
Color: Light red in unengorged specimens, becoming pink,
orange, and yellow with increasing engorgement; always with
deep red eyes.
Gnathosoma: Seta on palpal coxa with strong fringe of setules
on outer curvature. Strong, forward-curving seta on palpal femur
TABLE 7.—Distribution of setules on the galeal setae by pairs of setae for
121 specimens of Euschéngastia rubra
Number of Number of Number of
getules Frequency setules Frequency setules Frequency
3-4 2 5-5 15 6-8 3
3-5 3 5-6 11 6-9 1
3-6 1 5-7 6 7-7 3
3-x 2 5-8 2 7-8 6
4-4 4d 5-9 1 7-x 4
4-5 21 5-x 5 8-8 1
4-6 8 6-6 8 8-9 3
4-7 4 6-7 5 8-x 1
4-x 1
(Each figure is the number of setules on one seta of the pair; x indicates a seta broken off)
with numerous setules evenly distributed except on concave mar-
gin, which tends to be nude. Strong curving seta on palpal genu
with numerous setules in about four alternate rows on its convex
curvature. Dorsal seta on palpal tibia strong with setules in one
or two rows on its outer curvature; lateral seta shorter, strongly
pectinate or with setules alternately arranged on its outer curva-
ture; ventral seta long and strong with numerous setules alter-
nately arranged over the longitudinal dorsal half of the shaft.
Palpal claw strong, curved, three-pronged with median prong
longest and strongest; accessories strong, arising about one-half
164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
the length of the claw from its base. Palpal tarsus typical,
feathered setae with strong setules. Palpal coxa and femur punc-
tate. Galeal seta strong, usually slightly curved inward, strongly
pectinate with number of setules variable (table 7 and fig. 6,a)
with five the central tendency. Basal segment of chelicera heavy,
laterally angulate, strongly punctate; blade strong, curved, with
distinct subapical dorsal and ventral teeth.
Legs: Leg I with two strong genualae of moderate length and
a fine microgenuala; two typical tibialae with a fine microtibiala
closely posterior to the more distal of the two; a strong spur
slightly proximal to middle of the tarsus with microspur about
half the length of the spur distal, single strong subterminala and
parasubterminala, and typical pretarsala. Leg II with a strong
genuala and two tibialae of moderate length; tarsus with long
spur and proximal microspur, pretarsala typical. On leg III a
single genuala and a single tibiala, both strong and of moderate
length. Nonspecialized setae moderately long with numerous
long, curving setules in alternate pattern forming a brush along
the outer surfaces. Legs taper slightly. All leg segments with
punctae.
Anomaly: On cne specimen a spurlike striated seta in addition
to the normal tibiala was located on the distal dorsal surface of
one tibia III.
Scutum: Narrower between anterolateral setae, increasing
slightly in width to posterolaterals, and broadly rounded posteri-
orly. Anterolateral corners extended, causing the anterior mar-
gin to be strongly incurved. Anterolateral and posterolateral
setae approximately equal in length; anteromedian much shorter,
set back from anterior margin, usually ascending from depression
on scutum and bent sharply in mounting; setae with numerous
slender setules, similar to dorsals, distributed around the shafts.
Surface punctate and strongly marked with ridges and depres-
sions. Usually with one or two slightly larger pits or pores pos-
terolaterally. Anterior to each of the two pseudostigmata a
V-shaped ridge, apex anterior; outer leg curved, extending past
posterolateral seta and blending into posterior margin; medial leg
almost straight. A third ridge extending anteriorly around the
anterior median seta is continuous with the apexes of the first
two. Pseudostigmata close together, posterior to a line drawn
between the posterolaterals, set into the bases of the ridges near |
the ends of the medial legs. Sensillae capitate; heads distinctly |
set off from pedicels and covered by short setules; heads usually
lie within the depressions behind the ridges. Cuticular striae over —
portion posterior to pseudostigmata.
CHIGGERS—FARRELL 165
In life, posterolateral setae project posteriorly at a slight angle
to the body; anterolaterals project posterolaterally at a slight
angle, converging medially; anteromedian seta projects almost
perpendicularly from the scutum, giving it an anterior inclination
caused by the somewhat anterior exposure of the scutum.
Anomalies: In each of two specimens a posterolateral seta to-
gether with its setal base was lacking.
Standard data of the type specimen from Orange County, N.C.:
AW PW APs SB=\ASB. PSB AL AM» PL S
48 62 LO 17 35 10 63 37 61 30
Summary of standard data of 16 specimens, including the type,
from Orange, Durham, and Wake Counties, N. C. (AL’s from 15
specimens, AM’s from 15 specimens, S’s from 6 specimens) :
AW 42-54, mean 48.5; PW 58-66, mean 61.9; AP 17-23, mean 20.5;
SB 11-20, mean 15.8; ASB 29-88, mean 33.8; PSB 10-14, mean 11.9;
AL 50-63, mean 59.9; AM 29-38, mean 83.9; PL 52-65, mean 59.3;
S 25-30, mean 25.8.
Eyes: Two pairs. Anterior eyes lateral to posterolateral setae,
distance varying with engorgement. Anterior and posterior eyes
almost contiguous in unengorged specimens, becoming separated
with engorgement. Diameter of anterior eyes of 14 specimens,
11 to 18, mean 12.4; of posterior eyes 10 to 18, mean 11.6.
Anomaly: In one specimen no posterior eyes were apparent; on
one side there were apparently two eyes transversely arranged.
Dorsal setae: Numerous setae in six posthumeral rows plus
a few irregular posteriors. Longitudinal portion of seta opposite
body densely covered with fine setules of moderate length; portion
adjacent to body tends to be nude. Posterior setae terminate
bluntly or with V-clefts, perhaps with fewer setules than the an-
teriors but of the same form. Length of humerals of 13 specimens,
54 to 61; of setae from the middle of the first posthumeral row,
50 to 55; of setae from the posterior group, 32 to 88.
Dorsal setal formulae of 10 specimens from North Carolina:
Orange County? 7 2.125. tows “seib ss) sD oso SOP eee.)
Sora WAS SUBS! last 8 E14
Otosrl amen Le eel arkG ac: = 14724 .9"=E10
Ber Loracy Loos s Lost iedeavnd Sit
Dn cet lous pl Obeiep ote ce dl, avy Goats Ly. on tOp:. Se tO 72Y) : BZIAS 7D2AVOL) ee c.. : BL2D72Y7 P= ~. 0705 702705
PG J had. 4: i 4. aT ie | Y4 4, 4. q, y ea
s 4( Sp 47 P2/Z ( wl OPE W)9
(e dos | Qo Za
Seay oF VIL (> as
Ch,
FARRELL, PEATE 13
PROC. U. S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 106
+( {.(3. sis (Moe (Nave ‘
4+(VLI‘
Fec ased uo uoneurldxy ‘vusvw
A(W OF PIL
Sep
HX Tz P2)Z AN ;
>=
~
<
CC s
7+ Of
2 j. 7
!VL22779YD © SP PZES 7P277D
t 4. x.
“GQ puke vLGns DIISVSUQYISNT
\\
g
VADIIZIYD
3)
(ti 7 (Pa
UA.
ma lee
OIIS 72 Daze’)
FARRELL, PLATE 14
106
PROC. U. S. NAT. MUS. VOL.
PLC
a3ed uo uoneurldxy ‘vynov vsiaarp * UR PSLAQIP DSLAQAIp DISVBUOYISNG
; [xy f f Uae Cue Seg)
som 4
Os A. if \..f: Oe*
ae WZ Bs
SE.
+ (N2z~)Z Ge.
1 0422772Y) ° >
[OLIDIZIYD) °— pPPHD: Vso 70270H
\" {. ( | at LS MW ( 4
et he 6 R-2'‘NQ 7 a ras!
bo (Mot! any Aon ee + Mos (Yor' { {
+( 99 —. 4S) 5 ‘WN rr Oy
i Dyes 7P27POD
{ ry
FARRELL, PLATE 15
PROC. U. S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 106
‘Bez aded uo uoneur[dxy °j091}29149 “gy pur way.UNs vIISVsUQYISNT
ZF + (SPM 67 7) '( SSP 9) 9
(| Pp Lider ‘ ot “(Qoe ‘ye! L
a Seder (be ‘Was: a Z
Sa eer &
ds P.. Sr Yee
yp she
Ke |
( 'DL92779Y7) Ppp * BJS 7VI7OO
OP
udas wy, 4% ad
VA
Jom 7 (meee 9)'9
= 4Nels (Ys)e* Ut
3
Lp.
\
s(\ ae
: B422772Y7)
Ob
SSA, 2795 779709
2 v Oped
FARRELL, PLATE 16
106
PROG. U: S2iNAT.. MUS. VOE.
ECT aged uo uoneurdx gy ‘aD OWADUL 7 pue vausofijva DIISDBUOYISNT
: GI vz
ols (Y ob t € ¢ ‘|
\ ; , ( /
+ ( e'( , fX a) ‘Wot (Yac'W 2 'W7 7
Spee 3 FN 2a Pe
ae
7 \
429° 2A hms Woe Ye: ee
J +8627
:DL229724) \ =D | 20VJa5 702700 a a5 ;
VL22772Y) >
DzZes
7 P2)VO)
FARRELL, PLATE 17
PROC. U. S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 106
“PCT ased uo uoleurldxy “‘Diulapoazny] oD pue LUO} LULDY DIISDIUOYISNT
_ 706 Sy 4 (NST V)Z
“(N99 ‘Alors ¢ ee wy
TH
YI V2)Z
hee ley V9 'WE)S do DEN 27
‘ V
wa} 22 7 ge le
S44 +A os WI oe! if a
i BLID?7OYD = > >—D | VZaS 7V270L
ale at (4, a. t {on
Esbe7.
Ai 4 (eer GI PL (D9) 9
—
sees aso ‘Noe Qe
; = 4 ———_
Fo oh
vido Cl 25 ‘A oe (Nze‘ Z'W7Z
FARRELL, PLATE 18
PROC. U. S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 106
oe Ze‘
4 (N 92 PZ oo
tdie UI
o)¢"
(
‘$¢7 eBed uo uoneurldxy “vsojas “gy pur avutsyjq visvsugyssng
70 tr
ee
GERI) “(N99
Oe
be (
fo | Sa
T2 VIL a SA
Ap
Te Ardindvi Je
#( vob 4(KaneQoe "f° a
OLQI772Y) — SS DIOS JVIA7OED |
ef
y
Wy 2°
\. DO)
¢ £4 El
(Y9) Ll Lt. gL)o(
NZ) 9° Lu ye( or
oA
ae
ae
IR ON 7 o7%7
FARRELL, PLATE 19
PROC. U. S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 106
~~
F(VL)9 ole bo “(¥St Lede: ZZ.
“HoT ased uo uolneurldxy ‘siswau1oivs “3 pue S14aqv4L9 DIISDIUQYISNG
Sr 4+(NX s707)zZ “(Y9)9
Z- F(X SF P)Z S
UJ + (Ao) ovtlae
: : 4 E ag, / ENS Cire
FU. don 2, ch |
Gl, 4A 9794 sl IgA we Ave ‘ ZW 7Z
Ave J £9 (§ ob (Aze ye 2 ° ee De! Ny He Nye)
“f ee S ris a
b)5“( oe db i
124929724) So § BpPev72E 7P2]D
a A wit. Ja eV) ahd, peg
Ww OF
") 1VA2I?72Y) yr? B >> !QOQIAS JVA7OO)
FARRELL, PLATE 20
106
PROC. U. S. NAT. MUS. VOL.
‘¢¢z aded uo uoneurldxy “ds
GT 22)Z iSIW OV9 Z
( ) \ a WA
Fo. bess i #(\\9) 9
att a)
SE
Nos
Z a
ae Q\ 9)% ! Xt } be7
ee 04927794) are DJs PVIPOOH)
7+ OP
doe VILA
a
wqueh Re ) + 4 ¢ {
DIUSDSUOYISNT PUR UOGULYS DIVSDSUOYISNS
d OY pu0d f QYISNT
a sr v2)z! 4( ee
Ce
ont Sy #(H ao (Apge
'DLID?7IYD NN x2 ‘DRIAL PVATPLD
7 i sbo7
PROC. U. S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 106 FARRELL, PLATE 21
a
Galeal seta: —A~ an
Tere Tt ,4(5 8), ap
Ga 4 td
} ri ), 4(4 ay ld 6.(6\\) +
, Z(ca.16M\) + ——— |
SS
A siz ;4(3W); 513 no),
6.(6 e———), Z(ca. 15 ea) _-~
Euschéngastia sciuricola. Explanation on page 235.
WU. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1956——370902
re
= - ¥ =
S SS v=
en» ia -
/
- » 7
7 ; -
7 - |
7 ~T wa ve 2 a : : -
: we — © -
a ~—_ s - (cc :
- 7 - . - - -
7
7
- ; :
h - aa :
7 i
/ oe
; ; 7
= 7 7
i 7
ae 7
7 7
. :
, -
a
7
- ao .
; : /
7 "a Be
— -
7 ‘ - o
ad
ee
e
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
0ReqeNeaeReNyggywqyqygygjgjgjgj00o0OoOohns9s»aneamnaRyxwvqwoOwTS oo oaoaoaoaoaoaoOoOonmGajsaSwmooqoqoaseeeeeeeaeeeeeaeeee——————==x=x==zzZ—E
Vol. 106 Washington : 1956 No. 3366
SOME CRICKETS FROM SOUTH AMERICA
(GRYLLOIDEA AND TRIDACTYLOIDEA)
By Lucien Cxoparp!
Through the kindness of Dr. Ashley B. Gurney, I have been able
to examine an important collection of Grylloidea and Tridactyloidea ?
belonging to the U. S. National Museum.
Three main lots of specimens comprise the collection:
1. Material collected in northwestern Bolivia by Dr. William M,
Mann in 1921-1922 while a member of the Mulford Biological Ex-
ploration of the Amazon Basin. A list of his headquarters stations
and a map of his itinerary are shown by Snyder (1926) and a popular
account of the expedition is given by MacCreagh (1926).
2. Material taken at Pucallpa on the Rio Ucayali and at other
Peruvian localities by José M. Schunke in 1948-1949 and obtained for
the U. S. National Museum by Dr. Gurney.
3. Material collected in 1949-1950 at Tingo Maria, Pert, and
nearby localities by Dr. Harry A. Allard, a retired botanist of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture who was engaged primarily in col-
lecting plants.
All of the principal collecting sites represented by this material are
in the drainage of the Amazon River. Some 500 miles separate the
area worked over by Allard and Schunke from that where Mann
collected.
A few Brazilian and Chilean specimens are also included.
The following localities are represented:
Bouivia: Blanca Flor; Cachuela Esperanza; Cafiamina; Cavinas;
Coroico; Covendo; Espia; Huachi; Ivén; Ixiamas; Lower Madidi
10f the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN),
‘For classification of the Orthoptera see Chopard (1949).
376166—56——1 241
242 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOT. 108
River; Mapiri River; Reyes; Rosario, Lake Rogagua; Rurrenabaque;
Tumupasa.
Braziu: Fortaleza; Mandos; Natal.
Cute: Cerrillos de Tamaya; Puerto Oscuro.
Pert: Cerro Azul; Chanchamayo, Department of Junin; Divisoria;
Fundo Chela; Fundo Sinchono; Huancayo; “La Merced,’’ Chancha-
mayo; Pucallpa; Tingo Maria.
The grylloids from Pert were known by the study made by Caudell
(1918) while most of the Bolivian species have been recorded by Bruner
(1916) in his paper on South American crickets.
[Since this manuscript was prepared, and after considerable delay
in publication, I have contributed another paper on Peruvian crickets
(Chopard, 1954) that was based on material collected by the Hamburg
South Pert Expedition of 1936. The general features of that material
were discussed by Titschack (1951).]
The present collection provides valuable detailed data on the dis-
tribution of the grylloids in Bolivia and Pert, from which countries
three-fourths of the material has come. The study of the collection
does not bring important changes in our knowledge except in the
addition of a relatively considerable number of new species. These
new species belong especially to the family Trigonidiidae and to the
genera Diatrypa and Aphonomorphus of the Podoscirtinae. The
presence of species belonging to the genera Rhicnogryllus and
Metioche, which were not known in South America, is noteworthy.
It confirms the fact that those small crickets, living in very damp
places, have a very wide geographical distribution.
I have tried to give keys to the American genera of Grylloidea.
I trust they will prove of use to American entomologists in spite of
unavoidable imperfections.
Superfamily GRYLLOIDEA
Family GRYLLOTALPIDAE
Key to the American genera
1. Anterior tibiae with two dactyls; anterior trochanter bearing a long proc-
ess ES ee, SOIR, OAs SU STO Scapteriscus Scudder
Anterior tibiae with four dactyls; anterior femora bearing a short process . . 2
2. Very small and slender species; anterior tibiae with open tympanum.
Gryllotalpella Rehn
Larger and much stouter species; anterior tibiae with more or less closed
VY ANUS > caren fon er co cis) Tapio sae ane? Bre itee nota e SC eats fea aot ec CO 3
3. Posterior tibiae unarmed or armed with one spine only; branches of the Sc
in the lateral field of elytra very short and perpendicular to the elytral
MArZiN® . . . ws © ehh) lint allenic asomll’p. Neocurtilla Kirby
Posterior tibiae armed with several spines on the superointernal margin;
branches of the Sclong, oblique ......... Gryllotalpa Latreille
CRICKETS—-CHOPARD 243
Genus Scapteriscus Scudder, 1868
Scapteriscus oxydactylus (Perty)
Gryllotalpa oxydactyla Perty, Delictus animalium articulatorum, p. 118, pl. 23,
fig. 9, 1832.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bonivia: Huachi (1 nymph), Mann; Ivén,
February 1922 (1c), Mann. Braziu: Natal, July 1943 (19),
MacCreary. Prrt: Tingo Maria, December 1949 (19), Allard.
Scapteriscus camerani Giglio-Tos
Scapleriscus camerani Giglio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ., Torino,
vol. 9, p. 45, 1894.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Braziu: Mandos (19), Merrill. Pert:
Pucallpa, Feb. 15, 1948 (19), Schunke; Tingo Maria, November 1949
(107, 299), December 1949 (207 co", 599, 1 nymph) ; January 1950 (299),
Allard.
Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos
Scapteriscus borellit Giglio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino,
vol. 9, p. 45, 1894.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bouivia: Rurrenabaque, November (19),
Mann. Braziu: Natal, June 25, 1943 (19). Purrt: Tingo Marfa,
December 1949 (30° 6, 19), Allard.
Genus Neocurtilla Kirby, 1906
Neocurtilla hexadactyla (Perty)
Gryllotalpa hexadactyla Perty, Delictus animalium articulatorum, p. 119, pl. 23,
fig. 9, 1832,
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bo.uivia: Rurrenabaque, December (19),
Mann. Pert: Fundo Sinchono, Sept. 6, 1947 (19), Schunke;
Tingo Maria, December 1949 (19), Allard.
Family GRYLLIDAE
Key to the American genera
1. Posterior tibiae armed with strong, immovable, glabrous or feebly pubescent
spines (Gryllinae) . . . as Sopot
Posterior tibiae armed wn. ions! i OvabIe: Gabesscut spines (Qemope
INBE) a+ oi «maha lO
2. Posterior femora as loned: as aru and ao iinited: body ce shin-
IN-eGiae = Sg Ea
Posterior fomGrs eho than the fies aad mae eae body usually
covered with a fine pubescence . . . ea aan:
3. Posterior tibiae presenting a few denticles befbrs the® anes of the external
margin; male elytron with five oblique veins; ovipositor short but normally
conformed ............... +. . Megalogryllus Chopard
944 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
Posterior tibiae without denticles at base of the external margin; male elytron
with two oblique veins; ovipositor rudimentary . . Anurogryllus Saussure
4, Posterior tibiae serrulated before the spines . . . . Odontogryllus Saussure
Posterior tibiae without denticles before the spines. . ........ 2.5
5. Both sexescompletely apterous. . .... . . . . Cophogryllus Saussure
Elytra perfectly developed, at least in the male sex. . . : mig O
6. Elytra of the male truncated at apex, without apical field; pase of ‘is female
strongly reduced or absent ... . : eriaclay tl
Elytra of the male with more or less developed apical fold: nee of fe female
never reduced to lateral lobes . . . . Aer eae on agree, TS aa
7. Body depressed, pubescent; frontal rosin narrow. . . Gryllbaes Saussure
Body more convex, shining with a scarce pubescence; frontal rostrum wide.
Gryllita Hebard
8. Posterior metatarsi strongly enlarged, furrowed above, with serrulated ex-
ternal margin; general shape short and stout; anterior tibiae with a large
internal tympanum .. . . . . . .Hemigryllus Saussure
Posterior metatarsi not at all edie pecmatatad on both margins; anterior
tibiae with a large external tympanum; when the internal tympanum is
present, itis small, round. . . » = i-d) LLO
9. Small species, with short elytra ésinbined with very fore: ee GanopE ene
condition is present); facies of a Nemobius . . . . Miogryllus Saussure
Average size of the species larger; elytra and wings not so different in length.
Acheta Linné
10. Posterior tibiae armed with two apical spurs only on the internal face.
Hygronemobius Hebard
Posterior tibiae armed with three apical spurs either side. . ..... .11
11. Pronotum twice as wide aslong .. . ..... . . . Argizala Walker
Pronotum about 114 times as wide as lone
Pteronemobius Jacobson and Bianchi
Genus Megalogryllus Chopard, 1929
Megalogryllus molinai Chopard
Megalogryllus molinai Chopard, Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat., vol. 33, p. 528, fig. 2,
1929.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bortivia: Blanca Flor, July-August 1921
(1, 299), January 1922 (20°, 19), Mann. Pert: Pucallpa, Jan.
11, 1948 (107, 299), Schunke.
Remarks: This species was previously known from Brazil and
British Guiana.
Genus Anurogryllus Saussure, 1877
Anurogryllus muticus (De Geer)
Gryllus muticus De Geer, Mémoires pour servir 4 l’histoire des insectes, vol. 3, p.
520, pl. 43, fig. 2, 1773.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bouivia: Cafiamina, July 1921 (1),
Mann; Espia (1c), Mann; Ivén (19), Mann; Rosario, Oct. 28-
Nov. 9, 1921 (12), Mann; Rurrenabaque, October 1921 (19), Mann.
Pert: Chanchamayo, June 3, 1948 (1), May 6, 1948 (19), Schunke;
La Merced, Jan. 31, 1949 (107), Schunke; Pucallpa, Mar. 2, 1948
CRICKETS—CHOPARD 245
(19), Mar. 15, 1948 (1), Apr. 11, 1948 (19), Schunke; Tingo Maria,
November 1949 (1.7, 19), December 1949 (77, 19), January 1950
(2, 19, 1 nymph), Allard.
Remarks: The length of the organs of flight is very variable in this
species. Nine of the females are perfectly macropterous, whereas one
has no wings and very short elytra. None of the males shows the
macropterous condition.
Genus Acheta Linné, 1758
Acheta assimilis (Fabricius)
Gryllus assimilis Fabricius, Systema entomologiae, p. 280, 1775.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bonivia: Cafiamina (1o’, 19). Braziu:
Fortaleza, September 1943 (19), MacCreary. Curie: Puerto Oscuro,
Sept. 26, 1947 (1c), Guzman; Cerrillos de Tamaya, Sept. 16, 1947
(19), Guzman. Pert: Chanchamayo, June 21, 1948 (1%, 19),
Schunke; Pucallpa, Sept. 10, 1947 (830, 299), Schunke; Tingo
Maria, December 1949 (19), Allard.
Acheta peruviensis (Saussure)
Gryllus peruviensis Saussure, Mission scientifique au Mexique . . . . Recherches
zoologiques, pt. 6, section 1 (Orthoptéres), p. 406, 1874.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Pert: Huancayo, Mar. 4-11, 1943 (299),
Jacoslay Soukup.
Acheia fulvastra, new species
Figure 3,a
Types: Holotype: Male, Lower Madidi River, Bolivia, January
1921, Mann (USNM 62061). Allotype: Rosario, Lake Rogagua,
Bolivia, Oct. 28-Nov. 9, 1921, Mann (9) (USNM). Paratypes:
Covendo, Bolivia (1c), Mann; Rosario, Lake Rogagua, Bolivia, Oct.
28-Nov. 9, 1921, Mann (1c’, 19); Rurrenabaque, Bolivia, Mann
(10); Pucallpa, Rio Ucayali, Peri, Mar. 6, 1948, Schunke (1%)
(USNM; MNHN).
Description: Medium size; coloration rather uniformly rufo-
testaceous. Head as wide as pronotum, entirely of a light rufous
brown; frontal rostrum sloping, as wide as 1st antennal joint. Face
scarcely longer than wide; clypeofrontal suture almost straight.
Antennae rufous. Palpi light yellow; 4th joint shorter than 3d, 5th
large, feebly enlarged at apex, with slightly concave superior margin,
apex somewhat obliquely truncated.
Pronotum with parallel margins, anterior margin very feebly con-
cave, 1% times as wide as long; disk rather strongly convex, covered
with a very fine pubescence; lateral lobes a little darker than the disk,
with straight inferior margin. Abdomen light yellowish brown,
pubescent; epiproct relatively very long. Genitalia very long and
narrow (fig. 3,a).
246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 108
Legs yellowish, pubescent. Anterior tibiae a little compressed,
enlarged at apex, presenting a large, oval, external typanum and a
very small, round internal one; apex armed with three rather strong
apical spurs which are very close together; metatarsi compressed, as
long as the other two joints united. Medium tibiae armed with four
apical spurs. Posterior femora rather short and thick; tibiae a little
shorter than the femora, armed with long and strong spines, six on the
external, five on the internal margin; the two large apical spurs equal
in length; metatarsi with seven to eight denticles on each superior
margin.
Matz: Elytra smoky, extending to the apex of the 5th abdominal
tergite; mirror feebly wider than long, much rounded backwards, with
almost right anterior angle, dividing vein in the middle, curved (this
vein is variable in the different specimens of the species); two oblique
veins; anal field short, with three veins and regular, long areolae;
lateral field high, pellucid in the inferior part, with five regularly
spaced veins and the Sc bearing one branch. Wings very short.
FEMALE (macropterous form): Elytra longer than those of the male,
rounded at apex; dorsal field with very regular, feebly oblique veins;
Cu bearing three branches, followed by five veins; lateral field as in
the male; Sc plain or furcate at apex. Wings decidedly caudate.
Ovipositor straight, with apical valves perfectly limited by a strangu-
lation of the stem, lanceolate with straight margins, flat above.
Dimensions (in millimeters): Length of body, o&@ 14.0, 9 15.0,
pronotum, o 2.9, 2 3.0; posterior femur, o 9.5, 2 10.0; elytra, 076.5,
2 8.2; ovipositor, 8.5; wings of female extending beyond elytra by
Il mm,
Genus Miogryllus Saussure, 1877
Miogryllus convolutus (Johansson)
Gryllus convolutus Johansson, in Linné, Amoenitates academicae, vol. 6, p. 399,
1763.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Botivia: Blanca Flor, January 1922 (10°),
Mann. Perr: Pucallpa, Sept. 16, 1947 (299), Oct. 8, 1947 (499),
Oct. 13, 1947 (19), Jan. 10, 1948 (19), Mar. 3, 1948 (107, 19), Schunke;
Tingo Maria, November 1949 (19), December 1949 (107, 19), January
1950 (19), Feb. 24, 1950 (1 nymph), Feb. 26, 1950 (10%), Allard.
Remarks: The specimens from Tingo Maria and one male from
Pucallpa are micropterous; the remainder are macropterous.
Miogryllus verticalis (Serville)
Gryllus verticalis Serville, Histoire naturelle des insectes orthoptéres, p. 343, 1839.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Pert: Chanchamayo, May 29, 1948 (1c),
Schunke.
CRICKETS—CHOPARD 247
Miogryllus brevipennis Saussure
Gryllodes brevipennis Saussure, Mission scientifique au Mexique . . . . Recherches
zoologiques, pt. 6, section 1 (Orthoptéres), p. 418, 1874.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: BouiviA: Rurrenabaque, October 1921 (19),
Mann.
Genus Hemigryllus Saussure, 1877
Hemigryllus ortoni (Scudder)
Nemobius ortonii Scudder, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 12, p. 330, 1869.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bo.ivia: Blanca Flor, January 1922 (30°);
Espia (1c’, 19); Mapiri, September 1921 (60°); Rurrenabaque,
December 1921 (26° 6", 399), all collected by Mann.
Genus Argizala Walker, 1869
Argizala brasiliensis Waiker
Argizala brasiliensis Walker, Catalogue of the . . . Dermaptera Saltatoria .. .
in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 61, 1869.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bouivsa: Iv6n, February 1922 (10%);
Rosario, Oct. 18-Nov. 9, 1921 (1c*), Mann. Pert: Pucallpa, Jan.
10, 1948 (20° co", 19), Mar. 3, 1948 (2077, 19), Mar. 9, 1948 (10),
Schunke.
Argizala hebardi (Rehn)
Nemobius (Argizala) hebardi Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 67,
p. 290, 1915.
Nemobius argentinus Bruner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 371, 1916.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bouivia: Rosario, Oct. 28-Nov. 9 1921,
(250° 3", 2199), Mann.
Genus Pteronemobius Jacobson and Bianchi, 1904
The genus Pteronemobius differs from Nemobius Serville in the
number of spines of the posterior tibiae, which in Nemobius is always
three on each margin in both sexes; the first internal spine is never
specialized in the male as it is in Pteronemobius. The macropterous
condition is not known in the species of Nemobius and no species of
the genus has yet been found in America.
Pteronemobius cubensis (Saussure)
FIGURE 3,¢
Nemobius cubensis Saussure, Mission scientifique au Mexique ... Recherches
zoologiques, pt. 6, section 1 (Orthoptéres), p. 384, pl. 7, fig. 5, 1874.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bo.ivia: Rosario, Oct. 28-Nov. 9, 1921
(60, 39), Mann.
248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 106
Pteronemobius longipennis Saussure
Nemobius longipennis Saussure, Mission scientifique au Mexique ... Recher-
ches zoologiques, pt. 6, section 1 (Orthoptéres), p. 383, 1874.
Nemobius argentinus Chopard, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 559, figs. 87-89, 1918
(not argentinus Bruner 1916).
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bo.ivia: Rosario, Oct. 28—-Nov. 9, 1921
(60%, 79), Mann; Rurrenabaque, November 1921 (19), Mann
(micropterous). Prrt: Pucallpa, Oct. 8, 1947 (20), Jan. 10, 1948
(30°), Mar. 2, 1948 (19), Schunke (macropterous).
Remarks: According to Saussure’s description, this species should
have the last joint of maxillary palpi not longer than the preceding;
I have never seen an American nemobiid presenting exactly this
character, but the maxillary palpi are somewhat shorter in the present
species than in the neighboring forms.
Pteronemobius schunkei, new species
Ho.oryre: Male; Divisoria, elevation 1,600 meters, about 80 miles
southwest of Pucallpa, Rio Ucayali, Peri, November 1947, Schunke
(USNM 62062).
Matz: Rather small and short. Head short, rounded, a little wider
than the pronotum; vertex weakly sloping; coloration rufous brown
above, rather strongly darkened towards the apex of the rostrum;
frontal rostrum a little wider than Ist antennal joint, rounded. Face
as long as wide, very dark brown. Eyes rounded, projecting; ocelli
very small, the anterior one a little before the extremity of the rostrum.
Antennae and palpi brown; 4th joint of maxillary palpi very short, 5th
almost four times as long, rather feebly enlarged at top.
Pronotum transverse, very feebly narrowing in front, with straight
anterior and posterior margins; disk feebly convex, brownish with a
lateral light band; lateral lobes blackish brown, with straight inferior
margin. Abdomen dark brown.
Legs rather short, pubescent, rufous with a few brown spots;
anterior and medium tarsi almost as long as the tibiae. Posterior
femora short and thick, striated with brown on the external face;
tibiae armed on each margin with four slender spines feebly curved at
apex; internal spines much longer than the external, chiefly the
4th which is longer than the larger spur; Ist spine very small, feebly
tuberculiform; inferior spurs feebly unequal in length; metatarsi very
long.
Elytra brown, shining, extending almost to the apex of abdomen;
mirror very small, almost apical, obliquely transverse, with right
anterior angle; apical part divided into two cells, one large and one
very small; diagonal vein long, feebly curved at base, straight after;
CRICKETS—CHOPARD 249
chord straight; lateral field almost black with four parallel veins. No
wings.
Length of body 7.0 mm.; posterior femur 5.0 mm.; elytra 4.0 mm.;
pronotum 1.5 mm., width of pronotum 2.4 mm.
Remarks: This species has the same size and general habitus as P.
cubensis but the elytral mirror and genitalia are strongly different
(fig. 3,b,c).
Genus Hygronemobius Hebard, 1915
Hygronemobius albipalpus (Saussure)
Nemobius albipalpus Saussure, Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve, vol. 25,
p. 89, 1877.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Pert: Pucallpa, Oct. 8, 1947 (107, 599),
Oct. 13, 1947 (19), Jan. 10, 1948 (19), Mar. 2, 1948 (19), Schunke.
Hygronemobius longespinosus, new species
Fiaure l,a
Houotyre: Female: Rurrenabague, Rio Beni, Bolivia, November
1921, Mann (USNM 62063).
FrmMaue: Smail; testaceous, a little mottled with brown. Head
rounded, presenting above two very feeble brown bands; four rows
of long bristles extending to the apex of the vertex. Face yellowish
with two rounded brown spots near the internal margin of the antennal
sockets. Antennae and palpi yellowish; 5th joint of maxillary palpi
in the shape of a long triangle, feebly enlarged at apex.
Pronotum feebly narrowing in front, with posterior margin convex;
disk yellowish varied with large brown spots, bearing long bristles;
lateral lobes with weakly sinuated inferior margin, rounded angles;
their color is dark brown with a few small yellow spots, inferior margin
lined with yellowish. Abdomen varied with yellowish and brownish.
Ovipositor rather short, very weakly curved, with apical valves
occupying more than half the total length, very acute at apex, their
margins smooth, the inferior ones very narrow.
Anterior legs wanting. Median femora yellowish with two small
transverse bands, apex also brownish; tibiae with two brownish rings;
metatarsi as long as the two other joints united. Posterior femora
yellowish with oblique brown stripes on the external face, superior
margin entirely brownish, small rings of the same color a little before
the apex; internal face presenting in superior part only three brownish
bands; tibiae adorned with two light brown rings near the base and
small spots at base of each spine; these are very long, pubescent,
brown with yellow base and apex, and there are three on each margin;
250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
externomedian apical spur equaling half the length of the metatarsus;
superointernal apical spur extending to the apex of the metatarsus.
The right elytron is wanting; left elytron presenting only three
straight, equidistant veins, without transverse veinlets. Wings very
long.
Length of body 5.0 mm.; length with wings 10.5 mm.; posterior
femur 4.2 mm.; ovipositor 2.4 mm.; elytra 2.6 mm.
Remarks: This species is very close to the preceding; it is of a
more uniform coloration, with concolorous last joint of maxillary
palpi, which is also longer and less strongly enlarged at apex; spines
and spurs of the posterior tibiae much longer.
Family MocopLisTIDAE
Key to the American genera
1. Posterior metatarsus very long, almost unarmed above.
Cycloptiloides Sjéstedt
Posterior metatarsus armed with spinules on the heise MAPPING, | 2.42152)
2. Anterior tibiae without tympana... . rca eTO
Anterior tibiae provided with an auditory Pema on mene nolernal face: 6 4:
3. Apical spurs of the posterior tibiae very long. . . . . Microgryllus Philippi
Apical spurs of the posterior tibiae short. Oligacanthopus Rehn and Hebard
4. Elytra of the male completely hidden under the pronotum.
Ectatoderus Guerin
Elytra of the male partly visible. . . . abs nese cek onto
5. Pronotum of male elongate, rounded behind: elvis mii Sans only visible
beyond pronotum. . . . : . . . .Cycloptilum Scudder
Pronotum of male almost ieancated: behind: tegmina almost completely
vinible watt aio aos aaice ret Pains ¥ieOrnebrastGuerin
Family PENTACENTRIDAE
Key to the American genera
1. Posterior metatarsi very long, cylindrical, unarmed above. ....... 2
Posterior metatarsi compressed, denticulated above. .. . SErehagne
2. Eyes well developed; ocelli present; anterior tibiae periorat a petal venation
TOP HIA eos vega ale . .. . . Trigonidomimus Caudell
Eyes degenerated; no yeellis aiterion tibiae without tympana; elytra corneous,
without distinguishable mirror. .. . . . . « . Tohila Hubbell
3. Elytra of the male feebly differentiated, showing the anal vein and one oblique
vein; posterior tibiae with four or five spines on each margin, six apical
spurs; posterior metatarsi twice as long as the other joints united.
Aphemogryllus Rehn
Elytra similar in both sexes, with longitudinal, parallel veins; posterior femora
short without filiform apical part; posterior tibiae armed with three spines
on each margin and five apical spurs; matatarsi not so long, dilated in the
males) 6 sca omy |b ci Qeost)- hate vos fore ooort Nemebiepsis Bolivar
CRICKETS—-CHOPARD 251
Genus Trigonidomimus Caudell, 1912
Trigonidomimus ruficeps, new species
Typrs: Holotype, female; Covendo, Bolivia, August 1921, Mann
(USNM 62064). Allotype: Pucallpa, Rio Ucuyali, Pert, Nov. 2,
1947, Schunke (co) (USNM). Paratype: Pucallpa, Rfo Ucuyali,
Pert, Mar. 15, 1948, Schunke (9) (USNM).
FEMALE: Size a little larger than the other species of the genus.
Head entirely reddish, smooth; vertex sloping, ending between the
antennae in a very short and narrow rostrum. Face rufous yellow,
smooth. Eyes large, dorsoventrally lengthened; ocelli scarcely visible.
Labial palpi brown; maxillary palpi wanting. Antennae (a short part
remains) brown with very large, flattened first joint.
Pronotum very dark brown, shining, almost glabrous; with straight
anterior and posterior margins, both bordered with long bristles; disk
feebly convex with a faint median furrow; lateral lobes concolorous,
their inferior margin straight, anterior angle right, feebly rounded.
Abdomen blackish brown. Cerci yellowish. Ovipositor rather short,
very feebly curved upwards; apical valves extremely narrow and acute.
Legs long and slender. Anterior femora yellowish at base and above,
with internal face brown, external face brown at apex, the brown
spot narrowing towards the base; tibiae brown with a rather small,
nearly round tympanum at base of the internal face; apex armed with
two small and slender spurs; tarsus almost as long as the tibia, the
metatarsus longer than the other two joints united. Median legs
similar to the anterior ones. Posterior femora moderately swollen at
base, without filiform apical part, adorned externally with three longi-
tudinal brown bands, uniting after the middle; tibiae brown, armed
with three spines on each margin and six slender apical spurs; medio-
external spur a little longer than the superior one, which is very thin;
superointernal spur much longer than the median. Metatarsi very
long.
Elytra extending almost to the apex of abdomen, dark brown;
dorsal field with five feebly oblique, parallel veins, the two internal
ones uniting towards the middle; lateral field high, blackish brown,
with three distant, feebly incurved at base veins. Wings no longer
than the elytra.
Matz (allotype): General aspect and color of the female. Head as
in the female; palpi blackish; 5th joint of the maxillary palpi very
large, feebly widening at apex, with slightly concave superior margin,
apex lengthily truncated, feebly rounded, internal margin very short.
Legs as in the female but somewhat more blackish. Elytra blackish,
extending only to the apex of the 6th abdominal tergite; mirror large,
952 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 106
narrow, almost twice as long as wide, with very acute anterior margin,
rounded backwards, divided beneath the middle by an oblique, some-
what curved Vein; diagonal vein as long as the internal margin of the
mirror; chords Sach longer, feebly curved, very close one to the
other; apical field very short; Se bearing two branches. Wings exceed-
ing very much the elytra, w hitieh.
Draenstons (in millimeters): Length of body, 2 9.0, & 7.5; length
with wings, o 13; pronotum, 2.0; posterior femur, 9 7.0, & 5.0;
elytra, 2 6.0, co 2.0; ovipositor, 5.5.
Trigonidomimus zernyi (Chopard)
Quarequa zernyi Chopard, Ann. Naturh. Mus. Wien, vol. 46, p. 246, fig. 9, 1933.
SpECIMENS EXAMINED: Prrt: Tingo Maria, November 1949 (19),
Allard.
Family PHALANGOPSIDAE
Key to the American genera
1. Pronotum wider than long, with lateral lobes square or rounded, not attenu-
ated infront... SIRS 7332
Pronotum long, with latoral 1eGas narrow ving! in front hein inferior margin
ascending forwards . .. . . . . . . Cophus Saussure
2. Frontal rostrum between the aaiannee sols Sintanioe margin of the lateral
lobes of pronotum straight; last joint of maxillary palpi ava Tinta truncated
at apex; legs short (Luzarae group) .... . re neat
Frontal rostrum between the antennae narrow; jn féribe margin of the lateral
lobes of pronotum ascending backwards. .. . . » pa eutig oak
3. Elytra well developed, their structure delicate; ration conspieupus, dorsal
field of male deplanate. . . . t pee 4:
Elytra moderately to greatly reaneed or a Upsent: oer present: orien ereitcenee
chitinous, often corneous; venation of dorsal field weak or obsolete . . 7
4, Lateral field of male tegmina specialized; Sc with numerous branches . . 5
Lateral field of male as with simple venation; Sc without oblique
branches}? « =... . . . . . Prosthacusta Saussure
5. Anterior tibiae with foramsines on Spoth fates: male tegmina ample, widening
behind: 4... 262% te cote Oo
Anterior tibiae with foramert's on site ins lgniy: Tale tegmina not
widening caudad. . . . . . . . . Lernecella Hebard
6. Superointernal apical spur of eosteb ior ~iiibiae: longer than the median; tibiae
armed with four spines on each margin; mirror of male elytra triangular;
apical field provided with longitudinal veins. . . . . . Lerneca’ Walker
Superointernal apical spur of posterior tibiae shorter than the median: tibiae
armed with three spines on the external margin, one on the internal, with
very strong denticles before the spines; mirror of male elytra almost oval;
apical field with transverse veins. . . . . Benoistiella Uvarov
7. Anterior tibiae with auditory foramina on one or both Faces 252 fades fopmerS
Anterior tibiae without auditory foramina. .. . 4 ee Pal S
8. Tegmina with lateral field having two unbranched lonsviudinal veins, .. 9
Tegmina with lateral field having more than two longitudinal veins (some
of which branch inthe males) . . ...--..-.++++s1+.-+. &
10.
11.
12.
14.
15.
16.
Lis
18.
ug;
20.
21.
22.
23.
24
CRICKETS——CHOPARD 20D
. Anterior tibiae with auditory foramen on internal face only ...... 10
Anterior tibiae with foramina on both faces. . . . . . . Vairona Hebard
Male tegmina overlapping in such a way that the dextral dorsal field almost
wholly covers the sinistral; venation there obsolete but a distinct depres-
sion showing the archet; entire dorsal surface strongly hirsute, elytra not
at all glabrous. . . . . . Gryllosoma Hebard
Male tegmina with dextzal “dorsal fila’ covering ‘only slightly more than half
the sinistral; dorsal exposed field with venation obsolete, smooth, convex,
without Iateral angle; dorsal surface more or less aga weakly or not
atall, hirsute «2° 4) oc. UU BOE MD cae ome es. cL
Form more robust; palpi ee Female éeantina slightly over-
lapping. . . . . . . . Rehniella Hebard
Form less robust size iaiialls palpi very elongate: Female tegmina repre-
sented by small lateral pads . ... . . . . . . Prosthama Hebard
Anterior tibiae with auditory foramen on interwal face:only 2s JU. ws. « 1S
Anterior tibiae with auditory foramina on both faces... . Sle LS
. Palpi simple. Male tegmina with entire shining dorsal surface weekly
convex . . P ksn- 6 14
Palpi with 4th aad 5th ‘ints expanded and flattened: ‘Male tegimina entire
dorsal surface flat ..... . . . . . Palpigera Hebard
Palpi moderately elongate. Male jewmina without trace of venation.
Niquirina Hebard
Palpi elongate. Male tegmina with aes archet and mere traces of
other venation... . . . . . . Amusina Hebard
Impressions of pronotal disk feeble, jheonspieacak: Antennae annulate. 16
Impressions of pronotal disk distinct. Antennae and limbs not annulate.
Size very large. . . . Pe hae AOS eee Hebard
Form more robust with shor ley cme a ee : flo ot Ghats
Form slender with very elongate limbs for here group. . Avaliandes ilebard
Tegmina with venation reduced, delicate but distinct . . Luzarida Hebard
Tegmina with venation greatly reduced, almost obliterated . Luzara Walker
Eyes not strongly projecting; palpi not annulate; limbs short. . ... . 19
Eyes more strongly projecting; palpi annulate; limbs of medium length,
Anacusta Hebard
Lateral lobes of pronotum diverging backwards so that the posterior angle
is distinctly visible from above. Both sexes with short elytra. . . . 20
Lateral lobes of pronotum nearly perpendicular. Female apterous.
Miogryllodes Hebard
Limbs very short. Projection formed by fastigium and face moderately
developed. Dorsal surface of body moderately hirsute . Cophella Hebard
Limbs short. Projection weak and very broadly rounded. Dorsal surface
of body shining, hairs exceedingly minute. . . Paracophella Hebard
Last joint of maxillary palpi truncated at apex only. Legs relatively short
(Heterogrylli group) . .. . «wm ow ee
Last joint of maxillary palpi sirbiiaty abd obaucky ey at apex
(Amphiacustae group) . - 2 . Len etre olaste.« 32
Frontal rostrum as wide as first ana aon 23
Frontal rostrum very narrow . 24
Maxillary palpi short; very small for bile eh “(01 min. ¥.
Eugryllina Hebard
Maxillary palpi long; size larger (15-16 mm.). . Dyscophogrylius Rehn
Anterior tibiae nonperforated or with scarcely visible auditory tympana . 25
Anterior tibiae with auditory tympana on one or both faces. . . - - - 28
254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
25. Both sexes completely apterous. . . . . . Arachnopsis Saussure
Males with greatly reduced elytra, without paecepiihis veins;female apterous . 26
26. Legs and palpishort... . . . . Laranda Walker
Legs and palpi very long, ested Searcens 7s flifords apical part. . . 27
27. Legs moderately elongate; elytra of male triangular, thick, feebly distant on
the medianline .. . . . . . . Eidmanacris, new name °
Legs extremely long; elytra of male die, overlapping, truncated at apex.
Phalangopsis Serville
28. Anterior tibiae perforated on both faces... . . ne rae Guerin
Anterior tibiae perforated on one face only .... . i first. 29
29, Anterior tibiae perforated on the internal face... . . cu. cro t.. 60
Anterior tibiae perforated on the external face. . . entcoate Saussure
30. Elytra of male short, triangular, without well defined mirror; those of the
female reduced to lobiform, lateral pads . . . . . . Uvaroviella Chopard
Elytra of the male with well defined mirror . . . Ries siaaia As Bll
31. Mirror oval, divided by numerous veins; female apterous ésit Nake Hebard 4
Mirror vaguely triangular, divided near the apex by one or two irregular
veins; elytra present in the female... .... . . . Aclodes Hebard
32. Elytra of male very short, truncated, or absent . . . Paracophus Chopard
Elytra of male moderately short with normal venation. ....... 33
33. Superior apical spur of posterior tibiae longer than the median on both sides;
anterior tibiae perforated on the internal face. . . . Endecous Saussure
Superior apical spur of posterior tibiae shorter than the mediannats iat.’ 34
34. Anterior tibiae perforated on both faces; elytra of male rather short, rounded;
mirror with two dividing veins. . . . . . . . Amphiacusta Sauesare
Anterior tibiae perforated on the external face only; elytra of male coriaceous;
mirror divided by several veins. . . . . . . . Hemicophus Saussure
Genus Prosthacusta Saussure, 1874
Prosthacusta amplipennis, new species
FiacuRrEs l,c, 3,d
Hoxrotyre: Male; Pucallpa, Rio Ucuyali, Pert, Sept. 16, 1947,
Schunke (USNM 62065).
Mats: Close to P. cireumcincta Saussure; coloration rather uniform
light brown. Head rather small, as wide as pronotum, uniformly
brownish, almost glabrous; vertex strongly sloping; frontal rostrum as
wide as first antennal joint. Face long, yellowish, smooth. Antennae
and palpi yellowish; maxillary palpi rather long, the three last joints
equal in length, the last one feebly enlarged, obliquely truncated at
apex.
Pronotum as long as wide, with straight anterior and posterior
margins; disk strongly convex, brown, smooth, glabrous; lateral lobes
long, with inferior margin straight, rounded angles. Abdomen dark
brown above, yellowish beneath; subgenital plate long, truncated at
apex; epiproct almost twice as wide as long, feebly truncated at apex,
3 For Hidmaniella Chopard (Aug. 1938), preoccupied by Eidmantella Keler (March 1938).
‘It seems that this genus may represent the male sex of Heterogryllus Saussure; in that case, the last
name would have priority.
CRICKETS—-CHOPARD 255
furrowed at base. Genitalia triangular in their general shape, with
four narrow apical processes (fig. 3,d).
Anterior and median legs rather long and slender; femora somewhat
darkened at apex; tibiae vaguely annulated, the anterior ones present-
ing a small auditory foramen near the base of the internal face.
Posterior femora rather short, strongly dilated at base, without apical
filiform part, with darkened apex; before the brown part there is a
yellowish ring; internal and inferior faces mottled with brown.
Tibiae brown at base, presenting little after the brown part a ring of
the same color; base of the spines spotted with brown; superior
margins rather strongly serrulated and armed with four spines;
superoexternal and inferoexternal apical spurs very short, the median
twice as long; inferointernal spur a little longer than the external;
superointernal longer than the median, a little more than half the
length of the metatarsus; the latter is long, brown at apex, armed
above with a few denticles, the apical spurs rather short.
Elytra extending to the apex of abdomen, rather strongly widening
caudad, rufous brown, shining, with a rather feeble yellow, opaque,
band all round; internal margin feebly convex; internal angle and
apical margin strongly rounded; dorsal field somewhat corneous with
rather feeble veins; diagonal vein very short, divided, forming a very
long, triangular mirror; two chords, the internal of which extending
along the apical margin as far as the external angle; six long, parallel,
straight oblique veins; anal vein very faint; anal field especially
thickened; lateral field rather small, with three plain veins, the third
one emerging from base of the Sc. No wings.
Length of body 11.5 mm.; pronotum 2.4 mm.; width of pronotum 2.5
mm.; posterior femur 9 mm.; elytra 7.5 mm.
Remarks: This species differs from circwmeincta in the more uniform
coloration and the wider elytra with quite different venation.
Genus Miogryllodes Hebard, 1928
Miogryllodes sp.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Braziu: Near Paré (19 nymph), Merrill.
Certainly belonging to this genus, but specifically undeterminable.
Genus Luzara Walker, 1869
Luzara rufipennis Walker
Luzara rufipennis Walker, Catalogue of the . . . Dermaptera Saltatoria . .
in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 103, 1869.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bouivra: Tumupasa, December 1921 (19),
Mann. Pert: Chanchamayo, July 22, 1948 (1c), Schunke; Rio
Ucuyali, Apr. 30, 1947 (1<7), Schunke.
876166—56——3
256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Genus Luzarida Hebard, 1928
Luzarida pulla Hebard
Luzarida pulla Hebard, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 54, p. 41, pl. 8, fig. 1, 1928.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bouivra: Tumupasa, December 1921 (19),
Mann.
Genus Paragryllus Guerin, 1844
Paragryllus temulentus Saussure
Paragryllus temulentus Saussure, Mem, Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve, vol. 25,
p. 413, 1878.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bo.ivia: Cachuela Esperanza, March 1922
(19), Mann; Tumupasa, December 1921 (19), Mann.
Genus Acla Hebard, 1923
Acla reticulata, new species
FIauReE 3,e
Ho.uorypr: Female; Fundo Sinchono, elevation 1,550 meters, about
40 miles southwest of Pucallpa, Rio Ucuyali, Pera, Sept. 2, 1947,
Schunke (USNM 62066).
Mats: Size small. Head as wide as pronotum; occiput and vertex
short, strongly convex, rufous adorned with four brown bands, finely
pubescent; frontal rostrum very narrow, brown. Face long, shining
brown with a median yellow band. Eyes strongly projecting forwards;
ocelli small, the anterior one at extremity of the rostrum, the lateral
ones very distant from it, quite at base. Antennae wanting. Palpi
rather long, brownish; 3d and 4th joints of the maxillary palpi equal
in length, 5th longer, feebly enlarged, truncated at apex only.
Pronotum transverse, pubescent, with straight anterior and pos-
terior margins, furrowed median line; disk feebly convex, irregular,
rufous brown with brown spots; lateral lobes blackish, with inferior
margin strongly ascending backwards. Abdomen brown mottled with
rufous above, brownish beneath; subgenital plate of medium size,
weakly narrowing at apex, with feebly truncated posterior margin.
Genitalia wide, the superior part forming a narrow bridge with a
median process in the shape of a trident; inferior parts depressed with
a long, curved lateral process (fig. 3,e).
Legs long, annulated with brown. Anterior tibiae perforated with
a small, oval tympanum at base of the internal face; tarsi very long.
Posterior femora strongly dilated at base, adorned on the external face
with two oblique brown bands and three rings—one in the middle,
one in the narrow apical part, and one at apex. Tibiae with three
brown rings, armed with four external, three internal spines, finely
—
CRICKETS—-CHOPARD 257
serrulated; superoexternal and inferoexternal apical spurs very short,
median twice as long; inferointernal spur very small, much shorter
than the external, median and superior of the same length, scarcely
reaching the middle of the metatarsus, which is very long.
Elytra extending to the apex of the 6th abdominal tergite, dark
brown, finely pubescent, with yellowish veins; anal field small; archet
with a much-rounded angle; mirror large but somewhat confused,
subtriangular, filled with a rather regular reticulation; chords irregular,
very distant, the 2d incomplete; five oblique veins, parallel to one
another; apical field almost null; lateral field small, blackish, with
inferior margin very oblique, presenting three regular veins. No wings.
Length of body 10.0 mm.; pronotum 2.1 mm.; width of pronotum
3.0 mm.; posterior femur 10.5 mm.; elytra 5.0 mm.
ReEMARKS: This species is quite distinct by the reticulation which
almost fills the mirror; this character does not fit perfectly either with
Acla or with Aclodes and the knowledge of other species will probably
lead to the reunion of these two genera.
Acla vicina, new species
Figure 3, f
Hoxotryre: Male; Cerro Azul, about 120 miles northwest of Pu-
callpa, Rio Ucuyali, Peri, May 6, 1947, Schunke (USNM 62067).
Mate: Size medium; testaceous varied with brown, finely pubescent;
Head short; vertex abruptly sloping; superior part adorned with four
yellow lines which are united in front by three semicircular lines;
another fine yellow line borders the internal face of the eye till the
cheek, where it is united to the occiput by a short oblique line;
frontal rostrum very narrow. Face yellow varied with brown. Eyes
strongly projecting; ocelli very small, the anterior one at extremity
of the rostrum, the lateral ocelli at base. Antennae brown with a
few yellow rings. Palpi rather short, slender; 5th joint of the maxil-
lary palpi feebly enlarged at apex which is straightly truncated.
Pronotum as long as wide in front, feebly widening backwards,
with straight anterior and posterior margins; disk feebly convex,
irregular, finely furrowed in the middle; lateral lobes with inferior
margin ascending backwards, brown with anterior margin yellow.
Abdomen brown; subgenital plate rather long, rounded at top.
Genitalia rather short and similar to those of the preceding species
(fig. 3,f).
Legs moderately long, varied with yellowish and brownish. Anterior
and median tibiae thickened at base, mottled with brown; tibiae
presenting three brown rings, the anterior ones nondilated at base,
presenting on the internal face a small, nearly round foramen; apex
of the anterior tibiae armed with two inferior spurs, the internal
being the longer; median tibiae armed with three apical spurs; tarsi
376166—56——2
258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
long, chiefly the metatarsus which is brown with: yellow base. Pos-
terior femora rather short and thick at base, with almost null filiform
apical part; external face obliquely striated with brown. Posterior
tibiae presenting four brown rings, armed with four external, three
internal spines which are short and placed quite in the apical part;
margins strongly serrulated; external apical spurs very short, median
and superior internal spurs longer, chiefly the median, which, however,
does not exceed one-third the metatarsus; the latter is long, brown
with yellow base, armed above with a row of five or six denticles, the
apical spurs short.
Elytra extending to the apex of abdomen, rounded at apex; mirror
very large, occupying more than two-thirds of the length of the
elytron, divided by 13 undilated veins; diagonal vein very short;
1st chord rather long, almost straight and almost touching the mirror;
2nd chord short, strongly curved; anal field very short, the archet
unbroken, simply undulated; oblique veins very close, about 12 in
number (description made from the left elytron, the right one being
absent), apical field very short with one vein only; lateral field dark
brown, Sc plain.
Length 12.0 mm.; pronotum 2.8 mm.; posterior femur 11.0 mm.;
elytra 7.0 mm.
Remarks: Very close to A. multivenosa Chopard, from Costa Rica,
but smaller with larger elytra and mirror occupying a more important
place.
Genus Aclodes Hebard, 1928
Aclodes maculatum (Caudell)
Endacusta maculata Caudell, Ins. Inse, Menstr., vol. 6, p. 66, 1918.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED; PERU: Pucallpa, Jan. 22, 1948 (1c),
Schunke; Tingo Maria, December 1949 (107), Allard.
Family OECANTHIDAE
Key to the American genera
Posterior tibiae serrulated and armed with small spines on the superior margins.
Oecanthus Serville
Posterior tibiae serrulated without spines. . ........ Neoxabea Kirby
Genus Oecanthus Serville, 1831
Oecanthus peruvianus Walker
Oecanthus peruvianus Walker, Catalogue of the . . . Dermaptera Saltatoria .. .
in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 95, 1869.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Pert: Chanchamayo, La Merced, Feb. 2,
1949 (19), Schunke.
~I
10.
11.
CRICKETS—CHOPARD 259
Family TRIGONIDIIDAE
Key to the American genera
. Last joint of maxillary palpi more or less dilated but of normal shape. . . 2
Last joint of maxillary palpi considerably expanded, foliaceous. . . . . 10
. Elytra of male presenting a distinct mirror. . . .......... 4 38
Elytral venation similar in both sexes . . . . 7
. Head flattened above; eyes horizontally lengthened’ 5th oan ae adlae
palpi very short ..... 5 . . Cyrtoxipha Brunner
Head convex above; eyes Vanticatlns lengiliened’ 5th joint of maxillary palpi
longer 305745!7% Ne fe OS
. Form extremely slerider posterior Pec eRtenal ncarly: Pat as Tone as the other
joints together... . . . . . . Macroanaxipha Hebard
Not so slender; posterior neater Bhorcr post taghs: J 4) a ee oto Se eM
. Anterior tibiae without tympana; size very small. . . . . Faleicula Rehn
Anterior tibiae with more or less distinct tympana; size larger. . . . . . 6
. Auditory tympana linear, imperforate; tegmina corneous, the veins poorly
defined. Color of insect bright . ..... . . Symphyloxiphus Rehn
Auditory tympana oval; tegmina membranaceous. Color of insect dull
yellow or brownish to blackish . ..... . . . . Amaxipha Saussure
. Elytra covered with a fine pubescence ... . . . Hebardinella Chopard
Elytra without hairs on the dorsal surface .............. 8
Elytral veins quite straight, parallel, projecting . . . nk 19
Elytral veins less projecting, more or less oblique and a eerie
Metioche Stal
. Posterior legs abnormally long. . . .... . . . . . Estrellina Hebard
Legs of normallength.... . .. . . . KRhicnogryllus Chopard
Head and pronotum very elongate; coloration more or less metallic; pronotum
without pubescence . . . ... .. . Cranistus Stal
Head short; pronotum a little longer than vide Gi MIS My tT Brite Ee
Eyes feebly projecting; pronotum without hairy covering.
Phyllopalpus Uhler
Eyes more strongly projecting; pronotum with hairy covering.
Phylloseyrtus Guerin
Genus Cyrtoxipha Brunner, 1873
Cyrtoxipha pernambucensis Rehn
Cyrtoxipha pernambucensis Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 72,
p. 283, pl. 11, fig. 39, 1920.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Pert: Pucallpa, Jan. 29, 1948 (19), Feb. 1.
1948 (19), Schunke; Tingo Maria, Nov. 14, 1949 (19), Allard.
Genus Anaxipha Saussure, 1874
Anaxipha peruviana Saussure
FIGURE 3,9
Cyrtoxipha peruviana Saussure, Mission scientifique au Mexique... . Recher-
ches zoologiques, pt. 6, section 1 (Orthoptéres), p. 378, 1874.
260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 106
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bouivia: Blanca Flor, January 1922 (19),
Mann; Huachi, September 1921 (19), Mann; Mapiri, September 1921
(1 "), Mann; Tumupasa, September 1921 (1c), Mann. Prrt: Chan-
chamayo, Apr. 26, 1948 (19), June 3, 1948 (107), Schunke; Divisoria,
1947 (19), 1948 (1%), Dec. 4, 1947 (19), Feb 15, 1948 (1c), Schunke;
Tingo Maria, November 1949 (ic), December 1949 (27%, 19), Jan-
uary 1950 (30°, 6 2Q), February 1950 (167, 19), Feb. 11, 1956 1),
Feb. 14, 1950 (19), Feb. 19, 1950 (1%, 19).
Remarks: Both the Bolivian and Peruvian series include macrop-
terous as well as micropterous specimens. Several micropterous ones
from Tingo Maria are intensively colored.
Anaxipha conspersa (Bruner)
FIGURE 38,h,p
Cyrtozipha conspersa Bruner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 406, 1916.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: BoxiviA: Coroico (1); Huachi, September
1921 (1c), Mann; Tumupasa, December 1921 (19), Mann. Pert:
Fundo Sinchona, Aug. 5, 1947 (19), Schunke; Pucallpa, Jan. 10, 1948
(1%), Schunke.
Anaxipha mexima (Bruner)
FIGURE 3,1,n
Cyrtoxipha maxima Bruner, Ann, Carnegie Mus., vol. 10, p. 407, 1916.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bonivia: Reyes (19), Mann; Rosario, Nov-
ember 1921 (1c), Mann.
Anaxiphe ruficeps, new species
Hoxotyre: Male; Tingo Marfa, Perti, Feb. 14, 1950, Allard
(USNM 62068).
Maun: Slender, of a very light general coloration. Head somewhat
flattened above, adorned with four wide, rufous bands, uniting in front
a little before the extremity of the rostrum; this rufous tint is bordered
with an opaque, yellow band. Face as long as wide, pale yellow.
Eyes projecting, rounded. Antennae yellow with Ist joint blackish
brown. Palpi yellow; 4th joint of maxillary palpi shorter than 3d, 5th
large, triangular, rather strongly enlarged at apex.
Pronotum narrowing in front; disk yellow, adorned in the middle
with a wide brown band with a fine median yellow line; lateral lobes
yellow with a rufous band in the superior part, inferior margin straight,
anterior margin a little rounded. Abdomen yellow; genitalia almost
alike those of peruviana.
Ficure 1.—Holotypes of: a, Hygronemobius longespinosus, new species, female; b, Rhic-
nogryllus annulipes, new species, male; c, Prosthacusta amplipennis, new species, male;
d, Diatrypa allardi, new species, male. Drawn by Arthur D. Cushman, Entomology
Research Branch, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
261
CRICKETS—CHOPARD
Ficure 1.—For explanation see facing page.
262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 106
Legs long and slender. Anterior tibiae rather strongly widening
almost to the middle, perforated with two large, oval tympana; 2d and
3d joints of the tarsus grayish brown. Medium femora adorned with
a rufous spot on each side a little before the apex. Posterior femora
long and slender, yellow; spines of the tibiae long, grayish; apical
spurs short, the two internal ones wide, furrowed beneath.
Elytra strongly exceeding the apex of abdomen, rather narrow;
mirror large, longer than wide by a quarter; diagonal vein rather long,
strongly curved at base, then very close and almost parallel to the
Ficurr 2.—Holotypes of: a, Anaxipha nigerrima, new species, male; b, Metioche boliviana,
new species, male. Drawn by Arthur D, Cushman, Entomology Research Branch, U. S.
Department of Agriculture.
oblique vein; coloration of a very pale, almost transparent yellow,
with a few brown spots in the anal field, at extremity of the chords
and quite at apex of the elytron; lateral field transparent with two
veins. Wings long, grayish.
Length of body 6.5 mm.; length with wings 11.5 mm.; elytra 5.5
mm.; posterior femur 5.2 mm.
Remarks: This species is remarkable by a rather narrow shape and
a very pale general coloration with a well marked pattern on the head
and elytra. The genitalia are almost similar to those of A. perumana.
CRICKETS—-CHOPARD 263
Figure 3.—Male genitalia (unless otherwise noted) of: a, Acheta fulvastra, new species;
b, Pteronemobius schunket, new species; c, P. cubensis Saussure} d, Prosthacusta amplipennts,
new species: ¢, Acla reticulata, new species: f, 4. vicina, new species (inferior part); g,
Anaxipha peruviana Saussure; h, A. conspersa Bruner; 1, 4. maxima Bruner; j, A. soror,
new species; k, 4. infirmenotata, new species; |, A. smithi Saussure; m-p, oblique vein,
diagonal vein, and anterior part of the mirror of: m, Anaxipha soror, new species; n, A.
maxima Bruner; 0, A. infirmenotata, new species; p, 4. conspersa Bruner.
264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
Anaxipha soror, new species
FIGurRE 3,7,m
Houotyrer: Male; Tingo Marfa, Pert, Feb. 11, 1950, in jungle,
Allard (USNM 62029).
Matz: A large species, of the conspersa-mazima group; coloration
uniformly dark testaceous. Head a little wider than pronotum in
front, feebly flattened above. Eyes rounded. Antennae broken, the
basal joints yellowish. Palpi testaceous; 4th joint of maxillary palpi
shorter than 3d, 5th triangular, brown, feebly obliquely truncated at
apex.
Pronotum transverse, rather strongly narrowing in front, provided
with long bristles; lateral lobes yellowish with straight inferior margin,
much-rounded anterior angle.
Legs relatively short, very pubescent. Anterior and median femora
adorned with a brown ring before the apex; anterior tibiae moderately
swollen at base perforated with two large, oval tympana. Posterior
femora rather strongly dilated at base, without filiform apical part;
tibiae spotted with brown at base of the spines; apical spurs strongly
pubescent, the two large internal ones relatively short and thick.
Elytra extending a little farther than the abdominal extremity;
mirror large (2.63.2 mm.); diagonal vein regularly bisinuated; lateral
field with three veins; space between the Sc and the first vein very
wide, regularly divided by vertical veinlets. Wings very long.
Length of body 6.8 mm.; length with wings 11 mm.; posterior femur
5.5 mm.; elytra 6.0 mm.
Anaxipha infirmenctata, new species
Ficure& 3,k,o
Hotoryre: Male; Tingo Marfa, February 1950, Allard (USNM
62070),
Description: Very close to the preceding. Head rather strongly
darkened above; 4th joint of the maxillary palpi almost equal to the
3d, 5th very large and chiefly very wide at apex, which is straightly
truncated. Pronotum rather strongly narrowing in front; middle of
the disk adorned with a large, brown, irregular spot; lateral lobes
yellow with a few small brown spots. Anterior and median legs a
little longer than in the preceding species; femora adorned with a
Ficure 4.—Male genitalia (unless otherwise noted) of: a, Anaxipha stolzmanni Bolivar;
b, A. allardi, new species, viewed from above; c, same, inferior side; d, 4. nigripennis, new
species; ¢, 4. nigerrima, new species; f, A. schunket, new species; g, Metioche boliviana, new
species; h, M. peruviana, new species; i, maxillary palpus of M. perustana; j, maxillary
palpus of M. boliviana; k, Rhicnogryllus annulipes, new species; /, Eneopterotdes flavifrons ,
new species; m, Diatrypa pallidilabris Chopard; , D. allardi, new species; 0, D. latipennis ,
new species; p, D. schunkei, new species.
265
CRICKETS—-CHOPARD
Ficure 4.—For explanation see facing page.
266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vO. 106
brown ring a little before the apex; anterior tibiae strongly enlarged
at base to the middle; auditory foramina very large, spotted with
brown above. Posterior legs wanting. Elytra extending beyond the
apex of abdomen; coloration of a dark amber with a few weak brown
spots on the chords and at apex; mirror very large, 1} times as long
as wide; diagonal vein thickened and strongly curved at base, feebly
convex after; the chord along the internal margin of the elytron very
thick. Wings very long, brownish.
Length of body 7.5 mm.; length with wings 14.5 mm.; elytra 8.0 mm.
The five species of the group conspersa-maxima are close and may
be distinguished by the following key:
1. Diagonal vein curved at base only, very close and almost parallel to the
ODA -VieIn s5 1s Guryst ctacy Pay tetas ot, ta) cis Noa felonies a See tat ae ate ruficeps
Diagonal vein Bigimiatode noe ne all parallel ‘iB the oblique vein ..... 2
2. Mirror nearly as wide as long; diagonal vein very distant from the oblique
vein; posterior femora strongly spotted with brown . . . . . . comspersa
Mirror longer than wide by a quarter; diagonal vein not so distant from the
ODNGUEZ Vel SaeoN wnt “Aas siete se ts nats) Bee thc eee cus a komne ote 3
3. Last joint of maxillary palpi strongly enlarged at top. ....... ot he
Last joint of maxillary palpi not so wide at apex; diagonal vein quite regularly
bisinuated ..... o) geri? isy 6 Dromeer = sme, ve uc Gedes Pq oe OLOL
4. Diagonal vein strongly carved ar ak er ee eres it Sate
Diagonal vein very feebly curved. . ....... . . . infirmenotata
Anaxipha smithi (Saussure)
FIauRE 3,l
Cyrtoziphus smithi Saussure, in Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana,
Orthoptera, vol. 1, p. 236, 1897.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Boutrvia: Blanca Flor, January 1922 (1%),
Mann; Cachuela, March 1922 (1c’), Mann; Rurrenabaque, January
1922 (lo), Mann. Pert: Pucallpa, Feb. 3, 1948 (19), Mar. 2, 1948
(27%, 229), Schunke; Tingo Maria, November 1949 (1c), Allard.
Anaxipha stolzmanni (Bolivar)
FIGURE 4,a
Cyrtoxiphus stolemanni Bolivar, Anal. Soc. Espafiola Hist. Nat., vol. 10, p. 475,
1881.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Bo.ivia: Blanca Flor, January 1922 (10%),
Mann. Pert: Chanchamayo, Apr. 29, 1948 (1c), May 5, 1948 (107),
Schunke; Pucallpa, Oct. 17, 1947 (19), Schunke; Tingo Maria, Novem-
ber 1949 (16, 299), December 1949 (19), February 1950 (19), Allard.
Anaxipha championi (Saussure)
Cyrtoziphus championi Saussure, in Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-
Americana, vol. 1, p. 236, pl. 11, fig. 41, 1897.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Boxivia: Tumupasa, December 1921 (1%),
Mann.
EEE
Figure 5.—Male genitalia (unless otherwise noted) ‘of : a, Amblyrhetus nodtifer, new species,
upper figure as seen from above, lower figure as seen from beneath; Jb, extremity of
ovipositor of Amblyrhetus nodifer, new species, left figure as seen from above, right
figure as seen from beneath; c, Aphonomorphus telskit Saussure, viewed from above;
d, same, inferior part; ¢, same, side view; f, A. stipatus, new species; g, A. soctus, new
species; h, S. disstmilis, new species; 1, 4. obscurus, new species; 7, extremity of ovipositor
of A. obscurus, new species; k, A. deceptor, new species; 1, m, A. schunkei, new species n,
A, allardi, new species.
268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 106
Anaxipha gracilis (Scudder)
Trigonidvum gracile Scudder, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 12, p. 331, 1869.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: PERU: Pucallpa, 1948 (19), Schunke.
Anaxipha annulipes Hebard
Anazipha annulipes Hebard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 76, p. 233,
pl. 10, fig. 17, 1924.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Pert: Tingo Maria, December 1949 (19),
Allard.
Anaxipha allardi, new species
Fiaure 4,b,c
Typrs: Holotype: Male; Tingo Maria, Peri, November 1949,
Allard (USNM 62071). Allotype: Tingo Maria, Peri, December
1949, Allard (9) (USNM).
Description: Small, yellow varied with light brown drawings.
Head short, convex, adorned with a wide brown band which is divided
by a fine longitudinal yellow line, and a narrower brown band behind
each eye; frontal rostrum provided with two rows of five or six long
bristles. Face scarcely longer than wide, yellow adorned with two
brown spots along the internal margin of the antennal sockets which
are separated only by a narrow yellow band; in the middle these spots
are yellow; beneath each eye there is a brown band extending a little
on the side of the clypeus; the center of the latter is spotted with
brown. Eyes rounded, rather strongly projecting; ocelli small, the
anterior one a little before the extremity of the rostrum. Antennae
light brownish. Palpi yellow; 4th joint of the maxillary palpi shorter
than 3d, 5th widely triangular, straightly truncated at apex.
Pronotum transverse, very feebly narrowing in front, with anterior
and posterior margin straight; disk feebly convex, faintly pubescent;
general coloration brown with a narrow yellow line in the middle and
two wide bands of the same color on the sides; anterior and posterior
margins narrowly yellow with a series of small brown spots; lateral
lobes yellow with small brown spots. Legs yellow, spotted with light
brown, pubescent. Anterior and median femora with a weak brown
Ficure 6.—a-d, Male genitalia of Aphonomorphus adjunctus, new species: a, as seen from
above, holotype; 6, same, paratype; c, inferior part, holotype; d, side view, holotype.
¢, Extremity of ovipositor of A. adjunctus, new species. f-1, Reticulation of middle
of elytron in: f, Euaphonus peruvianus Saussure, g, Aphonomorphus stipatus, new species;
h, A. schunkei, new species; i, A. adjunctus, new species. 7, Genitalia of male Euaphonus
peruvianus Saussure from Chanchamayo; k, extremity of E. peruvianus from Pucallpa;
l, genitalia of male Paraphonus vicinus, new species; m, male Rhipipteryx difformipes,
new species, abdominal extremity; 7, same, median leg; 0, Rhipipteryx vicinus, new species,
abdominal extremity of male; p, Rhipipteryx femoratus, new species, anterior leg; g, same,
abdominal extremity of male; r, R. schunkei, new species, abdominal extremity of male.
269
CRICKETS—-CHOPARD
270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
ring near the apex; anterior tibiae perforated with two foramina in the
female (macropterous condition), without these tympana in the male
(micropterous). Posterior femora relatively short and thick, adorned
on the external face with a longitudinal brown band along the inferior
margin and numerous oblique bands of the same color, more or less
anatomosed. Spines of the posterior tibiae long, spotted with brown
at base and at apex.
Mate: Abdomen blackish beneath; subgenital plate with posterior
margin narrowly yellow, presenting a slight median projection.
Elytra extending a little beyond the abdominal extremity, yellowish,
translucent; mirror very large, 1% times as long as wide, with anterior
angle strongly acute, the widest part much beneath the middle; diag-
onal vein very short, sinuated; lateral field nearly transparent, with
three veins. No wings.
Frema.e: Elytra very pale yellow, translucent; the part of the left
elytron which is covered by the right one is smooth, completely
transparent; dorsal field with four rather strong, almost longitudinal
veins, which are separated by feebly marked false vein; transverse
veinlets rather numerous, strong, forming large, rectangular, rather
regular areolae. Wings lengthily caudate. Abdomen yellowish.
Ovipositor rather short, wide, with apical valves smooth, occupying
almost half the total length.
Dimensions (in millimeters): Length of body 5.0; length with
wings, 2 9.5; posterior femur, 4.2; elytra, o 3.7, 9 3.5; ovipositor, 2.2.
Remarks: A small species well characterized by its relatively short
shape, its thick posterior femora, its coloration pale with well marked
light brown drawings.
Anaxipha latefasciata, new species
Houotyre: Female; Rosario, Lake Rogagua, Bolivia, Oct. 28—Nov.
9, 1921, Mann (USNM 62072).
FEMALE: Small, yellow with a wide brown band extending from the
head to the extremity of the elytra. Head short, flattened, brown
above; face longer than wide, yellow. Eyes feebly lengthened longi-
tudinally. Antennae and palpi yellow; 1st joint of antennae spotted
with brown on the internal face; 4th joint of maxillary palpi much
shorter than 3d, 5th short and wide, triangular, straightly truncated
at apex.
Pronotum feebly narrowing in front, with anterior margin convex,
posterior margin straight; disk rather strongly convex, furrowed in
the middle, feebly pubescent, shining; all the median part is occupied
by the longitudinal brown band; lateral lobes yellow, with straight
inferior margin, rounded anterior angle. Abdomen brown above,
CRICKETS—-CHOPARD 271
yellow beneath. Ovipositor rather long; apical valves occupying half
the total length, very finely denticulated.
Legs yellow. Anterior tibiae perforated with two oval tympana.
Elytra extending to the apex of abdomen, yellow shining with the
wide brown band which extends on the whole length, with veins widely
separated and somewhat projecting; dorsal field with four diverging
veins, the internal rather joining the 2d; transverse veinlets very few,
forming a few irregular, large cells; lateral field with four veins, one
of which is incomplete. Wings yellowish, caudate.
Length of body 4.2 mm.; length with wings 8 mm.; posterior femur
3.5 mm.; elytra 3 mm.; ovipositor 1.6 mm.
Remarks: This species presents a rather irregular elytral venation
as.in the species of the nitida group; the coloration is characteristic.
The shape of the eyes and palpi is somewhat cyrtoxiphoid.
Anaxipha nigripennis, new species
Ficure 4,d
Hototyrse: Male; Chanchamayo, Department of Junin, Pert,
elevation 1,200 meters, Apr. 29, 1948, Schunke (USNM 62073).
Maus: Wholly blackish with yellow legs. Head dark brown, feebly
flattened above; face black, shining. Eyes rounded, projecting,
scarcely lengthened dorsoventrally. Antennae yellow with two first
joints blackish. Palpi yellow; last joint of maxillary palpi moderately
widened at apex, darkened.
Pronotum very wide and strongly narrowing in front, furrowed in
the middle; lateral lobes with straight inferior margin, much-rounded
anterior angle. Abdomen blackish; subgenital plate feebly truncated
at apex.
Anterior legs wanting. Median legs yellow with a few small rufous
brown spots towards the apex of femora and on the tibiae. Posterior
femora rather thick, presenting fairly numerous small brown spots;
spines and apical spurs of the tibiae brown, the spurs rather short;
metatarsi yellow with brown extremity; 2d joint brown.
Elytra blackish brown; mirror large, as wide as long, the internal
margin regularly rounded; diagonal vein very weakly sinuated, very
close to the oblique vein towards the apex; lateral field blackish with
three veins, the first of which is strongly diverging from the Sc; the
space between these two veins is divided by six straight veinlets. No
wings.
Length of body 6.8 mm.; posterior femur 5.0 mm.; elytra 4.8 mm.
Remarks: This species is close to platyptera Hebard; the general
shape is a little less wide and the posterior femora have no brown
band in the middle.
272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Anaxipha nigerrima, new species
Fiaurss 2,a, 4,e
Typrs: Holotype: Female; Fundo Sinchono, about 40 miles south-
west of Pucallpa, Rio Ucuyali, Pert, Aug. 14, 1947, Schunke (USNM
62074). Allotype: Same locality as holotype, Aug. 29, 1947, Schunke
(1) (USNM). Paratypes: Same locality as holotype, Sept. 5, 1947,
Schunke (167); Divisoria, elevation 1,600 meters, about 80 miles
southwest of Pucallpa, Rio Ucuyali, Pert, 1947, Schunke (19);
Tingo Maria, Peri, December 1949, Allard (1<”7) (USNM).
Frmate: Blackish, shining with yellowish legs, the posterior femora
adorned in the middle with a blackish brown ring. Head blackish
brown, shining, almost glabrous; vertex sloping, flattened. Face
brown. Eyes projecting, rounded. Antennae yellow with blackish
two first joints. Palpi blackish; 4th joint of maxillary palpi much
shorter than 3d, 5th scarcely equal to the 3d, triangular.
Pronotum blackish with a fine whitish pubescence and some long
black bristles, chiefly along the anterior margin; general shape rather
neatly narrowing in front; anterior margin rather convex, posterior
margin feebly sinuated; disk rather strongly convex, feebly furrowed
in the middle; lateral lobes with straight inferior margin, much-
rounded anterior angle. Abdomen dark brown. Ovipositor rather
short, with apical valves equaling almost half the total length, very
finely denticulated. Cerci brownish with yellow base.
Legs rather long. Anterior femora yellowish with a fine black
pubescence, feebly darkened at apex; tibiae blackish, with strongly
widened basal half; auditory foramina large, chiefly the internal;
tarsi blackish, the metatarsus very long, the 3d joint very short.
Median femora like the anterior ones; tibiae not so strongly darkened.
Posterior femora long, rather narrow, yellowish, with a rather
wide blackish ring in the middle; tibiae yellowish, darkened at top,
with rather short grayish spines; apical spurs short, dark gray, the
superointernal wide, acute at apex, extending only to the middle of
the metatarsus; the latter is long, grayish with yellowish base.
Elytra as long as abdomen, rather narrow, wholly of a shiming
black; veins of the dorsal field rather projecting, oblique, widely
separated, plain, uniting at apex, except the Cu which is furcate near
the extremity; transverse veinlets very distant; lateral field black,
with three plain, parallel veins.“*Wings caudate; anterior field
blackish with white apex.
Length of body 6.8 mm.; length with wings 12.0 mm.; posterior
femur 5.1 mm.; elytra 5.0 mm.; ovipositor 2.0 mm.
Mate (allotype): Head, pronotum, and legs as in the female,
Elytra with parallel margins; mirror large and wide, 1% times as long
CRICKETS—CHOPARD 273
as wide; chords long, parallel, nearly straight; diagonal vein rather
short, convex, very close to the oblique vein towards the apex.
Length of body 7.0 mm.; length with wings 12.5 mm.; posterior
femur 5.5 mm.; elytra 6.0 mm.
This species is close to A. nitida Chopard, from French Guiana; it
is larger, without any trace of the whitish spot which exists towards
the middle of the elytra, the elytral venation is a little more regular.
It also differs from annulipes Hebard by the absence of a second
brown ring on the posterior femora and by the wings, which are
whitish at top.
Anaxipha schunkei, new species
Fie@ure 4,f
HouotyrPe: Male; Fundo Sinchono, about 40 miles southwest of
Pucallpa, Rio Ucuyali, Peri, Aug. 27, 1947, Schunke (USNM 62075).
Mate: Dark testaceous with a few feeble light brown spots on the
legs and elytra. Head rufous, a little flattened above; frontal rostrum
as wide as the 1st joint of antennae, a little rounded at top. Face as
long as wide, testaceous, smooth. Eyes slightly lengthened antero-
posteriorly; ocelli very small, the anterior one placed a little before
the extremity of the rostrum. Antennae yellow with small light
brown rings. Palpi yellowish; 5th joint of the maxillary palpi large,
triangular, somewhat darkened at apex, which is straightly truncated.
Pronotum rufous, slightly narrowing in front; disk feebly convex,
furrowed in the middle; lateral lobes concolorous, with convex inferior
margin, much-rounded anterior angle. Abdomen testaceous. Geni-
talia somewhat asymetric, forming two very long horns.
Legs rather long, yellowish covered with a fine brown pubescence.
Anterior and median femora very narrowly darkened at apex and
adorned a little before with a small brown ring; anterior tibiae very
feebly dilated at base, presenting on the external face a rather small
oval tympanum; superior face adorned with a small brown spot at
base and another a little larger about the anterior third; apex armed
with two inferior spurs; apex of the metatarsus and second joint of
the tarsus brown. Median legs similar to the anterior ones. Pos-
terior femora moderately swollen, adorned with three feebly marked
brown bands, one a little before the middle, the second about the
apical fourth, the third at apex. Posterior tibiae and extremity of
the legs in very bad state.
Elytra large, extending a little beyond the abdominal extremity;
their color is amber yellow, adorned with brownish spots in the anterior
angle of the mirror, on the chords, near the posterior margin, and
towards the middle of the cubital vein; mirror very large, nearly as
long as wide; diagonal vein short, sinuated. No wings.
376166—56——3
274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
Length of body 5.0 mm.; posterior femur 5.0 mm.; elytra 4.2 mm.
Remarks: This species belongs to the simulacrum type; the anterior
tibiae being very feebly dilated and the eyes almost cyrtoxiphoid.
The shape of the genitalia is very peculiar.
Genus Phylloscyrtus Guerin, 1844
Phylloscyrtus cicindeloides Gerstaecker
Phylloscyrtus cicindeloides Gerstaecker, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 24, p. 428, 1863.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Braziu: Mandfos (1<7), Merrill.
Phylloscyrtus elegans Guerin
Phylloscyrtus elegans Guerin, Iconographie du régne animal de G. Cuvier .
p. 333, 1844.
“oy
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: PERU: Tingo Maria, December 1949 (299),
Allard.
Genus Metioche Stal, 1877
Metioche boliviana, new species
Ficures 2,b, 4,9,7
Types: Holotype: Male; Blanca Flor, Rio Beni, Bolivia, Mann
(USNM 62076). Allotype: Rurrenabaque, Rio Beni, Bolivia, No-
vember 1921, Mann (9) (USNM).
Maus: Rather dark brownish, feebly pubescent. Head a little
wider than pronotum in front, without any ornament; vertex sloping;
frontal rostrum as wide as Ist antennal joint. Face a little longer
than wide, brown, smooth. Eyes rather strongly projecting, rounded.
Antennae and palpi brown.
Pronotum with straight anterior and posterior margins, nearly
parallel sides; disk convex, furrowed in the middle, presenting a fine
whitish pubescence and long bristles on the sides; lateral lobes of the
same color as the disk. Abdomen brownish, pubescent; subgenital
plate narrowing a little posteriorly. Genitalia short, in the shape of
a very plain tong.
Legs of a dirty yellow; anterior and median femora with a feebly
marked brown ring before the apex; posterior femora without any
ornament; anterior tibiae perforated with two foramina. Posterior
tibiae somewhat darkened with rather long spines; superointernal
apical spur longer than half the metatarsus.
Elytra long and narrow, with parallel and rather regularly spaced
longitudinal veins; Cu furcate near the apex; transverse veinlets
rather regular, scarce; lateral field darker than the dorsal field,
presenting three regularly spaced veins. Wings rather long, brown.
Length of body 5.7 mm.; length with wings 8.5 mm.; posterior femur
4.5 mm.; elytra 4.2 mm.
CRICKETS—CHOPARD 275
Fremae: Almost similar to the male. Maxillary palpi yellowish,
with 4th joint a little shorter than the 3d, 5th long, triangular. Elytral
venation similar to the male but the veins a little less straight, curved
at base and at apex, Cu more neatly furcate. Ovipositor short and
wide, the apical valves occupying half the total length.
Length of body 5.4 mm.; length with wings 8.7 mm.; posterior
femur 4.5 mm.; elytra 4.2 mm.; ovipositor 2 mm.
Metioche peruviana, new species
Ficure 4,h,7
Horotype: Male; Tingo Maria, Pert, February 1950, Allard
(USNM 62077).
Mate: Very close to the preceding. Differing from it in the longer
legs, the 5th joint of maxillary palpi shorter and wider and the shape
of genitalia (fig. 4,7). The elytral venation is quite similar to that of
the female of boliviana.
Length of body 5.7 mm.; length with wings 9.5 mm.; posterior
femur 5 mm.; elytra 4.5 mm.
Genus Rhicnogryllus Chopard, 1925
Rhicnogryllus annulipes, new species
Ficures 1,b, 4,k
Houtotyrr: Male; Tingo Maria, Pert, February 1950, Allard
(USNM 62078).
Mate: Light testaceous, varied with brown. Head a little wider
than pronotum, feebly flattened above, adorned with four weak brown
bands; frontal rostrum as wide as 1st antennal joint. Face triangular,
as long as wide, rufous, smooth. Eyes rather strongly projecting,
feebly lengthened dorsoventrally; ocelli very small. Antennae
yellowish with small brown rings. Palpi yellowish, feebly darkened
at apex; 4th joint of maxillary palpi shorter than 3d, 5th in the shape
of a long triangle, moderately widened at apex which is straightly
truncated.
Pronotum with parallel sides, anterior margin very feebly convex,
bordered with long bristles; posterior margin straight; disk feebly
convex, furrowed in the middle, testaceous with two brownish spots
near the posterior margin; lateral lobes with straight inferior margin,
adorned with a wide longitudinal brown band; surface covered with a
rather abundant whitish pubescence and a few long bristles on the
sides. Abdomen brownish above, yellow beneath. Cerci yellow.
Legs rather long, yellowish with brown rings. Anterior and median
tibiae with a brown ring a little before the apex; tibiae with two
brown rings, the anterior ones nonperforated, not at all dilated at
base; extremity of the metatarsus and 2d tarsal joint brown. Posterior
276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
femora rather thick, yellowish adorned with a wide brown ring towards
the middle and another one quite near the apex; tibiae with three
brown rings; tibial spines brown; external apical spurs yellow, internal
spurs Bowie metatarsi long, yellow with brown top, 2d joint brown.
Elytra extending almost to the apex of abdomen, testaceous with
brown extremity ; - dorsal field presenting six quite straight, parallel
projecting veins; transverse veinlets very few; lateral field with four
regularly distant veins. No wings.
Length of body 5 mm.; posterior femur 4.6 mm.; elytra 2.7 mm.
Remarks: This is the e st species of the genus Rhienogr yllus found
in America.
Family ENEOPTERIDAE
Key to the American genera
1, Apical spurs of the posterior tibiae long, the median longer than the other
two either side (Eneopterinae group). . . REE O42
Externoapical spurs of the posterior tibiae very shorts Siaiced canine in length;
internal spurs very different in length, the superior the longest (Podoscir-
fenae Croup) < -. 04 PMs aie mee es Sere sa lee eo) ey, Scere 5
2. Posterior metatansus; long, . wise tene neat del coreoty: oo ee
Posterior metatarsus short. . .. . ines
3. Posterior femora very long; elytra epronciinn beyond ‘the aa of abdomen.
Eneoptera Burmeister
Posterior femora rather short; elytra extending only to the apex of abdomen.
Ponca Hebard
4. Frontal rostrum three times as wide as the first antennal joint; elytra of male
a little shorter than abdomen, with a perfect mirror . Ligypterus Saussure
Frontal rostrum scarcely wider than the first antennal joint; male elytra
without mirror. .. . . .. . . Eneopteroides, new genus
5. Posterior tibiae armed win strong spines but without denticles at base or
before the spines. .. . ... . . .Stenogryllus Saussure
Posterior tibiae armed with Eanes a denticles. ... Til +, Telaes0
6. Posterior tibiae armed with two or three spines towards fhe apex.
Chremon Rehn
Posterior tibiae armed with five or six spines occupying more than the distal
Halfs tie @: rn ae age
7. Body strongly alone ties astenta: Pchatarecr fone matte ino rows Sat denticles
(anterior tibiae nonperforated; elytra of male small, without tympana).
Cylindrogryllus Saussure
General shape variable but not so pore? posterior metatarsus rather
SHOlt 4: cure yer WAEY 2 )e TEPC o, OOEeS
8. Elytra of the male mroided Ww rin HAMILTON? Hea IES oe teste RA c ate 9
Elytral venation similar in both sexes. . . . ES TOY APOE: “18
9. Head globular; vertex short, without rostrum, Letaswereely eines (anterior
tibiae perforated either side)... .....-. Phylogryllus Saussure
Head with a prominent rostrum between the antennae. . ..... - 10
10. Head vertical; mouth directed downwards. . . . Si peak OS te
Head horizontal; mouth directed forwards @iaterior fiBiae perforated on
the external face) . lolol .00 G0. 82. .1arie 2 ahetetrypas! Saussure
11.
12.
13.
14.
16.
i
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24,
26.
CRICKETS—-CHOPARD 260
Elytra of the male with several oblique veins... . esl ee eke
Elytra of the male with one or two oblique veins, froten’ in the shape of
Shr NP oti ohne ens B atfis vara tO,
Oblique veins harallels BAGEAIOE tibiae neridratedta on both Paes i he DS
Oblique veins flexuous, nonparallel .... . 5 6, Bene TA
Elytra of the male almost without apical field (female apteTOUn, with very
short ovipositor, without apical valves). . . . . . Hapithoides Hebard
Elytra of the male with well-developed apical field . . . Diatrypa Saussure
Body very long and slender. Ovipositor without apical valves. Wings
much longer than the elytra; tibiae perforated on both faces.
Stenoecanthus Chopard
Body moderately lengthened. Ovipositor flattened with distinct apical
valves. Wings slightly longer than the elytra. Oblique veins of the male
united at base by a corneous callus ... . oS. venkat vist Balt BLO
. Frontal rostrum narrow; body cylindrical; eles) of raeie coith numerous
oblique veins ........... ... . . Paroecanthus Saussure
Frontalrostrum wide. ... . ... . . . Amblyrhetus Kirby
Anterior tibiae perforated on bole fee ... . . . . Orocharis Uhler
Anterior tibiae perforated on the internal face only ......... 17
Surface of the body smooth and shining; ocelli placed on a transverse line.
Hapithus Uhler
Surface of the body, head, and legs wrinkled and strongly pubescent; ocelli
disposed as a triangle; median femora and tibiae strongly compressed.
seas Walker
Anterior tibiae perforated on one face at least .... . ees) ee LD
Antériortibiae without foramina. i). hee jus ae Sse! dita ior G-1 atv oF Jigen ie
: al cnecotnl anneal
ne oadottl (Ltr iver win vista up pce ee ee ee
Baie) Peatgcel yO) wails wm haat Maan ln DCN Bete
Ue) gy, (eb oA ved ae nap rped iat ta PRL alyattad
oo 4 in a MOGs wan AinagaoAll
eley BL ae 0 epg. AD: © ioe id han a1 Sut AROL
rei ss @eear' . 24 3 onal ote Mh
afr: “ tx0)) uA ri veoh Siutey etion BS bit Ant afi a abilfy we pt a “ au
, Ristt af Ar 4 ty ites ;
, Pos 2 A ST pees
iggwaek ty Agate He) ai) Ws Subolyegd agt oF ek nilitiaes A yee
‘ ve oe ma
ches re ron PuPagh a en pet Juv hee Ay ae i
; :
atts Ji ivy k'105 wal}! uil§ wey «fy it vital ong Ht me ve eae rel A BTU
SHEE ow Gh’ eblg leit’ jie AA Dak. ove © ite s
sara. of ae liegt miedMee Soar bes fiesicune ‘En 28(Ql 9]
goC=tal bh ect) Lt do pts uieens bie
“cl Jdlekah yoda hare wat gir etal 5 ar tf) NOS A nt) ,cBERE
: & | alt JOR-P 0.40 witals bali 12 set atk
deh ood out ia bruh ob'lxeais te 3 mL wep ly Sidete ebiguelt AKA
book C00) Bictigts _ =, StF messel ct, ae] a
SOM) ansicoilint)) © olongallt riage we ao to aces Wan EOE
aT
Sia" 2 in7,ca oy: 4 ja eed pa A Beh TL
‘ . a rd swt! zs ouiakt ai fi pe sd te 4D att
asodiats) : ange qo te Query ivi } Migherg Ws gut pgeuntn mphdgee t tarahenh ek nid wba apts ireh fopats oe elas it p20 pis, hag iat
7 oe is
; vee Lam lake} seed La. : LCL
Vide. wes, y o gubil et! OMS saps Jintao oeRygd9,, rogre NM ai Tel:
al | on Nibad SNe, SBR cb Spon BM deste anette elas
Ho oe fk: d) mg, AF Fe yp hEAtOT GORI pi OK ay 8h. ;
Uietl in OX (Khe we ia. JOP ty ‘ts 18
i fesdabide norAdellor tmnt «fechodal: phe er Ps &, Fil sere 2 \,: ‘samball ae WE i
oar dL alg we at uty, fd lov jetted
' ' 4 r. 7 Wad of 1a BMAOUTY aR ag ce
ti ot qniteinfisces (ene alo Lagan ‘odd ana. Les tspllog ‘satlaral HSA
f on Sh doy, cule. ie44 U @ ovate Tle) ig sepia, Tiss > pat
; ; 6 aly i aah ¢ & Qt 4
oe woARDers a
Paley 2070% aren'S, 11, ss OT gL Qed poorest ak, Avgiyxtoniail:- i OOL out
888 68S Gagid Olt wag
*
:
‘@
Sti ottew Buin .y ranAree® * 2
ee nee
.
'
7
eo
re?
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 106 Washington: 1956 No. 3367
THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF TRIGONALID WASPS
By Henry Townes!
The Trigonalidae is a small family of Hymenoptera, of which only
four species belonging to four genera are known in the Nearctic Region.
All of them are parasites, usually secondary parasites, and their hosts
include Vespidae, Pergidae, and dipterous and hymenopterous para-
sites of caterpillars.
Adult trigonalids look somewhat like medium-sized sawflies or wasps.
The relationships of the family appear to be with the Aculeata and it
fits best in the Chrysidoidea (including the Bethyloidea), but it is
aberrant wherever placed and the natural relationships of the families
of Apocrita will have to receive a general study before the proper
position of this family can be stated with confidence. Characters by
which trigonalids may be distinguished from other families of Apocrita
are: Flagellum with 14 to more than 20 segments; costal cell of fore-
wing present; hindwing with distinct venation and two closed cells;
anal lobe represented by a small vestige; and legs usually with two but
sometimes with one trochanter each. Figure 1,a illustrates a typical
member of the family.
1 Research Associate, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
295
296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Trigonalids have a peculiar life history which has been reviewed for
several species by Clausen (Entomophagous insects, pp. 56-61, 1940).
Their minute and very numerous eggs are laid at random on foliage
and subsequently eaten by caterpillars or sawfly larvae. In the
case of the species which are secondary parasites of caterpillars, the
eggs hatch in the gut of the caterpillar and the trigonalid larva
enters the body of the caterpillar to attack an ichneumonid, larvae-
vorid, or other parasitic larva. Those species parasitizing social
Vespidae presumably find their host when caterpillar prey containing
trigonalid larvae are brought to the nest as food for the young.
Individuals of the various species tend to vary considerably in size,
an indication that they have a wide range of hosts. The species
Lycogaster pullata has been reared as a parasite both of Hnicospilus
americanus (Ichneumonidae) and of Rygchium rugosum (Vespidae),
indicating an exceptionally versatile host adaptability.
Most of the specimens studied are in the U. S. National Museum
(USNM). The locations of specimens in other institutional collections
are indicated (in parentheses) by the name of the city in which they are
stored.
Key to the Nearctic genera of Trigonalidae
1. Postscutellum roughly pyramidal, the apex bifid; legs of female each with a
single trochanter . . . wave . . 4. Bareogonalos
Postscutellum not pyramidal of noeaal stages noe Slevavede legs of female
each with two trochanters.. © .o..s < « si <5 37) lange ts testes
2. Propodeal foramen bounded dorsally by a carina or aides thati is eae curved;
second tergite not punctate; second sternite of female without a tooth.
1. Orthogonalys
Propodeal foramen bounded dorsally by a carina or ridge that is sharply angled
medially; second tergite punctate; second sternite of female with a strong
medisn'apical tooth \< 4 \si}4 Gipacivre tatis Leie 3. Lycogaster
Genus Orthogonalys Schulz
Orthogonalys Schulz, Hymenopteren-Studien . . . p. 76, 1905. Type: Orthogon-
alys bolivana Schulz. Monobasic.
Orthogonalos Schulz, in Wytsman, Genera insectorum, fase. 61, p. 8, 1907.
Emendation.
Tapinogonalos Schulz, in Wytsman, Genera insectorum, fasc. 61, p. 14, 1907.
Type: Trygonalys pulchellus Cresson. Designated by Viereck, 1914.
Noteworthy generic characters in addition to those in the key are:
Flagellum long and slender, in the male without tyloids; abdomen
smooth, impunctate; apical margin of second to fifth tergites often
TRIGONALID WASPS—TOWNES 297
with a broad weak median notch; frons only weakly elevated next to
the upper inner margin of the antennal foramen.
There is a single Nearctic species, which is moderately common in
the Eastern States.
Orthogonalys pulchella (Cresson)
Trigonalys pulchellus Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 6, p. 351, 1867.
Type: Male, West Virginia (lost).
Tapinogonalos pulchella Schulz, in Wytsman, Genera insectorum, fase. 61, pl. 2,
figs. 56-58 (colored), 1907.
Mate: Forewing about 8 mm. long. Colored with black, pale
yellow, and fulvous, to mimic the Tazonus pallidicornis—Cratichne-
umon signatipes type of coloration. Head and mouthparts yellow,
the occiput, vertex, and median part of frons black; vertex with a pair
of yellow spots behind the ocelli; antenna black, its scape yellowish
beneath and brownish above, its flagellum with a broad whitish post-
median band; thorax blackish above with conspicuous yellow mark-
ings, yellowish laterally with black bands along the sutures separating
off the yellow areas, mostly yellowish below, the mesosternum mostly
fulvous; wings hyaline; legs fulvous, the trochanters and much of the
coxae pale yellow; abdomen fulvous with a pair of fuscous areas basally
on the second tergite and often similar areas or transverse subbasal
fuscous bands on several of the following tergites.
FEMALE: Forewing about 8.5 mm. long. Colored like the male but
with the yellow markings tending to be paler, almost white, the
fuscous markings on the abdomen tending to be more as crossbands,
and each of abdominal tergites 1 to 5 usually with a lateral white
blotch.
SPECIMENS: 27 oo’, 39 99 from: District of Columbia; New
Jersey (Moorestown); Maine (Paris); Maryland (Bowie, Cabin John,
Glen Echo, Lock Raven, Takoma Park, and Plummers Island);
Massachusetts (Chester); New York (Farmingdale, Ithaca, Ludlow-
ville, Niagara Falls, and Taughannock); Pennsylvania (Enola and
Highspire); Rhode Island (Westerly); and Virginia (Alexandria, Dead
Run, Falls Church, Great Falls, and Rosslyn).
Males occur mostly in June and early July, their earliest and latest
dates of capture being May 25 at Plummers Island, Md., and July
21 at Ithaca, N. Y. Females occur mostly from mid-June to mid-
August. Their extreme dates are June 7 at Plummers Island, Md.,
and Aug. 23 at Niagara Falls, N. Y. This seasonal distribution indi-
cates a single generation per year. There is a rearing record by
Bischoff (Berliner Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 54, p. 76, 1909) from Zenillia
lobeliae (Larvaevoridae), which was parasitic on Acronicta lobeliae
(Noctuidae).
298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Females have been seen ovipositing on several occasions. Notes
made on June 20, 1942, at Takoma Park, Md., are as follows: Two
females were seen ovipositing in midafternoon. They were in rank
undergrowth of damp woods, about 40 cm. above the ground. They
ran over the leaves in the manner of a Macrophya, about every four
seconds going quickly to the edge of a leaf and curling the abdomen
over the edge to oviposit on the undersurface near the edge. This
oviposition movement was very quick, being completed within a sec-
ond. The eggs were distributed at random, one or more to a leaf.
One female was ovipositing on Viburnum acerifolium and the other on
a composite similar to Sericocarpus. On June 21 a third female was
caught and confined in a jar with fresh leaves of Liqguidambar. On
June 23 it was dead. Examination of the leaves showed 8 to 10 ex-
tremely minute, elongate-oval eggs, presumably laid by this female,
loosely attached to the leaves about 2 mm. from the edges.
Remarks: This is a species of the Transitional Zone of the Eastern
States. Adults are moderately common from early summer to mid-
summer in damp rich woodlands, where they occur on the foliage at
about the 35-centimeter level. They crawl over the foliage or take
short flights. In size, coloration, and movements they mimic several
of the species of sawflies and ichneumonids that are common in the
same habitat.
Genus Lycogaster Shuckard
Lycogaster Shuckard, The Entomologist, vol. 1, p. 128, 1841. Type: Lycogaster
pullata Shuckard. Monobasic.
There is a single Nearctic species, which is divisible into two sub-
species.
Lycogaster pullata Shuckard
Forewing of male about 6 mm. long, of female about 9 mm. long.
This species is transcontinental in the Transition Zone. Frag-
mentary evidence indicates that it occurs in more open and dry
habitats than the other Nearctic trigonalids. It is represented by
an eastern and a western subspecies, as indicated below.
Key to the subspecies of Lycogaster pullata
1. Tibiae black, the middle tibia white basally and the front and hind tibiae
white basally and externally; abdomen black, often with some white marks;
range: Atlantic Coast west to 100th meridian.
(a) pullata pullata Shuckard
Tibiae pale yellow, the hind tibia often infuscate apically on the posterior
side; abdomen black with broad pale yellow bands; range: Nevada, Colorado,
North Dakota, and New Mexico. . . (b) pullata neyadensis (Cresson)
TRIGONALID WASPS—TOWNES 299
(a) Lycogaster pullata pullata Shuckard
Lycogaster pullatus Shuckard, The Entomologist, vol. 1, p. 124, 1841. Type:
Female, North Carolina (destroyed).
Lycogaster pullatus var. hollensis Melander and Brues, 1902. Biol. Bull., vol.
3, p. 36, 1902. Types: Male and female, Woods Hole, Mass. (location un-
known).
Lycogaster pullata Bischoff, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 54, pp. 76-77, 1909.
Biology.
Lycogaster pullata Schulz, Zool. Ann., Wurzburg, vol. 4, pp. 7-8, 1911. Biology.
Lycogaster pullata Cooper, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 56, pp. 280-288,
1954. Biology.
Matz: Black. Bases of tibiae, anteroexternal face of front tibia
and usually also of hind tibia, most of basitarsi except apices, hind
corner of pronotum, and usually lateroapical blotch on some or all of
tergites 2 to 5 white; tegula brown; wings hyaline, their apical 0.4
faintly infuscate.
Fremae: Colored like the male except that the white markings
average a little more extensive. The specimen from Bottineau,
N. Dak., noted below, has coloration intermediate to the subspecies
nevadensis.
SPECIMENS: 5 o'o', 20 99 from: District of Columbia; Maryland
(Glen Echo); Massachusetts; Michigan (Midland County, Missaukee
County, and Roscommon County); New York (Ithaca); North
Carolina (valley of the Black Mountains) ; North Dakota (Bottineau) ;
Rhode Island (Westerly); Vermont (Fairlee); and Virginia (Falls
Church, Glencarlyn, and Upton).
Dates of collection fall in June and July except for two collections
in May and one in August (May 9 at Glencarlyn, Va.; May 19 in
the District of Columbia; and August 25 at Bottineau, N. Dak.).
One specimen bears the note that it was collected on Solidago and
another on Ceanothus. A male specimen in the U. S. National
Museum that was taken from a cocoon of Telea polyphemus in June
1944 by C. Brooke Worth has some manuscript notes associated
with it which are of unusual interest. Mr. Worth states that the
cocoon was collected at Washington, D. C., during the winter of 1944.
Since it had not hatched and was very light, the cocoon was opened
June 13, 1944. The trigonalid was within the polyphemus cocoon,
which also contained a perforated parasite cocoon, presumably that
of LHnicospilus americanus (Ichneumonidae). The ichneumonid
cocoon contained some liquid and semiliquid material among which
could be identified the apparent remains of an ichneumonid larva
and its meconium. The trigonalid was between the walls of the moth
cocoon and the ichneumonid cocoon, alive and active. Schulz (1911)
reports rearing this species from a cocoon of Enicospilus americanus
within a cocoon of Telea polyphemus, a situation similar to that noted
300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
by Mr. Worth. Also, Bischoff (1909) reports a rearing from Eni-
cospilus americanus parasitizing Telea polyphemus. Cooper (1954)
describes in detail a case of parasitism of Rygchium rugosum (Vespidae).
J. C. Bridwell has informed me in conversation that he has seen the
species ovipositing on oak sprouts in the vicinity of Washington,
DAC:
(b) Lycogaster pullata nevadensis (Cresson), new status
Trigonalys nevadensis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Sec. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. vii,
in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 7, 1879. Male and female. Type: Female,
Nevada (Philadelphia).
Lycogaster nevadensis Schulz, in Wytsman, Genera insectorum, fase. 61, pl. 2, figs.
32-37 (colored), 1907.
Mate: Black. Hind corner of pronotum, much of tegula, a bilobed
spot on scutellum, apices of femora, tibiae, broad apical margins of ter-
gites 1 to 4, broad apical margin or lateroapical triangle on sternite 1, and
lateroapical corners of sternites 2 to 4 pale yellow; tarsi pale yellow,
brownish apically; wings yellowish hyaline, their apical 0.4 faintly
brownish; hind tibia sometimes with a brown apical mark on the
posterior side.
Fremaue: Colored like the male except that the yellow marks on the
abdominal terga average a little broader, the hind tibia more fre-
quently has the brown apical mark, and the lower front corner of the
pronotum is narrowly marked with yellowish.
SprcimeNns: Male, bred from Hyphantria cunea (probably as a sec-
ondary parasite), Boulder, Colo., Sept. 29, 1937, R. B. Swain (USNM);
3 HA, 6 2%, bred from Hyphantria cunea (probably as a secondary
parasite), Boulder, Colo., Oct. 17, 1937, R. B. Swain (USNM); 9,
Colorado, C. F. Baker collection (USNM); o, Jemez Springs at
6,400 ft., N. Mex., June 24, 1916, John Woodgate (Ithaca); 9,
Corvallis, Oreg., Apr. 28, 1941, H. A. Scullen (Corvallis); 0’, Martin,
S. Dak., June 16, 1925, H. C. Severin (Cambridge).
Genus Poecilogonalos Schulz
Poecilogonalos Schulz, in Wytsman, Genera insectorum, fasc. 61, p. 9, 1907.
Type: (Trigonalys pulchella Westwood) =thwaitesi Westwood. Monobasic.
This is a rather large and widely distributed genus, but with only
a single representative in the United States.
Poecilogonalos costalis (Cresson)
Fiaure 1
Trigonalys (Lycogaster) costalis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. 6, p.
352, 1867. Type: Male, Massachusetts (Philadelphia).
Trigonalys sulcatus Davis, 1898. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, p. 349, 1898.
Type: Male, Angelsea, N. J. (Philadelphia).
TRIGONALID WASPS—TOWNES 301
Mate: Forewing about 7 mm. long. Black. Front orbit, part of
hind orbit, clypeus except apical margin and usually a median area, a
spot above antennal socket, front face of mandible, anterior part,
upper edge, and hind corner of pronotum, a line inside of notaulus,
a narrow line on mesoscutum next the forewing, a mark on upper part
of mesopleurum, a pair of large spots on scutellum, most of postscutel-
lum, a pair of spots on propodeum, a yellow apical band on second
tergite, narrower apical bands on most of the other tergites, large
lateral apical dashes on second sternite, usually similar but smaller
marks on some of the other sternites, and most of legs yellow; coxae,
except apically, blackish; femora behind and often above brown;
hind tibia apically brownish; flagellum tinged with fulvous beneath;
wings hyaline, the front wing brown anteriorly, darkest in the radial
cell.
Frema.e: Forewing about 7.5 mm. long. Colored similar to the
male but with the yellow marks a little more extensive. The apical
tooth on the second sternite is deeply notched.
SPECIMENS: 22 o'o’, 28 92 from Maryland (Cabin John, Plum-
mers Island, and Takoma Park); Massachusetts (Falmouth); New
York (Huntington, Ithaca, Taughanic, West Point, and Woodlands) ;
North Carolina (Burnsville, Hamrick, Southern Pines, and valley of
the Black Mountains); Ohio (Ross County and Scioto County);
Pennsylvania (Castle Rock, Dauphin, Glenside, and Mount Holly
Springs); South Carolina (Greenville); Virginia (Arlington, East
Falls Church, Falls Church, Glencarlyn, Great Falls, Mount Vernon,
Rosslyn, and Vienna); and West Virginia (Kanawha Station).
Collection dates are mostly from June 25 through August 4, with
no apprent trend towards protandry. Dates outside of this range are:
June 10 in Scioto County, Ohio; June 15 at Plummers Island, Md.;
August 19 at Hamrick, N. C.; August 30 and September 6 at Falls
Church, Va.; and October 31 at Southern Pines, N.C. One male and
two females were reared from Phosphila turbulenta (Noctuidae), prob-
ably as a secondary parasite, at Falmouth, Mass., June 30, 1928, and
July 11, 1928. One male was collected at honeydew on Liriodendron.
Remarks: This species is seen in semishade of rich woods with
abundant undergrowth, at the 20- to 40-centimeter level. In general
appearance it resembles a robust sphecoid wasp but may be distin-
guished in life by its slender, fast vibrating antennae. The oviposi-
tion habits are generally similar to those described for Orthogonalys
pulchella, but the females move more quickly and seem to scatter
their eggs more widely. They take a little longer to place each egg
and appear as if inserting them through the lower epidermis into the
leaf tissue. In this action the heavy tooth on the apex of the second
sternite appears to hold the upper edge of the leaf while the apex of
302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 108
the abdomen curls under and implants the egg with pressure against
the tooth on the upper side of the leaf. In general, the species is
widely distributed in the Transition Zone of the Eastern States. It
occurs mostly in midsummer, in partially sunlit openings of rich
woods.
Ficure 1.—Poecilogonalos costalis: a, female, side view; b, head, facing view; c, abdomen
of male, side view.
TRIGONALID WASPS—TOWNES 303
Genus Bareogonalos Schulz
Bareogonalos Schulz, Jn Wytsman, Genera insectorum, fase. 61, p. 18, 1907.
Type: Trigonalys canadensis Harrington. Monobasic.
Nippogonalos Uchida, Ins. Mats., Sapporo, vol. 3, p. 79, 1929. Type: Nippo-
gonalos jezoensis Uchida. Original designation,
This genus is easily distinguished by its pyramidal postscutellum,
bifid apically, and the 1-segmented trochanters of the female. The
members of the genus are larger and more robust than the average
trigonalid. Vespa and Vespula have been recorded as hosts.
Through the generosity of Prof. T. Uchida I have been able to
compare specimens of the Japanese species B. jezoensis with the
American B. canadensis. They are rather closely related. The
Japanese species has the scutellar elevation lower, thoracic sculpture
a little coarser, and the coloration of the forewing different. In
jezoensis the forewing is subhyaline with the apical 0.4 lightly infuscate ;
in canadensis the forewing is yellowish hyaline with the radial cell
rather strongly infuscate and the apical margin faintly, broadly
infuscate.
Bareogonalos canadensis (Harrington)
Trigonalys canadensis Harrington, Canadian Ent., vol. 28, p. 108, 1896. Female
misdetermined as male. Type: Female, Victoria, B. C. (lost).
Trigonalys canadensis Taylor, Canadian Ent., vol. 30, pp. 14-15, 1898. Biology.
Trigonalys canadensis Harrington, Canadian Ent., vol. 30, pp. 14-15, 1898.
Description of male.
Bareogonalos canadensis Schulz, in Wytsman, Genera insectorum, fase. 61, pl. 3,
figs. 82-90 (colored), 1907.
Mate: Forewing about 8.5 mm. long. Black. Hind corner of
pronotum, postscutellum, lateral spot on propodeum, small marks on
coxae, trochanters, bases and apices of femora, tibiae, tarsi and
lateral triangular spots on tergites 2-6 (diminishing in size posteriorly)
yellow; apical part of hind tibia tinged with brown; wings subhyaline,
the radial cell and adjacent areas somewhat infuscate.
Fema.e: Forewing about 11.5 mm. long. Colored like the male
but with the yellow marks more extensive, the marks on tergites 2-6
broadened and fused into conspicuous transverse yellow bands,
sternites 1 and 2 with yellow marks, scutellum mostly yellow, meso-
scutum anteriorly with a yellow spot just inside the notaulus, a
yellow spot just forward and laterad of the scutellum and of the
postscutellum, and a small yellow spot on the mesopleurum.
SPECIMENS: o', 2, British Columbia, October 21 and 25, 1897
(Townes); o&, British Columbia Biological Station, Departure Bay,
British Columbia, Oct. 24, 1908 (Ottawa). In addition to these
304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
three, I have had the opportunity to study briefly a number of
specimens at Ottawa. These showed considerable variation in the
extent of the yellow markings.
Harrington’s type was taken from the cell of a wasp (probably
Vespula) and Taylor records collecting 23 oo and 499 near nests
of Vespula pensylvanica.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1956
:
og
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 106 Washington: 1956 No. 3368
LATHETICOMYIA, A NEW GENUS OF ACALYPTRATE FLIES
OF UNCERTAIN FAMILY RELATIONSHIP
By Marsuaty R. WHEELER
The new genus Latheticomyia, based upon three new species from
the mountains of Arizona, Utah, and Nicaragua, presents such an
unusual array of characters that its family relationship is quite ob-
scure. At first glance the flies give one the impression of an aberrant
Trigonometopus, but more careful study suggests the Clusiodidae
(Clusiidae) or, perhaps, the Anthomyzidae. However, Latheticomyia
differs from each of those families in many features that are generally
considered critical in family distinctions. For the present it seems
best to leave the matter of family relationship in abeyance, but I
believe it will ultimately prove necessary to erect a new family for
this genus.
Latheticomyia tricolor and L. lineata were taken in the summer of
1951 at banana-baited trap cans set out to attract Drosophila, and all
specimens were captured during late twilight. LZ. infumata is known
from three specimens taken by William B. Heed in June 1954 while
making collections of Drosophilidae in Nicaragua. The species are
evidently quite rare; in all, we have just 17 specimens of the genus,
and I have seen no specimens other than those taken by Mr. Heed
and myself.
1 Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
386560—56 305
306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
Latheticomyia, new genus?
Typr species: Latheticomyia tricolor, new species.
Rather slender, medium-sized flies (2.5-4.0 mm.), mostly black with
prominent yellow areas on head, mesonotum, scutellum, pleura, and
legs.
Heap: Postvertical bristles convergent, cruciate in infumata, less
strongly converging in tricolor and lineata; inner and outer verticals
strong, normal in position; occiput flat or a bit concave; ocelli on a
small raised prominence, the ocellar bristles strong, proclinate and
divergent, their bases within the ocellar triangle; front longitudinally
depressed to sunken between the orbits, becoming deeper anteriorly ;
each orbit with three reclinate orbitals, the anterior one close to an-
tennal base; orbits, between antennae and anterior orbitals, rather
thickly haired; mesofrons with small hairs, no bristles.
Antennae somewhat porrect, both basal segments with evident
hairs; arista weakly pubescent, inserted dorsally and subapically;
face flat and retreating in profile, sunken in the middle, without
foveae, and bearing small fine hairs on the upper part between an-
tennae (see species descriptions for quantity and color); one pair of
moderately strong vibrissae, the following oral hairs mostly small, the
row ending with a prominent buccal bristle; palpi of normal size and
shape.
TuHorax: Five pairs of dorsocentral bristles of which three are
clearly postsutural, one pair is at about the sutural level, and one pair
is clearly presutural; prescutellar acrostichal bristles small or absent;
acrostichal hairs present; scutellum small and flat, with small scattered
hairs on the sides and the disc sparsely haired or bare; six large mar-
ginal scutellar bristles, the apical pair largest and cruciate or nearly
so. Other bristles are present as follows: 1 propleural (borne on the
apex of a short peduncle), 1 humeral, 2 notopleural, 1 presutural
(=posthumeral), 2 alar (apparently 1 supra-alar and 1 post-alar),
2 sternopleural; the mesopleura entirely bare.
Leas: First femur with moderately stout bristles; third femur
with a single enlarged bristle at about one-fourth from apex (strongest
on tricolor); tibiae without evident preapicals, a moderately strong
apical on 2d tibia, a weaker one on 3d tibia. In males of tricolor the
first metatarsus bears an apical thumblike projection on its inner
side, absent on females.
Wines: Venation of the general acalyptrate type; costa reaching
4th vein; costa broken or weakened just beyond humeral crossvein
(not always easily seen), and a definite costal incision just before
apex of first vein; subcostal (auxiliary) vein strong basally, weaker
2 Latheticomyia: constructed from the Greek latheticos (addicted to concealment, that easily conceals
itself)-+myia (a fly); the name is feminine.
NEW ACALYPTRATE FLIES—-WHEELER 307
apically, bending toward and fusing with the first vein before its apex,
the latter somewhat thickened at its union with the costa. Anal cell
well developed, the anal vein ceasing abruptly before reaching the
wing margin; last section of fifth vein usually failing to reach wing
margin, its length a little more than half that of the posterior cross-
vein. A crossvein between the 2d basal and discal cells absent or
only partially indicated as a stub. Wings clear hyaline in tricolor
and lineata, blackish in infumata.
AxspoMEN: Male genitalia large and complex, bent back beneath
abdomen (see figures). Female abdomen long and slender, tapering
at apex but not clearly telescoped.
Remarks: The immature stages, food, breeding habits, etc., are
unknown.
Latheticomyia tricolor, new species
Figures l,a~—c; 2,a,b
Figure 1,a shows the general appearance of the male, without color
pattern, while figures 2,a,5 represent the color patterns seen from the
side and from above.
Mats: Face and cheeks pale yellowish white, proboscis, palpi, and
clypeus yellow; face with a median furrow from antennae to clypeus,
bounded by a semiprominent ridge on each side, with smaller de-
pressed areas lateral to these; upper face, below and between antennal
bases, with 0-2 small dark hairs and a few pale ones. Antennae
mostly brown on outer side, but yellow on lower apical edge and
mostly yellow on the inside except on upper margin and at apex;
both inner and outer margins of 2d segment rounded, not pointed; 3d
antennal segment subquadrate in shape, thickly covered with fine hair.
Anterior orbital two-thirds length of second and one-half length of
third, the latter reclinate and inclined a bit outwardly, the other two
only weakly reclinate; orbits pale yellow behind middle orbital and
usually without additional hairs, becoming dark brown anteriorly,
this area with numerous short, black hairs. The divergent ocellars,
convergent postverticals, and divergent outer verticals about as
long as middle orbital; inner verticals longer.
Mesonotal dark area (fig. 2,a) with thin gray pollen, especially
between dorsocentral rows; pale area of scutellum yellow. Of the
five pairs of dorsocentrals, the last pair is the largest; no prescutellars;
acrostichal hairs irregular, 2-rowed posteriorly, becoming more
numerous anteriorly. Scutellar disc with sparse scattered hairs, mostly
limited to the dark areas. Humeral callus pronounced, bearing 4-5
black hairs in addition to the single upturned bristle; propleural
bristle upturned, arising from a small protruding knob.
308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
Color of legs as in figure 2,5 but the contrast between light and
dark areas (yellow and brownish black) is not always as great as
shown. Tarsi of first legs somewhat thickened; first metatarsus with
black, long hairs below basally, the joint continued apically as a
thumblike flap over the base of the next joint; metatarsal length only
a little less than the length of the remaining segments combined.
Abdomen mostly pollinose black, the tergites showing creamy
yellow apices, especially the pregenital tergite; all tergites yellow on
the extreme lateral margins. There appear to be five pregenital
tergites: the first is rather elongate (possibly a fusion of two tergites),
the next three are narrower, and the fifth is again larger. The geni-
talia (fig. 1,a-c) nearly equal the rest of the abdomen in size; tergites
6 and 7 (apparently) form the apex of the abdomen, the seventh bent
back beneath to nearly the third coxae; the sixth rather shiny black,
main portion of seventh dirty yellow, while the apex is darkened again.
The single accessory organ (see fig. 1,a@) is an elongate flap, thin,
shallowly concaved along its entire length, the margins and underside
bearing numerous, slender, pale to brownish hairs, those of each side
near base stouter and longer; this unpaired accessory structure seems
to be attached ventrally beneath the fourth and fifth tergites.
The abdomen of one paratype male (deposited in the U.S. National
Museum) was removed, treated with sodium hydroxide, cleared in
phenol, and studied in glycerine; after the drawings were prepared
the genitalia were placed in a drop of glycerine in a microvial and
this was attached to the pin bearing the specimen. Figure 1,6 shows
the external features of the genital segments; the anal plates are
densely haired; just anterior to the anal plates, middorsally, is a
depressed area (shown in the figure by stippling); the approximate
position of tergite 5 is shown in dotted outline.
In figure 1,¢ are shown most of the internal structures visible in the
cleared specimen; parts labeled B and C (ejaculatory apodeme?) are
unpaired, B being quite dark in color. Part A (apodeme of the
penis?) is bifurcate at the point indicated by the label line into a right
and left branch (only one branch is shown), each of which bears the
two processes shown in the figure.
Wings clear, the venation generally as in figure 1,a; on the costal
base, dorsally, arises a rather long bristle reaching well beyond the
humeral crossvein; ventrally, a smaller bristle arises nearly opposite
the large one.
Body length (in pinned specimen), 2.5-3.0 mm.; wing, about 2.5
mm.
Frma.e: With the general appearance of the male but the abdomen
is longer and more slender. First tergite long, second much shorter,
with the following three consecutively larger; sixth tergite elongate,
NEW ACALYPTRATE FLIES—WHEELER 309
tapering to its apex. There are no visible cerci protruding. The
front metatarsus of the female lacks the thumblike extension of the
male, and the upper facial hairs tend to be more numerous (usually
8-10 in number) though many of them are pale and hard to see. The
body length is up to 4.0 mm. in a specimen with the abdomen extended.
Typrs: Holotype male, USNM 62897, Rustler Park Campground,
Chiricahua Mountains, Coronado National Forest, Ariz., June 11,
1951. Paratypes as follows: 2 males, 1 female, from the type locality ;
Ficure 1.—Latheticomyia tricolor: a, holotype male, lateral view; b, male genital segments,
external features; c, same, internal structures drawn from cleared specimen.
2 males, Mingus Mountain Recreation Area, Prescott National
Forest, Ariz., June 20, 1951; 1 female, Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca
Mountains, Ariz., June 15, 1951; 1 female, Horse Thief Basin Recrea-
tion Area, Prescott National Forest, Ariz., June 18, 1951; 1 female,
Clover Springs, near Long Valley, Coconino N ational Forest, Ariz.,
June 22, 1951; 1 male, near Long Valley Junction, Dixie National
Forest, Utah, Aug. 18, 1953 (W. B. Heed, collector). Two paratypes
310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
are being placed in the U. S. National Museum collection and one
each in the collections of A. H. Sturtevant and George Steyskal; the
remainder are in the author’s collection.
Latheticomyia lineata, new species
Figure 2,¢,d
MALE AND FEMALE: Face tan in middle, whitish on facial orbits,
cheeks whitish becoming tan behind and below, that portion below the
row of oral hairs tan to brown and conspicuously shining; vibrissa
single, thin, followed by an irregular row of 8-10 hairs ending with
the buccal bristle; tiny hairs of upper face scarcely visible on the
only male due to a partial collapse of the head, but on the females
there are 10-15 black hairs, easily visible. Clypeus tan to brown,
narrow; palpi tan with coarse black hairs; proboscis pale.
Front with color pattern as in figure 2,c; orbits whitish yellow to
just beyond middle orbital, this yellow area continuing broadly onto
rear of head on each side; dark part of front burnt brown in color with
the postlunular area more orange and beset with small scattered
hairs. Antennae mostly brown, becoming pale yellowish only on
lower inner surface; arista dark, microscopically pubescent. Anterior
orbital bristle about two-thirds the length of the other two.
The color pattern of the mesonotum is shown in figure 2,c, but in
general the contrast between light and dark areas is not so striking
as in tricolor and infumata; similarly, in figure 2,d, the contrast of
colors on the legs is not as extreme as shown. The dark areas of
the mesonotum are brownish with thin pollinosity, with the median
yellow area continued anteriorly along the dorsocentral lines to a
varying degree, only rarely reaching the humeral yellow area. The
pale streak between the alar and dorsocentral bristles may also be
largely obliterated.
Scutellum mostly yellow, the brown being limited to the basal
angles; disc with scattered black hairs; basal scutellars two-thirds the
length of second pair, the latter about one-third the length of the
apical pair. Acrostichal hairs irregularly 4-6 rowed at the sutural
level, reduced to two rows on the yellow area posteriorly, the pre-
scutellar pair only a little enlarged. Prescutellar dorsocentrals
noticeably larger than the four anterior ones. Halteres yellow.
Abdominal tergites dark brown with their apical margins creamy
yellow. In the only male the genitalia are obscured by the legs but
appear to be of the same general type as in tricolor.
Body length of female (abdomen extended), 3.5 mm.; wing, 2.8 mm.
Types: Holotype female, USNM 62898, Horse Thief Basin Recrea-
tion Area, Prescott National Forest, about 25 miles south (airline)
of Prescott, Ariz., June 18, 1951. Paratypes as follows: 1 female, Oak
NEW ACALYPTRATE FLIES—WHEELER 311
Ficure 2.—Color patterns of: a, Laiheticomyia tricolor, dorsal view; b, same, lateral
view; ¢, L. lineata, dorsal view; d, same, lateral view; ¢, L. infumata, dorsal view;
f, same, lateral view.
312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Creek Canyon, Coconino National Forest, Ariz., June 21, 1951; 1
female, Madera Canyon, Coronado National Forest, Ariz., June 16,
1951;1 female, Patagonia, Ariz., June 15,1951. All paratypes are in
the author’s collection.
Latheticomyia infumata, new species
FIGureE 2,¢,f
Frema.e: Face, cheek, clypeus, palpi, and proboscis pale whitish
yellow; upper face with numerous (20 or more) small black hairs
extending from Junule nearly halfway to oral margin; palpi with
scattered black hairs and bristles; behind the center of the eye is a
large brown area coinciding in position with the prominent brown
pleural stripe.
Color pattern of front as in figure 2,e, the orbits creamy yellow up
to the middle orbital, the postlunular triangular area more orange.
All antennal segments black on upper and outer surfaces, pale yellow
on lower and inner surfaces except that the apical third of inner side
of third segment is also black; arista micropubescent, black, its basal
joint large, inserted at about one-third from apex dorsally; anterior
orbital two-thirds the length of middle one, the latter five-sixths
the length of the posterior one.
Color pattern of mesonotum, pleura, and legs as in figure 2,e,f;
acrostichal hairs sparse, irregular, the two median rows diverging along
the edges of the triangular yellow stripe, the last hair in each row
tending to be a bit enlarged. Apical scutellars nearly four times
the length of the other two. Halteres yellow. Wings uniformly
blackened, a bit darker over the crossveins.
Tergites subshining brownish black dorsally, the last two with some
degree of yellow apical margins; all tergites yellow on lateral margins.
Body length (abdomen extended), 4.0 mm.; wing, 3.3 mm.
Types: Holotype female, USNM 62899, Santa Maria de Ostuma,
north of Matagalpa, Nicaragua, June 1954, W. B. Heed collector.
There are two paratype females with the same collection data (auth-
or’s collection). Mr. Heed states that his collections were made
mostly on a coffee finca on the western slope of the mountains at an
elevation of about 4,000 feet; above the finca was a dense cloud forest
and below it the forest was mostly pine.
Discussion
Several years have been spent in an attempt to determine the
family affinities of Latheticomyia, but it now seems fairly obvious
that the particular combination of characters present in these flies
does not occur in any described family. On general appearance, a
NEW ACALYPTRATE FLIES—WHEELER 313
relationship with the Trigonometopidae would seem to be a possibil-
ity, while on the basis of general morphological features the Clusiodi-
dae (Clusiidae) or the Anthomyzidae are suggested. Since some
dipterists consider that the Clusiodidae-Opomyzidae-Anthomyzidae
form a related group, the fact that Latheticomyia shows similarities
to both the clusiids and anthomyzids may be significant.
TRIGONOMETOPIDAE: On superficial examination Latheticomyia
bears a certain likeness to 7rigonometopus, which has, in the past, been
variously referred to the Lauxaniidae, Otitidae, Sciomyzidae, and
Clusiodidae. In Trigonometopus, however, vibrissae are absent, the
subcosta is complete and ends independently in the costa, there are
no visible costal breaks, the presutural bristle is absent, and the
mesopleura always has at least one bristle. None of the described
species has a striking body color pattern as in our flies, and most
have highly marked wings. In actual fact, therefore, there seems to
be little phylogenetic relationship between the two.
AntuomyzipaE: Latheticomyia bears some resemblance to species of
Anthomyza, but the resemblances are not very compelling. The
arrangement of orbital bristles is similar, the facial structure, vibrissa,
oral hairs, bare mesopleura, and distal costal break are all rather
alike. In Anthomyza, however, there are no presutural dorsocentrals,
there are never more than four scutellars, the scutellar disc is always
bare, the ocellars are parallel and arise outside the ocellar triangle,
the antennae are not at all porrect, the arista is basal, a humeral
weakening of the costa is not evident, and the first femur nearly
always bears a stout thornlike spine. Since there are still other
dissimilar features, it does not seem likely that Latheticomyia should
be considered as an aberrant anthomyzid.
CLUSIODIDAE (CLUSIIDAE): One of the most remarkable features
of the clusiids is the great diversity in chaetotaxy, a fact which makes
any characterization of the family most difficult. Thus Lathett-
comyia might possibly be forced into this family on the grounds that
still greater diversity in bristle patterns is not too unexpected.
Many features of Latheticomyia are to be found somewhere among
the clusiids: the arista is essentially clusiidlike, the arrangement of
orbitals occurs in Acartophthalmus, six strong scutellar bristles are
present in some species of Clusia and Clusiodes, presutural dorso-
centrals occur in some species of Clusiodes, and a humeral costal
break is present in Acartophthalmus while a distal costal break is
characteristic of the other genera. In its gross appearance Latheti-
comyia bears only a weak resemblance to any clusiid; however,
Acartophthaimus, long considered a clusiid, also bears little resemblance
to other members of the family.
314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
If one is inclined to emphasize the direction of the postvertical
bristles, as is customary in making family distinctions among the
Acalyptratae, then Latheticomyia cannot possibly be placed among the
Clusiodidae. Further evidence for its separation comes from the bare
mesopleura, two costal breaks, five pairs of dorsocentrals, longitudi-
nally excavated front, minute hairs on upper face, ete.
Acartophthalmus might, with considerable justification, be removed
from the Clusiodidae. Its general appearance is not that of a clusiid,
the arista is clearly inserted basally, the vibrissae are scarcely larger
than the following oral hairs, the humeral costal break occurs nowhere
else in the family, while the distal costal break, found in all other
clusiids, is lacking here. In addition, the large, widely spaced post-
verticals, the widely separated apices of the auxiliary and first
longitudinal veins, and the three simple reclinate orbitals represent
features which are not approached elsewhere in the family as far as
I have been able to determine. Thus, should Acartophthalmus be
removed from the family, at least two features of Latheticomyia
listed above as indicative of a possible relationship to that family
would then be eliminated.
Continued discussion of a possible clusiid relationship seems
unnecessary. The following brief list of the essentially nonclusiid
characters will serve to emphasize the disparities: (1) gross appear-
ance, including pigmentation patterns; (2) convergent postvertical
bristles; (3) twice broken costal vein; (4) dorsocentrals in three
postsutural and two presutural pairs; (5) bare mesopleura; (6)
longitudinally excavated front.
Of the above characteristics, the last five are all deemed of con-
siderable importance in family distinctions. It is my opinion that
the disparities noted above are too great, and that the inclusion of
Latheticomyia in the Clusiodidae is not justified.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1956
-_ “oe sek 7 a
- - " - A 7 a \ Vac ree en
SE etl these, a a
: 7 - 7 = rae :
7 7 ‘= 7
a aa
/ - "oS 7 - yi . z on: . + a - 7 5 i ag
ah s : - 7 a ‘ / a Seine a * Sap Th e
~~ al} or. o aad os _ = a a at io yi - «eg, OO 3 -
~ : ; a a : . ian ’ fe id
* hy pee i ; - = Un a¢ a * } eri
7 ws ae 7 aa : - 7 . -
a Oe) 7 7F 5 : ‘sae s oF vis a vie ry a:
+= 7. Se yy: a.) = ve - ‘<< ay >t 2 — - 7
at a ee i : a ‘fh at ‘ete HAP
7 7 i a aa r ha - ==: : ae ’ 7 9
7 —t ae - . ; @
iho Por by ay iy ymr @ iF. 7s oe: 2 ee at yy 4 Yb
‘monty fel ougtyinre, o°.% . Coe ee a ivay New
‘ oy - : - ’ a
| 4 ee mY, te leis i ihn ny Pe Dire, Ser
7 : . 7 © : 7 :
1) b, Mi Ae Sa 2 ke Aint : cre . =ai/ 4), 7. ‘aicapae ae
: 7 y™ ? 7 : : . a
i a WutsiieD i ; | ded Sl 9 ee
as; od : 7 : an. | 7 v4
a ‘eachts % aul: os hd ah ett nih ; alam i 188-4) Se
iva beer 7 meets cb}. TI Ma aes free "15 prys
: a ty ef - i 7 . 7
a « ek h, togt ae cide a” ors sie tia vs AS
Son See = a ove is 7 “Se .
; ° . iat ry vine, Le a - a1 = any Te pi Ne
, or % oa ve ‘pad Y co * % ae - ie ' . io.
7 4 ' * , .
+ ve #4 aie He = Pi * £e 7 ,
; = i 2 7 . ~~ 7
i a i < ae, tae, * { vA < ; a 6 7 oy 0 ae i 2 :
; eal - : aan 7 he / : s
aso, Lae ae a ” aie vs = al =".
cr ‘qa (eo Sot od cu oe Be Gt Vere ee fe ve
: - => =m
ae fo Cie ibe ot sped tee) ie eats bp Ria an ii) & cope tie a
oa ee ene 14 al oe
< 0S] go! ote eet -: ee ima? 7 os yr tt (7s abs . si ae
> oo ead 7 Th We as iu : cn / ae ye -
; 7 a wy! £20," . A Tun - a ak pris: 7 e a Over
a = ; a - = a3 Lal 4 ae - vis > . Pie vius aty Citas
: . 7 rah re
: 7 7 ‘Hyg a ia / m. halo #1 a Pa
¥ , 7 . a a 7% waa
“ Sim y ie tit a beat i Veokde et 7
: .
- 7 as - :
7 , in - > / :
7 ' i 7
. 5 7 - q 5 '
i -
= ,
i i /
by
4 f ;
: aT i on
= 7 -
: =
7 oad i - ?
4 lo 7 '
i>
¥ 7 :
=) Ly a
- 7 : ' : : f
y a
. by -
a / , r 7 ' = 2 Cs | |
, - 7 7 f ; «
’ 7 ; a ? / .
+ ¥ 7 7 f ;
7 of * ia , ae = -
- ‘< . : - i
. j
3 5° f - 4 ‘oe 4
= 7 a 7 | > 4
ie Gem, olen cle ee
Face broader than long; malar space distinct; apical pleural areas of propodeum
present .... . s ee
2. Propodeum, except lateral pleural areas, granular or shagreened; nervulus
postfureal by about 1% times its length.
oculatus (Cushman), new combination
Propodeum polished with a very few large, shallow, scattered punctures;
nervulus postfureal by more than twice its length.
muesebecki, new species
3. Antennae each with pale annulus; lateral carinae of propodeum incompleie,
not extending to costulae.. . . convergens (Cushman), new combination
Antennae without pale annulus; lateral carinae of propodeum extending to
costulae: (Seah sk ee hove we Soden ah Cosmeta, ne weepecies
Habryllia oculatus (Cushman), new combination
Fieture 1, f
Brachycyrtus oculatus Cushman, 1936, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 84, pp. 18)
22, fig. 4.
In the Townes collection is a specimen belonging to the genus
Habryliia which I consider to be this species. I can find no structural
2 Meaning the small, dainty one; derived from Greek habros (delicate, dainty, or pretty) and -yllion, a
diminutive suffix.
BRACHYCYRTINE WASPS—WALKLEY 319
differences. However, the color pattern differs in some respects from
that of the type specimen (only two specimens are known to me) and
can be within the limits of variation. The abdomen is black where
that of the type is brownish, the thorax lacks any black or dark color-
ation with the exception of the two spots on the propodeum, and the
scutellar and postscutellar spots are as in the type specimens; the leg
markings, while similar in shape and distribution, are black in the
Townes specimen; the black of posterior part of head is not separated
from the ocellar spot and the head itself is paler, more whitish than
yellow. More material is needed to show definitely whether it belongs
here or is new. The specimen was collected in Puerto Cabello,
Venezuela, Feb. 4, 1940, by P. J. Anduze.
Habryllia muesebechki, new species
Ficunre l1,c,e
This new species is stouter than any other brachycyrtine species I
have seen.
Holotype, female: Length 6 mm.; forewing 4.5 mm.; antenna 6
min.; ovipositor sheath barely 1.8 mm.
Head yellowish white, similar to that of H. oculatus (Cushman) in
shape but differing in coloration by having only the ocellar triangle
black, the ocecipital area being more or less testaceous; antennae
reddish brown with apical segments darker; flagellum with 31 seg-
ments, first segment longer than segments 2 and 3 together.
Thorax testaccous with the markings on mesopleura, metapleura,
and the petiolar area of propodeum as well as a transverse area just
below the costulae yellowish white; the postscutellum with the discal
area dark brown or blackish; scutcllum broader in comparison with
its length than in oculatus; the postscutellum distinctly transverse,
the disk being 1% times as broad as long. As noted in the key to
species, the propodeum is polished, without shagreening or granula-
tion, and with only a very few large scattered punctures. Forewing
with nervulus postfurcal by more than twice its length.
Abdomen black with apices of segments 2—7 yellowish white; two
lateral transverse pale spots, devoid of pubescence, at base of third
segment; legs yellowish white with dorsal face of tibiae of front and
middie legs brownish at least two-thirds of distance from apex to
base; hind coxae dark brown or blackish at base extending posteriorly
one-third of distance to apex on dorsal face and at least one-half of
distance to apex on lateral face; trochanters more or less blackish;
inner and outer faces of hind femora with blackish streak; hind tibia
blackish at base and apex with the two areas connected on the outer
320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
face; tarsi of middle and hind legs brownish. Ovipositor reddish
brown, sheaths blackish.
H. muesebecki also differs from oculatus in the shape of the occipital
carina and of the eyes. Viewed laterally the occipital carina is raised
or flanged in oculatus but not in this new species. The eye of ocu-
latus seems to be widest distinctly before the middle, while in muese-
becki it seems widest just before or almost at the middle (fig. 1,e,f).
Described from a unique female collected at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
September 1938 by R. C. Shannon. This specimen is in the
U. S. National Museum collection under type No. 62053.
This new species is named in honor of C. F. W. Muesebeck, who,
despite his heavy schedule and many obligations, still takes time to
aid or advise the many who ask his assistance.
Habryllia convergens (Cushman), new combination
Brachycyrtus convergens Cushman, 1936, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 84, pp. 18,
20, fig. 2.
Cushman’s description of this species is so complete that little more
need be done than to stress certain characters. This is the only
species with annulated antennae known to me. Like H. muesebeckt,
it is stouter in general conformation than the remaining species in the
genus. Further discussion will be found under H. cosmeta, new
species.
Thus far this species is known only from the unique female taken
at Cano Saddle, Gattin Lake, Panama.
Habryllia cosmeta, new species
Fiaure l,a
Holotype, female: Length barely 5 mm.; forewing 3.5 mm.;
antenna 4.55 mm.; ovipositor sheaths 1 mm.
Head polished, with minute, scarcely visible punctures on the face;
eyes somewhat convergent anteriorly, weakly emarginate; malar space
barely one-half the basal width of mandible; temples, viewed dorsally,
about one-half the width of the eye; ocellar triangle transverse;
antennal flagellum with 30 segments, the basal segment fully as long
as the second and third combined.
Thorax at least as deep as, or a little deeper than, long; polished and
sparsely punctate on the mesoscutum and mesopleura; propodeum,
except polished metapleura, with more or less of the other areas
appearing finely granular, spiracles small, elongate-oval, areola and
petiolar area confluent, first and second lateral basal areas confluent;
scutellum longer than wide, lateral carinae reaching apex; postscutel-
BRACHYCYRTINE WASPS—WALKLEY SAL
Le :
ee
Ficure 1.—a, Habryllia cosmeia, new species, lateral view, and dorsal view of head; d,
Brachycyrtus baltazarae, new species, lateral view, and dorsal view of head; ¢, Habryllia
muesebecki, new species, front view of head; d, Brachycyrtus ornatus (Kriechbaumer),
front view of head; e, Habryllia muesebecki, new species, lateral view of head; f, H. oculatus
(Cushman), lateral view of head. Drawn by Arthur D. Cushman, Entomology Research
Branch, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
lum roundish with lateral carinae; wings hyaline, iridescent, pubescence
at tip of forewing dense enough to make tip appear darker in trans-
mitted light, nervulus postfurcal by one and one-third its length.
Abdomen polished, minutely punctate, punctures on first tergite
very sparse; petiole flat dorsally, postpetiole widest at the spiracles,
its apex not quite twice as wide as petiole base.
Head and thorax yellow with the following black: ocellar triangle
and a narrow stalk extending back from ocellar line and widening
greatly to occipital carina then narrowing to foramen magnum; two
spots on the mesopleuron, the upper one running diagonally across
the middle, the other below and extending onto the venter; three
stripes on the mesoscutum, the middle one beginning at the base and
running about two-thirds the distance to the apex, the two lateral
stripes beginning at the basal third and extending to the apex; most
of disk of scutcllum; disk of postscutellum; a spot on each side of the
propodeum just dorsal and anterior to the propodeal spiracie. Legs
yellow except the following which are piceous or dark brown: a small
basal spot on hind coxa, most of hind trochanters, stripe on outer
side and inner face of hind femur, basal and apical annulus on hind
tibia, middle and hind tarsi, and last two segments of each front
tarsus. Ovipositor sheaths, petiole, and base of postpetiole black, rest
of postpetiole yellow; remainder of abdominal tergites reddish yellow
with more than basal half of tergites 2 and 3 and less than basal half
of remaining tergites blackish or dark brown. Antennae and wing
nervures yellowish brown; ovipositor reddish brown. Type has left
forewing and left middle leg missing.
Allotype, male. Similar to female. Black spots on mesopleuron
smaller, the lower one almost nonexistent. Antennal flagellum with
29 segments.
This species is very close to 7. convergens (Cushman), from which
it may be distinguished by the complete lack of a pale annulus on the
antenna; by the lateral carinae reaching the costulae; by the more
slender ovipositor; and by the slightly longer and more slender basal
flagellar segment of the antenna. Color pattern of the two species
is very similar. FH. convergens has less black on legs and less reddish-
yellow on abdomen.
Described from two specimens, female and male, from St. Augustine,
Trinidad, British West Indies, collected in May 1953 by F. D. Ben-
nett. A third specimen is too broken to include in the type series.
Holotype, female, and allotype, male, are in the U. S. National
Museum collection under type No. 62052.
A headless specimen from Venezuela in the Townes collection is
either this species or a new species closely related to cosmeta.
RRACHYCYRTINE WASPS—WALKLEY 323
Genus Brachycyrtus Kriechbaumer
Brachycyrtus Kriechbaumer, Corres.-Blatt. Zool.-Min. Ver. Regensburg, vol. 34,
p. 161, 1880. Genotype: Brachycyrtus ornatus Kriechbaumer, by monotypy.
Proterocryptus Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, p. 174, 1906. Genotype:
Proterocryptus nawaii Ashmead, by monotypy.
Vakau Cheesman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 1, p. 189, 1928. Genotype:
Vakau taitensis Cheesman, by monotypy and original designation.
Brachycyrtomorpha Blanchard, An. Soc. Cient. Argentina, vol. 134, p. 105, 1942.
Genotype: Brachycyrlomorpha crossi Blanchard, by monotypy and original
designation.
Genotype: Brachycyrtus ornatus Kriechbaumer, by monotypy.
The members of this genus, type genus of the tribe Brachycyrtini,
are more or less brightly colored, usually black and yellow or white,
rufous or testaceous brown and yellow or yellowish white, and more
or less patterned. In addition to the tribal characters heretofore
mentioned and the characters given in the generic key, they are
further identified by the antennae having 24 to 27 segments with the
first flagellar segment three to four times as long as wide; by the head
being more than twice as broad as long with very short, slightly
convex temples (fig. 1,0); by the petiole with the sternite straight or
more or less upcurved apically; the usually short but distinet ster-
naulus; and the propodeum perpendicular beyond the short basal area.
The synonym Brachycyrtomorpha has been credited previously by
some authors to Kreibohm de la Vega (1940). However, under the
International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature (Article 25, as
emended) the genus must date from 1942 with Blanchard as its author,
since before that date there had been no summary of characters, no
bibliographic reference, and no type designation.
Key to the species of Brachycyrtus
1, Propodeum with dense whitish pubescence and completely areolated, the areola
separated from the petiolar area . . . we 2 aia e
Propodeum with pubescence not dense oad ah precisa pid petiolar area
confluent .... eee aye oe nee
2. Thorax reddish allow, ae ponent Rae a. eerie Cushman
Thorax whitish, with reddish yellow and piceous markings.
eressi (Blanchard)
3. Thorax black or blackish, with pale markings. . . . eornatus Kriechbaumer
Thorax yellow or yellowish, marked with brown or black ........ 4
4, Thorax yellow, faintly marked with reddish yellow or testaceous.
australis Roman
~
Thorax yellow, marked with black or dark brown. . . eee
5. Size large, more than 8 mm. in length; abdomen yellow mat ‘bla ae band at
base of each of segments 2-6. . . .... . =. . baltazarae, new species
Size smaller, 7 mm. or less in length; abdomen dark brown or black with yellow
band at or near apex of each of segments 1-7... ......-. + 6
324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
6. Mesopleuron black with central section yellow or testaceous and usually
elongate... 2.9. 3 52 «i «be se se ae + ees awa (Ashmead)
Mesopleuron yellow ... . . . . taitensis (Cheesman)
Brachycytrus (sic) aporiae Okamoto ie pp. 64-65, pl. 5, fig. 15),
as Cushman previously noted, does not belong here. It polos in
the Hemitelini.
Brachycyrtus pretiosus Cushman
Brachycyrtus pretiosus Cushman, 1936, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 84, pp. 18, 19,
fic. 1, 1936.
Cushman’s excellent description errs in one respect. He stated
that the occipital carina extended straight to the base of the mandible.
This character, for various reasons, is either very difficult to see or
not visible on the Cushman specimens. Fortunately, specimens since
added to the U. S. National Museum collection definitely show that
the occipital carina meets the hypostomal carina before the base of
the mandible and does not, as Cushman thought, extend to the base.
This species shows very little color variation. It and crossi differ
from other species in the genus by the short epomiae, which reach only
a little more than half the distance to the doralmer of the pronotum.
B. pretiosusisknown only from Florida.” The four additional speci-
mens, reared from “trashbug pupae” (chrysopid pupae), are from
Sloan’s Grove, Tampa, and Haines City, Florida.
Brachycyrtus crossi (Blanchard)
Brachycyrtomorpha crossi Blanchard, (‘‘in lit.”), Kreibohm de la Vega, Rev. Ind.
Agr. Tucuman, vol. 30, Nos. 7-9, p. 170, fig. 18, 1940. Nomen nudum.
Brachycyrtomorpha crossi Blanchard, An. Soc. Cient. Argentina, vol. 134, pp.
105-107, fig. 6, 1942.
(Brachycyrtus) crossi Kreibohm de la Vega; Townes, Mem. Amer. Ent. Soe., No.
2, pt. 2, p. 756, 1945.
Kreibohm de la Vega had no intention of validating the name crossi,
which he attributed to Blanchard, but he certainly would have done so
had the figure (a photograph) not been too poor to distinguish it from
other brachycyrtine species known at the time.
B. crossi, most closely related to B. pretiosus Cushman, is immedi-
ately d eeened from it and all other knownspecies of Brachycyrtus
by the whitish thorax with three broad, reddish brown stripes.
Blanchard speaks of the thorax as being whitish yellow, and the
scutellum pale ivory. In the specimens before me the scutellum and
thorax are the same color, though the spaces between the ferrugineous
stripes of the scutum are slightly tawny or yellowish. Otherwise the
two males agree very well with Blanchard’s description. The female
differs from the male in having the spots of the pleural areas paler and
BRACHYCYRTINE WASPS—WALKLEY 325
in having the abdomen dark brown or blackish varying to testaceous
brown with preapical whitish bands or spots on segments 1-6 only and
not on segment 7 as hasthe male. Structurally, crossi and pretiosus
are very similar, the only difference being the shorter malar space of
pretiosus.
Blanchard and Kreibohm de la Vega say the specimen they saw was
reared from Alabama argilacea Huebner, presumably in Tucumén,
Argentina. However, Kreibohm was more accurate in saying “en la
jaula de Alabama” (in the cage of Alabama). The three specimens
before me came from Piura, Pert, from caged cotton buds infested
with Anthonomus vestitus Boheman. It seems reasonable to assume
chrysopid pupae were present.
Brachycyrtus ornatus Kriechbaumer
Figure 1,d
Brachycyrtus ornatus Kriechbaumer, Corres. Blatt. Zool.-Min. Ver. Regensburg,
vol. 34, Nos. 11-12, pp. 163-164, 1880 (9).
Brachycyrtus ornatus Kriechbaumer; Pfankuch, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. (1912),
pt. 4, pp. 456-457, figs. 1-2, 1912 (c).
Brachycyrtus chrysopae Walley, Canadian Ent., vol. 72, p. 86, 1940 (9). New
synonymy.
Dr. René Malaise of the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm»
Sweden, always a most helpful person, lent me for study a female
specimen identified by E. Clément as Brachycyrtus ornatus Kriech-
baumer. It fits the original description quite well. G. S. Walley
not only sent for study a female specimen of B. chrysopae, which like
the type specimen came from southern British Columbia, but also
sent notes on the type, for which I am grateful. In the Townes col-
lection, kindly lent me for study by H. K. Townes, is a series consisting
of eight specimens taken by him and his wife at Takoma Park, Md.
These Mr. Walley had checked with his holotype. This series plus
additional specimens from the Townes collection and the U. S. Na-
tional Museum collection show quite well the extent of variation as
well as the constant characters. With this material it was easy to
see that ornatus and chrysopae are synonymous. Unfortunately, the
earlier descriptions of ornatus stressed the tribal characters and
color. Cushman had not seen any specimens of the genotype so could
not include it in his 1936 key to the specimens of Brachycyrtus.
This is the darkest of the known species belonging to Frachycyrtus
and varies in size fom 5 to6 mm. The identifying characters other
than color pattern are: Epomiae nearly attaining the dorsal margin
of the pronotum; malar space about one-half as long as width at base
of mandible; and the nervulus postfurcal by only little more than half
326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
its length (in pretiosus Cushman and crossi (Blanchard) the nervulus
postfurcal by about its own length). The anterior margin of the
scutellar groove is carinate as in nawaii (Ashmead), but unless the
light is right it may escape notice since the carina projects posteriorly
instead of dorsally.
B. ornatus varies from dark brownish to blackish, with yellowish
markings of thorax varying considerably in extent, especially on the
propodeum. In the specimens studied the propodeum varies from
all black, or black with a small brownish spot on each side of the
petiolar area just below the basal transverse carina, to mostly yellow
with only the basal and lateral pleural areas dark. In the European
specimen the dark areas are brownish as well as blackish and the yellow
of the propodeum a more reddish yellow. In some specimens the
petiolar area is all yellowish while in others it is more or less infuscate.
The flagellum of the antenna has 24 or 25 segments in the female,
and 25 in the male. Of the two males studied only one had the
antennae unbroken. The male squamae that tend to be slender
apically in the Brachycyrtini are more so in this species and strongly
resemble those of Pseudischnus males in this respect.
PE. ornatus is holaretic in distribution. It has been taken in both
Europe and North America. The North American specimens before
me are from Robson, British Columbia; Mayo and Takoma Park, Md.;
Hocking County, Ohio; and near Roosevelt Lake, Ariz. The type of
chrysopae was reared from an unknown chrysopid.
Brachycyrtus australis Roman
Brachycyrtus australis Roman, Ark. Zool., vol. 9, No. 9, p. 6, 1915 (9).
Brachycyrtus australis Roman, Cushman, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 84, p. 18,
1936.
Dr. Malaise sent for study the type specimen, the antennae of which
were broken. Roman listed the number of flagellar segments as 27.
The apical segments remaining are longer and less thick in proportion
than those of 2. ornatus. This little species, as noted in the key, has
fewer dark markings than any of the other species; the markings on
the head and thorax, especially, being light brownish or testaceous.
Roman’s complete description notes the small oval propodeal spir-
acles. 5. australis is the only species of Grachcyrtus with short-oval
spiracles. The rest of the species of the genus have elongate-oval
propodeal spiracles. It might also be noted that the malar space
is shorter than that of B. ornatus, being about one-third the basal
width of mandible.
Known only from a single specimen taken at Broome, Australia,
June 1911.
BRACHYCYRTINE WASPS—WALKLEY 327
Brachycyrtus baltazarae, new species
FiacureE 1,6
This new species can be immediately recognized by its large size.
The only known specimen, a female, is approximately 9 mm. in
length. All other known species in the genus measure 6 mm. or less.
The new species is further distinguished by the lack of costulae on
the propodeum.
Head yellow; ocellar triangle black, joining black spot extending
dorsally and laterally to occipital carina but with lateral limits
visible dorsally; scape and pedicel yellow below, blackish above;
flagellum testaceous below, darker above (apical segments missing
from both antennae). Thorax yellow, rectangular median black
spot on scutum, flanked on each side by elongate triangular black
spot, scutellar fovea and adjoining area of scutum black, elongate
black spot on pleuron near mesopleural suture, anterior black spot on
lateral basal areas of propodeum. Legs yellow except apices of femora
and tibiae, apical tarsal segments, and bases of hind trochanters and
tibiae, all of which are more or less brownish or blackish; wings
hyaline, venation dark brown. Abdomen yellow, petiole blackish
at extreme base (difficult to see) with a laterally elongate blackish
band before the spiracles, blackish band at base of segments 2-6,
segment 7 mostly brownish or blackish except narrow band at apex;
ovipositor sheaths blackish.
Eead lightly but closely punctate, first flagellar segment of antenna
3% times aslong as wide. Thorax strongly but rather closely punctate
except propodeum, which is mostly granular with scattered punctures
basally; epomiae flangelike and joining dorsally; scutellar fovea
carinate anteriorly and crossed by several carinae; punctate scutellum
with lateral carinae flangelike at fovea; postscutellum small and
shining; propodeum lacking costulae, areola and petiolar area fused;
propodeal spiracles slitlike and proportionately larger than in other
known species of the genus. Forewing with nervulus postfurcal by
about one-third its length; cubitus, between intercubitus and second
recurrent, fully 3% times as long as intercubitus. Petiole widest at
spiracles then narrowing so that its apical width is about three-
fourths that at spiracles. Ovipositor sheaths only very slightly
longer than petiole.
Described from the unique female collected by F. R. Candelaria,
Sept. 17, 1953, on Mount Maquiling, Philippine Islands, and named
in honor of Miss Clare Baltazar, entomologist with the Bureau of
Plant Industry, Manila, Philippine Islands, who so kindly sent the
specimen. The holotype is in the U. S. National Museum collection
under type No. 62774.
328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Brachycyrtus nawaii (Ashmead)
Proterocryptus nawaii Ashmead, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 30; ps L744, plad2:
fig. 3, 1906.
(Brachycyrtus) nawaii (Ashmead); Roman, Ark. Zool., vol. 9, No. 9, p. 5, 1915.
Proterocryptus nawati Ashmead; Cushman, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, p. 548,
1919.
Brachycyrtus nawaii (Ashmead); Cushman, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 84, pp.
18, 23, fig. 4, 1936.
Ashmead’s type specimen is from the Palearctic region (from Japan),
and is very closely related to B. ornatus Kriechbaumer, from which it
can be separated principally by color and by the shape and length of
the epomiae. In B. nawaii the epomiae reach the dorsal margin of
the pronotum and are strongly developed or flanged, but in &. ornatus
they do not quite reach the dorsal margin and are less strongly de-
veloped or flanged. Additional material may show the length of the
epomiae more variable in both species. In color pattern the two
species are very close, the pattern differing especially on the head
and mesopleuron. B. ornatus has the black spot behind the antennae
fused with the black of the ocellar triangle while in nawazi the two
spots are separated. B. nawaii also has more yellow on the meso-
pleuron, including a more or less rectangular yellow spot near the
center. 2. ornatus has no such spot.
In addition to the type from Japan, I have seen three specimens
from the Philippines. One, in the U. S. National Museum collection,
Cushman mentioned as being nawaii in his 1936 paper. A second
specimen in the Museum collection, from Babatan Island, and one
from the Townes collection, from Gapan, may prove, with additional
material to show amount of variation, to be a distinct species. The
malar space seems a little shorter and the pale bands of the abdomen
wider medially on segments 2 and 3. I can find nothing else to
differentiate these specimens, so at present can only consider them as
being nawait.
The distribution for Frachycyrtus nawaii is Atami, Japan, and
Manila, Luzon Island, Babatan Island, and Gapan Island, all in the
Philippines. The specimen from Manila was reared from cocoon of
Chrysopa sp.
Brachycyrtus taitensis (Ci: -es:nan)
Vakau taitensis Cheesman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hirt., ser. 10, vol. 1, No. 2, p. 189,
fig. 7, 1928.
(Brachycyrtus) taitensis Cheesman; Townes, Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc. No. 2, pt. 2,
p. 756, 1945.
I have seen no specimen of this species. The “longitudinal striate
puncturation” of the mesoscutum and the “pectinate inner spine” of
the middle tibia should immediately identify this species. The
BRACHYCYRTINE WASPS—WALKLEY 329
original description speaks of the species as being “Matt; minutely
granulate, with fine shallow puncturation and a sparse covering of
pale yellow hairs.” The other species of the genus are more shining
than matt, except sometimes the propodeum.
The three specimens were taken at various localities on Tahiti,
Society Islands.
References
AsHMEAD, W. H.
1900. Classification of the ichneumon flies, or the superfamily Ichneumono-
idea. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, pp. 1-220.
1906. Descriptions of new Hymenoptera from Japan. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 30, pp. 169-201, pls. 12-15.
CEBALLOS, GONZALO
1941-1943. Las tribus de los himendépteros de Espafia. Inst. Espafiol Ent.
Madrid, 421 pp.
CusuHMAN, R. A.
1919. Descriptions of new North American ichneumon-flies. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 55, pp. 517-543.
1936. The ichneumon-flies of the genus Brachycyrtus Kriechbaumer. Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 84, pp. 17-24.
KREIBOHM DE LA Vuaa, G. A.
1940, Contribucién al conocimiento de algunos enemigos naturales de la
oruga de la hoja del algodonero (Alabama argillacea Hitbn.). Lucha
biolégica. Rev. Ind. Agr. Tucumdén, vol. 30, Nos. 7-9, pp. 163-
171, 1940.
KRIECHBAUMER, J.
1880. Brachycyrtus, novum genus Cryptidarum. Corres.-Blatt. Zool.-Min.
Ver. Regensburg, vel. 34, nos. 11-12, pp. 161-164.
Oxamoro, Hanusrro
1921. [Life-histories of injurious and beneficial insects in Hokkaido.]
Hokkaido Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep. No. 12, 92 pp., 6 pls. (In Jap-
anese.)
PraNnKucH, K.
1912. Aus der Ichneumonologie. (Hym.). Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr.
(1912), No. 4, pp. 456-459.
Roman, A.
1915. Results of Dr. E. Mjébergs Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia
1910-13. I. Schlupfwespen. Ark. Zool., vol. 9, No. 9, pp. 1-18.
ScHMIEDEKNECHT, OTTo
1904-1906. Opuscula Ichneumonologica, vol. 2, Cryptinae, pp. 411-998.
Townes, Henry K., Jr.
1944-1945. Catalogue and reclassification of the Nearctic Ichneumonidae
(Hymenoptera). Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc., No. 11, pts. 1, 2,
925 pp.
1951. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Synoptie Catalog.
Family Ichneumonidae. U. 8. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monogr. No. 2,
pp. 184-410.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1956
7 7 — a 7
| - ~~. > =
7 : i 2 ee ae
on : i 7
me i ameey *! = fae eG ts ey => vipe> apts duct |
ree, c LY 7 a :
<1 iy (Vi og oat eee “a « oF Pay, wil ta Oe specs)
ea Pe 7 7 if :
Sottey, Det ee Spa en fetes aa Al a t aN
=! | 2 Ste ya) ta
; —_ a 7 = ae a a oo
iH a ee Onsite Ta * i ar war tS, J oe
an | 15 ee
i @ o¢ 7 i
- i 6 ; 7 7
- 7 Pee
: ri ; aa
‘ weet — ~ arose
/ a ps teem 7 i?
2 1 ae |! au ee a0p) sf alee tre T “ens
‘ - 2 FT _ . ie
: (ae a
a) == - ‘olf | sya a
ft 7 - at aD : 7m oe
7 ay) ahotr ae a wna
: ; mi - i i al Lee ae ee
=— aan wi : 24a) ae
Ne ie =e:
4
: . Si ta Sn
o 7 =
7 ae ae
- 7. ‘pnt tf 6 2 eee _- 7}
/ : © 1:57 a oat ‘ar
- -, ay we
: fy ¢ Bie Aim om
, . : a ie J I iti on
: 19 |
7 ‘ et Abn i so;
ied _ :
’ oe i : 7 mf) Pe ,
a. : Sai ida : MH
‘ ny : a = ‘ of eos vy - =
7 . , 1 i ‘se . .
. i ai ivr ‘hog 7
: , ae ! sor ' foe pi
- .
a - -
- 7 7 wt i vf
; on ieee
“ : - 7 Tee i hss Cae AL i@ 250 to
j 7) . < ’ i _ -
: ax a 7 we Lahore
7 ‘ : a . yt —
i a i pet iV ore ae
7 ia) a . ’ f . A aa ry
7 it 3 mi) iy > 9 ee eee
, » ath 7
: : a i
® ° ; ; 7 oe rahe
a i . _ 7 an wie te why
se - 7 7 E> ¢@ 7 [ : —~ 7 ;
‘ —
- J: Ss a
a sc? A+. = phy we }
7 a) ee D gt iis tise 7 i
> : pVisaai st f “7
7 = 6). A ie 4 i
t + Seecllliedl
. . / / ; / os 7 : /?
= . . al
7 i : ; :
a
> : i
9 - ;
- « oo -
i ve i
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 106 Washington: 1956 Nor 3370
A NEW SPECIES OF CANDACIA (COPEPODA: CALANOIDA)
FROM THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
By ApraHamM FLeEMINGER and THomas E. Bowman
The new species of Candacia described below was discovered inde-
pendently by the authors while engaged in studies of plankton col-
lections made by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The
plankton tows were made off the southern Atlantic coast of the
United States by the Theodore N. Gill and in the Gulf of Mexico by
the Alaska as part of general oceanographic surveys of the two regions.
In addition to the new species described below, seven known species
of Candacia have been found in the collections. C. bipinnata Gies-
brecht, bispinosa Claus, curta Dana, longimana Claus, pachydactyla
Dana, and simplex Giesbrecht occurred in both regions surveyed,
whereas armata Boeck has been found only in collections made at
some of the most northern stations occupied by the Gill, off Beaufort,
N.C. These stations appear to represent approximately the southern
boundary of the distribution of this species along the Atlantic coast
of the United States. As pointed out by Thompson and Scott (1903,
p. 250), Brady’s (1884, p. 68) records from Challenger stations are
probably erroneous. The only other published records from Indo-
Pacific or tropical western Atlantic localities are contained in C. B.
Wilson’s Carnegie (1942) and Albatross (1950) reports. Examination
of Carnegie and Albatross specimens in the U. 5. National Museum
331
386590—56
332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
(USNM) identified by Wilson as C. armata was carried out. Almost all
of Wilson’s determinations proved to be erroneous; C. armata was not
present at any of the Carnegie stations and only at Albatross station
2195 (lat. 39°44’ N., long. 70°03’ W., off Cape Hatteras).
C. aethiopica Dana, a widespread species in temperate and tropical
waters of all the oceans, was not found in either the Alaska or Gill
collections. It will probably be found at least in the region covered
by the Gill, since it has been reported from the Bermuda area (Moore,
1949), and Mr. Philip St. John (personal communication) has found
it in plankton hauls made off the coast of North Carolina.
Candacia norvegica (Boeck), found in the cooler part of the North
Atlantic Ocean, appears to be limited to waters of lower temperature
than those surveyed by the Alaska and the Gill. In Wilson’s Carnegie
and Albatross papers this species was reported to have been found in
the Sargasso and Caribbean regions and in many parts of the Pacific
Ocean. As in the case of C. armata, Wilson’s determinations have
been found to be incorrect. C. norvegica was not present in any of
the Albatross or Carnegie material in the U. S. National Museum.
Candacia paenelongimana, new specics
ny ~~ SRO pa
Fi@ures 1; 2,a-g
Locauitigs AND MateriAu: Gulf of Mexico: Lat. 23°35’ N., long.
82°23’ W. (USFWS Alaska cruise 4, station 29, Jan. 19, 1952, 1 meter
depth of tow, one female); lat. 23°31’ N., long. 86°44’ W. (Alaska
cruise 4, station 36, Jan. 24, 1952, 1 meter depth of tow, one female).
Gulf Stream: Off Florida coast, lat. 27°40’ N., long. 79°41’ W.
(USFWS Theodore N. Gill cruise 1, station 6, Feb. 17, 1953, 60 meters
depth of tow, one female); off South Carolina coast, lat. 32°41’ N.,
long. 77°03’ W. (Gill cruise 1, station 62, Mar. 3, 1953, 75 meters
depth of tow, one female, one male).
MerasureMENTS: All measurements made from dorsal view along
midsagittal plane; cephalothorax measured from anteriormost margin
of forehead to posterior margin of intersegmental fold between thoracic
fusion segment IV—V and genital segment; length of abdomen from
anterior margin of genital segment to articulation between fifth
innermost seta and right furcal ramus. Measurements made at 100
magnification with aid of ocular micrometer, specimens immersed in
solution of 50 percent glycerine, 50 percent water. Slender glass rods
used to support cephalothorax and abdomen in horizontal position
during measurements of each.
The total length and cephalothorax-abdomen ratio, presented in
that order, for individuals collected at different localities are as
follows: Adult females: holotype, 2.92 mm., 4.1: 1; paratypes, 2.54
NEW SPECIES OF CANDACIA—-FLEMINGER AND BOWMAN 333
SCALE (MM)
Saget
Tigges Teno
Ol o,¢,4,h
—Or e,g,!,k, I,m
oO!
4 __—_-— —ihn
wes
Zl
'
|
\
\
/
aw
Figure 1—Candacia paenelongimana new species, female (a-j and n are holotype, k-m,
paratype): a, dorsal view; b, cephalon, lateral view; c, abdomen, lateral view; d, abdomen,
dorsal view; ¢, second maxilla; f, maxilliped; g, abdomen, ventral view; 4, proximal portion
of first antenna; 7, fifth legs; 7, ramus of fifth leg, distal half; &, third exopodal segment of
fourth leg; J, third exopodal segment of third leg; m, third exopodal segment of second leg;
n, mandible, gnathal lobe.
334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 108
mim., 3.9: 1 (Alaska station 29); 2.57 mm., 3.7: 1 (Gill station 62)
2.66 mm. (Gill station 6). Adult male: allotype, 2.49 mm., 3.4: 1.
Draqanosts: Adult female; similar to C. longimana (Claus) with
respect to cephalothorax, cephalic appendages, and swimming legs
1-4 (fig. 1,e,f,h,k—n).
Abdominal details differing from longimana: Genital segment with
somewhat angular lateral swellings, greatest width anterior to mid-
length of swellings (fig. 1,d,g); measured at greatest width, genital
segment wider than long (0.82—0.85 : 1); second abdominal segment
produced ventrad in a broad lobiform process (fig. 1,¢); process extends
ventrad and somewhat anteriad, almost reaching posteroventral
margin of genital segment.
Fifth legs differing from longimana; spines of ramal segment small;
ramus with two apical subequal spines, two appressed spines along
lateral margin; medial margin of ramus with longitudinal row of
about five small denticles near apex (fig. 1,7,7).
Adult male similar to longimana with respect to cephalic appendages
and swimming legs 1-5.
Posterior process of right fifth thoracic segment relatively longer
and of rather different form than that of longimana. Seen from above
(fig. 2,c) process tapers gradually and turns slightly outward at tip;
in lateral view (fig. 2,b) it curves upward to tip, which has an expan-
sion on its posterior side.
Genital segment (fig. 2,a,d) similar to that of longimana, but
process on right side without thickening near the middle as charac-
teristic of longimana.
Fifth legs (fig. 2,e) like those of lengimana in all details.
Types: Holotype, USNM 98618, female, Alaska cruise 4, station 36.
Allotype, USNM 98619, male, Gill cruise 1, station 62. Paratypes:
USNM 98622, female, Alaska cruise 4, station 29; USNM 98621,
female, Gill cruise 1, station 6; USNM 98620, female, Gill cruise 1,
station 62.
ApDITIONAL Descriprion: Abdominal segments plus furea with
following proportions: Female (based on holotype), 48.5, 25.0, 12.0,
14.5=100; male, 37.5, 30.0, 27.0, 12.5, 20.0=100.
Ficure 2.—a-g, Candacia paenelongimana new species, male allotype: a, dorsal view; 4,
fifth thoracic segment and first abdominal segment, seen from the right side; c, posterior
corner of right fifth thoracic segment, dorsal view; d, process of first abdominal segment,
dorsal view; ¢, fifth legs; f, right first antenna, segments 15-19, dorsal view; g, right furcal
ramus, dorsal view. 4h-l, Candacia longimana (Claus): h, abdomen, dorsal view, male from
South Pacific, USNM 80116; 2, portion of fifth thoracic and first abdominal segments,
dorsal view, male from same lot as h; j, posterior corner of right fifth thoracic segment,
dorsal view, male from Carnegie Sta. 66, off Chile, USNM 80115; &, same, lateral view; /,
fifth legs, female, Gill Cruise 1, Sta. 71, off North Carolina; m, abdomen, lateral view, same
specimen. , Candacia chirura Cleve, abdomen, lateral view, from Farran (1929).
NEW SPECIES OF CANDACIA—FLEMINGER AND BOWMAN 335
SCALE (MM)
yeast seers —_—__—__—____| @q
|}--O-9______4h-j,m
[| = ee
Be ge ee
)
————————
Figure 2.—Explanation on facing page.
336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 106
Cephalothorax-abdomen length ratio of female longimana Claus,
according to Giesbrecht (1892, p. 428), approximates 2.9+-.3:1.
However, ratios of longimanna collected by Gill and Alaska similar
to range in paenelongimana; a female longimana from Gulf of Mexico
(unpublished data; lat. 23°50’ N., long. 82°19’ W., Jan. 19, 1952,
1 meter depth) with ratio of 3.8:1; two longimana females from off
Cape Lookout (unpublished data; lat. 34°03’ N., long. 75°15’ Wi,
Mar. 6, 1953, 35 meters depth) with ratios of 3.6:1 and 4.1:1. Cephal-
othorax-abdomen length ratio, therefore, appears to be of no value
in distinguishing between individual females of the two species.
Genital segment tends to be longer and furcal rami shorter in
female paenclongimana as compared to available specimens and
Giesbrecht’s figures (1892, pl. 39, figs. 4, 6) of Jongimana.
Remarks: The female can be easily recognized by the characteristic
ventral process of the second abdominal segment. While processes
from the vental surface of this segment are developed to varying
degrees in several species of Candacia, the process is directed anteriad
only in paenelongimana. Both Candacia chirura Cleve (fig. 2,n) and
C. armata (Boeck) have conspicuous processes, directed posteriad.
The male can easily be confused with the male of longimana, but
can be distinguished by the shape of the process on the right side of
the fifth thoracic segment, especially when examined from the side.
In longimana this process is somewhat variable, but is relatively
shorter and heavier than in the single male paenelongimana. In
dorsal view (fig. 2,h-7) it is more pointed and usually curves medially.
Seen laterally (fig. 2,4) it bends abruptly upward just beyond the
thickened middle and narrows uniformly to the pointed distal end. A
number of male specimens of longimana from both the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans have been examined; in none of them did this process
closely resemble that of paenelongimana with its uniform curvature
and expanded apex.
Literature cited
Brapy, GEorGH STEWARDSON
1884. Report on the Copepoda collected by H. M. 8. Challenger during the
years 1873-76. Rep. Sci. Res. Voyage of H. M.S. Challenger, Zool.,
vol. 8, pt. 23, 142 pp., 55 pls.
FARRAN, GEorRGE P.
1929. Crustacea, pt. 10, Copepoda. British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedi-
tion, 1910, Nat. Hist. Rep., Zool., vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 203-306, 37 figs.,
4 pls.
GIESBRECHT, WILHELM
1892. Systematik und Faunistik der pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von
Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Fauna und
Flora des Golfes von Neapel, Monogr. 19, 831 pp., 54 pls.
NEW SPECIES OF CANDACIA—-FLEMINGER AND BOWMAN 337
Moors, Hinary B.
1949. The zooplankton of the upper waters of the Bermuda area of the
North Atlantic. Bull. Bing. Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 12, art. 2, 97 pp.
Tuompson, Isaac Cooxkn, AND Scorr, ANDREW
1903. Report of Copepoda collected by Professor Herdman at Ceylon in
1902. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries, Suppl. Rep. No. 7; Rep. to
Colonial Government, pt. 1, pp. 227-807, pls. 1-20.
Witson, CHARLES BRANCH
1942. The copepods of the plankton gathered during the last cruise of the
Carnegie. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 536, Sci. Res. Cruise 7
of the Carnegie during 1928-1929 under the command of Capt. J.
P. Ault. Biology—I, v + 237 pp., 16 charts, 136 figs.
1950. Copepods gathered by the United States Fisheries Steamer Albatross
from 1887 to 1909, chiefly in the Pacific Ocean. U.S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 100, vol. 14, pt. 4, pp. i-ix, 141-441, pls. 2-36.
UL, $. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1956
- fay
The WAM VIO ev).
AE ie A TTR 0) TOY Sairee WA
a)
| | , re. 1s ene! 1A teal sted Me,
Ta Deegan “eter yes MED Gio? am au 1 lg pela oft. ftOh
iy & 6 oa" wt oe ts yy TROWMINT Mit jaca! yds rae 5 :
‘ Pe nbueiin) aa Sek nado OPM sat oiled
' J) tetaadngt: teeta “arf isthe, ahSaeyo™ oF yaa aye, ess ¢
tian yee ttf vs: “t (aa S nite 1s 00 1 ri. me
on Pas ‘| iA _ {oe a vf jg nie oy ed Taleialtiobe, - a =
| ; TNs
fost tA EP antl tat lise cep
liv ada io BSA
sft Are yraaeel
i Hi aay. Mi ann] ny off
witt nig ‘ay?
met
li) + antlact . “Grew uy :
16: banked OAP Atos CLUE tel
Bl jrily » ay Konda 4
3 ih OSy otreléihiy, 17 a0. 2
wltL, naraet agnnd
2 - A —«yoloill jin Peer o
{hewrtay! Galley a b bainvie;, ohorpqo? Od2L
Of, BT) ttieat? witon’s 4d) gs ata td A Let \s6! aay aie
Wee ela Theta vet ae © dah v4 Sieh ti Ciel
i j 4 i j » ATs Pic
q ot i .@
T G a ne
‘
on
j - f
: : 7 = % i |
s ; 7
- ca itn 4
- 4 very Ta < ua
lArIVely
8 ne vy ‘
wl
9
1
gL
, i proses
¢
i : ‘ vr mts
+ ;
1
f
q ;
4, 4 af ‘
¢ t- cane
5
> ¥ c™ 4
= é
7 Live “Wy ye
, ae ¥
oe
- a ; 0 : ; 8 , is
; Bd Wary \
\ -
‘
Via ' 8 ®
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
ON! by the
= f]
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 166 Washington: 1956 No. 3365
——$—$——$—$
A NEW PINECONE FISH, MONOCENTRIS REEDI, FROM CHILE,
A NEW FAMILY RECORD FOR THE EASTERN PACIFIC
By Lreonarp P. Scuuuttz
Dr. Edwyn P. Reed ' recently sent to me for identification a photo-
graph of, and later at my request the dried specimen of, a pinecone
fish of the family Monocentridae taken off the coast of Chile in the
Juan Fernindez Islands at a depth of 200 to 250 meters. A photo-
graph of the specimen was also sent to H. W. Fowler, who published
a note entitled “The Pinecone Fish, Monocentris japonicus (Houttuyn)
at Juan Fernandes, Southeast Pacific’ (Fish Culturist, reference
below).
This unique specimen represents the first record for the family in
the eastern Pacific. Upon comparison of the specimen with the three
other known species referred to the family, I observed that it differed
in several characteristics and represented a new species.
The occurrence in the eastern American Pacific of another of the
tropical central-western Pacific fauna indicates once more that the
eastern Pacific fish fauna is more closely related to that of the Indo-
Pacific than formerly supposed. These two faunas have differentiated
mostly on the species level and less so at the generic level.
1 Chief of the biological department, Direccién General de Pesca y Caza, Valparaiso, Chile.
377498—56 237
238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 105
Monocentris reedi, new species
Prars J
Monocentris javoricus, Fowler, Fish Culturist (Philadelphia), vol. 34, No. 9,
p. 65, fig., May 1955 (Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile).
Monocentris, Reed, Inv. Zool. Chilenas, vol. 2, No. 8, p. 131, fig. 1955 (Juan
Ferndindez Islands, Chile).
Lfotoryre: USNM 164227. A dried specimen 92 mm. in standard
length, taken in lobster traps in February 1955 off Mas a Tierra
Island, Juan Ferndndez Islands, off the coast of Chile, at depth of
200 to 250 meters by fishermen.
Dzscrivtion: The following counts were made: Dorsal rays
VLii,10, with a rudiment of a seventh spine; anal i,10; pectoral
11;12--11,12; pelvic L,iii; plates along lateral line from rear of head to
base of caudal fin 18 on one side, 19 on the other; plates in a row from
soft dorsal origin to lateral line 4, and from anal origin to lateral line
(obliquely forward) 4. The details of arrangement of plates are
illustrated in the photographs.
Certain measurements were made on the holotype, and these are
expressed in thousandths of the standard length of 92 mm. as follows:
Length of head 392; greatest depth 456; least depth of caudal pe-
duncle 92; length of caudal peduncle from base of last anal ray to
midbase of caudal fin 174; diameter of eye 130; length of snout 125;
maxillaries or distance from tip of snout to rear of maxillary 201;
bony interorbital space 120; length of first dorsal spine 102, of longest
or second dorsal spine 267; length of pelvic spine 310.
See table 1 for counts made on Afonocentris japonicus (Houttuyn)
and M. reedi, new species.
Discussion: The family Monocentridae has referred to it two
venera—Monocentris Bloch and Schneider with Gasterosteus japonicus
Houttuyn as genotype, from the western Pacific, and Cleidopus De
Vis with C. gloria-maris De Vis as genotype, from Australia. The
genus Cleidopus differs from Monocentris in having a patch of vomerine
teeth, a luminous organ on each side of the mandible, a very narrow
preorbital bone instead of no teeth on the vomer, no luminous organ
on the mandible, and a broad preorbital bone.
Powell (Rec. Auckland Inst. Mus., vol. 2, p. 151, pl. 36, 1938, type
locality Opoutama Beach, 40 miles south of Gisborne, New Zealand)
described Cleidopus neozelanicus. He points out that this species is
intermediate between Monocentris and Cleidopus. it agrees with
Monocentris in having a broad preorbital and no luminous organs on
mandible. It agrees with Oleidopus in having vomerine teeth. With
this intermediate species, perhaps as Powell suggests, Cleidopus
should be referred as a synonym to Monocentris. Anyway, regardless
of the generic affinities which I cannot work out because of lack of
material, neozelanicus differs from reedi in having vomerine teeth, a
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS. VOL. 106 SsGHUETZ PEATEs!
Holotype of Monocentris reedi, new species.
NEW PINECONE FISH—SCHULTZ 239
deeper body, and greatest depth 1.6 for neozelanicus and 2.1 or 2.2
for reed.
The genus \Monocentris has had up to the present only one species
referred to it, namely M. japonicus (Houttuyn). The following
named species are synonyms of japonicus: Sciaena japonica (cata-
phracta) Thunberg and AMonocentris carinata Bloch and Schneider.
TaBLe 1.—Counts recorded for species of Monocentris
Number of fin rays
= eS a ee 7
Dorsal fin
—~! Anal fin soft rays
Snecies All rays of pee-
Specie: an
\ tora
|
|
}
|
|
e Spines
| Soft rays |
a ee tee be Nf ee he ee Sa
i aii. AI l | ] | |
\ VI | Vii | ii | J2 | 10 11 | 14 | 15
Saas | nen = ee. | ei Opa Dee pe tS ee pa eee ee ee ee
| ! } |
M. japonicus |
(Houttuyn)--._-- 1} 7 3 10 | 1 | 9 2 | 13 3
M. reedi, new spe- | | 1 {
Gies._.--...------ | eo eeeeeneee (ee De senor’ | 1| Dee sese
| \ | | | |
Total number of gilirakers on
first arch
| r
| eels Ta] Below sngle |
g |ansie |
os ' — ~ et —
ee ee ee Se ere ee eee
ji ee I ee ee
ee eee ee ee | Sy | ence rch ae eee | ce | | eco
| ! i j } }
M. japonicus | | | | | | |
Houttuyn)__-._-. pele a ah 6 Pts hse arch. eh ae | Pies
AM. reedi, new =e | | ; |
Glass ee eee al 4) 32 asf oles: Bi cnccttecey peers 2
eee oe | | | | |
!
| Number of platas along lateral line
Ve “y |
| 15 | 16 17 | 18 19
ee ee eee eat peer aPLSSs| [Soe Soe ee | ay
| } |
M. japonicus | | | 1
(Houttuyn)_.--_- | 1 | Golson Ale ate beeei eee T) | nla ks Soe
M., reedi, new spe- | ; |
Giesesss ke eee pe | et Ae ee eee | ANS ot ee sede eee es | 1 | 1
Monocentris japonicus differs from MM. reedi in having a deeper body,
1.6 to 1.8 instead of 2.1 to 2.2; gillrakers 12 to 14 on lower part of first
gill arch instead of 16; and 14 or 15 plates along lateral line instead of
18 0r19. In addition M. reedi appears to have a more slender caudal
peduncle than IM. japonicus. Because of the dried condition of the
type and the tips of all soft fin rays having been broken off, it is not
possible to compare with accuracy many possible measurements.
When more specimens become available a more detailed study is
needed, but this short description brings to the attention of ichthy-
ologists a remarkable discovery in the eastern Pacific.
I take great pleasure in naming this rare species in honor of Dr.
Edwyn P. Reed, who brought it to my attention and who deposited
the holotype in the U.S. National Museum.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING CFFIC
Qs5¢ YC q0e—FalE afo0nmIT- Wie
Ofte FE Ge on culo TOW Bigs lesiaag bow wheg isqeen
aoe
a ine ets ai Puff beet ghd 3 ri) 7 ait Siri wanovds eis alt
“rail aif} City mer) Yarn AMY yah "OCIA al O) ieerinle't
-Nit OoiThabe biti semAleagor lo siazocim oa eninge hana
vobtarded ban faolfharaiy seveogoo dl hon sadumt?® Gira
ahinenoaol Yo esinse te bsbvesss nae! ame 7
——— ae a = -_ — —
Oe eC A Eg
Sygate tel?
= ee, . = aca aah aie
| ! rut Eisen
ne ’ ; : ,
)— nn pr oar u ¢ me atl fined / ae = lomtt
t | a7 ne | ealily-
ue ! = . Se el ene tie oe oe
4 | { ’ | |
a4 4t ’ uf { t } it | {1 ivy of i
eee por nl le ee eee ee S
3 j } | { 1}
} : 3 | | wothmeagey AC
‘ ae 1 ay o i? t Peat
| ‘woe ise VA
S : and Asoc i. hee ale
7 { : “| = 7 = 2 3 ai : i
mo é 140 eon palit . 1A" Titi @)
soemsatily lo pliant Dy } aC a ae
Were | ott { 3
| 4 fae as
* ' a .
:
ieee : ——
és i § + i wf i ' be ert ft ‘
! : | ; | (
lees Aoi da mee - Stn ee a eo
j f j ae
: { &: eee LDL
abapept Motes | ie - ae = S a fl 1 & et aes ftremticodt
=i {7-9 vt easy
£ Se kbameensil cm ¢ hea == eralleatied war shaw moe ae ces
/ i ‘ 4
if fewtals:0 1 eetaley Yowulmn ~
rr —— a - —— ~ - — oo —
ws J i ! tt i a 2
i
a -! / fa coor ieee |e pertmersee i
rsiatecol 2A
7 : : = «yl i . {eginiica
- ora tess a7
! , Stas Fo eed Geen . 4h cae = = . - a
; ( ; |
cphed taqeeh 4 ortvod of Me AL erat] eres exsistogny, 2aitsaoROM
denil to Fs sa gel ao Mos CL atodmliig £8 af 1 £ lo haotenpR,.E of 3.1
“Yo baclent anil irene! aaile jal &f wo nee yao 101 to beoisnt dots fie
tahini an vialet Ht HoT ee O) SIBATgS haan ih aonb be at QT to at
aii lo aol) baw Lardiads oa settasall cx siaeny a mss slauubeg
tom at de lio risa (eee? onirad avert i dloe le loend aoe bile egy
SliMe Tisfsim diac! Tah Yo@uesk dior egies oF oldiazogq
ef gbrl> Tolatuly oma, a ofialiavs sctsesd cosminpqs ambi cod Tl
Bel Hoiteowe oil) Ot eonkd sotlqieah trols atdt dod bobsea
é
iB uoolees ot ni trevor} sidediamoet 1 etemolo
FL tie sound wi eons vo eal Seige a oneaale Seema, ones I
hatizoqeh ocve bre voi sila vared i eras oly boosh ogahet
ash/ danoiisv, 2 7 ot at sqgtolod ant
=
*
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
AX SY
NO
i Nexon ey
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 106 Washington: 1956 No. 3371
EMENDED DESCRIPTION AND ASSIGNMENT TO THE NEW
GENUS RONALEA OF THE IDOTHEID ISOPOD
ERICHSONELLA PSEUDOCULATA BOONE
By Rosperr J. Menzies and Taomas E. Bowman
In 1923 Boone described a new species of idotheid isopod from
San Pedro, Calif., under the name Erichsonella pseudoculata. Boone’s
single specimen was a male. More recently a second specimen, this
time a female, was collected from Phyllospadiz at La Jolla, Calif. In
all known species of Hrichsonella the abdomen is unisegmental, without
partial sutures at the base. Boone’s species, although otherwise
fitting nicely into Erichsonella, has partial sutures at the base of the
abdomen. We are therefore faced with the alternatives of expanding
the definition of Hrichsonella or erecting a new genus for pseudoculata.
Since the number of partial or complete sutures at the abdominal base
appears to be constant at the generic level in idotheid isopods, we
have elected to establish a new genus, Ronalea, for Boone’s species.
In the genus Husymmerus Richardson (1889, p. 852) the abdomen
also has one partial suture at its base, but it differs from the new
genus in that the coxal plates, visible in dorsal view, are separated
only in pereion segments 6 and 7. In Ronalea the coxal plates are
separated in pereion segments 2—7 as in Erichsonella, but are visible
in dorsal view only in segments 5-7. Moreover, the general body
386750—56 339
340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
conformation of Eusymmerus, with the evenly rounded lateral margins
of the pereion and pleon, stands in contrast to the irregular nature
of these margins in the narrower and less dorsoventrally flattened
Ronalea and Erichsonella.
Boone’s description, although detailed, contains a few misleading
statements. Although it was stated in her paper that her EHrichson-
ella pseudoculata and other isopods described therein would ‘‘be more
fully discussed and illustrated in a forthcoming monograph,’’ this
monograph has not appeared. We are therefore providing illustra-
tions of taxonomically important details and an emended description
of Boone’s species.
Ronalea, new genus
Dracnosts: Body narrow; lateral margins of pereion and pleon
irregular. Flagellum of antenna 2 uniarticulate. Palp of maxilliped
composed of four segments. Coxal plates distinct from the segments
in pereion segments 2-7, visible dorsally in segments 5-7. Abdomen
composed of a single segment with a pair of incomplete lateral sutures
at the base. Type species, R. pseudoculata (Boone).
Ronalea pseudoculata (Boone), new combination
Erichsonella pseudoculata Boone, 1923, pp. 154-155.
MALE HoLoryPeE: Length 8.2 mm., greatest width at level of perei-
onite 1, 2.5 mm., USNM 50420.
Frmaue: Oostegites fully developed, length 9.0 mm., greatest width
at level of pereionites 3-4, 2.5 mm.
Heap: Frontal lamina conical, reaching level of distal end of first
segment of antenna 1, tip evenly rounded in female, somewhat obtuse
in male. Median frontal margin almost straight. Middle portions
of lateral margins produced into rounded lobes, in which the swollen
eyes are situated. Dorsum with a conspicuous median bifid tubercle
projecting anteriad over the frontal margin.
PEREION: Somites without supralateral projections. First somite
with anterolateral angles produced into bilobed processes; in the
male two pigmented oval areas are present on the lateral parts of the
dorsum, hence the specific name given by Boone. Lateral margins
of somites 2-5 concave, of somites 6-7 evenly rounded. Each somite
with carina on middorsal line; that of somite 1 divided and occupying
the length of the somite; those of somites 2-7 single and located near
the posterior margins; carinae much more conspicuous in the male.
Epimeral plates distinct from pleura in somites 2-7, visible dorsally
in somites 5-7; that of somite 5, seen dorsally, quite small and oc-
cupying a portion of the middle of the lateral margin; those of somites
6 and 7 well developed and occupying the posterior halves of their
somites.
IDOTHEID ISOPOD—-MENZIES AND BOWMAN 341
Figure 1.—-Ronalea pseudoculata (Boone): a, male holotype, anterior part of body, dorsal
view; b-f, female: b, dorsal view; c, basis of pereiopod 7; d, left uropod, apical segment,
inner surface; ¢, perciopod 1, merus, and carpus; f. maxilliped.
342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
PLEeoTeLson: Composed of a single somite, with lateral incisions
partially separating a second somite at the base. Greatest width
between the posterolateral angles about three-fourths the length.
Posterior end terminating in a rounded apex, with concave lateral
margins. Central portion of dorsum elevated into a ridge decreasing
in height posteriorly. In the male three slight but distinct tubercles
are present on this ridge at the base; only the faintest indications of
these tubercles are found in the female. Uropod with triangular
apical segment, peduncle grooved along free lateral margin and
bearing a single plumose seta at distomedial angle.
ApprnpaGes: Antenna 1: Composed of four short segments, not
five as stated by Boone; first segment very plump, slightly shorter
than second and third combined; flagellum bearing a group of fila-
mentous setae at the distal end.
Antenna 2: Slightly longer than half the length of the body.
Peduncle composed of five segments, distal ends of segments 2-4 flaring
widely. Flagellum about as long as peduncle segment 4, bearing
distally a number of filamentous setae.
Mandible: Molar process with edges divided into a few blunt
teeth; setal mass formed of densely clumped setae, some very long.
Incisor with five teeth; Jacinia mobilis with three teeth. Setal row
formed of six spinulate setae.
Maxilla 1: Outer lobe bearing 13 stout setae and a single slender
plumose seta at the apex.
Maxilla 2: Composed of two lappets; outer lappet bilobed, bearing
seven and six comblike setae on the outer and inner lobes respectively ;
inner lappet with 10 setae at the apex.
Maxilliped: Palp of four segments; endognath with a single coupling
hook.
Pereiopods: Dactyls biunguiculate. Pereiopod 1 bearing a single
row of about 10 comblike setae on medial surface of propodus near
posterior margin. Basipods of pereiopods 2-7 bearing two pairs of
bosses armed with short spines.
Penis: Consists of two plates, concealed by the uropods.
Cotor: After 38 years in alcohol, the male is without pigmentation
except in the eyes and in the previously mentioned areas of perion
somite 1, which Boone called “false eyes.” The female is pigmented
more or less uniformly brownish black (in alcohol) over the entire
dorsal surface; no “false eyes’”’ are evident.
Locauities: The holotype was collected by E. P. Chace on Oct. 17,
1917, at San Pedro, Calif., from near the foot of the breakwater.
The female was collected by R. J. Menzies on Aug. 2, 1942, at La
Jolla, Calif., from eel grass (Phyllospadiz). .
IDOTHEID ISOPOD—-MENZIES AND BOWMAN 343
Literature cited
Boone, Pearl Lee
1923. New marine tanaid and isopod Crustacea from California. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 36, pp. 147-156.
Richardson, Harriet B.
1889. Key to the isopods of the Pacific Coast of North America, with
descriptions of twenty-two new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 21, pp. 815-869, 34 figs.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1956
1 cise
t oop
ale te
eas
7
oe
mes
Sot aa oe
-
as =i
ws
2
7
»
8606
@ '& 896
.
a)
a eee
a
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 106 Washington : 1956 No. 3372
OBSERVATIONS ON THE AMPHIPOD GENUS PARHYALE
By CLareEnceE R. SHOEMAKER
The genus Parhyale was created by T. R. R. Stebbing in 1897 for
an amphipod taken at St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, because it differed
from Hyale by the possession of a minute inner ramus to the third
uropod, a character which had not been noted in any member of the
Talitridae. This inner ramus having been overlooked by all students
of the Amphipoda, the species of Parhyale had been assigned to Hyale
or Allorchestes. Stebbing described and figured the species Parhyale
fasciger (later changing the name to fascigera) from St. Thomas,
Virgin Islands. In 1853 James D. Dana described a species Allor-
chestes hawaiensis from Maui, Hawaiian Islands, and figured it in
1855. He did not, however, describe or figure the small inner ramus
to the third uropod which this species possesses. Stebbing (1906,
p. 573) transferred Dana’s species to Hyale, but gave it doubtful
specific status. Dr. A. Schellenberg (1938, p. 66) correctly identified
specimens of this species from Hawaii, but continued to place the
species in Hyale.
Parhyale kurilensis was described by Masao Iwasa (1934, p. 1)
from specimens taken in the Kurile Islands. A. N. Derjavin (1937,
p. 106) made Iwasa’s species a synonym of Brandt’s species Allor-
chestes ochotensis, which was made the genotype of a new genus
Parallorchestes by Shoemaker (1941, p. 183). Derjavin at the same
time transferred Brandt’s species to Parhyale, making it Parhyale
386751—56 345
346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
ochotensis. Parhyale zibellina described by Derjavin (1937, p. 109)
from the Soviet coast of the Sea of Japan appears to belong to the
genus Parallorchestes.
The genus Hyaloides created by Schellenberg (1939, p. 126) for
specimens from Banana, Belgian Congo, differs from Parhyale only
by the lobe of the fifth joint of the second gnathopod of the male.
As this lobe is present only in the males of Parhyale fascigera and P.
hawaiensis which are not fully mature, and is entirely lost in the
fully mature males, Hyaloides becomes a synonym of Parhyale. ‘This
lobe is present also in the not fully mature males of many species of
Hyale, but is lost by full maturity.
The following combination of characters separates Parhyale from
Hyale: Antenna 1 reaching well beyond the peduncle of antenna 2;
antenna 2 rather long with many-jointed flagellum; maxilliped with a
dense brush of spines or setae at the apex of the third joint of the
palp. Uropod 3 with small inner ramus; telson cleft to base; seventh
joint of all peraeopods short, curved only at the nail, and bearing a
stout seta on inner margin. The female is like the male except in the
gnathopods, which are slender and weaker.
Up to the present time two species of Parhyale have been described,
P. fascigera Stebbing and P. hawaiensis (Dana). They are widely dis-
tributed in the warmer waters of the bays and estuaries of the globe,
and have been described at times as species of Hyale.
Parhyale fascigera Stebbing
Figures 1, 2,a-f
Parhyale fasciger Stebbing 1897, p. 26, pl. 6.
Parhyale fascigera Stebbing 1906, p. 556.
Hyale brevipes Shoemaker 1933, p. 18, figs. 10, 11.
Hyale hawaiensis Shoemaker 1942, p. 18.
Stebbing’s description and figures are good, though they appear to
be of somewhat smaller specimens than have been used for the present
description and figures.
Mate: Head nearly as long as the first two body segments com-
bined. Eye more or less pyriform, and dark brown in alcohol. Anten-
na 1: Reaching well beyond the peduncle of antenna 2; flagellum much
longer than peduncle and composed of from 11 to 15 joints. Antenna
2: Nearly half as long as the body; fourth and fifth peduncular joints
nearly equal in length; flagellum about twice as long as the peduncle
and composed of from 15 to 24 joints.
Mandible with well-developed molar and toothed cutting edge;
spine-row of five or six spines and several plumose setae. Maxilla 1:
With rather slender inner plate bearing two apical plumose setae;
AMPHIPOD GENUS PARHYALE—SHOEMAKER BL ve
Figure 1.—Parhyale fascigera Stebbing. a-f. Male from Martinique, West Indies: a, front
end of animal; b, end of gnathopod 1, much enlarged; c, gnathopod 2, immature; d,
peraeopod 5. ¢,f, Female from Martinique, West Indies: ¢, gnathopod 1; f, gnathopod 2.
348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
outer plate armed with nine serrate spine-teeth ; palp not reaching end
of outer plate and bearing one apical plumose seta. Maxilla 2: Inner
plate shorter than the outer and both well armed distally with long
slender spines. Maxilliped: Inner plate rather long, reaching to the
middle of the outer plate, and armed distally with three teeth and the
usual plumose spines or setae; outer plate shorter than the inner,
reaching to the middle of the second joint of the palp and armed on
the inner margin and rounding extremity with submarginal spines;
palp short and stout, second and third joints widened distally by a lobe
on the upper inner margin; fourth joint stout, bearing a row of short
spinules on inner margin and a sharp apical nail. The third joint of
palp bears distally a dense brush of setae which is characteristic of
the genus.
Gnathopod 1: Rather stout and strong, second joint widening
greatly toward the middle, without lower front lobe, and having
several downward-curving spines on the hind margin; fourth joint
about three-fourths as long as the fifth, and with lower front corner
acute: fifth joint about as long and wide as the sixth, and with a
broad rounding lobe below bearing a row of stout spines; sixth joint
longer than wide, widest at the palmar angle, and bearing a row of
forward-pointing spines on the distal hind margin; palm oblique,
nearly straight, armed throughout with short spines, bearing a stout
spine on the outside near the middle and a smaller spine on the inside
below the defining angle; on the rounding defining angle is a slightly
raised curved area thickly studded with fine rasplike teeth upon
which the end of the seventh joint rests (fig. 2,a@); seventh joint stout,
aquiline, fitting palm, and bearing a row of spinules on inner margin.
Gnathopod 2: Much larger and stronger than 1, second joint not
much expanded, lower front corner roundingly quadrate, but not
produced downward, and hind margin bearing a few short downward-
curviag spines; third, fourth, fifth, and sixth joints as shown in fig.
2b; fifth joint without lower lobe in fully mature males; sixth joint
broadly oval, hind margin about as long as palm and bearing one or
two groups of short spinules; palm very oblique, slightly convex,
armed throughout with short spines, and defined by a slight protuber-
ance on the inside of which is a shallow depression or pocket bearing
two or three short spines; seventh joint rather strong, fitting palm
with the apex resting in the shallow pocket on the inside of the de-
fining angle (fig. 2,5). In the younger or not fully mature males the
fifth joint of gnathopod 2 is produced into a narrow curving lobe
between the fourth and sixth joints (fig. 1,e).
Peracopods 1 and 2 are alike in structure, but 2 a little the shorter
(fig. 2,c). Peraeopod 3 about equal in length to peraeopod 1. Peraeo-
pods 3 to 5 much alike in structure, but 4 may be a little longer than
AMPHIPOD GENUS PARHYALE—SHOEMAKER 349
Figure 2.—a-f, Parhyale fascigera Stebbing, male from St. Croix, Virgin Islands: a, Gnathopod
1; b, gnathopod 2; ¢, peraeopod 2; d, peraeopod 3; ¢, peraeopod 4; f, peraeopod 5. g-t,
Parhyale fascigera penicillata, new subspecies, male: g, antenna 2; A, gnathopod 1; 1,
second and third joints of gnathopod 2.
350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 106
5 (fig. 2,d-f). The hind margin of the sixth joint of peraeopods 3 to 5
does not bear spines except at the distal end.
Metasome segments 2 and 3 with lower hind corner quadrate, or
a little less than a right angle in some specimens. Uropod 1 projects
farther back than 2, and 2 farther than 3. Uropod 1: Peduncle a
little longer than the subequal rami, armed on upper outer margin
with three or four spines and an apical stouter spine; outer ramus
without marginal spines but armed apically with one long and several
shorter spines; inner ramus with three or four marginal spines and
several apical spines. Uropod 2: Outer ramus without marginal
spines, but with apical spines; inner ramus with two marginal spines
and apical spines. Uropod 8: Very short, peduncle not extending
beyond the telson and about equal in length to the outer ramus which
bears only terminal spines; inner ramus very small and as shown for
that of P. hawaiensis (fig. 4,7).
The gills are simple. The small vesicle accompanying the gills of
the second gnathopod and those of the first four peraeopods referred
to by Stebbing (1897, p. 26) could not be found. Stebbing says,
“The skin has some minute setules scattered over it,” but these could
not be found in any of the specimens studied.
Males from the West Indies measure about 9 mm. from the front of
the head to the ead of the uropods. Males from the Galapagos
Islands measure 10.5 mm.
FrmMaLe: The female is much like the male, but with the differences
usual in the closely related genus Hyale. The antennae are shorter,
and the gnathopods are smaller and weaker (fig. 1,e,f). The marsupial
plates are like those of P. hawaiensis (fig. 4,7).
In the collection of the U. S. National Museum there are specimens
of P. fascigera from Florida; Texas; Jamaica; Haiti; Puerto Rico; St.
Croix; Dominica; Martinique; Venezuela; Curagao; and Sabanilla,
Colombia; and, from the Pacific, west coast of México; Pert; Juan
Fernandez Islands; and Galdpagos Islands.
Parhyale fascigera penicillata, new subspecies
Figure 2,9-2
This subspecies is much like P. fascigera. Antenna 2 of the male
carries two groups of plumose setae on the lower distal end of the
fourth joint, and five groups on the lower margin of the fifth joint
(fig. 2,9). The sixth joint of the first gnathopod of the male is nar-
rower than in typical fascigera, and the large palmar spine is at the
defining curve; the seventh joint is short. The second joint of the
second gnathopod of the male is without a lobe at the lower front
AMPHIPOD GENUS PARHYALE—SHOEMAKER SDL
corner. In uropods 1 and 2 the outer ramus is without lateral spines,
but has terminal spines.
The female does not have the groups of plumose setae on the lower
margin of the fourth and fifth joints of the peduncle of the second
antenna.
A number of specimens were taken in La Paz Bay, Lower California,
on May 2, 1921, by L. G. Rubio.
Typrn: A male, USNM 96983, taken in La Paz Bay, Lower Califor-
nia, March 2, 1921, by L. G. Rubio.
Parhyale hawaiensis (Dana)
Fiaures 3, 4
Allorchestes hawaiensis Dana 1853 and 1855, p. 900, pl. 61, figs. 5a-h.
Hyale brevipes Chevreux 1901, p. 400, figs. 15-18.
Hyale hawaiensis Stebbing 1906, p. 573.
Hyale trifoliadens Kunkel 1910, p. 72, fig. 27.
Hyale inyacka Barnard 1916, p. 233, pl. 28, fig. 4.
Hyale hawaiensis Schellenberg 1938, p. 66, fig. 34.
Hyaloides dartevellet Schellenberg 1939, p. 126, figs. 6-10.
Parhyale hawaiensis is very much like P. fascigera, but the differences
though slight are definite. P. hawaiensis is more spinose than P.
fascigera.
Matusz: Head not as long as the first two body segments combined.
Eye pyriform and light brown in alcohol. Antennae are about the
same proportions as in P. fascigera (fig. 3,a); flagellum of antenna 1
with 15 to 17 joints, and that of antenna 2 with 24 to 29 joints. The
mouthparts are like those of P. fascigera and are as shown by figures
3,0-f. Some of the most distinguishing characters are in the
enathopods.
Gnathopod 1: Second joint not quite so much expanded as in P.
fascigera; the sixth joint is rather oval and not so suggestive of a
triangle; the large spine of the palm of P. fascigera is not present, but
is replaced by a smaller spine which is nearer the hind margin of the
joint; the spine on the inner side of the defining angle has moved
down to the middle of the hind margin of the joint; the raised rasp-
ing portion of the defining angle is absent, but the minute rasping
teeth are present on the hind margin of the joint just below the de-
fining spine (fig. 4,b); the seventh joint fitting palm and more or less
quiline as in P. fascigera.
Gnathopod 2: Second joint not much expanded, but the lower front
corner is produced into a narrow downward-pointing lobe which is
very characteristic of this species, as it is present also in the second
gnathopod of the female (figs. 3, and 4,7); the front margin of the
joint bears a few minute spinules and the hind margin bears several
ao PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM YOL. 108
short downward-curving spines; the following joints are like those of
P. fascigera, and are as shown in figure 3,h.
Peracopods 1 and 2 much alike but 2 is a little the shorter (figs. 3,7
and 4,d). Peraeopod 3: About as long as peraecopod 2, second joint
much expanded, being as wide as long; fourth joint not much ex-
panded and little produced downward behind; fifth and sixth joints
about equal in length; the front margin of all joints bearing groups of
spines (fig. 3,7). Peraeopod 4: Considerably longer than 3, and a
little shorter than 5; second joint not as much expanded as either
that of 3 or 5, hind margin nearly straight, and with very shallow
hind lobe; fourth joint not much expanded and not produced down-
ward behind; fifth joint a little shorter than the sixth (figs. 3,k and
4,g). Peraeopod 5: Second joint much expanded, being as wide as
long; fourth joint scarcely at all expanded; fifth joint a little shorter
than the sixth. Both front and hind margin of sixth joint of peraeo-
pods 4 and 5 with groups of spines (fig. 4,9,7). The seventh joint of
all peraeopods is short and nearly straight except for the rather
sharply upward-curving nail (fig. 4,e,,7). This dactyl is very char-
acteristic of P. fascigera and P. hawaiensis. All peraeopods are rather
short, as was noticed by Chevreux when he described Hyale brevipes
from the Sechelles Islands.
Metasome segments 2 and 3 with lower hind corner about quadrate
or less than a right angle and not produced. Urosome segments 2
and 3 very narrow, not showing at all dorsally. Uropod 1 extending
back farther than 2, and 2 farther than 3. Uropod 1: Peduncle
longer than rami; upper outer margin bearing four to six spines besides
the stout terminal spine, inner margin with about four spines; rami
subequal in length, outer ramus with one to three marginal spines
and a terminal group; inner ramus with spine arrangement same as
that of outer ramus. Uropod 2: Peduncle equal to or a little longer
than the rami, the outer of which is perhaps a little the shorter;
peduncle with a few marginal spines; outer ramus with one or two
marginal spines and a group of terminal spines; inner ramus with
two or three marginal spines and terminal group. Uropod 3: Peduncle
about equal in length to the outer ramus and reaching to about the
end of the telson (figs. 4,4,n), inner ramus very small and bearing
an apical spinule (fig. 4,n). Telson cleft to base with lobes widely
gaping (fig. 3,7).
Coxal plate 1 is expanded below and produced forward as shown
in figure 4,a. Coxal plates 2 to 4 are broadly and evenly rounding
below. The gills of gnathopod 2 and those of peraeopods 1 to 4 are
simple, as are those of P. fascigera. P. hawaiensis does not have
minute setules scattered over the body integument which are said by
AMPHIPOD GENUS PARHYALE—SHOEMAKER 353
Figure 3.—Parhyale hawaiensis (Dana), male from Fort Jefferson, Tortugas, Fla.: a, head
and antennae; b, mandible; c, maxilla 1; d, maxilla 2; ¢, right maxilliped; f, lower lip;
g, gnathopod 1; A, gnathopod 2; i, peraeopod 2; 7, peraeopod 3; k, peraeopod 4; /, peraeo-
pod 5; m, rear end of animal; », telson.
354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Stebbing to be present in P. fascigera. Males from Ecuador reach a
length of 11 mm., and males from Fort Jefferson, Tortugas, Fla.,
12 mm.
Frmaue: The female is much like the male except in the gnatho-
pods. Gnathopod 1: More slender than in the male; second joint
about as long as the fifth and sixth joints combined and with a small
rounding lobe on the lower front margin; fifth joint shorter than
sixth, with a rounding lower lobe; sixth joint not quite twice as long
as wide, hind margin with a row of spines; palm not as oblique as in
the male, convex, with a row of four or five curved spines interspersed
with more numerous shorter spines, below which are four or five
groups of long spines, defining angle evenly rounding with a stout
spine on the outside and one on the inside, and bearing a very few
of the minute rasping teeth like those of the male; seventh joint not
so aquiline as in the male, fitting palm, bearing three spinules on the
inner margin and two longer ones near apex (fig. 4,0,p).
Gnathopod 2: Stouter than 1; second joint equal in length to the
fifth and sixth joints combined, widening distally with the lower
front margin produced downward into a more or less triangular lobe,
which is somewhat more prominent than that of the second gnathopod
of the male; fourth joint produced forward below; fifth joint about
two-thirds as long as sixth; sixth joint about one-third longer than
wide and widest in the middle, bind margin about as long as palm,
slightly bulging in the middle and bearing a row of long spines; palm
quite oblique, slightly convex, armed with four or five curved spines
and a row of more numerous shorter spines below which are five
groups of long spines, defined by two stout spines, and merging into
the hind margin by an evenly rounding curve; seventh joint fitting
palm and bearing six spinules on inner margin and two or three longer
ones near the apex.
The marsupial plates are drawn out into a long narrow apex and
densely fringed with rather short setae (fig. 4,7). Cheveux (1901, p.
401, fig. 17) shows this character for Hyale brevipes.
Females from Hawaii measure 7 mm.; those from the Galdépagos
Islands, 8.5 mm.
As all of Dana’s types have been destroyed, a neotype is here being
designated.
Neorypse: A male, USNM 96984, from the Waikiki Manzine
Laboratory, Honolulu, Hawaii, taken by G. S. Mansfield on Apr.
24, 1942.
There has been considerable confusion as to the status of these
two species of Parhyale. Dr. K. Stephensen (1948, p. 6) appears to
have been the first to have noted the characters which distinguish
AMPHIPOD GENUS PARHYALE—SHOEMAKER Soo
[x
oN
iS
B/
Figure 4.—Parhyale hawaiensis (Dana) from Johnston Island, Oceanica. Male, a-n: a,
front end of animal; b, gnathopod 1; c, gnathopod 2; d, peraeopod 2; e, seventh joint of
peraeopod 2; f, peraeopod 3; g, peraeopod 4; h, peraeopod 5; 7, rear margin of second
joint of peraeopod 5; 7, end of sixth joint and seventh joint of peraeopod 5; k, rear end of
animal; /, m, second and third metasome segments; n, telson. Female, o-r: 0, gnathopod
1; p, end of gnathopod 1 enlarged; g, gnathopod 2; 7, gnathopod 2 showing marsupial plate.
356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
them. He, however, did not know that Hyale inyacka Barnard was
a synonym of Parhyale hawaiensis (Dana), as he had never seen the
latter species.
The literature has been examined and in many cases it has been
impossible to determine which of these two species is being dealt
with, as the distinguishing characters have not been mentioned or
figured. The following identifications should have been P. fascigera:
Hyale brevipes, Shoemaker (1933, p. 18, figs. 10-11) ; Hyale hawaiensis,
Shoemaker (1942, p. 18).
The following identifications should have been P. hawaiensis:
Hyale aquilina, Della Valle (1893, p. 523, pl. 16, figs. 43-47); Hyale
brevipes, Chevreux (1901, p. 400, figs. 15-18); Hyale nilssoni, Walker
(1905, p. 925, figs. 140-1); Hyale prevosti, Kunkel (1910, p. 66, fig.
25); Hyale pontica, Kunkel (1910, p. 69, fig. 26); Allorchestes aquilina,
Chevreux (1911, p. 240, pl. 16, figs. 20-25) ; Hyale prevostir, Shoemaker
(1920, p. 378); Hyale brevipes, Chilton (1921, p. 545, fig. 99); Hyale
inyacka, Chevreux (1925, p. 370, fig. 17); Hyale inyacka, Stephensen
(1933, p. 441, figs. 3, 4); Parhyale fasciger, Fage and Monod (1936,
p. 105); Parhyale inyacka, Barnard (1940, p. 472); Parhyale inyacka,
Stephensen (1948, p. 6); Hyale hawaiensis, Ruffo (1950, p. 57).
In the collection of the U. S. National Museum there are specimens
of Parhyale hawaiensis from: ATLANTIC OcEAN: Curacao; Bonaire;
Venezuela; Brazil; Dominica; St. Croix; Puerto Rico; Haiti; Colombia;
Texas; Florida; North Carolina; Bermuda; and Belgian Congo.
Paciric OcrAN: Lower California; Costa Rica; Panamaé; Ecuador;
Hawaii; Galdipagos Island; Johnston Island, Oceanica; New South
Wales; and India.
Remarks: Amphithoe aquilina Costa (1857, p. 202, pl. 2, fig. 7)
was described from the Mediterranean, and transferred by Stebbing
(1906, p. 565) to Hyale. Chevreux and Fage (1925, p. 289, figs. 300,
301) figured it and placed it in Allorchestes because of the lobe of the
fifth joint of the second gnathopod of the male. Their figures are
strongly suggestive of Parhyale: The gnathopods and first uropod
are much like those of P. hawaiensis, but the sixth joint of the fourth
and fifth peraeopods does not bear spines on hind margin, which
would indicate P. fascigera, and thefifth joint of the second gnathopod
of the male (fig. 301 gn 2) bears a narrow lower lobe, but their speci-
men may not have been fully mature. The third uropod does not
show a second ramus, but it could easily have been overlooked.
Hyale gracilis Iwasa (1939, p. 282, text-fig. 19, pl. 19) is strongly
suggestive of Parhyale hawaiensis. James D. Dana (1853 and 1855)
described and figured Allorchestes gracilis from Tongatabu, and
Stebbing (1906, p. 572) transferred it to Hyale. Iwasa’s name is
therefore preoccupied, and I suggest the name Hyale wasai for it.
AMPHIPOD GENUS PARHYALE—SHOEMAKER 357
Hyale stolzmanni described by A. Wrzesniowski (1879, p. 201) from
the coast of Pertti is probably a synonym of Parhyale hawaiensis,
which species has been taken on the coast of Ecuador. He does not
describe any of the essential characters and no figures are given, but
his description, as far as it goes, applies to Parhyale hawaiensis.
Literature cited
Barnarp, K. H.
1916. Contribution to the crustacean fauna of South Africa. 5. The Amphi-
poda. Ann. South African Mus., vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 105-302, 3 pls.
1940. Contribution to the crustacean fauna of South Africa. 12. Further
additions to the Tanaidacea, Isopoda and Amphipoda, together with
keys for the identification of hitherto recorded marine and fresh-
water species, vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 381-548, 35 figs.
CHEVREUX, EpOUARD
1901. Mission scientifique de Ch. Alluaud aux Iles Séchelles. Crustacés
amphipodes. Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 14, pp. 388-438, 65 figs.
1911. Campagnes de la Melita. Les amphipodes d’Algérie et de Tunisie,
vol. 23, pp. 145-285, 17 figs., 15 pls.
1925. Voyage de la goélette Melita aux Canaries et au Sénégal 1889-1890.
Amphipodes. I.-Gammariens. Bull, Soc. Zool. France, vol. 50,
No. 10, pp. 365-398, 23 figs.
CHEVREUX, Epovuarp, AND Faar, Louris
1925. Faune de France. 9. Amphipodes, 488 pp. 488 figs.
CHILTON, CHARLES
1921. Fauna of the Chilka Lake. Amphipoda. Mem. Indian Mus. Calcutta,
vol. 5, pp. 521-557, 12 figs.
Costa, A.
1857. Ricerche sui crostacei amfipodi del Regno de Napoli. Mem. Real
Accademia Scienze di Napoli, vol. 1, fase. 2 [1858], pp. 165-235,
4 pls.
Dana, J. D.
1853 & 1855. United States exploring expedition during the years 1839, 1840,
1841, 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S. N., vol. 14,
No. 2. Crustacea, Amphipoda, pp. 805-1018 (1853), 16 pls. (1855).
Deuua VALLE, A.
1893. Gammarini del Golfo di Napoli. Fauna und flora des Golfes von
Neapel, Monogr. 20, 948 pp., 61 pls.
Dersavin, A. N.
1937. Talitridae of the Soviet Coast of Japanese Sea. Service Hydro-
meteorolog., U. R. 8. 8. Explorations des Mers de U. R. 8S. S., fase.
23, pp. 106-112, 6 pls.
Faaca, L. AnD Monon, Tu.
1936. La faune marine du Jameo de Aqua, lac souterrain de l’ile Lanzarote
(Canaries). Arch. Zool. Exp., vol. 78, pp. 97-113.
Iwasa, Masao
1934. A new amphipod (Parhyale kurilensis, n. sp.) from Urup. Journ. Fac.
Sei., Hokkaido Imp. Univ., ser. 6, zoology, vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-7,
1 text-fig., 2 pls.
1939. Japanese Talitridae. Journ. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Imp. Univ., ser. 6
zoology, vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 255-296, 27 text-figs., 14 pls.
?
358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
KuNKEL, B. W.
1910. The Amphipoda of Bermuda. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts Sci.,
vol. 16, 116 pp., 43 figs.
Rurro, SANDRO
1950. Anfipodi Venezuela raccolti dal G. Mareuzzi. 22 Studi sui crostacei
anfipodi. Mem. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Verona, vol. 2, No. 2, pp.
49-65, 5 figs.
SCHELLENBERG, A.
1938. Litorale amphipoden des tropischen Pazifiks. Handl. Svenska
Vetensk.-Akad., ser. 3, vol. 16, No. 6, 105 pp, 48 figs.
1939. Amphipoden des Kongo-Mundungsgebietes. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afri-
caines, vol. 32, fasc. 1, pp. 122-138, 29 figs.
SHOEMAKER, C. R.
1920. Amphipods collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition
1909-1915. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 438, art. 7, pp. 371-
378.
1933. Amphipods from Florida and the West Indies. Amer. Mus. Nov.,
No. 598, 24 pp., 13 figs.
1941. A new genus and a new species of Amphipoda from the Pacific coast of
North America. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 54, pp. 183-186.
1942. Amphipod crustaceans collected on the Presidential Cruise of 1938.
Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 101, No. 11, pp. 1-52, 17 figs.
Stespsine, T. R. R.
1897. Amphipoda from the Copenhagen Museum and other sources. ‘Trans.
Linn. Soc., London, ser. 2, Zool., vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 25-45, 9 pls.
1906. Das Tierreich. Amphipoda. I. Gammaridea. xxxix + 806 pp., 127
figs.
STEPHENSEN, K.
1933. Amphipoda from the marine salines of Bonaire and Curagao. Zool.
Jahrb., vol. 64, Nos. 3-5, pp. 437-446, 4 figs.
1948. Amphipods from Curagao, Bonaire, Aruba, and Margarita. Studies
on the fauna of Curagao, Aruba, Bonaire and the Venezuelan Islands,
vol. 3, No. 11, 20 pp., 3 figs.
WALKER, A. O.
1905. Marine crustaceans. XVI. Amphipoda. The fauna and geography
of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, vol. 2, suppl. 1, pp.
923-932, 3 text-figs.
WrzksniowskI, A.
1879. Vorléufige Mittheilungen tiber einige Amphipoden. Zool. Anz., vol. 2,
pp. 199-202.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1956
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 106 Washington : 1956 No. 3373
A REVISION OF THE ACROCERID FLIES OF THE GENUS
PIALEA ERICHSON WITH A DISCUSSION OF THEIR SEXUAL
DIMORPHISM (DIPTERA)
By Evert IJ. Scauincer!
While preparing a revision of the family Acroceridae (Cyrtidae)
only five specimens of the genus Pialea were located for study, even
though more than 6,000 specimens of the family had been borrowed
from the various museums throughout the world. Because of the
taxonomic confusion caused by the sexual dimorphic trait of this
genus, and since specimens are apparently quite rare in collections
and not often brought together for study, a revision of Pialea seems
in order at this time.
I wish to acknowledge aid from the following people, who have
contributed specimens and comments for this project: Prof. Max
Beier of the Vienna Naturhistorische Museum, Austria; Prof. Willi
Hennig of the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Berlin; Dr. S. L.
Hora of the Zoological Survey of India in Calcutta, and Mr. Curtis W.
Sabrosky, Entomology Research Branch, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture. Thanks are also due Dr. R. M. Bohart and Mr. Sabrosky
for reviewing the manuscript. The drawings have been prepared by
the author.
1 Department of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside, Calif.
359
386752—56
360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
The genus Pialea was described by Erichson (1840) for his new
species lomata from Brazil. Westwood (1876) named a second species,
lutescens, also from Brazil, but questioned its placement in Pialea
because of the difference in the antennal insertion and slight dif-
ferences in wing venation. Brunetti (1912) established the third
species, auripila, from Burma, and (1926) a fourth species, jardinei,
from Ceylon. Thus, four species have been described from four
specimens of two different zoogeographical regions.
Hunter (1901) and Kertesz (1909) listed lutescens as a synonym of
lomata in their catalogs, and Brunetti (1912 p. 474) apparently fol-
lowed them without question. How Hunter came to synonymize
these species remains a mystery to me. Bezzi (1912, p. 78) attempted
to show that these two species were distinct, basing his evidence on
a male specimen from Brazil, which he determined as lomata.
I have been able to study the female type of lomata, the male type
of auripila, and four other specimens representing the three new
species herein described. An examination of the type of qauripila
revealed that it belongs to a new genus related to Astomella Lamarck.
Judging from Brunetti’s description of jardine?, I believe the species
belongs to Astomella, rather than to the new genus to include auripila,
which will be described in a later work. This transfer now leaves
Pialea with only two known species, lomata and lutescens, both from
Brazil.
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
Sexual dimorphism of Pialea species is readily apparent only in
the structure and insertion of the antennae, the longer wing length
of the female, and in color patterns as in ecuadorensis, new species.
Both color patterns and wing length are sexual differences occurring
throughout the family, but I am unaware of this great antennal
dimorphism in any other genus of Acroceridae and it may be con-
sidered unique for the family. The closely related genus, Stenopialea
Speiser (1920, p. 205), may share this trait, but as yet only the male
of its single species, beckeri Speiser, is known.
The sexual antennal dimorphism that has been studied in Palea
may be summarized as follows: Females have their antennae attached
to the ventral surface of the antennal tubercle, and thus the antennae
point downward throughout their length; the base of the first antennal
segment is at or below the mideye height level; the antennal tubercle
is typically smaller than in the males (fig. 3,a-c), and the first and
third antennal segments are shorter and more conical or rounded than
in the males. Males have their antennae attached to the anterior
surface of the antennal tubercle and only the terminal segment points
ACROCERID FLIES—SCHLINGER 361
downward, while the first two segments project straight forward; the
antennal tubercle is large, nearly half as high as eye height, and is
placed on the head so that its ventral surface is at or above the mideye
height level (figs. 1,b, 3,e); the third antennal segment is longer ard
more laterally compressed than in the female, and the first segment
is longer along its dorsal than its ventral surface.
Another character such as the longer abdomen of the male might
also be noted and, if ecuadorensis, new species, is an indication, the
color and maculation of the sexes may differ among the species of
Pialea; however, this is more likely a specific rather than a generic
character. One important and rather unique structure of the anten-
nae, which is common to both sexes, is the whole or partial fusion of
the first segment of each antenna into a common basal segment (figs.
3,¢,f,4,7, 4,f). This latter feature is apparently shared by Stenopialea
beckeri as deduced from the original description. Differences in
antennal structure are frequently found between the sexes of species
in the brachycerous Diptera, but I have been unable to find mention
of any species exhibiting the significant difference of antennal insertion
as described above.
SYSTEMATICS
The genus Pialea is in the subfamily Panopinae, and I believe it to
be one of the more primitive genera of Acroceridae. It is more
closely related to the still more primitive genus Stenopialea Speiser
from South Africa than to its nearest South American relatives,
Pialeoidea Westwood and Oenaea Erichson. This would certainly
suggest a definite relationship of the two faunas and a wider dis-
tribution of Pialea or Stenopialea, or both, sometime in the past.
It seems possible that lutescens Westwood and antigua, new species,
belong in a distinct genus, tending to fill the gap between Pralea and
Stenopialea. However, for lack of sufficient material, these two species
bave been included in Pialea. Thus, the genus is redescribed below
in its widest sense, and, should it be necessary to narrow its limits in
the future, only three of the five known species—capitella, new species;
ecuadorensis, new species; and lomata Erichson—would be included in
typical Pialea.
Genus Pialea Erichson
Pialea Erichson, 1840, pp. 160-161, pl. 1, figs. 9, (9)p.
Genotypes: Pialea lomata Erichson (type by monotypy).
Huan: Extremely small compared to thorax; eyes pilose, in lateral
view covering anterior one-third to one-half of head capsule, well
separated above and below antennae except in P. capitella (fe-Ic):
frontal region either with tubercle or somewhat raised; ocellar tubercle
362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
raised, two lateral ocelli; antennae 3-segmented, segment I of each
antenna fused basally or completely fused (fig. 3,¢,h), short, attached
to ventral surface (female) or anterior surface (male) of antennal
tubercle, inserted well above (male), at, or below mideye height
(female), segment II shorter than I, segment IIT long, with or without
apical seta, round, or compressed, with concavity along outer margin,
pointed or rounded apically; no visible palpi; proboscis minute, when
visible not much longer than rounded, rigid proboscis tubercle in
front; occiput narrow or wide; pile dense on occiput, eyes, dense or
sparse on antennae; frontal region above and below antennae, occiput,
proboscis plate, and lower part of sternopleura and meropleura grayish
pollinose.
THorax: Convex, strongly arched in front, leveled out behind,
covered with dense pile except on lower sternopleura and mero-
pleura, near base of halter, and on upper anterior side of postalar
callosity; humeri separated by less than head width; squama large,
narrow or wide; legs well built, tibiae with one (outer) or two (inner
and outer) apical spurs, metatarsus extended (fig. 4,e) or compressed
(fig. 4,g), three pulvilli, middle one narrowest; wing reaches beyond
(female), at, or near tip of abdomen (male), rounded or angled at
apex; venation strong; subcosta ends beyond middle of wing, no
humeral crossvein, R2:3 incomplete or reaching wing margin, vein Ry,
ends at or before wing apex, no radial, cubital, or marginal veins reach
wing margin behind Ry, (except possibly in lutescens), and anal axillary
vein short, usually not penetrating posterior lobe, four to six posterior
cells, only the first and subdiscal ones closed, basal cells nearly even or
second basal up to one-third longer, anal cell narrow or widened at
apex.
ABDOMEN: Compressed dorsoventrally, widest at segment III or
IV; six tergites and seven sternites easily visible; genitalia concealed
under tergite VII, directed posteriorly, not ventrally; stigmata of at
least segments II-IV free, lying in intersegmental membrane, each
enclosed by small chitinous ring.
Remarks: The first posterior cell is divided near the apex of the
discal cell, and in this discussion I have interpreted the upper part as
the first posterior cell and the lower part as the second posterior cell.
Key to the species of Pialea Erichson
1. Antennae inserted on large tubercle both above mideye height level; wings
not extending much beyond tip of abdomen [males]. . . ....... 2
Antennae inserted on small (or large) tubercle, the antennae inserted at
or below mideye height level; wings extending beyond tip of abdomen
[females] foe 25 eee ee Sh tn aa, ce Le ee ee
2. Wing with, vein: R 9:3 incomplete:;. 2. <3 55 -<.e, wee = ae) ee Se
Wing with vein R 243 complete (Brazil). . .. . . . . P. lomata Erichson
ACROCERID FLIES—SCHLINGER 363
3. Wing with first and second basal cells of nearly equal length; eyes covering
more than one-half of head capsule (Brazil). . . P. capitella, new species
Wing with second basal cell about one-third longer than first; eyes covering
only one-third of head capsule (Ecuador) . . P. ecuadorensis, new species
4. Wing with anal cell widened at apex, six posterior cells; antennae inserted
on large tubercle. . . . . «Oo
Wing with anal cell nearly of cial cadth Gheoustiont a poetemes cells;
antennae inserted on slightly raised tubercle. . . . . oes eb septs 6
5. Mesonotum yellow with two longitudinal stripes; fifth Tecra cell about
one-fifth as wide as long at its widest point (Brazil).
P. lutescens Westwood
Mesonotum entirely dark brown, without stripes; fifth posterior cell about
one-half as wide as long at its widest point (Brazil).
P. antiqua, new species
6. Wing with vein R243 incomplete, not reaching wing margin; thorax and
abdomen orange with black maculations (Ecuador).
P. ecuadorensis, new species
Wing with vein R23 complete, reaching wing margin; thorax all black,
abdomen dark brown, yellow only on parts of tergites IV-VI (Brazil).
P. lomata Erichson
Pialea antiqua, new species
FiGcures 2,6; 3,gh; 4,c,e
Frema.e: Length of entire specimen 9.70 mm.; wing length 8.75 mm.
Cotor: Brown and black; head except antennal tubercle, ocelli,
proboscis and distal one-fifth of antennal segment III black; remainder
of specimen dark brown except tip of antennal segment III, narrow
apical margins of tergites I-IV, large apical margin on V and all of
VI, which are light brown; halter yellow, wing membrane light brown
infuscated, wing veins and squama brownish yellow, pulvilli white.
Pits: Yellowish brown, about same density over entire specimen,
little thinner on antennae, that on antennal segments, antennal
tubercle, tibiae, and tarsi about as long as antennal segment II, that
on all other parts about as long as antennal tubercle; dorsal and
ventral surfaces of squama with minute pile, squamal margin with
normal length pile, but golden.
Heap: With well developed antennal tubercle (fig. 3,9); eyes in
lateral view covering over one-half of head capsule; segment I of each
antenna fused only on basal one-third (fig. 3,2), about twice as long
as segment II; segment III long, tapering to point terminating in
apical seta, pile on upper outer surface only; ocellar tubercle not
well raised; proboscis visible, short, slightly exceeding proboscis
tubercle in length (fig. 3,9).
Tuorax: Not as strongly arched as in lomata; scutellum wider than
long; squama narrow, paper thin, evenly arched in middle, rounded
behind; femur of each leg longer than corresponding tibia, tarsi with
metatarsi not compressed (fig. 4,e), tibial spur on each leg about as
364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 106
2.0 mm
ie Ge
Way
ye
Ficure 1.—Pialea capitella, new species: 4, lateral view of body; }, lateral view of head;
HR Be & Kt {eo anterior view of head; d,'dorsal view of body.
ACROCERID FLIES—SCHLINGER 365
long as tarsal segment IV; wing with six posterior cells, anal vein
widened apically, m crossvein 2% times r-m crossvein.
ABDOMEN: Long, narrow, somewhat sunken from loss of eggs;
stigmata of segments II-VI free in intersegmental membrane.
Houoryre: Female: Alto Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, altitude
2,000 meters, March 1941 (R. C. Shannon), USNM 62979.
Remarks: There is some question in my mind as to whether this
species belongs in Pialea. It is closely related to lutescens, judging
from the latter’s description, and shares with it such characters as
strong wing venation with a widened anal cell and six posterior cells,
the large antennal tubercle, and the same type of antennae, including
the weakly fused first segment as figured by Wandolleck (1914, pl. 1,
fig. 16) for lutescens. It would be interesting to know if lutescens
has the same tarsal structure as antiqua, or whether it is more like
lomata. As stated previously, these two species may form a distinct
genus, but, in the absence of more material and definite males of both
species, it seems better to place lutescens and antiqua in Pialea at
present.
Pialea lutescens Westwood
FIGURE 2,c
Piaiea lutescens Westwood, 1876, pp. 513-514, pl. 6, fig. 2 and details.—Bezzi,
1912, p. 78.—Brunetti, 1912, p. 474; 1920, pp. 160-163.
I have not examined any specimens of this species, and apparently
the only known specimen is the type, which I deduce from Westwood’s
drawings to be a female.
The characteristic features of lutescens as gleaned from the original
Latin description and the figures presented by Wandolleck (1914)
are as follows: Entire body clay-yellow, somewhat pubescent; dorsum
of thorax more yellowish, with two lateral black vittae; antenna
defiexed, last segment somewhat compressed, all segments with some
pile; wings with six nearly complete posterior cells, only first and fifth
complete, anal cell widened apically.
Wandolleck’s (1914, pl. 1, figs. 16, 17; pl. 3, fig. 2) figures of lutescens
seem to be more accurate than Westwood’s, as the latter showed
slight variation in the wing venation in his two figures of the same
specimen. It may be assumed that Wandolleck’s drawings were
made from the type, as he had access to the Hope Museum Collec-
tion, where the type is now located.
This species is related to antiqua as discussed under the latter
species. Both of these species appear to be as close to Stenopialea
beckeri Speiser from Capeland, South Africa, as to any known Pialea
species. The only locality data known for lutescens is ‘ Brazil.”
366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Pialea lomata Erichson
Fiaurss 2,a; 3,b; 4,d,f
Pialea lomata Erichson, 1840, p. 161, pl. 1, fig. 9, (9)p—Westwood, 1876, p. 513.—
Brunetti, 1912, p. 274.—Bezzi, 1912, p. 78.
REDESCRIPTION (based on type specimen): FEMALE: Length of en-
tire specimen 9.50 mm. wing length 8.80 mm.
Cotor: Black, brown, and yellow; head except eyes and antennae,
thorax except upper sternopleura, midpteropleura, and coxae dull
black; eyes and ocellar tubercle shiny black; antennae, ocelli,
halteres, upper sternopteropleura, midpteropleura, tergites I-III, IV
except lateral margins and small median spot on V—VI, sternites
I-IV except narrow apical margins and V—VI in broad median area,
basal two-thirds of femora and tibiae, tarsal segments I and V, and
distal two-thirds of tarsal claws dull or partly shiny brown; tergite
IV except broad median area, V—-VII except narrow median spot,
narrow apical margins of sternites I-IV, lateral and apical margins
V-VII, apical one-third of femora and tibiae, knees, tarsal segments
II-IV, pulvilli, and basal third tarsal claws dull yellow; wing hyaline,
lightly yellow infuscated, veins yellowish brown; squama yellow,
shiny, hyaline with brownish yellow margin.
Pite: Yellowish white; on eyes, antenna, occiput, femora, tibiae,
squama, and tergites except lateral margins about as long as an-
tennal segments I and II combined, on thorax, coxae, sternites, lateral
abdominal margins about as long as hind tarsal claw; dense on thorax,
and apical sternal margins of abdomen, otherwise sparse on abdomen
except dorsal lateral margins.
Heap: With ocellar tubercle raised; frontal region raised with small
antennal tubercle; proboscis concealed behind cone-shaped tubercle;
antennae about as long as head height, segment I of each antenna
fused except for slight distal fracture, about as long as hind tarsal
segment II, antennal segment II short, about half as long as antennal
segment I, segment III about as long as eye height, rounded apically,
somewhat compressed laterally; eyes nearly evenly separated above
and below antennae, a little less below.
THorAXx: With scuteJlum hardly wider than long, about one-half
width of mesonotum; squama nearly tear-drop shape, transparent,
rather flat; femur of each leg about as long as corresponding tibia,
each tibial spur about as long as corresponding tarsal segment II,
tarsi about as in figure 4,g but basitarsus not quite as expanded dis-
tally; wing with five posterior cells, anal cell nearly as long as second
basal cell, narrow and straight, arculus crossvein present only between
M and Cu, m crossvein about 2% times as long as r-m crossvein.
ABDOMEN: Widest at segment III, shaped about as in figure 1,d,
somewhat sunken from loss of eggs, except segments V—VI, rigid due
ACROCERID FLIES—SCHLINGER 367
AW er
ST UN TTT
€ Wy ST = na Sa TTT <
LF ree aT
SE SY ET TINEATTY
iy,
Perry -
< ST eye
SSE
b
2S
——— ;
Figure 2.—Wings of four species of Pialea: a, P. lomaia Erichson; 6, P. antiqua, new
species; c, P. lutescens Westwood (reconstructed from Wandolleck, 1914, pl. 3, fig. 2),
d, P. ecuadorensis, new species, male paratype.
386752—56——2
368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
to structure of genitalia; genitalia missing; stigmata free in interseg-
mental membrane of segments II-IV.
Remarks: The type female specimen bears the following labels: A
white one with ‘“‘Pialea Er.,’”’ a blue-green one with “lomata Er.,” a
blue-green one with ‘San Joao del Rey, Sellow,” an orange one with
“Type,” and a small white one with the number ‘1247.” The type
is in the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Berlin, Germany, and
is in very good condition except for missing right front leg, tarsi of
leg II and III, apical portion of left wing, and genitalia.
The type locality “San Joao del Rey” has been located on different
maps, and was also found to be spelled as “San Joao d’El-Rey”’ and
“Sao Joao del Rei.” It is a locality about 250 km. northwest of Rio
de Janeiro in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two of the three
other Brazilian Pialea species have been collected in the same vicinity,
i.e., near Rio de Janeiro and near Sao Paulo, thus representing an
isolated Brazilian distribution at present, as the other species,
lutescens, is recorded only from ‘“‘Brazil.’”’ The new species ecuador-
ensis, from Ecuador, hints at a much larger distribution.
Erichson (1840) gave an excellent color figure of the whole speci-
men of lomata, but his figure of the head (fig. (9)p) gave an erro-
neous impression of the antennal insertion by implying a ventral
insertion. Bezzi (1912) examined a specimen of Pialea from Sao
Paulo and, although he gave no figures, he said the antennae were
bare, implanted on a special tubercle which was placed nearer the
vertex than the mouth. This indicates he had a male and very
probably it was lomata.
This species may be more closely related to ecuadorensis than to
capitella, judging from the similarity of the basal cells and general
cell structure, particularly in the shape of the first posterior cell.
However, it has five posterior cells as in capitella.
Pialea capitella, new species
Fiaures 1,a@ed; 3,7; 4,a
Mae: Length of entire specimen 11.25 mm.; wing length 8.40 mm.
Cotor: Black, brown, and yellow. Head, except antennal seg-
ments IT and III, black; antennal segments II, II] except upper inner
basal third, thorax except sternopleura and meropleura, legs except
knees, pulvilli and basal third of tarsal claw, squama, wing veins,
sternites I-VIT except along narrow apical margins, tergites I-III,
and tergites IV-VI in broad median quadrangular area (fig. 1,d)
dark brown; upper inner basal third of antennal segment III, pulvilh,
basal third of tarsal claws, lateral margins of tergites IV-VI, and wing
membrane brownish yellow.
ACROCERID FLIES—SCHLINGER 369
fU MN
OU,
| LOMm™m™
Figure 3.—Heads of four species of Pialea. P. ecuadorensis, new species: a, female,
lateral view; c, same, anterior view; d, male, anterior view; ¢, same, lateral view; f, same,
dorsal view. P.lomata Erichson: b, lateral view. P. antiqua, new species: g, lateral
view; A, anterior view. P. capitella, new species: 1, dorsal view.
370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 106
Pinte: Yellowish brown; on eyes, occiput, mesonotum, mesopleura,
scutellum, and tergite I about as long as antennal segment I, that
on abdomen much shorter, concolorous with ground color, about
one-half as long as rest of pile; yellowish white on legs, propleura,
upper sternopleura, meropleura, and squama.
Heap: With ocellar tubercle clevated; antennal tubercle large
(fiz. 1,2); proboscis concealed behind cone-shaped tubercle; antennae
much longer than head height, segment I of each antenna fused on basal
half, shining, apilose, produced above over segment IT, about as long
as eye width, segment IT about half as long as I, covered with short,
sparse hairs, segment HII longer than head height, concave in outer
median area, concave region with few scattered hairs.
Trorax: Well arched in front; scutellum little wider than long;
squama greatly expanded behind near thorax, opaque, curved sharply
along distal inner margin; femora progressively longer from first to
third, cach longer and in same proportion to tibiae I-IIT; each tibia
with two (inner and outer) subequal spurs, each spur nearly as long
as corresponding tarsal segment Il; metatarsus about as in figure 4,9,
but a little longer, length of segments II-IV equals distitarsus,
basitarsus not as expanded distally; wing with five posterior cells,
fourth not bounded basally by second basal cell,vein R2;3 incomplete,
not reaching wing margin, vein R, swinging upward near apex causing
narrowed submarginal region, anal cell narrow, about as long as
second basal cell, basal cells nearly equal length, m crossvein about
three times r-m crossvein.
Anpomen: Rather compressed dorsoventrally, flattened beneath,
slightly convex above, tergite I cleft medially, well raised along pos-
terior margin; stigmata free in intersegmental membrane of seg-
ments JI-IV; genitalia not examined, broken off inside specimen.
Honoryvrs: Male; Cantarera, near Sio Paulo, Brazil (Wettstein
Brazil Expedition, 1891). The type will be deposited in the Vienna
Natvurhistorische Museum, Austria.
Remarks: The characteristic incomplete vein Ro; of capiiella
shows a relationship to ecuadorensis, but whether this is a factor of
relative or convergent evolution is not determined. Such other
characteristics as two tibial spurs and the larger eyes causing a
different shaped head capsule are distinctions which suggest a more
distant relationship. This species is probably closer to lomaia, as
discussed under the latter. Also, the character of the two equal-length
basal cells in capitella is unique for the genus, and it therefore seems
that this species has no known close relative.
The name eapitella refers to the minute head, which is also a charac-
ter of Pialea.
ACROCERID FLIES
SCHLINGER
371
Ficure 4.—a-d, Left squama, viewed from above in flat plane, of: a, Pialea capitella,
new species; b, P. ecuadorensis, new species, female; c, P. antiqua, new species; d, P.
lomata Erichson. ¢, P. antigua, new species, hind tibia and tarsus viewed from outer
side; f, P. lomata Erichson, head and thorax, anterior view;
g-t, P. ecuadorensis,
new species, female: g, hind tibia and tarsus viewed from outer side; h, mesonotum
and scutellum, dorsal view; 1, abdomen, dorsal view.
5) Be PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Pialea ecuadorensis, new species
FicureEs 2,d; 3,a,c-f; 4,b,g-7
Frmate: Length of entire specimen 7.25 mm.: wing length 7.25 mm.
Cotor: Orange, black, and brown; head except antennal segments
II-III, pleurae except small spot on upper mesopleura, mesonotum
except anterior angle and lateral margin (fig. 4,4), and halter except
extreme base dull black; antennal segments II-III, coxae, basal
two-thirds femur II, tibia II, femur, tibia, and basitarsus leg III,
sternites I-V, tergite I, lateral margins and median triangular areas
of tergites II-V (fig. 4,7), cerci, and stronger wing veins dark brown;
anterior angle and lateral margin of mesonotum, proepisternum, small
spot on upper mesopleura, spot at upper junction of sternopleura and
meropleura, postalar callosity, scutellum, and remainder of abdomen
orange; wing membrane faintly browned, squama light brown with
yellowish brown margin, pulvilli light brown.
Pine: Golden yellow. Dense on eyes, occiput, thorax, squama,
abdomen, and legs except tarsi; that on head about as long as antennal
segments I-II combined, that on thorax about as long as antennal
segment IIT, that on abdomen sparse, longer than on thorax, intermixed
with dark brown hairs, particularly along posterior margins of
tergites I-IV, that on sternites without brown hairs, that on tarsi
quite short, appressed; hind tibia with dark brown and black pile,
that on antennal segments II-III short, lightly brownish yellow, pilose.
Heap: With ocellar tubercle a point; frontal region only slightly
raised, antennal tubercle minute; proboscis hardly visible underneath
small proboscis tubercle; antenna little shorter than head height,
segment I of each antenna completely fused, about as long as hind
tarsal segments III-IV, segment II about half as long as I, round,
segment III about three-fourths eye height, rounded apically, com-
pressed laterally ; eyes occupy anterior third of head capsule, separated
a little more below than above antennae.
THorax: Maculated (fig. 4,4); scutellum much wider than long;
squama nearly straight behind, narrow, nearly opaque, almost flat;
femur and tibia of each leg nearly equal in length, tibial spur about
as long as corresponding tarsal segment II, metatarsus compressed
(fig. 4,9); wing as in figure 2,d except no crossvein present in first
posterior cell, and third posterior cell (subdiscal) divided near apex
(right wing only); four posterior cells, anal vein narrow, vein Ro43
incomplete, not reaching wing margin, faint, inserted slightly posterior
to r-m crossvein, m crossvein about five times r-m crossvein.
Axspomen: Short, a little longer than thorax, widest at segment III,
maculated (fig. 4,7), somewhat sunken from loss of eggs, except
segments V—VI, rigid due to structure of genitalia.
ACROCERID FLIES—SCHLINGER oto
Maur: Length of entire specimen 8.75 mm.; wing length 6.60 mm.
As described for female except as follows:
Cotor: Black and brown; head except antennal segment II,
pleurites except spots between sternopleura, meropleura, and meso-
pleura, mesonotum except faintly lightened anterior lateral angle,
halter, scutellum, and tergites II-V dull black; antennal segment IT,
spots around sternopleura, anterior lateral angle of mesonotum,
tergites I and VI, sternites I-VII, legs, and strong wing veins dark
brown; no orange coloration.
Prue: Same as in female except that on head about as long as male
antennal segment II, that on thorax about as long as male antennal
segments I-II combined; pile on abdomen distinctly different, being
bicolored, yellowish white and brown; on tergite I-II brown except
yellowish white near midline, tergite III all brown, tergite IV brown
except yellowish white at lateral margins; tergite V has a little brown
along base, otherwise yellowish white; tergite VI all yellowish white;
all abdominal pile about as long as thoracic pile except that on middle
and margins of tergite II, long, nearly as long as front basitarsus.
Heap: With large antennal tubercle placed above mideye height;
antennal segment I twice as long, but completely fused, as in female,
segment II twice as long in ventral as in dorsal view, much as in
capitella (fig. 1,6), segment IIT missing.
TuHorax: Not maculated, mesonotum slightly lighter colored along
anterior and lateral angle; wing as in figure 3,a except in left wing
no crossvein in first posterior cell.
AsBpoMEN: Longer than thorax, rigid, stigmata as in figure 1,q@;
genitalia missing.
Houoryre: Female; Calacali, Ecuador, altitude 2,800 meters, 1937
(F. Campos R.), USNM 62980.
Paratype: Male: Same data as holotype, also in USNM.
Remarks: The type specimens of this species were collected in the
same place in Ecuador by the same man, and presumably on the same
date. It has therefore been assumed that the two specimens represent
the two sexes of the same species, and it is largely on this evidence
that the generic concept taken by the author has been set forth. Since
this is the only species of Pialea with both sexes adequately described
(see discussion under lomata), the sexual difference in color compli-
cates the matter even further. However, on the basis of wing vena-
tion and other shared characters, there seems little doubt that the
association made in ecuadorensis is correct and not a combination of
the sexes representing two species or even two genera.
This species extends the distribution of Pialea several thousand
miles from Brazil and yet, of all the species known to me, it is prob-
374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
ably closer to Jomata than any other. It is, however, easily distin-
guished from /omata in its wing venation. Due to the rather poor
chances of these acrocerids crossing the high Andean range in Pert,
Ecuador, and Colombia, it may be that further species will be ob-
tained in Venezuela and Colombia, and that the extent of the pre-
sumably tropical genus has or had a circum-Andean distribution in
the north. As to the validity of the locality data for ecualorensis
I have no doubt, as Sefior Campos has collected for many years in
Ecuador. Cole’s endemic Ecuadorian genus, Camposella, was named
for this collector.
It should be pointed out that the wing venation as shown in figure
3,@ is atypical in one sense—the crossvein in the first posterior cell is
adventitious and does not occur in the left wing of the male or in
either wing of the female holotype. The right wing of the male was
drawn only because it was in better condition for study.
I have made the female the holotype of this species since it is as
surely a Pialea as lomata. It is of course possible, though not at all
probable, that the males described in this work represent another
genus. The female specimen was in better condition, the male lack-
ing the terminal segment of the antennae and four of the legs. Both
specimens were slightly oily, but not badly rubbed. The female
specimen lacked the left terminal antennal segment also.
Literature cited
Bezzi, M.
1912. Dipteros de Brazil. Sobre tres interessantes dipteros de S. Paulo.
Brotéria, zool. ser., vol. 10, pp. 78-79.
Brunetti, E.
1912. New oriental Diptera, I. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 472-475.
1920. Jn, The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera
Brachycera, vol. 1, pp. 159-163, pl. 2, figs. 10, 11, 25.
1926. New and little known Cyrtidae (Diptera). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 9, vol. 18, pp. 573-574.
Crampton, G. C.
1942. The external morphology of the Diptera. Jn, Guide to the insects of
Connecticut, Pt. 6. Connecticut State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull.
No. 64, pp. 10-165 (Pialea, p. 26).
Ericuson, W. F.
1840. Entomographien, Untersuchungen in dem Gebiete der Entomologie,
mit besonderer Benutzung der Koénigl Sammlung zu Berlin, I.
Pt. 4, Henopier, eine Familie aus der Ordnung der Dipteren, pp.
160-161, pl. 1, figs. 9 and (9)p.
Hunter, W. D.
1901. Catalogue of the Diptera of South America, Pt. 2. Homodactyla and
Mydiadae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. vol. 27 (1900-1901), p. 151.
KeErtesz, C.
1909. Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Mus. Nat. Hungari-
cum, vol. 4, p. 5.
ACROCERID FLIES—SCHLINGER SiO
SPEISER, P.
1920. Zur kenntnis der Dipteren Orthorrhapha Brachycera. Zool. Jahrb.
vol. 43, pp. 195-220. [Describes Stenopialea and its type species,
beckerzi, pp. 205-208, figs. a, B.]
WALKER, F.
1854. List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the
British Museum, pt. 4, suppl. 2, p. 345.
WaANDOLLECK, B.
1914, Hinleitung zu einer Monographie der Dipterenfamilie Inflatae, pp.
3-30, pl. 1, figs. 13-17; pl. 3, figs. 2, 8.
Westwoop, J. O.
1876, Notae dipterologicae No. 3. Descriptions of new genera and species
of the family Acroceridae. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 14, pp.
513-514, pl. 6, fig. 2,a-c.
U. S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1956
; _ 7 Pee
= a Awe
bait Ge = i : : 7 = © a he ss dll
ese, te 7 7 a! = SS Ti et -
a Pag tee : : 7) : ' . ; : i wa a oe re a cs
i em
= ¥ v 7 7 Ash sree — 7
- ef
- ; a " - _ , / - meee
i : 41 _— - ; oiy
‘ A 9 2 ‘ Aj )ihat = FLA {+14 - an Le - e rn
co ¢ ; _ @ 7 =
: ae Sus) eve
. a 7 - ’ = p > “3 d a
: . » 7 7 oe ed ah -
> :
, * sfrewy " aa ah - as a ea .
a —
; , ‘5-5. UR” Geen -
/ - : Aig
pel as i nan) rae mesg St See OstiEs
; 7 : aa rk . een
- Tien — a . ce r ~) ‘ Loe (oy a ;
- ob OF “ ('+Ti Ae :
: 7 > Z = ‘4 { aa ;
i + = 7
7 5 = en -
7 7 ¢ * ie
+ ’ 7
; aN she 7
r
oe ,
7 . a a i BR
A t rrr
- i ¢& "a
= : S
7 ~ a5
; nae
» —
: \ fe
=i
= ’
a
, i"
: ct sd
all
»
i A 7 7
Ph
¢
a. he ly
ion
- 4 >=
= i }
an
‘ Z
: iy '@ see
= 1
/ an) rc ;
7 . . 7 |
of -
o. 7 > far
Sn] a
: | <7 aw 4
' i-
m7 a : :
a 7 . -
"a ' a in
7 - 7 a vi
3, |
a ; A = ‘ 5 - :
Pp
OO
oe
bi
- Sh eee
ai?
ad « .52; head,
0.495 X 0.485), with head longer than wide, the reverse of F. pictu-
ratus. The preantennal margin of head is straight; the anterior plate
is much wider in anterior portion, where the sides are convex, while
in posterior portion the sides are straight and parallel; a small, darker
colored shield covers anterior portion, this character being present in
but three of the known species of the genus.
The premarginal carinae are VERY WIDE, and there are well-de-
veloped postmarginal carinae not present in all species.
The sides of both thoracic segments straight, with pterothorax
narrower and less divergent than in picturatus (0.395 against 0.412);
sides of posterior margin of pterothorax straight, with acute median
point.
Abdomen rather long and slender (1.16 0.52); pleurites pitchy
black (except pleurite I) and of medium width, with “heads” very
short on dorsal portion and long on the ventral portion. Tergites
and sternites faintly pigmented except genital plate and sternite V;
setae along posterior margin of genital plate short and peglike. The
patch of setae at each side of sternite VIII consists of a row of seven
setae set parallel to margin, and pointing diagonally backward and
inward, and with two others between this line of setae and the margin
of segment, pointing backward.
The species is represented by the male holotype, one female para-
type, and one female from another individual of the type host col-
lected at Zaragoza, Antioquia, Colombia.
Formicaphagus magnus, new species
FicureE 2,b
Typr: Female adult from Myrmeciza laemosticta palliata Todd,
collected by the author at La Palmita, Norte de Santander, Colombia,
Aug. 14, 1916 (author’s collection).
Diacnosis: Distinguished by the large head, very large anterior
plate, partially pigmented premarginal carinae and nodi, and narrow,
faintly pigmented abdominal pleurites. The head is longer than
416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
wide (0.553 > 0.532); the anterior plate of same shape as in laemo-
stictus but much larger and without anterior shield; the premarginal
carinae are wide but pigmented only along the inner margin, while the
nodi are chitinized in posterior portion only. The incrassations on
inner carinae, over anterior plate, are smaller than usual; the pre-
antennal margins of head slightly undulating, with sides of anterior
plate extending latterly beyond line of head; postmarginal carinae
also present, but differmg in pattern from those of laemostictus (see
fig. 2,0).
Prothorax with sides flatly convex; pterothorax very wide (0.47)
with convex sides, that portion posterior to the lateral angles shortened
and with sides straight to rounded median tip (fig. 2,6).
Abdominal pleurites narrow, ventral portion scarcely wider than
dorsal; “heads” short, tapering to a slender point which curves
inward and backward, forming a semicircle. Structure of tergites
and sternites obscured by foreign matter. Setae along posterior
margin of genital plate short and thick; ten ventral setae on sides of
sternite VIII, paralleling lateral margin, and two more between this
line and the margin, all pointing diagonally backward and inward
and all longer than those of laemostictus.
The species is represented by the female holotype only.
Formicaphagus angustifrons, new species
Ficures 2,d; 5,c; 6,d
Types: Male and female adults from Myrmeciza h. hemimelaena
Sclater, collected by the author at Santa Ana, Rfo Coroico, Bolivia,
July 21, 1934 (author’s collection).
Draanosts: One of the smallest species of the genus (body of male,
1.25 40; of female, 1.40 0.40; head of male, 0.39 * 0.39; of female,
0.417 0.417); the abdomen of the female is longer but no wider
than in the male.
Temples rounded; occipital margin deeply reentering at sides of
prothorax, but occiput convex; frons very narrow; preantennal
margins slightly concave; anterior plate small, widest in posterior
portion and converging sharply to the narrow tips; premarginal
carinae narrow, as well as the inner carinae which support the an-
terior plate; incrassations elongated and not reaching to the lateral
margins of the plate; no postmarginal carinae; eye very small, with
short, thickened seta at anterior corner. (In the figure of the head
of this species the temporal and occipital carinae occupy reversed
positions. )
Thoracic segments small, with sides slightly convex; pterothorax
only 0.31 in width in the female and 0.29 in male; posterior margins
straight and median point rounded.
NEOTROPICAL MALLOPHAGA-——CARRIKER 417
Ficure 2.—Head, thorax, and certain abdominal segments: a, Formicaphagus laemostictus,
female (segments I, II); b, F. magnus, female (segment I); c, F. peruvianus, male (segment
1); d, F. angustifrons, male (segments I-III).
386754—57
2
418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Abdomen quite clear, but tergites and sternites more clearly defined
than in many species; pleurites dark brown, blacker in the male, and
with ventral portion twice the width of the dorsal (more than twice
in female); pleurites in segment I well defined but not deeply pig-
mented; the “heads” are short and rounded on dorsal portion, longer
on ventral portion and with the attenuated tips curving outward.
The marginal setae of the genital plate in female are longer and set
closer together than in the preceding species; the setae at posterior,
inner corner of tergites are very long, as well as the single, pustulated
seta on posterior margin of tergites III to VII, just inside the pleurites.
The sternal setae at sides of VIII are also long and slender, some as
long as width of segment, and average seven in number.
In the male the setae of the abdominal tergites and of segment VIII
are also unusually long; the genitalia are small, the basal plate being
short with broad, rounded apical end; parameres globular, with
narrow, deeply pigmented marginal carina; mesosome very simple,
but portions not clearly visible (fig. 6,d). The species is represented
by male holotype, female allotype, and one male and five female
paratypes.
Formicaphagus huilae, new species
Figures 4,a; 6,h
Type: Female adult from Myrmeciza longipes boucardi Berlepsch,
collected by the author at La Plata, Huila, Colombia, Apr. 10, 1952
(USNM).
Diagnosis: A medium sized species (body 1.60 0.43; head
0.425 0.423), strikingly colored. The head, thorax, and legs are
pale, clear brown; the carinae of head and legs darker brown, while
those of thorax are almost pitchy black; the abdomen is uniformly
translucent, excepting the pleurites, genital plate, and lateral margins
of segment VIII; the pleurites are rather wide, pitchy black, slightly
wider ventrally in posterior portion, and sharply defined on inner
side; the “heads” are short dorsally and bluntly pointed, but twice
as long ventrally and faintly colored; genital plate and margins of
segment VIII pale brown; sternite V is faintly visible, and all sternites
are clearly and widely separated from pleurites. The setae of genital
plate are normal, rather abundant, and thickened basally; ventral
setae on sides of segment VIII are rather short and slender, six in the
row parallel to margin and pointing inward, with two near margin,
pointing backward.
The species is represented by the female holotype and two female
paratypes.
Ficure 3.—Head, thorax, and certain abdominal segments of female: a, Formicaphagus
splendidus (segment I); b, F. grallariae (segments I-III); c, F. minutus (segments I-III);
d, F. thoracicus (segments I, II).
NEOTROPICAL MALLOPHAGA—CARRIKER
Figure 3.—Explanation on facing page.
419
420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Formicaphagus latifrons, new species
Ficures 4,b; 5,h
Type: Female adult from Cercomacra n. nigricans Sclater, collected
by the author at Rio Vieja, Bolivar, Colombia, Feb. 24, 1947 (USNM).
DiaGnosis: One of the larger species, equal in size to F. magnus,
with practically the same head and body measurements except width
of head at coni, which is less (0.41 against 0.45).
The head is wide at tips of premarginal carinae, with preentennary
margin sinuate; anterior plate longer than wide, widest at tips of
premarginal carinae, from which point sides converge to rounded tips
of frons and backward to posterior margin. Premarginal carinae
wide, with inner margin irregular in outline; nodi large, with posterior
half much more deeply pigmented; inner carinae, which support
anterior plate, are wide, covering almost half of that plate and with
the large incrassations reaching the lateral margins. Postmarginal
carinae present but faintly colored; eyes small, with short seta; at-
tachment of gular plate to prothorax somewhat unusual (fig. 4,5).
Head, legs, and thorax pale, translucent brown, with carinae darker
brown; abdomen clear, except the large pleurites which are pitchy
black dorsally and dark umber brown ventrally, the ventral portion
being much wider than the dorsal portion and with undulating inner
margin; ‘‘heads” short on dorsum, very long on ventral face, and clear
brown. Tergites uncolored, with only genital plate and sternite V
visible; lateral portion of VIII light brown. Abdominal setae unusu-
ally short, those of genital plate normal; the lateral, sternal setae of
VIII are eight in number, short, and all point inward and slightly
backward.
The species is represented by the female holotype only.
There is a single female from Cercomacra t. tyrannina, collected at
Santa Rosa, Bolivar, Colombia, which is so close to the type of
latifrons that it seems useless to attempt its separation. All measure-
ments are practically the same except width of head at preantennary
suture, which is greater (0.38 against 0.365), and abdomen shorter
and narrower (never a reliable measurement). The number of
ventral setae on segment VIII is the same. I have, therefore, identified
this female as F’. latifrons.
Formicaphagus clypeatus, new species
FicurEs 4,c; 5,d; 6,c
Typus: Male and female adults from Perenostola leucostigma brunnei-
ceps (Zimmer), collected by the author at La Pampa, Pert, July 5,
1931 (author’s collection).
DraGnosis: One of the smaller species (body, 1.780.55; head,
0.445 0.445). Body coloring the same as in preceding species.
NEOTROPICAL MALLOPHAGA—CARRIKER 431
The preantennary margin straight; hyaline border of anterior plate
wider than usual and with much more than half of the plate extending
beyond the tips of the premarginal carinae (usually half or less);
this plate is longer than wide, with deeply incised, wide frons, and
Ficure 4.—a-d, Head, thorax, and certain abdominal segments: a, Formicaphagus huilae,
female (segments I-III); b, F. latifrons, female (segments I, II); c, F. clypeatus, male
(segments I, II); d, F. bolivianus, female (segment I). ¢,f, Male genitalia: ¢, F. pictura-
tus; f, F. minutus.
422 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
with sides straight and parallel for greater portion; the inner carmae
are unusually narrow, very straight in anterior portion and lack
entirely the large incrassation so prominent in most species (fig. 4,c);
antennae unusually thick (compare ¢ and d of fig. 4; d being about
normal); eye obsolete, but setae present; coni small.
Prothorax small, especially short (0.13>0.26); pterothorax with
straight, divergent sides, broadly rounded lateral angles, and sides
of posterior margin flatly convex with rounded median tip.
Color of abdomen as in preceding species, with pleurites of average
size, largely pitchy black dorsally, and but slightly wider ventrally,
more so in posterior portion; “heads” short and bluntly pointed on
dorsal face but much longer ventrally, some of them curving outward
apically.
Abdominal setae shorter than average; the ventral patches on sides
of sternite VIII average nine! in number, are short, and most of
them point backward; there are also five dorsal setae in a transverse
row on each side of segment VIII, all set in small, clear pustules.
These latter setae are present in all species, but the number varies
(usually three) with inner one always the longest.
The species is represented by the male holotype, female allotype,
and one male paratype.
Formicaphagus peruvianus, new species
FIGuRES 2,c; 6,4
Tyre: Male adult from Myrmotherula schisticolor interior (Chap-
man), collected by the author at Enefias, Pert, Mar. 3, 1930 (author’s
collection. )
Diaaenosis: One of the group with small head, only minutus and
angustifrons having smaller (0.412 0.402). Differs from angustifrons
in having whole occipital margin of head convex instead of deeply
emarginate at sides of occiput; the anterior plate is much wider in the
anterior portion than in the posterior portion, the reverse of angustifrons
(see figs. 2,c and 2,d); the head is much wider at coni (0.337 against
0.295); pterothorax slightly larger than both species mentioned above,
with sides slightly concave and posterior margin straight. Abdomen
longer than in angustifrons and minutus, and wider than in augusti-
frons; color normal; pleurites large and pitchy black dorsally, with
sternal portion considerably wider; ‘“‘heads’’ of pleurites short both
dorsally and ventrally, the ventral portion being weakly pigmented.
In the genitalia the basal plate is very similar to that of clypeatus
and angustifrons, but longer than in latter; the parameres are similar
in size and shape to those of angustifrons but lack the dark marginal
1 Segments VII and VIII are fused so closely that the line of fusion is not always visible. The setae are on
segment VIII.
NEOTROPICAL MALLOPHAGA—CARRIKER 493
carina; mesosome very different, resembling somewhat that of pictura-
tus but with a much smaller penis.
The species is represented by a single specimen, the male holotype.
Formicaphagus minutus, new species
FicurREs 3,c; 4,f; 6,9
Types: Male and female adults from Herpsilochmus rufomarginatus
Jrater Sclater and Salvin, collected by the author at Upata, Venezuela,
Feb. 22, 1910 (author’s collection).
Diaenosis: One of the group of small species, with body larger than
angustifrons and clypeatus, but head smaller than in the latter (male,
0.402 0.38 against 0.434%0.412; female, 0.423X0.434 against
0.434 0.434); the head is longer than wide in the male and wider
than long in the female.
Sides of head, between coni and tips of frons, forming a straight
line; anterior plate small and similar to that of thoracicus except that
frons is wider and the incrassations smaller; premarginal carinae wide
and short, with nodi large and circular; no postmarginal carinae; the
carinae uniting premarginal nodi and posterior mandibular condyles
very wide.
Prothorax short, with sides flatly convex and almost parallel;
pterothorax small, being especially narrow (0.16 0.31).
Abdomen of normal shape and color, the pleurites well developed,
about equal in the sexes and pitchy black dorsally, with ventral
portion wider and paler; all setae rather short and slender, except
those around posterior margin of genital plate which are slightly
longer than usual; the ventral patches of setae on each side of segment
VIII contain a longitudinal row of seven setae, with two smaller
ones near margin which point backward.
The male genitalia are quite different from the other known species,
with basal plate much longer, with wide, heavily chitinized marginal
carinae on swollen basal portion; the parameres are oval in shape, very
similar to those of perwvianus but without marginal carinae; the
mesosome is very rudimentary, merely an undulating transverse bar
which supports an unusually large penis.
The species is represented by the female holotype, male allotype,
and one female paratype.
Formicaphagus thoracicus, new species
FiGuRE 3,d
Type: Female adult from Gymnopithys leucaspis bicolor (Lawrence),
collected by the author at Quibdé, El Chocé, Colombia, Mar. 13,
1918 (author’s collection),
4934 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Draanosts: Sides of head straight between coni and anterior plate,
which is circular in shape, with deeply incised frons, wide supporting
carinae, and large incrassations; premarginal carinae with marginal
half faintly pigmented, also outer portion of nodi, which are semi-
circular in shape, the tips curving inward; postmarginal carinae
present but pale.
Prothorax narrower in anterior portion, with convex, divergent sides
(an unusual shape); pterothorax large (0.21 0.36), with rounded sides
and short posterior portion.
The abdomen is large (1.21><0.61), with narrow pleurites, blackish
dorsally and wider ventrally in anterior and posterior portions.
The type, and only specimen, is in rather poor condition, having
been demounted for clearing, and with much of the chaetotaxy missing,
so that the number of setae in ventral patches of sternite VIII cannot
be determined.
The species may be distinguished by the unusual shape of the an-
terior plate, the carinae of the head, and the shape of the thoracic
segments.
Formicaphagus brevifrons, new species
FicureE 5,a; 6,e
Tyres: Male and female adults from Pyriglena leucoptera (Vieillot),
collected by Dr. Werneck at Serra de Angra, State of Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil (Hopkins collection).
Diacnosis: The largest of the known species of the genus (female,
2.12 & 0.67, with abdomen 1.34; male, 1.54 * 0.49). Head wider
than long in both sexes, with swollen temples, and in female much
wider at base of coni.
Anterior plate wider than long, wider at tips of premarginal carinae;
frons narrow and median incision shallow; the premarginal carinae
are of unusual shape and rather complicated for description (see
fig. 5,a@); carinae connecting premarginal nodi with posterior mandib-
ular condyles narrow.
Prothorax with sides and posterior margin convex; pterothorax
with sides convex and strongly divergent; each side of posterior
margin concave and with median point rounded, this character more
pronounced in the male.
Abdomen strongly oval in both sexes, with wide pleurites, the
light brown ventral portion being more than twice the width of the
pitchy black dorsal portion.
The tergites are but slightly chitinized, but sternites IV and V are
much more deeply colored than usual.
The chaetotaxy of the entire body is unusually short and coarse,
and blackish in color; the patches on each side of segment VIII are
NEOTROPICAL MALLOPHAGA—-CARRIKER 425
short and coarse, with irregular longitudinal line of six to seven, and
one outside the line.
The genitalia of the male allotype, the only male, is not clearly
visible due to a covering of extraneous matter, but it seems to be as
Ficure 5.—a,b, Head, thorax, and abdominal segment I: a, Formicaphagus brevifrons,
female; b, F. pittasomae, female. c-—i, Dorsosternal view of tip of female abdomen: ¢, F.
angustifrons; d, F. clypeatus; e, F. bolivianus; f, F. grallariae; g, F. splendidus; h, F. lati-
frons; 1, F. pittasomae.
386754—57——_3
496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
shown in figure 6,e, although the shape of the parameres, if correct,
is very unusual.
In addition to the female holotype there is one female paratype.
Formicaphagus bolivianus, new species
FicursEs 4,d; 5,e
Type: Female adult from Myrmotherula axillaris fresnayana
(V’Orbigny), collected by the author at Santa Ana, Rio Coroico,
Bolivia, July 26, 1934 (author’s collection).
Dracnosts: A medium sized species with head as wide as long
(0.445) and somewhat triangular in shape; the preantennal margin
irregular in outline (fig. 4,d); frons very narrow, with scarcely any
median depression; anterior plate small, with sides swollen latterly
at tips of premarginal carinae and with less than half its length
exposed. Premarginal carinae and nodi wide and strongly pigmented ;
the inner carinae supporting the anterior plate narrow, but incrassa-
tions quite large; coni very small, with greater portion under head;
eye very minute (shown too large in figure); postmarginal carinae
present but poorly pigmented.
Prothorax rather large (0.13 > 0.26), with slightly convex sides;
pterothorax small (0.22 X 0.37), with lateral and posterior margins
perfectly straight. Abdomen normal, with rather narrow pleurites,
pitchy black above, brown and slightly wider below; dorsal “heads”
short and bluntly pointed, ventral “heads” much longer and paler;
genital sternite rather small and well pigmented but sternites IV
and V almost invisible; posterior margin of genital plate an open
V-shape, with short, thick setae; the setae of ventral patches on
each side of segment VIII unusually abundant, there being eight in
the longitudinal row and a cluster of four in anterior portion of
segment, all of which are short and most point towards the rear in
the holotype, but in the female paratype they are as shown in figure
5,e, being longer than in the type specimen.
Formicaphagus grallariae, new species
Fiaures 3,5; 5,f; 6,f
Typrs: Male and female adults from Grallaria perspicillata inter-
media Ridgway, collected by the author at El Hogar, Costa Rica,
Aug. 28, 1906 (author’s collection).
Dracnosis: A species of medium size, with head slightly longer
than wide in both sexes, and with female not much larger than male.
The entire body is clear, pale brown, the abdomen slightly paler,
with tergites and sternites clearly defined.
The head, back of coni, has a rather squarish appearance but from
the coni the sides converge sharply in a straight line to tips of frons,
NEOTROPICAL MALLOPHAGA—CARRIKER 427
Ficure 6.—a-f, Male genitalia: a, Formicaphagus peruvianus; b, F. pittasomae, c, F,
clypeatus; d, F. angustifrons; e, F. brevifrons; f, F. grallariae. g-h, Tip of abdomen,
female: g, F. minutus; h, F. huilae.
428 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
which is of medium width and with shallow emargination. The
anterior plate is wider than long, with sides converging both forward
and backward from tips of premarginal carinae (fig. 3,6); the inner
carinae are narrow, widely separated on anterior plate; only the tips
of the coni are visible from above; eye small but with seta short
and thick.
Prothorax rather narrow (male, 0.34; female, 0.37), with convex
sides and posterior margin slightly concave.
The pleurites are narrow dorsally and dark brown, but three times
as wide ventrally and not much paler; the dorsal ‘“‘heads’’ taper to a
slender point, curving inward more noticeably in the male, while the
ventral portion is longer, bluntly pointed, and faintly pigmented.
The abdominal chaetotaxy is quite long, especially the patch of eight
setae on each side of ventral face of segment VIII that extend more
than half way across the segment. Posterior margin of genital plate
is V-shaped, rather short, and with setae widely spaced.
In the male, segment VIII is unusually large, with sides straight
to the rounded tip. The genitalia are quite distinctive and need no
description (fig. 6,f).
The species is represented by the female holotype, male allotype,
and one male paratype.
Formicaphagus splendidus, new species
FiaureEs 3,a; 5,9
Type: Female adult from Pittasoma michleri zeledoni Ridgway,
collected by the author at Rio Sicsola, Panama,’ Sept. 10, 1904
(author’s collection).
Draenosis: The body and head are almost the same size as the
females of magnus (body, 1.95 0.62; head, 0.55 & 0.532), thus
being one of the largest known species.
The temples are slightly swollen; the preantennal margins of head
form almost straight lines (slightly concave) from coni to tips of
frons, which is of medium width and shallow emargination. Anterior
plate as wide as long, slightly expanded laterally at middle and with
a wide, V-shaped, darker band across anterior portion (fig. 3,@).
The inner carinae are narrow basally but wide over anterior plate,
with large incrassations; eye prominent, with seta short and thick.
Prothorax large (0.21 X 0.33) with convex sides; pterothorax of
medium size, with straight sides and posterior margins and with lateral
angles narrowly rounded. Abdominal sclerites normal; dorsal face
of pleurites narrow and black, ventral face twice as wide as dorsal
face and brown; tergites set closely together, both transversely and
longitudinally. Segment VIII unusually short and wide; ventral
2 This host was collected on the west side of the Rfo Siesola in territory which at that time belonged to
Costa Rica but has since been ceded to Panama.
NEOTROPICAL MALLOPHAGA—-CARRIKER 429
setae at sides 9-10 in number, all pointing inward and of various
lengths, the anterior ones the shorter. Posterior margin of genital
plate an open V-shape, set with numerous short, fine setae (fig. 5,g).
The species is represented by the female holotype and two female
paratypes.
Formicaphagus pittasomae, new species
Fiaures 5,b,7; 6,0
Types: Male and female adults from Pittasoma rufipileatum rosen-
bergi Hellmayr, collected by the author at Pavarondocito, Antioquia,
Colombia, May 19, 1950 (USNM).
Dracnosis: A handsome insect of an almost uniformly translucent
brown color, sharply defined, dark brown carinae on head and thorax,
and black pleurites, but with abdomen paler than head.
It is one of the larger species, the male being the largest known of
that sex (1.75 X 0.575); the head of the female is almost equal in
length to that of magnus and splendidus, but is wider (0.542 0.553
against 0.553 X 0.532).
Posterior to the coni the head has a quadrangular appearance, with
the slightly concave sides of anterior portion converging sharply to
the narrow frons; anterior plate longer than wide, very similiar to
that of splendidus; in fact, the whole insect resembles that species,
differing as follows: Anterior plate slightly longer; the inner carinae
which support it are much narrower, with smaller incrassations, and
there is an oval projection on inner side of these carinae at base of
TARLE 1.— Measurements (in millimeters) of the species of Formicaphagus
Head Prothorax Pterothroax Abdomen
Body ad nse
Species Sex jlength | |
Leneth | Width | Width | Length | Width |Length |} Width | Length} Width
at coni
picturatus D 1.49 0. 445 0. 445 0. 337 0. 163 0. 26 0. 197 0. 347 0. 825 0. 456
2 2.03 . 467 48 . 347 . 163 . 29 BP) ~ 412 ia bl . 52
laemostictus g 1.89 . 495 . 485 - 40 - 195 . 29 . 24 . 395 1.16 . 52
magnus | Q | 1.938 . 553 . 532 . 445 . 20 . 326 . 255 . 467 1.12 . 597
angustifrons D 1.25 . 393 . 391 . 295 ALL 7 okd +152 . 293 . 673 . 402
9 1. 40 .417 417 . 303 .13 . 228 . 163 . 314 . 81 . 395
huilae 2 1. 60 . 425 . 423 . 325 16 . 255 .195 . 347 . 98 . 434
latifrons a 1.91 | . 467 .475 . 365 ska ah. 18 . 39 1. 20 . 567
peruvianus D 1. 53 - 412 - 402 . 337 .14 . 23 . 195 . 326 .89 ~ 445
clypeatus D 1.31 . 434 . 412 . 325 . 152 . 24 .195 . 337 . 694 - 434
2 1. 44 . 434 . 434 . 337 . 163 . 25 . 195 . 35 . 781 477
thoracicus 2 1.95 . 46 . 44 -38 . 163 a2 21 . 36 1.21 . 61
minutus D 1.41 . 402 . 38 .dl . 147 . 228 . 163 .314 . 803 - 452
2 1. 68 . 423 . 434 . 345 . 155 . 244 . 185 . 326 1.02 . 53
brevifrons % 1. 54 . 434 445 . 325 15 27 . 195 . 38 . 846 . 488
2 2.12 - 50 . 542 . 39 . 185 .314 . 26 - 445 1. 34 . 673
bolivianus 2 1.78 ~ 445 ~ 445 . 337 -13 . 26 . 228 137 1.13 . 547
grallariae ue) 1. 46 . 445 . 434 . 326 - 163 . 26 . 195 .3a7 . 785 . 467
2 1. 57 477 . 467 . 358 . 163 . 285 ~22 38 . 90 . 51
splendidus Q 1.95 . 55 . 532 41 .217 . 33 . 26 . 445 1.13 . 62
pittasomae fe) 1.74 . 52 . 516 . 39 . 185 . 303 ~217 «402 . 992 - 576
430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
anterior plate, a character absent in splendidus but present in grallariae
and magnus.
The premarginal carinae are wide in pittasomae and the pigmenta-
tion extends uniformly to the margin of head (figs. 3,a; 5,6); the
manner of attachment of the prothorax to the gular plate is entirely
different; carinae of the prothorax decidedly distinct; and there is
more contrast of color in the abdomen, the ground-color being clearer
and the pleurites blacker. The posterior margin of the genital plate
of female in splendidus is an open V, with closely set marginal setae,
while in pittasomae the plate is circular and the setae are longer,
coarser, and fewer in number. The patches of setae at sides of
sternite VIII in splendidus contain 9 setae, all pointing inward, while
in the present species there are only 6 setae pointing inward, and 1
backward, near margin.
The male genitalia do not resemble those of any of the known males,
and a description seems unnecessary (fig. 6,5).
Formicaricola, new genus
Genotype: F. analoides, new species. Host, Formicarius analis sat-
uratus. Medium sized Ischnocera parasitic on the avian genus Formi-
carius only. Represented by seven species taken from seven species
and subspecies of the host genus. In certain characters this genus
resembles the preceding one, but after very careful comparison I find
it impossible to classify them as congeneric. Species of this genus
have a superficial resemblance to Multicola and to some of the Fur-
naricola and Rallicola but they differ radically from those genera in
structure of head and male genitalia, while the females lack the
heavy sternal spines in segment VIII so characteristic of Rallicola.
I am fully aware that it is not good policy to erect a genus for a
group of Mallophaga which are parasitic on a single genus of birds,
but in this case there seems to be no alternative, as with the Meno-
ponidae of the genus Odontophorus (Phasianidae).
The present genus differs from Formicaphagus as follows: Abdomen
longer and more slender, nearly parallel-sided; segment VIII of female
with sides straight and converging to a deeply incised, bifid tip.
Head much longer than wide; premarginal carinae continued beyond
the preantennal suture, to middle of anterior plate; anterior plate
more or less quadrangular, with rounded corners and with anterior
margin usually as wide as posterior and slightly concave, while pos-
terior margin is flatly convex and never extends beyond entrance to
bucal cavity as in Formicaphagus.
No trace of the diagonal suture across premarginal carinae in front
of nodus; the temporal and occipital carinae are as in Formicaphagus
as well as the thoracic segments and the pleurites of the abdomen,
NEOTROPICAL MALLOPHAGA—CARRIKER 431
but the tergites are more widely separated medially; the sternites
also seem to be the same but they are quite impossible to distinguish
clearly in this genus due to the heavier pigmentation of the tergites.
The chaetotaxy of the last four abdominal segments in the male is
more abundant than in the female.
Male genitalia resemble somewhat those of Formicaphagus in that
the basal plate is short and wide, the parameres are more or less
globular, but of quite different shape, and the details of the mesosome
differ strongly in the five species represented by males. Unfortunately
the five species with male representatives are all from subspecies of
Formicarius analis. When males have been taken from the other
two species, colma and nigricapillus, they may show important dif-
ferences, although there are no striking differences between the females
of those species and females from the races of F. analis.
Formicaricola analoides, new species
FicurRss l,c; 7,d; 9,c
Types: Male and female adults from Formicarius analis saturatus
Ridgway, collected by the author near Zaragoza, Antioquia, Colombia,
Mar. 22, 1948 (USNM).
Diacnosts: This species, the type of the genus, has been quite
fully described under the generic characterization. The seven known
forms of the genus Formicaricola are very similar in general appear-
ance, differing from each other only in many small details, so that one
species may resemble several others in shape of head, but have the
anterior plate, the cephalic carinae, the thoracic segments or abdomi-
nal sclerites quite distinct.
The present species resembles most closely the Costa Rican and
Mexican forms from Formicarius analis umbrosus and Formiearius
analis moniliger, but differs as follows: Head smaller than both,
wider at tips of marginal carinae and narrower at coni; premarginal
carinae and nodi differ in shape, as well as postmarginal carinae;
pterothorax smaller, with posterior margin straight on the two sides
as in costaricensis (concave in mexicana). Adbominal segment VII
in male same shape as in costaricensis, but different from mericana,
with chaetotaxy of segment VIII different in all three. The anterior
margin of segment VIII in the female is convex in analoides and
concave in costaricensis (female of mericanus unknown).
The male genitalia of all three are similar in type but differ in
detail, those of mericana resembling more closely those of analoides.
The species is represented by the male holotype and female allo-
type, with other specimens from type host collected at following
localities: Regeneracion, El Real, and Norosi, Department of Bolivar,
432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Ficure 7.—Head, thorax, and certain abdominal segments of male: a, Formicaricola mexie
cana (segments I, II); b, F. beni (segments I, II); c, F. sanctae-martae (segment I); d,
F. analoides (segments I, II).
NEOTROPICAL MALLOPHAGA—-CARRIKER 433
Colombia, 4 females; Heights of Aripo, Trinidad, 1 female, and Sabana
Mendoza, Venezuela, 2 females. Another male from F. a. pana-
mensis, collected at Unguia, Department of Chocé, Colombia, near
the Panama frontier, cannot be distinguished from the series taken
on F. a. saturatus.
Formicaricola costaricensis, new species
Ficures 8,a,g; 9,d
Types: Male and female adults from Formicarius analis umbrosus
Ridgway, collected by the author at Guapiles, Costa Rica, March
1903 (author’s collection).
Driaanosis: Under the preceding species are given the differences
between it and the present form, which need not be repeated. The
other species similar to costaricensis is mexicana, from which it differs
in the male sex as follows: Body longer and narrower at abdomen;
head slightly longer, but no other difference in measurements; sides
of head anterior to coni strongly concave, not straight; tips of pre-
marginal carinae anterior to suture, wider and longer; interior carinae,
supporting anterior plate, longer and of different shape; eye prominent
(obsolete in mexicana) ; coni larger; hyaline margin of frons transverse
instead of flatly rounded as in mexicana, with front of anterior plate
more deeply emarginate; attachment of prothorax to gular plate
distinct; sides of prothorax less convex and sides of pterothorax
slightly concave instead of convex; posterior margins of pterothorax
straight, not concave; anterior margin of abdominal tergite VII
sinuate instead of convex, and abdominal chaetotaxy shorter. The
genitalia are decidedly different from all of the other known males
(fig. 9,d).
The species is represented by the male holotype, female allotype,
two female paratypes, and two females from another individual of
the type host collected by the author at Guacimo, Costa Rica, April
1903.
Formicaricola mexicana, new species
FicuREs 7,a; 8,7; 9,6
Type: Male adult from Formicarius analis moniliger Sclater, col-
lected by the author at Cerro Tuxtla, State of Veracruz, México,
May 5, 1940 (USNM).
Diacnosts: This species has been compared in detail with analoides
and costaricensis under the descriptions of those species and needs no
further remarks. The figures presented and measurements given are
sufficient additional description.
The species is represented by the male holotype and two male
paratypes. The female is unknown.
434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Formicaricola sanctae-martae, new species
Figures 7,c; 8,f; 9,a
Type: Male adult from Formicarius analis virescens Todd, collected
by the author at Los Gorros, at eastern base of Sierra Nevada de
Santa Marta, Colombia, on May 6, 1945 (USNM).
Diagnosis: This species nine costaricensis in shape of anterior
half of head, the lateral margins being strongly concave, but differs
in having much wider frons, much wider and larger anterior plate,
which is wider in anterior portion than in posterior section, a character
not found on any of the other species taken on F. analis and its races.
The eye is very pronounced, as in costaricensis, but the carinae con-
necting the premarginal nodi with the posterior mandibular condyles
are distinct, as well as the anterior condyles.
The posterior margins of the pterothorax are strongly concave
(straight in costaricensis). Abdominal segment VII has the same shape
as In mexicana, with anterior margin sinuate, but with the lateral
angles much less acute; segment VIII is wider in anterior portion
than any of the other known males and the margin more circular
(fig. 8,f).
The male genitalia resemble those of costaricensis in shape of basal
plate, but they resemble mexicana in the mesosome (fig. 9,a—d).
The species is represented only by the holotype, male.
Formicaricola beni, new species
Ficures 1,d; 7,b; 8,h
Type: Male adult from Formicarius analis analis (d’Orbigny and
La Fresnaye), collected by the author at Santa Ana, Rio Coroico,
Bolivia, July 26, 1934 (author’s collection).
Draenosis: The head is decidedly different in shape from all of the
other known species, the sides forming a slightly undulating line from
temples to the narrow frons; the head also is smaller than in any of the
other known males, being especially narrow at the temples (0.477
0.35, with width at coni 0.28); the anterior plate is also the smallest,
almost circular in shape, but slightly longer than wide (fig. 7,5).
The posterior margins of the pterothorax are very different, being
deeply emarginate just inside the acetabular bars, then running
straight to an acute point. The abdomen is more oval in shape,
expanding laterally at segments IV to VI; tergites I to V unusually
long, with tergites I to III longer than wide; all pleurite ‘heads’”’
long, especially ventral portion; segment VIII very narrow, with
anterior margin convex, and distinctly divided medially, the only
species seen with this character; segment IX differs in shape from
that of all the other males (fig. 8,/).
NEOTROPICAL MALLOPHAGA—CARRIKER 435
Ficure 8.—a-c, Head and thorax: a, Formicaricola costaricensis, male; b, F. chocoana,
female; c, F. colmae, female. d-i, Tip of abdomen: d, F. chocoana, female; e, F. colmae,
female; f, F. sanctae-martae, male; g, F. costaricensis, male; h, F. bent, male; 7, F. mexicana,
male.
436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
The male genitalia are also unique, being highly complicated, and
it is difficult to interpret just what function the different parts per-
form (fig. 1,d).
The species is represented only by the male holotype.
Formicaricola colmae, new species
FIGURE 8,c,e
Type: Female adult from Formicarius colma amazonicus Hellmayr,
collected by the author at La Lajita, Rio Caura, Venezuela, Nov. 3,
1909 (author’s collection).
Driacnosis: This species does not closely resemble any of the
other known forms. The head is broad at the temples, with lateral
margins convex between temples and preantennal suture; frons
wide and transverse, as in sanctae-martae; anterior plate large,
quadrilateral, with anterior and lateral margins slightly concave
TARLE 2.— Measurements (in millimeters) of the species of Formicaricola
| |
Head Prothorax Pterothorax
| | Abdomen
Body | See ee rs pou? ai oat
Species | Sex |length l
} | Length} Width | Width | Length) Width |Length| Width |Length| Width
| at conus |
analoides co 1.58 | 0.49 0. 38 0. 293 0. 163 0. 228 0.195 | 0.282} 0.88 0. 287
2 2.42)}| .55 . 423 . 33 . 195 . 278 . 24 . 358 1. 38 - 46
costaricensis J 1.73 . 52 . 402 . 303 e185) 25 - 206 . 303 . 955 .37
g 2.06 . 542 . 44 . 345 .18 . 265 . 24 . 337 1. 26 .37
mexicana a 1. 65 } 51 39 . 30 .16 . 24 | 20 . 303 .96 | - 41
sanctae-martae a 1.84) .54 - 412 . 326 - 206 S2625|) movin Wao 1. 06 | . 40
beni ce 1.65 | .477 35 . 280 . 16 . 228 . 185 25 - 97 . 358
colmae bo: AR TB) | ec BL .4l | 325} .17 26 ee 314} 1.04 «435
chocoana Ou) SabIs\i S52 sea 305 | .17 24 . 228 | .285| 1.39 . 434
' t
and entirely without the darker shield covering anterior portion, being
uniformly colored and without markings. Premarginal carinae
narrow, with inner margins black; the inner carinae, supporting the
anterior plate, are narrow at suture, then expand and cover about
half of each side of plate, with their pointed tips reaching almost to
edge of frons.
Prothorax and pterothorax with convex sides and both rather wide,
the latter with posterior margins concave and median point acute.
All tergites except I and II wider than long, with inner margins
convex and touching in median portion; pleurites and their ‘heads’
slender, the ‘“heads’’ not extremely long. Segments VIII and IX
are shown in figure 8,e.
The male is unknown, the species being represented by the female
holotype and three female paratypes.
NEOTROPICAL MALLOPHAGA—CARRIKER 437
Figure 9.—Male genitalia: a, Formicaricola sanctae-martae; b, F. mexicana; c, F. analoides;
d, F. costaricensts.
438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Formicaricola chocoana, new species
Figure 8,),d
Type: Female adult from Formicarius nigricapillus destructus
Hartert, collected by the author at Rio Jurubidé, Department of
Chocé, Colombia, Mar. 18, 1951 (USNM).
Driacnosis: The largest of the known females of the genus except
analoides (2.130.434 against 2.420.46). Head of average size,
with straight, slightly undulating sides and broad, rather deeply
TABLE 3.—List of hosts with their corresponding parasites
Host
Cercomacra
nigricans nigricans Sclater
tyrannina tyrannina (Sclater)
Formicarius
analis analis (d’Orbigny and La Fresnaye)
analis moniliger Sclater
analis saturatus Ridgway
analis umbrosus Ridgway
analis virescens Todd
nigricapillus destructus Hartert
colma amazonicus Hellmayr
Grallaria
perspicillata intermedia Ridgway
Gymnopithys
leucaspis bicolor (Lawrence)
Herpsilochmus
rufimarginatus frater Sclater and Salvin
Myrmeciza
hemimelaena hemimelaena Sclater
immaculata immaculata (La Fresnaye)
laemosticta bolivari de Schauensee
laemosticta palliata Todd
longipes boucardi Berlepsch
Myrmotherula
axillaris fresnayana (d’Orbigny)
schisticolor interior (Chapman)
Percnostola
leucostigma brunneiceps (Zimmer)
Pittasoma
michleri zeledoni Ridgway
rufopileatum rosenbergi Hellmayr
Pyriglena
leucoptera (Vieillot)
Parasite
Formicaphagus latifrons
Formicaphagus latifrons
Formicaricola bent
Formicaricola mexicana
Formicaricola analoides
Formicaricola costaricensis
Formicaricola sanctae-martae
Formicaricola chocoana
Formicaricola colmae
Formicaphagus grallariae
Formicaphagus thoracicus
Formicaphagus minutus
Formicaphagus angustifrons
Formicaphagus picturatus
Formicaphagus laemostictus
Formicaphagus magnus
Formicaphagus huilae
Formicaphagus bolivianus
Formicaphagus peruvianus
Formicaphagus clypeatus
Formicaphagus splendidus
Formicaphagus pittasomae
Formicaphagus brevifrons
emarginate hyaline frons; anterior plate slightly wider than long, with
anterior edge emarginate, sides convex and posterior margin trans-
verse, and with all four corners rounded; a well-defined shield covers
more than half of anterior portion of plate.
NEOTROPICAL MALLOPHAGA—CARRIKER 439
The thoracic segments very similiar in shape to those of costaricensis,
but pterothorax narrower and with posterior margin much like benz
except that the median point is rownded, not acute.
The abdomen is the same length as in analozdes, but narrower; the
pleurites are large, black in color both dorsally and ventrally, and
with long “‘heads,”’ much longer ventrally than dorsally. Tergites I to
III longer than wide, IV to VI about square, and all are widely sepa-
rated medially. Segments VIII and IX are shown in figure 8,d.
The species is represented by the female holotype, one female
paratype, and two females from other individuals of the type host
collected by the author near Palestina and Potedé, on the Rio San
Juan, Department of Chocé, Colombia, on May 5, 1918, and Jan. 3,
1951 The male is unknown.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1957
Si DT ALMSEAS DA EATIADA oth RUT ee eq
“yetantaen lo ov! of okie ies pit o) ungse Spned ale
ae ail donor aoe Toreaeen wie hie rina serolowste tad
7 ivan tore Wane) tated darbant and dash i ans
; epee ex Uses we ay t
"ioe yy rt nef ‘ashen Nt re ariel HTiAS vihd al deaths ar)
ue olay fark “eliskiol Hee f adtoy at doo! oem ain ‘pattiuall]
ovis wel 2ithetolhumabhsTaettey obi our “ahpod” shah digs,
~ nine, GTO LEY, ‘hil lin be nt } raped yi Tri vi ly ce malts a npeal itl
¢
Wee me wT v4 i carats "18 7) icy tf F Trade’ am: ~ “oataibon bs a
; - ; | « e “ees ra
hdgel Gwo> 4qWolod sly rat ea? wt ho sieaarnpa a Sartaqe oe
whorelsadi We elawhiibar walle ca’ Teo) og en acy ete
ire wy 6 lt lia hore’ baa eee) ie yorhMup oft qd heatoudlen
& uthl Dud ESO) Bath Ge ed melo wed 46 Dene eae
; creole en wha 9 (‘y vaql
i i c a Ve or?
r 4
i f
a 7
@ oj
a a
—
' | 4
i
* - ' :
agen 2° 9SS Cal) > 28 CRee Rs Hes
a
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 106 Washington: 1956 No. 3376
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF MARINE ASELLOTE
ISOPOD. CAECIANIROPSIS PSAMMOPHILA.
FROM CALIFORNIA
By Rosert J. Menzies! and Jean Pertit!
Specimens of marine asellote isopods representing a new genus and
new species were collected from a coarse-sand beach several centi-
meters below the surface of the sand, where they were associated
with living snails of the genus Caecum, the curious pycnogonid
Rhyncothoraz, and several kinds of polychaetes, especially some be-
longing to the Archiannelida.
Besides the unusual ability of this species to live buried in sand in
the intertidal zone, it is of further interest in being the second known
American record of a blind intertidal asellote, the first being Caecijaera
horvathit Menzies (1951, pp. 1-7), a commensal with the wood-boring
isopod, Limnoria.
The genus resembles Thambema (Stebbing, 1913, p. 237), at least
superficially, in its elongated aspect and lack of eyes; for that reason
it perhaps belongs in the family Thambematidae (Stebbing, 1912, p.
42). Stebbing’s report of a single pleotelsonal somite in Thambema
! Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, N. Y. (This paper is Contribu-
tion No. 198 from the Geological Observatory and Contribution No. 1 of the Observatory’s Biology Program.)
441
326756—56
442 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
is probably in error because he shows two somites for the species on
plate 36 (Stebbing, 1913). Caecianiropsis differs from Thambema in
having well-developed uropods and in the structure of the male
pleopods. The mouthparts are similar. The genus also shows a
curious resemblance to the cave-dwelling fresh-water genus Micro-
charon Karaman 1934, one species of which, Duslenia (= Microcharon,
personal communication from Dr. Claude Lévi) teissiera Lévi (1950,
pp. 42-47), lives also in the intertidal on the coast of France, where
it was found in association with an archiannelid polychaete, Saccocirrus
papillocerus Bobretzky, and the marine mite Scaptognathus tridens
Trouessart. Caecianiropsis differs from Microcharon in the structure
of the uropods, male pleopods, and the maxillipeds. It seems likely
that Austroniscus ectiformis Vanhéffen (1914, fig. 80) belongs to
Caecianiropsis; however, Vanhéffen’s specimens seem to be immature
and an assignment of that species is uncertain.
Caecianiropsis, new genus
Type: Caecianiropsis psammophila, new species.
Diraenosis: Maxilliped with two coupling hooks; palp with second
and third joints expanded but equaling only 1% times the width of
endognath. First antenna with peduncle of four joints; flagellum
with a few joints. Second antenna about one-half the body length;
flagellum multiarticulate.
Epimera visible in dorsal view on peraeon somites 1-7. Endopodite
of uropods exceeding twice the length of exopodite.
Caecianiropsis psammophila, new species
FiGurReEs 1-3
Houotryrr: Nonovigerous female, length 1.8 mm, width 0.25 mm.
Dracnosis: Rostrum with frontal margin convex. First antennal
flagellum with only two articles; first article exceeding six times the
length of last. Posterolateral borders of pleotelson of male each with
1-2 minute spinelike teeth; lateral borders smooth except for many
small setae; posterior border with a distinct median convexity.
Endopod of uropod exceeding three times the length of exopod.
Each lateral apex of first male pleopods with a small, expanded,
apically pointed area. Anterior endopodite branch of second male
pleopod coiled, equaling body length when straightened out.
Character of body: Colorless and eyeless, very much elongated,
length exceeding six times the width.
First maxilla: Outer lobe with about 12 denticulate setae at apex;
inner lobe with one long seta and numerous fine setae.
NEW ASELLOTE ISOPOD—MENZIES AND PETTIT 443
Ficure 1.—Caecianiropsis psammophila, new species: @, male paratype; 5, mazxilliped;
¢, first peraeopod; d, fifth pleopod; ¢, fourth pleopod; f, third pleopod; g,
second maxilla;
h, uropod; 2, seventh peraeopod. Magnification: a, scale at left of figure; b, c, 7, scale
between figures b, c; d, ¢, f, h, scale at right of figure f; zg, not known.
444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Second maxilla: Each of the two outer lobe lappets with four apical
setae; inner lobe with about 11 apical setae.
Mandible: Left mandible incisor with five teeth; lacina with five
teeth; setal row with five plus one seta. Right mandible incisor with
five teeth; lacina lacking; setal row with six setae. Palp with second
article depressed at setiferous area which bears three denticulate setae.
a
Figure 2.—Caccianiropsis psammophila, new species: a, distal articles of mandibular palp;
b, left mandible; c, uropod; d, molar process; e, antennal scale on third article of peduncle
of second antenna; f, first antenna; g, posterolateral border pleotelson; 4, female oper-
culum; 7, second antenna. Magnification: a, as shown on figure d; c, g, f, scale at right of
figure c; h, as shown on the figure; 7, not known.
NEW ASELLOTE ISOPOD—-MENZIES AND PETTIT 445
Type LocaLity: Tomales Bluff, Tomales Point, reef, Marin County,
Calif., in coarse sand about 5 cm. below the surface of sand, mid-
intertidal zone, Jan. 27, 1949, R. J. Menzies, holotype; July 9, 1949,
38 paratypes.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: In addition to the above-mentioned speci-
mens the following were examined: Monterey County, Calif.: Asilo-
mar, on tentacle of Synapta sp., lower intertidal zone, July 16, 1947,
Cadet Hand, 2 paratypes.
saat
ro
Cc WwW
if
|
UU
-
Ficure 3.—Caecianiropsis psammophila, new species: a, second male pleopod; 4, first m2ie
pleopods, inner surface. Magnification as indicated by the scale.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Marin County to Monterey County,
Calif.
Types: Type specimens have been deposited in the collections of
the following institutions: United States National Museum, holotype,
No. 89543, 40 paratypes; Allan Hancock Foundation, 2 paratypes;
4AG PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Rijksmuseum Van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, 2 paratypes; Pacific
Marine Station, 3 paratypes, Acc. No. 1330 Arth.
Remarks: This species differs from Caecianiropsis ectiformis (Van-
héffen), its closest known relative, in having spinelike teeth on the
posterolateral borders of the pleotelson. Such teeth appear lacking
in that species.
Literature cited
KaARAMAN, S.
1934. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Isopoden-Familie Microparasellidae.
Mitt. Hohl.-Karstforsh., 1934, pp. 42-44.
Livi, CLAUDE
1950. Duslenia teisseri, nov. gen., 0D. sp., nouveau Parasellidae des cdtes de
France. Notes Rev. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén., No. 6, pp. 42-47.
Menzies, ROBERT JAMES
1951. A new genus and new species of asellote isopod, Caecijaera horvathi,
from Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor. Amer. Mus. Nov., No.
1542, pp. 1-7.
Srepsine, T. R. R.
1912. On the Crustacea Isopoda of the Porcupine Expedition. Trans.
Zool. Soc. London, vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 231-239, pls. 24-26. (Abstract
No. 112, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 42, 1913.)
VANHGOFFEN, E.
1914. Die Isopoden der deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. In,
Drygalski, Deutsche Sudpolar Expedition 1901-1903 . . ., vol. 15,
Zool. vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 449-598, 132 figs.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1956
et
ro 7. iDEN Foal? te
a
w
am <
* =
—
i
. .™
- et foxy, Lf ry an Matsa ivf ieee, Sty Latlge, = / cept, Pathe bd
mies a
6
® ° 7
Sephi
Sts i,
vy 7
. This ss pe a (Us
ed
on a
ay 7
és
a“
Syiial is ne,
7
7
a
=
% Sy a. ee
) Tiletar Oe Hy:
whe, ie gts 1“
iti 2)
Sina , hag pe .
ao “Wet 7
in a 7
‘deme =
PD ta e 4 efi: ch nds Hai,
7 +
ASS ao Vv 7 >
Ao ro} _ = bY, 7
Le
§ ( ati a > 7
aye
“A 9 ie oe ” ®
roan.
Lan
ar aero
2
i
v.
<=. = oe
> 2
7”
:
we
fy,
=
i =
je Meteo cys li ¢
Cra , it =! ma ti “
hes oy
7
aes wi 7
,
-
yas. ned "i lou ‘ “ek rr We - amy, ;
7 » gee ee ahi ion nmr jaw ae e it
v=
5
‘ft ‘
ee
ati om Ad, a
air" 7
. GA we : a ie
es % 7 ofh.1) Sia, ite io + mbt EP ps
ct nal as. ae 2G) Men int orth”
7
a
: -¢
ais
=p, Sarde Rich “epee borksary |
M
& 5 - 7
- y a4
- Or ; od
ogy o_<_ 7 wat ov '
Geral) 7 bald 4 7 ve > 7
o a - Se 7
oy a ' ri 4
pe
aan fen? ‘hepa — ny a iv, &He Putas bite 4
Awa mn Pde gs _ is s ‘Ae .
eS. ’ 7
ms 7 = oS 7 " a 7 _
if Khartoum
I5= ® Jebel Meidob 15°
AWad Medani
pDuem \f
El Fasher @ @Umm Keddada Sannnar
ezaicee aioe ect Obed 2) Gallabat
Jebel Ain /
@ Dillinag eRoseires
etalodi @kaka
= oe
1o— —-1l0
q Lake N
eChak Chak /
@ Wau
@ Rumbek
6 Bor
Ss —5-
@Mt Baginzi /®Juba =
Yambi0 2 ~~ ae eTorit ;
eYei _ @}matong Mts.
lo I |
25
30° “Nimule a5:
4
Ficure 1,—Principal collecting localities in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. (Scale: 1 inch=250
miles.)
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 451
companion ranges, the Dongotonas and the Didingas) has a close
affinity with the East African fauna but shows a high degree of in
situ development. These mountain ranges of the southeastern Sudan
need much further field work in order to evaluate properly their
zoogeographic status and the degree of isolation of their faunas from
those of East Africa and from each other. Of the three, only the
Imatong Range is adequately represented by specimens. It is in-
teresting that the mammals showing the greatest differentiation are
those whose normal habitat is in a forest environment. In these
mountains, the forest has become isolated from adjacent forested areas
by large regions of arid savanna. This isolation is apparently the
result of the dessication of central Africa after the last Pleistocene
Pluvial period. Worthington (1937, p. 316) with regard to the great
lakes of Africa and their fish faunas, says:
It is yet premature to date the earlier changes involved—the time at which
the main rivers of Africa became set in their courses, the formation of the rift
valleys, the depression of the Lake Victoria basin, and the reversal of many of
the rivers of Uganda. But the later changes, including the dessication of Lake
Edward and probably of Lake Victoria can now be dated within reasonably cer-
tain limits by correlation with climatic change during the Pleistocene in other
parts of Africa and with the glacial and inter-glacial periods in the northern hemi-
sphere. ‘The exact correlation of the individual pluvial and interpluvial periods
is not yet fixed, but in general terms the climatic changes which were taking place
soon after the beginning of the Pleistocene were responsible both for the glacia-
tions in the north and the pluvials on the equator.
In Europe well-known studies have led to the enumeration or estimation of the
number of years since the ice receded from such localities as Stockholm or from
certain lakes in Switzerland, and figures of the order of 9,000 to 14,000 years have
resulted. If we take the last pluvial of Africa to have finished at about the same
time as the last glacial in Europe and apply these figures, we conclude that Lake
Rudolf was cut off from its connection with the Nile, say 12,000 years ago, and
in that comparatively short time the fish isolated in that lake have changed into
the endemic species and subspecies referred to above. Somewhat before this,
say between 15,000 and 20,000 years ago, the plateau lakes at the main source of
the Nile were dried up, and since they were refilled, adaptive radiation up to the
present day has given rise in Lakes Edward and George to eighteen endemic
species of Cichlid fish and four of non-Cichlids, and in Lakes Victoria and Kioga,
with their more diverse environments and partial isolation from each other, to
fifty-eight endemic Cichlids and twenty-seven non-Cichlids. The vast assort-
ment of unique forms in Lake Nyasa and Lake Tanganyika has naturally taken
much longer, and to date and understand these we must await the result of future
geological and biological studies.
In substantiation of the dating of the end of the Pluvial in central
Africa, a corollary may be drawn from the pocket gophers (Thomomys)
of the Salt Lake Valley and environs in North America. In attempt-
ing to determine the time level at which habitat became available
for pocket gophers, Durrant (1952, p. 497) says: “The Postpluvial,
the last period of Lake Bonneville, has endured from the second
452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Provo Pluvial until the present. It is thought to be approximately
12,000 years in duration.”’ Thus, in this period of about 12,000
years, differentiation has occurred in the pocket gophers to form the
complex distributional pattern of subspecies known today. During
a similar interval of time, the mountain forests of central Africa,
together with their mammalian faunas, have been isolated by the en-
croachment of arid savannas. The distinction between the Salt
Lake Valley and the isolated mountains of the Sudan is that the
former was invaded, then isolated, whereas the latter is a relict of a
former widespread habitat now isolated. In both cases, however,
differentiation has progressed to the point where pronounced distinc-
tions are evident.
The present report recognizes 91 genera and 224 species and sub-
species of mammals other than bats. Of the 224 kinds known from
the Sudan, 39.5 percent have been described from localities outside
its present geographic boundaries. Of the remaining 60.5 percent,
described from within the boundaries of the Sudan, 11 percent have
been described from the Imatong Mountains and environs, 8.6 per-
cent from the Jebel Marra and environs, 4.5 percent from the Nuba
Mountains area, and the remaining 36.4 percent from many other
localities.
It is apparent that the Sudan has been populated by a mammal
fauna coming from several directions. The period which apparently
has had the most effect on the distribution of present-day mammals
is the time immediately after the last Pleistocene Pluvial and up to
the present. Most of the mammals occurring in the Sudan today
apparently have invaded from the south. Characteristic genera
which may be noted in this category are: aard vaark (Orycteropus),
swamp rats (Otomys), tree mice (Dendromus), giant rats (Cricetomys),
multimammate mice (Mastomys), mole rats (Cryptomys), cane rats
(Thryonomys), and elephant (Lorodonta).
Mammals which apparently have derived from a northern palae-
arctic stock and which reach the southernmost limits of their distribu-
tion are: gerbils (subgenus Dipodillus), sand rats (Psammomys),
jerboas (Jaculus), and the ibex (Capra).
Two West African genera which reach an eastern limit of distribu-
tion in the Sudan are African striped squirrels (Tamiscus) and red-
legged ground squirrel (Huzerus).
The grass hare (Poelagus) appears to be found only in the southern
Sudan and extreme northern Uganda. This is apparently the only
genus endemic to the region. Another genus (Desmodilliscus) is found
only in northern Nigeria and the central Sudan; its origin is not de-
terminable at this time.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 453
As may be noted in the following accounts, there are vast gaps in
the distributional patterns of practically every species. It is recog-
nized that this report is at best only preliminary and that many of the
kinds treated here as species will probably be shown in the future to
be related as subspecies. It is hoped, though, that this work will find
its way into the hands of interested amateurs and professional zool-
ogists and epidemiologists who will have the opportunity to fill in
some of the annoying gaps in the distributional patterns. Much field
work remains to be done in the Sudan in order to understand more
completely the effects of isolation and the barrier effect of the Nileif
such exists.
Order INSECTIVORA
Family ERINACEIDAE
Atelerix pruneri lowei, new subspecies
Figure 2,a
Tyre: BM No. 23.1.1.35, adult male, skin and skull, from Umm
Keddada, Darfur Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Obtained March
15, 1922, by Lynes and Lowe, original No. 1159.
SPECIMENS ExamINep: Four, all in BM, from: Umm Keddada, 2;
32 miles east of E] Fasher, 1 (skull only); El Obeid, Kordofan Prov-
ince, 1 (skull only).
Draenosts: A small extremely pale hedgehog in which the white
subterminal band of the spine is broad and the terminal black band
is minute. Entire underparts, brow band, hands, and feet white.
Skull smal!, zygomatic arches not widely flaring, interorbital region
relatively narrow, postpalatal ridge well developed, mesopterygoid
region relatively narrow, upper molars relatively large.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE Typr SpEcIMEN: Length of head and body
167; length of tail 16; length of hind foot 25; length of ear 26; con-
dylobasal length of skull 37.4; length of palate 21.4; width of rostrum
at level of antorbital foramen 9.6; length of nasals 14.1; least postor-
bital width 9.9; width across zygomatic arches 23.6.
Comparisons: From Atelerix pruneri pruneri as known by a speci-
men from Singa, Blue Nile, A. p. lowei differs in markedly lighter
color and a smaller skull in all measurements taken.
From A. p. oweni, A. p. lowei may be distinguished by its markedly
lighter color and smaller skull in all measurements taken.
Remarks: This small hedgehog bears out the pale coloration of
most of the other mammals obtained by Lynes and Lowe at lower
elevations in Darfur and Kordofan. The extreme amount of white on
the spines and the narrowness of the black bands create a strikingly
light colored animal.
The type specimen was trapped in a hedgerow of “guffie.”
454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Atelerix pruneri oweni (Setzer)
FIGURE 2,a
Erinaceus (Atelerix) pruneri oweni Setzer, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 43,
No. 7, p. 237. July 23, 1953. (Torit, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.)
SPECIMENS Examinep: Nineteen, from: Torit, 9 (2, MCZ); Ter-
angole, 20 miles east of Torit; 4 (1, MCZ); Malek, 1 (BM); Moru
District, 2 (BM); Gogrial, 3.
MEASUREMENTS: Averages and extremes of four males and two
females are as follows: Total length 173 (127-201), 186.5 (152-215);
length of tail 12 (10-13), 16 (8-24); length of hind foot 30.5 (28-32);
length of ear 24 (16-28), 26.5 (24-29); condylobasal length of skull
41.5 (38.8-45.3), 41.2 (40.2-43.9); length of palate 23.9 (22.3-26.1),
24.2 (23.2-25.2); width of rostrum 11.5 (10.6-11.2), 11.1 (10.6-11.6);
length of nasals 13.2 (12.0-14.2), 12.3 (11.5-13.1); least interorbital
width 11.0 (10.5-11.5), 11.2 (11.1-11.4); width across zygomatic
arches 25.5 (24.2-26.6), 25.8 (25.1-26.7).
Remarks: There is some variation in color of these specimens but
this is probably owing to the manner in which the skins have been
prepared. If the spines are laid flat in preparation the general tone,
as observed from above, is a smoky color; if the spines are semierect
the color is darker. Another contributing factor is the amount of
pigment on the tip of the spines. If this is slight the general effect
is lighter, and, conversely, if there is a relatively wide band at the tip
the color appears darker. The only immature specimen in the series
is decidedly darker in color than any of the adults. In all specimens
except one, the maxillary bone touches the nasal on each side for at
least 1.5 mm.
The specimens from Malek and the Moru District are much darker
than typical oweni or pruneri, but the cranial characters seem to
refer them to the former.
All the specimens were obtained in savanna-type country between
January 7 and April 9.
Atelerix pruneri pruneri (Wagner)
FIGURE 2,a
E(rinaceus) pruneri Wagner, Schreber’s Saéugethiere, Suppl., vol. 2, p. 23, 1841.
(Upper Nile, taken at Sennaar, where Pruner traveled.)
Erinaceus heterodactylus Sundeyall, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Stockholm
(1841), p. 227, 1842. (Bahr-el-Abiad.)
Erinaceus dimidiatus Fitzinger, Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 56, sect. 1, p. 853,
1867. (Sennaar and Kordofan.)
SPECIMENS Examinep: Five, all in BM, from: Singa, Blue Nile
Province, 1; Gebel Auli (near Khartoum), 3; White Nile, near Khar-
toum, 1.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 455
Measurements: No external measurements have been available
but the skull of the specimen from Singa, which is unsexed, measures
as follows: Condylobasal length 40.9; length of palate 23.6; width of
rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 11.4; length of nasals 12.2
least interorbital width 11.8.
Remarks: The nominate race is darker and, in certain measure-
ments of the skull, smaller than A. p. oweni. The outstanding dif-
ference in the skulls of these two subspecies is in the width of the
postorbital constriction. In A. p. oweni the constriction is more
pronounced and is uniformly so in all specimens seen.
The specimen from the White Nile, near Khartoum, shows inter-
grading characters in color and in the size and shape of the upper
molar teeth between A. p. pruneri and A. p. lowei. In substance,
these characters are more like those in A. p. pruneri, to which the
specimen is referred.
I
Paraechinus aethiopicus (Hemprich and Ehrenberg)
Erinaceus aethiopicus Hemprich and Ehrenberg, Symbolae physicae, Mamm.,
dec. 2, sheet k, footnote, Sept. 1832. (Deserts of Dongola, Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan.)
Erinaceus senaariensis Hedenborg, Oken’s Isis, p. 8, 1839. (Nomen nudum.)
| Hrinaceus] brachydactylus Wagner, Schreber’s Saéugethiere, Suppl., vol. 2, p. 24,
1841. (Egypt.)
Hemiechinus pallidus Fitzinger, Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 54, sect. 1,
p. 565, 1866 (nomen nudum); vol. 56, sect. 1, p. 866, 1867. (Sennaar.)
SPECIMENS ExamINeED: Sixteen, all in BM, from: Port Sudan, 4;
Shendi, 4; Khartoum, 4; Sennaar, 2; Sinkat, 2.
MEASUREMENTS: Measurements of an adult male from Sinkat, Red
Sea Province, are as follows: Length of head and body 140; length of
tail 20; length of hind foot 26; length of ear 30; condylobasal length
of skull 43.2; length of palate 22.5; width of rostrum 9.9; length of
nasals 13.9; least postorbital width 10.3; greatest width across zygo-
matic arches 26.2.
Remarks: This genus might easily be mistaken for Ateleriz in the
field. However, the hairs of the underside of the body are longer and
softer and in general show some blotching of brownish or brownish
black in the white. On the head the blackish face mask is present
in both genera as well as the white band across the forehead. In all
specimens of Paraechinus examined there was always an indication
of a blackish band at the beginning of the spines which is not present
in Ateleriz. In general, the spines of Paraechinus are much softer,
thinner, and more densely placed than in Afeleriz. There can be no
confusion as to identity when the skulls are examined. In Paraechinus
the maxillaries do not touch the nasals, and the pterygoid region as
well as the auditory region is markedly inflated.
456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Family M AcROSCELIDIDAE
Elephantulus fuscipes (Thomas)
Macroscelides fuscipes Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 13, p. 68,
January 1894. (N’doruma, Niam-Niam country, lat. 5° N., long. 27°30’E.)
SPECIMENS ExamtInep: Two, the type and one other from Obbo.
MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of specimen CNHM No. 67242,
an adult female from Obbo, are as follows: Length of hind foot, 29.0;
length of ear from notch 23.0; length of nasals 12.2; least interorbital
breadth 6.0; greatest width across zygomatic arches 16.7.
Remarks: These are the sole examples of elephant shrews from
this section of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. They are readily distin-
guished from E. rufescens by the darker dorsal color, the dark colored
feet, and by the plumbeous base of the hairs of the belly.
The type specimen is preserved in alcohol so that any color com-
parison between specimens is useless. However, the skulls agree in
all respects.
Elephantulus rufescens hoogstraali, new subspecies
Type: CNHM No. 66704, adult male, skin and skull, from Ikoto
(lat. 4°95’ N., long. 33°4’ E.), Equatoria Province, Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan. Obtained Dec. 20, 1949, by Harry Hoogstraal, original
No. 4995.
SpeciMENS Examinep: Forty, from: Ikoto, 31; Torit 9 (1, MCZ).
Diacnosis: Upper parts between Tawny and Russet with a generous
admixture of blackish hairs and all hairs with a minute black tip;
dorsal color rather abruptly giving way on the sides to Warm Buff
strongly intermixed with black; color of side abruptly terminating in
the white of the belly; postauricular spots Warm Buff. Underparts,
hands, feet, and supra- and subocular spots white; not all of the hairs
white to the base, those of the chin, inside of forelegs and hindlegs
and a midventral area pure white to base, others plumbeous at base.
Tail dark blackish brown above, lighter below. Braincase relatively
well inflated, zygomatic arches broad, rostrum relatively short and
massive, toothrow relatively short and the bullae well inflated.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE TypPE SpEcIMEN: Total length 258; length
of tail 130; length of hind foot 36; length of ear from notch 25; greatest
length of skull 36.2; length of nasals 13.5; least interorbital width
6.1; greatest width across zygomatic arches 19.6; breadth across
external auditory meatus 16.8; width across M*-M? 11.6; length of
upper toothrow entire 17.3; length of auditory bullae 6.3; width of
bullae 3.9; condyloincisive length 33.3.
Comparisons: From the type specimen of Elephantulus rufescens
dundasi, this new subspecies differs in: Belly white instead of buffy,
-_—
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 457
tail generally longer, hind foot longer, more pronounced postauricular
spots, and the general dorsal color is darker. The skull has a wider,
blunter rostrum, a wider interorbital region, braincase more inflated,
zygomatic arches more widely flaring, upper toothrow shorter and the
auditory bullae more inflated.
E. r. hoogstraali differs from the type and two topotypes of E. r.
delicatus in: Color darker; the hairs of the belly white and not washed
with buff; in both kinds the hairs of the median line are white to the
base instead of being plumbeous. The skull is somewhat larger in
over-all measurements, bullae are markedly more inflated, wings of
mesopterygoid more concave than convex, and the rostrum is
generally wider.
From the type of E. r. mariakanae, E. r. hoogsiraali differs in:
Color lighter, postauricular spots markedly lighter in color, white
hairs of belly white to base in midventral line and not plumbeous.
In the skull the rostrum is narrower, nasals narrower, and the
zygomatic arches more rounded and less angular.
E. r. hoogsiraali differs from E. r. phaeus in: Lighter dorsal color.
hairs of belly white to base and not plumbeous. The skull has the
rostrum shorter and wider, zygomatic arches less angular, and the
upper toothrow is less crowded.
Remarks: This series of 40 specimens from the Sudan is remark-
ably uniform in color and in cranial characters when the sexes are
separated and animals of like age are studied. The series was
obtained between the middle of November and the end of March.
All of the specimens were taken in a savanna habitat of tall grass.
It is apparent when studying the types of the various kinds of
Elephaniulus from eastern Africa that the species referred to as
E. dundasi is in reality only a subspecies of the earlier E. rujescens.
There are no characters by which this species can be dintinguished.
either cranially or from the skin, from specimens of rujescens from
any part of its range. The characters by which it can be distin-
guished are no greater than exist between any of the known sub-
species. Therefore, although no actual intergradation can be
demonstrated, the name should stand as Elephaniulus rujescens
dundasi.
Family SoricipaE
Genus Crocidura Wagler
From examining specimens of Crocidura, especially the types, in
the British Museum and in the U. S. National Museum, I am led to
believe that the species groups of Dollman (1915 a-i, 1916) are no
more than races of the oidest name in each group. There are, cer-
tainly, exceptions to the above statement, such as the case of Crocidura
458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
butlerit which does not fit in the group called fischeri on any cranial or
morphological feature.
Without examining all of the specimens extant and the references
to all the types available, this hypothesis is at best a mere suggestion.
Where specimens have been studied and found to agree in what appear
to be specific characters they have been placed as a subspecies of that
particular species.
Again, this arrangement is based only on the shrews from the Sudan
and on specimens immediately adjacent geographically, so that the
suppositions and allocations may not be the best, but certainly it
shows the relationships of these mammals better than Dollman’s
revision.
There are three names from the Sudan in this genus that are not, at
this time, certainly identifiable. They are C. ferruginea Heuglin 1865,
from “Lande der Ridj-Neger,”’ C. fulvastra Sundevall 1843, from
Bahr-el-Abiad, and C. fusco-murina Heuglin 1865, from Meshra-el-
Req. Dollman, in his revision of the African members of the genus,
is not sure of what they are or to what they may be related. For the
purpose of this paper these names are considered as unidentifiable.
One specimen, CNHM 73890, is, at this time, not identifiable. It
is far darker than anything known from the general region but has a
skull which in many ways resembles that of C. turba. Since there is
only the one specimen I prefer leaving it as indeterminate until more
material from the Lokwi region is obtained.
Crocidura bicolor tephragaster, new subspecies
Type: Museum of Comparative Zoology, No. 44773, adult male,
skin and skull, from Torit, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Obtained Apr.
25, 1950, by J. S. Owen, original number 1158.
SPECIMENS ExamInep: Eighteen, from Torit (8, MCZ).
Draenosis: General over-all dorsal color near Mummy Brown,
shading over sides to Light Mouse Gray of the belly; hands and feet
lighter than the dorsal color; tail dark brownish black well covered
with bristle hairs. Skull large for the species, relatively wide across
the maxillaries, upper teeth relatively massive, rostrum relatively
short and broad.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE TyPE SpectmEN: Total length 112; length
of tail 47; lengthof hind foot 11; length of ear 4; condyloincisive
length of skull 17.4; greatest breadth of braincase 7.2; greatest
maxillary breadth 5.2; length of palate 6.1; length of upper toothrow
7.3; least interorbital width 3.5.
Comparisons: From the type of C. b. cunninghamei, C. b. tephra-
gaster differs in: Color lighter, that is, there is more gray and less
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 459
browp. The skull has a wider braincase, generally shorter palate,
shorter upper toothrow and a narrower interorbital region.
C. b. tephragaster differs from the type of C. b. woosnami in the
skull being larger in all measurements taken. No color can be
compared inasmuch as the body of the type of woosnami is preserved
in alcohol.
From the type of C. b. elgonius, C. 6. tephragaster differs in: Color
about the same but slightly paler in the new form. Hind foot longer;
skull larger in all measurements taken.
From the type of C. b. planiceps, C. b. tephragaster differs in gener-
ally lighter color, grayer belly and shorter tail. The skull is shorter,
narrower across the braincase, wider interorbitally, and the upper
toothrow is shorter.
Remarks: This is an example among the white toothed shrews
of the Nile apparently acting as a barrier to their distribution. Cer-
tainly the specimen of planiceps from Rhino Camp is a bicolor and
differs from the new subspecies from Torit in the manner set forth
under comparisons.
Crocidura butleri Thomas
Crocidura butlert Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 8, p. 375, September
1911. (Between Chak Chak and Deim Zubeir, Bahr-el-Ghazal.)
SPECIMEN EXxaMINED: The type.
MeasureMENts: The measurements of the type, as given by
Thomas (1911, p. 375), are as follows: Length of head and body 78;
length of tail 34; length of hind foot 13; condyloincisive length of
skull 24.0; least interorbital width 4.5; length of upper toothrow 10.5.
Remarks: The type and only specimen available is unique in that
the tail is so much shorter and heavier in comparison to other members
of the genus. The extremely pale color of this species is approached
by shrews of the Sudan, only by Crocidura pasha to which it is in no
way related.
Crocidura hedenborgiana fuscosa Thomas
FIicureE 2,b
Crocidura doriana fuscosa Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 12, p. 90,
July 1913. (Kaka, White Nile.)
SPECIMENS ExaMINeED: Two, both in BM, from: Kaka, White Nile,
1; Malakal, Upper Nile Province, 1.
MeasureMents: An adult female from Malakal, Upper Nile Prov-
ince, has the following measurements: Length of head and body 110;
length of tail 75; length of hind foot 20; length of ear 11; condyloin-
cisive length of skull 30.7; greatest breadth of skull 12.7; least inter-
orbital width 6.0; length of palate 13.9; greatest maxillary breadth
9.3; length of upper toothrow 14.0.
460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
Remarks: Thomas described fuscosa as a subspecies of doriana,
and Dollman, in his revision of the genus, elevated it to specific status
and commented that it was quite distinct from doriana and that its
nearest relative was hedenborgiana, from which it was distinguished
by its smaller size and somewhat lighter color. I agree with Dollman
that fuscosa is in no way related to doriana, but on critical examina-
tion conclude that it is a subspecies of hedenborgiana. The proportions
of the skulls of the two kinds are identical, which thus leaves only size
and color. The size and color differences are not so great that they
warrant a separate species for fuscosa.
Crocidura hedenborgiana hedenborgiana (Sundeyall)
FIGuRE 2,6
Sorex hedenborgiana Sundevall, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Stockholm,
p. 171, 1843. (Sennaar.)
SpecimMEN EXAMINED: Roseires, Blue Nile Province, 1 (BM).
MeasvureMENtTs: No external measurements other than for the
type are available, but the cranial measurements of the specimen
above, an adult female, are as follows: Condyloincisive length 32.9;
greatest breadth 13.5; least interorbital width 6.0; length of palate
15.3; greatest maxillary breadth 10.2; length of upper toothrow 15.0.
Remarks: This very dark shrew, of which one specimen is in the
British Museum, is difficult to distinguish from C. nyansae cranially.
but it is readily separated on the basis of color. In general, this
species is larger, more robust cranially than is nyansae, with which it
appears to coexist.
It may be that if more were known about its natural history and if
more specimens were available, it would prove to be a synonym, or at
best a subspecies, of nyansae. However, owing to the lack of material
and information, I feel that it is best to leave the status of the two
kinds as they are.
This lone specimen has been compared to Sundevall’s type of
hedenborgiana in Stockholm and agrees very closely with it.
Crocidura hildegardeae phaios, new subspecies
FIGURE 2,6
Type: MCZ No. 45855, adult female, skin and skull, from Gilo,
Imatong Mountains, Equatoria Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
Obtained June 12, 1950, by J. S. Owen, original No. 1266.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Four, from: Gilo, 2 (MCZ); Ikoto, 1;
Torit, 1.
Driaenosis: General over-all color of upper parts near Bister
shading over the sides onto the lighter belly which is gray strongly
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 461
washed with Buffy Brown; hands, feet, and tail dark brown. Skull
relatively large and robust, upper toothrow short and broad, inter-
orbital region wide, braincase wide, rostrum short and relatively
narrow, posterior choanae not constricted, third upper unicuspids
slightly larger than second.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE TYPE SpecrMEN: Total length 116; length
of tail 51; length of hind foot 13; length of ear 4; condyloincisive
length of the skull 18.7; greatest breadth of the braincase 8.4; greatest
maxillary breadth 5.9; length of palate 7.6; length of upper toothrow
7.9; least interorbital width 4.1.
Comparisons: C. h. phaios differs from C. h. hildegardeae in gen-
erally darker color, wider braincase, and generally wider interorbitum.
From C. h. altae, C. h. phaios differs in darker dorsal coloration,
lighter belly, shorter tail, and smaller skull in all measurements
taken.
Remarks: C. h. phaios has been compared only with hildegardeae
and altae since they are the closest geographically. The three speci-
mens available are all remarkably alike in both skin and cranial
characters, more so than in any of the other Crocidura studied from
the Sudan.
Crocidura marita Thomas and Hinton
Figure 2,)
Crocidura marita Thomas and Hinton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 253, July 6,
1923. (Southeast Downs, Jebel Marra, Darfur Province.)
SPECIMEN ExaMINneD: The type.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE T'ypk SPECIMEN: Length of head and body
56; length of tail 38; length of hind foot 10; length of ear 7; condy-
loincisive length of the skull 16.6; breadth of braincase 7.5; least
interorbital breadth 3.4; length of upper toothrow 7.3.
Remarks: This species is similar in many respects to C. pasha but is
darker and somewhat larger. It is possible that there exists a close
relationship between these two species but until additional material
is available it is best to consider them as distinct species.
Crocidura nyansae darfurea Thomas and Hinton
FIGURE 2,c
Crocidura darfurea Thomas and Hinton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p, 251, July 6,
1923. (Zalingei, Darfur.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Eighteen, all in BM, from: Zalingei, Darfur
Province, 12; Kulme, Wadi Aribo, 6.
MerASUREMENTS: An adult male and an adult female, from Zalingei,
respectively measure as follows: Length of head and body 127, 123;
462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
length of tail 61, 61; length of hind foot 17, 17; length of ear 12, 13;
condyloincisive length of the skull 29.1, 28.0; greatest breadth of
skull 12.7, 11.7; greatest maxillary breadth 9.2, 9.1; length of palate
12.6, 12.1; length of upper toothrow 12.3, 12.6; least interorbital
width 5.2, 5.2.
Remarks: Crocidura darfurea is a lighter colored form of C.
nyansae. There is no criterion on the skull or skin to warrant the
recognition of C. darfurea as a full species. It is in all respects
another nyansae. It is larger and somewhat paler than C. n. sururae
and larger and decidedly paler than typical C. nyansae.
Crocidura nyansae sururae Heller
FIGURE 2,c
Crocidura sururae Heller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p. 2, Dec. 23,
1910. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Eleven, from: Bor, 2 (BM); Mongalla, 1
(BM); Malek, 3 (BM); Upper Nile, 1 (BM); Loa, 18 miles north of
Nimule, 3 (MCZ); Nimule, 1 (MCZ).
Measurements: The measurements of the type, an adult male,
are as follows: Length of head and body 111; length of tail 64; length
of hind foot 17; condyloincisive length of skull 28.5; breadth of
braincase 12.0; length of upper toothrow 13.0.
Remarks: All of the above specimens are darker than in the
original series from Rhino Camp. The skulls, however, show no
variation from the type series.
There are no characters of either the skin or the skull in this series
which warrant the separation of sururae as a full species. There is
a specimen from Butiaba, Uganda, which shows rather intermediate
characters between nyansae and the present form, so it is considered
best to refer the above specimens as subspecies of the previously
named nyansae.
This is a case in which it is possible that Loring collected on the
east bank of the Nile. The type locality for sururae is at Rhino Camp,
which is on the west bank, yet specimens there are found to be iden-
tical from Mongalla and Malek.
Crocidura nyansae toritensis, new subspecies
FIGURE 2,c
Tyree: CNHM No. 66713, adult female, skin and skull, from
Torit, Equatoria Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Obtained No-
vember 29, 1949, by Harry Hoogstraal, original No. 4862.
SPECIMENS Examinep: Twenty-six, from: Torit, 19 (8 MCZ); Gilo,
Imatong Mountains, 2; Lotti Forest, Imatong Mountains, 2; Katire, 2
(MCZ); Issore, Imatong Mountains, 1 (BM).
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 463
Draenosts: Hairs of upper parts near Bister, shading over the sides
into the somewhat lighter color of the belly; belly silvery gray with a
heavy wash of dark buff; hands, feet, and tail all darker brown than the
back. Tail clothed with bristle hairs for almost its entire length.
Skull large, teeth heavy, upper toothrow long, braincase wide and
relatively flat, posterior choanae relatively wide open, but little
constricted, postmandibular processes of skull relatively large, palate
wide and long, least interorbital width relatively small.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE TyPE SprecIMEN: Total length 190; length of
tail 66; length of hind foot 19; length of ear 8; condyloincisive length of
skull 29.5; greatest breadth of braincase 11.6; greatest maxillary
breadth 9.3; length of palate 12.6; length of upper toothrow 13.4;
least interorbital width 5.0.
Comparisons: C. n. toritensis differs from C. n. sururae in darker
dorsal coloration and larger general size. The skull differs in that it is
larger in all measurements taken with the exception of the least
interorbital width which is less; the postmandibular processes are
larger in the former than they are in sururae and the palate is wider
and longer.
From C. n. nyansae, C. n. toritensis differs in somewhat smaller
size and lighter color. The skull is smaller in all measurements
taken, but the postmandibular processes are of approximately the
same size.
Remarks: The type series of the new kind is quite remarkable for
its diversity of color. The series from Torit was taken over most of
a l-year period and this color difference is apparently due to fading
and molt. The type appears to be in the new fresh pelage. A
peculiar kind of fading occurs in which the reddish brown pigment
seems to undergo reduction to a yellowish brown which is quite
splotched with newer, more gray pelage coming in. This molt takes
place in February and March and there is apparently another molt
in October and November.
Crocidura pasha Dollman
Crocidura pasha Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 17, p. 195, February
1916. (Atbara River, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.)
Specimens Examinep: Five, from: Atbara River, 1 (BM); Khar-
toum, 1 (skull, skin in alcohol, BM); Torit, 3.
MEASUREMENTS: Respectively, the external measurements of an
adult male and female from Torit are as follows: Total length 87, 91;
length of tail 35, 37; length of hind foot 9, 9; length of ear 8, ?. Since
the skulls are so badly broken no cranial measurements can be taken.
386559—56——_2
464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vor. 106
Remarks: Even though Torit is quite some distance removed from
both the Atbara River and Khartoum, the three specimens from there
are identical in color with the type from Atbara. Unfortunately, the
skulls of both of the Torit specimens are badly broken, but what is
left of them agrees very well with the type of C. pasha.
Crocidura sericea lutrella Heller
Fiaure 2,d
Crocidura lutrella Heller, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p. 4, Dee. 23,
1919. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave.)
SPECIMENS ExamINnepD: Three, from: Mongalla, 2 (BM); Rhino
Camp, 1.
Measurements: An adult male from Mongalla measures as follows:
Length of head and body 75; length of tail 41; length of hind foot 11;
length of ear 10; condyloincisive length of skull 20.9; greatest breadth
of cranium 8.9; maxillary breadth 6.8; length of palate 8.7; length of
upper toothrow 9.0; least interorbital width 4.2.
Remarks: C. lutrella differs from C. aridula in a somewhat more
yellowish tone above and a decided buffier gray below. The skulls
differ in that Jutrella is smaller in all measurements taken than is
aridula. In cranial proportions however, the two kinds agree.
It is apparent that the relationships of aridula, lutrella, and
marrensis are with sericea and each other; therefore, they are all
treated as subspecies of sericea, which is the oldest name for tbe group.
Crocidura sericea marrensis Thomas and Hinton
Figure 2,d
Crocidura hindei marrensis Thomas and Hinton, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, p. 252,
July 6, 1923. (Wadi Konger, east-central Jebel Marra.)
Specimens Examinep: Two, both in BM, from: Wadi Burar,
northwestern Jebel Marra, 1; Wadi Konger, east-central Jebel Marra, 1.
MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of an adult female from the
Wadi Burar are as follows: Length of head and body 83; length of
tail 58; length of hind foot 13; greatest maxillary breadth of skull 7.0;
length of palate 8.7; length of upper toothrow 9.4; least interorbital
width 4.3.
Remarks: C. s. marrensis differs from C. s. lutrella in browner
color dorsally, darker, longer tail, and much buffier gray underparts.
The skulls are practically identical except for the interpterygoid fossa
in marrensis being more constricted posteriorly. Again, these char-
acters do not appear to be of more than subspecific value.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 465
Crocidura sericea sericea (Sundevall)
Figure 2,d
Sorez sericeus Sundevall, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Stockholm, pp.
173, 177, 1848. (Near Bahr-el-Abiad.)
Crocidura macrodon Dobson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 226, March
1890. (? Sudan.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Ten, all in BM, from: Fashoda (=Kodok),
2; Jebel Ahmed Aga, 1; Lake No, White Nile, 1; 8 miles east of Lake
No, White Nile, 2; Chak Chak, 4.
MeasureMeEnts: An adult male and an adult female, from Chak
Chak, respectively measure as follows: Length of head and body 96,
98; length of tail 55, 62; length of hind foot 15, 15; length of ear 10, 9;
condyloincisive length of skull 24.0, 24.4; greatest breadth of skull 10.6,
10.3; greatest maxillary breadth 7.7, 7.5; length of palate 9.8, 10.5;
length of upper toothrow 10.3, 10.6; least interorbital width 5.1, 4.5.
Remarks: C. s. sericea differs from C. s. lutrella in being larger in
all respects, browner on upperparts, and less gray and more buff on
the underparts. In lutrella, sericea, marrensis, and aridula the flank
gland is small and white.
Crocidura turba nilotica Heller
FIGURE 3,a
Crocidura nilotica Heller, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p. 3, Dee. 23,
1910. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave.)
SPECIMENS ExamiNneED: Nine, from: Mongalla, 1 (BM); Malek,
1 (BM); Rhino Camp, 7.
Measurements: The skulls of the two specimens from the Sudan
are so badly broken that only the toothrows remain identifiable,
consequently, only the external measurements of an adult male from
Mongalla and an adult female from Malek are available. Their
measurements, respectively, are as follows: Length of head and body
89, 97; length of tail 52, 55; length of hind foot 15, 16; length of ear
11:10)
Remarks: The two localities from which these specimens come lie
on the east bank of the Nile, while Rhino Camp is located on the west
bank. It seems odd that so small an animal as this could cross back
and forth across the Nile in enough instances to retain the purity of
genetic stock. The type specimen of nilotica was obtained by J. A.
Loring while the Roosevelt party was camped at Rhino Camp.
It is always possible that Loring and his companion, E. A. Mearns,
may have crossed the river for a few days and trapped for small
466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
mammals there while the rest of the party worked on the west bank.
Certainly there is no indication in the field notes or on specimen labels
to support this hypothesis, but it seems the only logical one to assume.
A
4
Crocidura
Lhedenborgiana }
fuscosa a
2hedenborgiona = |
hedenborgiana
Bhildegordece |
phoios
4.marito
Llowei
2.oweni
Atelerix pruneri — r
Crocidura nyonsoe ~ ] =o
Ldorfurea | Crociduro sericea
Lietrella
2.marrensi:
3.sericea
(Hi
ut
vt yl
Anas a
Btoritensis
ea
Ficure 2.—Distribution of Atelerix and Crocidura (in part) in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
(Scale: 1 inch=400 miles.)
Crocidura turba tephra, new subspecies
FIGURE 3,a
Type: CNHM No. 79431, adult male, skin and skull, from Torit,
Equatoria Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Obtained March 14,
1952, by J. S. Owen.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Eleven, from: Torit, 9 (2, MCZ); Katire, 1
(MCZ); Lokwi, 25 miles south of Torit, 1.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 467
Draenosts: General over-all color of upperparts Hair Brown
shading to Mouse Gray on the belly; flank glands same as dorsal
color; hands, feet, and tail brownish. Skull relatively long, rostrum
relatively long, upper toothrow long and relatively as well as actually
wide.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE TyPE Spectmen: Total length 146; length
of tail 52; length of hind foot 15; length of ear 5; condyloincisive length
of skull 23.5; greatest breadth of braincase 10.2; greatest maxillary
breadth 7.2; length of palate 9.5; length of upper toothrow 10.2;
least interorbital width 4.4.
Comparisons: The only subspecies with which C. t. tephra needs to
be compared is C. t. nalotica, from which it differs in: Color lighter in
all respects, size about the same in all respects, skull somewhat longer,
braincase wider, width across maxillaries greater, rostrum longer and
upper toothrow somewhat longer.
Remarks: This new subspecies is remarkably lighter in color than
is C. t. nilotica. In none of the specimens examined does the color
begin to approach the saturate condition found in the latter. The
type series is remarkably constant in color but the size of the skulls
varies rather widely. The greatest difference in these skulls is in one old
male in which the teeth are worn almost flat. This skull is about 1.5
mm. longer in the condyloincisive length than is that of the type.
Most of this extra length is in the posterior development of the brain-
case, which is more than one millimeter longer than in the type.
Order PRIMATES
Family LoristipAE
Galago senegalensis senegalensis E. Geoffroy
Galago senegalensis E. Geoffroy, Mag. Encycl., vol. 1, p. 38, pl. 1, 1796.
(Senegal.)
Otolicnus teng Sundevall, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Stockholm (1842),
p. 201, 1848. (Bahr-el-Abiad.)
Calago sennariensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 147, October 1863. (White
Nile, Sennaar.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Twenty-one, from: Lotti Forest, 1; Sunnat,
3; Imurok, 4; Magwe, 36 miles southwest of Torit, 2 (MCZ); Khor
Gorman, 30 miles west of Rumbek, 1 (BM); Juba, 2 (BM); Talanga
Forest, Imatong Mountains, 2 (BM); Kulme, Wadi Aribo, 2 (BM);
Goz Abu Gama, White Nile, 3 (BM); Rejaf District, Mongalla Province,
1 (BM).
MEASUREMENTS: Averages and extremes of four males from Imurok
and of two females from Sunnat, respectively, are as follows: Total
length 431 (411-443), 411 (402-420); length of tail 274 (265-284),
468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
260 (252-268); length of hind foot 66 (61-68), 62 (62); length of ear 41
(41), 39 (37-41); greatest length of skull 43.2 (40.7-45.0), 41.3 (39.9-
42.7); length of upper canine to M? 15.2 (15.0-15.5), 14.9 (14.6-15.2);
least interorbital width 5.4 (5.1-5.8), 4.75 (4.6-4.8); breadth across
orbital ring 29.4 (26.6-31.2), 28.2 (26.6-29.9); length of nasals 10.7
(9.8-11.3), 11.1 (10.3-11.9); breadth of braincase 23.7 (22.9-24.9),
22.2 (21.8-22.6).
Remarks: All of the specimens examined are somewhat more
yellowish and have lighter colored ears than typical senegalensis. It is
apparent, though, that material from Senegal varies considerably,
even within local populations. It is for this reason, and the fact that
the present specimens are more widely divergent from other named
kinds than from the nominate form, that they are so identified.
Perhaps when one has material available from one side of the continent
to the other and is able to critically analyze the material, the animals
from the Sudan and farther to the east may be shown to be readily
separable from the animals from western Africa. Owing to the con-
tinuum of habitat across the savannas, the above conjecture may prove
to be only wishful thinking.
Family CERCOPITHECIDAE
Papio doguera heuglini Matschie
Papio heuglini Matschie, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, p. 81, 1898. (Near
Shilluk Islands, White Nile, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.)
Papio lydekkeri W. Rothschild, Novitates Zool., vol. 9, p. 140, Apr. 10, 1902.
(Upper Blue Nile.)
Papio werneri Wettstein, Anz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat., vol. 53, p. 190,
1916. (Gebel Talodi, near Talodi, Nuba Mountains.)
Specimens EXAMINED: Six, from: Ikoto, 1; Torit, 1; Imurok-Ikoto,
1; Jebel Marra, 1 (BM); Wau, Jur River, 1 (BM); Kamisa, Dinder
River, 1 (BM).
MeraAsurEMENTS: The skin of an adult female from Kamisa, Dinder
River, measures as follows: Length of head and body 597; length of tail
533; length of hind foot 180; length of ear 43. The skull of a young
adult male from Imurok measures: Greatest length 235.0; greatest
width across zygomatic arches 134.9; least postorbital constriction
60.1; length of canine to M*? 73.8; breadth across M'’—-M? 57.2;
condyloincisive length 185.0.
Remarks: It is strange that so much of the mammal fauna of the
Jebel Marra should be so distinct from surrounding areas and that the
baboon found there should be the same as that found on the Upper
Nile in the southern Sudan. However, the only skin and skull from
the Jebel are not distinguishable from the more eastern animals and
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 469
are therefore referred to heuglini rather than to P. d. tessellatus from
Ankole, Uganda.
Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops (Linnaeus)
Figure 3,b
Simia aethiops Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 28, 1758. (Sennaar.)
Cercopithecus toldti Wettstein, Anz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat., vol. 53,
p. 189, 1916. (Jebel Riha, near Kadugli.)
Cercopithecus (Chlorocebus) cailliaudi Wettstein, Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, Math.-Nat., vol. 94, p. 643, 1918. (Blue Nile.)
Specimens ExamiNneb: Fourteen, all in BM, from: White Nile,
lat. 14° N., 3; Mongalla, Moru District, 1; Kamisa, Dinder River, 8;
Omdurman, 1; near Er Renk, 1.
MrasureMEnts: Average external measurements, respectively, of
two males and two females from Kamisa, Dinder River, are as fol-
lows: Length of head and body 444.5, 441.3; length of tail 605, 550;
length of hind foot 129, 106; length of ear 32, 29.
Remarks: The specimens from Kamisa are virtual topotypes of
this subspecies. All of the specimens examined are paler in dorsal
coloration than are any of the adjacent kinds. However, there is a
considerable amount of variation in the general color. The thighs
and lower hind legs are pale gray with only a faint suggestion of the
banding which is prominent in C. a. arenarius.
Cercopithecus aethiops arenarius (Heller)
FIcurRE 3,5
Lasiopyga pygerythra arenarius Heller, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 61, No. 17,
p. 11, Oct. 21, 1913. (Marelle Waterholes, Marsabit Road, Kenya Colony.)
Specimens Examinep: Two, both in BM, from Issore, Imatong
Mountains.
MerasurEMENTts: No measurements of this form are available from
the Sudan since the only two specimens are native skins.
Remarks: These two skins are both ‘native’ skins and thus not
too reliable but are probably from the Imatong mountains. The
thighs and lower hind legs are marked with cross bands of dark gray
on a light gray background and not uniformly clear gray as in the
next adjacent form johnstoni. This marking of the thighs and legs
is far more distinct in the Imatong specimens than in topotypes of
arenarius in the British Museum collection.
I feel that for the present it is best to refer these specimens from
the Imatongs to arenarius since the material is not adequate to
definitely establish their true identity.
470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Cercopithecus aethiops marrensis Thomas and Hinton
Ficure 3,6
Cercopithecus tantalus marrensis Thomas and Hinton, Proce. Zool. Soe. London,
p. 248, July 6, 1928. (Foothills of Jebel Marra, Central Darfur.)
SPECIMENS EXamINeEpD: Three, all in BM, from: Foothills of Jebel
Marra, 1; Southwestern Jebel Marra, 2.
MEASUREMENTS: The type, an adult male, has the following exter-
nal measurements: Length of head and body 830; length of tail 1140;
length of hind foot 145; length of ear 32.
Remarks: This subspecies is more reddish in general tone than are
its relatives to the east. The thigh and lower leg, instead of being a
shade of clear gray, is of a pronounced yellowish tone. Faint grayisb
bars are present on the upper leg.
In general these animals are larger than any specimens seen of
aethiops or arenarius.
Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni Matschie
Cercopithecus stuhlmanni Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, p. 225,
1893. (Kinyawanga, northwest of Lake Albert, Belgian Congo.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Fifteen, from: Lotti Forest, Imatong Moun-
tains 5; Torit, 1; Nagichot, 100 miles east of Torit, 4; Kipia, Imatong
Mountains, 2 (BM); Emogadung, Dongotona Mountains, 1 (BM);
Char, Didinga Mountains, 1 (BM); forests of Mount Lotuke, Didinga
Mountains, 1 (BM).
MEASUREMENTS: An adult male from Kipia, Imatong Mountains,
and an adult female from Char, Didinga Mountains, respectively
show external measurements as follows: Length of head and body
1168, 1290; length of tail 635, 795; length of hind foot 139, 138;
length of ear 38, 36.
Erythrocebus patas pyrrhonotus (Hemprich and Ehrenberg)
Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus Hemprich and Ehrenberg, Symbolae physicae, Mamm.,
dec. 1, pl. 10 and folios hh, kk, August 1832. (Darfur.)
Cercopithecus poliophaeus Reichenbach, V6llstand. Naturg. Affen, p. 122, 1863.
(Fazogli, Blue Nile.)
Cercopithecus poliolophus Heuglin, Reise in Nordost-Afrika, vol. 2, p. 6, 1877.
(Fazogli, Blue Nile.)
Erythrocebus albigenus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 4, p. 265, Sep-
tember 1909. (Egyptian Sudan.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Six, from: Torit, 3; Kinyeti Valley, Imatong
Mountains, 2 (BM); foothills of southern Jebel Marra, 1 (BM).
MEASUREMENTS: The external measurements of an adult male
from the foothills of southern Jebel Marra are as follows: Length of
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 471
head and body 623; length of tail 725; length of hind foot 162; length
of ear 43.
Remarks: The three specimens from Torit are all juveniles and
thus no measurements are reliable or diagnostic of the race. The two
specimens from Kinyeti are “native’’ skins and thus lack measure-
ments. The specimen from Jebel Marra is somewhat lighter in color
than are the specimens from the southeastern Sudan and this may
represent the typical condition; however, since there are no actual
topotypes available, or the type specimen itself, these red monkeys
are all referred to pyrrhonotus.
Colobus polykomos dodingae Matschie
Colobus (Guereza) matschiei dodingae Matschie, Ann. Soc. Malac. Zool. Belgique
vol. 57, p. 52, 1913. (Southwestern Dodinga (= Didinga) Mountains, about
lat. 4°10’ N., long. 33°42’ E., 5,650 feet, Kilio.)
SPECIMENS Examinep: Fifteen, from: Lotti Forest, 5 (1 BM);
Loronyo, 1; Imurok, 1; Jmela, 1; Issore, 1 (BM); Talanga Forest,
Imatong Mountains, 1 (BM); forests of Mount Lotuke, Didinga Moun-
tains, 3 (BM); Kipia, Imatong Mountains, 2 (BM); Laboni, Imatong
Mountains, 1 (BM).
MEASUREMENTs: The external measurements of an adult male and
an adult female from Mount Lotuke are, respectively, as follows:
Length of head and body 1235, 1276; length of tail 690, 685; length
of hind foot 180, 180; length of ear 35, 35.
Remarks: The specimens from Mount Lotuke may be considered
as topotypes of C. p. dodingae. The other specimens from the Ima-
tongs and from Torit agree in every detail with those selected as
being topotypes.
Order PHOLIDOTA
Family MANIDAE
Manis temminckii Smuts
Manis temminckii Smuts, Dissertation zoologica, enumerationem mammalium
Capensium continens, p. 54, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2, 1832. (Cape of Good Hope.)
Phatages hedenborgii Fitzinger, Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat., vol. 65,
sect. 1, p. 69, 1872. (Sennaar and elsewhere in northeastern and central
Africa.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: One, from Torit.
Remarks: Only this single pangolin is available from the Sudan
in any of the collections studied. Phatages hedenborgii Fitzinger,
from Sennaar and elsewhere in northeastern and central Africa, is an
available name for Sudanese pangolins but is listed as a synonym of
temminckii by Allen (1939, p. 269).
472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Order LAGOMORPHA
Family LEPORIDAE
Poélagus marjorita larkeni St. Leger
Figure 3,c
Poélagus marjorita larkeni St. Leger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 16, p.
598, December, 1935. (Yambio District, 100 miles north of Diawo, south-
western Bahr-el-Ghazal, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.)
Specimens Examinep: Fourteen, allin BM, from: Sue River, near
Diawo, 2; Ibba River, 100 miles north of Diawo, 9; Mount Baginzi,
1; Diawo, 2.
Measurements: There are no external measurements available but
cranial measurements of an adult male and an adult female from
Ibba River, 100 miles north of Diawo, are, respectively, as follows:
Greatest length of skull 82.3, 91.0; condyloincisive length 79.8, 89.6;
greatest width across zygomatic arches 38.7, 40.2; least interorbital
width 18.9, 21.5; breadth of braincase 27.6, 28.7; median length of
nasals 29.0, 30.6; greatest width of nasals 17.5, 18.9; length of palatal
foramina 20.9, 22.4; greatest width of palatal foramina 8.0, 10.4;
width of choanae opposite M? 6.0, 5.6; length of upper molar series
14.9, 17.0.
Remarks: Major Larken noted on the original labels that these
rabbits were locally very common and easily obtainable. They
apparently inhabit the open savanna scrub.
Poelagus marjorita oweni, new subspecies
Figure 3,c
Typr: CNHM No. 73950, adult male, skin and skull, from Lotti
Forest, southwestern Imatong Mountains, Equatoria Province, Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan. Obtained November 21, 1950, by J. S. Owen,
original No. 1604.
SprecIMENS Examinep: Five, from: Imela, 2; Lotti forest, 1; lmurok,
1 (MCZ); near Katire, 1.
Diaqnosis: Nuchal spot near Ochraceous-Tawny, gradually shad-
ing over the shoulders into the dark dorsal color which is predomi-
nantly blackish but speckled with Cinnamon Buff. Hands and feet
near Cinnamon Buff on dorsal surfaces, with lips and anterior and
posterior parts of belly white and but lightly washed with Cinnamon
Buff. Dorsal color extending around throat and middle of belly but
not so much black as in dorsal aspect. Underside of tail white, no
stripe on dorsal surface. Skull: Braincase broad, rostrum wide, nasals
generally narrow, choanae relatively wide, and zygomatic width
relatively great.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 473
MEASUREMENTS OF THE Type SpreciMEN: Total length 510; length
of tail 52; length of hind foot 103; length of ear from crown 85; length
of ear from notch 65; greatest length of skull 87.1; condyloincisive
length 76.6; greatest width across zygomatic arches 41.2; least inter-
orbital width 19.4; breadth of braincase 30.6; median length of nasals
29.6; greatest width of nasals 17.3; length of palatal foramina 21.6;
greatest width of palatal foramina 9.2; width of choanae opposite M?
6.5; alveolar length of upper molar series 15.8.
Comparisons: From Poélagus marjorita marjorita, P. m. oweni
differs in: Color generally darker, belly with a transverse band of
color same as dorsum separating anterior and posterior portions. The
skull is different in that the nasals are shorter, braincase narrower, and
the auditory bullae are decidedly smaller.
P. m. oweni differs from P. m. larkeni in darker dorsal color and by
the presence of the colored transverse band on the belly. The skull
has the braincase broader, the nasals generally narrower, the width
of the choanae opposite M® greater, and the width across the zygo-
matic arches greater.
Remarks: The rabbits taken in the eastern part of Equatoria
Province have all come from the Imatong Mountains or the immediate
vicinity and all were taken in forest-type habitat. It is very probable
that when the Didinga and Dongotona Mountains are better known
this animal will be found to inhabit them as well.
Lepus capensis crawshayi De Winton
Ficure 3,d
Lepus crawshayi De Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 416, August 1, 1899.
(Kitwi, east of Athi River and northeast of Machakos, Kenya Colony.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Six, from: Ikoto, 2; Katire, 2; Nagichot, 2
(MCZ).
Remarks: In a series of 10 adult specimens from the Kapiti Plains,
British East Africa, two adult skulls measure 85.8 and 86.6 mm. in
occipitonasal length while the other eight adults are 85 mm. or less.
Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951, p. 427) give 85 mm. or less for
occipitonasal length for hares of the capensis complex south of the
Sahara. It seems then, on the basis of the measurements above, that
crawshayi belongs to the capensis group and not with europaeus, where
it has been placed by the above authors.
Of the four specimens here referred to crawshayi, only one is adult,
and in that one the skull is missing. The skin, however, agrees in
detail with those specimens in the collection from British East Africa
and identified as crawshayt.
474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Lepus capensis dinderus, new subspecies
Figure 3,d
Type: BM No. 14.3.8.45, adult male, skin and skull, from Kamisa,
Dinder River, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Obtained December 24, 1913,
by W. P. Lowe, original No. 47.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Twelve, all in BM, from: Jebel Ain, White
Nile, 1; Sinkat, 4; Kamisa, Dinder River, 4; White Nile, lat. 13°, 1;
Port Sudan, 1; Wad Medina, 1.
Diagnosis: Nuchal spot, bases of ears, forelegs, throat patch, and a
thin line on the posterior lateral part of the body, extending onto the
hind leg as far as the ankle, near Ochraceous-Buff. This latter line
separating the dorsal color from the pure white belly. All white hairs
of belly white to the base. Ears darker than any pure color on body
but anterior margin of ear with a thin line of Ochraceous-Buff. Dor-
sum with broadly black-tipped hairs, giving a very dark appearance.
Tail white below and with a thin black line on the dorsal surface. Eye
completely surrounded by a white ring. Chin, belly, inside of forelegs
and hindlegs, pure white. Skull, in dorsal outline, curved; postorbital
processes reach frontals above zygomatic arches; nasals relatively
short but narrow; upper cheek teeth relatively light; bullae relatively
small; choanae nearly parallel sided.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE T'yPE SPECIMEN: Length of head and body
439; length of tail 79; length of hind foot 105; length of ear 110;
greatest length of skull 85.6; condyloincisive length 73.5; greatest
width across zygomatic arches 39.5; least interorbital width 17.8;
breadth of braincase 28.3; median length of nasals 29.1; greatest
width of nasals 18.2; length of palatal foramina 20.6; width of palatal
foramina 9.5; width of choanae opposite M?° 7.4; alveolar length of
upper molar series 12.6.
Comparisons: Lepus capensis dinderus may be distinguished from
Lepus capensis isabellinus in its generally darker color, somewhat
larger size, and the peculiarity of the doming of the cranium as opposed
to a relatively flat dorsal outline in the latter.
From Lepus capensis aegyptius, L. c. dinderus differs in: General
ground color of pelage gray instead of brown, somewhat larger size,
and the doming of the cranium.
Lepus capensis dinderus differs from L. c. hawkeri in: Lighter color,
broader interorbital region of the skull, smaller auditory bullae, wider
basioccipital region, and wider mesopterygoid fossae.
Remarks: Lepus capensis dinderus has a rather wide range north of
the central swamps of the Sudan. Its place is taken farther to the
south by Lepus capensis crawshayi, from which it differs in somewhat
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 475
smaller size and brighter color. Of the subspecies of Lepus capensis
found in the Sudan, hawkeri is the most nearly related yet the most
distantly removed geographically.
Lepus capensis hawkeri Thomas
Figure 3,d
Lepus hawkeri Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 8, p. 277, October 1911.
(Kaka, White Nile.)
SPECIMENS Examinep: Twenty-one, all in BM, from: Kaka, White
Nile, 1; Zalingei, 5; Kulme, Wadi Aribo, 3; 75 miles east of El Fasher,
1; 50 miles east of E] Obeid, 1; Gerazi, 1; Dorila Lakes, Jebel Marra,
1; 70 miles west of Nahud, 1; Juga Juga, 15 miles east-northeast of
E] Fasher, 1; Malhab, 1; Agageh Wells, 2; Jebel Ahmed Aga, 3.
MeEAsSUREMENTs: An adult male from Zalingei and an adult female
from Kulme, Wadi Aribo, measure respectively as follows: Length of
head and body 470, 490; length of tail 85, 100; length of hind foot
104, 112; length of ear 103, 112; greatest length of skull 85.9, 90.8;
median length of nasals 35.6, 38.7; least interorbital width 17.1,
19.1; greatest width across zygomatic arches 38.2, ?; condyloincisive
length 76.3, 79.9; alveolar length of upper molar series 16.2, 16.5;
breadth of braincase 33.8, 34.9.
Remarks: This is the darkest subspecies of hare to be found in
the Sudan. This darkness is the result of the broad black tips of
the hairs of the dorsum. The skull is peculiar in that in dorsal out-
line it is “domed” and not flattened as in ZL. c. isabellinus and L. ec.
aegyptius. In all other aspects hawkeri is quite typical of what is
now considered to be the species capensis.
Lepus capensis isabellinus Cretzschmar
FIGuRE 3,d
Lepus isabellinus Cretzschmar, in Riippell, Atlas zu der Reise im nérdlichen
Afrika von Riippell, pt. 1, Saugethiere, p. 52, pl. 20, 1826. (Deserts south-
west of Ambukol, Sudan.)
SPECIMENS ExaMINED: Sixteen, all in BM, from: Shereik, 2; Kerma,
6; Shendy, 8.
MEASUREMENTS: No measurements are available for animals from
the Sudan, but an adult male and an adult female from Naikhala,
Upper Egypt, which agree in detail with specimens from the Sudan,
respectively measure as follows: Length of head and body 420, 435;
length of tail 92, 90; length of hind foot 103, 105; length of ear 115,
120; greatest length of skull 82.5, 82.5; median length of nasals, 35.2,
?; least interorbital width 17.2, 13.4; greatest width across zygomatic
476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Crocidura turbo
Lnilotica
2.tephra
Lepus copensis -~
Lerowshayi
| 2dinderus
Shawkeri
4 ijsobellinus
L = - eee eee
Figure 3.—Distribution of Crocidura (in part), Cercopithecus, Poélagus, and Lepus (in
part) in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. (Scale: 1 inch=400 miles.)
arches 39.8, 39.4; condyloincisive length 72.1, 72.8; alveolar length of
upper molar series 15.1, 15.6; breadth of braincase 32.6, 33.3.
Remarks: These animals are the lightest in color of any of the hares
found in the Sudan. The skull is characterized by having the post-
orbital constriction relatively broad, the palatal bridge narrow, the
pterygoid fossa constricted more than is usual, and the upper incisors
quite narrow at the cutting edge.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 477
Lepus victoriae microtis Heuglin
FIGURE 4,a
Lepus microtis Heuglin, Leopoldina, vol. 5, p. 32, June 1865, in Nova Acta Acad.
Caes. Leop.-Carol., Halle, p. 24, 1865. (‘‘Lande der Ridj.,’’ Bahr-el-Ghazal.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Five, from: Nimule, 1; Torit, 1; Bor District,
2 (BM); Gondokoro, 1 (BM).
MeASUREMENTS: An adult female from Nimule measures as follows:
Total length 507; length of tail 90; length of hind foot 99; length of
ear 100; greatest length of skull 88.5; condyloincisive length 75.8;
greatest width across zygomatic arches 38.9; least interorbital width
16.9; breadth of braincase 28.0; median length of nasals 30.6; greatest
width of nasals 19.5; length of palatal foramina 22.3; width of palatal
foramina 8.7; width of choanae opposite M?’ 7.2; alveolar length of
upper toothrow 16.7.
Remarks: The specimen from Nimule is somewhat darker than
the one from Torit, but both specimens are darker than any identified
as victoriae; both are in color about as in kakumegae but cranially are
more nearly like microtis as identified in the collection.
These specimens are darker than L. c. crawshayi and are, in general,
larger in all measurements except in length of tail and length of hind
foot.
Ellerman and Morrison-Scott refer this subspecies to the species
europaeus, but from the material available at this time I prefer to
use the specific name victoriae since there are pelage and cranial
differences which appear to separate these animals from the European
and Middle Eastern specimens of ewropeaus.
If the few specimens of hares available in the U.S. National Museum
are any criterion, then Ellerman and Morrison-Scott are wrong in
their assignation of practically all of the hares of Africa to capensis
and europaeus since our material does not conform to the standards
of occipitonasal length established to separate the two species.
Order RODENTIA
Family ScrurIDAE
SUBFAMILY Sciurinae
Tamiscus emini gazellae Thomas
Figure 4,a
Tamiscus emini gazellae Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 1, p. 34, January
1918. (Meridi (= Maridi), Bahr-el-Ghazal.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Six, all in BM, from: Maridi, 4; Bahr-el-
Ghazal, 1; Aggar Forest, lat. 4°40’ N., long. 29°47’ E., 1.
MeasureMEnts: The skull of the type specimen, an adult male for
which no external measurements are available, measures as follows:
A78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Greatest length 35.2; greatest width across zygomatic arches 19.5;
length of nasals 8.9; crown length of upper toothrow 5.7.
Remarks: It is apparent that this small chipmunk-like squirrel has
reached the northern limit of its distribution where the Congo forest
extends into the Sudan. These animals appear to be common in the
Congo, where they have undergone a great amount of differentiation
but appear to be relatively rare in the Sudan.
Unfortunately, all of the skulls in this small series are so badly
broken that only on the type could cranial measurements be taken.
Heliosciurus gambianus bongensis (Heuglin)
Sciurus bongensis Heuglin, Reise in Nordost-Afrika, vol. 2, p. 59, 1877. (Bahr-el-
Ghazal.)
Specimens EXAmMINep: Six, all in BM, from: Bahr-el-Ghazal, 2;
Tobbo, 2; Chak Chak, 1; Khor Gitti, 1.
Measurements: No external measurements are available for adult
animals, but the skull of an adult male from Khor Gitti measures as
follows: Greatest length 42.3; condyloincisive length 37.4; greatest
width across zygomatic arches 24.9; length of nasals 11.9; crown length
of upper toothrow 8.2.
Remarks: This subspecies is not too uniform in color from the
localities examined but it is appreciably darker than canaster from the
Jebel Marra. The underparts are faintly buffy as opposed to white
in canaster. The perineal region is bright rufous in bongensis.
The skulls of this subspecies may be distinguished from those of
canaster by the shorter nasals, smaller bullae, and a smaller but more
rounded braincase.
Heliosciurus gambianus canaster Thomas and Hinton
Fiaure 4,b
Heliosciurus bongensis canaster Thomas and Hinton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 256, July 6, 1923. (Foothills of the Jebel Marra.)
Specimens Examtinep: Four, all in BM, from the type locality.
MrasurEeMENTs: The type, an adult male, and two adult females
from the type locality, respectively measure as follows: Length of
head and body 178, 173, 171; length of tail 217, 187, 208; length of
hind foot 44, 42, 45; length of ear 15.5, 19, 15; greatest length of
skull 43.7, 43.7, 43.6; condyloincisive length 38.2, 38.2, 37.9; greatest
width across zygomatic arches 25.5, 26.4, 25.4; length of nasals 13.6,
13.7, 13.0; crown length of upper toothrow 8.6, 8.1, 8.4.
Remarks: Insofar as color is concerned, H. g. canaster and H. g.
lateris approach one another quite closely. In the former, though,
the color is just a bit less intense and the rufescent perineal region,
absent entirely in the latter, is present to a slight degree.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 479
In one of the specimens pelage change is occurring on the tail and
the new hairs are coming in a strikingly banded black, white, and
gray pattern while the old hairs have faded to a rather uniform brown.
Heliosciurus gambianus hoogstreaali Setzer
FiaureE 4,b
Heliosciurus gambianus hoogstraali Setzer, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, vol. 67,
p. 87, Mar. 22, 1954. (Ikoto, Torit District.)
SPECIMENS ExamINep: Sixteen, from: Ikoto, 9; Torit, 6; Obbo, 1.
MEASUREMENTS: Averages and extremes for six males and three
females from Ikoto are, respectively, as follows: Total length 430.1
(410-445), 423 (417-426); length of tail 227.7 (213-242), 207 (204-—
209) ; length of hind foot 51.6 (51-53), 51.6 (51-52); length of ear 16.6
(15-17.5), 17 (16-18); greatest length of skull 48.4 (46.5-49.9), 49.2
(48.6-49.7) ; condyloincisive length 43.0 (40.7—44.9), 43.9 (43.5-44.6) ;
greatest width across zygomatic arches 28.4 (26.6-29.2), 28.7 (28.6-
29.0); length of nasals 14.9 (14.2-15.6), 15.1 (15.0-15.2) ; crown length
of upper toothrow 9.2 (8.8-9.5), 9.1 (8.8-9.3).
Remarks: This is the largest and darkest of the subspecies of H.
gambianus found in the Sudan. Intergradation with H. g. omensis
and H. g. lateris is apparent in the single specimen available from
Obbo and in three of the six specimens from Torit.
Heliosciurus gambianus lateris Thomas
Figure 4,6
Heliosciurus multicolor lateris Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 4, p. 102,
August 1909. (Lado.)
SPECIMENS Examinep: Two, the type and a specimen from Kajo
Kaji, 60 miles south of Rejaf, both in BM.
MEASUREMENTs: The type, an adult female, has no external measure-
ments on the tag, but the skull measures as follows: Greatest length
45.5; condyloincisive length 40.4; greatest width across zygomatic
arches 26.7; length of nasals 15.4; crown length of upper toothrow 8.5.
Remarks: This squirrel is intermediate in color between bongensis
farther to the west and madogae to the east. In this respect only is it
intermediate, since in cranial characters there is no evidence of there
being any intergradation.
This complex of gambianus squirrels occurring in the southern
Sudan is rather inexplicable. It seems without reason that three
subspecies could occupy so small a geographic area as is apparent.
Yet, when specimens are examined, there are morphological characters
of the cranium as well as color differences of the skin to warrant the
separation of these kinds.
386559—56——3
480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Heliosciurus gambianus madogae Heller
Figure 4,b
Heliosciurus multicolor madogae Heller, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 56, No. 17,
p. 1, Feb. 28,1911. (Uma, 50 miles north of Nimule.)
SPECIMEN EXAMINED: The type.
MeEASUREMENTS: The measurements of the type specimen are as
follows: Length of head and body 202; length of tail 204; length of hind
foot 44; condyloincisive length of skull 41.5; greatest width across
zygomatic arches 27.5; length of nasals 14.0; crown length of upper
toothrow 9.0.
Remarks: Intergradation between this form and hoogstraali has
been shown in specimens from Torit. Even though the type localities
of these two forms are rather close together, there are color and
cranial differences which separate them readily. In color, they may
be separated by the belly which is white in hoogstraali and buffy in
madogae. The skulls may be distinguished by the following: in
hoogstraali the skull is larger, has larger auditory bullae, has the
braincase less rounded, and with the upper toothrows parallel and not
diverging posteriorly.
It would be interesting to have more examples of these squirrels
from this area for a more critical analysis of their characters. It may
well be that, when more material is available, especially from the type
locality of madogae, the name hoogstraali will have to fall as a synonym;
however, for the present and based on available material, the two kinds
are readily separable.
Euxerus erythropus chadensis Thomas
Figure 4,c
Eucerus erythropus chadensis Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 15, p. 387,
April 1905. (Yo, Lake Chad.)
Specimens Examinep: Three, all in BM, from: Jebel Meidob, 1;
El Fasher, 1;35 miles west of El Fasher, 1.
MEASUREMENTS: An adult female from Jebel Meidob measures as
follows: Length of head and body 248; length of tail 207; length of hind
foot 58: length of ear 15; greatest length of skull 57.2; condyloincisive
length 52.0; greatest width across zygomatic arches 31.0; length of
nasals 17.5; crown length of upper toothrow 11.5.
Remarks: These animals are far paler in color than any of the
surrounding races of this species, and, apparently, the name chadensis
is to be recognized as occurring in the Sudan. The specimens agree in
detail with animals from Yo, Lake Chad, in color and in cranial
features.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 481
Euxerus erythropus leucoumbrinus (Riippell)
FIGURE 4,c
Sciurus leucoumbrinus Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien
gehorig . . . , Sdugethiere, p. 38, 1835. (Abyssinia, Sennaar, and Kordofan;
restricted to Abyssinia by Thomas.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Twenty-seven, from: Torit, 9; Obbo, 1;
Katire, 1; Opari, 50 miles southwest of Torit, 1; Soba, Blue Nile, 1
(BM); Roseires, Blue Nile, 5 (BM); Wadferua, Blue Nile, 2 (BM);
Malek, 1 (BM); Kamisa, Dinder River, 3 (BM); near Gedaref, 1
(BM); no locality except Sudan, 2 (BM).
MEASUREMENTS: Averages and extremes of two males and three
females, from Torit, are: Total length 444 (425-463), 454 (448-461) ;
length of tail 205 (203-208), 202 (197-207); length of hind foot 67
(66-68), 65 (64-66); length of ear 15.75 (15.5-16), 16.3 (16-17);
greatest length of skull 58.0 (56.2-59.8), 60.1 (58.4-61.8) ; condyloin-
cisive length 52.5 (50.7-54.4), 54.0 (51.5-56.6); greatest width across
zygomatic arches 29.6 (29.6), 31.7 (30.9-33.3); length of nasals 16.8
(15.8-18.4), 18.4 (17.2-19.5); length of upper toothrow except P?
10.1 (9.5-11.8), 11.4 (10.6-11.8).
Remarks: In general, E. e. microdon from British East Africa has
a longer narrower rostrum and a more vaulted cranium than does
E. e. leucoumbrinus. In the present series from Equatoria Province
there are skulls which are close approximations to the former in
nasals but to the latter in the degree of vaulting; and the converse
is seen as well as the intermediate type. However, I feel that the
squirrels from this Province are intergrades between microdon and
leucoumbrinus but, owing to the more constant approach in colora-
tion, that they are more referable to the latter.
One specimen from Soba approaches the paleness of limitaneus but
cranially is identical to leucoumbrinus, and it is thus so referred.
This paleness of color may be due to seasonal fading of the pelage
and not to some genetic factor.
Euxerus erythropus limitaneus Thomas and Hinton
FIGureE 4,c
Euxerus erythropus limitaneus Thomas and Hinton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 255, July 6, 1923. (Zalingei, Darfur.)
Specimens EXxamINnep: Eleven, all in BM. from: Kulme, Wadi
Aribo, 3; Jebel Marra, 2; Zalingei, 1; Dilling, 2: Chak Chak, 2;
Talodi, 1.
MuasurEMEnNts: The type, an adult female from Zalingei, and an
adult male from Jebel Marra respectively measure as follows: Length
482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 106
of head and body 270, 316; length of tail 246, 247; length of hind
foot 65, 68; length of ear 17, 16; greatest length of skull 62.5, 62.9;
condyloincisive length 57.5, 57.6; greatest width across zygomatic
arches 33.4, 32.7; length of nasals 19.3, 19.8; crown length of upper
toothrow except P? 11.9, 11.9.
Remarks: The color difference between limitaneus and leucoum-
brinus is quite pronounced. The former is quite pale and rather
uniform in color in the series examined, while the latter is relatively
dark and not so uniform in the intensity of color. The only speci-
mens showing a deviation in color are those from Dilling and Talodi.
The specimens from these two localities are darker than the Jebel
Marra material but are lighter than specimens from east of the Nile.
In cranial characters they are like limitaneus.
Family CricETIDAE
Subfamily Lophiomyinae
Lophiomys imhausi aethiopicus (Peters)
Fraure 4,d
Phractomys aethiopicus Peters, Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw., Berlin, vol. 29, p. 195,
1867. (Maman, north of Kassala, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.)
SPECIMEN EXAMINED: One, from near Port Sudan, in BM.
MeAsurREMENTS: The above specimen, an adult male, measures
as follows: Length of hind foot 42; length of ear 20; greatest length
of skull 55.2; condyloincisive length 50.2; length of anterior palatine
foramina 8.5; crown length of upper toothrow 11.7; greatest width
across zygomatic arches 30.8; length of nasals 17.9; least interorbital
width 11.1; greatest breadth of cranial shield 31.9; width of rostrum
at level of antorbital foramen 8.5.
Remarks: The subspecific name as used above is only tentative
since there appears to be some doubt as to its validity. Certainly
the only specimen available was different in color and in general size
from typical imhausi identified as such in the British Museum. No
specimens of typical aethiopicus were available for comparison.
Subfamily Gerbillinae
Genus Gerbillus Desmarest
Ellerman (1941, pp. 502-503) attempted to group the various
species of the subgenus Dipodillus. He placed lowei in the campestris
group; principulus in the garamantis group; stigmonyz, watersi, and
mackilligini in the dasyurus group; and muriculus in the simoni group.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 483
I cannot comment on the species extralimital to the Sudan, but
certainly the species found in the Sudan fall into three rather well
defined morphological groups. Species in the first group are larger,
the bullae are not greatly inflated, the cheekteeth are relatively
massive, and the pterygoid fossae are fully open. To this group
belong stigmonyz and lowei. Species in the second group are small
bodied, the bullae are enormously inflated, the cheekteeth are small,
and the pterygoid fossae are relatively closed owing to the encroach-
ment of the anterior ends of the auditory bullae. To this group belong
watersi, principulus, muriculus, and mackilligini.
In no way can I see that stigmonyx and waters: are related, but it is
quite evident that principulus and watersi are closely allied and the
former may even be only a subspecies of the latter.
The third group of the subgenus would contain the species bottai,
which agrees with neither of the above groups but has minute auditory
bullae and quite open pterygoid fossae. The cheekteeth are even
more massive in proportion to the size of the skull than in the group
characterized by lowei and stigmonyz.
Since it is apparent that the groups as proposed by Ellerman are
untenable for animals of the Sudan, I would propose that the first
complex be known as the stigmonyx group; the second as the watersi
group; and the third as the bottai group with the characters as given
above.
Gerbillus (Dipodillus) bottai Lataste
Ficure 4,d
Gerbillus bottai Lataste, Le Naturaliste, vol. 4, No. 5, p. 36, Mar. 1, 1882.
(Sennaar.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Two from Sennaar, both in BM.
Measurements: An adult female from Sennaar has no external
measurements, but the skull measures as follows: Greatest length
22.7; condyloincisive length 19.6; length of anterior palatine foramina
3.8; crown length of upper toothrow 3.5; length of auditory bullae
7.4; least interorbital width 4.2; length of nasals 7.8; width of rostrum
at level of antorbital foramen 2.8.
Remarks: This is a relatively dark, short-tailed species, resembling
in color G. mackilligint but somewhat more pallid. The auditory
bullae are extremely minute for a member of the genus, smaller even
than in G. muriculus. The skull may be distinguished from all of the
other species by the small bullae and the extremely wide-open ptery-
goid fossae. The upper cheekteeth are relatively heavy for such a
small skull.
484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Gerbillus (Dipodillus) lowei (Thomas and Hinton)
Figure 4,d
Dipodillus lowet Thomas and Hinton, Proce. Zool. Soc. London, p. 261, July 6
1923. (Jebel Marra, Darfur.)
?
SPECIMENS Examrinep: Twenty-four, all in BM, from: Jebel
Marra, 12; Southeast Downs, Jebel Marra, 2; central Jebel Marra, 10.
Measurements: The averages and extremes of two males and three
females, from Jebel Marra, are, respectively, as follows: Length of
head and body 111 (109-113), 110 (110); length of tail 146 (141-151),
146 (143-152); length of hind foot 25.5 (24-27), 26 (25-28); length
of ear 15.5 (15-16), 16 (15-17); greatest length of skull 30.9 (30.5-
31.3), 30.7 (29.2-31.7); condyloincisive length 26.9 (26.7-27.2),
26.8 (25.1-28.1); length of anterior palatine foramina 6.0 (5.8-6.3),
5.8 (5.3-6.2); crown length of upper toothrow 4.35 (4.3-4.4), 4.4
(4.3-4.6); length of auditory bullae 9.3 (9.2-9.4), 9.4 (8.8-9.7); least
interorbital width 5.3 (5.2-5.4), 5.3 (5.1-5.5); length of nasals 11.7
(11.6-11.9), 11.9 (11.6-12.3); width of rostrum at level of antorbital
foramen 3.2 (3.1-3.3), 3.0 (2.9-3.1); greatest width across zygomatic
arches 15.6 (15.6), 15.2 (14.9-15.6); greatest breadth of braincase
14-7, (14.7), 142 (141-143).
Remarks: This species is large and dark, by far the most saturate
of any of the gerbils found in the Sudan. The white has been reduced
to a minimum on the hands, feet, belly, and cheeks. The tail is dark
with a black brush but which is not so well developed as in @. mackil-
ligint. The skull is more massive than in G. stigmonyz and is quite
reminiscent of the skull of the smaller members of the genus Tatera.
Gerbillus (Dipodillus) mackilligini (Thomas)
Figure 4,d
Dipodillus mackilligini Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 14, p. 158,
August 1904. (Wadi Alagi, eastern desert of Nubia, about lat. 22° N., long.
35° E.)
SPECIMENS ExXamiNep: Four, all in BM, from Eastern Egyptian
desert, lat. 22° N., long. 35° E.
MeasureMeEnts: An adult male and an adult female, from the
above locality, respectively measure as follows: Length of head and
body 78, 75; length of tail 138, 114; length of hind foot 24, 22; length of
ear 14, 12; greatest length of skull 27.0, 26.2; condyloincisive length
23.4, 22.7; length of anterior palatine foramina 4.7, 4.6; crown length
of upper toothrow 3.7, 3.8; length of auditory bullae 10.1, 9.5; least
interorbital width 4.8, 4.8; length of nasals 10.6, 9.8; width of rostrum
at level of antorbital foramen 2.7, 2.6; greatest width across zygomatic
arches 13.5, 13.2; greatest breadth of braincase 13.5, 13.4.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 485
Remarks: When compared to Gerbillus watersi, G. mackilligini is
larger and much darker in color and with the tail brush well developed.
The extent of the white areas has been markedly reduced. The
skull is larger, the molars are markedly larger, and the pterygoid
fossae are relatively closed as opposed to quite open in the latter.
The auditory bullae are relatively, as well as actually, longer and more
inflated. The infraorbital foramina are smaller.
Gerbillus (Dipodillus) muriculus (Thomas and Hinton)
Ficure 4,d
Dipodillus muriculus Thomas and Hinton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 263, July 6,
1923. (Madu, 80 miles northeast of El Fasher.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Two, both in BM, from: Madu, 80 miles
northeast of El Fasher, 1; 90 miles northeast of El Fasher, 1.
MEASUREMENTS: The type, an adult male, measures as follows:
Length of head and body 65; length of tail 82; length of hind foot 18;
length of ear 12; greatest length of skull 23.0; condyloincisive length
19.7; length of anterior palatine foramina 3.6; crown length of upper
toothrow 3.2; length of auditory bullae 7.8; least interorbital width
4.2; length of nasals 8.9; width of rostrum at level of antorbital fora-
men 2.3; greatest width across zygomatic arches 11.8.
Remarks: Gerbillus muriculus, when compared to G. principulus,
is smaller and more reddish in color. The dorsal color is carried onto
the dorsal surface of the tail in the former and not in the latter.
The skull is markedly smaller but the anterior palatine foramina are
of the same size. The upper cheekteeth and the auditory bullae are
markedly smaller.
The tail appears to have been broken in the type since a paratype
has the tail measuring 115 mm.
Gerbillus (Dipodillus) principulus (Thomas and Hinton)
Ficure 4,d
Dipodillus principulus Thomas and Hinton, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, p. 262, July
6, 1923. (El Malha, Jebel Meidob, Northern Darfur.)
SPECIMEN EXAMINED: The type.
MerasurEMENTs: The type, an adult female, measures as follows:
Length of head and body 73; length of tail 115; length of hind foot 21;
length of ear 11; greatest length of skull 26.1; condyloincisive length
22.6; length of anterior palatine foramina 4.0; crown length of upper
toothrow 3.4; length of auditory bullae 10.1; least interorbital width
4.5; greatest width across zygomatic arches 14.3; greatest breadth of
skull 14.1.
Remarks: The type is the only known specimen. In color it is
very similar to G. stigmonyzx but has a smaller body with a tail equal to
486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
or nearly equal to the latter. The skull is, in general, smaller, the
cheekteeth are decidedly smaller, and the auditory bullae are markedly
larger. The pterygoid fossae are less open and the anterior palatine
foramina are shorter. In many respects principulus is like watersi
and may eventually prove to be only a subspecies of that form.
Gerbillus (Dipodillus) stigmonyx stigmonyx (Heuglin)
Ficure 4,d
Meriones stigmonyx Heuglin, Reise in Nordost-Afrika, vol. 2, p. 78, 1877.
(Khartoum.)
Gerbillus stigmonyx luteolus Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 8, p. 275,
October 1901. (Duem.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Seven, all in BM, from: Duem, 1; Khar-
toum, 5; El Kowa, 1.
MEASUREMENTS: An adult female from El Kowa has the following
external measurements: Length of head and body 87; length of tail
104; length of hind foot 20. An adult male from Khartoum and the
adult female above have, respectively, the following cranial measure-
ments: Greatest length of skull 27.3, 26.5; condyloincisive length
24.8, 23.6; length of anterior palatine foramina 4.9, 4.7; crown length
of upper toothrow 3.7, 3.8; length of auditory bullae 9.4, 9.4; least
interorbital width 4.9, 4.9; length of nasals 9.9, 9.8; width of rostrum
at level of antorbital foramen 2.9, 2.7; greatest width across zygomatic
arches 14.2, 14.2; breadth of braincase 13.5, 13.6.
Remarks: Gerbillus s. stigmonyz, when compared to G. mackil-
ligini, shows a somewhat longer head and body and a shorter tail.
The color is markedly lighter and the heavy brush on the tail found
in the latter is not at all pronounced in the former. The skull is
narrower at the back, the auditory bullae are markedly less inflated,
the anterior palatine foramina are more open and somewhat shorter,
the molars are heavier, and the pterygoid fossae are more open. The
rostrum is decidedly heavier in stigmonyz and the infraorbital foramen
is More open.
The type of luteolus differs neither in pelage characters nor cranially
from any of the specimens from Khartoum, and, assuming the speci-
mens from Khartoum to be topotypes of G. stigmonyz, the name G.
s. luteolus described by Thomas from Duem must fall as a synonym.
Gerbillus (Dipodillus) watersi De Winton
Gerbillus (Dipodillus) watersi De Winton, Nov. Zool., vol. 8, p. 399, December
1901. (Shendy, Upper Nile.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Forty-two, all in BM, from: Shendy, 5;
Kerma, 2; Shereik, 1; Atbara, 2; Merowe, 7; Khartoum, 10;$Abu
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 487
Fatima, 1; Port Sudan, 1; Letéti Basin, 1; Khor Hanoieit, 4; eastern
Egyptian desert, lat. 22° N., long. 35° E., 8.
MeaAsuREMENTs: An adult male from Shendy measures as follows:
Length of head and body 67; length of tail 111; length of hind foot 22;
length of ear 11; greatest length of skull 24.4; condyloincisive length
21.6; length of anterior palatine foramina 3.9; crown length of upper
molar series 3.1; length of auditory bullae 9.4; least interorbital width
4.5; length of nasals 8.7; width of rostrum at level of antorbital fora-
men 2.5; greatest width across zygomatic arches 12.6; greatest breadth
of braincase 12.5.
Remarks: Gerbillus watersi may be distinguished from G. stigmonyz
by its smaller body size but the same or nearly the same tail length and
by the slightly redder color, except near the Red Sea where both
species are nearly the same faded dun color. This same lightening
in intensity of color is also seen in G. pyramidum and in G. g. sudanensis,
both of which occupy the same geographic range.
The skulls of watersi may be separated from those of stigmonyz
by their smaller size, less open pterygoid fossae, narrower rostra,
smaller cheekteeth (relatively, as well as actually), larger builae, and
the smaller anterior palatine foramina of the former.
Gerbillus gerbillus agag Thomas
Ficure 5,a
Gerbillus agag Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 296, August 6, 1903.
(Agageh Wells, western Kordofan.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Twenty-one, all in BM, from: 25 miles west
of En Nahud, 1; east of En Nahud, 1; 100 miles west of En Nahud, 2;
56 miles east of El Fasher, 1; Sayah, 60 miles northeast of El Fasher, 3;
55 miles north of El Fasher, 2; 40 miles west of El Fasher, 4; 90 miles
northeast of El Fasher, 1; 105 miles northeast of El Fasher, 1; 19 miles
north of El Fasher, 1; El Fasher, 2; Khartoum, 1; Umm Keddada, 1.
MeASuREMENTS: An adult male from El Fasher and an adult
female from 19 miles north of El Fasher measure, respectively, as
follows: Length of head and body 78, 80; length of tail 119, 113;
length of hind foot ?, 23; length of ear 13, 14; greatest length of skull
29.0, 27.1; condyloincisive length 25.2, 23.3; length of anterior palatine
foramina 5.2, 4.3; crown length of upper toothrow 3.9, 3.9; length
of auditory bullae, 10.4, 9.6; least interorbital width 5.5, 5.4; length
of nasals 11.1, 11.2; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen
3.0, 2.8; greatest width across zygomatic arches 14.0, 14.2; greatest
breadth of braincase 13.8, 13.8.
Remarks: The type of G. g. agag is an adult male from Agageh
Wells. The standard external measurements are 87—100—24—-11.
488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
The skull, though, is so badly broken that no measurements can be
taken that would be reliable.
In color and from what remains of the skull, the above specimens
agree in all respects and in no way seem to vary from the species
gerbillus except in the minor characters which are used as criteria for
subspecies.
Gerbillus gerbillus sudanensis, new subspecies
Fiaure 5,a
Tyre: BM No. 29.5.19.16, adult male, skin and skull, from Port
Sudan, Red Sea Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Obtained July 28,
1928, by E. W. Thomas, original No. 531.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Sixteen, all in BM, from: Kerma, 2; Merowe,
1; Wad Habushee, near Shendy, 1; Khor Mog, 2; Khor Hanoieit,
5; Port Sudan, 5.
DraGnosis: Upperparts pear Pinkish Cinnamon, purest on sides,
flanks, and upper surface of nose. Ears, hands, feet, belly, cheeks
to above eyes, postauricular spots, and ventral surface of tail white.
Tail brush brownish. Soles of hind feet strongly haired with short
white hairs. Skull with short anterior palatine foramina, small
molariform teeth, moderately inflated auditory bullae, rostrum
relatively short and narrow, nasals relatively short but narrow.
MasuREMENTS OF TypE Specimen: Length of head and body 80;
length of tail 120; length of hind foot 25; length of ear 12; greatest
length of skull 26.2; condyloincisive length 22.4; length of anterior
palatine foramina 3.7; crown length of upper toothrow 3.3; length of
auditory bullae 9.9; least interorbital width 5.3; length of nasals 9.9;
width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 2.8; greatest width
across zygomatic arches 14.0; breadth of braincase 13.9.
Comparisons: From G. g. agag, G. g. sudanensis differs in lighter
color, longer tail, and a brownish instead of blackish brush on the tail.
The skull is smaller in all respects, the anterior palatine foramina are
shorter, the molars are smaller, the rostrum is narrower and shorter,
and the auditory bullae are not so inflated.
G. g. sudanensis may be distinguished from G@. g. gerbillus, with
which it apparently does not come into contact, by its smaller size
and somewhat darker color.
Remarks: There are no morphological differences between sudanen-
sis and agag except in general size. It is for this reason that sudanensis
is described as a subspecies of G. gerbillus. No intergradation has
been demonstrated, but undoubtedly occurs.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN
SETZER 489
Gerbillus nancillus Thomas and Hinton
Gerbillus nancillus Thomas and Hinton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 260, July 6,
1923. (Plains of Darfur, 45 miles north of El Fasher.)
Specimens Examinep: Three, all in BM, from: Haraza, 1; 16 miles
east of El] Fasher, 1; 45 miles north of El Fasher, 1.
MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of the type, an adult female,
are as follows: Length of head and body 54; length of tail 79; length of
hind foot 17; length of ear 11; greatest length of skull 20.5; condyloin-
cisive length 17.8; length of anterior palatine foramina 3.0; crown
length of upper toothrow 3.4; length of auditory bullae 7.4; least
interorbital width 3.9; length of nasals 6.9; width of rostrum at level
of antorbital foramen 2.4; breadth of braincase 10.8.
Remarks: This diminutive gerbil is in color about like G@. g. agag,
but much smaller. The white on the nose, sides, cheeks, and post-
auricular spots is more extensive thaninagag. The tail appears almost
white except for the minute blackish brush on the distal one-third of
the tail. This “brush” is scarcely deserving of the name since it is
composed merely of blackish hairs a trifle longer than the lighter
hairs meeting it.
Gerbillus pyramidum pyramidum E. Geoffroy
Cerbillus pyramidum E. Geoffroy, Catalogue des mammiféres du Muséum National
d’Histoire Naturelle, p. 202, 1803. (Near Pyramids of Giza, Giza Province,
Egypt.)
G[erbillus] burtont F. Cuvier, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 2, p. 145, May 4,
1838. (‘“Dahrfur’’; according to Flower, the type was an animal which
James Burton took to Paris alive in 1833.)
Meriones dongolanus Heuglin, Reise in Nordost-Afrika, vol. 2, p. 79, 1877
(Dongola.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Sixty-eight, all in BM, from: Khartoum,
10; Erkowit, 5; Nubia, 1; Dongola, 3; Sabaluka, 2; Shendy, 11; Port
Sudan, 4; Khor Hanoieit, 9; Shereik, 2; Kerma, 7; Hamza, 6; Haraza,
3; Merowe, 2; Tagbo Hills, 1; Jebel Meidob, 2.
Measurements: An adult male and an adult female from Khar-
toum respectively measure as follows: Length of head and body 100,
109; length of tail 129, 135; length of hind foot 30, 30; length of ear
15, 15; greatest length of skull 31.7, 32.5; condyloincisive length 27.3,
28.1; length of anterior palatine foramina 5.7, 5.6; crown length of
upper toothrow 4.3, 4.4; length of auditory bullae 11.3, 11.2; least
interorbital width 5.8, 6.1; length of nasals 12.1, 12.3; width of rostrum
at level of antorbital foramen 3.3, 3.3; greatest width across zygomatic
arches 16.6, 16.4; greatest breadth of braincase 15.6, 15.4.
490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Remarks: Ellerman (1941, p. 509) lists the names burton, pygargus,
and dongolanus as synonyms of the nominate form. It seems odd that
other kinds of gerbils tend to form subspecies over this same area
and yet this species does not.
When specimens from the Sudan are compared to topotypes from
Giza, there is a decidedly lighter color which becomes progressively
lighter as the Red Sea coast is approached. The animals from the
Red Sea coast area have, in general, narrower molars than the typical
animals but certain few have the teeth as large.
In specimens from Dongola, topotypes of dongolanus show no
appreciable differences from typical pyramidum except in the narrow-
ness of the molars.
A single specimen from Port Sudan is perhaps indicative of an
undescribed species in that the auditory bullae are expanded beyond
all proportion for pyramidum and the color of the pelage is markedly
darker.
The specimens from Tagbo Hills and from Jebel Meidob are far
paler in color than any other specimens seen. The skulls, however,
agree with animals from other localities.
It is not possible, at this time, to tell whether or not one is dealing
with several subspecies or merely clinal variation of a single sub-
species occupying a vast geographic range. Material from inter-
mediate localities is needed to clarify this problem. It seems rather
probable that there is more than one subspecies concerned in the area.
Gerbillus rosalinda St. Leger
Cerbillus rosalinda St. Leger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 4, p. 295, Septem-
ber 1929. (Abu Zabad, 145 km. southwest of El Obeid, Kordofan.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Four, all in BM, from: Abu Zabad.
MerasureMENTS: No external measurements are available, but the
skull of an adult male from Abu Zabad measures as follows: Greatest
length of skull 31.8; condyloincisive length 27.4; length of anterior
palatine foramina 5.2; crown length of upper molar series 3.9; length
of auditory bullae 11.4; least interorbital width 5.6; length of nasals
13.1; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 3.3; greatest
breadth of skull 15.5.
Remarks: The color of the above specimens is a dark reddish
brown with the white reduced markedly on the sides, cheeks, and
supraorbital and postauricular spots. The color of the back is car-
ried on to the dorsal surface of the tail until the black hairs of the
brush begin. The brush occupies the distal one-third of the tail.
In size, G. rosalinda closely approaches G. pyramidum, but because
of the smallness of the teeth, the conformation of the anterior palatine
foramina, and the pterygoid structure it is retained as a separate
species for the present.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 491
gombianus
L.bongensis
2. canoster
3. hoogstrooli
AN. 4 loteris
|
5.madogoe
¢
) oo
ee I.Lepus victorioe |
( microtis
\ 2Taomiscus emini |
X Lophiomys
Limhousi
Gerbillus
2 bottai
3.lowei |
4.mackiltigini
S.muriculus
6.principulus
T7.stigmonyx
Lchadensis
2.leucoumbrinus
3.limitaneus
——
Figure 4.—Distribution of Lepus (in part), Tamiscus, Heliosciurus, Euxerus, Lophiomys
and Gerbillus (in part) in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. (Scale: 1 inch=400 miles.)
Tatera benvenuta benvenuta (Hinton and Kershaw)
Taterona benvenuta Hinton and Kershaw, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 6,
p. 97, July 1920. (Bahr-el-Jebel, Mongalla.)
Specimens Examinep: Eighty-two, from: Torit, 40 (12, MCZ);
Ikoto, 1; Obbo, 1; Nimule, 2; Juba, 2; Magwe, 36 miles southwest of
Torit, 1 (MCZ); Murukurun, 50 miles east of Torit, 1 (MCZ); Mura,
Lofit Hills, 1 (MCZ); Loa, 18 miles north of Nimule, 3 (MCZ); central
Jebel Marra, 2 (BM); 40 miles north of Bor, 1 (BM); Eros, Didinga
Mts., 1 (BM); 60 miles west-southwest of El Fasher, 2 (BM); Bor, 1
492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
(BM); foothills, southern Jebel Marra, 3 (BM); 40 miles west of El
Fasher, 1 (BM); Duk Fagioil, 1 (BM); northeastern Jebel Marra, 1
(BM); Kurra, northeastern Jebel Marra, 1 (BM); Chak Chak, 3 (BM);
Kulme, Wadi Aribo, 5 (BM); Wadi Kongei, east-central Jebel Marra,
3 (BM); Mongalla, 2 (BM); Um Dona, 1 (BM); Agur, 1 (BM);
Delami, 1 (BM).
MEASUREMENTS: Average and extreme measurements, respectively,
of ten males and three females from Torit are as follows: Length
of head and body 160.6 (141-175), 147.5 (141-158); length of tail
159.6 (145-178), 167.5 (154-174); length of hind foot 37.1 (35-38),
37.5 (36-39); length of ear 21 (19-23), 20.5 (19-21); condyloincisive
length of skull 35.5 (83.2-37.3), 35.3 (33.1-37.1); greatest length of
skull 40.9 (38.2-43.4), 41.1 (38.6-43.1); greatest width across zygo-
matic arches 21.0 (20.2-22.2), 20.5 (19.5-21.5); least interorbital
width 6.7 (6.4-7.0), 6.6 (6.4-6.8); length of nasals 16.1 (14.2-17.9),
16.3 (14.8-17.4); crown length of upper toothrow 6.4 (5.9-6.7), 6.4
(6.2-6.7); length of auditory bullae 11.4 (11.0-11.8), 11.3 (11.1-11.7);
depth of braincase at level of auditory bullae 15.6 (14.9-16.3), 16.0
(15.8-16.4).
Remarks: There is no detectable difference in the animals from
Torit and those obtained from the Jebel Marra. The amount of
variation in any given series is quite remarkable, especially as regards
color. All specimens, though, show the lack of the tuft on the tail
and the cranial characters are all within a normal range of variation
for any given series. The amount of variation noted in color may
be explained on the basis of seasonal difference.
Tatera flavipes G. M. Allen
Tatera flavipes G. M. Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 58, p. 331, July 1914.
(Aradeiba, above Roseires, Blue Nile.)
SPECIMEN ExamInep: The type.
MEAsuREMENTS: The type specimen, an adult female, measures as
follows: Total length 343; length of tail 172; length of hind foot 40.5;
length of ear 23; condyloincisive length of skull 40.5; greatest length
of skull 44.0; greatest width across zygomatic arches 22.3; least inter-
orbital width 7.4; length of nasals 16.9; crown length of upper tooth
row 6.6; length of auditory bullae 12.2; depth of braincase at level of
auditory bullae 16.9.
Remarks: The dorsal color of flavipes is somewhat darker than
benvenuta; the dorsal surface of the tail and the ears are darker; the
tail is longer; and the hind foot is decidedly longer and wider. The
upper cheekteeth are larger labiolingually; the auditory bullae are
larger and more inflated; the rostrum is wider and longer; the upper
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 493
incisors are more proodont; the zygomatic arches are more angular;
and the braincase is deeper and more rounded dorsally.
The type of flavipes is a younger animal than any of the specimens
with which it was compared. In spite of its youthfulness it is larger
than an adult of benvenuta, to which complex it definitely belongs.
The tail in flavipes, like in benvenuta and soror, is untufted. This
complex is indeed puzzling, and more material is needed to under-
stand the problem of the relationships of these species.
Tatera macropus (Heuglin)
Ficure 5,6
Meriones macropus Heuglin, Reise in Nordost-Afrika, vol. 2, p. 79, 1877. (Bongo,
Bahr-el-Ghazal region.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Three, all in BM, from: Halfway between
Chak Chak and Dem Zubeir, 2; near Chak Chak, 1.
MerasureMENts: An adult male from near Chak Chak has the
following measurements: Length of head and body 180; length of
tail 170; length of hind foot 35; length of ear 19; condyloincisive
length of skull 32.2; greatest length of skull 38.2; greatest width
across zygomatic arches 19.1; least interorbital width 6.6; length of
nasals 15.5; crown length of upper toothrow 6.0; length of auditory
bullae 10.2; depth of braincase at level of auditory bullae 15.2.
REMARKS: These animals are of a decidedly reddish color and have
a pronounced tuft on the distal end of the tail. This brush is much
more distinct than that in 7. robusta to which macropus is obviously
allied and which may eventually prove to be only a subspecies of the
former.
Tatera robusta robusta (Cretzschmar)
Ficure 5,6
Meriones robustus Cretzschmar, in Riippell, Atlas zu der Reise im nérdlichen
Afrika von Riippell, pt. 1, Sdugethiere, p. 75, 1826. (Kordofan.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Thirty-seven, all in BM, from: Jebel Meidob,
4; Naikhala, Upper Egypt, 6; 6 miles west of Hl Fasher, 9; 40 miles
west of El Fasher, 3; 40 miles west-southwe:t of Hl Fasher, 3; Kordofan,
1; 170 miles east of El Fasher, 1; 90 miles east of El Fasher, 1; Tina
Wells, 1; 115 miles northeast of El Fasher, 1; 16 miles east of El Fasher,
1; En Nahud, 1; 55 miles north of El Fasher, 1; 52 miles west-southwest
of Hl Fasher, 1; El Fasher, 1; 5 miles west of El Obeid, 2.
MeasurEMENTs: An adult male from Naikhala, Upper Egypt,
measures as follows: Length of head and body 123; length of tail 170;
length of hind foot 33; length of ear 17; condyloincisive length of
skull 32.7; greatest length of skull 37.1; greatest width across zygo-
matic arches 18.2; least interorbital width 6.5; length of nasals 15.0;
494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
crown length of upper toothrow 5.5; length of auditory bullae 9.9;
depth of braincase at level of auditory bullae 13.6.
Remarks: This species may be distinguished from 7. benvenuta by
its generally smaller size, lighter color, and conspicuous brush at the
tip of the tail.
Tatera robusta taylori Hatt
Figure 5,6
Tatera robusta taylort Hatt, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 791, p. 1, April 11, 1935:
(Khor Birum, Red Sea Hills.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Twenty, all in BM, from: Sinkat, 2; Soba,
6; El Kowa, 3; Shendy, 6; Tamaméel, 1; Roseires, 1; Sennaar, 1.
MEASUREMENTS: An adult male from Sinkat measures as follows:
Length of head and body 129; length of tail 174; length of hind foot
37; length of ear 21; condyloincisive length of skull 32.0; greatest
length of skull 39.6; least interorbital width 6.8; length of nasals 16.5;
crown length of upper toothrow 5.9; length of auditory bullae 10.3;
depth of braincase at level of auditory bullae 14.1.
Remarks: This subspecies is somewhat paler in general, over-all
color than is the nominate form from Kordofan. The auditory bullae
are markedly less inflated and the anterior palatine foramina are shorter
than in robusta. The hamulae are shorter and lighter in structure.
As the Nile or the Abyssinian highlands are approached, the color
of the pelage tends to darken.
Tatera soror G. M. Allen
Figure 5,6
Tatera soror G. M. Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 58, p. 333, July 1914.
(Fazogli, Blue Nile.)
SPECIMEN EXAMINED: The type.
MEASUREMENTS: The type, an old adult female, measures as fol-
lows: Total length 299; length of tail 158; length of hind foot 34;
length of ear 20; condyloincisive length of skull 34.6; greatest length
of skull 38.4; greatest width across zygomatic arches 20.2; least inter-
orbital width 6.4; length of nasals 16.3; crown length of upper tooth-
row 6.2; length of auditory bullae 10.2; depth of braincase at level of
auditory bullae 14.3.
Remarks: The species sovor is the smallest of the species of Tatera
occurring in the Sudan. The auditory bullae are small; the rostrum
is narrow; and the cheekteeth are as wide as in benvenuta but not so
massive as in flavipes. The anterior palatine foramina are markedly
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 495
short and narrow; the braincase is much flattened; the nasals are
narrow but relatively long; and the lachrymal bone is small.
The type is an old adult with much-worn teeth. Hinton and
Kershaw (1920, p. 99) considered soror to be a member of the ben-
venuta complex, which seems to be correct. The tail in both soror
and flavipes is untufted, but whether this is of significance in allocating
species to groups is quite questionable.
Genus Taterillus Thomas
So far as can be determined at this time, there is no character by
which emini, anthonyi, butleri, rufus, perluteus, and clivosus can be
distinguished as species.
Hatt (1934, p. 3) mentions integradation of anthonyi with butleri,
and in certain specimens from Delami, Nuba Mountains, there is
what appears to be integradation with rufus.
While no actual intergradation can be demonstrated between
gyas and any of the contiguous kinds, there are certainly no morpho-
logical differences to warrant retention of this form as a full species.
The peripheral kinds, gyas, emini, and clivosus, are all dark in color,
while those in the center of the area under consideration are paler
and ending in the palest of the group in perluteus.
Hatt (1934, p. 3) when describing anthonyi, referred to the species
congicus as a subspecies of T. emini. From the degree of morpholog-
ical difference, and owing to the fact that specimens from Wau are
immediately separable as T. e. butleri and as T. congicus, I feel that
congicus should stand as a full species until its relationship with an
allied species, T. nigeriac, has been clarified. It is certainly not a
part of the complex known as the emini group.
Since T. rufus and T. butleri are shown to be only subspecies of one
species, the name Gerbillus (Taterina) lorenzi Wettstein, which has
been considered synonymous with 7. butleri, should be transferred to
the synonymy of 7. e. rufus which shares its type locality but has
page preference.
Color, as such, in these gerbils is relatively constant but there is
some divergence in one given population such as may be seen in
specimens from the vicinity of El Fasher and from Torit. In com-
parison with the degree of variation found in the crania (in regard
to the auditory bullae, the lateral bowing of the anterior palatal
foramina, and other characters) color varies not at all. It is only
by comparing the skin and the skull with known specimens that one
can arrive at any satisfactory determination.
386559—56——-4
496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Taterillus congicus Thomas
Ficure 5,6
Taterillus congicus Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 16, p. 147, August
1915. (Poko, Upper Uele River, Belgian Congo.)
SpEcIMENS ExaminepD: Three, all in BM, from: Wau, 2; Yei, 1.
MrasuREMENTS: The measurements of an adult male from Yei
are as follows: Length of head and body 120; length of tail i140;
length of hind foot 33; length of ear 19; condyloincisive length of skull
30.3; greatest length of skull 35.6; length of nasals 14.2; least inter-
orbital width 6.3; length of anterior palatine foramina 6.2; crown
length of upper toothrow 5.0; length of auditory bullae 9.0; depth
of skull at level of auditory bullae 13.8; greatest width across zygo-
matic arches 17.2; greatest width of skull 16.3.
Remarks: 7’. congicus differs from T. emini and its subspecies in
that the pterygoid fossae are deeper and not so widely flaring, anterior
palatine foramina are relatively shorter, the auditory bullae are more
inflated anteriorly and antero-laterally, and the anterior portion of
the skull is flatter and less decurved. So far as color is concerned
there is no discernible difference between the two species. However,
when specimens from the same locality are compared they are readily
separable by means of the skull.
Taterillus emini anthonyi Hatt
Figure 5,c
Taterillus emini anthonyt Hatt, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 708, p. 2, Apr. 4, 1934.
(White Nile, west bank, 20 miles south of Jebel Ain.)
SPECIMEN EXAMINED: The type.
MrasuREMENTS: The type, an adult female, measures as follows:
Total length 316; length of tail 182; length of hind foot 35; condyloin-
cisive length of skull 33.1; length of nasals 14.7; least interorbital
breadth 7.3; length of anterior palatine foramina 7.1; crown length
of upper toothrow 4.9; length of auditory bullae 10.0; depth of skull
at level of auditory bullae 14.4; greatest width across zygomatic
arches 15.8.
Remarks: The type and one paratype are the only known examples
of this subspecies. Hatt, in comparing these two specimens with
types in the British Museum, remarked that these were strikingly
different but specimens in the British Museum from intermediate
localities suggested complete intergradation. It is quite apparent
to me also that intergradation does occur with the form immediately
to the west, which is rufus. For additional remarks see under 7. e.
rufus.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 497
Taterillus emini butleri Wroughton
Figure 5,c
Taterillus butlert Wroughton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 6, pp. 293-294,
September 1910. (Dugdug, Bahr-el-Ghazal.)
Gerbillus (Taterillus) kadugliensis Wettstein, Anz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-
Nat., vol. 58, p. 151, 1916. (Kadugli, southern Kordofan.)
SPECIMENS Examinep: Ten, all in BM, from: Dugdug, 3; Katta,
northwest of Wau, 2; Wau, 1; Raffili, 4.
MeraAsuREMENTS: The measurements of the type, an adult female
from Dugdug, are as follows: Length of head and body 120; length
of tail 150; length of hind foot 29; length of ear 18; condyloincisive
length of skull 30.1; greatest length of skull 34.6; length of nasals
14.1; least interorbital width 6.3; length of anterior palatine foramina
6.9; crown length of upper toothrow 4.7; length of auditory bullae
9.0; depth of skuil at level of auditory bullae 13.6; greatest width
across zygomatic arches 15.9.
Remarks: For remarks see under the heading of genus Taterillus.
Taterilius emini clivosus Thomas and Hinton
Fiaure 5,c
Taterillus clivosus Thomas and Hinton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 258, July 6,
1923. (Kurra, Jebel Marra.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Nineteen, all in BM, from: Jebel Marra, 1;
Kurra, northeastern Jebel Marra, 11; Kulme, Wadi Aribo, 7.
MeasureMENts: An adult female from Kurra, northeastern Jebel
Marra, has the following measurements: Length of head and body
120; length of tail 171; length of hind foot 32; length of ear 18; condyl-
oincisive length of skull 31.3; length of nasals 14.9; least interorbital
width 6.3; length of anterior palatine foramina 6.3; crown length of
upper toothrow 5.2; length of auditory bullae 9.6; depth of skull at
level of auditory bullae 14.0; greatest width across zygomatic arches
18.8; greatest breadth of skull 16.8.
Remarks: The type, a specimen from Kurra, is aberrant from the
rest of the type series in that it is somewhat darker dorsally and has
a white tip on the tail. However, the skulls all agree in fundamental
details.
One specimen from Kurra, northeastern Jebel Marra, is an apparent
intergrade between clivosus and T. e. perluteus. In color the specimen
is intermediate, in the shape of the auditory bullae it is like the
latter, and in size it is like the former. In the majority of the cranial
characters it is more nearly like clivosus.
The series from Kulme, Wadi Aribo, is consistently darker than the
type, but in cranial features it is identical with the type.
498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 108
Taterillus emini emini (Thomas)
Figure 5,c
Gerbillus emini Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 9, p. 78, January 1892.
(Wadelai, Uganda.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Sixty-two, from: Torit, 34 (13, MCZ);
Obbo, 6; Ikoto, 1; Moli, 30 miles north of Nimule, 3 (MCZ); Juba,
1 (BM); Malek, 14 (BM); Mongalla, 2 (BM); “Upper Nile,” 1 (BM).
MEASUREMENTS: Averages and extremes for three adult males and
three adult females from Torit, are as follows: Length of head and
body 119 (106-130), 113 (99-124); length of tail 153 (150-157), 153
(145-160); length of hind foot 32.6 (31-34), 32.6 (31-34); length of
ear 18.6 (17-19), 18.6 (18-19); condyloincisive length of the skull 28.0
(27.6-28.4), 28.8 (28.3-29.7); greatest width across zygomatic arches
18.4 (17.8-19.2), 18.1 (17.9-18.2); least interorbital width 6.2 (5.9-
6.4), 6.1 (5.9-6.3); length of nasals 13.7 (13.3-14.0), 14.1 (13.7-14.7);
crown length of upper toothrow 4.9 (4.7—5.0), 4.9 (4.8-5.0); length of
auditory bullae 9.3 (9.0-10.0), 9.1 (8.8-9.4); depth of skull at level of
auditory bullae 14.1 (13.8-14.5), 13.9 (13.7-14.0).
Remarks: The two specimens from Mongalla are much redder in
color than are any of the other specimens assigned to this subspecies.
This deepening of color, however, appears to be caused by old worn
pelage exposing more of the subterminal band of color.
Taterillus emini gyas Thomas
Figure 5,c
Taterillus gyas Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 2, p. 150, August 1918.
(Kamisa, Dinder River.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Six, ali in BM, from Kamisa.
MEASUREMENTS: The type, an adult female, messures as follows:
Length of head and body 127; length of tail (not the type) 175; length
of hind foot 34; length of ear 21; condyloincisive length of the skull
35.0; greatest length of the skull 39.0; greatest breadth across zygo-
matic arches 19.5; length of nasals 15.6; least interorbital breadth
7.3; length of anterior palatine foramina 7.2; length of auditory
bullae 10.2; crown length of upper molar series 5.5.
REMARKS: See under the heading of genus Taterillus.
Taterillus emini perluteus Thomas and Hinton
FicureE 5,c
Taierillus perluteus Thomas and Hinton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 259, July 6,
1923. (Umm Keddada.)
SPECIMENS ExXxamInep: Twenty-three, all in BM, from: Umm
Keddada, 5; 35 miles north of El Fasher, 1; 190 miles east of El
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 499
Fasher, 1; Hamza, 1; El Fasher, 2; 110 miles east of El Fasher, 1;
Madu, 80 miles east of El Fasher, 1; 60 miles west of El Fasher, 2; 49
miles west-southwest of El Fasher, 3; 35 miles west-southwest of El
Fasher, 1; near Tagbo Hills, 1; 25 miles east of En Nahud, 2; Jebel
Meidob, 2.
MraAsureMENts: An adult female from Umm Keddada, measures
as follows: Length of head and body 116; length of tail 151; length of
hind foot 29; length of ear 21; condyloincisive length of skull 31.3;
ereatest length of skull 36.8; length of nasals 15.0; least interorbital
width 6.4; length of anterior palatine foramina 6.0; crown length of
upper toothrow 5.0; length of auditory bullae 10.4; depth of skull at
level of auditory bullae 14.1; breadth of braincase 16.6.
Remarks: Intergradation with 7”. e. rufus is noted in the two speci-
mens from near En Nahud in the intermediacy of color and in the
shape and degree of inflation of the auditory bullae. The same
characters indicate intergradation in the specimens from west-
southwest of El Fasher with clivosus.
Taterillus emini rufus (Wettstein)
FIGuRE 5,¢
Gerbillus (Tatera) rufa Wettstein, Anz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat., vol.
53, p. 131, 1916. (El Obeid.)
Gerbillus (Taterina) lorenzi Wettstein, Anz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat.,
vol. 53, p. 152, 1916. (El Obeid.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Twenty-two, all in BM, from: 20 miles
west of El Obeid, 1; 50 miles west of El Obeid, 4; Agur, 6; Nuba
Mountains, 5; Delami, 5; Um Dona, 1.
MeEasureMENTs: An adult male from 20 miles west of El Obeid,
measures as follows: Length of head and body 1390; length of tail 175:
length of hind foot 32; length of ear 21; condyloincisive length of skull
33.0; length of nasals 15.6; least interorbital width 6.9; length of
anterior palatine foramina 7.1; crown length of upper toothrow 5.1;
length of auditory bullae 10.1; depth of skull at level of auditory
bullae 14.5; breadth of braincase 16.4.
REMARKS: Specimens from the Nuba Mountains appear to be
intermediate in several characters between T. e. butleri and T. e. rufus.
This intermediacy is demonstrated in the color of the pelage and the
size and shape of the auditory bullae. In all other characters of the
skull, though, they are more nearly like rufus.
The five specimens from Delami appear to be intergrades in color
and size with T. e. anthonyt.
Hatt (1934, p. 3) states that specimens from 50 miles west of El
Obeid are in many respects intermediate between 7. e. butlert and
T. e. anthonyi. Apparently Hatt overlooked the paper by Wettstein
500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
in 1916 in which he proposed the name rufus with the type locality
at El Obeid. Certainly the material available for study has shown
that the animals from the vicinity of El Obeid are different than any
of the surrounding kinds and that the name rufus should stand. It
is also apparent that the name 7’. e. anthony? is valid but that the
range of this subspecies lies between the Nile and the Nuba Mountains,
where the characters of rufus and anthony? blend.
Desmodilliscus braueri Wettstein
Desmodilliscus brauert Wettstein, Anz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat., vol. 53,
p. 153, 1916. (Between Um Ramad and Nubbaka, south of El Obeid,
Kordofan.)
Specimens ExaminepD: Two, both in BM, from: 75 miles west of
El Obeid, 1; 140 miles east of El Fasher, 1.
MEASUREMENTS: An adult male from 75 miles west of El Obeid
measures as follows: Length of head and body 57; length of tail 45;
length of hind foot 15; greatest length of skull 21.8; condyloincisive
length 18.5; crown length of upper toothrow 2.9; length of auditory
bullae 9.3; least interorbital width 4.0; length of nasals 7.7; width of
rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 2.6.
Remarks: This is a small, short-tailed, silky furred mouse with
pronounced postauricular white spots. The hind feet are long in
proportion to the body. The skull is small but robust and with the
auditory bullae occupying an inordinate amount of the total size.
The bullae are readily visible from above and encompass the condyles
below. Both pairs of palatine foramina are long and wide open.
Meriones libycus pallidus Bonhote
Meriones crassus pallidus Bonhote, Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, No. 103, p. 3,
February 13, 1912. (Atbara.)
SPECIMENS ExAmINnep: Eight, all in BM, from: Atbara, 3; Berber,
2; Shereik, 1; Kerma, 2.
MerasurEeMEnts: An adult male and an adult female from Atbara
measure, respectively, as follows: Length of head and body 127, 126;
length of tail 110, 130; length of hind foot 28, 31; length of ear 17, 16;
greatest length of skull 39.9, 38.5; condyloincisive length 35.4, 33.5;
crown length of upper toothrow 4.9, 4.8; length of auditory bullae
16.4, 16.1; greatest width across zygomatic arches 21.1, 19.5; least
interorbital width 6.5, 5.8; length of nasals 14.3, 14.3; breadth of
braincase 22.2, 21.5.
Remarks: The genus Meriones is a North African element pene-
trating along with the desert into northern Sudan from Egypt. Its
main distribution lies to the north and east into western Asia.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 501
The two specimens from Kerma are somewhat paler in color than
are the animals from Atbara. This may be due to a difference in
pelage owing to season. The skulls, however, present no peculiarities.
Psammomys obesus elegans Heuglin
Psammomys elegans Heuglin, Reise in Nordost-Afrika, vol. 2, p. 80, 1877. (Suakin.)
SPECIMENS Examinep: Four, all in BM, from Port Sudan.
MEASUREMENTS: An adult male and an adult female from Port
Sudan measure, respectively, as follows: Length of head and body 162,
140; length of tail 136, 125; length of hind foot 35, 31; length of ear
13, 11; greatest length of skull 39.8, 38.8; condyloincisive length
36.1, 35.9; crown length of upper toothrow 5.9, 5.9; length of auditory
bullae 13.7, 13.4; greatest width across zygomatic arches 22.5, 22.4;
least interorbital width 6.6, 6.5; length of nasels 13.8, 13.7; greatest
breadth of braincase 22.7, 22.8.
Remarks: These specimens are quite reddish and lack the black
wash on the dorsal surface of the body which is so typical of other
members of the genus. The belly is decidedly lighter in color but
still heavily washed with buff. The hands and feet are as the color
of the belly, the black tip of the tail occupies about one-fourth of the
total length.
Ellerman (1951, p. 538) considers elegans to be a synonym of obesus.
This is not the case, however. The population, as judged by the
specimens from Port Sudan, vary to the same degree from typical
obesus as does nicolli, Although no actual intergradation can be
demonstrated from the few specimens available, I cannot agree with
Allen (1939, p. 330) that this is a good species nor can I agree with
Ellerman (loc. cit.) that this a synonym of obesus. Thus I prefer to
express its taxonomic position in the above combination.
In general, these animals resembly Meriones but are grosser in
appearance. The skulls are grosser, the incisor faces are plain, the
bullae are not so inflated ventrally, and the suprameatal triangle is
nearly obliterated.
Family MuRIDAE
_ Subfamily Murinae
Grammomys macmillani erythropygus, new subspecies
FIGuRE 5,d
Type: CNHM No. 67061, adult male, skin and skull, from Obbo,
Torit District, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Obtained March 22, 1950,
by Harry Hoogstraal, original No. 5321.
SPECIMENS ExamINED: Sixty-three, from: Malek, 1 (BM); Obbo,
37; Torit, 19 (4, MCZ) ; Lokwi, 25 miles southwest of Torit, 1; Katire,
502 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
1; Ngaboli, 47 miles north of Torit, 1 (MCZ); Ngabara, near Obbo, |
(MCZ) ; Talanga Forest, Imatong Mountains, 1 (MCZ); Gilo, Imatong
Mountains, 1 (MCZ).
Dracnosis: Upperparts of mixed coloration; anteriorly grayish
brown with some admixture of Sayal Brown gradually shading at about
the middle of the back into primarily Sayal Brown intermixed with
black-tipped hairs, thus presenting a ‘‘2-toned” appearance; color of
anterior and posterior parts of the dorsum shading over the sides into
a neutral grayish color which is bordered ventrally by a thin line of
Pinkish Buff extending from the forearm along the sides and over the
fianks onto the lower leg. Upper lips, under side of forelegs, under
parts of thighs and entire belly pure white; tail brownish and indis-
tinctly bicolor. Skull relatively large and robust; dorsal outline
relatively flat, rostrum short and broad, anterior palatine foramina
relatively short, and auditory bullae relatively large.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE Typr Specimen: Length of head and body
107; length of tail 180; length of hind foot 25; length of ear 20; greatest
length of skull 29.3; condylobasal length 24.5; least interorbital width
4.5; length of nasals 10.4; crown length of upper toothrow 4.4.
Comparisons: G. m. erythropygus is in color like G. s. elgonis, but
the skull is flatter, the upper cheek teeth are wider, the auditory bullae
are somewhat larger, anterior palatine foramina are shorter, and the
basioccipital is narrower.
The present-named form is like the type and a paratype of G. m.
gazellae in color but the skull is larger in all measurements taken
except for the length of the anterior palatine foramina, which are
shorter.
G. m. erythropygus differs from the type of G. macmillani in that the
color is less intense and does not extend so far forward on the body.
The skull of the former is larger, the anterior palatine foramina are
longer, the posterior choanae are wider and longer, the auditory bullae
are larger, and the palate is somewhat wider.
From the type of G. surdaster, G. m. erythropygus differs in less
intense color, the skull is flatter in dorsal outline, the auditory bullae
are somewhat larger, the anterior palatine foramina are narrower
and longer, and the rostrum is somewhat heavier.
The color of G. m. aridulus is decidedly paler than is @. m. erythro-
pygus. The skull is about the same size but aridulus has the anterior
palatine foramina somewhat shorter and the zygomatic arches are
somewhat heavier.
From a paratype of G. s. polionops the present subspecies differs in
a lighter color throughout. The skulls are larger, the anterior palatine
foramina longer, the posterior choanae wider, the palate is wider, the
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 503
auditory bullae are somewhat larger, and the rostrum is somewhat
heavier.
Remarks: From the degree of variation as may be noted in the
section on comparisons, it is apparent that none of the characters
formerly used to separate G. macmillani and G. surdaster are of more
than subspecific worth. The characters usually associated with
surdaster may be found in the types of macmillani and the converse
is also true. I feel, therefore, since these characters are duplicated
and do overlap to a great degree, that the animals formerly known as
surdaster should now be called macmillani. The names in question
are: Grammomys macmillani surdaster, G. m. insignis, G. m. polionops,
G. m. littoralis, G. m. callithriz, and G. m. discolor.
Grammomys macmillani aridulus Thomas and Hinton
Ficure 5,d
Grammomys aridulus Thomas and Hinton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 268, July 6,
1923. (Kulme, Wadi Aribo.)
SPECIMEN EXAMINED: The type.
MEASUREMENTS: The type, an adult male, measures as follows:
Length of head and body 115; length of tail 175; length of hind foot 24;
length of ear 18; greatest length of skull 29.4; condylobasal length
24.6; zygomatic width 14.3; least interorbital width 4.5; length of
nasals 11.0; crown length of upper toothrow 4.3.
Remarks: G. m. aridulus is the palest of any of the subspecies of
this genus occurring in the Sudan. The anterior palatine foramina
are shorter than in any of the other kinds.
Since the type is the only known specimen, it is with some misgiving
that I assign it to the species macmillani. However, in all of the
characters of the skull and skin there is no one character by which
it might be accorded specific rank and by assigning the type to this
species probably more nearly expresses the true relationship.
Grammomys macmillani gazellae (Thomas)
Ficure 5,d
Thamnomys macmillani gazellae Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 5,
p. 282, March 1910. (Chak Chak, Bahr-el-Ghazal.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Six, all in BM, from: Bendele, Yambio
District, 1; “Upper Nile,” 1; Tembura, 1; Chak Chak, 2; Loavie, near
Fort Berkeley, 1.
MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of an adult male paratype
from Chak Chak are as follows: Length of head and body 105; length
of tail 165; length of hind foot 28; greatest width across zygomatic
504 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
arches 13.0; least interorbital width 4.1; length of nasals 9.6; crown
length of upper toothrow 4.0.
=== oA:
TY
| Hl | iM =F
a HIATT)
My si y \ |
i) i
a a
wo up
| HN Ss iat “ATA A
| | Mil i Ke Ase
4 Noel | b | ly
Taterillus smini
Lonthonyi : )
2 butleri | eee
Grommomys
macmilioni
lerythropyqus
2.oridulus
3.gazelloe
Ficure 5.—Distribution of Gerbillus (in part), Tatera, Taterillus, and Grammomys in
the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. (Scale: 1 inch=400 miles.)
Remarks: Both the type and the paratype of this subspecies have
broken skulls so that no complete measurements are possible. This
subspecies seems to be the smallest of the group found in the Sudan.
Apparently the distribution of this form lies to the west of the Nile
and to the east of the Jebel Marra. While no actual intergradation
of the various kinds has actually been demonstrated, they are_here
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 505
considered all to belong to one species since the characters for each of
them show a considerable degree of overlapping.
OCenomys hypoxanthus talangae, new subspecies
Type: MCZ No. 45315, adult female, skin and skull, from Talanga
Forest, 3,000 ft., Imatong Mountains, Equatoria Province, Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan. Obtained July 10, 1950, by J. S. Owen, original
No. 1338.
SPECIMENS ExaMINeD: Two, from the Talanga Forest.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE T'yPpE SpeciMEN: Length of head and body
175; length of tail 203; length of hind foot 34; greatest length of
skull 39.6; condyloincisive length 35.4; length of anterior palatine
foramina 7.6; crown length of upper toothrow 6.6; least interorbital
width 5.4; breadth of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 5.0;
length of nasals 15.8; greatest width across zygomatic arches 17.9.
DraGnosis: General over-all color of upperparts near Argus Brown;
the line of pure color separating dorsal color from pure white belly
and pure color on flanks and thighs near Pinkish Cinnamon; pure
color of nose near Tawny; entire underparts and undersurfaces of
arms and legs pure white, all hairs white to base; tail nearly naked
and rather uniformly colored; hands and feet dark grayish brown.
Skuil relatively long and slender; nasals long and rather wide; rostrum
wide; auditory bullae relatively small; upper cheekteeth relatively
small; anterior palatine foramina relatively short and widely flaring;
braincase relatively long.
Comparisons: From Qenomys hypoxanthus unyori, O. h. talangae dif-
fers in much darker dorsal color, less rufous on the rump, and less
definite line of demarcation between the dorsal color and the pure
white belly. The nasals are longer, the braincase is longer, the
anterior palatine foramina are larger, the auditory bullae are larger,
and the rostrum is narrower.
O. h. talangae differs from O. h. editus in generally darker color and
less rufous on the nose and rump. The skull has longer nasals, smaller
auditory bullae, and a wider rostrum.
O. h. vallicola differs from O. h. talangae in generally lighter color,
more rufous on rump and nose, shorter tail, and somewhat larger ears.
The skull is smaller, the upper toothrow longer and the individual teeth
wider, the anterior palatine foramina longer and narrower, auditory
bullae larger, and the rostrum shorter and narrower.
Remarks: The subspecies to which OQ. h. talangae is most closely
related is O. h. unyori, from which it differs as set forth above. It is
interesting that this new subspecies has the rufous of the rump and
nose so much reduced. The types of bacchante, moerens, and oris are
all so brightly colored that talangae needs no comparison with them.
506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Mylomys cunninghamei christyi Thomas
Mylomys christyi Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 20, p. 362, November
1917. (Mount Baginzi, Bahr-el-Ghazal.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Two, both in BM, from Mount Baginzi.
MerasurEeMENTs: No external measurements are available for a
male, but an adult female from Mount Baginzi measures as follows:
Length of head and body 135; length of tail 140; length of hind foot
34; length of ear 19.
The cranial measurements of an adult male and the same female
above are, respectively, as follows: Greatest length of skull 31.4, 33.4;
condyloincisive length 28.8, 30.8; crown length of upper toothrow
14.8, 16.0; greatest width across zygomatic arches 7.7, 7.2; least
interorbital width 4.1, 4.6; length of nasals 12.4, 12.8; width of rostrum
at level of antorbital foramen 4.0, 4.3.
Remarks: All of the kinds of Mylomys have a grizzled appearance
on the dorsum similar to that found in Arvicanthis, but the hairs are
longer and much glossier than in that genus. The tail is more pro-
nouncedly bicolor and the belly is covered with pure white hairs which
are white to the base.
M. c. christyi differs from M. c. lutescens in somewhat smaller skull,
shorter toothrow, narrower anterior palatine foramina, more open
posterior choanae, and smaller auditory bullae.
M. c. christyi differs from M. ec. cunninghamei in the same way
except for the posterior choanae which are smaller and the rostrum
which is shorter and narrower.
Dasymys incomtus palustris, new subspecies
Ficure 6,a
Type: CNHM No. 73902, skin and skull, adult male, from Lokwi,
25 miles south of Torit, Equatoria Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
Obtained in June 1952 by J. S. Owen, original No. 2220.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Five, from: Lokwi, 25 miles south of Torit,
3; Mongalla, 2 (BM).
Dracnosis: General over-all color of upperparts near Snuff Brown,
strongly intermixed with black; no pure color at any place except a
thin subterminal band which is near Tawny-Olive. Hands and feet
light brownish, tail dark brown and uniformly colored, entire under-
parts grayish white. Skull relatively small, anterior palatine fora-
mina relatively large, nasals short, zygomatic arches quite flaring
posteriorly, bullae relatively small, upper cheekteeth relatively small.
M&ASUREMENTS OF THE TyPE SpecIMEN: Length of head and body
150; length of tail 140; length of hind foot 34; length of ear 16; con-
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 507
dyloincisive length of skull 34.7; crown length of upper toothrow 7.2;
length of anterior palatine foramina 7.9; greatest width across zygo-
matic arches 19.6; least interorbital width 4.8; length of nasals 12.6;
width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 4.1.
Comparisons: From Dasymys incomtus helukus, D. 7. palustris
differs in lighter color, that is, more red and less yellow and brown,
and belly with no buffy wash as in helukus. Skull is smaller, auditory
bullae smaller, rostrum shorter, upper cheekteeth smaller, least inter-
orbital width greater, and nasals shorter.
D. 7%. palustis differs from D. 7. nigridus in the same manner as from
D. i. helukus and is even markedly lighter in color.
From D. i. savannus, D. 7. palustris differs in having no buffy wash
on the belly and in having a small skull, markedly smaller auditory
bullae, shorter rostrum, and shorter nasals.
D. 7%. shawi differs from D. 7%. palustris in darker color, smaller audi-
tory bullae, and longer anterior palatine foramina.
D. 1%. palustris differs from D. orthos in having a longer tail, generally
redder color, and lacking the olivaceous wash on the belly. The skull
has a narrower rostrum, smaller, more elongate, less inflated auditory
bullae, more flaring zygomatic arches, shorter nasals, narrower inter-
orbital region, markedly larger and longer anterior palatine foramina,
and the anterior edge of the zygomatic plate being concave instead of
relatively straight as in orthos.
Remarks: I am inclined to agree with Ellerman that the former
species of Dasymys are in reality only one species with an infinite
amount of variation. This probably includes even orihos, but until
such time as the significance of the straight anterior edge of the
zygomatic plate is understood it is probably better to treat that
species as such. Certainly, in all of the specimens examined from
most of the range of the genus, that peculiarity is outstanding.
From the material available it appears that orthos is not a part of
the fauna of the southern Sudan.
Dasymys incomtus shawi Kershaw
FIGureE 6,a
Dasymys shawi Kershaw, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 13, p. 25, January
1924. (Mount Baginzi, southern Bahr-el-Ghazal, near Congo border, 40
miles south-southeast of Yambio.)
Specimens Examinep: Two, both in BM, from: 40 miles south-
southeast of Yambio, 1; Yambio disiriet, 1.
MEASUREMENTS: The type, an adult male, measures as follows:
Length of head and body 152; length of tail 144; length of hind foot
29; length of ear 19; condyloincisive length of skull 34.2; crown length
of upper toothrow 6.6; length of anterior palatine foramina 7.6; great-
508 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
est width across zygomatic arches 17.4; least interorbital widtb 4.4;
length of nasals 12.3; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen
3.9.
Remarks: This subspecies is a saturate form which differs from
other adjacent named kinds as set forth under the comparisons section
for D. 2. palustris.
Aryicanthis niloticus centralis Dellman
Ficure 6,5
Arvicanthis testicularis centralis Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 8, p.
338, September 1911. (Between Chak Chak and Dem Zubeir, Bahr-el-
Ghazal.)
SpecIMENS EXAMINED: Seventeen, all in BM, from: Between Chak
Chak and Dem Zubeir, 1; Chak Chak, 2; Meridi, 3; Yei, 1; Temburas,
1; Kulme, Wadi Aribo, 2; Kurra, Jebel Marra, 2; Zalingei, 5.
MEASUREMENTS: The type, an adult male, measures as follows:
Length of head and body 145; length of tail 143; length of hind foot
33; length of ear 19; greatest length of skull 37.0; condyloincisive
length 34.2; length of anterior palatine foramina 6.6; crown length of
upper toothrow 6.4; greatest width across zygomatic arches 18.5; least
interorbital width 5.5; length of nasals 13.7; width of rostrum at level
of antorbital foramen 4.5.
Remarks: The specimens from Chak Chak and the type agree in
detail. The color is somewhat darker than in kordofanensis and is
more uniform or continuous, whereas in the latter the dorsal surface
appears somewhat speckled or spotted. The skull in centralis is
larger, the anterior palatine foramina are smaller, the auditory bullae
are smaller, the zygomatic arches are more flaring posteriorly, and
the upper cheekteeth are smaller.
Intergradation in color, size of upper cheekteeth, and the size of
the anterior palatine foramina is found with A. n. jebelae in the animals
from Meridi. They are more referable, though, to centralis.
Arvicanthis niloticus jebelae Heller
FicureE 6,6
Arvicanthis niloticus jebelae Heller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 17, p.
9, February 28, 1911. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave.)
SprecIMENS EXAMINED: Seventy-seven, from: Nimule, 8 (MCZ);
Torit, 29 (6, MCZ); Juba, 1; Obbo, 5; Ikoto, 9; Murukurun, 50 miles
east of Torit, 4 (MCZ); Bor, 2 (BM); Malek, 11 (BM); Mongalla, 4
(BM); Kit River, 3 (BM); Uma River, 1 (BM).
MrasurEMEnNts: Averages and extremes of three adult males and
three adult females from Torit are, respectively, as follows: Length
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 509
of head and body 157 (150-169), 149 (140-156); length of tail 142
(131-152); 118 (112-129); length of hind foot 31 (30-32), 30 (30);
length of ear 17 (14-19), 19 (17-21); greatest length of skull 35.2
(34.2-36.0), 34.0 (32.4-34.8) ; condyloincisive length 33.8 (33.1-34.3),
32.3 (31.1-33.0); length of anterior palatine foramina 7.6 (7.2-7.8),
7.4 (7.1-7.7); crown length of upper toothrow 6.4 (6.3-6.6), 6.5 (6.4—
6.6); greatest width across zygomatic arches 18.8 (18.7-19.0), 17.8
(17.4-18.1) ; least interorbital width 5.0 (4.9-5.3), 5.1 (4.9-5.3) ; length
of nasals 13.1 (12.7-13.6), 12.7 (12.4-13.2); width of rostrum at level
of antorbital foramen 4.3 (4.1-4.5), 4.3 (4.3).
Remarks: All of the above specimens differ from A. n. luctuosus
in generally lighter color, smaller body size, and generally shorter tail.
The skulls differ in being longer and narrower, the auditory bullae
generally smaller, the anterior palatine foramina shorter, the upper
cheekteetb generally smaller, and the rostrum generally heavier in
appearance but not wider in actual measurement.
Arvicanthis niloticus kordofanensis Wettstein
Fiaure 6,6
Arvicanthis testicularis kordofanensis Wettstein, Anz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-
Nat., vol. 53, p. 161, 1916. (Kadugli, southern Kordofan.)
Specimens Examinep: Twenty, all in BM, from: Talodi, 4; Nuba
Mts., 2; Um Dona, 2; El Fasher, 9; Koshek, 1; Lake No, 2.
MEASUREMENTS: The averages and extremes for three adult fe-
males from Talodi are as follows: Length of head and body 149.1
(144-156) ; length of tail 125 (115-130); length of hind foot 30 (30);
length of ear 16.3 (16-17); greatest length of skull 33.9 (33.8-34.0) ;
condyloincisive length 32.7 (32.2-33.2); length of anterior palatine
foramina 7.5 (7.0-8.0); crown length of upper toothrow 6.9 (6.8-7.1);
greatest width across zygomatic arches 16.9 (16.7-17.2); least inter-
orbital width 5.5 (5.4-5.6); length of nasals 12.4 (12.4); width of
rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 4.3 (4.3).
Remarks: The four specimens from Talodi may be assumed to be
virtual topotypes of this subspecies described from Kadugli.
A. n. kordofanensis differs from A. n. testicularis in generally darker
color and in the somewhat darker hands, feet, and tail. The amount
of buffy coloration on the nose and around the eyes is reduced. The
belly color is buffy white with considerable admixture of blackish
hairs. The skull is smaller and more delicate than in testicularis, the
bullae are less inflated, and the anterior palatine foramina are less
flaring.
The two specimens from Lake No do not agree in pelage color with
any of the other specimens referable to kordofanensis. The skulls,
510 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
however, fall within the range of variation as noticed for this sub-
species.
Arvicanthis niloticus luctuosus Doliman
Friaure 6,)
Arvicanthis luctuosus Dollman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 8, p. 339,
September 1911. (Kaka, north of Fashoda.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Six, all in BM, from: 20 miles north of
Fashoda, 1; Kaka, 2; Gerazi, 3.
MEASUREMENTS: Two adult males from Kaka measure, respectively,
as follows: Length of head and body 185, 184; length of tail 143, 141;
length of hind foot 33, 31; length of ear 17, 17; greatest length of skull
35.5, 35.8; condyloincisive length 33.7, 34.5; length of anterior pala-
tine foramina 8.1, 7.5; crown length of upper toothrow 7.0, 6.6;
greatest width across zygomatic arches 17.3, 17.6; least interorbital
width 5.2, 4.9; length of nasals 13.0, 13.4; width of rostrum at level
of antorbital foramen 4.3, 4.3.
Remarks: When specimens of luctuosus are compared to specimens
of A. n. testicularis they are found to be somewhat larger and darker
in color. The skull is longer, narrower, with smaller auditory bullae,
and with somewhat smaller cheekteeth.
Arvicanthis niloticus testicularis (Sundeyall)
Fiaure 6,b
Tsomys testicularis Sundevall, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Stockholm,
p. 221, 1848. (Bahr-el-Abiad.)
Specimens Examinep: Forty-nine, all in BM, from: Sennaar, 2;
Kamisa, Dinder River, 5; Gedaref, 1; El Kowa, 2; Gallabat, 9; Hosh,
Blue Nile, 2; Khartoum, 13; Ed Dueim, 2; Kabushiya, 1; Shereik, 4;
Nuri, Merowe District, 2; Soba, 1; Shendy, 4; Letts Basin, 1.
MeraASUREMENTS: An adult male and an adult female from Kamisa,
Dinder River, respectively measure as follows: Length of head and
body 163, 152; length of tail 143, 146; length of hind foot 31, 31;
length of ear 17, 18; greatest length of skull 38.5, 37.6; condyloincisive
length 35.6, 35.3; length of anterior palatine foramina 7.8, 7.8; crown
length of upper toothrow 6.8, 6.7; greatest width across zygomatic
arches 20.0, 18.2; least interorbital width 6.3, 6.1; length of nasals
15.1, 14.9; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 5.1, 4.9.
Remarks: The two specimens from Sennaar may be accepted as
topotypical. Both specimens are quite faded in color but the skull of
the only adult agrees well with the specimens referred to above.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 511
The color in a recently taken specimen from Kamisa is rather light
above and gradually shading over the sides into the plumbeous based
whitish hairs of the belly. The blackish tips of the hairs is most
intense over the shoulders and diminishes in amount over the rump
and on the upper legs. The nose and a ring around the eye are of pure
color near Cinnamon Buff. The skull, which is of an adult male, is
quite long with heavy supraorbital ridges and heavy zygomata. The
rostrum is short and wide and the teeth are relatively massive. The
auditory bullae are small but well inflated.
The specimens from Khartoum are somewhat paler than the animals
from farther east.
Lemniscomys barbarus zebra (Heuglin)
FIGuRE 6,c
Mus zebra Heuglin, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., Halle, vol. 31, No. 7,
p. 10, 1864. (Djur and Bongo, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.)
SPECIMENS ExamINep: Thirty-four, from: Torit, 17; Ikoto, 1;
Nimule, 2; Malek, 8 (BM); 25 miles east of Lake No, 1 (BM); Bahr-
el-Ghazal, 1 (BM); Badigeru Swamp, 20 miles east of Mongalla, 1
(BM); Fashoda, 1 (BM); Dud Majok, 1 (BM); Wau, 1 (BM).
MeraASUREMENTS: Averages and extremes of three adult males and
three adult females from Torit are, respectively, as follows: Length of
head and body 102 (94-110), 101 (98-104) ; length of tail 112 (104-120),
110 (107-116); length of hind foot 24.5 (24-25), 25 (25); length of ear
14 (14), 15 (14.5-15.5); greatest length of skull 28.0 (27.1—28.5),
27.7 (27.0-28.3); condyloincisive length 24.9 (23.9-25.6), 24.6 (24.0—
25.4); length of auditory bullae 5.4 (5.0-5.6), 5.4 (5.2-5.6); crown
length of upper toothrow 4.9 (4.9-5.0), 4.8 (4.8-4.9); least inter-
orbital width 4.5 (4.5), 4.5 (4.4-4.6); width of rostrum at level of
antorbital foramen 3.6 (3.5-3.8), 3.5 (3.4-3.7); length of nasals 10.2
(9.8-10.6), 10.2 (9.8-10.5); greatest width across zygomatic arches
12.9 (12.6-13.2), 13.1 (12.5-13.5).
Remarks: There is an apparent sexual difference in size of body,
length of tail, length of hind foot, and some cranial characters in which
the females generally average slightly larger than the males. In gen-
eral, the color is quite uniform. Three of the specimens from Torit
are only slightly paler than is the rest of the series, and the single
specimen from Wau is of the same color as the majority of the speci-
mens from Torit.
This subspecies of striped mouse seems to have the largest geographic
range of any of the rodents found in the Sudan. The explanation for
386559—56——_5
512 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
this apparent lack of differentiation must await further specimens
from intermediate localities or until a revision is done on the genus
as a whole.
-Lemniscomys dunni dunni (Thomas)
FIGuRE 6,c
Arvicanthis dunni Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 297, Aug. 6, 1903. (Kaga
Hills, western Kordofan.)
SprecIMENS Examinep: Eleven, all in BM, from: Umm Keddada, 3;
E] Fasher, 2; Juga Juga, 15 miles east-northeast of El Fasher, 1;76 miles
east of El Fasher, 1; 110 miles east of El Fasher, 1; Kurra, Jebel
Marra, 3.
MeasurEMENts: An adult female from Juga Juga and an adult
male from 76 miles east of E] Fasher measure, respectively, as follows:
Length of head and body 116, 108; length of tail 142, 130; length of
hind foot 27, 25; length of ear 15, 16; greatest length of skull 30.1,
30.1; condyloincisive length 26.9, 26.7; length of auditory bullae 5.7,
6.2; crown length of upper toothrow 5.0, 5.3; least interorbital width
4.5, 4.8; breadth of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 3.7, 3.4;
length of nasals 11.7, 11.8.
Remarks: The species dunni differs from ZL. barbarus in markedly
lighter color, shorter anterior palatine foramina, markedly different
shape of the posterior choanae, and the general structure of the ptery-
goid region. The auditory bullae are smaller, the toothrow somewhat
longer, anterior parts of the zygomatic arches tapering into skull
instead of flaring outward, and the braincase is more extended posterior
to the posterior root of the zygoma.
There are three specimens in the British Museum without skulls
from Kurra, Jebel Marra, that either represent a new species or are
hybrids between L. dunni and L. lynesi. From the appearance of the
skins they are intermediate in all details. I feel it best to record these
specimens and only refer them to LZ. dunni provisionally.
Lemniscomys dunni nubalis Thomas and Hinton
FIGuRE 6,c
Lemniscomys dunni nubalis Thomas and Hinton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 263,
July 6, 1923. (Talodi, Nuba Country, southern Kordofan.)
Specimens EXAMINED: Six, all in BM, from: Talodi, 2; Nuba
Mountains, 1; Delami, 1; Agur, 2.
MerASUREMENTs: An adult male from the Nuba Mountains and an
adult female from Talodi measure, respectively, as follows: Length of
head and body 95, 90; length of tail 115, 112; length of hind foot 23,
22; length of ear 13, 13; greatest length of skull 28.4, ?; condyloincisive
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 513
length 25.5, ?; length of upper toothrow 4.9, 4.9; least interorbital
width 4.3, 4.3; breadth of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 3.3,
3.3; length of nasals 10.4, 9.1.
Remarks: L. d. nubalis is somewhat smaller than the nominate race
and is pronouncedly brighter in color. The color of dunni is a pale buff
while nubalis is a bright golden color. The sides and flanks, instead of
being white as in dunnt, are washed with the golden ochraceous color
of the dorsum.
Lemniscomys lynesi Thomas and Hinton
Lemniscomys lynest Thomas and Hinton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 267, July 6,
1923. (Central Jebel Marra, Darfur.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Ten, all in BM, from: Jebel Marra, 3; Cen-
tral Jebel Marra, 6; South Downs, Jebel Marra, 1.
MEAsuREMENTs: An adult female from South Downs, Jebel Marra,
measures as follows: Length of head and body 101; length of tail 104;
length of hind foot 23; length of ear 14; condyloincisive length of skull
23.9; crown length of upper toothrow 5.1; least interorbital width 4.5;
breadth of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 3.6.
Remarks: In the original description of this species, Thomas and
Hinton suggested that it was more nearly related to ZL. zebra (=L.
barbarus zebra) than to any other group in the genus. In all cranial
details, and, most strikingly, in the distribution of the dorsal lines and
spots and in degree of spininess, Z. /ynesi is most closely allied to ZL.
striatus. From all! characters stuaied it appears as though this is not
a valid species but merely a subspecies of striatus. I feel certain that
intergradation could be demonstrated if specimens were obtained from
intermediate localities. However, until such time as specimens show-
ing intergradation are obtained I prefer to let the name stand as a full
species.
The skull, as well as the skin, is markedly different from dunn.
The color is the darkest of any of the kinds in the Sudan. The skull
differs from that of dunni in the markedly different shape of the bullae,
in the length of the anterior palatine foramina, and in the very different
structure of the pterygoid region.
Lemniscomys macculus mecculus (Thomas and Wroughton)
Arvicanthis macculus Thomas and Wroughton, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 19°
p. 515, March 1910. (Mokia, southeastern Ruwenzori, Uganda.)
SPECIMENS ExaMineED: Three, from: Torit, 1; Nimule, 2.
MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of an adult male from Nimule,
are as follows: Length of head and body 96; length of tail 121; length
of hind foot 25; length of car 16; greatest length of skull 26.2; condy-
514 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
loincisive length 24.2; length of auditory bullae 5.2; crown length of
upper toothrow 4.8; least interorbital width 4.5; breadth of rostrum
at level of antorbital foramen 3.3; length of nasals 10.2.
Remarks: In LZ. macculus the proportion of the least interorbital
width to the width of the rostrum ranges from 71.2 to 73.3 percent
(79.7 to 81.6 percent in striatus) and the proportion of the length of
the nasals to the total length of the skull ranges from 37.8 to 38.9
percent (36.0 to 36.7 percent in striatus). It may be noted that in the
first proportion the size difference between L. macculus and L. striatus
is apparent, but in the second proportion, that of nasals to total length
of skull, the ratio is reversed, which shows that the nasals, even though
measuring shorter in macculus, occupy more of the total length of the
skull than in striatus.
These two proportions appear to hold good on other specimens of
these two species in both the U. S. National Museum and the British
Museum collections so that they perhaps will be valid for critically
distinguishing the two species where they occur together.
In general, macculus is a smaller animal than is striatus. In the
former the hind foot usually measures less than 26 mm., while in the
latter the hind foot is usually larger.
Lemniscomys striatus massaicus (Pagenstecher)
Mus (Lemniscomys) barbarus L. var. Massaicus Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamburg-
ischen Wiss. Anst., vol. 2, p. 45, 1885. (Lake Naivasha.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Thirty, from: Gilo, Imatong Mountains,
11 (4, MCZ); Torit, 2: Nimule, 5 (3, MCZ); Katire, 9 (MCZ); Magwe,
2 (MCZ); Talanga Forest, Imatong Mountains, 1 (MCZ).
MEASUREMENTS: An adult male and an adult female from Gilo,
Imatong Mountains, respectively measure as follows: Length of head
and body 123, 107; length of tail 130, 130; length of hind foot 28, ?;
length of ear 11, 12; greatest length of skull 29.4, 29.0; condyloincisive
length 26.5, 26.2; length of auditory bullae 5.9, 5.0; crown length of
upper toothrow 4.9, 5.1; least interorbital breadth, 4.8, 5.0; breadth of
rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 3.5, 3.8: length of nasals 10.6,
10.8.
Remarks: This species can easily be confused with L. macculus.
There are, however, several pronounced cranial differences between
the two species. In the present series, the proportion of the least
interorbital width to the width of the rostrum is greater; and the
proportion of the length of the nasals to the total length of the skull
is Jess in the larger species striatus.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 51
Cr
In striatus, the anterior palatine foramina are nearly parallel-sided
as opposed to constricted anteriorly in macculus. The upper tooth-
row, the least interorbital breadth, the breadth of the rostrum, and
the condyloincisive length are all noticeably larger in striatus than
in macculus.
Remarks on Rattus-like genera
In attempting to identify the various species of rattoid animals
found in the Sudan, extreme confusion was apparent. Without a
complete revision of the “genera” entailed in this group, the follow-
ing remarks are of necessity limited in their application. It is ap-
parent, however, that so far as the kinds found in the Sudan are con-
cerned these differences and similarities do apply.
It is apparent to me that Ellerman and his co-authors have gone
to an extreme in what they classify under the genus Rattus. Cer-
tainly there appears to be a superfluity of generic names applied to
the Rattus-like rats in central Africa. Among these I am primarily
concerned with Aethomys, Mastomys, Praomys, Hylomyscus, and
Myomys. Ellerman, Morrison-Scott, and Hayman (1953) consider
these genera to be, at best, subgenera of the genus Rattus, and they
consider the name Myomys to have no status since the type species
is not certainly identifiable. For the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Aeth-
omys, Mastomys, and Praomys are distinguishable from typical Ratius
rattus at both the generic and specific levels. The genus Praomys as
here understood contains the names previously referred to Myomys
and Hylomyscus. I can find no means by which either of the above
genera can be distinguished from Praomys even at the subgeneric
level, but the species can be distinguished without question. It is
true that this particular complex is in dire need of a revision which
is not based on a single character only.
The significance of the mammary formula is at the present of no
importance in determining generic rank among these animals since
males, and females taken other than in the breeding season, do not
show the mammae at all. Table 1 is based on cranial characters that
are consistent in the specimens and species examined from the Sudan
and which I feel are of sufficient importance to warrant retaining these
names as full genera. This has been an extremely difficult assemblage
to classify, but the characters of the table do separate the genera oc-
curring together. It is apparent that Ellerman and his co-authors,
in lumping so many genera and species, are either unaware of or have
ignored the matter of convergence in these particular animals.
516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
TABLE 1.—Consistent cranial characters in specimens and species examined from
the Sudan
Character Rattus Mastomys | Aethomys Praomys
*T1 of M2______--| Large and not in Large and more or less in line with see- | Smal] but pro-
line with second ond Jamina. nounced and
lamina. markedly ante-
rior to second
lamina,as in
Rattus.
TS of M3) Absent. Present but reduced and more or Jessin | Present, peg-like
line with Tl and T5. and in Jine
with T1,
Anterior palatine | Extend posterior | Extend tomiddle| Extend to base of Mi! and never be-
foramina. to anterior root of M!, yond one-third of the length of the
of M1, tooth.
Lateral margins | Concave. Straight. | Convex.
of wings of
pterygoid.
Anterior margin | Straight, vertical, | Straight, not ver- | Concave, not ver- | Straight, vertical
of zygomatic slightly tical, and strongly tical, and not and not
plate. rounded on rounded on strongly strongly
dorsal edge. dorsal edge. rounded. rounded.
Antorbital fora- Large and tri- Large and rounded. Small and tri-
mina. angular. angular.
ey er nology. of the molars is basec on Miller, Catalogue of the Mammals of Western Europe,
p. 801, 1912.
Aethomys kaiseri alghazal (Wroughton)
Ficure 6,d
Mus alghazal Wroughton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 20, p. 501, December
1907. (Chak Chak, Bahr-el-Ghazel.)
SPECIMENS ExamiINeD: Five, all in BM, from: Tembura, 1; Deim
Zubeir, 1; Wau, 1; Khor, half-way between Chak Chak and Deim
Zubeir, 1; Chak Chak, 1.
MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of an adult male from Chak
Chak are as follows: Length of head and body 194; length of tail 195;
length of ear 16; greatest length of skull 35.7; condyloincisive length
32.9; least interorbital width 5.6; length of nasals 13.6; width of
rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 4.6; greatest width across
zygomatic arches 17.0; crown length of upper toothrow 6.3; length of
anterior palatine foramina 8.0.
Remarks: This subspecies is decidedly paler in color than are
specimens of A. k. helleri from Rhino Camp or from the eastern part
of Equatoria Province. This paler color is caused by less gray (or
black-tipped hairs) and more light brown being visible in the pelage.
The underparts are strongly washed with buffy. In all specimens the
feet are white above. The tails are nearly naked and average about
10 scale rows per centimeter.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 517
Aethomys kaiseri helleri (Hollister)
Fiacure 6,d
Epimys kaiseri centralis Hollister, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 63, No: 75-p.-10;
June 1914. (Rhino Camp.)
Rattus helleri Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 31, p. 97, June 29, 1918.
(New name to replace EH. k. centralis, preoccupied by Mus auricomis centralis
Schwann, 1906.)
Specimens ExamInep: Twenty, from: Moli, 35 miles north of
Nimule, 3 (MCZ); Nimule, 5 (4, MCZ); Magwe, 36 miles southwest of
Torit, 2 (MCZ); Katire, 1 (MCZ); Torit, 5 (1, MCZ); Juba, 1;
Nadiopgi, 2; Lokwi, 25 miles south of Torit, 1.
Measurements: An adult male and an adult female from Torit
measure, respectively, as follows: Length of head and body 163, 165;
length of tail 135, 150; length of hind foot 30, 32; length of ear 14,
18; greatest length of skull 39.7, 40.3; condyloincisive length 36.8,
36.7; length of nasals 16.2, 17.2; least interorbital width 5.9, 5.8;
width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 5.2, 5.1; greatest width
across zygomatic arches 19.4, 18.8; crown length of upper toothrow
5.9, 6.1; length of anterior palatine foramina 8.8, 9.3.
Remarks: In general these animals are quite variable in any one
given character. This is especially so in the size of the upper molars,
but even in this character these specimens are consistently larger
than in the type of A. k. helleri. There are, however, some specimens
in the type series of hellert that have the molars as large as and even
somewhat larger than any in the present material.
There are other characters of the pelage color and cranium that
are divergent from the type and type series of helleri. These diver-
gences, though, are of such minute amount that it is not deemed ad-
visable to erect a separate name for this population. It seems as
though here is an example where subspeciation is occurring but that
the characters have not become stable enough to warrant complete
recognition.
Mastomys kulmei, new species
Ficure 6,d
Typr: BM No. 23.1.1.403, adult male, skin and skull, from Kulme,
Wadi Aribo, 3,300 feet, Darfur Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
Obtained September 15, 1921, by Lynes and Lowe, original No. 912.
Specimens Examinep: Eighty-two, all in BM, from: Kulme, Wadi
Aribo, 28; Niurmya, 5; 6 miles west of El] Fasher, 1; 52 miles west-
southwest of El Fasher, 2; 35 miles west-southwest of El Fasher, 2;
518 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Kurra, Jebel Marra, 10; Jebel Marra, 7; Zalingei, 8; southern foothills,
Jebel Marra, 19.
Nf
.
Dasymys incomtus
I.polustris”
ih
2.showi
al
)
? CB.
ce C
Hh
Ficure 6.—Distribution of Dasymys, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Aethomys, and Mastomys
(in part) in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. (Scale: 1 inch=400 miles.)
I
NU
Draenosis: Upperparts Tawny-Olive, color purest on cheeks,
shoulders, and top of head. All hairs plumbeous at base, the pig-
mented portion only 1 to 2 mm. in length and then finely tipped with
black; hands, feet, and entire underparts white. The underparts but
lightly washed with buff. Tail light colored and of the’same color
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 519
density top and bottom. Upperparts not delineated from white of
belly by a line of pure color. Skull relatively small, anterior palatine
foramina short, upper molars small, pterygoid region nearly triangular
in form, zygomatic arches bowed downwards but not laterally,
auditory bullae relatively small, rostrum relatively long and narrow,
and supraorbital bead moderately developed and passing caudad into
lateral ridges on skull.
M&rASUREMENTS OF THE TyPE Specimen: Length of head and body
120; length of tail 124; length of hind foot (s. u.) 22, dry ec. u. 24;
length of ear 20; greatest length of skull 31.2; condyloincisive length
29.2; length of anterior palatine foramina 6.8; crown length of upper
toothrow 4.3; least interorbital width 4.4; width of rostrum at level of
antorbital foramen 3.9; length of nasals 12.2; greatest width across
zygomatic arches 15.1.
Comparisons: From the type of Mastomys coucha (=natalensis),
M. kulmei differs in lighter, brighter color, somewhat longer hind feet,
longer tail, and longer ears. The skull differs in that the anterior
palatine foramina are shorter, the molars smaller, the pterygoid
region not flaring laterally but the pterygoid wings being carried
nearly straight back and the fossae being shallow instead of deeply
excavated, and rostrum longer and slenderer.
From the type of MZ. n. ugandae, which is an immature male, M.
kulmez differs in smaller size, lighter and brighter color, and, in animals
of comparable age, a markedly smaller skull in all respects. The
teeth are smaller and the pterygoid region differs as described for M.
coucha.
From the type of M. n. blainei, M. kulmei differs in lighter, brighter
color and longer tail. The skull differs in generally smaller size,
shorter anterior palatine foramina, pterygoid region as described for
M. coucha, and a longer, narrower rostrum.
From M. n. macrolepis, as known from El Kowa, M. kulmei
differs in smaller size and lighter, brighter color. The skull is in all
respects smaller and far more delicate, with relatively as well as
actually larger auditory bullae.
Remarks: Mastomys kulmei occurs with another member of the
genus in most of its range. They may be distinguished from one
another by the generally darker color of the coucha kinds and by
the skulls, which may be separated by the characters as set forth under
comparisons.
Thomas and Hinton (1923, p. 266) remarked that there appeared to
be two kinds of Mastomys in the Lynes-Lowe collection but post-
poned any naming of these kinds, merely referring them to the earlier
known M. macrolepis and M. ugandae group.
520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
Mastomys natalensis agurensis, new subspecies
FIcureE 7,a
Tyre: BM No. 28.3.11.54, adult male, skin and skull, from Agur,
Nuba Mountain Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Obtained March
8, 1927, by W. Rutledge.
SpecIMENS ExaAmINep: Twelve, all in BM, from: Agur, 2; Jebel Um
Dona, 1; Delami, 1; Talodi, 2; Abu Heraz, 1; Nahud, 1; Duling, 2;
Nuba Mountains, 2.
Diacnosis: Upperparts near Buckthorn Brown but slightly inter-
mixed with black. Color purest on upper arms, shoulders, and cheeks.
Underparts, thighs on inner surfaces, forearm on inner surface, hands,
and feet white. Skull relatively large, auditory bullae relatively
small, zygomatic arches not widely flaring, dorsal surface rather
strongly arched.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE TYPE SpEcIMEN: Length of head and body
114; length of tail 126; length of hind foot 23; length of ear 18; greatest
length of skull 31.8; condyloincisive length 29.9; length of anterior
palatine foramina 7.5; crown length of upper toothrow 4.6; least
interorbital width 4.4; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen
4.1; length of nasals 12.6; greatest width across zygomatic arches 15.0.
Comparisons: From M. n. blainei, M. n. agurensis differs in marked-
ly lighter color, longer tail, and shorter hind foot. The skulls differ in
that the zygomata are narrower, auditory bullae smaller, dorsum of
skull decidedly more arched, rostrum heavier, and braincase smaller.
From M. n. macrolepis, M. n. agurensis differs in being smaller and
lighter in color. The skull is smaller and of less robust build.
Compared with M. n. ismailiae, M. n. agurensis is lighter in color and
smaller in all external measurements. The skull is smaller in all
measurements.
From M. n. marrensis, M. n. agurensis differs in markedly lighter
color and somewhat smaller size. The skull is smaller, the auditory
bullae are smaller, and the dorsal surface is somewhat more arched.
Remarks: The specimen from Abu Heraz is somewhat darker in
color than typical agurensis and may represent an intergrade with
blainei, but since the specimen is so immature it is not possible to be
positive.
The mammals available from the Nuba Mountain region all present
minor differences from surrounding named kinds. It is very possible
that, if additional collecting were to be done in this area, an area of
endemism would be found similar to that of the Jebel Marra.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 521
Mastomys natalensis blainei (Wroughton)
FIGURE 7,a
Mus blainet Wroughton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 20, p. 502, December
1907. (Chak Chak, Bahr-el-Ghazal.)
SpEcIMENS Examrinep: Twenty-three, all in BM, from: Moyen, 1;
Wau, 8; Tembura, 5; Katta, 1; Chak Chak, 8.
MrAsuREMENTS: An adult male from Chak Chak measures as fol-
lows: Length of head and body 125; length of tail 115; length of hind
foot 25; length of ear 17; length of anterior palatine foramina 7.5;
crown length of upper toothrow 4.6; least interorbital width 4.5; width
of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 3.8; length of nasals 12.1;
greatest width across zygomatic arches 15.3.
Remarks: M. n. blainez is generally darker in color than any of the
surrounding kinds with the exception of MZ. n. macrolepis. It may be
distinguished from the latter by its much narrower zygomatic arches
and narrower rostrum. From the other subspecies adjacent to blainei
it may be distinguished cranially by its narrower rostrum and generally
wider zygomatic arches.
Mastomys natalensis ismailiae (Heller)
Figure 7,a
Epimys concha (sic) ismailiae Heller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 63, No. 7, p. 9,
June 24, 1914. (Gondokoro.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: One hundred and thirteen, from: Obbo, 23;
Torit, 27 (4, MCZ); Juba, 6 (2, BM); Nimule, 10 (1, MCZ); Lotti
Forest, 1; Magwe, 36 miles southwest of Torit, 2 (MCZ); Mongalla,
10 (BM); Malek, 7 (BM); Bor, 5 (BM); Duk, 2 (BM); Evos, Didinga
Mountains, 1 (BM); Towat Boma, 2 (BM); Kagula, 6 (BM); Lake
No, 2 (BM); Gondokoro, 1 (BM); no locality, 1; Kaka, 3 (BM);
Fashoda, 4 (BM).
MeASsuREMENTS: An adult male and an adult female from Juba
measure, respectively, as follows: Length of head and body 143, 143;
length of tail 127, 128; length of hind foot 28, 27; length of ear 16, 16;
greatest length of skull 32.9, ?; condyloincisive length 31.1, 31.5;
greatest width across zygomatic arches 15.7, 16.2; least interorbital
width 5.0, 4.6; length of nasals 13.8, 13.2; crown length of upper tooth-
row 4.9, 5.2; length of anterior palatine foramina 8.1, 7.8.
Remarks: In spite of the large number of specimens of this sub-
species available for study, only a few were fully adult. Of those that
were adult, few had complete crania which could be measured.
522 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
The specimens from Juba are near topotypes of zsmazliae and are
fully adult, showing considerable wear on the molars. None of the
specimens in the type series of ismailiae are fully adult, yet the reddish
coloration as given by Heller as characteristic appears to be the only
feature distinguishing this race from ugandae as known by specimens
from Kampala, Uganda. Color, however, appears to be extremely
variable since the adult specimens from Torit range from bright
reddish to brownish. The skulls, though, show no marked variation
in configuration or measurements from the type of zsmailiae. Two
specimens from Obbo approach ugandae in the saturate coloration
which appears to be typical of that race. It is apparent that in this
group of specimens the only ones which are truly typical of ismazliae
are the ones from Juba. The others, at least so far as color is con-
cerned, are apparently intergrades with ugandae but more referable
in cranial characters to ismailiae.
At best, the material available can be distinguished only when
adults are compared. Immatures from Nimule and Obbo show the
intense reddish coloration typical of the type of ismailiae and have a
white belly. In ugandae, the coloration of the belly is a strong suffu-
sion of buff which is shown in a few specimens from Obbo.
Mastomys natalensis macrolepis (Sundevall)
FicureE 7,a
Mus macrolepis Sundevall, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Stockholm (1842),
p. 218, 1848. (Sennaar.)
SpecIMENS ExamineD: All in BM, from: Dueim, 1; Kamisa,
Dinder River, 1; Roseires, 1; El Kowa, 1; Gedaref, 1.
MerasurREMENTs: An adult female from El Kowa measures as fol-
lows: Length of head and body 142; length of tail 151; length of hind
foot 24; length of ear 20; total length of skull 34.3; condyloincisive
length 32.3; length of anterior palatine foramina 7.9; crown length of
upper toothrow 4.9; least interorbital width 4.6; width of rostrum at
level of antorbital foramen 4.3; length of nasals 14.2; greatest width
across zygomatic arches 17.3.
Remarks: M. n. macrolepis may be distinguished from surrounding
races of M. natalensis by its generally darker color and somewhat
larger size. It is noticeably different cranially in that the auditory
bullae are markedly smaller and less inflated.
Mastomys natalensis marrensis, new subspecies
FIGURE 7,a
Tyre: BM No. 23.1.1.425, adult female, skin and skull, from
Kulme, Wadi Aribo, Darfur Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Ob-
tained August 28, 1921, by Lynes and Lowe, original No. 897.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 523
SPECIMENS Examrnep: Nineteen, all in BM, from: Kulme, Wadi
Aribo, 14; Niurmya, 1; Kurra, Jebel Marra, 3; Jebel Marra, 1.
Draanosis: Upperparts, in general tone, near Saccardo’s Umber.
The pure color band of the hairs are near Sayal Brown but because of
the intense admixture of black the darker color is apparent. Under-
parts plumbeous, but lightly tipped with buffy white. Hands and
feet white, tail dark, nearly naked, and of uniform color above and
below. Skull relatively large and robust; anterior palatine foramina
long; upper toothrow relatively heavy; auditory bullae moderately
well developed; rostrum, in general, heavy; zygomatic arches nearly
parallel-sided, not tending to bow laterad excessively.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE Type Specimen: Length of head and
body 145; length of tail 127; length of hind foot 28; length of ear 18;
greatest length of skull 32.7; condyloincisive length 30.9; length of
anterior palatine foramina 7.6; crown length of upper toothrow 4.8;
least interorbital width 4.2; width of rostrum 4.1; length of nasals
14.1; greatest width across zygomatic arches 16.0.
Comparisons: M. n. marrensis differs from M. n. ugandae in
slightly paler color both above and below, the buffy wash of the belly
being somewhat more pronounced. The skull is somewhat longer
and more slender; the zygomata not flaring so much; auditory bullae
smaller; rostrum longer and narrower; pterygoid region shorter
anteroposteriorly.
From M. n. blainei, M. n. marrensis differs in darker color, longer
hind foot, and longer tail. The skull is larger in all respects, with the
exception that the zygomatic arches are narrower.
From M. n. macrolepis, M. n. marrensis is of about the same color
but somewhat lighter and smaller in size. The skull is smaller in all
respects. The bullae are relatively as well as actually more inflated,
the rostrum is narrower, the pterygoid region is shorter, and the
zygomata are less flaring.
From M. kulmei, M. n. marrensis is darker, larger in all respects, and
shows the same variation in cranial characters as do the other
members of the species natalensis.
Remarks: Two species of Mastomys occur together at Kulme, Wadi
Aribo. One, M. n. marrensis is dark and large and is decidedly of the
natalensis group, the other, M. kulmei, is relatively small and in no
way resembles any member of the natalensis complex.
Thomas and Hinton (1923, p. 266) referred kulmei to the ‘wild
living” kind macrolepis, and marrensis to the “house living’ kind
ugandae. It has since been shown that commensalism does not seem
to affect the color of these animals and that animals of the same color
524. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
are taken both commensally and ferally. It may be that there is a
habitat difference for these two kinds of Mastomys at Kulme, but if so
the collectors failed to note it.
Mastomys natalensis ugandae (De Winton)
FIGURE 7,a
Mus ugandae De Winton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 20, p. 317, September
1897. (Entebbe, Uganda.)
SprcIMENS ExaMINED: Five, all in BM, from: Ukanda, Bahr-el-
Ghazal, 1; Meridi, 2; Yei, 2.
MeasuREMENTS: An adult, unsexed, from Yei has no external
measurements, but the skull measures as follows: Greatest length 33.0;
condyloincisive length 31.0; length of anterior palatine foramina 8.2;
crown length of upper toothrow 5.0; least interorbital width 4.7;
width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 4.1; length of nasals
13.9; greatest width across zygomatic arches 15.8.
ReMARKS: Since the type specimen of ugandae is an immature male
it is unsuitable for comparison with other types in the species.
Topotypes of ugandae which have been available are adult and are
generally darker in color than any of the adjacent kinds except
macrolepis.
It is interesting that this subspecies appears to enter the Sudan only
where the Ubangi-Uelle Savanna District of the Guinean Savanna
Province extends into the Yambio District.
The skulls of ugandae may be distinguished from those of macrolepis
by their smaller size and somewhat larger auditory bullae.
Praomys albipes fuscirostris (Wagner)
Figure 7,b
Mus fuscirostris Wagner, Arch. Naturg., vol. 11, sec. 1, p. 149, 1845. (Sennaar,
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.)
SPECIMENS ExaminEeD: Two, both in BM, from: El Obeid, 1;
Kordofan, 1.
MeasureMENts: The external measurements of an adult male from
Kordofan are as follows: Length of head and body 120; length of tail
95; length of hind foot 37; length of ear 15. The cranial measurements
of an adult female from El Obeid are as follows: Greatest length of
skull 31.5; condyloincisive length 29.8; length of anterior palatine
foramina 7.7; crown length of upper toothrow 4.7; least interorbital
width 4.0; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 3.9; length
of nasals 12.6; greatest width across zygomatic arches 14.9.
Remarks: These specimens are lighter in dorsal coloration than are
specimens of the nominate race from Abyssinia. It seems odd that
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 525
there should be such a hiatus in distribution for this species and it
may well be that the specific determination is erroneous. As pointed
out elsewhere, these nomenclatorial problems can be resolved only by
a competent revision.
Praomys butleri (Wroughton)
FIGURE 7,b
Mus butleri Wroughton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 20, p. 503, December
1907. (Between Chak Chak and Dem Zubeir, Bahr-el-Ghazal.)
SPECIMEN EXAMINED: The type.
MerasurEMENtsS: The type, an adult female, has the following
measurements: Length of head of body 90; length of tail 118; length of
hind foot 20; length of ear 16; greatest length of skull 26.4; condy-
loincisive length 24.5; length of anterior palatine foramina 6.1; crown
length of upper toothrow 4.4; least interorbital width 4.1; width of
rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 3.4; length of nasals 9.3.
Remarks: The type and only known specimen is reddish brown with
white underparts and white hands and feet. The hairs of the belly are
white to the base. There is a faint suggestion of a dorsal area darker
than the color of the sides, thus giving the animal the appearance of
having a stripe down the back.
Hillerman (1941, p. 209) placed bwéleri as a full species under the
subgenus Praomys in the genus Rattus. Until further information is
available I feel it is best to regard this specimen as a valid species of
the genus Praomys. Therefore, I do not follow Allen in allocating it to
subspecific status under the species denniae, which is also referred to
the genus Praomys.
Praomys fumatus oweni, new subspecies
FicureE 7,6
Type: MCZ No. 45883, adult male, skin and skull, from Muru-
kurun, 50 miles east of Torit, Torit District, Equatoria Province,
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Obtained May 9, 1950, by John S. Owen,
original No. 1030.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Highteen, all in MCZ, from: Lafon, 4;
Murukurun, 1; Lalanga, eastern Lofit Hills, 1; Gilo, Imatong Moun-
tains, 1; Ikoto, 2; Labalwa, 4; Loa, 1; Okaru, 3; Opari, 1.
Diaenosis: General over-all dorsal color near Snuff Brown; pure
color on shoulders near Cinnamon-Buff; dorsal color ending abruptly
on sides, cheeks, upper arm, and leg in the pure white of the belly,
throat, chin, and under sides of the forelimbs and hindlimbs; all hairs
of underparts white to base; dorsal surfaces of hands and feet white.
Skull relatively long and narrow; anterior palatine foramina long;
526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
upper cheekteeth relatively smail; auditory bullae relatively large;
wings of pterygoid not markedly flaring laterally; rostrum relatively
long but broad.
M®&ASUREMENTS OF THE TyPE SpEcIMEN: Length of head and body
119; length of tail 126; length of hind foot 20; length of ear from
notch 17; condyloincisive length of skull 26.1; greatest width across
zygomatic arches 13.7; least interorbital width 4.1; length of nasals
10.6; crown length of upper toothrow 4.5; length of anterior palatine
foramina 6.4; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 3.7.
Comparisons: Praomys fumatus oweni differs from P. f. subfuscus
as known by specimens from Sotik, British East Africa, as follows:
Color generally darker on dorsal areas; belly with hairs pure white to
base instead of plumbeous at base and belly hairs lacking the buffy
wash of subfuscus. Skull is somewhat smaller in total length; nasals
shorter; interorbital width less; rostrum shorter and narrower; and
the wings of the pterygoid somewhat less flaring.
From Praomys fumatus fumatus, P. f. owenr differs as follows:
Dorsal coloration generally lighter and without prominent chestnut
color over nape and shoulders; underparts in both clear white; tail
generally more finely annulated. Skull generally larger; anterior
palatine foramina longer and narrower; wings of pterygoid not so
widely flaring; rostrum somewhat longer and wider; auditory bullae
slightly larger; width across zygomatic arches greater.
Remarks: Specimens of this subspecies may be distinguished from
Praomys tullbergi by their generally smaller size; finer annulations of
the tail; and the clear white instead of slaty grey belly.
Most of the specimens listed above were taken in a rocky habitat
while the others came from cultivated areas.
Praomys stella kaimosae (Heller)
Epimys alleni kaimosae Heller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 59, No. 16, p. 7, July
5, 1912. (Kaimosi, Kakumega Forest, British East Africa.)
SPECIMEN ExAmINep: One from Obbo.
MerasurEMENts: A subadult male from Obbo bas the following
measurements: Length of head and body 148; length of tail 136;
length of hind foot 29. No cranial measurements are available.
Remarks: The only specimen available of this small mouse is a
subadult which has not yet molted into the complete adult pelage.
In addition the skull is badly broken but from the characters remain-
ing the specimen belongs to the species P. stella. There are some
differences in color and size of bullae, but until more specimens are
available from this area I feel it best to refer its subspecific status to
kaimosae.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 527
Praomys tullbergi sudanensis, new subspecies
Typr: CNHM No. 67268, adult male, skin and skull, from Lotti
Forest, Torit District, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Obtained April 7,
1950, by Harry Hoogstraal, original No. 5438.
SpecIMENS ExamINnepD: Twenty-one, from: Gilo, Imatong Moun-
tains, 16 (12, MCZ); Opari, 30 miles north-northeast of Nimule, 1
(MCZ) ; Lotit Forest, 2; Imowa, Didinga Mountains, 1 (BM); Talanga
Forest, 1 (BM).
Diacnosis: Upperparts near Antique Brown which terminates
abruptly on the sides, flanks, and shoulders in the plumbeous-based,
white-tipped hairs of the entire underparts, including the chin, throat,
and undersides of forelimbs and hindlimbs. Tail longer than head
and body and the hands and feet white with traces of the dorsal color
extending on the proximal portions of the first metatarsals and meta-
carpals. Entire underparts with hairs white-tipped but plumbeous
at base. Skull with but slightly developed supraorbital ridges;
zygomatic arches relatively heavy; nasals short; anterior palatine
foramina relatively short; braincase relatively flat; auditory bullae
relatively large.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE TyPE SPECIMEN: Length of head and body
121; length of tail 149; length of hind foot 25; length of ear 21; con-
dyloincisive length of skull 29.2; greatest width across zygomatic
arches 15.6; least interorbital width 5.0; length of nasals 11.5; crown
length of upper toothrow 4.7; length of anterior palatine foramina
7.0; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 3.7.
Comparisons: From the type and type series of Praomys tullbergi
peromyscus, P. t. sudanensis differs in lighter color throughout, belly
hairs witbout buffy wash, tail more finely annulated, anterior palatine
foramina shorter, auditory bullae larger, pterygoid wings more flared
laterally, nasals shorter, least interorbital width greater, and brain-
case flatter.
Praomys tullbergi sudanensis differs from P. t. gacksoni as known
from specimens from Kaimosi, British East Africa, in generally
brighter color dorsally. The skull differs in that the upper cheekteeth
are smaller, auditory bullae larger, width across zygomatic arches
greater, rostrum wider and shorter, anterior palatine foramina shorter,
nasals shorter, and the braincase is flatter.
Remarks: The type specimen of P. ¢. jacksoni from Entebbe,
Uganda, is so young that it is worthless for comparative purposes.
Therefore, the specimens referred to jacksoni from Kaimosi have been
used instead.
386559—_56——6
528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
The reddish brown color of these animals is characteristic of the
fully adult pelage. The juveniles and subadults are a much darker
plumbeous color with some admixture of brownish hairs. The change
from subadult to adult pelage apparently commences on the sides and
works dorsally to meet in the middorsal line. Several specimens in
the above series show this transitional pelage.
Mus bellus aequatorius Setzer
Fiaure 7,c
Mus bellus aequatorius Setzer, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 48, No. 10,
p. 335, October 22, 1953. (Torit.)
SprecimMeNS Examinep: Forty-eight, from: Torit, 43 (14, MCZ);
Ikoto, 1; Obbo, 1; Loa, 1; Magwe, 1 (MCZ); Nimule, 1 (MCZ).
MEASUREMENTS: Even though a large series has been available for
study, the type is the only specimen that approaches completeness in
the skull. Owing to an error the external measurements as given in
the original description are wrong. The correct measurements are
as follows: Length of head and body 54; length of tail 37 (not 32);
length of hind foot 12 (not 11); length of ear from notch 7; condyloin-
cisive length of skull 15.9; crown length of upper toothrow 2.8;
greatest width across zygomatic arches 8.8; least interorbital width
3.1; length of nasals 6.2; width of rostrum at level of antorbital
foramen 2.2.
Remarks: Specimens of this small mouse taken during the months
of April through July show a marked darkening of the pelage and lack
almost entirely the white postauricular and subauricular spots that
are so characteristic of this subspecies in the pelage in the months
from November through February. Regardless of the pelage color,
this subspecies may be distinguished from the contiguous subspecies
in eastern Africa by the shorter toothrow and narrower rostrum.
This mouse appears to have open savanna as its primary habitat.
A few specimens, however, were taken in buildings in Torit.
Mus bellus delamensis, new subspecies
FIGuRE 7,c
Typrn: BM No. 28.3.11.61, adult male, skin and skull, from Delami,
Nuba Mountain Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Obtained June 3,
1927, by W. Ruttledge, original No. 387.
SPECIMENS Examinep: Eleven, all in BM, from: Delami, 9; Agur,
1; Jebel Kadaro, 1.
Dracnosis: Upperparts near Cinnamon-Buff, purest on sides,
flanks, and cheeks; middorsal area strongly intermixed ‘with black
hairs, thus presenting a rather marked stripe from. the nose to the
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 529
base of the tail; entire underparts, subauricular spots, and dorsal
surfaces of hands and feet pure white. Skull small, upper toothrow
short, auditory bullae but moderately inflated, anterior palatine
foramina relatively long, rostrum relatively short and broad, inter-
pterygoid space broadly V-shaped, interorbital region relatively wide.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE Type Specimen: Length of head and body
51; length of tail 36; length of hind foot 11.5; length of ear 9; greatest
length of skull 16.1; condyloincisive length 14.9; length of anterior
palatine foramina 3.5; crown length of upper toothrow 2.9; least
interorbital width 3.1; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen
2.2; length of nasals 6.2; greatest width across zygomatic arches 8.5.
Comparisons: From M. 6b. gondokorae, M. b. delamensis may be
distinguished by its markedly lighter color and smaller size. Skull
smaller in all measurements except crown length of upper toothrow
and length of nasals, anterior palatine foramina smaller, auditory
bullae less inflated, and rostrum narrower.
M. b. delamensis may be distinguished from M. b. enclavae by its
markedly lighter color and smaller size. The skull is markedly
smaller in all dimensions but the auditory bullae are equally inflated,
thus creating the impression of larger bullae in delamensis.
M. b. aequatorius differs from M. 6. delamensis in darker color ard
more pronounced subauricular and postauricular spots and generally
larger size. ‘The skull is wider across the zygomatic arches, the audi-
tory bullae are more inflated, and the braincase is larger.
Rey arks: The above comparisons of pelages were, so far as pos-
sible, made onanimals taken during thesame month. As may be noted
under the remarks section of MM. b. aequatorius, there is a seasonal
difference in pelage color.
Specimens in the British Museum from the Jebel Marra may be
referable to Mus bellus, but since no skulls are available I prefer not
to list them. The skins are more nearly like MM. 6. delamensis than
any of the other kinds but it would seem improbable that the Jebel
Marra animals would be the same.
Mus bellus gondokorae Heller
FIGURE 7,c
Mus bellus gondokorae Heller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 17, p. 8,
February 28, 1911. (Gondokoro.)
Specimens EXxamINnep: Seventeen, from: Gondokoro, 3 (1, BM);
Malek, 9 (BM); Mongalla, 2 (BM); Juba, 1 (BM); Kenisa, 1 (BM);
Bahr-el-Ghazal, 1 (BM).
MEASUREMENTS: The type, an adult male, measures as follows:
Length of head and body 60; length of tail 43; length of hind foot 13;
530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
length of ear 8; condyloincisive length of skull 15.9; crown length of
upper toothrow 2.9; greatest width across zygomatic arches 9.0; least
interorbital width 3.3; length of nasals 6.2; width of rostrum at level
of antorbital foramen 2.5.
ReMARKS: When specimens of this subspecies are compared with
specimens of M. b. aequatorius they are found to differ in longer head
and body, longer tail, generally longer hind foot, and darker coloration
in comparable pelages. The subauricular spot is markedly less
developed. The upper toothrow is longer and the rostrum is wider.
Mus musculoides emesi Heller
Mus musculoides emesi Heller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 17, p. 5,
February 28, 1911. (Kabula Muliro, Uganda.)
SprecIMENS EXAMINED: Twelve, from: Lotti Forest, 5 (8, MCZ);
Katire, 3 (MCZ); Torit, 2 (MCZ); Lafon, 2 (MCZ).
MeaAsuREMENTS: The only complete specimen is an adult male
from Lotti Forest. It has the following measurements: Length of
head and body 65; length of tail 52; length of hind foot 15; length of
ear from notch 10; condyloincisive length of skull 18.1; crown length
of upper toothrow 3.3; least interorbital width 3.8; length of nasals
7.6; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 2.6.
Remarks: This small series of mice agrees in most details with the
type of MM. m. emesi. There are, though, some peculiarities of the
cranium which are not observable in the type. These differences
may be due to age or sex, but skin color and external measurements
do agree with the type of emes?.
This species can possibly be confused with Mus triton, but it can be
distinguished from that species by smaller size and the clear white
hairs of the belly. It can also be confused with the dark phase of
Mus bellus, but can be differentiated by the lack of a dorsal stripe and
by the much larger size of M’.
Mus tenellus acholi Heller
FIGurReE 7,d
Mus tenellus acholi Heller, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 56, No. 17, p. 6, Febru-
ary 28,1911. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave.)
SPECIMEN EXAMINED: One, from Torit.
Measurements: An adult female from Torit measures as follows:
Length of head and body 71; length of tail 33; length of hind foot 14;
length of ear from notch 11.5; condyloincisive length of skull 18.9;
crown length of upper toothrow 3.4; least interorbital width 3.7;
length of nasals 7.5; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen
2.6.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 531
Remarks: In the only specimen available there are certain differ-
ences from the type of M. t. acholi. These differences are in the size
of the bullae, the size of M?, length of the anterior palatine foramina,
and, externally, in a somewhat darker color. Whether these observ-
able differences are geographic, individual, or seasonal cannot be
determined at this time. Therefore, this specimen is being referred
to M. t. acholi on a provisional basis.
M. t. acholi may be distinguished from the subspecies of AZus
bellus occurring in the same area by its generally larger ear, longer
head and body, greater size of M!', greater length of the upper tooth-
row, and by the generally larger skull.
Mus tenellus tenellus (Thomas)
Figure 7,d
Leggada tenella Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, pt. 1, p. 298, August 6, 1903.
(Roseires, Blue Nile.)
SPECIMEN ExamINeD: The type only, in BM.
MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of the type, an adult female,
are as follows: Length of head and body 50; length of tail 35; length
of hind foot 11.5; length of ear 8; greatest length of skull 17.2; condy-
loincisive length 16.2; length of anterior palatine foramina 3.8; crown
length of upper toothrow 2.9; least interorbital width 3.1; width of
rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 2.3; length of nasals 6.7; great-
est width across zygomatic arches 8.8.
Remarks: Mus tenellus can usually be distinguished from Mus
bellus by its shorter tail and shorter hind foot as weil as a generally
darker dorsal color and less extensive white on the belly. The skull
is usually larger in all respects except the auditory bullae, which are
of the same size but appear smaller in consequence of the larger skull.
Apparently tenellus and its subspecies in the Sudan are not common
mice since so few are known in collections.
Mus triton imatongensis Setzer
Mus triton imatongensis Setzer, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 43, No. 10,
p. 334, October 22, 1953. (Gilo, Imatong Mountains.)
SpEcIMENS EXAMINED: Twenty-one, all from Gilo, Imatong
Mountains (9, MCZ).
MEASUREMENTS: Average and extremes of seven adult males and
four adult females from Gilo are, respectively: Length of head and
body 71.5 (66-79), 77.5 (72-81); length of tail 53.5 (50-56), 54 (53-
57); length of hind foot 16 (14-17), 16.5 (16-17); length of ear from
notch 8.5 (7.0-9.0), 8.6 (8.0-10.0); condyloincisive length of skull
19.5 (19.5), ?; greatest width across zygomatic arches 10.5 (10.3-
532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Proomys
Lolbipes fuscirostris
2butleri
4.mocrolepis Z3fumotus owen!
S.morrensis
6.ugondce
HI | HII)
- |||
| Hil
II
Ty
ul
| ty
Hy
HHI}
i
\}
) Mus ballus
it
|
i |oequotorius
a 2.delamensis
{ AM 3.gondokorae
i
Mus tenellus
Locholi
2.tenellus
Ficure 7.—Distribution of Mastomys (in part), Praomys, and Mus in the Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan. (Scale: 1 inch=400 miles.)
10.8), 10.8 (10.8); length of nasals 7.9 (7.8-8.1), 8.3 (8.2-8.5); least
interorbital width 3.9 (3.9); 3.9 (3.8-4.0); crown length of upper
toothrow 3.6 (3.5-3.7), 3.6 (3.5-3.7).
Remarks: These specimens were all taken in grass either in coffee
plantations or along forest streams. The characters separating
imatongensis from the nominate form from Uganda are the greater
development of the auditory bullae and the vaulting of the cranium.
Specimens taken in June are somewhat lighter in color than those
taken in January.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 533
Lophuromys aquilus margarettae Heller
Lophuromys aquilus margarettae Heller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 59, No. 16,
p. 7, July 5, 1912. (Mount Gargues, Matthews Range, British East Africa.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Twenty-three, from: Gilo, Imatong Moun-
tains, 11 (6, MCZ); Lotti Forest, Imatong Mountains, 4 (1, MCZ);
Magwe, 36 miles southwest of Torit, 1 (MCZ); Issore, Imatong
Mountains, 2 (BM); Lomoling, Imatong Mountains, 1 (BM); Kutibol,
Imatong Mountains, 2 (BM); Kipia, Imatong Mountains, 2 (BM).
MerasurEMENts: There are no adult females of this species in the
collection, but the measurements of an adult male from Gilo, Imatong
Mountains, are as follows: Length of head and body 132; length of
tail 70; length of hind foot 21; length of ear 11; condyloincisive length
of skull 28.4; posterior edge of M? to front of incisor 14.5; length of
upper toothrow 4.9; least interorbital width 5.9; length of nasals
12.8; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 3.7; width
across M1—M! 6.6.
Remarks: In general these specimens agree with the type of
margarettae but are somewhat paler in dorsal color. The specimens
from the Lotti Forest are markedly paler. It may be that these
represent a new subspecies but until the amount of variation, indi-
vidual, sexual, and specific, is known I feel that it is best to refer
these to margarettae as being indicative of their nearest relationship.
There are certain peculiarities of the skull of the two species aquilus
and sikapusi that may be of significance in determining the species.
In the latter there is a pronounced bony tuberosity at the posterior
end of the bony palate which is marked in immatures and becomes
progressively more noticeable as the animal ages. ‘This tuberosity
is inconspicuous in young specimens of aquilus and in adulthood
is about as in young of sikapusi. In addition, the sculpturing along
the lateral margins of the palate is more pronounced at all age levels in
sikapusi and the posterior palatine foramina are, in general, longer
and more open than in aquilus. This size and shape of the pos-
terior palatine foramina in certain instances shows an overlap, so
the degree of usefulness is questionable. However, combining the
color of the dorsum and the cranial features as outlined above as
well as under the remarks section for sikapusi pyrrhus, the animals
from the Sudan can be distinguished with a certain degree of
accuracy.
Lophuromys sikapusi pyrrhus Weller
Lophuromys pyrrhus Heller, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 56, No. 17, p. 10,
February 28, 1911. (Rhino Camp.)
Specimens ExaMINED: Twenty-three, from: Gilo, Imatong Moun-
tains, 15 (1, MCZ); Nimule, 4 (MCZ); Katire, 2 (1, MCZ); Yambio
District, 2 (BM).
534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
MeasvReMENTs: An adult male and an adult female from Gilo,
Imatong Mountains measure, respectively, as follows: Length of
head and body 119, 125; length of tail 69, 75; length of hind foot 22,
22; length of ear 11, 13; condyloincisive length of skull ?, 28.4;
posterior edge of M® to front of incisor 14.2, 14.0; crown length of
upper toothrow 4.8, 4.8; greatest width across zygomatic arches
15.2, 14.5; least interorbital width 5.9, 5.8; length of nasals 11.6,
13.0; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 3.5, 3.5; width
across M*—M? 6.7, 6.6.
Remarks: This species is difficult to distinguish from L. aquilus
in all of the specimens examined. In general, sitkapusi is darker in
color than is aguilus. In addition to the darker dorsal color, the
ratio between the width of the anterior ends of the auditory bullae
and the width of the posterior choanae averages about 60 percent,
which means that the choanae are narrower in proportion to the
space between the bullae. This same ratio in aguilus is in the neigh-
borhood of 80 percent. The coloration of the belly is extremely
variable in both species and apparently is no criterion for separating
the two kinds.
The amount of cranial variation between individuals of the two
species is so great that only averages may be used to determine the
correct allocation of specimens.
Acomys albigena Heuglin
Acomys albigena Heuglin, Reise in Nordost-Afrika, vol. 2, p. 68, 1877. (Bogos
Country, Abyssinia.)
SPECIMENS ExamiINeD: Four, all in BM, from Gallabat.
MerssvuREMENTs: An adult male from Gallabat measures as follows:
Length of head and body 94; length of tail 100; length of hind foot 19;
length of ear 16; greatest length of skull 30.0; condyloincisive length
26.7; length of anterior palatine foramina 7.1; crown length of upper
toothrow 5.0; least interorbital width 4.7; width of rostrum at level
of antorbital foramen 3.1; length of nasals 11.9; greatest width
across zygomatic arches 13.4.
Remarks: This species is darker in color than any normally colored
Acomys in the Sudan. There is a blackish stripe along the mid-dorsal
line shading over the sides into a dark reddish buff. Belly, hands
and feet are pure white. The tail, instead of being rather uniformly
colored, as in other kinds, is dark above and white below, thus pre-
senting a bicolored aspect.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 535
Acomys cahirinus cineraceus Fitzinger and Heuglin
Fictre 8,4
Acomys cineraceus Fitzinger and Heuglin, Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 54,
sec. 1, p. 573, 1866. (Doka, eastern Sennsar, between the Atbara and Rahad
Rivers.)
Specimens Examinep: Eleven, all in BM, from: Khartoum, 1; Abu
Haraz, 1; El Kowa, 2; Kamisa, Dinder River, 4; Singa, 1; Abu Ushar, 2.
MEasvREMENTs: An adult male from El Kowa measures as follows:
Length of head and body 103; length of hind foot 15.5; length of
ear 15; greatest length of skull 27.3; condyloincisive length 25.1; length
of anterior palatine foramina 6.3; crown length of upper toothrow 4.2;
least interorbital width 4.5; width of rostrum at level of antorbital
foramen 3.1; length of nasals 10.5; greatest width across zygomatic
arches 13.2.
Remarks: The single specimen available from Khartoum shows
intergrading characters in color and shape of the pterygoid region
with A. cahirinus hunteri.
Acomys cahirinus hunteri De Winton
Figtre 8&4
Acomys huniteri De Winton, Nov. Zool., vol. 8, p. 401, Dee. 31, 1900. (Pisin of
Tokar, Suakin.)
SpecIMENS Exammnep: Thirteen, all in BM, from: Erkowit, 4:
Tokar, 2; Sinkat, 1; Kerma, 2; Shereik, 1; Merowe, 2; Kaiul Hills, 1.
MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of an adult male from Tokar
are as follows: Length of head and body 117; length of hind foot 16;
length of ear 16; greatest length of skull 28.4; condyloincisive length
26.0; length of anterior palatine foramina 6.6; crown length of upper
toothrow 3.8; least interorbital width 4.7: width of rostrum at level
of antorbital foramen 3.3; length of nasals 10.5; greatest width across
zygomatic arches 13.7.
Remarks: Specimens from Kerma, Shereik, and Merowe are inier-
grades in color and size of auditory bullae with A. ec. eahirinus. How-
ever, since the intermediacy of character is found in only these two
features and the rest of the characters are like hunteri they are referred
to that subspecies.
Acomys hystrella Heller
Fietre 8,4
Acomys hystrella Heller, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 56, No. 17, p. 13, Feb. 28,
1911. (Nimule.)
SPecIMENS ExamInep: Twenty-seven, from: Nimule, 12 (4, MCZ):
20 miles northeast of Nimule, 2; Torit, 1; 20 miles west of Torii, 2:
536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Moli, 35 miles west of Torit, 2 (MCZ); Lafon, 60 miles north of
Torit, 3 (MCZ); Opari, 25 miles north-northeast of Nimule, 3 (MCZ);
Okaru, 25 miles west of Torit, 2 (MCZ).
MeasureMeEnts: An adult male and an adult female from Nimule
measure, respectively, as follows: Length of head and body 100, 101;
length of tail 90, 105; length of hind foot 18, 18; length of ear 12, 14;
greatest length of skull 28.6, 29.0; condyloincisive length 26.0, 26.3;
crown length of upper toothrow 4.9, 4.5; width of rostrum at level
of antorbital foramen 6.0, 6.1; least interorbital width 4.7, 4.8;
greatest width across zygomatic arches 13.9, 13.8; length of nasals
10.8, 11.2.
Remarks: These specimens vary somewhat from the type series of
hystrella in that they present a slightly redder appearance. This may
be due, however, to the present skins being fresher and less faded
than the original series. In three of the specimens in the fresh series,
the grayish color on the back is more pronounced than in the rest.
The skulls, however, are somewhat narrower than in the type series,
but this is the only departure in cranial features.
Acomys intermedius Wettstein
FIcureE 8,a
Acomys intermedius Wettstein, Anz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat., vol. 53,
p. 161, 1916. (Dilling.)
SpeciIMENS EXAMINED: Eight, all in BM, from: 60 miles west of
Obeid, 2; 75 miles north of El Obeid, 1; 50 miles west of El Obeid, 1;
20 miles west of Nahud, 1; 40 miles west of Nahud, 1; 10 miles east
of Nahud, 1; 10 miles west of Nahud, 1.
Measurements: An adult male from 20 miles west of Nahud
measures as follows: Length of head and body 94; length of tail 86;
length of hind foot 16; length of ear 14; length of anterior palatine
foramina 6.1; crown length of upper toothrow 4.0; least interorbital
width 4.4; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 2.9; length
of nasals 9.8; greatest width across zygomatic arches 12.3.
Remarks: There is no evidence of intergradation exhibited in any
of the specimens examined, so that while these animals resemble
cahirinus they appear not to interbreed with them and are so left
as a full species until a complete study is done on the genus as a
whole.
Acomys lowei, new species
Figure 8,a
Typz: BM No. 23.1.1.270, adult male, skin and skull, from 40 miles
west of El Fasher, Darfur Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Ob-
tained Feb. 13, 1921, by Lynes and Lowe, original No. 477.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 537
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Sixteen, all in BM, from: El Fasher, 15;
40 miles west of El Fasher, 1.
Draanosis: Upperparts near Mars Yellow, underparts, cheeks,
hands, feet, suborbital and supra-auricular spots pure white. Skull
relatively massive, rostrum long and narrow, braincase moderately
well inflated, anterior palatine foramina relatively long, bullae mod-
erately well inflated.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE TyPr SpEcIMEN: Length of head and body
94; length of tail 93; length of hind foot 17; length of ear 15; greatest
length of skull 28.9; condyloincisive length 26.0; length of anterior
palatine foramina 6.6; crown length of upper toothrow 4.6; least inter-
orbital width 4.9; width of rostrum at level of antorbital foramen 3.1;
length of nasals 11.2; greatest width across zygomatic arches 13.6.
Comparisons: From ll
Felis libyca
Libyco
_ 2.ugandoe
:
i
% Dy
Procavio ruficeps
Lebneri
f ps SJ Procavia hobessinica
) ; Lburtonii
; 2.butleri : 2.marrensis
= \ 3.slotini ™ \ 3.ruficeps
: Hl 1b a )
il| Hh 3.
ae, il I Ml
: nits
f My oe e. "
i
ae
—————
~~
4
—_
SS
|
|
sh pes nity * 3 a zi
Ficure 9.—Distribution of Ictonyx, Felis,*and Procavia in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
(Scale: 1 inch=400 miles.)
Remarks: These specimens are pale gray in general over-all color
and have a rather large orange colored dorsal spot.
The nominate race. may: be differentiated from marrensis by some-
what smaller size, posterior choanae more flaring, auditory bullae
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 569
smaller, ventral foramen enclosed by the zygoma smaller, and frontals
more inflated.
The amount of variation in certain aspects of the cranium is rather
great, as may be seen from the measurements of two males of like age
(so far as could be determined by the degree of wear on the last molar).
Order PERISSODACTYLA
Family EQuipsar
Subfamily Equinae
Equus asinus africanus (Fitzinger)
Asinus africanus Fitzinger, Wissenschaftlich-populire Naturgeschicte der Siug-
thiere . . . vol. 3, p. 667, 1857. (Nubia.)
Remarks: No specimens of this animal have been seen. It is now
considered to be extinct in its former range in Nubia.
Equus asinus dianae (Dollman)
Asinus asinus dianae Dollman, Proc. Linn. Soc. London (1934-35), 147th session,
p. 132, May 9, 1935. (Wadi Hafta, lat. 17°43’ N., long. 37°36’ E.)
SPECIMEN EXAMINED: One, in BM, from the type locality.
Remarks: From the appearance of the skin of this ass, contrasted
to a skin of somalicus and a color interpretation from the literature of
africanus, it would seem to be an intergrade. Certainly the geographic
area from which it comes places it between the two previously named
kinds.
Owing to the fact that so few specimens are known of dianae, and
apparently no specimens of africanus, I feel it is best to leave the name
dianae as expressing a different population but which may be shown
later to be the same as one of the previously named kinds adjacent to
its type locality.
Equus burchellii b6hmi Matschie
Equus béhmi Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, p. 131, 1892. (Pan-
gani River, Tanganyika.)
Remarks: No specimens of this zebra have been examined. Ham-
ilton (1920, p. 346) cites observations of this animal from the Bor
District but comments that they are probably stragglers during the
dry season. The same author says that lat. 7°30’ N. is probably the
extreme northern limit of the range.
570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
Family RHINOCEROTIDAE
Ceratotherium simum cottoni (Lydekker)
Rhinoceros simus cottoni Lydekker, The Field (London), vol. 111, p. 319, Feb. 22,
1908. (Lado Enclave.)
Specimens Examinep: Four, from: Bahr-el-Ghazal District, 3;
Uganda-Lado-Sudan boundary, 1 (BM).
Remarks: The white, or square lipped, rhinoceros probably ranges
only as far north as the swamps on the west bank of the Nile.
For further information concerning the white rhinoceros see KE.
Heller’s article, “The White Rhinoceros” (Smithsonian Misc. Coll.,
vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 1-77, 1913).
Diceros bicornis somaliensis (Potocki)
Rhinoceros brucii Lesson, Nouveau tableau du régne animal . . . Mammiféres,
p. 159, 1842. (Nomen nudum.)
Rhinoceros bicornis somaliensis Potocki, Sport in Somaliland, p. 82, 1900. (Oga-
den, Ethiopia.)
Specimens Examinep: Two, both in BM, from: Jubaland, 1;
Sennaar, lat. 12° to 13° N., 1.
Remarks: Mr. Harry Hoogstraal informs me that the black rhino
is still to be found in certain low lying areas between Juba and Torit.
Order ARTIODACTYLA
Family SUIDAE
Subfamily Suinae
Sus scrofa sennaariensis Gray
Sus sennaariensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 32, May 1868. (Sennaar,
Kordofan, and Sudan).
SprecIMENS EXAMINED: None.
Remarks: This subspecies of pig is being included in this report
on the basis of observations of feral pigs in several parts of the Sudan.
Phacochoerus aethiopicus bufo Heller
Phacochoerus africanus bufo Heller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 22, p.
2, Jan. 26, 1914. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave.)
Phacochoerus barkeri Rothschild, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 6, p. 416,
October 1920. (Southwest of Bahr-el-Ghazal.)
SpEcIMENS ExamINep: Five, from: Kulme, Wadi Aribo, 2 (BM);
southwestern Bahr-el-Ghazal, 1 (BM); Torit, 2.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 571
Remarks: P. a. bufo may be distinguished from P. a. aeliani from
British East Africa and Ethiopia by the wider upper molars, less
inflated auditory bullae, less concavity of the dorsal surface of the
skull between the orbits, and the flatter nasals.
The skull available from Torit is of an immature female of the same
age as the type of P. a. bufo. In all characters this skull agrees with
the type and differs from P. a. aeliani as above. These characters
are not sexual or age variations since they differ to the same degree
in animals of comparable age and sex of P. a. aeliani from British
East Africa.
The skull of P. barkeri differs from P. a. aeliani in exactly the same
degree and quality as do skulls of P. a. bufo. Since Rothschild’s
name is antedated by bufo and since I can detect no differences between
bufo and barkeri I am treating the latter as a synonym of the former.
Family HrepopoTaMIDAE
Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius Linnaeus
Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 74, 1758.
(Nile River, Egypt.)
(Other synonyms extralimital to the Sudan.)
SPECIMENS ExaAmrinepb: Two, both in BM, from White Nile.
Remarks: The hippopotamus was formerly abundant throughout
the Nile drainage. It is now extinct north of Khartoum and reduced
in numbers throughout the rest of the drainage system except in the
great lakes to the south.
Family GirAFFIDAE
Giraffa camelopardalis Linnaeus
Remarks: Two subspecies of giraffes are supposed to exist in the
Sudan. The northern and eastern one is Giraffa camelopardalis
camelopardalis Linnaeus, 1758, with the type locality given as ‘‘Ethio-
pia and Sennar,” actually from a captive animal in Cairo, Egypt,
assumed to be from the Abyssinian, or Kassala, side of Upper Nubia.
The western and southern subspecies has been described as Giraffa
camelopardalis antiquorum Jardine, 1835, with the type locality stated
as ‘“‘Senaar and Darfour.’’ Other names have been proposed but are
now regarded as synonyms of the earlier camelopardalis and antiquorum.
As may be noted, both subspecies share the type locality of Sennaar.
This seems highly unreasonable but without a detailed study of the
genus it seems that the problem will not be solved. Only two speci-
572 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
mens have been available to me from the Sudan. These are from the
White Nile and from Fashoda, both presumably within the range
of the nominate form.
Apparently the giraffe is becoming more and more restricted in
range and numbers in all parts of the Sudan.
Family BovipAk
Subfamily Bovinae
Tragelaphus scriptus bor Heuglin
Ficure 10,a
Tragelaphus bor Heuglin, Reise in Nordost-Afrika, vol. 2, p. 122, 1877. (Req
marshes and Bongo, Bahr-el-Ghazal.)
SpreciIMEeNsS ExamINepD: Nine, from: Wau, Jur River, 1 (BM);
80 miles northeast of Lado, lat. 4°50’ N., long. 32°55’ E., 1 (BM); 100
miles northeast of Bor, 4 (BM); Lokila, 1 (BM); Nimule, 1; 60 miles
north of Nimule, 1.
Remarks: The bushbucks listed here as species of the genus
Tragelaphus were formerly considered to belong to the genera Strep-
siceros, Limnotragus, and Tragelaphus. The two former genera
are now considered subgenera. The species under the subgenus
Strepsiceros is strepsiceros; for the subgenus Limnotragus the species is
spekii; and for the subgenus Tragelaphus the species is scriptus.
Tragelaphus scriptus decula (Riippell)
Ficure 10,a
Antilope decula Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehdrig,
Sdugethiere, p. 11, pl. 4, 1835. (Northwest slope of the highlands about
Dembea Lake and the Kulla, Ethiopia.)
SpEcIMEN ExAMINED: One, in BM, from Salam River on Upper
Atbara River.
Tragelaphus scriptus dodingae Matschie
Figure 10,a
Tragelaphus cottoni dodingae Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, p.
556, December 1912. (Kedef Valley, western foothills of Dodinga (—Did-
inga) Range, east-northeast of Dufilé.)
Tragelaphus scriptus barkerit J. D. Millais, Far away up the Nile, p. 233, 1924.
Imatong Mountains.
SPECIMENS Examinep: Four, allin BM, from: Imatong Mountains,
3; Lomuleng, Imatong Mountains, 1.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 573
Tragelaphus spekii larkenii (St. Leger)
Limnotragus spekii larkenii St. Leger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 8, p.
420, October 1931. (Bahr-el-Ghazal, 50 miles south of Yambio, lat. 4°30’
N., long. 28° E.)
SPECIMENS Examinep: Light, all in BM, from: Diawo, 4; lat.
4°30’ N., long. 28° E., south of Yambio, 2; Yambio, 1; Bahr-el-Ghazal, 1
Tragelaphus strepsiceros chora (Cretzschmar)
Antilope chora Cretzschmar, in Riippell, Atlas zu der Reise im nérdlichen Afrika
von Riippell, vol. 1, Saéugethiere, p. 22, 1826. (Eastern Sudan.)
Antilope tendal Cretzschmar, in Riippell, Atlas zu der Reise im nérdlichen Afrika
von Rippell, pt. 1, Saugethiere, p. 22, 1826. (Deserts of ‘‘Sinerie’’ to
Ambukol.) (Stated by Lydekker and Blaine, Catalogue of the Ungulate
Mammals in the British Museum (Natural History), vol. 3, p. 202, 1914,
perhaps to be Addaz nasomaculatus.)
Strepsiceros abyssinicus Fitzinger, Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat., vol.
59, sect. 1, p. 176, 1869. (Abyssinia, Somaliland, to Kordofan.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Two, both in BM, from: Blue Nile, 1;
Kirerib, 1.
Taurotragus derbianus gigas (Heuglin)
Boselaphus gigas Heuglin, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., Jena, vol. 30,
No. 2, p. 19, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1863. (West of the Upper Nile, lat. 7° N., Bahr-
el-Ghazal.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Five, from: Khor Gorman, 30 miles west
of Rumbek, 1 (BM); Bahr-el-Ghazal, 1 (BM); 25 miles west of
Rejaf, 3.
Remarks: The giant eland of southwestern Sudan apparently is
not a common big game species. Its affinities are definitely with
the West African species derbianus and not with the eastern and
southern African species oryz.
Syncerus caffer aequinoctialis (Blyth)
B{ubalus] caffer, var. aeguinoctialis Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 372, 1866.
(White Nile.)
Bubalus azrakensis Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, p. 169, 1906.
(Roseires.)
Bubalus solvayt Matschie, Deutsche Jager-zeitung, vol. 57, No. 7, p. 104, 1911.
(Mongalla.)
SPECIMENS EXamINeED: None.
Remarks: The buffalo is recorded here on the basis of sight records
by Hoogstraal in the southern Sudan.
574 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 108
Subfamily Cephalophinae
Cephalophus caerulus aequatorialis Maischie
Figure 10,b
Cephalolophus (sic) aequatorialis Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin,
p. 112, 1892. (Chagwe, Uganda.)
Specimens Examinep: Three, all in BM, from: Diawo, 1; south-
western Sudan, 2.
Remarks: The blue duiker has its main range to the south and
east. It is doubtful that these animals are to be found in the Sudan
out of the Congo forest extension and, in the case of musculoides,
out of the mountain forest which is a counterpart of the British East
African type of mountain habitat.
Cephalophus caerulus musculoides Heller
Figure 10,
Cephalophus monticola musculoides Heller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No.
7, p. 9, July 31, 1913. (Kakamega Forest, British East Africa.)
SprcimeEN Examinep: One, from Lerua, southwestern slope of
Acholi Mountains, Torit District.
Remarks: This specimen is referred to musculoides only provi-
sionally. It is a skin without a skull which was purchased from a
native. Hoogstraal noted in his field catalog that these animals
were very rare.
Sylvicapra grimmua roosevelti Heller
Sylvicapra grimmi (sic) roosevelti Heller, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 60, No.
8, p. 9, Nov. 2, 1912. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Six, from: Torit, 3; Torit area, 3.
Remarks: All of the above specimens are immature. The oldest
is a female in which M! is just erupting. While no specimens of
comparable age of true rooseveltt have been available, the characters
of both skin and skull of the above animals seem to agree in detail
with older specimens of roosevelti.
Subfamily Hippotraginae
Kobus defassa harnieri (Murie)
Antilope harnieri Murie, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 5, pl. 2, May 1867. (White
Nile.)
Kobus defassa breviceps Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, p. 424,
1910. (Pembé, on the Nile between Dufilé and Matete, Lado Enclave.)
Kobus defassa ladoensis Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, p. 426,
1910. (Matete, on the Nile between Dufilé and Lado, Lado Enclave.)
Kobus defassa griseotinctus Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, p.
427, 1910. (Kerri, on the Nile near Kero, north of Lado, Lado Enclave.)
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 575
SPECIMENS ExamrinepD: Three, all in BM, from: White Nile,
about lat. 9° N., 1; Bahr Zeraf, Upper Nile, 1; Dinder River, 1.
Remarks: The waterbuck probably occurs throughout the Nile
drainage. It is usually found not far from permanent water.
Adenota kob leucotis (Lichtenstein and Peters)
Antilope leucotis Lichtenstein and Peters, Ber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin
(1853), p. 164, 1854. (Sobat River, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.)
Adenota kul Heuglin, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., Halle, vol. 30, No.
2, p. 12, 1863. (Plains of the Sobat.)
Adenota wuil Heuglin, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., Halle, vol. 30, No. 2,
p. 18, 1863. (Sobat Plains.)
Adenota nigroscapulata Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, p. 15, 1899.
(Bahr-el-Gebel, between lat. 6° and 7° N.)
Cobus vaughani Lydekker, The Field (London), vol. 108, p. 698, Oct. 20, 1906.
(Wau, lat. 7°30’ N., long. 28°10’ E.)
Adenota kob notata W. Rothschild, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 12, p. 575,
December 1913. (Ahmed Aga, Bahr-el-Abiad.)
Specimens ExamINnep: Twenty-two, from: Bahr-el-Ghazal, 2 (BM);
Fan Ashir, 4 (BM); White Nile, 3 (BM); Lewelli, lat. 6° N., long.
33°40’ E., 1 (BM); Awan, 1 (BM); Jebel Ahmed Aga, 2 (BM);
Lokila, 1 (BM); Lake No, 4; Mouth of Bahr-el-Zeraf, 4.
Remarks: The specimens from Jebel Ahmed Aga described by
Rothschild (loc. cit.) as A. k. notata are not distinguishable from ani-
mals from the mouth of the Bahr-el-Zeraf and from Lake No. Unfor-
tunately no specimens from the plains of the Sobat have been avail-
able, but specimens from the Bahr-el-Zeraf can be considered to rep-
resent this form. It thus appears that the names nigroscapulata
and notata should fall as synonyms of leucotis.
The name alurae from Rhino Camp appears to be valid, since ani-
mals of like age are smaller and generally lighter in color than leucotis.
It may be that the name vaughani from Wau, assigned as a synonym to
leucotis, may actually be valid, in which case the name alurae would
fall as a synonym to vaughani. No specimens of vaughani have been
seen.
Redunca bohor cottoni (W. Rothschild)
Cervicapra redunca cottoni W. Rothschild, zn Powell-Cotton, A sporting trip
through Abyssinia (app. 3, mammals), p. 470, 1902. (Between Bahr-el-
Zeraf and Bahr-el-Jebel.)
Capra redunca donaldsoni W. Rothschild, in Powell-Cotton, A sporting trip
through Abyssinia (app. 3, mammals), p. 471, 1902. (Hast of Lado near
Sudan-Uganda boundary, and western Somaliland.)
Specimens Examinep: Ten, from: Gogriel, Bahr-el-Ghazal, 2
(BM); Kaka, 1 (BM); Dinder Valley, 1 (BM); 150 miles east of Lado,
Mongalla Province, 2; 60 miles north of Nimule, 4.
386559—56——9
576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Remarks: The reedbuck is apparently rather widely distributed
over the southern portion of the Sudan to about lat. 15° N. The
favored habitat seems to be heavy reeds near watercourses.
Hippotragus equinus bakeri Heuglin
Hippotragus bakeri Heuglin, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., Jena, vol. 30,
No. 2, p. 16, 1863. (Between upper Atbara and Bahr-el-Salaam Rivers,
near Abyssinian border.)
Hippotragus equinus doggetti de Beaux, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3,
vol. 9, p. 231, July 10, 1921. (Near Gondokoro.)
SPECIMENS ExaMINeEp: Thirteen, from: Meshra Zeraf, 3 (BM);
Dinder River, 1 (BM); Dinder Valley, 1 (BM); Rejaf, 1; Gondokoro,
3; 60 miles north of Nimule, 2; Torit, 2.
Remarks: The roan antelope apparently ranges over the southeast
quarter of the Sudan.
The specimens from the Dinder River area are virtual topotypes
of bakeri. I can discern no differences between these animals and ones
from Gondokoro which are topotypes of dogetti. Therefore, I am
referring all the roan antelopes from the south and southeastern
Sudan to the earlier named bakerv.
Oryx dammah (Cretzschmar)
Antelope dammeh Cretzschmar, in Riippell, Atlas zu der Reise im nérdlichen
Afrika von Rippeil, pt. 1, Sdugethiere, p. 22, 1826. (“Probably Kordofan,”
Haraza, eastern Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.)
A[ntilope] tao H. Smith, in Griffith, The animal kingdom ... by the Baron
Cuvier... , vol. 4, p. 189, vol. 5, p. 327, 1827. (“Some days journey’s dis-
tance from the Bahr-el-Abiad.”’)
Antilope algazella Rippell, Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien
gehorig, Sdugethiere, p. 26, 1835. (Plains of Nubia to Fayum, Egypt.)
SPECIMEN EXAMINED: One, in BM, from Sennaar.
Remarks: The nomenclature of the scimitar oryx has been com-
pounded in confusion. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951, p. 385)
regard Oken’s names of 1816 to be untenable. With this, I agree.
The next available name then, according to the above authors, is
Antilope tao H. Smith, 1827, to replace algazel Oken, 1816. They
further conclude that the northern African representatives of the
oryx are not only congeneric but that they represent a monotype
species. I can find no disagreement with the latter conclusion.
These authors, however, overlooked the earlier name dammah Cretz-
schmar, 1826, for the scimitar oryx, and since it is conceded that these
animals are a monotypic species the name should thus stand as Oryz
dammah Cretzschmar.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 577
Addax nasomaculatus (Biainyville)
Cerophorus (Gazella) or A{ntilope] nasomaculata Blainville, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philo-
matique, Paris, p. 75, 1816. (Probably Senegambia.)
Antilope addax Cretzschmar, in Riippell, Atlas zu der Reise im nérdlichen Afrika,
von Riippell, pt. 1, Sdugethiere, p. 19, pl. 7, 1826. (Desert south of Ambukol
to the Haraza Oasis.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Three, all in BM, from: Southwest of
Dongola, 1; northwestern Kordofan, lat. 16° N., long. 28° E., 1;
Meridi, 200 miles southwest of Dongola, 1.
Remarks: It is quite apparent that Ellerman and Morrison-Scott
(1951, p. 385) were correct in considering addaz of Cretzschmar to be
identical to Blainville’s earlier nasomaculatus. I can see no differ-
ences between the Sudanese specimens and those from the Sahara.
Damaliscus korrigum tiang (Heuglin)
Damalis tiang Heuglin, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., Halle, vol. 30,
No. 2, p. 22, 1863. (Sobat Valley.)
Damalis tiang-riel Heuglin, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., Halle, vol. 30,
No. 2, p. 23, 1863. (Bahr-el-Abiad.)
Damaliscus corrigum jonesi Lydekker, The Field (London), vol. 110, p. 250,
Aug. 10, 1907. (Kordofan.)
Damaliscus flowerit Matschie, Jahrb. Inst. Jagdk. Neudamm, vol. 2, p. 168, 1913.
(Near Sherif Harrabulla, between Karkoj and Roseires, Blue Nile.)
SPECIMENS ExsMINED: Ten, all in BM, from: between Tonga and
Lake No, 1; Lokila, 1; White Nile, 2; Gogriel, Bahr-el-Ghazal, 1;
Dinder River, 3; Faki-kowi, 200 miles south of Khartoum, 1; Hagach
Merurya, Khor Gelegu, upper Dinder River, 1.
Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel (Heuglin)
FrietreE 10,c
Alcronotus] lelwel Heuglin, Reise in Nordost-Afrika, vol. 2, p. 124, 1877. (Req
country, Jur and Kosange Rivers. Type locality fixed as Jur River by
Schwarz (1920, p. 907).)
SpecimEN ExaMINep: One, from Rejaf.
Remarks: Ruxton and Schwarz (1929, p. 577) list niediecki as a
synonym of lelwel. The type locality of the former, however, lies
within the geographic range ascribed to fora. It seems, therefore,
that on purely geographic grounds niediecki should stand as a synonym
of tora.
Alcelaphus buselaphus roosevelti (Heller)
Fietre 10,c
Bubalis lelwel roosevelti Heller, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 60, No. 8, p. 7,
Nov. 2, 1912. (Gondokoro.)
Specimens ExAMINep: Sixteen, from: Lokila, 1 (BM); Terehaima,
Torit District, 1 (BM); Logh Afrok, Torit District, 1 (BM); between
578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Assua River and Gondokoro, 3 (BM); Torit, 1; Obbo, 1; Gondokoro, 6;
80 miles north of Nimule, 1; vicinity of Nimule, 1.
Remarks: This hartebeest may well be the same as tora from
farther north and east. Ruxton and Schwarz (1929, p. 577) com-
ment that this subspecies may, however, be classed with jacksoni
whose range lies to the south and east. Whichever way roosevelti
may be allocated it is certainly not a well defined subspecies.
Alcelaphus buselaphus tora Gray
Figure 10,c
Alcephalus (sic) tora Gray, Nature (London), vol. 8, p. 364, Sept. 4, 1873. (Pre-
liminary notice.)
Alcelaphus tora Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 12, p. 341, October 1873.
(Dembelas, Bogos country, Ethiopia.)
Bubalis niediecki Neumann, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, p. 95, 1905.
(Jamboland, Gelo River, upper Sobat River, Ethiopia.)
Specimens ExsmInep: Two, both in BM, from Kurmuk District,
Blue Nile.
Remarks: See under roosevelt and lelwel.
Alcelaphus buselaphus tschadensis (Schwarz)
Figure 10,c
Bubalis lelwel tschadensis Schwarz, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 11, p. 11,
February 1913. (Ketekma, east of Tschekna, Bagirmi, French Equatorial
Africa.)
SpeciMEeNS ExaAMINeED: Three, all in BM, from Kulme, Wadi Aribo.
Remarks: This subspecies is considered by Ruxton and Schwarz
(1929, p. 572) to be a part of the lelwel section of the species. It is
doubtful, in my opinion, that any of the so-called races here given
as occurring in the Sudan will stand under critical examination, but
rather will be shown to be synonymous with the older name tora.
Subfamily Antilopinae
Ourebia ourebi aequatoria Heller
Ourebia montana aequatoria Heller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 8, p. 12,
Nov. 2, 1912. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave.)
Ourebia ourebi ugandae de Beaux, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3,
No. 9, p. 223, Mar. 31, 1921. (Near Gondokoro.)
SPECIMENS ExamINnep: Fifteen, from: Adamadi’s Village, Bari
Country, lat. 4°10’ N., long. 31°40’ E., 1 (BM); Mongalla Province,
80 miles north of lat. 4° N., 50 miles east of long. 32° E., 1 (BM);
Nimule, 4; Torit, 5; Lokila, 3; 8% miles north of Mongalla, 1 (BM).
Remarks: The nomenclature of the oribis in the Sudan is indeed
confused. The amount of variation in a series of O. o. cottons from
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 579
the Guaso Ngishu Plateau, British East Africa, is quite striking.
The color of the pelage ranges from a pale buff to a strong reddish
cinnamon, yet the skulls appear to be quite uniform in their charac-
teristics. The specimens from Nimule and Torit show this same
amount of variation in color and the same degree of uniformity of
cranial characters.
While no specimens have been seen from Gondokoro, specimens
compared to the type of aequatoria from Nimule and Torit show no
differences, and those specimens, in turn, compared to material from
Mongalla Province show no dissimilarities. Therefore, I feel that the
name OQ. 0. ugandae should fall as a synonym of the earlier aequatoria.
Ourebia ourebi montana (Cretzschmar)
Antilope montana Cretzschmar, in Riippeil, Atlas zu der Reise im nérdlichen
Afrika von Riippell, pt. 1, Saéugethiere, p. 11, pl. 3, 1826. (Fazogli Hills,
Blue Nile.)
Antilope] brevicaudata Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien
gehorig, Siugethiere, p. 25, 1835. (Sennaar.)
Specimens Examinep: Thirteen, all in BM, from: Between Tonga
and Lake No, 1; 100 miles northeast of Bor, 1; White Nile, about lat.
11° N., 2; 5 miles west of Rumbek, 1; Kamisa, Dinder River, 1;
Upper Nile, 1; Kornook, 1; 18 miles southwest of Shambe, 1; 8 miles
south of Tonga, 3; halfway between Ist and 2d resthouses on way to
Meshra, 1.
Remarks: In only a cursory examination of the ungulates of the
Sudan, it is apparent that they all need a vast amount of work done
on them. In Ourebia, particularly, there are many striking similarities
between the subspecies. It may well be that when they are studied
in more exacting detail montana will be found to be the name to be
applied to all of the eastern and southern Sudanese oribis.
Rhynchotragus guentheri smithii (Thomas)
Madoqua guentheri smithit Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1900), p. 804, Apr. 1,
1901. (About 30 miles southeast of Lake Stephanie, Ethiopian Border.)
SPECIMENS ExamINnepD: Twelve, from: Ikoto, 8; Torit, 3; Latuka
Mountains, 1 (BM).
Remarks: The long-snouted dikdiks are apparently found only in
the extreme southeastern Sudan in open savanna country.
Notes on Gazella
The genus Gazella, in the Sudan, is divided into two subgenera.
The typical subgenus, Gazella, is distinguished by the following: Fe-
males bearing well developed horns; body size small or medium; and
white of rump not intruding far into fawn color of body. The species
580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
in the Sudan which are referable to this subgenus are G. dorcas, G.
leptoceros, G. rufifrons, and G. thompsonii.
The second subgenus in the Sudan is Nanger. It is characterized
by the following: Females with well developed horns; body size large;
and white of rump extending rather far into fawn color of body. The
species in the Sudan which are referable to this subgenus are G. granti,
G. soemmerringti, and G. dama.
Key to the species in the subgenus Gazella
id FPlankband indistinet.:..1*.. «fee alindeisslead arande ansie nuke Eilers 2
Blank “band sbiack. 2\q i. cess oon es ae ew ae ee Ga ogee ie cat ae Ao
2s AVOLNSMUSU AL yan yTAte emer ete erence ene ees oR Sconce acm ements dorcas
Borns usually not lyrate: 2 syie nn, oo ge eds bes . . . leptoceros
3. Nose spot absent; light face stripes buffy. .... ASA eo SP A Rs
Nose spot black; light face stripes white . .......... thompsonii
The species of the subgenus Nanger may be distinguished from one
another by the length of the horns. In granti, the horns approximate
30 inches and lack any terminal hooking; soemmerringii has horns ap-
proximating 22 inches and the tips hook inward; in dama the horns
approximate 13 inches and the tips hook forward and upward.
Gazella dorcas isabella Gray
Ficure 10,d
Gazella isabella Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, vol. 18, p. 214, September 1846.
(Type locality fixed as Abyssinia by Blaine, 1913, p. 292.)
Antilope dorcas, a isidis Sundevall, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Stockholm
(1845), p. 267, 1847. (Sennaar, Nubia, Egypt.)
Specimens Examinep: Two, both in BM, from: Mashail, 1; Khor
Hadhad, 1.
Gazella dorcas littoralis Blaine
FicurE 10,d
Gazella littoralis Blaine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 11, p. 295, March 1913.
(Khorasot, Nubian Desert.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Seventeen, from: Suakin, 3 (BM); 4 miles
south of Suakin, 1 (BM); 12 miles south of Suakin, 1 (BM); Atra
Rabai Hills, 1 (BM) ; Hafia, 1 (BM); Dongola, 2 (BM); Jebel Bawati, 8.
Gazella dorcas osiris Blaine
Figure 10,d
Gazella littoralis osiris Blaine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 11, p. 295, March
1913. (Nakheila, near junction of Atbara with the Nile.)
SpPErcIMENS ExAMINED: Ten, all in BM, from: Nakheila, 5; Omdur-
man, 1; near E] Fasher, 1; Kordofan, 1; 10 miles northwest of El Fasher,
1; 10 miles east of El Fasher, 1.
| \
“ \ | \ \
\ WT , Y
\ \ \ \ (
eo | | \
2 ‘ ) fe od 1
3 Le | | ke
j : ; ¥
2 / mearical ~_.__JTrogelophus scriptus f
tilt] Hm VT] {| iv Lbor — cosrulus
| TTT i} WU 2.decula YM Loequatorialis
| | . y i] | X
| HHH) | HTT ATT h 3.dodingce 2.musculoides
WE wilt i\|}
HATA TATA
: HH] WATT THT .
FE ANTE IH | i III), 2:
HAGE eal =
4
pu 1 r b Nell we Cali
s 7 ie dorcas
fa ; Lisabello
i \ Zlittoralis
\ Ny 3.osiris
ea I i|| \Wasaisotae Pissornnel
a il ilelwel
2.roosevelti
3.tora
= 41schocensis
se
“i
= oe
Ficure 10.—Distribution of Tragelaphus, Cephalophus, Alcelaphus, and Gazella in the
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. (Scale: 1 inch=400 miles.)
Gazella leptoceros leptoceres (F. Cuvier)
Antilope leptoceros F, Cuvier, in E. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, Histoire naturelle
des mammiféres, vol. 7, pt. 72, p. 2, pls. 373, 374, August 1842. (‘Typical
locality apparently Sennaar,” Lydekker and Blaine, vol. 3, p. 68. 1914.)
Remarks: No specimens of this gazelle have been examined and it
seems doubtful to me that this species occurs as far south as the
Sudan. If it does occur, it will probably be found in the extreme
northwest.
582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Gazella rufifrons laevipes (Sundevall)
A[ntilope] laevipes Sundevall, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Stockholm
(1845), p. 266, 1847. (Sennaar; Senegal.)
Gazella salmi Lorenz, Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat., vol. 115, sec. 1,
pt. 1, p. 21, January 1906. (Fashoda.)
SPECIMENS ExamINep: Eight, all in BM, from: Jebel Ahmed Aga,
1; Mongalla, 1; Faki-Kowi, 300 miles south of Khartoum, 1; near
Fashoda, 1; White Nile, about lat. 11° N., 1; Agageh, 2; Kaka, 1.
Remarks: The red-fronted gazelle may be distinguished from the
doreas gazelle by means of its darker color, larger size, and pro-
nounced black lateral stripe.
Gazella thompsonii albonotatus W. Rothschild
Gazella albonotata W. Rothschild, Nov. Zool., vol. 10, p. 480, Dec. 20, 1903.
(East side of White Nile, 40 miles north of Kero or Kiri, Mongalla Province.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Six, all in BM, from: Mugatta, Atbara
River, 1; Ishaga, Setit River, 1; Mongalla, 2; Unigara, Atbara River,
1; 90 miles east of Lado, 1.
Gazella dama ruficollis (H. Smith)
A[ntilope] ruficollis H. Smith, in Griffith, The animal kingdom . . . by the Baron
Cuvier, vol. 4, p. 205, 1827. (‘‘Nubia’’.)
Antilope addra Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 2, May 17, 1833. (Nubia
and Kordofan.)
A[ntilope] dama var. orientalis Sundevall, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
Stockholm (1845), p. 266, 1847. (Sennaar.)
SpeciMENS Examrinep: Three, all in BM, from: 25 miles inland from
Omdurman, 1; Kordofan, 1; Sennaar, 1.
Gazella granti brighti Thomas
Gazella granti brighti Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1900), p. 805, Apr. 1, 1901.
(150 miles east of Lado, lat. 5°20’ N., long. 34°5’ E.)
SPECIMENS Examrnep: Three, from: 12 miles north of Afmadu,
Jubaland, 1 (BM); 150 miles east of Lado, 1 (BM); 160 miles east of
Lado, 1.
Gazella soemmerringii sibyllae Matschie
Gazella (Nanger) soemmerringii sibyllae Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde,
Berlin, p. 261, 1912. (Singa, Blue Nile.)
Specimens Examinep: Five, all in BM, from: Rahad River, 1;
Nakheila, 1; 12 miles south of Suakin, 1; Dinder Valley, 1; 18
kilometers from Tokar toward Suakin, 1.
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER
583
Subfamily Caprinae
Capra ibex nubiana F. Cuvier
Capra nubiana F. Cuvier, in E. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier, Histoire naturelle des
mammiféres, vol. 6, pl. 397, p. 2, June 1825.
(Nubia.)
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Four, all in BM, from: Mashail, 1; Red sea
Province, 3.
Remarks: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951, p. 407) treat the
Nubian ibex as a subspecies of Capra iber.
This is certainly more
realistic than the arrangement followed by Schwarz (1935) in which
he classed these animals with Capra hircus.
List oF New Names ProposzD
(Page Numbers in Parentheses)
Ateleriz pruneri lowet (453)
Elephantulus rufescens hoogstraali (456)
Crocidura bicolor tephragaster (458)
Crocidura hildegardeae phaios (460)
Crocidura nyansae toritensis (462)
Crocidura turba tephra (466)
Poélagus marjorita oweni (472)
Lepus capensis dinderus (474)
Gerbillus gerbillus sudanensis (488)
Grammo mysmacmillani erythropygus (501)
Oenomys hyporanthus talangae (505)
Dasymys incomtus palustris (506)
Mastomys kulmei (517)
Mastomys natalensis agurensis (520)
Mastomys natalensis marrensis (522)
Praomys fumatus owent (525)
Praomys tullbergi sudanensis (527)
Mus bellus delamensis (528)
Acomys lowei (536)
Steatomys thomasi (541)
Graphiurus murinus marrensis (542)
Cryptomys ochraceocinereus owent (548)
Heterohyrar brucei hoogstraali (564)
Gazeteer
Abu Fatima: 22°25’ N., 36°26’ E.
Abu Heraz: 12°59’ N., 29°58’ E.; 14°30’
N., 33°35’ E.; 18°2’ N., 33°58’
B.; 19°4’ N., 32°4’ E.; 14°55’ N.,
33°5’ E.
Abu Ushar: 14°55’ N., 33°95’ E.
Abu Zabad: 145 km. southwest of El
Obeid.
Adamadi’s Village: 4°10’ N., 31°40’ E.
Agageh Wells: 10° N., 29°12’ E.
Aggar Forest: 4°40’ N., 29°47’ E.
Agur: 11°35’ N.; 30°28’ E.
Akanda (see Ukanda).
Aradeiba: 12°25’ N., 34°20’ E.
Atbara: 17°40’ N., 34° E.
Atra Rabai Hills (see Jebel Atraab).
Awan: 6°6’ N., 31°48’ E.
Ayod: 8°5’ N., 31°25’ E.
Badigeru Swamp: 20 miles east of Mon-
galla.
Bendele: 4°34’ N., 28°23’ E.
Berber: 18° N., 34° E.
Bir el Girud (=Bir Girid): 22°26’ N.,
36°23’ E.
Bongo: 6°40’ N., 29°40’ E.
Bor: 6°10’ N., 31°35’ E.
Chak Chak: 8°40’ N., 26°55’ E.
Char, Didinga Mts.: 4°8’ N., 33°47’ E.
Delami: 11°50’ N., 30°25’ E.
Dilling: 12°5’ N., 29°40’ E.
Dongola: 19°13’ N., 30°27’ E.
Dorila Lakes: 12°55’ N., 24°15’ E.
Dud Majok (= Majak): 9°5’ N., 27°51’
E.; 9°13’ N., 28°37’ E.
Duem: 14° N., 32°20’ E.
Dugdug: 8°5’ N., 28°34’ E.
Duk: 90 miles northeast of Bor.
Duk Fagioil (= Duk Faiwil): 7°30’ N.,
31°30’ E.
Eirerib (= Hireibab): 14°39’ N., 33°24’
E.
El Fasher: 13°42’ N., 25°20’ E.
584
El Garef: 12°3’ N., 34°19’ E.
El Kowa: 13°40’ N., 32°30’ E.
El Malha (see Jebel Meidob).
El Obeid: 13°12’ N., 30°17’ E.
Emogadung, Dongotona Mts.:
N., 33°11’ E.
En Nahud (see Nahud).
Erkowit: 18°45’ N., 34°15’ E.
Eros: 4°7’ N., 33°46’ E.
Er Renk: 11°45’ N., 32°50’ E.
Faki-kowi: 200 miles south of Khar-
toum,
Fashoda (see Kodok).
Fazogli: 11°20’ N., 34°35’ E.
Fort Berkeley: 4°40’ N., 31°35’ E.
Gallabat: 12°55’ N., 36°10’ E.
Gebel Auli: 15°12’ N., 32°33’ E.
Gebel Talodi: 10°36’ N., 30°23’ E.
Gedaref: 14°3’ N., 35°25’ E.
Gerazi: 13°38’ N., 25°21’ EK.
Gilo: 4°2’ N.,.32°50’ E.
Gogrial: 8°30’ N., 28°3’ E.
Gondokoro: 4°54’ N., 31°40’ E.
Goz Abu Gama (= Abu Gamal): 15°10’
N., 36°26’ E.
Habissa Wells: 15°35’ N., 31°25’ E.
Hagach Merurya (=Khor Gelegu):
12°33’ N., 35°20’ EB.
Hamra: 14°5’ N., 24°55’ E.; 14°30’ N.,
31°55! Bh.
Haraza (see Jebel Haraza).
Ikoto: 4°6’ N., 33°6’ E.
Imela: 4°10’ N., 32°41’ E.
Imowa (=Iwowa, Didinga Mts.): 4°17’
N., 33°42’ E.
Imurok: 4°19’ N., 32°24’ E.
Ishaga, Setit River: 14°10’ N., 36°15’
E.
Issore, Imatong Mts.: 3°55’ N., 32°48’
E.
Jebel Ahmed Aga: 11°3’ N., 32°40’ E.
Jebel Ain: 12°40’ N., 32°50’ E.
Jebel Atraab: 18°8’ N., 38°20’ E.
Jebel Bawati: 19°55’ N., 36°55’ E.
Jebel Haraza: 15° N., 30°25’ E.
Jebel Kadaro: 12°8’ N., 30°15’ E.
Jebel Marra: 12°45’ N., to 13°30’ N.
and 24°15’ E. to 24°45’ E.
Jebel Meidob: 15°15’ N., 28°30’ E.
Jebel Um Durragh: 14°50’ N., 30°12’ E.
Juba: 4°50’ N., 31°40’ E.
Juga Juga: 15 miles east-northeast of
El Fasher.
4°11’
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 106
Kagula: 11°8’ N., 30°20’ E.
Kajo Kaji: 60 miles south of Rejaf.
Kaka: 10°35’ N., 32°10’ E.
Kamisa, Dinder River: 13°35’ N., 34°5/
E.
Katire: 4°2’ N., 32°47’ E.
Katta: 7°52’ N., 21°53’ E.
Katul Hills: 14°16’ N., 29°25’ E.
Kenisa: 6°50’ N., 31°10’ E.
Kerma: 19°35’ N., 30°25’ EB.
Khartoum: 15°40’ N., 32°35’ E.
Khor Arbat: 19°45’ N., 36°55’ E.
Khorasot (=Khor Asot): 18°18’ N.,
36°10’ E.
Khor Gitti: 7°40’ N., 27°40’ E.
Khor Gorman: 30 miles west of Rum-
bek.
Khor Hanoieit: 19°52’ N., 37°11’ E.
Khor Mog: 21°50’ N., 36°22’ E.
Kinyeti Valley, Imatong Mts.: 3°58’
N., 32°54’ E.
Kipia, Imatong Mts.: 3°57’ N., 32°58’
E.
Kit River: 4°30’ N., 31°45’ E.
Kitibol, Imatong Mts.: 4°2’ N., 32°51’
E.
Kodok: 9°53’ N., 32°5’ E.
Kornook (= Kurnuk): 12°45’ N., 31°57’
E.
Kulme, Wadi Aribo: 12°35’ N., 23°40’
E.
Kurra, northeastern Jebel Marra: 13°17’
N., 24°30’ E.
Labalwa: 4°26’ N., 32°38’ E.
Laboni, Imatong Mts.: 3°49’ N., 32°46’
E.
Lado: 5° N., 31°45’ E.
Lafon: 5°2’ N., 32°27" 3.
Lake No: 9°25’ N., 30°35’ E.
Lalanga, Lofit Hills: 4°36’ N., 32°54’ E.
Latuka Mts.: 4°30’ N., 32°40’ E.
Lerua: 4° N., 32°34’ E.
Letti Basin: 4°2’ N., 32°34’ KE.
Lewelli: 6°N., 33°40’ E.
Loa: 18 miles north of Nimule.
Loka: 60 miles southwest of Fort
Berkeley, 4°15’ N., 31° E.
Lokila: 4°40’ N., 32°30’ E.
Lokwi: 25 miles south of Torit.
Lomoling, Imatong Mts.: 4°7’
32°31’ E.
Longairo: 20 miles east of Torit.
Loronyo: 4°38’ N., 32°38° E.
N,,
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN
585
SUDAN—SETZER
Lotti Forest, Imatong Mts.: 4°2’ N.,|Shabluka Hills: 16°16’ N., 32°44’ E.
32°33’ EB.
Mt. Baginzi: 4°40’ N., 29°45’ E.
Mt. Lotuke: 4°9’ N., 33°48’ E.
Madu: 80 miles northeast of El Fasher.
Magwe: 36 miles southwest of Torit.
Malakal: 9°30’ N., 31°45’ E.
Malek: 6°3’ N., 31°42’ E.
Malhab: 15°5’ N., 26°7’ E.
Maman: north of Kassala, 15°42’ N.,
36°25’ E.
Medani: 14°20’ N., 33°30’ E.
Meridi: 4°55’ N., 29°32’ EB.
Merowe: 18°28’ N., 31°52’ E.
Meshra Zeraf: 10°51’ N., 32°30’ E.
Moli: 30 miles north of Nimule.
Mongalla: 5°10’ N., 31°50’ E.
Moyen: 7°48’ N., 28°16’ E.
Mugatta, Atbara River:
35°55’ B.
Mura, Lofit Hills: 4°48’ N., 33°43’ E.
Murukurun: 50 miles east of Torit.
Nagichot: 100 miles east of Torit.
Nahud: 11°45’ N., 28°25’ E.
Nakheila: 17°45’ N., 34° E.
N’doruma: 5° N., 27°30’ E.
Ngaboli: 47 miles north of Torit.
Nimule: 3°36’ N., 32°3’ E.
Nubbaka(= Kubbaka), see Nabaqaya in
El Obeid area: 12°47’ N., 30°46’
E.
Obbo: 4°2’ N., 32°28’ E.
Okaru: 4°29’ N., 32°10’ E.
Omdurman: 15°37’ N., 32°30’ E.
Opari: 50 miles southwest of Torit.
Palwar: 45 miles south of Torit.
Port Sudan: 19°35’ N., 37°15’ E.
Raffili: 6°52’ N., 27°58’ E.
Rejaf: 4°45’ N., 31°37’ E.
Roseires: 11°52’ N., 34°28’ E.
Rumbek: 6°45’ N., 29°40’ E.
Sabaluka: 16°20’ N., 32°40’ E.
Selima Oasis: 100 miles west of Wadi
Halfa.
Sennaar: 13°35’ N., 33°40’ E.
14°40’ N.,
Shambe: 7°8’ N., 30°52’ EB.
Shendi: 16°40’ N., 33°27’ E.
Shereik: 18°45’ N., 33°36’ E.
Shilluk Islands: 9°40’ N., 31°30’ E.
Shubhikra(=Shubeika, north of Omdur-
man): 15°12’ N., 33°46’ E.
Singa: 13°12’ N., 33°55’ EB.
Sinkat: 18°47’ N., 36°50’ E.
Soba: 15°30’ N., 32°40’ E.
Suakin: 19°5’ N., 37°22’ EB.
Sue River: 4°45’ N., 28°45’ E.
Sunnat: 4°16’ N., 32°49’ E.
Tagbo Hills: 14°45’ N., 25°50’ E.
Talanga Forest, Imatong Mts.: 4° N.,
32°44’ B.
Talodi: 10°40’ N., 80°25’ E.
Tembura: 5°40’ N., 27°30’ E.
Terangole: 20 miles east of Torit.
Tina Wells: 13°28’ N., 24°46’ E.
Tobbo (=Taba): 10°57’ N., 29°32’ E.
Tokar: 18°25’ N., 37°45’ E.
Tonga: 9°30’ N., 31°3’ EB.
Torit: 4°24’ N., 32°34’ E.
Ukanda (=Fort Ukanda): 7°10’ N.,
25°42’ BH.
Uma: 50 miles north of Nimule.
Umm Keddada: 13°35’ N., 26°40’ E.;
9°57/ N., 30°30’ E.
Um Ramad: 12°58’ N., 30°2’ EB.
Uvolo (=Mvolo): 6°4’ N., 29°56’ E.
Um Dona (=Umm Doma): 20°34’ N.,
34°16’ EB.
Wad Ferow (= Wadi Hafero): 15°24’ N..
26° 12’ E:
Wadferua: 19°30’ N., 33°24’ E.
Wadi Alagi: 22° N., 35° E.
Wadi Aribo (see Kulme).
Wadi Hafta: 17°43’ N., 37°36’ E.
Wadi Medani: 10°4’ N., 30°40’ E.
Wau, Jur River: 7°40’ N., 28°2’ E.
Yambio: 4°33’ N., 28°22’ E.
Yei: 4°7’ N., 30°40’ E.
Zalingei: 12°57’ N., 23°29’ E.
586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Literature cited
ALLEN, GLoverR M.
1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 83,
763 pp. (February.)
ALLEN, J. A.
1924. Carnivora collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 47, art. 3, pp. 73-281.
BuaINeE, GILBERT
1913. On the relationship of Gazella isabella to Gazella dorcas, with a descrip-
tion of a new species and subspecies. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8,
vol. 11, pp. 291-296. (March.)
BoHMAN, LupWwie
1942. Die Gattung Dendromus A. Smith. Zool. Anz., vol. 139, Nos. 3-4,
pp. 33-53. (August 1.)
CHAPIN, JAMES P.
1932. The birds of the Belgian Congo. Part I. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., vol. 65, x + 756 pp. (December 15.)
Do.tiuman, Guy
1915a. On the African shrews belonging to the genus Crocidura. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 15, pp. 507-527. (May.)
1915b. On the African shrews belonging to the genus Crocidura. II. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 15, pp. 562-575. (June.)
1915c. On the African shrews belonging to the genus Crocidura. III. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 16, pp. 66-80. (July.)
1915d. On the African shrews belonging to the genus Crocidura. IV. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 16, pp. 124-146. (August.)
1915e. On the African shrews belonging to the genus Crocidura. V. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 16, pp. 357-380. (October.)
1915f. On the African shrews belonging to the genus Crocidura. VI. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 16, pp. 506-514. (December.)
1916. On the African shrews belonging to the genus Crocidura. VII.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 17, pp. 187-209. (February.)
DurRRANT, S. D.
1952. Mammals of Utah. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 6,
pp. 1-549. (August 10.)
ELLERMAN, J. R.
1940. The families and genera of living rodents. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.),
vol. 1, xxvi+689 pp. (June 8.)
1941. The families and genera of living rodents. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.),
vol. 2, xii + 690 pp. (March 21.)
1949. The families and genera of living rodents. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.),
vol. 3, pt. 1, 210 pp. (March.)
ELLERMAN, J. R., AND Morrison-Scort, T. C. S.
i951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals, 1758 to 1946. British
Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 810 pp. (November 19.)
ELLERMAN, J. R., Morrison-Scort, T. C. S., anp Hayman, R. W.
1953. Southern African mammals. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 363 pp.
(December 23.)
Haun, HERBERT
1934. Die Familie der Procaviidae. Zeitschr. Saugetierkunde, vol. 9, pp.
207-358. (December 30.)
MAMMALS OF ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN—SETZER 587
HAMILTON, J. STEVENSON
1920. Field-notes on some mammals in the Bahr-el-Gebel, Southern Sudan.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1920), pp. 311-348. (February 25.)
Harr, Rosert T.
1934. Fourteen hitherto unrecognized African rodents. Amer. Mus. Nov.,
No. 708, 15 pp. (April 4.)
Hinton, Martin A. C., AND KEersHaAw, P. S.
1920. Ona collection of mammals from the Dinka country, Bahr-el-Djebel.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 6, pp. 94-101. (July.)
Ho.uister, N.
1918. East African mammals in the United States National Museum. U.S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 99, pt. 1, 194 pp. (August 16.)
1924. East African mammals in the United States National Museum. U.S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 99, pt. 3, viii + 164 pp. (June 20.)
LYDEKKER, R., AND BLAINE, GILBERT.
1914. Catalogue of the ungulate mammals in the British Museum (Natural
History). British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), vol. 3, xv + 283 pp.
Pocock, R. I.
1917. The classification of existing Felidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8,
vol. 20, pp. 329-350. (November.)
1944, The races of the North African wild cat (Felis libyca). Proce. Zool.
Soe. London, vol. 114, pts. 1, 2, pp. 65-73. (August 16.)
1951. Catalogue of the genus Felis. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), vii 190 pp.
(March.)
Ruxton, A. E., anp Schwarz, ERNST
1929. On hybrid hartebeests and on the distribution of the Alcelaphus
buselaphus group. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1929), pp. 567-583.
(September.)
ScHWARz, ERNST
1920. Huftiere aus West und Zentralafrika. Ergebnisse Zweiten Deutschen
Zentralafrika Expedition 1910-11, vol. 1, pp. 831-1044.
1935. On ibex and wild goat. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 16, pp.
433-437. (October.)
Simpson, GEORGE GAYLORD
1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 85, xvi+350 pp. (October 5.)
THOMAS, OLDFIELD, AND Hinton, Martin A. C.
1923. On the mammals obtained in Darfur by the Lynes-Lowe expedition.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1923), pp. 247-271. (June.)
WortHInctTON, E. B.
1937. On the evolution of fish in the great lakes of Africa. Int. Rev. Ges.
Hydrobiol. Hydrogr., vol. 35, pp. 304-317.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1956
Pag he is. VIACTHY SanGiin * CART IMAIS yi, AF
mis 5 <1 2 ss
COAMEY Mie. 4 ois
f,.! ! { H ay - 7 +e re
ity libi¢ sie? * Ts OC pety Ob Alera ruiaii Ar OM Tie BP] loti ev)
Yarrwia' th wr (1S ar PAY T) rabbis). Seep nek ae k vi
“ ae 4
5 ” r
_ LY raaraoll perart
. ® 5 a aes i ‘ ic
* eth s5nr¢ : Wort ous DOS seeatdiss “asin oO. im, if
, fo At - aie +
is stl sy b stTEE GL pCaah 0 7,
; ye
2 * . : = se =.
AM wsnigs a ; SALA NOTA
* * a ‘ i on r
55 Shea j 1 PAULL 2s IST) Rita eT ee re wer
oo. tk 7 . x . ¢ s
i
vv y ’
7 ‘ they PA tray 5, Fs Bia i
‘ , . .
BHAT td igh le MEE Yet ea ht
iG | F ate eG * ae Sees fis ; i ESTE f
' * he » Pky re c
US eqs 8) EO fe lth of 11)
rie 7 rt 1
a cm
; f i . eyed i b}
’ ‘
1 aes i S ; ae
- '
mA Py? +
’ * * A ’
i sf a I@E
° = ‘ q 4
‘ rt" ’ . wt oi. 7 -
cas :
he F f us ihe +) J 4) 2 GG 4 } ae ALOE .
‘ths, . , ¢
\. 42 } i a ‘- ‘ ‘ f « it a!
ae ‘ , a if rl . A - ‘ J 7 >
i HY 4.05 ; eo ; Sih ; wl [ovFt j
‘KriA i}
jane rt — ‘ c ’ ‘ siete
; T8b p Seay pms Et als A “02 LE
: re ‘ ; + ; a ¢2 :
MeN Oh. “Sieh oo" ary TAL , 00 S08 atasavontitdy Dri dh (wth Bees
an < in . A ;
Ba ue, gl Oul . NOei, bode
5
: ,
fir
; “+ Ferhat aR aad
¥ , i
i bey pt i > < ? + AM $4? é Tals ;
SLOL-1KE 4) ; LL—-afet
5 % « >
’
AAP O41 itl pie SAAD i & 170
AW eels Cy) mis (VAR iv: i i iy
? f ?
i BW 41% ii ny vied
fs
’ Cuahs f
Sli i“ a as ing ; Le r
JL [f woretrar
j . ; J ine ' (i ear 4
ana eal! : i) OE Me dil Pie) Ma) Fed mye en? As WUEL 9”
Vs ’ ; Z is? ite in : ioth i
PPEC A POINGD SHCTHIER ci lm eesye? 2 Ww
INDEX
(New genera, species, etc., are printed in italics.
Page numbers of principal
entries also in italics)
abessinica, Camaroptera brevicaudata, | acuta, Euschéngastia diversa, 125, 149
398
ablutus, Acomys wilsoni, 538
abu-wudan, Ichneumia, 558
abyssinica, Mellivora, 554
Mellivora capensis, 554
abyssinicus, Strepsiceros, 573
Acalyptratae, 314
Acarina, 114
Acartophthalmus, 313, 314
Accipiter velox, 110
acerifolium, Viburnum, 298
Acheta, 244, 245
assimilis, 245
fulvastra, 245, 263 (fig.)
peruviensis, 245
acholi, Mus tenellus, 530
Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii, 563
wagneri, 563
Acla, 254, 256, 257
multivenosa, 258
reticulata, 256, 263 (fig.)
vicina, 257, 263 (fig.)
Aclodes, 254, 257, 258
maculatum, 258
Acomatacarus paradoxa, 99
Acomys, 537, 545 (map)
albigena, 534
cahirinus, 536
cahirinus cahirinus, 535
cahirinus cineraceus, 635, 537
cahirinus hunteri, 35, 537
cineraceus, 535
hunteri, 535
hystrella, 535, 538
intermedius, 536, 537
lowet, 536
percivali, 538
wilsoni ablutus, 538
wilsoni argillaceus, 538
wilsoni wilsoni, 538
witherbyi, 537
Acroceridae, 359, 361
Acrodactyla, 316
Acronicta lobeliae, 297
Acronotus lelwel, 577
acrostichoides, Polystichum, 14
Aculeata, 295
acuminata, Dixioria pela, 7, 9 (fig.), 11,
18 (map)
494611—59-——2
(map), 153 (graph), 172 (tables),
adailensis, Herpestes, 557
addax, Antilope, 577
Addax nasomaculatus, 573, 577
addra, Antilope, 582
Adenota alurae, 575
kob leucotis, 575
kob notata, 575
kul, 575
nigroscapulata, 575
wuil, 575
adjunctus, Aphonomorphus, 269 (fig.),
287
adustus, Alseonax, 387, 397
Aedes aegypti, 158, 159, 174, 187
sp., 97, 104, 167
aegypti, Aedes, 158, 159, 174, 187
aegyptius, Lepua capensis, 474, 475
aeliani, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, 571
aequatoria, Ourebia montana, 578
Ourebia ourebi, 578
aequatorialis, Cephalophus, 574
Cephalophus caerulus, 574
Genetta, 556
Genetta tigrina, 556
aequatorius, Mus bellus, 528, 529, 530
aequinoctialis, Bubalus caffer, 573
Syncerus caffer, 573
aethiopica, Candacia, 332
aethiopicus, Erinaceus, 455
Lophiomys imhausi, 482
Orycteropus afer, 563
Paraechinus, 455
Phractomys, 482
aethiops, Cercopithecus, 470
Cercopithecus aethiops, 469
Simia, 469
aethomyia, Euschéngastia, 92
Aethomys, 515, 516 (table), 518 (map)
kaiseri alghazal, 516
kaiseri helleri, 516, 517
namaquensis grahami, 92
afer, Ptilostomus, 378
africanus, Asinus, 569
Equus asinus, 569
agag, Gerbillus, 487
Gerbillus gerbillus, 487, 488, 489
Agkistrodon mokasen, 110, 112
agurensis, Mastomys natalensis, 520
589
590
akamushi, Trombicula, 87, 96, 107, 110,
112
Alabama argillacea, 317, 325
albescens, Ichneumia, 558
albicauda, Ichneumia albicauda, 558
albicaudus, Herpestes, 558
albifrons, Amblyospiza, 404
albigena, Acomys, 534
albigenus, Erythrocebus, 470
albipalpus, Hygronemobius, 249
Nemobius, 249
albipes, Praomys, 449
albonotata, Gazella, 582
elhonotatits Coliuspasser albonotatus,
Gazella thompsonii, 682
Alcelaphus 581 (map)
buselaphus lelwel, 577
buselaphus roosevelti, 577
buselaphus toro, 678
buselaphus tschadensis, 578
jacksoni, 578
niediecki, 577
tora, 577, 578
Alcephalus tora, 578
alfreddugési, Trombicula, 96, 97, 100,
104, 106, 110, 111, 112, 113, 153
(graph), 154
alfredi, Cyanomitra olivacea, 394
algazel, Antilope, 576
algazella, Antilope, 576
alghazal, Aethomys kaiseri, 516
Mus, 516
allardi, Anaxipha, 265 (fig.), 268
Aphonomorphus, 267 (fig.), 286, 287
Diatrypa, 261 (fig.), 265 (fig.), 279,
280, 281
Allorchestes, 345, 356
aquilina, 356
gracilis, 356
hawaiensis, 345, 351
ochotensis, 345
Alseonax adustus, 387, 397
minimus pumilus, 397
altae, Crocidura hildegardeae, 461
alurae, Adenota, 575
amazonicus, Formicarius colma, 436, 438
Amblyospiza albifrons, 404
Amblyrhetus, 277, 282
brevipes, 284
capitatus, 284
nodifer, 267 (fig.), 282
americana, Apios, 46
Euschoéngastia, 88, 89, 96, 114, 207,
208, 209, 210
Schéngastia, 88
americanus, Coccyzus, 110
Enicospilus, 296, 299, 300
Podoscirtus, 288
amoena, Carphophis amoena, 110
Amphiacusta, 254
amphibius, Hippopotamus, 571
Hippopotamus amphibius, 571
Amphicarpa bracteata, 40, 43, 58
Amphipoda, 345
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 108
Amphithoe aquilina, 356
amplipennis, Prosthacusta,
(fig.), 263 (fig.)
Amusina, 253
Amusodes, 253
Anacusta, 253
analis, Formicarius, 431, 434
Formicarius analis, 434, 438
analoides, Formicaricola, 414 (fig.), 430,
431, 432 (fig.), 436, 487 (fig.),
438, 439
Anaplectes, red-winged, 402
rubiginosus, 402
rubriceps, 399
Anaxipha, 259
allardi, 265 (fig.), 268
annulipes, 268, 273
championi, 266
conspersa, 260, 263 (fig.), 266
gracilis, 268
infirmenotata, 263 (fig.), 264, 266
latefasciata, 270
maxima, 260, 263 (fig.), 266
nigerrima, 262 (fig.), 265 (fig.), 272
nigripennis, 265 (fig.), 271
nitida, 271, 273
peruviana, 259, 262, 263 (fig.)
platyptera, 271
ruficeps, 260, 266
schunkei, 265 (fig.), 273
simulacrum, 274
smithi, 263 (fig.), 266
sorer, 263 (fig.), 264, 266
stolazmanni, 265 (fig.)
Andropadus importunus, 382
importunus importunus, 379
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 450 (map)
list of localities, 583
Mammals of, 447
angustifrons, Formicaphagus, 416, 417
(fig.), 422, 423, 425 (fig.), 427
(fig.), 429, 438
annulata, Euschongastia, 93
annulipes, Rhicnogryllus, 261 (fig.), 265
(fig.), 275
annulipes, Anaxipha, 268, 273
Antelope dammah, 576
Anthomyza, 313
Anthomyzidae, 305
Anthonomus vestitus, 317, 325
SO oe emini, 495, 496, 499,
5
264, 261
Anthreptes collaris, 386
Antilope addax, 577
addra, 582
algazel, 576
algazella, 576
brevicaudata, 579
chora, 573
dama orientalis, 582
decula, 572
dorceas isidis, 580
harnieri, 574
laevipes, 582
leptoceros, 580
INDEX
antilope addax, leucotis, 575
montana, 579
nasomaculata, 577
ruficollis, 582
tao, 576
tendal, 573
Antilopinae, 578
antipodianum, Euschéngastia, 89
antiqua, Pialea, 361, 363, 365, 367 (fig.),
369 (fig.), 371 (fig.)
antiquorum, Giraffa camelopardalis, 571
Anurogryllus, 244
muticus, 244
Apalis thoracicus thoracicus, 398
Apheloria, 4, 5, 17
kleinpeteri, 14
pela, 8
waccamana, 12
Aphemogryllus, 250
591
Arvicanthis, 506, 518 (map)
dunni, 512
luctuosus, 510
macculus, 513
niloticus centralis, 508
niloticus jebelae, 508
niloticus kordofanensis, 508, 509
niloticus luctuosus, 510
niloticus testicularis, 509, 510
testicularis centralis, 508
testicularis kordofanensis, 509
Ascoschongastia, 88, 89, 114, 214
Asinus africanus, 569
asinus dianae, 569
Astomella, 360
Atelerix, 455, 466 (map)
pruneri lowet, 453
pruneri oweni, 453, 454, 455
pruneri pruneri, 453, 454
Aphonomorphus, 242, 277, 284, 288, 289] Atherurinae, 547
adjunctus, 269 (fig.), 287
allardi, 267 (fig.), 286, 287
deceptor, 267 (fig.), 286
dissimilis, 267 (fig.), 285
elegans, 287
obscurus, 267 (fig.), 285
schunket, 267 (fig.), 269 (fig.), 286,
287
socius, 267 (fig.), 384
stipatus, 267 (fig.), 269 (fig.), 284
telskii, 267 (fig.), 284
Aphonus peruvianus, 288
telskii, 284
Apios americana, 46
Apocrita, 295
Apoloniinae, 87
aporiae, Brachycytrus, 324
aquatilis, Carex, 29
aquilina, Allorchestes, 356
Amphithoe, 356
Hyale, 356
aquilo, Steatomys, 540, 541, 542
aquilus, Lophuromys, 533, 534
arabicus, Fennecus, 552
Arachnida, 114
Arachnopsis, 254
Archiannelida, 441
arenarius, Cercopithecus, 470
Cercopithecus aethiops, 469
Lasiopyga pygerythra, 469
argentinus, Nemobius, 247, 248
argillacea, Alabama, 317, 325
argillaceus, Acomys wilsoni, 538
Argizala, 244, 247
brasiliensis, 247
hebardi, 247
subg., 247
Argyla malcomli, 381
aridula, Crocidura, 464, 465
aridulus, Grammomys, 503
Grammomys macmillani, 503
armata, Candacia, 331, 332, 336
artemisiae, Peromyscus maniculatus, 95,
162
Arthropoda, 114
Artiodactyla, 570
Atherus turneri, 547
atriventris, Rivellia, 22
assimilis, Acheta, 245
Gryllus, 245
Rattus, 90, 92
athi, Steatomys, 542
Aulacodus semipalmatus, 548
variegatus, 548
aureus, Canis, 549
auricularis, Pitymys pinetorum, 200
auripila, Pialea, 360
australis, Rivellia, 25, 32
australis, Brachycyrtus, 323, 326
Tridactylus, 292
Austroniscus ectiformis, 442
autumnalis, Microtrombidium, 87
Trombicula, 87, 96, 97, 99, 100
azrakensis, Bubalus, 573
bacchante, Oenomys hypoxanthus, 505
bairdii, Peromyscus maniculatus, 147
bakeri, Heterohyrax brucei, 564
Hippotragus, 576
Hippotragus equinus, 576
baltazarae, Brachycyrtus, 321
23, 827
Bandicota bengalensis, 90
barbarus, Lemniscomys, 512
Bareogonalos, 296, 303
canadensis, 303
barkeri, Phacochoerus, 570, 571
Tragelaphus scriptus, 572
basilaris, Rivellia, 28
Batara cinerea excurbitor, 411
batatas, Trombicula, 97
Bathyergidae, 548
Batis capensis, 397, 399, 400
beckeri, Stenopialea, 360, 361, 365
bellus, Mus, 529, 530, 531
bengalensis, Bandicota, 90
Nesokia, 90
bent, Formicaricola, 414 (fig.), 432 (fig.),
434, 435 (fig.), 436, 438, 439
Benoistiella, 252
benvenuta, Tatera, 491, 493, 494, 495
Tatera benvenuta, 491
(fig.),
592
Bethyloidea, 295
bicolor, Crocidura, 459
Gymnopithys leucaspis, 423, 438
Otacustes, 317
biflora, ss tiens, 14
Cae Cape iacty 125, 128, 149
(map), 220
bipars, Ortalis, 62
bipinnata, Candacia, 331
Bird lice of the order Ischnocera, stud-
ies in Neotropical Mallophaga,
XVI, 409
bispinosa, Candacia, 331
blainei, Mastomys natalensis, 519, 520,
521, 523
Mus, 521
Blarina brevicauda, 109, 110, 111, 112,
198, 194, 195
brevicauda brevicauda, 146, 193
sp., 174, 198, 195, 225
blarinae, Eusch6ngastia, 95, 109, 118,
114, 126, 156 (map), 190 (table),
205, 208, 216, 217, 218, 220, 222,
223, 224, 225
Neoschéngastia, 190
Trombicula, 190
Boaedon lineatus, 93
béhmi, Equus, 569
Equus burchellii, 569
bolivana, Orthogonialys,'296
bolivari, Myrmeciza laemosticta, 415,
boliviana, Metioche, 262 (fig.), 265 (fig.),
274, 275
bolivianus, Formicaphagus, 421 (fig.),
5 (fig.), 426, 429, 438
ponpen i Heliosciurus gambianus, 478,
4
Sciurus, 478
bor, Tragelaphus, 572
Tragelaphus scriptus, 572
borealis, Lasiurus borealis, 110
borellii, Scapteriscus, 243
boscii, Rivellia, 21, 23, 27, 66, 69
Boselaphus gigas, 573
Boshellia, 89, 114
bottae, Gerbillus, 483
boucardi, Myrmeciza longipes, 418, 438
Bovidae, 572
Bovinae, 572
Bowman, Thomas E., see Fleminger and
Bowman, 331
see Menzies and Bowman, 339
Brachoria, 4, 5, 17
Brachycyrtini, 316, 317
Brachycyrtomorpha, 323
crossi, 323, 324
Brachycyrtus, 315, 316, 317, 318, 323
(key)
australis, 323, 326
baltazarae, 321 (fig.), 323, 327
chrysopae, 325, 326
convergens, 317, 320
crossi, 323, 324, 326
nawaii, 324, 326, 328
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 106
Brachycyrtus, oculatus, 317, 318
eee 321 (fig.), 323, 325, 326,
pretiosus, 323, Sn 325, 326
taitensis, 324, 328
Brachycystus, 315
Brachycytrus aporiae, 324
brachydactylus, Erinaceus, 455
bracteata, Amphicarpa, 40, 43, 58
Bradornis microrhynchus, 401
brasiliensis, Argizala, 247
brauneri, Desmodilliscus, 500
brevicauda, Blarina, 109, 110,/111,7112,
193, 194, 195
Blarina brevicauda, 146, 193
brevicaudata, Antilope, 579 ay
breviceps, Kobus defassa, 574 *
brevifasciata, Rivellia, 22, 24, 25, 34
brevifrons, Formicaphagus, 42h, 425
(fig.), 427 (fig.), 429, 438
brevipalpis, Eusch6ngastia, 93
brevipennis, Gryllodes, 247
Miogryllus, 247
pee Amblyrhetus, 284
uschOngastia, 142, 144, 146, 160
Hyale, 346, 351, 352, 354, 356
NeoschGngastia, 95, 142
brighti, Gazella granti, 582
brimleii, Deltotaria, 3
brooks, Dixioria pela, 2, 7, 9 (fig.), 12,
18 (map)
brucei, Fennecus, 552
brucii, Rhinoceros, 570
Cee Erythropygia leucophrys,
38
Erythropygia zambesiana, 386
Percnostola leucostigma, 420, 438
Bubalis lelwel, 578
lelwel roosevelti, 577
lelwel tschadensis, 578
niediecki, 578
Bubalus azrakensis, 573
caffer aequinoctialis, 573
solvayi, 573
Buccanodon olivaceum woodwardi, 395
bufo, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, 670
Phacochoerus africanus, 570
sp., 110, 112
burtoni, Gerbillus, 489
burtonii, Hyrax, 565
Procavia habessinica, 565
bushlandia, Eusch6ngastia, 89
butleri, Crocidura, 458, 459
Graphiurus, 543
Graphiurus murinus, 543
Jaculus jaculus, 646
Mus, 525
Praomys, 626
Procavia, 565
Procavia habessinica, 565
Taterillus, 497
Taterillus emini, 495, 497, 499
bweha, Canis adustus, 649
Thos adusta, 549
INDEX
cabanisi, Ploceus intermedius, 399, 402
Caeciantropsis, 442
psammophila, 442, 448 (fig.), 444
(fig.) 445 (fig.)
Caecijaera horvathi, 441
Caecum sp., 441
cafer, Cuxulus, 392
caffra, Cossypha, 385, 387
cahirinus, Acomys, 536
Acomys cahirinus, 535
cailliaudi, Cercopithecus, 469
Chloricebus, 469
cairnsensis, Euschéngastia, 89
Calamocichla refescens, 397
refescens foxi, 397
californica, Euschéngastia, 85, 95, 126,
156 (map), 179, 180, 215, 221
Neoschéngastia, 180
Schéngastia, 180
callithrix, Grammomys macmillani, 503
Pee brevicaudata abessinica,
39
camelopardalis, Giraffa, 671
Giraffa cameolopardalis, 571
camerani, Scapteriscus, 243
campestris, Gerbillus, 482
Camposella, 374
canadensis, Trigonalys, 303
Bareogonalos, 303
canaster, Heliosciurus gambinaus, 478
candace, Nasua, 94
Candacia (Copepoda: Calanoida), A new
species of, from the western
North Atlantic Ocean, 331
Candacia, 331
aethiopica, 332
armata, 331, 332, 336
bipinnata, 331
bispinosa, 331
curta, 331
longimana, 331, 334, 336
norvegica, 332
pachydactyla, 331
Dace a Tana, 832, 333 (fig.), 335
g.)
simplex, 331
Canidae, 549
Caninae, 549
Canis adustus bweha, 549
anthus soudanicus, 550
aureus, 549
aureus nubianus, 550
aureus soudanicus, 560
doederleini, 550
famelicus, 551
familiaris variegatus, 550
hyaenomelas, 559
mesomelas elgonae, 550
pallidus, 551
riippelii, 551
thooides, 550
variegatus, 550
zerda, 552
canorus, Cuculus, 385, 388, 389
capensis, Batis, 397, 399, 400
Euschéngastia, 93
593
capensis, Fringillaria, 403
Motacilla, 387
Motacilla capensis, 400
Procavia, 565
capitalis, Ploceus melanocephalus, 401
capitatus, Amblyrhetus, 284
capitella, Pialea, 361, 363, 364 (fig.),
368, 369 (fig.), 571 (fig.), 373
Capra, 452
ibex nubiana, 583
nubiana, 583
redunca donaldsoni, 575
Caprinae, 583
caprius, Chalcites, 400
cardinalis, Richmondena, 110, 112
Carex aquatilis, 29
carinata, Monocentris, 239
Carnivora, 549
carolina, Terrapene, 110, 112
carolinensis, Euschéngastia, 109, 111,
112, 113, 114, 126, 156 (map),
196 (table), 200, 201, 202, 216,
220, 221, 222, 223, 227
carolinensis, Sciurus carolinensis, 109,
110, 111, 112, 147
carolinus, Centurus, 110
Carphophis amoena amoena, 110
Carriker, M. A., Jr; Studies in Neotropi-
cal Mallophaga, XVI: Bird lice
of the suborder Ischnocera, 409
carterae, Trombicula, 110, 111, 112
cataphracta, Sciaena, 239
caudatus, Lamprotornis, 378
Causus rhombeatus, 94
Ceanothus sp., 299
centralis, Arvicanthis niloticus, 508
Arvicanthis testicularis, 508
Epimys kaiseri, 517
Mus auricomis, 517
Centurus carolinus, 110
Cephalophinae, 574
Cephalophus, 581 (map)
aequatorialis, 574
eaerulus aequatorialis, 574
caerulus musculoides, 674
monticola musculoides, 574
Ceratotherium simum cottoni, 570
Cercomacra nigricans nigricans, 420,
438
Cercopithecidae, 468
Cercopithecus, 476 (map)
aethiops, 470
aethiops aethiops, 489
aethiops arenarius, 489
aethiops johnstoni, 469
aethiops marrensis, 470
arenarius, 470
(Chloricebus) cailliaudi, 469
mitis stuhlmanni, 470
poliolophus, 470
poliophaeus, 470
pyrrhonotus, 470, 471
stuhlmanni, 470
tantalus marrensis, 470
toldti, 469
Cerophorus (Gazella) nasomaculata, 577
594
Cervicapra redunca cottoni, 575
cervinipes, Melomys, 90, 92
chadensis, Euxerus erythropus, 480
Chalcomitra senegalensis gutturalis, 394
veroxii fischeri, 398
championi, Anaxipha, 266
yrtoxiphus, 266
Chalcites caprius, 400
cupreus, 393
flavigularis, 400
klaas, 396
sp., 395
Chelicerata, 114
Chiggers of the genus Euschéngastia
(Acarina Trombiculidae) in
North America, 85
chioensis, Euschéngastia, 156 (map)
Chloricebus cailliaudi, 469
subg., 469
chocoana, Formicaricola, 435 (fig.), 436,
488
Chopard, Lucien; Some crickets from
South America (Grylloidea and
Tridactyloidea), 241
chora, Antilope, 573
Tragelaphus strepsiceros, 673
choragium, Clamator, 378
Chremon, 276
christyi, Mylomys, 506
Mylomys cunninghamei, 506
chrotorrhinus, Microtus, 148
chrysaeolus, Proechimys, 94
Chrysidoidea, 295
Chrysopa sp., 316, 317, 328
chrysopae, Brachycyrtus, 325, 326
Chrysopidae, 317
Chrysopoctonus, 316
chui, Felis pardus, 562
Panthera pardus, 562
cicindeloides, Phyllocyrtus, 274
cineraceus, Acomys, 535
Acomys chirinus, 635, 537
cinereoargenteus, Urocyon, 110
cinereus, Sorex cinereus, 193, 195
cinnamonea, Osmunda, 14
Cinnyris venustus falkensteini, 398
venustus fazoglensis, 398
circumcincta, Prosthacusta, 254, 255
Civetticutis civetta congica, 566
Clamator choragium, 378
glandarius, 378
jacobinus, 379
levaillantii, 382
Cleidopus, 238
gloria-maris, 238
neozelanicus, 238, 239
Clethrionomys gapperi, 146, 148, 203
gapperi gapperi, 147, 168, 171, 200
gapperi paludicola, 146, 203, 206
sp., 147, 203, 206, 223
clivosus, Taterillus, 497
Taterillus emini, 495, 497
Clusia, 313
Clusiidae, 305, 313
Clusiodes, 313
Clusiodidae, 305, 313, 314
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 106
clypeatus, Formicaphagus, 420, 421 (fig.),
422, 423, 425 (fig.), 427 (fig.),
429, 438
Cobus vaughani, 575
Coccyzus americanus, 110
cockerelli, Echymipera, 90
cockingsi, Neoschéngastia, 91
cognata, Rivellia, 22, 26, 48
colet, Rivellia, 27, 70, 71
ColtueE eer albonotatus albonotatus,
40
collaris, Anthreptes, 386
Lanius collaris, 379
colma, Formicarius, 431
Come J CaeoTe 435 (fig.), 436,
Colebus (ler matschiei dodingae,
471
polykomos dodingae, 471
Colpermia, 316
columbiae, Euschéngastia, 94
concolor, Lutra, 555
Condylura sp., 174
congica, Civettictis civetta, 556
congicus, Taterillus, 496
conjuncta, Rivellia, 25, 30
conspersa, Anaxipha, 260, 263 (fig.), 266
Cyrtoxipha, 260
convergens, Brachycyrtus, 317, 320
Habryllia, 318, 320, 322
convolutus, Gryllus, 246
Miogryllus, 246
Cophella, 253
Cophogryllus, 244
Cophus, 252
cophus, Paraphonus, 289
coquilletti, Rivellia, 22, 25, 28
cordiremus, Euschéngastia, 95,
149 (map), 160, 220, 223
coronata, Deltotaria, 3, 4, 12
Dixioria, 6, 11
Dixioria pela, 7, 9, (fig.), 12, 13,
14, 15, 18 (map)
Corvus corax edithae, 378
corax hispanus, 378
Coamet else, 318, 320, 321 (fig.),
3
Cossypha caffra, 385, 387
caffra drakensbergi, 384, 385
caffra iolaema, 385
heuglini, 385
costalis, Poecilogonalos, 300, 302 (fig.)
Trigonalys, 300
costaricensis, Formicaricola, 431, 433,
434, 435 (fig.), 436, 437 (fig.),
438, 439
cottoni, Ceratotherium simum, 670
Cervicapra redunea, 575
Ourebia ourebi, 578
Redunea bohor, 676
Rhinoceros simus, 570
coucha, Mastomys, 519
coxenii, Macropus, 92
Thyloale, 92
Cranistusg, 259
crassirostris, Malimbus malimbus, 395
125,
INDEX
095
crateris, Euschéngastia, 126 156 (map), | Cryptinae, 315, 316, 317
202, 204, 218, 220, 222, 223, 225] Cryptomys, 542
Cratichneumon signatipes, 297
crawshayi, Lepus, 473
Lepus capensis, 473, 474, 477
Cremastini, 316
cremoriventer, Rattus cremoriventer, 90
criceticola, Euschéngastia, 95, 126, 156
(map), 177, 181, 215, 217, 221,
223
Cricetidae, 482
Cricetomys gambianus, 539
gambianus grahami, 4389
gambianus subsp., 539
Crickets from South America (Gryl-
loidea and Tridactyloidea), 241
cristicaudia, Dasycercus, 89
Crocidura, 457, 461, 466 (map), 476
(map)
aridula, 464, 465
bicolor, 459
bicolor cunninghamei, 458
bicolor elgonius, 459
bicolor planiceps, 459
bicolor tephragaster, 458
bicolor woosnami, 459
butleri, 458, 459
darfurea, 461, 462
doriana fuscosa, 459, 460
ferruginea, 458
fischeri, 458
flavescens, 93
fulvastra, 458
fusco-murina, 458
hedenborgiana, 460
hedenborgiana fuscosa, 459
hedenborgiana hedenborgiana, 460
hildegardeae, 461
hildegardeae altae, 461
hildegardeae hildegardeae, 461
hildegardeae phaios, 460
hindei marrensis, 464
lutrella, 464, 465
macrodon, 465
marita, 461
nilotica, 465
nyansae, 460, 462
nyansae darfurea, 461
nyansae nyansae, 463
nyansae sururae, 462, 463
nyansae toritensis, 462
pasha, 459, 461, 463
sericea, 464, 465
sericea lutrella, 464, 465
sericea marrensis, 464, 465
sericea sericea, 465
sururae, 462, 463
turba, 458
turba nilotica, 465, 467
turba tephra, 466
crocidurae, Euschéngastia, 93, 225
Crocuta crocuta fortis, 559
Crossarchus dybowskii, 557
crossi, Brachycyrtomorpha, 323, 324
Brachycyrtus, 323, 324, 326
Cryptidae, 315
See Oe a rhs ochraceocinereus,
ochraceocinereus owen, 548
cubensis, Nemobius, 247
Pteronemobius, 247, 263 (fig.)
cubla, Dryoscopus, 394
Cuckoos, Further data on African
parasitic, 377
Cuculus cafer, 392
canorus, 385, 388, 389
canorus gularis, 383, 386
poliocephalus, 393
solitarius, 383
Culex sp., 97, 104
cunea, Hyphantria, 300
cunninghamei, Crocidura bicolor, 458
Mylomys cunninghamei, 506
Cuphopterus dohrni, 393
cupreus, Chalcites, 393
curta, Candacia, 331
curviseta, Sinella, 98, 105, 108, 159, 195
Cyanomitra olivacea alfredi, 394
olivacea ragazzii, 401
Cycloptiloides, 250
Cycloptilum, 250
Cylindrogryllus, 276
Cynailurus soemmeringii, 563
eo reomce tyrannina tyrannina, 420,
43
Cyrtidae, 359
Cyrtoxipha, 259
conspersa, 260
Maxima, 260
pernambucensis, 259
Cyrtoxiphus championi, 266
smithi, 266
stolzmanni, 266
dactylifera, Dixioria, 2, 5, 6, 7, 15, 16
(fig.), 18
Dacus succinatus, 69
dama, Gazella, 580
Damaliscus corrigum jonesi, 577
floweri, 577
korrigum tiang, 577
tiang, 577
tiang-riel, 577
dammah, Antelope, 576
Oryx, 576
darfurea, Crocidura, 461, 462
Crocidura nyansae, 461
dartevellei, Hyaloides, 351
darwinii, Phyllotis, 94
dasycerci, Kuschéngastia, 89
Dasycercus cristicauda, 89
Dasymys, 518 (map)
incomtus helukus, 507
incomtus nigridus, 507
incomtus palustris, 506
incomtus savannus, 507
incomtus shawi, 507
orthos, 507
shawi, 507
Dasyprocta variegata, 94
596
dasyproctae, Euschéngastia, 94
dasyurus, Gerbillus, 482
debilis, Euschéngastia, 90
deceptor, Aphonomorphus, 267 (fig.), 286
decula, Antilope, 572
Tragelaphus scriptus, 672
delamensts, Mus bellus, 628
delicatus, Elephantulus rufescens, 457
deliensis, Trombicula, 99, 155
Deltotaria, 3, 6
brimleii, 3
coronata, 3, 4, 12
nigrimontis, 3
Dendrocolapidae, 409
Dendromurinae, 539
Dendromus, 452
lineatus, 540
mesomelas percivali, 539
mesomelas subsp , 589
pumilio lineatus, 540
denniae, Praomys, 525
dentifer, Dixioria, 4, 6, 8
derbianus, Taurotragus, 573
Derocentrus, 317
derricki, Euschéngastia, 90
Desmodilliseus, 452
brauneri, 500
destructus, Formicarius nigricapillus,
438
dianae, Asinus asinus, 569
Equus asinus, 669
Diatrypa, 242, 277, 279
allardi, 261 (fig.), 265 (fig.), 279,
80, 281
latipennis, 265 (fig.), 280
minuts, 281
pallidilabris, 265 (fig.), 279
schunkei, 265 (fig.), 281
Diceros bicornis somaliensis, 570
Didelphis opossum 94
virginiana, 110, 112
difformipes, Rhipipteryx, 269 (fig.), 290
diffusus, Passer griseus, 383
dimidianus, Ploceus melanocephalus,
402
dimidiatus, Erimaceus, 454
dinderus, Lepus capensis, 474
Dioptrornis fischeri, 386
Diplazoninae, 316
Dipodidae, 546
Dipodillus, subg., 452, 482, 483, 484
Dipodinae, 546
discolor, Grammomys macmillani, 503
dissimilis, Aphonomorphus, 267 (fig,),
285
diversa, Euschingastia, 168, 175, 123
Euschongastia diversa, 149 (map),
151 (graph), 153 (graph), 168,
169 (table), 170 (table), 172, 173,
218, 220, 221
Dixioria, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (key), 11, 14, 17
coronata, 6, 11
dactylifera, 2, 5, 6, 7, 15, 16 (fig.), 17
dentifer, 4, 6, 8
fowleri, 6
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 106
Dixioria, pela, 5, 6, 9 (figs.), 14, 16,
17, 18,(map), 19
pela acuminata, 7, 9 (fig.), 11, 18
(map)
pela brooksi, 2, 7, 9 (fig.), 12, 18
(map)
pela coronata, 7, 9 (fig.), 12, 13, 14,
15, 18 (map)
pela fowleri, 7, 9 (fig.), 12, 13, 18
(map),
pela pela, 7, 8, 9 (fig), 15
pela wright, 7, 9 (fig.), 18,
(map), 19
dodingae, Colobus matschiei, 471
Colobus polykomos, 471
Tragelaphus cottoni, 572
Tragelaphus scriptus, 672
doederleini, Canis, 550
doggetti, Hippotragus equinus, 576
dohrni, Cuphopterus, 393
Horizorhinus, 393, 394
Dologale dybowskii, 557
donaldsoni, Capra redunea, 575
dongolana, Viverra, 555
dongolanus, Hyrax, 565
Meriones, 489, 490
dorcas, Gazella, 580
drakensbergi, Cossypha caffra, 384, 385
Drosophila sp., 97, 305
Dryobates villosus, 110, 112
Dryoscopus cubla, 394
dubbah, Hyaena, 559
Hyaena hyaena, 659
dubia, Hyaena, 559
duboisi, Ploceus melanocephalus, 402
dundasi, a peatalas rufescens, 456,
45
18
dunni, Arvicanthis, 512
Lemniscomys, 512, 213
Lemniscomys dunni, 512
duperreyi, Megapodius, 90
Duslenia, 442
teissieri, 442
dybowskii, Crossarchus, 557
Dologale, 557
Dyscophogryllus, 253
ebneri, Procavia, 566
Procavia ruficeps, 666, 567
Echymipera cockerelli, 90
echymipera, Euschingastia, 90
Kctatoderus, 250
Ectecous, 254
ectiformis, Austroniscus, 442
Ectotrypas, 276
edithae, Corvus corax, 378
editus, Oenomys hypoxanthus, 505
edwardsi, Euschéngastia, 90
Eidmanacris, 254
EKidmaniella, 254
Elaphe obsoleta, 110
elegans, Aphonomorphus, 287
elegans, Phylliscyrtus, 274
Psammomys, 501
Psammomys obesus, 601
Elephantidae, 563
INDEX
Elephantinae, 563
Elephantulus, 457
fuscipes, 456
myurus jamesoni, 93
rufescens, 457
rufescens delicatus, 457
rufescens dundasi, 456, 457
rufescens hoogstraali, 466
rufescens mariakanae, 457
rufescens phaeus, 457
Elephas oxyotis, 563
elgonae, Canis mesomelas, 550
Thos mesomelas, 550, 551
elgonius, Crocidura bicolor, 459
Crore aes Lamprocolius chloropterus,
3
Emberiza flaviventris, 403
emesi, Mus musculoides, 530
emini, Gerbillus, 498
Taterillus, 495, 496
Taterillus emini, 498
enclavae, Mus bellus, 529
Endacusta maculata, 258
Endecous, 254
Eneoptera, 276, 277
guyanensis, 278
surinamensis, 277
Eneopteridae, 276 (key)
Eneopterinae, 276
Eneopteroides, 276, 278
jlavifrons, 265 (fig.), 278
Enicospilus americanus, 296, 299, 300
Epimys alleni kaimosae, 526
concha ismailiae, 521
kaiseri centralis, 517
Eptesicus fuscus fuscus, 95, 110, 189
equadorensis, Pialea, 360, 361, 363, 367
(fig.), 368, 369 (fig.), 370, 371
(fig.), 372, 374
Equidae, 569
Equinae, 569
Equus asinus africanus, 569
asinus dianae, 569
b6hmi, 569
burchellii b6hmi, 569
somalicus, 569
Eremias lineo-oscellata pulchella, 93
Erichsonella pseudoculata Boone,
Emended description and assign-
ment to the new genus Ronalea,
339
Erichsonella, 340
pseudoculata, 339, 340
Erinaceidae, 453
Erinaceus aethiopicus, 455
brachydactylus, 455
dimidiatus, 454
heterodactylus, 454
pruneri, 454
(Atelerix) pruneri oweni, 454
senaariensis, 455
erythraea, Ictonyx, 553
erythreae, Ictonyx, 553
Ictonyx striatus, 653, 554
Erythrocebus albigenus, 470
patas pyrrhonotus, 470
597
Erythropygia leucophrys brunneiceps,
386
leucophrys leucophrys, 386
zambesiana brunneiceps, 386
erythropygus, Grammomys macmillani,
501
essexi, Tropidosaura, 93
Estrellina, 259
ethicus, Herpestes leucos, 557
Euaphonus, 277, 288
peruvianus, 269 (fig.), 288
Eugryllina, 253
Euplectes hordeacea sylvatica, 403
nigroventris, 402
orix, 381, 399, 402
europaeus, Lepus, 477
Euschéngastia, 85, 88, 89, 98, 100, 103,
104, 107, 108, 109, 114, 125
(Key), 182, 212, 214, 215,, 216,
217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222; 223,
224, 226
aethomyia, 92
americana, 88, 89, 96, 115, 207,
208, 209, 210
annulata, 93
antipodianum, 89
bigenuala, 125, 128, 149 (map), 220
blarinae, 95, 109, 113, 114, 126, 156
(map), 190 (table), 205, 208, 216,
217, 218, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225
blarinae group, 190, 194, 198, 204,
206, 209, 217, 218, 227
brevipalpis, 93
brevipes, 142, 144, 146, 160
bushlandi, 89
cairnsensis, 89
gateri, 89
californica, 85, 95, 126, 156 (map),
179, 180, 215, 221
capensis, 93
carolinensis, 109, 111, 112, 113,
114, 126, 156 (map), 196 (table),
200, 201, 202, 216, 220, 221, 222,
223, 227
columbiae, 94
cordiremus, 95, 125, 149 (map),
160, 220, 223
crateris, 126, 156 (map), 202, 204,
218, 220, 222, 223, 225
criceticola, 95, 126, 156 (map), 177,
181, 215, 217, 221, 223
crocidurae, 93, 225
dasycerci, 89
dasyproctae, 94
debilis, 90
derricki, 90
diversa, 168, 175, 223
diversa acuta, 125, 149 (map), 153
(graph), 172 (tables), 220
diversa diversa, 149 (map), 151
(graph), 153 (graph), 168, 169
(table), 170 (table), 172, 173,
218, 220, 221
echymipera, 90
edwardsi, 90
598
EuschGngastia, foliata, 90
gerrhosauri, 93
globulare, 90
guntheri, 95, 125, 156 (map), 176,
216, 220
guyanensis, 94, 215
hamiltoni, 95, 126, 156 (map), 188,
217, 220; 223
heaslipi, 90
hirsti, 90
hirsuta, 94
indica, 89, 90, 97, 100, 215, 224
innisfailensis, 91
kalaharica, 93
kohlsi, 91
lacerta, 95, 125, 127, 128, 129, 149
(map), 218, 220, 223
lacerta group, 126, 213, 215, 226
lacunosa, 91
lanius, 91
lawrencei, 90
lorius, 91
luteodema, 95, 126, 156 (map), 182,
186, 187,214, 221,°223
luteodema group, 182, 186, 215, 216
magna, 125, 149 (map), 153 (graph),
167, 175, 216, 220, 223
marmotae, 126, 156 (map), 182, 184,
185 (table), 214, 220, 221, 223
matoppoanus, 93
mecullochi, 91
melomys, 91
miricoxa, 96, 133, 136, 137, 149
(map)
mutabilis, 91
nasuae, 94
nufiezi, 94, 100, 125, 129, 214, 215,
217, 218, 221, 223, 226
ohioensis, 126, 156 (map), 199 (table),
216, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 227
ophicola, 93
oregonensis, 85, 95, 118 (fig.), 119
(fig.), 120 (fig.), 125, 137, 140,
141, 149 (map) 214, 220
origensis, 93
otomyia, 93
perameles, 91
peromysci, 95, 105, 106, 109, 111,
113, 114, 125, 142, 144 (table),
149 (map), 151 (graph), 153
(graph), 161, 162, 166, 168, 206,
217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224,
225
petrogale, 91
phascogale, 92
philippensis, 92
phylloti, 94
pipistrelli, 96, 125, 133, 149 (map),
Bee 214, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222,
queenslandica, 92
rhodesiensis, 93
rubra, 109, 111, 118, 114, 125, 149
(map), 153 (graph), 163 (table),
167, 168, 169,170; 171; 172; 175,
207, 217, 220, 221, 223, 225
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Euschéngastia, rubra group, 162, 169, 171
174, 176, 215, 216, 221, 225, 227
samboni, 96, 125, 139, 149 (map),
214, 220
sciuricola, 96, 115, 126, 157 (map),
oun 210, 211, 212, 218, 221, 223,
setosa, 85, 96, 109, 111, 113, 114,
126, 157, (map), 195, 199, 204,
208, 209, 210, 211, 216, 218, 220,
223
shieldsi, 92
signator, 142, 144, 145, 146, 160
similis, 92
smithi, 92
transvaalensis, 93
trichosuri, 92
trigenuala, 125, 131, 149 (map),
214, 218, 221, 226
tropidosauri, 93
trouessarti, 88, 89, 94
uromys, 92
viperina, 94
westraliense, 92
womersleyi, 92
xerothermobia, 94
Bea (map), 210, 213, 221, 223,
4
subg., 114
Euscyrtus, 277
Eusymmerus, 339, 340
Euxerus, 491 (map)
erythropus chadensis, 480
erythropus leucoumbrinus, 48/, 482
erythropus limitaneus, 481
erythropus microdon, 481
ewingi, Neoschéngastia, 218
excurbitor, Batara cinerea, 411
Exenterini, 316
exulans, Rattus, 224
Faleicula, 259
falkensteini, Cinnyris venustus, 398
famelicus, Canis, 551
Farrell, Charles; Chiggers of the genus
Euschéngastia (Acarina: Trom-
biculidae) in North America, 85
farrelli, Trombicula, 110, 111, 112, 113
fasciger, Parhyale, 345, 346, 356
fascigera, Parhyale, 345, 368, 347 (fig.),
349 (fig.), 350, 351, 352, 354, 356
fazoglensis, Cinnyris venustus, 389
Felidae, 560
Felinae, 560
Felis, 560, 568 (map)
caracal nubicus, 560
leo, 562
leo nubicus, 562
libyca, 560, 561
libyea libyea, 560
libyca lowei, 560, 561
libyca lynesi, 560, 561
libyca ugandae, 561
maniculata, 560
megabalica, 563
ocreata, 561
INDEX
Felis, pardus chui, 562
ruppelii, 560
serval phillipsi, 567
femoratus, Rhipipteryx, 269 (fig.), 291
Fennecus arabicus, 552
brucei, 552
zerda, 552
ferruginea, Crocidura, 458
ferrugineus, Laniarius, 392
ficedulinus, Zosterops, 394
fischeri, Chalcomitra veroxii, 398
Crocidura, 458
Dioptrornis, 386
flavescens, Crocidura, 93
flavifrons, Eneopteroides, 265 (fig.), 278
flavifrons, Vireo, 110
flavigularis, Chalcites, 400
Gerrhosaurus flavigulaeis, 93
flavimana, Rivellia, 22, 26, 40, 56, 59
flavipes, Tatera, 492, 494, 495
flaviventer, Marmota, 211
flaviventris, Emberiza, 403
Fleminger, Abraham, and Bowman,
Thomas E.; A new species of
Candacia (Copepoda: Calanoida)
from the western North Atlantic
Ocean, 331
Flies, Acalyptrate, of uncertain family
relationship, 305
Flies, Acrocerid, of the genus Pialea
Erichson with a discussion of
their sexual dimorphism (Dip-
tera) 359
Flies of the genus Rivellia (Otitidae:
Diptera), a revision of, 21
floridana, Neotoma, 104
Rivellia, 22, 25, 27
floweri, Damaliscus, 577
foliata, Euschéngastia, 90
Fontaria pela, 4, 6, 8
Formicaphagus, 410, 411, 429 (table),
430, 431
angustifrons, 416, 417 (fig.); 422,
423, 425 (fig.), 427 (fig.), 429, 438
bolivianus, 421 (fig.), 425 (fig.), 426,
429, 438
brevifrons, 424, 425 (fig.), 427 (fig.),
429, 438
clypeatus, 420, 421 (fig.), 422, 423,
425 (fig.), 427 (fig.), 429, 438
grallariae, 419 (fig.), 425 (fig.), 426,
427 (fig.), 429, 430, 438
huilae, 418, 421 (fig.), 429, 438
laemostictus, 415, 417 (fig.), 429, 488
ta Tone. 420, 421 (fig.), 425 (fig.),
429, 438
magnus, 415, 417 (fig.), 429, 430,
438
minutus, 419 (fig.), 422, 423, 429,
438
peruvianus, 417 (fig.), 422, 423, 429,
438
picturatus, 411, 413, 414 (fig.), 415,
421, (fig.), 423, 429, 438
pittasomae, 425 (fig.), "429, 430, 438
599
Formicaphaqus, splendidus, 419 (fig.),
425 (fig.), 428, 429, 430, 438
thoracicus, 419 (fig.), 428, 429, 438
Formicaricola, 410, 430, 431, 436 (table)
analoides, 414 (fig.), 430, 4381, 432
(fig.) 436, 437 (hg), 438, 439
bent, 414 (fig.), 432 (fig.), 434, 435
(fig.), 436, 438, 439
chocoana, 435 (fig.), 436, 438
colmae, 435 (fig.), 436, 438
costaricensis, 431, 433, 434, 435
(fig.), 486, 487 (fig.), 438, 439
mexicana, 431, 432 (fig.), 433, 434,
435 (fig.), 486, 437 (fig.), 438
sanctae-martae, 432 (fig.), 434, 435
(fig.), 436, 437 (fig.), 438
Formicariidae, 409, 410, 411
Formicarius, 410, 411
analis, 481, 484
analis analis, 434, 438
analis moniliger, 481, 483, 488
analis panamensis, 433
analis saturatus, 430, 431, 433, 438
analis umbrosus, 431, 433, 438
analis virescens, 434, 4388
colma, 431
colma amazonicus, 436, 488
nigricapillus, 431
nigricapillus destructus, 438
fortis, Crocuta crocuta, 559
fowleri, Dixioria pela, 7, 9 (fig.), 12, 13,
18 (map), 19
fowleri, Dixioria, 6
foxi, Calamocichla refescens, 397
frater, Herpsilochmus rufomarginatus.
423, 438
frenata, Ictonyx, 554
fresnayana, Myrmotherula axillaris, 426,
438
Friedmann, Herbert; Further data on
African parasitic cuckoos, 377
Fringillaria capensis, 403
fulvastra, Acheta, 245, 263 (fig.)
fulvastra, Crocidura, 458
fumatus, Praomys fumatus, 526
fumeus, Sorex fumeus, 146, 193
Furnaricola, 409, 410, 430
Furnariidae, 409
fuscipes, Elephantulus, 456
Macroscelides, 456
fuscirostris, Mus, 524
Praomys albipes, 624
fusco-murina, Crocidura, 458
fuscosa, Crocidura doriana, 459, 460
Crocidura hedenborgiana, 459
fuscus, Eptesicus fuscus, 95, 110, 189
Galago, 449
senegalensis, 467
senegalensis senegalensis, 467
sennariensis, 467
gambianus, Cricetomys, 539
Heliosciurus, 479
subsp., 539
600
gapperi, Clethrionomys, 146, 148, 203
Clethrionomys gapperi, 147, 168,
171, 200
garamantis, Gerbillus, 482
Gasterosteus japonicus, 238
gateri, Euschéngastia cairnsensis, 89
Gazella, 679, 580, 581 (map)
albonotata, 582
dama, 580
dama ruficollis, 582
doreas, 580
dorcas isabella, 580
doreas littoralis, 580
dorcas orsiris, 580
granti, 580
granti brighti, 582
isabella, 580
leptoceros, 580
leptoceros leptoceros, 581
littoralis, 580
littoralis osiris, 580
rufifrons, 580
rufifrons laevipes, 582
salmi, 582
soemmerringii, 580
soemmerringii sibyllae, 582
thompsonii, 580
thompsonii albonotatus, 582
subg. 577, 579, 580 (key)
gazellae, Grammomys macmillani, 502,
508
Steatomys, 541, 542
Tamiscus emini, 477
Thamnomys macmillani, 503
genetta, Genetta, 555
Genetta aequatorialis, 556
genetta, 555.
genetta senegalensis, 555, 556
tigrina, 555, 556
tigrina aequatorialis, 656
Gerbillinae, 482
gerbillus, Gerbillus gerbillus, 488
Gerbillus, 482, 491 (map), 504 (map)
agag, 487
bottai, 483
burtoni, 489
campestris, 482
dasyurus, 482
emini, 498
garamantis, 482
gerbillus agag, 487, 488, 489
gerbillus gerbillus, 488
gerbillus sudanensis, 487, 488
kadugliensis, 497
lorenzi, 499
lowei, 482, 483, 484
mackilligini, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486
muriculus, 482, 483, 485
nancillus, 489
principulus, 482, 483, 485
pyramidum, 487, 489, 490
pyramidum pyramidum, 489
rosalinda, 490
rufa, 499
simoni, 482
stigmonyx, 482, 483, 484, 485, 487
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 106
Gerbillus, stigmonyx luteolus, 486
stigmonyx stigmonyx, 486
watersi, 482, 483, 486
gerrhosauri, Euschéngastia, 93
Gerrhosaurus flavigularis flavigularis, 93
gigas, Boselaphus, 573
Taurotragus derbianus, 573
giloensis, Otomys orestes, 542
Giraffa camelopardalis, 571
camelopardalis antiquorum, 571
camelopardalis camelopardalis, 571
Giraffidae, 571
glandarius, Clamator, 378
Glaucomys volans volans, 110, 112
Gliridae, 542
globulare, Euschéngastia, 90
gloria-maris, Cleidopus, 238
glutinosus, Plethodon, 110, 112
gondokorae, Mus bellus, 629
gordoni, Jaculus, 546, 547
Jaculus jaculus, 646
gossypinus, Peromyscus gossypinus, 96,
gothneh, Herpestes, 557
Mungos mungo, 557
gracile, Trigonidium, 268
gracilis, Allorchestes, 356
Anaxipha, 268
Hyale, 356
grahami, Aethomys namaquensis, 92
Cricetomys gambianus, 639
Grallaria, 411
perspicillata intermedia, 426, 438
grallariae, Formicaphagus, 419 (fig.),
425 (fig.), 426, 427 (fig.), 429,
430, 438
Grammomys, 504 (map)
aridulus, 503
macmillani, 502, 503
macmillani aridulus, 503
macmillani callithrix, 503
macmillani discolor, 503
macmillani erythropygus, 501
macmillani gazellae, 502, 503
macmillani insignis, 503
macmillani littoralis, 503
macmillani polionops, 503
surdaster, 502, 503
granti, Gazella, 580
Terpsiphone viridis, 395
Graphiurinae, 542
Graphiurus, 545 (map)
butleri, 543
murinus, 544
murinus butleri, 543
murinus marrensis, 542
murinus sudanensis, 543, 644
orobinus, 543, 644
gregorianus, Thryonomys, 548
subsp., Thryonomys, 547
greyi, Rattus, 89
griseotinctus, Kobus defassa, 574
Gryllidae, 243 (key)
Gryllita, 244
Gryllodes, 244
brevipennis, 247
INDEX
Grylloidea, 241, 242 (key)
Gryllosoma, 253
Gryllotalpa, 242
hexadactyla, 243
oxydacty la, 243
Gryllotalpella, 242
Gryllotalpidae, 242 (key)
Gryllus assimilis, 245
convolutus, 246
muticus, 244
peruviensis, 245
surinamensis, 277
verticalis, 246
Guereza matschei dodingae, 471
subg., 471
gularis, Cuculus canorus, 383, 386
guntheri, Euschéngastia, 95, 125, 156
(map), 176, 216, 220
Neoschéngastia, 90, 176
gutturalis, Chalcomitra senegalensis, 394
guyanensis, Eneoptera, 278
Euschoéngastia, 94, 215
gyas, Taterillus, 498
Taterillus emini, 495, 498
Gymnopithys leucaspis bicolor, 423, 438
habessinica, Procavia, 565, 566
Habryllia, 317, 318 (key)
convergens, 318, 320, 322
cosmeta, 318, 320, 321 (fig.), 322
meusebeckt, 318, 319, 321 (fig.)
oculatus, 318, 319, 320, 321 (fig.)
hamiltoni, Eusch6ngastia, 95, 126, 156
(map), 188, 217, 220, 223
Hannemania, 109
hylae, 97
sp., 109, 112
Hapithoides, 277
Hapithus, 277
harnieri, Antilope, 574
Kobus, defassa, 674
harrisoni, Thryonomys, 547, 548
Thryonomys harrisoni, 647
hawaiensis, Allorchester, 345, 351
Hyale, 346, 350, 351, 356
Parhyale, 346, 351, 352, 353 (fig.),
355 (fig.), 356, 357
hawkeri, Lepus, 475
Lepus capensis, 474, 475
heaslipi, Euschéngastia, 90
hebardi, Argizala, 247
Nemobius, 247
Hebardinella, 259
hedenborgiana, Crocidura, 460
Crocidura hedenborgiana, 460
Sorex, 460
hedenborgii, Phatages, 471
Heliosciurus, 491 (map)
gambianus, 479
gambianus bongensis, 478, 479
gambianus canaster, 478
gambianus hoogstraali, 479, 480
gambianus lateris, 478, 479
gambianus madogae, 479, 480
gambianus omensis, 479
multicolor lateris, 479
601
Heliosciurus, 491 (map)
multicolor madogae, 480
helleri, Aethomys kaiseri, 516, 617
Rattus, 517
helukus, Dasymys incomtus, 507
Hemicophus, 254
Hemiechinus pallidus, 455
Hemigryllus, 244, 247
ortoni, 247
hemimelaena, Myrmeciza hemimelaena,
416, 488
Hemiteles, 315
Hemitelini, 315
Hemitrombiculinae, 87
herbarum, Rivellia, 21, 23
Herina metallica, 38
quadrifasciata, 23, 70, 71
rufitarsis, 62
Herpestes, 557
adailensis, 557
albicaudus, 558
gothneh, 557
leucos ethicus, 557
leucurus, 558
nigripes, 557
sanguineus, 556
sanguineus sanguineus, 446
zebra, 557
Herpestinae, 556
Herpsilochmus rufomarginatus frater,
423, 438
Heterecous, 277
heterodactylus, Erinaceus, 454
Heterogryllus, 254
Heterohyrax brucei bakeri, 564
brucei hoogstraali, 564
brucei kempi, 564
brucei thomasi, 564
heuglini, Cossypha, 385
Papio, 468, 469
Papio doguera, 468
hexadactyla, Gryllotalpa, 243
Neochrtilla, 243
hiemalis, Nannus, 110
hienomelas, Hyaena, 559
hildegardeae, Crocidura, 461
Crocidura hildegardeae, 461
Hippopotamidae, 571
Hippopotamus amphibius, 571
amphibius amphibius, 671
Hippotraginae, 574
Hippotragus bakeri, 576
equinus bakeri, 576
equinus doggetti, 576
hirsti, Eusch6ngastia, 90
hirsuta, Eusch6ngastia, 94
Neoschéngastia, 89
hispanus, Corvus corax, 378
Hoffman, Richard L.; Revision of the
milliped genus Dizioria (Poly-
desmida: Xystodesmidae), 1
hollensis, Lycogaster pullatus, 299
hoogstraali, Elephantulus rufescens, 456
Heterohyrax brucei, 564
Heliosciurus gambianus, 479, 480
Horizorhinus dohrni, 393, 394
602
horvathi, Caecijaera, 441
hudsonius, Zapus hudsonius, 174
huilae, Formicaphagus, 418, 421 (fig.),
429, 438
humeralis, Nycticeius, 110
humulis, Reithrodontomys, 110
hunteri, Acomys, 535
Acomys cahirinus, 635, 537
Hyaena, 559
dubbah, 559
dubia, 559
hienomelas, 559
Hyaena hyaena dubbah, 559
Hyaenidae, 558
Hyaeninae, 559
hyaenomelas, Canis, 559
Hyale, 345, 350, 356
aquilina, 356
brevipes, 346, 351, 352, 354, 356
gracilis, 356
hawaiensis, 346, 350, 351, 356
inyacka, 351, 356
twasai, 356
nilssoni, 356
pontica, 356
prevostii, 356
stolzmanni, 357
trifoliadens, 351
Hyaloides, 346
dartevellei, 351
Hydracoidea, 564
Hygronemobius, 244, 249
albipalpus, 249
longespinosus, 249, 261 (fig.)
hay lae, Hannemania, 97
ylomyscus, 515
Hymenoptera, 295
Hyphantria cunea, 300
Hyrax burtonii, 565
dongolanus, 565
ruficeps, 567
hystrella, Acomys, 635, 538
Hystricidae, 547
Hystricomorpha, 547
Ichneumia abu-wudan, 558
albescens, 558
albicauda albicauda, 658
Ichneumonidae, 299
Ichnocera, 410, 411
Ichnotropis squamulosa, 93
Ictonyx, 568 (map)
erythraea, 553
erythreae, 553
frenata, 554
striatus erythreae, 653, 554
striatus intermedius, 553, 554
striatus sudanicus, 653
imatongensis, Mus triton, 531
imhausi, Lophiomys, 482
tmitabilis, Rivellia, 26, 43
immaculata, Myrmeciza
411, 413, 438
immaculatus, Uroblaniulus, 14
immutabilis, Primia mistacea, 398
immaculata,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 108
Impatiens biflora, 14
importunus, Andropadus, 382
Andropadus importunus, 379
inaequata, Rivellia, 27, 62
indica, Euschéngastia, 89, 90, 97, 100,
215, 224
dis 7a, Anaxipha, 263 (fig.), 264,
66
infumata, Latheticomyia, 305, 307, 311
(fig.), 312
innisfailensis, Euschéngastia, 91
Insectivora, 453
insignis, Grammomys macmillani, 503
Napeozapus, 206
Napeozapus insignis, 174
interiag yrmiciberuls schisticolor, 422,
438
intermedia, Grallaria perspicillata, 426,
438
intermedius, Acomys, 536, 537
Ictonyx striatus, 553, 554
Ploceus intermedius, 398
interrupta, Urophora, 23
inyacka, Hyale, 351, 356
Parhyale, 356
iolaema, Cossypha caffra, 385
isabella, Gazella, 580
Gazella doreas, 580
isabellinus, Lepus, 475
Lepus capensis, 474, 475
isidis, Antilope doreas, 580
ismailiae, Epimys concha, 521
Mastomys natalensis, 520, 521
Isomys testicularis, 510
twasai, Hyale, 356
jacksoni, Alcelaphus, 577
Praomys tullbergi, 527
jacobinus, Clamator, 379
Jaculus, 542, 545 (map)
gordoni, 546, 547
jaculus butleri, 546
jaculus gordoni, 646
jamesoni, Elephantulus myurus, 93
Trombicula, 225
japonica, Sciaena, 239
japonicus, Gasterosteus, 238
Monocentris, 237, 238, 239
jardinei, Pialea, 360
Turdoides, 396, 401
jebelae, Arvicanthis niloticus, 508
jezoensis, Nippogonalos, 303
johnstoni, Cercopithecus aethiops, 469
jonesi, Damaliscus corrigum, 577
kadugliensis, Gerbillus, 497
kaimosae, Epimys alleni, 526
Praomys stella, 526
kakumegae, Lepus, 477
kalaharica, Euschéngastia, 93
keeni, Myotis, 135
kempi, Heterohyrax brucei, 564
klaas, Chalcites, 396
kleinpeteri, Apheloria, 14
INDEX
Kobus defassa breviceps, 574
defassa griseotinetus, 574
defassa harnieri, 674
defassa ladoensis, 574
kohlsi, Eusch6ngastia, 91
komareki, Sigmodon hispidus, 110, 112
kordofanensis, Arvicanthis niloticus,
509, 509
Arvicanthis testicularis, 509
kordofanicus, Orycteropus afer, 563
kul, Adenota, 575
kulmet, Mastomys, 517, 523
kurilensis, Parhyale, 345
Labium, 316, 317
lacerta, Euschéngastia, 95, 125, 127,
128, 129, 149 (map), 218, 220,
223
lacunosa, Euschéngastia, 91
ladoensis, Kobus defassa, 574
laemostictus, Formicaphagus, 415, 417
(fig.), 429, 438
laevipes, Antilope, 582
azella rufifrons, 582
Lagomorpha, 472
lamingtoni, Uromys, 92
Lamprocolius chloropterus
386
sp., 386
Lamprotornis caudatus, 378
Laniarius ferrugineus, 392
Lanius collaris collaris, 379
Euschéngastia, 91
nasutus, 91
Laranda, 254
larkeni, Poélagus marjorita, 472, 473
larkenii, Limnotragus speckii, 573
Tragelaphus spekii, 573
Larvaevoridae, 297
Lasiopyga pygerythra arenarius, 469
Lasiurus borealis borealis, 110
latefasciata, Anaxipha, 270
lateris, Heliosciurus gambianus,
79
elisabeth,
478,
Heliosciurus multicolor, 479
Latheticomyia, a new genus of Acalyp-
trate flies of uncertain family
relationship, 305
Latheticomyia, 305, 306, 313, 314
infumata, 305, 307, 311 (fig.), 312
lineata, 305, 307, 310, 311 (fig.)
tricolor, 305, 306, 307, 309 (fig.),
310, 311 (fig.)
latifrons, Formicaphagus, 420, 421 (fig.),
425 (fig.), 429, 438
latipennis Diatrypa, 265 (fig.), 280
Laurepa, 277
Lauxaniidae, 313
lawrencei, Euschéngastia, 90
layardi, Pycnonotus tricolor, 379, 382
Leeuwenhoekiinae, 87
Leggada tenella, 531
leibii, Myotis leibii, 189
lelwel, Acronotus, 577
Alcelaphus buselaphus, 577
Bubalis, 578
603
Lemniscomys, 518 (map)
barbarus, 512
barbarus zebra, 411, 513
dunni, 512, 513
dunni dunni, 512
dunni nubalis, 612
lynesi, 512, 513
macculus macculus, 413, 515
striatus, 513, 514, 515
striatus massaicus, 614
subg., 514
leo, Felis, 562
Panthera leo, 462
Leporidae, 472
leptoceros, Antilope, 581
Gazella, 580
Gazella leptoceros, 581
Lepus, 476 (map), 491 (map)
capensis aegyptius, 474, 475
capensis crawshayi, 473, 474, 477
capensis dinderus, 474
capensis hawkeri, 474, 475
capensis isabellinus, 474, 475
crawshayi, 473
europaeus, 477
hawkeri, 475
isabellinus, 475
kakumegae, 477
microtis, 477
victoriae, 477
victoriae microtis, 477
Lerneca, 252
Lernecella, 252
leucophaea, Parinia, 393, 394
peirops, 393, 394
Pees Erythropygia leucophrys,
0
leucoptera, Pyriglena, 424, 438
leucopus, Peromyscus, 95, 106, 109, 110,
111, 112, 146, 150, 153 (graph),
154, 166, 193, 195, 198, 203, 206,
224, 225
leucotis, Adenota kob, 576
Antilope, 575
leucoumbrinus, Euxerus
481, 482
Sciurus, 481
leucurus, Herpestes, 558
levaillantii, Clamator, 382
libyca, Felis, 560, 561
Felis libyca, 560
Ligypterus, 276
limitaneus, Euxerus erythropus, 481
Limnoria, 441
Limnotragus, subg., 572
speckii larkenii, 573
lineata, Latheticomyia, 305, 307, 310,
311 (fig.)
lineatus, Boaedon, 93
Dendromus, 540
Dendromus pumilio, 540
Liquidambar, 298
Liriodendron sp., 310
littoralis, Gazella, 580
Gazella dorcas, 580
Grammomys macmillani, 503
Melomys, 91
erythropus,
604
lobeliae, Acronicta, 297
lobelidae, Zenilla, 297
lonata, Pialea, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365,
3866, 367 (fig.), 369 (fig.), 370,
371 (fig.), 373, 374
ian tee ne Hygronemobius, 249, 261
g.
longicaudis, Mesostenus, 317
longimana, Candacia, 331, 334, 336
longipennis, Nemobius, 248
Pteronemobius, 248
longirostris, Sorex longirostris, 193
Lophiomyinae, 482
Lophiomys, 449, 491 (map)
imhausi, 482
imhausi aethiopicus, 482
Lophuromys aquilus, 533, 534
aquilus margarettae, 533
pyrrhus, 533
sikapusi, 533, 534
sikapusi pyrrhus, 633
loquax, ‘'amias hudsonicus, 147
lorenzi, Gerbillus, 499
Lorisidae, 467
lorius, Euschéngastia, 91
roratus subsp., 91
lotor, Procyon, 110, 112
Loxodonta, 452
Loxodonta africana oxyotis, 563
Loxodonta, subg., 563
lowei, Acomys, 636
Atelerix pruneri, 453
lowei, Felis libyca, 560, 561
Gerbillus, 482, 483, 484
lucifugus, Myotis, 135, 189
Myotis lucifugus, 135, 136
luctuosus, Arvicanthis, 510
Arvicanthis niloticus, 510
ludovicianus, Thryothorus, 110, 112
luteodema, Euschéngastia, 95, 126,
156 (map), 182, 186, 187, 214,
221, 223
luteolus, Gerbillus stigmonyx, 486
lutescens, Mylomys cunninghamei, 506
Pialea, 360, 361, 362, 363, 366,
367 (fig.), 368
Lutra concolor, 555
maculicollis nilotica, 565
lutrella, Crocidura, 464, 465
Crocidura sericea, 464, 465
lutreolus, Rattus, 90, 92
Lutrinae, 655
Luzara, 253, 255
rufipennis, 255
Luzarida, 253, 256
pulla, 256
lybesi, Felis libyca, 560, 561
Lycaon pictus somalicus, 652
riippelli, 552
takanus, 552
Lycogaster, 296, 298
nevadensis, 300
pullata, 296, 298 (key)
pullata nevadensis, 298, 299, 300
pullata pullata, 298, 299
pullatus, 299
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 106
Lycogaster, pullatus hollensis, 299
subg.,
lydekkeri, Papio, 468
lynesi, Lemniscomys, 512, 613
Lynx, 560
lysteri, Tamias striatus, 147
Mabuya 5-taeniata margaritifer, 93
macculus, Arvicanthis, 513
Lemniscomys macculus, 618, 515
Machaerilaemus, 409
mackilligini, Gerbillus, 482, 483, 484,
485, 486
macmillani, Grammomys, 502, 503
Thos mesomelas, 550, 551
Macroanaxipha, 259
macrodon, Crocidura, 465
macrolepis, Mastomys natalensis, 519,
520, 521, 522, 523, 524
Mus, 522
Macrophya, 298
macropus, Meriones, 493
Tatera, 493
coxenii, 92
Macroscelides fuscipes, 456
Macroscelididae, 456
maculata, Endacusta, 258
maculatum, Aclodes, 258
maculosa, Rivellia, 25, 35, 52, 53
madogae, Heliosciurus gambianus, 479,
80
madogae, Heliosciurus multicolor, 480
Madoqua guentheri smithii, 579
magister, Neotoma, 147, 168, 171
magna, Kuschoéngastia, 125, 149 (map),
nat (graph), 167, 175, 216, 220,
223
magnus, Formicaphagus, 415, 417 (fig.),
429, 430, 438
malayensis, Neosch6ngastia, 88
malcomli, Argyla, 381
Malimbus malimbus crassirostris, 395
Mallophaga, Studies in Neotropical,
XVI: Bird lice of the suborder
Ischnocera, 409
Mallophaga, 409, 411, 430
mallurus, Sylvilagus floridanus,
110, 111, 112, 166, 206
maniculata, Felis, 560
maniculatus, Peromyscus, 146, 203
Manidae, 471
Manis temminckii, 471
margarettae, Lophuromys aquilus, 533
margaritifer, Mabuya 5-taeniata, 93
mariakanae, Elephantulus refescens, 457
marita, Crocidura, 461
marjorita, Péelagus marjorita, 473
Marmota flaviventer, 211
flaviventer nosophora, 95, 211
monax monax, 186, 1
sp., 184, 186, 187, 188, 223
marmotae, Eusch6ngastia, 126, 156
(map), 182, 184, 185 (table),
214, 220, 221, 223
marrensis, Graphiurus murinus, 642
Mastomys natalensis, 520, 522
109,
INDEX
marrensis, Cercopithecus aethiops, 470
Cercopithecus tantalus, 470
Crocidura hindei, 464
Crocidura sericea, 464, 465
Procavia ruficeps, 566, 567
massaicus, Lemniscomys striatus, 514
Mus barbarus, 514
Mastomys, 452, 515, 516 (table), 518
(map), 528, 524, 532 (map)
coucha, 519
kulmet, 617, 523
natalensis, 519, 522, 523
natalensis agurensis, 520
natalensis blainei, 519, 520, 521, 523
natalensis ismailiae, 520, 621
natalensis macrolepis, 519, 520, 521,
$22, 523, 524
natalensis marrensis, 520, 622
natalensis ugandae, 519, 522, 523,
524
matoppoanus, Euschéngastia, 93
maxima, Anaxipha, 260, 263 (fig.), 266
Cyrtoxipha, 260
mecullochi, Kuschongastia, 91
megabalica, Felis, 563
Megalamusus, 253
Megalogryllus, 243 244
molinai, 244
Megapodius duperreyi, 90
sp., 89
melanocephalus, Ploceus, 401
melanorhyncha, Prinia mistacea, 398
melanurus, Passer melanurus, 387
melliginis, Rivellia, 22, 26, 69, 61, 62
melliginis, Tephritis, 59
Mellivora abyssinica, 554
capensis abyssinica, 664
Mellivorinae, 554
melomys, Euschéngastia, 91
Melomys cervinipes, 90, 92
littoralis, 91
Menoponidae, 430
Menzies, Robert J., and Bowman,
Thomas E.; Emended descrip-
tion and assignment of the
idotheid isopod Erichsonella
pseudoculata Boone, 339
Menzies, Robert J., and Pettit, Jean;
A new genus and species of
marine asellote isopod, Cae-
cianiropsis psammophila, from
California, 441
Meriones, 500
crassus pallidus, 500
dongolanus, 489, 490
libycus pallidus, 500
macropus, 493
robustus, 493
shawi, 93
stigmonyx, 486
mesomelas subsp., Dendromus, 539
Mesostenus, 317
longicaudis, 317
metallica, Herina, 38
Rivellia, 22, 25, 38, 56, 57
494611—59-—3
605
metcalfi, Plethodon jordoni, 14
Metioche, 242, 259, 274
Dolmnans, 262 (fig.), 265 (fig.), 274,
275
peruviana, 265 (fig.), 276
mexicana, Formicaricola, 431, 432 (fig.),
433, 434, 4385 (fig.), 436, 437
(fig.), 438
micans, Rivallia, 22, 26, 64, 56
michiganensis, Rivellia, 26, 58
Microcharon, 442
microdon, Euxerus erythropus, 481
Microgryllus, 250
microrhynchus, Bradornis, 401
microtis, Lepus, 477
Lepus victoriae, 477
Microtrombidium, 87
autumnalis, 87
purpureum, 87
Microtus chrotorrhinus, 148
ochrogaster, 171
ochrogaster ohionensis, 171
pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus,
110, 112, 146, 171, 174
migratorius, Turdus, 110, 112
Milliped genus Dizioria (Polydesmida:
Xystodesmidae), revision of, 1
mindanensis, Rattus mindanensis, 91,
92, 224
minor, Philohela, 110
Trombicula, 87
minuta, Diatrypa, 281
minutus, Formicaphagus, 419 (fig.), 422,
423, 429, 438
Miogryllodes, 253, 255
sp.,
Miogryllus, 244, 246
brevipennis, 247
convolutus, 246
verticalis, 246
miricoxa, Euschoéngastia, 96, 133, 136,
137, 149 (map)
moerens, Oenomys hypoxanthus, 505
Mogoplistidae, 250 (key)
mokasen, Agkistrodon, 110, 112
molinai, Megalogryllus, 224
monax, Marmota monax, 186, 187
One Formicarius analis, 431, 433,
43
Monocentridae, 237, 238
Monocentris, 238, 239 (table)
carinata, 239
japonicus, 237, 238, 239
reedt, 238, 239
montana, Antilope, 579
Ourebia ourebi, 679
Motacilla capensis, 387
capensis capensis, 400
capensis wellsi, 387
muesebecki, Habryllia, 318, 319, 321 (fig.)
Multicola, 430
multivenosa, Acla, 258
multivittata, Poecilicitis libyca, 554
Rhabdogale, 554
munda, Rivellia, 26, 40
606
Mungos mungo gothneh, 567
mungo zebra, 557
muria, Trombicula, 90
muriculus, Gerbillus, 482, 483, 485
Muridae, 501
Murinae, 501
murinus, Graphiurus, 544
Mus, 532 (map)
alghazal, 516
auricomis centralis, 517
barbarus massaicus, 514
bellus, 529, 530, 531
bellus aequatorius, 528, 529, 530
bellus delamensis, 528
bellus enclavae, 529
bellus gondokorae, 529
blainei, 521
butleri, 525
fuscirostris, 524
macrolepis, 522
musculoides emesi, 530
musculus, 110, 224
tenellus, 531
tenellus acholi, 530
tenellus tenellus, 531
triton, 530, 532
triton imatongensis, 531
ugandae, 524
zebra, 511
Musca syngenisae, 23
musculoides, Cephalophus caerulus, 574
Cephalophus monticola, 574
musculus, Mus, 110, 224
Mustela vison, 110
Mustelidae, 553
Mustelinae, 553
mutabilis, Euschéngastia, 91
muticus, Anurogryllus, 244
Gryllus, 244
Myersia, 317
Mylomys, 506
christyi, 506
cunninghamei christyi, 506
cunninghamei cunninghamei, 506
cunninghamei lutescens, 506
Myomys, 515
Myonax, 557
Myotis keenii, 135
keenii septentrionalis, 135
lucifugus, 135, 189
lucifugus lucifugus, 135, 136
sodalis, 135
subulatus leibii, 189
sp., 135, 123
Myoxus orobinus, 544
Myrmeciza hemimelaena hemimelaena,
416, 438
dameculete immaculata, 411, 413,
4
laemosticta bolivari, 415, 438
laemosticta palliata, 415, 438
longipes boucardi, 418, 438
Myrmotherula, 410
axillaris fresnayana, 426, 438
schisticolor interior, 422, 438
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 108
Namba, Ryoji; A revision of the flies
of the genus Rivellia (Otitidae:
Diptera) of America north of
México, 21
nancillus, Gerbillus, 489
Nanger, subg., 580, 582
Nannus hiemalis, 110
Napeozapus insignis, 206
insignis insignis, 174
sp., 223
nasomaculata, Antilope, 577
Cerophorus, 577
nasomaculatus, Addax, 573, 677
Nasua candace, 94
nasuae, Euschdngastia, 94
nasutus, Lanius, 91
natalensis, Mastomys, 519, 522, 523
nawaii, Brachycyrtus, 324, 326, 328
Proterocryptus, 323, 328
Nemobiopsis, 250
Nemobius, 247
albipalgus, 249
argentinus, 247, 248
cubensis, 247
hebardi, 247
longipennis, 248
ortonii, 247
Neocurtilla, 242, 243
hexadactyla, 243
Neoschéngastia, 88, 114, 214
blarinae, 190
brevipes, 95, 142
californica, 180
cockingsi, 91
ewingi, 218
guntheri, 90, 176
hirsuta, 89
malayensis, 88
nufiezi, 129
peromysci, 142
rattus, 91
samboni, 139
sciuricola, 207
signator, 95, 142
yeomansi, 88
Neotoma floridana, 104
magister, 147, 168, 171
sp., 181, 182
Neoxabea, 258
neozelanicus, Cleidopus, 238, 239
Nesokia bengalensis, 90
Nessa, 277
nevadensis, Lycogaster, 300
Lycogaster pullata, 298, 299, 300
Trigonalys, 300
niediecki, Alcelaphus, 577
Bubalis, 578
nigerrima, Anaxipha, 262 (fig.), 265
(fig.), 272
nigerrimus, Ploceus, 401
nigrieaye Cercomacra nigricans, 420,
43
nigricapillus, Formicarius, 431
nigriceps, Ploceus, 399, 402
nigridus, Dasymys incomtus, 507
INDEX
nigrimontis, Deltotaria, 3
nigripennis, Anaxipha, 265 (fig.), 271
nigripes, Herpestes, 557
nigromaculatus, Poeciloecryptus, 316
nigroscapulata, Adenota, 575
nigroventris, Euplectes, 402
nilotica, Crocidura, 465
Crocidura turba, 465, 467
Lutra maculicollis, 565
nilssoni, Hyale, 356
Nippogonales, 303
jezoensis, 303
Niquirina, 253
nitida, Anaxipha, 271, 273
Noctuidae, 297
nodifer, Amblyrhetus, 267 (fig.), 282
norvegica, Candacia, 332
nosophora, Marmota flaviventer, 95, 211
notata, Adenota kob, 575
noveboracensis, Peromyscus leucopus,
95, 146, 203, 206
nubalis, Lemniscomys dunni, 512
nubiana, Capra, 583
Capra ibex, 583
nubianus, Canis aureus, 550
nubicus, Felis caracal, 560
Felis leo, 562
nubiterrae, Peromyscus
147
nufiezi, Eusch6ngastia, 94, 100, 125, 129,
214, 215, 217, 218, 221, 223, 226
Neoschoéngastia, 129
nuttalli, Peromyscus, 166
Peromyscus nuttalli, 109, 110, 111
nyansae, Crocidura, 460, 462
Crocidura nyansae, 463
Nycticeius humeralis, 110
maniculatus,
obesus, Psammomys, 501
obscurus, Aphonomorphus, 267 (fig.),
285
obscurus, Pipistrellus subflavus, 135
obsoleta, Elaphe, 110
occidentalis, Sceloporus occidentalis, 95,
128
occulta, Rivellia, 25, 37
ochotensis, Allorchestes, 345
Parhyale, 346
Ochotona sp., 95, 96, 177
ochraceocinereus, Cryptomys ochraceo-
cinereus, 549
ochrogaster, Microtus, 171
Ocnaea, 361
ocreata, Felis, 561
ocularis, Ploceus ocularis, 402
oculatus, Brachycyrtus, 317, 318
Habryllia, 318, 319, 320,
(fig.)
Odontogryllus, 244
Odontophorus, 430
Oecanthidae, 258 (key)
Oecanthus, 258
peruvianus, 258
321
607
Oenomys hypoxanthus bacchante, 505
hypoxanthus editus, 505
hypoxanthus moerens, 505
hypoxanthus oris, 505
hypoxanthus talangae, 505
hypoxanthus unyori, 505
hypoxanthus vallicola, 505
ohioensis, Kusch6ngastia, 126, 156
(map), 199 (table), 216, 220, 221,
222, 223, 225, 227
ohionensis, Microtus ochrogaster, 171
Tamias striatus, 147
omensis, Heliosciurus gambianus, 479
Ondatra zibethica, 109, 110, 111, 112
Onychiurus sp., 104, 105, 108, 158, 187
ophicola, EuschG6ngastia, 93
Ophioninae, 316
opossum, Didelphis, 94
Philander, 94
ordinatus, Thamnophis ordinatus, 110
oregonensis, Eusch6ngastia, 85, 95, 118
(fig.), 119 (fig.), 120 (fig.), 125,
137, 140, 141, 149 (map), 214,
220
Trombicula, 137
orientale, Parisoma plumbeum, 397
orientalis, Antelope dama, 582
origensis, EuschGngastia, 93
oris, Oenomys hypoxanthus, 505
orix, Euplectes, 381, 399, 402
ornatus, Brachycyrtus, 321 (fig.), 323,
825, 326, 328
Ornebius, 250
orobinus, Graphiurus, 543, 644
Myoxus, 544
Orocharis, 277
Ortalis bipars, 62
otroeda, 62
quadrifasciata, 62
Orthogonalos, 296
Orthogonalys, 296
bolivana, 296
pulchella, 297, 301
orthos, Dasymys, 507
ortoni, Hemigryllus, 247
ortonii, Nemobius, 247
Orycteropodidae, 563
Orycteropus, 452, 563
afer aethiopicus, 563
afer kordofanicus, 563
oryx, Taurotragus, 573
Oryx dammah, 576
osiris, Gazella dorcas, 480
Gazella littoralis, 580
Osmunda cinnamonea, 14
Otacustes, 316, 317
bicolor, 317
Otitidae, 313
Otolicnus teng, 467
otomyia, Euschéngastia, 93
Otomyinae, 542
Otomys orestes giloensis, 642
tugelensis pretoriae, 93
otroeda, Ortalis, 62
608
Ourebia, 579
montana aequatoria, 578
ourebi aequatoria, 578
ourebi cottoni, 578
ourebi montana, 679
ourebi ugandae, 578, 579
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 106
Parhyale, hawaiensis, 346, 351, 352, 353
(fig.), 355 (fig.), 356, 357
inyacka, 356
kurilensis, 345
ochotensis, 346
zibellina, 346
oweni, Cryptomys ochraceocinereus, 548 | Parinia leucophaea, 393, 394
Poélagus majorita, 472
Praomys fumatus, 625
oweni, Atelerix pruneri, 453, 454, 455
Erinaceus (Atelerix) pruneri, 454
oxydactyla, Gryllotalpa, 243
oxydactylus, Scapteriscus, 242
oxydonta, Elephas, 563
oxyotis, Loxoconta africana, 563
pachydactyla, Candacia, 331
paenelongimana, Candacia,
(fig.), 335 (fig.)
palliata, Siete laemosticta, 415,
4
pallida, Rivellia, 22, 26, 40, 42, 44
Vulpes pallida, 651, 552
pallidicornis, Taxonus, 297
pallidilabris, Diatrypa, 265 (fig.), 279
pallidior, Proteles cristatus, 668
pallidus, Canis, 551
Hemiechinus, 455
Meriones ecrassus, 500
Meriones libycus, 500
Palpigera, 253
paludicola, Clethrionomys gapperi, 146,
203, 206
palustris, Dasymys incomtus, 506
palustris, Sylvilagus palustris, 110, 112
panamensis, Formicarius analis, 433
Panopinae, 361
Panthera, 562
leo leo, 662
pardus chui, 562
pepilaes Saccocirrus, 442
apio doguera heuglini, 468
doguera tessellatus, 469
heuglini, 468, 469
lydekkeri, 468
werneri, 468
Paracophella, 253
Paracophus, 254
poe Acomatacarus, 99
araechinus, 455
aethiopicus, 456
Paragryllus, 254, 256
temulentus, 256
Parallorchestes, 345, 346
Parametrypa, 277
Paraphonus, 277, 288
cophus, 289
vicinus, 269 (fig.), 288
Paraschéngastia, 88
Parhyale, Observations on the Amphi-
pod genus, 345
Parhyale, 345, 346, 354, 356
fasciger, 345, 346, 356
fascigera, 345, 346, 347 (fig.), 349
(fig.), 350, 351, 352, 354, 356
fascigera penicillata, 350
332, 333
Parisoma plumbeum orientale, 397
Paroecanthus, 277
pasha, Crocidura, 459, 461, 463
Passer griseus diffusus, 383
iagoensis rufocinctus, 398
melanurus melanurus, 387
Passeriformes, 409
Pediculoides sp., 104
pela, Apheloria, 8
Dixioria, 5, 6, 9 (figs.), 14, 16, 17,
18, (map), 19
Dixioria pela, 7, 8, 9 (fig.), 15
Fontaria, 4, 6,
penicillata, Parhale fascigera, 350
pennsylvanicus, Microtus pennsyl-
vanicus, 110, 112, 146, 171, 174
Ptyoiulus, 12
pensylvanica, Vespula, 304
Pentacentridae, 250 (key)
perameles, Euschéngastia, 91
percivali, Acomys, 638
Dendromus mesomelas, 539
Percnostola leucostigma brunneiceps,
420, 438
Pergidae, 295
Perissodactyla, 569
perluteus, Taterillus, 498
Taterillus emini, 495, 497, 498
pernambucensis, Cyrtoxipha, 259
peromysci, Euschéngastia, 95, 105, 106,
109, 111, 113, 114, 125, 142, 144
(table), 149 (map), 151 (graph),
153 (graph), 161, 162, 166, 168,
206, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223,
224, 225
Neoschongastia, 142
Schéngastia, 142
Trombicula, 142
Peromyscus gossypinus gossypinus, 96,
?
leucopus, 95, 106, 109, 110, 111,
112, 146, 150, 153 (graph), 154,
aot 193, 195, 198, 203, 206, 224,
leucopus noveboracensis, 95, 146,
203, 206
maniculatus, 146, 203
maniculatus artemisiae, 95, 162
maniculatus bairdii, 147
maniculatus nubiterrae, 147
nuttalli, 166
nuttalli nuttalli, 109, 110, 111
Praomys tullbergi, 527
sp., 147, 174, 179, 195, 203, 204, 223
perspicillata, Terpsiphone, 397
perspillata, Terpsiphone viridis, 379
peruviana, Metioche, 265 (fig.), 275
Per ae Anaxipha, 259, 262, 263
g.
INDEX
609
peruvianus, Formicaphagus, 417 (fig.), | Pipistrellus subflavus, 135
422, 423, 429, 438
peruvianus, Aphonus, 288
Euaphonus, 269 (fig.), 288
Oecanthus, 258
peruviensis, Gryllus, 245
Acheta, 245
petrogale, Euschoéngastia, 91
etronia superciliaris, 379, 401
Pettit, Jean, see Menzies and Pettit, 441
Phacochoerus aethiopicus aeliani, 571
aethiopicus bufo, 570
africanus bufo, 570
barkeri, 570, 571
phaeus, Elephantulus rufescens, 457
phaios, Crocidura hildegardeae, 460
Phalangopsidae, 252 (key)
Phalangopsis, 254
phascogale, Euschéngastia, 92
sp.,
Phasianidae, 430
Phatages hedenborgii, 471
Philader opossum, 94
philippensis, Euschéngastia, 92
phillipsi, Felis serval, 561
Philohela minor, 110
Pholidota, 471
Phosphila turbulenta, 301
Phractomys aethiopicus, 482
Phylliscyrtus elegans, 274
Phyllogryllus, 276
Phyllopalpus, 259
Phylloscyrtus, 259, 274
cicindeloides, 274
Phyllospadix sp., 339, 342
phylloti, Euschéngastia, 94
Phyllotis darwinii, 94
Pialea, 359, 360, 361, 362 (key), 365, 373
antiqua, 361, 363, 365, 367 (fig.),
369 (fig.), 371 (fig.)
auripila, 360
capitella, 361, 363, 364 (fig.), 368,
369 (fig.), 371 (fig.), 373
equadorensis, 360, 361, 363, 367
(fig.), 368, 369 (fig.), 370, 371
(fig.), 372, 374
jardinei, 360
lomata, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365,
366, 367 (fig.), 369 (fig.), 370
371 (fig.), 373, 374
lutescens, 360, 361, 362, 363, 3665,
367 (fig.), 368
Pialeoidea, 361
picturatus, Formicaphagus, 411, 413, 414
(fig.), 415, 421 (fig.), 423, 429, 438
Pimplinae, 316
Pinecone fish, Monocentris reedi, from
Chile, a new family record for
the eastern Pacific, 237
pinetorum, Pitymys pinetorum,
110, 111, 147, 198, 199
pipistrelli, Euschéngastia, 96, 125, 133,
149 (map), 190, 214, 217, 218,
220, 221, 222, 223
109,
subflavus obscurus, 135
subflavus subflavus, 96, 135
Pittasoma, 410
michleri zeledoni, 428, 4388
rufipileatum rosenbergi, 429, 438
pittasomae, Formicaphagus, 425 (fig.),
429, 430, 438
Pitymys pinetorum auricularis, 200
pinetorum pinetorum, 109, 110, 111,
147, 198, 199
pinetorum scalopsoides, 147, 200
sp., 148, 200, 201
planiceps, Crocidura bicolor, 459
platyptera, Anaxipha, 271
Platysaurus guttatus rhodesiensis, 93
Plethodon glutinosus, 110, 112
jordani metcalfi, 14
yonahlossee, 12, 15
Ploceidae, 400
Ploceus intermedius cabanisi, 399, 402
intermedius intermedius, 398
melanocephalus, 401
melanocephalus capitalis, 401
melanocephalus dimidianus, 402
melanocephalus duboisi, 402
nigerrimus, 401
nigriceps, 399, 402
ocularis ocularis, 402
spilonotis spilonotis, 402
subaureus subaureus, 402
xanthopterus, 402
Podoscirtinae, 242, 276
Podoscirtodes, 277, 288
Podoscirtus americanus, 288
Poecilicitis libyca multivittata, 564
Poecilocryptus, 316, 317
nigromaculatus, 316
Poecilogonalos, 296, 300
costalis, 300, 302 (fig.)
Poélagus, 452, 476 (map)
marjorita larkeni, 472, 473
marjorita marjorita, 473
marjorita oweni, 472
poliocephalus, Cuculus, 393
poliolophus, Cercopithecus, 470
polionops, Grammomys macmillani, 503
poliophaeus, Cercopithecus, 470
polyphemus, Telea, 299, 300
Polystichum acrostichoides, 14
>| Ponea, 276
pontica, Hyale, 356
Praomys, 515, 516 (table), 532 (map)
albipes, 449
albipes fuscirostris, 524
butleri, 625
denniae, 525
fumatus fumatus, 526
fumatus owent, 525
fumatus subfuscus, 526
stella, 526
stella kaimosae, 626
tullbergi, 526
tullbergi jacksoni, 527
tullbergi peromyscus, 527
tullbergi sudanensts, 627
610
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 106
pretiosus, Brachycyrtus, 323, 324, 325,; pyramidum, Gerbillus, 487, 489, 490
326
pretoriae, Otomys tugelensis, 93
prevostii, Hyale, 356
principulus, Gerbillus, 482, 483, 485
Prinia mistacea immutabilis, 398
mistacea melanorhyncha, 398
Proboscidea, 563
Procavia, 565, 568 (map)
butleri, 565
capensis, 565
ebneri, 566
habessinica, 565, 566
habessinica burtonii, 666
habessinica butleri, 666
habessinica slatini, 666
ruficeps, 565, 566, 567
ruficeps ebneri, 566, 567
ruficeps marrensis, 566, 667
ruficeps ruficeps, 566, 667
ruficeps slatini, 566
slatini, 566
subg., 566
Procaviidae, 564
Procyon lotor, 110, 112
Proechimys chrysaeolus, 94
Prosthacusta, 252, 254
Cr Ene 264, 261 (fig.), 263
g.
circumcincta, 254, 255
Prosthama, 253
Prostigmata, 114
Proteles cristatus pallidior, 658
Protelinae, 558
Proterocryptini, 316
Proterocryptus, 315, 316, 323
nawaii, 323, 328
pruneri, Atelerix pruneri, 453, 4654
Erinaceus, 454
Psammomys, 452
elegans, 501
obesus, 501
obesus elegans, 601
psammophila, Caecianiropsis, 442, 443
(fig.), 444 (fig.), 445 (fig.)
Pseudischnus, 32
pseudoculata, Erichsonella, 339, 340
Ronalea, 340, 341 (fig.)
Pteronemobius, 244, 247
cubensis, 247, 263 (fig.)
longipennis, 248
schunket, 248, 263 (fig.)
Ptilostomus afer, 378
Ptyoiulus pennsylvanicus, 12
pulchella, Eremias lineo-ocellata, 93
Orthogonalys, 297, 301
Tapinogonalos, 297
pulchellus, Trigonalys, 296, 297
pulla, Luzarida, 256
pullata, Lycogaster, 296, 298 (key)
Lycogaster pullata, 298, 299
pullatus, Lycogaster, 299
pumilus, Alseonax minimus, 397
urpureum, Microtrombidium, 87
yenonotus barbatus schoanus, 394
tricolor layardi, 379, 383
Gerbillus pyramidum, 489
Pyriglena leucoptera, 424, 438
pyrrhonotus, Cercopithecus, 470, 471
Erythrocebus patas, 470
pyrrhus, Lophuromys, 533
Lophuromys sikapusi, 633
quadrifasciata, Herina, 23, 70, 71
Ortalis, 62
Rivellia, 27, 70, 73
Quarequa zernyi, 252
queenslandica, Euschéngastia, 92
ragazzii, Cyanomitra olivacea, 401
Rallicola, 409, 410, 413, 430
rattus, Neoschéngastia, 91
Rattus, 515
Rattus, 515, 516 (table), 525
assimilis, 90, 92
cremoriventer
exulans, 224
greyi, 89
helleri, 517
lutreolus, 90, 92
ens mindanensis, 91, 92,
cremoriventer, 90
rattus, 515
sabanus vociferans, 91
youngi, 92
Redunca bohor cottoni, 675
reedi, Monocentris, 238, 239
refescens, Calamocichla, 397
Rehniella, 253
Reithrodontomys humulis, 110
reticulata, Acla, 256, 263 (fig.)
Rhabdogale multivittata, 554
Rhicnogryllus, 242, 259, 275, 276
annulipes, 261 (fig.), 265 (fig.), 276
Rhinoceros bicornis somaliensis, 570
bruceii, 570
simus cottoni, 570
Rhinocerotidae, 570
Rhipipterygidae, 290
Rhipipteryx, 290
difformipes, 269 (fig.), 290
femoratus, 269 (fig.), 291
schunkei, 269 (fig.), 291
vicinus, 269 (fig.), 290
rhodesiensis, Euschéngastia, 93
Platysaurus guttatus, 93
rhombeatus, Causus, 94
Rhynchotragus, 449
guentheri smithii, 679
Rhyncothorax sp., 441
richardsoni, Sciurus hudsonicus, 96, 209
TT: hudsonicus, 96, 209,
21
Richmondena cardinalis, 110, 112
Rivellia, 21, 23, 25 (key)
atriventris, 22
australis, 25, 32
basilaris, 28
boscii, 21, 23, 27, 66, 69
brevifasciata, 22, 24, 25, 34
cognata, 22, 26, 48
INDEX
Rivellia, colet, 27, 70, 71
conjuncta, 25, 30
coquilletti, 22, 25, 28
flavimana, 22, 26, 40, 66, 59
floridana, 22, 25, 27
herbarum, 21, 23
imitabilis, 26, 43
tnaequata, 27, 62
maculosa, 25, 36, 52, 53
melliginis, 22, 26, 69, 61, 62
metallica, 22, 25, 38, 56, 57
micans, 22, 26, 64, 56
michiganensis, 26, 58
munda, 26, 40
occulta, 25, 37
pallida, 22, 26, 40, 42, 44
quadrifasciata, 27, 70, 73
severini, 22, 26, 66
socialis, 27, 68
steyskali, 27, 64, 68
succinata, 27, 69
tersa, 25, 31
texana, 26, 52, 54
vaga, 26, 35, 60, 53, 54
vanderwulpi, 30
variabilis, 22, 25, 46
viridulans, 21, 23, 26, 60, 61, 71
winifredae, 22, 26, 44, 46
wulpiana, 30
robusta, Tatera robusta, 493, 494
robustus, Meriones, 493
Rodentia, 477
Ronalea, 339, 340
pseudoculata, 340, 341 (fig.)
roosevelti, Alcelaphus buselaphus, 577
Bubalis lelwel, 577
Sylvicapra grimmia, 574
roratus subsp., Lorius, 91
rosalinda, Gerbillus, 490
poeeubere Pittasoma rufipileatum, 429,
4
rubiginosus, Anaplectes, 402
rubra, Euschéngastia, 109, 111, 113,
114, 125, 149 (map), 153 (graph),
163, (table), 167, 168, 169, 170,
171, 172, 175, 207, 217, 220, 221,
223, 225
rubriceps, Anaplectes, 399
rufa, Gerbillus, 499
rufescens, Elephantulus, 457
ruficeps, Anaxipha, 260, 266
Trigonidomimus, 261
ruficeps, Hyrax, 567
Procavia, 565, 566, 567
Procavia ruficeps, 566, 667
ruficollis, Antilope, 582
Gazella dama, 682
rufifrons, Gazella, 580
rufipennis, Luzara, 255
rufitarsis, Herina, 62
rufocinctus, Passer iagoensis, 398
rufus, Taterillus emini, 496, 499
rugosum, Rygchium, 296, 300
riippelii, Canis, 551
Felis, 560
611
riippelli, Lycaon, 552
riuppellii, Vulpes riippellii, 651
Rygchium rugosum, 296, 300
Saccocirrus papillocerus, 442
salmi, Gazella, 582
samboni, Euschéngastia, 96, 125, 139,
149 (map), 214, 220
Neoschéngastia, 139
sanctae-martae, Formicaricola, 432 (fig.),
434, 435 (fig.), 436, 437 (fig.), 438
sanguineus, Herpestes, 556
Herpestes sanguineus, 556
saturatus, Formicarius analis, 430, 431,
433, 438
Synaptomys cooperi, 171, 200
savannus, Dasymys incomtus, 507
penlopecides, Pitymys pinetorum, 147,
Scalopus sp., 133
Scapteriscus, 242, 243
borellii, 243
camerani, 243
oxydactylus, 242
Scaptognathus tridens, 442
Bepigporus occidentalis occidentalis, 95,
1
undulatus, 110, 112
Schlinger, Evert I.; A revision of the
acrocerid flies of the genus Pialea
Erichson with a discussion of their
sexual dimorphism (Diptera), 359
schoanus, Pycnonotus barbatus, 394
Schiéngastia, 88, 114
americana, 88
californica, 180
peromysci, 142
sciuricola, 207
Schultz, Leonard P.; A new pinecone
fish, Monocentris reedt, from
Chile, a new family record for
the eastern Pacific, 237
schunkei, Anaxipha, 265 (fig.), 273
Aphonomorphus, 267 (fig.),
(fig.), 286, 287
Diatrypa, 265 (fig.), 281
Pteronemobius, 248, 263 (fig.)
Rhipipteryx, 269 (fig.), 291
Sciaena cataphracta, 239
japonica, 239
Sciomyzidae, 313
sciuricola, Euschéngastia, 96, 115, 126,
157 (map), 207, 210, 211, 212,
218, 221, 223, 227
Neoschéngastia, 207
Schingastia, 207
Sciurudae, 477
Sciurus bongensis, 478
carolinensis carolinensis, 109, 110,
111, 112, 147
hudsonicus richardsoni, 96, 209
hudsonicus streatori, 209
leucoumbrinus, 481
semipalmatus, Aulacodus, 548
senaariensis, Erinaceus, 455
269
612
senegalensis, Galago, 467
Galago senegalensis, 467
Genetta genetta, 555, 556
Viverra, 555
sennariensis, Galago, 467
Sus, 570
Sus scrofa, 570
septentrionalis, Myotis keenii, 135
sericea, Crocidura, 464, 465
Crocidura sericea, 465
sericeus, Sorex, 465
Sericocarpus, 298
setosa, Euschéngastia, 85, 96, 109, 111,
113, 114, 126, 157 (map), 195,
199, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 216,
218, 220, 223
Trombicula, 204
Setzer, Henry W.; Mammals of the
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 447
severini, Rivellia, 22, 26, 56
shawi, Dasymys, 507
Dasymys incomtus, 507
Meriones, 93
shieldsi, Eusch6ngastia, 92
Shoemaker, Clarence R.; Observations
ounne amphipod genus Parhyale,
sibyllae, Gazelle soemmerringii, 582
Sigmodon hispidus komareki, 110, 112
Sigmoria, 4
signatipes, Cratichneumon, 297
signator, Euschéngastia, 142, 144, 145,
146, 160
Neéschongastia, 95, 142
sikapusi, Lophuromys, 533, 534
Simia aethiops, 469
similis, Euschéngastia, 92
Simocyoninae, 552
simoni, Gerbillus, 482
simplex, Candacia, 331
simulacrum, Anaxipha, 274
Sinella curviseta, 98, 105, 108, 159, 195
slatini, Procavia, 566
Procavia habessinica, 666
Procavia ruficeps, 566
smithi, Anaxipha, 263 (fig.), 266
Cyrtoxiphus, 266
Euschéngastia, 92
smithii, Madoqua guentheri, 579
Rhynchotragus guentheri, 579
soctalis, Rivellia, 27, 68
soctus, Aphonomorphus, 267 (fig.), 284
sodalis, Myotis, 135
soemmeringii, Acinonyx jubatus, 563
Cynailurus, 563
Gazella, 580
Solidago sp., 299
solitarius, Cuculus, 383
solvayi, Bubalus, 573
somalicus, Equus, 569
Lycaon pictus, 652
somaliensis, Diceros bicornis, 570
Rhinoceros bicornis, 570
sorer, Anaxipha, 263 (fig.), 264, 266
PROCEEDINGS OF
THE
NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 106
Sorex cinereus cinereus, 193, 195
fumeus fumeus, 146, 193
hedenborgiana, 460
longirostris longirostris, 193
sericeus, 465
sp, 225
Soricidae, 457
soror, Tatera, 493, 494
soudanicus, Canis anthus, 550
Canis aureus, 550
speciosa, Terpsiphone viridis, 397
Speirops leucophaea, 393, 394
spekii, Tragelaphus, 572
phenoeacus afer transvaalensis, 379
Sphinctini, 316
Sphinctus, 315, 316
Sphyrapicus varius, 110
spilonotis, Ploceus spilonotis, 402
ap leue Trombicula, 100, 110, 112,
11
splendidus, Formicaphagus, 419 (fig.),
425 (fig.), 428, 429, 430, 438
squamulosa, Ichnotropis, 93
Steatomys, 545 (map)
aquilo, 640, 541, 542
athi, 542
gazellae, 641, 542
thomasi, 541
stella, Praomys, 526
Stenaphonus, 277
Stenoecanthus, 277
Stenogryllus, 276
Stenopialea, 360, 361
beckeri, 360, 361, 365
steyskali, Rivellia, 27, 64, 68
eMemon te Gerbillus, 482, 483, 484, 485,
Gerbillus stigmonyx, 486
Meriones, 486
stipatus, Aphonomorphus, 267 (fig.),
269 (fig.), 284
stolzmanni, Anaxipha, 265 (fig.)
Cyrtoxiphus, 266
Hyale, 357
stonei, serpy cooperi, 147, 174,
streatori, Sciurus hudsonicus, 209
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, 209
strepsiceros, Tragelaphus, 572
Strepsiceros abyssinicus, 573
subg., 572
striatus, Lemniscomys, 513, 514, 515
Tamias, 146
Strix varia, 110
stuhlmanni, Cercopithecus, 470
Cercopithecus mitis, 470
Sturnidoecus, 411, 412
subaureus, Ploceus subaureus, 402
subflavus, Pipistrellus, 135
Pipistrellus subflavus, 96, 135
subfuscus, Praomys fumatus, 526
succinata, Rivellia, 27, 69
succinatus, Dacus, 69
sudanensis, Gerbillus gerbillus, 487, 488
Praomys tullbergi, 627
INDEX
613
sudanensis, Graphiurus murinus, 543,) Taterillus, emini clivosus, 495, 497
sudanicus, Ictonyx striatus, 653
suehelica, Terpsiphone viridis, 397
Suidae, 570
Suinae, 570
sulcatus, Trigonalys, 300
superciliaris, Petronia, 379, 401
surdaster, Grammomys, 502, 503
surinamensis, Eneoptera, 277
Gryllus, 277
sururae, Crocidura, 462, 463
Crocidura nyansae, 462, 463
Sus scrofa sennaariensis, 570
sennaariensis, 570
swinderianus, Thryonomys, 548
sylvatica, Euplectes hordeacea, 403
Sylvicapra grimmia roosevelti, 574
Sylvietta rufescens transvaalensis, 398
Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus, 109, 110,
111, 112, 166, 206
palustris palustris, 110, 112
Symphyloxiphus, 259
Synapta sp., 445
Synaptomys cooperi saturatus, 171, 200
cooperi stonei, 147, 174, 200
Synaptomys sp., 223
Syncerus caffer aequinoctialis, 573
syngenisae, Musca, 23
Tafalisca, 277
Tairona, 253
taitensis, Brachycyrtus, 324, 328
Vakau, 323, 328
‘takanus, Lycaon, 552
talangae, Oenomys hypoxanthus, 605
Tamias hudsonicus loquax, 147
striatus, 146
striatus lysteri, 147
striatus ohionensis, 147
sp., 147
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus richardsoni,
96, 209, 210
hudsonicus streatori, 209
sp., 174, 184, 209
Tamiscus, 442, 491 (map)
emini gazellae, 477
tao, Antilope, 576
Tapinogonalos, 296
pulchella, 297
Tatera, 484, 504 (map)
benvenuta, 491, 493, 494, 495
benvenuta benvenuta, 491
flavipes, 492, 494, 495
macropus, 493
robusta robusta, 493, 494
robusta taylori, 494
soror, 493, 494
subg., 499
Taterillus, 495, 497, 504 (map)
butleri, 497
clivosus, 497
congicus, 496
emini, 495, 496
emini anthonyi, 495, 496, 499, 500
emini butleri, 495, 497, 499
emini emini, 498
emini gyas, 495, 498
emini perluteus, 495, 497, 498
emini rufus, 496, 499
gyas, 498
perluteus, 498
subg., 497
Taterina, subg., 499
Taurotragus oryx, 573
derbianus, 573
derbianus gigas, 573
Taxonus pallidicornis, 297
taylori, Tatera robusta, 494
teissieri, Duslenia, 442
Telea polyphemus, 299, 300
Telephonus zeylonus, 379
telskii, Aphonomorphus, 267 (fig.), 284
Aphonus, 284
temminckii, Manis, 471
temulentus, Paragryllus, 256
tendal, Antilope, 573
tenella, Leggada, 531
tenellus, Mus, 531
Mus tenellus, 631
teng, Otolicnus, 467
tephra, Crocidura turba, 466
tephragaster, Crocidura bicolor, 458
Tephritis melliginis, 59
Terpsiphone perspicillata, 397
viridis, 395, 397
viridis granti, 395
viridis perspillata, 379
viridis speciosa, 397
viridis suehelica, 397
viridis viridis, 395, 397
Terrapene carolina, 110, 112
tersa, Rivellia, 25, 31
tessellatus, Papio doguera, 469
testicularis, Arvicanthis niloticus, 509,
510
Isomys, 510
texana, Rivellia, 26, 52, 54
Thambema, 441, 442
Thambematidae, 441
Thamnomys macmillani gazellae, 503
Thamnophis ordinatus ordinatus, 110
Theroniini, 316
thomasi, Steatomys, 641
thomasi, Heterohyrax brucei, 564
Thomomys, 451
thompsoni, Gazella (Gazella), 580
thooides, Canis, 550
thoracicus, Formicaphagus, 419 (fig.),
423, 429, 438
thoracicus, Apalis thoracicus, 398
Thos adusta bweha, 549
mesomelas elgonae, 550, 551
mesomelas macmillani, 550, 551
Thrombidium vandersandei, 88
Thryonomyidae, 547
Thryonomys, 542, 548
gregorianus, 548
gregorianus subsp., 647
harrisoni, 547, 54
harrisoni harrisoni, 547
614
Thryonomys, swinderianus, 548
swinderianus variegatus, 548
Thryothorus ludovicianus, 110, 112
Thylogale coxenii, 92
tiang, Damaliscus, 577
Damaliscus korrigum, 677
tiang-riel, Damaliscus, 577
tigrina, Genetta, 555, 556
Tohila, 250
toldti, Cercopithecus, 469
tora, Alcelaphus, 577, 578
Alcelaphus buselaphus, 578
Alcephalus 578
torttensis, Crocidura nyansae, 462
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOL. 106
Trombicula, batatas, 97
blarinae, 190
carterae, 110, 111, 112
deliensis, 99, 155
farrelli, 110, 111, 112, 113
jamesoni, 225
minor, 87
muris, 90
oregonensis, 137
peromysci, 142
setosa, 204
splendens, 100, 110, 112, 113
whartoni, 110, 112, 113
sp., 97, 100, 109, 110, 112, 113
Townes, Henry; The Nearctic species of Trombiculidae, 85, 87, 99, 114
trigonalid wasps, 295
Tragelaphus, 572, 581 (map)
bor, 572
cottoni dodingae, 572
scriptus barkeri, 572
scriptus bor, 572
scriptus decula, 572
scriptus dodingae, 572
spekii, 572
spekii larkenii, 573
strepsiceros, 572
strepsiceros chora, 573
subsp., 572
transvaalensis, Euschéngastia, 93
Sphenoeacus afer, 379
Sylvietta rufescens, 398
Tribal revision of the brachycyrtine
wasps of the world (Cryptinae-
Ichneumonidae), 315
trichosuri, Euschéngastia, 92
Trichosurus vulpecula, 92
tricolor, Latheticomyia, 305, 306, 307, 309
(fig.), 310, 311 (fig.)
Tridactylidae, 292
Tridactyloidea, 241, 290
Tridactylus, 292
Tridactylus australis, 292
tridens, Scaptognathus, 442
trifoliadens, Hyale, 351
irigenuala, Eusch6ngastia, 125, 131, 149
(map), 214, 218, 221, 226
Trigonalidae, 295, 296 (key)
Trigonalys canadensis, 303
costalis, 300
nevadensis, 300
pulchellus, 296, 297
sulcatus, 300
Trigonidiidae, 242, 259 (key)
Trigonidium gracile, 268
Trigonidomimus, 250, 251
ruficeps, 251
zernyl, 252
Trigonometopus, 305, 313
triton, Mus, 530, 532
Trombicula, 87, 107, 139, 213
akamushi, 87, 96, 107, 110, 112
akamushi group, 207
alfreddugési, 96, 97, 100, 104, 106,
110, 111, 112, 113, 153 (graph),
154
autumnalis, 87, 96, 97, 99, 100
Trombiculinae, 87, 88, 114
Trombidiidae, 87
Trombidiformes, 114
Tropidosaura essexi, 93
tropidosauri, Euschéngastia, 93
trouessarti, Euschéngastia, 88, 89, 94
Tryphoninae, 315, 316
tschadensis, Alcelaphus buselaphus, 578
Bubalis lelwel, 578
Tubulidentata, 563
tullbergi, Praomys, 526
turba, Crocidura, 458
turbulenta, Phosphila, 301
Turdoides jardinei, 396, 401
Turdus migratorius, 110, 112
turneri, Atherus, 547
tyrannina, Cyrcomacra tyrannina, 420,
438
ugandae, Felis libyca, 561
Mastomys natalensis, 519, 522, 523,
524
Mus, 524
Ourebia ourebi, 578, 579
umbrosus, Formicarius analis, 431, 433,
43
undulatus, Sceloporus, 110, 112
unyori, Oenomys hypoxanthus, 505
Uroblaniulus immaculatus, 14
Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 110
uromys, Euschéngastia, 92
Uromys lamingtoni, 92
Urophora interrupta, 23
Uvaroviella, 254
vaga, Rivellia, 26, 35, 50, 53, 54
Vakau, 323
taitensis, 323, 328
vallicola, Oenomys hypoxanthus, 505 |
vandersandei, Thrombidium, 88 |
vanderwulpi, Rivellia, 30
varia, Strix, 110
variabilis, Rivellia, 22, 25, 46
variegata, Dasyprocta, 94
variegatus, Aulacodus, 548
Canis, 550
Canis familiaris, 550
Thryonomys swinderianus, 548
varius, Sphyrapicus, 110
vaughani, Gobes: 575
velox, Accipiter, 110
INDEX
verticalis, Gryllus, 246
Miogryllus, 246
Vespa sp., 303
Vespidae, 295, 296
Vespula pensylvanica, 304
sp., 303, 304
vestitus, Anthonomus, 317, 325
Viburnum acerifolium, 298
vicina, Acla, 257, 263 (fig.)
vicinus, Paraphonus, 269 (fig.), 288
Rhipipteryx, 269 (fig.), 290
victoriae, Lepus, 477
villosus, Dryobates, 110, 112
viperina, Euschéngastia, 94
Vireo fiavifrons, 110
virescens, Formicarius analis, 434, 438
virginiana, Didelphis, 110, 112
viridis, Terpsiphone, 395, 397
Terpsiphone viridis, 395, 397
viridulans, Rivellia, 21, 23, 26, 60, 61, 71
vision, Mustela, 110
Viverra dongolana, 555
senegalensis, 555
Viverridae, 555
Viverrinae, 555
vociferans, Rattus sabanus, 91
volans, Glaucomys volans, 110, 112
vulpecula, Trichosurus, 92
Vulpes pallida pallida, 551, 552
riippellii riippellii, 551
waccamana, Apheloria, 12
wagneri, Acinonyx, 563
Walchia, 109
sp., 110, 112, 113
Walchiinae, 87
Walkley, Luella; A tribal revision of the
brachycyrtine wasps of the world
(Cryptinae-Ichneumonidae), 315
Wasps, brachycyrtine, of the world,
Tribal revision of, 315
Nearctic species of trigonalid, 295
watersi, Gerbillus, 482, 483, 486
615
wellsi, Motacilla capensis, 387
werneri, Papio, 468
westraliense, Eusch6ngastia, 92
whartoni, Trombicula, 110, 112, 113
Wheeler, Marshall; Latheticomyia, a
new genus of Acalyptrate flies of
oe family relationship,
5
wilsoni, Acomys wilsoni, 538
winifredae, Rivellia, 22, 26, 44, 46
witherbyi, Acomys, 537
womersleyi, Eusch6ngastia, 92
woodwardi, Buccanodon olivaceum, 395
woosnami, Crocidura bicolor, 459
wrighit, Dixioria pela, 7, 9 (fig.), 51, 18
(map), 19
wuil, Adenota, 575
wulpiana, Rivellia, 30
xanthopterus, Ploceus, 402
xerothermobia, Eusch6éngastia, 94
Xystodesmidae, 1
yeomansi, NeoschGéngastia, 88
yonahlossee, Plethodon, 12, 15
youngi, Rattus, 92
Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, 174
sp., 223
zebra, Herpestes, 557
Lemniscomys barbarus, 611, 513
Mungos mungo, 557
Mus, 511
zeledoni, Pittasoma michleri, 428, 438
Zenillia lobeliae, 297
zerda, Canis, 552
Fennecus, 552
zernyi, Quarequa, 252
Trigonidomimus, 252
zeylonus, Telephonus, 379
zibellina, Parhyale, 346
zibethica, Ondatra, 109, 110, 111, 112
Zosterops ficedulinus, 394
O
«
aie
‘ eel th) ao
aes heute Dien
ae 08 3M ;
6 1G ott Sareea an ae aro Laneneert
ht Sat. rear a yes (snr ud hawitod ot kee yo: Sticow gd
iol ;
sivas: ait vere AEE TARA yagi Lua
% eis NT. Nyghann ‘ Ne tet . Hee iA
i
Maths Mitoase
4
typ oye Pret ‘ ' r
“ts cir Vist Ait } i ; ’ . | | eae es vs
Na Ls ie meer eu aetT chroe Seiad?
Ge: ata We ite Tt wits ev ae yy A, gaia oreo
on Sh Re, as 5 af kde ." Sat Vag t wee ; +oahee” 9
oo + Fire OF wae ie
; ay eat (USEC ¢ 4 re as
i ee Aes , siisto ry ah : TS ae cer 7 <= ghhy
¢® 2 ae e
ae eds WAALe 7 Piasre na 3
He tu wer OveteMigeeineiine? td, fae bce
aks oe LOY
SES ART EY
gti a - y a yikes A dine he er omily rats “ee
j Wa oe wise
ar is ; pits pavaaiata a
hatiuers >) Pe pe oor 9d gated 5h Mo aes L
Ae j slit |
i Sever hie ‘ sith esa
9 Pn, ate
> Pysugat op sepa HEF i:
aie ‘ < Bak. PRLTFOAY
: si rh etd ah RN pi
Py : +
‘5? oui
é
TP DAL i st
faa nist "iy arnt : 4 : e ay
hire NEEM Jit ra sae
» ad
a eink” tt egaw,
ages a use
ae tengiitinia W
oF yy Bond LANE
‘ ieelecak
rng re re KT foe
ThE marcayiagaire: petites Sllipa, aad is mee Sela "9 Panay:
ad ‘a was Nae ngth eet die Ey, = AIG TILE maa! cat’ *
Sh ik Aad MOE canta) ao dedi, Lowinetors al
AY Sh giapexs shy lb aoe sas}
©
a6
‘
%
i
hy
4
|
i
7 : vai h T me ey
ie a ae ial : ig
ae
rs 7 Wy A. 7 _ a . 7 - , . -
rae of To oT ; :
f , 7 ;
. re gas oe a
: I 4 : r a . 1 ve |
a : a an Ce
. a it 1 - nen 2 i 7 7 or 7
Oe iy eee , qi
=D ih a _ 1 ru 7 ‘ i 5 ‘a k vy ,
in an a 7 : /
ne
|